,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! au?or's translit]ation ( ,arabic words into ,engli% is inconsi/5t1 & (t5 wrong 9 its usage ( ! & *>act]s4 ,!y h be5 left z pr9t$ 7except :]e su* m>ks 7 miss+ entirely1 9 :i* case !y h be5 suppli$ correctly74 ,on page #adc 0 *ang$ to 4 ,a ,moslem ,seek] ,aft] ,god ,by ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,mohamm$ or ,*ri/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,introduction by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,/ileman1 ,m4 ,a41 sometime ,bi%op ( ,p]sia ,an acc\nt ( ! rapid spread ( ,islam 9 all p>ts ( ! globe1 ! me?ods employ$ to obta9 proselytes1 its imm5se press1 its /rongholds1 & sugge/$ means to be adopt$ to c\nt]act ! evil4 ,! ,dis9tegration ( ,islam4 ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 clo? ,dr4 ,zwem] traces ! collapse ( ,islam z a political p[] 9 ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa1 z well z ! inevitable effect ( ! impact ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,*ildhood 9 ! ,moslem ,_w4 ,illu/rat$1 #hvo1 clo? ,bo? 9 text & illu/rations1 ,dr4 ,zwem]'s new book cov]s mu* gr\nd hi!rto ly+ unt\*$ 9 ,mohamm$an lit]ature4 ,arabia3 ,! ,cradle ( ,islam4 ,maps & num]\s ,illu/rations1 clo? 8,! compreh5sive scope ( ! volume cov]s a wide range ( int]e/1 sci5tific & comm]cial1 hi/orical & lit]>y1 sociological1 religi\s40--,outlook4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 & ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem] ,zigzag ,j\rneys 9 ! ,camel ,c\ntry4 ,arabia 9 ,picture & ,/ory4 ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 clo? 8,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,zwem] are *>m+ guides4 ,we comm5d ! book highly = int]e/ & in=mation40--,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w4 ,topsy-,turvy ,l&4 ,arabia ,pictur$ = ,*ildr54 ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 clo? 8,a book ( pictures & /ories = big *ildr5 & small gr[n-up folk1 = all :o love ,s9bad ! ,sailor & 8 /range c\ntry40--,bo/on ,globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,! old ru9$ ,mosque at ,tus1 ,p]sia1 probably dat+ f ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,! suppos$ grave ( ,abu ,hamid ,al ,ghazali at ,tus4 ,a ,moslem ,seek] ,aft] ,god3 ,%[+ ,islam at its ,be/ 9 ! ,life & ,tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazali ,my/ic & ,!ologian ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,zwem] ,au?or ( 8,! ,dis9tegration ( ,islam10 8,*ildhood 9 ! ,moslem ,_w10 etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,company ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,copyright1 #aibj1 by ,,flem+ ,h4 ,,revell ,,company ,new ,york3 #aeh ,fif? ,av5ue ,*icago3 #ag ,nor? ,waba% ,ave4 ,london3 #ba ,pat]no/] ,squ>e ,ed9burgh3 #ge ,pr9ces ,/reet ,to ! ,faculties & ,/ud5ts ( ! ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 & ! ,college ( ,missions1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 :]e ! sev]al *apt]s ( ?is book 7 giv5 z lectures #aiah-aibj ,introduction ,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,r5del ,,h>ris ,al-,ghazali 0 a r>e comb9ation ( s*ol> & sa9t1 ( ! or?odox ,moslem & ! ab]rant ,sufi4 ,?is "w is a real contribution to ! hi/ory ( religion1 & w h a peculi> value :i* atta*es to ,sufism at ! pres5t "t4 ,on ! "o h& we h ! an?ropologi/s engag$ 9 ! task 7& = ! mo/ "p successfully engag$7 ( trac+ all religions to a common root1 or roots1 9 ! con/itution & ! fe>s ( primitive man2 on ! o!r h& we h ! my/ics1 ( :om ! ,sufi is a lead+ repres5tative1 :o are occupi$ 9 demon/rat+ exp]im5tally t all religions :i* />t at ! bottom f9d _! way to ! top4 ,william ,p5n said some?+ 9 ! same direction :5 he affirm$ t all good m5 7 ( ! same religion1 & t !y w\ld "k "o ano!r :5 ! liv]y 0 (f4 ,b :at did he mean by tak+ ! liv]y (f8 ,! ab/95ce f rites1 c]emonies & ! l is a negative process :i* c]ta9ly w\ld n satisfy ! g5u9e ,sufi4 ,he w\ld say ) ,/4 ,paul1 8,n t we w\ld be unclo!d1 b r clo!d ^u1 t mortality may be swall[$ up ( life40 ,t is real my/ic language1 & sugge/s t we %all "k "o ano!r1 n s mu* by be+ d5ud$ ( tradition & sup]/ition 7h[ev] desirable ! process may be 9 "s po9ts ( view71 z by putt+ on ! robe ( light & sitt+ d[n 9 ! heav5ly places ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ) any "o else :om ,he calls into ,8 companion%ip4 ,al-,ghazali tells u 9 8 ,confessions t he f\nd ! true way ( life 9 ,sufism1 t is1 9 ,pan!ism1 yet he rema9$ an or?odox ,moslem1 t is1 a ,transc5d5tali/4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! effects ( a w> ( unhe>d & unequall$ sev]ity are /ill p]plex+ m51 ! ,transc5d5t & ! ,imman5t views ( ,god are alike h>d put to x4 ,sufism is on its back1 ,transc5d5talism c sc>cely keep its feet4 ,x is a poor "t ( day = see+ ,god 9 all1 almo/ z ill a "t = believ+ ,him to be ov] all4 ,:]e speculation fails1 or limps along ) lame feet or ) brok5 w+1 !re mu/ be "s o!r way ( tak+ u to ,god ,himself1 beyond reason & saf] ?an imag9ation4 ,al-,ghazali f\nd x1 :5 he ab&on$ 8 lecture-room & w5t into ! wild]ness4 ,:ile he /ill cont9u$ to recite ! =mulas1 :i* affirm ! ,unity ( ,god & ! au?ority ( ,8 ,apo/le1 he f\nd 8 way into ! ,sufi inn] sanctu>y1 :]e "o und]/&s t 8he :o lies1 ,fold$ 9 fav\r on ! ,sultan's brea/1 ,ne$s n a lett] nor a mess5g]40 ,! book tells u some?+ ab\t ?is side ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! ,que/ ( ,life1 & :5 ! /ory is f9i%$ we are rem9d$ n to seek ! ,liv+ among ! dead1 b to believe t ! same ,"l is ri* unto all t call ^u ,him 9 tru?4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h4 ,fri5ds' ,settlem5t1 ,woodbrooke1 ,engl&4 ,preface ,!re are a score ( lives ( ,mohamm$1 ! great ,arabian ,prophet1 9 ! ,engli% language1 yet !re is no popul> biography ( ! greate/ ( all ,moslems s9ce 8 day1 ,al-,ghazali4 ,ev5 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica gives only scant in=mation4 ,pr(essor ,duncan ,b4 ,macdonald prep>$ a life ( ,al-,ghazali ) special ref]5ce to 8 religi\s exp]i5ces & influ5ce 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! tw5tie? volume ( 8,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society0 7#ahii71 b n[ out ( pr9t4 ,8 s*ol>ly inve/igations & conclusions1 h[ev]1 deal ) ,al-,ghazali's inn] exp]i5ces & 8 philosophy1 r ?an ) 8 environm5t & ! ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,we ackn[l$ge our great indebt$ness to 8 pap] & to ! orig9al ,arabic s\rces on :i* x 0 bas$1 especially ! introduction to ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,ihya by ,sayyid ,murtadha 9 t5 volumes & entitl$ ,i?af z-saada4 ,i h f\nd additional mat]ial 9 ,al-,ghazali's writ+s & o!r books m5tion$ 9 ! bibliography giv5 9 ! app5dix ( ?is book1 especially ! ,tabaqat a%-%afaiya by ,z-,subqi1 :o wrote long be=e ,murtadha & to :om ,macdonald ref]s1 b ^: "w he did n use4 ,! /udy ( ,al-,ghazali's life & writ+s w1 m ?an any?+ else1 awak5 a deep] sympa?y = t :i* is highe/ & /ronge/ 9 ! religion ( ,islam2 = ! /ud5t ( 8 works le>ns to appreciate ,islam at its be/4 ,z ,jalal-ud-d9 says3 8,fools buy false co9s because !y are l ! true4 ,if 9 ! _w no g5u9e m9t$ co9 ,7 curr5t1 h[ w\ld =g]s pass ! false8 ,falsehood 7 no?+ unless tru? 7 !re1 ,to make x speci\s4 ',tis ! love ( "r ,lures m5 to wrong4 ,let poison b be mix$ ,) sug>1 !y w cram x into _! m\?s4 ,oh1 cry n t all cre$s are va96 ,"s sc5t ,( tru? !y h1 else !y w\ld n beguile40 ,!re is a real s5se 9 :i* ,al-,ghazali may be us$ z a s*oolma/] to lead ,moslems to ,*ri/4 ,8 books are full ( ref]5ces to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,he 0 a true seek] aft] ,god4 ,islam is ! prodigal son1 ! ,i%mael1 among ! non-,*ri/ian religions2 ?is is a fact we may n =get4 ,n[ we read 9 ,*ri/'s mat*less p>able ( ! prodigal h[ 8,:5 he 0 yet a great way (f 8 fa!r saw him & ran out to meet him & fell on 8 neck & kiss$ him40 ,h mission>ies always _h ?is _s8 ,no "o c read ! /ory ( ,al-,ghazali's life1 s ne> & yet s f> f ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 s eag] to ent] & yet always grop+ = ! doorway1 )\t f]v5tly wi%+ t ,al-,ghazali c\ld h met a true ambassador ( ,*ri/4 ,!n surely ?is great *ampion ( ! ,moslem fai? w\ld h become an apo/le ( ,*ri/ianity 9 8 own day & g5]ation4 ,by /riv+ to und]/& ,al-,ghazali we may at lea/ bett] fit ourselves to help ^? :o1 l him1 are e>ne/ seek]s aft] ,god amid ! twilight %ad[s ( ,islam4 ,8 life also has a lesson = u all 9 its dev\t ,!ism & 9 its call to ! practice ( ! ,pres5ce ( ,god4 ,s4 ,m4 ,z4 ,cairo1 ,egypt4 ,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury #ai ,,ii4 ,,bir? ,,& ,,education #ea ,,iii4 ,,tea*+1 ,,conv]sion1 ,,& ,,retirem5t #ha ,,iv4 ,,w&]+s1 ,,lat] ,,ye>s ,,& ,,dea? #aaa ,v4 ,,8 ,,cre$ ,,& ,,cr$ulity #ade ,,vi4 ,,8 ,,writ+s #afi ,,vii4 ,,8 ,,e?ics #aie ,,viii4 ,,al-,,ghazali ,,z ,a ,,my/ic #bai ,,ix4 ,,jesus ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,al-,,ghazali #bee ,,app5dix3 ,a4 ,bibliography #bie ,b4 ,translations ( ,al-,ghazali's ,works #big ,c4 ,li/ ( ,al-,ghazali's ,works #bii ,d4 ,comp>ative ,table ( ,ev5ts #cjc ,illu/rations ,! old ru9$ ,mosque at ,tus1 ,p]sia1 probably dat+ f ! ,elev5? ,c5tury ,frontispiece ,! suppos$ grave ( ,abu ,hamid ,al-,ghazali at ,tus 0 ,fac+ page ,! ,ea/ ,gate1 ,damascus #ed ,int]ior ( ! ,great ,mosque at ,damascus4 ,9 ! c5t] ! ,mihrab %[+ ! direction ( pray] & to ! "r ! ,great ,pulpit #ajf ,! ,dome ( ! ,rock1 ,j]usalem1 z se5 f ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* #abf ,p5-case ( ,al-,ghazali1 made ( brass inlaid ) silv]1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,arab ,museum1 ,cairo #agb ,a facsimile page ( ! ,ihya 7,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ahj1 ,cairo ,ed474 ,x gives a diagram ( ! pray] kibla & ! rules to be obs]v$ 9 fac+ x correctly #ahj ,facsimile title page ( ! la/ book ,al-,ghazali wrote1 entitl$ 8,m9haj ,al-,abid940 ,on ! m>g9 ?is ,cairo edition gives ano!r ( 8 celebrat$ works1 8,badayat-al-,hadaya0 #bcb ,a ,mihrab or pray]-ni*e made ( c$> wood & dat+ f ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 7,cairo ,museum7 #bdb ,i ,! ,elev5? ,c5tury 8,betwe5 ! civilizations ( ,*ri/5dom & ,islam !re is a gulf :i* no human g5ius1 no conc\rse ( ev5ts1 c entirely bridge ov]4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ,ori5tals1 :e!r 9 w> or policy1 9 lit]ature or le>n+1 are little m ?an names = ,europeans40 --8,! ,assemblies ( ,al-,h>iri10 by ,?omas ,*5]y4 8,) ! "t came ! man4 ,he 0 ,al-,ghazali1 ! greate/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ sympa!tic figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam1 & ! only tea*] ( ! aft] g5]ations ev] put by a ,muslim on a level ) ! f\r great ,imams4 ,! equal ( ,augu/9e 9 philosophical & !ological importance4 ,by 8 side ! ,ari/otelian philosoph]s ( ,islam1 ,ibn ,ru%d & all ! re/1 seem begg>ly compil]s & s*olia/s4 ,only ,al-,f>abi1 & t 9 virtue ( 8 my/icism1 approa*es him4 ,9 8 own p]son he took up ! life ( 8 "t on all its sides & ) x all its problems4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh !m all & drew 8 !ology f 8 exp]i5ce40 --8,muslim ,!ology1 ,jurisprud5ce & ,con/itutional ,!ory10 by ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald4 ,i ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury ,! great *>act]s ( hi/ory may be comp>$ to m\nta9 peaks t rise high above ! pla9s & ! l[] foot-hills & are visible f great di/ances because !y dom9ate ! l&scape4 ,9 ! hi/orical /udy ( ,islam f\r names /& out prom95tly4 ,!y are ^? ( ,mohamm$ himself2 ( ,al-,bokh>i1 ! mo/ celebrat$ collector ( ! ,traditions2 ( ,al-,a%ari1 ! great dogmatic !ologian & ! oppon5t ( rationalism2 & ( ,al-,ghazali1 ! re=m] & my/ic4 ,! la/ nam$ has left a l>g] impr9t ^u ! hi/ory ( ,islam ?an any man save ,mohamm$ himself4 8,if !re _h be5 a prophet aft] ,mohamm$10 said ,z-,suyuti1 8x w\ld h be5 ,al-,ghazali40 ,x is 9 8 life1 & m especially 9 8 writ+s1 t ,i believe we c see ,islam at its be/4 ,9 try+ to escape ! dead weight ( ,tradition & ! =malism ( its requirem5ts1 ,moslems are m & m f9d+ relief 9 ! way ( ! my/ic4 ,( all ^? :o h f\nd a deep] spiritual mean+ 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,koran & ev5 9 ! multitud9\s & pu]ile detail ( ! ,moslem ritual1 none c equal ,al-,ghazali4 8,he 010 says ,jamal-ud-,d91 8! pivot ( exi/5ce & ! common pool ( refre%+ wat]s = all1 ! s\l ( ! pure/ "p ( ! p ( ! ,fai?1 & ! road = obta9+ ! satisfaction ( ! ,m]ciful4444 ,he became ! unique "o ( 8 own day & = all "t among ! ,moslem le>n$40 8,al-,ghazali10 said ano!r writ]1 ne>ly contempor>y1 8is an imam by ^: "n brea/s are dilat$ & s\ls reviv$1 9 ^: lit]>y productions ! ink horn exults & ! pap] quiv]s ) joy1 & at ! he>+ ( ^: message voices are hu%$ & heads are b[$40 ,a celebrat$ sa9t1 ,ahm$ ,z-,sayy$ ,al-,yamani ,az-,zabdi1 also a contempor>y ( ,al-,ghazali1 said1 8,:5 ,i 0 sitt+ "o day1 lo1 ,i p]ceiv$ ! gates ( heav5 op5$1 & a company ( bless$ angels desc5d$1 hav+ ) !m a gre5 robe & a preci\s /e$4 ,!y /ood by a c]ta9 grave & br\ght =? its t5ant & clo!d him 9 ! gre5 robe & set him on ! /e$ & asc5d$ ) him f heav5 to heav51 till he pass$ ! sev5 heav5s & r5t aft] !m sixty veils1 & ,i "k n :i!r at la/ he rea*$4 ,!n ,i ask$ ab\t him1 & 0 answ]$1 #8,?is is ! ,imam ,al-,ghazali4' ,t 0 aft] 8 dea?2 may ,god ,mo/ ,high h m]cy on him60 ,ano!r /ory is relat$ ( him z foll[s3 8,9 our "t !re 0 a man 9 ,egypt :o dislik$ ,al-,ghazali & abus$ him & sl&]$ him4 ,& he saw ! ,prophet 7,god bless him & give him peace67 9 a dream2 ,abu ,bakr & ,om> 7may ,god be well pleas$ ) bo? ( !m67 7 at 8 side1 & ,al-,ghazali 0 sitt+ be=e him1 say+1 #8,o ,apo/le ( ,god1 ?is man speaks aga9/ me6' ,!reupon ! ,prophet said1 #8,br+ ! :ips6' ,s ! man 0 beat5 on acc\nt ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,!n ! man arose f sleep1 & ! m>ks ( ! :ips rema9$ on 8 back1 & he 0 wont to weep & tell ! /ory40 ,& %\ld ?is praise seem ori5tal & extravagant1 we add ! words ( ,pr(essor ,duncan ,b4 ,macdonald1 :o has made a m ?or\gh /udy ( ,al-,ghazali's life & writ+s ?an any o!r /ud5t ( ,islam3--8,:at rigidity ( grasp ! h& ( ,islam w\ld h ex]cis$ b = ! influ5ce ( ,al-,ghazali might be h>d to tell2 he sav$ x f s*ola/ic decrepitude1 op5$ be=e ! or?odox ,moslem ! possibility ( a life hid 9 ,god1 0 p]secut$ 9 8 life z a h]etic1 & n[ ranks z ! greate/ doctor ( ! ,moslem ,*ur*40 ,to und]/& ! importance ( ,al-,ghazali & ( 8 tea*+ we mu/ transport ourselves to ! "t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,we _c und]/& a man unless we "k 8 environm5t4 ,biography is only a ?read 9 ! va/ web ( hi/ory1 9 :i* "t is broad z well z long4 ,al-,ghazali belongs to ! small company ( tor* be>]s 9 ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,he 0 born at ,tus1 9 ,khorasan1 ,p]sia1 9 ! ye> #ajeh ,a4 ,d41 & di$ 9 #aaaa ,a4 ,d4 ,:5 ,al-,ghazali 0 born ,togrul ,bey _h j tak5 ,bagdad1 ,h5ry ,,iv 0 ,emp]or1 ,ni*olas ,,ii 0 ,pope1 ! ,norman conque/ _h j begun 9 ! we/1 & ,asia ,m9or 0 ov]run by ! ,turks 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,among ,al-,ghazali's o!r contempor>ies 9 ! we/ 7 ,hildebr& ! ,pope1 ,abel>d1 ,b]n>d1 ,anselm1 & ,pet] ! ,h]mit4 ,ab\t ! "t he wrote 8 greate/ "w1 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon 0 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,al-,ghazali 0 /ruggl+ ) ! problem ( ,islam 9 its relation to ! human he>t ?ir/+ = ,god1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,al-,k9di _h writt5 8 rem>kable apology = ! ,*ri/ian fai? at ! c\rt ( ,h>\n-ar-,ra%d & two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,raymond ,lull laid d[n 8 life a m>tyr 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,! condition ( ! ,moslem _w _h utt]ly *ang$ s9ce ! days :5 ,busrah ) its rival city ,kufa 7 dom9at$ by ! victori\s ,arabs ( ,om>'s ,caliphate4 ,! ,abbasside ,caliphs ( ! elev5? c5tury 7 almo/ z mu* ! %ad[s ( =m] p[] z ! ,emp]ors ( ! ,ea/2 !y reta9$ little m ?an _! religi\s supremacy4 ,togrul ,bey1 ! gr&son ( ,seljuk1 _h be5 confirm$ by ! p[]less ,caliph ,al-,qaim bi-amr ,allah1 9 all 8 conque/s1 load$ ) hon\rs1 salut$ z ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 & end[$ ) ! h& ( ! ,caliph's daught]4 ,9 ! next reign1 t ( ,al-,muqtadi1 ! ,seljuk ,turks captur$ ,j]usalem4 8,ab\t ! ye> #ajjj10 says ,nldeke1#a 8,islam 0 9 a v bad way4 ,! ,abbasside ,caliphate _h long ceas$ to be ( any importance1 ! p[] ( ! ,arabs _h long ago be5 brok54 ,!re 0 a multitude ( ,islamite ,/ates1 great & small2 b ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ^!1 t ( ! ,fatimids1 0 v f> f be+ able to give solidity to ! :ole1 especially z x 0 ,%iite4444 ,^! nomads 7! ,turks7 caus$ dreadful deva/ation1 trampl$ to ! gr\nd ! fl\ri%+ civilization ( va/ t]ritories1 & contribut$ almo/ no?+ to ! culture ( ! human race2 b !y mightily /r5g!n$ ! religion ( ,mohamm$4 ,! rude ,turks took up ) zeal ! fai? :i* 0 j )9 rea* ( _! intellectual p[]s1 & !y became its true1 (t5 fanatical1 *ampions aga9/ ! outside _w4 ,!y f\nd$ ! p[]ful empire ( ! ,seljuks1 & conqu]$ new regions = ,islam 9 ! nor?we/4 ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,seljuk empire !y /ill cont9u$ to be ! rul+ p 9 all its old] portions4 ,_h n ! w>like "* ( ,islam be5 reviv$ by ! ,turks1 ! ,crusad]s p]haps might h _h "s prospect ( m endur+ success40 ,togrul ,bey 0 inve/$ ) ! title ( ,sultan 9 ! royal city ( ,ni%apur1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajch4 ,accord+ to ,gibbon1 he 0 ! 8fa!r ( 8 soldi]s & ( 8 p4 ,by a firm & equal adm9i/ration ,p]sia 0 reliev$ f ! evils ( an>*y2 & ! same h&s :i* _h be5 imbru$ 9 blood became ! gu>dians ( ju/ice & ! public peace4 ,! m ru/ic1 p]haps ! wise/1 portion ( ! ,turkmans cont9u$ to dwell 9 ! t5ts ( _! ance/ors2 &1 f ! ,oxus to ! ,euphrates1 ^! milit>y colonies 7 protect$ & propagat$ by _! native pr9ces4 ,b ! ,turks ( ! c\rt & city 7 ref9$ by bus9ess & s(t5$ by pleasure3 !y imitat$ ! dress1 language1 & mann]s ( ,p]sia2 & ! royal palaces ( ,ni%apur & ,rei display$ ! ord] & magnific5ce ( a great mon>*y4 ,! mo/ des]v+ ( ! ,arabians & ,p]sians 7 promot$ to ! hon\rs ( ! /ate2 & ! :ole body ( ! ,turki% nation embrac$ ) f]v\r & s9c]ity ! religion ( ,mahomet40#b ,! fir/ ( ! great ,seljuk ,sultans 0 conspicu\s by 8 zeal = ! ,moslem fai?4 ,he sp5t mu* "t 9 pray]1 & 9 e city :i* he conqu]$ built new mosques4 ,by =ce ( arms he deliv]$ ! ,caliph ( ,bagdad at ! head ( an irresi/ible =ce & taught ! p ( ,mosul & ,bagdad ! lesson ( ob$i5ce4 ,rescu$ f 8 enemies1 ! alliance betwe5 ! ,caliph & ! ,sultan 0 cem5t$ by ! m>riage ( ,togrul's si/] ) ! successor ( ! ,prophet4 ,9 #ajfc ,togrul di$ & 8 nephew ,alp ,arslan succe$$ him4 ,8 "n1 !re=e1 0 pron\nc$ aft] t ( ! ,caliph 9 public pray] by all ! ,moslems ( ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,! "* ( 8 rule ,gibbon gives u 9 a s5t5ce3 8,! myriads ( ,turki% horse ov]spread a fronti] ( #fjj miles f ,taurus to ,erz]\m1 & ! blood ( #acf1jjj ,*ri/ians 0 a grateful sacrifice to ! ,arabian prophet40 ,! 8valiant lion10 = t is ! significance ( 8 "n1 display$ at once ! fi]c5ess & g5]osity ( a typical ,ori5tal rul]4 ,*ri/ians suff]$ dreadful p]secution4 ,enemies 7 assass9at$2 b ! le>n$1 ! ri*1 & ! fav\r$ 7 lavi%ly rew>d$4 ,arslan 0 a valiant w>rior ( ! fai? & z eag] = ! battlefield z ^? :om ,moore describes3-- 8,"o ( t sa9tly murd]\s brood ,to c>nage & ! ,koran giv51 ,:o ?9k ?r\gh unbeliev]'s blood ,lies _! directe/ pa? to heav54 ,"o :o w pause & kneel un%od ,9 ! w>m blood 8 h& ha? p\r$ ,to mutt] o'er "s text ( ,god ,engrav5 on 8 reek+ sword40 ,arm5ia 0 laid wa/e 9 ! cruele/ mann] :5 ! capital 0 tak5 on ,june #f1 #ajfd4 ,we are told t 8human blood fl[$ 9 torr5ts1 & s great 0 ! c>nage1 t ! /reets 7 lit]ally *ok$ up ) dead bodies2 & ! wat]s ( ! riv] 7 r$d5$ f ! quantity ( bloody corpses40 ,! weal?y inhabitants 7 tortur$1 ! *ur*es pillag$1 & ! prie/s flay$ alive4 ,al-,ghazali 0 !n six ye>s old4 ,9 #ajgb ,alp ,arslan 0 assass9at$4 ,8 elde/ son1 ,malek ,%ah1 succe$$ him4 ,he ext5d$ ! conque/s ( 8 fa!r beyond ! ,oxus z f> z ,bokh>a & ,sam>k&1 until 8 "n 0 ins]t$ on ! co9s & 9 ! pray]s ( ! ,t>t> k+dom on ! bord]s ( ,*9a4 8,f ! ,*9ese fronti]s1 he /ret*$ 8 imm$iate jurisdiction or feudatory sway to ! we/ & s\?1 z f> z ! m\nta9s ( ,georgia1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! holy city ( ,j]usalem1 & ! spicy groves ( ,arabia ,felix4 ,in/ead ( resign+ himself to ! luxury ( ! h>em1 ! %eph]d k+1 bo? 9 peace & w>1 0 9 action 9 ! field40 ,nizam ,al-,mulk 0 8 vizi]1 & x is l>gely due to 8 influ5ce t ! /udy ( sci5ce & lit]ature reviv$ to su* a rem>kable degree4 ,! cal5d> 0 re=m$1 s*ools & colleges erect$1 & ! le>n$ compet$ ) ea* o!r = ! fav\r ( royalty4 ,= ?irty ye>s ,nizam ,al-,mulk 0 hon\r$ by ! ,caliph z ! v oracle ( religion & sci5ce4 ,b at ! age ( n9ety-?ree1 ! v5]able /atesman1 to :om1 z we %all see lat]1 ,al-,ghazali ow$ s mu*1 0 dismiss$ by 8 ma/]1 accus$ by 8 enemies1 & murd]$ by a fanatic4 ,! la/ words ( ,nizam atte/$ 8 innoc5ce1 & ! rema9d] ( ,malek's life 0 %ort & +lori\s4 ,! ,arabic language _h become dom9ant ev]y:]e4 ,its vocabul>y _h leav5$ ! :ole lump ( languages 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,e race ) :i* ! ,arabs came 9 contact 0 m or less ,arabiz$4 8,! ext5t ( ?is influ5ce10 says ,*5]y1#c 8may be p]ceiv$ by comp>+ ! ,p]sian ( ,firdausi ) t ( ,sadi4 ,! language ( ! =m]1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( our elev5? c5tury1 is tol]ably pure1 :ile ! ,guli/an1 :i* 0 produc$ "s two hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 is 9 "s places little m ?an a piec+ toge!r ( ,arabic words ) a cem5t ( ! orig9al tongue4 ,x is to be notic$1 also1 t ! latt] au?or introduces cont9ually ,arabic v]ses1 z ! highe/ ornam5ts ( 8 "w1 & assumes t 8 read]s are acqua9t$ ) ?is classic & sacr$ tongue40 ,trade r\tes ext5d$ ev]y:]e4 ,!re 0 int]c\rse ) ,india & ,*9a on ! ea/1 z well z ) ! ,spice ,isl&s1 s call$1 ( ,malaysia4 ,c>avans c>ri$ trade across ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,asia & ,nor!rn ,arabia to ! emporiums ( ! ,we/4 ,spa9 _h int]c\rse ) ,p]sia4 ,al-,h>iri praises ,busrah 8z ! spot :]e ! %ip & ! camel meet1 ! sea fi% & ! liz>d1 ! camel-lead] & ! sailor1 ! fi%] & ! till]40 ,9 o!r words x 0 ! port & emporium = all ! l&s wat]$ by ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,! same 0 true ( ,alex&ria = ! ,we/4 ,we h evid5ces t an ext5sive trade 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ,arabia & ,*9a 9 walrus & ivory4 ,an ext5sive "w exi/s writt5 9 ,*9ese 9 ! twelf? c5tury on trade ) ! ,arabs ( :i* a rec5t translation has be5 publi%$ at ,petrograd4 ,m rem>kable /ill is ! fact t 9 ,sc&9avia ?\s&s ( ,kufic co9s h be5 f\nd1 ne>ly all ( :i* date f ! elev5? c5tury4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ev5 ?is remote "p ( ,europe 0 9 t\* ) ! ,ne> ,ea/4#d ,judg+ f lit]ature & hi/ory1 x 0 a "t ( loos5ess ( morals & ( divorce betwe5 religion & e?ics1 ev5 m />tl+ ?an 9 ! _w ( ,islam to-day4 ,!re 7 ^? :o wrote comm5t>ies on ! m>vels ( ! ,koran1 l ,al-,h>awi1 yet did n scruple to indulge 9 private w9e-dr9k+ & c>\sals & loose conv]sation4 ,! place ( w9e1 wom51 & song1 n only 9 popul> lit]ature & poetry1 b ev5 9 ! table talk ( !ologians & philosoph]s is cle> evid5ce4 ,hu>t rem>ks 9 reg>d to ! celebrat$ 8,book ( ! ,mona/]ies10 :i* is an an?ology ( ! conv5ts ( ! ,ne> ,ea/3 8,we mu/ n =get t1 :5 ,moslems w5t to ,*ri/ian cloi/]s1 x 0 n to seek devotional impulses1 b simply = ! sake ( an opportunity ( dr9k+ w9e1 ! use ( :i* 0 =bidd5 9 ! ,mohamm$an t[ns4 ,! poets1 out ( gratitude1 sang ! praises ( ! bless$ spots :]e !y _h enjoy$ ! delights ( intoxication40 ,^? :o d>$ to prea* & write aga9/ ?is public immorality _h to suff] ! consequ5ces2 & because hypocrites 7 9 p[] re=m]s 7 n he$$4 ,we read ( ,ibn ,hamdun 7#aaja-aafg71 t :5 he op5ly attack$ ! evils :i* he saw ar\nd him 9 ,bagdad1 he 0 dismiss$ f 8 public (fice z secret>y ( /ate1 ca/ into prison1 & left to die4 ,puni%m5ts 7 cruel4 ,amputations = !ft1 9 accordance ) ! ,koran legislation1 7 matt]s ( su* e-day occurr5ce t ! maim$ man 0 always a suspect4 ,we read ( ,al-,zamakh%>i1 t "o ( 8 feet _h be5 fro/-bitt5 dur+ a w9t] /orm1 necessitat+ an amputation1 & s he w5t ab\t ) a wood5 leg1 b he also c>ri$ ab\t ) him a writt5 te/imony ( witnesses to prove t he _h be5 maim$ by accid5t1 & n 9 puni%m5t = a crime4 ,al-,baihaki1 ! *ronicl] ( ! c\rt at ,bagdad1 %[s u t ! zeal = ! fai? 0 (t5 accompani$ by a reckless disreg>d = ! law ( ,islam z reg>ds ! use ( f]m5t$ liquor4 ,n only ! soldi]s & _! (fic]s _h drunk5 brawls1 b ! ,sultan ,masud us$ to enjoy regul> b\ts 9 :i* he frequ5tly saw 8 fell[ top]s 8"u ! table40 ,"h is a sc5e repres5t$ z hav+ tak5 place at ,ghazni1 ! capital ( ,khorasan prov9ce4 8,fifty goblets & flagons ( w9e 7 br\ght f ! pavilion into ! g>d51 & ! cups began to g r\nd4 #8,fair measure1' said ! amir1 #8& equal cups--let u dr9k fair4' ,!y grew m]ry & ! m9/rels sang4 ,"o ( ! c\rti]s _h f9i%$ five tank>ds--ea* held ne>ly a p9t ( w9e--b ! six? confus$ him1 ! sev5? b]eft him ( 8 s5ses1 & at ! eigh? he 0 consign$ to 8 s]vants4 ,! doctor 0 c>ri$ (f at 8 fif? cup2 ,khalil ,dawud manag$ t51 ,siyabiruz n9e1 & !n !y 7 tak5 home2 ev]ybody roll$ or 0 roll$ away1 till only ! ,sultan & ! ,khwaja ,abd-ar-,razzak rema9$4 ,! ,khwaja f9i%$ eighte5 goblets & !n rose1 say+1 #8,if y\r slave has any m he w lose bo? 8 wits & 8 respect = y\r ,maje/y4' ,masud w5t on alone1 & aft] he _h drunk tw5ty-sev5 full cups1 he too arose1 call$ = wat] & pray]-c>pet1 wa%$1 & recit$ ! belat$ noon & sunset pray]s toge!r z sob]ly z if he _h n ta/$ a drop2 !n m\nt$ 8 elephant & rode to ! palace40#e ,masud 0 put to dea? 9 #ajdj4 ,8 sons & desc5dants = m ?an a c5tury rul$ ?is "p ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,b ,ghazni fell f ! pr\d position ( ! capital ( a k+dom to a m]e dep5d5cy ( ! ,empire ( ,malek ,%ah4 ,! elev5? c5tury 0 a p]iod :5 ! nations ( ,we/]n ,europe 7 beg9n+ to cry/allize bo? z reg>ds _! gov]nm5ts & civilization4 ,_! influ5ce 0 felt at home & abroad1 al?\gh ! masses 7 /ill 9 ! dep?s ( b>b>ism4 ,among ! cl]gy & nobility some?+ ( ord] & civilization1 & social developm5t _h appe>$1 b we are told by "o writ] t x 0 a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! "t to f9d side by side ) b>b>ian viol5ce & disord]1 & ! con/ant display ( ! mo/ brutal passions1 a /rong religi\s feel+4 ,?is feel+ (t5 took ! =m ( sup]/ition & fanaticism1 ! p]=mance ( m]itori\s works1 especially a pilgrimage to ! holy sepul*]4 ,?\s&s risk$ _! life & heal?1 & sp5t all _! =tune to rea* ! holy city1 ) ! same devotion & sacrifice :i* we /ill witness among ! ard5t ,russian pilgrims ( to-day4 ,:5 ,asia ,m9or & ,syria 7 conqu]$ by ! ,turks ?is access to ,j]usalem 0 cut (f4 ,9 #ajgf 7,al-,ghazali 0 !n eighte5 ye>s old7 !y massacr$ ?ree ?\s& ( ^! ,*ri/ian p & _! subsequ5t rule 0 rel5tless 9 its tyranny4 ,we read t 8! v5]able ,patri>* 0 dragg$ by ! hair along ! /reets1 & ca/ into a dungeon2 ! cl]gy ( e sect 7 insult$2 & ! unhappy pilgrims 7 made to suff] e indignity & abuse40 ,?is treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian pilgrims produc$ a /orm ( indignation & ang] ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,pet] ! ,h]mit himself visit$ ,j]usalem & return$ to ,europe to ar\se ! nations4 ,! result 0 ! fir/ ,crusade1 9 :i* ,pope ,urban ,,ii cop]at$4 ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& half-arm$1 half-nak$ peasants =c$ _! way across ,europe along ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube4 ,only "o-?ird ( _! numb] rea*$ ! %ores ( ,asia4 ,!re !y 7 utt]ly de/roy$ & only a pyramid ( bones rema9$ to tell ( _! fate4 ,! ,crusade "u ,godfrey ( ,b\illon 0 a well-appo9t$ milit>y exp$ition embrac+ ! fl[] ( ,europe4 ,!re are said to h be5 mu/]$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,bi?ynia "o hundr$ ?\s& horsem5 9 full arm\r & six hundr$ ?\s& footm54 ,^! numb]s may be exagg]at$1 & pe/il5ce & fam9e ?9n$ _! ranks1 b 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s !y _h atta9$ ! great object ( _! exp$ition4 ,9 #ajig !y laid siege to ,nicea & captur$ x4 ,!y advanc$ aga9/ ,antio* & aft] sev5 we>y mon?s laid siege to ! city4 ,9 #ajii !y advanc$ on ,j]usalem & aft] a siege ( =ty days ! holy city surr5d]$4 8,! m]ciless ,franks did n fail to inflict a t]rible v5geance = _! own suff]+s & ! indignities :i* _h be5 heap$ ^u _! religion & _! race4 ,! ,jews 7 burn$ 9 _! synagogues2 & sev5ty ?\s& ,moslems 7 put to ! sword4 ,= ?ree days ! city 0 giv5 up to indiscrim9ate pillage & massacre1 until a pe/il5ce 0 br$ by ! putrefaction ( ! sla940 ,soon ,godfrey & 8 successors ext5d$ _! dom9ions until only f\r cities1 ,aleppo1 ,damascus1 ,hama?1 & ,hums rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,moslems 9 ,syria4 ,ev]y:]e ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet 7 fill$ ) grief & %ame & ) a great long+ to wipe away ! disgrace :i* _h fall5 on _! religion4 8,9 ! ye> #dib ,a4 ,h410 says ,muir1#f 8con/]nation 0 spread ?r\gh\t ! l& by ! capture ( ,j]usalem1 & cruel treatm5t ( its inhabitants4 ,prea*]s w5t ab\t proclaim+ ! sad /ory1 k9dl+ rev5ge1 & r\s+ m5 to recov] f infidel h&s ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 & sc5e ( ! ,prophet's heav5ly flight4 ,b :atev] ! success else:]e1 ! mission fail$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* 0 occupi$ ) its own tr\bles1 & moreov] c>$ little = ! ,holy ,l&1 dom9at$ z x !n 0 by ! ,fatimide fai?4 ,cr[ds ( exiles1 driv5 = refuge to ,bagdad1 & jo9$ !re by ! populace1 cri$ out = w> aga9/ ! ,franks4 ,b nei!r ,sultan nor ,caliph _h e>s to he>4 ,= two ,fridays ! insurg5ts1 ) ?is cry1 /orm$ ! ,great ,mosque1 broke ! pulpit & ?rone ( ! ,caliph 9 pieces1 & %\t$ d[n ! s]vice2 b t 0 all4 ,no army w5t40 ,among ,moslems !mselves religi\s ranc\r ab\nd$4 ,at pres5t ! f\r or?odox sects wor%ip toge!r & live 9 peace z neighb\rs1 b 9 ^? days !re 7 frequ5t & hot disputes betwe5 ! rival s*ools & mu* controv]sial lit]ature arose1 s t ! hatr$ betwe5 ! sects 0 deep & bitt]4 ,! ,p]sian hi/orian1 ,mirkhond1 has record$ a fact :i* %[s h[ implacable ! feel+ _h become t[>ds ! close ( ! ,caliphate4 ,:5 ! ,mongols ( ,g5ghiz ,khan appe>$ be=e ! city ( ,rei1 !y f\nd x divid$ into two factions--! "o compos$ ( ,%afiites1 ! o!r ( ,hanifites4 ,! =m] at once ent]$ into secret negotiations und]tak+ to deliv] up ! city at night1 on condition t ! ,mongols massacr$ ! memb]s ( ! o!r sect4 ,! ,mongols1 nev] reluctant to %$ blood1 gladly accept$ ^! proposals1 & be+ admitt$ into ! city1 slaught]$ ! ,hanifites )\t m]cy4 ,x 0 9 ?is atmosph]e ( mutual hatr$1 ( w> & blood%$1 t ,al-,ghazali sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,we may excuse 9 him mu* ( :at w\ld o!rwise seem intol]ant & hateful1 :5 we rememb] h[ ! passion ( w> bl9ds human judgm5t & makes x impossible to see any virtue 9 ! invad]4 ,we mu/ n =get t ,al-,ghazali came into close t\* ) ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians f 8 boyhood4#g ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p]sia at ! "t ( ! ,moslem conque/1 & ! ,ne/orian ,*ur* )/ood its t]rific impact :5 ,zoroa/rianism 0 almo/ de/roy$4 ,! com+ ( ! ,arabs meant to ! ,*ri/ians only a *ange ( ma/]s4 ,! ,ne/orians became ! rayah1 8p ( protection10 ( ! ,caliphs4 ,!y did n imm$iately s9k into _! pres5t deplorable condition4 ,!y /ill conduct$ =eign missions & dur+ ! entire ,abbasside p]iod rema9$ a v important factor ( civilization 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y 7 p]mitt$ to re/ore _! ,*ur*es1 b n to build new ones2 !y 7 =bidd5 to be> arms or ride a horse1 save 9 case ( necessity1 & !y ev5 !n _h to dism\nt on meet+ a ,moslem2 !y 7 subject to ! usual poll-tax4 ,yet ! ,ne/orians 7 ! mo/ p[]ful non-,moslem community :ile ! ,caliphs reign$ at ,bagdad 7#gej-abeh71 & _h a high] tradition ( civilization ?an _! ma/]s4 ,!y 7 us$ at c\rt z physicians1 scribes1 & secret>ies1 & ?us ga9$ great influ5ce1 hav+ mu* fre$om 9 canonical matt]s1 elect$ ,patri>*s1 etc4 ,! ,arab s*ol>%ip :i* came to ,spa91 & 0 a great factor 9 m$ival le>n+1 beg9s 9 great "p ) ! ,ne/orians ( ,bagdad4 ,!y h&$ on to _! ,arab ma/]s ! ,greek culture :i* 0 inh]it$ 9 ,syriac translations4 ,s we f9d ! ,caliphs treat+ !m z *ief ( ! ,*ri/ian communities1 & at times civil au?ority ov] all ,*ri/ians _h be5 giv5 to ! ,ne/orian ,patri>*4 ,e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,al-,biruni1 a ,moslem writ] f ,khiva1 m5tions ! ,ne/orians z ! mo/ civiliz$ ( ! ,*ri/ian communities "u ! ,caliph4 ,he says t !re are ?ree sects ( ,*ri/ians--,mel*ites1 ,ne/orians & ,jacobites4 8,! mo/ num]\s ( !m are ! ,mel*ites & ,ne/orians2 because ,greece & ! adjac5t c\ntries are all inhabit$ by ,mel*ites1 :il/ ! majority ( ! inhabitants ( ,syria1 ,irak & ,mesopotamia & ,khorasan are ,ne/orians40#h ,al-,ghazali sp5t 8 fir/ tw5ty ye>s 9 ,khorasan4 ,did he ev] become acqua9t$ ) ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh p]usal ( ! ,gospel8 ,we "k t ,arabic1 if n ,p]sian1 translations exi/$ at ?is p]iod2 & n only are !re _m ref]5ces to ,*ri/ & ,8 tea*+ 9 ,al-,ghazali's works1 b !re are "s v few passages accurate en\gh to be call$ quotations4 ,he himself /ates z we %all see lat]3 8,i h read 9 ! ,gospel40 ,t !re 7 translations ( ! ,bible into ,arabic to :i* ,al-,ghazali may h _h access is probable4 ,dr4 ,kilg\r tells ( ,arabic ,gospel manuscripts ( ! n9? c5tury & ( translations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & portions ( ! ,new made 9 ! ,fayy\m be=e #idb ,a4 ,d4 8,to ! t5? c5tury belong v]sions ( "s books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,syriac1 o!rs f ! ,,lxx41 & f ! ,coptic2 & "s fre% translations ( ! ,p5tateu*1 us+ ! ,sam>itan text z well z ! ,massoretic40#i ,diglot manuscripts 9 ,syriac & ,arabic are q num]\s4 ,! manuscript ( ! f\r ,gospels1 ( :i* a few leaves are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is a good specim5 ( su* a diglot4 ,x 0 br\ght by ,tis*5dorf f ! ,syrian ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,m>y ,deip>a 9 ! ,nitrian ,des]t4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury an ,arabic s*ol> made a v]sion ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 t e>ly ,syriac ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels :i* help$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to realize ! ma9 facts conc]n+ our ,savi\r4 ,a v]sion ( ! ,psalms 0 prep>$ 9 ! middle ( ! same c5tury = use 9 ! ,*ur* s]vices ( ! papal or ,mel*ite ,greeks4 ,?is 0 translat$ f ! ,greek ,psalt]1 &1 f ! place :]e x 0 fir/ pr9t$1 became kn[n aft]w>ds z ! ,aleppo ,psalt]4#aj ,x rema9s an int]e/+ "q :e!r ,al-,ghazali 9 8 travels1 or :ile /ill 9 ,khorasan1 ev] exam9$ ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we are told t ! ,jews translat$ _! law into ,p]sian by #hbg ,a4 ,d4 ,x is1 !re=e1 h>d to acquit ! ,*ri/ians ( ,p]sia ( neglig5ce4 ,_! bi%ops f\nd "t to write le>n$ treatises 9 ,p]sian & ,arabic1 & ev5 to translate ,ari/otle1 b n to give ,moslems ! ,scriptures4 ,yet ,al-,k9di & o!rs l him1 _m ( ^: names & writ+s are lo/1 7 n afraid to give _! te/imony ev5 at ! c\rt ( ! ,caliphs4 8,! ,*ur*10 says ,w4 ,t4 ,:iteley1#aa 8_h n fail$ to ex]cise an influ5ce on ,islam ar\nd x1 :ile ,*ri/ians might n1 on p]il ( dea?1 seek to w9 conv]ts direct1 a comm& occasionally violat$ ) hon\r & success1 yet all ! developm5t ( ,islam at ,damascus & ,bagdad 0 9 a ,*ri/ian atmosph]e40 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( t p]iod 01 h[ev]1 n ! religion ( ,*ri/ 9 its purity nor aft] ! example ( ,8 love & tol]ation4 ,mutual hatr$ & suspicion prev5t$ real int]c\rse ( ^? :o1 z dev\t ,*ri/ians & dev\t ,moslems1 7 bo? seek+ ,god4 ,! ,moslem 0 fe>$ & ! ,*ri/ian despis$4 ,! foll[]s ( ,jesus 7 ! enemies ( ,allah 9 ! eyes ( ,moslems4 ,h[ ,*ri/ians 7 reg>d$ at ?is "t we may le>n f ! books ( canon law ( ?is p]iod1 & t imm$iately foll[+ ^u x4 ,!y 7 consid]$ infidels 9 ! ,moslem s5se ( ! ^w1 & 7 protect$ only by ! paym5t ( a poll tax1 :i* gave !m c]ta9 rights z subjects4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ juri/ ( ! ,%afiite sect1 ,an-,nawawi1 :o taught at ,damascus 9 #abfg1 lays d[n ! law#ab z foll[s3 8,an infidel :o has to pay 8 poll tax %\ld be treat$ by ! tax collector ) disda92 ! collector rema9+ seat$ & ! infidel /&+ be=e him1 ! head b5t & ! body b[$4 ,! infidel %\ld p]sonally place ! money 9 ! balance1 :ile ! collector holds him by ! be>d & /rikes him ^u bo? *eeks4 ,infidels %\ld be =bidd5 to h h\ses high] ?an ^? ( _! ,moslem neighb\rs1 or ev5 to h !m z high2 a rule1 h[ev]1 t does n apply to ! infidels :o inhabit a sep>ate qu>t]4 ,an infidel subject ( our ,sov]eign may n ride a horse2 b a donkey or a mule is p]mitt$ him1 :atev] may be its value4 ,he mu/ use an ikaf1 & wood5 spurs1 ^? ( iron be+ =bidd5 him1 z well z a saddle4 ,he mu/ g to ! side ( ! road to let a ,moslem pass4 ,he mu/ n be treat$ z a p]son ( importance1 nor giv5 ! fir/ place at a ga!r+4 ,he %\ld be di/+ui%$ by a suit ( col\r$ clo? & a girdle outside 8 clo!s4 ,if he ent]s a ba?+ h\se :]e !re are ,moslems1 or if he undresses any:]e else 9 _! pres5ce1 ! infidel %\ld we> r\nd 8 neck an iron or lead5 necklace1 or "s o!r m>k ( s]vitude4#ac ,he is =bidd5 to (f5d ,moslems1 ei!r by mak+ !m he> 8 false doctr9es1 or by speak+ al\d ( ,esdras or ( ! ,messiah1 or by o/5tati\sly dr9k+ w9e or eat+ pork4 ,& infidels are =bidd5 to s\nd ! bells ( _! *ur*es or ( _! synagogues1 or celebrate o/5tati\sly _! sacrilegi\s rites40#ad 8,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian communities10 says ,m>goli\?1#ae 8"u ,moslem rule _c be adequately writt52 ! memb]s ( ^? communities _h no opportunity ( describ+ _! condition safely1 & ! ,moslems naturally devote little space to _! conc]ns4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y seem to h be5 reg>d$ z c]ta9 old ,greek & ,roman sages reg>d$ wom53 z a necess>y annoyance4 ,ow+ to _! be+ un>m$ _! prosp]ity 0 always haz>d\s2 & ?\gh x is true t ?is 0 ! case ) all ! subjects ( a despotic /ate "u an irresponsible rul]1 ! non-,moslem population 0 at ! m]cy ( ! mob z well z ( ! sov]eign2 !y 7 likely scapegoats :5ev] !re 0 di/ress1 & ev5 9 ! be/ gov]n$ c\ntries p]iods ( di/ress frequ5tly arose40 ,!re are d>k] %ades 9 ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians & 9 ! moral condition ( ?is p]iod ov] :i* "o might well draw ! veil1 b "s ( ! *apt]s ( ,ghazali's ,ihya reflect su* t]rible conditions z ,m>goli\? describes3 8,a =m ( passion :i* is nameless w\ld appe> at "o "t to h be5 z famili> among ,moslems z ( old among ,hell5es4 ,*ri/ian lads seem (t5 to h be5 ! unhappy objects ( ?is passion4 ,a /ory is told u by ! biograph] ,yakut ( a "y monk ( ,edessa or ,urfah :o _h ! mis=tune to attract ! fancy ( "o ,saad ! copyi/4 ,! visits & att5tions ( ?is ,moslem became s (f5sive t ! monks _h to put a /op to !m4 ,!reupon ?is p]sonage p9$ away1 & 0 f9ally f\nd dead outside ! mona/]y wall4 ,! ,moslem population decl>$ t ! monks _h kill$ him1 & ! gov]nor propos$ to execute & burn ! "y monk :o _h occasion$ ! disa/]1 & sc\rge 8 colleagues4 ,!y f9ally got (f by pay+ a sum ( #ajj1jjj dirhems40 ,n only among ,moslems1 h[ev]1 b among ,*ri/ians z well1 morals 7 at a l[ ebb 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! annali/s ( ! ,roman ,*ur* says x 0 an iron age b>r5 ( all goodness1 a lead5 age ab\nd+ 9 all wick$ness4 8,*ri/ 0 !n1 z x appe>s1 9 a v deep sleep1 :5 ! %ip 0 cov]$ ) waves2 & :at seem$ worse1 :5 ! ,"l 0 ?us asleep1 !re 7 no disciples1 :o by _! cries might awak5 him1 be+ !mselves all fa/ asleep40 ,enemies ( ! ,papacy h p]haps exagg]at$ ! vices & crimes ( ! popes 9 ?is & ! prec$+ c5tury2 b ! ,*ur*1 on ! te/imony ( its own writ]s1 0 imm]s$ 9 pr(an5ess1 s5suality1 & lewdness4 ,:5 ,o?o ,i1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 came to ,rome1 he introduc$ moral re=ms by ! p[] ( ! sword1 b accord+ to ,miln]1#af 8,! effect ( ,o?o's regulations 0 t ! popes ex*ang$ ! vices ( ! rake & ! debau*ee = ^? ( ! ambiti\s politician & ! hypocrite2 & gradually recov]$1 by a prud5t conduct1 ! dom9e]+ asc5d5cy1 :i* _h be5 lo/ by vici\s excesses4 ,b ?is did n beg9 to take place till ! latt] end ( ! elev5? c5tury40 ,mission>y ef=t 9 ?is c5tury 0 conf9$ to "w 9 ,hung>y1 ! unevangeliz$ portions ( ,d5m>k1 ,pol&1 & ,prussia4 ,adam ( ,brem51 :o wrote 9 #ajhj1 says3 8,look at ! v f]oci\s nation ( ! ,danes4 ,= a long "t !y h be5 accu/om$1 9 ! praises ( ,god1 to res\nd ,alleluia4 ,look at t piratical p4 ,!y are n[ cont5t ) ! fruits ( _! own c\ntry4 ,look at t horrid region1 =m]ly altoge!r inaccessible on acc\nt ( idolatry2 !y n[ eag]ly admit ! prea*]s ( ! ^w40 ,! ,prussians cont9u$ pagans 9 a great measure ?r\gh\t ?is c5tury4 ,we read t eighte5 mission>ies s5t out to lab\r among !m 7 massacr$4 ,!y seem$ to h be5 among ! la/ ( ! ,european nations to submit to ! yoke ( ,*ri/4 ,! noble/ figure ( ! c5tury 9 ! ,we/1 9 ! annals ( ,*ri/5dom1 0 und\bt$ly t ( ,anselm4 ,he 0 born ab\t ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali1 & di$ 9 #aaji4 ,8 life 9 _m respects is a p>allel to t ( 8 contempor>y4 ,bo? 7 !ologians & bo? 7 my/ics1 seek+ re/ = _! s\ls 9 )draw+ f ! _w & its allurem5ts4 ,bo? 7 apologi/s = ! ,fai? & oppon5ts ( infidelity & philosophy4 ,bo? ex]t$ an imm5se influ5ce by _! writ+s z well z ?r\gh tea*+2 & if ,al-,ghazali s\ght ! revival ( religi\s life 9 ,islam ?r\gh 8 ,ihya1 ,anselm gave employm5t to 8 active m9d 9 writ+ 8 celebrat$ treatise 8,cur ,deus ,homo80 ,bo? ( !m refut$ philosoph]s 9 _! ef=t to e/abli% ! ,fai?4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ,anselm's fam\s book is n[ us$ 9 ,arabic translation by mission>ies to ,moslems1 & t ,al-,ghazali's 8,confessions0 h be5 put into ! h&s ( ! ,engli% read] z a te/imony ( 8 s9c]ity & devotion4 ,bo? ,anselm & ,al-,ghazali liv$ & wrote "u a deep consci\sness ( ! _w to come1 ! t]rors ( ! judgm5t day1 & ! doom ( ! wick$4 ,?is also 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,to und]/& ! "t 9 :i* ,al-,ghazali liv$ we mu/ also rememb] t x 0 "o ( great lit]>y activity "u ! ,abbasside ,caliphs ( ,bagdad & ! ,seljuk sultans4 ,we h se5 h[ rul]s rew>d$ lit]>y g5ius1 e/abli%$ s*ools1 & fur!r$ education on religi\s l9es4 ,arabic lit]ature af=ds a galaxy ( names dur+ ! latt] half ( ! elev5? c5tury 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( ,moslem le>n+4 ,among ,ghazali's celebrat$ contempor>ies1 m5 ( lit]>y fame1 we may m5tion ,abiw>di 7d4 #aaac71 ! poet2 ,ibn ,al-,khayyat1 :o 0 born at ,damascus 9 #ajeh & di$ 9 ,p]sia 9 #aabe2 ,al-,ghazi 7b4 #ajdi71 :o compos$ elegies & panegyrics at ,nizamiyya ,college1 0 a college mate ( ,ghazali's1 & di$ 9 ,khorasan2 ,al-,t>abalusi 7b4 #ajhj71 a y\ng] contempor>y4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s poet ( all 0 ,al-,h>iri 7#ajed-aabb71 ^: 8,assemblies0 ?r[ s mu* light on ! mann]s & morals ( ?is p]iod4 ,among ! m5 at ! ,nizamiyya ,univ]sity 7 ,al-,khatb 7b4 #ajcj71 ! great philologi/2 & ,ibn ,al-,arabi1 born at ,seville 9 #ajgf1 :o visit$ ,bagdad to att5d ! tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,! greate/ ( all ! ,%afiite doctors1 ,al-,ruyani1 0 also a contempor>y ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,he taught at ,ni%apur & wrote ! mo/ volum9\s book on jurisprud5ce 9 exi/5ce1 call$ 8,! ,sea ( ,doctr9e40 ,9 #aajh1 j z he _h f9i%$ "o ( 8 lectures he 0 murd]$ by a fanatic ( ! ,assass9 sect1 :o 7 !n hold+ ! ca/le ( ,alamut 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,we mu/ also m5tion a s*oolmate ( ,al-,ghazali1 ,al-,h>rasi 7#ajeh-aaaj71 :o /udi$ at ,ni%apur "u ! ,imam ,al-,h>ama91 0 made 8 assi/ant1 & !n w5t to ,bagdad1 :]e he taught !ology 9 ! ,nizamiyya ,univ]sity = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,nor mu/ we =get ,al-,baghawi1 :o wrote a fam\s comm5t>y on ! ,koran1 & o!r works ( !ology 7#aabb72 ,al-,raghib ,al-,ispahani1 :o di$ 9 #aajh1 & wrote a diction>y ( ! ,koran1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 call$ ,mufradat alfaz ,al-,koran1 ) quotations f ! traditions & f ! poets2 he also wrote a treatise on morals1 :i* ,al-,ghazali always c>ri$ ab\t ) him 7,kitab ad-dh>ia71 & a comm5t>y on ! ,koran4 ,among ! e>ly contempor>ies ( ,al-,ghazali we mu/ n =get to m5tion ,ali b9 ,u?man ,al-,jullabi ,al-,hujwiri1 ! au?or ( ! olde/ ,p]sian treatise on ,sufism extant4 ,he 0 born 9 ,ghazni1 ,afghani/an1 & di$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajfb1 :5 ,al-,ghazali 0 f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,al-,hujwiri travell$ f> & wide ?r\gh ! ,mohamm$an ,empire & 8 fam\s "w ,ka%f al-,mahjub anticipates mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazali1 :o mu/ h be5 famili> ) ?is au?or4 ,& to complete ?is already long li/ ( celebrities1 we may m5tion ,al-,maidani ( ,ni%apur1 :o di$ 9 #aabd1 hav+ writt5 a great "w on ,arabic prov]bs2 ,al-,zamakh%>i1 born 9 #ajgd1 :o wrote a fam\s comm5t>y on ! ,koran2 ,ibn ,tum>t1 ! not$ philosoph] ( ! ,we/ :o att5d$ ,al-,ghazali's lectures at ,nizamiyya2 & a%-,%ahri/ani :o wrote on ! v>i\s religions & sects--! /&>d "w among all ,moslems to-day on comp>ative religion4 ,! p]iod 0 9 _m respects ! gold5 age ( ,islamic lit]ature1 & x is high praise inde$ t1 9 ! judgm5t ( ,moslem & ,*ri/ian1 ,al-,ghazali surpass$ all 8 lit]>y contempor>ies1 if n 9 /yle & eloqu5ce1 at lea/ 9 ! scope & "* ( 8 writ+s--/ill m by ! endur+ & outrea*+ influ5ce ( 8 life4 ,! /ory ( t life & ! "* ( 8 message we w n[ attempt to sket* = ! read]4 ,,ii ,bir? & ,education 8,ghazali is )\t d\bt ! mo/ rem>kable figure 9 all ,islam4 ,8 doctr9e is ! expression ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,he ab&on$ ! attempt to und]/& ?is _w4 ,b ! religi\s problem he compreh5d$ mu* m pr(\ndly ?an did ! philosoph]s ( 8 "t4 ,^! 7 intellectual 9 _! me?ods1 l _! ,greek pr$ecessors1 & consequ5tly reg>d$ ! doctr9es ( ,religion z m]ely ! products ( ! conception or fancy or ev5 caprice ( ! lawgiv]4 ,accord+ to !m ,religion 0 ei!r bl9d ob$i5ce1 or a k9d ( k :i* conta9$ tru? ( an inf]ior ord]4 8,on ! o!r h& ,ghazali repres5ts ,religion z ! exp]i5ce ( 8 inn] ,be+4 ,x is = him m ?an law & m ?an ,doctr9e2 x is ! ,s\l's exp]i5ce40 --8,philosophy 9 ,islam10 ,t4 ,j4 ,de,boer4 ,,ii ,,bir? ,,& ,,education ,z already /at$1 ,al-,ghazali 0 born & educat$ 9 ,khorasan1 ,p]sia1 & !re also he sp5t ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,p]sia1 z ,hu>t expresses x1 possess$ 8an intangible =ce1 ! ,aryan g5ius1 ! p[]ful1 imag9ative1 & creative m9d ( ! great ,indo-,european family1 ! arti/ic1 philosophic1 & intellectual bra9 :i*1 f ! ,abbasside p]iod onw>d1 s mightily affect$ ,arab lit]ature1 enabl+ x to develop 9 e qu>t] ( ! ,caliph's realms1 & to produce ! enorm\s aggregate ( works40 ,x 0 ?is ,aryan g5ius :i* expla9s mu* ( ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ,al-,ghazali ^u ,moslem ?\ght1 & ! revival ( t influ5ce 9 our day :5 ,islam is aga9 fac+ dis9tegrat+ =ces4 ,at ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali1 ,p]sian influ5ce 0 supreme4 ,x p]vad$ ev]y?+4 ,! ,arabs _h ceas$ to write4 ,! realms ( poetry1 !ology1 & sci5ce1 7 dom9at$ by ^? ( ,p]sian bir?4 ,all po/s1 adm9i/rative & legal1 7 held by m5 :o 7 n ,arabs1 & yet ! language !y us$ 0 t ( ! ,koran1 & rema9$ ! sole lit]>y language ( ! huge empire ( ! ,caliphs4 8,all races1 ,p]sians1 ,syrians1 ,b]b]s f ,maghrib1 7 melt$ & amalgamat$ 9 ?is mighty crucible40 ,al-,ghazali 0 a ,p]sian by bir?1 an ,aryan 9 8 modes ( ?\ght1 a ,semite 9 8 religion & he became a cosmopolitan by travel & education4 ,8 long resid5ce 9 all ! great c5tres ( ,islam ( 8 day br\ght him into close t\* ) m5 ( e s*ool ( ?\ght & foll[]s ( all mann]s ( religions & philosophies4 ,:5 we rememb] ?is1 we h ! key to 8 enorm\s lit]>y productiv5ess4 ,8 horizon /ret*$ f ,afghani/an to ,spa91 & f ,kurdi/an to ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,:at happ5$ outside ! ,d> ul ,islam 9 infidel ,europe 0 br\ght to ! notice ( all by ! ,crusades4 ,m5 ( le>n+ _h int]c\rse by correspond5ce ) ^? ( simil> ta/es 9 e "p ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,we h records ( lett]s receiv$ by ,al-,ghazali f ,spa9 & ,morocco z well z f ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e4 ,que/ions ( jurisprud5ce1 philosophy1 & !ology 7 ref]r$ by ,sultans to celebrat$ au?orities = reply4 ,all ?is produc$ ! cosmopolitan atmosph]e we f9d 9 8 works4 ,! poet ,moore describes ,al-,ghazali's native l& z 8444 ! delightful ,prov9ce ( ! ,sun1 ,! fir/ ( ,p]sian l&s he %9es ^u1 ,:]e1 all ! lovelie/ *ildr5 ( 8 beam1 ,fl[]ets & fruits blu% ov] e /ream1 ,&1 faire/ ( all /reams1 ! ,murga roves ,among ,m]\'s bright palaces & groves40 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ea/ ,gate1 ,damascus4 ,khorasan1 inde$1 signifies 8! l& ( ! sun10 & 0 "o ( ! f\r geographical divisions into :i* ! anci5t k+dom ( ! ,sassanians 0 divid$4 ,!y 7 nam$ accord+ to ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass4 ,aft] ! ,arab conque/s ! "n 0 us$ bo? = a def9ite prov9ce & also 9 a loos] s5se = ! :ole ea/]n region ( ,p]sia4 ,ev5 n[ ! b\nd>ies ( ! prov9ce are sc>cely det]m9$4 ,! total area is ab\t #aej1jjj squ>e miles1 & ! pres5t population n ov] #hjj1jjj4 ,x 0 d\btless f> m 9 ,al-,ghazali's day4 ,t[>ds ! nor? & s\?we/ ,khorasan is m\nta9\s4 ,9 ! ea/ ! c\ntry is hilly1 b betwe5 ! m\nta9 ranges !re ext5d broad tracts ( wa/e l&4 ,by f> ! mo/ ext5sive ( ^! sal9e wa/es is ! ,da%t-i-,kabir1 or ,great ,salt ,des]t ( ,khorasan4 ,?r\gh\t ! prov9ce1 & especially ne> ,tus1 ! arid pla9s & ! grassy valleys h be5 engag$ 9 a p]petual /ruggle = ! ma/]y4 ,! %ift+ s&s h already absorb$ "s t[ns & villages4 ,!re are sc>cely any riv]s1 & ! few /reams are bracki% & int]mitt5t1 los+ !mselves 9 ! great salt des]t4 ,! salt br\ght d[n by ! riv]s is deposit$ 9 ! m>%es4 ,! fi]ce summ] heat dries ^! up until ! w9t] floods occur aga94 ,?is process be+ repeat$ = ages1 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! :ole /ret* ( soil ov] :i* ! m>% ext5ds has become incru/$ ) salt4 ,travell]s & /ud5ts ( climate seem to be agre$ t ! c\ntry (f]s unmi/akable evid5ce ( desiccation4 ,ru9s ( cities & villages are incr$ibly num]\s & po9t to a l>g] population & bett] climate & irrigation 9 ! days pa/4 ,x w\ld n be j to attribute ! decay ( ,p]sia entirely to ! deva/ations ( w> & ! misrule ( ,islam4 8,a comp>ison ( ! f\r prov9ces ( ,khorasan1 ,az]baijan1 ,kirman1 & ,seyi/an is in/ructive10 says ,ellswor? ,hunt+ton4#ag ,khorasan 8has suff]$ f w> m sev]ely ?an has any o!r prov9ce ( ,p]sia4 ,its nor!rn portion1 :]e ! ra9fall is heavie/1 & :]e ! greate/ am\nt ( fight+ has tak5 place1 is to-day "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s portions ( ,p]sia4 ,x conta9s num]\s ru9s1 b !y are by no means su* impressive features z are ^? f>!r s\?4 ,! s\!rn & dri] "p ( ! prov9ce is full ( ru9s1 & has suff]$ great depopulation4 ,az]baijan1 :i* 444 has suff]$ f w> m ?an any prov9ce except ,khorasan1 is ! mo/ prosp]\s & ?ickly settl$ "p ( ,p]sia4 ,! relative abundance ( its wat] supply r5d]s its future hopeful4 ,seyi/an has suff]$ f w>s1 b less sev]ely ?an ! two prec$+ prov9ces4 ,nev]!less1 x has be5 depopulat$ to a f> great] ext5t4 ,its extreme aridity r5d]s recov]y well-nigh impossible1 except along ! ,helmund4 ,kirman lies s remote beh9d its b>ri]s ( des]t & m\nta9s t x has suff]$ f w> mu* less ?an any ( ! ?ree o!r prov9ces4 ,yet its ru9$ cities & its appe>ance ( hopeless depopulation are almo/ z impressive z ^? ( ,seyi/an4 ,if w> & misgov]nm5t are ! cause ( ! decay ( ,p]sia1 x is rem>kable t ! two prov9ces :i* h suff]$ mo/ f w>1 & n less f misgov]nm5t1 %\ld n[ be ! mo/ prosp]\s & lea/ depopulat$2 :ile ! two :i* h suff]$ less f w> & no m f misgov]nm5t h be5 fe>fully1 &1 x w\ld seem1 irrep>ably depopulat$40 ,! surface ( ! prov9ce ( ,khorasan to-day consi/s ma9ly ( highl&s1 ! sal9e des]ts1 & ! fruitful well-wat]$ upl& valleys4 ,9 ^! fruitful regions rice1 cotton1 saffron1 b especially melons & o!r fruits1 are rais$ 9 pr(usion4 ,o!r products are manna1 gum1 asaftida = export to ,india1 & turquois4 ,! *ief manufactures h always be5 sabres1 pott]y1 c>pets1 wool5 & cotton goods4 ,! t[n ( ,ma%ad1 ! pres5t capital ( ,khorasan1 has supplant$ ! old] city & di/rict ( ,tus1 :i* 0 an anci5t capital4 ,! ru9s ( ?is city lie fifte5 miles to ! nor?we/4 ,z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury we h ref]5ces to ! bir?place ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,?us ,misar ,muhalhil 7ab\t #ida ,a4 ,d47 writes3 8,tus is made up ( ! union ( f\r t[ns1 two ( :i* are l>ge & ! o!r two ( m9or importance2 its area is a squ>e mile4 ,x has beautiful monum5ts t date f ! "t ( ,islam1 su* z ! h\se ( ,hamid1 son ( ,kahtabah1 ! tomb ( ,ali1 son ( ,musa1 & t ( ,ra%id 9 ! environs 7lit4 g>d5s7 ( ! t[n40 ,i/akhri 7#iea ,a4 ,d471 writ+ t5 ye>s lat]1 speaks ( ,tus z a dep5d5cy ) f\r l>ge t[ns or settlem5ts4 ,he says3 8,tak+ ,tus z a dep5d5cy ( ! prov9ce ( ,ni%apur1 its t[ns are ,radkan1 ,tab>an1 ,bazdghur1 & ,naukan1 9 :i* 7latt]7 is ! tomb ( ,ali1 son ( ,musa ar-,riza 7may ! peace ( ,god be ^u him71 & ! tomb ( ,h>\n ar-,ra%d4444 ,! tomb ( ,ar-,riza is ab\t "o-qu>t] ( a f>sakh di/ant t[>ds ! village call$ ,sanabadh40 ,! be/ summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ,tus & description ( its pres5t condition is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ book1 8,f ,con/ant9ople to ! ,home ( ,om> ,khayyam40 ,he tells u t ! "n ( ! t[n is z old z ! half-leg5d>y w>rior ,tusa ( ! ,ave/a1 :o gave battle aga9/ ,turan4 ,alex&] ! ,great pass$ ?r\gh x 9 pursuit ( ,bessus1 ! slay] ( ! la/ ,d>ius4 ,dur+ ! ,zoroa/rian sway1 ! city ( ,tus %>$ ) ,ni%apur ! di/9ction ( be+ ! seat ( a ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian bi%op4 ,:5 ! ,arab conque/ ( ,p]sia came ,tus fell be=e ! invad]s & x became a great ,moslem c5tre1 fam\s especially z ! home ( ! poet ,firdausi1 :o 0 born !re ab\t #ice ,a4 ,d4 & di$ #ajbe ,a4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ,jackson ?us describes ! pres5t ru9$ condition ( ! city3 8,! crumbl+ walls ( ! dead city 7 once broad & l(ty ramp>ts ( clay & rubble1 mu* l ^? already m5tion$ at ,bu/am & ,rei1 b !y _h become mu* flatt5$ ) ! lapse ( ages1 al?\gh traces ( _! t[]s 7 /ill to be se51 :ile _! outl9e %[$ ! cont\r ( ! t[n1 :i* mu/ h =m$ a v irregul> quadrilat]al1 foll[+ r\ghly ! po9ts ( ! compass4444 ,! sc5e1 z we saw x1 pres5t$ a /range p>adox ( ! de/ructive effects ( ! h& ( man1 & ! et]nal p[] ( nature to rise & bloom aga94 ,! deva/at+ inroads ( ! ,ghuzz hordes & ! ,mongol armies1 aid$ by e>?quakes1 _h inde$ laid mighty ,tus 9 ru9s3 b its du/ /ill conta9s ! resurrection se$ ( fl[]s & gra91 br++ life anew 9 ! mid/ ( dea?4 ,acres ( b>ley & fields ( ?ick clov] spread _! ri* gre5 on all sides1 9 contra/ ) /ret*es ( arid wa/e t told only too well ! /ory ( ru9 wr\ght 9 ! pa/40 ,pr(essor ,jackson goes on to say3 8,x is cle> t ! ru9$ site ( ,tus we h be5 exam9+1 ) ! ,rudb> & ,rizan ,gates1 =m$ "p ( ! bor\gh ( ,tab>an1 an important section ( ! t[n 9 ,firdausi's day1 :5 ! city cov]$ a l>ge area compris+ sev]al ?ickly populat$ c5tres1 z we "k f ! ,ori5tal geograph]s ( ! t5? c5tury1 or ! p]iod cov]+ ! bett] portion ( ! poet's life4 ,x 0 9 ,tab>an t ,al-,ghazali 0 buri$1 & !re he mu/ h _h 8 home dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life40#ah ,religi\s disputation mu/ h be5 ! v atmosph]e ( ,tus4 ,*ri/ians 7 num]\s & ! ,moslem ,%iahs 7 almo/ z /rong z ! or?odox4 ,"s ( _! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s & s*ol>s1 = example ,abu ,jaf> ,muhamm$1 7 born at ,tus2 & ,ibn ,abi ,hatim1 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important critics ( ! sci5ce ( ,tradition1 di$ at ,tus 9 #ici4 ,9 spite ( its le>n$ m51 h[ev]1 ,tus did n h a high reputation1 z we "k f ! foll[+ anecdote relat$ ( ,ibn-,habb>iyya4 ,he 0 ask$ by an enemy ( ,nizam ,al-,mulk to compose a satire on ?is rul]4 8,h[ c ,i attack a man to ^: k9dness ,i owe ev]y?+ ,i see 9 my h\se80 ask$ ! poet4 ,h[ev]1 on be+ press$1 he p5n$ ^! l9es3 8,:at wond] is x t ,nizam ,al-,mulk %\ld rule1 ,& t ,fate %\ld be on 8 side8 ,=tune is l ! wat]-:eel ,:i* raises wat] f ! well-- ,none b ox5 c turn x60 ,:5 ! vizi] 0 in=m$ ( ?is attack ^u him1 he m]ely rem>k$ t ! poet _h simply int5d$ to allude to 8 orig9--he came f ,tus 9 ,khorasan1 &1 accord+ to a popul> say+1 all ! m5 ( ,tus 7 ox5 7"o w\ld say asses1 n[adays74 8,! p ( ,khorasan10 says ,*5]y1 87 r5[n$ = _! /+9ess1 & x is n surpris+ t ! inhabitants ( ! "m t[n 7 said to excel 9 x all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,witness ! /ory1 relat$ 9 ,saadi's ,guli/an1 if ,i rememb] well1 ( ! m]*ant ( ,m]v1 :o w\ld n all[ 8 son to eat *eese1 b made him rub 8 bread aga9/ ! glass cov] "u :i* x 0 kept40 ,to prove ! /upidity ( ! ,khorasanis to-day1 ,major ,p4 ,m4 ,sykes#ai tells a /ory ( ?ree ,p]sians :o met & 7 all prais+ _! own prov9ces4 ,! ,k]mani said1 8,k]man produces fruit ( sev5 col\rs40 ,! ,%irazi cont9u$1 8,! wat]s ( ,ruknabad issue f ! v rock40 ,b ! poor ,khorasani c\ld only say1 8,f ,khorasan come all ! fools l myself40 ,yet ,khorasan1 9 ! words ( ,hujwiri1 0 t l& 8:]e ! %ad[ ( ,god's fav\r re/$10 z reg>ds ! tea*+ ( ! ,my/ics4 ,he m5tions n9e lead+ ,sufis :o belong to ,khorasan1 & taught !re be=e ,al-,ghazali's day1 all ( !m di/+ui%$ = ! 8sublimity ( _! aspiration1 ! eloqu5ce ( _! disc\rse1 & ! sagacity ( _! intellig5ce40 ,he !n goes on to say3 8,x w\ld be difficult to m5tion all ! %eikhs ( ,khorasan4 ,i h met ?ree hundr$ 9 t prov9ce alone :o _h su* my/ical end[m5ts t a s+le man ( !m w\ld h be5 en\gh = ! :ole _w4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! sun ( love & ! =tune ( ! ,sufi ,pa? is 9 ! asc5dant 9 ,khorasan40#bj ,9 view ( su* /atem5ts x is cle> t ,al-,ghazali ow$ mu* to 8 environm5t z well z to 8 own g5ius4 ,he did n orig9ate my/icism1 b us$ :at 8 pr$ecessors _h already writt5 on ! subject4 ,! v *apt] head+s ( ,ka%f al-,mahjub are ! same z ^? f\nd 9 ,al-,ghazali's books on my/icism4 ,accord+ to ,murtadha 7:o foll[s ,z-,subqi71 ,al-,ghazali's full "n 0 ,abu ,hamid ,mohamm$ b9 ,mohamm$ b9 ,mohamm$ at-,tusi al-,ghazali1 & he 0 born at ,tus 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #dej 7,a4 ,d4 #ajeh74 ,9 reg>d to 8 "n1 x is relat$ t o!rs be=e him _h ! peculi>ity ( ! family "n ?ree times repeat$4 8,ibn-,kutaibah /ates t ,abu'l-,bakht>i's "n 0 ,wahb b4 ,wahb b4 ,wahb1 ! same "n ?rice 9 "o cont9uation2 & t simil> to ?is among ! names ( ! ,p]sian k+s 0 t ( ,bahram b4 ,bahram b4 ,bahram2 among ! ,talibis 7! desc5dants ( ,abu-,talib7 t ( ,hasan b4 ,hasan b4 ,hasan1 & among ! ,ghassan t ( al-,h>i? ! junior b4 al-,h>i? & ! s5ior b4 al-,h>i?40#ba ,conc]n+ ! spell+ ( 8 "n1 :e!r x %\ld be spell$ ) two z's or ) "o1 !re has be5 long & /rong dispute4 ,pr(essor ,macdonald ?9ks ! "n %\ld be spelt ,ghazzali & has giv5 8 argum5ts 9 a special essay4#bb ,?is spell+ is giv5 by ,ibn ,khallikan 9 8 biographical diction>y 7d4 ,a4 ,d4 #abhb74 ,b app>5tly1 accord+ to ! au?ority ( ,z-,samani1 ! "n is d]iv$ f ,ghazala1 a village ne> ,tus1 & is n a pr(essional n\n1 su* z are common among patronymics4 ,abu ,sad ,abd al-,k>im ,z-,samani 0 born only two ye>s aft] ,al-,ghazali's dea?1 & wrote a fam\s book ( patronymics 9 eight volumes4 ,he 01 !re=e1 an exp]t 9 names & g5ealogies1 & we may well accept 8 au?ority = ! spell+ ( ! "n ( ! great imam1 :o 0 8 own c\ntryman4 ,! %eikhs ( ! ,azh> ,univ]sity 9 ,cairo all foll[ ?is au?ority & write ,al-,ghazali4#bc ,"s say t !re _h already be5 two s*ol>s 9 ! family1 "o an eld] ,al-,ghazali1 at ^: tomb 9 ! cemet]y ( ,tus pray] 0 answ]$4 ,?is 0 a pat]nal uncle ( ,ghazali's fa!r4 ,! o!r 0 a son ( ! same4 ,! /ory is told1 app>5tly on ! au?ority ( ,ghazali himself1 t at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's dea? he committ$ 8 two boys1 ,mohamm$ & ,ahm$1 to ! c>e ( a tru/$ ,sufi fri5d = _! education4 ,he himself seems to h _h unfulfill$ desires 9 reg>d to 8 own education & 0 det]m9$ t 8 boys %\ld h a bett] opportunity4 ,s he left 9 tru/ :at money he _h = ! purpose ) ?is fri5d1 :o prov$ fai?ful & taught & c>$ = !m until ! money 0 all gone4 ,!n he advis$ !m to g to a madrasa1 :]e1 accord+ to ,moslem cu/om1 !y w\ld receive food = _! ne$ & %elt]4 ,ghazali us$ to tell ! /ory ( ?is exp]i5ce 9 aft] life1 & w\ld add ! rem>k1 8,we became /ud5ts = ! sake ( some?+ else ?an ,god1 b ,he 0 unwill+ t x %\ld be = ! sake ( any?+ b ,himself40 ,?is in/ance d\btless ?r[s light on ! motives = 8 /udies & 8 great dilig5ce4 ,at ! outset he 0 9 se>* r ( reputation & weal? ?r\gh le>n+ ?an ( piety4#bd ,( ,al-,ghazali's home life at ,tus1 & ( 8 own family life aft]w>ds1 we "k next to no?+4 ,8 "n ,abu ,hamid 0 d\btless giv5 him mu* lat]1 & w\ld seem to indicate t he _h a son ( t "n :o probably di$ 9 infancy4 ,we "k t he m>ri$ be=e he 0 tw5ty & t at lea/ ?ree daught]s surviv$ him4 ,( 8 y\ng] bro!r1 h[ev]1 :o di$ fifte5 ye>s aft] he did 7#aabf71 & 0 buri$ at ,kazv91 we "k ! foll[+3 ,he succe$$ ,al-,ghazali 9 ! pr(essorial *air at ! ,nizamiyya ,s*ool4 ,l him1 he 0 a my/ic & prea*$ 8 views ) great eloqu5ce z well z ) a prolific p54 ,we are told t he 0 a man ( spl5did appe>ance1 & _h ! gift ( heal+4 ,s fond 0 he ( public prea*+ t he neglect$ 8 judicial /udies4 ,he wrote an abridgem5t ( 8 bro!r's great "w1 & also a celebrat$ treatise on my/icism call$ ,m9haj al-albab 7,pa? = ,he>ts71 9 :i* he deals ) ! advantages ( pov]ty1 & advocates ! we>+ ( a special g>b by ! d]vi%es4 ,ano!r ( 8 books 0 9 def5se ( music1 call$ ,baw>iq al-ilma2 b ?is 0 consid]$ frivol\s by /rict ,moslems1 al?\gh ! ,sufis us$ music to produce ! /ate ( ec/asy4 ,( ,al-,ghazali's "m we "k no?+ beyond ! fact t %e surviv$ h] husb& & liv$ to see bo? h] sons fam\s at ,bagdad1 :i!r app>5tly %e accompani$ or foll[$ !m4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( h[1 :5 ,abu ,hamid 0 at ! height ( 8 fame at ,bagdad1 8 bro!r ,ahm$ n m]ely fail$ to %[ him prop] respect1 b act$ 9 su* a mann] z to discr$it him 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,! full acc\nt is wor? giv+4 8,he _h a bro!r call$ ,ahm$1 surnam$ ,jamal-ud-,d91 or1 z o!rs say1 ,za9-ud-,d91 :o1 not)/&+ ! high rank :i* 8 bro!r held1 w\ld n take "p ) him 9 ! pray]s 7i4 e41 w\ld n recognize him z a man fitt$ to lead ! public pray]s71 ev5 :ile ?\s&s ( ! commonalty & nobility arrang$ !mselves 9 ranks beh9d him4 ,s he compla9$ to 8 "m :at he exp]i5c$ at 8 bro!r's h&s1 7say+7 t x almo/ l$ to p d\bt+ him1 see+ t 8 bro!r 0 celebrat$ = 8 good conduct & piety1 & he ask$ 8 "m to ord] him 7,ahm$7 to treat him z o!r p did4 ,he compla9$ ab\t ?is repeat$ly1 & press$ 8 dem&4 ,8 "m urg$ him 7,ahm$7 "t & aga9 to agree to ?is1 & he agre$ on condition t he /& ap>t f ! ranks4 ,! ,imam accept$ ?is condition1 & :5 "o ( ! appo9t$ times ( pray] arriv$1 ! ,imam w5t to ! ,mosque1 & ! p foll[$ him1 till1 :5 ! ,imam began ! pray]1 & ! p began x aft] him1 ,jamal-ud-,d9 foll[$ him 9 ! pray] 9 ! di/ance4 ,& :ile !y 7 pray+ ,jamal-ud-,d9 sudd5ly int]rupt$ him4 ,s ?is trial 0 worse ?an ! fir/2 & :5 he 0 ask$ ! reason 7( 8 conduct7 he repli$ t x 0 impossible = him to take z 8 patt]n an ,imam ^: he>t 0 full ( blood1 indicat+ by ?is expression ! vil5ess ( "o :o took a %>e 9 ! "w ( worldly m5 ( le>n+40#be ,al-,ghazali mu/ h begun 8 education at a v e>ly age1 & 8 /udies at ,tus met ) su* success t he w5t to ! l>g] educational c5tre ( ,jurjan be=e ! age ( tw5ty1 a di/ance ( ov] "o hundr$ miles1 & no inconsid]able j\rney at t "t4 ,9 ,al-,ghazali's autobiography we h a glimpse ( h[ he himself conceiv$ ! gr[? ( a *ild 9 wisdom & /ature4 8,! fir/ s5se reveal$ to man10 he says1 8is t\*1 by means ( :i* he p]ceives a c]ta9 gr\p ( qualities--heat1 cold1 moi/1 dry4 ,! s5se ( t\* does n p]ceive col\rs & =ms1 :i* are = x z ?\gh !y did n exi/4 ,next comes ! s5se ( sight1 :i* makes him acqua9t$ ) col\rs & =ms2 t is to say1 ) t :i* occupies ! highe/ rank 9 ! _w ( s5sation4 ,! s5se ( he>+ succe$s1 & !n ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e4 ,:5 ! human be+ c elevate himself above ! _w ( s5se1 t[>ds ! age ( sev51 he receives ! faculty ( discrim9ation2 he ent]s !n ^u a new phase ( exi/5ce & c exp]i5ce1 ?anks to ?is faculty1 impressions1 sup]ior to ^? ( ! s5ses1 :i* d n occur 9 ! sph]e ( s5sation40 ,al-,ghazali mu/ h be5 an e>ly ris] f 8 y\?4 ,9 8 8,beg9n]'s ,guide to ,religion & ,morals0 7,al ,badayet7 he writes3 8,:5 y awak5 f sleep1 endeav\r to arise be=e e>ly dawn1 & may ! fir/ ?+ t ent]s y\r he>t & y\r tongue be ! remembrance ( ,god ,mo/ ,high1 say+1 #8,?anks be to ,god :o ha? giv5 u life aft] ! dea? ( sleep4 ,to ,him d we return4 ,he ha? awak5$ u & awak5$ all nature4 ,! greatness & ! p[] belong to ,god2 ! maje/y & ! dom9ion to ! ,"l ( ! worlds4 ,he ha? awak5$ u to ! religion ( ,islam & ! te/imony ( ,8 unity1 & ! religion ( ,8 ,prophet ,mohamm$ & ! sect ( our fa!r ,abraham1 :o 0 a ,hanif & a ,moslem1 & n a poly!i/4 ,o ,god1 ,i ask ,!e t ,?\ w\ld/ ?is day s5d me all good & deliv] me f all evil4 ,by ,!e1 ,o ,god1 d we arise f sleep1 & by ,!e d we rea* ! ev5-tide4 ,9 ,!e d we live & die & to ,!e d we return4' ,& :5 y put on y\r g>m5ts1 rememb] t ,god desires y to cov] y\r nak$ness ) !m & to %[ =? ,god's beauty to ^? ar\nd y40 ,9 ano!r place 9 ! same little volume he aga9 inculcates e>ly ris+ by say+3 8,"k t ! night & ! day consi/ ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,let !re=e y\r sleep dur+ ! night & day be n m ?an eight h\rs2 = x w suffice y to ?9k aft] y h liv$ sixty ye>s t y h lo/ tw5ty ye>s ( x solely 9 sleep40 ,he probably began to read ev5 be=e ! age ( sev51 = we f9d t 8 /udies at ,tus1 & aft]w>ds at ,jurjan1 app>5tly includ$ n only religi\s sci5ce b also a ?or\gh k ( ,p]sian & ,arabic4 ,( 8 religi\s /udies we w speak lat]4 ,he himself tells u t ! philosophical sci5ces taught includ$ 8ma!matics1 logic1 physics1 metaphysics1 politics1 & moral philosophy40 ,& al?\gh he does n speak 9 8 ,confessions ( 8 e>lie/ /udies1 :at he says 9 reg>d to ma!matics ?r[s a flood ( light on 8 y\?ful scepticism4 ,he says1 8,ma!matics comprises ! k ( calculation1 geometry1 & cosmography3 x has no connection ) ! religi\s sci5ces1 & proves no?+ = or aga9/ religion2 x re/s on a f\ndation ( pro(s :i*1 once kn[n & und]/ood1 _c be refut$4 ,ma!matics t5d1 h[ev]1 to produce two bad results4 ,! fir/ is ?is3 ,:oev] /udies ?is sci5ce admires ! subtlety & cle>ness ( its pro(s4 ,8 confid5ce 9 philosophy increases1 & he ?9ks t all its dep>tm5ts are capable ( ! same cle>ness & solidity ( pro(s z ma!matics4 ,b :5 he he>s p speak ( ! unbelief & impiety ( ma!maticians1 ( _! pr(ess$ disreg>d = ! div9e ,law1 :i* is notori\s1 x is true t1 out ( reg>d = au?ority1 he e*oes ^! accusations1 b he says to himself at ! same "t t1 if !re 0 tru? 9 religion1 x w\ld n h escap$ ^? :o h display$ s mu* ke5ness ( intellect 9 ! /udy ( ma!matics40 ,next1 :5 he becomes aw>e ( ! unbelief & rejection ( religion on ! "p ( ^! le>n$ m51 he concludes t to reject religion is reasonable4 8,h[ _m ( su* m5 gone a/ray ,i h met1 ^: sole argum5t 0 t j m5tion$60 7p4 #bh74 ,n only ma!matics b a/ronomy & o!r sci5ces 7 !n 9 alleg$ conflict ) ! facts ( revelation4 ,al-,ghazali mu/ h felt ?is v ke5ly1 = he says3 8,! ignorant ,moslem ?9ks ! be/ way to def5d religion is by reject+ all ! exact sci5ces4 ,accus+ _! pr(essors ( be+ a/ray1 he rejects _! !ories ( ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 & condemns !m 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,^! accusations are c>ri$ f> & wide1 !y rea* ! e>s ( ! philosoph] :o kn[s t ^! !ories re/ on infallible pro(s2 f> f los+ confid5ce 9 !m1 he believes1 on ! contr>y1 t ,islam has ignorance & ! d5ial ( sci5tific pro(s = its basis1 & 8 devotion to philosophy increases ) 8 hatr$ to religion4 ,x is !re=e a great injury to religion to suppose t ! def5se ( ,islam involves ! condemnation ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,! religi\s law conta9s no?+ :i* approves !m or condemns !m1 & 9 _! turn !y make no attack on religion4 ,! words ( ! ,prophet3 #8,! sun & moon are two signs ( ! p[] ( ,god2 !y are n eclips$ = ! bir? or ! dea? ( any "o2 :5 y see ^! signs take refuge 9 pray]1 & invoke ! "n ( ,god'--^! words ,i say1 d n 9 any way condemn ! a/ronomical calculations :i* def9e ! orbits ( ^! two bodies1 _! conjunction & opposition accord+ to p>ticul> laws40#bf ,we mu/ rememb] 9 ?is connection t x 0 ,om> ,khayyam1 ! poet a/ronom]1 :o at ?is v "t 0 lead+ _m into scepticism4 ,aft] a k ( ,arabic gramm>1 & memoriz+ ! ,koran1 ! dilig5t /ud5t w\ld take up its critical & devotional /udy4 ,al-,ghazali's tea*]s und\bt$ly emphasiz$1 z he did himself1 ! importance ( correct read+ ( ! sacr$ volume4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful passages 9 8 ,ihya1 ,al-,ghazali himself notes ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,! read] mu/ be clean outw>dly1 & respect ! book ) outw>d rev]5ce4 ,he mu/ read ! prop] quantity4 ,he quotes ) approval ! practice ( ,saad & ,o?man1 t ! ,koran %\ld be read ?r\gh once a week4 ,"o %\ld use *ant+ 7t>til71 = ?is is helpful to ! memory1 & makes u read sl[ly1 & rapid read+ is n approv$4 ,"o %\ld read x ) weep+1 i4 e41 sorr[ = s9s4 ,"o %\ld give ! prop] responses 9 ! prop] places4 ,"o %\ld use ! op5+ pray] be=e beg9n+ to read4 ,x may be read secretly or al\d4 ,x mu/ be read beautifully--accord+ to ! ,tradition3 8,adorn ! ,koran by ! sweetness ( y\r voice20 or ano!r ,tradition3 8,he :o does n s+ ! ,koran is n ( our religion40 ,"o day :5 ! ,prophet he>d ,abu ,musa read+ ! ,koran he said3 8,v]ily1 to ?is read] ,god has giv5 ! voice ( ,david :5 he wrote ! ,psalms40 ,we may believe t ,yusuf ,nassaj1 8 fir/ tea*]1 :o 0 a my/ic1 z well z1 lat]1 ! ,imam al-,h>ama91 laid consid]able emphasis on ! po9ts "h m5tion$4 ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* ,al-,ghazali 0 educat$1 we mu/ nev] =get1 0 t ( my/icism4 ,! /udy ( ! ,koran 0 foll[$ by t ( ! ,traditions1 ( :i* ! /&>d collections 7 already 9 circulation4 ,aft] ?is1 a y\? 9 ,al-,ghazali's day w\ld beg9 ! /udy ( ,fiqh1 or ,moslem jurisprud5ce4 ,we "k f ! cont5ts ( ! /&>d works on ?is subject1 writt5 be=e ,al-,ghazali's "t1 & lat] by himself1 :at engross$ ! att5tion 9 ! s*ools ( ,tus & ,jurjan4#bg ,8 fir/ lesson w\ld be on c]emonial purity by ! use ( ablution1 ! ba?1 ! too?-pick & ! v>i\s circum/ances ( legal defilem5t :5 ghasl or complete ablution is prescrib$2 ( ! ailm5ts ( wom5 & ! duration ( pregnancy4 ,!n came ! second "p ( ! book on pray]1 its occasions1 conditions1 & requirem5ts1 includ+ ! f\r ?+s 9 :i* ! pray] ( a woman diff]s f t ( a man4 ,he w\ld le>n all ab\t ! poor-rate 7zakat71 ab\t fa/+ & pilgrimage1 ab\t ! laws ( b>t] & sale & debt2 ab\t inh]itance & wills--a mo/ difficult & complicat$ subject4 ,!n ! pupil w\ld pass on to m>riage & divorce1 a v l>ge subject1 & "o on :i* ,moslem law books %[ no res]ve1 & leave no detail unm5tion$4 ,!n w\ld foll[ ! laws 9 reg>d to crime & viol5ce1 ,holy ,w>1 & ! ritual ( sacrifice at ! ,great ,fea/4 ,! la/ ?ree *apt]s ( books on ,fiqh g5]ally deal ) oa?s1 evid5ce1 & ! manumission ( slaves4#bh ,f 8 y\? up ,al-,ghazali belong$ to ! ,%afi ,s*ool1 "o ( ! f\r or?odox sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! ,imam a%-,%afii1 ^: tomb at ,cairo 0 aft]w>ds visit$ by ,al-,ghazali1 & is /ill a place ( pilgrimage1 di$ 9 ,a4 ,h4 #bjd4 ,he *ose ! via m$ia betwe5 ! slav]y ( tradition & ! fre$om ( logic & d$uction 9 ,moslem law4 ,accord+ to ,macdonald1 8,a%-,%afii 0 )\t "q "o ( ! greate/ figures 9 ! hi/ory ( law4 ,p]haps he _h n ! orig9ality & ke5ness ( ,abu ,hanifa2 b he _h a balance ( m9d & temp]1 a cle> vision & full grasp ( means & ends1 t enabl$ him to say :at prov$ to be ! la/ ^w 9 ! matt]4 ,aft] him came attempts to te> d[n2 b !y fail$4 ,! fabric ( ! ,muslim canon law /ood firm40 ,! adh]5ts ( ! s*ool ( ,%afii n[ numb] "s sixty million p]sons1 ( :om ab\t a half are 9 ! ,ne!rl& ,indies1 & ! re/ 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,hadramaut1 ,s\!rn ,india1 & ,malaysia4 ,among all ( ^! ,al-,ghazali ! ,%afiite naturally holds a place ( supreme hon\r4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told 9 connection ) 8 /udies "u ! ,imam ,abu ,nasr al-,ismaili4 ,he took copi\s notes "u ?is celebrat$ tea*]1 b neglect$ to memorize :at he _h writt54 ,?is seems to h be5 a *>act]i/ic ( 81 accord+ to ,macdonald1 because 8 quotations are (t5 exce$+ly c>eless2 & "o ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ him by 8 assailants aft]w>ds 0 t he falsifi$ tradition4 8,on 8 way back to ,tus f ,jurjan1 h[ev]1 he got 8 lesson4 ,he tells ! /ory himself4 ,robb]s fell ^u him1 /ripp$ him1 & ev5 c>ri$ (f ! bag ) 8 manuscripts4 ,?is 0 m ?an he c\ld /&2 he ran aft] !m1 clung to !m ?\gh ?reat5$ ) dea?1 & entreat$ ! return ( ! notes--!y 7 ( no use to !m4 ,al-,ghazali _h a c]ta9 quality ( dry hum\r1 & 0 evid5tly tickl$ by ! idea ( ^! ?ieves /udy+ law4 ,! robb] *ief ask$ him :at 7 ^! notes ( 84 ,said ,al-,ghazali ) great simplicity3 #8,!y are writ+s 9 t bag2 ,i travell$ = ! sake ( he>+ !m & writ+ !m d[n1 & kn[+ ! sci5ce 9 !m4' ,!reat ! robb] *ief laugh$ consum$ly1 & said3 #8,h[ c y pr(ess to "k ! sci5ce 9 !m1 :5 we h tak5 !m f y & /ripp$ y ( ! k1 & !re y are )\t any sci5ce8' ,b he gave !m him back4 #8,&1' says ,al-,ghazali1 #8?is man 0 s5t by ,god to tea* me4' ,s ,al-,ghazali w5t back to ,tus1 & sp5t ?ree ye>s !re committ+ 8 notes to memory z a precaution aga9/ future robb]s40#bi ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,al-,ghazali left ,tus a second "t to pursue 8 /udies at ,ni%apur "u ! mo/ celebrat$ tea*] ( t p]iod 9 ?is great lit]>y c5tre4 ,ni%apur 0 situat$ =ty-n9e miles we/ ( ,tus1 & 0 captur$ by ! ,arabs 9 ,a4 ,h4 #ca4 ,yakut1 9 8 geographical diction>y1 says t ( all ! cities he _h visit$ ?is 0 ! f9e/4 ,x 0 9 ?is city t ,hamadhani wrote 8 f\r-hundr$ ,maqamat & vanqui%$ 8 great lit]>y rival4 ,o!r great names are connect$ ) ! city1 among !m ,om> ,khayyam ! poet1 ! ,koran comm5tator ,ahm$ al-,?alabi1 & ,maidani ! au?or ( ! well-kn[n collection ( ,arabic prov]bs4 ,! old] "n ( ! t[n or di/rict 0 ,abra%ahr4 ,! importance ( ! place "u ! ,sasanians 0 9 "p religi\s2 "o ( ! ?ree holie/ fire temples 0 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,ni%apur "u ! ,moslems conta9$ a l>ge ,arab elem5t2 x became ! capital ( ,khorasan1 & greatly increas$ 9 prosp]ity1 "u ! almo/ indep5d5t pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,tahir 7,a4 ,d4 #hbj-hgc74 ,i/akhri describes x z a well-=tifi$ t[n1 a league squ>e1 ) a great export ( cotton goods & raw silk4 ,9 ! decl9e ( ! empire ! city _h mu* to suff] f ! ,turkomans1 ^: raids h 9 mod]n times de/roy$ ! prosp]ity ( ?is :ole region4 ,9 #aaec x 0 utt]ly ru9$ by ! ,ghuzz ,turkomans1 b soon rose aga91 because1 z ,yakut rem>ks1 its position gave x comm& ( ! entire c>avan trade ) ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 tak5 & raz$ to ! gr\nd by ,mongols 9 #abba1 b a c5tury lat] ,ibn ,batuta f\nd ! city aga9 fl\ri%+1 ) f\r colleges1 num]\s /ud5ts1 & an export ( silk-/uffs to ,india4 ,ni%apur 0 fam\s = its fruits & g>d5s :i* gave x ! epi!t ( 8little ,damascus40 ,we h an int]e/+ portrait ( ,al-,ghazali's *ief tea*] :ile he 0 at ,ni%apur1--,abul-,maali ,abdal-,malik ,al-,juwa9i ,imam al-,h>ama94 ,he 0 born at ,bu%taniqan1 ne> ,ni%apur1 on ! twelf? ( ,febru>y1 #ajbh1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ & celebrat$ tea*]s ( ,moslem law 9 8 day4 8,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 ,abu ,muhamm$ ,abdallah ibn ,yusuf1 :o 0 a tea*] 9 ! latt] t[n1 he took 8 place1 ?\gh b>ely tw5ty ye>s ( age40 ,b ?is 0 a "t ( lit]>y prodigies due to precoci\s tal5t & prodigi\s p[] ( memory4 8,to complete 8 own /udies1 & to make ! sacr$ pilgrimage1 he w5t to ,bagdad & !nce to ! two holy cities1 ,mecca & ,m$9a1 :]e he taught = f\r ye>s2 h5ce 8 surname1 :i* signifies #8! tea*] ( ! two holy places4' ,:5 he return$ to ,ni%apur1 ,nizam ,al-,mulk f\nd$ a s*ool = him1 9 :i* he gave c\rses ( lessons till 8 dea?1 :i* ov]took him on ! tw5tie? ( ,augu/1 #ajhe1 :ile on a visit to 8 native village1 :i!r he _h gone 9 ! hope ( recov]+ f an illness4 ,along ) 8 pr(essorial duties1 he _h dis*>g$ ^? ( a prea*]4 ,at ,ni%apur he held ga!r+s e ,friday1 at :i* he prea*$ s]mons1 & presid$ ov] discussions on v>i\s doctr9al po9ts3 to ^! occupations he add$ t ( manag+ ! waqfs1 or l&$ prop]ty devot$ to ! support ( pi\s und]tak+s4 ,= m ?an ?irty ye>s he cont9u$ 9 undisput$ possession ( ^! v>i\s po/s4 ,:5 he di$1 ! m\rn+ 0 g5]al2 ! great pulpit ( ! ,mosque f :i* he _h deliv]$ 8 s]mons 0 brok5 up1 & 8 pupils1 to ! numb] ( f\r hundr$ & "o1 de/roy$ _! p5s & ink-horns1 & gave up _! /udies = a ye>40#cj ,x is c]ta9 t ,al-,ghazali sat at 8 feet z a le>n]1 bo? at ,ni%apur & ,bagdad1 & we may imag9e t he _h a "p also 9 ! g5]al m\rn+ at ! dea? ( ! ,imam1 ! manuscript ( ^: ma/]piece1 ,nihayat al-,matlab 7,f9ality ( ,inquiry71 is /ill pres]v$ 9 ,cairo 9 ! ,sultania ,libr>y4 ,at ,ni%apur1 ,al-,ghazali 0 "o ( ! fav\rite pupils ( ?is ,imam1 & "h 8 /udies 7 ( ! broade/1 embrac+ !ology1 dialectics1 philosophy & logic4 ,he 0 a tea*] z well z a /ud5t1 = we are told t he w\ld 8read to 8 fell[ /ud5ts & tea* !m1 until 9 a %ort "t he became infirm & weak40 ,"u ! d\ble task 8 heal? fail$1 b he did n give up 8 /udies4 ,! ,imam once said ( him1 & two o!r notable pupils3 8,al-,ghazali is a sea to dr[n 91 ,al-,kiya is a te>+ lion1 & ,al-,khawafi is a burn+ fire40 ,ano!r say+ ( 8 ab\t ! same ?ree 03 8,:5ev] !y cont5d toge!r1 ! pro( belongs to ,al-,khawafi1 ! w>like attacks to ,al-,ghazali1 & cle>ness to ,al-,kiya40 ,to ?is "t ( 8 life belongs ! rem>k also1 made by "s "o unnam$1 8,! y\? ,al-,ghazali %[$ ext]nally a va9-glori\s disposition1 b und]nea? !re 0 some?+ t :5 x did appe> %[$ graceful expression & delicate allusion1 s\ndness ( att5tion1 & /r5g? ( "*40 8,i _c asc]ta910 says ,macdonald 9 speak+ ( ?is p]iod ( ,al-,ghazali's life1 8:e!r :ile he 0 /ill at ,ni%apur he t\*$ ^? dep?s ( scepticism ( :i* he speaks 9 ! ,munqidh4 ,!y mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 rea*$ "s "t be=e ! ye> ,a4 ,h4 #dhd1 & mu/ h be5 ! outcome ( a long drift ( developm5t2 b probably s long z he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,imam-al-,h>ama91 a dev\t ,sufi1 he w\ld be held m or less fa/ to ! old fai?40 ,( ^! /ruggles ( 8 s\l 9 an age ( d\bt & h[ he f\nd relief ! next *apt] w tell u4 ,,iii ,tea*+1 ,conv]sion1 & ,retirem5t 8,al-,ghazali is "o ( ! deepe/ ?9k]s1 greate/ !ologians & pr(\nde/ morali/s ( ,islam4 ,9 all ,muhamadan l&s he is celebrat$ bo? z an apologi/ ( or?odoxy & a w>m advocate ( ,sufi my/icism4 ,intimately acqua9t$ ) all ! le>n+ ( 8 "t1 he 0 n only "o ( ! num]\s ,ori5tal philosoph]s :o trav]se e sph]e ( intellectual activity1 b "o ( ^? r>] m9ds ^: orig9ality is n cru%$ by _! le>n+4 ,he 0 imbu$ ) a sacr$ en?usiasm = ! triumph ( 8 fai?1 & 8 :ole life 0 d$icat$ to "o purpose1 ! def5se ( ,islam40 --8,my/ics & ,sa9ts ( ,islam10 ,claud ,field4 ,,iii ,,tea*+1 ,,conv]sion1 ,,& ,,retirem5t ,) ! dea? ( ! ,imam 9 ,a4 ,h4 #dgh a great *ange came into ! life ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,he left ,ni%apur to seek 8 =tune & x br\ght him to ! camp c\rt ( ! great ,vizi] ,nizam ,al-,mulk4 ,"h ,al-,ghazali s\ght advancem5t & ! hon\rs ( le>n+4 ,! camp c\rt 0 ! travell+ capital ( ! ,seljuk ,sultans4 ,?is imp]ial camp 0 laid out into squ>es & /reets4 ,we read h[ 9 a few h\rs a city1 z if built by en*antm5t1 w\ld rise on ! un9habit$ pla94 ,! camp exhibit$ a motley collection ( t5ts & dwell+s & palm-leaf huts4 ,! only regul> "p ( ! encampm5t 7 ! /reets ( %ops1 ea* ( :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] ( a boo? at an ,engli% fair4 ,moore gives u ! picture 9 ^! words3 8,^: are ! gild$ t5ts t cr[d ! way1 ,:]e all 0 wa/e & sil5t ye/]day8 ,?is ,city ( ,w>1 :i*1 9 a few %ort h\rs1 ,ha? sprung up "h1 z if ! magic p[]s ,( him :o1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( a />1 ,built ! high pill>'d halls ( ,*ilm9>1 ,_h conjur$ up1 f> z ! eye c see1 ,?is _w ( t5ts & domes & sun-bright arm\ry4-- ,pr9cely pavilions1 scre5'd by _m a fold ,( crimson clo?1 & topp'd ) balls ( gold2-- ,/e$s1 ) _! h\s+s ( ri* silv] spun1 ,& camels1 tuft$ o'er ) ,yem5's %ells1 ,%ak+ 9 e breeze _! light-ton$ bells40#ca ,z = ,nizam ,al-,mulk we h an int]e/+ autobiography :i* he wrote & left z a memorial = future /atesm54 7,x is quot$ 9 ,mirkhond's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,assass9s407 8,"o ( ! greate/ ( ! wise m5 ( ,khorasan10 says he1 80 ! ,imam ,m[affak ( ,ni%apur1 a man highly hon\r$ & rev]5c$1--may ,god rejoice 8 s\l2 8 illu/ri\s ye>s exce$$ eighty-five1 & x 0 ! univ]sal belief t e boy :o read ! ,koran or /udi$ ! traditions 9 8 pres5ce w\ld assur$ly atta9 to hon\r & happ9ess4 ,= ?is cause did my fa!r s5d me f ,tus to ,ni%apur ) ,abd-u-,samad1 ! doctor ( law1 t ,i might employ myself 9 /udy & le>n+ "u ! guidance ( t illu/ri\s tea*]4 ,t[>ds me he ev] turn$ an eye ( fav\r & k9dness1 & z 8 pupil ,i felt = him extreme affection & devotion1 s t ,i pass$ f\r ye>s 9 8 s]vice4 ,:5 ,i fir/ came !re1 ,i f\nd two o!r pupils ( m9e own age newly arriv$--,hakim ,om> ,khayyam1 & ! ill-fat$ ,ibn ,sabbah1 f\nd] ( ! sect ( ! ,assass9s4 ,bo? 7 end[$ ) %>pness ( wit & ! highe/ natural p[]s2 & we ?ree =m$ a close fri5d%ip toge!r4 ,:5 ! ,imam rose f 8 lectures1 !y us$ to jo9 me1 & we repeat$ to ea* o!r ! lessons we _h he>d4 ,n[ ,om> 0 a native ( ,ni%apur1 :ile ,hasan ,ibn ,sabbah's fa!r 0 "o ,ali1 a man ( au/]e life & practice b h]etical 9 8 cre$ & doctr9e4 ,"o day ,hasan said to me & to ,khayyam3 #8,x is a univ]sal belief t ! pupils ( ! ,imam ,m[affak w atta9 to =tune4 ,n[1 ev5 if we all d n atta9 !reto1 )\t d\bt "o ( u w2 :at !n %all be our mutual pl$ge & bond8' ,we answ]$3 #8,be x :at y please4' #8,well1' he said1 #8let u make a v[1 t to :omsoev] ?is =tune falls1 he %all %>e x equally ) ! re/1 & res]ve no prem95ce = himself4' #8,be x s1' we bo? repli$1 & on ^! t]ms we mutually pl$g$ our words4 ,ye>s roll$ on1 & ,i w5t f ,khorasan to ,transoxiana1 & w&]$ to ,ghazni & ,kabul2 & :5 ,i return$ ,i 0 inve/$ ) (fice1 & rose to be adm9i/rator ( affairs dur+ ! ,sultanate ( ,sultan ,alp ,arslan40 ,aft] 8 education at ,ni%apur ,nizam ,al-,mulk s]v$ ,alp ,arslan1 ! successor ( ,togrul ,bey1 & = m ?an tw5ty ye>s ! burd5 ( ! empire ( ! ,seljuks re/$ on 8 %\ld]s4 ,:5 ,alp ,arslan di$ 9 #dfe ,malek ,%ah succe$$ him & f t "t until 8 assass9ation1 on ! t5? ( ,ramadan1 #dhe1 ,nizam ,al-,mulk 0 ! greate/ man 9 ! empire & its real rul]4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( le>n+ & lett]s & e/abli%$ colleges 9 _m c5tres4 ,9 ,a4 ,h4 #dhd1 ,al-,ghazali ga9$ high fame at c\rt & 0 appo9t$ by ,nizam ,al-,mulk to tea* 9 ! ,madrasa at ,bagdad1 ! capital ( ! :ole ( ,ea/]n ,islam4 ,we h an int]e/+ picture ( ! city ( ,bagdad ab\t ?is "t f ! p5 ( ,rabbi ,b5jam91 ( ,tudela1 :o visit$ ! city "s ye>s aft] ,al-,ghazali's dea? 7#aafj74 ,he says3 8,! circumf]5ce ( ! city ( ,bagdad measures ?ree miles2 ! c\ntry 9 :i* x is situat$ is ri* 9 palm-trees1 g>d5s & or*>ds1 s t no?+ equals x 9 ,mesopotamia2 m]*ants ( all c\ntries resort ?i!r = purposes ( trade1 & x conta9s _m wise philosoph]s well skill$ 9 sci5ces1 & magicians pr(ici5t 9 all sorts ( wit*craft4 ,! palace ( ! ,caliph at ,bagdad is ?ree miles 9 ext5t4 ,x conta9s a l>ge p>k ( all sorts ( trees1 bo? useful & ornam5tal1 & all sorts ( bea/s1 z well z a pond ( wat] l$ ?i!r f ! riv] ,tigris2 & :5ev] ! ,caliph desires to enjoy himself & to sport & to c>\se1 birds1 bea/s & fi%es are prep>$ = him & = 8 c\ncillors1 :om he invites to 8 palace40 ,he gives u a glimpse ( :at w5t on beh9d ! walls ( ^! royal palaces :5 he says3 8,all ! bro!rs & o!r memb]s ( ! ,caliph's family are accu/om$ to kiss 8 g>m5ts1 & e "o ( !m possesses a palace )9 t ( ! ,caliph2 b !y are all fett]$ by *a9s ( iron1 & a special (fic] is appo9t$ ov] e h\sehold to prev5t _! ris+ 9 rebellion aga9/ ! great k+4 ,^! measures are enact$ 9 consequ5ce ( an occurr5ce :i* took place "s "t ago1 & ^u :i* occasion ! bro!rs rebell$ & elect$ a k+ among !mselves4 ,to prev5t ?is 9 future1 x 0 decre$ t all ! memb]s ( ! ,caliph's family %\ld be *a9$1 9 ord] to prev5t _! rebelli\s int5tions4 ,e "o ( !m1 h[ev]1 resides 9 8 palace1 is !re mu* hon\r$1 & !y possess villages & t[ns1 ! r5ts ( :i* are collect$ = !m by _! /ew>ds2 !y eat & dr9k1 & lead a m]ry life4 8,! palace ( ! great k+ conta9s l>ge build+s1 pill>s ( gold & silv]1 & treasures ( preci\s /ones4 ,! ,caliph leaves 8 palace b once e ye>1 viz41 at ! "t ( ! fea/ call$ ,ramadan4 ,^u ?is occasion _m visitors assemble f di/ant p>ts1 9 ord] to h an opportunity ( behold+ 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he !n be/rides ! royal mule1 dress$ 9 k+ly robes1 :i* are compos$ ( gold & silv] clo?4 ,on 8 head he we>s a turban1 ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones ( ine/imable value2 b ov] ?is turban is ?r[n a black veil1 z a sign ( humility1 & z mu* z to say3 #8,see1 all ?is worldly hon\r w be conv]t$ into d>kness on ! day ( dea?4' ,he is accompani$ by a num]\s ret9ue ( ,mohamm$an nobles1 array$ 9 ri* dresses1 & rid+ ^u horses2 pr9ces ( ,arabia1 ( ,m$ia1 ( ,p]sia1 & ev5 ( ,?ibet1 a c\ntry di/ant ?ree mon?s' j\rney f ,arabia4 ,?is procession goes f ! ,palace to ! ,mosque at ! ,basra gate1 :i* is ! ,metropolitan ,mosque4 ,all ^? :o walk 9 procession are dress$ 9 silk & purple1 bo? m5 & wom54 ,! /reets & squ>es are enliv5$ by s++1 rejoic+s1 & by p>ties :o dance be=e ! great k+1 call$ ,caliph4 ,he is l\dly salut$ by ! assembl$ cr[d1 :o cry1 #8,bless$ art ?\1 our "l & k+4' ,he !reupon kisses 8 g>m5t1 & by hold+ x 9 8 h&1 ackn[l$ges & returns ! complim5t4 ,! procession moves on into ! c\rt ( ! ,mosque1 :]e ! ,caliph m\nts a wood5 pulpit1 & exp\nds _! law unto !m4 ,! le>n$ ,mohamm$ans rise1 pray = him1 & praise 8 great k9dness & piety2 ^u :i* ! :ole assembly answ]1 #8,am54' ,he !n pron\nces 8 bless+ & kills a camel1 :i* is l$ ?i!r = t purpose1 & ?is is _! (f]+1 :i* is di/ribut$ to ! nobles4 ,^! s5d portions ( x to _! fri5ds1 :o are eag] to ta/e ( ! meat kill$ by ! h&s ( _! holy k+1 & are mu* rejoic$ !re)4 ,he !n leaves ! ,mosque1 & returns alone to 8 ,palace along ! banks ( ! ,tigris1 ! noble ,mohamm$ans accompany+ him 9 boats until he ent]s 8 build+s4 ,he nev] returns by ! way he came1 & ! pa? on ! bank ( ! riv] is c>efully gu>d$ all ! ye> ar\nd1 s z to prev5t any "o tread+ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,! ,caliph nev] leaves 8 palace aga9 = a :ole ye>4 8,he is a pi\s & b5evol5t man1 & has erect$ build+s on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 on ! banks ( an arm ( ! ,euphrates :i* runs on "o side ( ! city4 ,^! build+s include _m l>ge h\ses1 /reets1 & ho/elries = ! sick poor1 :o resort ?i!r 9 ord] to be cur$4 ,!re are ab\t sixty m$ical w>eh\ses "h1 all well provid$ f ! k+'s /ores ) spices & o!r necess>ies2 & e pati5t :o claims assi/ance is f$ at ! k+'s exp5se until 8 cure is complet$4 ,!re is fur!r ! l>ge build+ call$ ,d>-ul-,m>a/an 7! abode ( ! insane71 9 :i* are lock$ up all ^? insane p]sons :o are met )1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! hot season1 e "o ( :om is secur$ by iron *a9s until 8 reason returns1 :5 he is all[$ to return to 8 home40 ,we may add :at ! poet1 ,al-,hamadhani1 a contempor>y1 tells u ( ! luxuries ( ! table at ,bagdad3 8,we f\nd ourselves among a company :o 7 pass+ _! "t amid bun*es ( myrtle twigs1 & b\quets ( roses1 broa*$ w9e vats & ! s\nd ( ! flute & ! lute4 ,we approa*$ !m & !y advanc$ to receive u4 ,!n we clave to a table ^: vessels 7 fill$1 ^: g>d5s 7 9 fl[]1 & ^: di%es 7 arrang$ 9 r[s ) vi&s ( v>i\s hues2 opposite a di% ( some?+ int5sely black 0 some?+ exce$+ly :ite1 & aga9/ some?+ v r$ 0 arrang$ some?+ v yell[40 ,& 9 ano!r place3 8,i 0 9 ,bagdad 9 a fam9e ye>1 & s ,i approa*$ a company1 unit$ l ! ,pleiades1 9 ord] to ask some?+ ( !m4 ,n[ !re 0 among !m a y\? ) a lisp 9 8 tongue & a space betwe5 8 front tee?4 ,he ask$3 #8,:at is ?y affair8' ,i repli$3 #8,two conditions 9 :i* a man prosp]s n3 t ( a begg> h>ass$ by hung]1 & t ( an exile to :om return is impossible4' ,! boy !n said3 #8,:i* ( ! two brea*es do/ ?\ wi% /opp$ fir/8' ,i answ]$3 #8,hung]1 = x has become extreme ) me4' ,he said3 #8,:at saye/ ?\ to a :ite cake on a clean table1 pick$ h]bs ) v s\r v9eg>1 f9e date w9e ) pung5t mu/>d1 roa/ meat rang$ on a skew] ) a little salt1 plac$ n[ be=e !e by "o :o w n put !e (f ) a promise nor torture !e ) delay1 & :o w aft]w>ds foll[ x up ) gold5 goblets ( ! juice ( grape8 ,is t pref]able to !e1 or a l>ge company1 full cups1 v>iety ( dess]t1 spread c>pets1 brilliant lights1 & a skilful m9/rel ) ! eye & neck ( a gazelle8'0 ,f all ?is we c imag9e :at ,al-,ghazali enjoy$ :5 he w5t to d9e ) ! ,nizam ,al-,mulk or o!r m5 ( weal? & !re 0 no fam9e 9 ,bagdad6 ,! ,nizamiyya ,college :i* ,al-,ghazali att5d$ & 9 :i* he 0 "o ( ! lead+ lectur]s at two p]iods ( 8 life1 0 built on ! ea/]n riv] bank ( ! ,tigris1 ne> ! ,bridge ( ,boats & close to ! :>f & ! l>ge m>ket-place4 ,! college 0 f\nd$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajfe1 be+ especially e/abli%$ = ! tea*+ ( ,%afiite law4 ,close to ! college 0 ano!r college call$ ! ,bahaiyah & ! hospital ,m>i/an ,tutu%i4 ,! travell]1 ,ibn ,jubayr1 att5d$ pray]s 9 ! ,nizamiyya on ! fir/ ,friday aft] 8 arrival 9 ,bagdad1 9 ! ye> #eha 7,a4 ,d4 #aahe71 & he describes x z ! mo/ spl5did ( ! ?irty & odd colleges :i* !n adorn$ ! ,city ( ,ea/ ,bagdad4444 ,ibn ,jubayr fur!r reports t 9 8 day ! end[m5ts d]iv$ f doma9s & r5ts belong+ to ! college amply suffic$ bo? to pay ! /ip5ds ( pr(essors & to keep ! build+ 9 good ord]1 besides supply+ an extra fund = ! su/5ance ( poor s*ol>s4 ,! ,suk1 or m>ket ( ! ,nizamiyya1 0 "o ( ! great ?or\ghf>es ( ?is qu>t]1 & x is describ$ z ly+ adjac5t to ! 8,ma%raah0 or :>f1 :i* proves t ! college mu/ h /ood ne> ! ,tigris bank4#cb 444 ,writ+ a doz5 ye>s lat] ?an ,ibn ,batuta1 ,hamd-,allah1 ! ,p]sian hi/orian1 briefly alludes to ! ,nizamiyya1 :i* he calls 8! "m ( ! ,madrasahs0 9 ,bagdad4 ,?is proves t d[n to ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ! college 0 /ill /&+1 ?\gh at ! pres5t "t all ve/iges ( x h disappe>$1 z inde$ appe>s already to h be5 ! case 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 = ,niebuhr f\nd no traces ( ! ,nizamiyya to describe 9 8 pa9/ak+ acc\nt ( ! ru9s 9 ! city ( ,caliphs1 z ^! /ill exi/$ 9 ! "t ( 8 visit4 ,x 0 "h1 at ! ,nizamiyya ,s*ool1 t ,al-,ghazali fir/ emb>k$ on 8 c>e] z an indep5d5t tea*]4 ,8 lectures drew cr[ds4 ,he gave fatwas1 or legal op9ions1 on matt]s ( ! law1#cc he wrote books1 he prea*$ 9 ! mosque1 & 0 a lead] ( ! p4 ,!n sudd5ly 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is prosp]ity a great *ange came ov] him4 ,he seem$ to be attack$ by a my/]i\s disease4 ,8 spee* became hamp]$1 8 appetite fail$1 & 8 physicians said ! malady 0 due to m5tal unre/4 ,he sudd5ly left ,bagdad 9 ! mon? ( ,dhu-l-,qada1 #dhh1 appo9t$ 8 bro!r ,ahm$ to tea* 9 8 place1 & ab&on$ all 8 prop]ty1 except s mu* z 0 necess>y = 8 own support & t ( 8 *ildr54 ,?is sudd5 retirem5t f active life & academic hon\r 0 un9telligible to ! !ologians ( 8 days4 ,!y look$ ^u x z a calamity = ,islam4 ,"s int]pret$ x z fe> ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 a flight f responsibility1 b ! real reason ( 8 r5unciation he himself tells u 9 8 8,confessions40 ,?is book reveals ! /ory ( 8 spiritual exp]i5ces f 8 y\? up to 8 fiftie? ye>4 ,he says3 8,"k !n1 my bro!r 7may ,god direct y 9 ! "r way71 t ! div]sity 9 beliefs & religions1 & ! v>iety ( doctr9es & sects :i* divide m51 are l a deep ocean /rewn ) %ipwrecks1 f :i* v few escape safe & s\nd4 ,ea* sect1 x is true1 believes itself 9 possession ( ! tru? & ( salvation2 #8ea* p>ty1' z ! ,koran sai?1 #8rejoices 9 its own cre$'2 b z ! *ief ( apo/les1 ^: ^w is always tru?ful1 has told u1 #8,my p w be divid$ into m ?an sev5ty sects ( :om only "o w be sav$4' ,?is pr$iction1 l all o!rs ( ! ,prophet1 mu/ be fulfill$4 8,f ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 t is to say1 previ\s to rea*+ my tw5tie? ye> to ! pres5t "t :5 ,i h pass$ my fiftie?1 ,i h v5tur$ into ?is va/ ocean2 ,i h int]rogat$ ! beliefs ( ea* sect & scrut9iz$ ! my/]ies ( ea* doctr9e1 9 ord] to dis5tangle tru? f error & or?odoxy f h]esy4 ,i h nev] met "o :o ma9ta9$ ! hidd5 mean+ ( ! ,koran )\t inve/igat+ ! nature ( 8 belief1 nor a p>tisan ( its ext]ior s5se )\t inquir+ into ! results ( 8 doctr9e4 ,!re is no philosoph] ^: sy/em ,i h n fa?om$1 nor !ologian ! intricacies ( ^: doctr9e ,i h n foll[$ out4 8,sufism has no secrets into :i* ,i h n p5etrat$2 ! dev\t ador] ( ,deity has reveal$ to me ! aim ( 8 au/]ities2 ! a!i/ has n be5 able to conceal f me ! real reason ( 8 unbelief4 ,! ?ir/ = k 0 innate 9 me f my e>ly age2 x 0 l a second nature implant$ by ,god1 )\t any w on my "p4 ,no soon] _h ,i em]g$ f boyhood ?an ,i _h already brok5 ! fett]s ( tradition & fre$ myself f h]$it>y beliefs4 8,hav+ notic$ h[ easily ! *ildr5 ( ,*ri/ians become ,*ri/ians1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,moslems embrace ,islam1 & rememb]+ also ! traditional say+ ascrib$ to ! ,prophet3 #8,e *ild has 9 him ! g]m ( ,islam1 !n 8 p>5ts make him ,jew1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,zoroa/rian1' ,i 0 mov$ by a ke5 desire to le>n :at 0 ?is innate disposition 9 ! *ild1 ! nature ( ! accid5tal beliefs impos$ on him by ! au?ority ( 8 p>5ts & 8 ma/]s1 & f9ally ! unreason$ convictions :i* he d]ives f _! in/ructions40 ,aga9 he is full ( d\bts :5 he says3 8,p]haps also ,dea? is t /ate he is speak+ ( a possible /ate ( be+ :i* w be> ! same relation to our pres5t /ate z ?is does to ! condition :5 asleep1 accord+ to a say+ ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,prophets3 #8,m5 are asleep2 :5 !y die1 !y wake4' ,our pres5t life 9 relation to ! future is p]haps only a dream1 & man1 once dead1 w see ?+s 9 direct opposition to ^? n[ be=e 8 eyes4 8,su* ?\ghts z ^! ?reat5$ to %ake my reason1 & ,i s\ght to f9d an escape f !m4 ,b h[8 ,9 ord] to dis5tangle ! knot ( ?is difficulty1 a pro( 0 necess>y4 ,n[ a pro( mu/ be bas$ on prim>y assumptions1 & x 0 precisely ^! ( :i* ,i 0 9 d\bt4 ,?is unhappy /ate la/$ ab\t two mon?s1 dur+ :i* ,i 0 n1 x is true1 explicitly or by pr(ession1 b morally & ess5tially a ?or\ghgo+ sceptic40 ,t ,al-,ghazali 0 driv5 to scepticism mu/ n surprise u4 ,s*ools ( free ?9k]s _h be5 e/abli%$ fifty ye>s e>li] at ,bagdad & ,busrah4 ,e ,friday !y ga!r$ toge!r4 ,"s 7 rationali/s1 "s d[nright mat]iali/s4 ,n only philosoph]s b poets 7 ! lead]s ( ^! circles4 ,among !m we mu/ m5tion ,abu'l ,ala ,al-,maarri1 born 9 #igc ,a4 ,d4 ,?is bl9d poet is said to h writt5 a ,koran 9 imitation ( ,mohamm$1 & :5 "s "o compla9$ to him t al?\gh ! book 0 well writt5 x did n make ! same impression z ! true ,koran1 he repli$3 8,let x be read f ! pulpit ( ! mosques = f\r hundr$ ye>s & !n y w all be delight$ ) x40 ,8 quatra9s rival ^? ( ,om> ,al-,khayyam 9 _! utt] pessimism & rank infidelity f ! or?odox ,moslem /&po9t4 ,= example1 he writes3 8,lo3 !re are _m ways & _m traps ,& _m guides & :i* ( !m is ,"l8 ,= v]ily ,mohamm$ has ! sword ,& he may h ! tru?--p]haps8 p]haps8 ,n[ ?is religion happ5s to prevail ,until by t "o x is ov]?r[n1-- ,because m5 d>e n live ) m5 alone1 ,b always ) ano!r fairy-tale4 ,religion is a *>m+ girl1 ,i say2 ,b ov] ?is poor ?re%old w n pass1 ,because ,i c't unveil h]1 & alas2 ,! bridal gift ,i c't af=d to pay40 ,nor c\ld ?is poet h _h mu* rev]5ce = ! religion ( ,islam :5 he wrote3 8,:]e is ! valiance ( ! folk :o s+ ,^! valiant /ories ( ! _w to come8 ,:i* !y describe1 =soo?1 z if x swung ,9 air & an*or$ ) a y>d ( /r+40 444 8,two m]*antm5 decid$ !y w\ld battle1 ,to prove at la/ :o sold ! f9e/ w>es2 ,& :ile ,mohamm$ %riek$ 8 call to pray]s1 ,! true ,messiah wav$ 8 wood5 rattle40 ,z 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury = ,*ri/ianity1 s 9 ! elev5? c5tury = ,islam1 ! /ruggle betwe5 sci5ce & or?odoxy wag$ fi]cely4 ,! rationali/ic s*ool ( ! ,mutazilites /ill ex]cis$ great influ5ce :ile ! lit]ali/s & ! bl9d foll[]s ( traditional ,islam 7 (t5 m di/+ui%$ = ,ph>isaism ?an piety4 ,we ne$ only turn to ! 8,maqamat0 ( ,al-,hamadhani to "k :at ! sceptic ( t day ?\ght ( ! public religi\s s]vices4 8,s ,i slipp$ away f my companions10 says 8 h]o1 8tak+ advantage ( ! opportunity ( jo9+ 9 public pray]s1 & dread+1 at ! same "t1 ! loss ( ! c>avan ,i 0 leav+4 ,b ,i s\ght aid aga9/ ! difficulty ( ! des]t ?r\gh ! bless+ ( pray]1 &1 !re=e1 ,i w5t to ! front r[ & /ood up4 ,! ,imam w5t up to ! ni*e & recit$ ! op5+ *apt] ( ! ,quran accord+ to ! intonation ( ,hamza1 9 reg>d to us+ #8,madda' & #8,hamza1' :ile ,i exp]i5c$ disquiet+ grief at ! ?\ght ( miss+ ! c>avan1 & ( sep>ation f ! m\nt4 ,!n he foll[$ up ! ,surat ,al-,fatiha ) ,surat ,al-,waqia :ile ,i suff]$ ! fire ( impati5ce & task$ myself sev]ely4 ,i 0 roa/+ & grill+ on ! live coal ( rage4 ,b1 f :at ,i knew ( ! savage fanaticism ( ! p ( t place1 if pray]s 7 cut %ort ( ! f9al salutation1 !re 0 no alt]native b sil5ce & endurance1 or spee* & ! grave6 ,s ,i rema9$ /&+ ?us on ! foot ( necessity till ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,i _h n[ despair$ ( ! c>avan & giv5 up all hope ( ! supplies & ! m\nt4 ,he next b5t 8 back = ! two pro/rations ) su* humility & emotion1 ! l ( :i* ,i _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,!n he rais$ 8 h&s & 8 head & said3 #8,may ,god accept ! praise ( him :o praises ,him1' & rema9$ /&+ till ,i d\bt$ n b t he _h fall5 asleep4 ,!n he plac$ 8 "r h& on ! gr\nd1 put 8 =ehead on ! e>? & press$ 8 face !reto4 ,i rais$ my head to look = an opportunity to slip away1 b ,i p]ceiv$ no op5+ 9 ! r[s1 s ,i re-address$ myself to pray] until he repeat$ ! ,takbir = ! sitt+ po/ure4 ,!n he /ood up = ! second pro/ration1 recit$ ! ,suras ( ,al-,fatiha & ,al-,q>ia ) an intonation :i* occupi$ ! duration ( ! ,la/ ,day & well-nigh exhau/$ ! spirits ( ! congregation4 ,n[1 :5 he _h f9i%$ 8 two pro/rations & proce$$ to wag 8 jaws to pron\nce ! te/imony to ,god's unity1 & to turn 8 face to ! "r & to ! left = ! f9al salutation1 ,i said3 #8,n[ ,god has made escape easy1 & deliv]ance is nigh'2 b a man /ood up & said3 #8,:osoev] ( y loves ! companions ( ! ,moslem community let him l5d me 8 e>s = a mom5t4'0--,su* 0 ! impression made by ! =malities ( or?odoxy6 ,al-,ghazali f\nd no help = 8 d\bts among ^! s*ola/ic !ologians nor has any ,moslem s9ce 8 day4 ,pr(essor ,macdonald tells u :y4 8,grant ! !ologians _! premises1 & !y c\ld argue2 d5y !m1 & !re 0 no common gr\nd on :i* to meet4 ,_! sci5ce _h be5 f\nd$ by ,al-,a%ari to meet ! ,mutazilites2 x _h done t victori\sly1 b c\ld d no m4 ,!y c\ld hold ! fai? aga9/ h]etics1 expose _! inconsi/5cies & weaknesses2 b aga9/ ! sceptic !y c\ld d no?+4 ,x is true t !y _h attempt$ to g fur!r back & meet ! /ud5ts ( philosophy on _! own gr\nd1 to deal ) sub/ances & attributes & fir/ pr9ciples g5]ally2 b _! ef=ts _h be5 fruitless4 ,!y lack$ ! necess>y k ( ! subject1 _h no sci5tific basis1 & 7 con/ra9$ ev5tually to fall back on au?ority40#cd 8,nor did he f9d light 9 philosophy1 al?\gh he ?or\ghly /udi$ ! v>i\s sy/ems ( 8 day & refut$ !m4 ,religion is n m]ely ( ! m9d b ( ! he>t2 philosophy _h its place b c\ld satisfy only ! intellect & left ! deepe/ long+s ( ! s\l unsatisfi$4 ,next he exam9$ ! tea*+s ( ! ,talimites1 ! contempor>y sect ( ! ,i%maelites f\nd$ by ,hassan ,ibn z ,sabbah4 ,!irs 0 ! doctr9e ( an ,imam or infallible spiritual guide & ! sect f\nd l>ge foll[+4 ,b ,al-,ghazali1 s f> f be+ attract$ by !m1 wrote sev]al books aga9/ !m40#ce ,no o!r pa? rema9$ op5 = ! p]plex$ & sceptical seek] aft] ,god ?an ! way ( ! my/ics4 ,x 0 a return to ! e>ly tea*+ he receiv$ at ,tus & ,ni%apur & to ! atmosph]e ( 8 native l& :i* 0 = c5turies /eep$ 9 my/icism4 ,( ?is p]iod ( 8 life he 0 wont to say3 8,:5 ,i wi%$ to plunge into foll[+ ! p & to dr9k ( _! dr9k1 ,i look$ at my s\l & ,i saw h[ mu* x 0 curta9$ 91 s ,i retir$ into solitude & busi$ myself ) religi\s ex]cises = =ty days1 & !re 0 dol$ to me ( k ,i _h n _h pur] & f9] ?an :at ,i _h kn[n4 ,!n ,i look$ ^u x1 & lo1 9 x 0 a legal elem5t4 ,s ,i return$ to solitude & busi$ myself ) religi\s ex]cises = =ty days1 & !re 0 dol$ to me o!r k1 pur] & f9] ?an :at _h befall5 me at fir/1 & ,i rejoic$ 9 x4 ,!n ,i look$ ^u x1 & lo1 9 x 0 a speculative elem5t4 ,s ,i return$ to solitude a ?ird "t = =ty days1 & !re 0 dol$ to me o!r k t is kn[n 7i4 e41 n simply p]ceiv$1 felt71 & ,i did n atta9 to ! p ( ! inw>d sci5ces4 ,s ,i "k t writ+ on a surface f :i* some?+ has be5 eras$ is n l writ+ on a surface 9 its fir/ purity & cleanness1 & ,i nev] sep>at$ myself f speculation except 9 a few ?+s40 ,:o c read ?is & d\bt 8 utt] s9c]ity 9 ! se>* = ,god & = ,tru?8 ,he tells ! re/ ( ! /ory 9 8 8,confessions03 8,i saw t ,sufism consi/s 9 exp]i5ces r ?an 9 def9itions1 & t :at ,i 0 lack+ belong$ to ! doma91 n ( in/ruction b ( ec/asy & initiation4 8,! rese>*es to :i* ,i _h devot$ myself1 ! pa? :i* ,i _h trav]s$ 9 /udy+ religi\s & speculative bran*es ( k1 _h giv5 me a firm fai? 9 ?ree ?+s--,god1 inspiration1 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,^! ?ree fundam5tal articles ( belief 7 confirm$ 9 me1 n m]ely by def9ite argum5ts1 b by a *a9 ( causes1 circum/ances1 & pro(s :i* x is impossible to rec\nt4 ,i saw t "o c only hope = salvation by devotion & ! conque/ ( "o's passions1 a proc$ure :i* presupposes r5\ncem5t & deta*m5t f ?is _w ( falsehood 9 ord] to turn t[>ds et]nity & m$itation on ,god4 ,f9ally1 ,i saw t ! only condition ( success 0 to sacrifice hon\rs & ri*es & to sev] ! ties & atta*m5ts ( worldly life4 8,com+ s]i\sly to consid] my /ate1 ,i f\nd myself b\nd d[n on all sides by ^! trammels4 ,exam9+ my actions1 ! mo/ fair-seem+ ( :i* 7 my lectur+ & pr(essorial occupations1 ,i f\nd to my surprise t ,i 0 engross$ 9 sev]al /udies ( little value1 & pr(itless z reg>ds my salvation4 ,i prob$ ! motives ( my tea*+ & f\nd t1 9 place ( be+ s9c]ely consecrat$ to ,god1 x 0 only actuat$ by a va9 desire ( hon\r & reputation4 ,i p]ceiv$ t ,i 0 on ! edge ( an abyss1 & t )\t an imm$iate conv]sion ,i %\ld be doom$ to et]nal fire4 ,9 ^! reflections ,i sp5t a long "t4 ,/ill a prey to unc]ta9ty1 "o day ,i decid$ to leave ,bagdad & to give up ev]y?+2 ! next day ,i gave up my resolution4 ,i advanc$ "o /ep & imm$iately relaps$4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i 0 s9c]ely resolv$ only to occupy myself ) ! future life2 9 ! ev5+ a cr[d ( c>nal ?\ghts assail$ & disp]s$ my resolutions4 ,on ! "o side ! _w kept me b\nd to my po/ 9 ! *a9s ( covet\sness1 on ! o!r side ! voice ( religion cri$ to me3 #8,up1 ,up1 ?y life is ne>+ its end1 & ?\ ha/ a long j\rney to make4 ,all ?y pret5d$ k is n\ght b falsehood & fantasy4 ,if ?\ do/ n ?9k n[ ( ?y salvation1 :5 wilt ?\ ?9k ( x8 ,if ?\ do/ n break ?y *a9s to-day1 :5 wilt ?\ break !m8' ,!n my resolve 0 /r5g!n$1 ,i wi%$ to give up all & flee2 b ! ,tempt] return+ to ! attack said3 #8,y are suff]+ f a transitory feel+2 don't give way to x1 = x w soon pass4 ,if y obey x1 if y give up ?is f9e position1 ?is hon\rable po/ exempt f tr\ble & rivalry1 ?is seat ( au?ority safe f attack y w regret x lat] on )\t be+ able to recov] x4' 8,?us ,i rema9$1 torn asund] by ! opposite =ces ( e>?ly passions & religi\s aspirations1 = ab\t six mon?s f ! mon? ,rajab ( ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #ajif4 ,at ! close ( !m my w yield$ & ,i gave myself up to de/9y4 ,god caus$ an imp$im5t to *a9 my tongue & prev5t$ me f lectur+4 ,va9ly ,i desir$1 9 ! int]e/ ( my pupils1 to g on ) my tea*+1 b my m\? became dumb4 8,! enfeeblem5t ( my physical p[]s 0 su* t ! doctors despair+ ( sav+ me1 said3 #8,! mis*ief is 9 ! he>t1 & has communicat$ itself to ! :ole organism2 !re is no hope unless ! cause ( 8 griev\s sadness be arre/$4' 8,f9ally1 consci\s ( my weakness & ! pro/ration ( my s\l1 ,i took refuge 9 ,god z a man at ! end ( himself & )\t res\rces4 #8,he :o he>s ! wret*$ :5 !y cry' 7,koran1 xxviii4 #fc7 deign$ to he> me2 ,he made easy to me ! sacrifice ( hon\rs1 weal?1 & family0 78,! ,confessions10 pp4 #db-de74 ,t 8 conv]sion did n mean e?ically all t ! ^w means 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se is evid5t f :at imm$iately foll[s4 ,he dissembl$3 8,i gave out publicly t ,i int5d$ to make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :ile ,i secretly resolv$ to g to ,syria1 n wi%+ t ! ,caliph 7may ,god magnify him7 or my fri5ds %\ld "k my int5tion ( settl+ 9 t c\ntry4 ,i made all k9ds ( clev] excuses = leav+ ,bagdad ) ! fix$ int5tion ( n return+ ?i!r4 ,! ,imams ( ,irak criticiz$ me ) "o accord4 ,n "o ( !m w\ld admit t ?is sacrifice _h a religi\s motive1 because !y consid]$ my position z ! highe/ atta9able 9 ! religi\s community4 #8,behold h[ f> _! k goes' 7,koran1 liii4 #ca74 ,all k9ds ( explanations ( my conduct 7 =?com+4 ,^? :o 7 outside ! limits ( ,irak attribut$ x to ! fe> ) :i* ! ,gov]nm5t inspir$ me4 ,^? :o 7 on ! spot & saw h[ ! au?orities wi%$ to deta9 me1 _! displeasure at my resolution & my refusal ( _! reque/1 said to !mselves1 #8,x is a calamity :i* "o c only impute to a fate :i* has befall5 ! ,fai?ful & ,le>n+4' 8,at la/ ,i left ,bagdad1 giv+ up all my =tune4 ,only1 z l&s & prop]ty 9 ,irak c af=d an end[m5t = pi\s purposes1 ,i obta9$ a legal au?orization to pres]ve z mu* z 0 necess>y = my support & t ( my *ildr52 = !re is surely no?+ m lawful 9 ! _w ?an t a le>n$ man %\ld provide suffici5t to support 8 family4 ,i !n betook myself to ,syria1 :]e ,i rema9$ = two ye>s1 :i* ,i devot$ to retirem5t1 m$itation1 & dev\t ex]cises4 ,i only ?\ght ( self-improvem5t & discipl9e & ( purification ( ! he>t by pray] 9 go+ ?r\gh ! =ms ( devotion :i* ! ,sufis _h taught me4 ,i us$ to live a solit>y life 9 ! ,mosque ( ,damascus1 & 0 9 ! habit ( sp5d+ my days on ! m9>et aft] clos+ ! door beh9d me0 7pp4 #de-df74 ,:5 ,al-,ghazali det]m9$ to ab&on ! _w & set out z a pilgrim he 0 only foll[+ ! cu/om ( 8 "t4 ,n only religi\s m5 b adv5tur]s f\nd 9 travel relief & recreation4 ,! pi\s did x1 z !y ass]t$1 9 imitation ( ,jesus1 ! ,messiah1 ^: "n is (t5 int]pret$ z mean+ 8"o :o travels con/antly40 ,& ! worldly-m9d$ (t5 donn$ ! g>b ( religi\s fakirs to satisfy _! desire = adv5ture & _! ambition to see di/ant l&s4 ,because ( facilities = travel by po/ & c>avan r\tes1 ?is p]iod seem$ "o ( w&]lu/ second to none4 ,a s*ol> 0 n satisfi$ unless he _h se5 ! _w ( ,islam4 ,( ,at-,tabrizi 7,a4 ,d4 #ajcj-aajj71 "o ( ! contempor>ies ( ,al-,ghazali1 :o 0 also pr(essor at ! ,nizamiyya ,s*ool1 we read t :5 he desir$ to g on a j\rney = lit]>y purposes 8he _h no money :]e) to hire a horse1 s he put 8 book into a sack & />t$ to walk ! long j\rney f ,p]sia to ,syria4 ,! sweat on 8 back ooz$ ?r\gh ! mat]ial ( 8 sack & /a9$ ! preci\s manuscript1 :i* 0 long pres]v$ & %[n to visitors 9 "o ( ! libr>ies ( ,bagdad40 ,! ,p]sian poet ,saadi 0 left an orphan at an e>ly age1 w5t to ,bagdad to att5d ! ,nizamiyya ,univ]sity c\rse1 made ! ,mecca pilgrimage sev]al times ov]1 act$1 out ( *>ity1 z a wat]-c>ri] 9 ! m>kets ( ,j]usalem & ! ,syrian t[ns1 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,franks1 & =c$ to "w ) ,jews at clean+ out ! moats ( ,tripoli 9 ,syria2 he 0 ransom$ by an ,aleppan1 :o gave him 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,he himself m5tions 8 visits to ,ka%g> 9 ,turke/an1 to ,abyss9ia1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,he ev5 travell$ ab\t ,india1 pass+ ?r\gh ,afghani/an on 8 way4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( ! ,great ,mosque at ,damascus4 ,9 ! c5t] ! ,mihrab %[+ ! direction ( pray] & to ! "r ! ,great ,pulpit4 ,we h a picture ( su* a d]vi% 7a di%one/ "o1 h[ev]7 9 ,hamadhani's =ty-second ,maqamat3 8,s ,i />t$ w&]+1 z ?\gh ,i 0 ! ,messiah1 & ,i j\rney$ ov] ,khorasan1 its des]t$ & popul\s p>ts1 to ,kirman1 ,siji/an1 ,jilan1 ,tab>i/an1 ,oman1 to ,s9d & ,h9d1 to ,nubia & ,egypt1 ,yem51 ,hijaz1 ,mecca & al ,taif4 ,i roam$ ov] des]ts & wa/es1 seek+ w>m? & ! fire & tak+ %elt] ) ! ass1 till bo? my *eeks 7 black5$4 ,& ?us ,i collect$ ( anecdotes & fables1 witticisms & traditions1 poems ( ! humori/s1 ! div]sions ( ! frivol\s1 ! fabrications ( ! lovesick1 ! saws ( ! pseudo-philosoph]s1 ! tricks ( ! conjurors1 ! artifices ( ! artful1 ! r>e say+s ( convivial companions1 ! fraud ( ! a/rolog]s1 ! f9esse ( quacks1 ! deception ( ! effem9ate1 ! guile ( ! *eats1 ! devilry ( ! fi5ds1 su* t ! legal decisions ( al-,%aabi1 ! memory ( al-,dabbi & ! le>n+ ( al-,kalbi w\ld h fall5 %ort (4 ,& ,i solicit$ gifts & ask$ = pres5ts4 ,i _h rec\rse to influ5ce & ,i begg$4 ,i eulogiz$ & satiriz$1 till ,i acquir$ mu* prop]ty1 got possession ( ,indian swords & ,yem5 blades1 f9e coats ( mail ( ,sabur & lea!rn %ields ( ,?ibet1 spe>s ( al-,khatt & javel9s ( ,b>b>y1 excell5t fleet horses ) %ort coats1 ,arm5ian mules1 & ,mirris asses1 silk brocades ( ,rum & wool5 /uffs ( ,sus40#cf ,to ! hone/ travell]1 l ,al-,ghazali1 h[ev]1 x 0 n s easy a life4 ,n only 7 !re ! h>d%ips ( travel & its lonel9ess1 b ! asceticism ( ! begg> & ! wayf>]4 8,& to su* a pass did we come10 says ,h>iri1 8?r\gh assail+ =tune & pro/rat+ ne$1--t we 7 %od ) sor5ess1 & f$ on *ok+1 & fill$ our bellies ) a*e1 & wrapp$ our entrails ^u hung]1 & ano9t$ our eyes ) wat*+1 & made pits our home1 & deem$ ?orns a smoo? b$1 & came to =get our saddles1 & ?\ght de/roy+ dea? to be sweet & ! orda9$ day to be t>dy40 ,we may believe t s ke5 an obs]v] z ,al-,ghazali c>ri$ 8 8,ba$ek]0 ) him on 8 travels4 ,he 0 d\btless acqua9t$ ) ! *ief geographical works ( t p]iod1 "s ( :i* conta9$ maps & ev5 illu/rations4 ,! mo/ important "w 0 t by ,abu ,abdallah al-,maqdisi1 :o sp5t a great "p ( 8 life travell+ all ov] ! ,moslem empire1 ) ! possible exception ( ,india & ,spa94 ,8 book 0 entitl$3 8,! ,be/ ,classification = ! ,k ( ,climates40 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ihe4 ,ano!r "w ( a contempor>y ( ,al-,ghazali1 ,abu ,ubaid al-,bakri ( ,cordova1 0 a g5]al geography ( all ! roads & prov9ces ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,al?\gh we h no details ( ,al-,ghazali's w&]+s we c at lea/ foll[ him on 8 j\rneys & le>n some?+ ( ! places he visit$ & _! condition 9 8 day4 ,! c\rse ( 8 travels seems to h be5 f ,bagdad to ,damascus1 a j\rney ( ne>ly five hundr$ miles1 f ,damascus to ,j]usalem & ,hebron1 !nce on to ! bir?place ( ! ,prophet at ,mecca & 8 tomb at ,m$9a & back ov] a ?\s& miles m ( c>avan travel4 ,all ?r\gh ?is p]iod ( ,al-,ghazali's life ,damascus 0 exp]i5c+ ! /orm & /ress ( w>4 ,%ortly be=e 8 "t ! city 0 tak5 by ! ,k>matians & mu* ( x 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,!re 7 frequ5t *anges ( gov]nors1 upris+s & riots4 ,9 #ajfh ! great ,mosque 0 set on fire4 ,9 #ajgf ! ,seljuk g5]als seiz$ ! city1 built anew ! citadel & o!r build+s1 among !m a fam\s hospital4 ,?is 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s be=e ,al-,ghazali's arrival !re f ,bagdad4 ,! great ,ummayad ,mosque ( ,damascus 0 said to be ! gr&e/ ( all ,mohamm$an build+s4 ,!re 0 pray+ space = #bj1jjj m52 & x is said to h tak5 ! :ole rev5ue ( ,syria = =ty-sev5 ye>s1 n c\nt+ eighte5 %iploads ( gold & silv] f ,cyprus to complete ! build+4 8,:5 ! wondr\s "w 0 f9i%$1 ! ,caliph w\ld n look at ! acc\nts br\ght to him on eighte5 lad5 mules1 b ord]$ t !y %\ld be burn$ & ?us address$ ! cr[d3 #8,m5 ( ,damascus1 y possess f\r glories above o!r p2 y are pr\d ( y\r wat]1 y\r air1 y\r fruits1 y\r ba?s2 y\r mosque %all be y\r fif? glory4'0 ,l o!r fam\s places ( ,moslem wor%ip1 ?is mosque 0 once ! site ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 to :om !re is /ill an impos+ %r9e4 ,= "s ye>s ! build+ 0 %>$ betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans1 b 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gjh ! ,*ri/ians 7 driv5 out4 ,to ?is day "o ( ! ?ree m9>ets is call$ by ! "n ( ,isa 7,jesus71 & above a gate1 long s9ce clos$1 is ! ,greek inscription1 8,,?y ,,k+dom1 ,o ,,*ri/1 ,,is ,,an ,,ev]la/+ ,,k+dom1 ,,& ,,?y ,,dom9ion ,,endure? ,,?r\gh\t ,,all ,,g5]ations40 ,al-,ghazali sp5t _m h\rs = _m ye>s "u ! %ad[ ( ?is great build+1 & x 0 9 ! m9>et ( ,jesus t he _h long m$itations4 ,! m9>et ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,h4 ,salad91#cg 0 built 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 %ortly be=e ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali's visit4 ,did he ev] f9d or und]/& ! inscription on ! gate & m$itate on t ,prophet ^: k+dom has no end & no fronti]8 ,,iv ,w&]+s1 ,lat] ,ye>s1 & ,dea? 8,!n came ! imm$iate break+ up ( ! ,seljukian ,empire into a numb] ( indep5d5t pr9cipalities4 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 & all ,asia ,m9or1 7 p>tition$ among a doz5 diff]5t ,turki% ,emirs4 ,khorasan & ,irak became ! sc5e ( a fi]ce civil w>1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 betwe5 two sons ( ,malek ,%ah1 ,b>ki>oc & ,muhamm$4 ,dr\ght 0 add$ to ! horrors ( w>2 ! p p]i%$ by ?\s&s ( fam9e2 ! incessant m>*+ & c\nt]-m>*+ ( ! ho/ile armies de/roy$ ! remnant ( food :i* _h surviv$ ! want ( ra94 ,to cr[n all1 f ! bord]s ( ,*ri/5dom a fre% sc\rge 0 beheld prep>+ = ,islam4 ,! ho/s ( ! ,r$ ,cross pass$ ! ,bosphorus1 & f\ght _! way knee-deep 9 blood to ! walls ( ,j]usalem4 ,! capture ( ! ,holy ,city /ruck l ! po9t ( a poison$ dagg] to ! he>t ( e true ,moslem40 --8,islam "u ! ,khalifs ( ,baghdad10 by ,rob]t ,durie ,osborn4 ,,iv ,,w&]+s1 ,,lat] ,,ye>s1 ,,& ,,dea? ,! *ronology ( ,al-,ghazali's life 0 a puzzle ev5 to ^? :o wrote only a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4 ,!re seems great unc]ta9ty n only z to ! "t ( 8 v>i\s j\rney+s b z to _! ord]1 & !re is dispute ev5 reg>d+ ! places he visit$4 ,we "k t ! date ( 8 conv]sion 0 ,a4 ,h4 #dhh 7,a4 ,d4 #ajie71 :5 he 0 ?irty-eight ye>s old1 & t %ortly aft] ?is he w5t into exile4 ,9 ,a4 ,h4 #dih 7,a4 ,d4 #aajd7 he is said to h return$ to active life1 & to h sp5t two ye>s 9 retirem5t 9 ,syria4 ,! o!r dates are q unc]ta94 ,foll[+ ! be/ au?orities at our disposal1 especially 8 own 8,confessions10 we cont9ue ! /ory :]e we left (f 9 ! la/ *apt]4#ch 8,f ,damascus10 says ,al-,ghazali1 8,i proce$$ to ,j]usalem1 & e day seclud$ myself 9 ! ,sanctu>y ( ! ,rock4 ,aft] t ,i felt a desire to accompli% ! ,pilgrimage1 & to receive a full effusion ( grace by visit+ ,mecca1 ,m$9a1 & ! ,tomb ( ! ,prophet4 ,aft] visit+ ! %r9e ( ! ,fri5d ( ,god 7,abraham71 ,i w5t to ! ,hejaz4 ,f9ally1 ! long+s ( my he>t & ! pray]s ( my *ildr5 br\ght me back to my c\ntry1 al?\gh ,i 0 s firmly resolv$ at fir/ nev] to revisit x4 ,at any rate1 ,i meant1 if ,i did return1 to live !re solit>y & 9 religi\s m$itation2 b ev5ts1 family c>e1 & vicissitudes ( life *ang$ my resolutions & tr\bl$ my m$itative calm4 ,h[ev] irregul> ! int]vals :i* ,i c\ld give to devotional ec/asy1 my confid5ce 9 x did n dim9i%2 & ! m ,i 0 div]t$ by h9drances1 ! m /eadfa/ly ,i return$ to x4 ,t5 ye>s pass$ 9 ?is mann]40 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt 8 pilgrimage to ,j]usalem & ,hebron1 to ,m$9a & ,mecca1 0 "p ( "o it9]>y2 x also is ! natural r\te ( travel f ,bagdad to ! bir?place ( ,islam4 ,! /atem5t made by "s au?orities t he fir/ rema9$ t5 ye>s at ,damascus is !re=e probably inaccurate4 ,if we are to believe al-,isnawi1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts 0 z foll[s3 ,he set out 9 ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #ajie = ! ,hejaz4 ,on 8 return f ! pilgrimage1 he j\rney$ to ,damascus1 & made 8 abode !re = "s ye>s 9 ! m9>et ( ! ,gr& ,mosque1 compos+ sev]al works ( :i* ! ,ihya is said to be "o4 ,!n aft] visit+ ,j]usalem & p]haps ,cairo & ,alex&ria1 he return$ to 8 home at ,tus4 ,accord+ to "o ,arabic au?ority1 :5 ,al-,ghazali left ,damascus 9 8 w&]+s1 he 0 accompani$ by a disciple1 a c]ta9 ,abu ,tahir ,ibrahim1 :o _h be5 a pupil also at ,ni%apur "u ! great ,imam2 he return$ aft]w>ds to ,jurjan1 8 native place1 & di$ a m>tyr 9 ,a4 ,h4 #eac4 ,o!r pupils ( 8 at ,damascus are also m5tion$1 b ! au?orities d n agree4 ,among _m %r9es at ,j]usalem1 ,al-,ghazali visit$ ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 & ! ,dome ( ! ,rock4 ,9 ,sura xvii4 #a1 ,mohamm$ is repres5t$ z hav+ tak5 8 flight f ,mecca to ,j]usalem4--8,celebrat$ be ! praises ( ,him :o by night took 8 s]vant f ! ,masjidu 'l-,h>am 7! ,sacr$ ,mosque7 to ! ,masjidu 'l-,aqsa 7! ,remote ,mosque71 ! prec9ct ( :i* we h bless$40 ,z-,suyuti says ,j]usalem is specially hon\r$ by ,moslems z be+ ! sc5e ( ! rep5tance ( ,david & ,solomon4 8,! place :]e ,god s5t ,8 angel to ,solomon1 ann\nc$ glad tid+s to ,za*>ias & ,john1 %[$ ,david a plan ( ! ,temple1 & put all ! bea/s ( ! e>? & f[ls ( ! air 9 subjection to him4 ,x 0 at ,j]usalem t ! prophets sacrific$2 t ,jesus 0 born & spoke 9 ,8 cradle2 & x 0 f ,j]usalem t ,jesus asc5d$ to heav52 & x w be !re t ,he w aga9 desc5d4 ,gog & ,magog %all subdue e place on ! e>? b ,j]usalem1 & x w be !re t ,god ,almighty w de/roy !m4 ,x is 9 ! holy l& ( ,j]usalem t ,adam & ,abraham1 & ,isaac & ,m>y are buri$4 ,& 9 ! la/ days !re w be a g5]al flight to ,j]usalem1 :5 ! ,ark & ! ,%e*9ah w be aga9 re/or$ to ! ,temple4 ,!re w all mank9d be ga!r$ at ! ,resurrection = judgm5t1 & ,god w ent]1 surr\nd$ by ,8 angels1 into ! ,holy ,temple1 :5 ,he comes to judge ! e>?40 ,"h ,al-,ghazali w\ld see ! sacr$ footpr9t ( ,mohamm$ made 9 ! rock on 8 j\rney to heav52 ! pray+ places ( ,abraham & ,elijah w\ld be po9t$ out to him2 ! r\nd hole :]e ! rock let ,mohamm$ ?r\gh :5 he asc5d$ to heav52 ! holy place 9 ! ro( ( ! cav]n :]e x arose to all[ him to /& erect & to pray2 ! tongue ) :i* x spoke2 & ! m>ks ( ! ,angel ,gabriel's f+] :]e x _h to be held d[n f foll[+ him 9 8 asc5sion6 ,! place is also po9t$ out by ,moslems to-day :]e ,solomon torm5t$ ! demons1 & also ne> ! ea/]n wall :]e ! ?rone /ood :]eon he sat :5 dead1 ! corpse lean+ on 8 /aff to *eat ! demons until ! worms _h gnaw$ x ?r\gh & ! body fell =w>d4 ,all ?is is f\nd 9 ,moslem ,tradition1 & mu/ h /irr$ ! cr$ulity or ! scepticism ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,he himself tells u 9 "o ( 8 books t on ! la/ day ,israfil1 :o1 ) ,gabriel & ,mi*ael1 has be5 re/or$ to life1 8/&+ on ! rock ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 w at ! comm& ( ,god call toge!r ! s\ls f all p>ts1 ^? ( believ]s f ,p>adise & ! unbeliev]s f hell1 & ?r[ !m into 8 trumpet4 ,!re !y w be rang$ 9 little holes1 l bees 9 a hive1 & w1 on 8 giv+ ! la/ s\nd1 be ?ru/ out & fly l bees1 fill+ ! :ole space betwe5 e>? & heav54 ,!n !y w repair to _! respective bodies4 ,! e>? w !n be an imm5se pla9 )\t hills or villages1 & ! dead1 aft] !y h ris51 w sit d[n ea* "o on 8 tomb1 anxi\sly wait+ = :at is to come40#ci ,a mod]n travell] describes o!r ,moslem sup]/itions connect$ ) ?is ,mosque4 8,! little arcades at ! top ( ! /eps ( ! plat=m are call$ #8,balances1' because ! scales ( judgm5t are to be susp5d$ !re on ! ,great ,day4 ,! ,dome ( ! ,*a9 owes its "n to ! circum/ance t !re a gold5 *a9 hung at ,david's place ( judgm5t1 :i* _h to be grasp$ by witnesses & dropp$ a l9k :5 a lie 0 told4 ,a place 9 ! out] wall is %[n f :i* a wire w be susp5d$ on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ^: o!r end w be made fa/ to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,*ri/ w sit on ! wall & ,mohamm$ on ! m\nt4 ,ov] ?is wire mu/ all m5 f9d _! way1 b only ! good w cross1 ! wick$ fall+ into ! valley b5ea?4 ,9 ! ,al-,aqsa ,mosque a c\ple ( pill>s /& v ne> ea* o!r1 s worn t !y are p]ceptibly ?9n$4 ,! space betwe5 !m bulges1 & a piece ( spik$ iron "w is n[ ins]t$ betwe5 !m4 ,^! are ano!r te/ = ! f9al aw>d--he :o c\ld squeeze himself betwe5 !m1 & he alone1 _h f\nd ! true #8n>r[ way to heav54'0 ,we h descriptions ( ,j]usalem by a ,moslem :o wrote at ! end ( ! t5?1 & by ano!r ( ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! latt] e/imat$ ! population at tw5ty ?\s&1 & fanci$ t z _m m ,moslem pilgrims came to ! city 9 ! mon? ( _! pilgrimage2 ,*ri/ians & ,jews !n visit$ ! city z !y d to-day4 ,bo? ^! writ]s praise ! place = its cleanl9ess1 :i* !y attribute to its geographical position & natural dra9age4 ,yet ! hi/ory ( ,j]usalem ?r\gh\t ?is c5tury is little m ?an ! record ( damage & repair to ,*ri/ian & ,moslem sanctu>ies4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajaj ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re 0 de/roy$ by ! mad ,sultan ,hakim4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by o!r humiliations ( ! pilgrims & p]secutions1 until ,pet] ! ,h]mit arose 9 prote/ & ! ,crusades began4 ,we h no in=mation z to h[ ,al-,ghazali sp5t 8 days dur+ ?is visit at ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 a "t ( w> & tumult ?r\gh\t ,syria1 on ! eve ( ! ,crusades4 ,"o c imag9e ) :at int]e/ ,al-,ghazali /udi$ ! :ole situation & h[ ?is ard5t *ampion ( ! ,moslem fai? 0 /irr$ by ! com+ ev5ts ^: %ad[s 7 already re/+ on ! ,holy ,l& at ! "t ( 8 visit !re4 ,we d "k t he liv$ ! life ( a my/ic1 & devot$ himself to pray] & fa/+4 ,pray] occupies a l>ge place 9 ! life ( e consci5ti\s ,moslem4 ,n only are !re ! five ritual pray]s1 b ! night pray] :i*1 accord+ to ,al-,ghazali himself1 mu/ be p]=m$ betwe5 midnight & ! beg9n+ ( dawn4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t a ,moslem consci5ti\sly p]=m+ 8 devotions recites ! same =m ( pray] at lea/ sev5ty-five times a day4 ,9 addition to ^! pray]s1 h[ev]1 !re are pray]s call$ witr to be p]=m$ aft] ! night pray]2 dhuha1 ! pray] us$ 9 ! =5oon2 & ! pray] ( night vigils1 :i* take place betwe5 ! la/ ev5+ pray] & midnight4 ,9 addition to obs]v+ all ! above m5tion$ pray]s1 ^? :o w\ld rea* a high degree ( p]fection are recomm5d$ by ,al-,ghazali1 9 accordance ) 8 own practices at ?is p]iod1 to engage 9 c]ta9 additional devotional ex]cises call$ wird4 ,we may be/ note ! "* ( ?is my/ical devotion1 9 :i* he sp5t :ole days & nights1 by quot+ 9 sub/ance f ! ,ihya z foll[s3 8,f _m v]ses ( ! ,koran x appe>s t ! only way ( becom+ unit$ ) ,god is con/ant int]c\rse ) ,him4 ,?is is ! object ( ! devotional s]vices call$ wird 9 :i* ! believ] c engage at all times ( ! day z well z ! night4 ,! wirds to be obs]v$ dur+ ! day are sev53 ,fir/ wird4 ,! ,moslem on ris+ e>ly m5tions ! "n ( ,god1 & praises ,him1 recit+ c]ta9 petitions2 :ile dress+1 he recites ! appo9t$ petitions1 cleans 8 tee? ) ! miswak1 p]=ms ! ,wudhu1 !n prays two ,sunna rakas ( dawn4#dj ,aft] ?is he repeats a petition & goes to ! mosque ) collect$ ?\ghts4 ,he ent]s ! mosque solemnly & respectfully ) ! "r foot fir/1 say+ ! appo9t$ petitions on ent]+ & leav+4 ,he ent]s ! fir/ rank ( wor%ipp]s if !re be room1 & prays ! two rakas ( dawn1 if he has n done s already at home2 !n two rakas ( #8,salut+ ! ,mosque1' & sits d[n repeat+ petitions & praises1 await+ ! assembl+ ( ! congregation4 ,aft] hav+ repeat$ ! obligatory pray] ( dawn1 he rema9s sitt+ 9 ! mosque till sunrise1 m$itat+ & repeat+ c]ta9 petitions1 & praises a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 c\nt+ !m by ! ros>y1 & recit+ portions ( ! ,koran4 ,we "k t ! ros>y 0 9 g5]al use f a ref]5ce to x 9 ! 8,assemblies0 ( al-,h>iri1 & 9 ,al-,ghazali's 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess40 ,! second wird is betwe5 sunrise & an advanc$ =5oon h\r2 ! wor%ipp] says a pray] ( two rakas1 & :5 ! sun has ris5 ! l5g? ( a lance above ! horizon two m rakas4 ,?is is ! "t :5 ! believ] may p]=m good works1 su* z visit+ ! sick1 etc4 ,:5 no?+ ( ! k9d requires 8 att5tion1 he sp5ds 8 "t 9 repeat+ petitions1 9 zikr1 m$itation & read+ ! ,koran4 ,! ?ird wird is betwe5 morn+ & ! asc5d+ ( ! sun2 ! believ]1 aft] tak+ c>e ( 8 worldly affairs1 engages 9 ! devotional ex]cises z be=e m5tion$4 ,betwe5 ! "t :5 ! sun has become some:at high & ! noon pray]1 f\r rakas betwe5 ! ,azan & ! ,ikama are said & portions ( ! ,koran are recit$2 ?is is ! f\r? wird4 ,! fif?1 six? & sev5? occur aft] ?is until vesp]s4 ,f9ally !re are ! wirds ( ! night :i* are five1 divid$ & describ$ z foll[s3--,fir/ night wird3 aft] sunset1 :5 ! pray] ( sunset has be5 p]=m$1 to ! "t :5 d>kness has set 91 ! wor%ipp] says two rakas1 9 :i* c]ta9 portions ( ! ,koran are recit$1 !n f\r long rakas1 & z mu* ( ! ,koran z "t all[s4 ,?is wird may be p]=m$ at home2 b x is pref]able to d s 9 ! mosque4 ,second night wird3 ?is is f ! d>kness ( ! la/ ,i%a to ! "t :5 p retire to sleep4 ,?is consi/s ( ?ree ?+s3 7#a7 ! obligatory ,i%a pray]2 t5 rakas1 viz41 f\r be=e x & six aft] x2 7#b7 p]=m+ a pray] ( ?irte5 rakas1 ! la/ ( :i* is ! witr pray]4 ,9 ?is ab\t ?ree hundr$ v]ses ( ! ,koran are to be recit$4 7#c7 ,! witr pray] be=e go+ to sleep1 unless "o is accu/om$ to rise 9 ! night1 :5 x may be p]=m$ lat] on1 :i* is m m]itori\s4 ,?ird night wird3 ?is consi/s ( sleep1 & sleep may well be consid]$ a devotional act1 if enjoy$ 9 ! prop] way4 ,f\r? night wird3 ?is is f ! "t :5 ! fir/ half ( ! night is sp5t to :5 only "o-six? ( x /ill rema9s4 ,at ?is "t ! believ] ought to rise f sleep & p]=m ! pray] ( tahajjud4 ,?is pray] is also call$ ! hujud4 ,mohamm$ mo/ly made x a pray] ( ?irte5 rakas4 ,fif? night wird3 ?is beg9s ) ! la/ six? ( ! night1 call$ ! ,sah>1 ! e>ly morn+ be=e dawn to ! appe>+ ( dawn40 ,to ^! devotional ex]cises1 describ$ 9 ! ,ihya1 x 0 consid]$ m]itori\s to add f\r additional good actions3 fa/+1 almsgiv+1 visit+ ! sick1 att5d+ fun]als2 & f9ally all ?is punctili\s remembrance ( ,god ?r\gh pray] 0 supplem5t$ by :at is call$ dhikr--! special me?od ( wor%ip us$ by ! ,sufi sa9ts4 ,al-,ghazali describes ! me?od & effects ( ?is practice 9 a passage :i* ,macdonald has summ>iz$ z foll[s3 8,let ! wor%ipp] r$uce 8 he>t to a /ate 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( any?+ & its non-exi/5ce are ! same to him4 ,!n let him sit alone 9 "s corn]1 limit+ 8 religi\s duties to :at is absolutely necess>y1 & n occupy+ himself ei!r ) recit+ ! ,koran or consid]+ its mean+ or ) books ( religi\s traditions or ) any?+ ( ! sort4 ,& let him see to x t no?+ save ,god mo/ ,high ent]s 8 m9d4 ,!n1 z he sits 9 solitude1 let him n cease say+ cont9u\sly ) 8 tongue1 #8,allah1 ,allah1' keep+ 8 ?\ght on x4 ,at la/ he w rea* a /ate :5 ! motion ( 8 tongue w cease1 & x w seem z ?\gh ! ^w fl[$ f x4 ,let him p]sev]e 9 ?is until all trace ( motion is remov$ f 8 tongue1 & he f9ds 8 he>t p]sev]+ 9 ! ?\ght4 ,let him /ill p]sev]e until ! =m ( ! ^w1 its lett]s & %ape1 is remov$ f 8 he>t1 & !re rema9s ! idea alone1 z ?\gh cl++ to 8 he>t1 insep>able f x4 ,s f>1 all is dep5d5t on 8 w & *oice2 b to br+ ! m]cy ( ,god does n /& 9 8 w or *oice4 ,he has n[ laid himself b>e to ! brea?+s ( t m]cy1 & no?+ rema9s b to wait :at ,god w op5 to him1 z ,god has done aft] ?is mann] to prophets & sa9ts4 ,if he foll[s ! above c\rse1 he may be sure t ! light ( ! ,real w %9e out 9 8 he>t4 ,at fir/ un/able1 l a fla% ( lightn+1 x turns & returns2 ?\gh sometimes x hangs back4 ,& if x returns1 sometimes x abides & sometimes x is mom5t>y4 ,& if x abides1 sometimes its abid+ is long1 & sometimes %ort40 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazali 9 reg>d to ! true life ( devotion & su* we may believe 0 8 own practice at ,damascus & ,j]usalem dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$ 8 life ( exile--! endless repetition ( ,god's great names & 8pray] )\t ceas+0 9 ! ,moslem s5se4 ,"o wond]s :at "p ( ! day rema9$ = ! lit]>y "w & tea*+ 9 :i* we "k he 0 also engag$4#da ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( 8 life at ,j]usalem 9 ^! words3 8,!re came toge!r ! ,imams ,abu ,hamid ,al-,ghazali & ,ismail ,al-,kakimi & ,ibrahim ,a%-,%ibaki & ,abu-l-,hasan ,al-,basri1 & a l>ge numb] ( =eign eld]s1 9 ! ,cradle ( ,isa 7^u him be peace67 9 ,j]usalem1 & he 7,al-,ghazali1 app>5tly7 recit$ ^! two l9es3 8#8,may ,i be ?y ransom6 7 x n = love ?\ w\ld/ h ransom$ me1 b by ! magic ( two eye-pupils ?\ ha/ tak5 me captive4 ,i came to !e :5 my brea/ 0 /rait5$ ?r\gh love1 & if ?\ had/ kn[n h[ 0 my long+1 ?\ w\ld/ h come to me4' ,!n ,abu-l-,hasan ,al-,basri con/ra9$ himself to an ec/asy :i* affect$ ^? t 7 pres5t1 & eyes wept & g>m5ts 7 r5t & ,mohamm$ ,al-,kaz>uni di$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! assembly 9 ec/asy40 ,9 ,j]usalem he is said to h writt5 8 ,risalat ,al-,qudsiya2 & ! date ( 8 visit !re mu/ h be5 %ortly be=e ,a4 ,h4 #dib1 = 9 t ye> ,j]usalem 0 captur$ by ! ,crusad]s4#db ,x 0 natural = "o ( ,al-,ghazali's temp]am5t to desire to pay homage also at ! tomb ( ,abraham1 :om ,moslems delight to call ! 8,fri5d ( ,god40 ,! religion ( ,islam is cont9ually call$ ! religion ( ,abraham 9 ! ,koran4 ,tradition locates ! s-call$ ,ma*pelah ,cave 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! pres5t-day ,hebron1 on ! edge ( ! valley1 & ! mosque :i* n[ /&s !re is suppos$ to enclose ! grave4 ,hebron is ab\t sev5te5 miles s\?we/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,be=e ! twelf? c5tury ! ,cave ( ,ma*pelah began to attract visitors & pilgrims4 8,b5jam9 ( ,tudela relates3 #8,at ,hebron !re is a l>ge place ( wor%ip call$ 8,/4 ,abraham10 :i* 0 previ\sly a ,jewi% synagogue4 ,! natives erect$ !re six sepul*res1 :i* !y tell =eign]s are ^? ( ! ,patri>*s & _! wives1 dem&+ money z a condition ( see+ !m4 ,if a ,jew gives an additional fee to ! keep] ( ! cave1 an iron door :i* dates f ! "t ( our =efa!rs op5s1 & ! visitor desc5ds ) a light$ c&le4 ,he crosses two empty caves1 & 9 ! ?ird sees six tombs1 on :i* ! names ( ! ?ree ,patri>*s & _! wives are inscrib$ 9 ,hebrew *>act]s4 ,! cave is fill$ ) b>rels conta9+ bones ( p1 :i* are tak5 !re z to a sacr$ place4 ,at ! end ( ! field ( ! ,ma*pelah /&s ,abraham's h\se ) a spr+ 9 front ( x4'0#dc ,! mosque ( ,hebron1 ov] ! tomb ( ,abraham1 consi/s at pres5t ( a quadrangul> plat=m ab\t sev5ty y>ds long by ?irty-five wide4 ,! tomb :i* x cov]s is "o ( ! sites :i* few ,*ri/ian eyes h se54 ,x is p]mitt$ to none b ,moslems to approa* ne>] ! entrance ?an ! sev5? /ep ( ! /aircase along ! ea/]n wall4#dd ,illu/ration3 ,! dome ( ! rock1 ,j]usalem1 z se5 f ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,hebron is "o ( ! olde/ cities 9 ! _w & leg5ds ( all sorts h ga!r$ ab\t ! place4 ,ev5 9 ,al-,ghazali's day x 0 spok5 ( z ! place ( ,adam's creation & dea?1 ! sc5e ( ,abel's murd]1 & ! place :]e ,abraham made 8 home4 ,aft] ,al-,ghazali's visit to ,hebron he probably made 8 pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,:e!r ! j\rney 0 made by sea or by l&1 we d n "k4 ,9 any case x 0 full ( p]il at t p]iod4 ,v possibly ,al-,ghazali took ! long c>avan j\rney1 foll[+ ! r\te ( ! ,damascus pilgrimage 9 our day4 ,x 0 consid]$ prop]1 h[ev]1 to visit ,mecca fir/1 & ,m$9a on ! return j\rney4 ,al-,ghazali himself advises ?is 9 8 directions = ! correct p]=mance ( ! rites ( pilgrimage4#de ,9 :at _s he fulfill$ ! rites we "k f "o ( 8 spiritual tea*]s ^: text-book on ! subject ,al-,ghazali _h ma/]$4 8,a man :o _h j return$ f ! pilgrimage came to ,junayd4 ,junayd said3 #8,f ! h\r :5 y fir/ j\rney$ f y\r home h y also be5 j\rney+ away f all s9s8' ,he said #8,no4' #8,!n1' said ,junayd1 #8y h made no j\rney4 ,at e /age :]e y halt$ = ! night did y trav]se a /ation on ! way to ,god8' #8,no1' he repli$4 #8,!n1' said ,junayd1 #8y h n trodd5 ! road1 /age by /age4 ,:5 y put on ! pilgrim's g>b at ! prop] place1 did y disc>d ! qualities ( human nature z y ca/ (f y\r clo!s8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n put on ! pilgrim's g>b4 ,:5 y /ood on ,arafat1 did y /& "o mom5t 9 contemplation ( ,god8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n /ood at ,arafat4 ,:5 y w5t to ,muzdalifa & a*iev$ y\r desire1 did y r5\nce all s5sual desires8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n gone to ,muzdalifa4 ,:5 y circumambulat$ ! ,kaaba1 did y behold ! immat]ial beauty ( ,god 9 ! abode ( purification8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n circumambulat$ ! ,kaaba4 ,:5 y ran betwe5 ,safa & ,m>wa1 did y atta9 to purity 7safa7 & virtue 7muruwwat78' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n run4 ,:5 y came to ,m9a1 did all y\r wi%es 7muna7 cease8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n yet visit$ ,m9a4 ,:5 y rea*$ ! slaught] place & (f]$ sacrifices1 did y sacrifice ! objects ( worldly desire8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n sacrific$4 ,:5 y ?rew ! pebbles1 did y ?r[ away :atev] s5sual ?\ghts 7 accompany+ y8' #8,no4' #8,!n y h n yet ?r[n ! pebbles1 & y h n yet p]=m$ ! pilgrimage4'0 ,su* 0 ! my/ical int]pretation ( ! rites at ,mecca taught by ! ,sufis to _! disciples4 ,mecca1 :5 ,al-,ghazali made ! pilgrimage1 0 "u ! rule ( ! ,%]if ,abu ,ha%im 7,a4 ,d4 #ajfc-ajid74 ,half a c5tury e>li] ! ,k>ma?ians1 p]haps ! mo/ fanatic ( all ,moslem sects1 _h besieg$ ,mecca1 captur$ ! city1 murd]$ ! pilgrims by ?\s&s1 & c>ri$ away ! fam\s black /one to ,bahre9 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4#df ,by tak+ away ?is sacr$ treasure !y hop$ to put an end to ! pilgrimage1 b 7 disappo9t$4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #iej ! /one 0 return$ = a heavy ransom4#dg ,x 0 because ( ! con/ant disputes betwe5 ! ,caliphs ( ,bagdad & ,egypt t ! def5se ( ! holy cities 0 f9ally giv5 into ! h& ( ! ,%]ifs4 ,abu ,ha%im 0 a "t-s]v]1 & c>$ m = bribes ?an = religion1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,arabian *ronicl]s4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajgj he *ang$ ! "n ( ! ,fatimide ,sultans = t ( ! ,abbassides at ,friday pray]s1 & receiv$ mu* b\nty4 ,9 #ajge he sold ! same privilege to ! ,fatimides1 & 9 #ajgf to ! ,caliphs ( ,bagdad4 ,?is conduct s enrag$ ! ,sultan ( ,bagdad t 9 #ajia he s5t b&s ( ,turkomans aga9/ ,mecca4 ,*ronicles ( ! holy city dur+ ?is p]iod %[ t ! pilgrimage 0 accompani$ by grave dang]s because ( ,b$\9 robb]s z well z di/urbances 9 ,mecca itself4 ,sometimes ^! upris+s 7 direct$ by ,abu ,ha%im himself1 z 0 ! case 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajid4dh ,j ab\t ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali's visit1 ! v>i\s build+s at ,mecca & ! ,beit ,allah itself1 _h be5 repair$ & beautifi$4 ,! f\r maqams or places ( pray] = ! or?odox sects z !y n[ /& 7 built 9 ,a4 ,h4 #ajgd4 ,! place ( ! ,%afi sect to :i* ,al-,ghazali belong$1 is directly ov] ! well ( ,zem ,zem1 to :i* x s]ves z an upp] *amb]4 ,! build+1 erect$ 9 #ajgb1 is 9 use to-day4 ,! great pulpit ( :ite m>ble 0 s5t to ,mecca 9 ,a4 ,h4 #ifi by ! ,sultan ( ,egypt4 ,x is /ill 9 use4 ,p]*ance ,al-,ghazali asc5d$ ^! v /airs & address$ ! pilgrims4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajcj a viol5t torr5t swept ov] ,mecca1 & ne>ly ru9$ ! ,kaaba4 ,! repairs 7 n f9i%$ until #ajdj4di ,) 8 religi\s pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a x seems t ,al-,ghazali's life ( /rict retirem5t end$1 except = 8 visit to ,alex&ria & beyond4 ,app>5tly he propos$ to make a j\rney to ,spa9 & ! great ,sultan ( ! ,we/1 ,yusuf b9 ,ta%f91 on ^: behalf he _h giv5 ,fatwas or religi\s decisions1 b ! news ( ! ,sultan's dea? put an end to 8 plans1 accord+ to "s au?orities4 ,o!rs say t at ?is "t he 0 summon$ to tea* aga9 at ,ni%apur4 ,! details ( 8 life dur+ ! my/]i\s t5 ye>s ( 8 w&]+s are mo/ conflict+4 ,accord+ to ,abd al-,ghafir1 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,al-,ghazali1 he w5t a second "t to ,mecca1 aft]w>ds to ,syria1 & !n w&]$ f %r9e to %r9e = ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,next to 8,! ,confessions10 ! be/ au?ority on 8 life is und\bt$ly ?is same ,abd al-,ghafir4 ,:at he tells u ( ,al-,ghazali's life mu/ h be5 ga9$ f p]sonal k1 or g back imm$iately to ,al-,ghazali himself4 8,accord+ to him1 ,al-,ghazali set out on pilgrimage to ,mecca1 !n w5t to ,syria1 & rema9$ !re w&]+ f place to place & %r9e to %r9e ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,at ?is "t he compos$ sev]al ( 8 works1 ! ,ihya & books abbreviat$ f x1 su* z ! ,arba9 & ! ,rasail2 besides lab\r+ at 8 own spiritual advancem5t & gr[? ?r\gh ! religi\s ex]cises ( ! ,sufis4 ,!n he return$ to 8 home & liv$ !re a retir$ life = "s "t1 absorb$ 9 m$itation1 b gradually becom+ m & m s\ght aft] z a tea*] & guide to ! spiritual life4 ,at l5g? ,fakhr al-,mulk ,ali b4 ,nizam ,al-,mulk ,jamal ,a%-,%uhada1 :o _h previ\sly be5 ,wazir to ,b>qiy>uq1 became ,wazir to ,s9j> ! son ( ,malik ,%ah at ,ni%apur1 & by him su* pressure 0 put on ,al-,ghazali t he f9ally cons5t$ to resume tea*+ 9 ! ,maymuna ,nizamiyya ,madrasa !re40#ej ,we h ref]5ce to b no detail ( ,al-,ghazali's visit to ,cairo1 ! great c5tre ( ,moslem ar*itecture & le>n+ 9 ! ,we/1 z ,bagdad 0 9 ! ,ea/4 ,nor1 /range to say1 h ,i f\nd ref]5ce 9 8 works to ?is visit4 ,x is possible t he 0 n receiv$ altoge!r ) fav\r by ! religi\s lead]s ( ,al-,azh> at ! "t1 b 8 reputation 0 already _w-wide1 & _m ( 8 pupils at ,bagdad & ,ni%apur 7 f ,egypt & ,nor? ,africa4 ,at ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali's visit1 ,cairo 0 /ill ! great c5tre ( ,arab civilization1 & _h all ! glory :i* ! ,fatimid dyna/y _h be/[$ ^u x4 ,! spl5did palaces ( ! ,caliphs =m$ ! c5tral portion ( ! t[n4 ,! ?ree massive gates :i* /ill comm& admiration at ! pres5t day1 ,bab ,al-,futuh1 ,bab ,al-,nasr & ,bab ,az-,zuwaila1 l$ into ! city4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajhg ! walls 7 rebuilt1 & ^! massive gateways con/ruct$ along ) o!rs :i* are no long] /&+4 ,9 ! vault ( ! ar*ways ( ^! gates1 !re us$ to be two *amb]s1 & ^! 7 us$ by ! ,egyptian sov]eigns & _! fri5ds to wat* ! v>i\s spectacles1 especially ! dep>ture & return ( ! sacr$ c>pet4 ,! intellectual & religi\s life ( ! city c5tr$ 9 ! great mosque ( ,al-,azh>1 :i* _h be5 complet$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajab4 ,cairo 0 n yet ! economic c5tre = all ,egypt :i* x became lat]1 b x 0 ! seat ( a spl5did c\rt1 ) milit>y pageantry1 z well z a c5tre ( religi\s le>n+4 ,ibn ,tuwair & o!rs h giv5 u vivid pictures ( ! c]emonial processions & fe/ivals1 ! magaz9es1 treasuries1 /ables1 & royal h\sehold4 ,z = ,alex&ria1 :]e we "k ,al-,ghazali liv$ = "s "t be=e 8 return to ,syria1 x did n h a high reputation at t "t = le>n+4 ,x 0 r a port ( trade1 f :i* m5 pass$ on to ,misr 7,cairo7 or w5t by sea to ,syria4 ,hamadhani makes "o ( 8 *>act]s say3 8,i am ( ! citiz5s ( ,alex&ria1 ,( s\nd & pure /ock among !m1 ,! age & ! p !re( are /upid1 ,!re=e ,i made my /upidity my /e$60 ,b 9 ,moslem tradition1 ,alex&ria has high hon\r4 ,moslems %[ ! tomb ( ,daniel ! prophet1 also t ( ,alex&] ! ,great ^: /ory is told 9 ! ,koran4 ,alex&ria also boa/s two celebrat$ ,walis or holy m54 ,"o is ,mohamm$ al ,busiri1 ! au?or ( ! poem call$ ,al ,burdah1 univ]sally celebrat$2 & ! o!r ,abu ,abbas ,al-,&alusi1 at ^: tomb pray] is nev] (f]$ 9 va94 ,!re is also a prophecy t :5 ,mecca falls into ! h&s ( ! infidels ,alex&ria w succe$ to its hon\rs4#ea ,f ,alex&ria ,al-,ghazali w5t to ,damascus & !n to ,ni%apur & f !re to ,bagdad1 or f ,damascus direct to ,bagdad1 :]e he taught ! ,ihya & prea*$4 ,z-,subki tells u t ! p cr[d$ to he> him1 & t notes ( 8 s]mons to ! numb] ( #ahc 7 tak5 by "o ( ^? pres5t1 :o read !m to ,al-,ghazali be=e !y 7 circulat$4 ,! foll[+ /ory is told ( 8 life at ?is "t3 ,once :ile tea*+ ! ,ihya at ,bagdad1 he began to quote3 8,he has made belov$ ! homes ( m51 z abodes ( desire :i* ! he>t has decre$2 :5ev] !y rememb] _! homes ^! rem9d !m ( ! pl$ges ( y\? !re1 & !y long ?i!r40 ,!n he wept1 & ^? pres5t wept ) him4 ,!reaft] "s "o saw him 9 ! op5 c\ntry ) a pat*$ d]vi%-g>m5t on1 a wat]-vessel & an iron-%od /aff 9 8 h&1--all 9 /range contra/ to ! /ates 9 :i* he _h se5 him be=e1 ) ?ree hundr$ pupils ar\nd him1 includ+ "o hundr$ ( ! *ief m5 ( ,bagdad4 ,s he said1 8,o ,imam1 is n ! tea*+ ( sci5ce m fitt+80 ,b ,al-,ghazali look$ at him ) r$ eyes & said1 8,:5 ! full moon ( happ9ess rises 9 ! firmam5t ( w1 ! sun ( sett+ dep>ts 9 ! ,ea/ ( union40 ,!n he recit$1 8,i ab&on$ ! love ( ,layla & my happ9ess 0 f>1 & ,i return$ to ! companion%ip ( my fir/ alight+-place2 !n cri$ to me my long+s1 #8,welcome6 ^! are ! alight+-places ( h] :om ?\ love/1 draw up & alight4'0 ,( 8 spiritual exp]i5ces dur+ ^! t5 ye>s ( retirem5t & w&]+1 & dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$1 :5 he taught o!rs ! way ( ! my/ic1 we w speak lat]4 ,we "k t he left ,bagdad1 return$ to ,tus1 8 native place1 & settl$ d[n to /udy & contemplation4 ,/range to say1 at ?is "t ( 8 life he seems to h f\nd ! greate/ delight 9 go+ back aga9 to ! /udy ( ,tradition1 especially ! collections ( ,al-,bokh>i & ( ,muslim4 ,all 8 biograph]s seem to agree 9 ?is4 ,he _h *>ge ( a madrasa & ( ! khanka or mona/]y = ,sufis4 ,e mom5t 0 fill$ ) /udy & devotion until 9 ! fifty-fif? ye> ( 8 life 7lun> cal5d>7 ! end came4 ,! au/]ity & privations ( 8 long w&]+s d\btless wore d[n 8 /r5g?4 ,"o :o _h ris5 to s high a position ( au?ority on religi\s matt]s also _h to pay ! price ( lead]%ip 9 controv]sy ) oppon5ts1 & ( _! envy1 & _! sl&]1 z we are told by al-,ghafir4 ,?is may h be51 ,macdonald ?9ks1 "o ( ! causes = 8 removal f ,ni%apur to ,tus4 ,a fri5d rem>ks 9 reg>d to 8 attitude t[>ds ^? :o oppos$ 8 tea*+ & envi$ 8 influ5ce3 8,h[ev] mu* he met ( contradiction & attack & sl&]1 x made no impression on him1 & he did n tr\ble himself to answ] 8 assailants4 ,i visit$ him _m times1 & x 0 no b>e conjecture ( m9e t he1 9 spite ( :at ,i saw 9 him 9 "t pa/ ( malici\sness & r\ghness t[>ds p1 & h[ he look$ ^u !m contemptu\sly ?r\gh 8 be+ l$ a/ray by :at ,god _h grant$ him ( ease 9 ^w & ?\ght & expression1 & ?r\gh ! seek+ ( rank & position1 _h come to be ! v opposite & 0 purifi$ f ^! /a9s4 ,& ,i us$ to ?9k t he 0 wrapp+ himself 9 ! g>m5t ( pret5se1 b ,i realiz$ aft] inve/igation t ! ?+ 0 ! opposite ( :at ,i _h ?\ght1 & t ! man _h recov]$ aft] be+ mad40 ,al-,ghazali di$ on ,monday1 ! f\rte5? ( ,jumada ,,ii1 ,a4 ,h4 #eje 7,dec4 #ah?1 #aaaa74 ,8 bro!r ,ahmad 7quot$ by ,murtadha f ,ibn ,jawzi's ,kitab a?-?abat ind al-mamat7 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 dea?3 8,on ,monday1 at dawn1 my bro!r p]=m$ ! ablution & pray$4 ,!n he said1 #8,br+ me my grave-clo!s1' & he took !m & kiss$ !m & laid !m on 8 eyes & said1 #8,i he> & obey to g 9 to ! ,k+4' ,& he /ret*$ out 8 feet t[>ds ,mecca1 & 0 tak5 to ! good w ( ,god ,mo/ ,high4 ,he 0 buri$ at1 or outside (1 ,tabran1 ! citadel ( ,tus1 & ,ibn ,z-,samani visit$ 8 grave !re40 ,lat] biograph]s 7 n satisfi$ ) ! b>e facts ( 8 decease4 ,murtadha gives a f> m int]e/+ /ory4 8,:5 dea? drew ne> to ! ,imam ,abu ,hamid ,al-,ghazali1 he comm&$ 8 s]vant1 an excell5t & religi\s man1 to dig 8 grave 9 ! middle ( 8 h\se1 & to summon ! p ( ! neighb\r+ villages to att5d 8 fun]al2 t !y %\ld n t\* him1 b t a company ( ?ree m5 unkn[n 9 ! region ( ,al-,iraq w\ld come out ( ! des]t1 t two ( !m w\ld wa% him1 & ! ?ird w\ld und]take ! pray] ov] him )\t ! advice or comm& ( any "o4 ,!n1 :5 he di$1 ! s]vant did accord+ to all t he _h comm&$1 & requir$ ! pres5ce ( ! p4 ,& :5 ! p ga!r$ to att5d ! fun]al1 !y saw ?ree m5 :o _h come out ( ! des]t4 ,two ( !m began to wa% ! corpse1 :ile ! ?ird vani%$ & did n appe>4 ,b :5 !y _h wa%$ him & arrang$ him 9 ! grave-clo!s1 & c>ri$ 8 bi] & laid x on ! edge ( ! grave1 ! ?ird appe>$ wrapp$ 9 8 robe ) a black bord] on bo? sides1 turban$ ) wool1 & he pray$ = him & ! p pray$ ) him4 ,!n he gave ! b5$iction & dep>t$ & hid f ! p4 ,& "s ( ! excell5t ( ! p ( ,al-,iraq :o 7 pres5t at ! fun]al _h notic$ him c>efully1 b did n "k him until "s ( !m he>d a ,hatif 9 ! night say+ to !m1 #8,! man :o l$ ! p 9 pray] is ,abu ,abd ,allah ,mohamm$ b4 ,i%aq ,amgh>1 ! ,%>if4 ,he came f ! f>!/ ,maghrib1 f ,ayn al-,qatr1 & ^? :o wa%$ ! corpse are 8 comrades ,abu ,%uayb ,ayyub b4 ,said & ,abu ,isa ,wajih4' ,& :5 !y he>d t !y j\rney$ f ,al-,iraq to ,sanhaja ( ! f>!/ ,maghrib1 & :5 !y _h rea*$ !m & ask$ ( !m _! pray]s1 !y return$ to ,al-,iraq & relat$ x to ! ,sufis & publi%$ _! miracle 7k>ama74 ,!n a company ( !m1 :5 !y he>d t1 w5t to visit !m & f\nd !m to be ^? :om !y notic$ c>efully1 & !y ask$ ( !m _! pray]s4 ,& ?is is a /range /ory40#eb ,an equally rem>kable /ory is told ( ! dea? ( ,al-,ghazali's y\ng] bro!r 9 ! books ( ! ,p]sian my/ics4#ec ,! v]ses giv5 might well apply to ,al-,ghazali himself & 8 views ( life & dea?4 8,moghi? relat$1 on ! au?ority ( ,kadiri tradition1 h[ ! fam\s ,ahm$-,al-,ghazali1 native ( ,tus 9 ,p]sia1 said "o day to 8 disciples1 #8,g & br+ me new & :ite g>m5ts4' ,!y w5t2 & on return+ ) ! objects requir$1 f\nd _! ma/] dead2 by 8 side 0 a pap] on :i* 7 writt5 ! foll[+ /anzas3 8#8,tell my fri5ds1 :o behold me dead1 ,weep+ & m\rn+ my loss a :ile1 ,?9k n ?is corpse be=e y myself3 ,t corpse is m9e1 b x is n ,i4 ,i am an undy+ life1 & ?is is n my body1 ,_m ye>s my h\se & my g>m5t ( *ange2 ,i am ! bird1 & ?is body 0 my cage1 ,i h w+'d my flight else:]e1 & left x = a tok54 ,i am ! pe>l1 & ?is my %ell1 ,brok5 op5 & ab&on'd to wor?lessness2 ,i am ! treasure1 & ?is 0 a spell ,?r[n ov] me1 till ! treasure 0 releas$ 9 tru?4 ,?anks be to ,god1 :o has deliv]$ me1 ,& has assign'd me a la/+ abode 9 ! highe/4 ,!re am ,i n[ ! day conv]s+ ) ! happy1 ,& behold+ face to face unveil$ ,deity2 ,contemplat+ ! ,mirror :]e9 ,i see & read ,pa/ & pres5t1 & :atev] rema9s to be4 ,food & dr9k too are m9e1 yet bo? are "o2 ,my/]y kn[n to him :o is wor?y to "k4 ,x is n 8w9e sweet ( ta/e0 t ,i dr9k2 ,no1 nor 8wat]10 b ! pure milk ( a "m4 ,und]/& my mean+ aright1 = ! secret ,is signifi$ by words ( symbol & figure1-- ,i h j\rney'd on1 & left y beh9d2 ,h[ c\ld ,i make an abode ( y\r halt+-/age8 ,ru9 !n my h\se & break my cage 9 pieces1 ,& let ! %ell g p]i% ) k9dr$ illusions2 ,te> my g>m5t1 ! veil once ?r[n ov] me2 ,!n bury all ^!1 & leave !m alike = ,i g4 ,deem n dea? dea?1 = x is 9 tru? ,life ( lives1 ! goal ( all our long+s4 ,?9k lov+ly ( a ,god ^: ,"n is love1 ,:o joys 9 rew>d+1 & come on secure ( fe>4 ,:5ce ,i am1 ,i behold y undy+ spirits l myself1 ,& see t our lot is "o1 & y z ,i4'0 ,we are indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,dwight ,m4 ,donaldson ( ,ma%ad1 ,p]sia1 = ! int]e/+ photographs ( ! ru9s ( ,tus & ( ! suppos$ tomb ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,! mosque is v old & probably dates f ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,! grave %[n 9 ! picture1 h[ev]1 may n be ! grave ( ,al-,ghazali ! my/ic b ( ano!r celebrat$ ,ghazali4 ,= we read 9 ,z-,subqi 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cf7 t !re 0 "o call$ ,ahm$ ibn ,mohamm$ ,abu ,ham$ ,al-,ghazali1 ! old] & e>li] "o4 ,he says t p h ?r[n d\bt ^u 8 v exi/5ce1 b t aft] c>eful inquiry he has f\nd m5tion ( ?is man 9 sev]al books1 includ+ ! ,kitab ,al ,ansab ( ,ibn ,z-,samani4 ,he m5tions ! fact t ?is man also liv$ 9 ,khorasan1 0 celebrat$ = 8 le>n+1 wrote books on !ological que/ions1 & 0 buri$ at ,tus1 :]e 8 grave 0 well kn[n2 & because ( ?is p call$ him ! ,old ,ghazali1 & us$ to come to 8 grave 9 ord] to obta9 answ]s to _! pray]s4 ,he ?9ks t ?is ,ghazali 0 ei!r ! uncle or ! gr&-uncle ( ,al-,ghazali1 ^: biography we h writt54 ,incid5tally we may conclude f ?is /atem5t ( ,z-,subqi t ! "n ( ,al-,ghazali 0 n giv5 to him because 8 fa!r 0 a sp9n] ( wool6 ,x mu/ h be5 an old family "n4 ,mr4 ,donaldson gives ?is int]e/+ in=mation3 8,! walls ( ! old city ( ,tus /ill /&4 ,x is "o f>sakh ar\nd !m1 ?ree & a ?ird miles4 ,!re are _m fragm5ts ( t[]s & 9 n9e places !re are rema9s ( gates4 ,! wall 0 orig9ally five y>ds wide4 ,9 ! l>ge/ cemet]y ! tomb/one ( ,ahmad ,ghazali may /ill be se54 ,?is cemet]y lies s\?we/ f ! city & :ile ! bulk ( x is n[ "u cultivation1 ! m di/ant "p t lies on ! high] gr\nd beyond ! wat]way has be5 kept a cemet]y4 8,! picture ,i h enclos$ ( ,ghazali's tomb is n z satisfactory z ,i w\ld h lik$4 ,x %[s t a l>ge *ip has be5 tak5 f "o corn] ( ! grave4 ,! /one is ab\t two y>ds long1 "o-?ird y>d wide1 & "o-?ird y>d high4 ,!re are positive indications ( an ef=t hav+ be5 made to cut (f ! portion on :i* ! "n ( ,ahm$ ,al-,ghazali appe>s4 ,x is ! "p t is *ipp$ 9 ! picture4 ,ab\t at ! po9t :]e ! *ipp+ appe>s to beg9 !re is a /raight l9e cut ab\t "o in* deep across ! top ( ! /one4 8,on ! road t runs ?r\gh ! city f ! s\?we/ gate ! old mosque is impos+ ev5 9 its ru9$ condition4 ,x /&s eighte5 y>ds high & ! inn] measurem5ts %[ x to consi/ ( a squ>e base1 five y>ds high1 !n an octagonal /ructure eight y>ds high4 7,see illu/ration47 8,outside ! s\?we/ gate an anci5t bridge is /ill 9 use1 z c>avans f ,ma%ad come ?r\gh ! old city ( ,tus4 ,?is bridge has eight ar*es1 ea* f\r & "o-half y>ds wide4 ,! "n ( ! /ream is ! ,ka%f ,rud4 8,! =tress itself is int]e/+2 x is surr\nd$ by a moat & a wall1 )9 :i* lies a l>ge c\rty>d & ! high approa* to ! =t itself4 ,at pres5t we c\ld walk ar\nd ! wall & approa* ! =t by a passage 9 ! re>4 ,9 ! c\rty>d !y are n[ rais+ ! be/ wat]-melons we h eat5 9 ,p]sia4 ,f\r gigantic corn] fragm5ts ( ! =t are n[ /&+4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! dbris ( bricks )9 ^! old walls we f\nd int]e/+ fragm5ts ( pott]y40 ,9 ano!r lett] f ,ma%ad1 ,p]sia1 dat$ ,janu>y #ag1 #aiag1 ! ,rev4 ,dwight ,m4 ,donaldson writes3 8,?is week ,i made ano!r trip to ,tus1 c>efully exam9+ aga9 ! tomb/one ( ,ghazali4 ,z ,i wrote y be=e1 ! /one has be5 badly worn & 9 addition to t has be5 mutilat$4 ,h[ev]1 on ! po9t ( d\bt z to :e!r ! /one photograph$ 0 really ! "o m>k+ ,mohamm$ ,al-,ghazali's tomb1 or ! tomb ( ano!r ,ahmad ,al-,ghazali1 ,i c n[ say t ,i believe x is ! tomb ( ,abu ,ham$ ibn ,mohamm$ ibn ,mohamm$ ibn ,mohamm$ ,al-,ghazali1 = ! reason t we c cle>ly read on ! corn] ( ! top ( ! /one1 ! end :i* "s "o 9 times pa/ attempt$ to cut (f1 ! "n & 4 ,& z "o /udies ! /one he is almo/ will+ to decl>e t ! "n is fully intelligible ) ! exception ( ! initial aleph4 ,! :ole top is badly worn inde$1 b ! ^w t my mirza fir/ read z ,ahmad is cle>ly n ,ahmad1 b :at x is we _c tell4 ,! damage is too complete4 8,y w notice t ,ghazzali appe>s 9 ! /one to h be5 spell$ ) a ta%de$ & yet ! m>k we h consid]$ a ta%de$ is n ! usual =m 7v in/ead ( w740 ,?is inve/igation1 !re=e1 w\ld seem to settle two po9ts3 t we h at ,tus ! neglect$ & mutilat$ grave ( ! great my/ic & !ologian1 ,al-,ghazali2 & t on ?is grave ! middle lett] ( ! "n is d\ble4 ,9 view ( ! common usage1 h[ev]1 & 9 def]5ce to ! au?orities ( ,moslems !mselves1 we h uni=mly writt5 ,ghazali4 ,v ,8 ,cre$ & ,cr$ulity 8,?is man1 7,al-,ghazali7 if ev] any h des]v$ ! "n1 0 truly a #8div9e1' & he may be ju/ly plac$ on a level ) ,orig51 s rem>kable 0 he = le>n+ & +5uity1 & gift$ ) su* a r>e faculty = ! skilful & wor?y exposition ( doctr9e4 ,all t is good1 noble1 & sublime t 8 great s\l _h compass$ he be/[$ ^u ,mohamm$anism1 & he adorn$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,koran ) s mu* piety & le>n+ t1 9 ! =m giv5 !m by him1 !y seem1 9 my op9ion1 wor?y ! ass5t ( ,*ri/ians4 ,:atsoev] 0 mo/ excell5t 9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle or 9 ! ,sufic my/icism he discreetly adapt$ to ! ,mohamm$an !ology2 f e s*ool he s\ght ! means ( %$d+ light & hon\r ^u religion2 :ile 8 s9c]e piety & l(ty consci5ti\sness imp>t$ to all 8 writ+s a sacr$ maje/y4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( ,mohamm$an div9es40 --,dr4 ,augu/ ,?oluck4 ,v ,,8 ,,cre$ ,,& ,,cr$ulity ,al?\gh1 accord+ to 8 own te/imony 9 8 8,confessions10 ,al-,ghazali 0 tr\bl$ f 8 e>lie/ ye>s ) d\bt & scepticism1 he 0 n will+ to yield to x1 & 8 fai? rose triumphant above all 8 d\bts4 ,?is is "o ( ! out/&+ facts 9 8 biography4 ,he c\ld say ) ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews t 8fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s hop$ = & ! evid5ce ( ?+s n se540 ,n only did he f9d ,god 9 nature & 9 8 own consci5ce & consci\sness1 b he 0 a firm believ] 9 revelation4 ,naturally ! only revelation to :i* ,al-,ghazali turn$ z ! basis1 ! v b$-rock ( religi\s fai?1 0 ! ,koran1 ! et]nal1 uncreat$ ^w ( ,god accord+ to ,moslem tea*+2 & also to ! life ( ! ,prophet ,mohamm$1 8 practices & 8 precepts h&$ d[n 9 or?odox ,tradition--?is also 0 a revelation f ,god4 ,:e!r he ev] read ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t is a "q we consid] unansw]$4 ,he did n draw 8 cre$ f ?is s\rce4 ,al-,ghazali gives ! di/9ction v cle>ly1 almo/ z cle>ly z ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 betwe5 fai? & works4 ,he 0 a dogmatic !ologian & laid d[n1 z we %all see 9 ?is *apt]1 ) punctili\s c>e e po9t ( dogma2 b he 0 also a morali/ & a man ( high ideals :i* he s\ght to atta9 ?r\gh pray] & fa/+ & pilgrimage1 & a life ( utt] devotion to ! w ( ,god4 ,8 fai? 0 liv+ & practical1 n !oretical & s*ola/ic4 ,9 8 great "w1 ! ,ihya1 he discusses ! :ole subject ( fai?1 & enum]ates ! foll[+ classes ( believ]s3 8,he :o comb9es inn] belief ) outw>d confession & good works is a true believ] & ent]s ,p>adise4 8,he :o comb9es inn] belief ) outw>d confession & "s good works b commits "o or m great s9s1 does n !reby cease to be a believ]1 ?\gh 8 fai? is n ( ! highe/ degree4 ,! ,mutazila d5y t su* a "o c be consid]$ a believ]1 b t nev]!less by committ+ deadly s9s he does n become an unbeliev] b is 9 an int]m$iate /ate betwe5 a believ] & an infidel4 ,an infidel is an impi\s p]son & goes into ev]la/+ hell-fire40 ,! op9ions ) reg>d to ! p]son :o comb9es inn] belief ) outw>d confession1 b has no good works are divid$4 ,abu ,talibu'l ,makki says3 8,good works are "p ( ! fai?1 & fai? _c exi/ )\t !m40 ,! ,sunni doctors ( ,islam1 h[ev]1 reject ?is op9ion z absolutely false1 = !y say t x is a tru? accept$ by g5]al agreem5t1 t a man :o believes & confesses & dies be=e he has done any good "w1 is a true believ] & ent]s ,p>adise2 t good works _c consequ5tly be consid]$ z a necess>y "p ( fai?1 & t fai? c exi/ )\t !m4 8,he :o believes 9 8 he>t1 b dies be=e he has ei!r confess$ or p]=m$ good works1 is nev]!less a true believ] & ent]s into ,p>adise4 ,^? :o consid] confession a necess>y "p ( fai? naturally consid] t su* a "o has di$ )\t fai?1 an op9ion absolutely contr>y to ! ,sunni dogma4 8,he :o believes 9 8 he>t1 & has "t & opportunity ( confess+1 & kn[s t x is ! duty ( ! ,moslem to d s1 & does n confess 8 fai?1 is nev]!less a believ] 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & w n be ca/ into ev]la/+ hell-fire1 = fai? is ! m]e belief1 intellectual conviction & ass5t1 & ?is belief does n cease to exi/ ?r\gh ! want ( outw>d confession4 ,su* a man is a believ] 9 ! sight ( ,god1 b an unbeliev] 9 ?is _w be=e ! c\rt ( ju/ice & ) reg>d to ! rights ( ,moslems4 ,9 case ( an imp$im5t ( ! tongue1 a sign ) ! h& is z good z confession ) ! tongue4 ,! sect ( ! ,murjia g too f> by say+ t a believ]1 ev5 if he act wick$ly1 w nev] ent] hell-fire4 ,! or?odox doctr9e on ?is subject is t e "o1 ev5 ! mo/ p]fect believ]1 w ent] hell-fire1 = no "o is free f committ+ "s s9s1 = :i* he mu/ ent] fire2 only infidels1 h[ev]1 w rema9 9 x =ev]40 8,he :o confesses ) ! tongue say+3 #8,!re is no ,god b ,god1 & ,mohamm$ is ,8 apo/le1' b does n believe x 9 8 he>t is an infidel 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & w be ca/ into et]nal hell-fire4 ,9 ?is _w1 h[ev]1 he is to be consid]$ & treat$ z a believ] & a ,moslem1 = man _c p5etrate into ! secrets ( ! he>t1 & ! confession ( ! m\? mu/ be tak5 to be ! int]pret] ( ! ?\ghts ( ! he>t4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to make a man a ,moslem 9 ?is _w1 be=e ! law1 9 ! sight ( ! ,qadi1 confession is necess>y40 ,n only does he classify believ]s 9 ?is c>eful way1 b he also discusses ! "q1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,ihya1 :e!r ,islam is ! same ?+ z iman 7fai?7 or n1 & if ^! two are n ! same ?+1 c !y exi/ sep>ately or mu/ !y necess>ily be comb9$8 8,"s say t ,islam & ,iman are synonym\s t]ms & t consequ5tly e believ] is a ,moslem & e ,moslem a believ]40 ,?is is ! op9ion held by ! or?odox s*ool4 ,o!rs say t !y are di/9ct ?+s b jo9$ toge!r4 ,al-,ghazali answ]s ?is difficult "q 9 ?is way3 ,iman 7,fai?71 f ! l+ui/ic po9t ( view1 means belief1 intellectual conviction & ass5t2 ,islam means submission1 subjection1 ob$i5ce4 ,! seat ( ,iman is ! he>t or m9d1 & ! tongue is its int]pret]4 ,islam comprises belief ) ! he>t & confession ) ! tongue1 & good works by ! memb]s ( ! body1 & is consequ5tly a m compreh5sive t]m ?an ,iman4 ,iman is "o ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ,islam1 & ,islam1 !re=e1 includes x2 b ,iman1 be+ a m re/rict$ t]m1 does n include ,islam4 ,f a l+ui/ic po9t ( view ! two t]ms are !re=e n synonym\s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! law & religion1 & 9 a !ological s5se ! two t]ms are sometimes us$ z be+ synonym\s1 & sometimes z hav+ diff]5t mean+s & z be+ int]m+l$1 compris$ 9 ea* o!r4 ,iman & ,islam are f\nd 9 ! individual :o believes 9 8 he>t & outw>dly obs]ves ! precepts ( ,islam2 ,islam exi/s sep>ately 9 ! individual1 :o only believes 9 8 he>t2 b nei!r confesses1 nor does good works1 & ,islam exi/s sep>ately 9 him :o outw>dly obs]ves ! precepts ( ,islam1 )\t inn] belief4 ,:at ! fai? ( ,islam meant to ,al-,ghazali we "k f all 8 works1 especially f ! ,ihya1 :i* besides o!r topics gives a full exposition ( ,moslem belief 9 reg>d to ! six articles ( _! cre$ & ! five pill>s ( practice4 ,! read] may judge = himself bo? ! cont5ts & omissions ( ,al-,ghazali's cr$o f ! foll[+ brief exposition :i* he wrote = 8 pupils3 ,,8 ,,cre$#ed 8,we say--& 9 ,god is our tru/--,praise belonge? unto ,god1 ! ,beg9n]1 ! ,br+]-back1 ! ,do] ( :at ,he wille?1 ! ,"l ( ! ,glori\s ,?rone & ( ,mighty ,grasp1 ! ,guid] ( ,8 *os5 creatures to ! "r pa? & to ! true way1 ! ,grant] ( b5efits to !m aft] ! witness to ! ,unity 7ta:id7 by gu>d+ _! articles ( belief f obscurities ( d\bt & opposition4 ,he t br+e? !m to foll[ ,8 ,apo/le1 ! ,*os5 "o 7,al-,mu/afa7 & to imitate ! traces ( ,8 ,companions1 ! mo/ hon\r$1 ?r\gh ,8 aid & "r guidance reveal$ to !m 9 ,8 ess5ce & ,8 works by ,8 beautiful qualities :i* none p]ceives1 save he :o incl9es 8 e>4 ,he is ! witness :o make? kn[n to !m t ,he 9 ,8 ess5ce is ,"o )\t any p>tn] 7%>ik74 ,s+le )\t any simil>1 ,et]nal )\t any opposite1 ,sep>ate )\t any l4 ,he is ,"o1 ,prior 7qadim7 ) no?+ be=e ,him1 f et]nity 7azali7 )\t any beg9n+1 abid+ 9 exi/5ce ) none aft] ,him1 to et]nity 7abadi7 )\t any end1 sub/itut+ )\t end+1 abid+ )\t t]m9ation4 ,he ha? n ceas$ & ,he w n cease to be describ$ ) glori\s epi!ts2 f9i%+ & end+1 ?\gh ! cutt+ (f ( ! ages & ! t]m9at+ ( allott$ times h no rule ov] ,him1 b ,he is ! ,fir/ & ,la/1 ! ,ext]nal & ! ,int]nal1 & ,he kn[e? ev]y?+4 8,we witness t ,he is n a body possess+ =m1 nor a sub/ance possess+ b\nds & limits2 ,he does n resemble bodies1 ei!r 9 limitation or 9 accept+ division4 ,he is n a sub/ance & sub/ances d n exi/ 9 ,him2 & ,he is n an accid5t & accid5ts d n exi/ 9 ,him1 nay ,he does n resemble an entity1 & no entity resembles ,him2 no?+ is l ,him & ,he is n l any?+2 measure does n b\nd ,him & b\nd>ies d n conta9 ,him2 ! directions d n surr\nd ,him & nei!r ! e>? nor ! ,heav5s are on diff]5t sides ( ,him4 ,lo1 ,he is seat$ firmly ^u ,8 ?rone 7ar%71 aft] ! mann] :i* ,he has said1 & 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,he will$ a be+-seat$ firmly 7i/awa71 :i* is f> remov$ f contact & fixity ( location & be+ e/abli%$ & be+ envelop$ & be+ remov$4 ,! ,?rone does n c>ry ,him1 b ! ,?rone & ^? t c>ry x are c>ri$ by ! grace ( ,8 p[] & ma/]$ by ,8 grasp4 ,he is above ! ,?rone & ! ,heav5s & above ev]y?+ unto ! limit ( ! ,pleiades1 ) an abov5ess :i* does n br+ ,him ne>] to ! ,?rone & ! ,heav5s1 j z x does n make ,him fur!r f ! e>? & ! ,pleiades4 ,nay1 ,he is exalt$ by degrees f ! ,?rone & ! ,heav5s1 j z ,he is exalt$ by degrees f ! e>? & ! ,pleiades2 & ,he1 9 spite ( t1 is ne> to e entity & is #8ne>] to a creature ?an ! art]y ( 8 neck' 7,koran #ej1 #ae71 & ,he witnesse? ev]y?+1 s9ce ,8 ne>ness does n resemble ! ne>ness ( bodies1 j z ,8 ess5ce does n resemble ! ess5ce ( bodies4 ,he does n exi/ 9 any?+1 j z no?+ exi/s 9 ,him2 ,he has exalt$ ,himself f> !refrom t a place %\ld conta9 ,him1 j z ,he has sanctifi$ ,himself f> !refrom t "t %\ld limit ,him4 ,nay1 ,he 0 be=e ,he _h creat$ ,"t & ,place & ,he is n[ above t :i* ,he 0 above1 & di/9ct f ,8 creatures ?r\gh ,8 qualities4 ,!re is n 9 ,8 ess5ce ,8 equal1 nor 9 ,8 equal ,8 ess5ce4 ,he is f> remov$ f *ange ( /ate or ( place4 ,ev5ts h no place 9 ,him1 & mi%aps d n befall ,him4 ,nay1 ,he does n cease1 ?r\gh ,8 glori\s epi!ts1 to be f> remov$ f *ang+1 & ?r\gh ,8 p]fect qualities to be indep5d5t ( p]fect+ increase4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,8 ess5ce is kn[n by reason2 ,8 ess5ce is se5 ) ! eyes1 a b5efit f ,him & a grace to ! pi\s1 9 ! ,abid+ ,abode & a completion 9 beatitude f ,him1 ?r\gh gaz+ ^u ,8 graci\s face4 8,we witness t ,he is liv+1 p[]ful1 comm&+1 conqu]+2 inadequacy & weakness befall ,him n2 slumb] seizes ,him n1 nor sleep4 ,pass+ away does n happ5 to ,him1 nor dea?4 ,he is ,"l ( ! ,worlds1 ! ,visible & ! ,invisible1 t ( ,=ce & t ( ,might2 ,he possesses ,rule & ,conque/ & ,creation & ,comm&2 ! heav5s are roll$ 9 ,8 "r h& & ! creat$ ?+s are ov]come 9 ,8 grasp2 ,he is sep>ate 9 creat+ & inv5t+2 ,he is "o 9 br++ into exi/5ce & innovat+2 ,he creat$ ! creation & _! works & decre$ _! su/5ance & _! t]ms ( life2 n a decre$ ?+ escapes ,8 grasp & ! mutations ( ?+s are n di/ant f ,8 p[]2 ! ?+s :i* ,he ha? decre$ _c be reckon$ & ! ?+s :i* ,he kn[e? h no end4 8,we witness t ,he kn[e? all ! ?+s t c be kn[n1 compreh5d+ t :i* happ5e? f ! b\nds ( ! e>? unto ! topmo/ heav5s2 no gra9 9 ! e>? or ! heav5s is di/ant f ,8 k4 ,yea1 ,he kn[s ! creep+ ( ! black ant ^u ! rugg$ rock 9 a d>k night1 & ,he p]ceives ! movem5t ( ! mote 9 ! mid/ ( ! air2 ,he kn[s ! secret & ! conceal$ & has k ( ! sugge/ions ( ! m9ds & ! movem5ts ( ! ?\ghts & ! conceal$ ?+s ( ! inmo/ p>ts1 by a k :i* is prior f et]nity2 ,he has n ceas$ to be describable by x1 f ! ages ( ! ages1 n by a k :i* r5ews itself & arises 9 ,8 ess5ce by arrival & removal4 8,we witness t ,he is a ,will] ( ! ?+s t are1 a ,director ( ! ?+s t happ52 !re does n come ab\t 9 ! _w se5 or unse51 little or mu*1 small or great1 good or evil1 advantage or disadvantage1 fai? or unbelief1 k or ignorance1 success or loss1 increase or dim9ution1 ob$i5ce or rebellion1 except by ,8 w4 ,:at ,he wills is1 & :at ,he wills n is n4 ,n a glance ( "o :o looks1 or a slip ( "o :o ?9ks is outside ( ,8 w2 ,he is ! creator1 ! ,br+] back1 ! ,do] ( t :i* ,he wills4 ,!re is no oppon5t ( ,8 comm& & no repeat] ( ,8 de/9y & no refuge = a creature f disobey+ ,him1 except by ,8 help & ,8 m]cy1 & no /r5g? to a creature to obey ,him except by ,8 w4 ,ev5 ?\gh mank9d & ! ,j9n & ! ,angels & ! ,%aytans 7 to unite to remove a s+le gra9 9 ! _w or to br+ x to re/ )\t ,8 w1 !y w\ld be too weak = t4 ,8 w subsi/s 9 ,8 ess5ce z "o ( ,8 qualities2 ,he ha? n ceas$ to be describ$ ?r\gh x z a ,will]1 9 ,8 inf9ity ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s at _! appo9t$ times :i* ,he ha? decre$4 ,s !y come into exi/5ce at _! appo9t$ times ev5 z ,he has will$ 9 ,8 inf9ity )\t prec$5ce or sequ5ce4 ,!y happ5 accord+ to ! agreem5t ( ,8 k & ,8 w1 )\t ex*ange or *ange 9 plann+ ( ?+s1 nor ) arrang+ ( ?\ghts or await+ ( "t1 & !re=e "o ?+ does n di/ract ,him f ano!r4 8,& we witness t ,he is a ,he>] & a ,se]4 ,he he>s & sees & no audible ?+ is di/ant f ,8 he>+1 & no visible ?+ is f> f ,8 see+1 h[ev] f9e x may be4 ,di/ance does n curta9 (f ,8 he>+ & d>kness does n dull ,8 see+2 ,he sees )\t eyeball or eyelid1 & he>s )\t e>holes or e>s1 j z ,he kn[s )\t a bra9 & seizes )\t a limb & creates )\t an in/rum5t1 s9ce ,8 qualities d n resemble t quality ( creat$ ?+s1 j z ,8 ess5ce does n resemble ! ess5ces ( creat$ ?+s4 8,& we witness t ,he speaks1 comm&+1 =bidd+1 prais+1 ?reat5+1 ) a spee* f all et]nity1 prior1 subsi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce1 n resembl+ ! spee* ( creat$ ?+s4 ,x is n a s\nd :i* orig9ates ?r\gh ! slipp+ out ( air1 or /rik+ ( bodies2 nor is x a lett] :i* is sep>at$ (f by clos+ d[n a lip or mov+ a tongue4 ,& ! ,koran & ! ,tawrat 7! ,law ( ,moses7 & ! ,injil 7! ,gospel7 & ! ,zabbur 7! ,psalms7 are ,8 books reveal$ to ,8 ,apo/les4 ,& ! ,koran is repeat$ by tongues1 writt5 9 copies1 pres]v$ 9 he>ts2 yet x 9 spite ( t1 is prior subsi/+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 n subject to division & sep>ation ?r\gh be+ transf]r$ to he>ts & leaves4 ,& ,musa he>d ! spee* ( ,god )\t a s\nd & )\t a lett]1 j z ! pi\s see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 9 ! o!r _w )\t a sub/ance or an attribute4 8,& s9ce ,he has ^? qualities1 ,he is liv+1 ,kn[+1 ,p[]ful1 a ,will]1 a ,he>]1 a ,se]1 a ,speak]1 ?r\gh ,life1 ,p[]1 ,k1 ,w1 ,he>+1 ,see+1 ,spee*1 n by a ?+ sep>at$ f ,8 ess5ce4 8,we witness t !re is no entity besides ,him1 except :at is orig9at$ f ,8 action & proce$s f ,8 ju/ice1 aft] ! mo/ beautiful & p]fect & complete & j ( ways4 ,he is wise 9 ,8 actions1 j 9 ,8 det]m9ations2 !re is no analogy betwe5 ,8 ju/ice & ! ju/ice ( creatures1 s9ce tyranny is conceivable 9 ! case ( a creature1 :5 he deals ) ! prop]ty ( "s o!r ?an himself1 b tyranny is n conceivable 9 ! case ( ,god4 ,= ,he nev] enc\nt]s any prop]ty ( "s o!r ?an ,himself s t ,8 deal+ ) x might be tyranny4 ,ev]y?+ besides ,him1 consi/+ ( m5 & ,j9n & ,angels & ,%aytans & ! heav5s & ! e>? & animals & plants & inanimate ?+s & sub/ance & attribute & ?+s p]ceiv$ & ?+s felt1 is an orig9at$ ?+1 :i* ,he creat$ by ,8 p[] be=e any o!r _h creat$ x1 aft] x _h n exi/$1 & :i* ,he inv5t$ aft] t x _h n be5 a ?+1 s9ce ,he 9 et]nity 0 an entity by ,himself1 & !re 0 n along ) ,him any o!r ?an ,he4 ,s ,he orig9at$ ! creation !reaft]1 by way ( manife/ation ( ,8 p[]1 & v]ification ( t :i* _h prec$$ ( ,8 ,w1 & ( t :i* exi/$ 9 et]nity ( ,8 ,^w2 n because ,he has any lack ( x or ne$ ( x4 ,& ,he is graci\s 9 creat+ & 9 mak+ = ! fir/ "t & 9 impos+ ( duty--n ( necessity--& ,he is g5]\s 9 befitt+2 & well-do+ & graci\s help+ belong to ,him1 s9ce ,he is able to br+ ^u ,8 creatures diff]5t k9ds ( puni%m5t & to te/ !m ) diff]5t v>ieties ( pa9s & ailm5ts4 ,& if ,he did t x w\ld be ju/ice on ,8 "p1 & w\ld n be a vile action or tyranny 9 ,him4 ,he rew>de? ,8 believ+ creatures = _! acts ( ob$i5ce by a decision :i* is ( g5]osity & ( promise & n ( "r & ( obligation1 s9ce no p>ticul> action t[>ds any "o is incumb5t ^u ,him1 & tyranny is inconceivable 9 ,him1 & no "o possesses a "r aga9/ ,him4 ,& ,8 "r to acts ( ob$i5ce is b9d+ ^u ! creatures because ,he has made x b9d+ ?r\gh ! tongues ( ,8 prophets1 n by reason alone4 ,b ,he s5t apo/les & manife/$ _! tru? by pla9 miracles1 & !y br\ght ,8 comm&s & =bidd+s & promis+s & ?reat5+s4 ,s1 belief 9 !m z to :at !y h br\ght is incumb5t ^u ! creation4 8,! second ,^w ( ,witness+ is witness+ t ! apo/olate belongs to ! apo/le1 & t ,god s5t ! unlett]$ ,quray%ite prophet1 ,mohamm$1 ) 8 apo/olate to ! totality ( ,arabs & =eign]s & ,j9n & m54 ,& ,he abrogat$ by 8 law ! o!r ,laws except s mu* ( !m z ,he confirm$2 & made him excell5t ov] ! re/ ( ! prophets & made him ! ,"l ( ,mank9d & decl>$ incomplete ! ,fai? t consi/s 9 witness+ ! ,unity1 :i* is say+1 #8,!re is no god except ,god1' s long z !re is n jo9$ t ( witness+ to ! ,apo/le1 :i* is say+ #8,mohamm$ is ! ,apo/le ( ,god4' ,& ,he made obligatory ^u ! creation belief 9 ,him1 z to all :i* ,he n>rat$ conc]n+ ! ?+s ( ?is _w & ! next4 ,& !n ,he w\ld n accept ! fai? ( a creature1 s long z he did n believe 9 t :i* ! ,prophet n>rat$ conc]n+ ?+s aft] dea?4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! "q ( ,munk> & ,nakir2 ^! are two awful & t]rible be+s :o w cause ! creature to sit up 9 8 grave1 complete1 bo? s\l & body2 & !y w ask him1 #8,:o is ?y ,"l1 & :at is ?y religion 7d971 & :o is ?y ,prophet8' ,!y are ! two te/]s 9 ! grave & _! que/ion+ is ! fir/ te/+ aft] dea?4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! grave--t x is a ,v]ity & t its judgm5t ^u ! body & ! s\l is j1 accord+ to :at ,god wills4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! ,balance--x ) ! two scales & ! tongue1 ! magnitude ( :i* is l unto ! /ages ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,9 x1 de$s are weigh$ by ! p[] ( ,god ,mo/ ,high2 & its weights 9 t day w be ! weight ( motes & mu/>d se$s1 to %[ ! exactitude ( its ju/ice4 ,! leaves ( ! good de$s w be plac$ 9 a beautiful =m 9 ! scale ( light2 & !n ! ,balance w be weigh$ d[n by !m accord+ to ! measure ( _! degree ) ,god1 by ! grace ( ,god4 ,& ! leaves ( evil de$s w be ca/ 9 a vile =m into ! scale ( d>kness1 & ! ,balance w be light ) !m1 ?r\gh ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,& t he %\ld believe t ! ,bridge 7z-,sirat7 is a ,v]ity2 x is a bridge /ret*$ ov] ! back ( ,hell 7,jahannam71 %>p] ?an a sword & f9] ?an a hair4 ,! feet ( ! unbeliev]s slip ^u x1 by ! decree ( ,god1 & fall ) !m into ! ,fire4 ,b ! feet ( believ]s /& firm ^u x1 by ! grace ( ,god1 & s !y pass into ! ,abid+ ,abode4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! ,tank 7,hawdh71 to :i* ! p %all g d[n1 ! ,tank ( ,mohamm$ f :i* ! believ]s %all dr9k be=e ent]+ ! ,g>d5 & aft] pass+ ! ,bridge4 ,:oev] dr9ks ( x a s+le draught w nev] ?ir/ aga9 !reaft]4 ,its bread? is a j\rney ( a mon?2 its wat] is :it] ?an milk & sweet] ?an honey2 ar\nd x are ew]s 9 numb]s l ! />s ( heav52 into x fl[ two canals f ,al-,kaw?> 7,koran #ajh74 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! ,reckon+ & 9 ! di/9ctions betwe5 m5 9 x1 him ) :om x w g h>d 9 ! ,reckon+ & him to :om compassion w be %[n !re91 & him :o ent]s ! ,g>d5 )\t reckon+1--^! are ! hon\r$ 7muq>rab74 ,god ,mo/ ,high w ask :omsoev] ,he w ( ! prophets1 conc]n+ ! c>ry+ ( ,8 message1 & :omsoev] ,he w ( ! unbeliev]s1 conc]n+ ! rejection ( ! mess5g]s2 & ,he w ask ! innovators 7,mubtadis7 conc]n+ ! ,sunna2 & ! ,moslems conc]n+ works4 ,& t he %\ld believe t ! atte/ors ( ,god's ,unity 7muwahhids7 w be br\ght =? f ! ,fire1 aft] v5geance has be5 tak5 on !m1 s t !re w n rema9 9 ,hell an atte/or ( ,god's ,unity4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! int]cession 7%afaa7 ( ! prophets1 next ( ! le>n$ 7ulama71 next ( ! m>tyrs1 next ( ! re/ ( ! believ]s--ea* accord+ to 8 dignity & rank ) ,god ,mo/ ,high4 ,& he :o rema9s ( ! believ]s1 & has no int]cessor1 %all be br\ght =? ( ! grace ( ,god1 ^: are ,might & ,maje/y4 ,s !re %all n abide et]nally 9 ! ,fire a s+le believ]1 b :oev] has 9 8 he>t ! weight ( a s+le gra9 ( fai? %all be br\ght =? !refrom4 ,& t he %\ld confess ! excell5ce ( ! ,companions--,may ,god be well pleas$ ) !m--& _! rank2 & t ! mo/ excell5t ( mank9d1 aft] ! ,prophet is ,abu ,bakr1 next ,um>1 next ,u?man1 next ,ali--,may ,god be well pleas$ ) !m2 ,& t he %\ld ?9k well ( all ! ,companions & %\ld praise !m l z he praises ,god1 ^: are ,might & ,maje/y1 & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,all ?is is t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n 9 tradition f ! ,prophet & 9 n>ratives f ! foll[]s4 ,he :o confesses all ?is1 rely+ ^u x1 is ( ! ,p ( ! ,tru? & ! ,company ( ! ,sunna1 & ha? sep>at$ himself f ! b& ( error & ! sect ( innovation 7bida74 ,s we ask f ,god p]fection ( c]ta9ty & firm /&+ 9 ! ,fai? 7d97 = u & = all ,moslems ?r\gh ,8 compassion4--,lo6 ,he is ! ,mo/ ,compassionate6--& may ! bless+ ( ,god be ^u our ,"l ,mohamm$ & ^u e *os5 creature40 ,! above is ,doctor ,macdonald's c>eful translation ( :at ,al-,ghazali taught 0 involv$ :5 ,moslems say3 ,!re is no ,god b ,allah1 & ,mohamm$ is ,allah's ,apo/le4 ,surely he gave ?is %orte/ ( all cre$s its full significance & value4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 n only to see 9 x ! fai? ( ,al-,ghazali b 8 cr$ulity z well1 if we desire to und]/& ! man & 8 times4 ,once 8 e>ly scepticism 0 ov]come1 he 0 always & ev]y:]e an or?odox ,moslem1 & !re=e swall[$ ! ,traditions & ! ,koran app>5tly )\t any philosophic d\bt4 ,he believ$ t ,mohamm$ 0 ! greate/ ( all ! prophets1 & t1 s he says1 8,god has e/abli%$ ,mohamm$'s prophetic "* by miracles1 su* z ! splitt+ ( ! moon1 & ! prais+ ( him by /ones1 ! gu%+ out ( wat] f betwe5 8 f+]s4 ,"o ( ! greate/ miracles1 prov+ 8 div9e mission1 is ! ,koran1 = none ( ! ,arabs 7 able to produce any?+ l x4 ,ano!r sign ( 8 prophetic "* is 8 be+ able to =etell ?+s :i* are to come to pass1 su* z 8 victori\s entry into ,mecca1 ! defeat ( ! ,greeks & _! subsequ5t victories40 7,see ! special *apt] 9 ! ,ihya on ?is subject47 ,he 0 a pr$e/9>ian 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,9 "o place he writes3 8,:5 ,god ,almighty let ,8 h&s pass ov] ! back ( ,adam & ga!r$ m5 into ,8 two h&s1 ,he plac$ "s ( !m 9 ,8 "r h& & ! o!rs 9 ,8 left2 !n ,he op5$ bo? ,8 h&s be=e ,adam1 & ,adam look$ at !m & saw !m l imp]ceptible atoms4 ,!n ,god said3 #8,^! are de/9$ = ,p>adise & ^! are de/9$ = hell-fire4' ,he !n ask$ !m3 #8,am ,i n y\r ,"l8' ,& !y repli$3 #8,c]ta9ly1 we te/ify t ,?\ art our ,"l4' ,god !n ask$ ,adam & ! angels to be witnesses to ! act2 aft] ?is ,god replac$ !m into ! lo9s ( ,adam4 ,!y 7 at t "t purely spiritual be+s )\t bodies4 ,he !n caus$ !m to die1 b ga!r$ !m & kept !m 9 a receptacle ne> ,8 ?rone4 ,:5 ! g]m ( a new be+ is plac$ 9 ! womb ( ! "m1 x rema9s !re till its body is suffici5tly develop$2 ! s\l 9 ! same is !n dead yet4 ,:5 ,god ,almighty brea!s into ! _s1 ,he re/ores to x its mo/ preci\s "p ( :i* x _h be5 depriv$ :ile pres]v$ 9 ! receptacle ne> ! ?rone4 ,?is is ! fir/ dea? & ! second life4 ,!n ,god places man 9 ?is _w till he has rea*$ ! t]m fix$ = him40 ,! great ,my/ic 0 also sup]/iti\s4 ,"s ( 8 books deal ) magical =mul tak5 f ! ,koran & ! m$ic9al use ( its text or ( ! names ( ,god4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ magic squ>es us$ on amulets1 etc41 is call$ ! 8,squ>e ( ,al-,ghazali0 or ,al-,buduh4 ,x may int]e/ 9 conclusion to give an acc\nt ( ?is =m ( magic1 approv$ by ,al-,ghazali1 because x is "o ( ! ?+s by :i* he is be/ kn[n among ! masses 9 ! _w ( ,islam4 ,9 ! old] ,arabic books on magic ?is =mula plays a comp>atively m9or "p2 b aft] x 0 tak5 up by ,al-,ghazali & cit$ 9 8 ,munkidh 7pp4 #df & #ej ( ed4 ( ,cairo1 #acjc7 z an inexplicable1 b c]ta9 assi/ance 9 cases ( difficult lab\r1 x came to be univ]sally kn[n z 8! ?ree-fold talisman1 or seal1 or table ( ,al-,ghazali0 7al-wakf1 al-khatam1 al-jadwal1 al-mu?alla? lil-,ghazali7 & f9ally has become ! />t+ po9t = ! :ole 8,sci5ce ( ,lett]s0 7,ilm ul-huruf7 7e4 g41 ,cf4 ,al-,buni's ,%ems ul ,muarif1 ,a4 ,h4 #fbb74 ,al-,ghazali is said to h develop$ ! =mula1 "u div9e inspiration 7ilham71 f ! comb9ations ( lett]s :i* op5 ,suras xix4 & xlii4 ( ! ,koran1 & :i* by !mselves are also us$ z talismans4#ee ,o!rs trace ! =mula back to ,adam1 f :om x pass$ d[n to ,al-,ghazali4#ef ,= ! popul> m9d ,buduh has become a ,j9n ^: s]vices c be secur$ by writ+ 8 "n ei!r 9 lett]s or numb]s4 ,! uses ( ! ^w are mo/ v>i$ to invoke bo? good & bad =tune4 ,x is us$ aga9/ m5orrhagia1 aga9/ pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 to r5d] oneself invisible1 aga9/ tempor>y impot5ce1 etc4 ,lane's ,cairo magician also us$ x ) 8 ink mirror 78,mod]n ,egyptians10 *ap4 xii474 ,we f9d ! same 9 magical treatises4 ,x is also engrav$ ^u jewels & metal plates or r+s :i* are c>ri$ z p]man5t talismans1 & x is inscrib$ at ! beg9n+ ( books z a pres]vative4 ,b by f> ! mo/ common use is to ensure ! arrival ( lett]s & packages4#eg ,no lett] f "o pi\s ,moslem to ano!r is ev] po/$ 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ )\t putt+ ! figure #hfdb 9 ,arabic on ! outside ( ! envelope :]e x is seal$4 ,& "o may see ?\s&s ( *ildr5 9 ,egypt :o h nev] he>d ( ,al-,ghazali & _c read ! lett]s ( 8 "n we>+ 8 magic squ>e on lead or silv] amulet to protect !m f ! hide\s p[] ( ! ,*ild-,wit* 7,um-z-,subyan74 ,9 ! ,azh> ,univ]sity m5 /udy 8 cre$ b 9 ! villages !y foll[ 8 cr$ulity & to all ! fellah9 ( ,egypt ,buduh has become a gu>dian ,angel6 --------- #d #i #b --------- #c #e #g --------- #h #a #f --------- ,ea* lett] /&s = ! numb] z indicat$4 --------- --------- --------- --------- ,,vi ,8 ,writ+s 8,i saw ! ,prophet 9 a dream1 & he 0 cont5d+ ) ,moses & ,jesus reg>d+ ! sup]iority ( excell5ce ( ! ,imam ,al-,ghazali1 & say+ to !m1 #8,h y _h 9 y\r sects su* a le>n$ & righte\s man8' allud+ to ,al-,ghazali1 & !y bo? repli$1 #8,no4' ,! ,%aikh1 ! ,imam1 "o acqua9t$ ) ,god1 ! ,ma/]1 ! support ( religi\s law & tru?1 ,abu'l-,abbas al-,mursi said1 :5 m5tion 0 made ( ,al-,ghazali1 #8,te/imony has be5 already borne to 8 great & extreme v]acity1 & x is suffici5t = y 7to "k7 t x 0 he reg>d+ :om ! ,prophet cont5d$ ) ,moses & ,jesus1 & to ^: great & extreme v]acity ! mo/ tru?ful h borne te/imony4'0 --,ad-,damiri's ,hayat al-,hayawan4 8,v]ily ,i saw 9 ! ,gospel ( ,jesus 7on him be peace7 t he said3 ,f ! mom5t ! dead is plac$ on ! bi] until he re/s on ! edge ( ! op5 grave ,god ,mo/ ,high asks ( him =ty que/ions40 --,al-,ghazali 9 ,risalat ,ayyuha 'l-walad 7sec4 #e74 ,,vi ,,8 ,,writ+s ,m by f> is kn[n ( ,al-,ghazali f 8 writ+s ?an f ! records ( 8 life4 ,! meagre facts ( ! biograph]s & ev5 ! spell+ ( 8 "n1 z we h se51 are disput$4 ,8 p51 h[ev]1 left s l>ge a legacy t _m ( 8 works are /ill f\nd only 9 r>e manuscripts1 & h nev] be5 publi%$4 ,moslem writ]s m5tion n9ety-n9e works1 & ,brockelmann 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,arabic ,lit]ature0 catalogues sixty-n9e :i* are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y include sy/ems ( !ology1 es*atology1 works on philosophy1 lectures on my/icism1 on e?ics1 & on canon law4 ,_m h assign$ to ,al-,ghazali ! highe/ position among all ,moslem writ]s4 ,ismael ,ibn ,mohamm$ ,al ,hadrami says3 8,mohamm$ ! son ( ,abdullah 0 ! ,pr9ce ( all ! ,prophets2 ,mohamm$ ! son ( ,idris ,al-,%afi 0 ! ,pr9ce ( ,imams2 b ,mohamm$ ! son ( ,mohamm$1 ! son ( ,mohamm$ ,al-,ghazali1 0 ! ,pr9ce ( ,writ]s40 ,we h int]e/+ evid5ce ( ,al-,ghazali's position z a writ] ev5 9 8 own day 9 ! preci\s relic %[n 9 our illu/ration4 ,9 ! ,arabic ,museum at ,cairo !re is a maqlama or p5-case :i* once belong$ to ,al-,ghazali4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,museum by ,m4 ,kyticas & is made ( brass ov]laid ) silv]4 ,x be>s ! foll[+ inscription3 8,made = ! libr>y ( our ,ma/]1 ! mo/ great & noble ,imam1 our rev]$ ,lead]1 ! ,m\?piece ( v]ity1 ! greate/ ,s*ol> ( ! _w1 ! ,k+ ( wise m51 ! ,/ay ( all liv+1 ! ,treasury ( tru?1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s among 8 contempor>ies1 ! ,re/or] ( religion1 an illegible ^w ,hujjat ul-,islam1 ,mohamm$ ,al-,ghazali40 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 case ( ,al ,ghazali1 made ( brass inlaid ) silv]1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,arab ,museum1 ,cairo4 ,?is bronze is ! olde/ piece ( damasc5$ metal "w & ! only example ( t epo* ) naskhi inscription 9 ! possession ( ! ,museum4 ,t ! case 0 n made at a lat] p]iod & pres5t$ to ,al-,ghazali's libr>y aft] 8 dea? is evid5t f ! fact t x 0 ! cu/om to pres5t a book or cele/ial globe to a libr>y1 b n a p5-case or ev5 an ink/&4 ,!n1 too1 ! ^w 8al-m>hum10 mean+ 8deceas$10 does n appe> on x z x does on o!r objects :i* 7 (f]$ 9 memory ( a deceas$ p]son4 ,an objection to ! au!nticity ( ! bronze is ! use ( silv] 9 a p5-case design$ to be us$ by a ,sufi doctor pl$g$ 9 "s measure to an ascetic life4 ,b ?is objection may be answ]$ by /at+ t ! case 0 n made to ! ord] ( ,al-,ghazali p]sonally1 b by 8 disciples 9 ord] to obta9 8 good-w & patronage4#eh ,we ne$ n1 moreov]1 be surpris$ at ! app>5t lack ( mode/y :i* ! inscription on ! p5-case indicates4 ,judg+ f o!r in/ances ( ?is p]iod1 ,al-,ghazali himself might well h writt5 ! inscription4 ,an almo/ complete li/ ( ,al-,ghazali's writ+s z well z ( ! translations ( 8 works into o!r languages1 especially ,hebrew1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%1 is giv5 9 ! app5dix4#ei ,be=e we speak ( "s ( 8 m important works a summ>y w int]e/ ! read]4 ,! ,jawahir al-,koran 7,jewels ( ! ,koran7 conta9s obs]vations on "s ( ! v]ses ( ! ,koran :i* h special value2 ! ,aqida is a /atem5t ( ! articles ( ! ,moslem fai?1 & 0 publi%$ by ,pococke 9 8 ,specim52 ! ,preci\s ,pe>l 7,al-,durrat ,al-,fakhira7 is a treatise on ! la/ judgm5t & ! end ( ! _w1 i4 e41 8 es*atology--& has be5 translat$ & publi%$ by ,l4 ,gauti]4 ,! morality & !ology ( ! my/ics are codifi$ 9 ! ,ihya ulum id-d9 7,revivification ( ! ,religi\s ,sci5ces74 ,! ,mizan ,al-amal 7,! ,balance ( ,works7 has be5 translat$ into ,hebrew by ,ibrahim b9 ,hasdai ( ,b>celona1 & publi%$ by ,gold5?al4 ,! ,kimiya z-saada 7,al*emy ( ,happ9ess7 is a popul> lecture f\nd$ on my/icism2 ?is "w :i* 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,p]sian1 has be5 twice translat$ into ,engli%1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,homes 9 #ahgc & m rec5tly by ,claud ,field4 ,ayyuha 'l-walad 7,o ,*ild67 is a celebrat$ moral treatise1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,g]man & publi%$ by ,hamm]-,purg/all4 ,among works on jurisprud5ce1 8 treatises on ,%afiite law h e>n$ great reputation 9 ! ,moslem _w2 8 ,basit1 ,wasit1 & ,wajiz are all abridgm5ts ( !m4 ,9 ! doma9 ( philosophy1 ! ,tahafut al-,falasifa 7,collapse ( ! ,philosoph]s7 is an attack on ! adh]5ts ( ! ,greek ,philosophy2 x has be5 edit$ by ,de,boer4 ,! ,maqasid al-,falasifa 7,aims ( ! ,philosoph]s7 is a sort ( introduction to ! above4 ,! text has be5 publi%$ by ,g4 ,be]1 & a ,lat9 translation by ,gondisalvi is 9 exi/5ce1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aejf4 ,al-,munqidh m9 ad-,dalal 7,! ,deliv]] f ,error71 writt5 aft] ! au?or comm5c$ 8 life z a tea*] at ,ni%apur = ! second "t1 describes ! developm5t ( 8 philosophy4 ,x 0 translat$ & publi%$ by ,s*mold]s 9 8 8,essay on ! ,s*ools ( ,philosophy ,among ! ,arabs02 a second & greatly improv$ translation 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique = #ahgg1 by ! le>n$ savant1 ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d4 ,m rec5tly x appe>$ 9 ,engli% "u ! title 8,! ,confessions ( ,al-,ghazali40 ,x is "o ( 8 %orte/ b mo/ fam\s books & c be comp>$ ) ! 8,confessions0 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 or ,john ,bunyan's 8,grace ,ab\nd+ to ! ,*ief ( ,s9n]s40 ,sev]al ( ,al-,ghazali's num]\s works are v brief1 9 ! %ape ( epi/les or tractates4 ,among 8 %ort] works ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,al-,adab fi ,d91 a %ort treatise on ! e?ics ( polit5ess1 prep>$ = ! use ( 8 pupils4 ,x speaks ( ! ideal pupil1 ! ideal tea*]1 ( ! e?ics ( eat+1 dr9k+1 m>riage & ! religi\s life4 ,a small] "w already m5tion$ is ! ,risala ,ayyuh' ,al-,walad 78,o ,*ild6074 ,9 x he def9es fai? & works & di/+ui%es betwe5 !m4 ,a curi\s passage occurs 9 ! introduction :i* reflects on ,al-,ghazali's accuracy ( /atem5t1 or at lea/ raises ! "q z to :i* 8,gospel0 he ref]s to4 ,he says3 8,o my *ild1 live z y please = y are already dead2 love :om y wi%1 = y are b\nd to be sep>at$2 & d :at y w1 = y are sure to be judg$ = x4 ,v]ily ,i saw 9 ! ,gospel ( ,jesus 7^u ,him be pray]s & peace7 t ,he said1 #8,f ! h\r 9 :i* ! dead is put ^u ! bi] until ! "t :5 he re/s on ! edge ( ! grave ,god w ask him =ty que/ions1 ! fir/ ( :i* is1 ,o my s]vant1 y h purifi$ y\rself to appe> be=e m5 _m ye>s & n = "o h\r h y purifi$ y\rself = my gates1 & e day a voice 0 s\nd$ 9 y\r e>s say+1 8,:at y d = o!rs :y d y n d = me :o surr\nds y ) my m]cy60 b y 7 deaf & n will+ to he>4'0 ,9 8 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess0 !re is a beautiful *apt] on 8,"k ,?yself40 ,! p>able !re us$ reg>d+ man's s\l & ! enemies t lay siege aga9/ x rem9ds "o v mu* ( ,bunyan's 8,holy ,w>40 ,! %orte/ ( 8 works1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 is call$ ,al-,qawaid ,al-,a%>a 7,! ,t5 ,articles72 ?is has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,x consi/s ( t5 pr9ciples ( fai? & conduct1 & is sc>cely long] ?an an ord9>y lett]4 ,( a simil> "* is ,risalat-ut-,tair ! p>able ( ! birds4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ treatise on e?ics & conduct is entitl$ ,mizan ul ,amal4 ,x might be comp>$ to ! book ( ,ecclesia/es or ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,9 ! introduction ,al-,ghazali %[s ! folly ( ^? :o neglect to secure ! happ9ess ( _! immortal s\ls z well z ! p]il ( ^? :o despise fai? 9 ! _w to come4 ,! true way ( happ9ess consi/s 9 kn[+ ! "r & do+ x4 ,! s\l is a unit & its v>i\s p[]s are knit toge!r & are int]dep5d5t4 ,! pa? ( ! my/ic unites true fai? ) true practice4 ,he also speaks ( ! possibility ( *ange ( "* ?r\gh religi\s devotion & m5tions ! virtues t are to be cultivat$ & ! vices to be %unn$ on ?is pa?way to ,god & to true happ9ess4 ,to emphasize ! importance ( life ) its brevity & ! supreme importance ( et]nity ,al-,ghazali says3 8,suppose we imag9e t ! :ole _w is fill$ ) du/ & t a little bird %\ld come & snat* up "o atom ( du/ e ?\s& ye>s4 ,we "k t !re w\ld be an end ( its task1 b no?+ w\ld h be5 tak5 away f ! ev]la/+ "* ( t et]nity :i* has no end40 ,al?\gh ! moral tea*+ ( ?is book is v noble1 x is aft] all bas$ entirely on ! pr9ciple ( salvation by works4 ,!re is no h9t ( ! possibility ( ! trans=mation ( "* ?r\gh reg5]ation ( ! he>t1 nor is ! way po9t$ to ! victori\s life by ov]com+ temptation ?r\gh a p[] t is n our own4 ,( all 8 writ+s none is celebrat$ m ju/ly ?an 8 greate/ "w 8,! ,revival ( ,religi\s ,sci5ces0 7,ihya ulum id ,d974 ,x is a v]itable encyclopdia ( ,moslem tea*+ & e?ics & cov]s ! :ole range ( ,moslem ?\ght4 ,_m editions ( ?is "w h be5 pr9t$ & comm5t>ies writt5 on x1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( :i* is by ,mohamm$-uz-,zubeidi ,al-,murtadha1 9 t5 l>ge volumes4 ,! "w itself consi/s ( f\r volumes ( t5 books ea* & has a total ( ov] "o ?\s& closely pr9t$ pages4 ,al?\gh widely read 9 its orig9al =m1 popul> dem& has call$ =? sev]al abbreviat$ comp5dia ( ! "w4 ,"o ( !m entitl$ 8,a ,homily = ,believ]s10 by ,mohamm$ ,jamal-ud-,d9 ( ,damascus1 is us$ z a text-book on ,islam 9 ! ,!ological ,sem9>y ( ! ,am]ican ,mission 9 ,cairo4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! orig9al "w is entitl$ 8,?+s t p]ta9 to wor%ip02 ! second "p1 8,?+s t p]ta9 to practice02 ! ?ird "p1 8,?+s t de/roy ! s\l10 i4 e41 ! vices2 ! f\r? "p1 8,?+s t deliv] ! s\l10 i4 e41 ! virtues4 ,! cont5ts are z foll[s3 8,,?+s ,,t ,,p]ta9 ,,to ,,wor%ip0 ,i4 ,! ,book ( ,k1 :i* has sev5 divisions3 #a4 ,! ,b5efits ( ,le>n+4 #b4 ,:at ,k9d ( ,k is ,=bidd5 & ,p]mitt$4 #c4 ,!ological ,le>n+ & ,nom5clature4 #d4 ,conditions ( ,debate & ,controv]sy4 #e4 ,! ,relation ( ,tea*] & ,pupil4 #f4 ,! ,dang]s ( ,le>n+4 #g4 ,! ,m9d & its ,uses4 ,,ii4 ,! ,book ( ,dogma1 :i* has f\r divisions3 #a4 ,! ,moslem ,cre$4 #b4 ,degrees ( ,fai?4 #c4 ,god1 ,8 ,be+1 ,attributes1 ,"w4 #d4 ,fai? & ,islam4 ,,iii4 ,! ,book ( ! ,my/]ies ( ,purity1 :i* has ?ree divisions3 #a4 ,purification f ,unclean ,objects4 #b4 ,purification f ,unclean ,/ates4 #c4 ,purification f ,unclean ,matt]s t cl+ to ! ,body 7f+]-nails1 e>s1 etc474 ,,iv4 ,! ,book ( ! ,my/]ies ( ,pray]1 :i* has sev5 divisions3 #a4 ,! ,b5efits ( ,pray]4 #b4 ,outw>d ,obs]vance ( ,pray]4 #c4 ,conditions ( ,pray]4 #d4 ,! ,imam4 #e4 ,friday ,pray]s4 #f4 ,miscellane\s ,matt]s4 #g4 ,special ,pray]s4 ,v4 ,! ,book ( ! ,my/]ies ( ,almsgiv+1 :i* has f\r divisions3 #a4 ,k9ds ( ,alms4 #b4 ,conditions ( ,giv+4 #c4 ,to ,:om4 #d4 ,h[ !y are ,obs]v$4 ,,vi4 ,! ,book ( ! ,my/]ies ( ,fa/+1 :i* has ?ree divisions3 #a4 ,its ,necessity4 #b4 ,its ,my/]ies4 #c4 ,ob$i5ce ?r\gh ,fa/+4 ,,vii4 ,! ,book ( ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,pilgrimage1 :i* has ?ree divisions3 #a4 ,its ,b5efits & ,"*4 #b4 ,! ,ord] ( ,proc$ure4 #c4 ,its ,inw>d ,significance4 ,,viii4 ,! ,book ( ! ,p]usal ( ! ,koran4 ,,ix4 ,! ,book ( ,zikr & ,pray]4 ,x4 ,! ,book ( ! ,night ,m$itation4 8,,?+s ,,t ,,p]ta9 ,,to ,,practice0 ,i4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,eat+ & ,dr9k+4 ,,ii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,m>riage4 ,,iii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,trade4 ,,iv4 ,?+s t are ,all[$ & ,=bidd54 ,v4 ,e?ics ( ,fri5d%ip & ,conv]sation4 ,,vi4 ,! ,life ( ,seclusion4 ,,vii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,j\rney+4 ,,viii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,music & ,poetry4 ,,ix4 ,on ,fav\rs & ,(f5ses4 ,x4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,true ,liv+ & ! ,virtues ( ! ,prophet4 8,,?+s ,,t ,,de/roy ,,! ,,s\l0 ,i4 ,! ,wond]s ( ! ,he>t4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ex]cise ( ! ,s\l4 ,,iii4 ,! ,dang]s ( ! ,two ,desires1 namely1 ( ! ,appetite & ( ,lu/4 ,,iv4 ,! ,evils ( ! ,tongue4 ,v4 ,! ,evils ( ,ang] & ,envy4 ,,vi4 ,on ,despis+ ! ,_w4 ,,vii4 ,on ,despis+ ,prop]ty & ,gre$4 ,,viii4 ,on ,despis+ ! ,love ( ,hon\r & ,hypocrisy4 ,,ix4 ,on ,despis+ ,vanities4 8,,?+s ,,t ,,deliv] ,,! ,,s\l0 ,i4 ,! ,book ( ,rep5tance4 ,,ii4 ,! ,book ( ,pati5ce & ,?ankfulness4 ,,iii4 ,! ,book ( ,fe>4 ,,iv4 ,! ,book ( ,pov]ty & ,asceticism4 ,v4 ,! ,book ( ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,,vi4 ,! ,book ( ,love4 ,,vii4 ,! ,book ( ,good ,int5t & ,s9c]ity4 ,,viii4 ,! ,book ( ,self-exam9ation4 ,,ix4 ,! ,book ( ,m$itation4 ,x4 ,! ,book ( ! ,remembrance ( ,dea?4 ,especially ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( 8 great "w %[ u ,al-,ghazali z a my/ic & a prea*] ( righte\sness4 ,8 t5 books on 8,?+s t deliv] ! s\l0 furni% mat]ial f :i* x w\ld n be difficult to collect a beautiful an?ology or a daily cal5d> ( spiritual ?\ghts4 ,su* a ros>y ( pe>ls f ,al-,ghazali's works might well be us$ = devotion by ,*ri/ians z well z by ,moslems4 ,illu/ration3 ,a facsimile page ( ! ,ihya 7,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ahj1 ,cairo ,ed474 ,x gives a diagram ( ! pray] kibla & ! rules to be obs]v$ 9 fac+ x correctly4 ,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ book is t on ! names ( ,god1 entitl$ ,al-,maksad ul-,asna ,%>h-,asma-,allah ul ,husna1 8,! ,highe/ ,aim3 ! ,explanation ( ! ,beautiful ,names ( ,god40 ,! book is divid$ into ?ree p>ts ( :i* ! fir/ deals philosophically ) ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8"n0 & its di/9ction f ! nam+ ( ! ?+ & ! ?+ nam$ itself3 also h[ x is possible = ,god to h _m names & yet to be "o ess5ce4 ,! second "p ( ! book is ! longe/ & treats ( ! n9ety-n9e names ( ,god 9 ord] %[+ h[ !y are compreh5d$ 9 ! sev5 attributes & ! "o ess5ce4 ,! ?ird "p is brief & %[s t !re are really m ?an n9ety-n9e names1 b t ?is 0 ! numb] fix$ ^u = good reasons4 ,& f9ally !re is a section tell+ h[ ,god may & may n be describ$4 ,al-,ghazali tea*es 9 ?is book t ! imitation ( ,god's attributes is ! highe/ happ9ess = ! believ]4 ,!re are ?ree degrees 9 ! k ( ,god1 & 9 ?is respect he says3 8,! virtues ( ! righte\s are ! faults ( ! ,sa9ts02 by :i* he means t ! ne>] we approa* to ,god ! m p]fect is our /&>d ( "*4 ,! ?ree degrees ( k are 7#a7 intellectual1 7#b7 t ( admiration & attempt$ imitation1 7#c7 t ( actual acquirem5ts ( ,god's attributes su* z ! angels4 ,ne>ness to ,god is by rank & degree1 n 9 reg>d to position or place4 ,he quotes ) approval ! fam\s say+ ( ,junaid3 8,no "o kn[s ,god save ,god ,himself ,mo/ ,high1 & !re=e ev5 to ! be/ ( ,8 creatures ,he has only reveal$ ,8 names1 9 :i* ,he hides ,himself40 ,he says t two /atem5ts are true 9 reg>d to ,god & ! believ]4 ,! true believ] mu/ say1 8,i "k no?+ b ,god10 & 8,i "k no?+ ( ,god40 ,! la/ book ,al-,ghazali wrote 0 ! ,m9haj al-,abid9 or 8,guide ( ,true ,wor%ipp]s40 ,x is said to h be5 writt5 = ^? :o c\ld n und]/& ! ,ihya & deals ) ! cre$ & ritual ( ,islam f ! /&po9t ( ! my/ic4 ,our illu/ration %[s 9 facsimile ! fir/ page ( ?is celebrat$ "w f a rec5t ,cairo edition4 ,on ! m>g9 ( ! text we h ! ,beg9n]'s ,guide1 already spok5 (4 ,^! two works ( ,al-,ghazali are v popul> & h rec5tly _h an increas+ circulation4 ,! ,m9haj %[s t ,al-,ghazali at ! close ( 8 life _h adopt$ ! vocabul>y ( ! my/ics ev5 = popul> tea*+4 ,! v>i\s *apt]s are call$ 8/ages0 9 ! progress ( ! s\l t[>ds salvation & peace4 ,! fir/ /age is t ( k1 !n foll[s rep5tance1 a li/ ( ! h9drances on ! road to ,god1 ?+s t delay ! s\l 9 its onw>d progress1 su* z ! _w & its allurem5ts1 ! fle%1 ! devil1 ! s5ses4 ,o!r h9drances are ! c>es ( ga9+ a liv+1 ! p]plexities & tr\bles ( life1 :ile ! la/ /ages 9 ! road ( ! my/ic are ^? ( praise to ,god "u all circum/ances1 & e>ne/ endeav\r to atta9 to ! reality ( ! exp]i5ce ( ,8 pres5ce4 ,s difficult is ! road :i* ,al-,ghazali describes t he says3 8,"s seek]s c only f9i% ^! /ages 9 sev5ty ye>s1 "s 9 tw5ty1 "s 9 t54 ,o!rs !re are1 h[ev]1 ^: s\ls are s enlight5$1 s free f ! c>e & p]plexity ( ! _w1 t !y f9i% ! j\rney & arrive at ! goal 9 a ye>1 a mon?1 :at d ,i say1 9 an h\r2 s t !y awak5 l ! ,companions ( ! ,cave1 & ! *ange !y see 9 !mselves & ^? ab\t !m is to !m z a dream40 ,8 tea*+ on pray] z giv5 9 ! ,ihya c]ta9ly rises v high above t ( ! rituali/ :o puts all 8 att5tion on ! punctili\sness ( outw>d obs]vance4 8,pray]s are ( ?ree degrees1 ( :i* ! fir/ are ^? t are simply spok5 ) ! lips4 ,pray]s are ( ! second k9d :5 ) difficulty1 & only by a mo/ resolute ef=t1 ! s\l is able to fix its ?\ghts on div9e ?+s )\t be+ di/urb$ by evil imag9ations2 !y are ( ! ?ird k9d :5 "o f9ds x difficult to turn away ! m9d f dwell+ on div9e ?+s4 ,b x is ! v m>r[ ( pray] :5 ,he :o is invok$ takes possession ( ! s\l ( ! suppliant1 & ! s\l ( him :o prays is absorb$ into ,god1 to :om he prays1 &1 8 pray] ceas+1 all consci\sness ( self has dep>t$1 & to su* a degree t all ?\ght :atsoev] ( ! pray+ is felt z a veil betwe5 ! s\l & ,god4 ,?is /ate is call$ by ! ,sufis #8absorption1' = ! reason t ! man is s absorb$ t he takes no ?\ght ( 8 body1 or ( any?+ t happ5s ext]nally1 or ev5 ( ! movem5ts ( 8 own s\l1 b is fir/ engag$ 9 go+ t[>ds 8 ,"l1 & f9ally is :olly 9 8 ,"l4 ,if ev5 ! ?\ght occurs t he is absorb$ 9 ! ,absolute x is a blemi%1 = t absorption only is wor?y ( ! "n1 ?\gh !y w be call$1 z ,i well "k1 b fooli% babbl+ by raw !ologians1 are yet by no means )\t significance4 ,= consid]3 ,! condition ( :i* ,i speak resembles t ( a p]son :o loves any o!r object1 su* z weal?1 hon\r1 or pleasure4 ,we see su* p]sons s c>ri$ away ) _! love1 & o!rs ) _! ang]1 t !y d n he> "o :o speaks to !m1 nor see ^? pass+ be=e _! eyes4 ,nay1 s absorb$ are !y 9 _! passion t !y d n p]ceive _! absorption2 y necess>ily turn x away f t :i* is ! object ( x40 ,else:]e ,al-,ghazali says3 8,! comm5cem5t ( ?is life is ! go+ to ,god2 !n foll[s ! f9d+ ,him1 :5 ! absorption takes place4 ,?is at fir/ is mom5t>y1 z ! lightn+ swiftly glanc+ ^u ! eye1 b aft]w>ds1 confirm$ by use1 x introduces ! s\l into a high] _w1 :]e1 ! mo/ pure ess5tial ess5ce meet+ x1 fills ! s\l ) ! images ( ! spiritual _w1 :ile ! maje/y ( ,deity discov]s itself40 ,! evid5t s9c]ity & ! moral e>ne/ness ( ,al-,ghazali %[n 9 8 works & 9 ! extracts :i* we h quot$1 surely expla9s 9 a l>ge degree :y 8 influ5ce has be5 s deep & p]man5t1 f> great] ?an t ( ! m]ely intellectual philosoph]s1 su* z ,av]roes4 ,:ile he disc\rag$ s*ola/ic philosophy1 he enc\rag$ moral philosophy4 ,! read] w rememb] h[ he c>ri$ a book ( e?ics ) him on 8 j\rneys4 ,aft] 8 dea? sev]al fam\s e?ical treatises 7 compos$ :i* d]iv$ mu* f him4 ,claud ,field says 8! mo/ important ( ^! is ! #8,akhlaq-i-,jalali1' by ,jalaludd9 ,asaad ,aldawani1 :i* has be5 ably translat$ into ,engli% by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,?ompson4 ,! #8,akhlaq-i-,jalali' itself is l>gely a translation into ,p]sian f ! ,arabic1 ! orig9al ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! t5? c5tury "u ! "n ( #8,kitab-ut-,tah>at4' ,two c5turies aft] x 0 translat$ into ,p]sian by ,abu ,nasr1 & nam$ #8,akhlaq ,nasiri1' enri*$ ) "s important additions f ,avic5na4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury x assum$ a /ill fur!r improv$ =m "u its pres5t "n1 ! #8,akhlaq-i-,jalali4'0#fj ,t ,al-,ghazali 0 a c>eful /ud5t ( nature is evid5t 9 all 8 writ+s4 ,^? portions ( ! ,koran :i* deal ) natural !ology & ! pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce f ! />ry heav5s1 f ! f]tile gr\nd1 ! animal creation1 & ! sea ) its t]rors1 especially seem to appeal to him4 ,"o ( 8 books is entitl$ ,al ,hikmat fi ,makhlukat ,allah 7,! ,wisdom ( ,god ,%[n 9 ! ,m>vels ( ,creation74 ,x is "o ( 8 %ort] writ+s b full ( beautiful passages on ! glory ( ! />ry heav5s1 ! e>? & ! sea1 & ! f\r primal elem5ts4 ,"o long *apt] is devot$ to embryology & ! physical wond]s ( ! human frame4 ,ano!r is on birds1 ano!r on quadrup$s & on fi%es4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole treatise is ! argum5t f design1 = ! goodness & greatness ( ! ,creator z %[n 9 ,8 works4 ,:at he says 9 reg>d to ! b5efits to be obta9$ f gaz+ into ! />ry vault may be comp>$ ) ,david's words 9 ! eigh? & ! n9ete5? ,psalms4 ,says ,al-,ghazali3 8,to look up into ! vault ( heav5 drives away anxiety1 removes ! :isp]+s ( ,satan1 takes away idle fe>1 rem9ds u ( ,god1 br+s ! he>t to magnify ,him1 bani%es evil ?\ghts1 cures pessimism1 com=ts ! passionate1 delights ! lov]1 & x is ! be/ ,kibla = ^? :o call to ,god 9 pray]40 ,al-,ghazali 0 also a dogmatic !ologian & controv]siali/4 ,he wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,koran 9 =ty volumes1 nev] pr9t$2 & a doz5 books aga9/ v>i\s h]etics1 includ+ "o entitl$3 8,! ,be/ ,reply to ,^? ,:o ,h ,tamp]$ ) ! ,gospel40 ,al-,ghazali1 :o 0 himself curs$ = alleg$ h]esy1 is memorable among ! !ologians ( ,islam 9 t by 8 bread? ( sympa?y he =bade ! curs+ ( ,yazid1 ! notori\s slay] ( ,husse91 ,mohamm$'s gr&son1 & gave 8 op9ion 9 ^! words3 8,x is =bidd5 to curse a ,moslem3 ,yazid 0 a ,moslem4 ,x is n c]ta9 t he slew ,al-,husa91 & x is =bidd5 to ?9k ill ( a ,moslem4 ,we _c be c]ta9 t he ord]$ 8 dea?2 really we _c be c]ta9 ( ! cause ( ! dea? ( any great man1 especially at su* a di/ance ( "t4 ,we h also to rememb] ! p>ty _s & false /atem5ts 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,aga91 if he did kill him1 he is n an unbeliev] because ( t2 he is only disob$i5t to ,god4 ,aga91 he may h rep5t$ be=e he di$4 ,fur!r1 to ab/a9 f curs+ is no crime4 ,no "o w be ask$ if he ev] curs$ ,satan2 if he has curs$ him he may be ask$1 ,:y8 ,! only accurs$ ones ( :om we "k are ^? :o die infidels40#fa ,among 8 books aga9/ ! philosoph]s we mu/ m5tion ?ree :i* are closely relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,!y are ! ,maqasid-ul-,falasifa1 a /atem5t ( ! true tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s & a pres5tation ( _! views ( ! _w2 ! ,tahafut ul ,falasifa :i* ov]?r[s _! views & %[s t !y are unt5able to ^? :o w\ld foll[ ,islam ) he>t & m9d2 ! ,qawaid1 :i* %[s ! tru?s t mu/ be built up to take ! place ( ! errors ( ! philosoph]s4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ book1 accord+ to ,macdonald1 he 8smites ! philosoph]s hip & ?igh1 turns _! own weapons aga9/ !m & goes to ! extreme ( intellectual scepticism2 sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,hume he cuts ! bond ( causality ) ! edge ( 8 dialectic & proclaims t we c "k no?+ ( cause or effect1 b simply t "o ?+ foll[s ano!r40 ,al-,ghazali's great "w 8,! ,revival ( ,religi\s ,sci5ces10 caus$ great sc&al 9 ,&alusia4 ,!re ! intol]ance ( ! le>n$ pass$ all b\nds because ( ! n>r[ness ( _! views4 ,_! !ology 0 limit$ to m9ute k ( ,canon ,law4 ,!y _h no place = ! religion :i* ,ghazali prea*$1 :i* 0 p]sonal & passionate1 a religion ( ! he>t4 ,:5 he attack$ contempor>y !ologians busy ) que/ions ( legality & ! ext]nals ( religion1 he t\*$ ^! ph>isees ( ! law at ! quick & !y n only squirm$ b scream$ l\dly4 ,accord+ to ,dozy1 8! ,kady ( ,cordova1 ,ibn ,hamd91 decl>$ t any man :o read ,al-,ghazali's book 0 an infidel ripe = damnation1 & he drew up a fatwa condemn+ all copies ( ! book to ! flames4 ,?is fatwa1 sign$ by ! ,fakihs ( ,cordova1 0 =mally approv$ by ,ali4 ,al-,ghazali's book 0 accord+ly burnt 9 ,cordova & all ! o!r cities ( ! ,empire1 & possession ( a copy 0 int]dict$ on pa9 ( dea? & confiscation ( prop]ty40 ,b ?is op9ion 0 n %>$ by ,moslems else:]e4 ,9 8 lifetime & especially aft] 8 dea? 8 works aga9/ philosophy & 8 great exposition ( ,islam f\nd ev] l>g] circles ( read]s & comm5tators4 ,he has be5 accus$1 & n )\t good reason1 bo? by ,moslem writ]s & ,european critics1 ( c>elessness & inaccuracy 9 8 quotations & ref]5ces to o!r books4#fb ,"o ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ him by 8 assailants is t he falsifi$ ,tradition4 ,macdonald's judgm5t is v *>itable :5 he says t 8he quot$ f memory too freely1 because he 0 a man ( too l>ge a calibre to wat* 8 quotations & !y 7 loose to ! end ( 8 life40 ,z-,subqi 9 8 ,tabakat-a%-,%afaiya al ,kubra devotes a special section to :at is entitl$ 8,a ,li/ ( all ! ,traditions giv5 by ,al-,ghazali 9 8 ,ihya :i* h no isnad1 or p$igree1 i4 e41 ,traditions quot$ by him z au?oritative & yet :i* f ! /&po9t ( ,moslem criticism are on ?is acc\nt absolutely wor?less40 ,?is section ( ! book ref]r$ to cov]s _m pages & by actual c\nt ,i f\nd ov] six hundr$ ,traditions ea* catalogu$ by ref]5ce to ! *apt] 9 :i* !y occur4 ,n[ we h no reason to d\bt t ,z-,subqi 7d4 #gga ,a4 ,h47 0 an admir] ( ,al-,ghazali & e/eem$ 8 tea*+1 yet :at %all we say :5 9 ?is collection ( ! lives ( ! sa9ts s /rong an indictm5t is made ( ,al-,ghazali's inaccuracy by "o ( 8 own disciples8 ,:5 read+ ?is collection ( 8true say+s0 ( ! ,prophet 7:i* are aft] all (t5 ascrib$ to him )\t any au?ority or f\ndation7 "o is %ock$ bo? at ! cr$ulity & ! lack ( love = v]acity 9 ?is greate/ ( all ,moslem apologi/s4 ,if ev5 ,al-,ghazali h&l$ ,tradition s c>elessly z to ascribe to ,mohamm$ s mu* t is altoge!r pu]ile1 fabul\s & (t5 immoral1 :at confid5ce c we put 9 o!r & lat] tradition-mong]s & h[ c we cle> ,al-,ghazali f ! *>ge ( us+ pi\s falsehood8 ,we add ano!r fact ( great int]e/ 9 reg>d to 8 writ+s4 ,al-,ghazali ex]cis$ a comm&+ influ5ce on ,jewi% ?\ght 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! app5dix is a li/ ( "s ( ! translations ( 8 books made 9 ,hebrew4 ,jewi% /ud5ts ( philosophy1 includ+ ,maimonides1 drew _m ( _! !ories f ! ,maqasid & 8 o!r works4 ,al-,ghazali's attacks on philosophy 7 imitat$ by ,judah ha-,levy 9 8 ,cuz>i2 b x 0 *iefly 8 e?ical tea*+ r ?an ?r\gh 8 philosophy t ,al-,ghazali attract$ ! ,jewi% ?9k]s4 ,broyde says1 8,he approa*$ ! e?ical ideal ( ,judaism to su* an ext5t t "s suppos$ him to be actually drift+ 9 t direction1 & 8 works 7 eag]ly /udi$ & us$ by ,jewi% writ]s4 ,abraham ibn ,ezra borr[$ f ,al-,ghazali's ,mizan al ,amal 8 comp>ison betwe5 ! limbs ( ! human body & ! function>ies ( a k+1 & us$ x = ! subject ( 8 beautiful admonition ,ye%5e ,leb2 ,abraham ibn ,dawud borr[$ f ! same "w ! p>able us$ by ,al-,ghazali to prove ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce2 & ,simon ,duran cites 9 8 ,ke%et a passage f ! ,moz5e ha-,iyyunim1 :i* he calls ,moz5e ha-,hokmah40#fc ,! translations ( 8 works into ,hebrew 7 made z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,n less ?an elev5 ,hebrew comm5t>ies are kn[n on ! ,maqasid4 8,johanan ,alemanno recomm5ds ,ghazali's h]m5eutic me?ods1 & comp>es ! ord] & graduation ( lights 9 ,ghazali's !ory ) ^? ( ! !ory ( ! cabali/s40 ,9 reg>d to sci5ce1 ,al-,ghazali's views 7 naturally ^? ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,8 _w 0 built on ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,!re are f\r elem5ts only4 ,exi/5ce has ?ree modes3 ! _w ( s5se1 ! _w ( ,god's et]nal decree1 & ! _w ( ideals or ( ,god's p[]4 ,9 dreams & visions we are 9 contact ) ! two o!r worlds4 ,al-,ghazali avoids ! difficulties ( concrete ,moslem tea*+ by ?is me?od4 ,!re may be ?+s :i* are real & actual & yet d n belong to ! _w ( s5se4#fd ,doctor ,macdonald admirably summ>izes 8 influ5ce on ,islam z f\r-fold4 8,fir/ ( all he l$ m5 back f m]e s*ola/ic dogma to a liv+ contact ) ! ,koran & ! ,traditions z ! true s\rce ( ,islam4 ,he might be call$ a ,biblical !ologian 9 our mod]n use ( ! ^w1 und]/&+ by #8,bible' always ! ,moslem bible1 namely ! ,koran4 ,ne>ly e p>agraph ( 8 ,ihya beg9s ) a ,koran quotation1 & 8 int]pretation ( ! book is n a slavi% foll[+ ( ! e>li] comm5tators b a spiritual int]pretation ( ! text40 8,9 ! second place he re9troduc$ into ,islam ! elem5t ( fe>4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days1 z = example 9 ! ,koran itself1 ! t]rors ( ! day ( judgm5t & ! horrors ( hell op]at$ 9 ord] to lead m5 to rep5tance4 ,al-,ghazali emphasiz$ ?is "p ( ! ,moslem tea*+ to ! utmo/1 witness 8 little book ,al-,durra al-,fakhira1 :i* has to ?is day great acceptance among pi\s ,moslems40 ,9 ! ?ird place my/icism1 already exi/+ 9 ,islam1 b look$ ^u 9 _m qu>t]s z h]etical1 receiv$ its bir?right ?r\gh ,al-,ghazali's life & tea*+s1 & f 8 day on held an assur$ position 9 or?odox ,islam4 ,la/ly1 he br\ght philosophy )9 ! range ( ! ord9>y m9d1 w>n+ ! p aga9/ its dang]s z well z %[+ !m its fundam5tal pr9ciples & above all illu/rat+ ?r\gh 8 writ+s h[ true philosophy & true ,islam are n contradictory4 ,9 ?is respect he resembles ,raymond ,lull :o also desir$ to use philosophy z ! h&maid ( ,*ri/ianity4#fe ,macdonald ?9ks t ( ^! f\r phases ( 8 "w & influ5ce ! fir/ & ! ?ird 7 und\bt$ly ! mo/ important4 ,^! alone made him a re=m] ( ! fir/ rank 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,,vii ,8 ,e?ics 8,! religion ( ,*ri/ conta9s :ole fields ( morality & :ole realms ( ?\ght :i* are all b outside ! religion ( ,mohamm$4 ,x op5s humility1 purity ( he>t1 =giv5ess ( injuries1 sacrifice ( self to man's moral nature2 x gives scope = tol]ation1 developm5t1 b\ndless progress to 8 m9d2 its motive p[] is /rong]1 ev5 z a fri5d is bett] ?an a k+ & love high] ?an ob$i5ce4 ,its realiz$ ideals 9 ! v>i\s pa?s ( human greatness h be5 m comm&+1 m _m-sid$1 m holy1 z ,av]roes is bel[ ,newton1 ,h>\n bel[ ,alfr$1 & ,ali bel[ ,/4 ,paul4 ,f9ally1 ! ideal life ( all is f> m elevat+1 f> m maje/ic1 f> m inspir+ ev5 z ! life ( ! f\nd] ( ,mohamm$anism is bel[ ! life ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity40 --8,life ( ,mohamm$10 ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?4 ,,vii ,,8 ,,e?ics ,m>t5s5 def9es ,*ri/ian e?ics z 8! sci5ce ( morals condition$ by ,*ri/ianity40 ,b ! ?ree fundam5tal concepts ( ,*ri/ian e?ics are all ( !m *all5g$ by ! tea*+ ( ,islam4 ,! ,mohamm$an idea ( ! ,highe/ ,good1 ( ,virtue & ( ! ,moral ,law are n 9 accord ) ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is evid5t bo? f ! "* ( ,mohamm$ himself & f 8 record$ say+s4 ,ideal virtue is to be f\nd ?r\gh imitation ( ,mohamm$4 ,& ! moral law is practically abrogat$ because ( loose views z to its real "*1 its tea*+ & f9ality4 8,! e?ics ( ,islam be> ! "* ( an outw>dly & crudely conceiv$ doctr9e ( righte\sness2 consci5ti\sness 9 ! sph]e ( ! social relations1 fai?fulness to conviction & to "o's ^w1 & ! br++ ( an action into relation to ,god1 are its bright po9ts2 b !re is a lack ( he>t-dep?1 ( a bas+ ( ! moral 9 love4 ,! highe/ good is ! v outw>dly & v s5su\sly conceiv$ happ9ess ( ! individual40#ff ,?is /atem5t ne$s no pro( to ^? :o "k ,islam f its orig9al s\rces1 ! ,koran & ,tradition4 ,pr(essor ,m>goli\? uses language :i* is /rong b n unfair :5 he says 9 reg>d to ! sa9ts ( ! ,moslem cal5d>--t is ! companions & foll[]s ( ,mohamm$--8,^? :o rec\nt ! hi/ory ( ,islam h to lay aside all ord9>y canons ( morality1 else ! picture w\ld h no lights2 !y c\ld n write at all if !y let !mselves be %ock$ by p]fidy or blood?ir/9ess1 by cruelty or lu/1 yet bo? ! ,koran & ,tradition =bid ! fir/ ?ree1 & assign "s limits to ! f\r?40 ,a /ream _c rise high] ?an its s\rce2 a t[] _c be broad] ?an its f\ndation4 ,! measure ( ! moral /ature ( ,mohamm$ is ! s\rce & f\ndation ( all moral ideals 9 ,islam4 ,8 conduct is ! /&>d ( "*4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !re=e1 t ! e?ical /&>d is s l[ ev5 9 ,al-,ghazali1 al?\gh he (ttimes rises high above ! ,koran & ! ,prophet4 ,9 ne>ly e "o ( 8 books on morals ! ,prophet ( ,arabia is held up z ! highe/ ideal ( "*4 ,9 8 8,preci\s ,pe>l10 h[ev]1 !re is a passage quot$ f a tradition 9 :i* he pays ?is high tribute to ,jesus ,*ri/ 7page #bd1 ,cairo ,edition71 8,g to ,jesus1 on ,him be peace1 = ,he is ! true/ ( ^? :o 7 s5t z apo/les1 & :o knew mo/ ( ,god1 & ! mo/ ascetic 9 life ( !m all1 & ! mo/ eloqu5t ( all 9 wisdom1 p]*ance ,he w int]c$e = y40 ,! quotation1 h[ev]1 ref]s to ! day ( resurrection :5 ! v>i\s nations seek ,god's fav\r & =giv5ess4 ,:5 we consid] ! age 9 :i* ,al-,ghazali liv$ & 8 ,moslem education 9 e?ics1 ,macdonald says1#fg 8! position ( ,al-,ghazali is a simple "o4 ,all our laws & !ories ^u ! subject1 ! analysis ( ! qualities ( ! m9d1 good & bad1 ! trac+ ( hidd5 defects to _! causes1 & ! me?ods ( combat+ ^! causes1--all ^! ?+s ,al-,ghazali tea*es we owe to ! sa9ts ( ,god to :om ,god ,himself has reveal$ !m4 ,( ^! !re h be5 _m at all times & 9 all c\ntries1--,god has nev] left ,himself )\t a witness1--& )\t !m & _! lab\rs & ! light :i* ,god has v\*saf$ to !m we c\ld nev] "k ourselves4 ,"h z ev]y:]e1 comes out cle>ly ,al-,ghazali's fundam5tal position t ! ultimate s\rce ( all k is revelation f ,god4 ,x may be major revelation1 ?r\gh accr$it$ prophets :o come =w>d z tea*]s1 div9ely s5t & support$ by miracles & by ! evid5t tru? ( _! message appeal+ to ! human he>t2 or x may be m9or revelation--subsidi>y & explanatory--?r\gh ! va/ body ( sa9ts ( diff]5t grades to :om ,god has grant$ imm$iate k ( ,himself4 ,:]e ! sa9ts leave (f1 ! prophets beg92 &1 ap>t f su* tea*+1 man1 ev5 9 physical sci5ce1 w\ld be grop+ 9 ! d>k40 ,b we mu/ add to ?is cle> /atem5t ( ,al-,ghazali's !ory ( e?ics1 le/ x be :olly misund]/ood1 t ! revelation ref]r$ to is ! ,koran & t 8! sa9ts0 7 ! ,moslem sa9ts ( ! e>ly ,caliphate1 & _! foll[]s4 ,moslem doctors ( jurisprud5ce1 includ+ ,al-,ghazali1 def9e s9 z 8a consci\s act ( a responsible be+ aga9/ kn[n law40 ,!re=e s9s ( ignorance & ( *ildhood are n reckon$ z real s94 ,!y divide s9 into 8great0 & 8little0 s9s4 ,"s say !re are sev5 great s9s3 idolatry1 murd]1 false *>ge ( adult]y1 wa/+ ! sub/ance ( orphans1 tak+ int]e/ on money1 des]tion f ,jihad & disob$i5ce to p>5ts4 ,o!rs say !re are sev5te51 & include w9e-dr9k+1 wit*craft & p]jury among !m4 ,! lack ( all di/9ction betwe5 ! c]emonial & ! moral law is v evid5t 9 ! traditional say+s ( ,mohamm$1 :i* are1 ( c\rse1 at ! basis ( e?ics4 ,take "o example3 8,! ,prophet1 ^u him be pray]s & peace1 said1 ,"o dirhem ( usury :i* a man takes kn[+ x to be s is m griev\s ?an ?irty-six =nications1 & :osoev] has done s is wor?y ( hell-fire40 ,or?odox ,moslems divide s9s into great] & less]4 ,al-,ghazali quotes "o :o said1 8,!re are no great] & less] s9s1 b ev]y?+ :i* is contr>y to ,god's w is a great s910 b gives ,koran passages contradict+ ?is & !n escapes ! moral difficulty by %[+ t ! small] s9s may become great if we cont9ue 9 !m3 8l ! dropp+ ( wat] we>+ away a /one02 & 8:5 ! s]vant ( ,god reckons 8 s9 great1 ,god reckons x small1 & :5 he reckons x small1 !n ,god reckons x great40 ,he divides ! s9s :i* ov]come ! he>t into f\r classes3 egoi/ic1 satanic1 brutal & cruel4 ,"u ! fir/ he puts pride1 conceit1 boa/+1 selfi%ness1 etc42 envy1 hatr$1 deceit1 malice1 corruption & unbelief1 belong to ! second2 :ile gre$1 gluttony1 lu/1 adult]y1 sodomy1 !ft1 & ! robb+ ( orphans are class$ z brutal s9s2 & ang]1 passion1 abuse1 curs+1 murd]1 robb]y1 etc41 are cruel4 ,yet 9 all ( ,al-,ghazali's works on e?ics & _m ( 8 small] treatises are on ?is subject1 !re is no cle> di/9ction made betwe5 ! ritual & ! moral law4 ,9 fact "o ^w us$ = e?ics 9 ,arabic 7adab7 ref]s to propriety ( conduct1 etiquette1 polit5ess1 & dec5cy 9 outw>d behavi\r1 rev]5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( sup]iors1 r ?an to ! keep+ ( ! t5 comm&m5ts or ( ! pr9ciples t are fundam5tal to noble "*4 ,?is becomes v cle> :5 we /udy ! cont5ts1 = example1 ( "o ( 8 %ort] books entitl$ ,al-,adab fi ,d9 7,e?ics 9 ,religion74 ,! book beg9s by giv+ ! basis ( e?ical tea*+ 9 ^! words3 8,praise be to ,god :o creat$ u & p]fect$ our creation1 & taught u morals & beautifi$ our morals1 & hon\r$ u by s5d+ ,8 ,prophet ,mohamm$ 7^u :om may ,god's bless+ re/71 & ha? taught u h[ to hon\r him4 ,truly ! mo/ p]fect elem5t 9 "* & ! mo/ elevat$1 & ! be/ ( good works1 & ! mo/ glori\s1 is correct behavi\r z reg>ds religion1 :i* tea*es :at a true believ] %\ld "k ( ! "w ( ! ,"l ( ! worlds & ! ,creator ( ! prophets & apo/les2 & ,god ha? taught u & cle>ly enlight5$ u conc]n+ ?is 9 ! ,koran1 & ha? giv5 u ! example ( conduct 9 8 ,prophet ,mohamm$ accord+ to 8 ,traditions4 ,he is our example1 & likewise are 8 companions & imm$iate foll[]s4 ,^! h %[n u :at x is necess>y = u to foll[ 9 _! conduct1 :i* we h "h record$ = all ^? :o w\ld foll[40 ,! p>agraphs or sections ( ?is h&book are entitl$3 ,e?ics ( ! believ] 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god2 ( ! tea*]2 ( ! pupil2 ( ^? :o he> ! ,koran read2 ( ! read]2 ( ! s*ool-tea*]2 ( ^? :o seek to und]/& ,tradition2 ( ! scribe2 ( ! prea*]2 ( ! ascetic2 ( ! nobleman2 e?ics ( sleep+2 ( night-wat*+2 ( fulfill+ a call ( nature2 ( ! ba?2 ( wa%+2 ( ent]+ ! mosque2 ( ! call to pray]2 ( pray]2 ( int]cession2 ( ! ,friday s]mon2 ( ! fea/-days2 ( conduct dur+ an eclipse2 ( conduct dur+ dr\ght2 ( sickness2 ( fun]als2 ( almsgiv+2 ( ! ri* & ! poor2 ( fa/+2 ( pilgrimage2 ( ! m]*ant2 ( ! money-*ang]2 ( eat+ & dr9k+2 ( m>riage 7?is has sev]al subdivisions72 ( sitt+ by ! wayside2 ( ! *ild ) its p>5ts2 ( ! p>5t ) ! *ild2 ( bro!rs2 ( neighb\rs2 ( ! ma/] ) ! s]vant2 ( ! ,sultan ) 8 subjects2 ( ! ,judge2 ( ! witness2 ( ! prison]4 ,! f9al *apt] ( ?is int]e/+ treatise deals ) miscellane\s maxims on polite behavi\r "u all circum/ances4 ,a translation ( ! section on eat+1 :i* is ab\t ! same l5g? z ! o!r p>agraphs1 w give a cle> idea ( ! cont5ts3 8,"o %\ld wa% "o's h&s be=e p>tak+ ( food & aft]1 & pron\nce ! "n ( ,god be=e beg9n+ to eat1 & eat ) ! "r h&4 ,take small portions f ! di%1 *ew ! food ?or\ghly1 & d n look into ! faces ( ! o!r gue/s :ile y are eat+2 nor %\ld y recl9e nor eat to excess beyond ! dem&s ( hung]2 & y %\ld ask to be excus$ z soon z y h _h en\gh1 s t y\r gue/ may n be emb>rass$ or any "o :o has great] ne$4 ,& "o %\ld eat f ! edge ( ! platt] & n f ! middle1 & wipe 8 f+]s aft] ! meal1 & return praise to ,god4 ,nor %\ld "o m5tion dea? at d9n] = fe> ( br++ bad luck ^u ^? :o are pres5t40 ,all ?is is int]e/+ & important1 = ! ,moslem *ild1 z table etiquette4 ,ob$i5ce1 humility 9 outw>d behavi\r1 rev]5ce 9 ! mosque1 respect 8to ^? above u 9 age or /ation10 & _m o!r social virtues are likewise comm5d$4 ,b ! omissions ( ! ,book surprise u4 ,!re is no?+ on tru?1 he>t-purity1 moral c\rage or ! nobility ( *ivalry--! ?+s t make a man4 ,"o section ( ! ,ihya 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #if ff47 deals ) ! "q z to :5 lies are ju/ifiable1 & cle>ly %[s t accord+ to ,al-,ghazali1 9 ! realm ( tru? at lea/1 ! end ju/ifies ! means4 8,"k10 he says1 8t a lie is n h>am 7wrong7 9 itself1 b only because ( ! evil conclusions to :i* x leads ! he>]1 mak+ him believe some?+ t is n really ! case4 ,ignorance sometimes is an advantage1 & if a lie causes ?is k9d ( ignorance x may be all[$4 ,x is sometimes a duty to lie4 ,maimun ,ibn ,muhran said1 #8,a lie is sometimes bett] ?an tru?3 = in/ance1 if y see a man seek+ = ano!r 9 ord] to kill him1 :at d y reply to ! "q z to :]e he is8 ,( c\rse y w reply ?us1 = su* a lie is lawful4 ,we say t ! end ju/ifies ! means4' 8,if ly+ & tru? bo? lead to a good result1 y mu/ tell ! tru?1 = a lie is =bidd5 9 ?is case4 ,if a lie is ! only way to rea* a good result1 x is all[able 7hallal74 ,a lie is lawful :5 x is ! only pa? to duty4 ,= example1 if a ,moslem flees f an unju/ "o & y are ask$ ab\t him1 y are oblig$ to lie 9 ord] to save him4 ,if ! outcome ( w>1 reconciliation betwe5 two sep>at$ fri5ds1 or ! safety ( an oppress$ dep5ds on a lie1 !n a lie is all[$4 ,9 all cases we mu/ be c>eful n to lie :5 !re is no necessity = x1 le/ x be h>am 7wrong74 ,if a wick$ p]son asks a man ab\t 8 weal? he has to d5y hav+ any2 & s if a sultan asks a man ab\t a crime he has committ$1 he has to d5y x & say1 #8,i h n /ol51' :5 he did /eal2 #8nor done any vice1' :5 he has done4 ,! ,prophet said1 #8,he :o has done a %ameful de$ mu/ conceal x1 = reveal+ "o disgrace is ano!r disgrace4' ,a p]son mu/ d5y ! s9s ( o!rs z well4 ,mak+ peace betwe5 wives is a duty1 ev5 by pret5d+ to ea* ( !m t %e is lov$ ! mo/1 & by mak+ promises to please h]4 8,we mu/ lie :5 tru? leads to unpleasant results1 b tell ! tru? :5 x leads to good results4 ,ly+ = "o's pleasure1 or = increase ( weal?1 or = fame is =bidd54 ,"o wife mu/ n lie = h] husb& to tease ano!r wife4 ,ly+ is all[$ 9 p]suad+ *ildr5 to g to s*ool2 also false promises & false ?reats40 ,we get ano!r view ( ,al-,ghazali's e?ics 9 8 tea*+ reg>d+ education4 ,!re is a special section 9 ! ,ihya 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ec7 :i* deals ) ! education ( boys & ! improvem5t ( _! morals4 ,x is n surpris+ t no?+ is said z reg>ds ! education ( girls1 = ev5 n[ _m ,moslem au?orities consid] x inadvisable t !y %\ld be taught to read & write4 ,! *apt] ref]r$ to beg9s z foll[s3 8,x is mo/ important to "k h[ to br+ up a boy1 = a boy is a tru/ 9 ! h&s ( 8 fa!r1 & 8 pure he>t is a preci\s jewel l a tablet )\t inscription4 ,x is !re=e ready to receive :atev] impression is appli$4 ,if he le>ns to d good & is taught x1 he gr[s up accord+ly1 & is happy 9 ?is _w & ! next & 8 p>5ts & tea*]s w h ! rew>d = _! action4 ,b if he le>ns evil & gr[s up 9 neglect l ! dumb cattle1 he w turn away f ! tru? & p]i%1 & 8 s9 w be on ! neck ( 8 gu>dian4 ,allah has said1 #8,o ye :o believe1 gu>d y\rselves & y\r family f ! fire2 & ev5 z ! fa!r w\ld gu>d 8 son f ! fire ( ?is _w1 by h[ mu* ! m %\ld he gu>d him f ! fire ( ! _w to come8 ,he w gu>d him f x by *a/is+ him & educat+ him & tea*+ him ! be/ virtues4 ,to ?is end he w only give 8 boy to be nurs$ by a good1 pi\s woman :o eats ! prop] food1 = ! milk f =bidd5 food has no bless+ 9 x4'0 ,he !n goes on to %[ t ! education ( a *ild consi/s 9 tea*+ him table mann]s1 ! avoidance ( unclean food1 gluttony & impolit5ess4 ,he advises p>5ts to dress _! *ildr5 simply & n 9 co/ly clo?+4 ,to quote once m3 8,aft] tea*+ him ^! ?+s x is wise to s5d him to s*ool :]e he %all le>n ! ,koran & ! pi\s traditions1 & ! tales ( ! righte\s & _! lives1 9 ord] t a love ( ! pi\s may be impr9t$ 9 8 he>t2 & he %\ld be kept f read+ erotic poetry & prev5t$ f mix+ ) ^? p ( education :o ?9k t ?is sort ( read+ is pr(itable & elevat+1 because1 on ! contr>y1 x produces 9 ! he>ts ( *ildr5 ! se$s ( corruption4 ,:5ev] ! boy %[s a good "* or an act :i* is praisewor?y1 he mu/ be hon\r$ = x & rew>d$1 s t he w be happy2 & ?is %\ld especially be done 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he %\ld act o!rwise once & aga91 x is necess>y to take no notice ( x1 nor to lay b>e 8 fault1 z ?\gh y imag9e no "o w\ld d>e to d su* a ?+1 especially if ! boy himself conceals x1 & has det]m9$ to hide x2 = expos+ w\ld only make him m bold 9 ! future4 ,if he %\ld repeat ! fault1 he c be puni%$ 9 secret40 ,su* is ! /range e?ical tea*+--a m+l+ ( good & bad advice--on ! "p ( "o :o has always be5 consid]$ z ! pill> ( or?odoxy & "o ( ! great au?orities on ,moslem morals4 ,! e?ics ( m>riage holds a l>ge place 9 ,moslem lit]ature1 & also 9 ! works ( ,al-,ghazali4 ,m>riage is enjo9$ ^u e ,moslem1 & celibacy is disc\rag$4 8,m>riage10 said ,mohamm$ ! ,prophet1 8is my cu/om1 & he :o dislikes x does n belong to my p40 ,& 9 ano!r tradition3 8,m>riage is "o-half ( true religion40 ,ev5 ! memb]s ( ! ascetic ord]s 9 ,islam are g5]ally m>ri$4 ,! v[ ( celibacy 0 !re=e n kn[n among ! my/ics4 ,m>riage is def9$ by ,moslem juri/s z 8a contract by :i* ! husb& obta9s possession ( ! wife & is all[$ to enjoy h]1 if !re be no legal imp$im5t prev5t+ ! same40 8,m>riage10 says ,al-,ghazali himself1 8is a k9d ( slav]y1 = ! wife becomes ! slave ( h] husb& & x is h] duty to obey him absolutely 9 ev]y?+ he requires ( h]1 except 9 :at is contr>y to ! laws ( ,islam40 ,9 ! selection ( a wife1 ,al-,ghazali advises 8 disciples to look = ! foll[+ qualifications3 7#a7 piety1 7#b7 good "*1 7#c7 beauty1 7#d7 a mod]ate d[ry1 7#e7 ability to be> *ildr51 7#f7 t %e be a virg91 7#g7 ( a good family1 7#h7 t %e be n ( ne> relation4 ,! duties ( ! husb& to ! wife & ! duties ( ! wife to h] husb& are giv5 9 detail by ,al-,ghazali 9 8 ,ihya & 9 "s ( 8 o!r works4 ,! husb&1 accord+ to ?is tea*+1 ought to ma9ta9 a gold5 mean 9 deal+ ) 8 wife 9 twelve po9ts1 t is1 he means t !re %\ld be no excess ( k9dness or excess ( h>%ness 9 any ( ^! p>ticul>s3 7#a7 ! m>riage fea/2 7#b7 behavi\r2 7#c7 playfulness or c>ess+2 7#d7 ma9ta9+ 8 dignity2 7#e7 jeal\sy2 7#f7 pecuni>y all[ance2 7#g7 tea*+2 7#h7 grant+ e wife h] rights 79 ! ,moslem s5se72 7#i7 *a/isem5t2 7#aj7 ! rules ( cohabitation2 7#aa7 *ildbir?2 7#ab7 divorce4 ,9 "o place he says if ! wife be disob$i5t & ob/9ate1 ! husb& has ! "r to puni% h] & =ce h] to obey him1 b he mu/ proce$ gradually1 exhort1 admoni%1 ?reat51 ab/a9 f int]c\rse ) h] = ?ree days1 beat h] s z to let h] feel ! pa91 b be c>eful n to w\nd h] 9 ! face1 make h] blood fl[ abundantly or break a bone6 ,! tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazali on divorce & slav]y is s ?or\ghly ,moslem t mu* ( x is untranslatable4 ,suffice x to say t he agrees ) o!r doctors ( ,moslem law 9 excus+ onanism & o!r s9s "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & ev5 indicates t x may become a duty if practic$ 9 ord] to escape f great] s9s4#fh ,9 spite ( 8 ,islamic conception ( ! sexual relation1 ,al-,ghazali c]ta9ly inspires our respect by :at he says on ! k9dly treatm5t ( ! wife & ! evil ( divorce4 ,only "o w\ld l to "k :e!r he himself _h m ?an "o wife & :e!r %e 0 a wor?y helpmeet to h] husb& & he to h]4 ,8 biograph]s are sil5t4 8,a man %\ld rema9 on good t]ms ) 8 wife4 ,?is does n mean t he %\ld nev] cause h] pa91 b t he %\ld be> any annoyance %e causes him1 :e!r by h] unreasonabl5ess or +ratitude1 pati5tly4 ,woman is creat$ weak1 & requir+ concealm5t2 %e %\ld !re=e be borne ) pati5tly1 & kept seclud$4 ,! ,prophet said1 #8,he :o be>s ! ill-hum\r ( 8 wife pati5tly w e>n z mu* m]it z ,job did by ! pati5t endurance ( 8 trials4' ,on 8 dea?b$ also he 0 he>d to say1 #8,cont9ue 9 pray] & treat y\r wives well1 = !y are y\r prison]s4' 8,wise m5 h said1 #8,consult wom51 & act ! contr>y to :at !y advise4' ,9 tru? !re is some?+ p]v]se 9 wom51 & if !y are all[$ ev5 a little lic5se1 !y get out ( control altoge!r1 & x is difficult to r$uce !m to ord] aga94 ,9 deal+ ) !m "o %\ld endeav\r to use a mixture ( sev]ity & t5d]ness1 ) a great] proportion ( ! latt]4 ,! ,prophet said1 #8,woman 0 =m$ ( a crook$ rib2 if y try to b5d h]1 y w break h]2 if y leave h] alone1 %e w gr[ m & m crook$2 !re=e treat h] t5d]ly4'#fi 8,! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid divorce1 =1 ?\gh divorce is p]mitt$1 yet ,god disapproves ( x1 because ! v utt]ance ( ! ^w #8divorce' causes a woman pa91 & h[ c x be "r to pa9 any "o8 ,:5 divorce is absolutely necess>y1 ! =mula = x %\ld n be repeat$ ?rice all at once1 b on ?ree diff]5t occasions4 ,a woman %\ld be divorc$ k9dly1 n ?r\gh ang] & contempt1 & n )\t a reason4 ,aft] divorce a man %\ld give 8 =m] wife a pres5t1 & n tell o!rs t %e has be5 divorc$ = su* & su* a fault4 ,( a c]ta9 man :o 0 in/itut+ divorce proce$+s aga9/ 8 wife x is relat$ t p ask$ him1 #8,:y are y divorc+ h]8' ,he answ]$1 #8,i d n reveal my wife's secrets4' ,:5 he _h actually divorc$ h]1 he 0 ask$ aga91 & said1 #8,%e is a /rang] to me n[2 ,i h no?+ to d ) h] private affairs4'0 ,all ! relations ( life1 its pleasures & duties pass "u review 9 books on ,adab4 ,e detail ( outw>d conduct is regulat$ by :at is said to h be5 ! practice ( ! ,prophet4 ,h[ to eat a pomegranate correctly1 h[ to take a ba?1 h[ to use ! ,miswak1 or too?-bru%1 h[ to behave t[>ds ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & :at ornam5ts are all[$--all ?is comes "u ! head ( ,moslem ,e?ics4 ,we give ! read] "o /rik+ example4 ,9 8 "w1 8,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess10 !re is a *apt] conc]n+ 8,music & ,danc+ z ,aids to ! ,religi\s ,life40 ,! "q ( musical in/rum5ts 0 discuss$ z e>ne/ly 9 ! days ( ,al-,ghazali z x has be5 m rec5tly among ,*ri/ians :o dread ! desecration ( ,god's h\se by ! 8ci/ ( :i/les40 ,!re 0 mu* dispute among !ologians z to ! lawfulness ( music & danc+ z religi\s ex]cises4 ,! ,sufis _h already introduc$ ! practice4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs %[ ,al-,ghazali's common s5se1 ke5 hum\r1 & at ! same "t 8 r d\btful conclusion2 = he ev5 ju/ifies erotic poetry if sung = ! glory ( ,god3 8,! he>t ( man has be5 s con/itut$ by ! ,almighty t1 l a fl9t1 x conta9s a hidd5 fire :i* is evok$ by music & h>mony1 & r5d]s man beside himself ) ec/asy4 ,^! h>monies are e*oes ( t high] _w ( beauty :i* we call ! _w ( spirits2 !y rem9d man ( 8 relation%ip to t _w1 & produce 9 him an emotion s deep & /range t he himself is p[]less to expla9 x4 ,! effect ( music & danc+ is deep] 9 proportion z ! nature on :i* !y act are simple & prone to emotion2 !y fan into a flame :atev] love is already dormant 9 ! he>t1 :e!r x be e>?ly & s5sual1 or div9e & spiritual4444 8,pass+ ov] ! cases :]e music & danc+ r\se into a flame evil desires already dormant 9 ! he>t1 we come to ^? cases :]e !y are q lawful4 ,su* are ^? ( ! pilgrims :o celebrate ! glories ( ! ,h\se ( ,god at ,mecca 9 song1 & ?us incite o!rs to g on pilgrimage1 & ( m9/rels ^: music & songs /ir up m>tial ard\r 9 ! brea/s ( _! auditors & incite !m to fight aga9/ ! infidels4 ,simil>ly1 m\rnful music :i* excites sorr[ = s9 & failure 9 ! religi\s life is lawful2 ( ?is nature 0 ! music ( ,david4 ,b dirges :i* increase sorr[ = ! dead are n lawful1 = x is writt5 9 ! ,koran1 #8,despair n ov] :at y h lo/4' ,on ! o!r h&1 joyful music at w$d+s & fea/s & on su* occasions z a circumcision or ! return f a j\rney is lawful4444 8,! /ates ( ec/asy into :i* ! ,sufis fall v>y accord+ to ! emotions :i* pr$om9ate 9 !m--love1 fe>1 desire1 rep5tance1 etc4 ,^! /ates1 z we h m5tion$ above1 are (t5 ! result n only ( he>+ v]ses ( ! ,koran1 b erotic poetry4 ,"s h object$ to ! recit+ ( poetry1 z well z ( ! ,koran1 on ^! occasions2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t all ! v]ses ( ! ,koran are n adapt$ to /ir ! emotions--su*1 = in/ance1 z t :i* comm&s t a man %\ld leave 8 "m ! six? "p ( 8 prop]ty & 8 si/] ! half1 or t :i* ord]s t a wid[ mu/ wait f\r mon?s aft] ! dea? ( h] husb& be=e becom+ esp\s$ to ano!r man4 ,! natures :i* c be ?r[n into religi\s ec/asy by ! recital ( su* v]ses are peculi>ly s5sitive & v r>e40 ,!y c]ta9ly are6 ,! inconsi/5cies & contradictions 9 ,al-,ghazali's !ory ( conduct surprise u :5 we p]use 8 works4 ,sometimes he leads u to high m\nta9 ranges ^: summits are gild$ ) ! light ( heav51 ! great tru?s ( ,!ism1 ! ideals ( et]nity2 & aga9 he plunges u into ! sl\ghs ( s5su\s & worldly discussion--!mes unwor?y ( 8 p54 ,let u get back to ! m\nta9 tops :]e ! air is heal?i]4 ,al-,ghazali1 :atev] may h be5 8 failure 9 o!r respects1 _h high ideals = ! atta9m5t ( morals f ! ,moslem /&po9t4 ,9 8 8,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess0 he says1 8,:5 9 ! crucible ( ab/95ce ! s\l is purg$ f c>nal passions x atta9s to ! highe/1 & 9 place ( be+ a slave to lu/ & ang] becomes endu$ ) angelic qualities4 ,atta9+ t /ate1 man f9ds 8 heav5 9 ! contemplation ( ,et]nal ,beauty1 & no long] 9 fle%ly delights4 ,! spiritual al*emy :i* op]ates ?is *ange 9 him1 l t :i* transmutes base metals into gold1 is n easily discov]$1 nor to be f\nd 9 ! h\se ( e old woman40 ,& 9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is ideal he is sure t !re mu/ be a fight = "*4 ,! goal is n to be rea*$ by easy /ages4 ,! w>f>e aga9/ passion is real & co/s sacrifice4 ,he gives u a picture ( ?is ,holy ,w> almo/ 9 ! language ( ,john ,bunyan4 8,= ! c>ry+ on ( ?is spiritual w>f>e by :i* ! k ( oneself & ( ,god is to be obta9$1 ! body may be figur$ z a k+dom1 ! s\l z its k+ & ! diff]5t s5ses & faculties z con/itut+ an army4 ,reason may be call$ ! vizi]1 or prime m9i/]1 passion ! rev5ue-collector1 & ang] ! police-(fic]4 ,"u ! guise ( collect+ rev5ue1 passion is cont9ually prone to plund] on its own acc\nt1 :ile res5tm5t is always incl9$ to h>%ness & extreme sev]ity4 ,bo? ( ^!1 ! rev5ue-collector & ! police-(fic]1 h to be kept 9 due subord9ation to ! k+1 b n kill$ or expell$1 z !y h _! own prop] functions to fulfil4 ,b if passion & res5tm5t ma/] reason1 ! ru9 ( ! s\l infallibly ensues4 ,a s\l :i* all[s its l[] faculties to dom9ate ! high] is z "o :o %\ld h& ov] an angel to ! p[] ( a dog or a ,mussalman to ! tyranny ( an unbeliev]40 ,! /ruggle is1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s4 ,l ,/4 ,paul1 ,al-,ghazali mu/ h exp]i5c$ t :i* he describes3 8,! good t ,i w\ld ,i d n1 & ! evil t ,i w\ld n1 t ,i d40 ,he is consci\s ( ! inn] /ruggle betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] natures 9 man4 ,aga9 & aga9 he contra/s ! body & ! s\l z to _! et]nal value 9 _! /ruggle = supremacy4 ,bo? are ( ,god1 ,8 gift to u2 bo? %[ ,8 wisdom & ,8 p[]2 b !re is no comp>ison :5 we try to e/imate _! real values4 8,! body1 s to speak1 is simply ! rid+ animal ( ! s\l1 & p]i%es :ile ! s\l endures4 ,! s\l %\ld take c>e ( ! body1 j z a pilgrim on 8 way to ,mecca takes c>e ( 8 camel2 b if ! pilgrim sp5ds 8 :ole "t 9 fe$+ & adorn+ 8 camel1 ! c>avan w leave him beh9d1 & he w p]i% 9 ! des]t40#gj ,! f\r lead+ virtues--! mo!rs ( all o!r good qualities--,al-,ghazali says are 8,wisdom1 temp]ance1 brav]y1 & mod]ation 7or ! gold5 mean ( conduct740#ga ,?is classification he has borr[$ f ,plato ) s mu* else on ! !ory ( conduct4 ,he expla9s all ^! virtues 9 t]ms ( ! ,koran & illu/rates !m f ! lives ( ,mohamm$ & ! e>ly sa9ts ( ,islam z well z ! lat] my/ics4 ,he is at 8 be/ :5 he speaks ( vices & _! opposite virtues4 ,no "o c read 8 *apt] aga9/ pride & boa/+ )\t see+ t he gives u aga9 a page f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,he beg9s by quot+ ! say+ ( ! ,prophet1 8,no "o %all ent] p>adise 9 ^: he>t !re is ! weight ( a gra9 ( mu/>d se$ ( pride40 ,& ano!r say+1 8,said ,god ,mo/ ,high1 #8,pride is my mantle & maje/y is my cloak1 & :osoev] takes away "o ( !m f me ,i w ca/ him into hell1 & ,i c>e n4'0 ,ano!r say+ attribut$ to ,mohamm$ is evid5tly tak5 f ! ,gospel1 8,:oso humble? himself be=e ,god1 ,god w exalt him1 & :osoev] is pr\d ,god w br+ him l[40 ,8 def9ition ( humility is beautiful3 8,true humility is to be subject to ! tru? & to be correct$ by x ev5 ?\gh ?\ %\ld/ he> x f a m]e boy on ! /reet40 ,9 ?is connection he quotes also a say+ ( ,jesus3 8,said ! ,messiah 7^u ,him be peace71 #8,bless$ is he to :om ,god has taught ,8 book4 ,he %all nev] die 9 8 pride4'0 ,pride is %[n 9 diff]5t ways4 ,al-,ghazali enum]ates pride ( k1 ( wor%ip1 ( race & blood1 ( beauty & dress1 ( weal?1 ( bodily /r5g?1 ( lead]%ip4 ,he quotes ,mohamm$ z an example ( humility1 & also ,abi ,sae$ el ,khudri1 :o said1 8,oh1 my son1 eat unto ,god & dr9k unto ,god & dress unto ,god4 ,b :atsoev] ?\ doe/ ( all ( ^! & !re ent]s into !m pride or hypocrisy x is disob$i5ce4 ,:atev] y d 9 y\r h\se d x y\rself z did ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 = he us$ to milk ! goats & pat* 8 s&als & sew 8 cloak & eat ) ! s]vants & buy 9 ! baza>1 nor did 8 pride =bid him c>ry+ 8 own packages home2 & he 0 fri5dly to ! ri* & to ! poor & he gave greet+s himself fir/ to e "o :om he met1 etc40 ,x is notewor?y t :5 he rises to ! highe/ e?ical tea*+ he bases 8 rem>ks on ! say+s 7mo/ly apocryphal7 ( ,*ri/1 :i* we collate 9 our f9al *apt]4 ,al-,ghazali tri$ h>d b fail$ to f9d 9 ,mohamm$ ! ideals ( 8 own he>t4 ,?is is ! trag$y ( ,islam4 ,,viii ,al-,ghazali z a ,my/ic 8,my/icism is religion1 & supplies a refuge = m5 ( religi\s m9ds :o f9d x no long] possible = !m to re/ on #8ext]nal au?ority'--z ,george ,tyrrell bo? exp\nd$ & illu/rat$ = u4 ,once turn away f revelation & little *oice rema9s to y b ! *oice betwe5 ,my/icism & ,rationalism4 ,!re is n s mu* *oice betwe5 ^! ?+s1 x is true1 z en?usia/s on ei!r side are apt to imag9e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is v mu* a matt] ( temp]am5t1 or p]haps we may ev5 say ( temp]ature4 ,! ,my/ic bl[s hot1 ! ,rationali/ cold4 ,w>m up a ,rationali/ & y inevitably get a ,my/ic2 *ill d[n a ,my/ic & y f9d y\rself ) a ,rationali/ on y\r h&s4 ,! hi/ory ( ?\ght illu/rates repeat$ly ! easy passage f "o to ! o!r4 ,ea* c5t]s himself 9 himself1 & ! human self is n s big t x makes any l>ge diff]5ce :]e )9 y\rself y take y\r c5t]4 ,nev]!less j because ,my/icism bl[s hot1 its #8ecc5tricity' is ! m attractive to m5 ( lively religi\s feel+40 --,b5jam9 ,b4 ,w>field1 9 ! 8,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review40 ,,viii ,,al-,,ghazali ,,z ,a ,,my/ic ,"o ( ! e>lie/ my/ics 9 ,islam 0 ,rabia1 :o 0 buri$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,%e 0 a native ( ,busrah & di$ at ,j]usalem z e>ly z ! second c5tury ( ,islam4 ,h] tomb1 accord+ to ,ibn ,khallikan1 0 an object ( pilgrimage 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 0 probably visit$ by ,al-,ghazali4 ,! foll[+ v]ses are quot$ f h] 9 ! ,ihya 7vol4 iv4 p4 #bih73 8,two ways ,i love ,!e3 selfi%ly1 ,& next1 z wor?y is ( ,!e4 ',tis selfi% love t ,i d naught ,save ?9k on ,!e ) e ?\ght3 ',tis pure/ love :5 ,?\ do/ raise ,! veil to my ador+ gaze4 ,n m9e ! praise 9 t or ?is1 ,?9e is ! praise 9 bo?1 ,i wis40 ,! ,moslem my/ics1 or ,sufis1 h[ev]1 receiv$ _! "n ?r\gh ,abu ,khair1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,hegira4 ,8 disciples wore a wool5 g>m5t1 & f ! ^w suf1 :i* means wool1 !y obta9$ _! "n4 ,9 ! next c5tury1 al-,junaid 7,a4 ,h4 #big71 "o ( ,al-,ghazali's fav\rite au?orities1 0 ! great lead] ( ! movem5t1 :i* spread ?r\gh\t ,islam4 ,x 0 a reaction f ! b>r5 mono!ism & ! rigid ritualism ( ,islam4 ,?is k9d ( or?odoxy did n meet ! ne$s ( ! m imag9ative m9d ( ! ,ea/]n races :o accept$ ,islam4 ,! prea*]s ( ! new doctr9e travell$ ev]y:]e & mix$ ) m5 ( all conditions4 ,9 ?is way !y adopt$ ideas f _m s\rces1 al?\gh always pr(ess+ to base _! tea*+ on ! ,koran & ,tradition4 ,accord+ to ,ni*olson1 ! ,my/ics ( ,islam borr[$ n only f ,*ri/ianity & ,neoplatonism1 b f ,gno/icism & ,buddhism4 ,_m ,gospel texts & say+s ( ,jesus1 mo/ ( !m apocryphal1 are cit$ 9 ! olde/ ,sufi writ+s4 ,f ,*ri/ianity !y took ! use ( ! wooll5 dress1 ! v[s ( sil5ce1 ! litanies 7,zikr71 & o!r ascetic practices4 ,_! tea*+ also has _m int]e/+ p>allels :i* ,ni*olson summ>izes z foll[s3 8,! same expressions are appli$ to ! f\nd] ( ,islam :i* are us$ by ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,paul1 & lat] my/ical !ologians conc]n+ ,*ri/4 ,?us1 ,mohamm$ is call$ ! ,light ( ,god1 he is said to h exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! _w1 he is ador$ z ! s\rce ( all life1 actual & possible1 he is ! ,p]fect ,man 9 :om all ! div9e attributes are manife/$1 & a ,sufi tradition ascribes to him ! say+1 #8,he t ha? se5 me ha? se5 ,allah4' ,9 ! ,moslem s*eme1 h[ev]1 ! ,logos doctr9e occupies a subord9ate place1 z x obvi\sly mu/ :5 ! :ole duty ( man is believ$ to consi/ 9 realiz+ ! unity ( ,god40#gb ,neoplatonism gave !m ! doctr9e ( emanation & ec/asy4 ,! foll[+ v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ! sev5ty ?\s& veils1 z exp\nd$ to ,canon ,gairdn] by a mod]n d]vi%1 %[s cle> traces ( ,gno/icism4 8,sev5ty ,?\s& ,veils sep>ate ,allah1 ! ,"o reality1 f ! _w ( matt] & ( s5se4 ,& e s\l passes be=e 8 bir? ?r\gh ^! sev5ty ?\s&4 ,! inn] half ( ^! are veils ( light3 ! out] half1 veils ( d>kness4 ,= e "o ( ! veils ( light pass$ ?r\gh1 9 ?is j\rney t[>ds bir?1 ! s\l puts (f a div9e quality2 & = e "o ( ! d>k veils1 x puts on an e>?ly quality4 ,?us ! *ild is born weep+1 = ! s\l kn[s its sep>ation f ,allah1 ! "o ,reality4 ,& :5 ! *ild cries 9 its sleep1 x is because ! s\l rememb]s some?+ ( :at x has lo/4 ,o!rwise1 ! passage ?r\gh ! veils has br\ght ) x =getfulness 7nisyan73 & = ?is reason man is call$ insan4 ,he is n[1 z x 71 9 prison 9 8 body1 sep>at$ by ^! ?ick curta9s f ,allah4 ,b ! :ole purpose ( ,sufism1 ! ,way ( ! d]vi%1 is to give him an escape f ?is prison1 an apocalypse ( ! ,sev5ty ,?\s& ,veils1 a recov]y ( ! orig9al unity ) ,! ,"o1 :ile /ill 9 ?is body40#gc ,9 reg>d to ,buddhi/ influ5ce1 ,pr(essor ,goldzih] has call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! elev5? c5tury ! tea*+ ( ,buddha ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce 9 ea/]n ,p]sia1 especially at ,balkh1 a city fam\s = ! numb] ( ,sufis :o dwelt 9 x4 ,f ! ,buddhi/s came ! use ( ! ros>y 7aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,*ri/ians 9 ,europe71 & p]haps also ! doctr9e ( fana or absorption into ,god4 8,:ile fana10 says ,ni*olson1 89 its pan!i/ic =m is radically diff]5t f ,nirvana1 ! t]ms co9cide s closely 9 o!r ways t we _c reg>d !m z be+ altoge!r unconnect$4 ,fana has an e?ical aspect3 x involves ! ext9ction ( all passions & desires4 ,! pass+ away ( evil qualities & ( ! evil actions :i* !y produce is said to be br\ght ab\t by ! cont9uance ( ! correspond+ good qualities & actions40#gd ,! cultivation ( "* by ! contemplation ( ,god 9 a my/ical s5se 0 ! real goal4 ,to "k ,god 0 to be l ,him & to be l ,him end$ 9 absorption or ec/asy4#ge ,"o ( _! fav\rite say+s 0 t attribut$ to ,god by ! ,prophet1 8,i 0 a hidd5 treasure & ,i desir$ to be kn[n1 s ,i creat$ ! creation 9 ord] t ,i might be kn[n40 ,j z ! univ]se is ! mirror ( ,god's be+1 s ! he>t ( man is to ! ,sufi ! mirror ( ! univ]se4 ,if he w\ld "k ,god or ,tru? he mu/ look into 8 own he>t4 ,to quote ,al-,ghazali himself3 8,! aim :i* ! ,sufis set be=e !m is z foll[s3 ,to free ! s\l f ! tyrannical yoke ( ! passions1 to deliv] x f its wrong incl9ations & evil in/9cts1 9 ord] t 9 ! purifi$ he>t !re %\ld only rema9 room = ,god & = ! invocation ( ,8 holy "n4 8,z x 0 m easy to le>n _! doctr9e ?an to practise x1 ,i /udi$ fir/ ( all ^? ( _! books :i* conta9 x3 ,! ,n\ri%m5t ( ,he>ts1 by ,abu ,talib ( ,mecca1 ! works ( ,h>e? el ,muhasibi1 & ! fragm5ts :i* /ill rema91 ( ,junaid1 ,%ibli1 ,abu ,yezid1 ,bu/ami & o!r lead]s 7^: s\ls may ,god sanctify74 ,i acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( _! rese>*es1 & ,i le>n$ all t 0 possible to le>n ( _! me?ods by /udy & oral tea*+4 ,x became cle> t ! la/ /age c\ld n be rea*$ by m]e in/ruction1 b only by transport1 ec/asy1 & ! trans=mation ( ! moral be+0 7p4 #da1 8,confessions074 8,among ! tea*+s ( ! ,sufis 0 t ( ! prexi/5ce ( ,mohamm$ ! ,prophet 9 ! ,ess5ce ( ,light4 ,accord+ to ! ,traditions1 #8,i 0 a prophet :ile ,adam 0 yet betwe5 e>? & clay1' & #8,!re is no prophet aft] me1' ,sufis hold t ,mohamm$ 0 a prophet ev5 be=e ! creation & t he /ill holds (fice4 ,?is id5tification ( ,mohamm$ ) ! ,primal ,elem5t expla9s ! names sometimes giv5 him1 su* z ,univ]sal ,reason1 ! ,great ,_s1 ! ,tru? ( ,humanity1 ! ,possessor ( ! ,ray ( ,light--! ,nur-i-,muhammadi--f ,god's own spl5d\r40#gf ,absorption 9 ,god1 !re=e1 or union ) ,him is ! goal ( all ! ,sufi tea*+s & practices4 ,! entire negation ( self cle>s ! way = ! appreh5sion ( ! ,tru?4 ,?is j\rney t[>ds ,god has its /ages :i* are g5]ally giv5 z eight 9 numb]3 s]vice1 love1 ab/raction1 k1 ec/asy1 tru?1 union1 ext9ction4 ,"s ( ! ,sufis w5t s f> z to set aside ext]nal religion1 & %[$ an utt] indiff]5ce to ! ritual z well z to ! moral law4 ,al-,ghazali 0 n ( _! numb]4 ,he tea*es1 h[ev]1 t ! ord9>y !ologian _c ent] on ! my/ic pa?1 = he is /ill 9 bondage to dogma & w&]s ab\t 9 d>kness4 ,pray]1 fa/+1 pilgrimage 9 all _! requirem5ts & ! details ( _! obs]vations h1 !re=e1 a tw(old significance2 ! outw>d & =mal "o :i* is und]/ood by ! common p1 & ! spiritual1 real1 esot]ic significance :i* is only grasp$ by ^? :o give !mselves entirely to ,god4 ,al-,ghazali 0 ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! dang]s ( ,sufism bo? 9 its cre$ by way ( becom+ pan!i/ic1 & 9 its ant9omian practices4 ,he saw t divorce betwe5 religion & morals w\ld be disa/r\s & mu/ !re=e h be5 %ock$ by su* v]ses z ^? ( ,om> ,khayyam3 8,khayyam6 :y weep y t y\r life is bad2 ,:at boots x ?us to m\rn8 ,r be glad4 ,he t s9s n c make no claim to m]cy2 ,m]cy 0 made = s9n]s--be n sad40 ,8 tea*+ reg>d+ s9 & rep5tance 01 z we %all see lat]1 altoge!r m fundam5tal4 ,f ! e>lie/ times pan!i/ic ,sufism f\nd a home 9 ,khorasan among ! ,moslems4 ,! old idea ( inc>nation em]g$ :5 ! ,%iah sect sep>at$ itself & paid su* high v5]ation to ,ali4 ,! sect ( ! ,khattahiyah wor%ipp$ ! ,imam ,jaf> ,sadik z ,god4 ,o!rs believ$ t ! div9e _s _h desc5d$ ^u ,abdallah ,ibn ,amr4 ,9 ,khorasan ! op9ion 0 widely spread t ,abu ,muslim1 ! great g5]al :o ov]turn$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,ommeyads & set up t ( ! ,abbassides1 0 an inc>nation ( ! _s ( ,god4 ,9 ! same prov9ce "u ,al ,mansur1 ! second ,abbasside ,caliph1 a religi\s lead] nam$ ,o/asys pr(ess$ to be an emanation ( ! ,godhead4 ,he collect$ ?\s&s ( foll[]s1 & ! movem5t 0 n suppress$ )\t mu* fight+4 ,"u ! ,caliph ,mahdi a self-/yl$ ,avat> nam$ ,ata arose1 :o on acc\nt ( a gold5 mask :i* he cont9ually wore 0 call$ ,mokanna1 or 8! veil$ prophet40 ,he also _h a num]\s foll[+1 & held ! ,caliph's armies 9 *eck = sev]al ye>s1 till 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ggi1 be+ closely inve/$ 9 8 ca/le1 he1 ) 8 :ole h>em & s]vants1 put an end to !mselves4 ,:at ,al-,ghazali himself ?\ght ( ^! speculations ( ! ,sufis & ! dang] ( ?is k9d ( my/icism we le>n f 8 book3 8,! speculations ( ! ,sufis may be divid$ into two classes3 to ! fir/ category belong all ! phases ab\t love to ,god & union ) ,him1 :i* accord+ to !m comp5sate = all outw>d works4 ,_m ( !m allege t !y h atta9$ to complete on5ess ) ,god2 t = !m ! veil has be5 lift$2 t !y h n only se5 ! ,mo/ ,high ) _! eyes1 b h spok5 ) ,him1 & s f> z to say #8,! ,mo/ ,high spoke ?us & ?us4' ,!y wi% to imitate ,hallaj1 :o 0 crucifi$ = us+ su* expressions1 & ju/ify !mselves by quot+ 8 say+1 #8,i am ! ,tru?4' ,!y also ref] to ,abu ,yazid ,bi/ami1 :o is report$ to h exclaim$1 #8,praise be to me6' in/ead ( #8,praise be to ,god6' ,?is k9d ( speculation is extremely dang]\s = ! common p1 & x is notori\s t a numb] ( craftsm5 h left _! occupation to make simil> ass]tions4 ,su* spee*es are highly popul>1 z !y hold out to m5 ! prospect ( lay+ aside active "w ) ! idea ( purg+ ! s\l ?r\gh my/ical ec/asies & transports4 ,! common p are n sl[ to claim simil> rights = !mselves & to cat* up wild & :irl+ expressions4 ,z reg>ds ! second class ( ,sufi speculation1 x consi/s 9 ! use ( un9telligible phrases :i* by _! outw>d app>5t mean+ & boldness attract att5tion1 b :i* on clos] inspection prove to be devoid ( any real s5se40 ,n only did ,al-,ghazali realize ! dang] on ! side ( pan!ism1 b he 0 aw>e t su* religi\s en?usiasm (t5 l$ to gross hypocrisy4 ,9 8 ,ihya he m5tions 8t ! prophet comm&$ t :oev] did n feel mov$ to te>s at ! recitation ( ! ,koran %\ld pret5d to weep & to be deeply mov$02 =1 adds ,al-,ghazali sagely1 89 ^! matt]s "o beg9s by =c+ oneself to d :at aft]w>ds comes spontane\sly40 ,moreov]1 ! fact t religi\s excitem5t 0 look$ ^u z ! m>k ( a f]v5t m9d & dev\t int5sity1 va/ly increas$ ! numb] ( ^? :o claim$ my/ic illum9ation4 ,he divides ! ec/atic conditions :i* ! he>+ ( poetical recitations produces into f\r classes4 ,! fir/1 :i* is ! l[e/1 is t ( ! simple s5su\s delight 9 melody4 ,! second class is t ( pleasure 9 ! melody & ( und]/&+ ! words 9 _! app>5t s5se4 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( ^? :o apply ! mean+ ( ! words to ! relations betwe5 man & ,god4 ,to ?is class belongs ! w\ld-be initiate into ,sufism4 ,he goes on to say1 8,he has necess>ily a goal m>k$ out = him to aim at1 & ?is goal is ! k ( ,god1 meet+ ,him & union ) ,him by ! way ( secret contemplation1 & ! removal ( ! veil :i* conceals ,him4 ,9 ord] to compass ?is aim ! ,sufi has a special pa? to foll[2 he mu/ p]=m v>i\s ascetic practices & ov]come c]ta9 spiritual ob/acles 9 do+ s4 ,n[ :51 dur+ ! recitation ( poetry1 ! ,sufi he>s m5tion made ( blame or praise1 ( acceptance or refusal1 ( union ) ! ,belov$ or sep>ation f ,him1 ( lam5t ov] a dep>t$ joy or long+ = a look1 z (t5 occurs 9 ,arabic poetry1 "o or ! o!r ( ^! accords ) 8 spiritual /ate & acts ^u him l a sp>k on t9d]1 to set 8 he>t aflame4 ,long+ & love ov]p[] him & unfold to him manifold vi/as ( spiritual exp]i5ce4 8,! f\r? & highe/ class is t ( ! fully initiat$ :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages above m5tion$1 & ^: m9ds are clos$ to ev]y?+ except ,god4 ,su* an "o is :olly d5ud$ ( self1 s t he no long] kn[s 8 own exp]i5ces & practices1 &1 z ?\gh ) s5ses seal$1 s9ks into ! ocean ( ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,?is condition ! ,sufis *>act]ize z self-annihilation 7,fana740 78,! ,confessions407 ,else:]e he comp>es ?is highe/ condition ( ec/asy ( ! human s\l to a cle> mirror--( c\rse he means ! mirror ( ! anci5ts made ( poli%$ brass or bronze--:i* reflects ! col\rs ( any?+ t[>ds :i* x is direct$4 ,aga9 & aga9 he comes back to ?is metaphor 9 8 books4 ,s9 is l ru/ on ! mirror ( ! s\l4 ,light is reflect$ 9 x1 b ! rays are no long] cle>1 until by rep5tance ! ru/ ( guilt & passion are remov$4 ,al-,ghazali's my/icism 0 always accompani$ by or?odox insi/5ce on ! six articles ( fai? & ! five pill>s ( practice1 ?r\gh :i* alone ! s\l c receive its fundam5tal impulse t[>ds ,god4 ,yet ,al-,ghazali's my/icism leads him to emphasize always ! spiritual side ( wor%ip4 ,! m]e =m is no?+ 9 itself4 ,! au?or ( ! ,masnavi _h ma/]$ ,al-,ghazali & absorb$ 8 _s :5 he wrote3 8,fools laud & magnify ! mosque1 ,:ile !y /rive to oppress holy m5 ( he>t4 ,b ! =m] is m]e =m1 ! latt] _s & tru?4 ,! only true mosque is t 9 ! he>ts ( sa9ts4 ,! mosque t is built 9 ! he>t ( ! sa9ts ,is ! place ( wor%ip ( all1 = ,god dwells !re40 ,:at he says on ! imitation ( ,god is bas$ almo/ lit]ally on ,al-,ghazali's book describ+ ,god's attributes4 8,god calls ,himself #8,see+1' to ! end t ,8 eye may e mom5t sc>e y f s9n+4 ,god calls ,himself #8,he>+1' to ! end t ,y may close y\r lips aga9/ f\l disc\rse4 ,god calls ,himself #8,kn[+1' to ! end t ,y may be afraid to plot evil4 ,^! names are n m]e accid5tal names ( ,god1 ,z a negro may be call$ ,kafur 7:ite72 ,!y are names d]iv$ f ,god's ess5tial attributes1 ,n m]e va9 titles ( ! ,fir/ ,cause40 ,abu ,said b9 ,abu 'l-,khair1 also ( ,khorasan 7,a4 ,h4 #cif-ddj71 0 "o ( ,al-,ghazali's tea*]s 9 ! s*ool ( my/icism4 ,:5 he 0 ask$ :at a ,sufi 0 he said3 8,:atev] is 9 ?y head1 =get x2 :atev] is 9 ?y h&1 give x away2 & :atev] happ5s to !e1 disreg>d x40 ,9 reg>d to ! rise ( ,sufic tea*+1 its orig9 & "*1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje rem>ks3 8,! lamp :i* ,allah _h caus$ ,mohamm$ to hold up to guide mank9d ) its light1 0 rais$ high] & high] aft] ! ,prophet's dea?1 9 ord] to %$ its light ov] an ev] increas+ "p ( humanity4 ,?is 0 n possible1 h[ev]1 )\t its res]voir be+ repl5i%$ ) all ! diff]5t k9ds ( oil t _h f "t immemorial giv5 light to ^? diff]5t nations4 ,! oil ( my/icism came f ,*ri/ian circles1 & its ,neoplatonic orig9 0 q unmi/akable2 ,p]sia & ,india also contribut$ to x4 ,!re 7 ^? :o1 by asceticism1 by diff]5t me?ods ( mortify+ ! fle%1 lib]at$ ! _s t x might rise & become unit$ ) ! orig9 ( all be+2 to su* an ext5t t ) "s ! pr(ession ( fai? 0 r$uc$ to ! blasphem\s exclamation3 #8,i am ,allah4'0 ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile title page ( ! la/ book ,ghazali wrote1 entitl$ 8,m9haj ,al-,abid940 ,on ! m>g9 ?is ,cairo edition gives ano!r ( 8 celebrat$ works1 8,badayat-al-,hadaya40 ,b he goes on to say t al?\gh _m w5t to su* extremes & 9 _! pan!i/ic ideas lo/ sight ( ! moral law & ! re/riction ( conduct x 0 ,al-,ghazali :o rescu$ ,islam to a l>ge degree f ?is dang]4 ,he recomm5d$ moral p]fection ( ! s\l by asceticism z ! only way ?r\gh :i* m5 c\ld approa* ne>] to ,god4 8,8 my/icism wi%$ to avoid ! dang] ( pan!ism1 to :i* s _m o!rs 7 l$ by _! contemplations1 & :i* s (t5 eng5d]$ disreg>d ( ! reveal$ law1 or ev5 ( morality40 ,x is !re=e f ! days ( ,al-,ghazali t e?ical my/icism obta9$ its bir?right 9 ! _w ( ,islam toge!r ) law & dogma4 ,^! n[ =m ! sacr$ trio ( religi\s sci5ces1 & are taught 9 e great c5tre ( ,moslem le>n+4 ,= dogma o!r writ]s are m au?oritative4 ,= ,moslem law !re is ! /udy ( ! great writ]s ( ! f\r ,s*ools1 b 9 matt]s ( e?ics ,al-,ghazali /ill holds 8 own4 ,to quote once m f ,hurgronje3 8,! e?ical my/icism ( ,al-,ghazali is g5]ally recogniz$ z or?odox2 & ! possibility ( atta9+ to a high] spiritual sph]e by means ( me?odic asceticism & contemplation is d\bt$ by few4 ,! foll[+ op9ion has come to prevail 9 wide circles3 ! ,law (f]s ! bread ( life to all ! fai?ful1 ! dogmatics are ! ars5al f :i* ! weapons mu/ be tak5 to def5d ! treasures ( religion aga9/ unbelief & h]esy1 b my/icism %[s ! e>?ly pilgrim ! way to ,heav540#gg ,9 "o p>ticul>1 h[ev]1 ?is e?ical tea*+ is utt]ly disappo9t+4 ,al-,ghazali's my/icism is n = ! multitude4 ,x is esot]ic1 = a p>ticul> class :o are fill$ ) religi\s pride t !y1 9 ?is respect1 are n z o!r m54 ,ev5 ! noble/ m9ds 9 ,islam re/rict true religi\s life to an ari/ocratic m9ority1 &1 l ! ,ph>isees ( old1 consid] ! ignorance ( ! multitude an evil t _c be rem$i$4 ,! tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazali 0 int5d$ n = ! masses b = ! initiates4 ,x is rem>kable t :ile he f\nd$ a cloi/] = ,sufis at ,tus & taught & gov]n$ !re himself dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life1 he left no e/abli%$ ord] beh9d him4 ,pr(essor ,macdonald ?9ks t 9 8 "t ! movem5t t[>ds cont9u\s corporations & bro!rhoods _h n yet begun4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake1 = 9 ! ,ka%f-al-,mahjub 7,a4 ,h4 #def7 we already f9d a li/ ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( ,d]vi%es & _! peculi> me?ods ( devotion4 ,al-,ghazali's tea*+1 h[ev]1 is popul> among all ! ,d]vi% ord]s ( to-day4 ,a special /udy has be5 made ( "o ( ,al-,ghazali's esot]ic works on my/icism entitl$ ,mi%kat al-,anw>1 by ,canon ,w4 ,h4 ,t4 ,gairdn]1 9 :i* he answ]s ! critics ( ?is "w1 & %[s conclusively t :atev] may h be5 ,al-,ghazali's me?od he 0 s9c]e4 ,we borr[ f ?is int]e/+ & s*ol>ly pap] two p>agraphs to illu/rate ! me?od ( ,al-,ghazali3 8,9 exp\nd+ ! tradition ( ! ,sev5ty ,?\s& ,veils ) :i* ,allah _h veil$ ,himself f ! vision ( man1 ,ghazali f9ds opportunity to graduate v>i\s religions & sects accord+ z !y are m1 or less1 ?ickly veil$ f ! light2 i4 e41 accord+ z !y m or less ne>ly approximate to ,absolute ,tru? 7al-,haqq--! ,real--,allah74 ,! veils :i* veil ! v>i\s religions & sects f ! ,div9e ,light are conceiv$ ( z tw(old 9 "*1 light veils & d>k veils1 & ! pr9ciple ( graduation is accord+ z ! foll[]s ( ^! religions & sects are veil$ 7a7 by d>k veils1 7b7 by d>k & light mix$1 or 7c7 by light veils only4 ,! recital closes ) a %ort passage :i* tells u t ! ,atta9]s 7al-wasilun7 h _h ! ,sufi doctr9e ( ka%f 9 its mo/ explicit & /rik+ =m4 87a7 ,^? veil$ by pure d>kness1 call$ "h ! mulhida1 are ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,allah & ( a ,la/ ,day4 ,!y h two ma9 divisions1 ^? :o h inquir$ = a cause to acc\nt = ! _w & h made ,nature t cause2 & ^? :o h made no su* inquiry4 ,! =m] are cle>ly ! ,naturi/s or dahriya :o 7 ! v abom9ation ( desolation to ,ghazali4 ,x is curi\s t no?+ fur!r is said ( _! evil conduct1 & x is entirely *>act]i/ic ( m$ival ?\ght t ! deepe/ damnation is ?us res]v$ = false op9ion1 r ?an = evil life4 ,evil do]s =m ! second division 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n def9itely said to be high] ?an ! fir/71 compos$ ( ^? :o are too gre$y & selfi% s mu* z to look = a cause1 or 9 fact to ?9k ( any?+ except _! vile selves4 ,^! we might /yle ! ,egoti/s2 !y are rang$ 9 asc5d+ ord] into 7#a7 seek]s ( s5sual pleasure1 7#b7 seek]s ( dom9ion1 7#c7 money-grubb]s1 7#d7 lov]s ( va9-glory4 ,9 ! fir/ he has ! ord9>y s5sual h]d 9 view1 z well z ! philosoph]s ( s5sualism2 _! veils are ! veils ( ! be/ial attributes1 :ile ^? ( ! second are ! f]oci\s ones 7sabaiya74 ,! d5otation ( ! latt] class is qua9tly giv5 z ,arabs1 "s ,kurds & v num]\s ,fools4 ,! ?ird & f\r? subdivisions d n call = comm5t4 8,m\nt+ f ^! regions ( unmitigat$ d>kness we come to 7b71 ^? veil$ by light & d>kness mix$4 ,ghazali's idea ( ! d>k veils 9 g5]al may be ga!r$ f a comp>ison ( ?is & ! previ\s section4 ,9 ?is section ! d>k veils are %[n to be ! false conceptions ( deity1 :i* ! human m9d is delud$ into mak+ by ! gross & limit$ elem5ts 9 its own con/itution1 namely 79 asc5d+ ord]7 by ! ,s5ses1 ! ,phantasy or ,imag9ation & ! ,discursive ,reason4 ,! d>k veils ( ! previ\s section 7 ! unmitigat$ egotism & mat]ialism :i* employ$ ^! faculties = self & ! _w alone1 )\t a ?\ght ( deity4 ,! light veils1 accord+ly1 are ! true b p>tial intuitions :]eby man rises to ! idea ( deity1 or to a some?+ at lea/ high] ?an himself4 ,^! intuitions are no m ?an p>tial1 because !y fix ^u "s "o aspect or attribute ( deity1--maje/y1 beauty1 & s =?1--& believ+ x to be all 9 all proce$ to deify all maje/ic1 beautiful1 etc41 ?+s4 ,?us !y half reveal1 half conceal1 ,allah1 & s are lit]ally veils ( light40#gh ,does n ?is rem9d u ( ,/4 ,paul's words3 8,n[ we see ?r\gh 797 a glass d>kly b !n face to face1 etc408 ,did ,al-,ghazali borr[ f ! ,gospel "h also8 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,m>goli\? & o!rs t ,mohamm$an ,sufism is l>gely bas$ on ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! case ( ,abu ,talib1 ,al-,ghazali's fav\rite writ] on ?is subject4 8,sometimes ! matt] is tak5 ov] bodily2 ?us ! ,p>able ( ! ,s[] is told by ! e>lie/ ,sufi writ]4 ,abu ,talib takes ov] ! dialogue 9 ! ,gospel es*atology betwe5 ! ,savi\r & ^? :o are taunt$ ) hav+ se5 ,him hungry & refus$ ,him food2 only = ! que/ion] he sub/itutes ,allah1 & = #8! lea/ ( ^!' 8 ,moslem bro!r4 ,n a few ( ! ,beatitudes are tak5 ov] sometimes ) ! "n ( _! au?or4 ,commonplaces :i* are f\nd 9 ,*ri/ian homiletic works reappe> ) little or no alt]ation 9 ! ,sufi s]mons4 ,9 ! ,acts ( ,?omas1 ! ,apo/le1 :5 employ$ by a k+ to build a palace1 sp5ds ! money 9 *>ity to ! poor4 ,pres5tly ! k+'s bro!r dies1 & f9ds t a wond]ful palace has be5 built = ! k+ 9 ,p>adise ) ! ,alms :i* ,?omas be/[$ 9 8 "n4 ,?is /ory reappe>s 9 ! doctr9e ( ,abu ,talib t :5 a poor man takes *>ity f ! weal?y1 he is !reby build+ him a h\se 9 ,p>adise40#gi ,n only 9 ,qut-ul-,qulub1 ! fam\s book ( ,abu ,talib1 b 9 all ,al-,ghazali's works we h num]\s quotations & ref]5ces to ! ,gospels apocryphal or g5u9e1 z we %all see lat]4 ,al-,ghazali prescrib$ =ms = morn+ & ev5+ pray] :i* d n diff] greatly f ! pray]s recomm5d$ 9 ,*ri/ian manuals ( devotion4 ,8 tea*+ on pray] is an ef=t to spiritualize ! c]emony1 & 9 ?is he foll[s ! tea*+ ( ! old] ,sufis4 ,absorption 9 ,god dur+ pray] 0 _! ideal4 ,to avoid di/raction m5 7 advis$ to pray t[>ds a blank wall1 le/ any ar*itectural ornam5t might di/ract _! att5tion4 ,o!rs boa/$ t !y c\ld atta9 to absorption "u any circum/ances4 8,!re 7 sa9ts :o :5 !y />t$ _! salat told _! wom5-folk t !y might *att] z mu* z !y lik$ & ev5 beat drums2 !y 7 too mu* absorb$ 9 pray] to he>1 h[ev] l\d ! noise4 ,:5 "o ( !m 0 say+ 8 salat 9 ! ,mosque ( ,basrah a column fell1 br++ d[n ) x an erection ( f\r /oreys2 he cont9u$ pray+1 & :5 aft] he _h f9i%$ ! p congratulat$ him on 8 escape1 he ask$1 :at f8 ,great names 7 quot$ = ! practice ( pray+ ha/ily1 & s %ort5+ ! "t tak5 by ! devotion z to give ,satan no *ance ( di/ract+ ! ?\ghts40 ,al-,ghazali1 h[ev]1 believ$ 9 rev]5ce & emphasiz$ outw>d & inw>d prep>ation = ?is act ( devotion4 8,pray]10 says he1 8is a ne>ness to ,god & a gift :i* we pres5t to ! ,k+ ( k+s ev5 z "o :o comes f a di/ant village br+s x be=e ! rul]4 ,& y\r gift is accept$ ( ,god & w be return$ to y on ! great day ( judgm5t1 s t y are responsible to pres5t x z beautiful z possible40 ,he quotes ) approval a say+ ( ,mohamm$3 8,true pray] is to make "o's self meek & humble10 & adds t ! pres5ce ( ! he>t is ! s\l ( true pray] & t abs5t-m9d$ness de/roys all its value4 8,true pray]10 he cont9ues1 8consi/s ( six ?+s3 ! pres5ce ( ! he>t1 und]/&+1 magnify+ ,god1 fe>1 hope1 & a s5se ( %ame40 ,he !n treats successively ^! elem5ts ( true pray]1 %[+ 9 :at !y consi/1 h[ !y are occasion$ & h[ !y may be secur$4 ,we secure ! pres5ce ( our he>ts by a deep s5se ( ! et]nal4 ,:at he says 9 reg>d to ,god's greatness may well be comp>$ ) su* passages z ! eigh? ,psalm1 8,:at is man t ,?\ art m9dful ( him80 ,our s5se ( %ame is quick5$1 he says1 by rememb]+ our %ortcom+s 9 wor%ip4 ,! only way we c secure ! pres5ce ( ! he>t 9 pray] is by draw+ our ?\ghts away f outw>d div]sions & f ^? )94 ,we %\ld n pray 9 ! public /reets1 = !re our m9d is div]t$4 ,if we c pray t[>ds a dead wall on :i* !re is no?+ to see x w be helpful4 ,b ! inw>d )drawal ( ! he>t is /ill m important4 ,:at he says ab\t ! true kibla is also wor? quot+4 8,x is ! turn+ away ( y\r outw>d gaze f ev]y?+ save ! direction ( ! holy h\se ( ,god4 ,d y n !n ?9k t ! turn+ aside ( y\r he>t f all o!r ?+s to ! consid]ation ( ,god ,mo/ ,high is requir$ ( y8 ,x c]ta9ly is4 ,no?+ else is requir$ ( y 9 pray] ?an ?is1 s t ,i w\ld say ! face ( y\r he>t mu/ turn ) ! face ( y\r body2 & ev5 z no "o is able to face ! h\se ( ,god save by turn+ away f e o!r direction1 s ! he>t does n truly turn t[>ds ,god save by be+ sep>at$ f ev]y?+ else ?an himself40 8,:5 y /& up to pray10 he says1 8rememb] ! day :5 y mu/ /& be=e ,god's ?rone & be judg$4 ,be cle> ( hypocrisy 9 pray]4 ,d n foll[ ^? :o pr(ess to wor%ip ! face ( ,god & at ! same "t seek ! praise ( m54444 ,flee f ! devil1 = he is z a dev\r+ lion4 ,h[ c any "o :o is pursu$ by a lion or an enemy :o w\ld dev\r him or kill him say1 #8,i take refuge ) ,god f !m 9 ?is ca/le or 9 ?is =t1' & /ill l+] )\t ent]+ ! =t8 ,surely ?is w n pr(it him4 ,! only way to secure protection is to *ange 8 place4 ,9 l mann] :oev] foll[s 8 lu/s1 :i* are ! lurk+ place ( ,satan & ! abom9ation ( ! ,m]ciful1 ! m]e say+1 #8,i take refuge 9 ,god' w n pr(it4 ,:osoev] takes 8 passions = a ,god he is "u ! reign ( ! devil & n 9 ! safe keep+ ( 8 ,"l40 ,he gives a long spiritual int]pretation ( ! fatihah :i* is beautiful4 8,at ! conclusion ( y\r =mal pray]10 he says1 8(f] y\r humble petitions & ?anksgiv+s & expect an answ] & jo9 9 y\r petition y\r p>5ts & ! re/ ( true believ]s4 ,& :5 y give ! f9al salaams rememb] ! two angels :o sit on y\r %\ld]s40 ,9 ! giv+ ( alms he says sev5 ?+s are requir$3 promptness1 secrecy1 example--7& 9 ?is connection he quotes a ,tradition ascrib$ to ! ,prophet ab\t ! left h& n kn[+ :at ! "r h& doe?7--abs5ce ( boa/+ or pride1 ! gift mu/ n be spok5 ( z great1 our be/ is dem&$1 = ,god is supremely good & ,he w only take ! be/1 & we mu/ give our alms to ! "r p]sons4 ,( ^! he m5tions six classes3 ! pi\s1 ! le>n$1 ! righte\s1 ! des]v+ poor1 ^? 9 ne$ because ( sickness or family di/ress1 & relatives4 ,) him1 *>ity ends at home4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,mihrab or pray]-ni*e made ( c$> wood & dat+ f ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 7,cairo ,museum47 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 f ,al-,ghazali's tea*+ t only ,moslems are int5d$ 9 8 classification ( ^? :o may receive ! ,zakat4 ,!re is no univ]sal bro!rhood 9 ,islam4 ,jews & ,*ri/ians are outside ! pale1 save z !y h 8! rights ( neighb\rs40 ,*ri/ians might well reg>d ,al-,ghazali's my/ical me?od ( read+ ! ,koran 9 _! p]usal ( ! ,scriptures4 ,he tells u we mu/ reg>d eight ?+s3 ! greatness ( ! revelation2 ! maje/y ( ! ,speak]2 ! ne$ ( a prep>$ he>t2 m$itation2 und]/&+ ! cont5t ( ! passage1 n twi/+ its mean+2 we are to make ! application to ourselves2 & f9ally we mu/ read x s t its effect may %[ 9 our lives4 ,by ! ^w ,koran1 he says1 8we mean n ! read+ b ! foll[+ ( ! tea*+1 = ! movem5t ( ! tongue 9 pron\nc+ ! words is ( little value4 ,! true read+ is :5 ! tongue & ! m9d & ! he>t are associat$4 ,! "p ( ! tongue is to pron\nce ! words cle>ly 9 *ant+4 ,! "p ( ! m9d is to int]pret ! mean+4 ,! "p ( ! he>t is to translate x into life4 ,s t ! tongue *ants & ! m9d int]prets & ! he>t is a prea*] & a w>n]40 ,! greate/ *apt] ( 8 opus magnum is und\bt$ly t on ,rep5tance4 ,x may well be comp>$ ) ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm or ! sev5? *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,t ,al-,ghazali himself _h a deep s5se ( s91 no "o c d\bt4 ,he 0 n a ,ph>isee b an e>ne/ seek] aft] ,god4 ,he tea*es cle>ly t all ! prophets1 includ+ ,mohamm$1 7 s9n]s1 al?\gh he n[h]e m5tions any s9fulness 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important passages is t 9 :i* he speaks ( ! b5efit ( ask+ p>don4 ,x reads z foll[s3 8,said ,mohamm$ ! ,prophet 7^u him be peace73 #8,v]ily1 ,i ask =giv5ess ( ,god & rep5t t[>ds ,him e day sev5ty times4'0 ,he said ?is1 s says ,al-,ghazali1 al?\gh ,god _h already te/ifi$1 8,we h =giv5 !e1 ?y =m] & ?y latt] s9s40 8,said ! ,prophet ( ,god1 #8,truly a fa9tness comes ov] my he>t until ,i ask ,god =giv5ess e day "o hundr$ times4' ,& said ! ,prophet 7on him be peace71 #8,:osoev] says :5 he goes to sleep1 8,i ask =giv5ess ( ! ,great ,god1 ?an :om !re is no o!r1 ! liv+1 & ,i rep5t ( my s9s ?ree times10 ,god w =give him 8 s9s ev5 ?\gh !y 7 z ! foam ( ! seas or its s&s pil$ up1 or z ! numb]s ( ! leaves on ! trees or ! days ( ! _w4' ,& said ! ,prophet ( ,god 7^u him be peace71 #8,:osoev] says t ^w ,i w =give 8 s9s ?\gh he des]ts ! army4'0 ,al-,ghazali relates a /ory ( "o ,hudhifa1 :o said1 8,i 0 accu/om$ to speak %>ply to my wife1 & ,i said1 #8,o1 ,apo/le ( ,god1 ,i am afraid le/ my tongue %\ld cause me to ent] ! fire1' & !n ! ,prophet ( ,god 7^u :om be peace7 said1 #8,:]e art ?\ 9 ask+ = =giv5ess comp>$ ) me1 = ,i ask =giv5ess ( ,god e day "o hundr$ times4' ,& ,aye%a said 7may ,god give h] ,8 fav\r71 conc]n+ ! ,prophet1 #8,he said to me1 8,if y h committ$ a s9 ask =giv5ess ( ,god & rep5t to ,him1 = true rep5tance = a s9 is turn+ away f x & ask+ =giv5ess40' ,& ! ,apo/le ( ,god 7^u :om be peace7 0 accu/om$ to say :5 he ask$ = =giv5ess3 #8,o ,god1 =give my s9 & my ignorance & my excess 9 :at ,i h done1 & :at ,?\ kn[e/ bett] ?an ,i d4 ,o ,god1 =give me my trifl+ & my e>ne/ness1 my mi/akes & my wrong int5tions & all t ,i h done4 ,o ,god1 =give me t :i* ,i h committ$ 9 ! pa/ & t :i* ,i w commit 9 ! future1 & :at ,i h hidd5 & :at ,i h reveal$ & :at ,?\ kn[e/ bett] ?an ,i d1 ,?\ :o art ! fir/ & ! la/ & ,?\ art ! ,almighty4'0#hj ,h[ diff]5t all ?is is f ! pres5t day sup]ficial tea*+ ab\t ! s9lessness ( ,mohamm$ :i* is curr5t 9 popul> ,islam4 ,s9ce ,al-,ghazali tells ?is ab\t ,mohamm$ & 8 ne$ = =giv5ess1 he naturally deals ) rep5tance 9 no sup]ficial fa%ion b z "o :o has ta/$ ! bitt]ness ( remorse & has discov]$ 8 own inability to meet ! dem&s ( ! ,moral ,law4 ,8 book on rep5tance has ! foll[+ sections3 7#a7 ,! reality ( rep5tance4 7#b7 ,! necessity = rep5tance4 7#c7 ,true rep5tance expect$ by ,god4 7#d7 ,( :at a man %\ld rep5t1 namely1 ! "* ( s94 7#e7 ,h[ small s9s become great4 7#f7 ,p]fect rep5tance1 its conditions & its duration4 7#g7 ,! degree ( rep5tance4 7#h7 ,h[ to become truly p5it5t4 ,"o c only give a summ>y ( 8 tea*+4 ,he rises f> above ! ,koran4 ,9 fact 9 "s cases 8 pro( texts1 :5 we consid] ! context1 are a t]rible indictm5t ( ! ,prophet4#ha ,he says ! necessity ( rep5tance always & = all m5 is evid5t because no "o ( ! human race is free f s94 8,= ev5 ?\gh 9 "s cases he is free f outw>d s9 ( 8 bodily memb]s1 he is n free f s9 ( ! he>t2 ?\gh free f passion he is n free f ! :isp]+s ( ,satan & =getfulness ( ,god1 or ( com+ %ort ( ! k ( ,god & ,8 attributes & ,8 works40 ,all ?is is a failure ( atta9m5t & has its reasons2 b if a man %\ld =sake ! causes ( ?is =getfulness & employ himself ) ! opposite virtues x w\ld be a return to ! "r way2 & ! significance ( rep5tance is ! return4 ,y _c imag9e t any "o ( u is free f ?is defect1 = we only diff] 9 degrees1 b ! root und\bt$ly exi/s 9 u4 ,( c\rse he ignores orig9al s91 be+ a ,moslem1 b he makes a great deal ( ! effect t unrep5t$ s9 causes2 b x ent]s deep] & deep] into ! he>t until ! image ( ,god on ! mirror ( ! human s\l is effac$4 ,ano!r illu/ration he uses is t ( ! he>t z a goodly g>m5t :i* has be5 dragg$ ?r\gh fil? & ne$s to be wa%$ aga9 ) soap & wat]4 8,us+ ! he>t 9 ! ex]cise ( our passions makes x fil?y4 ,we mu/ !re=e wa% x 9 ! wat] ( te>s & by ! rubb+ ( rep5tance4 ,x is = y to rub x clean & !n ,god w accept x40 ,h[ ne> & yet h[ f> f ! tea*+ ( ,david & ,isaiah & ,/4 ,paul6 ,did ,al-,ghazali ev] he> "s pi\s ,jew quote ,isaiah's /atem5t t 8all our righte\snesses are z fil?y rags08 ,true rep5tance has a tw(old result accord+ to ?is ,moslem !ologian4 ,al?\gh he does n t\* ! deep] problem ( h[ ,god c be j & ju/ify ! s9n]1 he tea*es t ! result ( ! =giv5ess ( our s9s is t 8we /& be=e ,god z ?\gh we _h none10 & t 8we atta9 a high] degree ( righte\sness40 ,! cross ( ,*ri/ is ! miss+ l9k 9 ,al-,ghazali's cre$4 ,he comes v close to ,*ri/ianity & yet always misses ! he>t ( its tea*+4 ,he is grop+ t[>ds ! light b does n grasp ! h& ( a fri5d or f9d a ,r$eem]4 ,x is all a righte\sness by works & an atta9m5t ( ! k ( ,god by m$itation )\t ju/ification ?r\gh an atonem5t4 ,yet ,al-,ghazali's tea*+ on 8! ,practice ( ! ,pres5ce ( ,god0 is v mu* l t ( ,bro!r ,lawr5ce 9 8 celebrat$ ,essay4 ,9 8 8,beg9n]'s ,guide to ,religion & ,morals0 7,al ,badayet7 he writes3 8,"k1 !re=e1 t y\r companion :o nev] des]ts y at home or abroad1 :5 y are asleep or :5 y are awake1 :e!r y are dead or alive1 is y\r ,"l & ,ma/]1 y\r ,creator & ,pres]v]1 & :5soev] y rememb] ,him ,he is sitt+ beside y4 ,= ,god ,himself ha? said1 #8,i am ! close companion ( ^? :o rememb] me4' ,& :5ev] y\r he>t is contrite ) sorr[ because ( y\r neglect ( religion ,he is y\r companion :o keeps close to y1 = ,god ha? said1 #8,i am ) ^? :o are brok5-he>t$ on my acc\nt4' ,& if y only knew ,him z y ought to "k ,him y w\ld take ,him z a companion & =sake all m5 = ,8 sake4 ,b z y are unable to d ?is at all times1 ,i w>n y t y set aside a c]ta9 "t by night & by day = communion ) y\r ,creator t y may delight y\rself 9 ,him & t ,he may deliv] y f evil40#hb ,at times1 especially :5 he speaks ( ! veils t hide reality & ,god1 we are rem9d$ ( ! l9es ( ,:itehead on 8! ,second ,day ( ,creation03 8,i gaze alo( at ! tissu$ ro( ,:]e "t & space are ! w>p & wo(1 ,:i* ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 l a curta9 fl+s1 ,o'er ! dreadfulness ( et]nal ?+s4 ,b if ,i c\ld see1 z 9 tru? !y be1 ,! glories t encircle me1 ,i %\ld lightly hold ?is tissu$ fold ,) its m>vell\s curta9 ( blue & gold2 ,= soon ! :ole1 l a p>*$ scroll1 ,%all be=e my amazd eyes unroll1 ,& )\t a scre5 at "o bur/ be se5 ,! ,pres5ce 9 :i* ,i h always be540 ,b ,al-,ghazali did n "k ,god's ne>ness ?r\gh ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/4 ,! hop$-= ,vision ( ,god 0 always full ( fe> & dread ( judgm5t4 ,! fe> ( ,god 0 ! beg9n+ & end ( wisdom4 ,:at he und]/ood by ! fe> ( ,god is cle> f ! foll[+ passage tak5 f ! 8,revival ( ,religi\s ,sci5ces03 8,by ! fe> ( ,god ,i d n mean a fe> l t ( wom5 :5 _! eyes swim & _! he>ts beat at he>+ "s eloqu5t religi\s disc\rse1 :i* !y quickly =get & turn aga9 to frivolity4 ,t is no real fe> at all4 ,he :o fe>s a ?+ flees f x1 & he :o hopes = a ?+ /rives = x1 & ! only fe> t w save !e is t fe> t =bids s9n+ aga9/ ,god & in/ils ob$i5ce to ,him4 ,bew>e ( ! %all[ fe> ( wom5 & fools1 :o1 :5 !y he> ( ! t]rors ( ! ,"l1 say lightly1 #8,we take refuge 9 ,god1' & at ! same "t cont9ue 9 ! v s9s :i* w de/roy !m4 ,satan laughs at su* pi\s ejaculations4 ,!y are l a man :o %\ld meet a lion 9 a des]t1 :ile !re is a =tress at no great di/ance away1 & :5 he sees ! rav5\s bea/1 %\ld /& exclaim+1 #8,i take refuge 9 ,god4' ,god w n protect !e f ! t]rors ( ,8 judgm5t unless ?\ really take refuge 9 ,him40 ,includ$ ) 8 fe> ( ,god !re 0 always a fe> ( dea? :i* c be/ be describ$ z m$ival or e>ly ,moslem4 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 life he compos$ a %ort "w on es*atology call$ 8,! ,preci\s ,pe>l40 ,x is no less lurid 9 its t]rible pictures ( dea? & ! judgm5t ?an "s ( 8 old] works4 ,9 x he says3 8,:5 y wat* a dead man & see t ! saliva has run f 8 m\?1 t 8 lips are contract$1 8 face black1 ! :ites ( 8 eyes %[+1 "k t he is damn$1 & t ! fact ( 8 damnation 9 ! o!r _w has j be5 reveal$ to him4 ,b if y see ! dead ) a smile on 8 lips1 a s]5e c\nt5ance1 8 eyes half-clos$1 "k t he has j receiv$ ! good news ( ! happ9ess :i* awaits him 9 ! o!r _w4444 8,on ! day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 all m5 are ga!r$ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 _! acc\nts are all ca/ up1 & _! good & evil de$s weigh$4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ea* man believes he is ! only "o ) :om ,god is deal+4 ,?\gh p]adv5ture at ! same mom5t ,god is tak+ acc\nt ( c\ntless multitudes ^: numb] is kn[n to ,him only4 ,m5 d n see ea* o!r or he> ea* o!r speak40 ,9 summ+ up ! "* ( ! ,my/ic ,claud ,field says3 8,z ,/4 ,augu/9e f\nd deliv]ance f d\bt & error 9 8 inw>d exp]i5ce ( ,god1 & ,desc>tes 9 self-consci\sness1 s ,ghazali1 unsatisfi$ ) speculation & tr\bl$ by scepticism1 surr5d]s himself to ! w ( ,god4 ,leav+ o!rs to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! ext]nal _w1 he f9ds ,god reveal$ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 own consci\sness & ! my/]y ( 8 own free w4444 ,he is a unique & lonely figure 9 ,islam1 & has to ?is day be5 only p>tially und]/ood4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages 8 fame 0 eclips$ by t ( ,av]roes1 ^: comm5t>y on ,ari/otle is allud$ to by ,dante1 & 0 /udi$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as & ! s*oolman4 ,av]roes' sy/em 0 r\nd$ & complete1 b ,ghazali 0 "o ( ^? #8^: rea* exce$s _! grasp'2 he 0 always /rik+ aft] some?+ he _h n atta9$1 & /&s 9 _m respects ne>] to mod]n m9d ?an ,av]roes4 ,r5an1 ?\gh f> f sympa?iz+ ) 8 religi\s e>ne/ness1 calls him #8! mo/ orig9al m9d among ,arabian philosoph]s4'0 ,! disciple ( ,al-,ghazali is p]haps ( all ,moslems ! ne>e/ to ! ,gospel1 & we may hope t :5 8 works are c>efully /udi$ & comp>$ ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity _m may f9d 9 him a s*oolma/] to lead !m to ,*ri/4 ,educat$ ,moslems ( to-day may well he$ ! w>n+ ) :i* ,al-,ghazali closes 8 8,confessions03 8,! k ( :i* we speak is n d]iv$ f s\rces accessible to human dilig5ce1 & t is :y progress 9 m]e worldly k r5d]s ! s9n] m h>d5$ 9 8 revolt aga9/ ,god4 ,true k1 on ! contr>y1 inspires 9 him :o is initiat$ 9 x m fe> & m rev]5ce1 & raises a b>ri] ( def5se betwe5 him & s94 ,he may slip & /umble1 x is true1 z is inevitable ) "o encompass$ by human infirmity1 b ^! slips & /umbles w n weak5 8 fai?4 ,! true ,moslem succumbs occasionally to temptation b he rep5ts & w n p]sev]e ob/9ately 9 ! pa? ( error4 ,i pray ,god ! ,omnipot5t to place u 9 ! ranks ( ,8 *os51 among ! numb] ( ^? :om ,he directs 9 ! pa? ( safety1 9 :om ,he inspires f]v\r le/ !y =get ,him2 :om ,he cleanses f all defilem5t1 t no?+ may rema9 9 !m except ,himself2 yea ( ^? :om ,he indwells completely1 t !y may adore none beside ,him40 ,be+ a ,moslem1 ,al-,ghazali 0 ei!r too pr\d to se>* = ! true hi/orical facts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or p]haps x w\ld be m *>itable to say t he _h no adequate opportunity1 9 spite ( 8 quotations & misquotations f ! 8,gospels40 ,o!rwise he c\ld h f\nd !re :at w\ld h met 8 he>t-hung] & satisfi$ 8 s\l--! manife/ation ( ,god n 9 "s intangible pr9ciple1 b 9 a liv+ p]son1 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 8is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/ born ( e creature4 ,= by ,him 7 all ?+s creat$ t are 9 heav51 & t are 9 e>?1 visible & invisible1 :e!r !y be ?rones1 or dom9ions1 or pr9cipalities1 or p[]s2 9 ,him are all ?+s1 & by ,him all ?+s consi/40 7,colossians #a3 #ae-ag47 ,^? :o dwell 9 ,*ri/ & 9 :om ,he dwells are a "p ( ,8 spiritual body4 ,!y are ! bran*es ( ! liv+ ,v9e4 ,!y are "o 9 life & purpose1 al?\gh !y rema9 consci\s ev]more ( _! own individual exi/5ce2 !y are fitt$ progressively = a deep] communion ) ,god4 ,to su* a conception ! ,sufi nev] atta9$4 ,al-,ghazali admits t no man has se5 ,god at any "t1 b he fail$ to realize t 8! ,only ,begott51 ,:o is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 ha? decl>$ ,him40 ,! artificial glory ( ,mohamm$ 9 8 case1 z = c5turies aft]w>ds1 hid ! light ( ! k ( ! glory ( ,god 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,yet n altoge!r1 z ! next *apt] w make cle>4 ,,ix ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ,al-,ghazali ,jesus1 ! v ?\ght ( ,!e ,) sweetness fills my brea/2 ,b sweet] f> ,?y face to see1 ,& 9 ,?y pres5ce re/4 ,nor voice c s+1 nor he>t c frame1 ,nor c ! memory f9d1 ,a sweet] s\nd ?an ,?y ble/ "n1 ,o ,savi\r ( mank9d6 ,o hope ( e contrite he>t6 ,o joy ( all ! meek6 ,to ^? :o fall1 h[ k9d ,?\ art6 ,h[ good to ^? :o seek6 ,b :at to ^? :o f9d8 ,ah6 ?is ,nor tongue nor p5 c %[3 ,! love ( ,jesus--:at x is ,none b ,8 lov$ ones "k4 --,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux--almo/ a contempor>y 7#ajia-aaeb74 ,,ix ,,jesus ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,al-,,ghazali ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,t\*-,/one ( "*1 ! ,ma/] ( all spiritual lead]s & ! "o supreme & infallible ,judge :o c pron\nce an un]r+ v]dict conc]n+ ! tru? ( any religi\s sy/em or tea*+4 ,:at place has ,jesus 9 ! tea*+ ( ! greate/ ( all ,moslem !ologians1 :at place _h ,he 9 ! he>t ( ?is great my/ic1 ?is seek] aft] ,god1 :o1 :atev] else he may h be51 0 utt]ly s9c]e 9 8 se>*8 ,al-,ghazali1 z a /ud5t ( ! ,koran1 mu/ h notic$ t 9 ?is book ,*ri/ occupies a high place2 no few] ?an ?ree ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,koran1 namely1 t ( ,amram's ,family 7,surah ,,iii71 t ( ,! ,table 7,surah ,v71 & t ( ,m>y 7,surah ,,xix71 d]ive _! names f ref]5ces to ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 "w4 ,! v fact t ,jesus ,*ri/ has a place 9 ! lit]ature ( ,islam1 & is ackn[l$g$ by all ,moslems z "o ( _! great] prophets 9 itself !re=e *all5ges comp>ison betwe5 ,him & ,mohamm$4 ,did ,al-,ghazali ev] meet ?is *all5ge & 9 h[ f> did he comp>e ,mohamm$ ) ,*ri/8 ,x is our purpose 9 ?is *apt] to answ] ! "q by collat+ all ! important ref]5ces 9 ! ,ihya & 8 o!r works & !n to draw "s conclusions bo? z to 8 s\rces & 8 op9ions4 ,! read] may judge = himself h[ f> ,al-,ghazali is a s*oolma/] to lead ,moslems to ,*ri/4 ,we se>* 9 va9 among all 8 works = a sket* ( ! life ( ,*ri/ or ( ,8 tea*+4 ,al-,ghazali d\btless _h read & 0 probably well acqua9t$ ) ! only popul> "w kn[n :i* gives a connect$ acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/ accord+ to ,moslem s\rces1 namely1 ,kitab qusus al ,anbiya by ,ibn ,ibrahim ,a?-,?alabi1 a doctor ( !ology ( ! ,%afi ,s*ool1 :o di$ 9 ,a4 ,h4 #dbg 7,a4 ,d4 #ajcf74 ,! fabul\s "* ( ?is mass ( traditions has be5 %[n 9 a translation ( ! section :i* deals ) ,jesus ,*ri/4#hc ,al-,ghazali does n give altoge!r ! same /ories z are giv5 by ,a?-,?alabi b gives a great numb] ( o!r incid5ts & report$ say+s1 _m ( :i* resemble ^? f\nd 9 ! ,gospels & o!rs :i* are :olly apocryphal4 ,! "q aga9 arises :]e did ,al-,ghazali ga9 ?is k ( ! ,gospel8 ,did he h access to a ,p]sian or ,arabic translation2 or 0 all ?is mat]ial :i* we h collat$1 ! result ( he>say1 ga!r$ f ! lips ( ,*ri/ian monks & ,jewi% rabbis8 ,x is p]fectly cle> t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,old ,te/am5t tradition ev5 m ?an ) t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re are scores ( passages 9 :i* he ref]s to ! tea*+s ( ,moses1 ! ,psalms ( ,david1 & ! lives ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,prophets4 ,we h already ref]r$ to translations ( ! ,bible into ,arabic be=e ! "t ( ,al-,ghazali 9 our fir/ *apt]4 ,!re is a tradition t 8! ,p ( ! ,book us$ to read ! ,torah 9 ,hebrew & int]pret x 9 ,arabic to ! foll[]s ( ,islam40 ,ano!r tradition says t 8,kaab ! ,rabbi br\ght a book to ,om> ! ,caliph & said1 #8,"h is ! ,torah1 read x4'0#hd ,we le>n f ! ,jewi% ,encyclopdia t 8,! fihri/ ( al-,nadim m5tions an ,ahm$ ibn ,abd ,allah ibn ,salam :o translat$ ! ,bible into ,arabic1 at ! "t ( ,h>\n ar-,ra%d1 & t ,fahr ud-,d9 ar-,razi m5tions a translation ( ,habbakuk by ! son ( ,rabban ,at-,tab>i4 ,_m ( ! ,arabic ,hi/orians z ,at-,tab>i1 ,masudi1 ,hamza1 & ,biruni cite passages & rec\nt ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,jews 9 a mo/ circum/antial mann]4 ,ibn ,kutaibah1 ! hi/orian 7d4 #hhi71 says t he read ! ,bible2 & he ev5 made a collection ( ,biblical passages 9 a "w :i* has be5 pres]v$ by ,ibn ,jauzi ( ! twelf? c5tury40 ,! fir/ important ,arabic translation is t ( ,saadia ,gaon 7#hib-idb74 ,! influ5ce ( ?is translation 0 9 its way z great z t ( ,gaon's philosophical "w4 ,a v]sion ( ! ,psalms 0 made by ,hafiz al-,quti 9 ! t5? c5tury & f int]nal evid5ce we "k t ! au?or _h be5 ,*ri/ian4 ,ano!r translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,arabic 0 made by ! ,jews 9 ,cairo 9 ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! translation ( ,saadia _h become a /&>d "w 9 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e & ,syria1 by ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 & x 0 revis$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ajgj4he ,z reg>ds ,p]sian translations ( ! ,bible we le>n f ! ,jewi% ,encyclopdia t accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! ,p5tateu* 0 translat$ into ,p]sian _m hundr$ ye>s previ\s to ,mohamm$4 ,b ?is /atem5t _c be fur!r sub/antiat$4 ,9 reg>d to ,arabic v]sions ( ! ,gospels we h already giv5 ,dr4 ,kilg\r's /atem5t4 ,is x n probable t "o or o!r ( ^! v]sions ( ! ,gospel 0 kn[n to ,al-,ghazali8 ,does he n himself /ate3 8,i h read 9 ! ,gospel08 ,n only does he reproduce ! /ories & say+s ( ,*ri/ f ! ,gospels b 9 "s cases1 z ! read] w see1 ! v words ( ! text4 ,x is true t !re is mu* apocryphal matt] also ( :i* ! canonical ,gospels "k no?+4 ,we are 9 ignorance & we mu/ rema9 9 ignorance :5ce ,al-,ghazali d]iv$ ?is mat]ial2 or did he inv5t x ev5 z ! m5 ( 8 day inv5t$ /ories ab\t ,mohamm$8 ,9 ! ,ihya we f9d ! foll[+ incid5ts1 real & apocryphal1 reg>d+ ! life ( ,*ri/ on e>? z a prophet & sa9t4#hf ,we beg9 ) ,al-,ghazali's witness to ,8 s9lessness3 8,x is said t ! devil 7may ,god curse him7 appe>$ to ,jesus & said1 #8,say !re is no ,god b ,god4' ,he repli$3 #8,! ^w is true b ,i w n repeat x aft] y4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bc47 ,aga93 8,x is relat$ t :5 ,jesus 0 born1 ! devils came to ,satan & said3 #8,all ! idols h fall5 on _! faces4' ,he said3 #8,?is has happ5$ on y\r acc\nt4' ,!n he flew until he rea*$ ! regions ( ! e>?2 !re he f\nd ,jesus _h be5 born & ! angels 7 protect+ him4 ,s he return$ to ! devils & said to !m3 #8,truly a ,prophet 0 born ye/]day4 ,no woman has ev] giv5 bir? be=e to a *ild :5 ,i 0 n pres5t except 9 ?is case4' ,& t is :y m5 n[ despair ( wor%ipp+ idols40 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bf47 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus "o day 0 pill[+ 8 head on a /one2 & ! devil pass$ by & said3 #8,o ,jesus1 n[ y h %[n y\r love = ! _w6' ,!n ,jesus pick$ up ! /one1 ?rew x at him & said3 #8,take x & ! _w4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bf47 ,we f9d ?is ref]5ce to ! days ( ,8 y\? 9 ,naz>e?3 8,"s "o said to ,jesus3 #8,:o gave y y\r education8' ,he repli$3 #8,no "o4 ,b ,i beheld ! ignorance ( ! fooli% despicable & s ,i dep>t$ f x4'0 8,jesus ! ,prophet 0 ( ^? :o 7 especially fav\r$4 ,among ! pro(s ( x is ?is t he call$ d[n peace ^u himself1 = he said3 #8,peace be on me ! day ,i 0 born & ! day ,i %all die & ! day ,i %all be rais$ up alive4' ,& ?is 0 because ( 8 peace ( m9d & 8 lov+ k9dness t[>ds m54 ,b z = ,john ! son ( ,za*>iah 7on him be peace71 he took ! place ( awe & fe> t[>ds ,god & did n utt] ^! words until aft] !y 7 repeat$ to him by 8 ,creator1 :o said3 #8,peace be ^u him ! day he 0 born & ! day he di$ & ! day he 0 rais$ aga94'0 ,?is is an int]e/+ critical comm5t on ! two passages ref]r$ to1 :i* occur 9 ! same *apt] ( ! ,koran1 & ,i h nev] se5 !m us$ else:]e z an argum5t = ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ to ,john4 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bde47 ,al-,ghazali gives ,jesus ! usual titles giv5 ,him 9 ! ,koran1 namely1 ,son ( ,m>y1 ,_s ( ,god1 ,^w ( ,god1 ,prophet & ,apo/le4 ,b ^! latt] titles mean little because he endorses ! /range ,moslem !ory t !re h be5 no less ?an #abd1jjj prophets s9ce ! _w began4 ,9 8 book 8,al-,iqtasad0 he devotes a long argum5t to prove to ! ,jews t ,jesus 0 inde$ a prophet1 bas+ x ^u 8 tea*+ & miracles 7pp4 #hc-hf74 ,9 8 ,jawahir ul-,koran he ev5 classes ,m>y ! ,virg9 ) ! prophets & gives ! li/ ( ^! wor?ies 9 ! foll[+ curi\s ord]3 ,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,a>on1 ,za*>iah1 ,john1 ,jesus1 ,m>y1 ,david1 ,solomon1 ,jo%ua1 ,lot1 ,idris1 ,khudra1 ,%uaib1 ,elijah1 & ,mohamm$6 ,reg>d+ ! fa/+ ( our ,"l1 ,al-,ghazali says3 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus 7on him be peace7 rema9$ = sixty days )\t eat+1 engag$ 9 pray]2 !n he began to ?9k ( bread & behold a loaf ( bread appe>$ betwe5 8 h&s2 !n he sat weep+ because he _h =gott5 8 pray]s4 ,& behold an old man came to him & ,jesus said3 #8,god bless y1 ,o s]vant ( ,god4 ,call ^u ,god ,mo/ ,high1 = ,i too 0 9 a sad condition & ,i ?\ght ( bread until my pray] dep>t$4' ,!n ! old man pray$3 #8,o ,god1 if ?\ kn[e/ any occasion :5 ! ?\ght ( bread ent]$ my head :5 ,i 0 pray+ d n =give me6' ,!n he said to ,jesus3 #8,:5 any?+ is br\ght to me to eat ,i eat x )\t ev5 ?9k+ :at x is4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fa47 ,! foll[+ /ory seems to be bas$ on ! injunction ( ! ,gospel 8to pluck out ! eye0 t (f5ds3 8,x is relat$ ( ,jesus 7on him be peace7 t he once w5t out to pray = ra9 & :5 ! p ga!r$ toge!r ,jesus said to !m1 #8,:osoev] ( y ha? committ$ a s9 let him turn back1' s !y all turn$ away & !re 0 no "o left 9 ! cave ) him save "o4 ,& ,jesus said unto him1 #8,h y any s98' ,he repli$3 #8,by ,god1 ,i d n "k ( any except t "o day :5 ,i 0 pray+ a woman pass$ by me & ,i look$ ^u h] ) ?is eye & :5 %e _h pass$ ,i put my f+] 9 my eye & pluck$ x out & foll[$ h] to ask h] p>don4' ,!n ,jesus said to him1 #8,call ^u ,god t ,i may believe 9 y\r s9c]ity4' ,!n ! man pray$ & ! heav5s 7 cov]$ ) cl\ds & ! ra9 p\r$ d[n40 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bag47 ,! foll[+ /ories are relat$ ( ! miracle-work+ ,*ri/3 8,said ! disciples to ,jesus3 #8,:at d y ?9k ( ! d9>-piece 7money78' ,!y said3 #8,we ?9k x is good4' ,he said3 #8,b z = me ,i value x & a%es ! same4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #afa47 8,x 0 said to ! ,prophet t ,jesus 7^u him be peace7 us$ to walk ^u ! wat]4 ,he repli$3 #8,_h he /ill m /riv5 aft] hol9ess1 he w\ld h walk$ on ! air4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ga47 8,x is relat$ t a c]ta9 robb] waylaid travell]s among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = =ty ye>s4 ,jesus pass$ by t way & beh9d him walk$ a sa9t ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ! p ( ,israel1 "o ( 8 disciples4 ,said ! robb] to himself3 #8,?is is ! ,prophet ( ,god :o passes by & ) him "o ( 8 disciples4 ,if ,i %\ld come d[n ,i w\ld be ! ?ird4'0 ,he !n goes on to say t ! robb] tri$ to %[ 8 humility by foll[+ n ,*ri/ b 8 disciple4 ,jesus rebukes !m bo? because ( _! s9s4 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aaj47 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus 7on him be peace7 pass$ by a bl9d man :o 0 a lep] & lame ( bo? feet because ( p>alysis & 8 fle% 0 consum$ by leprosy1 & he 0 say+3 #8,praise be to ,god :o has kept me 9 good heal? & sav$ me f _m ?+s :i* h befall5 o!rs ( 8 creatures4' ,!n ,jesus said to him3 #8,o ?\ fri5d1 f :at k9d ( affliction d ,i see t y are free8' & he repli$3 #8,o ,_s ( ,god1 ,i am bett] ?an ^? 9 ^: he>t ,god has n put any?+ ( 8 k & 8 grace4' ,& ,jesus said3 #8,y h spok5 truly4 ,/ret* =? y\r h&1' & he /ret*$ =? 8 h& & became ( p]fect heal? bo? z to 8 body & 8 appe>ance1 = ,god _h tak5 away all 8 sickness4 ,s he accompani$ ,jesus & wor%ipp$ ) him40 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bej47 ,al-,ghazali (t5 pictures ! p[] ( ,jesus to heal ! sick1 = ,*ri/ z ! ,m]ciful ,"o appeals to ,moslems always & ev]y:]e4 ,we h = example 9 ! ,masnavi-i-,maanavi ?is beautiful picture :i* c be f\nd 9 prose1 section by section 9 ,al-,ghazali too4 8,! h\se ( ,isa 0 ! banquet ( m5 ( he>t1 ,ho6 afflict$ "o1 quit n ?is door6 ,f all sides ! p ev] ?rong$1 ,_m bl9d & lame1 & halt & afflict$1 ,to ! door ( ! h\se ( ,isa at dawn1 ,t ) 8 brea? he might heal _! ailm5ts4 ,z soon z he _h f9i%$ 8 orisons1 ,t holy "o w\ld come =? at ! ?ird h\r4 ,he view$ ^! impot5t folk1 troop by troop1 ,sitt+ at 8 door 9 hope & expectation2 ,he spoke to !m1 say+1 #8,o /rick5 ones6 ,! desires ( all ( y h be5 grant$ by ,god3 ,arise1 walk )\t pa9 or affliction4 ,ackn[l$ge ! m]cy & b5efic5ce ( ,god6' ,!n all1 z camels ^: feet are %ackl$1 ,:5 y loose _! feet 9 ! road1 ,/raightway ru% 9 joy & delight to ! halt+-place ,s did !y run ^u _! feet at 8 comm&40 ,_m ( ! miracles1 h[ev]1 are pu]ile1 z 9 ?is /ory3 8,a c]ta9 man accompani$ ,jesus ! ,son ( ,m>y 7^u him be peace7 & said3 #8,i w\ld l to be ) y z y\r companion4' ,s !y dep>t$ & arriv$ at ! bank ( a riv] & sat d[n & took _! meal4 ,n[ !y _h ?ree loaves1 s !y ate two & "o rema9$4 ,!n ,jesus arose & w5t to ! riv] to dr9k & return+ did n f9d ! rema9+ loaf4 ,he said to ! man3 #8,:o took ! loaf8' ,he repli$3 #8,i "k n4' ,s he dep>t$ ) 8 companion & saw a gazelle ) h] two "y1 & ,jesus call$ "o ( !m & x came to him & he kill$ x & prep>$ x & !y ate toge!r4 ,!n he said to ! "y gazelle3 #8,get up by ,god's w1' & x arose & dep>t$4 ,& he turn$ to ! man & said3 #8,i ask y 9 ! "n ( ,him :o work$ ?is miracle be=e y\r eyes1 :o took ! loaf8' ,he answ]$3 #8,i "k n4' ,s !y dep>t$ to a cave & ,jesus 7^u :om be peace7 began to collect ! pebbles on ! s& & said3 #8,become bread by ,god's p]mission6' & !y became bread2 !n he divid$ !m into ?ree p>ts & said3 #8,a ?ird is = me1 a ?ird is = y & a ?ird is = ! man :o took ! loaf1' & ! man said3 #8,i am he :o took ! loaf4' ,jesus repli$3 #8,take all ( x & dep>t f me4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ahh47 ,?is /ory is relat$ by ,al-,ghazali 9 8 *apt] on gre$ & covet\sness to %[ t he :o loves ?is _w _c be a companion ( ! sa9ts6 ,t ,jesus 0 g5tle 9 ^w & conduct seems to be ! lesson taught 9 ! foll[+ two /ories3 8,x is relat$ ( ,jesus t once a pig pass$ by him & he said to x3 #8,g 9 peace4' ,!y said to him3 #8,o ,_s ( ,god1 :y d y say ?is to a pig8' ,he repli$3 #8,i dislike to accu/om my tongue to use any evil words4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #hg47 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus ) 8 disciples once pass$ ! c>case ( a dog4 ,said ! disciples3 #8,h[ noisome is ! smell ( ?is dog4' ,said ,jesus 7on him be peace73 #8,h[ beautiful is ! %9e ( 8 :ite tee?1' z if he want$ to rebuke !m = abus+ ! dog & to w>n !m n to m5tion any?+ ( :at ,god has creat$ save at its be/40 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aej47 ,?is incid5t is giv5 by ,jallal ud ,d9 9 poetic =m3 8,"o ev5+ ,jesus l+]$ 9 ! m>ket-place1 ,tea*+ ! p p>ables ( tru? & grace1 ,:5 9 ! squ>e remote a cr[d 0 se5 to rise ,& /op ) loa?+ ge/ures & abhorr+ cries4 ,! ,ma/] & ,8 meek disciples w5t to see ,:at cause = ?is commotion & disgu/ c\ld be1 ,& f\nd a poor dead dog beside ! gutt] laid3 ,revolt+ sight6 at :i* ea* face its hate betray$4 ,"o held 8 nose1 "o %ut 8 eyes1 "o turn$ away1 ,& all among !mselves began al\d to say1 #8,dete/$ creature6 he pollutes ! e>? & air6' #8,8 eyes are ble>$6' #8,8 e>s are f\l6' #8,8 ribs are b>e6' #8,9 8 torn hide !re is n a dec5t %oe-/r+ left6' #8,no d\bt ! execrable cur 0 hung = !ft6' ,!n ,jesus spake & dropp$ on him ?is sav+ brea?3 #8,ev5 pe>ls are d>k be=e ! :it5ess ( 8 tee?6'0 ,we add ! foll[+ quotations :i* set =? ! pov]ty1 humility & homelessness ( ! ,*ri/ tak5 f ,al-,ghazali's 8,preci\s ,pe>l03 8,consid] ,jesus ,*ri/1 = x is relat$ ( him t he own$ no?+ save "o g>m5t ( wool :i* he wore = tw5ty ye>s & t he took no?+ ) him on all 8 w&]+s save a cruse & a ros>y & a comb4 ,"o day he saw a man dr9k+ f a /ream ) 8 h&s1 s he ca/ away ! cruse & did n use x aga94 ,he saw ano!r man comb+ 8 be>d ) 8 f+]s s he ?rew away 8 comb & did n use x aga94 ,& ,jesus 0 accu/om$ to say1 #8,my /e$ is my legs1 & my h\ses are ! caves ( ! e>?1 & my food are its vegetables1 & my dr9k is f its riv]s1 & my dwell+-place among ! sons ( ,adam6'0 ,9 ano!r connection he writes3 8,x 0 said to ,jesus3 #8,if y w\ld take possession ( a h\se & live !re x w\ld be bett] = y1' & he said3 #8,:]e are ! h\ses ( ^? :o liv$ be=e u8'0 7,ihya1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adj47 ,a /ory is relat$ 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cbf7 to %[ t ,*ri/ knew :at 0 9 ! he>ts ( m5 & c\ld *ange _! purposes by pray] to ,god4 ,9 ?is case ,he makes an old man cease f 8 "w ( clean+ ! gr\nd1 g to sleep & aft]w>ds return to 8 "w4 ,ano!r /ory is z foll[s3 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus 7^u him be peace7 9 8 w&]+s pass$ by a man asleep1 wrapp$ up 9 8 g>m5t4 ,s he wak5$ him & said3 #8,o ?\ t sleepe/6 arise & make m5tion ( ,god4' ,he repli$3 #8,:at d y want f me8 ,i h =sak5 ! _w to its own4' ,jesus repli$3 #8,sleep on !n my belov$4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #adj47 8,x is relat$ conc]n+ ,jesus t he sat 9 ! %ade ( a wall ( a c]ta9 man1 :o saw him & made him get up1 b he repli$3 #8,y h n made me arise b v]ily ,god made me arise4 ,he does n wi% me to delight 9 ! %ade by day4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #afc47 ,! lea/ ( life's pleasures is n = ! ascetic sa9t4 8,said ,john to ,jesus 7on !m be peace73 #8,d n be angry4' ,jesus repli$3 #8,i am n able to cease f ang] altoge!r = ,i am human4' ,!n said ,john3 #8,d n desire prop]ty4' ,jesus repli$3 #8,t is possible4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aad47 ,he quotes ! foll[+ pray] ( ,jesus 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbb73 8,jesus 0 accu/om$ to say to ,god1 #8,o ,god1 ,i h aris5 f my sleep1 & am n able to w>d (f t :i* ,i hate & am n able to possess ! b5efit ( t :i* ,i desire & ! matt] re/s 9 h&s o!r ?an m9e4 ,& ,i h pl$g$ myself to my "w & !re is no man s poor z ,i am4 ,o ,god1 let n m9e enemies rejoice ov] me & let n my fri5ds deal ill ) me1 & let n my afflictions come to me 9 ! matt] ( my religion4 ,& d n all[ ! _w to occupy my c>e & d n all[ ! unm]ciful to ov]come me1 ,o ,?\ ,et]nal6'0 8,x is relat$ conc]n+ ,jesus 7on him be peace7 t ,god spoke to him say+3 #8,?\gh y s]ve me ) ! wor%ip ( ! p ( heav5 & e>? & d n h love t[>ds ,god 9 y\r he>t b hatr$ t[>d ,him x w n enri* y at all4'0 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #baj47 8,god ,mo/ ,high said to ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,v]ily :5 ,i look ^u ! secret ?\ghts ( my s]vant & d n f9d 9 !m love ei!r = ?is _w or ! _w to come ,i fill him ) my own love & ,i put him 9 my safe-keep+4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #beh47 ,9 ! 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess0 we already f\nd allusion to ?is subject3 8,jesus 7^u him be peace7 saw ! _w 9 ! =m ( an ugly old hag4 ,he ask$ h] h[ _m husb&s %e _h possess$2 %e repli$ t !y 7 c\ntless4 ,he ask$ :e!r !y _h di$ or be5 divorc$2 %e said t %e _h sla9 !m all4 #8,i m>vel1' he said1 #8at ! fools :o see :at y h done to o!rs1 & /ill desire y4'0 8,jesus 7on him be peace7 said1 #8,! lov] ( ! _w is l a man dr9k+ sea-wat]2 ! m he dr9ks1 ! m ?ir/y he gets1 till at la/ he p]i%es ) ?ir/ unqu5*$4'0 ,al-,ghazali1 h[ev]1 nev] seems to h drawn ! conclusion f ! life ( ,*ri/ :i* a c>eful /udy ( ! ,gospel w\ld h made possible4 ,namely1 t a true r5unciation ( ! _w is only possible 9 ! s]vice ( o!rs & n by )draw+ f m54 ,mohamm$an my/icism has always result$ 9 two evils1 z ,major ,durie ,osborn po9ts out3 8,x has dug a deep gulf betwe5 ^? :o c "k ,god & ^? :o mu/ w&] 9 d>kness1 fe$+ ^u ! husks ( rites & c]emonies4 ,x has affirm$ ) emphasis1 t only by a complete r5unciation ( ! _w is x possible to atta9 ! true end ( man's exi/5ce4 ,?us all ! be/ & true/ natures--! m5 :o might h put a s\l 9 ! decay+ ,*ur* ( ,islam--h be5 cut (f f _! prop] task to w&] ab\t 9 des]ts & solit>y places1 or exp5d _! lives 9 idle & pr(itless passivity disguis$ "u ! title ( #8spiritual contemplation4' 7zikr7 ,b ?is has only be5 "p ( ! evil4 ,! logical result ( ,pan!ism is ! de/ruction ( ! moral law4 ,if ,god be all 9 all1 & man's app>5t individuality a delusion ( ! p]ceptive faculty1 !re exi/s no w :i* c act1 no consci5ce :i* c reprove & applaud4444 ,?\s&s ( reckless & pr(ligate spirits h ent]$ ! ord]s ( ! d]vi%es to enjoy ! lic5se !reby obta9$4 ,_! affectation ( piety is simply a cloak = ! practice ( s5suality2 _! emancipation f ! ritual ( ,islam involves a lib]ation also f its moral re/ra9ts4 ,& ?us a movem5t1 animat$ at its outset by a high & l(ty purpose1 has deg5]at$ into a fruitful s\rce ( ill4 ,! /ream :i* ought to h exp&$ into a f]tiliz+ riv]1 has become a va/ swamp1 exhal+ vap\rs *>g$ ) disease & dea?40 ,reg>d+ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus we f9d ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,ihya4 ,i h indicat$ ! p>allel passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :]e possible4 ,"s ( !m are tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 especially f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,^! are giv5 fir/ & !n ! apocryphal say+s1 = x is difficult to foll[ any logical ord]4 8,said ,jesus3 #8,if a man come to y :5 he is fa/+ let him ano9t 8 head & wipe 8 lips t m5 may n say he is fa/+2 & if he gives alms ) 8 "r h& let n 8 left h& "k2 & if he prays let him put a curta9 ov] 8 door1 = v]ily ,god div9es 8 tr\ble ev5 z ,he does our daily food4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bjc47hg 8,said ,jesus 7^u him be peace71 #8,:osoev] %all d & tea* %all be call$ great 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54'0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #f2 cf4 ,matt4 #e3 #ai47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,d n hang pe>ls on ! necks ( sw9e2 = wisdom is bett] ?an pe>ls4'0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dc2 cf4 ,matt4 #g3 #f47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,h[ long w ye describe ! "r road to ^? :o are go+ a/ray & ye y\rselves rema9 ) ^? :o are p]plex$8'0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd2 cf4 ,matt4 #bc3 #ac47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,! tea*]s ( evil are l a big /one :i* has fall5 on ! m\? ( a well s t ! wat] _c rea* ! s[n fields4'0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #de2 cf4 ,matt4 #bc3 #ac47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,h[ c t man belong to ! p ( wisdom :o f ! beg9n+ ( 8 life until ! end looks only aft] ! ?+s ( ! _w8'0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #df2 cf4 ,matt4 #f3 #cc47 ,aga9 he makes ,god address ,jesus z foll[s3 #8,o ,son ( ,m>y1 prea* to y\rself = if y prea* to y\rself y w be able to prea* to man & if n fe> him4' 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dg47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,bless$ are ^? :o humble !mselves 9 ?is _w1 = !y %all be ! possessors ( ?rones on ! day ( judgm5t4 ,bless$ are ^? :o make peace betwe5 m5 9 ?is _w1 = !y %all inh]it ,p>adise on ! day ( resurrection4 ,bless$ are !y :o are poor 9 ?is _w1 = !y %all behold ,god ,mo/ ,high on ! day ( resurrection4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bcg2 cf4 ,matt4 #e3 #c-i47 8,"s "o said to ,jesus3 #8,let me g ) y on y\r w&]+s4' ,he repli$3 #8,dispose ( all t y h & foll[ me4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agj2 cf4 ,luke #i3 #eg & ,matt4 #ai3 #ba47 ,"h two passages are mix$4 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,x has be5 told ( anci5t times3 a too? = a too? & a nose = a nose2 b ,i say unto y1 d n return evil = evil1 b :osoev] /rikes y on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! left also2 & :osoev] desire? y to g ) him a mile g ) him twa92 & :osoev] take? away y\r cloak give him y\r inn] g>m5t also4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #eb2 cf4 ,matt4 #e3 #cj-da47 ,^! v]ses seem to be fairly accurate quotations1 ?\gh n )\t "s confusion1 f "s translation ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 8,said ! disciples to ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,behold ?is mosque h[ beautiful x is4' ,he repli$3 #8,o my nation6 ,o my nation6 ,9 tru? ,i say unto y1 ,god w n suff] a /one to rema9 ^u a /one 9 x b he w de/roy x because ( ! s9s ( its p4 ,truly ,god does n c>e = gold & silv] nor does he c>e = ^! /ones at :i* ye m>vel2 b ! ?+s :i* ,god loves mo/ are pure he>ts1 ) !m ,god c build up ! e>?1 & if !y are n good !y are wa/$4'0 78,ihya10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhh2 cf4 ,matt4 #bd3 #b47 8,said ,jesus3 #8,d n take ! _w = y\r ma/]1 = %e w make y h] slave4 ,lay up y\r treasures ) him :o w n lose !m4 ,= he :o lays up treasure 9 ! e>? fe>s t :i* w de/roy !m2 b he :o has treasures ) ,god does n fe> = any?+ t may injure !m' 7,matt4 #f3 #i-ba74 ,& ,jesus said also3 #8,o company ( ! ,apo/les1 behold ,i h p\r$ out ! _w ^u ! gr\nd1 !re=e d n take hold ( x aga9 aft] me1 = ! evil ( ?is _w is t m5 disobey ,god 9 x4 ,& ! evil ( ! _w also is t ! o!r _w _c be obta9$ )\t ab&on+ ! pres5t4 ,!re=e pass ?r\gh ! _w b d n build 9 x4 ,"k t ! root ( all s9 is ! love ( ! _w & p]*ance ! desire ( an h\r w cause ^? :o foll[ x to lose ! o!r _w altoge!r4' ,he also said3 #8,i h ca/ ! _w be=e y & ye h sat ^u its back1 d n !re=e suff] k+s or wom5 to dispute its possession ) y4 ,z = k+s1 d n dispute ) !m = its possession1 = !y w n give x back to y4 ,& z = wom51 gu>d y\rselves aga9/ !m by pray] & fa/+4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aci47 8,said ,jesus3 #8,! love ( ?is _w & ( ! _w to come _c abide 9 ! same he>t ev5 z wat] & fire _c abide 9 "o vessel4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adj47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,o ye tea*]s ( wick$ness6 ,ye fa/ & pray & give alms & d n :at ye comm& o!rs & ye tea* t :i* ye d n und]/&4 ,h[ evil is t :i* ye d4 ,ye rep5t only ) words b y\r de$s are )\t value4 ,9 va9 d ye purify y\r sk9s :ile y\r he>ts are cov]$ ) evil4 ,i say unto y1 be n z ! sieve f :i* ! good fl\r passes out & all t rema9s 9 x are ! sift+s4 ,?us ye make ! tru? to pass out ( y\r m\?s1 b deceit rema9s 9 y\r he>ts1 ,o s]vants ( ! _w6 ,h[ c any "o und]/& ! o!r _w :ile 8 desires cl+ to ?is8 ,( a tru? ,i say unto y t y\r he>ts %all weep because ( y\r de$s4 ,ye h put ! _w ^u y\r tongues & trampl$ ^u good de$s4 ,( a tru? ,i say unto y1 ye h corrupt$ y\r future life1 = ye are m 9 love ) ! good ?+s ( ?is _w ?an ( ! good ?+s ( ! _w to come4 ,:i* ( ! *ildr5 suff]s great] loss ?an ye d1 if only ye knew x6 ,woe be to y6 ,h[ long w ye describe ! "r way to ^? :o are 9 d>kness & ye y\rselves rema9 9 ! place ( d\bt8 ,x is z if ye invite ! *ildr5 ( ! _w to =sake its pleasure 9 ord] to leave x = y\rselves a little :ile4 ,woe be to y6 ,:at b5efit is x to ! d>k5$ h\se if ! c&le be put on its ro( :ile ! rooms ( ! h\se rema9 9 d>kness8 ,9 ! same way ye w n be enri*$ if ! light ( k is on y\r lips1 :ile y\r he>ts rema9 9 d>kness4 ,o ye s]vants ( ! _w6 :at ( y\r righte\sness or y\r fre$om8 ,p]*ance ! _w w pluck y up by ! roots & ca/ y ^u y\r faces & drag y 9 ! du/4 ,x w expose y\r s9s ^u y\r =eheads1 !n x w drive y be=e x until y are deliv]$ up to ! angel ( judgm5t1 e "o ( y nak$4 ,!n %all y be puni%$ by y\r evil de$s4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ahc2 cf4 ,matt4 #bc3 #a-bg47 8,d n be anxi\s ab\t ! food ( to-morr[1 = p]haps to-morr[ w be y\r "t ( dea?40 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ccj2 cf4 ,matt4 #f3 #cd47 8,behold ! bird1 x does n s[ nor reap nor lay up /ore & ,god ,mo/ ,high provides = x40 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aij2 cf4 ,matt4 #f3 #bf47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,he is n wise :o does n rejoice :5 he ent]s ^u trials & sicknesses ( ! body & loss ( 8 possessions2 = 9 x he may f9d atonem5t = 8 s9s4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bje2 cf4 ,matt4 #e3 #aj47 8,x is relat$ ( ,jesus t he said3 #8,if y see a "y man passionately fond ( pray] to ,god y w "k t he has escap$ all temptations4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bba2 cf4 ,matt #bf3 #da47 ,! ref]5ce might be to ,*ri/'s words 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,s]ve ,god by hat+ ! p :o transgress1 & draw ne> to ,god by dep>t+ f !m4 ,seek ! good-w ( ,god by hat+ !m4' ,!y said to him3 #8,o _s ( ,god1 ) :om !n %all we keep company8' ,he answ]$ !m3 #8,keep company ) ^? :o make y rememb] ,god & ^? ^: words improve y\r conduct & ^? ^: example makes y e>ne/ = ! _w to come4'0 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaj47 8,x is relat$ ( ,jesus 7on him be peace7 t he said to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 #8,:]e does t :i* ye s[ gr[8' ,!y repli$3 #8,9 ! good gr\nd1' & he said3 #8,v]ily ,i say unto y1 wisdom does n gr[ except 9 ! he>t :i* is good soil4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bef2 cf4 ,matt4 #ac3 #a-i47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,truly ! h>ve/ does n gr[ on ! m\nta9 b 9 ! pla94 ,?us wisdom works 9 ! he>t ( ^? t are humble & n 9 ! he>t ( ! pr\d4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdj2 cf4 ,matt4 #ac3 #bc47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,f9e g>m5ts make pr\d looks4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdg47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,:at ails y t ye come 9 ! g>m5ts ( monks & y\r he>ts are ! he>ts ( rav5+ wolves8 ,we> ! g>m5ts ( monks if y wi% b humble y\r he>ts ) godly fe>4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdg2 cf4 ,matt4 #g3 #ae47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,o company ( disciples1 call ^u ,god ,mo/ ,high t he may make light = y ?is t]ror1 namely1 dea?4 ,= ,i fe> dea? 9 su* a fa%ion t ,i /& afraid ( ! same4'0 ,is x possible t ,al-,ghazali "h ref]s to ! agony 9 ,ge?semane8 ,! *apt] 9 :i* ?is passage occurs is entitl$ 8,! t]rors ( dea?40 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cbd2 cf4 ,matt4 #bf3 #ch47 ,we n[ give o!r 8say+s0 ( ,jesus1 z ,al-,ghazali himself does1 9 some:at confus$ ord]4 ,al?\gh n quotations or ev5 misquotations f ! ,gospels1 !y are ( int]e/ z complet+ ! li/ & also because !y %[ :at ,al-,ghazali & o!r ,moslems ?\ght 0 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ! ,prophet4 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,h[ _m a s\nd body & beautiful face & eloqu5t tongue w to-morr[ cry out 9 ! fires ( hell6'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #chc47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,:i* ( y c build a h\se ^u ! waves ( ! sea8 ,su* is ! _w2 !re=e d n take x z an abid+ place4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ada47 8,!y said to ,jesus1 #8,tea* u ! secret ( ! love ( ,god4' ,he repli$3 #8,hate ! _w & ,god w love y4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ada2 cf4 ,james #d3 #d47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,o my disciples1 be satisfi$ ) ! lea/ ( ! _w z long z y\r religion is at peace ev5 z ! p ( ! _w are satisfi$ ) ! lea/ ( religion & _! possessions are at peace4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adb47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,o ?\ :o seeke/ ! _w = ! sake ( pure gold1 ! =sak+ ( ! _w is great] treasure4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adb47 8,!y ask$ ,jesus 7on him be peace7 :i* is ! be/ ( good works4 ,he repli$3 #8,to accept :atev] ,god does ) pleasure & to love him4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #beh47 8,said ,jesus ! ,son ( ,m>y 7on him be peace71 #8,woe to ! lov] ( ?is _w h[ soon he %all die & leave x & all t is 9 x4 ,! _w deceives him & he tru/s x & has confid5ce 9 x1 etc4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ada2 cf4 ,luke #ab3 #ba47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,mortify !n y\r bodies t y\r s\l may see y\r ,"l4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ef2 cf4 ,rom4 #h3 #ac47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,! lik5ess ( him :o tea*es good works & does n d !m is t ( a woman :o commits adult]y 9 secret & !n ! result ( h] crime becomes evid5t to all ar\nd h] f h] condition4'0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dh47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,:osoev] turns away a begg> f 8 h\se ! angels w n visit t dwell+ = sev5 days4'0 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afb47 ,?is say+ is (t5 quot$ by ,moslems to-day4 ,!y all believe ,jesus 0 ! fri5d ( ! poor & ne$y4 8,said ,jesus 7^u him be peace71 #8,bless$ is he to :om ,god has taught 8 book2 he w n die a pr\d oppressor4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bce47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,bless$ is ! eye :i* sleeps & does n reg>d transgression b is wide-awake = t :i* is n s9ful4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bfj47 8,! disciples said to ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,:at is ! be/ ( good works8' ,he repli$3 #8,t :i* is done to ,god & 9 :i* y seek ! praise ( no "o else4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bgc47 8,said ! disciples ( ,jesus ! ,son ( ,m>y3 #8,o ,_s ( ,god6 ,is !re any "o on e>? l !e8' ,he repli$3 #8,yes4 ,= :osoev] is gird$ ) ! remembrance ( ,god & is sil5t because ( ?is & :o looks only = ! fav\r ( ,god1 he is l me4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cje47 8,said ,jesus1 #8,bew>e ( ! evil look1 = :5 x is 9 ! he>t x produces lu/ & evil desire4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #gd2 cf4 ,matt4 #e3 #bh47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,:osoev] multiplies lies 8 beauty dep>ts f him3 & :osoev] increases c>e 8 body becomes ill2 & :osoev] has a bad "* puni%es himself4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #he47 8,said ,jesus3 #8,! greate/ s9 ) ,god is t 8 s]vant %\ld say1 8,god ,kn[s10 conc]n+ some?+ :i* he kn[s is untrue1 or t he tell lies conc]n+ :at he has se5 9 8 dreams4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ih47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace7 to 8 disciples3 #8,h[ w\ld y act if y saw "o ( y\r bro!rs sleep+ & ! w9d _h tak5 (f 8 g>m5t8' ,!y said3 #8,we w\ld cov] him4' ,said ,jesus3 #8,no1 b y w\ld expose him4' ,!y said3 #8,god =bid6 ,:o w\ld d su* a ?+6' ,he repli$3 #8,:5 "o ( y he>s a ^w aga9/ 8 bro!r he exagg]ates x & spreads ! report to o!rs6'0 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #adb47 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus 7^u him be peace7 said1 #8,o company ( disciples1 ye are free ( transgression1 b we ! company ( apo/les are free ( infidelity4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #abd47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,) difficulty w ! ri* man ent] p>adise4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #adj2 cf4 ,*ri/'s say+1 ,matt4 #ai3 #bc47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,truly ,i d n love a fix$ dwell+ place & ,i dislike ! pleasure ( ! _w4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #adj47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,d n look ^u ! prop]ty ( ! p ( ?is _w = its glory is z no?+ 9 ! light ( y\r fai?4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #add47 8,x 0 said to ,jesus3 #8,if y w all[ u we w build a h\se & wor%ip ,god 9 x4' ,he repli$3 #8,g & build a h\se ^u ! sea4' ,!y said3 #8,h[ c we build ^u su* a f\ndation8' ,he repli$3 #8,h[ c y\r wor%ip exi/ toge!r ) y\r love ( ! _w8'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aeh47 8,x is relat$ t ,jesus said3 #8,f\r ?+s d n come to u except ) difficulty4 ,sil5ce1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( wor%ip1 humility1 ! abundant remembrance ( ,god & pov]ty 9 all ?+s4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aei47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,v]ily ,i say unto y1 :osoev] seeke? heav5 let him eat b>ley-bread & sleep on ! dunghill ) ! dogs4 ,?is is en\gh = me4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #afd47 8,jesus 0 accu/om$ to say1 #8,o *ildr5 ( ,israel1 let ! wat] ( ! brook suffice y & ! vegetable ( ! field & ! b>ley loaf2 & bew>e ( ! :ite loaf = x w keep y f wor%ip4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #afd47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,my food is hung]2 all my ?\ghts are fe> ( ,god2 my dress is wool2 my w>m+-place 9 w9t] is ! rays ( ! sun2 my c&le is ! moon2 my /e$ is my legs2 my food is fruit t spr+s f ! gr\nd2 ,i g to b$ & h no?+ & arise )\t any?+2 & yet !re is no "o ri*] ?an ,i am4'0 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #adf47 8,said ,jesus 7^u him be peace71 #8,! _w is a bridge2 !re=e cross ov] x & d n build on x4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adi47 8,said ,jesus 7on him be peace71 #8,:osoev] seeks ! _w is l him :o dr9ks wat] f ! salt sea4 ,! m he dr9ks ! m he ?ir/s4'0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adi47 ,?is occurs = ! second "t1 b ,al-,ghazali loves to repeat 8 own say+s z well1 (t5 9 ! same book4 8,x is relat$ 9 ! gospels t :osoev] %all ask = =giv5ess ( him :o praises him1 has driv5 away ! devil40 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #abg47 ,! foll[+ quotations or ref]5ces to ! ,gospel occur 9 "s ( 8 %ort] works4 ,9 ! 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess10 !re is ?is ref]5ce to ! ,gospel3 8,:osoev] s[s reaps1 :osoev] sets out arrives1 & :osoev] seeks f9ds40 7,cf4 ,matt4 #g3 #g47 ,we h already quot$ ! words f 8 epi/le1 8,o ,*ild03 8,v]ily ,i h se5 9 ! ,gospels1 etc40 ,9 ! same epi/le he ref]s to ! p>able ( ,dives & ,laz>us3 8,:5 ! p ( hell w say to ! p ( ! g>d51 #8,give u a little wat] f t :i* ,god has grant$ y to cool our tongues4'0 ,he quotes ,jesus z say+3 8,i 0 n unable to raise ! dead1 b ,i 0 unable to cure ! folly ( fools10 & quotes ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 sev]al places )\t ackn[l$g+ its s\rce z be+ ! ,gospel ( ,jesus4 ,all ?is & :at he says 9 8 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess0 ab\t ! love ( ,god leaves no d\bt 9 my m9d t he _h read ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is a sort ( ,moslem ,v]sion ( ,/4 ,john's ,epi/les & ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,! great ,my/ic gives sev5 signs ( love to ,god4 ,! fir/ is n to be afraid ( dea?4 ,! second is to pref] ! love ( ,god to any worldly object4 ,! ?ird sign ( a man's love to ,god is t ! remembrance ( ,god is always fre% 9 8 he>t4 ,he nev] ceases to m$itate ^u ,god4 ,e man ?9ks & calls to m9d an object 9 proportion to 8 love to x4 ,! f\r? is love & respect = ! ,koran4 ,! fif?1 secret pray]4 ,! six?1 to f9d ! wor%ip ( ,god delightful4 ,& ! sev5? sign ( love to ,god is1 8,t a man loves ! s9c]e fri5ds & ob$i5t s]vants ( ,god1 & reg>ds !m all z 8 fri5ds4 ,he reg>ds all ! enemies ( ,god z 8 enemies & abhors !m4 ,& ,god ?us speaks 9 8 et]nal ^w3 #8,8 companions are t]rible t[>ds ! infidels1 & t5d] t[>ds ea* o!r4' ,a ,%eikh 0 once ask$1 #8,:o are ! fri5ds ( ! exalt$ & bless$ ,god8' ,he repli$3 #8,! fri5ds ( ,god are ^? :o are m compassionate to ! fri5ds ( ,god !mselves1 ?an a fa!r or a "m to _! *ildr54'0#hh 7,comp>e ,psalm #ajc47 ,!re seems a great diff]5ce betwe5 ,al-,ghazali z dogmatic !ologian1 always compell$ to agree ) ! ,koran1 & ,al-,ghazali z ! ,my/ic1 :5 he beg9s to speculate & lift ! veil4 ,we are con/antly rem9d$ ( ! words ( ,anselm 9 8 great "w on ! exi/5ce ( ,god3 8,i d n attempt1 ,o ,"l1 to p5etrate ,?y dep?s1 = ,i by no means ?9k my intellect equal to !m2 b ,i long to und]/& 9 "s degree ,?y tru?1 :i* my he>t believes & loves1 = ,i d n seek to und]/& t ,i may believe1 b ,i believe t ,i may und]/&40 ,:5ev] ,al-,ghazali speaks ( ,god's ne>ness to u & ( ! s\l's desire = human fell[%ip ) ! creator1 he comes v close to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! ,inc>nation1 & yet always /ops %ort ( x4 ,9 8 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess10 = example1 he m5tions z ! f\r? cause ( love to ,god ! aff9ity t exi/s betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]1 ref]r+ to ! say+ ( ! ,prophet3 8,v]ily ,god creat$ man 9 8 own lik5ess40 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 he goes on to say3 8,?is is a some:at dang]\s topic to dwell ^u1 z x is beyond ! und]/&+ ( common p1 & ev5 intellig5t m5 h /umbl$ 9 treat+ ( x1 & come to believe 9 inc>nation & union ) ,god4 ,/ill ! aff9ity :i* does exi/ betwe5 man & ,god disposes ( ! objection ( ^? !ologians m5tion$ above1 :o ma9ta9 t man _c love a ,be+ :o is n ( 8 own species4 ,h[ev] great a di/ance betwe5 !m1 man c love ,god because ( ! aff9ity indicat$ 9 ! say+1 #8,god creat$ man 9 ,8 own lik5ess4'0 ,al-,ghazali w\ld d\btless h accept$ ! /atem5t 9 ! ,gospel1 8,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t10 b he omits 8! only ,begott5 ,son :o is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 ,he ha? decl>$ ,him40 ,9 speak+ ( ! vision ( ,god he says1 8,all ,moslems pr(ess to believe t ! ,vision ( ,god is ! summit ( human felicity because x is s /at$ 9 ! ,law2 b ) _m ?is is a m]e lip-pr(ession :i* ar\ses no emotion 9 _! he>ts4 ,?is is q natural1 = h[ c a man long = a ?+ ( :i* he has no k8 ,we w endeav\r to %[ briefly :y ! vision ( ,god is ! greate/ happ9ess to :i* a man c atta94 8,9 ! fir/ place1 e "o ( man's faculties has its appropriate function :i* x delights to fulfill4 ,?is holds good ( !m all1 f ! l[e/ bodily appetite to ! highe/ =m ( intellectual appreh5sion4 ,b ev5 a comp>atively l[ =m ( m5tal ex]tion af=ds great] pleasure ?an ! satisfaction ( bodily appetites4 ,?us if a man happ5s to be absorb$ 9 a game ( *ess1 he w n come to 8 meal ?\gh repeat$ly summon$4 ,& ! great] ! subject-matt] ( our k1 ! great] is our delight 9 x2 = in/ance1 we w\ld take m pleasure 9 kn[+ ! secrets ( a k+ ?an ! secrets ( a vizi]4 ,see+ !n t ,god is ! highe/ possible object ( k1 ! k ( ,him mu/ af=d m delight ?an any o!r4 ,he :o kn[s ,god1 ev5 9 ?is _w1 dwells1 z x 71 9 a p>adise1 #8! bread? ( :i* is z ! bread? ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1' a p>adise ! fruits ( :i* no envy c prev5t him pluck+1 & ! ext5t ( :i* is n n>r[$ by ! multitude ( ^? :o occupy x40 7,see #a ,john #d3 #g-ba47 8,b ! delight ( k /ill falls %ort ( ! delight ( vision1 j z our pleasure 9 ?9k+ ( ^? we love is mu* less ?an ! pleasure af=d$ by ! actual sight ( !m4 ,our imprisonm5t 9 bodies ( clay & wat] & entanglem5t 9 ! ?+s ( s5se con/itute a veil :i* hides ! vision ( ,god f u1 al?\gh x does n prev5t our atta9+ to "s k ( ,him4 ,= ?is reason ,god said to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 #8,?\ %alt n see ,me4'0 ,9 ?is book also we are rem9d$ ( ! /atem5t t only 8! pure 9 he>t0 c see ,god1 & x seems sc>cely possible t :at ,al-,ghazali "h tea*es is n bas$ on a k ( ! ,gospel4 ,he says3 8,he 9 ^: he>t ! love ( ,god has prevail$ ov] all else w d]ive m joy f ?is vision ?an he 9 ^: he>t x has n s prevail$2 j z 9 ! case ( two m5 ) equally p[]ful eyesight gaz+ on a beautiful face1 he :o already loves ! possessor ( t face w rejoice 9 behold+ x m ?an he :o does n4 ,= p]fect happ9ess1 m]e k is n en\gh unaccompani$ by love1 & ! love ( ,god _c take possession ( a man's he>t till x is purifi$ f ! love ( ! _w1 :i* purification c only be effect$ by ab/95ce & au/]ity40 ,h[ close is ?is tea*+ to ! words ( ,*ri/1 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all see ,god06 ,x is ! vision ( ,god :i* ,al-,ghazali s\ght ?r\gh all 8 religi\s exp]i5ces z ! highe/ good 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next4 ,yet ) all 8 ef=ts to expla9 ! nature ( ! s\l & ( ,god1 he /ill f9ds himself be=e a blank wall4 ,he covets ! vision ( ,god b _c %ake himself free f ! ,moslem conception t ,god is unkn[able & t no?+ 9 creation resembles ! ,creator4 ,z ,muhamm$ ,iqbal says3 8,to ?is day x is difficult to def9e ) accuracy ,al-,ghazali's view ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,9 him1 l ,borg] & ,solg] 9 ,g]many1 ,sufi pan!ism & ! ,a%arite dogma ( p]sonality appe> to h>monize toge!r1 a reconciliation :i* makes x difficult to say :e!r he 0 a ,pan!i/1 or a ,p]sonal ,pan!i/ ( ! type ( ,lotze4 ,! s\l1 accord+ to ,al-,ghazali1 p]ceives ?+s4 ,b p]ception z an attribute c exi/ only 9 a sub/ance or ess5ce :i* is absolutely free f all ! attributes ( body4 ,9 8 ,al-,madnun1 he expla9s :y ! prophet decl9$ to reveal ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,!re are1 he says1 two k9ds ( m53 ord9>y m5 & ?9k]s4 ,! =m] :o look ^u mat]iality z a condition ( exi/5ce1 _c conceive an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,! latt] are l$1 by _! logic1 to a conception ( ! s\l :i* sweeps away all diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & ! individual s\l4 ,al-,ghazali1 !re=e1 realiz$ ! ,pan!i/ drift ( 8 own inquiry & pref]r$ sil5ce z to ! ultimate nature ( ! s\l40#hi ,we h se5 :at ,al-,ghazali tea*es reg>d+ ! life & "* ( ,jesus & also ( ,god's relation to u ?r\gh ! love ( ^? :o seek ,him ) all _! he>ts4 ,are ^! only ,moslems1 or is !re a wid] love ( ,god8 ,are all s\ls 9 ,8 keep+8 ,:at 7 ,al-,ghazali's ideas reg>d+ ! salvation ( ^? n 9 ! fold ( ,islam8 ,we h two /rik+ passages 9 ?is connection :i* seem to contradict ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 probably writt5 at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life4 ,! fir/ passage :i* is rem>kable inde$ = 8 day & 8 place 9 ,islam occurs on page #bb ( 8 book ,faisul ,al-,tafriqa ,ba9 al ,islam wa 'l ,z&iqa & reads z foll[s3 8,i "h /ate t mo/ ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greeks & ( ! ,turks 9 our day w be includ$ 9 ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,namely1 ^? :o are on ! conf9es ( ! empire & to :om ! call to embrace ,islam has n come4 ,= !y consi/ ( ?ree classes3 ,"o class has nev] he>d ! "n ( ,mohamm$ 7^u :om be pray]s & peace7 & !y are excusable4 ,ano!r class h he>d ( 8 "n & title & ! miracles :i* 7 wr\ght by him2 !y :o live z neighb\rs among ,moslems2 ^! are ! true infidels & sceptics4 ,& ! o!r class are betwe5 ^! two2 !y h he>d ( ! "n ( ,mohamm$ 7^u him be pray]s & peace71 b h n he>d ( 8 title & "*4 ,on ! contr>y !y h he>d f _! y\? up t he is a li> & deceiv] call$ ,mohamm$1 :o pret5d$ to h ! gift ( prophecy3 9 ! same way z our *ildr5 h he>d ( a false prophet 9 ,khorasan call$ ,al-,mukaffa :o pret5d$ to be a prophet4 ,& ^! la/1 9 my op9ion1 belong to ! fir/ class z to _! hope = ! future40 ,?is acc\nt is ! m rem>kable because 9 ?is v *apt] he says t ,god told ,adam1 accord+ to ,tradition1 8t out ( a ?\s& ( 8 desc5dants n9e-hundr$-&-n9ety-n9e g to hell & "o only w be sav$40 ,on ! la/ page ( ! ,ihya1 h[ev]1 ,al-,ghazali expresses ! op9ion t on ! day ( judgm5t n a s+le ,mohamm$an1 :atev] be 8 "*1 w ent] ! fire6 ,he !n quotes a tradition :i* says t = e ,moslem design$ to g to hell ,god w at ! la/ day sub/itute a ,jew or a ,*ri/ian1 evid5tly approv+ ?is sub/itution-doctr9e z satisfactory to ,god's m]cy t[>ds all :o confess ,mohamm$ & to ,8 decree t hell %all be fill$ ) its quota ( unbeliev]s4 7,see ,surah #ej3 #bi47 ,! la/ page ( ! ,ihya1 alas1 aga9 %[s ! ,moslem _s ( intol]ance :i* prevails ev5 to-day4 ,m5 d n rememb] ! m lib]al judgm5t 9 8 o!r treatise4 ,al-,ghazali's attitude t[>ds ,*ri/ianity & 8 quotations f ! ,gospel n>rative did mu* to leav5 ,p]sian ?\ght & gave ,jesus ( ,naz>e? a l>ge place 9 lat] my/icism especially 9 ! =emo/ my/ical poet1 ! immortal au?or ( ! ,masnavi1 ,jallal-ud-,d9 ,ar-,rumi4 ,he draws ! great ,lesson f ! life ( ,*ri/ :i* ,al-,ghazali only h9ts at 9 8 quotations2 namely t ,jesus is ! ,life-giv]3 8,?yself reckon dead1 & !n ?\ %alt fly ,free1 free1 f ! prison ( e>? to ! sky6 ,spr+ may come1 b on granite w gr[ no gre5 ?+3 ,x 0 b>r5 9 w9t]1 'tis b>r5 9 spr+2 ,& granite man's he>t is1 till grace int]v5e4 ,&1 cru%+ x1 clo! ! long b>r5 ) gre51 ,:5 ! fre% brea? ( ,jesus %all t\* ! he>t's core1 ,x w live1 x w brea!1 x w blossom once m40 ,! ,city ( ,ma%ad1 close to ! ru9s ( ,tus1 :]e ,al-,ghazali 0 born & :]e he di$1 has be5 truly describ$ z ! ,mecca ( ! ,p]sian _w4 ,its /reets are cr[d$ ) a hundr$ ?\s& pilgrims e ye>4 ,! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* has an important "w !re1 & ! ,bible ,societies report ?\s&s ( copies ( ! ,bible sold !re4 8,we h inundat$ ! ,city ( ,ma%ad ) ! ,^w ( ,god10 wrote ! late ,mr4 ,essel/yn2 89 ! baza>s ,i h repeat$ly be5 w>n$ "s "o w kill me if we d n /op sell+ ! ,scriptures & prea*+4 ,b #8,lo1 ,i am ) y always' keeps r++ 9 my e>s & we cont9ue4 ,! ,scriptures t h be5 sold 9 & ar\nd ,ma%ad are s[n se$ & 9 due "t we %all reap if we fa9t n40 ,to-day ! black-br[$ ,afghan1 ! ,uzbek ,t>t>1 ! d]vi%1 travel-/a9$ & footsore1 nay ! poore/ lad ( ,khorasan c buy ! :ole /ory ( :at ,jesus did & taught4 ,no ,moslem is n[ dep5d5t on ,al-,ghazali's few quotations f ! ,gospel4 ,a new day has dawn$ = ,p]sia & ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,new ,te/am5t is bett] kn[n ?an any ( ! n9ety-n9e works ( ,al-,ghazali1 & we may also say1 )\t exagg]ation1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t f9ds a l>g] circle ( read]s4 ,! my/ics 9 ,islam are ne> ! ,k+dom ( ,god & = !m ,al-,ghazali may be us$ z a s*oolma/] to lead m5 to ,*ri/4 ,did n ! au?or ( ! ,gul%an-i-,raz 7! ,g>d5 ( ,my/]ies7 write3 8,do/ ?\ "k :at ,*ri/ianity is8 ,i %all tell x !e4 ,x digs up ?9e own ,ego1 & c>ries !e to ,god4 ,?y s\l is a mona/]y :]e9 dwells on5ess1 ?\ art ,j]usalem1 :]e ! ,et]nal is en?ron$2 ! ,holy ,_s works ?is miracle1 = "k t ,god's be+ re/s 9 ! ,holy ,_s z 9 ,8 ,own ,_s40 ,& su* seek]s aft] ,god to-day w f9d ^? :o w lead !m to ,,*ri/4 ,=1 z ,dr4 ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris express$ x3 8,all ( u :o love ,*ri/ are beg9n+ to realize t we live 9 ! same /reet & are on ! same telephone1 "s ( u t we are lodg$ next door to "o ano!r & c knock on ! p>titions1 a few t we are all "u ! same ro( & all )9 arm's l5g? & he>t rea*40 ,app5dix ,a4 ,,bibliography ,abu ,nasir ,abd ul ,wahab ,taqi id ,d9 z ,subqi4--,tabaqat-a%-,%afaiya al ,kubra4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #aja-ajb4 ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d1 ,m4 ,c4--,traduction n\velle du traite de ,ghazzali intitule le ,prs]vatif de l'erreur et notices sur les extases 7des ,s\fis74 7,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,p>is1 #ahgg47 ,brockelmann1 ,c>l--,ges*i*te d] ,arabis*5 ,litt]atur1 ,weim>1 #ahih1 #b vols4 ,*5]y1 ,?omas--,! ,assemblies ( ,al-,h>iri1 ,london1 #ahgh1 ,trans4 ,cl>k1 ,edson ,l4--,! ,arabs & ! ,turks1 ,bo/on1 #ahge4 ,de,boer1 ,t4 ,j4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,islam1 ,london1 #aijc4 ,dozy1 7,trans4 by ,francis ,griff9 ,/okes7--,spani% ,islam1 ,london1 #aiac4 ,de ,vaun1 ,c>a--,gazali 7,les ,gr& ,philos4--,felix ,alcan71 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,field1 ,claud--,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess1 by ,ghazali 7f ,h9du/ani74 -- ,! ,confessions ( ,al-,ghazali1 ,london1 #aiji1 ,trans4 -- ,my/ics & ,sa9ts ( ,islam1 ,london1 #aiaj4 -- ,p]sian ,lit]ature1 ,london 7undat$74 ,=tescue1 ,adrian--,! ,less] ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 ,london1 #aiac4 ,gairdn]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,t4--,al-,ghazali's ,mi%kat-ul-,anw> & ! ,ghazali ,problem1 ,d] ,islam1 ,bd4 ,v1 ,heft #b_/c4 ,g>dn]1 ,w4 ,r4 ,w4--,al-,ghazali4 ,9 ,islam ,s]ies1 ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature ,society = ,india1 #aiai4 ,gauti]1 ,luci5--,ad-,d\rra al-fakhira3 ,la p]le precieuse de ,ghazali4 ,traite d'es*atologie musulmane1 publie 444 avec une traduction francaise4 ,g5eve1 #ahgh4 ,gos*e1 von ,r4--b] ,ghazzali1 ,leb5 und ,w]ke1 ,b]l91 #ahei4 ,hu>t1 ,clem5t--,a ,hi/ory ( ,arabic ,lit]ature1 ,london1 #aijc4 ,hurgronje1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,sn\ck--,mekka1 ,haag1 #ahhf4 ,ibn ,khallikan4 ,jackson1 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams--8,f ,con/ant9ople to ! ,home ( ,om> ,khayyam03 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,company1 #aiaa4 ,jayak>1 ,lt4 ,col4 ,a4 ,s4 ,g4--,ad-,damiri's ,hayat ,al-,hayawan 7"u ,al-,hammam71 ,vol4 ,i1 ,london1 #aijf1 ,trans4 ,jewi% ,encyclopdia1 ,!4 ,j\rnal ( ,! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #ga-acb4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 #ahih4 ,lane-,poole1 ,/anley--,m$ival ,india "u ,mohamm$an ,rule1 9 ! ,/ory ( ! ,national ,s]ies1 ,london1 #aijc4 ,mohamm$ ,iqbal--,! ,developm5t ( ,metaphysics 9 ,p]sia1 ,london1 #aijh4 ,miguel ,as9 et ,palacios--,al ,gazel3 ,domatica1 moral1 ,ascetica4 7,z>goza4 ,spa91 #aija47 -- ,logia et ,agrapha ,dom9i ,jesu apud ,moslemicos ,scriptores1 etc4 7,lat9 & ,arabic7 ,firm9-,didot & ,co41 ,p>is1 #aiag4 ,le ,/range1 ,g4--,baghdad dur+ ! ,abbasid ,caliphate1 ,ox=d1 #aijj4 ,macdonald1 ,d4 ,b4--,aspects ( ,islam1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 -- ,emotional religion 9 ,islam z affect$ by music & s++4 ,be+ a translation ( a book ( ! ,ihya ,ulum ad-,d9 ( ,al-,ghazzali ) analysis1 annotation & app5dices4 7,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,j\rnal4 #aija47 -- ,encyclopdia ( ,islam1 ,leyd5--art41 8,ghazali40 -- ,! ,life ( ,al-,ghazali ) special ref]5ce to 8 religi\s exp]i5ces & op9ions 7,j\rnal ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society74 -- ,muslim ,!ology1 ,jurisprud5ce & ,con/itutional ,!ory4 #aijc4 -- ,! ,religi\s ,attitude & ,life 9 ,islam1 ,*icago1 #aiji4 ,murtadha--,introduction to ! ,celebrat$ ,comm5t>y ( ! ,ihya entitl$ ,i?af ul ,saada4 ,cairo ,edition4 ,ni*olson1 ,reynold ,a4--,ka%f ,al-,mahjub1 ! olde/ ,p]sian ,treatise on ,sufism by ,al-,hujwiri1 ,london1 #aiaa4 -- ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs1 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,nldeke1 ,!odore--,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory1 ,london1 #ahib4 ,osborn1 ,rob]t ,durie--,islam ,"u ! ,khalifs ( ,baghdad1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,salad91 ,h4--,manuel d'art ,musulman1 ,p>is1 #aijg1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,tyrwitt1 ,w4 ,s4 ,s4--,cairo1 ,j]usalem & ,damascus1 ,london1 #aijg4 ,b4 ,,translations ,,( ,,al-,,ghazali',s ,,works ,hebrew4 ,makasid al ,falasifah--,de'ot ha-,pilusufim--,isaac ,albalag1 #ac? ,c4 -- ,kawwanot ha-,pilusufim--,judah ,na?an1 #ad? ,c4 ,tahafut al-,falasifah--,happalat ha-,pilusufim--,z]ahiah ha-,levy1 #adaa4 ,ma'am> bi-,te%ubot ,%e'elot ,ni%'al ,mehem 7,answ]s to ,philan?ropical ,que/ions7--,h4 ,malt]1 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 #ahig2 also call$ ,kawwanot ha-,kawwanot4 -- ,moz5e ha-',iyyun9--,jacob b5 ,makir 7d4 #acjh74 ,mizan al-,amal--,moz5 ,z$ek--,abraham ,ibn ,hazdai b5 ,samuel ha-,levy ( ,b>celona1 ed4 ,j4 ,gold5?al1 ,leipsic1 #ahci4 ,mi%kat al-,anw> fi ,riyad al-,azh> bi-,taufik al-,anh>--,maskit ha-,orot be-,p>des ha-,nizzanim--,isaac b5 ,joseph ,alfasi4 ,lat94 ,maqasid ,falasifa--,logica et ,philosophia--,dom4 ,gundisalvi1 ,v5eti1 #aejf4 ,g]man4 ,kitab aiyuha 'l walad--,o ,k9d6 ,die b]hmte e?is*e ,abh&lung ,ghazali's arab4 u4 deuts*1 v4 ,hamm]-,purg/all1 ,wi51 #ahch4 ,kitab ,tahafut al ,falasifa--,die ,wid]spr*e d] ,philosophie na* ,al-,ghazzali und ihr ,ausglei* dur* ,ibn ,ru%d1 ,/rassburg1 #ahid4 ,antwort5 auf ,frag51 die an ihn g]i*tet wurd51 hebr4 u4 arab4 ,text mit deuts*5 b]s4 ,erkl>ung und ,gloss5 v4 ,h4 ,malt]1 ,frankfurt1 #ahif4 ,ihya ulum id ,d9--,g]man translation 9 c\rse ( prep>ation by ,h4 ,bau]4 ,fr5*4 ,ad durra al fakhira fi kasf ulum al akhira--,la ,p]le precieuse de ,ghazali1 ed4 p> ,l4 ,gauti]1 ,g5eve1 #ahgh4 ,al munqidh m9 ad dhalal--ed4 ,s*mold]s1 ,essai sur les ecoles philosophiques *ez les ,arabes1 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,translat$ by ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d1 #ahgg1 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 vol4 ix4 ,engli%4 ,kimiya z-saada--,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess--,h4 ,a4 ,homes1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgc4 ,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess--,claud ,field1 ,london1 #aijh4 ,! ,confessions ( ,al-,ghazali--,claud ,field1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,turki%4 ,!re are two manuscript translations ( ,al-,ghazali's ,nasaih-ul-,muluk 9 ,turki%4 ,also an ,arabic v]sion ( ! ,p]sian orig9al4 7,see ,br[ne's ,h&li/ ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,arabic ,,mss4 ,nos4 #aahe & #bbj47 ,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess is also widely kn[n 9 a ,turki% v]sion f :i* ! e>lie/ ,engli% v]sion by ,homes 0 made4 ,c4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,al-,,ghazali',s ,,works ,9 ,arabic alphabetical ord] accord+ to ,z-,subqi1 ,al-,murtadha 7,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #da-hc71 & o!r s\rces4 #a4 ,ihya ,ulum id ,d9--7,revival ( ! ,sci5ces ( ,religion74 #b4 ,al ,imla ,ala ,mu%kal al ,ihya--7supplem5t to above74 #c4 ,al,arban--7on ! ,koran74 #d4 ,asma ,allah al ,husna--7on ! names ( ,god74 #e4 ,al-,iqtasad fi ,itiqad--7,speculative ,!ology74 #f4 ,iljam al ,awam an ilm al ,kalam--7,w>n+ aga9/ s*ola/icism74 #g4 ,asr> ,muamalat id ,d9--7,my/icism74 #h4 ,asr> al anw> al ilahiya--7on ! ,koran74 #i4 ,akhlaq al abr> wa najat m9 al a%r>--7,e?ics74 #aj4 ,asr> itbaa z sunna--7,tradition74 #aa4 ,asr> al huruf wa 'l kalimat--7,koran ,my/]ies74 #ab4 ,ayyuha 'l walad--7,o *ild6--writt5 9 ,p]sian orig9ally--,e?ics & ,mann]s74 #ac4 ,badayat al ,hadaya--7,beg9n]'s book 9 religion74 #ad4 ,al ,basit fi furua al ,madhhab--7,jurisprud5ce74 #ae4 ,bayan al ,qaula9--7,cre$74 #af4 ,bayan ,fadhaa al ,abahiya-- #ag4 ,badaa z ,saniya4 #ah4 ,tanbih al ,ghafaln4 #ai4 ,talbis ,iblis4 #bj4 ,at ,takbir fi ilm al taabir--7,int]pretation74 #ba4 ,tahafut al filasafa--7,aga9/ ,philosophy74 #bb4 ,taliqa fi furua al ,madhhab--7,writt5 at ,jurjan aga9/ ! ,ismailite h]esy74 #bc4 ,tahs9 al ,maqsud-- #bd4 ,tahs9 al ,adilla--7,s\rces ( ,islam74 #be4 ,tafsir al ,quran al ,azim--7,brief ,koran ,comm5t>y74 #bf4 ,al ,tafriqa ba9 al iman wa 'l z9diqa-- #bg4 ,jawahir al ,quran--7,beauties ( ! ,koran74 #bh4 ,hujjat al ,haqq-- #bi4 ,haqiqat al ,ruh--7,my/icism74 #cj4 ,haqiqat al ,qaula9--7on ! ,cre$74 #ca4 ,al ,durra al ,fakhira--7,! ,preci\s ,pe>l74 #cb4 ,khulasat ar ,rasail--7,jurisprud5ce74 #cc4 ,khulasat al-tasanif fi l-tasawwuf4 #cd4 ,risalat al ,qudsiya4 #ce4 ,risalat al ,aqtab4 #cf4 ,al ,risalat al ,laduniya4 #cg4 ,risalat at ,tair--7,p>able on ! ,birds74 #ch4 ,sirr al ,masun--7on ! magical use ( ! ,koran text74 #ci4 ,sirr al-alama9 wa-ka%f ma fi 'l-d>a94 #dj4 ,%>h ,dairat ,ali ibn ,talib4 #da4 ,%ifa al ,ghalil--7,on ,logic74 #db4 ,aqidat al ,misbah4 #dc4 ,ajaib ,sanaa ,allah4 #dd4 ,anqud al ,mukhtas>4 #de4 ,ghayat al ,ghur fi ,misail al daur--7,on ,divorce74 #df4 ,ghaur al ,daur--7also on ,divorce7 writt5 9 ,bagdad #dhd ,a4 ,h4 #dg4 ,al ,fatawa--7,"o hundr$ & n9ety que/ions answ]$74 #dh4 ,fatihat al ,ulum--7,encyclopdia ( ,sci5ces74 #di4 ,al ,qanun al ,kulli4 #ej4 ,qanun ar ,rasul4 #ea4 ,al ,qurbat ila ,allah--7,on ,ne>ness to ,god74 #eb4 ,al ,qi/as al ,mu/aqim--7,s\rces ( ,islam74 #ec4 ,al ,qaul al jamil fi radd ala man ghaiy> al ,injil--7,on ! corrupt+ ( ! ,gospel text74 #ed4 ,kimiya z ,saada--7,! ,al*emy ( ,happ9ess2 writt5 9 ,p]sian & aft]w>ds translat$74 #ee4 ,ka%f ,ulum al ,akhira--7,es*atology74 #ef4 ,al ,ka%f wa 'l taby9 fi ghurur al ,khalk ajma9--7,my/icism74 #eg4 ,kanz al ,idat4 #eh4 ,kitab al arba94 #ei4 ,al ,lubab al ,muntaqal fi 'l ,jadal--7,on ,controv]sy74 #fj4 ,al ,mu/asfa fi ,usul al ,fiqh--7,jurisprud5ce74 ,8 mo/ important & l>ge/ "w on ?is subject2 sev]al comm5t>ies 7 writt5 on x lat]4 #fa4 ,al ,manqul fi 'l ,usul4 #fb4 ,al ,maksud fi ,khilafiyat ba9 al ,hanifiya wa '% ,%afiya--7on ^! two s*ools ( jurisprud5ce74 #fc4 ,al ,madadi wa 'l ,ghayat fi asr> al ,huruf al ,maknumat4 #fd4 ,al ,majalis al ,ghazaliya--7,collection ( 8 ,bagdad s]mons74 #fe4 ,maqasid al filasafa--7,philosophy74 #ff4 ,al ,munqidh m9 adh-,dhalal--7,8 ,confessions1 ,autobiographical74 #fg4 ,miy> al ,ilm fi 'l ,mantiq--7,logic74 #fh4 ,miy> al ,nazir--7,logic74 #fi4 ,mahal al ,nazir-- #gj4 ,mi%kat al anw> fi lataif al akhy>--7,e?ics74 #ga4 ,al ,mu/azhir fi radd ala 'l ,bat9iya--7,controv]sial74 #gb4 ,al-,madnun bihi ala ghairi ahlihi--,book to be kept f ^? unfitt$ = x4 7,esot]ic47 #gc4 ,al-,madnun al-saghir--,book to be kept f ^? unfitt$ = x4 7,esot]ic47 #gd4 ,mi%kat al-anw>--7,my/icism74 #ge4 ,mizan al ,amal--7,a comp5dium ( ,e?ics74 #gf4 ,mawahib al ,bat9iya--7simil> to ,no4 #ga1 b abbreviat$74 #gg4 ,al ,m9haj al ,aali-- #gh4 ,miraj z ,salikn-- #gi4 ,muka%afat al qulub-- #hj4 ,mufasal al ,khilaf fi ,usul al ,qiyas-- #ha4 ,m9haj al ,abid9 ila ,janat ,rab al ,alamn--7,8 la/ "w3 a popul> epi/le on ! ,my/ic way74 #hb4 ,nasikhat al ,muluk--7,writt5 9 ,p]sian & call$ 9 ! ,arabic translation ,al ,tibr al ,masbuk2 a book ( c\nsel = k+s & pr9ces74 #hc4 ,al ,wajiz--7,jurisprud5ce74 ,sev]al comm5t>ies 7 writt5 on ?is "w & x is mu* us$4 #hd4 ,al ,wasit--7a celebrat$ book 9 ,jurisprud5ce74 ,sev]al comm5t>ies4 #he4 ,yaqut at ,tawil fi ,tafsir at ,tanzil--7,comm5t>y on ! ,koran 9 #dj vols474 ,d4 ,comp>ative ,table ( ,ev5ts ,,nor? ,,africa ,,europe ,,& ,,spa9 ,,al-,,ghazali ,a4 ,d4 ,a4 ,h4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,g]many-- ,k+doms ( ,ca/ile,al-,ghazali born4 #ajeh #dej ,franconian & ,leon4 ,dyna/y4 ,h5ry ,end ( ! ,,iii1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,ommiades1 #dai4 --------------------,! ,morabe?s4 ,al-,ghazali goes ,/ruggle betwe5 ------------------- to ,bagdad4 #ajhg #dhj ,emp]ors & ,advance ( ! ,popes4 ,*ri/ians4 --------------------,! ,moslems divid$ ,italy--,lomb>d into small ,republics4 /ates4 ,conv]sion ( ,gregory ,,vii4 ------------------- ,al-,ghazali4 #ajie #dhh --------------------,abdallah b5 ,tasf9 ,france--,reign ( f\nds ,m>aka%4 ,feudalism4 ------------------- ,philip1 #ajfj4 ,tol$o tak51 #ajhe4;,8 return to --------------------,! ,almoravides4 active life4 #aajd #dih ,russia--,vladimir ,yusuf ibn ,tasf9 ! ,great adopts call$ to ,spa91 ,*ri/ianity4 #ajhf4 --------------------------------------- ,engl&--,conque/ #ajhf1 ,battle ( ( ,william1 ,duke ,zalaca1 defeat (,8 dea?4 #aaaa #eje ( ,norm&y1 ,moslems4 #ajff4 -------------------- ,abel>d born1 #ajgi4 -------------------- ,fir/ ,crusade1 #ajie4 ,anselm1 #ajic4 ,b]n>d1 #aaae4 ,a4 ,d4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,arabia ,,& ,,syria ,,p]sia--,,khorasan--,,india ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ajeh #dej ,el ,mo/ans]1 ,el ,kaim ,bamrillah #dbg-dhg ,a4 ,h4 inve/s ,tughril ) ,proclaim$ at ,bagdad1 temporal au?ority4 #dea ,a4 ,h4 ------------------------- ,tughril ,bey subjects #ajhg #dhj ,p]sia4 ,s$itions 9 ,caliphate4 ------------------------- ------------------------,tughril ,bey invades ,india4 ,firdausi1 au?or ( ,%ah ,nameh4 ,dea? ( ,tughril ,bey1 #ajie #dhh #ajfc4 ,decl9e ( ! ------------------------- ,fatimides4 ,,dom9ation ,,( ,,! ,,seljuks #aajd #dih ,alp ,arslan4 ,conque/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,j]usalem invad$ by !------------------------- sons ( ,ortok1 #ajgf4 ,malek ,%ah4 ,8 f\r sons #ajih1 ,siege ( ,antio*4 divide 8 empire1 ,j]usalem captur$ by #ajgb4 #aaaa #eje ! ,crusad]s1 #ajii4 ------------------------- 7#dib ,a4 ,h47 ,! k+dom ( ,gazna #aaji1 ,tripoli tak5 by ov]?r[n by ! ! ,crusad]s4 ,sultans ,g\rides ( ,delhi4 ,,footnotes #a 8,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory10 ,!odore ,nldeke4 ,london1 #ahib1 p4 #ih4 #b 8,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire40 #c 8,! ,assemblies ( al-,h>iri10 trans4 by ,?omas ,*5]y4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,introduction1 p4 #e4 #d ,d] ,islam1 ,b& ,v1 ,heft #b_/c2 ,c4 ,h4 ,beck]1 ,/rassburg1 #aiad1 pp4 #bci1 #bia4 #e ,m$ival ,india1 9 8,! ,/ory ( ! ,nations ,s]ies10 ,/anley ,lane-,poole1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #cg4 #f 8,! ,caliphate1 its ,rise1 ,decl9e & ,fall10 #ahib1 p4 #egh4 #g ,t !re 0 n only close social1 b religi\s & polemical contact betwe5 ! le>n$ m5 ( ,*ri/ian sects & ^? ( ,islam long be=e ?is p]iod1 & especially dur+ ! life ( ,al-,ghazali is well kn[n4 ,see especially ! life & writ+s ( ,al-,k9di1 ,john ( ,damascus1 & ,!odor ,abu ,qurra z giv5 by ,a4 ,kell] 9 8,d] ,gei/eskampf des ,*ri/5tums geg5 d5 ,islam bis zur ,zeit d] ,kreuzzge0 7,leipzig1 #ahif7 & 8,*ri/li*es ,polemik und ,islamis*e ,dogm5bild+10 by ,c4 ,h4 ,beck] 78,fe/s*rift ,ignaz ,goldzih]10 pp4 #age-aie74 ,! latt] %[s cle>ly t ,islam borr[$ consid]ably f ,*ri/ianity1 ?r\gh controv]sy1 bo? 9 its dogma & ritual ev5 z late z ! t5? c5tury4 #h ,cf4 8,! ,less] ,ea/]n ,*ur*es10 ,adrian ,=tescue1 ,london1 #aiac4 #i ,cf4 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #che4 #aj ,see article on 8,! ,arabic ,bible0 9 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,octob]1 #aiaf4 #aa 8,mission>y ,a*ievem5t30 ,a survey ( _w-wide ,evangelization1 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #bb1 #bf4 #ab 8,m9haj et ,talib9 ( ,an-,nawawi10 trans4 f ! ,fr5* ( ,l4 ,w4 ,c4 ,van ,d5 ,b]g by ,e4 ,c4 ,h[>d1 ,london1 #aiad1 pp4 #dfg & #dfi4 #ac ,^! badges ( s]vitude1 call$ ,ghay>1 are ref]r$ to z obligatory 9 ,al-,ghazali's 8,wajiz40 ,see ! *apt] on infidel-subjects4 #ad ,ri*>d ,got!il gives ! cont5ts ( a fatwa on ! appo9tm5t ( ,dhimmis to (fice dat$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aabf & giv5 by "o ,ahmad ibn ,al ,husa94 8,to place an infidel 9 au?ority ov] a ,moslem w\ld nev] ent] ! m9d ( "o :o _h a s\nd he>t4 ,he :o does s mu/ ei!r be a godless fell[ or be ignorant ( ,moslem law & practice4 ,he attempts to prove t a ,dhimmi 7i4 e4 ,jew or ,*ri/ian7 is n ev5 to be us$ z a scribe1 a money-*ang]1 or a but*]2 cit+ passages f ! ,koran & ! ,traditions0 78,fe/s*rift ,ignaz ,goldzih] von ,c>l ,bezold10 ,/rassburg1 #aiaa1 pp4 #bjc-bjh74 #ae 8,! ,e>ly ,developm5t ( ,mohamm$anism10 ,london1 #aiad1 p4 #aca4 #af ,miln]1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/10 ,london1 #ahcd1 p4 #eca1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ag 8,! ,pulse ( ,asia10 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijg1 p4 #cbe4 #ah ,see h[ev] ,g>dn]'s ,al-,ghazali 9 ! 8,islam ,s]ies0 7pp4 #a-c7 :]e we h ?is note3 8,! di/rict ( ,tus conta9$ f\r t[ns1 ,radkan1 ,tab>an1 ,bazdghur1 & ,nawqan1 7,yaqut gives ! spell+ z ,nuqan7 & m ?an #a1jjj villages40 7,see ,yaqut1 quot+ ,misar b9 ,mukhalhil1 vol4 vi1 p4 #g4 ,ibn ,khallikan1 vol4 i1 p4 #bi4 ,jackson1 ,f ,con/ant9ople to ! ,home ( ,om> ,khayyam1 p4 #bfg1 #bhd ff47 ,( ^! f\r t[ns1 ,tab>an 0 ! capital1 :ile ,nawqan 0 ! mo/ popul\s4 ,x 0 outside ( ,nawqan t ,ali b9 ,musa ar-,rida & ,h>\n ,ar-,ra%id 7 buri$4 ,?us1 ! pres5t ,ma%ad repres5ts ! old ,nawqan1 & mu/ cov] "s at lea/ ( ! site ( t city2 :ile ! ru9s n[ kn[n z ,tus repres5t ! old city ( ,tab>an1 :i*1 hav+ be5 ! capital ( ! di/rict1 0 commonly call$ by ! "n ( ! di/rict4 ,x 0 outside ,tab>an t ,al-,ghazali & ,firdausi 7 buri$4 ,x is a mi/ake to reg>d ,tus z hav+ be5 a metropolis conta9+ f\r bor\ghs4 ,t !re ev] exi/$ a city ( ,tus /ret*+ ?irty-five miles1 f ,ma%ad to ,radkan1 is incr$ible4 ,z-,samani1 9 ! ,kitabu'l-,ansab1 says t ,tus conta9$ two t[ns & ov] "o ?\s& villages4 #ai 8,! ,glory ( ! ,%iah ,_w10 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,9 ?is book we h an int]e/+ picture ( ,ma%ad & ,tus z !y are to-day4 #bj 8,ka%f al-,mahjub10 pp4 #agc-agd4 #ba 8,hayat-ul-,hayawan10 by ,damiri4 #bb ,ref]r$ to 9 8 8,life ( ,al-,ghazzali40 #bc ,ibn ,khallikan 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bi1 ,cairo1 #acaj7 leaves little d\bt t ,samaani spells x ) "o 8z10 ,ghazali4 ,s also is ! spell+ ( ,g]man ,ori5tali/s includ+ ,brockelmann4 ,he writes 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dai7 8,s1 als ,nisbe zu ,gazala1 e9em kle95 ,orte bei ,tus1 na* dem ausdrckli*5 ,zeugnis des ,samanis1 j5es ausgezei*net5 ,k5n]s iranis*] ,nam51 7s4 o4 p4 #ccj7 b4 j4 ,hall1 nr4 #cg2 die von ,gos*e #a1 #a1 nr4 #c auf ,grund spt]1 p]sis*] ,quell5 v]teidigte ,s*reibung #8,gazzali' v]dankt (f5b> e9] ,volksetymologie ihr ,dase9 9 ,anlehnung an die na* al ,samani 9 ,hw>izm gebru*li*5 ,nisb51 wie al ,qass>i fr al ,qass>4 ,sujuti d5 ,gos*e citi]t be/tigt ke9eswegs se9e auffassung1 sond]n gibt se9e ,quelle als ,samani g5au wi$]40 ,clem5t ,hu>t 78,hi/ory ( ,arabic ,lit]ature10 p4 #bfe7 gives ! pref]5ce to ,ghazali2 s d ! ,fr5* ,ori5tali/s 9 ! ,revue du ,monde ,mussulman1 ,goldzih] 9 8 late/ "w ,vorlesung5 b] d5 ,islam 7#aiaj71 & ! well-kn[n ,dut* ,arabi/1 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ?is ^? :o pref] 8,ghazzali0 may appeal to ! highe/ ,moslem au?ority1 namely1 ,mohamm$ ! ,prophet :o is said to h decl>$ to "s "o 9 a dream t ?is 0 ! correct spell+4 7,see 8,murtadha10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ah47 ,i h a fatwa f ! ,%eikhs ( ,al-,azh>1 ,cairo1 h[ev]1 /at+ t ! true spell+ is n[ agre$ on by ,moslems z ,ghazali ) "o middle radical4 #bd ,macdonald4 #be ,f ! ,biography giv5 at ! end ( ,miskat-ul-,anw>1 ,cairo edition 7#acbb74 #bf 8,! ,confessions ( ,al-,ghazali10 trans4 by ,claud ,field1 ,london1 #aiji4 #bg ,cf4 ,app5dix ,,vii 9 ,macdonald's 8,muslim ,!ology1 ,jurisprud5ce & ,con/itutional ,!ology40 #bh ,i foll[ "h ! cont5ts ( ,ghazali's own ,wajiz4 #bi ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 8,life ( ,al-,ghazzali10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #gf4 #cj ,hu>t1 8,arabic ,lit]ature40 #ca 8,lalla ,rookh40 #cb 8,baghdad "u ! ,abbasside ,caliphate10 ,g4 ,le ,/range1 ,ox=d1 #aijj1 p4 #bih4 #cc ,sev]al ( ^! are giv5 at l5g? by ,murtadha4 #cd ,macdonald1 p4 #hh4 #ce ,macdonald1 p4 #ij1 & see ,bibliography4 #cf 8,! ,maqamat40 #cg 8,manuel d',art ,musulman10 ,vol4 ,i1 ,p>is1 #aijg4 #ch ,comp>e on ! *ronology ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g>dn]'s 8,al-,ghazali10 #aiai 7,*ri/ian ,lit4 ,soc4 = ,india74 #ci ,quot$ 9 ,kle9's 8,islam10 page #hg1 f ! ,ihya1 ,,iv3 #cbj4 #dj ,= ! significance ( ^! t]ms consult ,hughes' 8,diction>y ( ,islam40 #da ,t ?is me?od ( seek+ ,god is /ill a refuge = ! mo/ e>ne/ & s9c]e among ,moslems is cle> f su* books z 8,! ,autobiography ( ,imad-ud-,d9 ! ,indian ,conv]t0 7,c4 ,m4 ,s41 ,london74 #db ,g>dn] f9ds evid5ce t ! book m5tion$ 0 n writt5 !re4 #dc 8,! ,jewi% ,encyclopdia10 article 8,ma*pelah40 #dd ,a rec5t travell] says3 8,!re is a hole 9 ! wall :i* is suppos$ to communicate ) ! cave bel[4 ,jews write lett]s to ,abraham & place !m 9 ?is hole1 to tell him h[ badly !y are be+ treat$ by ! ,moslems4 ,b ! ,moslem boys are said to "k t ! hole has no great dep?1 & to collect ^! lett]s & burn !m be=e ,abraham has se5 !m40 #de ,cf4 8 8,ihya0 & also 8 8,al-,wajiz40 #df ,m4 ,j4 ,de ,goeje1 8,memoire sur les ,c>ma!s du ,bahra9 et ,les ,fatimides10 7,leid51 #ahhf7 pp4 #ajd-aad4 #dg ,9 ! ,ihya ,al-,ghazali gives ! pray] to be (f]$ :5 kiss+ ! ,black ,/one4 #dh 8,mekka10 ,dr4 ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,vol4 ,i1 d5 ,haag1 #ahhh4 #di ,burton's 8,pilgrimage10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #cbc-cbd4 #ej ,macdonald1 8,! ,life ( ,al-,ghazzali10 pp4 #ig-ih4 #ea ,burton's 8,pilgrimage to ,al-,m$9ah & ,meccah10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ab4 #eb ,macdonald's 8,life ( ,al-,ghazzali10 pp4 #aje1 #ajg-ajh1 quot$ f ,murtadha4 #ec ,quot$ 9 ,hayat-ul-,hayawan4 #ed ,an exposition ( ! ,cre$ ( ! ,p ( ! ,sunna on ! two ,words ( ,witness+ 7kalimatai '%-%ahada7 :i* =m "o ( ! f\ndations ( ,islam4 ,?is cre$ is int5d$ to be committ$ to memory by *ildr54 ,x =ms ! fir/ section ( ! second book ( ,ghazali's ,ihya1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ag-db ( edit4 ( ,cairo ) comm5t>y ( ! ,sayyid ,murtadha4 ,we are indebt$ = ! translation to ,pr(essor ,macdonald 7,muslim ,!ology & ,jurisprud5ce74 #ee ,= ! process see pp4 #agj et seq4 ( 8,mafatih ,al-,ghaib0 7,cairo1 #acbg7 by ,ahm$ ,al-,z>kawi1 a contempor>y ,egyptian magician1 & on ! subject 9 g5]al1 ! six? & sev5? ,risalas 9 t volume4 #ef ,cf4 ,al-,faidh al ,mutawalli ( ,ahm$ ,damanhuri1 ,cairo1 #acca4 #eg 8,encyclopdia ( ,islam10 article ,buduh4 #eh ,see a pap] on ?is subject by ,ali ,bey ,b>gat1 ,sur ,deux ,bronzes du ,muse ,arabe--8,bullet9 de l',in/4 ,egypt410 ,,iv3 #g4 #ei ,= critical notes on 8 works see ,r4 ,gos*e1 pp4 #bdi-cjj1 also ,g>dn]'s rem>ks & li/4 #fj 8,! ,my/ics ( ,islam40 #fa ,macdonald1 p4 #gb4 #fb ,comp>e ! two /atem5ts fac+ ?is *apt]2 also ! ref]5ces to 8,! ,gospel10 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 #fc 8,jewi% ,encyclopdia10 article 8,ghazali40 #fd ,macdonald4 #fe ,9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ,al-,ghazali's writ+s1 ,r4 ,gos*e rem>ks3 8,x is *>act]i/ic h[ 8 influ5ce has spread4 ,! lat] my/ical portions ( 8 ,ihya h especially influ5c$ ,mohamm$an circles 9 ,india4 ,8 two works on philosophy ex]t$ influ5ce 9 ,spa9 & among lat] ,jewi% writ]s1 = ! be/ manuscripts ( ! ,tahafut are f\nd 9 ,maghrabi "*40 #ff ,adolf ,wuttke1 8,*ri/ian ,e?ics10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agb4 #fg ,macdonald1 pp4 #aah-aai4 #fh 8,ihya10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cb-cc1 8,mizan al ,amal10 pp4 #abf-abh1 etc4 #fi 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess10 pp4 #id-if4 #gj 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess40 #ga 8,mizan al ,amal40 #gb 8,! ,my/ics ( ,islam40 #gc 8,! ,way ( a ,my/ic10 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aga4 #gd 8,my/ics ( ,islam10 p4 #ah4 #ge ,yet /range to say !re 0 (t5 an utt] divorce betwe5 ^! high ideals & practical morality4 ,a surpris+ /atem5t is made by ,al-,ghazali reg>d+ ,junaid 9 ?is connection4 8,ihya10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai4 #gf 8,essays on ,islam10 by ,rev4 ,e4 ,sell1 ,madras1 #aija1 p4 #ac4 #gg 8,mohamm$anism10 ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,new ,york & ,london1 #aiaf4 #gh 8,d] ,islam10 ,b& ,v1 ,heft #b_/c article1 8,al-,ghazali's ,mi%kat ,al-,anw> & ! ,ghazali ,problem10 by ,canon ,w4 ,h4 ,t4 ,gairdn]4 #gi 8,developm5t ( ,mohamm$anism10 pp4 #adc-add4 #hj 8,ihya10 *apt] on ,rep5tance4 #ha ,"o ( ! texts he uses is 7,surah #b1 v]se #bbb71 8,v]ily1 ,god loves ^? :o rep5t & loves ^? :o are purifi$40 ,! context is 9 relation to ! infam\s /atem5t 8,y\r wives are y\r tillage1 etc410 :i* _m ,moslem comm5tators int]pret z a lic5se = immorality4 ,no wond] t ,al-,ghazali 0 l$ 9 ?is connection to beg9 to speak on ! text 8all h s9n$0 al?\gh he does n quote ,/4 ,paul's fir/ *apt] to ! ,romans4 #hb 8,al-,badajet10 ,cairo ,edition1 p4 #da4 #hc ,zwem]1 8,! ,moslem ,*ri/40 #hd ,goldzih]1 9 8,z4 ,d4 ,m4 ,g410 ,,xxxii1 #cdd4 #he 8,jewi% ,encyclopdia10 ,art4 ,bible ,v]sions4 #hf ,aft] complet+ ?is rese>* ,i f\nd a full] acc\nt ( all ref]5ces to ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ,moslem ,lit]ature1 especially ! ,ihya z giv5 by ,mi*al ,as9 et ,palacios 9 ,logia et ,agrapha ,dom9i ,jesus apud ,moslemicos1 etc41 9 ,patrologia ,ori5talis1 ,tome ,,xiii fascicule #c4 ,p>is #aiag4 #hg ,! /ory is repeat$ 9 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bjf2 cf4 ,matt4 #f3 #af-ah4 #hh ,^! la/ quotations are f ! translation by ,homes :i* 0 f ! ,turki%4 ,!re seem to be sev]al editions ( ! 8,al*emy ( ,happ9ess0 & ! text v>ies z well z ! numb] ( *apt]s4 #hi 8,! ,developm5t ( ,metaphysics 9 ,p]sia10 p4 #ge4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica