,,tol]ance ,,tol]ance ,by ,,h5drik ,,willem ,,van ,,loon ,! f9al end ( ! ,/ate consi/s n 9 dom9at+ ov] m51 re/ra9+ !m by fe>1 subject+ !m to ! w ( o!rs4 ,r x has = its end s to act t its citiz5s %all 9 security develop s\l & body & make free use ( _! reason4 ,= ! true end ( ! ,/ate is ,lib]ty4 ,,sp9oza4 ,f>ewell1 good ,sirs1 ,i am leav+ = ! future4 ,i w wait = ,humanity at ! crossroads1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,,luigi ,,lucatelli4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,boni ,,liv]ight #aibe ,,copyright #aibe ,illu/ration ,,by ,,boni ,,liv]ight1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,illu/ration ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,john ,w4 ,t4 ,,ni*ols ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,prologue #aa ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,tyranny ,,( ,,ignorance #ag ,,ii4 ,,! ,,greeks #bh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,re/ra9t #fh ,,iv4 ,,! ,,twilight ,,( ,,! ,,gods #hj ,v4 ,,imprisonm5t #ajd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,pure ,,( ,,life #aad ,,vii4 ,,! ,,inquisition #abf ,,viii4 ,,! ,,curi\s ,,ones #adf ,,ix4 ,,! ,,w> ,,^u ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,^w #afj ,x4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,?is ,,book ,,9 ,,p>ticul> #afh ,,xi4 ,,r5aissance #agb ,,xii4 ,,! ,,re=mation #aha ,,xiii4 ,,erasmus #aie ,,xiv4 ,,rabelais #bab ,,xv4 ,,new ,,signbo>ds ,,= ,,old #bbc ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,anabapti/s #bdf ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,sozz9i ,,family #beg ,,xviii4 ,,montaigne #bfi ,,xix4 ,,arm9ius #bge ,,xx4 ,,bruno #bhf ,,xxi4 ,,sp9oza #bib ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,new ,,zion #cjg ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,sun ,,k+ #cba ,,xxiv4 ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great #cbf ,,xxv4 ,,voltaire #ccj ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,encyclop$ia #ceb ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,intol]ance ,,( ,,revolution #cfa ,,xxviii4 ,,less+ #cgb ,,xxix4 ,,tom ,,pa9e #chg ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s #cic ,,tol]ance ,,tol]ance ,,prologue ,happily liv$ ,mank9d 9 ! peaceful ,valley ( ,ignorance4 ,to ! nor?1 to ! s\?1 to ! we/ & to ! ea/ /ret*$ ! ridges ( ! ,hills ,ev]la/+4 ,a little /ream ( ,k trickl$ sl[ly ?r\gh a deep worn gully4 ,x came out ( ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,pa/4 ,x lo/ itself 9 ! ,m>%es ( ! ,future4 ,x 0 n mu*1 z riv]s g4 ,b x 0 en\gh = ! humble ne$s ( ! villag]s4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 !y _h wat]$ _! cattle & _h fill$ _! casks1 !y 7 cont5t to sit d[n to enjoy life4 ,! ,old ,m5 ,:o ,knew 7 br\ght =? f ! %ady corn]s :]e !y _h sp5t _! day1 pond]+ ov] ! my/]i\s pages ( an old book4 ,!y mumbl$ /range words to _! gr&*ildr51 :o w\ld h pref]r$ to play ) ! pretty pebbles1 br\ght d[n f di/ant l&s4 ,(t5 ^! words 7 n v cle>4 ,b !y 7 writ a ?\s& ye>s ago by a =gott5 race4 ,h5ce !y 7 holy4 ,= 9 ! ,valley ( ,ignorance1 :atev] 0 old 0 v5]able4 ,& ^? :o d>$ to ga9say ! wisdom ( ! fa!rs 7 %unn$ by all dec5t p4 ,& s !y kept _! peace4 ,fe> 0 ev] ) !m4 ,:at if !y %\ld be refus$ ! common %>e ( ! products ( ! g>d58 ,vague /ories !re 71 :isp]$ at night among ! n>r[ /reets ( ! little t[n1 vague /ories ( m5 & wom5 :o _h d>$ to ask que/ions4 ,!y _h gone =?1 & nev] aga9 _h !y be5 se54 ,a few _h tri$ to scale ! high walls ( ! rocky range t hid ! sun4 ,_! :it5$ bones lay at ! foot ( ! cliffs4 ,! ye>s came & ! ye>s w5t by4 ,happily liv$ ,mank9d 9 ! peaceful ,valley ( ,ignorance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,out ( ! d>kness crept a man4 ,! nails ( 8 h&s 7 torn4 ,8 feet 7 cov]$ ) rags1 r$ ) ! blood ( long m>*es4 ,he /umbl$ to ! door ( ! ne>e/ hut & knock$4 ,!n he fa9t$4 ,by ! light ( a fright5$ c&le1 he 0 c>ri$ to a cot4 ,9 ! morn+ ?r\gh\t ! village x 0 kn[n3 8,he has come back40 ,! neighbors /ood ar\nd & %ook _! heads4 ,!y _h always kn[n t ?is 0 to be ! end4 ,defeat & surr5d] await$ ^? :o d>$ to /roll away f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,& 9 "o corn] ( ! village ! ,old ,m5 %ook _! heads & :isp]$ burn+ words4 ,!y did n mean to be cruel1 b ! ,law 0 ! ,law4 ,bitt]ly ?is man _h s9n$ aga9/ ! wi%es ( ,^? ,:o ,knew4 ,z soon z 8 w\nds 7 heal$ he mu/ be br\ght to trial4 ,!y meant to be l5i5t4 ,!y rememb]$ ! /range1 burn+ eyes ( 8 "m4 ,!y recall$ ! trag$y ( 8 fa!r1 lo/ 9 ! des]t ^! ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! ,law1 h[ev]1 0 ! ,law2 & ! ,law mu/ be obey$4 ,! ,m5 ,:o ,knew w\ld see to t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!y c>ri$ ! w&]] to ! ,m>ket ,place1 & ! p /ood ar\nd 9 respectful sil5ce4 ,he 0 /ill weak f hung] & ?ir/ & ! ,eld]s bade him sit d[n4 ,he refus$4 ,!y ord]$ him to be sil5t4 ,b he spoke4 ,^u ! ,old ,m5 he turn$ 8 back & 8 eyes s\ght ^? :o b a %ort "t be=e _h be5 8 comrades4 8,li/5 to me10 he implor$4 8,li/5 to me & be rejoic$4 ,i h come back f beyond ! m\nta9s4 ,my feet h trod a fre% soil4 ,my h&s h felt ! t\* ( o!r races4 ,my eyes h se5 wondr\s sights4 8,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 my _w 0 ! g>d5 ( my fa!r4 8,to ! we/ & to ! ea/1 to ! s\? & to ! nor? lay ! ranges f ! ,beg9n+ ( ,"t4 8,:5 ,i ask$ :at !y 7 hid+1 !re 0 a hu% & a ha/y %ak+ ( heads4 ,:5 ,i insi/$1 ,i 0 tak5 to ! rocks & %[n ! blea*$ bones ( ^? :o _h d>$ to defy ! ,gods4 8,:5 ,i cri$ out & said1 #8,x is a lie6 ,! ,gods love ^? :o are brave6' ! ,m5 ,:o ,knew came & read to me f _! sacr$ books4 ,! ,law1 !y expla9$1 _h orda9$ all ?+s ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,! ,valley 0 ours to h & to hold4 ,! animals & ! fl[]s1 ! fruit & ! fi%es 7 ours1 to d our bidd+4 ,b ! m\nta9s 7 ( ! ,gods4 ,:at lay beyond 0 to rema9 unkn[n until ! ,end ( ,"t4 8,s !y spoke1 & !y li$4 ,!y li$ to me1 ev5 z !y h li$ to y4 8,!re are pa/ures 9 ^? hills4 ,mead[s too1 z ri* z any4 ,& m5 & wom5 ( our own fle% & blood4 ,& cities respl5d5t ) ! glories ( a ?\s& ye>s ( labor4 8,i h f\nd ! road to a bett] home4 ,i h se5 ! promise ( a happi] life4 ,foll[ me & ,i %all lead y ?i!r4 ,= ! smile ( ! ,gods is ! same !re z "h & ev]y:]e40 99 99 99 99 99 ,he /opp$ & !re w5t up a great cry ( horror4 8,blasphemy60 cri$ ! ,old ,m54 8,blasphemy & sacrilege6 ,a fit puni%m5t = 8 crime6 ,he has lo/ 8 reason4 ,he d>es to sc(f at ! ,law z x 0 writt5 d[n a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,he des]ves to die60 ,& !y took up heavy /ones4 ,& !y kill$ him4 ,& 8 body !y ?rew at ! foot ( ! cliffs1 t x might lie !re z a w>n+ to all :o que/ion$ ! wisdom ( ! ance/ors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!n x happ5$ a %ort "t lat] t !re 0 a great dr\ght4 ,! little ,brook ( ,k ran dry4 ,! cattle di$ ( ?ir/4 ,! h>ve/ p]i%$ 9 ! fields1 & !re 0 hung] 9 ! ,valley ( ,ignorance4 ,! ,old ,m5 ,:o ,knew1 h[ev]1 7 n di%e>t5$4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld all come "r 9 ! end1 !y prophesi$1 = s x 0 writ 9 _! mo/ ,holy ,*apt]s4 ,besides1 !y !mselves ne$$ b little food4 ,!y 7 s v old4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w9t] came4 ,! village 0 des]t$4 ,m ?an half ( ! populace di$ f %e] want4 ,! only hope = ^? :o surviv$ lay beyond ! m\nta9s4 ,b ! ,law said 8,no60 ,& ! ,law mu/ be obey$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o night !re 0 a rebellion4 ,despair gave c\rage to ^? :om fe> _h =c$ into sil5ce4 ,feebly ! ,old ,m5 prote/$4 ,!y 7 pu%$ aside4 ,!y compla9$ ( _! lot4 ,!y bewail$ ! +ratitude ( _! *ildr51 b :5 ! la/ wagon pull$ out ( ! village1 !y /opp$ ! driv] & =c$ him to take !m along4 ,! flight into ! unkn[n _h begun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 _m ye>s s9ce ! ,w&]] _h return$4 ,x 0 no easy task to discov] ! road he _h mapp$ out4 ,?\s&s fell a victim to hung] & ?ir/ be=e ! fir/ cairn 0 f\nd4 ,f !re on ! trip 0 less difficult4 ,! c>eful pione] _h blaz$ a cle> trail ?r\gh ! woods & amid/ ! endless wild]ness ( rock4 ,by easy /ages x l$ to ! gre5 pa/ures ( ! new l&4 ,sil5tly ! p look$ at ea* o!r4 8,he 0 "r aft] all10 !y said4 8,he 0 "r1 & ! ,old ,m5 7 wrong4444 8,he spoke ! tru?1 & ! ,old ,m5 li$4444 8,8 bones lie rott+ at ! foot ( ! cliffs1 b ! ,old ,m5 sit 9 our c>ts & *ant _! anci5t lays4444 8,he sav$ u1 & we slew him4444 8,we are sorry t x happ5$1 b ( c\rse1 if we c\ld h kn[n at ! "t44440 ,!n !y unh>ness$ _! horses & _! ox5 & !y drove _! c[s & _! goats into ! pa/ures & !y built !mselves h\ses & laid out _! fields & !y liv$ happily = a long "t aft]w>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few ye>s lat] an attempt 0 made to bury ! brave pione] 9 ! f9e new edifice :i* _h be5 erect$ z a home = ! ,wise ,old ,m54 ,a solemn procession w5t back to ! n[ des]t$ valley1 b :5 ! spot 0 rea*$ :]e 8 body ought to h be51 x 0 no long] !re4 ,a hungry jackal _h dragg$ x to 8 lair4 ,a small /one 0 !n plac$ at ! foot ( ! trail 7n[ a magnific5t highway74 ,x gave ! "n ( ! man :o _h fir/ defi$ ! d>k t]ror ( ! unkn[n1 t 8 p might be guid$ into a new fre$om4 ,& x /at$ t x _h be5 erect$ by a grateful po/]ity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+--z x is n[--& z "s day 7s we hope7 x %all no long] be4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,tyranny ,,( ,,ignorance ,9 ! ye> #ebg ,flavius ,anicius ,ju/9ianus became rul] ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,?is ,s]bian peasant 7he came f ,uskub1 ! mu* disput$ railroad junction ( ! late w>7 _h no use = 8book-le>n9'40 ,x 0 by 8 ord]s t ! anci5t ,a!nian s*ool ( philosophy 0 f9ally suppress$4 ,& x 0 he :o clos$ ! doors ( ! only ,egyptian temple t _h cont9u$ to d bus9ess c5turies aft] ! valley ( ! ,nile _h be5 invad$ by ! monks ( ! new ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is temple /ood on a little isl& call$ ,philae1 n f> f ! fir/ great wat]fall ( ! ,nile4 ,ev] s9ce m5 c\ld rememb]1 ! spot _h be5 d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,isis & = "s curi\s reason1 ! ,goddess _h surviv$ :]e all h] ,african & ,greek & ,roman rivals _h mis]ably p]i%$4 ,until f9ally1 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! isl& 0 ! only spot :]e ! old & mo/ holy art ( picture writ+ 0 /ill und]/ood & :]e a small numb] ( prie/s cont9u$ to practice a trade :i* _h be5 =gott5 9 e o!r "p ( ! l& ( ,*eops4 ,& n[1 by ord] ( an illit]ate f>mh&1 kn[n z ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 ! temple & ! adjo9+ s*ool 7 decl>$ /ate prop]ty1 ! /atues & images 7 s5t to ! museum ( ,con/ant9ople & ! prie/s & ! writ+-ma/]s 7 ?r[n into jail4 ,& :5 ! la/ ( !m _h di$ f hung] & neglect1 ! age-old trade ( mak+ hi]oglyphics _h become a lo/ art4 ,all ?is 0 a great pity4 ,if ,ju/9ian 7a plague ^u 8 head67 _h be5 a little less ?or\gh & _h sav$ j a few ( ^? old picture exp]ts 9 a sort ( lit]>y ,noah's ,ark1 he w\ld h made ! task ( ! hi/orian a great deal easi]4 ,= :ile 7ow+ to ! g5ius ( ,*ampollion7 we c once m spell out ! /range ,egyptian words1 x rema9s exce$+ly difficult = u to und]/& ! inn] mean+ ( _! message to po/]ity4 ,& ! same holds true = all o!r nations ( ! anci5t _w4 ,:at did ^? /rangely be>d$ ,babylonians1 :o left u :ole bricky>ds full ( religi\s tracts1 h 9 m9d :5 !y exclaim$ pi\sly1 8,:o %all ev] be able to und]/& ! c\nsel ( ! ,gods 9 ,heav580 ,h[ did !y feel t[>ds ^? div9e spirits :i* !y invok$ s cont9ually1 ^: laws !y endeavor$ to int]pret1 ^: comm&s !y engrav$ ^u ! granite %afts ( _! mo/ holy city8 ,:y 7 !y at once ! mo/ tol]ant ( m51 enc\rag+ _! prie/s to /udy ! high heav5s1 & to explore ! l& & ! sea1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ cruel ( execution]s1 inflict+ hide\s puni%m5ts ^u ^? ( _! neighbors :o _h committ$ "s brea* ( div9e etiquette :i* today w\ld pass unnotic$8 ,until rec5tly we did n "k4 ,we s5t exp$itions to ,n9eveh1 we dug holes 9 ! s& ( ,s9ai & deciph]$ miles ( cunei=m tablets4 ,& ev]y:]e 9 ,mesopotamia & ,egypt we did our be/ to f9d ! key t %\ld unlock ! front door ( ?is my/]i\s /ore-h\se ( wisdom4 ,& !n1 sudd5ly & almo/ by accid5t1 we discov]$ t ! back door _h be5 wide op5 all ! "t & t we c\ld ent] ! premises at w4 ,b t conv5i5t little gate 0 n situat$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,akkad or ,memphis4 ,x /ood 9 ! v he>t ( ! jungle4 ,& x 0 almo/ hidd5 by ! wood5 pill>s ( a pagan temple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our ance/ors1 9 se>* ( easy plund]1 _h come 9 contact ) :at !y 7 pleas$ to call 8wild m50 or 8savages40 ,! meet+ _h n be5 a pleasant "o4 ,! poor hea!n1 misund]/&+ ! int5tions ( ! :ite m51 _h welcom$ !m ) a salvo ( spe>s & arr[s4 ,! visitors _h retaliat$ ) _! blund]busses4 ,aft] t !re _h be5 little *ance = a quiet & unprejudic$ ex*ange ( ideas4 ,! savage 0 inv>iably depict$ z a dirty1 lazy1 good-=-no?+ loaf] :o wor%ip$ crocodiles & dead trees & des]v$ all t 0 com+ to him4 ,!n came ! reaction ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau began to contemplate ! _w ?r\gh a haze ( s5tim5tal te>s4 ,8 contempor>ies1 mu* impress$ by 8 ideas1 pull$ out _! h&k]*iefs & jo9$ 9 ! weep+4 ,! b5ight$ hea!n 0 "o ( _! mo/ favorite subjects4 ,9 _! h&s 7al?\gh !y _h nev] se5 "o7 he became ! un=tunate victim ( circum/ances & ! true repres5tative ( all ^? manifold virtues ( :i* ! human race _h be5 depriv$ by ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( a corrupt sy/em ( civilization4 ,today1 at lea/ 9 ?is p>ticul> field ( inve/igation1 we "k bett]4 ,we /udy primitive man z we /udy ! high] dome/icat$ animals1 f :i* z a rule he is n s v f> remov$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances we are fully repaid = our tr\ble4 ,! savage1 b = ! grace ( ,god1 is our own self "u mu* less favorable conditions4 ,by exam9+ him c>efully we beg9 to und]/& ! e>ly society ( ! valley ( ! ,nile & ( ! p59sula ( ,mesopotamia & by kn[+ him ?or\ghly we get a glimpse ( _m ( ^? /range hidd5 in/9cts :i* lie buri$ deep d[n b5ea? ! ?9 cru/ ( mann]s & cu/oms :i* our own species ( mammal has acquir$ dur+ ! la/ five ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is enc\nt] is n always flatt]+ to our pride4 ,on ! o!r h& a realization ( ! conditions f :i* we h escap$1 toge!r ) an appreciation ( ! _m ?+s t h actually be5 accompli%$1 c only t5d to give u new c\rage = ! "w 9 h& & if any?+ x w make u a little m tol]ant t[>ds ^? among our di/ant c\s9s :o h fail$ to keep up ! pace4 ,?is is n a h&book ( an?ropology4 ,x is a volume d$icat$ to ! subject ( tol]ance4 ,b tol]ance is a v broad !me4 ,! temptation to w&] w be great4 ,& once we leave ! beat5 track1 ,heav5 alone kn[s :]e we w l&4 ,i !re=e sugge/ t ,i be giv5 half a page to /ate exactly & specifically :at ,i mean by tol]ance4 ,language is "o ( ! mo/ deceptive inv5tions ( ! human race & all def9itions are b\nd to be arbitr>y4 ,x !re=e behooves an humble /ud5t to g to t au?ority :i* is accept$ z f9al by ! l>ge/ numb] ( ^? :o speak ! language 9 :i* ?is book is writt54 ,i ref] to ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,!re on page #ajeb ( volume ,,xxvi /&s writt53 8,tol]ance 7f ,lat9 tol]>e--to endure73--,! all[ance ( fre$om ( action or judgm5t to o!r p1 ! pati5t & unprejudic$ endurance ( diss5t f "o's own or ! g5]ally receiv$ c\rse or view40 ,!re may be o!r def9itions b = ! purpose ( ?is book ,i %all let myself be guid$ by ! words ( ! ,britannica4 ,& hav+ committ$ myself 7= bett] or worse7 to a def9ite policy1 ,i %all return to my savages & tell y :at ,i h be5 able to discov] ab\t tol]ance 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( society ( :i* we h any record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is /ill g5]ally believ$ t primitive society 0 v simple1 t primitive language consi/$ ( a few simple grunts & t primitive man possess$ a degree ( lib]ty :i* 0 lo/ only :5 ! _w became 8complex40 ,! inve/igations ( ! la/ fifty ye>s made by explor]s & mission>ies & doctors among ! aborig9es ( c5tral ,africa & ! ,pol> regions & ,polynesia %[ ! exact opposite4 ,primitive society 0 exce$+ly complicat$1 primitive language _h m =ms & t5ses & decl5sions ?an ,russian or ,arabic1 & primitive man 0 a slave n only to ! pres5t1 b also to ! pa/ & to ! future2 9 %ort1 an abject & mis]able creature :o liv$ 9 fe> & di$ 9 t]ror4 ,?is may seem f> remov$ f ! popul> picture ( brave r$-sk9s m]rily roam+ ! prairies 9 se>* ( buffaloes & scalps1 b x is a little ne>] to ! tru?4 ,& h[ c\ld x h be5 o!rwise8 ,i h read ! /ories ( _m miracles4 ,b "o ( !m 0 lack+2 ! miracle ( ! survival ( man4 ,h[ & 9 :at mann] & :y ! mo/ def5seless ( all mammals %\ld h be5 able to ma9ta9 himself aga9/ microbes & ma/odons & ice & heat & ev5tually become ma/] ( all creation1 is some?+ ,i %all n try to solve 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta94 ,he nev] c\ld h accompli%$ all ?is alone4 ,9 ord] to succe$ he 0 oblig$ to s9k 8 individuality 9 ! composite "* ( ! tribe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,primitive society !re=e 0 dom9at$ by a s+le idea1 an all-ov]p[]+ desire to survive4 ,?is 0 v difficult4 ,& z a result all o!r consid]ations 7 sacrific$ to ! "o supreme dem&--to live4 ,! individual c\nt$ = no?+1 ! community at l>ge c\nt$ = ev]y?+1 & ! tribe became a roam+ =tress :i* liv$ by itself & = itself & ( itself & f\nd safety only 9 exclusiv5ess4 ,b ! problem 0 ev5 m complicat$ ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,:at ,i h j said held good only = ! visible _w1 & ! visible _w 9 ^? e>ly times 0 a negligible quantity comp>$ to ! realm ( ! invisible4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is fully we mu/ rememb] t primitive p are diff]5t f ourselves4 ,!y are n famili> ) ! law ( cause & effect4 ,if ,i sit me d[n among ! poison ivy1 ,i curse my neglig5ce1 s5d = ! doctor & tell my "y son to get rid ( ! /uff z soon z he c4 ,my ability to recognize cause & effect tells me t ! poison ivy has caus$ ! ra%1 t ! doctor w be able to give me some?+ t w make ! it* /op & t ! removal ( ! v9e w prev5t a repetition ( ?is pa9ful exp]i5ce4 ,! true savage w\ld act q diff]5tly4 ,he w\ld n connect ! ra% ) ! poison ivy at all4 ,he lives 9 a _w 9 :i* pa/1 pres5t & future are inextricably int]wov54 ,all 8 dead lead]s survive z ,gods & 8 dead neighbors survive z spirits & !y all cont9ue to be invisible memb]s ( ! clan & !y accompany ea* individual memb] :]ev] he goes4 ,!y eat ) him & sleep ) him & !y /& wat* ov] 8 door4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to keep !m at arm's l5g? or ga9 _! fri5d%ip4 ,if ev] he fail to d ?is he w be imm$iately puni%$ & z he _c possibly "k h[ to please all ^? spirits all ! "t1 he is 9 con/ant fe> ( t mis=tune :i* comes z ! rev5ge ( ! ,gods4 ,he !re=e r$uces e ev5t t is at all out ( ! ord9>y n to a prim>y cause b to int]f]5ce on ! "p ( an invisible _s & :5 he notices a ra% on 8 arms he does n say1 8,damn t poison ivy60 b he mumbles1 8,i h (f5d$ a ,god4 ,! ,god has puni%$ me10 & he runs to ! m$ic9e-man1 n h[ev] to get a lotion to c\nt]act ! poison ( ! ivy b to get a 8*>m0 t %all prove /rong] ?an ! *>m :i* ! irate ,god 7& n ! ivy7 has ?r[n ^u him4 ,z = ! ivy1 ! prim>y cause ( all 8 suff]+1 he lets x gr[ "r !re :]e x has always gr[n4 ,& if p]*ance ! :ite man comes ) a c ( k]os5e & burns ! %rub d[n1 he w curse him = 8 tr\ble4 ,x foll[s t a society 9 :i* ev]y?+ happ5s z ! result ( ! direct p]sonal int]f]5ce on ! "p ( an invisible be+ mu/ dep5d = its cont9u$ exi/5ce ^u a /rict ob$i5ce ( su* laws z seem to appease ! wra? ( ! ,gods4 ,su* a law1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( a savage1 exi/$4 ,8 ance/ors _h devis$ x & _h be/[$ x ^u him & x 0 8 mo/ sacr$ duty to keep t law intact & h& x ov] 9 its pres5t & p]fect =m to 8 own *ildr54 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 seems absurd to u4 ,we firmly believe 9 progress1 9 gr[?1 9 con/ant & un9t]rupt$ improvem5t4 ,b 8progress0 is an expression t 0 co9$ only ye> be=e la/1 & x is typical ( all l[ =ms ( society t ! p see no possible reason :y !y %\ld improve :at 7to !m7 is ! be/ ( all possible worlds because !y nev] knew any o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,grant$ t all ?is be true1 !n h[ does "o prev5t a *ange 9 ! laws & 9 ! e/abli%$ =ms ( society8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,by ! imm$iate puni%m5t ( ^? :o refuse to reg>d common police regulations z an expression ( ! div9e w1 or 9 pla9 language1 by a rigid sy/em ( intol]ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,i h]eby /ate t ! savage 0 ! mo/ intol]ant ( human be+s1 ,i d n mean to insult him1 = ,i ha/5 to add t giv5 ! circum/ances "u :i* he liv$1 x 0 8 duty to be intol]ant4 ,_h he all[$ any "o to int]f]e ) ! ?\s& & "o rules ^u :i* 8 tribe dep5d$ = its cont9u$ safety & peace ( m9d1 ! life ( ! tribe w\ld h be5 put 9 jeop>dy & t w\ld h be5 ! greate/ ( all possible crimes4 ,b 7& ! "q is wor? ask+7 h[ c\ld a gr\p ( p1 relatively limit$ 9 numb]1 protect a mo/ complex sy/em ( v]bal regulations :5 we 9 our own day ) millions ( soldi]s & ?\s&s ( policem5 f9d x difficult to en=ce a few pla9 laws8 ,aga9 ! answ] is simple4 ,! savage 0 a great deal clev]] ?an we are4 ,he accompli%$ by %rewd calculation :at he c\ld n d by =ce4 ,he inv5t$ ! idea ( 8taboo40 ,p]haps ! ^w 8inv5t$0 is n ! "r expression4 ,su* ?+s are r>ely ! product ( a sudd5 inspiration4 ,!y are ! result ( long ye>s ( gr[? & exp]im5t4 ,let t be z x may1 ! wild m5 ( ,africa & ,polynesia devis$ ! taboo1 & !reby sav$ !mselves a great deal ( tr\ble4 ,! ^w taboo is ( ,au/ralian orig94 ,we all "k m or less :at x means4 ,our own _w is full ( taboos1 ?+s we simply mu/ n d or say1 l m5tion+ our late/ op]ation at ! d9n] table1 or leav+ our spoon 9 our cup ( c(fee4 ,b our taboos are nev] ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,!y are "p ( ! h&book ( etiquette & r>ely int]f]e ) our own p]sonal happ9ess4 ,to primitive man1 on ! o!r h&1 ! taboo 0 ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x meant t c]ta9 p]sons or inanimate objects _h be5 8set ap>t0 f ! re/ ( ! _w1 t !y 7to use ! ,hebrew equival5t7 7 8holy0 & mu/ n be discuss$ or t\*$ on pa9 ( in/ant dea? & ev]la/+ torture4 ,a fairly l>ge ord] b woe unto him or h] :o d>$ to disobey ! w ( ! _s-ance/ors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:e!r ! taboo 0 an inv5tion ( ! prie/s or ! prie/hood 0 creat$ to ma9ta9 ! taboo is a problem :i* _h n yet be5 solv$4 ,z tradition is mu* old] ?an religion1 x seems m ?an likely t taboos exi/$ long be=e ! _w _h he>d ( sorc]]s & wit*-doctors4 ,b z soon z ! latt] _h made _! appe>ance1 !y became ! /aun* support]s ( ! idea ( taboo & us$ x ) su* great virtuosity t ! taboo became ! 8v]bot50 sign ( prehi/oric ages4 ,:5 fir/ we he> ! names ( ,babylon & ,egypt1 ^? c\ntries 7 /ill 9 a /ate ( developm5t 9 :i* ! taboo c\nt$ = a great deal4 ,n a taboo 9 ! crude & primitive =m z x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b solemnly trans=m$ into negative rules ( conduct1 ! sort ( 8?\-%alt-n0 decrees ) :i* we are all famili> ?r\gh six ( our ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,ne$less to add t ! idea ( tol]ance 0 entirely unkn[n 9 ^? l&s at t e>ly age4 ,:at we sometimes mi/ake = tol]ance 0 m]ely indiff]5ce caus$ by ignorance4 ,b we c f9d no trace ( any will+ness 7h[ev] vague7 on ! "p ( ei!r k+s or prie/s to all[ o!rs to ex]cise t 8fre$om ( action or judgm5t0 or ( t 8pati5t & unprejudic$ endurance ( diss5t f ! g5]ally receiv$ cause or view0 :i* has become ! ideal ( our mod]n age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re=e1 except 9 a v negative way1 ?is book is n int]e/$ 9 prehi/oric hi/ory or :at is commonly call$ 8anci5t hi/ory40 ,! /ruggle = tol]ance did n beg9 until aft] ! discov]y ( ! individual4 ,& ! cr$it = ?is1 ! greate/ ( all mod]n revelations1 belongs to ! ,greeks4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,greeks ,h[ x happ5$ t a little rocky p59sula 9 a remote corn] ( ! ,m$it]ranean 0 able to provide our _w 9 less ?an two c5turies ) ! complete framework = all our pres5t day exp]im5ts 9 politics1 lit]ature1 drama1 sculpture1 *emi/ry1 physics & ,heav5 kn[s :at else1 is a "q :i* has puzzl$ a great _m p = a great _m c5turies & to :i* e philosoph]1 at "o "t or ano!r dur+ 8 c>e]1 has tri$ to give an answ]4 ,respectable hi/orians1 unlike _! colleagues ( ! *emical & physical & a/ronomical & m$ical faculties1 h always look$ ) ill-conceal$ contempt ^u all ef=ts to discov] :at "o might call 8! laws ( hi/ory40 ,:at holds good ( polliwogs & microbes & %oot+ />s seems to h no bus9ess )9 ! realm ( human be+s4 ,i may be v mu* mi/ak51 b x seems to me t !re mu/ be su* laws4 ,x is true t ?us f> we h n discov]$ _m ( !m4 ,b !n aga9 we h nev] look$ v h>d4 ,we h be5 s busy accumulat+ facts t we h _h no "t to boil !m & liquefy !m & evaporate !m & extract f !m ! few scraps ( wisdom :i* might be ( "s real value to our p>ticul> v>iety ( mammal4 ,x is ) consid]able trepidation t ,i approa* ?is new field ( rese>* & tak+ a leaf out ( ! sci5ti/'s book1 (f] ! foll[+ hi/orical axiom4 ,accord+ to ! be/ k ( mod]n sci5ti/s1 life 7animate exi/5ce z diff]5tiat$ f inanimate exi/5ce7 began :5 = once all physical & *emical elem5ts 7 pres5t 9 ! ideal proportion necess>y = ! creation ( ! fir/ liv+ cell4 ,translate ?is into t]ms ( hi/ory & y get ?is3 8,a sudd5 & app>5tly spontane\s outbreak ( a v high =m ( civilization is only possible :5 all ! racial1 climatic1 economic & political conditions are pres5t 9 an ideal proportion or 9 z ne>ly an ideal condition & proportion z !y c be 9 ?is imp]fect _w40 ,let me elaborate ?is /atem5t by a few negative obs]vations4 ,a race ) ! bra9 developm5t ( a cave-man w\ld n prosp]1 ev5 9 ,p>adise4 ,rembr&t w\ld n h pa9t$ pictures1 ,ba* w\ld n h compos$ fugues1 ,praxiteles w\ld n h made /atues if !y _h be5 born 9 an igloo ne> ,up]nivik & _h be5 oblig$ to sp5d mo/ ( _! wak+ h\rs wat*+ a seal-hole 9 an ice-field4 ,d>w9 w\ld n h made 8 contributions to biology if he _h be5 oblig$ to ga9 8 livelihood 9 a cotton mill 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,& ,alex&] ,graham ,bell w\ld n h inv5t$ ! telephone if he _h be5 a conscript$ s]f & _h liv$ 9 a remote village ( ! ,roman[ doma9s4 ,9 ,egypt1 :]e ! fir/ high =m ( civilization 0 f\nd1 ! climate 0 excell5t1 b ! orig9al inhabitants 7 n v robu/ or ent]pris+1 & political & economic conditions 7 decid$ly bad4 ,! same held true ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,! ,semitic races :i* aft]w>ds mov$ into ! valley betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates 7 /rong & vigor\s p4 ,!re 0 no?+ ! matt] ) ! climate4 ,b ! political & economic environm5t rema9$ f> f good4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! climate 0 no?+ to boa/ (4 ,agriculture 0 backw>d & !re 0 little comm]ce outside ( ! c>avan r\te :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry f ,africa to ,asia & vice v]sa4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ,pale/9e politics 7 entirely dom9at$ by ! prie/s ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem & ?is ( c\rse did n enc\rage ! developm5t ( any sort ( individual ent]prise4 ,9 ,pho5icia1 ! climate 0 ( little consequ5ce4 ,! race 0 /rong & trade conditions 7 good4 ,! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 suff]$ f a badly balanc$ economic sy/em4 ,a small class ( %ip own]s _h be5 able to get hold ( all ! weal? & _h e/abli%$ a rigid comm]cial monopoly4 ,h5ce ! gov]nm5t 9 ,tyre & ,sidon _h at an e>ly date fall5 into ! h&s ( ! v ri*4 ,! poor1 depriv$ ( all excuse = ! practice ( a reasonable am\nt ( indu/ry1 grew call\s & indiff]5t & ,pho5icia ev5tually %>$ ! fate ( ,c>?age & w5t to ru9 ?r\gh ! %ort-sight$ selfi%ness ( h] rul]s4 ,9 %ort1 9 e "o ( ! e>ly c5t]s ( civilization1 c]ta9 ( ! necess>y elem5ts = success 7 always lack+4 ,:5 ! miracle ( a p]fect balance f9ally did occur1 9 ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 x la/$ only a v %ort "t1 & /range to say1 ev5 !n x did n take place 9 ! "m c\ntry b 9 ! colonies across ! ,aegean ,sea4 ,9 ano!r book ,i h giv5 a description ( ^? fam\s isl&-bridges :i* connect$ ! ma9l& ( ,asia ) ,europe & across :i* ! trad]s f ,egypt & ,babylonia & ,crete s9ce "t immemorial _h travel$ to ,europe4 ,! ma9 po9t ( emb>kation1 bo? = m]*&ise & ideas b\nd f ,asia to ,europe1 0 to be f\nd on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or 9 a /rip ( l& kn[n z ,ionia4 ,a few hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w>1 ?is n>r[ bit ( m\nta9\s t]ritory1 n9ety miles long & only a few miles wide1 _h be5 conqu]$ by ,greek tribes f ! ma9l& :o !re _h f\nd$ a numb] ( colonial t[ns ( :i* ,ephesus1 ,phocaea1 ,ery?rae & ,miletus 7 ! be/ kn[n1 & x 0 along ^? cities t at la/ ! conditions ( success 7 pres5t 9 su* p]fect proportion t civilization rea*$ a po9t :i* has sometimes be5 equal$ b nev] has be5 surpass$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! colonies 7 inhabit$ by ! mo/ active & ent]pris+ elem5ts f among a doz5 diff]5t nations4 ,9 ! second place1 !re 0 a great deal ( g5]al weal? d]iv$ f ! c>ry+ trade betwe5 ! old & ! new _w1 betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t "u :i* ! coloni/s liv$ gave ! majority ( ! freem5 a *ance to develop _! tal5ts to ! v be/ ( _! ability4 ,if ,i d n m5tion ! climate1 ! reason is ?is2 t 9 c\ntries devot$ exclusively to comm]ce1 ! climate does n matt] mu*4 ,%ips c be built & goods c be unload$1 ra9 or %9e4 ,provid$ x does n get s cold t ! h>bors freeze or s wet t ! t[ns are flood$1 ! inhabitants w take v little int]e/ 9 ! daily wea!r reports4 ,b aside f ?is1 ! wea!r ( ,ionia 0 di/9ctly favorable to ! developm5t ( an intellectual class4 ,be=e ! exi/5ce ( books & libr>ies1 le>n+ 0 h&$ d[n f man to man by ^w ( m\? & ! t[n-pump 0 ! e>lie/ ( all social c5t]s & ! olde/ ( univ]sities4 ,9 ,miletus x 0 possible to sit ar\nd ! t[n-pump = #cej out ( e #cfe days4 ,& ! e>ly ,ionian pr(essors made su* excell5t use ( _! climatic advantages t !y became ! pione]s ( all future sci5tific developm5t4 ,! fir/ ( :om we h any report1 ! real f\nd] ( mod]n sci5ce1 0 a p]son ( d\btful orig94 ,n 9 ! s5se t he _h robb$ a bank or murd]$ 8 family & _h fl$ to ,miletus f p>ts unkn[n4 ,b no "o knew mu* ab\t 8 antec$5ts4 ,0 he a ,boeotian or a ,pho5ician1 a ,nordic 7to speak 9 ! j>gon ( our le>n$ racial exp]ts7 or a ,semite8 ,x %[s :at an int]national c5t] ?is little old city at ! m\? ( ! ,me&] 0 9 ^? days4 ,its population 7l t ( ,new ,york today7 consi/$ ( s _m diff]5t elem5ts t p accept$ _! neighbors at _! face value & did n look too closely into ! family antec$5ts4 ,s9ce ?is is n a hi/ory ( ma!matics or a h&book ( philosophy1 ! speculations ( ,?ales d n prop]ly belong 9 ^! pages1 except 9 s f> z !y t5d to %[ ! tol]ance t[>ds new ideas :i* prevail$ among ! ,ionians at a "t :5 ,rome 0 a small m>ket-t[n on a muddy riv] some:]e 9 a di/ant & unkn[n region1 :5 ! ,jews 7 /ill captives 9 ! l& ( ,assyria & :5 nor!rn & we/]n ,europe 7 naught b a h[l+ wild]ness4 ,9 ord] t we may und]/& h[ su* a developm5t 0 possible1 we mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! *anges :i* _h tak5 place s9ce ! days :5 ,greek *iefta9s sail$ across ! ,aegean ,sea1 int5t ^u ! plund] ( ! ri* =tress ( ,troy4 ,^? f>-fam$ h]oes 7 /ill ! product ( an exce$+ly primitive =m ( civilization4 ,!y 7 ov]-gr[n *ildr5 :o reg>d$ life z "o long1 glorifi$ r\gh-h\se1 full ( excitem5t & wre/l+ mat*es & runn+ races & all ! _m ?+s :i* we ourselves w\ld de>ly love to d if we 7 n =c$ to /ick to ! r\t9e jobs :i* provide u ) bread & bananas4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ^! boi/]\s palad9s & _! ,gods 0 z direct & z simple z _! attitude t[>ds ! s]i\s problems ( e-day exi/5ce4 ,= ! inhabitants ( high ,olympus1 :o rul$ ! _w ( ! ,hell5es 9 ! t5? c5tury be=e our era1 7 ( ?is e>? e>?y1 & n v f> remov$ f ord9>y mortals4 ,exactly :]e & :5 & h[ man & 8 ,gods _h p>t$ company 0 a m or less hazy po9t1 nev] cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,ev5 !n ! fri5d%ip :i* ^? :o liv$ beyond ! cl\ds _h always felt t[>ds _! subjects :o crawl$ across ! face ( ! e>? _h 9 no way be5 int]rupt$ & x _h rema9$ flavor$ ) ^? p]sonal & intimate t\*es :i* gave ! religion ( ! ,greeks its own peculi> *>m4 ,( c\rse1 all good little ,greek boys 7 duly taught t ,zeus 0 a v p[]ful & mighty pot5tate ) a long be>d :o ^u occasion w\ld juggle s viol5tly ) 8 fla%es ( lightn+ & 8 ?und]bolts t x seem$ t ! _w 0 com+ to an end4 ,b z soon z !y 7 a little old] & 7 able to read ! anci5t sagas = !mselves1 !y began to appreciate ! limitations ( ^? t]rible p]sonages ( :om !y _h he>d s mu* 9 _! nurs]y & :o n[ appe>$ 9 ! light ( a m]ry family-p>ty--ev]la/+ly play+ practical jokes ^u ea* o!r & tak+ su* bitt] sides 9 ! political disputes ( _! mortal fri5ds t e qu>rel 9 ,greece 0 imm$iately foll[$ by a correspond+ r[ among ! d5iz5s ( ! ae!r4 ,( c\rse 9 spite ( all ^! v human %ort-com+s1 ,zeus rema9$ a v great ,god1 ! mightie/ ( all rul]s & a p]sonage :om x 0 n safe to displease4 ,b he 0 8reasonable0 9 t s5se ( ! ^w :i* is s well und]/ood among ! lobbyi/s ( ,wa%+ton4 ,he 0 reasonable4 ,he c\ld be approa*$ if "o knew ! prop] way4 ,& be/ ( all1 he _h a s5se ( humor & did n take ei!r himself or 8 _w too s]i\sly4 ,?is 01 p]haps1 n ! mo/ sublime conception ( a div9e figure1 b x (f]$ c]ta9 v di/9ct advantages4 ,among ! anci5t ,greeks !re nev] 0 a h>d & fa/ rule z to :at p mu/ hold true & :at !y mu/ disreg>d z false4 ,& because !re 0 no 8cre$0 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 ) adamant9e dogmas & a class ( pr(essional prie/s1 ready to en=ce !m ) ! help ( ! secul> gall[s1 ! p 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 7 able to re%ape _! religi\s ideas & e?ical conceptions z be/ suit$ _! own individual ta/es4 ,! ,!ssalians1 :o liv$ )9 hail+ di/ance ( ,m\nt ,olympus1 %[$ ( c\rse mu* less respect = _! augu/ neighbors ?an did ! ,asopians :o dwell$ 9 a di/ant village on ! ,laconian ,gulf4 ,! ,a!nians1 feel+ !mselves "u ! direct protection ( _! own patron sa9t1 ,pallas ,a!ne1 felt t !y c\ld take great lib]ties ) ! lady's fa!r1 :ile ! ,arcadians1 ^: valleys 7 f> remov$ f ! ma9 trade r\tes1 clung t5aci\sly to a simpl] fai? & fr[n$ ^u all levity 9 ! s]i\s matt] ( religion1 & z = ! inhabitants ( ,phocis1 :o made a liv+ f ! pilgrims b\nd = ! village ( ,delphi1 !y 7 firmly conv9c$ t ,apollo 7:o 0 wor%ip$ at t pr(itable %r9e7 0 ! greate/ ( all div9e spirits & des]v$ ! special homage ( ^? :o came f af> & /ill _h a c\ple ( dra*mas 9 _! pocket4 ,! belief 9 only "o ,god :i* soon aft]w>ds 0 to set ! ,jews ap>t f all o!r nations1 w\ld nev] h be5 possible if ! life ( ,judaea _h n c5t]$ ar\nd a s+le city :i* 0 /rong en\gh to de/roy all rival places ( pilgrimage & 0 able to ma9ta9 an exclusive religi\s monopoly = almo/ t5 consecutive c5turies4 ,9 ,greece su* a condition did n prevail4 ,nei!r ,a!ns nor ,sp>ta ev] succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ itself z ! recogniz$ capital ( a unit$ ,greek fa!rl&4 ,_! ef=ts 9 ?is direction only l$ to long ye>s ( unpr(itable civil w>4 ,no wond] t a race compos$ ( su* sublime individuali/s (f]$ great scope = ! developm5t ( a v indep5d5t _s ( ?\ght4 ,! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey h sometimes be5 call$ ! ,bible ( ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 no?+ ( ! sort4 ,!y 7 j books4 ,!y 7 nev] unit$ into 8,! ,book40 ,!y told ! adv5tures ( c]ta9 wond]ful h]oes :o 7 fondly believ$ to be ! direct ance/ors ( ! g5]ation !n liv+4 ,incid5tally !y conta9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( religi\s in=mation because ! ,gods1 )\t exception1 _h tak5 sides 9 ! qu>rel & _h neglect$ all o!r bus9ess = ! joy ( wat*+ ! r>e/ prize-fight t _h ev] be5 /ag$ )9 _! doma94 ,! idea1 h[ev]1 t ! works ( ,hom] might ei!r directly or indirectly h be5 inspir$ by ,zeus or ,m9]va or ,apollo nev] ev5 dawn$ ^u ! ,greek m9d4 ,^! 7 a f9e piece ( lit]ature & made excell5t read+ dur+ ! long w9t] ev5+s4 ,fur!rmore !y caus$ *ildr5 to feel pr\d ( _! own race4 ,& t 0 all4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e ( intellectual & spiritual fre$om1 9 a city fill$ ) ! pung5t smell ( %ips f all ! sev5 seas1 ri* ) fabrics ( ! ,ori5t1 m]ry ) ! laught] ( a well f$ & cont5t$ populace1 ,?ales 0 born4 ,9 su* a city he work$ & taught & 9 su* a city he di$4 ,if ! conclusions :i* he rea*$ diff]$ greatly f ! op9ions held by mo/ ( 8 neighbors1 rememb] t 8 ideas nev] p5etrat$ beyond a v limit$ circle4 ,! av]age ,miletian may h he>d ! "n ( ,?ales1 j z ! av]age ,new ,york] has probably he>d ! "n ( ,e9/e94 ,ask him :o ,e9/e9 is1 & he w answ] t he is a fell[ ) long hair :o smokes a pipe & plays ! fiddle & :o wrote some?+ ab\t a man walk+ ?r\gh a railroad tra91 ab\t :i* !re once 0 an article 9 a ,sunday pap]4 ,t ?is /range p]son :o smokes a pipe & plays ! fiddle has got hold ( a little sp>k ( tru? :i* ev5tually may upset 7or at lea/ greatly modify7 ! sci5tific conclusions ( ! la/ sixty c5turies1 is a matt] ( pr(\nd indiff]5ce to ! millions ( easy-go+ citiz5s ^: int]e/ 9 ma!matics does n rea* beyond ! conflict :i* arises :5 _! favorite batsman tries to upset ! law ( gravity4 ,! text-books ( anci5t hi/ory usually get rid ( ! difficulty by pr9t+ 8,?ales ( ,miletus 7#fdj-edf ,b4,c471 ! f\nd] ( mod]n sci5ce40 ,& we c almo/ see ! headl9es 9 ! 8,miletus ,gazette0 say+1 8,local graduate discov]s secret ( true sci5ce40 ,b j h[ & :]e & :5 ,?ales left ! beat5 track & /ruck out = himself1 ,i c\ld n possibly tell y4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t he did n live 9 an intellectual vacuum1 nor did he develop 8 wisdom out ( 8 inn] consci\sness4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 a great deal ( ! pione] "w 9 ! realm ( sci5ce _h already be5 done & !re 0 q a l>ge body ( ma!matical & physical & a/ronomical in=mation at ! disposal ( ^? intellig5t en\gh to make use ( x4 ,babylonian />-gaz]s _h se>*$ ! heav5s4 ,egyptian ar*itects _h done consid]able figur+ be=e !y d>$ to dump a c\ple ( million tons ( granite on top ( a little burial *amb] 9 ! he>t ( a pyramid4 ,! ma!maticians ( ! ,nile ,valley _h s]i\sly /udi$ ! behavior ( ! sun t !y might pr$ict ! wet & dry seasons & give ! peasants a cal5d> by :i* !y c\ld regulate _! "w on ! f>ms4 ,all ^! problems1 h[ev]1 _h be5 solv$ by p :o /ill reg>d$ ! =ces ( nature z ! direct & p]sonal expression ( ! w ( c]ta9 invisible ,gods :o adm9i/]$ ! seasons & ! c\rse ( ! planets & ! tides ( ! ocean z ! memb]s ( ! ,presid5t's cab9et manage ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture or ! po/-(fice or ! treasury4 ,?ales reject$ ?is po9t ( view4 ,b l mo/ well educat$ p ( 8 day1 he did n bo!r to discuss x 9 public4 ,if ! fruit v5dors along ! wat] front want$ to fall ^u _! faces :5ev] !re 0 an eclipse ( ! sun & invoke ! "n ( ,zeus 9 fe> ( ?is unusual sight1 t 0 _! bus9ess & ,?ales w\ld h be5 ! la/ man to try to conv9ce !m t any s*oolboy ) an elem5t>y k ( ! behavior ( heav5ly bodies w\ld h =etold t on ! #be? ( ,may ( ! ye> #ehe ,b4,c41 at su* & su* an h\r1 ! moon w\ld f9d h]self betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun & t !re=e ! t[n ( ,miletus w\ld exp]i5ce a few m9utes ( comp>ative d>kness4 ,ev5 :5 x appe>$ 7z x did appe>7 t ! ,p]sians & ! ,lydians _h be5 engag$ 9 battle on ! aft]noon ( ?is fam\s eclipse & _h be5 oblig$ to cease kill+ ea* o!r = lack ( suffici5t light1 he refus$ to believe t ! ,lydian deities 7foll[+ a fam\s prec$5t e/abli%$ a few ye>s previ\sly dur+ a c]ta9 battle 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon7 _h p]=m$ a miracle1 & _h sudd5ly turn$ (f ! light ( ,heav5 t ! victory might g to ^? :om !y favor$4 ,= ,?ales _h rea*$ ! po9t 7& t 0 8 great m]it7 :]e he d>$ to reg>d all nature z ! manife/ation ( "o ,et]nal ,w1 subject to "o ,et]nal ,law & entirely beyond ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ^? div9e spirits :i* man 0 =ev] creat+ aft] 8 own image4 ,& ! eclipse1 s he felt1 w\ld h tak5 place j ! same if !re _h be5 no m important engagem5t t p>ticul> aft]noon ?an a dog fight 9 ! /reets ( ,ephesus or a w$d+ fea/ 9 ,halic>nassus4 ,draw+ ! logical conclusions f 8 own sci5tific obs]vations1 he laid d[n "o g5]al & inevitable law = all creation & guess$ 7& to a c]ta9 ext5t guess$ correctly7 t ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s 0 to be f\nd 9 ! wat] :i* app>5tly surr\nd$ ! _w on all sides & :i* _h probably exi/$ f ! v beg9n+ ( "t4 ,un=tunately we d n possess any?+ t ,?ales himself wrote4 ,x is possible t he may h put 8 ideas into concrete =m 7= ! ,greeks _h already le>n$ ! alphabet f ! ,pho5icians7 b n a page :i* c be directly attribut$ to him survives today4 ,= our k ( himself & 8 ideas we dep5d ^u ! scanty bits ( in=mation f\nd 9 ! books ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,f ^!1 h[ev]1 we h le>n$ t ,?ales 9 private life 0 a m]*ant ) wide connections 9 all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,t1 by ! way1 0 typical ( mo/ ( ! e>ly philosoph]s4 ,!y 7 8lov]s ( wisdom40 ,b !y nev] clos$ _! eyes to ! fact t ! secret ( life is f\nd among ! liv+ & t 8wisdom = ! sake ( wisdom0 is q z dang]\s z 8art = art's sake0 or a d9n] = ! sake ( ! food4 ,to !m1 man ) all 8 human qualities1 good & bad & indiff]5t1 0 ! supreme measure ( all ?+s4 ,:]e=e !y sp5t _! leisure "t pati5tly /udy+ ?is /range creature z he 0 & n z !y ?\ght t he ought to be4 ,?is made x possible = !m to rema9 on ! mo/ amicable t]ms ) _! fell[ citiz5s & all[$ !m to wield a mu* great] p[] ?an if !y _h und]tak5 to %[ _! neighbors a %ort cut to ! ,mill5nium4 ,!y r>ely laid d[n a h>d & fa/ rule ( conduct4 ,b by _! own example !y manag$ to %[ h[ a true und]/&+ ( ! =ces ( nature mu/ inevitably lead to t inn] peace ( ! s\l ^u :i* all true happ9ess dep5ds & hav+ 9 ?is way ga9$ ! good-w ( _! community !y 7 giv5 full lib]ty to /udy & explore & inve/igate & 7 ev5 p]mitt$ to v5ture )9 ^? doma9s :i* 7 popul>ly believ$ to be ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,gods4 ,& z "o ( ! pione]s ( ?is new gospel did ,?ales sp5d ! long ye>s ( 8 useful c>e]4 ,al?\gh he _h pull$ ! entire _w ( ! ,greeks ap>t1 al?\gh he _h exam9$ ea* little piece sep>ately1 & _h op5ly que/ion$ all sorts ( ?+s :i* ! majority ( ! p s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t _h held to be e/abli%$ facts1 he 0 all[$ to die peacefully 9 8 own b$1 & if any "o ev] call$ him to acc\nt = 8 h]esies1 we fail to h a record ( ! fact4 ,& once he _h %[n ! way1 !re 7 _m o!rs eag] to foll[4 ,!re 01 = example1 ,anaxagoras ( ,clazom5ae1 :o left ,asia ,m9or = ,a!ns at ! age ( ?irty-six & sp5t ! foll[+ ye>s z a 8sophi/0 or private tutor 9 diff]5t ,greek cities4 ,he specializ$ 9 a/ronomy & among o!r ?+s he taught t ! sun 0 n a heav5ly *>iot1 driv5 by a ,god1 z 0 g5]ally believ$1 b a r$-hot ball ( fire1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( times l>g] ?an ! :ole ( ,greece4 ,:5 no?+ happ5$ to him1 :5 no bolt f ,heav5 kill$ him = 8 audacity1 he w5t a little fur!r 9 8 !ories & /at$ boldly t ! moon 0 cov]$ ) m\nta9s & valleys & f9ally he ev5 h9t$ at a c]ta9 8orig9al matt]0 :i* 0 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all ?+s & :i* _h exi/$ f ! v beg9n+ ( "t4 ,b "h1 z _m o!r sci5ti/s aft] him 7 to discov]1 he trod ^u dang]\s gr\nd1 = he discuss$ some?+ ) :i* p 7 famili>4 ,! sun & ! moon 7 di/ant orbs4 ,! av]age ,greek did n c>e :at names ! philosoph] wi%$ to call !m4 ,b :5 ! pr(essor began to argue t all ?+s _h gradually gr[n & develop$ out ( a vague sub/ance call$ 8orig9al matt]0--!n he w5t decid$ly too f>4 ,su* an ass]tion 0 9 flat contradiction ) ! /ory ( ,deucalion & ,pyrrha1 :o aft] ! great flood _h re-populat$ ! _w by turn+ bits ( /one into m5 & wom54 ,to d5y ! tru? ( a mo/ solemn tale :i* all little ,greek boys & girls _h be5 taught 9 _! e>ly *ildhood 0 mo/ dang]\s to ! safety ( e/abli%$ society4 ,x w\ld make ! *ildr5 d\bt ! wisdom ( _! eld]s & t w\ld nev] d4 ,h5ce ,anaxagoras 0 made ! subject ( a =midable attack on ! "p ( ! ,a!nian ,p>5ts' ,league4 ,dur+ ! mon>*y & ! e>ly days ( ! republic1 ! rul]s ( ! city w\ld h be5 m ?an able to protect a tea*] ( unpopul> doctr9es f ! fooli% ho/ility ( ! illit]ate ,attic peasants4 ,b ,a!ns by ?is "t _h become a full-fl$g$ democracy & ! fre$om ( ! individual 0 no long] :at x us$ to be4 ,fur!rmore1 ,p]icles1 j !n 9 disgrace ) ! majority ( ! p1 0 himself a favorite pupil ( ! great a/ronom]1 & ! legal prosecution ( ,anaxagoras 0 welcom$ z an excell5t political move aga9/ ! city's old dictator4 ,a prie/ by ! "n ( ,diopheites1 :o also 0 a w>d-lead] 9 "o ( ! mo/ d5sely populat$ suburbs1 got a law pass$ :i* dem&$ 8! imm$iate prosecution ( all ^? :o disbeliev$ 9 ! e/abli%$ religion or held !ories ( _! own ab\t c]ta9 div9e ?+s40 ,"u ?is law1 ,anaxagoras 0 actually ?r[n into prison4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ! bett] elem5ts 9 ! city prevail$4 ,anaxagoras 0 all[$ to g free aft] ! paym5t ( a small f9e & move to ,lampsacus 9 ,asia ,m9or :]e he di$1 full ( ye>s & honor1 9 ! ye> #dbh ,b4,c4 ,8 case %[s h[ little is ev] accompli%$ by ! (ficial suppression ( sci5tific !ories4 ,= al?\gh ,anaxagoras 0 =c$ to leave ,a!ns1 8 ideas rema9$ beh9d & two c5turies lat] !y came to ! notice ( "o ,ari/otle1 :o 9 turn us$ !m z a basis = _m ( 8 own sci5tific speculations4 ,rea*+ m]rily across a ?\s& ye>s ( d>kness1 he h&$ !m on to "o ,abul-,walid ,muhammad ibn-,ahmad 7commonly kn[n z ,av]ros71 ! great ,arab physician :o 9 turn popul>iz$ !m among ! /ud5ts ( ! ,moori% univ]sities ( s\!rn ,spa94 ,!n1 toge!r ) 8 own obs]vations1 he wrote !m d[n 9 a numb] ( books4 ,^! 7 duly c>ri$ across ! ,pyr5ees until !y rea*$ ! univ]sities ( ,p>is & ,b\logne4 ,!re !y 7 translat$ into ,lat9 & ,fr5* & ,engli% & s ?or\ghly 7 !y accept$ by ! p ( we/]n & nor!rn ,europe t today !y h become an integral "p ( e prim] ( sci5ce & are consid]$ z h>mless z ! tables ( multiplication4 ,b to return to ,anaxagoras4 ,= almo/ an entire g5]ation aft] 8 trial1 ,greek sci5ti/s 7 all[$ to tea* doctr9es :i* 7 at v>iance ) popul> belief4 ,& !n1 dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury1 a second case took place4 ,! victim ?is "t 0 a c]ta9 ,protagoras1 a w&]+ tea*] :o hail$ f ! village ( ,abd]a1 an ,ionian colony 9 nor!rn ,greece4 ,?is spot already enjoy$ a d\btful reputation z ! bir?place ( ,democritus1 ! orig9al 8laugh+ philosoph]10 :o _h laid d[n ! law t 8only t society is wor? :ile :i* (f]s to ! l>ge/ numb] ( p ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess obta9able ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( pa910 & :o !re=e 0 reg>d$ z a good deal ( a radical & a fell[ :o %\ld be "u con/ant police sup]vision4 ,protagoras1 deeply impress$ by ?is doctr9e1 w5t to ,a!ns & !re1 aft] _m ye>s ( /udy1 proclaim$ t man 0 ! measure ( all ?+s1 t life 0 too %ort to wa/e valuable "t ^u an inquiry into ! d\btful exi/5ce ( any ,gods1 & t all en]gies ought to be us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ exi/5ce m beautiful & m ?or\ghly enjoyable4 ,?is /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 w5t to ! v root ( ! matt] & x 0 b\nd to %ock ! fai?ful m ?an any?+ t _h ev] be5 writt5 or said4 ,fur!rmore x 0 made dur+ a v s]i\s crisis 9 ! w> betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta & ! p1 aft] a long s]ies ( defeats & pe/il5ce1 7 9 a /ate ( utt] despair4 ,mo/ evid5tly x 0 n ! "r mom5t to incur ! wra? ( ! ,gods by an inquiry into ! scope ( _! sup]natural p[]s4 ,protagoras 0 accus$ ( a!ism1 ( 8godlessness10 & 0 told to submit 8 doctr9es to ! c\rts4 ,p]icles1 :o c\ld h protect$ him1 0 dead & ,protagoras1 al?\gh a sci5ti/1 felt little ta/e = m>tyrdom4 ,he fl$4 ,un=tunately1 on ! way to ,sicily1 8 %ip 0 wreck$1 & x seems t he 0 dr[n$1 = we nev] he> ( him aga94 ,z = ,diagoras1 ano!r victim ( ,a!nian malevol5ce1 he 0 really n a philosoph] at all b a "y writ] :o h>bor$ a p]sonal grudge aga9/ ! ,gods because !y _h once fail$ to give him _! support 9 a law-suit4 ,he brood$ s long ^u 8 suppos$ grievance t f9ally 8 m9d became affect$ & he w5t ab\t say+ all sorts ( blasphem\s ?+s ab\t ! ,holy ,my/]ies :i* j !n enjoy$ great popul>ity among ! p ( nor!rn ,hellas4 ,= ?is unseemly conduct he 0 condemn$ to dea?4 ,b ere ! s5t5ce 0 execut$1 ! poor devil 0 giv5 ! opportunity to escape4 ,he w5t to ,cor9?1 cont9u$ to revile 8 ,olympian enemies1 & peacefully di$ ( 8 own bad temp]4 ,& ?is br+s u at la/ to ! mo/ notori\s & ! mo/ fam\s case ( ,greek intol]ance ( :i* we possess any record1 ! judicial murd] ( ,socrates4 ,:5 x is sometimes /at$ t ! _w has n *ang$ at all & t ! ,a!nians 7 no m broadm9d$ ?an ! p ( lat] times1 ! "n ( ,socrates is dragg$ into ! debate z a t]rible example ( ,greek bigotry4 ,b today1 aft] a v exhau/ive /udy ( ! case1 we "k bett] & ! long & undi/urb$ c>e] ( ?is brilliant b exasp]at+ soap-box orator is a direct tribute to ! _s ( intellectual lib]ty :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t anci5t ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e our era4 ,= ,socrates1 at a "t :5 ! common p /ill firmly believ$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( div9e be+s1 made himself ! prophet ( an only ,god4 ,& al?\gh ! ,a!nians may n always h kn[n :at he meant :5 he spoke ( 8 8daemon0 7t inn] voice ( div9e inspiration :i* told him :at to d & say71 !y 7 fully aw>e ( 8 v unor?odox attitude t[>ds ^? ideals :i* mo/ ( 8 neighbors cont9u$ to hold 9 holy v5]ation & 8 utt] lack ( respect = ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 politics kill$ ! old man & !ology 7al?\gh dragg$ 9 = ! b5efit ( ! cr[d7 _h really v little to d ) ! outcome ( ! trial4 ,socrates 0 ! son ( a /one-cutt] :o _h _m *ildr5 & little money4 ,! boy !re=e _h nev] be5 able to pay = a regul> college c\rse1 = mo/ ( ! philosoph]s 7 practical fell[s & (t5 *>g$ z mu* z two ?\s& doll>s = a s+le c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,besides1 ! pursuit ( pure k & ! /udy ( useless sci5tific facts seem$ to "y ,socrates a m]e wa/e ( "t & en]gy4 ,provid$ a p]son cultivat$ 8 consci5ce1 s he reason$1 he c\ld well d )\t geometry & a k ( ! true nature ( comets & planets 0 n necess>y = ! salvation ( ! s\l4 ,all ! same1 ! homely little fell[ ) ! brok5 nose & ! %abby cloak1 :o sp5t 8 days argu+ ) ! loaf]s on ! corn] ( ! /reet & 8 nights li/5+ to ! h>angues ( 8 wife 7:o 0 oblig$ to provide = a l>ge family by tak+ 9 wa%+1 z h] husb& reg>d$ ! ga9+ ( a livelihood z an entirely negligible detail ( exi/5ce71 ?is honorable vet]an ( _m w>s & exp$itions & ex-memb] ( ! ,a!nian s5ate 0 *os5 among all ! _m tea*]s ( 8 day to suff] = 8 op9ions4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ?is happ5$1 we mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! politics ( ,a!ns 9 ! days :5 ,socrates r5d]$ 8 pa9ful b highly useful s]vice to ! cause ( human intellig5ce & progress4 ,all 8 life long 7& he 0 pa/ sev5ty :5 he 0 execut$7 ,socrates tri$ to %[ 8 neighbors t !y 7 wa/+ _! opportunities2 t !y 7 liv+ holl[ & %all[ lives2 t !y devot$ entirely too mu* "t to empty pleasures & va9 triumphs & almo/ inv>iably squ&]$ ! div9e gifts ) :i* a great & my/]i\s ,god _h end[$ !m = ! sake ( a few h\rs ( futile glory & self-satisfaction4 ,& s ?or\ghly conv9c$ 0 he ( man's high de/9y t he broke ?r\gh ! b\nds ( all old philosophies & w5t ev5 f>!r ?an ,protagoras4 ,= :]eas ! latt] _h taught t 8man is ! measure ( all ?+s10 ,socrates prea*$ t 8man's invisible consci5ce is 7or ought to be7 ! ultimate measure ( all ?+s & t x is n ! ,gods b we ourselves :o %ape our de/9y40 ,! spee* :i* ,socrates made be=e ! judges :o 7 to decide 8 fate 7!re 7 five hundr$ ( !m to be precise & !y _h be5 s c>efully *os5 by 8 political enemies t "s ( !m c\ld actually read & write7 0 "o ( ! mo/ delightful bits ( commons5se ev] address$ to any audi5ce1 sympa!tic or o!rwise4 8,no p]son on e>?10 s ! philosoph] argu$1 8has ! "r to tell ano!r man :at he %\ld believe or to deprive him ( ! "r to ?9k z he pleases10 & fur!r1 8,provid$ t man rema9 on good t]ms ) 8 own consci5ce1 he c well d )\t ! approbation ( 8 fri5ds1 )\t money1 )\t a family or ev5 a home4 ,b z no "o c possibly rea* ! "r conclusions )\t a ?or\gh exam9ation ( all ! pros & cons ( e problem1 p mu/ be giv5 a *ance to discuss all que/ions ) complete fre$om & )\t int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! au?orities40 ,un=tunately = ! accus$1 ?is 0 exactly ! wrong /atem5t at ! wrong mom5t4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,peloponnesian w> !re _h be5 a bitt] /ruggle 9 ,a!ns betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor1 betwe5 capital & labor4 ,socrates 0 a 8mod]ate0--a lib]al :o saw good & evil 9 bo? sy/ems ( gov]nm5t & :o tri$ to f9d a compromise :i* %\ld satisfy all reasonable p4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 _h made him ?or\ghly unpopul> ) bo? sides b ?us f> !y _h be5 too ev5ly balanc$ to take action aga9/ him4 ,:5 at la/ 9 ! ye> #djc ,b4,c4 ! "o-hundr$-p]c5t ,democrats ga9$ complete control ( ! /ate & expell$ ! ari/ocrats1 ,socrates 0 a doom$ man4 ,8 fri5ds knew ?is4 ,!y sugge/$ t he leave ! city be=e x 0 too late & ?is w\ld h be5 a v wise ?+ to d4 ,= ,socrates _h q z _m enemies z fri5ds4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( a c5tury he _h be5 a sort ( vocal 8columni/10 a t]ribly clev] busy-body :o _h made x 8 hobby to expose ! %ams & ! intellectual sw9dles ( ^? :o reg>d$ !mselves z ! pill>s ( ,a!nian society4 ,z a result1 e "o _h come to "k him4 ,8 "n _h become a h\sehold ^w ?r\gh\t ea/]n ,greece4 ,:5 he said some?+ funny 9 ! morn+1 by night ! :ole t[n _h he>d ab\t x4 ,plays _h be5 writt5 ab\t him & :5 he 0 f9ally arre/$ & tak5 to prison !re 0 n a citiz5 9 ! :ole ( ,attica :o 0 n ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! details ( 8 c>e]4 ,^? :o took ! lead+ "p 9 ! actual trial 7l t honorable gra9 m]*ant :o c\ld nei!r read nor write b :o knew all ab\t ! w ( ! ,gods & !re=e 0 l\de/ 9 8 accusations7 7 und\bt$ly conv9c$ t !y 7 r5d]+ a great s]vice to ! community by ridd+ ! city ( a highly dang]\s memb] ( ! s-call$ 8intellig5tsia10 a man ^: tea*+ c\ld only lead to laz9ess & crime & discont5t among ! slaves4 ,x is r amus+ to rememb] t ev5 "u ^? circum/ances1 ,socrates plead$ 8 case ) su* trem5d\s virtuosity t a majority ( ! jury 0 all = lett+ him g free & sugge/$ t he might be p>don$ if only he w\ld give up ?is t]rible habit ( argu+1 ( debat+1 ( wrangl+ & moraliz+1 9 %ort1 if only he w\ld leave 8 neighbors & _! pet prejudices 9 peace & n bo!r !m ) 8 et]nal d\bts4 ,b ,socrates w\ld n he> ( x4 8,by no means10 he exclaim$4 8,z long z my consci5ce1 z long z ! /ill small voice )9 me1 bids me g =? & %[ m5 ! true road to reason1 ,i %all cont9ue to buttonhole :omsoev] ,i happ5 to meet & ,i %all say :at is on my m9d1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces40 ,aft] t1 !re 0 no o!r c\rse b to condemn ! prison] to dea?4 ,socrates 0 giv5 a respite ( ?irty days4 ,! holy %ip :i* made an annual pilgrimage to ,delos _h n yet return$ f its voyage & until !n1 ! ,a!nian law did n all[ any executions4 ,! :ole ( ?is mon? ! old man sp5t quietly 9 8 cell1 try+ to improve 8 sy/em ( logic4 ,al?\gh he 0 repeat$ly giv5 ! opportunity to escape1 he refus$ to g4 ,he _h liv$ 8 life & _h done 8 duty4 ,he 0 tir$ & ready to dep>t4 ,until ! h\r ( 8 execution he cont9u$ to talk ) 8 fri5ds1 try+ to educate !m 9 :at he held to be "r & true1 ask+ !m to turn _! m9ds ^u ! ?+s ( ! _s r ?an ^? ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,!n he drank ! beak] ( hemlock1 laid himself ^u 8 c\* & settl$ all fur!r argum5t by sleep ev]la/+4 ,= a %ort "t1 8 disciples1 r t]rifi$ by ?is t]rible outbur/ ( popul> wra?1 ?\ght x wise to remove !mselves f ! sc5e ( _! =m] activities4 ,b :5 no?+ happ5$1 !y return$ & resum$ _! =m] occupation z public tea*]s1 & )9 a doz5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! old philosoph]1 8 ideas 7 m popul> ?an ev]4 ,! city mean:ile _h gone ?r\gh a v difficult p]iod4 ,x 0 five ye>s s9ce ! /ruggle = ! lead]%ip ( ! ,greek p59sula _h end$ ) ! defeat ( ,a!ns & ! ultimate victory ( ! ,sp>tans4 ,?is _h be5 a complete triumph ( brawn ov] bra94 ,ne$less to say t x did n la/ v long4 ,! ,sp>tans1 :o nev] wrote a l9e wor? rememb]+ or contribut$ a s+le idea to ! sum total ( human k 7) ! exception ( c]ta9 milit>y tactics :i* survive 9 our mod]n game ( football7 ?\ght t !y _h accompli%$ _! task :5 ! walls ( _! rival _h be5 pull$ d[n & ! ,a!nian fleet _h be5 r$uc$ to a doz5 %ips4 ,b ! ,a!nian m9d _h lo/ none ( its %rewd brilliancy4 ,a decade aft] ! end ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! old h>bor ( ! ,piraeus 0 once m fill$ ) %ips f all p>ts ( ! _w & ,a!nian admirals 7 aga9 fight+ at ! head ( ! alli$ ,greek navies4 ,fur!rmore1 ! labor ( ,p]icles1 al?\gh n appreciat$ by 8 own contempor>ies1 _h made ! city ! intellectual capital ( ! _w--! ,p>is ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,:osoev] 9 ,rome or ,spa9 or ,africa 0 ri* en\gh to give 8 sons a fa%ionable education1 felt flatt]$ if ! boys 7 all[$ to visit a s*ool situat$ )9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,acropolis4 ,= ?is anci5t _w1 :i* we mod]n p f9d s difficult to und]/& prop]ly1 took ! problem ( exi/5ce s]i\sly4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian enemies ( pagan civilization1 ! impression has ga9$ gr\nd t ! av]age ,roman or ,greek 0 a highly immoral p]son :o paid a %all[ homage to c]ta9 nebul\s ,gods & = ! re/ sp5t 8 wak+ h\rs eat+ enorm\s d9n]s1 dr9k+ va/ bump]s ( ,sal]nian w9e & li/5+ to ! pretty prattle ( ,egyptian danc+ girls1 unless = a *ange he w5t to w> & slaught]$ innoc5t ,g]mans & ,franks & ,dacians = ! pure sport ( %$d+ blood4 ,( c\rse1 bo? 9 ,greece & ev5 m s 9 ,rome1 !re 7 a great _m m]*ants & w> contractors :o _h accumulat$ _! millions )\t mu* reg>d = ^? e?ical pr9ciples :i* ,socrates _h s well def9$ be=e 8 judges4 ,because ^! p 7 v weal?y1 !y _h to be put up )4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n mean t !y enjoy$ ! respect ( ! community or 7 reg>d$ z comm5dable repres5tatives ( ! civilization ( _! day4 ,we dig up ! villa ( ,epaphroditus1 :o amass$ millions z "o ( ! gang :o help$ ,n]o plund] ,rome & h] colonies4 ,we look at ! ru9s ( ! =ty room palace :i* ! old pr(ite] built out ( 8 ill-gott5 ga9s4 ,& we %ake our heads & say1 8,:at depravity60 ,!n we sit d[n & read ! works ( ,epictetus1 :o 0 "o ( ! h\se slaves ( ! old sc\ndrel1 & we f9d ourselves 9 ! company ( a _s z l(ty & z exalt$ z ev] liv$4 ,i "k t ! mak+ ( g5]alizations ab\t our neighbors & ab\t o!r nations is "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( indoor sports1 b let u n =get t ,epictetus1 ! philosoph]1 0 q z truly a repres5tative ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$ z ,epaphroditus1 ! imp]ial flunkey1 & t ! desire = hol9ess 0 z great tw5ty c5turies ago z x is today4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 a v diff]5t sort ( hol9ess f t :i* is practic$ today4 ,x 0 ! product ( an ess5tially ,european bra9 & _h no?+ to d ) ! ,ori5t4 ,b ! 8b>b>ians0 :o e/abli%$ x z _! ideal ( :at !y held to be mo/ noble & desirable 7 our own ance/ors1 & !y 7 sl[ly develop+ a philosophy ( life :i* 0 highly successful if we agree t a cle> consci5ce & a simple1 /raight=w>d life1 toge!r ) good heal? & a mod]ate b suffici5t income1 are ! be/ gu>antee = g5]al happ9ess & cont5tm5t4 ,! future ( ! s\l did n int]e/ ^! p ov]mu*4 ,!y accept$ ! fact t !y 7 a special sort ( mammal :i* by reason ( its intellectual application _h ris5 high above ! o!r creatures :i* crawl$ ^u ?is e>?4 ,if !y frequ5tly ref]r$ to ! ,gods1 !y us$ ! ^w z we use 8atoms0 or 8electrons0 or 8ae!r40 ,! beg9n+ ( ?+s has got to h a "n1 b ,zeus 9 ! m\? ( ,epictetus 0 z problematical a value z x or y 9 ! problems ( ,euclid & meant j z mu* or z little4 ,life x 0 :i* int]e/$ ^? m5 & next to liv+1 art4 ,life1 !re=e1 9 all its endless v>ieties1 !y /udi$ & foll[+ ! me?od ( reason+ :i* ,socrates _h orig9at$ & made popul>1 !y a*iev$ "s v rem>kable results4 ,t sometimes 9 _! zeal = a p]fect spiritual _w !y w5t to absurd extremes 0 regrettable1 b no m ?an human4 ,b ,plato is ! only "o among all ! tea*]s ( antiquity :o f %e] love = a p]fect _w ev] came to prea* a doctr9e ( intol]ance4 ,?is "y ,a!nian1 z is well kn[n1 0 ! belov$ disciple ( ,socrates & became 8 lit]>y executor4 ,9 ?is capacity he imm$iately ga!r$ all t ,socrates _h ev] said or ?\ght into a s]ies ( dialogues :i* might be tru?fully call$ ! ,socratian ,gospels4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done1 he began to elaborate c]ta9 ( ! m obscure po9ts 9 8 ma/]'s doctr9es & expla9$ !m 9 a s]ies ( brilliant essays4 ,& f9ally he conduct$ a numb] ( lecture c\rses :i* spread ! ,a!nian ideas ( ju/ice & righte\sness f> beyond ! conf9es ( ,attica4 ,9 all ^! activities he %[$ su* :ole-he>t$ & unselfi% devotion t we might almo/ comp>e him to ,/4 ,paul4 ,b :]eas ,/4 ,paul _h l$ a mo/ adv5tur\s & dang]\s exi/5ce1 ev] travel+ f nor? to s\? & f we/ to ea/ t he might br+ ! ,good ,tid+s to all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 ,plato nev] budg$ f 8 com=table g>d5 *air & all[$ ! _w to come to him4 ,c]ta9 advantages ( bir? & ! possession ( indep5d5t weal? all[$ him to d ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place he 0 an ,a!nian citiz5 & ?r\gh 8 "m c\ld trace 8 desc5t to no "o less ?an ,solon4 ,!n z soon z he came ( age he inh]it$ a =tune m ?an suffici5t = 8 simple ne$s4 ,& f9ally1 8 eloqu5ce 0 su* t p will+ly travel$ to ! ,aegean ,sea if only !y 7 all[$ to foll[ a few ( ! lectures 9 ! ,platonic ,univ]sity4 ,= ! re/1 ,plato 0 v mu* l ! o!r "y m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! army1 b )\t any p>ticul> int]e/ 9 milit>y affairs4 ,he w5t 9 = outdoor sports1 became a good wre/l]1 a fairly good runn]1 b nev] a*iev$ any p>ticul> fame 9 ! /adium4 ,aga91 l mo/ "y m5 ( 8 "t1 he sp5t a great deal ( 8 "t 9 =eign travel & cross$ ! ,aegean ,sea & paid a %ort visit to nor!rn ,egypt1 z 8 fam\s gr&fa!r ,solon _h done be=e him4 ,aft] t1 h[ev]1 he return$ home = good & dur+ fifty consecutive ye>s he quietly taught 8 doctr9es 9 ! %ad[y corn]s ( a pleasure g>d5 :i* 0 situat$ on ! banks ( ! riv] ,cephissus 9 ! suburbs ( ,a!ns & 0 call$ ! ,academy4 ,he _h begun 8 c>e] z a ma!matician1 b gradually he swit*$ ov] to politics & 9 ?is field he laid ! f\ndations = our mod]n s*ool ( gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 at he>t a confirm$ optimi/ & believ$ 9 a /eady process ( human evolution4 ,! life ( man1 s he taught1 rises sl[ly f a l[] plane to a high] "o4 ,f beautiful bodies1 ! _w proce$s to beautiful in/itutions & f beautiful in/itutions to beautiful ideas4 ,?is s\nd$ well on p>*m5t1 b :5 ,plato tri$ to lay d[n c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples ^u :i* 8 p]fect /ate 0 to be f\nd$1 8 zeal = righte\sness & 8 desire = ju/ice 7 s great t !y made him deaf & bl9d to all o!r consid]ations4 ,8 ,republic1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 reg>d$ z ! la/ ^w 9 human p]fection by ! manufactur]s ( pap] ,utopias1 0 a v /range commonweal? & reflect$ & cont9ues to reflect ) great nicety ! prejudices ( ^? retir$ colonels :o h always enjoy$ ! com=ts ( a private income1 :o l to move 9 polite circles & :o h a pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ! l[] classes1 le/ !y =get 8_! place0 & want to h a %>e ( ^? special privileges :i* by "r %\ld g to ! memb]s ( ! 8upp] class40 ,un=tunately ! books ( ,plato enjoy$ great respect among ! m$ieval s*ol>s ( we/]n ,europe & 9 _! h&s ! fam\s ,republic became a mo/ =midable weapon 9 _! w>f>e ^u tol]ance4 ,= ^! le>n$ doctors 7 apt to =get t ,plato _h rea*$ 8 conclusions f v diff]5t premises ?an ^? :i* 7 popul> 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,= in/ance1 ,plato _h be5 any?+ b a pi\s man 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! ,gods ( 8 ance/ors he _h always reg>d$ ) deep contempt z ill-mann]$ ru/ics f di/ant ,mac$onia4 ,he _h be5 deeply mortifi$ by _! sc&al\s behavior z relat$ 9 ! *ronicles ( ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,b z he grew old] & sat & sat & sat 9 8 little olive grove & became m & m exasp]at$ by ! fooli% qu>rels ( ! little city-/ates ( 8 native l&1 & witness$ ! utt] failure ( ! old democratic ideal1 he grew conv9c$ t "s sort ( religion 0 necess>y = ! av]age citiz51 or 8 imag9>y ,republic w\ld at once deg5]ate into a /ate ( rampant an>*y4 ,he !re=e insi/$ t ! legislative body ( 8 model community %\ld e/abli% a def9ite rule ( conduct = all citiz5s & %\ld =ce bo? freem5 & slaves to obey ^! regulations on pa9 ( dea? or exile or imprisonm5t4 ,?is s\nd$ l an absolute negation ( t broad _s ( tol]ance & ( t lib]ty ( consci5ce = :i* ,socrates _h s valiantly f\ght only a %ort "t be=e1 & t is exactly :at x 0 meant to be4 ,! reason = ?is *ange 9 attitude is n h>d to f9d4 ,:]eas ,socrates _h be5 a man among m51 ,plato 0 afraid ( life & escap$ f an unpleasant & ugly _w into ! realm ( 8 own day dreams4 ,he knew ( c\rse t !re 0 n ! slighte/ *ance ( 8 ideas ev] be+ realiz$4 ,! day ( ! little indep5d5t city-/ates1 :e!r imag9>y or real1 0 ov]4 ,! era ( c5tralization _h begun & soon ! entire ,greek p59sula 0 to be incorporat$ into t va/ ,mac$onian ,empire :i* /ret*$ f ! %ores ( ! ,m>itsa to ! banks ( ! ,indus ,riv]4 ,b ere ! heavy h& ( ! conqu]or desc5d$ ^u ! unruly democracies ( ! old p59sula1 ! c\ntry _h produc$ ! greate/ ( ^? _m b5efactors :o h put ! re/ ( ! _w "u et]nal obligation to ! n[ defunct race ( ! ,greeks4 ,i ref] ( c\rse to ,ari/otle1 ! wond]-*ild f ,/agira1 ! man :o 9 8 day & age knew ev]y?+ t 0 to be kn[n & add$ s mu* to ! sum total ( human k t 8 books became an intellectual qu>ry f :i* fifty successive g5]ations ( ,europeans & ,asiatics 7 able to /eal to _! he>ts' cont5t )\t exhau/+ t ri* ve9 ( pure le>n+4 ,at ! age ( eighte51 ,ari/otle _h left 8 native village 9 ,mac$onia to g to ,a!ns & foll[ ! lectures 9 ,plato's univ]sity4 ,aft] 8 graduation he lectur$ 9 a numb] ( places until ! ye> #ccf :5 he return$ to ,a!ns & op5$ a s*ool ( 8 own 9 a g>d5 ne> ! temple ( ,apollo ,lyceus1 :i* became kn[n z ! ,lyceum & soon attract$ pupils f all ov] ! _w4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! ,a!nians 7 n at all 9 favor ( increas+ ! numb] ( academies )9 _! walls4 ,! t[n 0 at la/ beg9n+ to lose its old comm]cial importance & all ( h] m en]getic citiz5s 7 mov+ to ,alex&ria & to ,m>seilles & o!r cities ( ! s\? & ! we/4 ,^? :o rema9$ beh9d 7 ei!r too poor or too indol5t to escape4 ,!y 7 ! hide-b\nd remnant ( ^? old1 turbul5t masses ( free citiz5s1 :o _h be5 at once ! glory & ! ru9 ( ! long-suff]+ ,republic4 ,!y _h reg>d$ ! 8go+s on0 9 ,plato's or*>d ) small favor4 ,:5 a doz5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 8 mo/ notori\s pupil came back & op5ly taught /ill m outrage\s doctr9es ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! _w & ! limit$ ability ( ! ,gods1 ! old fogies %ook _! solemn heads & mumbl$ d>k ?reats aga9/ ! man :o 0 mak+ _! city a by-^w = free ?9k+ & unbelief4 ,if !y _h _h _! own way1 !y w\ld h =c$ him to leave _! c\ntry4 ,b !y wisely kept ^! op9ions to !mselves4 ,= ?is %ort-sight$1 /\ti% g5tleman1 fam\s = 8 good ta/e 9 books & 9 clo!s1 0 no negligible quantity 9 ! political life ( t day1 no obscure little pr(essor :o c\ld be driv5 out ( t[n by a c\ple ( hir$ t\ghs4 ,he 0 no "o less ?an ! son ( a ,mac$onian c\rt-physician & he _h be5 br\ght up ) ! royal pr9ces4 ,& fur!rmore1 z soon z he _h f9i%$ 8 /udies1 he _h be5 appo9t$ tutor to ! cr[n pr9ce & = eight ye>s he _h be5 ! daily companion ( "y ,alex&]4 ,h5ce he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip & ! protection ( ! mo/ p[]ful rul] ! _w _h ev] se5 & ! reg5t :o adm9i/]$ ! ,greek prov9ces dur+ ! mon>*'s abs5ce on ! ,indian front wat*$ c>efully le/ h>m %\ld befall "o :o _h be5 ! boon companion ( 8 imp]ial ma/]4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 _h news ( ,alex&]'s dea? rea*$ ,a!ns ?an ,ari/otle's life 0 9 p]il4 ,he rememb]$ :at _h happ5$ to ,socrates & felt no desire to suff] a simil> fate4 ,l ,plato1 he _h c>efully avoid$ mix+ philosophy ) practical politics4 ,b 8 di/a/e = ! democratic =m ( gov]nm5t & 8 lack ( belief 9 ! sov]eign abilities ( ! common p 7 kn[n to all4 ,& :5 ! ,a!nians1 9 a sudd5 outbur/ ( fury1 expell$ ! ,mac$onian g>rison1 ,ari/otle mov$ across ! ,euboean ,s\nd & w5t to live 9 ,cal*is1 :]e he di$ a few mon?s be=e ,a!ns 0 reconqu]$ by ! ,mac$onians & 0 duly puni%$ = h] disob$i5ce4 ,at ?is f> di/ance x is n easy to discov] ^u :at positive gr\nds ,ari/otle 0 accus$ ( impiety4 ,b z usual 9 t nation ( amateur orators1 8 case 0 inextricably mix$ up ) politics & 8 unpopul>ity 0 due to 8 disreg>d ( ! prejudices ( a few local w>d-bosses1 r ?an to ! expression ( any />tl+ly new h]esies1 :i* might h expos$ ,a!ns to ! v5geance ( ,zeus4 ,nor does x matt] v mu*4 ,! days ( ! small indep5d5t republics 7 numb]$4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 ! ,romans fell heir to ! ,european h]itage ( ,alex&] & ,greece became "o ( _! _m prov9ces4 ,!n !re 0 an end to all fur!r bick]+1 = ! ,romans 9 mo/ matt]s 7 ev5 m tol]ant ?an ! ,greeks ( ! ,gold5 ,age _h be5 & !y p]mitt$ _! subjects to ?9k z !y pleas$1 provid$ !y did n "q c]ta9 pr9ciples ( political exp$i5cy ^u :i* ! peace & prosp]ity ( ! ,roman /ate _h1 s9ce "t immemorial1 be5 safely build$4 ,all ! same !re exi/$ a subtle diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideals :i* animat$ ! contempor>ies ( ,cic]o & ^? :i* _h be5 held sacr$ by ! foll[]s ( su* a man z ,p]icles4 ,! old lead]s ( ,greek ?\ght _h bas$ _! tol]ance ^u c]ta9 def9ite conclusions :i* !y _h rea*$ aft] c5turies ( c>eful exp]im5t & m$itation4 ,! ,romans felt t !y c\ld d )\t ! prelim9>y /udy4 ,!y 7 m]ely indiff]5t1 & 7 pr\d ( ! fact4 ,!y 7 int]e/$ 9 practical ?+s4 ,!y 7 m5 ( action & _h a deep-seat$ contempt = words4 ,if o!r p wi%$ to sp5d _! aft]noons und]nea? an old olive tree1 discuss+ ! !oretical aspects ( gov]nm5t or ! influ5ce ( ! moon ^u ! tides1 !y 7 m ?an welcome to d s4 ,if fur!rmore _! k c\ld be turn$ to "s practical use1 !n x 0 wor?y ( fur!r att5tion4 ,o!rwise1 toge!r ) s++ & danc+ & cook+1 sculpture & sci5ce1 ?is bus9ess ( philosophiz+ _h bett] be left to ! ,greeks & to ! o!r =eign]s :om ,jupit] 9 8 m]cy _h creat$ to provide ! _w ) ^? ?+s :i* 7 unwor?y ( a true ,roman's att5tion4 ,mean:ile !y !mselves w\ld devote _! att5tion to ! adm9i/ration ( _! ev] increas+ doma9s2 !y w\ld drill ! necess>y companies ( =eign infantry & cavalry to protect _! outly+ prov9ces2 !y w\ld survey ! roads t 7 to connect ,spa9 ) ,bulg>ia2 & g5]ally !y w\ld devote _! en]gies to ! keep+ ( ! peace betwe5 half a ?\s& diff]5t tribes & nations4 ,let u give honor :]e honor is due4 ,! ,romans did _! job s ?or\ghly t !y erect$ a /ructure :i* "u "o =m or ano!r has surviv$ until our own "t1 & t 9 itself is no mean accompli%m5t4 ,z long z ! necess>y taxes 7 paid & a c]ta9 outw>d homage 0 paid to ! few rules ( conduct laid d[n by _! ,roman ma/]s1 ! subject-tribes enjoy$ a v l>ge degree ( lib]ty4 ,!y c\ld believe or disbelieve :atev] !y pleas$4 ,!y c\ld wor%ip "o ,god or a doz5 ,gods or :ole temples full ( ,gods4 ,x made no diff]5ce4 ,b :atev] religion !y *ose to pr(ess1 ^! /rangely assort$ memb]s ( a _w-encircl+ empire 7 =ev] rem9d$ t ! 8pax ,romana0 dep5d$ = its success ^u a lib]al application ( ! pr9ciple ( 8live & let live40 ,!y mu/ "u no condition int]f]e ei!r ) _! own neighbors or ) ! /rang]s )9 _! gates4 ,& if p]*ance !y ?\ght t _! ,gods _h be5 insult$1 !y mu/ n ru% to ! magi/rate = relief4 8,=10 z ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius rem>k$ ^u "o memorable occasion1 8if ! ,gods ?9k t !y h j claims = grievance1 !y c surely take c>e ( !mselves40 ,& ) su* scant words ( consolation1 all simil> cases 7 in/antly dismiss$ & p 7 reque/$ to keep _! private op9ions out ( ! c\rts4 ,if a numb] ( ,cappadocian trad]s decid$ to settle d[n among ! ,colossians1 !y _h a "r to br+ _! own ,gods ) !m & erect a temple ( _! own 9 ! t[n ( ,colossae4 ,b if ! ,colossians %\ld = simil> reasons move into ! l& ( ! ,cappadocians1 !y mu/ be grant$ ! same privileges & mu/ be giv5 an equal fre$om ( wor%ip4 ,x has (t5 be5 argu$ t ! ,romans c\ld p]mit !mselves ! luxury ( su* a sup]ior & tol]ant attitude because !y felt an equal contempt = bo? ! ,colossians & ! ,cappadocians & all ! o!r savage tribes :o dwell$ outside ( ,latium4 ,t may h be5 true4 ,i don't "k4 ,b ! fact rema9s t = half a ?\s& ye>s1 a =m ( almo/ complete religi\s tol]ance 0 /rictly ma9ta9$ )9 ! great] "p ( civiliz$ & semi-civiliz$ ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa & t ! ,romans develop$ a te*nique ( /atecraft :i* produc$ a maximum ( practical results toge!r ) a m9imum ( friction4 ,to _m p x seem$ t ! mill5nium _h be5 a*iev$ & t ?is condition ( mutual =be>ance w\ld la/ =ev]4 ,b no?+ la/s =ev]4 ,lea/ ( all1 an empire built ^u =ce4 ,rome _h conqu]$ ! _w1 b 9 ! ef=t %e _h de/roy$ h]self4 ,! bones ( h] "y soldi]s lay blea*+ on a ?\s& battlefields4 ,= almo/ five c5turies ! bra9s ( h] mo/ intellig5t citiz5s _h wa/$ !mselves ^u ! gigantic task ( adm9i/]+ a colonial empire t /ret*$ f ! ,iri% ,sea to ! ,caspian4 ,at la/ ! reaction set 94 ,bo? ! body & ! m9d ( ,rome _h be5 exhau/$ by ! impossible task ( a s+le city rul+ an entire _w4 ,& !n a t]rible ?+ happ5$4 ,a :ole p grew tir$ ( life & lo/ ! ze/ = liv+4 ,!y _h come to own all ! c\ntry-h\ses1 all ! t[n-h\ses1 all ! ya*ts & all ! /age-coa*es !y c\ld ev] hope to use4 ,!y f\nd !mselves possess$ ( all ! slaves 9 ! _w4 ,!y _h eat5 ev]y?+1 !y _h se5 ev]y?+1 !y _h he>d ev]y?+4 ,!y _h tri$ ! ta/e ( e dr9k1 !y _h be5 ev]y:]e1 !y _h made love to all ! wom5 f ,b>celona to ,!bes4 ,all ! books t _h ev] be5 writt5 7 9 _! libr>ies4 ,! be/ pictures t _h ev] be5 pa9t$ hung on _! walls4 ,! clev]e/ musicians ( ! entire _w _h ent]ta9$ !m at _! meals4 ,&1 z *ildr51 !y _h be5 in/ruct$ by ! be/ pr(essors & p$agogues :o _h taught !m ev]y?+ !re 0 to be taught4 ,z a result1 all food & dr9k _h lo/ its ta/e1 all books _h gr[n dull1 all wom5 _h become un9t]e/+1 & exi/5ce itself _h develop$ into a burd5 :i* a good _m p 7 will+ to drop at ! fir/ respectable opportunity4 ,!re rema9$ only "o consolation1 ! contemplation ( ! ,unkn[n & ! ,invisible4 ,! old ,gods1 h[ev]1 _h di$ ye>s be=e4 ,no intellig5t ,roman any long] took /ock 9 ! silly nurs]y rhymes ab\t ,jupit] & ,m9]va4 ,!re 7 ! philosophic sy/ems ( ! ,epicureans & ! ,/oics & ! ,cynics1 all ( :om prea*$ *>ity & self-d5ial & ! virtues ( an unselfi% & useful life4 ,b !y 7 s empty4 ,!y s\nd$ well en\gh 9 ! books ( ,z5o & ,epicurus & ,epictetus & ,plut>*1 :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 e corn]/ore libr>y4 ,b 9 ! long run1 ?is diet ( pure reason 0 f\nd to lack ! necess>y n\ri%+ qualities4 ,! ,romans began to clamor = a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8emotion0 ) _! spiritual meals4 ,h5ce ! purely philosophical 8religions0 7= su* !y really 71 if we associate ! idea ( religion ) a desire to lead useful & noble lives7 c\ld only appeal to a v small numb] ( p1 & almo/ all ( ^? belong$ to ! upp] classes :o _h enjoy$ ! advantages ( private in/ruction at ! h&s ( compet5t ,greek tea*]s4 ,to ! mass ( ! p1 ^! f9ely-spun philosophies meant less ?an no?+ at all4 ,!y too _h rea*$ a po9t ( developm5t at :i* a good deal ( ! anci5t my?ology seem$ ! *ildi% inv5tion ( rude & cr$ul\s ance/ors4 ,b !y c\ld n possibly g z f> z _! s-call$ intellectual sup]iors & d5y ! exi/5ce ( any & all p]sonal ,gods4 ,:]e=e !y did :at all half-educat$ p d "u su* circum/ances4 ,!y paid a =mal & outw>d tribute ( respect to ! (ficial ,gods ( ! ,republic & !n betook !mselves = real com=t & happ9ess to "o ( ! _m my/]y religions :i* dur+ ! la/ two c5turies _h f\nd a mo/ cordial welcome 9 ! anci5t city on ! banks ( ! ,tib]4 ,! ^w 8my/]y0 :i* ,i h us$ be=e 0 ( ,greek orig94 ,x orig9ally meant a ga!r+ ( 8initiat$ p0--( m5 & wom5 ^: 8m\? _h be5 %ut0 aga9/ ! betrayal ( ^? mo/ holy secrets :i* only ! true memb]s ( ! my/]y 7 suppos$ to "k & :i* b\nd !m toge!r l ! hocus pocus ( a college frat]nity or ! cabali/ic incantations ( ! ,indep5d5t ,ord] ( ,sea-,mice4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 h[ev]1 a my/]y 0 no?+ m nor less ?an a special =m ( wor%ip1 a d5om9ation1 a *ur*4 ,if a ,greek or a ,roman 7if y w p>don a little juggl+ ) "t7 _h left ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* = ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce *ur*1 he w\ld h told 8 neighbors t he _h gone to 8ano!r my/]y40 ,= ! ^w 8*ur*10 ! 8kirk10 ! 8h\se ( ! ,"l10 is ( comp>atively rec5t orig9 & 0 n kn[n 9 ^? days4 ,if y happ5 to be especially int]e/$ 9 ! subject & wi% to und]/& :at 0 happ5+ 9 ,rome1 buy a ,new ,york pap] next ,saturday4 ,almo/ any pap] w d4 ,!re9 y w f9d f\r or five columns ( ann\ncem5ts ab\t new cre$s1 ab\t new my/]ies1 import$ f ,india & ,p]sia & ,sw$5 & ,*9a & a doz5 o!r c\ntries & all ( !m (f]+ special promises ( heal? & ri*es & salvation ev]la/+4 ,rome1 :i* s closely resembl$ our own metropolis1 0 j z full ( import$ & dome/ic religions4 ,! int]national nature ( ! city _h made ?is unavoidable4 ,f ! v9e-cov]$ m\nta9 slopes ( nor!rn ,asia ,m9or _h come ! cult ( ,cybele1 :om ! ,phrygians rev]$ z ! "m ( ! ,gods & ^: wor%ip 0 connect$ ) su* unseemly outbreaks ( emotional hil>ity t ! ,roman police _h repeat$ly be5 =c$ to close ! ,cybelian temples & _h at la/ pass$ v dra/ic laws aga9/ ! fur!r propag&a ( a fai? :i* enc\rag$ public drunk5ness & _m o!r ?+s t 7 ev5 worse4 ,egypt1 ! old l& ( p>adox & secrecy1 _h contribut$ half a doz5 /range div9ities & ! names ( ,osiris1 ,s]apis & ,isis _h become z famili> to ,roman e>s z ^? ( ,apollo1 ,demet] & ,h]mes4 ,z = ! ,greeks1 :o c5turies be=e _h giv5 unto ! _w a prim>y sy/em ( ab/ract tru? & a practical code ( conduct1 bas$ ^u virtue1 !y n[ suppli$ ! p ( =eign l&s :o insi/$ ^u images & inc5se ) ! f>-fam$ 8my/]ies0 ( ,attis & ,dionysus & ,orpheus & ,adonis1 none ( !m entirely above suspicion z f> z public morals 7 conc]n$1 b nev]!less enjoy+ imm5se popul>ity4 ,! ,pho5ician trad]s1 :o = a ?\s& ye>s _h frequ5t$ ! %ores ( ,italy1 _h made ! ,romans famili> ) _! great ,god ,baal 7! ar*-enemy ( ,jehovah7 & ) ,a/>te 8 wife1 t /range creature to :om ,solomon 9 8 old age & to ! great horror ( all 8 fai?ful subjects _h built a 8high place0 9 ! v he>t ( ,j]usalem2 ! t]rible ,goddess :o _h be5 recogniz$ z ! (ficial protector ( ! city ( ,c>?age dur+ h] long /ruggle = ! supremacy ( ! ,m$it]ranean & :o f9ally aft] ! de/ruction ( all h] temples 9 ,asia & ,africa 0 to return to ,europe 9 ! %ape ( a mo/ respectable & demure ,*ri/ian sa9t4 ,b ! mo/ important ( all1 because highly popul> among ! soldi]s ( ! army1 0 a deity ^: brok5 images c /ill be f\nd und]nea? e rubbi% pile t m>ks ! ,roman fronti] f ! m\? ( ! ,rh9e to ! s\rce ( ! ,tigris4 ,?is 0 ! great ,god ,mi?ras4 ,mi?ras1 z f> z we "k1 0 ! old ,asiatic ,god ( ,light & ,air & ,tru?1 & he _h be5 wor%ip$ 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,caspian l[l&s :5 our fir/ ance/ors took possession ( ^? wond]ful graz+ fields & made ready to settle ^? valleys & hills :i* aft]w>ds became kn[n z ,europe4 ,to !m he _h be5 ! giv] ( all good ?+s & !y believ$ t ! rul]s ( ?is e>? ex]cis$ _! p[] only by ! grace ( 8 mighty w4 ,h5ce1 z a tok5 ( 8 div9e favor1 he sometimes be/[$ ^u ^? call$ to high (fices a bit ( t cele/ial fire by :i* he himself 0 =ev] surr\nd$1 & al?\gh he is gone & 8 "n has be5 =gott51 ! k9dly sa9ts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) _! halo ( light1 rem9d u ( an anci5t tradition :i* 0 />t$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! ,*ur* 0 ev] dream$ (4 ,b al?\gh he 0 held 9 great rev]5ce = an incr$ibly long "t1 x has be5 v difficult to recon/ruct 8 life ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,!re 0 a good reason = ?is4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies abhorr$ ! ,mi?ras my? ) a hatr$ inf9itely m bitt] ?an t res]v$ = ! common1 e day my/]ies4 ,9 _! he>t ( he>ts !y knew t ! ,indian ,god 0 _! mo/ s]i\s rival4 ,h5ce !y tri$ z h>d z possible to remove ev]y?+ t might possibly rem9d p ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is task !y succe$$ s well t all ,mi?ras temples h disappe>$ & t n a scrap ( writt5 evid5ce rema9s ab\t a religion :i* = m ?an half a ?\s& ye>s 0 z popul> 9 ,rome z ,me?odism or ,presbyt]ianism is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( today4 ,h[ev] ) ! help ( a few ,asiatic s\rces & by a c>eful p]usal ( c]ta9 ru9s :i* c\ld n be entirely de/roy$ 9 ! days be=e ! inv5tion ( dynamite1 we h be5 able to ov]come ?is initial h&icap & n[ possess a fairly accurate idea ab\t ?is int]e/+ ,god & ! ?+s = :i* he /ood4 ,ages & ages ago1 s ! /ory ran1 ,mi?ras 0 my/]i\sly born ( a rock4 ,z soon z he lay 9 8 cradle1 sev]al ne>by %eph]ds came to wor%ip him & make him happy ) _! gifts4 ,z a boy1 ,mi?ras _h met ) all sorts ( /range adv5tures4 ,_m ( ^! rem9d u closely ( ! de$s :i* _h made ,h]cules su* a popul> h]o ) ! *ildr5 ( ! ,greeks4 ,b :]eas ,h]cules 0 (t5 v cruel1 ,mi?ras 0 =ev] do+ good4 ,once he _h engag$ 9 a wre/l+ mat* ) ! sun & _h beat5 him4 ,b he 0 s g5]\s 9 8 victory1 t ! sun & he _h become l bro!rs1 & 7 (t5 mi/ak5 = ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! ,god ( all evil _h s5t a dr\ght :i* ?reat5$ to kill ! race ( man1 ,mi?ras _h /ruck a rock ) 8 arr[1 & behold6 pl5tiful wat] _h gu%$ =? ^u ! p>*$ fields4 ,:5 ,ahriman 7= t 0 ! "n ( ! ar*-enemy7 _h !reupon tri$ to a*ieve 8 wick$ purpose by a t]rible flood1 ,mi?ras _h he>d ( x1 _h w>n$ "o man1 _h told him to build a big boat & load x ) 8 relatives & 8 flocks & 9 ?is way _h sav$ ! human race f de/ruction4 ,until f9ally1 hav+ done all he c\ld to save ! _w f ! consequ5ces ( its own follies1 he _h be5 tak5 to ,heav5 to rule ! j & righte\s = all "t4 ,^? :o wi%$ to jo9 ! ,mi?ras cult 7 oblig$ to g ?r\gh an elaborate =m ( initiation & 7 =c$ to eat a c]emoni\s meal ( bread & w9e 9 memory ( ! fam\s supp] eat5 by ,mi?ras & 8 fri5d ! ,sun4 ,fur!rmore1 !y 7 oblig$ to accept baptism 9 a font ( wat] & d _m o!r ?+s :i* h no special int]e/ to u1 z t =m ( religion 0 completely ext]m9at$ m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,once inside ! fold1 ! fai?ful 7 all treat$ ^u a foot+ ( absolute equality4 ,toge!r !y pray$ be=e ! same c&le-lit alt>s4 ,toge!r !y *ant$ ! same holy hymns & toge!r !y took "p 9 ! fe/ivities :i* 7 held ea* ye> on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] to celebrate ! bir? ( ,mi?ras4 ,fur!rmore !y ab/a9$ f all "w on ! fir/ day ( ! week1 :i* ev5 today is call$ ,sun-day 9 honor ( ! great ,god4 ,& f9ally :5 !y di$1 !y 7 laid away 9 pati5t r[s to await ! day ( resurrection :5 ! good %\ld ent] into _! j rew>d & ! wick$ %\ld be ca/ into ! fire ev]la/+4 ,! success ( ^! diff]5t my/]ies1 ! widespread influ5ce ( ,mi?raism among ! ,roman soldi]s1 po9ts to a condition f> remov$ f religi\s indiff]5ce4 ,inde$ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! empire 7 a p]iod ( re/less se>* aft] some?+ t %\ld satisfy ! emotional ne$s ( ! masses4 ,b e>ly 9 ! ye> #dg ( our own era some?+ happ5$4 ,a small vessel left ,pho5icia = ! city ( ,p]ga1 ! />t+ po9t = ! ov]l& r\te to ,europe4 ,among ! pass5g]s 7 two m5 n ov]burd5$ ) luggage4 ,_! names 7 ,paul & ,b>nabas4 ,!y 7 ,jews1 b "o ( !m c>ri$ a ,roman passport & 0 well v]s$ 9 ! wisdom ( ! ,g5tile _w4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( a memorable voyage4 ,*ri/ianity _h set out to conqu] ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,re/ra9t ,! rapid conque/ ( ! we/]n _w by ! ,*ur* is sometimes us$ z pro( def9ite t ! ,*ri/ian ideas mu/ h be5 ( div9e orig94 ,x is n my bus9ess to debate ?is po9t1 b ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! villa9\s conditions "u :i* ! majority ( ! ,romans 7 =c$ to live _h z mu* to d ) ! success ( ! e>lie/ mission>ies z ! s\nd common s5se ( _! message4 ,?us f> ,i h %[n y "o side ( ! ,roman picture--! _w ( ! soldi]s & /atesm5 & ri* manufactur]s & sci5ti/s1 =tunate folks :o liv$ 9 delightful & enlight5$ ease on ! slopes ( ! ,lat]an ,hill or among ! valleys & hills ( ! ,campania or some:]e along ! bay ( ,naples4 ,b !y 7 only "p ( ! /ory4 ,amid/ ! teem+ slums ( ! suburbs !re 0 little en\gh evid5ce ( t pl5tiful prosp]ity :i* made ! poets rave ab\t ! ,mill5nium & inspir$ orators to comp>e ,octavian to ,jupit]4 ,!re1 9 ! endless & dre>y r[s ( ov]cr[d$ & reek+ t5em5t h\ses liv$ ^? va/ multitudes to :om life 0 m]ely an un9t]rupt$ s5sation ( hung]1 sweat & pa94 ,to ^? m5 & wom51 ! wond]ful tale ( a simple c>p5t] 9 a little village beyond ! sea1 :o _h ga9$ 8 daily bread by ! labor ( 8 own h&s1 :o _h lov$ ! poor & d[ntrodd5 & :o !re=e _h be5 kill$ by 8 cruel & rapaci\s enemies1 meant some?+ v real & tangible4 ,yes1 !y _h all ( !m he>d ( ,mi?ras & ,isis & ,a/>te4 ,b ^! ,gods 7 dead1 & !y _h di$ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s ago & :at p knew ab\t !m !y only knew by he>say f o!r p :o _h also di$ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,jo%ua ( ,naz>e?1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/1 ! ano9t$1 z ! ,greek mission>ies call$ him1 _h be5 on ?is e>? only a %ort "t ago4 ,_m a man !n alive might h kn[n him1 might h li/5$ to him1 if by *ance he _h visit$ s\!rn ,syria dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius4 ,& !re 7 o!rs1 ! bak] on ! corn]1 ! fruit p$dl] f ! next /reet1 :o 9 a little d>k g>d5 on ! ,appian ,way _h spok5 ) a c]ta9 ,pet]1 a fi%]man f ! village ( ,cap]naum1 :o _h actually be5 ne> ! m\nta9 ( ,golgo?a on t t]rible aft]noon :5 ! ,prophet _h be5 nail$ to ! cross by ! soldi]s ( ! ,roman gov]nor4 ,we %\ld rememb] ?is :5 we try to und]/& ! sudd5 popul> appeal ( ?is new fai?4 ,x 0 t p]sonal t\*1 t direct & p]sonal feel+ ( intimacy & ne>-by-ness :i* gave ,*ri/ianity su* a trem5d\s advantage ov] all o!r cre$s4 ,t & ! love :i* ,jesus _h s incessantly express$ = ! subm]g$ & dis9h]it$ among all nations & :i* radiat$ f ev]y?+ he _h said4 ,:e!r he _h put x into ! exact t]ms us$ by 8 foll[]s 0 ( v slight importance4 ,! slaves _h e>s to he> & !y und]/ood4 ,& trembl+ be=e ! high promise ( a glori\s future1 !y = ! fir/ "t 9 _! lives beheld ! rays ( a new hope4 ,at la/ ! words _h be5 spok5 t 7 to set !m free4 ,no long] 7 !y poor & despis$1 an evil ?+ 9 ! sight ( ! great ( ?is _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 ! pr$ilect$ *ildr5 ( a lov+ ,fa!r4 ,!y 7 to inh]it ! e>? & ! fullness !re(4 ,!y 7 to p>take ( joys )held f _m ( ^? pr\d ma/]s :o ev5 !n dwell$ beh9d ! high walls ( _! ,samnian villas4 ,= t con/itut$ ! /r5g? ( ! new fai?4 ,*ri/ianity 0 ! fir/ concrete religi\s sy/em :i* gave ! av]age man a *ance4 ,( c\rse ,i am n[ talk+ ( ,*ri/ianity z an exp]i5ce ( ! s\l--z a mode ( liv+ & ?9k+--& ,i h tri$ to expla9 h[1 9 a _w full ( ! dry-rot ( slav]y1 ! good tid+s mu/ spread ) ! spe$ & fury ( an emotional prairie fire4 ,b hi/ory1 except ^u r>e occasions1 does n conc]n itself ) ! spiritual adv5tures ( private citiz5s1 be !y free or 9 bondage4 ,:5 ^! humble creatures h be5 neatly organiz$ into nations1 guilds1 *ur*es1 armies1 bro!rhoods & f$]ations2 :5 !y h begun to obey a s+le direct+ head2 :5 !y h accumulat$ suffici5t weal? to pay taxes & c be =c$ into armies = ! purpose ( national conque/1 !n at la/ !y beg9 to attract ! att5tion ( our *ronicl]s & are giv5 s]i\s att5tion4 ,h5ce we "k a great deal ab\t ! e>ly ,*ur*1 b exce$+ly little ab\t ! p :o 7 ! true f\nd]s ( t in/itution4 ,t is r a pity1 = ! e>ly developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ episodes 9 all hi/ory4 ,! ,*ur* :i* f9ally 0 built ^u ! ru9s ( ! anci5t empire 0 really a comb9ation ( two conflict+ int]e/s4 ,on ! "o side x /ood =? z ! *ampion ( ^? all-embrac+ ideals ( love & *>ity :i* ! ,ma/] himself _h taught4 ,b on ! o!r side x f\nd itself in]adicably b\nd up ) t arid _s ( prov9cialism :i* s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t _h set ! compatriots ( ,jesus ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,9 pla9 language1 x comb9$ ,roman effici5cy ) ,judaean intol]ance & z a result x e/abli%$ a reign ( t]ror ov] ! m9ds ( m5 :i* 0 z effici5t z x 0 illogical4 ,to und]/& h[ ?is c\ld h happ5$1 we mu/ g back once m to ! days ( ,paul & to ! fir/ fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & we mu/ firmly grasp ! fact t ,*ri/ianity _h begun z a re=m movem5t )9 ! bosom ( ! ,jewi% *ur* & _h be5 a purely nationali/ic movem5t :i* 9 ! beg9n+ _h ?reat5$ ! rul]s ( ! ,jewi% /ate & no "o else4 ,! ,ph>isees :o _h happ5$ to be 9 p[] :5 ,jesus liv$ _h und]/ood ?is only too cle>ly4 ,q naturally !y _h fe>$ ! ultimate consequ5ces ( an agitation :i* boldly ?reat5$ to "q a spiritual monopoly :i* 0 bas$ ^u no?+ m sub/antial ?an brute =ce4 ,to save !mselves f be+ wip$ out !y _h be5 =c$ to act 9 a _s ( panic & _h s5t _! enemy to ! gall[s be=e ! ,roman au?orities _h _h "t to int]v5e & deprive !m ( _! victim4 ,:at ,jesus w\ld h done _h he liv$ x is impossible to say4 ,he 0 kill$ long be=e he 0 able to organize 8 disciples into a special sect nor did he leave a s+le ^w ( writ+ f :i* 8 foll[]s c\ld conclude :at he want$ !m to d4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ?is _h prov$ to be a bless+ 9 disguise4 ,! abs5ce ( a writt5 set ( rules1 ( a def9ite collection ( ord9ances & regulations1 _h left ! disciples free to foll[ ! _s ( _! ma/]'s words r ?an ! lett] ( 8 law4 ,_h !y be5 b\nd by a book1 !y w\ld v likely h devot$ all _! en]gies to a !ological discussion ^u ! ev] entic+ subject ( commas & semi-colons4 ,9 t case1 ( c\rse1 no "o outside ( a few pr(essional s*ol>s c\ld h possibly %[n ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 ! new fai? & ,*ri/ianity w\ld h gone ! way ( s _m o!r sects :i* beg9 ) elaborate writt5 programs & end :5 ! police are call$ ^u to ?r[ ! haggl+ !ologians into ! /reet4 ,at ! di/ance ( almo/ tw5ty c5turies1 :5 we realize :at trem5d\s damage ,*ri/ianity did to ! ,roman ,empire1 x is a matt] ( surprise t ! au?orities took practically no /eps to quell a movem5t :i* 0 fully z dang]\s to ! safety ( ! /ate z an invasion by ,huns or ,go?s4 ,!y knew ( c\rse t ! fate ( ?is ea/]n prophet _h caus$ great excitem5t among _! h\se slaves1 t ! wom5 7 =ev] tell+ ea* o!r ab\t ! imm95t reappe>ance ( ! ,k+ ( ,heav51 & t q a numb] ( old m5 _h solemnly pr$ict$ ! imp5d+ de/ruction ( ?is _w by a ball ( fire4 ,b x 0 n ! fir/ "t t ! poor] classes _h gone into hy/]ics ab\t "s new religi\s h]o4 ,mo/ likely x w\ld n be ! la/ "t1 ei!r4 ,mean:ile ! police w\ld see to x t ^! poor1 fr5zi$ fanatics did n di/urb ! peace ( ! realm4 ,& t 0 t4 ,! police did wat* out1 b f\nd little occasion to act4 ,! foll[]s ( ! new my/]y w5t ab\t _! bus9ess 9 a mo/ exempl>y fa%ion4 ,!y did n try to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t4 ,at fir/1 sev]al slaves _h expect$ t ! common fa!rhood ( ,god & ! common bro!rhood ( man w\ld imply a cessation ( ! old relation betwe5 ma/] & s]vant4 ,! apo/le ,paul1 h[ev]1 _h ha/5$ to expla9 t ! ,k+dom ( :i* he spoke 0 an invisible & intangible k+dom ( ! s\l & t p on ?is e>? _h bett] take ?+s z !y f\nd !m1 9 expectation ( ! f9al rew>d :i* await$ !m 9 ,heav54 ,simil>ly1 a good _m wives1 *af+ at ! bondage ( matrimony z e/abli%$ by ! h>% laws ( ,rome1 _h ru%$ to ! conclusion t ,*ri/ianity 0 synonym\s ) emancipation & full equality ( rights betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,b aga9 ,paul _h /epp$ =w>d & 9 a numb] ( tactful lett]s _h implor$ 8 belov$ si/]s to refra9 f all ^? extremes :i* w\ld make _! *ur* suspect 9 ! eyes ( ! m cons]vative pagans & _h p]suad$ !m to cont9ue 9 t /ate ( semi-slav]y :i* _h be5 woman's %>e ev] s9ce ,adam & ,eve _h be5 driv5 out ( ,p>adise4 ,all ?is %[$ a mo/ comm5dable respect = ! law & z f> z ! au?orities 7 conc]n$1 ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies c\ld !re=e come & g at w & prea* z be/ suit$ _! own individual ta/es & pref]5ces4 ,b z has happ5$ s (t5 9 hi/ory1 ! masses _h %[n !mselves less tol]ant ?an _! rul]s4 ,j because p are poor x does n necess>ily foll[ t !y are high-m9d$ citiz5s :o c\ld be prosp]\s & happy if _! consci5ce w\ld only p]mit !m to make ^? compromises :i* are held to be necess>y = ! accumulation ( weal?4 ,& ! ,roman prolet>iat1 s9ce c5turies debau*$ by free meals & free prize-fights1 0 no exception to ?is rule4 ,at fir/ x d]iv$ a great deal ( r\gh pleasure f ^? sob]-fac$ gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 :o ) rapt att5tion li/5$ to ! weird /ories ab\t a ,god :o _h ignom9i\sly di$ on a cross1 l any o!r common crim9al1 & :o made x _! bus9ess to utt] l\d pray]s = ! hoodlums :o pelt$ _! ga!r+s ) /ones & dirt4 ,! ,roman prie/s1 h[ev]1 7 n able to take su* a deta*$ view ( ?is new developm5t4 ,! religion ( ! empire 0 a /ate religion4 ,x consi/$ ( c]ta9 solemn sacrifices made ^u c]ta9 specifi$ occasions & paid = 9 ca%4 ,?is money w5t t[>d ! support ( ! *ur* (fic]s4 ,:5 ?\s&s ( p began to des]t ! old %r9es & w5t to ano!r *ur* :i* did n *>ge !m any?+ at all1 ! prie/s 7 fac$ by a v s]i\s r$uction 9 _! sal>y4 ,?is ( c\rse did n please !m at all1 & soon !y 7 l\d 9 _! abuse ( ! godless h]etics :o turn$ _! backs ^u ! ,gods ( _! fa!rs & burn$ inc5se to ! memory ( a =eign prophet4 ,b !re 0 ano!r class ( p 9 ! city :o _h ev5 bett] reason to hate ! ,*ri/ians4 ,^? 7 ! fakirs1 :o z ,indian ,yogis & ,po\ghies & hi]ophants ( ! great & only my/]ies ( ,isis & ,i%t> & ,baal & ,cybele & ,attis _h = ye>s made a fat & easy liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! cr$ul\s ,roman middle classes4 ,if ! ,*ri/ians _h set up a rival e/abli%m5t & _h *>g$ a h&some price = _! own p>ticul> revelations1 ! guild ( spook-doctors & palmi/s & necromanc]s w\ld h _h no reason = compla9t4 ,bus9ess 0 bus9ess & ! soo?say+ frat]nity did n m9d if a bit ( _! trade w5t else:]e4 ,b ^! ,*ri/ians--a plague ^u _! silly notions6--refus$ to take any rew>d4 ,yea1 !y ev5 gave away :at !y _h1 f$ ! hungry & %>$ _! own ro( ) ! homeless4 ,& all t = no?+6 ,surely t 0 go+ too f> & !y nev] c\ld h done ?is unless !y 7 possess$ ( c]ta9 hidd5 s\rces ( rev5ue1 ! orig9 ( :i* no "o ?us f> _h be5 able to discov]4 ,rome by ?is "t 0 no long] a city ( free-born burgh]s4 ,x 0 ! tempor>y dwell+ place ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( dis9h]it$ peasants f all p>ts ( ! empire4 ,su* a mob1 obey+ ! my/]i\s laws t rule ! behavior ( cr[ds1 is always ready to hate ^? :o behave diff]5tly f !mselves & to suspect ^? :o = no app>5t reason pref] to live a life ( dec5cy & re/ra9t4 ,! hail-fell[-well-met :o w take a dr9k & 7occasionally7 w pay = "o is a f9e neighbor & a good fell[4 ,b ! man :o holds himself alo( & refuses to g to ! wild-animal %[ 9 ! ,coliseum1 :o does n *e] :5 bat*es ( prison]s ( w> are be+ dragg$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! ,capitol9e ,hill1 is a spoil-sport & an enemy ( ! community at l>ge4 ,:5 9 ! ye> #fd a great conflagration de/roy$ t "p ( ,rome inhabit$ by ! poor] classes1 ! sc5e 0 set = ! fir/ organiz$ attacks ^u ! ,*ri/ians4 ,at fir/ x 0 rumor$ t ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 9 a fit ( drunk5 conceit1 _h ord]$ 8 capital to be set on fire t he might get rid ( ! slums & rebuild ! city accord+ to 8 own plans4 ,! cr[d1 h[ev]1 knew bett]4 ,x 0 ! fault ( ^? ,jews & ,*ri/ians :o 7 =ev] tell+ ea* o!r ab\t ! happy day :5 l>ge balls ( fire w\ld desc5d f ,heav5 & ! homes ( ! wick$ w\ld g up 9 flames4 ,once ?is /ory _h be5 successfully />t$1 o!rs foll[$ 9 rapid succession4 ,"o old woman _h he>d ! ,*ri/ians talk ) ! dead4 ,ano!r knew t !y /ole little *ildr5 & cut _! ?roats & sme>$ _! blood ^u ! alt> ( _! outl&i% ,god4 ,( c\rse1 no "o _h ev] be5 able to detect !m at any ( ^! sc&al\s practices1 b t 0 only because !y 7 s t]ribly clev] & _h brib$ ! police4 ,b n[ at la/ !y _h be5 caught r$-h&$ & !y w\ld be made to suff] = _! vile de$s4 ,( ! numb] ( fai?ful :o 7 lyn*$ ^u ?is occasion1 we "k no?+4 ,paul & ,pet]1 s x seems1 7 among ! victims = !reaft] _! names are nev] he>d aga94 ,t ?is t]rible outbreak ( popul> folly accompli%$ no?+1 x is ne$less to /ate4 ,! noble dignity ) :i* ! m>tyrs accept$ _! fate 0 ! be/ possible propag&a = ! new ideas & = e ,*ri/ian :o p]i%$1 !re 7 a doz5 pagans1 ready & eag] to take 8 place4 ,z soon z ,n]o _h committ$ ! only dec5t act ( 8 %ort & useless life 7he kill$ himself 9 ! ye> #fh71 ! ,*ri/ians return$ to _! old haunts & ev]y?+ 0 z x _h be5 be=e4 ,by ?is "t ! ,roman au?orities 7 mak+ a great discov]y4 ,!y began to suspect t a ,*ri/ian 0 n exactly ! same ?+ z a ,jew4 ,we c h>dly blame !m = hav+ committ$ ?is error4 ,! hi/orical rese>*es ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s h made x increas+ly cle> t ! ,synagogue 0 ! cle>+-h\se ?r\gh :i* ! new fai? 0 pass$ on to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,rememb] t ,jesus himself 0 a ,jew & t he _h always be5 mo/ c>eful 9 obs]v+ ! anci5t laws ( 8 fa!rs & t he _h address$ himself almo/ exclusively to ,jewi% audi5ces4 ,once1 & !n only = a %ort "t1 _h he left 8 native c\ntry1 b ! task :i* he _h set himself he _h accompli%$ ) & by & = 8 fell[-,jews4 ,nor 0 !re any?+ 9 :at he _h ev] said :i* c\ld h giv5 ! av]age ,roman ! impression t !re 0 a delib]ate diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism4 ,:at ,jesus _h actually tri$ to d 0 ?is4 ,he _h cle>ly se5 ! t]rible abuses :i* _h ent]$ ! *ur* ( 8 fa!rs4 ,he _h l\dly & sometimes successfully prote/$ aga9/ !m4 ,b he _h f\ght 8 battles = re=m f )94 ,nev] app>5tly _h x dawn$ ^u him t he might be ! f\nd] ( a new religion4 ,if "s "o _h m5tion$ ! possibility ( su* a ?+ to him1 he w\ld h reject$ ! idea z prepo/]\s4 ,b l _m a re=m] be=e 8 day & aft]1 he _h gradually be5 =c$ into a position :]e compromise 0 no long] possible4 ,8 untimely dea? alone _h sav$ him f a fate l t ( ,lu!r & s _m o!r advocates ( re=m1 :o 7 deeply p]plex$ :5 !y sudd5ly f\nd !mselves at ! head ( a br& new p>ty 8outside0 ! organization to :i* !y belong$1 :]eas !y 7 m]ely try+ to d "s good f ! 8inside40 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ,*ri/ianity 7to use ! "n long be=e x _h be5 co9$7 0 ! religion ( a small ,jewi% sect :i* _h a few adh]5ts 9 ,j]usalem & 9 ! villages ( ,judaea & ,galilee & :i* _h nev] be5 he>d ( outside ( ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,x 0 ,gaius ,julius ,paulus1 a full-fl$g$ ,roman citiz5 ( ,jewi% desc5t1 :o _h fir/ recogniz$ ! possibilities ( ! new doctr9e z a religion = all ! _w4 ,! /ory ( 8 suff]+ tells u h[ bitt]ly ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians _h be5 oppos$ to ! idea ( a univ]sal religion in/ead ( a purely national d5om9ation1 memb]%ip to :i* %\ld only be op5 to p ( _! own race4 ,!y _h hat$ ! man :o d>$ prea* salvation to ,jews & ,g5tiles alike s bitt]ly t on 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem ,paul w\ld und\bt$ly h suff]$ ! fate ( ,jesus if 8 ,roman passport _h n sav$ him f ! fury ( 8 enrag$ compatriots4 ,b x _h be5 necess>y = half a battalion ( ,roman soldi]s to protect him & conduct him safely to ! coa/al t[n f :]e he c\ld be %ipp$ to ,rome = t fam\s trial :i* nev] took place4 ,a few ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 t :i* he _h s (t5 fe>$ dur+ 8 lifetime & :i* he _h repeat$ly =etold actually occurr$4 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ by ! ,romans4 ,on ! place ( ! temple ( ,jehovah a new temple 0 erect$ 9 honor ( ,jupit]4 ,! "n ( ! city 0 *ang$ to ,aelia ,capitol9a & ,judaea itself _h become "p ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,syria ,palae/9a4 ,z = ! inhabitants1 !y 7 ei!r kill$ or driv5 into exile & no "o 0 all[$ to live )9 sev]al miles ( ! ru9s on pa9 ( dea?4 ,x 0 ! f9al de/ruction ( _! holy city :i* _h be5 s disa/r\s to ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ians4 ,dur+ sev]al c5turies aft]w>ds1 9 ! little villages ( ! ,judaean h9t]l& colonies might h be5 f\nd ( /range p :o call$ !mselves 8poor m50 & :o wait$ ) great pati5ce & amid/ ev]la/+ pray]s = ! end ( ! _w :i* 0 at h&4 ,!y 7 ! remnants ( ! old ,jewi%-,*ri/ian community 9 ,j]usalem4 ,f "t to "t we he> !m m5tion$ 9 books writt5 dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies4 ,f> away f civilization1 !y develop$ c]ta9 /range doctr9es ( _! own 9 :i* hatr$ = ! apo/le ,paul took a prom95t place4 ,aft] ! sev5? c5tury h[ev] we no long] f9d any trace ( ^! s-call$ ,naz>5es & ,ebionites4 ,! victori\s ,mohamm$ans _h kill$ !m all4 ,&1 anyway1 if !y _h manag$ to exi/ a few hundr$ ye>s long]1 !y w\ld n h be5 able to av]t ! inevitable4 ,rome1 by br++ ea/ & we/ & nor? & s\? into "o l>ge political union1 _h made ! _w ready = ! idea ( a univ]sal religion4 ,*ri/ianity1 because x 0 bo? simple & practical & full ( a direct appeal1 0 pr$e/9$ to succe$ :]e ,judaism & ,mi?raism & all ( ! o!r compet+ cre$s 7 pr$e/9$ to fail4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! new fai? nev] q rid itself ( c]ta9 r unpleasant *>act]i/ics :i* only too cle>ly betray$ its orig94 ,! little %ip :i* _h br\ght ,paul & ,b>nabas f ,asia to ,europe _h c>ri$ a message ( hope & m]cy4 ,b a ?ird pass5g] _h smuggl$ himself on bo>d4 ,he wore a mask ( hol9ess & virtue4 ,b ! face b5ea? bore ! /amp ( cruelty & hatr$4 ,& 8 "n 0 ,religi\s ,intol]ance4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,twilight ,,( ,,! ,,gods ,! e>ly *ur* 0 a v simple organization4 ,z soon z x became app>5t t ! end ( ! _w 0 n at h&1 t ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 n to be foll[$ imm$iately by ! la/ judgm5t & t ! ,*ri/ians might expect to dwell 9 ?is vale ( te>s = a good long "t1 ! ne$ 0 felt = a m or less def9ite =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,orig9ally ! ,*ri/ians 7s9ce all ( !m 7 ,jews7 _h come toge!r 9 ! synagogue4 ,:5 ! rift _h occurr$ betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,g5tiles1 ! latt] _h betak5 !mselves to a room 9 "s "o's h\se & if none c\ld be f\nd big en\gh to hold all ! fai?ful 7& ! curi\s7 !y _h met out 9 ! op5 or 9 a des]t$ /one qu>ry4 ,at fir/ ^! ga!r+s _h tak5 place on ! ,sabba?1 b :5 bad feel+ betwe5 ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians & ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians increas$1 ! latt] began to drop ! habit ( keep+ ! ,sabba?-day & pref]r$ to meet on ,sunday1 ! day on :i* ! resurrection _h tak5 place4 ,^! solemn celebrations1 h[ev]1 _h borne witness to ! popul> z well z to ! emotional "* ( ! entire movem5t4 ,!re 7 no set spee*es or s]mons4 ,!re 7 no prea*]s4 ,bo? m5 & wom51 :5ev] !y felt !mselves inspir$ by ! ,holy ,fire1 _h ris5 up 9 meet+ to give evid5ce ( ! fai? t 0 9 !m4 ,sometimes1 if we are to tru/ ! lett]s ( ,paul1 ^! dev\t bre?r51 8speak+ ) tongues10 _h fill$ ! he>t ( ! great apo/le ) appreh5sion = ! future4 ,= mo/ ( !m 7 simple folk )\t mu* education4 ,no "o d\bt$ ! s9c]ity ( _! impromptu exhortations b v (t5 !y got s excit$ t !y rav$ l maniacs & :ile a *ur* may survive p]secution1 x is helpless aga9/ ridicule4 ,h5ce ! ef=ts ( ,paul & ,pet] & _! successors to br+ "s semblance ( ord] into ?is *aos ( spiritual divulgation & div9e en?usiasm4 ,at fir/ ^! ef=ts met ) little success4 ,a regul> program seem$ 9 direct contradiction to ! democratic nature ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 practical consid]ations sup]v5$ & ! meet+s became subject to a def9ite ritual4 ,!y began ) ! read+ ( "o ( ! ,psalms 7to placate ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians :o might be pres5t74 ,!n ! congregation unit$ 9 a song ( praise ( m rec5t composition = ! b5efit ( ! ,roman & ! ,greek wor%ip]s4 ,! only prescrib$ =m ( oration 0 ! fam\s pray] 9 :i* ,jesus _h summ$ up 8 entire philosophy ( life4 ,! prea*+1 h[ev]1 = sev]al c5turies rema9$ entirely spontane\s & ! s]mons 7 deliv]$ only by ^? :o felt t !y _h some?+ to say4 ,b :5 ! numb] ( ^? ga!r+s increas$1 :5 ! police1 =ev] on ! gu>d aga9/ secret societies1 began to make inquiries1 x 0 necess>y t c]ta9 m5 be elect$ to repres5t ! ,*ri/ians 9 _! deal+s ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,already ,paul _h spok5 highly ( ! gift ( lead]%ip4 ,he _h comp>$ ! little communities :i* he visit$ 9 ,asia & ,greece to s _m t9y vessels :i* 7 toss$ ^u a turbul5t sea & 7 v mu* 9 ne$ ( a clev] pilot if !y 7 to survive ! fury ( ! angry ocean4 ,& s ! fai?ful came toge!r once m & elect$ deacons & deaconesses1 pi\s m5 & wom5 :o 7 ! 8s]vants0 ( ! community1 :o took c>e ( ! sick & ! poor 7an object ( great conc]n to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians7 & :o look$ aft] ! prop]ty ( ! community & took c>e ( all ! small daily *ores4 ,/ill lat] :5 ! *ur* cont9u$ to gr[ 9 memb]%ip & ! bus9ess ( adm9i/ration _h become too intricate = m]e amateurs1 x 0 entru/$ to a small gr\p ( 8eld]s40 ,^! 7 kn[n by _! ,greek "n ( ,presbyt]s & h5ce our ^w 8prie/40 ,aft] a numb] ( ye>s1 :5 e village or city possess$ a ,*ri/ian *ur* ( its own1 ! ne$ 0 felt = a common policy4 ,!n an 8ov]se]0 7an ,episkopos or ,bi%op7 0 elect$ to sup]9t5d an entire di/rict & direct its deal+s ) ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,soon !re 7 bi%ops 9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ! empire1 & ^? 9 ,antio* & ,con/ant9ople & ,j]usalem & ,c>?age & ,rome & ,alex&ria & ,a!ns 7 reput$ to be v p[]ful g5tlem5 :o 7 almo/ z important z ! civil & milit>y gov]nors ( _! prov9ces4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( c\rse ! bi%op :o presid$ ov] t "p ( ! _w :]e ,jesus _h liv$ & suff]$ & di$ enjoy$ ! greate/ respect4 ,b aft] ,j]usalem _h be5 de/roy$ & ! g5]ation :i* _h expect$ ! end ( ! _w & ! triumph ( ,zion _h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?1 ! poor old bi%op 9 8 ru9$ palace saw himself depriv$ ( 8 =m] pre/ige4 ,& q naturally 8 place z lead] ( ! fai?ful 0 tak5 by ! 8ov]se]0 :o liv$ 9 ! capital ( ! civiliz$ _w & :o gu>d$ ! sites :]e ,pet] & ,paul1 ! great apo/les ( ! we/1 _h suff]$ _! m>tyrdom--! ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,?is bi%op1 l all o!rs1 0 kn[n z ,fa!r or ,papa1 ! common expression ( love & respect be/[$ ^u memb]s ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ! title ( ,papa h[ev] became almo/ exclusively associat$ 9 p's m9ds ) ! p>ticul> 8,fa!r0 :o 0 ! head ( ! metropolitan diocese4 ,:5 !y spoke ( ! ,papa or ,pope !y meant j "o ,fa!r1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 & n by any *ance ! ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople or ! ,bi%op ( ,c>?age4 ,?is 0 an entirely normal developm5t4 ,:5 we read 9 our newspap] ab\t 8! ,presid5t0 x is n necess>y to add 8( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,we "k t ! head ( our gov]nm5t is meant & n ! ,presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad or ! ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity or ! ,presid5t ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,! fir/ "t ! "n occurr$ (ficially 9 a docum5t 0 9 ! ye> #beh4 ,at t "t ,rome 0 /ill ! capital ( a highly successful empire & ! p[] ( ! bi%ops 0 entirely ov]%ad[$ by t ( ! emp]ors4 ,b dur+ ! next ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 "u ! con/ant m5ace ( bo? =eign & dome/ic invasions1 ! successors ( ,caes> began to look = a new home t w\ld (f] !m great] safety4 ,?is !y f\nd 9 a city 9 a diff]5t "p ( _! doma9s4 ,x 0 call$ ,byzantium1 aft] a my?ical h]o by ! "n ( ,byzas :o 0 said to h l&$ !re %ortly aft] ! ,trojan w>4 ,situat$ on ! /raits :i* sep>at$ ,europe f ,asia & dom9at+ ! trade r\te betwe5 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 x controll$ sev]al important monopolies & 0 ( su* great comm]cial importance t already ,sp>ta & ,a!ns _h f\ght = ! possession ( ?is ri* =tress4 ,byzantium1 h[ev]1 _h held its own until ! days ( ,alex&] & aft] hav+ be5 = a %ort :ile "p ( ,mac$onia x _h f9ally be5 incorporat$ into ! ,roman ,empire4 ,& n[1 aft] t5 c5turies ( increas+ prosp]ity1 its ,gold5 ,horn fill$ ) ! %ips f a hundr$ nations1 x 0 *os5 to become ! c5t] ( ! empire4 ,! p ( ,rome1 left to ! m]cy ( ,visigo?s & ,v&als & ,heav5 kn[s :at o!r sort ( b>b>ians1 felt t ! end ( ! _w _h come :5 ! imp]ial palaces /ood empty = ye>s at a "t2 :5 "o dep>tm5t ( /ate aft] ano!r 0 remov$ to ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus & :5 ! inhabitants ( ! capital 7 ask$ to obey laws made a ?\s& miles away4 ,b 9 ! realm ( hi/ory1 x is an ill w9d t does n bl[ "s "o good4 ,) ! emp]ors gone1 ! bi%ops rema9$ beh9d z ! mo/ important dignit>ies ( ! t[n1 ! only visible & tangible successors to ! glory ( ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,& :at excell5t use !y made ( _! new indep5d5ce6 ,!y 7 %rewd politicians1 = ! pre/ige & ! influ5ce ( _! (fice _h attract$ ! be/ bra9s ( all ,italy4 ,!y felt !mselves to be ! repres5tatives ( c]ta9 et]nal ideas4 ,h5ce !y 7 nev] 9 a hurry1 b proce$$ ) ! delib]ate sl[ness ( a glaci] & d>$ to take *ances :]e o!rs1 act+ "u ! pressure ( imm$iate necessity1 made rapid decisions1 blund]$ & fail$4 ,b mo/ important ( all1 !y 7 m5 ( a s+le purpose1 :o mov$ consi/5tly & p]si/5tly t[>ds "o goal4 ,9 all !y did & said & ?\ght !y 7 guid$ by ! desire to increase ! glory ( ,god & ! /r5g? & p[] ( ! organization :i* repres5t$ ! div9e w on e>?4 ,h[ well !y wr\ght1 ! hi/ory ( ! next t5 c5turies 0 to %[4 ,:ile ev]y?+ else p]i%$ 9 ! deluge ( savage tribes :i* hurl$ itself across ! ,european cont95t1 :ile ! walls ( ! empire1 "o aft] ! o!r1 came crumbl+ d[n1 :ile a ?\s& in/itutions z old z ! pla9s ( ,babylon 7 swept away l s mu* useless rubbi%1 ! ,*ur* /ood /rong & erect1 ! rock ( ages1 b m p>ticul>ly ! rock ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! victory1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 f9ally won1 0 b\ght at a t]rible co/4 ,= ,*ri/ianity :i* _h begun 9 a /able 0 all[$ to end 9 a palace4 ,x _h be5 />t$ z a prote/ aga9/ a =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! prie/ z ! self-appo9t$ int]m$i>y betwe5 ! deity & mank9d _h insi/$ ^u ! unque/ion+ ob$i5ce ( all ord9>y human be+s4 ,?is revolution>y body grew & 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s x develop$ into a new sup]!ocracy1 comp>$ to :i* ! old ,jewi% /ate _h be5 a mild & lib]al commonweal? ( happy & c>efree citiz5s4 ,& yet all ?is 0 p]fectly logical & q unavoidable1 z ,i %all n[ try to %[ y4 ,mo/ ( ! p :o visit ,rome make a pilgrimage to ! ,coliseum & )9 ^? w9d-swept walls !y are %[n ! hall[$ gr\nd :]e ?\s&s ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs fell z victims ( ,roman intol]ance4 ,b :ile x is true t ^u sev]al occasions !re 7 p]secutions ( ! adh]5ts ( ! new fai?1 ^! _h v little to d ) religi\s intol]ance4 ,!y 7 purely political4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 z a memb] ( a religi\s sect1 enjoy$ ! greate/ possible fre$om4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian :o op5ly proclaim$ himself a consci5ti\s objector1 :o bragg$ ( 8 pacifism ev5 :5 ! c\ntry 0 ?reat5$ ) =eign invasion & op5ly defi$ ! laws ( ! l& ^u e suitable & unsuitable occasion1 su* a ,*ri/ian 0 consid]$ an enemy ( ! /ate & 0 treat$ z su*4 ,t he act$ accord+ to 8 mo/ sacr$ convictions did n make ! slighte/ impression ^u ! m9d ( ! av]age police judge4 ,& :5 he tri$ to expla9 ! exact nature ( 8 scruples1 t dignit>y look$ puzzl$ & 0 entirely unable to foll[ him4 ,a ,roman police judge aft] all 0 only human4 ,:5 he sudd5ly f\nd himself call$ ^u to try p :o made an issue ( :at seem$ to him a v trivial matt]1 he simply did n "k :at to d4 ,long exp]i5ce _h taught him to keep cle> ( all !ological controv]sies4 ,besides he rememb]$ _m imp]ial edicts1 admoni%+ public s]vants to use 8tact0 9 _! deal+s ) ! new sect4 ,h5ce he us$ tact & argu$4 ,b z ! :ole dispute boil$ d[n to a "q ( pr9ciples1 v little 0 ev] accompli%$ by an appeal to logic4 ,9 ! end1 ! magi/rate 0 plac$ be=e ! *oice ( surr5d]+ ! dignity ( ! law or insi/+ ^u a complete & unqualifi$ v9dication ( ! supreme p[] ( ! /ate4 ,b prison & torture meant no?+ to p :o firmly believ$ t life did n beg9 until aft] dea? & :o %\t$ ) joy at ! idea ( be+ all[$ to leave ?is wick$ _w = ! joys ( ,heav54 ,! gu]illa w>f>e !re=e :i* f9ally broke out betwe5 ! au?orities & _! ,*ri/ian subjects 0 long & pa9ful4 ,we possess v few au!ntic figures ^u ! total numb] ( victims4 ,accord+ to ,orig51 ! fam\s *ur* fa!r ( ! ?ird c5tury1 sev]al ( ^: own relatives _h be5 kill$ 9 ,alex&ria dur+ "o ( ! p]secutions1 8! numb] ( true ,*ri/ians :o di$ = _! convictions c\ld easily be enum]at$40 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we p]use ! lives ( ! e>ly sa9ts we f9d ourselves fac$ by su* incessant tales ( blood%$ t we beg9 to wond] h[ a religion expos$ to ^! con/ant & murd]\s p]secutions c\ld ev] h surviv$ at all4 ,no matt] :at figures ,i %all give1 "s "o is sure to call me a prejudic$ li>4 ,i w !re=e keep my op9ion to myself & let my read]s draw _! own conclusions4 ,by /udy+ ! lives ( ! ,emp]ors ,decius 7#bdi-bea7 & ,val]ian 7#bec-bfj7 !y w be able to =m a fairly accurate op9ion z to ! true "* ( ,roman intol]ance dur+ ! wor/ era ( p]secution4 ,fur!rmore if !y w rememb] t z wise & lib]al m9d$ a rul] z ,m>cus ,aurelius confess$ himself unable to h&le ! problem ( 8 ,*ri/ian subjects successfully1 !y w d]ive "s idea ab\t ! difficulties :i* beset obscure little (ficials 9 remote corn]s ( ! empire1 :o tri$ to d _! duty & mu/ ei!r be unfai?ful to _! oa? ( (fice or execute ^? ( _! relatives & neighbors :o c\ld n or w\ld n obey ^? few & v simple ord9ances ^u :i* ! imp]ial gov]nm5t insi/$ z a matt] ( self-pres]vation4 ,mean:ile ! ,*ri/ians1 n h9d]$ by false s5tim5tality t[>ds _! pagan fell[-citiz5s1 7 /eadily ext5d+ ! sph]e ( _! influ5ce4 ,late 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! ,emp]or ,gratian at ! reque/ ( ! ,*ri/ian memb]s ( ! ,roman s5ate :o compla9$ t x hurt _! feel+s to ga!r 9 ! %ad[ ( a hea!ni% idol1 ord]$ ! removal ( ! /atue ( ,victory :i* = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s _h /ood 9 ! hall built by ,julius ,caes>4 ,sev]al s5ators prote/$4 ,?is did v little good & only caus$ a numb] ( !m to be s5t into exile4 ,x 0 !n t ,qu9tus ,aurelius ,symma*us1 a devot$ patriot ( great p]sonal di/9ction1 wrote 8 fam\s lett] 9 :i* he tri$ to sugge/ a compromise4 8,:y10 s he ask$1 8%\ld we ,pagans & our ,*ri/ian neighbors n live 9 peace & h>mony8 ,we look up to ! same />s1 we are fell[-pass5g]s on ! same planet & dwell b5ea? ! same sky4 ,:at matt]s x along :i* road ea* individual endeavors to f9d ! ultimate tru?8 ,! riddle ( exi/5ce is too great t !re %\ld be only "o pa? lead+ to an answ]40 ,he 0 n ! only man :o felt t way & saw ! dang] :i* ?reat5$ ! old ,roman tradition ( a broadm9d$ religi\s policy4 ,simultane\sly ) ! removal ( ! /atue ( ,victory 9 ,rome a viol5t qu>rel _h brok5 out betwe5 two cont5d+ factions ( ! ,*ri/ians :o _h f\nd a refuge 9 ,byzantium4 ,?is dispute gave rise to "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t discussions ( tol]ance to :i* ! _w _h ev] li/5$4 ,!mi/ius ! philosoph]1 :o 0 ! au?or1 _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,gods ( 8 fa!rs4 ,b :5 ! ,emp]or ,val5s took sides 9 ! fight betwe5 8 or?odox & 8 non-or?odox ,*ri/ian subjects1 ,!mi/ius felt oblig$ to rem9d him ( 8 true duty4 8,!re is10 s he said1 8a doma9 ov] :i* no rul] c hope to ex]cise any au?ority4 ,t is ! doma9 ( ! virtues & especially t ( ! religi\s beliefs ( individuals4 ,compulsion )9 t field causes hypocrisy & conv]sions t are bas$ ^u fraud4 ,h5ce x is mu* bett] = a rul] to tol]ate all beliefs1 s9ce x is only by tol]ation t civic /rife c be av]t$4 ,moreov]1 tol]ance is a div9e law4 ,god himself has mo/ cle>ly demon/rat$ 8 desire = a numb] ( diff]5t religions4 ,& ,god alone c judge ! me?ods by :i* humanity aspires to come to an und]/&+ ( ! ,div9e ,my/]y4 ,god delights 9 ! v>iety ( homage :i* is r5d]$ to him4 ,he likes ! ,*ri/ians to use c]ta9 rites1 ! ,greeks o!rs1 ! ,egyptians aga9 o!rs40 ,f9e words1 inde$1 b spok5 9 va94 ,! anci5t _w toge!r ) its ideas & ideals 0 dead & all ef=ts to set back ! clock ( hi/ory 7 doom$ be=eh&4 ,life means progress1 & progress means suff]+4 ,! old ord] ( society 0 rapidly dis9tegrat+4 ,! army 0 a mut9\s mob ( =eign m]c5>ies4 ,! fronti] 0 9 op5 revolt4 ,engl& & ! o!r outly+ di/ricts _h long s9ce be5 surr5d]$ to ! b>b>ians4 ,:5 ! f9al cata/rophe took place1 ^? brilliant "y m5 :o 9 c5turies pa/ _h ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! /ate f\nd !mselves depriv$ ( all b "o *ance = advancem5t4 ,t 0 a c>e] 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,z ,*ri/ian ar*bi%op ( ,spa91 !y c\ld hope to ex]cise ! p[] =m]ly held by ! proconsul4 ,z ,*ri/ian au?ors1 !y c\ld be c]ta9 ( a fairly l>ge public if !y 7 will+ to devote !mselves exclusively to !ological subjects4 ,z ,*ri/ian diplomats1 !y c\ld be sure ( rapid promotion if !y 7 will+ to repres5t ! bi%op ( ,rome at ! imp]ial c\rt ( ,con/ant9ople or und]take ! haz>d\s job ( ga9+ ! good w ( "s b>b>\s *iefta9 9 ! he>t ( ,gaul or ,sc&9avia4 ,& f9ally1 z ,*ri/ian f9anci]s1 !y c\ld hope to make =tunes adm9i/]+ ^? rapidly increas+ e/ates :i* _h made ! occupants ( ! ,lat]an ,palace ! l>ge/ l&[n]s ( ,italy & ! ri*e/ m5 ( _! "t4 ,we h se5 some?+ ( ! same nature dur+ ! la/ five ye>s4 ,up to ! ye> #aiad ! "y m5 ( ,europe :o 7 ambiti\s & did n dep5d ^u manual labor = _! support almo/ inv>iably ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! /ate4 ,!y became (fic]s ( ! diff]5t imp]ial & royal armies & navies4 ,!y fill$ ! high] judicial positions1 adm9i/]$ ! f9ances or sp5t ye>s 9 ! colonies z gov]nors or milit>y comm&]s4 ,!y did n expect to gr[ v ri*1 b ! social pre/ige ( ! (fices :i* !y held 0 v great & by ! application ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( intellig5ce1 indu/ry & hone/y1 !y c\ld look =w>d to a pleasant life & an honorable old age4 ,!n came ! w> & swept aside ^! la/ remnants ( ! old feudal fabric ( society4 ,! l[] classes took hold ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,"s few among ! =m] (ficials 7 too old to *ange ! habits ( a lifetime4 ,!y pawn$ _! ord]s & di$4 ,! va/ majority1 h[ev]1 surr5d]$ to ! inevitable4 ,f *ildhood on !y _h be5 educat$ to reg>d bus9ess z a l[ pr(ession1 n wor?y ( _! att5tion4 ,p]haps bus9ess 0 a l[ pr(ession1 b !y _h to *oose betwe5 an (fice & ! poor h\se4 ,! numb] ( p :o w g hungry = ! sake ( _! convictions is always relatively small4 ,& s )9 a few ye>s aft] ! great upheaval1 we f9d mo/ ( ! =m] (fic]s & /ate (ficials do+ ! sort ( "w :i* !y w\ld n h t\*$ t5 ye>s ago & do+ x n unwill+ly4 ,besides1 z mo/ ( !m belong$ to families :i* = g5]ations _h be5 tra9$ 9 executive "w & 7 ?or\ghly accu/om$ to h&le m51 !y h f\nd x comp>atively easy to pu% ahead 9 _! new c>e]s & are today a great deal happi] & decid$ly m prosp]\s ?an !y _h ev] expect$ to be4 ,:at bus9ess is today1 ! ,*ur* 0 sixte5 c5turies ago4 ,x may n always h be5 easy = "y m5 :o trac$ _! ance/ry back to ,h]cules or to ,romulus or to ! h]oes ( ! ,trojan w> to take ord]s f a simple cl]ic :o 0 ! son ( a slave1 b ! simple cl]ic :o 0 ! son ( a slave _h some?+ to give :i* ! "y m5 :o trac$ _! ance/ry back to ,h]cules & ,romulus & ! h]oes ( ! ,trojan w> want$ & want$ badly4 ,& !re=e if !y 7 bo? bright fell[s 7z !y well may h be57 !y soon le>n$ to appreciate ! o!r fell['s good qualities & got along beautifully4 ,= x is "o ( ! o!r /range laws ( hi/ory t ! m ?+s appe> to be *ang+1 ! m !y rema9 ! same4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t x has seem$ inevitable t !re %all be "o small gr\p ( clev] m5 & wom5 :o d ! rul+ & a mu* l>g] gr\p ( n-q-s-bright m5 & wom5 :o %all d ! obey+4 ,! /akes = :i* ^! two gr\ps play are at diff]5t p]iods kn[n by diff]5t names4 ,inv>iably !y repres5t ,/r5g? & ,lead]%ip on ! "o h& & ,weakness & ,compliance on ! o!r4 ,!y h be5 call$ ,empire & ,*ur* & ,knigh?ood & ,mon>*y & ,democracy & ,slav]y & ,s]fdom & ,prolet>iat4 ,b ! my/]i\s law :i* gov]ns human developm5t works ! same 9 ,mosc[ z x does 9 ,london or ,madrid or ,wa%+ton1 = x is b\nd to nei!r "t nor place4 ,x has (t5 manife/$ itself "u /range =ms & disguises4 ,m ?an once x has worn a l[ly g>b & has l\dly proclaim$ its love = humanity1 its devotion to ,god1 its humble desire to br+ ab\t ! greate/ good = ! greate/ numb]4 ,b und]nea? su* pleasant ext]iors x has always hidd5 & cont9ues to hide ! grim tru? ( t primeval law :i* insi/s t ! fir/ duty ( man is to keep alive4 ,p :o res5t ! fact t !y 7 born 9 a _w ( mammals are apt to get angry at su* /atem5ts4 ,!y call u 8mat]iali/ics0 & 8,cynics0 & :at n4 ,because !y h always reg>d$ hi/ory z a pleasant fairy tale1 !y are %ock$ to discov] t x is a sci5ce :i* obeys ! same iron rules :i* gov]n ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,!y might z well fight aga9/ ! habits ( p>allel l9es or ! results ( ! tables ( multiplication4 ,p]sonally ,i w\ld advise !m to accept ! inevitable4 ,= !n & only !n c hi/ory "s day be turn$ into some?+ t %all h a practical value to ! human race & cease to be ! ally & conf$]ate ( ^? :o pr(it by racial prejudice1 tribal intol]ance & ! ignorance ( ! va/ majority ( _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,& if any "o d\bts ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t1 let him look = ! pro( 9 ! *ronicles ( ^? c5turies ( :i* ,i 0 writ+ a few pages back4 ,let him /udy ! lives ( ! great lead]s ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies4 ,almo/ )\t exception he w f9d t !y came f ! ranks ( ! old ,pagan society1 t !y _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,greek philosoph]s & _h only drift$ into ! ,*ur* aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h be5 oblig$ to *oose a c>e]4 ,sev]al ( !m ( c\rse 7 attract$ by ! new ideas & accept$ ! words ( ,*ri/ ) he>t & s\l4 ,b ! great majority *ang$ its allegiance f a worldly ma/] to a ,heav5ly rul] because ! *ances = advancem5t ) ! latt] 7 inf9itely great]4 ,! ,*ur* f h] side1 always v wise & v und]/&+1 did n look too closely into ! motives :i* _h impell$ _m ( h] new disciples to take ?is sudd5 /ep4 ,& mo/ c>efully %e endeavor$ to be all ?+s to all m54 ,^? :o felt incl9$ t[>ds a practical & worldly exi/5ce 7 giv5 a *ance to make good 9 ! field ( politics & economics4 ,:ile ^? ( a diff]5t temp]am5t1 :o took _! fai? m emotionally1 7 (f]$ e possible opportunity to escape f ! cr[d$ cities t !y might cogitate 9 sil5ce ^u ! evils ( exi/5ce & s might acquire t degree ( p]sonal hol9ess :i* !y deem$ necess>y = ! et]nal happ9ess ( _! s\ls4 ,9 ! beg9n+ x _h be5 q easy to lead su* a life ( devotion & contemplation4 ,! ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( h] exi/5ce _h be5 m]ely a loose spiritual bond betwe5 humble folks :o dwell$ f> away f ! mansions ( ! mighty4 ,b :5 ! ,*ur* succe$$ ! empire z rul] ( ! _w1 & became a /rong political organization ) va/ real-e/ate hold+s 9 ,italy & ,france & ,africa1 !re 7 less opportunities = a life ( solitude4 ,_m pi\s m5 & wom5 began to h>k5 back to ! 8good old days0 :5 all true ,*ri/ians _h sp5t _! wak+ h\rs 9 works ( *>ity & 9 pray]4 ,t !y might aga9 be happy1 !y n[ artificially re-creat$ :at once _h be5 a natural developm5t ( ! times4 ,?is movem5t = a mona/ic =m ( life :i* 0 to ex]cise su* an enorm\s influ5ce ^u ! political & economic developm5t ( ! next ?\s& ye>s & :i* 0 to give ! ,*ur* a devot$ gr\p ( v useful %ock-troops 9 h] w>f>e ^u hea!n & h]etics 0 ( ,ori5tal orig94 ,?is ne$ n surprise u4 ,9 ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 civilization 0 v1 v old & ! human race 0 tir$ to ! po9t ( exhau/ion4 ,9 ,egypt alone1 t5 diff]5t & sep>ate cycles ( culture _h succe$$ ea* o!r s9ce ! fir/ settl]s _h occupi$ ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! same 0 true ( ! f]tile pla9 betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,! vanity ( life1 ! utt] futility ( all human ef=t1 lay visible 9 ! ru9s ( ?\s&s ( bygone temples & palaces4 ,! y\ng] races ( ,europe might accept ,*ri/ianity z an eag] promise ( life1 a con/ant appeal to _! newly rega9$ en]gy & en?usiasm4 ,b ,egyptians & ,syrians took _! religi\s exp]i5ces 9 a diff]5t mood4 ,to !m x meant ! welcome prospect ( relief f ! curse ( be+ alive4 ,& 9 anticipation ( ! joyful h\r ( dea?1 !y escap$ f ! *>nel-h\se ( _! own memories & !y fl$ into ! des]t t !y might be alone ) _! grief & _! ,god & nev]more look ^u ! reality ( exi/5ce4 ,= "s curi\s reason ! bus9ess ( re=m always seems to h _h a p>ticul> appeal to soldi]s4 ,!y1 m ?an all o!r p1 h come into direct contact ) ! cruelty & ! horrors ( civilization4 ,fur!rmore !y h le>n$ t no?+ c be accompli%$ )\t discipl9e4 ,! greate/ ( all mod]n w>riors to fight ! battles ( ! ,*ur* 0 a =m] capta9 9 ! army ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,& ! man :o fir/ ga!r$ ! spiritual /raggl]s into a s+le organization _h be5 a private 9 ! army ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,8 "n 0 ,pa*omius & he 0 an ,egyptian4 ,:5 he got ?r\gh ) 8 milit>y s]vice1 he jo9$ a small gr\p ( h]mits :o "u ! lead]%ip ( a c]ta9 ,an?ony1 :o hail$ f 8 own c\ntry1 _h left ! cities & 7 liv+ peacefully among ! jackals ( ! des]t4 ,b z ! solit>y life seem$ to lead to all sorts ( /range afflictions ( ! m9d & caus$ c]ta9 v regrettable excesses ( devotion :i* made p sp5d _! days on ! top ( an old pill> or at ! bottom ( a des]t$ grave 7!reby giv+ cause = great mir? to ! pagans & s]i\s reason = grief to ! true believ]s7 ,pa*omius decid$ to put ! :ole movem5t ^u a m practical basis & 9 ?is way he became ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ religi\s ord]4 ,f t day on 7! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury7 h]mits liv+ toge!r 9 small gr\ps obey$ "o s+le comm&] :o 0 kn[n z ! 8sup]ior g5]al0 & :o 9 turn appo9t$ ! abbots :o 7 responsible = ! diff]5t mona/]ies :i* !y held z s _m =tresses ( ! ,"l4 ,be=e ,pa*omius di$ 9 #cdf 8 mona/ic idea _h be5 c>ri$ f ,egypt to ,rome by ! ,alex&rian bi%op ,a?anasius & ?\s&s ( p _h avail$ !mselves ( ?is opportunity to flee ! _w1 its wick$ness & its too insi/5t cr$itors4 ,! climate ( ,europe1 h[ev]1 & ! nature ( ! p made x necess>y t ! orig9al plans ( ! f\nd] be slightly *ang$4 ,hung] & cold 7 n q s easy to be> "u a w9try sky z 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,besides1 ! m practical we/]n m9d 0 disgu/$ r ?an edifi$ by t display ( dirt & squalor :i* seem$ to be an integral "p ( ! ,ori5tal ideal ( hol9ess4 8,:at10 s ! ,italians & ! ,fr5*m5 ask$ !mselves1 8is to become ( ^? good works ^u :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* has laid s mu* /ress8 ,are ! wid[s & ! orphans & ! sick really v mu* b5efit$ by ! self-mortification ( small gr\ps ( emaciat$ zealots :o live 9 ! damp cav]ns ( a m\nta9 a million miles away f ev]y:]e80 ,! we/]n m9d !re=e insi/$ ^u a modification ( ! mona/ic in/itution along m reasonable l9es1 & cr$it = ?is innovation goes to a native ( ! t[n ( ,nursia 9 ! ,ap5n9e m\nta9s4 ,8 "n 0 ,b5$ict & he is inv>iably spok5 ( z ,sa9t ,b5$ict4 ,8 p>5ts _h s5t him to ,rome to be educat$1 b ! city _h fill$ 8 ,*ri/ian s\l ) horror & he _h fl$ to ! village ( ,subiaco 9 ! ,abruzzi m\nta9s to ! des]t$ ru9s ( an old c\ntry palace t once ^u a "t _h belong$ to ! ,emp]or ,n]o4 ,!re he _h liv$ = ?ree ye>s 9 complete solitude4 ,!n ! fame ( 8 great virtue began to spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntryside & ! numb] ( ^? :o wi%$ to be ne> him 0 soon s great t he _h en\gh recruits = a doz5 full-fl$g$ mona/]ies4 ,he !re=e retir$ f 8 dungeon & became ! lawgiv] ( ,european mona/icism4 ,fir/ ( all he drew up a con/itution4 ,9 e detail x %[$ ! influ5ce ( ,b5$ict's ,roman orig94 ,! monks :o swore to obey 8 rules c\ld n look =w>d to a life ( idl5ess4 ,^? h\rs :i* !y did n devote to pray] & m$itation 7 to be fill$ ) "w 9 ! fields4 ,if !y 7 too old = f>m "w1 !y 7 expect$ to tea* ! "y h[ to become good ,*ri/ians & useful citiz5s & s well did !y acquit !mselves ( ?is task t ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies = almo/ a ?\s& ye>s _h a monopoly ( education & 7 all[$ to tra9 mo/ ( ! "y m5 ( exceptional ability dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 return = _! labors1 ! monks 7 dec5tly clo!d1 receiv$ a suffici5t am\nt ( eatable food & 7 giv5 a b$ ^u :i* !y c\ld sleep ! two or ?ree h\rs ( ea* day t 7 n devot$ to "w or to pray]4 ,b mo/ important1 f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 0 ! fact t ! monks ceas$ to be laym5 :o _h m]ely run away f ?is _w & _! obligations to prep>e _! s\ls = ! h]eaft]4 ,!y became ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to qualify = _! new dignity by a long & mo/ pa9ful p]iod ( probation & fur!rmore !y 7 expect$ to take a direct & active "p 9 spread+ ! p[] & ! glory ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! fir/ elem5t>y mission>y "w among ! hea!n ( ,europe _h already be5 done4 ,b le/ ! good accompli%$ by ! apo/les come to naught1 ! labors ( ! individual prea*]s mu/ be foll[$ up by ! organiz$ ef=t ( p]man5t settl]s & adm9i/rators4 ,! monks n[ c>ri$ _! spade & _! ax & _! pray]-book into ! wild]ness ( ,g]many & ,sc&9avia & ,russia & f>-away ,icel&4 ,!y pl[$ & !y h>ve/$ & !y prea*$ & !y taught s*ool & br\ght unto ^? di/ant l&s ! fir/ rudim5t>y elem5ts ( a civilization :i* mo/ p only knew by he>say4 ,9 ?is way did ! ,papacy1 ! executive head ( ! entire ,*ur*1 make use ( all ! manifold =ces ( ! human _s4 ,! practical man ( affairs 0 giv5 q z mu* ( an opportunity to di/+ui% himself z ! dream] :o f\nd happ9ess 9 ! sil5ce ( ! woods4 ,!re 0 no lo/ motion4 ,no?+ 0 all[$ to g to wa/e4 ,& ! result 0 su* an increase ( p[] t soon nei!r emp]or nor k+ c\ld af=d to rule 8 realm )\t pay+ humble att5tion to ! wi%es ( ^? ( 8 subjects :o confess$ !mselves ! foll[]s ( ! ,*ri/4 ,! way 9 :i* ! f9al victory 0 ga9$ is n )\t int]e/4 ,= x %[s t ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 0 due to practical causes & 0 n 7z is sometimes believ$7 ! result ( a sudd5 & ov]:elm+ outbur/ ( religi\s ardor4 ,! la/ great p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians took place "u ! ,emp]or ,diocletian4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,diocletian 0 by no means "o ( ! wor/ among ^? _m pot5tates :o rul$ ,europe by ! grace ( _! body-gu>ds4 ,b he suff]$ f a compla9t :i* alas6 is q common among ^? :o are call$ ^u to gov]n ! human race4 ,he 0 d5sely ignorant ^u ! subject ( elem5t>y economics4 ,he f\nd himself possess$ ( an empire t 0 rapidly go+ to pieces4 ,hav+ sp5t all 8 life 9 ! army1 he believ$ ! weak po9t lay 9 ! organization ( ! ,roman milit>y sy/em1 :i* entru/$ ! def5ses ( ! outly+ di/ricts to colonies ( soldi]s :o _h gradually lo/ ! habit ( fight+ & _h become peaceful ru/ics1 sell+ cabbages & c>rots to ! v b>b>ians :om !y 7 suppos$ to keep at a safe di/ance f ! fronti]s4 ,x 0 impossible = ,diocletian to *ange ?is v5]able sy/em4 ,he !re=e tri$ to solve ! difficulty by creat+ a new field army1 compos$ ( "y & agile m5 :o at a few weeks' notice c\ld be m>*$ to any p>ticul> "p ( ! empire t 0 ?reat5$ ) an invasion4 ,?is 0 a brilliant idea1 b l all brilliant ideas ( a milit>y nature1 x co/ an awful lot ( money4 ,?is money _h to be produc$ 9 ! =m ( taxes by ! p 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 !y rais$ a great hue & cry & claim$ t !y c\ld n pay ano!r d5>ius )\t go+ /one broke4 ,! emp]or answ]$ t !y 7 mi/ak5 & be/[$ ^u 8 tax-ga!r]s c]ta9 p[]s ?us f> only possess$ by ! hangman4 ,b all to no avail4 ,= ! subjects1 r ?an "w at a regul> trade :i* assur$ !m a deficit at ! end ( a ye>'s h>d "w1 des]t$ h\se & home & family & h]ds & flock$ to ! cities or became hobos4 ,8 ,maje/y1 h[ev]1 did n believe 9 half-way measures & he solv$ ! difficulty by a decree :i* %[s h[ completely ! old ,roman ,republic _h deg5]at$ into an ,ori5tal despotism4 ,by a /roke ( 8 p5 he made all gov]nm5t (fices & all =ms ( h&icraft & comm]ce h]$it>y pr(essions4 ,t is to say1 ! sons ( (fic]s 7 suppos$ to become (fic]s1 :e!r !y lik$ x or n4 ,! sons ( bak]s mu/ !mselves become bak]s1 al?\gh !y might h great] aptitude = music or pawn-brok+4 ,! sons ( sailors 7 =$oom$ to a life on %ipbo>d1 ev5 if !y 7 sea-sick :5 !y r[$ across ! ,tib]4 ,& f9ally1 ! day labor]s1 al?\gh te*nically !y cont9u$ to be freem51 7 con/ra9$ to live & die on ! same piece ( soil on :i* !y _h be5 born & 7 h5ce=? no?+ b a v ord9>y v>iety ( slaves4 ,to expect t a rul] :o _h su* supreme confid5ce 9 8 own ability ei!r c\ld or w\ld tol]ate ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( a relatively small numb] ( p :o only obey$ su* p>ts ( 8 regulations & edicts z pleas$ !m w\ld be absurd4 ,b 9 judg+ ,diocletian = 8 h>%ness 9 deal+ ) ! ,*ri/ians1 we mu/ rememb] t he 0 fight+ ) 8 back aga9/ ! wall & t he _h good cause to suspect ! loyalty ( sev]al million ( 8 subjects :o pr(it$ by ! measures he _h tak5 = _! protection b refus$ to c>ry _! %>e ( ! common burd54 ,y w rememb] t ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians _h n tak5 ! tr\ble to write any?+ d[n4 ,!y expect$ ! _w to come to an end at almo/ any mom5t4 ,!re=e :y wa/e "t & money ^u lit]>y ef=ts :i* 9 less ?an t5 ye>s w\ld be consum$ by ! fire f ,heav58 ,b :5 ! ,new ,zion fail$ to mat]ialize & :5 ! /ory ( ,*ri/ 7aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( pati5t wait+7 0 beg9n+ to be repeat$ ) su* /range additions & v>iations t a true disciple h>dly knew :at to believe & :at n1 ! ne$ 0 felt = "s au!ntic book ^u ! subject & a numb] ( %ort biographies ( ,jesus & su* ( ! orig9al lett]s ( ! apo/les z _h be5 pres]v$ 7 comb9$ into "o l>ge volume :i* 0 call$ ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is book conta9$ among o!rs a *apt] call$ ! ,book ( ,revelations & !re9 7 to be f\nd c]ta9 ref]5ces & c]ta9 prophecies ab\t & an5t a city built on 8sev5 m\nta9s40 ,t ,rome 0 built on sev5 hills _h be5 a commonly kn[n fact ev] s9ce ! days ( ,romulus4 ,x is true t ! anonym\s au?or ( ?is curi\s *apt] c>efully call$ ! city ( 8 abom9ation ,babylon4 ,b x took no great degree ( p]spicacity on ! "p ( ! imp]ial magi/rate to und]/& :at 0 meant :5 he read ^! pleasant ref]5ces to ! 8,"m ( ,h>lots0 & ! 8,abom9ation ( ! ,e>?10 ! t[n t 0 drunk ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts & ! m>tyrs1 =$oom$ to become ! habitation ( all devils1 ! home ( e f\l _s1 ! cage ( e unclean & hateful bird1 & m expressions ( a simil> & slightly uncomplim5t>y nature4 ,su* s5t5ces might h be5 expla9$ away z ! rav+s ( a poor fanatic1 bl9d$ by pity & rage z he ?\ght ( 8 _m fri5ds :o _h be5 kill$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,b !y 7 "p ( ! solemn s]vices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,week aft] week !y 7 repeat$ 9 ^? places :]e ! ,*ri/ians came toge!r & x 0 no m ?an natural t outsid]s %\ld ?9k t !y repres5t$ ! true s5tim5ts ( all ,*ri/ians t[>ds ! mighty city on ! ,tib]4 ,i d n mean to imply t ! ,*ri/ians may n h _h excell5t reason to feel ! way !y did1 b we c h>dly blame ,diocletian because he fail$ to %>e _! en?usiasm4 ,b t 0 n all4 ,! ,romans 7 becom+ increas+ly famili> ) an expression :i* ! _w ?us f> _h nev] he>d4 ,t 0 ! ^w 8h]etics40 ,orig9ally ! "n 8h]etic0 0 giv5 only to ^? p :o _h 8*os50 to believe c]ta9 doctr9es1 or1 z we w\ld say1 a 8sect40 ,b gradually ! mean+ _h n>r[$ d[n to ^? :o _h *os5 to believe c]ta9 doctr9es :i* 7 n held 8correct0 or 8s\nd0 or 8true0 or 8or?odox0 by ! duly e/abli%$ au?orities ( ! ,*ur* & :i* !re=e1 to use ! language ( ! ,apo/les1 7 8h]etical1 uns\nd1 false & et]nally wrong40 ,! few ,romans :o /ill clung to ! anci5t fai? 7 te*nically free f ! *>ge ( h]esy because !y _h rema9$ outside ( ! fold ( ! ,*ur* & !re=e c\ld n1 /rictly speak+1 be held to acc\nt = _! private op9ions4 ,all ! same1 x did n flatt] ! imp]ial pride to read 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t 8h]esy 0 z t]rible an evil z adult]y1 uncleanness1 lascivi\sness1 idolatry1 wit*craft1 wra?1 /rife1 murd]1 s$ition & drunk5ness0 & a few o!r ?+s :i* common dec5cy prev5ts me f repeat+ on ?is page4 ,all ?is l$ to friction & misund]/&+ & friction & misund]/&+ l$ to p]secution & once m ,roman jails 7 fill$ ) ,*ri/ian prison]s & ,roman execution]s add$ to ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs & a great deal ( blood 0 %$ & no?+ 0 accompli%$ & f9ally ,diocletian1 9 utt] despair1 w5t back to 8 home t[n ( ,salonae on ! ,dalmatian coa/1 retir$ f ! bus9ess ( rul+ & devot$ himself exclusively to ! ev5 m excit+ pa/ime ( rais+ great big cabbages 9 8 back y>d4 ,8 successor did n cont9ue ! policy ( repression4 ,on ! contr>y1 s9ce he c\ld n hope to eradicate ! ,*ri/ian evil by =ce1 he decid$ to make ! be/ ( a bad b>ga9 & ga9 ! good w ( 8 enemies by (f]+ !m "s special favors4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ye> #cac & ! honor ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to 8recognize0 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* (ficially belongs to a man by ! "n ( ,con/ant9e4 ,"s day we %all possess an ,int]national ,bo>d ( ,revision+ ,hi/orians be=e :om all emp]ors1 k+s1 pontiffs1 presid5ts & mayors :o n[ enjoy ! title ( ! 8great0 %all h to submit _! claims = ?is specific qualification4 ,"o ( ! c&idates :o w h to be wat*$ v c>efully :5 he appe>s be=e ?is tribunal is ! a=em5tion$ ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,?is wild ,s]bian :o _h wield$ a spe> on e battle field ( ,europe1 f ,york 9 ,engl& to ,byzantium on ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus1 0 among o!r ?+s ! murd]] ( 8 wife1 ! murd]] ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ! murd]] ( 8 nephew 7a boy ( sev57 & ! execution] ( sev]al o!r relatives ( m9or degree & importance4 ,nev]!less & not)/&+1 because 9 a mom5t ( panic j be=e he m>*$ aga9/ 8 mo/ dang]\s rival1 ,max5tius1 he _h made a bold bid = ,*ri/ian support1 he ga9$ great fame z ! 8second ,moses0 & 0 ultimately elevat$ to sa9?ood bo? by ! ,arm5ian & by ! ,russian *ur*es4 ,t he liv$ & di$ a b>b>ian :o _h outw>dly accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 yet until ! end ( 8 days tri$ to read ! riddle ( ! future f ! /eam+ entrails ( sacrificial %eep1 all ?is 0 mo/ consid]ately ov]look$ 9 view ( ! fam\s ,edict ( ,tol]ance by :i* ! ,emp]or gu>ante$ unto 8 belov$ ,*ri/ian subjects ! "r to 8freely pr(ess _! private op9ions & to assemble 9 _! meet+ place )\t fe> ( mole/ation40 ,= ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 z ,i h repeat$ly /at$ be=e1 7 practical politicians & :5 !y _h f9ally =c$ ! ,emp]or to sign ?is ev] memorable decree1 !y elevat$ ,*ri/ianity f ! rank ( a m9or sect to ! dignity ( ! (ficial *ur* ( ! /ate4 ,b !y knew h[ & 9 :at mann] ?is _h be5 accompli%$ & ! successors ( ,con/ant9e knew x1 & al?\gh !y tri$ to cov] x up by a display ( oratorical fireworks ! arrangem5t nev] q lo/ its orig9al "*4 99 99 99 99 99 8,deliv] me1 oh mighty rul]10 exclaim$ ,ne/or ! ,patri>* unto ,!odosius ! ,emp]or1 8deliv] me ( all ! enemies ( my *ur* & 9 return ,i w give !e ,heav54 ,/& by me 9 putt+ d[n ^? :o disagree ) our doctr9es & we 9 turn w /& by !e 9 putt+ d[n ?9e enemies40 ,!re h be5 o!r b>ga9s dur+ ! hi/ory ( ! la/ tw5ty c5turies4 ,b few h be5 s braz5 z ! compromise by :i* ,*ri/ianity came to p[]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,imprisonm5t ,j be=e ! curta9 r+s d[n = ! la/ "t ^u ! anci5t _w1 a figure crosses ! /age :i* _h des]v$ a bett] fate ?an an untimely dea? & ! unflatt]+ appellation ( 8! ,apo/ate40 ,! ,emp]or ,julian1 to :om ,i ref]1 0 a nephew ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great & 0 born 9 ! new capital ( ! empire 9 ! ye> #cca4 ,9 #ccg 8 fam\s uncle di$4 ,at once 8 ?ree sons fell ^u _! common h]itage & ^u ea* o!r ) ! fury ( fami%$ wolves4 ,to rid !mselves ( all ^? :o might possibly lay claim to "p ( ! spoils1 !y ord]$ t ^? ( _! relatives :o liv$ 9 or ne> ! city be murd]$4 ,julian's fa!r 0 "o ( ! victims4 ,8 "m _h di$ a few ye>s aft] 8 bir?4 ,9 ?is way1 at ! age ( six1 ! boy 0 left an orphan4 ,an old] half-bro!r1 an invalid1 %>$ 8 lonel9ess & 8 lessons4 ,^! consi/$ mo/ly ( lectures ^u ! advantages ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 giv5 by a k9dly b un9spir$ old bi%op by ! "n ( ,eusebius4 ,b :5 ! *ildr5 grew old]1 x 0 ?\ght wis] to s5d !m a little fur!r away :]e !y w\ld be less conspicu\s & might possibly escape ! usual fate ( junior ,byzant9e pr9ces4 ,!y 7 remov$ to a little village 9 ! he>t ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x 0 a dull life1 b x gave ,julian a *ance to le>n _m useful ?+s4 ,= 8 neighbors1 ! ,cappadocian m\nta9e]s1 7 a simple p & /ill believ$ 9 ! gods ( _! ance/ors4 ,!re 0 n ! slighte/ *ance t ! boy w\ld ev] hold a responsible position & :5 he ask$ p]mission to devote himself to a life ( /udy1 he 0 told to g ahead4 ,fir/ ( all he w5t to ,nicom$ia1 "o ( ! few places :]e ! old ,greek philosophy cont9u$ to be taught4 ,!re he cramm$ 8 head s full ( lit]ature & sci5ce t !re 0 no space left = ! ?+s he _h le>n$ f ,eusebius4 ,next he obta9$ leave to g to ,a!ns1 t he might /udy on ! v spot hall[$ by ! recollections ( ,socrates & ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,mean:ile1 8 half-bro!r too _h be5 assass9at$ & ,con/antius1 8 c\s9 & ! "o & only rema9+ son ( ,con/ant9e1 rememb]+ t he & 8 c\s91 ! boy philosoph]1 7 by ?is "t ! only two surviv+ male memb]s ( ! imp]ial family1 s5t = ,julian1 receiv$ him k9dly1 m>ri$ him1 /ill 9 ! k9de/ ( spirits1 to 8 own si/]1 ,hel5a1 & ord]$ him to proce$ to ,gaul & def5d t prov9ce aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,x seems t ,julian _h le>n$ some?+ m practical f 8 ,greek tea*]s ?an an ability to argue4 ,:5 9 ! ye> #ceg ! ,alamanni ?reat5$ ,france1 he de/roy$ _! army ne> ,/rassburg1 & = good measure add$ all ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,meuse & ! ,rh9e to 8 own prov9ce & w5t to live 9 ,p>is1 fill$ 8 libr>y ) a fre% supply ( books by 8 favorite au?ors & 0 z happy z 8 s]i\s nature all[$ him to be4 ,:5 news ( ^! victories rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,emp]or1 little ,greek fire 0 wa/$ 9 celebration ( ! ev5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 elaborate plans 7 laid to get rid ( a competitor :o might be j a trifle too successful4 ,b ,julian 0 v popul> ) 8 soldi]s4 ,:5 !y he>d t _! comm&]-9-*ief _h be5 ord]$ to return home 7a polite invitation to come & h "o's head cut (f71 !y invad$ 8 palace & !n & !re proclaim$ him emp]or4 ,at ! same "t !y let x be kn[n t !y w\ld kill him if he %\ld refuse to accept4 ,julian1 l a s5sible fell[1 accept$4 ,ev5 at t late date1 ! ,roman roads mu/ h be5 9 a rem>kably good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,julian 0 able to break all records by ! spe$ ) :i* he m>*$ 8 troops f ! he>t ( ,france to ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus4 ,b ere he rea*$ ! capital1 he he>d t 8 c\s9 ,con/antius _h di$4 ,& 9 ?is way1 a pagan once m became rul] ( ! we/]n _w4 ,( c\rse ! ?+ :i* ,julian _h und]tak5 to d 0 impossible4 ,x is a /range ?+ inde$ t s intellig5t a man %\ld h be5 "u ! impression t ! dead pa/ c\ld ev] be br\ght back to life by ! use ( =ce2 t ! age ( ,p]icles c\ld be reviv$ by recon/ruct+ an exact replica ( ! ,acropolis & populat+ ! des]t$ groves ( ! ,academy ) pr(essors dress$ up 9 togas ( a bygone age & talk+ to ea* o!r 9 a tongue t _h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>? m ?an five c5turies be=e4 ,& yet t is exactly :at ,julian tri$ to d4 ,all 8 ef=ts dur+ ! two %ort ye>s ( 8 reign 7 direct$ t[>ds ! re/abli%m5t ( t anci5t sci5ce :i* 0 n[ held 9 pr(\nd contempt by ! majority ( 8 p2 t[>ds ! rek9dl+ ( a _s ( rese>* 9 a _w rul$ by illit]ate monks :o felt c]ta9 t ev]y?+ wor? kn[+ 0 conta9$ 9 a s+le book & t indep5d5t /udy & inve/igation c\ld only lead to unbelief & hell fire2 t[>ds ! requick5+ ( ! joy-(-liv+ among ^? :o _h ! vitality & ! en?usiasm ( gho/s4 ,_m a man ( great] t5acity ?an ,julian w\ld h be5 driv5 to madness & despair by ! _s ( opposition :i* met him on all sides4 ,z = ,julian1 he simply w5t to pieces "u x4 ,tempor>ily at lea/ he clung to ! enlight5$ pr9ciples ( 8 great ance/ors4 ,! ,*ri/ian rabble ( ,antio* might pelt him ) /ones & mud1 yet he refus$ to puni% ! city4 ,dull-witt$ monks might try to provoke him into ano!r era ( p]secution1 yet ! ,emp]or p]si/5tly cont9u$ to in/ruct 8 (ficials 8n to make any m>tyrs40 ,9 ! ye> #cfc a m]ciful ,p]sian arr[ made an end to ?is /range c>e]4 ,x 0 ! be/ ?+ t c\ld h happ5$ to ?is1 ! la/ & greate/ ( ! ,pagan rul]s4 ,_h he liv$ any long]1 8 s5se ( tol]ance & 8 hatr$ ( /upidity w\ld h turn$ him into ! mo/ intol]ant man ( 8 age4 ,n[1 f 8 cot 9 ! hospital1 he c\ld reflect t dur+ 8 rule1 n a s+le p]son _h suff]$ dea? = 8 private op9ions4 ,= ?is m]cy1 8 ,*ri/ian subjects rew>d$ him ) _! undy+ hatr$4 ,!y boa/$ t an arr[ f "o ( 8 own soldi]s 7a ,*ri/ian legion>y7 _h kill$ ! ,emp]or & ) r>e delicacy !y compos$ eulogies 9 praise ( ! murd]]4 ,!y told h[1 j be=e he collaps$1 ,julian _h confess$ ! errors ( 8 ways & _h ackn[l$g$ ! p[] ( ,*ri/4 ,& !y empti$ ! ars5al ( f\l epi!ts ) :i* ! vocabul>y ( ! f\r? c5tury 0 s ri*ly /ock$ to disgrace ! fame ( an hone/ man :o _h liv$ a life ( ascetic simplicity & _h devot$ all 8 en]gies to ! happ9ess ( ! p :o _h be5 entru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,:5 he _h be5 c>ri$ to 8 grave ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops c\ld at la/ consid] !mselves ! v]itable rul]s ( ! ,empire & imm$iately began ! task ( de/roy+ :atev] opposition to _! dom9ation might rema9 9 isolat$ corn]s ( ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa4 ,"u ,val5t9ian & ,val5s1 two bro!rs :o rul$ f #cfd to #cgh1 an edict 0 pass$ =bidd+ all ,romans to sacrifice animals to ! old ,gods4 ,! pagan prie/s 7 !reby depriv$ ( _! rev5ue & =c$ to look = o!r employm5t4 ,b ! regulations 7 mild comp>$ to ! law by :i* ,!odosius ord]$ all 8 subjects n only to accept ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 b to accept !m only 9 ! =m laid d[n by ! 8univ]sal0 or 8,ca?olic0 *ur* ( :i* he _h made himself ! protector & :i* 0 to h a monopoly 9 all matt]s spiritual4 ,all ^? :o aft] ! promulgation ( ?is ord9ance /uck to _! 8errone\s op9ions0--:o p]si/$ 9 _! 8insane h]esies0--:o rema9$ fai?ful to _! 8sc&al\s doctr9es0--7 to suff] ! consequ5ces ( _! willful disob$i5ce & 7 to be exil$ or put to dea?4 ,f !n on ! old _w m>*$ rapidly to its f9al doom4 ,9 ,italy & ,gaul & ,spa9 & ,engl& h>dly a pagan temple rema9$4 ,!y 7 ei!r wreck$ by ! contractors :o ne$$ /ones = new bridges & /reets & city-walls & wat]-works1 or !y 7 remodel$ to s]ve z meet+ places = ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! ?\s&s ( gold5 & silv] images :i* _h be5 accumulat$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,republic 7 publicly confiscat$ & privately /ol5 & su* /atues z rema9$ 7 made into mort>4 ,! ,s]apeum ( ,alex&ria1 a temple :i* ,greeks & ,romans & ,egyptians alike _h held 9 ! greate/ v5]ation = m ?an six c5turies1 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,!re rema9$ ! univ]sity1 fam\s all ov] ! _w ev] s9ce x _h be5 f\nd$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,x _h cont9u$ to tea* & expla9 ! old philosophies & z a result attract$ a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,:5 x 0 n clos$ at ! behe/ ( ! ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 ! monks ( 8 diocese took ! matt] into _! own h&s4 ,!y broke into ! lecture rooms1 lyn*$ ,hypatia1 ! la/ ( ! great ,platonic tea*]s1 & ?rew h] mutilat$ body into ! /reets :]e x 0 left to ! m]cy ( ! dogs4 ,9 ,rome ?+s w5t no bett]4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] 0 clos$1 ! ,sibyll9e books1 ! v basis ( ! old ,roman fai?1 7 burn$4 ,! capital 0 left a ru94 ,9 ,gaul1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! fam\s bi%op ( ,t\rs1 ! old ,gods 7 decl>$ to be ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,*ri/ian devils & _! temples 7 !re=e ord]$ to be wip$ (f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5$ 9 remote c\ntry di/ricts1 ! peasants ru%$ =? to ! def5se ( _! belov$ %r9es1 ! soldi]s 7 call$ out & by means ( ! ax & ! gall[s made an end to su* 8insurrections ( ,satan40 ,9 ,greece1 ! "w ( de/ruction proce$$ m sl[ly4 ,b f9ally 9 ! ye> #cid1 ! ,olympic games 7 aboli%$4 ,z soon z ?is c5t] ( ,greek national life 7aft] an un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce ( elev5 hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s7 _h come to an end1 ! re/ 0 comp>atively easy4 ,"o aft] ! o!r1 ! philosoph]s 7 expell$ f ! c\ntry4 ,f9ally1 by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns 0 clos$4 ,! funds e/abli%$ = its ma9t5ance 7 confiscat$4 ,! la/ sev5 pr(essors1 depriv$ ( _! livelihood1 fl$ to ,p]sia :]e ,k+ ,*osroes receiv$ !m hospitably & all[$ !m to sp5d ! re/ ( _! days peacefully play+ ! new & my/]i\s ,indian game call$ 8*ess40 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 ar*bi%op ,*ryso/omus c\ld tru?fully /ate t ! works ( ! old au?ors & philosoph]s _h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,cic]o & ,socrates & ,virgil & ,hom] 7n to m5tion ! ma!maticians & ! a/ronom]s & ! physicians :o 7 an object ( special abom9ation to all good ,*ri/ians7 lay =gott5 9 a ?\s& attics & cell>s4 ,six hundr$ ye>s 7 to g by be=e !y 7 call$ back to life1 & 9 ! meantime ! _w w\ld be oblig$ to subsi/ on su* lit]>y f>e z x pleas$ ! !ologians to place be=e x4 ,a /range diet1 & n exactly 79 ! j>gon ( ! m$ical faculty7 a balanc$ "o4 ,= ! ,*ur*1 al?\gh triumphant ov] its pagan enemies1 0 beset by _m & s]i\s tribulations4 ,! poor peasant 9 ,gaul & ,lusitania1 clamor+ to burn inc5se 9 honor ( 8 anci5t ,gods1 c\ld be sil5c$ easily en\gh4 ,he 0 a hea!n & ! law 0 on ! side ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,b ! ,o/rogo? or ! ,alaman or ! ,longob>d :o decl>$ t ,arius1 ! prie/ ( ,alex&ria1 0 "r 9 8 op9ion ^u ! true nature ( ,*ri/ & t ,a?anasius1 ! bi%op ( t same city & ,arius' bitt] enemy1 0 wrong 7or vice v]sa7--! ,longob>d or ,frank :o /\tly ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ 0 n 8( ! same nature0 b ( a 8l nature only0 ) ,god 7or vice v]sa7--! ,v&al or ! ,saxon :o insi/$ t ,ne/or spoke ! tru? :5 he call$ ! ,virg9 ,m>y ! 8"m ( ,*ri/0 & n ! 8"m ( ,god0 7or vice v]sa7--! ,burgundian or ,frisian :o d5i$ t ,jesus 0 possess$ ( two natures1 "o human & "o div9e 7or vice v]sa7--all ^! simple-m9d$ b /rong-arm$ b>b>ians :o _h accept$ ,*ri/ianity & 71 outside ( _! un=tunate errors ( op9ion1 /aun* fri5ds & support]s ( ! ,*ur*--^! inde$ c\ld n be puni%$ ) a g5]al ana!ma & a ?reat ( p]petual hell fire4 ,!y mu/ be p]suad$ g5tly t !y 7 wrong & mu/ be br\ght )9 ! fold ) *>itable expressions ( love & devotion4 ,b be=e all else !y mu/ be giv5 a def9ite cre$ t !y might "k = once & = all :at !y mu/ hold to be true & :at !y mu/ reject z false4 ,x 0 t desire = unity ( "s sort 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! fai? :i* f9ally caus$ ^? fam\s ga!r+s :i* h become kn[n z ,oecum5ical or ,univ]sal ,c\ncils1 & :i* s9ce ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury h be5 call$ toge!r at irregul> int]vals to decide :at doctr9e is "r & :at doctr9e conta9s ! g]m ( h]esy & %\ld !re=e be adjudg$ errone\s1 uns\nd1 fallaci\s & h]etical4 ,! fir/ ( ^? ,oecum5ical c\ncils 0 held 9 ! t[n ( ,nicaea1 n f> f ! ru9s ( ,troy1 9 ! ye> #cbe4 ,! second "o1 fifty-six ye>s lat]1 0 held 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ?ird "o 9 ! ye> #dca 9 ,ephesus4 ,!reaft] !y foll[$ ea* o!r 9 rapid succession 9 ,*alc$on1 twice aga9 9 ,con/ant9ople1 once m 9 ,nicaea & f9ally once aga9 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ye> #hfi4 ,aft] t1 h[ev]1 !y 7 held 9 ,rome or 9 "s p>ticul> t[n ( we/]n ,europe designat$ by ! ,pope4 ,= x 0 g5]ally accept$ f ! f\r? c5tury on t al?\gh ! emp]or _h ! te*nical "r to call toge!r su* meet+s 7a privilege :i* incid5tally oblig$ him to pay ! travel+ exp5ses ( 8 fai?ful bi%ops7 t v s]i\s att5tion %\ld be paid to ! sugge/ions made by ! p[]ful ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,& al?\gh we d n "k ) any degree ( c]ta9ty :o occupi$ ! *air 9 ,nicaea1 all lat] c\ncils 7 dom9at$ by ! ,popes & ! decisions ( ^! holy ga!r+s 7 n reg>d$ z b9d+ unless !y _h obta9$ ! (ficial approval ( ! supreme pontiff himself or "o ( 8 delegates4 ,h5ce we c n[ say f>ewell to ,con/ant9ople & travel to ! m cong5ial regions ( ! we/4 ,! field ( ,tol]ance & ,intol]ance has be5 f\ght ov] s repeat$ly by ^? :o hold tol]ance ! greate/ ( all human virtues & ^? :o d5\nce x z an evid5ce ( moral weakness1 t ,i %all pay v little att5tion to ! purely !oretical aspects ( ! case4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be confess$ t ! *ampions ( ! ,*ur* foll[ a plausible l9e ( reason+ :5 !y try to expla9 away ! t]rible puni%m5ts :i* 7 inflict$ ^u all h]etics4 8,a *ur*10 s !y argue1 8is l any o!r organization4 ,x is almo/ l a village or a tribe or a =tress4 ,!re mu/ be a comm&]-9-*ief & !re mu/ be a def9ite set ( laws & by-laws1 :i* all memb]s are =c$ to obey4 ,x foll[s t ^? :o swe> allegiance to ! ,*ur* make a tacit v[ bo? to respect ! comm&]-9-*ief & to obey ! law4 ,& if !y f9d x impossible to d ?is1 !y mu/ suff] ! consequ5ces ( _! own decisions & get out40 ,all ( :i*1 s f>1 is p]fectly true & reasonable4 ,if today a m9i/] feels t he c no long] believe 9 ! articles ( fai? ( ! ,bapti/ ,*ur*1 he c turn ,me?odi/1 & if = "s reason he ceases to believe 9 ! cre$ z laid d[n by ! ,me?odi/ ,*ur*1 he c become a ,unit>ian or a ,ca?olic or a ,jew1 or = t matt]1 a ,h9doo or a ,turk4 ,! _w is wide4 ,! door is op54 ,!re is no "o outside 8 own hungry family to say him nay4 ,b ?is is an age ( /eam%ips & railroad tra9s & unlimit$ economic opportunities4 ,! _w ( ! fif? c5tury 0 n q s simple4 ,x 0 f> f easy to discov] a region :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,bi%op ( ,rome did n make itself felt4 ,"o c\ld ( c\rse g to ,p]sia or to ,india1 z a good _m h]etics did1 b ! voyage 0 long & ! *ances ( survival 7 small4 ,& ?is meant p]petual bani%m5t = "o's self & "o's *ildr54 ,& f9ally1 :y %\ld a man surr5d] 8 good "r to believe :at he pleas$ if he felt s9c]ely t 8 conception ( ! idea ( ,*ri/ 0 ! "r "o & t x 0 only a "q ( "t = him to conv9ce ! ,*ur* t its doctr9es ne$$ a slight modification8 ,= t 0 ! crux ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 bo? ! fai?ful & ! h]etics1 dealt ) ideas :i* _h a relative & n a positive value4 ,a gr\p ( ma!maticians1 s5d+ ea* o!r to ! gall[s because !y _c agree ^u ! absolute value ( x w\ld be no m absurd ?an a c\ncil ( le>n$ !ologians try+ to def9e ! undef9able & endeavor+ to r$uce ! sub/ance ( ,god to a =mula4 ,b s ?or\ghly _h ! _s ( self-righte\sness & intol]ance got hold ( ! _w t until v rec5tly all ^? :o advocat$ tol]ance ^u ! basis t 8we _c ev] possibly "k :o is "r & :o is wrong0 did s at ! risk ( _! lives & usually c\*$ _! w>n+s 9 su* c>eful ,lat9 s5t5ces t n m ?an "o or two ( _! mo/ intellig5t read]s ev] knew :at !y meant4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,pure ,,( ,,life ,"h is a little problem 9 ma!matics :i* is n out ( place 9 a book ( hi/ory4 ,take a piece ( /r+ & make x into a circle1 l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,9 ?is circle all diamet]s w ( c\rse be equal4 ,,ab ,,cd ,,ef ,,gh & s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,b turn ! circle into an ellipse by slightly pull+ two sides4 ,!n ! p]fect balance is at once di/urb$4 ,! diamet]s are ?r[n out ( ge>4 ,a few l ,,ab & ,,ef h be5 greatly %ort5$4 ,o!rs1 & especially ,,cd1 h be5 l5g!n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,n[ transf] ! problem f ma!matics to hi/ory4 ,let u = ! sake ( argum5t suppose t ,,ab repres5ts politics ,,cd 0 trade ,,ef 0 art ,,gh 0 milit>ism ,9 ! figure ,i ! p]fectly balanc$ /ate1 all l9es are equally long & q z mu* att5tion is paid to politics z to trade & art & milit>ism4 ,b 9 figure ,,ii 7:i* is no long] a p]fect circle7 trade has got an undue advantage at ! exp5se ( politics & art has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 :ile milit>ism %[s a ga94 ,or make ,,gh 7milit>ism7 ! longe/ diamet]1 & ! o!rs w t5d to disappe> altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,y w f9d ?is a h&y key to a great _m hi/orical problems4 ,try x on ! ,greeks4 ,= a %ort "t ! ,greeks _h be5 able to ma9ta9 a p]fect circle ( all-ar\nd accompli%m5ts4 ,b ! fooli% qu>rels betwe5 ! diff]5t political p>ties soon grew to su* proportions t all ! surplus en]gy ( ! nation 0 be+ absorb$ by ! incessant civil w>s4 ,! soldi]s 7 no long] us$ = ! purpose ( def5d+ ! c\ntry aga9/ =eign aggression4 ,!y 7 turn$ loose ^u _! own neighbors1 :o _h vot$ = a diff]5t c&idate1 or :o believ$ 9 a slightly modifi$ =m ( taxation4 ,trade1 t mo/ important diamet] ( all su* circles1 at fir/ became difficult1 !n became entirely impossible & fl$ to o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e bus9ess enjoy$ a great] degree ( /ability4 ,! mom5t pov]ty ent]$ ?r\gh ! front gate ( ! city1 ! arts escap$ by way ( ! back door1 nev] to be se5 aga94 ,capital sail$ away on ! fa/e/ %ip x c\ld f9d )9 a hundr$ miles1 & s9ce intellectualism is a v exp5sive luxury1 x 0 h5ce=? impossible to ma9ta9 good s*ools4 ,! be/ tea*]s ha/5$ to ,rome & to ,alex&ria4 ,:at rema9$ 0 a gr\p ( second-rate citiz5s :o subsi/$ ^u tradition & r\t9e4 ,& all ?is happ5$ because ! l9e ( politics _h gr[n out ( all proportion1 because ! p]fect circle _h be5 de/roy$1 & ! o!r l9es1 art1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 etc41 etc41 _h be5 r$uc$ to no?+4 ,if y apply ! circul> problem to ,rome1 y w f9d t !re ! p>ticul> l9e call$ 8political p[]0 grew & grew & grew until !re 0 no?+ left ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,! circle :i* _h spell$ ! glory ( ! ,republic disappe>$4 ,all t rema9$ 0 a /raight1 n>r[ l9e1 ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 success & failure4 ,& if1 to give y /ill ano!r example1 y r$uce ! hi/ory ( ! m$ieval ,*ur* to ?is sort ( ma!matics1 ?is is :at y w f9d4 ,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians _h tri$ v h>d to ma9ta9 a circle ( conduct t %\ld be p]fect4 ,p]haps !y _h r neglect$ ! diamet] ( sci5ce1 b s9ce !y 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! life ( ! _w1 !y c\ld n v well be expect$ to pay mu* att5tion to m$ic9e or physics or a/ronomy1 useful subjects1 no d\bt1 b ( small appeal to m5 & wom5 :o 7 mak+ ready = ! la/ judgm5t & :o reg>d$ ?is _w m]ely z ! ante-room to ,heav54 ,b = ! re/1 ^! s9c]e foll[]s ( ,*ri/ endeavor$ 7h[ev] imp]fectly7 to lead ! good life & to be z indu/ri\s z !y 7 *>itable & z k9dly z !y 7 hone/4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z _! little communities _h be5 unit$ into a s+le p[]ful organization1 ! p]fect balance ( ! old spiritual circle 0 rudely upset by ! obligations & duties ( ! new int]national responsibilities4 ,x 0 easy en\gh = small gr\ps ( half-/>v$ c>p5t]s & qu>ry work]s to foll[ ^? pr9ciples ( pov]ty & unselfi%ness ^u :i* _! fai? 0 f\nd$4 ,b ! heir to ! imp]ial ?rone ( ,rome1 ! ,pontifex ,maximus ( ! we/]n _w1 ! ri*e/ l&[n] ( ! entire cont95t1 c\ld n live z simply z if he 7 a sub-deacon 9 a prov9cial t[n some:]e 9 ,pom]ania or ,spa94 ,or1 to use ! circul> language ( ?is *apt]1 ! diamet] repres5t+ 8worldl9ess0 & ! diamet] repres5t+ 8=eign policy0 7 l5g!n$ to su* an ext5t t ! diamet]s repres5t+ 8humility0 & 8pov]ty0 & 8self-negation0 & ! o!r elem5t>y ,*ri/ian virtues 7 be+ r$uc$ to ! po9t ( ext9ction4 ,x is a pleasant habit ( our "t to speak patroniz+ly ( ! b5ight$ p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :o1 z we all "k1 liv$ 9 utt] d>kness4 ,x is true !y burn$ wax tap]s 9 _! *ur*es & w5t to b$ by ! unc]ta9 light ( a sconce1 !y possess$ few books1 !y 7 ignorant ( _m ?+s :i* are n[ be+ taught 9 our gramm> s*ools & 9 our bett] grade lunatic asylums4 ,b k & intellig5ce are two v diff]5t ?+s & ( ! latt]1 ^! excell5t burgh]s1 :o con/ruct$ ! political & social /ructure 9 :i* we ourselves cont9ue to live1 _h _! full %>e4 ,if a good deal ( ! "t !y seem$ to /& app>5tly helpless be=e ! _m & t]rible abuses 9 _! ,*ur*1 let u judge !m m]cifully4 ,!y _h at lea/ ! c\rage ( _! convictions & !y f\ght :atev] !y consid]$ wrong ) su* sublime disreg>d = p]sonal happ9ess & com=t t !y frequ5tly end$ _! lives on ! scaffold4 ,m ?an t we c ask ( no "o4 ,x is true t dur+ ! fir/ ?\s& ye>s ( our era1 comp>atively few p fell z victims to _! ideas4 ,n1 h[ev]1 because ! ,*ur* felt less /rongly ab\t h]esy ?an %e did at a lat] date1 b because %e 0 too mu* occupi$ ) m important que/ions to h any "t to wa/e ^u comp>atively h>mless diss5t]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re rema9$ _m p>ts ( ,europe :]e ,od9 & ! o!r hea!n gods /ill rul$ supreme4 ,& 9 ! second place1 some?+ v unpleasant _h happ5$1 :i* _h wellnigh ?reat5$ ! :ole ( ,europe ) de/ruction4 ,?is 8some?+ unpleasant0 0 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a br&-new prophet by ! "n ( ,mahomet1 & ! conque/ ( we/]n ,asia & nor!rn ,africa by ! foll[]s ( a new ,god :o 0 call$ ,allah4 ,! lit]ature :i* we absorb 9 our *ildhood full ( 8infidel dogs0 & ,turki% atrocities is apt to leave u "u ! impression t ,jesus & ,mahomet repres5t$ ideals :i* 7 z mutually antagoni/ic z fire & wat]4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! two m5 belong$ to ! same race1 !y spoke dialects :i* belong$ to ! same l+ui/ic gr\p1 !y bo? claim$ ,abraham z _! great-great-gr&fa!r & !y bo? look$ back ^u a common ance/ral home1 :i* a ?\s& ye>s be=e _h /ood on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,& yet1 ! foll[]s ( ^? two great tea*]s :o 7 su* close relatives h always reg>d$ ea* o!r ) bitt] scorn & h f\ght a w> :i* has la/$ m ?an twelve c5turies & :i* has n yet come to an end4 ,at ?is late day & age x is useless to speculate ^u :at might h happ5$1 b !re 0 a "t :5 ,mecca1 ! ar*-enemy ( ,rome1 might h easily be5 ga9$ = ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! ,arabs1 l all des]t p1 sp5t a great deal ( _! "t t5d+ _! flocks & !re=e 7 mu* giv5 to m$itation4 ,p 9 cities c drug _! s\ls ) ! pleasures ( a p]5nial c\nty-fair4 ,b %eph]ds & fi%] folk & f>m]s lead solit>y lives & want some?+ a little m sub/antial ?an noise & excitem5t4 ,9 8 que/ = salvation1 ! ,arab _h tri$ sev]al religions1 b _h %[n a di/9ct pref]5ce = ,judaism4 ,?is is easily expla9$1 z ,arabia 0 full ( ,jews4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 a great _m ( ,k+ ,solomon's subjects1 exasp]at$ by ! high taxes & ! despotism ( _! rul]1 _h fl$ into ,arabia & aga91 five hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 #ehf ,b4,c41 :5 ,nebu*adnezz> conqu]$ ,judah1 !re _h be5 a second :olesale exodus ( ,jews t[>ds ! des]t l&s ( ! s\?4 ,judaism1 !re=e1 0 well kn[n & fur!rmore ! que/ ( ! ,jews aft] ! "o & only true ,god 0 entirely 9 l9e ) ! aspirations & ideals ( ! ,arabian tribes4 ,any "o 9 ! lea/ famili> ) ! "w ( ,mahomet w "k h[ mu* ! ,m$9ite _h borr[$ f ! wisdom conta9$ 9 "s ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,nor 7 ! desc5dants ( ,i%mael 7:o toge!r ) 8 "m ,hag> lay buri$ 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies 9 ! he>t ( ,arabia7 ho/ile to ! ideas express$ by ! "y re=m] f ,naz>e?4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y foll[$ ,jesus eag]ly :5 he spoke ( t "o ,god :o 0 a lov+ fa!r to all m54 ,!y 7 n incl9$ to accept ^? miracles ( :i* ! foll[]s ( ! ,naz>5e c>p5t] made s mu*4 ,& z = ! resurrection1 !y flatly refus$ to believe 9 x4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 !y felt v k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ! new fai? & 7 will+ to give x a *ance4 ,b ,mahomet suff]$ consid]able annoyance at ! h&s ( c]ta9 ,*ri/ian zealots :o ) _! usual lack ( discretion _h d5\nc$ him z a li> & a false prophet be=e he _h fairly op5$ 8 m\?4 ,t & ! impression :i* 0 rapidly ga9+ gr\nd t ! ,*ri/ians 7 idol wor%ip]s :o believ$ 9 ?ree ,gods in/ead ( "o1 made ! p ( ! des]t f9ally turn _! backs ^u ,*ri/ianity & decl>e !mselves 9 favor ( ! ,m$9ese camel driv] :o spoke to !m ( "o & only "o ,god & did n confuse !m ) ref]5ces to ?ree deities t 7 8"o0 & yet 7 n "o1 b 7 "o or ?ree z x might please ! conv5i5ce ( ! mom5t & ! int]e/s ( ! (ficiat+ prie/4 ,?us ! we/]n _w f\nd itself possess$ ( two religions1 ea* ( :i* proclaim$ its own ,god to be ! ,"o ,true ,god & ea* ( :i* insi/$ t all o!r ,gods 7 impo/ors4 ,su* conflicts ( op9ion are apt to lead to w>f>e4 ,mahomet di$ 9 #fcb4 ,)9 less ?an a doz5 ye>s1 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 ,p]sia & ,egypt _h be5 conqu]$ & ,damascus _h become ! capital ( a great ,arab empire4 ,be=e ! end ( #fef ! entire coa/ ( nor!rn ,africa _h accept$ ,allah z its div9e rul] & 9 less ?an a c5tury aft] ! flight ( ,mahomet f ,mecca to ,m$9a1 ! ,m$it]ranean _h be5 turn$ into a ,moslem lake1 all communications betwe5 ,europe & ,asia _h be5 cut (f & ! ,european cont95t 0 plac$ 9 a /ate ( siege :i* la/$ until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"u ^? circum/ances x _h be5 impossible = ! ,*ur* to c>ry h] doctr9es ea/w>d4 ,all %e c\ld hope to d 0 to hold on to :at %e already possess$4 ,g]many & ! ,balkans & ,russia & ,d5m>k & ,sw$5 & ,norway & ,bohemia & ,hung>y _h be5 *os5 z a pr(itable field = int5sive spiritual cultivation & on ! :ole1 ! "w 0 done ) great success4 ,occasionally a h>dy ,*ri/ian ( ! v>iety ( ,*>lemagne1 well-int5tion$ b n yet entirely civiliz$1 might rev]t to /rong-arm me?ods & might but*] ^? ( 8 subjects :o pref]r$ _! own ,gods to ^? ( ! =eign]4 ,by & l>ge1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies 7 well receiv$1 = !y 7 hone/ m5 :o told a simple & /raight=w>d /ory :i* all ! p c\ld und]/& & because !y introduc$ c]ta9 elem5ts ( ord] & neatness & m]cy into a _w full ( blood%$ & /rife & highway robb]y4 ,b :ile ?is 0 happ5+ along ! fronti]1 ?+s _h n gone s well 9 ! he>t ( ! pontifical empire4 ,incessantly 7to rev]t to ! ma!matics expla9$ 9 ! fir/ pages ( ?is *apt]7 ! l9e ( worldl9ess _h be5 l5g!n$ until at la/ ! spiritual elem5t 9 ! ,*ur* _h be5 made entirely subs]vi5t to consid]ations ( a purely political & economic nature & al?\gh ,rome 0 to gr[ 9 p[] & ex]cise a trem5d\s influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ! next twelve c5turies1 c]ta9 elem5ts ( dis9tegration _h already made _! appe>ance & 7 be+ recogniz$ z su* by ! m intellig5t among ! laity & ! cl]gy4 ,we mod]n p ( ! ,prote/ant nor? ?9k ( a 8*ur*0 z a build+ :i* /&s empty six days out ( e sev5 & a place :]e p g on a ,sunday to he> a s]mon & s+ a few hymns4 ,we "k t "s ( our *ur*es h bi%ops & occasionally ^! bi%ops hold a conv5tion 9 our t[n & !n we f9d ourselves surr\nd$ by a numb] ( k9dly old g5tlem5 ) _! coll>s turn$ backw>ds & we read 9 ! pap]s t !y h decl>$ !mselves 9 favor ( danc+ or aga9/ divorce1 & !n !y g home aga9 & no?+ has happ5$ to di/urb ! peace & happ9ess ( our community4 ,we r>ely associate ?is *ur* 7ev5 if x happ5s to be our own7 ) ! sum total ( all our exp]i5ces1 bo? 9 life & 9 dea?4 ,! ,/ate1 ( c\rse1 is some?+ v diff]5t4 ,! ,/ate may take our money & may kill u if x feels t su* a c\rse is desirable = ! public good4 ,! ,/ate is our own]1 our ma/]1 b :at is n[ g5]ally call$ 8! ,*ur*0 is ei!r our good & tru/$ fri5d or1 if we happ5 to qu>rel ) h]1 a fairly indiff]5t enemy4 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?is 0 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,!n1 ! ,*ur* 0 some?+ visible & tangible1 a highly active organization :i* brea!d & exi/$1 :i* %ap$ man's de/9y 9 _m m ways ?an ! ,/ate w\ld ev] dream ( do+4 ,v likely ^? fir/ ,popes :o accept$ pieces ( l& f grateful pr9ces & r5\nc$ ! anci5t ideal ( pov]ty did n =esee ! consequ5ces to :i* su* a policy 0 b\nd to lead4 ,9 ! beg9n+ x _h seem$ h>mless en\gh & q appropriate t fai?ful foll[]s ( ,*ri/ %\ld be/[ ^u ! successor ( ! apo/le ,pet] a %>e ( _! own worldly goods4 ,besides1 !re 0 ! ov]head ( a complicat$ adm9i/ration :i* rea*$ all ! way f ,john o',groat's to ,trebizond & f ,c>?age to ,upsala4 ,?9k ( all ! ?\s&s ( secret>ies & cl]ks & scribes1 n to m5tion ! hundr$s ( heads ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 t _h to be h\s$ & clo!d & f$4 ,?9k ( ! am\nt sp5t ^u a c\ri] s]vice across an entire cont95t2 ! travel+ exp5ses ( diplomatic ag5ts n[ go+ to ,london1 !n return+ f ,novgorod2 ! sums necess>y to keep ! papal c\rti]s 9 ! /yle t 0 expect$ ( p :o =ega!r$ ) worldly pr9ces on a foot+ ( complete equality4 ,all ! same1 look+ back ^u :at ! ,*ur* came to /& = & contemplat+ :at x might h be5 "u slightly m favorable circum/ances1 ?is developm5t seems a great pity4 ,= ,rome rapidly grew into a gigantic sup]-/ate ) a slight religi\s t+e & ! pope became an int]national autocrat :o held all ! nations ( we/]n ,europe 9 a bondage comp>$ to :i* ! rule ( ! old emp]ors _h be5 mild & g5]\s4 ,& !n1 :5 complete success seem$ )9 c]ta9 rea*1 some?+ happ5$ :i* prov$ fatal to ! ambition = _w dom9ion4 ,! true _s ( ! ,ma/] once m began to /ir among ! masses & t is "o ( ! mo/ uncom=table ?+s t c happ5 to any religi\s organization4 ,h]etics 7 no?+ new4 ,!re _h be5 diss5t]s z soon z !re _h be5 a s+le rule ( fai? f :i* p c\ld possibly diss5t & disputes1 :i* _h divid$ ,europe & ,africa & we/]n ,asia into ho/ile camps = c5turies at a "t1 7 almo/ z old z ! ,*ur* h]self4 ,b ^! sangu9>y qu>rels betwe5 ,donati/s & ,sabelliani/s & ,monophysites & ,mani*aeans & ,ne/orians h>dly come )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,z a rule1 "o p>ty 0 q z n>r[-m9d$ z ! o!r & !re 0 little to *oose betwe5 ! intol]ance ( a foll[] ( ,arius & ! intol]ance ( a foll[] ( ,a?anasius4 ,besides1 ^! qu>rels 7 inv>iably bas$ ^u c]ta9 obscure po9ts ( !ology :i* are gradually beg9n+ to be =gott54 ,heav5 =bid t ,i %\ld drag !m out ( _! p>*m5t graves4 ,i am n wa/+ my "t ^u ! fabrication ( ?is volume to cause a fre% outbreak ( !ological fury4 ,r1 ,i am writ+ ^! pages to tell our *ildr5 ( c]ta9 ideals ( intellectual lib]ty = :i* "s ( _! ance/ors f\ght at ! risk ( _! lives & to w>n !m aga9/ t attitude ( doctr9>y arrogance & cock-sur5ess :i* has caus$ su* a t]rible lot ( suff]+ dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,b :5 ,i rea* ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x is a v diff]5t /ory4 ,!n a h]etic ceases to be a m]e diss5t]1 a disputati\s fell[ ) a pet hobby ( 8 own bas$ ^u ! wrong translation ( an obscure s5t5ce 9 ! ,apocalypse or ! mis-spell+ ( a holy ^w 9 ! gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,in/ead he becomes ! *ampion ( ^? ideas = :i* dur+ ! reign ( ,tib]ius a c]ta9 c>p5t] f ! village ( ,naz>e? w5t to 8 dea?1 & behold6 he /&s reveal$ z ! only true ,*ri/ian6 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,inquisition ,9 ! ye> #aaih a c]ta9 ,lot>io1 ,c\nt ( ,segni1 succe$$ to ! high honors :i* 8 uncle ,paolo _h held only a few ye>s be=e & z ,innoc5t ,,iii took possession ( ! papal *air4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 :o ev] resid$ 9 ! ,lat]an ,palace4 ,?irty-sev5 ye>s old at ! "t ( 8 asc5sion4 ,an honor-/ud5t 9 ! univ]sities ( ,p>is & ,b\logne4 ,ri*1 clev]1 full ( en]gy & high ambition1 he us$ 8 (fice s well t he c\ld rightly claim to ex]cise ! 8gov]nm5t n ( ! ,*ur* alone b ( ! entire _w40 ,he set ,italy free f ,g]man int]f]5ce by driv+ ! imp]ial gov]nor ( ,rome f t city2 by reconqu]+ ^? p>ts ( ! p59sula :i* 7 held by imp]ial troops2 & f9ally by excommunicat+ ! c&idate to ! imp]ial ?rone until t poor pr9ce f\nd himself beset by s _m difficulties t he )drew entirely f 8 doma9s on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps4 ,he organiz$ ! fam\s f\r? ,crusade :i* nev] ev5 came )9 sight ( ! ,holy ,l& b sail$ = ,con/ant9ople1 murd]$ a goodly numb] ( ! inhabitants ( t t[n1 /ole :atev] c\ld be c>ri$ away & g5]ally behav$ 9 su* a way t !reaft] no crusad] c\ld %[ himself 9 a ,greek port )\t runn+ ! *ance ( be+ hang$ z an outlaw4 ,x is true t ,innoc5t express$ 8 disapproval ( ^! proce$+s :i* %riek$ to high ,heav5 & fill$ ! respectable m9ority ( ,*ri/5dom ) disgu/ & despair4 ,b ,innoc5t 0 a practical man ( affairs4 ,he soon accept$ ! inevitable & appo9t$ a ,v5etian to ! vacant po/ ( ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,by ?is clev] /roke he br\ght ! ea/]n ,*ur* once m "u ,roman jurisdiction & at ! same "t ga9$ ! good w ( ! ,v5etian ,republic :i* h5ce=? reg>d$ ! ,byzant9e doma9s z "p ( h] ea/]n colonies & treat$ !m accord+ly4 ,9 spiritual matt]s too ,8 ,hol9ess %[$ himself a mo/ accompli%$ & tactful p]son4 ,! ,*ur*1 aft] almo/ a ?\s& ye>s ( hesitation1 _h at la/ begun to insi/ t m>riage 0 n m]ely a civil contract betwe5 a man & a woman b a mo/ holy sacram5t :i* ne$$ ! public bless+ ( a prie/ to be truly valid4 ,:5 ,philip ,augu/ ( ,france & ,alphonso ,,ix ( ,leon und]took to regulate _! dome/ic affairs accord+ to _! own p>ticul> pref]5ces1 !y 7 spe$ily rem9d$ ( _! duties & be+ m5 ( great prud5ce !y ha/5$ to comply ) ! papal wi%es4 ,ev5 9 ! high nor?1 ga9$ only rec5tly = ,*ri/ianity1 p 7 %[n 9 unmi/akable mann] :o 0 _! ma/]4 ,k+ ,haakon ,,iv 7kn[n famili>ly among 8 fell[ pirates z ,old ,haakon7 :o _h j conqu]$ a neat little empire includ+ besides 8 own ,norway1 "p ( ,scotl& & all ( ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 ! ,orkneys & ! ,hebrides1 0 oblig$ to submit ! some:at tangl$ problem ( 8 bir? to a ,roman tribunal be=e he c\ld get himself cr[n$ 9 8 old ca!dral ( ,trondhjem4 ,& s x w5t4 ,! k+ ( ,bulg>ia1 :o inv>iably murd]$ 8 ,greek prison]s ( w>1 & 0 n above tortur+ an occasional ,byzant9e emp]or1 :o !re=e 0 n ! sort ( p]son "o might expect to take a deep int]e/ 9 religi\s matt]s1 travel$ all ! way to ,rome & humbly ask$ t he be recogniz$ z vassal ( ,8 ,hol9ess4 ,:ile 9 ,engl&1 c]ta9 b>ons :o _h und]tak5 to discipl9e _! sov]eign ma/] 7 rudely in=m$ t _! *>t] 0 null & void because 8x _h be5 obta9$ by =ce0 & next f\nd !mselves excommunicat$ = hav+ giv5 unto ?is _w ! fam\s docum5t kn[n z ,magna ,*>ta4 ,f all ?is x w appe> t ,innoc5t ,,iii 0 n ! sort ( p]son :o w\ld deal lightly ) ! pret5sions ( a few simple l95-weav]s & illit]ate %eph]ds :o und]took to "q ! laws ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,& yet1 "s !re 7 f\nd :o _h ! c\rage to d ?is v ?+ z we %all n[ see4 ,! subject ( all h]esies is extremely difficult4 ,h]etics1 almo/ inv>iably1 are poor p :o h small gift = publicity4 ,! occasional clumsy little pamphlets !y write to expla9 _! ideas & to def5d !mselves aga9/ _! enemies fall an easy prey to ! ev] wat*ful detectives ( :atev] inquisition happ5s to be 9 =ce at t p>ticul> mom5t & are promptly de/roy$4 ,h5ce we dep5d = our k ( mo/ h]esies ^u su* in=mation z we are able to glean f ! records ( _! trials & ^u su* articles z h be5 writt5 by ! enemies ( ! false doctr9es = ! express purpose ( expos+ ! new 8conspiracy ( ,satan0 to ! truly fai?ful t all ! _w may be duly sc&aliz$ & w>n$ aga9/ do+ likewise4 ,z a result we usually get a composite picture ( a long-hair$ individual 9 a dirty %irt1 :o lives 9 an empty cell> some:]e 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! slums1 :o refuses to t\* dec5t ,*ri/ian food b subsi/s entirely ^u vegetables1 :o dr9ks naught b wat]1 :o keeps away f ! company ( wom5 & mumbles /range prophecies ab\t ! second com+ ( ! ,messiah1 :o reproves ! cl]gy = _! worldl9ess & wick$ness & g5]ally disgu/s 8 m respectable neighbors by 8 ill-guid$ attacks ^u ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,und\bt$ly a great _m h]etics h succe$$ 9 mak+ a nuisance ( !mselves1 = t seems to be ! fate ( p :o take !mselves too s]i\sly4 ,und\bt$ly a great _m ( !m1 driv5 by _! almo/ unholy zeal = a holy life1 7 dirty1 look$ l ! devil & did n smell pleasantly & g5]ally upset ! quiet r\t9e ( _! home t[n by _! /range ideas an5t a truly ,*ri/ian exi/5ce4 ,b let u give !m cr$it = _! c\rage & _! hone/y4 ,!y _h mighty little to ga9 & ev]y?+ to lose4 ,z a rule1 !y lo/ x4 ,( c\rse1 ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w t5ds to become organiz$4 ,ev5tually ev5 ^? :o believe 9 no organization at all mu/ =m a ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,disorganization1 if !y wi% to accompli% any?+4 ,& ! m$ieval h]etics1 :o lov$ ! my/]i\s & wall[$ 9 emotions1 7 no exception to ?is rule4 ,_! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation made !m flock toge!r & _! feel+ ( insecurity =c$ !m to surr\nd _! sacr$ doctr9es by a d\ble b>ri] ( my/ic rites & esot]ic c]emonials4 ,b ( c\rse ! masses ( ! p1 :o rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,*ur*1 7 unable to make any di/9ction betwe5 ^! diff]5t gr\ps & sects4 ,& !y bun*$ !m all toge!r & call$ !m dirty ,mani*aeans or "s o!r unflatt]+ "n & felt t t solv$ ! problem4 ,9 ?is way did ! ,mani*aeans become ! ,bol%evi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,( c\rse ,i d n use ! latt] "n z indicat+ memb]%ip 9 a c]ta9 well-def9$ political p>ty :i* a few ye>s ago e/abli%$ itself z ! dom9ant factor 9 ! old ,russian ,empire4 ,i ref] to a vague & ill-def9$ t]m ( abuse :i* p n[adays be/[ ^u all _! p]sonal enemies f ! l&lord :o comes to collect ! r5t d[n to ! elevator boy :o neglects to /op at ! "r floor4 ,a ,mani*aean1 to a m$ieval sup]-,*ri/ian1 0 a mo/ objectionable p]son4 ,b z he c\ld n v well try him ^u any positive *>ges1 he condemn$ him ^u he>say1 a me?od :i* has c]ta9 unmi/akable advantages ov] ! less spectacul> & inf9itely sl[] proc$ure foll[$ by ! regul> c\rts ( law b :i* sometimes suff]s f a lack ( accuracy & is responsible = a great _m judicial murd]s4 ,:at made ?is all ! m repreh5sible 9 ! case ( ! poor ,mani*aeans 0 ! fact t ! f\nd] ( ! orig9al sect1 a ,p]sian by ! "n ( ,mani1 _h be5 ! v inc>nation ( b5evol5ce & *>ity4 ,he 0 an hi/orical figure & 0 born dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?ird c5tury 9 ! t[n ( ,ecbatana :]e 8 fa!r1 ,patak1 0 a man ( consid]able weal? & influ5ce4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ,ctesiphon1 on ! riv] ,tigris1 & sp5t ! ye>s ( 8 y\? 9 a community z int]national1 z polyglot1 z pi\s1 z godless1 z mat]ial & z ideali/ically-spiritual z ! ,new ,york ( our own day4 ,e h]esy1 e religion1 e s*ism1 e sect ( ea/ & we/ & s\? & nor? _h its foll[]s among ! cr[ds t visit$ ! great comm]cial c5t]s ( ,mesopotamia4 ,mani li/5$ to all ! diff]5t prea*]s & prophets & !n di/ill$ a philosophy ( 8 own :i* 0 a mixtum-compositum ( ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 ,mi?raism & ,judaism1 ) a slight spr9kl+ ( half a doz5 old ,babylonian sup]/itions4 ,mak+ due all[ance = c]ta9 extremes to :i* 8 foll[]s sometimes c>ri$ 8 doctr9es1 x c be /at$ t ,mani m]ely reviv$ ! old ,p]sian my? ( ! ,good ,god & ! ,evil ,god :o are et]nally fight+ = ! s\l ( man & t he associat$ ! anci5t ,god ( ,evil ) ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7:o ?us became 8 ,devil7 & ! ,god ( ,all ,good ,?+s ) t ,heav5ly ,fa!r :om we f9d reveal$ )9 ! pages ( ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,fur!rmore 7& t is :]e ,buddhi/ic influ5ce made itself felt7 ,mani believ$ t ! body ( man 0 by nature a vile & despicable ?+2 t all p %\ld try to rid !mselves ( _! worldly ambitions by ! con/ant mortification ( ! fle% & %\ld obey ! /ricte/ rules ( diet & behavior le/ !y fall into ! clut*es ( ! ,evil ,god 7! ,devil7 & burn 9 ,hell4 ,z a result he reviv$ a l>ge numb] ( taboos ab\t ?+s t mu/ n be eat5 or drunk & prescrib$ = 8 foll[]s a m5u compos$ exclusively ( cold wat]1 dri$ vegetables & dead fi%4 ,?is latt] ord9ance may surprise u1 b ! inhabitants ( ! sea1 be+ cold-blood$ animals1 h always be5 reg>d$ z less h>mful to man's immortal s\l ?an _! w>m-blood$ bre?r5 ( ! dry l&1 & ! self-same p :o w\ld r suff] dea? ?an eat a veal *op *e]fully consume quantities ( fi% & nev] feel a qualm ( consci5ce4 ,mani %[$ himself a true ,ori5tal 9 8 contempt = wom54 ,he =bade 8 disciples to m>ry & advocat$ ! sl[ ext9ction ( ! human race4 ,z = baptism & ! o!r c]emonies in/itut$ orig9ally by ! ,jewi% sect ( :i* ,john ! ,bapti/ _h be5 ! expon5t1 ,mani reg>d$ !m all ) horror & in/ead ( be+ subm]g$ 9 wat]1 8 c&idates = holy ord]s 7 initiat$ by ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 ?is /range man und]took to expla9 8 ideas unto all mank9d4 ,fir/ he visit$ ,india & ,*9a :]e he 0 fairly successful4 ,!n he turn$ homew>d to br+ ! bless+s ( 8 cre$ to 8 own neighbors4 ,b ! ,p]sian prie/s :o began to f9d !mselves depriv$ ( mu* secret rev5ue by ! success ( ^! unworldly doctr9es turn$ aga9/ him & ask$ t he be kill$4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ,mani enjoy$ ! protection ( ! k+1 b :5 ?is sov]eign di$ & 0 succe$$ by "s "o else :o _h no int]e/ :atsoev] 9 religi\s que/ions1 ,mani 0 surr5d]$ to ! prie/ly class4 ,!y took him to ! walls ( ! t[n & crucifi$ him & flay$ 8 corpse & publicly expos$ 8 sk9 be=e ! city gate z an example to all ^? :o might feel incl9$ to take an int]e/ 9 ! h]esies ( ! ,ecbatanian prophet4 ,by ?is viol5t conflict ) ! au?orities1 ! ,mani*aean *ur* itself 0 brok5 up4 ,b little bits ( ! prophet's ideas1 l s _m spiritual meteors1 7 %[]$ f> & wide ^u ! l&scape ( ,europe & ,asia & = c5turies aft]w>ds cont9u$ to cause havoc among ! simple & ! poor :o inadv]t5tly _h pick$ !m up1 _h exam9$ !m & _h f\nd !m s+ul>ly to _! ta/e4 ,exactly h[ & :5 ,mani*aeism ent]$ ,europe1 ,i d n "k4 ,mo/ likely x came by way ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,danube4 ,!n x cross$ ! ,alps & soon enjoy$ imm5se popul>ity 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,!re ! foll[]s ( ! new cre$ call$ !mselves by ! ,ori5tal "n ( ! ,ca?>i1 or 8! p :o lead a pure life10 & s widespread 0 ! affliction t all ov] we/]n ,europe ! ^w 8,ketz]0 or 8,kett]0 came to mean ! same z 8h]etic40 ,b please don't ?9k ( ! ,ca?>i z memb]s ( a def9ite religi\s d5om9ation4 ,no ef=t 0 made to e/abli% a new sect4 ,! ,mani*aean ideas ex]cis$ great influ5ce ^u a l>ge numb] ( p :o w\ld h /\tly d5i$ t !y 7 any?+ b mo/ dev\t sons ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& t made ?is p>ticul> =m ( h]esy s dang]\s & s difficult ( detection4 ,x is comp>atively easy = ! av]age doctor to diagnose a disease caus$ by microbes ( su* gigantic /ructure t _! pres5ce c be detect$ by ! microscope ( a prov9cial bo>d-(-heal?4 ,b ,heav5 protect u aga9/ ! little creatures :o c ma9ta9 _! incognito 9 ! mid/ ( an ultra-violet illum9ation1 = !y %all inh]it ! e>?4 ,mani*aeism1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,*ur*1 0 !re=e ! mo/ dang]\s expression ( all social epidemics & x fill$ ! high] au?orities ( t organization ) a t]ror n felt be=e ! m common v>ieties ( spiritual afflictions4 ,x 0 r>ely m5tion$ above a :isp]1 b "s ( ! /aun*e/ support]s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fai? _h %[n unmi/akable symptoms ( ! disease4 ,yea1 great ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 t mo/ brilliant & indefatigable w>rior ( ! ,cross1 :o _h done m ?an any "o else to de/roy ! la/ /ronghold ( hea!nism1 0 said to h be5 at he>t consid]able ( a ,mani*aean4 ,priscillian1 ! ,spani% bi%op :o 0 burn$ at ! /ake 9 ! ye> #che & :o ga9$ ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ victim ( ! law aga9/ h]etics1 0 accus$ ( ,mani*aean t5d5cies4 ,ev5 ! heads ( ! ,*ur* seem$ gradually to h fall5 "u ! spell ( ! abom9able ,p]sian doctr9es4 ,!y 7 beg9n+ to disc\rage laym5 f read+ ! ,old ,te/am5t & f9ally1 dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 promulgat$ t fam\s ord] by :i* all cl]gym5 7 h5ce=? condemn$ to a /ate ( celibacy4 ,n to =get ! deep impression :i* ^! ,p]sian ideals ( ab/95ce 7 soon to make ^u "o ( ! greate/ lead]s ( spiritual re=m1 caus+ t mo/ lovable ( m51 good ,francis ( ,assisi1 to e/abli% a new mona/ic ord] ( su* /rict ,mani*aean purity t x rightly e>n$ him ! title ( ! ,buddha ( ! ,we/4 ,b :5 ^! high & noble ideals ( volunt>y pov]ty & humility ( s\l began to filt] d[n to ! common p1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! _w 0 fill$ ) ! d9 ( yet ano!r w> betwe5 emp]or & pope1 :5 =eign m]c5>ies1 be>+ ! bann]s ( ! cross & ! eagle1 7 fight+ ea* o!r = ! mo/ valuable bits ( t]ritory along ! ,m$it]ranean %ores1 :5 hordes ( ,crusad]s 7 ru%+ home ) ! ill-gott5 plund] !y _h tak5 f fri5d & enemy alike1 :5 abbots liv$ 9 luxuri\s palaces & ma9ta9$ a /aff ( c\rti]s1 :5 prie/s gallop$ ?r\gh ! morn+'s mass t !y might hurry to ! hunt+ breakfa/1 !n inde$ some?+ v unpleasant 0 b\nd to happ51 & x did4 ,little wond] t ! fir/ symptoms ( op5 discont5t ) ! /ate ( ! ,*ur* made !mselves felt 9 t "p ( ,france :]e ! old ,roman tradition ( culture _h surviv$ longe/ & :]e civilization _h nev] be5 q absorb$ by b>b>ism4 ,y w f9d x on ! map4 ,x is call$ ! ,prov5ce & consi/s ( a small triangle situat$ betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,rhone & ! ,alps4 ,m>seilles1 a =m] colony ( ! ,pho5icians1 0 & /ill is its mo/ important h>bor & x possess$ no mean numb] ( ri* t[ns & villages4 ,x _h always be5 a v f]tile l& & x enjoy$ an abundance ( sun%9e & ra94 ,:ile ! re/ ( m$ieval ,europe /ill li/5$ to ! b>b>ic de$s ( hairy ,teuton h]oes1 ! tr\bad\rs1 ! poets ( ! ,prov5ce1 _h already inv5t$ t new =m ( lit]ature :i* 9 "t 0 to give bir? to our mod]n novel4 ,fur!rmore1 ! close comm]cial relations ( ^! ,prov5als ) _! neighbors1 ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,spa9 & ,sicily1 7 mak+ ! p famili> ) ! late/ publications 9 ! field ( sci5ce at a "t :5 ! numb] ( su* books 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,europe c\ld be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( two h&s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! back-to-e>ly-,*ri/ianity movem5t _h begun to make itself manife/ z e>ly z ! fir/ decade ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,b !re _h n be5 any?+ :i*1 h[ev] remotely1 c\ld be con/ru$ into op5 rebellion4 ,"h & !re 9 c]ta9 small villages c]ta9 p 7 beg9n+ to h9t t _! prie/s might live z simply & z uno/5tati\sly z _! p>i%ion]s2 :o refus$ 7oh1 memory ( ! anci5t m>tyrs67 to fight :5 _! lords w5t =? to w>2 :o tri$ to le>n a little ,lat9 t !y might read & /udy ! ,gospels = !mselves2 :o let x be kn[n t !y did n approve ( capital puni%m5t2 :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( t ,purgatory :i* six c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/ _h be5 (ficially proclaim$ z "p ( ! ,*ri/ian ,heav52 & :o 7a mo/ important detail7 refus$ to surr5d] a t5? ( _! income to ! ,*ur*4 ,:5ev] possible ! r+ lead]s ( su* rebellions aga9/ cl]ical au?ority 7 s\ght out & sometimes1 if !y 7 deaf to p]suasion1 !y 7 discreetly put out ( ! way4 ,b ! evil cont9u$ to spread & f9ally x 0 deem$ necess>y to call toge!r a meet+ ( all ! bi%ops ( ! ,prov5ce to discuss :at measures %\ld be tak5 to put a /op to ?is v dang]\s & highly s$iti\s agitation4 ,!y duly conv5$ & cont9u$ _! debates until ! ye> #ajef4 ,by t "t x _h be5 pla9ly %[n t ! ord9>y =ms ( puni%m5t & excommunication did n produce any noticeable results4 ,! simple c\ntry folk :o desir$ to lead a 8pure life0 7 delight$ :5ev] !y 7 giv5 a *ance to demon/rate _! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian *>ity & =giv5ess beh9d ! lock$ doors ( a jail & if p]*ance !y 7 condemn$ to dea?1 !y m>*$ to ! /ake ) ! meekness ( a lamb4 ,fur!rmore1 z always happ5s 9 su* cases1 ! place left vacant by a s+le m>tyr 0 imm$iately occupi$ by a doz5 fre% c&idates = hol9ess4 ,almo/ an entire c5tury 0 sp5t 9 ! qu>rels betwe5 ! papal delegates :o insi/$ ^u m sev]e p]secutions & ! local nobility & cl]gy :o 7kn[+ ! true nature ( _! subjects7 refus$ to comply ) ! ord]s f ,rome & prote/$ t viol5ce only enc\rag$ ! h]etics to h>d5 _! s\ls aga9/ ! voice ( reason & !re=e 0 a wa/e bo? ( "t & en]gy4 ,& !n1 late 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! movem5t receiv$ a fre% impetus f ! nor?4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,lyons1 connect$ ) ! ,prov5ce by way ( ! ,rhone1 !re liv$ a m]*ant by ! "n ( ,pet] ,waldo4 ,a v s]i\s man1 a good man1 a mo/ g5]\s man1 almo/ fanatically obsess$ by 8 eag]ness to foll[ ! example ( 8 ,savi\r4 ,jesus _h taught t x 0 easi] = a camel to pass ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le ?an = a ri* "y man to ent] ! k+dom ( ,heav54 ,?irty g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians _h tri$ to expla9 j :at ,jesus _h actually meant :5 he utt]$ ^! words4 ,n s ,pet] ,waldo4 ,he read & he believ$4 ,he divid$ :atev] he _h among ! poor1 retir$ f bus9ess & refus$ to accumulate fre% weal?4 ,john _h writt51 8,se>* ye ! scriptures40 ,tw5ty popes _h comm5t$ ^u ?is s5t5ce & _h c>efully /ipulat$ "u :at conditions x might p]haps be desirable = ! laity to /udy ! holy books directly & )\t ! assi/ance ( a prie/4 ,pet] ,waldo did n see x t way4 ,john _h said1 8,se>* ye ! scriptures40 ,v well4 ,!n ,pet] ,waldo w\ld se>*4 ,& :5 he discov]$ t ! ?+s he f\nd did n tally ) ! conclusions ( ,sa9t ,j]ome1 he translat$ ! ,new ,te/am5t into 8 own language & spread copies ( 8 manuscript ?r\gh\t ! good l& ( ,prov5ce4 ,at fir/ 8 activities did n attract mu* att5tion4 ,8 en?usiasm = pov]ty did n seem dang]\s4 ,mo/ likely he c\ld be p]suad$ to f\nd "s new & v ascetic mona/ic ord] = ! b5efit ( ^? :o wi%$ to lead a life ( real h>d%ips & :o compla9$ t ! exi/+ mona/]ies 7 a bit too luxuri\s & too com=table4 ,rome _h always be5 v clev] at f9d+ fitt+ outlets = ^? p ^: excess ( fai? might make !m tr\blesome4 ,b all ?+s mu/ be done accord+ to rule & prec$5t4 ,& 9 t respect ! 8pure m50 ( ! ,prov5ce & ! 8poor m50 ( ,lyons 7 t]rible failures4 ,n only did !y neglect to in=m _! bi%ops ( :at !y 7 do+1 !y ev5 w5t fur!r & boldly proclaim$ ! />tl+ doctr9e t "o c\ld be a p]fectly good ,*ri/ian )\t ! assi/ance ( a pr(essional memb] ( ! prie/hood & t ! ,bi%op ( ,rome _h no m "r to tell p outside ( 8 jurisdiction :at to d & :at to believe ?an ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,t>t>y or ! ,caliph ( ,bagdad4 ,! ,*ur* 0 plac$ be=e a t]rible dilemma & tru? compels me to /ate t %e wait$ a long "t be=e %e f9ally decid$ to ext]m9ate ?is h]esy by =ce4 ,b an organization bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t !re is only "o "r way ( ?9k+ & liv+ & t all o!r ways are infam\s & damnable is b\nd to take dra/ic measures :5ev] its au?ority is be+ op5ly que/ion$4 ,if x fail$ to d s x c\ld n possibly hope to survive & ?is consid]ation at la/ compell$ ,rome to take def9ite action & devise a s]ies ( puni%m5ts t %\ld put t]ror into ! he>ts ( all future diss5t]s4 ,! ,albig5ses 7! h]etics 7 call$ aft] ! city ( ,albi :i* 0 a hotb$ ( ! new doctr9e7 & ! ,wald5ses 7:o bore ! "n ( _! f\nd]1 ,pet] ,waldo7 liv+ 9 c\ntries )\t great political value & !re=e n well able to def5d !mselves1 7 select$ z ! fir/ ( h] victims4 ,! murd] ( a papal delegate :o = sev]al ye>s _h rul$ ! ,prov5ce z if x 7 s mu* conqu]$ t]ritory1 gave ,innoc5t ,,iii an excuse to int]f]e4 ,he prea*$ a =mal crusade aga9/ bo? ! ,albig5ses & ! ,wald5ses4 ,^? :o = =ty consecutive days w\ld jo9 ! exp$ition aga9/ ! h]etics w\ld be excus$ f pay+ int]e/ on _! debts2 !y w\ld be absolv$ f all pa/ & future s9s & = ! "t be+ !y w\ld be exempt$ f ! jurisdiction ( ! ord9>y c\rts ( law4 ,?is 0 a fair (f] & x greatly appeal$ to ! p ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,:y %\ld !y bo!r ab\t go+ all ! way to ,pale/9e :5 a campaign aga9/ ! ri* cities ( ! ,prov5ce (f]$ ! same spiritual & economic rew>ds z a trip to ! ,ori5t & :5 a man c\ld ga9 an equal am\nt ( glory 9 ex*ange = a mu* %ort] t]m ( s]vice8 ,= ! "t be+ ! ,holy ,l& 0 =gott5 & ! wor/ elem5ts among ! nobility & g5try ( nor!rn ,france & s\!rn ,engl&1 ( ,au/ria1 ,saxony & ,pol& came ru%+ s\?w>d to escape ! local %]iff & incid5tally repl5i% its deplet$ c(f]s at ! exp5se ( ! prosp]\s ,prov5als4 ,! numb] ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5 hang$1 burn$1 dr[n$1 decapitat$ & qu>t]$ by ^! gallant crusad]s is v>i\sly giv54 ,i h n any idea h[ _m ?\s&s p]i%$4 ,"h & !re1 :5ev] a =mal execution took place1 we are provid$ ) a few concrete figures1 & ^! v>y betwe5 two ?\s& & tw5ty ?\s&1 accord+ to ! size ( ea* t[n4 ,aft] ! city ( ,bzi]s _h be5 captur$1 ! soldi]s 7 9 a qu&>y h[ to "k :o 7 h]etics & :o 7 n4 ,!y plac$ _! problem be=e ! papal delegate1 :o foll[$ ! army z a sort ( spiritual advis]4 8,my *ildr510 ! good man answ]$1 8g ahead & kill !m all4 ,! ,"l w "k 8 own p40 ,b x 0 an ,engli%man by ! "n ( ,simon de ,mont=t1 a vet]an ( ! real crusades1 :o di/+ui%$ himself mo/ ( all by ! novelty & ! +5uity ( 8 cruelties4 ,9 return = 8 valuable s]vices1 he aft]w>ds receiv$ l>ge tracts ( l& 9 ! c\ntry :i* he _h j pillag$ & 8 subord9ates 7 rew>d$ 9 proportion4 ,z = ! few ,wald5ses :o surviv$ ! massacre1 !y fl$ to ! m inaccessible valleys ( ,pi$mont & !re ma9ta9$ a *ur* ( _! own until ! days ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,albig5ses 7 less =tunate4 ,aft] a c5tury ( flogg+ & hang+1 _! "n disappe>s f ! c\rt reports ( ! ,inquisition4 ,b ?ree c5turies lat]1 9 a slightly modifi$ =m1 _! doctr9es 7 to crop up aga9 & propagat$ by a ,saxon prie/ call$ ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 !y 7 to cause t re=m :i* 0 to break ! monopoly :i* ! papal sup]-/ate _h enjoy$ = almo/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,all t1 ( c\rse1 0 hidd5 to ! %rewd eyes ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ,z f> z he 0 conc]n$1 ! difficulty 0 at an end & ! pr9ciple ( absolute ob$i5ce _h be5 triumphantly re-ass]t$4 ,! fam\s comm& 9 ,luke xiv3 #bc :]e ,*ri/ tells h[ a c]ta9 man :o wi%$ to give a p>ty1 f9d+ t !re /ill 0 room 9 8 banquet+ hall & t sev]al ( ! gue/s _h rema9$ away1 _h said unto 8 s]vant1 8,g out into ! highways & compel !m to come 910 _h once m be5 fulfill$4 8,!y10 ! h]etics1 _h be5 compell$ to come 94 ,! problem h[ to make !m /ay 9 /ill fac$ ! ,*ur* & ?is 0 n solv$ until _m ye>s lat]4 ,!n1 aft] _m unsuccessful exp]im5ts ) local tribunals1 special c\rts ( inquiry1 su* z _h be5 us$ = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! ,albig5sian upris+1 7 in/itut$ 9 ! diff]5t capitals ( ,europe4 ,!y 7 giv5 jurisdiction ov] all cases ( h]esy & !y came to be kn[n simply z ! ,inquisition4 ,ev5 today :5 ! ,inquisition has long s9ce ceas$ to function1 ! m]e "n fills our he>ts ) a vague feel+ ( unre/4 ,we h visions ( d>k dungeons 9 ,havanna1 ( torture *amb]s 9 ,lisbon1 ( ru/y cauldrons & br&+ irons 9 ! museum ( ,crac[1 ( yell[ hoods & black masks1 ( a k+ ) a heavy l[] jaw le]+ at an endless r[ ( old m5 & wom51 sl[ly %uffl+ to ! gibbet4 ,sev]al popul> novels writt5 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h und\bt$ly _h some?+ to d ) ?is impression ( s9i/] brutality4 ,let u !re=e d$uct tw5ty-five p] c5t = ! phantasy ( our romantic scribes & ano!r tw5ty-five = ,prote/ant prejudice & we %all f9d t en\gh horror rema9s to ju/ify ^? :o claim t all secret tribunals are an insuff]able evil & %\ld nev] aga9 be tol]at$ 9 a community ( civiliz$ p4 ,h5ry ,*>les ,lea has treat$ ! subject ( ! ,inquisition 9 eight pond]\s volumes4 ,i %all h to r$uce ^! to two or ?ree pages1 & x w be q impossible to give a concise acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ problems ( m$ieval hi/ory )9 s %ort a space4 ,= !re nev] 0 an ,inquisition z !re is a ,supreme ,c\rt or an ,int]national ,c\rt ( ,arbitration4 ,!re 7 all sorts ( ,inquisitions 9 all sorts ( c\ntries & creat$ = all sorts ( purposes4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! 0 ! ,royal ,inquisition ( ,spa9 & ! ,holy ,inquisition ( ,rome4 ,! =m] 0 a local affair :i* wat*$ ov] ! h]etics 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula & 9 ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,! latt] _h its ramifications all ov] ,europe & burn$ ,joan ( ,arc 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t z x burn$ ,giordano ,bruno 9 ! s\!rn4 ,x is true t ! ,inquisition1 /rictly speak+1 nev] kill$ any "o4 ,aft] s5t5ce _h be5 pron\nc$ by ! cl]ical judges1 ! convict$ h]etic 0 surr5d]$ to ! secul> au?orities4 ,^! c\ld !n d ) him :at !y ?\ght fit4 ,b if !y fail$ to pron\nce ! dea? p5alty1 !y expos$ !mselves to a great deal ( inconv5i5ce & might ev5 f9d !mselves excommunicat$ or depriv$ ( _! support at ! papal c\rt4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5$1 ! prison] escap$ ?is fate & 0 n giv5 ov] to ! magi/rates 8 suff]+s only increas$4 ,= he !n ran ! risk ( solit>y conf9em5t = ! re/ ( 8 natural life 9 "o ( ! inquisitorial prisons4 ,z dea? at ! /ake 0 pref]able to ! sl[ t]ror ( go+ insane 9 a d>k hole 9 a rocky ca/le1 _m prison]s confess$ all sorts ( crimes ( :i* !y 7 totally innoc5t t !y might be f\nd guilty ( h]esy & ?us be put out ( _! mis]y4 ,x is n easy to write ^u ?is subject )\t appe>+ to be hopelessly bias$4 ,x seems incr$ible t = m ?an five c5turies hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( h>mless p 9 all p>ts ( ! _w 7 ov]night lift$ f _! b$s at ! m]e :isp]$ he>say ( "s loquaci\s neighbors2 t !y 7 held = mon?s or = ye>s 9 fil?y cells await+ an opportunity to appe> be=e a judge ^: "n & qualifications 7 unkn[n to !m2 t !y 7 nev] in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! accusation t 0 br\ght aga9/ !m2 t !y 7 n all[$ to "k ! names ( ^? :o _h act$ z witnesses aga9/ !m2 t !y 7 n p]mitt$ to communicate ) _! relatives or consult a lawy]2 t if !y cont9u$ to prote/ _! innoc5ce1 !y c\ld be tortur$ until all ! limbs ( _! body 7 brok52 t o!r h]etics c\ld te/ify aga9/ !m b 7 n li/5$ to if !y (f]$ to tell some?+ favorable ( ! accus$2 & f9ally t !y c\ld be s5t to _! dea? )\t ! hazie/ notion z to ! cause ( _! t]rible fate4 ,x seems ev5 m incr$ible t m5 & wom5 :o _h be5 buri$ = fifty or sixty ye>s c\ld be dug out ( _! graves1 c\ld be f\nd guilty 89 abs5tia0 & t ! heirs ( p :o 7 condemn$ 9 ?is fa%ion c\ld be depriv$ ( _! worldly possessions half a c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ! (f5d+ p>ties4 ,b su* 0 ! case & z ! inquisitors dep5d$ = _! ma9t5ance ^u a lib]al %>e ( all ! goods t 7 confiscat$1 absurdities ( ?is sort 7 by no means an uncommon occurr5ce & frequ5tly ! gr&*ildr5 7 driv5 to begg>y on acc\nt ( some?+ :i* _! gr&fa!r 0 suppos$ to h done two g5]ations be=e4 ,^? ( u :o foll[$ ! newspap]s tw5ty ye>s ago :5 ,cz>i/ ,russia 0 9 ! heyday ( its p[]1 rememb] ! ag5t provocateur4 ,z a rule ! ag5t provocateur 0 a =m] burgl> or a retir$ gambl] ) a w9n+ p]sonality & a 8grievance40 ,he let x be secretly kn[n t 8 sorr[ _h made him jo9 ! revolution & 9 ?is way he (t5 ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ^? :o 7 g5u9ely oppos$ to ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,b z soon z he _h le>n$ ! secrets ( 8 new fri5ds1 he betray$ !m to ! police1 pocket$ ! rew>d & w5t to ! next city1 !re to repeat 8 vile practices4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 s\!rn & we/]n ,europe 0 ov]run by ?is nef>i\s tribe ( private spies4 ,!y made a liv+ d5\nc+ ^? :o 7 suppos$ to h criticiz$ ! ,*ur* or :o _h express$ d\bts ^u c]ta9 po9ts ( doctr9e4 ,if !re 7 no h]etics 9 ! neighborhood1 x 0 ! bus9ess ( su* an ag5t provocateur to manufacture !m4 ,z he c\ld re/ assur$ t torture w\ld make 8 victims confess1 no matt] h[ innoc5t !y might be1 he ran no risks & c\ld cont9ue 8 trade ad inf9itum4 ,9 _m c\ntries a v]itable reign ( t]ror 0 introduc$ by ?is sy/em ( all[+ anonym\s p to d5\nce ^? :om !y suspect$ ( spiritual defici5cies4 ,at la/1 no "o d>$ tru/ 8 ne>e/ & de>e/ fri5ds4 ,memb]s ( ! same family 7 =c$ to be on _! gu>d aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! m5dicant fri>s :o h&l$ a great deal ( ! inquisitorial "w made excell5t use ( ! panic :i* _! me?ods creat$ & = almo/ two c5turies !y liv$ on ! fat ( ! l&4 ,yes1 x is safe to say t "o ( ! ma9 und]ly+ causes ( ! ,re=mation 0 ! disgu/ :i* a l>ge numb] ( p felt = ^? arrogant begg>s :o "u a cloak ( piety =c$ !mselves into ! homes ( respectable citiz5s1 :o slept 9 ! mo/ com=table b$s1 :o p>took ( ! be/ di%es1 :o insi/$ t !y be treat$ z honor$ gue/s & :o 7 able to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 com=t by ! m]e ?reat t !y w\ld d5\nce _! b5efactors to ! ,inquisition if ev] !y 7 depriv$ ( any ( ^? luxuries :i* !y _h come to reg>d z _! j due4 ,! ,*ur* ( c\rse c\ld answ] to all ?is t ! ,inquisition m]ely act$ z a spiritual heal? (fic] ^: sworn duty x 0 to prev5t contagi\s errors f spread+ among ! masses4 ,x c\ld po9t to ! l5i5cy %[n to all hea!n :o act$ 9 ignorance & !re=e c\ld n be held responsible = _! op9ions4 ,x c\ld ev5 claim t few p ev] suff]$ ! p5alty ( dea? unless !y 7 apo/ates & 7 caught 9 a new (f5se aft] hav+ =sworn _! =m] errors4 ,b :at ( x8 ,! same trick by :i* an innoc5t man 0 *ang$ into a desp]ate crim9al c\ld aft]w>ds be us$ to place him 9 an app>5t position ( recantation4 ,! ag5t provocateur & ! =g] h ev] be5 close fri5ds4 ,& :at are a few fak$ docum5ts betwe5 spies8 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,curi\s ,,ones ,mod]n intol]ance1 l anci5t ,gaul1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 ! intol]ance ( laz9ess1 ! intol]ance ( ignorance & ! intol]ance ( self-int]e/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is p]haps ! mo/ g5]al4 ,x is to be met ) 9 e c\ntry & among all classes ( society4 ,x is mo/ common 9 small villages & old-e/abli%$ t[ns1 & x is n re/rict$ to human be+s4 ,our old family horse1 hav+ sp5t ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 placid life 9 a w>m /able 9 ,coley ,t[n1 res5ts ! equally w>m b>n ( ,we/port = no o!r reason ?an t he has always liv$ 9 ,coley ,t[n1 is famili> ) e /ick & /one 9 ,coley ,t[n & kn[s t no new & unfamili> sights w fright5 him on 8 daily ambles ?r\gh t pleasant "p ( ! ,connecticut l&scape4 ,our sci5tific _w has ?us f> sp5t s mu* "t le>n+ ! defunct dialects ( ,polynesian isl&s t ! language ( dogs & cats & horses & donkeys has be5 sadly neglect$4 ,b c\ld we "k :at ,dude says to 8 =m] neighbors ( ,coley ,t[n1 we w\ld he> an outbur/ ( ! mo/ f]oci\s equ9e intol]ance4 ,= ,dude is no long] "y & !re=e is 8set0 9 8 ways4 ,8 horsey habits 7 all =m$ ye>s & ye>s ago & !re=e all ! ,coley ,t[n mann]s1 cu/oms & habits seem "r to him & all ! ,we/port cu/oms & mann]s & habits w be decl>$ wrong until ! end ( 8 days4 ,x is ?is p>ticul> v>iety ( intol]ance :i* makes p>5ts %ake _! heads ov] ! fooli% behavior ( _! *ildr51 :i* has caus$ ! absurd my? ( 8! good old days02 :i* makes savages & civiliz$ creatures we> uncom=table clo!s2 :i* fills ! _w ) a great deal ( sup]flu\s nons5se & g5]ally turns all p ) a new idea into ! suppos$ enemies ( mank9d4 ,o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ?is sort ( intol]ance is comp>atively h>mless4 ,we are all ( u b\nd to suff] f x soon] or lat]4 ,9 ages pa/ x has caus$ millions ( p to leave home1 & 9 ?is way x has be5 responsible = ! p]man5t settlem5t ( va/ tracts ( un9habit$ l& :i* o!rwise w\ld /ill be a wild]ness4 ,! second v>iety is mu* m s]i\s4 ,an ignorant man is1 by ! v fact ( 8 ignorance1 a v dang]\s p]son4 ,b :5 he tries to inv5t an excuse = 8 own lack ( m5tal faculties1 he becomes a holy t]ror4 ,= !n he erects )9 8 s\l a granite bulw>k ( self-righte\sness & f ! high p9nacle ( ?is =midable =tress1 he defies all 8 enemies 7to wit1 ^? :o d n %>e 8 own prejudices7 to %[ cause :y !y %\ld be all[$ to live4 ,p suff]+ f ?is p>ticul> affliction are bo? un*>itable & mean4 ,because !y live con/antly 9 a /ate ( fe>1 !y easily turn to cruelty & love to torture ^? aga9/ :om !y h a grievance4 ,x 0 among p ( ?is ilk t ! /range notion ( a pr$ilect$ gr\p ( a 8*os5 p0 fir/ took its orig94 ,fur!rmore1 ! victims ( ?is delusion are =ev] try+ to bol/] up _! own c\rage by an imag9>y relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 !mselves & ! invisible ,gods4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 9 ord] to give a flavor ( spiritual approbation to _! intol]ance4 ,= in/ance1 su* citiz5s nev] say1 8,we are hang+ ,danny ,deev] because we consid] him a m5ace to our own happ9ess1 because we hate him ) a ?\s& hates & because we j love to hang him40 ,oh1 no6 ,!y get toge!r 9 solemn conclave & delib]ate = h\rs & = days & = weeks ^u ! fate ( said ,danny ,deev]4 ,:5 f9ally s5t5ce is read1 poor ,danny1 :o has p]haps committ$ "s petty sort ( l>c5y1 /&s solemnly convict$ z a mo/ t]rible p]son :o has d>$ to (f5d ! ,div9e ,w 7z privately communicat$ to ! elect :o alone c int]pret su* messages7 & ^: execution !re=e becomes a sacr$ duty1 br++ great cr$it ^u ! judges :o h ! c\rage to convict su* an ally ( ,satan4 ,t good-natur$ & o!rwise k9d-he>t$ p are q z apt to fall "u ! spell ( ?is mo/ fatal delusion z _! m brutal & blood-?ir/y neighbors is a commonplace bo? ( hi/ory & psy*ology4 ,! cr[ds t gap$ delight$ly at ! sad plight ( a ?\s& poor m>tyrs 7 mo/ assur$ly n compos$ ( crim9als4 ,!y 7 dec5t1 pi\s folk & !y felt sure t !y 7 do+ some?+ v cr$itable & pleas+ 9 ! sight ( _! own p>ticul> ,div9ity4 ,_h "o spok5 to !m ( tol]ance1 !y w\ld h reject$ ! idea z an ignoble confession ( ,moral weakness4 ,p]haps !y 7 intol]ant1 b 9 t case !y 7 pr\d ( ! fact & ) good "r4 ,= !re1 out 9 ! cold dampness ( e>ly morn+1 /ood ,danny ,deev]1 clad 9 a saffron color$ %irt & 9 a pair ( pantaloons adorn$ ) little devils1 & he 0 go+1 go+ sl[ly b surely1 to be hang$ 9 ! ,m>ket ,place4 ,:ile !y !mselves1 z soon z ! %[ 0 ov]1 w\ld return to a com=table home & a pl5tiful meal ( bacon & beans4 ,0 n t 9 itself pro( en\gh t !y 7 act+ & ?9k+ correctly8 ,o!rwise w\ld !y be among ! spectators8 ,w\ld n ! rles be rev]s$8 ,a feeble argum5t1 ,i confess1 b a v common "o & h>d to answ] :5 p feel s9c]ely conv9c$ t _! own ideas are ! ideas ( ,god & are unable to und]/& h[ !y c\ld possibly be mi/ak54 ,!re rema9s z a ?ird category ! intol]ance caus$ by self-int]e/4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is really a v>iety ( jeal\sy & z common z ! measles4 ,:5 ,jesus came to ,j]usalem1 !re to tea* t ! favor ( ,almighty ,god c\ld n be b\ght by ! kill+ ( a doz5 ox5 or goats1 all ^? :o made a liv+ f ! c]emonial sacrifices 9 ! temple decri$ him z a dang]\s revolutioni/ & caus$ him to be execut$ be=e he c\ld d any la/+ damage to _! ma9 s\rce ( income4 ,:5 ,sa9t ,paul1 a few ye>s lat]1 came to ,ephesus & !re prea*$ a new cre$ :i* ?reat5$ to int]f]e ) ! prosp]ity ( ! jewel]s :o d]iv$ great pr(it f ! sale ( little images ( ! local ,goddess ,diana1 ! ,guild ( ! ,goldsmi?s almo/ lyn*$ ! unwelcome intrud]4 ,& ev] s9ce !re has be5 op5 w>f>e betwe5 ^? :o dep5d = _! livelihood ^u "s e/abli%$ =m ( wor%ip & ^? ^: ideas ?reat5 to take ! cr[d away f "o temple 9 favor ( ano!r4 ,:5 we attempt to discuss ! intol]ance ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we mu/ con/antly rememb] t we h to deal ) a v complicat$ problem4 ,only ^u v r>e occasions d we f9d ourselves confront$ ) only "o manife/ation ( ^! ?ree sep>ate =ms ( intol]ance4 ,mo/ frequ5tly we c discov] traces ( all ?ree v>ieties 9 ! cases ( p]secution :i* are br\ght to our att5tion4 ,t an organization1 enjoy+ great weal?1 adm9i/]+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( l& & own+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( s]fs1 %\ld h turn$ ! full vigor ( its ang] aga9/ a gr\p ( peasants :o _h und]tak5 to re/abli% a simple & unpret5ti\s ,k+dom-(-,heav5-on-,e>? 0 entirely natural4 ,& 9 t case1 ! ext]m9ation ( h]etics became a matt] ( economic necessity & belong$ to class ,c1 ! intol]ance ( self-int]e/4 ,b :5 we beg9 to consid] ano!r gr\p ( m5 :o 7 to feel ! heavy h& ( (ficial disapprobation1 ! sci5ti/s1 ! problem becomes inf9itely m complicat$4 ,& 9 ord] to und]/& ! p]v]se attitude ( ! ,*ur* au?orities t[>ds ^? :o tri$ to reveal ! secrets ( nature1 we mu/ g back a good _m c5turies & /udy :at _h actually happ5$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies ( our era4 ,! invasion ( ! ,b>b>ians _h swept across ! cont95t ) ! ru?less ?or\ghness ( a flood4 ,"h & !re a few pieces ( ! old ,roman fabric ( /ate _h rema9$ /&+ erect amid/ ! wa/es ( ! turbul5t wat]s4 ,b ! society t _h once dwell$ )9 ^! walls _h p]i%$4 ,_! books _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! waves4 ,_! art lay =gott5 9 ! deep mud ( a new ignorance4 ,_! collections1 _! museums1 _! laboratories1 _! sl[ly accumulat$ mass ( sci5tific facts1 all ^! _h be5 us$ to /oke ! camp-fires ( unc\? savages f ! he>t ( ,asia4 ,we possess sev]al catalogues ( libr>ies ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,( ,greek books 7outside ( ! city ( ,con/ant9ople1 !n almo/ z f> remov$ f c5tral ,europe z ! ,melb\rne ( today7 ! p ( ! we/ possess$ h>dly any4 ,x seems incr$ible1 b !y _h completely disappe>$4 ,a few translations 7badly done7 ( a few *apt]s f ! works ( ,ari/otle & ,plato 7 all ! s*ol> ( t "t c\ld f9d :5 he want$ to famili>ize himself ) ! ?\ghts ( ! anci5ts4 ,if he desir$ to le>n _! language1 !re 0 no "o to tea* x to him1 unless a !ological dispute 9 ,byzantium _h driv5 a h&ful ( ,greek monks f _! cu/om>y habitats & _h =c$ !m to f9d a tempor>y asylum 9 ,france or ,italy4 ,lat9 books !re 7 9 great quantity1 b mo/ ( ^? dat$ f ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,! few manuscripts ( ! classics t surviv$ _h be5 copi$ s (t5 & s indiff]5tly t _! cont5ts 7 no long] und]/&able to any "o :o _h n made a life /udy ( paleography4 ,z = books ( sci5ce1 ) ! possible exception ( "s ( ! simple/ problems ( ,euclid1 !y 7 no long] to be f\nd 9 any ( ! available libr>ies & :at 0 mu* m regrettable1 !y 7 no long] want$4 ,= ! p :o n[ rul$ ! _w reg>d$ sci5ce ) a ho/ile eye & disc\rag$ all indep5d5t labor 9 ! field ( ma!matics1 biology & zoology1 n to m5tion m$ic9e & a/ronomy1 :i* _h desc5d$ to su* a l[ /ate ( neglect t !y 7 no long] ( ! slighte/ practical value4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult = a mod]n m9d to und]/& su* a /ate ( affairs4 ,we m5 & wom5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 pr(\ndly believe 9 ! idea ( progress4 ,:e!r we ev] %all be able to make ?is _w p]fect1 we d n "k4 ,9 ! meantime we feel x to be our mo/ sacr$ duty to try4 ,yea1 sometimes ?is fai? 9 ! unavoidable de/9y ( progress seems to h become ! national religion ( our entire c\ntry4 ,b ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages did n & c\ld n %>e su* a view4 ,! ,greek dream ( a _w fill$ ) beautiful & int]e/+ ?+s _h la/$ su* a lam5tably %ort "t6 ,x _h be5 s rudely di/urb$ by ! political cataclysm t _h ov]tak5 ! un=tunate c\ntry t mo/ ,greek writ]s ( ! lat] c5turies _h be5 confirm$ pessimi/s :o1 contemplat+ ! ru9s ( _! once happy fa!rl&1 _h become abject believ]s 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ultimate futility ( all worldly endeavor4 ,! ,roman au?ors1 on ! o!r h&1 :o c\ld draw _! conclusions f almo/ a ?\s& ye>s ( consecutive hi/ory1 _h discov]$ a c]ta9 upw>d tr5d 9 ! developm5t ( ! human race & _! philosoph]s1 notably ! ,epicureans1 _h *e]fully und]tak5 ! task ( educat+ ! y\ng] g5]ation = a happi] & bett] future4 ,!n came ,*ri/ianity4 ,! c5t] ( int]e/ 0 mov$ f ?is _w to ! o!r4 ,almo/ imm$iately p fell back into a deep & d>k abyss ( hopeless resignation4 ,man 0 evil4 ,he 0 evil by in/9ct & by pref]5ce4 ,he 0 conceiv$ 9 s91 born 9 s91 he liv$ 9 s9 & he di$ rep5t+ ( 8 s9s4 ,b !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! old despair & ! new4 ,! ,greeks 7 conv9c$ 7& p]haps rightly s7 t !y 7 m intellig5t & bett] educat$ ?an _! neighbors & !y felt r sorry = ^? un=tunate b>b>ians4 ,b !y nev] q rea*$ ! po9t at :i* !y began to consid] !mselves z a race t _h be5 set ap>t f all o!rs because x 0 ! *os5 p ( ,zeus4 ,*ri/ianity on ! o!r h& 0 nev] able to escape f its own antec$5ts4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians adopt$ ! ,old ,te/am5t z "o ( ! ,holy ,books ( _! own fai?1 !y fell heir to ! incr$ible ,jewi% doctr9e t _! race 0 8diff]5t0 f all o!rs & t only ^? :o pr(ess$ a belief 9 c]ta9 (ficially e/abli%$ doctr9es c\ld hope to be sav$ :ile ! re/ 7 doom$ to p]dition4 ,?is idea 01 ( c\rse1 ( enorm\s direct b5efit to ^? :o 7 lack+ suffici5tly 9 humility ( _s to believe !mselves pr$ilect$ favorites among millions & millions ( _! fell[ creatures4 ,dur+ _m highly critical ye>s x _h turn$ ! ,*ri/ians into a closely-knit1 self-conta9$ little community :i* float$ unconc]n$ly ^u a va/ ocean ( paganism4 ,:at happ5$ else:]e on ^? wat]s t /ret*$ f> & wide t[>ds ! nor? & ! s\? & ! ea/ & ! we/ 0 a subject ( ! mo/ pr(\nd indiff]5ce to ,t]tullian or ,/4 ,augu/9e1 or any ( ^? o!r e>ly writ]s :o 7 busily engag$ 9 putt+ ! ideas ( _! ,*ur* into ! concrete =m ( writt5 books4 ,ev5tually !y hop$ to rea* a safe %ore & !re to build _! city ( ,god4 ,mean:ile1 :at ^? 9 o!r climes hop$ to accompli% & to a*ieve 0 none ( _! conc]n4 ,h5ce !y creat$ = !mselves entirely new conceptions ab\t ! orig9 ( man & ab\t ! limits ( "t & space4 ,:at ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians & ! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h discov]$ ab\t ^! my/]ies did n int]e/ !m 9 ! lea/4 ,!y 7 s9c]ely conv9c$ t all ! old values _h be5 de/roy$ ) ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,!re 0 = example ! problem ( our e>?4 ,! anci5t sci5ti/s held x to be "o among a c\ple ( billion ( o!r />s4 ,! ,*ri/ians flatly reject$ ?is idea4 ,to !m1 ! little r\nd disk on :i* !y liv$ 0 ! he>t & c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,x _h be5 creat$ = ! special purpose ( provid+ "o p>ticul> gr\p ( p ) a tempor>y home4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is _h be5 br\ght ab\t 0 v simple & 0 fully describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,:5 x became necess>y to decide j h[ long ?is gr\p ( pr$ilect$ p _h be5 on ?is e>?1 ! problem became a little m complicat$4 ,on all sides !re 7 evid5ces ( great antiquity1 ( buri$ cities1 ( ext9ct mon/]s & ( fossiliz$ plants4 ,b ^! c\ld be reason$ away or ov]look$ or d5i$ or %\t$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,& aft] ?is _h be5 done1 x 0 a v simple matt] to e/abli% a fix$ date = ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,9 a univ]se l t1 a univ]se :i* 0 /atic1 :i* _h begun at a c]ta9 h\r ( a c]ta9 day 9 a c]ta9 ye>1 & w\ld end at ano!r c]ta9 h\r ( a c]ta9 day 9 a c]ta9 ye>1 :i* exi/$ = ! exclusive b5efit ( "o & only "o d5om9ation1 9 su* a univ]se !re 0 no room = ! pry+ curiosity ( ma!maticians & biologi/s & *emi/s & all sorts ( o!r p :o only c>$ = g5]al pr9ciples & juggl$ ) ! idea ( et]nity & unlimit$ness bo? 9 ! field ( "t & 9 ! realm ( space4 ,true en\gh1 _m ( ^? sci5tific p prote/$ t at he>t !y 7 dev\t sons ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! true ,*ri/ians knew bett]4 ,no man1 :o 0 s9c]e 9 8 prote/ations ( love & devotion = ! fai?1 _h any bus9ess to "k s mu* or to possess s _m books4 ,"o book 0 en\gh4 ,t book 0 ! ,bible1 & e lett] 9 x1 e comma1 e semicolon & exclamation po9t _h be5 writt5 d[n by p :o 7 div9ely inspir$4 ,a ,greek ( ! days ( ,p]icles w\ld h be5 slightly amus$ if he _h be5 told ( a suppos$ly holy volume :i* conta9$ scraps ( ill-dige/$ national hi/ory1 d\btful love poems1 ! in>ticulate visions ( half-dem5t$ prophets & :ole *apt]s devot$ to ! f\le/ d5unciation ( ^? :o = "s reason or ano!r 7 suppos$ to h incurr$ ! displeasure ( "o ( ,asia's _m tribal deities4 ,b ! b>b>ian ( ! ?ird c5tury _h a mo/ humble respect = ! 8writt5 ^w0 :i* to him 0 "o ( ! great my/]ies ( civilization1 & :5 ?is p>ticul> book1 by successive c\ncils ( 8 ,*ur*1 0 recomm5d$ to him z be+ )\t error1 flaw or slip1 he will+ly en\gh accept$ ?is extraord9>y docum5t z ! sum total ( ev]y?+ t man _h ev] kn[n1 or ev] c\ld hope to "k1 & jo9$ 9 ! d5unciation & p]secution ( ^? :o defi$ ,heav5 by ext5d+ _! rese>*es beyond ! limits indicat$ by ,moses & ,isaiah4 ,! numb] ( p will+ to die = _! pr9ciples has always be5 necess>ily limit$4 ,at ! same "t ! ?ir/ = k on ! "p ( c]ta9 p is s irrepressible t "s outlet mu/ be f\nd = _! p5t up en]gy4 ,z a result ( ?is conflict betwe5 curiosity & repression !re grew up t /unt$ & /]ile intellectual sapl+ :i* came to be kn[n z ,s*ola/icism4 ,x dat$ back to ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x 0 !n t ,b]?a1 wife to ,pp9 ! ,%ort1 k+ ( ! ,franks1 gave bir? to a son :o has bett] claims to be consid]$ ! patron sa9t ( ! ,fr5* nation ?an t good ,k+ ,l\is :o co/ 8 c\ntrym5 a ransom ( eight hundr$ ?\s& ,turki% gold pieces & :o rew>d$ 8 subjects' loyalty by giv+ !m an inquisition ( _! own4 ,:5 ! *ild 0 baptiz$ x 0 giv5 ! "n ( ,c>olus1 z y may see ?is v day at ! bottom ( _m an anci5t *>t]4 ,! signature is a little clumsy4 ,b ,*>les 0 nev] mu* ( a h& at spell+4 ,z a boy he le>n$ to read ,franki% & ,lat91 b :5 he took up writ+1 8 f+]s 7 s rheumatic f a life sp5t fight+ ! ,russians & ! ,moors t he _h to give up ! attempt & hir$ ! be/ scribes ( 8 day to act z 8 secret>ies & d 8 writ+ = him4 ,= ?is old fronti]sman1 :o prid$ himself ^u ! fact t only twice )9 fifty ye>s _h he worn 8city clo!s0 7! toga ( a ,roman nobleman71 _h a mo/ g5u9e appreciation ( ! value ( le>n+1 & turn$ 8 c\rt into a private univ]sity = ! b5efit ( 8 own *ildr5 & = ! sons & daught]s ( 8 (ficials4 ,!re1 surr\nd$ by ! mo/ fam\s m5 ( 8 "t1 ! new imp]ator ( ! we/ lov$ to sp5d 8 h\rs ( leisure4 ,& s great 0 8 respect = academic democracy t he dropp$ all etiquette & z simple ,bro!r ,david took an active %>e 9 ! conv]sation & all[$ himself to be contradict$ by ! humble/ ( 8 pr(essors4 ,b :5 we come to exam9e ! problems t int]e/$ ?is goodly company & ! que/ions !y discuss$1 we are rem9d$ ( ! li/ ( subjects *os5 by ! debat+ teams ( a rural high s*ool 9 ,t5nessee4 ,!y 7 v nave1 to say ! lea/4 ,& :at 0 true 9 ! ye> #hjj held equally good = #adjj4 ,?is 0 n ! fault ( ! m$ieval s*ol>1 ^: bra9 0 und\bt$ly q z good z t ( 8 successors ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,b he f\nd himself 9 ! position ( a mod]n *emi/ or doctor :o is giv5 complete lib]ty ( inve/igation1 provid$ he does n say or d any?+ at v>iance ) ! *emical & m$ical in=mation conta9$ 9 ! volumes ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica ( ! ye> #agfh :5 *emi/ry 0 practically an unkn[n subject & surg]y 0 closely ak9 to but*]y4 ,z a result 7,i am mix+ my metaphors anyway7 ! m$ieval sci5ti/ ) 8 trem5d\s bra9 capacity & 8 v limit$ field ( exp]im5tation rem9ds "o some:at ( a ,rolls-,royce motor plac$ ^u ! *assis ( a flivv]4 ,:5ev] he /epp$ on ! gas1 he met ) a ?\s& accid5ts4 ,b :5 he play$ safe & drove 8 /range contraption accord+ to ! rules & regulations ( ! road he became slightly ridicul\s & wa/$ a t]rible lot ( en]gy )\t gett+ any:]e 9 p>ticul>4 ,( c\rse ! be/ among ^! m5 7 desp]ate at ! rate ( spe$ :i* !y 7 =c$ to obs]ve4 ,!y tri$ 9 e possible way to escape f ! ev]la/+ obs]vation ( ! cl]ical policem54 ,!y wrote pond]\s volumes1 try+ to prove ! exact opposite ( :at !y held to be true1 9 ord] t !y might give a h9t ( ! ?+s t 7 upp]mo/ 9 _! m9ds4 ,!y surr\nd$ !mselves ) all sorts ( hocus pocus2 !y wore /range g>m5ts2 !y _h /uff$ crocodiles hang+ f _! ceil+s2 !y display$ %elves full ( bottl$ mon/]s & ?rew evil smell+ h]bs 9 ! furnace t !y might fright5 _! neighbors away f _! front door & at ! same "t e/abli% a reputation ( be+ ! sort ( h>mless lunatics :o c\ld be all[$ to say :atev] !y lik$ )\t be+ held too closely responsible = _! ideas4 ,& gradually !y develop$ su* a ?or\gh sy/em ( sci5tific cam\flage t ev5 today x is difficult = u to decide :at !y actually meant4 ,t ! ,prote/ants a few c5turies lat] %[$ !mselves q z intol]ant t[>ds sci5ce & lit]ature z ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages _h done is q true1 b x is beside ! po9t4 ,! great re=m]s c\ld fulm9ate & ana!matize to _! he>ts' cont5t1 b !y 7 r>ely able to turn _! ?reats into positive acts ( repression4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* on ! o!r h& n only possess$ ! p[] to cru% its enemies b x made use ( x1 :5ev] ! occasion pres5t$ itself4 ,! diff]5ce may seem trivial to ^? ( u :o l to indulge 9 ab/ract cogitations ^u ! !oretical values ( tol]ance & intol]ance4 ,b x 0 a v real issue to ^? poor devils1 :o 7 plac$ be=e ! *oice ( a public recantation or an equally public flogg+4 ,& if !y sometimes lack$ ! c\rage to say :at !y held to be true1 & pref]r$ to wa/e _! "t on cross-^w puzzles made up exclusively f ! names ( ! animals m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,revelations1 let u n be too h>d on !m4 ,i am q c]ta9 t ,i nev] w\ld h writt5 ! pres5t volume1 six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,w> ,,^u ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,^w ,i f9d x increas+ly difficult to write hi/ory4 ,i am r l a man :o has be5 tra9$ to be a fiddl] & !n at ! age ( ?irty-five is sudd5ly giv5 a piano & ord]$ to make 8 liv+ z a virtuoso ( ! ,klavi]1 because t too 8is music40 ,i le>n$ my trade 9 "o sort ( a _w & ,i mu/ practice x 9 an entirely diff]5t "o4 ,i 0 taught to look ^u all ev5ts ( ! pa/ 9 ! light ( a def9itely e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s2 a univ]se m or less compet5tly manag$ by emp]ors & k+s & ar*-dukes & presid5ts1 aid$ & abett$ by congressm5 & s5ators & secret>ies ( ! treasury4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! days ( my y\?1 ! good ,"l 0 /ill tacitly recogniz$ z ! ex-(ficio head ( ev]y?+1 & a p]sonage :o _h to be treat$ ) great respect & decorum4 ,!n came ! w>4 ,! old ord] ( ?+s 0 completely upset1 emp]ors & k+s 7 aboli%$1 responsible m9i/]s 7 sup]s$$ by irresponsible secret committees1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ,heav5 0 =mally clos$ by an ord] 9 c\ncil & a defunct economic hack-writ] 0 (ficially proclaim$ successor & heir to all ! prophets ( anci5t times4 ,( c\rse all ?is w n la/4 ,b x w take civilization sev]al c5turies to cat* up & by !n ,i %all be dead4 ,mean:ile ,i h to make ! be/ ( ?+s1 b x w n be easy4 ,take ! "q ( ,russia4 ,:5 ,i sp5t "s "t 9 t ,holy ,l&1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 fully "o qu>t] ( ! pages ( ! =eign pap]s t rea*$ u 7 cov]$ ) a sme>y black sub/ance1 kn[n te*nically z 8cavi>40 ,?is /uff 0 rubb$ ^u ^? items :i* a c>eful gov]nm5t wi%$ to hide f its lov+ subjects4 ,! _w at l>ge reg>d$ ?is sort ( sup]vision z an insuff]able survival ( ! ,d>k ,ages & we ( ! great republic ( ! we/ sav$ copies ( ! ,am]ican comic pap]s1 duly 8cavi>$10 to %[ ! folks at home :at backw>d b>b>ians ^? f> fam$ ,russians actually 74 ,!n came ! great ,russian revolution4 ,= ! la/ sev5ty-five ye>s ! ,russian revolutioni/ _h h[l$ t he 0 a poor1 p]secut$ creature :o enjoy$ no 8lib]ty0 at all & z evid5ce !re( he _h po9t$ to ! /rict sup]vision ( all j\rnals devot$ to ! cause ( socialism4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aiah1 ! "u-dog turn$ upp]-dog4 ,& :at happ5$8 ,did ! victori\s fri5ds ( fre$om aboli% c5sor%ip ( ! press8 ,by no means4 ,!y padlock$ all pap]s & magaz9es :i* did n comm5t favorably ^u ! acts ( ! new ma/]s1 !y s5t _m un=tunate editors to ,sib]ia or ,ar*angel 7n mu* to *oose7 & 9 g5]al %[$ !mselves a hundr$ times m intol]ant ?an ! mu* malign$ m9i/]s & police s]geants ( ! ,little ,:ite ,fa!r4 ,x happ5s t ,i 0 br\ght up 9 a fairly lib]al community1 :i* he>tily believ$ 9 ! motto ( ,milton t ! 8lib]ty to "k1 to utt] & to argue freely accord+ to our own consci5ce1 is ! highe/ =m ( lib]ty40 8,came ! w>10 z ! movies h x1 & ,i 0 to see ! day :5 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 decl>$ to be a dang]\s pro-,g]man docum5t :i* mu/ n be all[$ to circulate freely among a hundr$ million sov]eign citiz5s & ! publication ( :i* w\ld expose ! editors & ! pr9t]s to f9es & imprisonm5t4 ,9 view ( all ?is x w\ld really seem mu* wis] to drop ! fur!r /udy ( hi/ory & to take up %ort /ory writ+ or real e/ate4 ,b ?is w\ld be a confession ( defeat4 ,& s ,i %all /ick to my job1 try+ to rememb] t 9 a well regulat$ /ate1 e dec5t citiz5 is suppos$ to h ! "r to say & ?9k & utt] :atev] he feels to be true1 provid$ he does n int]f]e ) ! happ9ess & com=t ( 8 neighbors1 does n act aga9/ ! good mann]s ( polite society or break "o ( ! rules ( ! local police4 ,?is places me1 ( c\rse1 on record z an enemy ( all (ficial c5sor%ip4 ,z f> z ,i c see1 ! police ought to wat* out = c]ta9 magaz9es & pap]s :i* are be+ pr9t$ = ! purpose ( turn+ pornography into private ga94 ,b = ! re/1 ,i w\ld let e "o pr9t :atev] he lik$4 ,i say ?is n z an ideali/ or a re=m]1 b z a practical p]son :o hates wa/$ ef=ts1 & is famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s4 ,t p]iod %[s cle>ly t viol5t me?ods ( suppression ( ! pr9t$ or spok5 ^w h nev] yet done ! slighte/ good4 ,nons5se1 l dynamite1 is only dang]\s :5 x is conta9$ 9 a small & h]metically clos$ space & subject$ to a viol5t impact f )\t4 ,a poor devil1 full ( half-bak$ economic notions1 :5 left to himself w attract no m ?an a doz5 curi\s li/5]s & z a rule w be laugh$ at = 8 pa9s4 ,! same creature h&cuff$ to a crude & illit]ate %]iff1 dragg$ to jail & condemn$ to ?irty-five ye>s ( solit>y conf9em5t1 w become an object ( great pity & 9 ! end w be reg>d$ & honor$ z a m>tyr4 ,b x w be well to rememb] "o ?+4 ,!re h be5 q z _m m>tyrs = bad causes z m>tyrs = good causes4 ,!y are tricky p & "o nev] c tell :at !y w d next4 ,h5ce ,i w\ld say1 let !m talk & let !m write4 ,if !y h any?+ to say t is good1 we ought to "k x1 & if n1 !y w soon be =gott54 ,! ,greeks seem to h felt t way1 & ! ,romans did until ! days ( ! ,empire4 ,b z soon z ! comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,roman armies _h become an imp]ial & semi-div9e p]sonage1 a second-c\s9 to ,jupit] & a ?\s& miles remov$ f all ord9>y mortals1 ?is 0 *ang$4 ,! crime ( 8laesa maje/as10 ! he9\s (f5se ( 8(f]+ insult to 8 ,maje/y10 0 inv5t$4 ,x 0 a purely political misdemeanor & f ! "t ( ,augu/us until ! days ( ,ju/9ian1 _m p 7 s5t to prison because !y _h be5 a little too outspok5 9 _! op9ions ab\t _! rul]s4 ,b if "o let ! p]son ( ! emp]or alone1 !re 0 practically no o!r subject ( conv]sation :i* ! ,roman mu/ avoid4 ,?is happy condition came to an end :5 ! _w 0 br\ght "u ! dom9ation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! l9e betwe5 good & bad1 betwe5 or?odox & h]etical1 0 def9itely drawn be=e ,jesus _h be5 dead m ?an a few ye>s4 ,dur+ ! second half ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! apo/le ,paul sp5t q a long "t 9 ! neighborhood ( ,ephesus 9 ,asia ,m9or1 a place fam\s = its amulets & *>ms4 ,he w5t ab\t prea*+ & ca/+ out devils1 & ) su* great success t he conv9c$ _m p ( ! error ( _! hea!ni% ways4 ,z a tok5 ( rep5tance !y came toge!r "o f9e day ) all _! books ( magic & burn$ m ?an t5 ?\s& doll>s wor? ( secret =mulae1 z y may read 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 an entirely volunt>y act on ! "p ( a gr\p ( rep5tant s9n]s & x is n /at$ t ,paul made an attempt to =bid ! o!r ,ephesians f read+ or own+ simil> books4 ,su* a /ep 0 n tak5 until a c5tury lat]4 ,!n1 by ord] ( a numb] ( bi%ops conv5$ 9 ?is same city ( ,ephesus1 a book conta9+ ! life ( ,/4 ,paul 0 condemn$ & ! fai?ful 7 admoni%$ n to read x4 ,dur+ ! next two hundr$ ye>s1 !re 0 v little c5sor%ip4 ,!re also 7 v few books4 ,b aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 7#cbe7 :5 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h become ! (ficial *ur* ( ! ,empire1 ! sup]vision ( ! writt5 ^w became "p ( ! r\t9e duty ( ! cl]gy4 ,"s books 7 absolutely =bidd54 ,o!rs 7 describ$ z 8dang]\s0 & ! p 7 w>n$ t !y mu/ read !m at _! own risk4 ,until au?ors f\nd x m conv5i5t to assure !mselves ( ! approval ( ! au?orities be=e !y publi%$ _! works & made x a rule to s5d _! manuscripts to ! local bi%ops = _! approbation4 ,ev5 !n1 a writ] c\ld n always be sure t 8 works w\ld be all[$ to exi/4 ,a book :i* "o ,pope _h pron\nc$ h>mless might be d5\nc$ z blasphem\s & indec5t by 8 successor4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od protect$ ! scribes q effectively aga9/ ! risk ( be+ burn$ toge!r ) _! p>*m5t (fspr+ & ! sy/em work$ well en\gh z long z books 7 copi$ by h& & x took five :ole ye>s to get out an edition ( ?ree volumes4 ,all ?is ( c\rse 0 *ang$ by ! fam\s inv5tion ( ,johann ,gut5b]g1 alias ,john ,goosefle%4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 an ent]pris+ publi%] 0 able to produce z _m z f\r or five hundr$ copies 9 less ?an two weeks' "t & 9 ! %ort p]iod betwe5 #adec & #aejj ! p ( we/]n & s\!rn ,europe 7 pres5t$ ) n less ?an =ty ?\s& diff]5t editions ( books t _h ?us f> be5 obta9able only 9 "s ( ! bett] /ock$ libr>ies4 ,! ,*ur* reg>d$ ?is unexpect$ increase 9 ! numb] ( available books ) v s]i\s misgiv+s4 ,x 0 difficult en\gh to cat* a s+le h]etic ) a s+le home made copy ( ! ,gospels4 ,:at !n ( tw5ty million h]etics ) tw5ty million copies ( clev]ly edit$ volumes8 ,!y became a direct m5ace to all idea ( au?ority & x 0 deem$ necess>y to appo9t a special tribunal to inspect all =?com+ publications at _! s\rce & say :i* c\ld be publi%$ & :i* mu/ nev] see ! light ( day4 ,out ( ! diff]5t li/s ( books :i* f "t to "t 7 publi%$ by ?is committee z conta9+ 8=bidd5 k0 grew t fam\s ,index :i* came to enjoy almo/ z nef>i\s a reputation z ! ,inquisition4 ,b x w\ld be unfair to create ! impression t su* a sup]vision ( ! pr9t+-press 0 some?+ peculi> to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,_m /ates1 fright5$ by ! sudd5 avalan*e ( pr9t$ mat]ial t ?reat5$ to upset ! peace ( ! realm1 _h already =c$ _! local publi%]s to submit _! w>es to ! public c5sor & _h =bidd5 !m to pr9t any?+ t did n be> ! (ficial m>k ( approbation4 ,b n[h]e1 except 9 ,rome1 has ! practice be5 cont9u$ until today4 ,& ev5 !re x has be5 greatly modifi$ s9ce ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x _h to be4 ,! presses work$ s fa/ & furi\sly t ev5 t mo/ indu/ri\s ,commission ( ,c>d9als1 ! s-call$ ,congregation ( ! ,index1 :i* 0 suppos$ to inspect all pr9t$ works1 0 soon ye>s beh9d 9 its task4 ,n to m5tion ! flood ( rag-pulp & pr9t]s-ink :i* 0 p\r$ ^u ! l&scape 9 ! =m ( newspap]s & magaz9es & tracts & :i* no gr\p ( m51 h[ev] dilig5t1 c\ld hope to read1 let alone inspect & classify1 9 less ?an a c\ple ( ?\s& ye>s4 ,b r>ely has x be5 %[n 9 a m conv9c+ fa%ion h[ t]ribly ?is sort ( intol]ance av5ges itself ^u ! rul]s :o =ce x ^u _! un=tunate subjects4 ,already ,tacitus1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,roman ,empire1 _h decl>$ himself aga9/ ! p]secution ( au?ors z 8a fooli% ?+ :i* t5d$ to adv]tise books :i* o!rwise w\ld nev] attract any public att5tion40 ,! ,index prov$ ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,no soon] _h ! ,re=mation be5 successful ?an ! li/ ( =bidd5 books 0 promot$ to a sort ( h&y guide = ^? :o wi%$ to keep !mselves ?or\ghly in=m$ ^u ! subject ( curr5t lit]ature4 ,m ?an t4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ent]pris+ publi%]s 9 ,g]many & 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ma9ta9$ special ag5ts 9 ,rome ^: bus9ess x 0 to get hold ( advance copies ( ! ,index ,expurgatorius4 ,z soon z !y _h obta9$ ^!1 !y entru/$ !m to special c\ri]s :o rac$ across ! ,alps & d[n ! valley ( ! ,rh9e t ! valuable in=mation might be deliv]$ to _! patrons ) ! lea/ possible loss ( "t4 ,!n ! ,g]man & ! ,dut* pr9t+ %ops w\ld set to "w & w\ld get out ha/ily pr9t$ special editions :i* 7 sold at an exorbitant pr(it & 7 smuggl$ into ! =bidd5 t]ritory by an army ( pr(essional book-legg]s4 ,b ! numb] ( copies t c\ld be c>ri$ across ! fronti] rema9$ necess>ily v small & 9 su* c\ntries z ,italy & ,spa9 & ,portugal1 :]e ! ,index 0 actually en=c$ until a %ort "t ago1 ! results ( ?is policy ( repression became v noticeable4 ,if su* nations gradually dropp$ beh9d 9 ! race = progress1 ! reason 0 n difficult to f9d4 ,n only 7 ! /ud5ts 9 _! univ]sities depriv$ ( all =eign text-books1 b !y 7 =c$ to use a dome/ic product ( v inf]ior quality4 ,& wor/ ( all1 ! ,index disc\rag$ p f occupy+ !mselves s]i\sly ) lit]ature or sci5ce4 ,= no man 9 8 s5ses w\ld und]take to write a book :5 he ran ! risk ( see+ 8 "w 8correct$0 to pieces by an incompet5t c5sor or em5dat$ beyond recognition by ! inconsequ5tial secret>y ( an ,inquisitorial ,bo>d ( ,inve/igators4 ,in/ead1 he w5t fi%+ or wa/$ 8 "t play+ dom9oes 9 a w9e-%op4 ,or he sat d[n & 9 %e] despair ( himself & 8 p1 he wrote ! /ory ( ,don ,quixote4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,?is ,,book ,,9 ,,p>ticul> ,9 ! correspond5ce ( ,erasmus1 :i* ,i recomm5d mo/ eag]ly to ^? :o are tir$ ( mod]n fiction1 !re occurs a /]eotype sort ( w>n+ 9 _m ( ! lett]s s5t unto ! le>n$ ,desid]ius by 8 m timid fri5ds4 8,i he> t y are ?9k+ ( a pamphlet ^u ! ,lu!ran controv]sy10 writes ,magi/] ,x4 8,please be v c>eful h[ y h&le x1 because y might easily (f5d ! ,pope1 :o wi%es y well40 ,or aga93 8,"s "o :o has j return$ f ,cambridge tells me t y are ab\t to publi% a book ( %ort essays4 ,= ,heav5's sake1 d n incur ! displeasure ( ! ,emp]or1 :o might be 9 a position to d y great h>m40 ,n[ x is ! ,bi%op ( ,l\va91 !n ! ,k+ ( ,engl& or ! faculty ( ! ,sorbonne or t t]rible pr(essor ( !ology 9 ,cambridge :o mu/ be treat$ ) special consid]ation1 le/ ! au?or be depriv$ ( 8 income or lose ! necess>y (ficial protection or fall into ! clut*es ( ! ,inquisition or be brok5 on ! :eel4 ,n[adays ! :eel 7except = purposes ( locomotion7 is relegat$ to ! museum ( antiquities4 ,! ,inquisition has clos$ its doors ^! hundr$ ye>s1 protection is ( little practical use 9 a c>e] devot$ to lit]ature & ! ^w 8income0 is h>dly ev] m5tion$ :]e hi/orians come toge!r4 ,b all ! same1 z soon z x 0 :isp]$ t ,i int5d$ to write a 8,hi/ory ( ,tol]ance10 a diff]5t sort ( lett]s ( admonition & advice began to f9d _! way to my cloi/]$ cell4 8,h>v>d has refus$ to admit a negro to h] dormitories10 writes ! secret>y ( ! ,s4,p4,c4,c4,p4 8,be sure t y m5tion ?is mo/ regrettable fact 9 y\r =?com+ book40 ,or aga93 8,! local ,k4,k4,k4 9 ,fram+ham1 ,mass41 has />t$ to boycott a groc] :o is a pr(ess$ ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,y w want to say some?+ ab\t ?is 9 y\r /ory ( tol]ance40 ,& s on4 ,no d\bt all ^! occurr5ces are v /upid1 v silly & altoge!r repreh5sible4 ,b !y h>dly seem to come )9 ! jurisdiction ( a volume on tol]ance4 ,!y are m]ely manife/ations ( bad mann]s & a lack ( dec5t public _s4 ,!y are v diff]5t f t (ficial =m ( intol]ance :i* us$ to be incorporat$ into ! laws ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate & :i* made p]secution a holy duty on ! "p ( all good citiz5s4 ,hi/ory1 z ,bagehot has said1 ought to be l an et*+ by ,rembr&t4 ,x mu/ ca/ a vivid light ^u c]ta9 select$ causes1 on ^? :i* are be/ & mo/ important1 & leave all ! re/ 9 ! %ad[ & unse54 ,ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ idiotic outbreaks ( ! mod]n _s ( intol]ance :i* are s fai?fully *ronicl$ 9 our news %eets1 x is possible to disc]n signs ( a m hopeful future4 ,= n[adays _m ?+s :i* previ\s g5]ations w\ld h accept$ z self-evid5t & :i* w\ld h be5 pass$ by ) ! rem>k t 8x has always be5 t way10 are cause = s]i\s debate4 ,q (t5 our neighbors ru% to ! def5se ( ideas :i* w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z prepo/]\sly vision>y & unpractical by our fa!rs & our gr&fa!rs & n infrequ5tly !y are successful 9 _! w>f>e ^u "s p>ticul>ly obnoxi\s demon/ration ( ! mob _s4 ,?is book mu/ be kept v %ort4 ,i c't bo!r ab\t ! private snobbi%ness ( successful pawn-brok]s1 ! some:at fray$ glory ( ,nordic supremacy1 ! d>k ignorance ( backwoods evangeli/s1 ! bigotry ( peasant prie/s or ,balkan rabbis4 ,^! good p & _! bad ideas h always be5 ) u4 ,b z long z !y d n enjoy ! (ficial support ( ! ,/ate1 !y are comp>atively h>mless & 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 su* a possibility is entirely preclud$4 ,private intol]ance is a nuisance :i* c cause m discom=t 9 any giv5 community ?an ! comb9$ ef=ts ( measles1 small-pox & a gossip+ woman4 ,b private intol]ance does n possess execution]s ( its own4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 x assumes ! rle ( ! hangman1 x places itself outside ! law & becomes a prop] subject = police sup]vision4 ,private intol]ance does n dispose ( jails & _c prescribe to an entire nation :at x %all ?9k & say & eat & dr9k4 ,if x tries to d ?is1 x creates su* a t]rific res5tm5t among all dec5t folk1 t ! new ord9ance becomes a dead lett] & _c be c>ri$ out ev5 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,9 %ort1 private intol]ance c g only z f> z ! indiff]5ce ( ! majority ( ! citiz5s ( a free c\ntry w all[ x to g1 & no fur!r4 ,:]eas (ficial intol]ance is practically almighty4 ,x recognizes no au?ority beyond its own p[]4 ,x provides no mode ( r$ress = ! innoc5t victims ( its m$dlesome fury4 ,x w li/5 to no argum5t4 ,& ev] aga9 x backs up its decisions by an appeal to ! ,div9e ,be+ & !n und]takes to expla9 ! w ( ,heav5 z if ! key to ! my/]ies ( exi/5ce 7 an exclusive possession ( ^? :o _h be5 successful at ! mo/ rec5t elections4 ,if 9 ?is book ! ^w intol]ance is inv>iably us$ 9 ! s5se ( (ficial intol]ance1 & if ,i pay little att5tion to ! private v>iety1 h pati5ce ) me4 ,i c only d "o ?+ at a "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,r5aissance ,!re is a le>n$ c>tooni/ 9 our l& :o takes pleasure 9 ask+ himself1 :at d billi>d-balls & cross-^w puzzles & bull-fiddles & boil$ %irts & door-mats ?9k ( ?is _w8 ,b :at ,i w\ld l to "k is ! exact psy*ological reaction ( ! m5 :o are ord]$ to h&le ! big mod]n siege guns4 ,dur+ ! w> a great _m p p]=m$ a great _m /range tasks1 b 0 !re ev] a m absurd job ?an fir+ dicke ,b]?as8 ,all o!r soldi]s knew m or less :at !y 7 do+4 ,a fly+ man c\ld judge by ! rapidly spread+ r$ gl[ :e!r he _h hit ! gas factory or n4 ,! subm>9e comm&] c\ld return aft] a c\ple ( h\rs to judge by ! abundance ( flotsam 9 h[ f> he _h be5 successful4 ,! poor devil 9 8 dug-out _h ! satisfaction ( realiz+ t by 8 m]e cont9u$ pres5ce 9 a p>ticul> tr5* he 0 at lea/ hold+ 8 own4 ,ev5 ! artill]i/1 work+ 8 field-piece ^u an invisible object1 c\ld take d[n ! telephone & c\ld ask 8 colleague1 hidd5 9 a dead tree sev5 miles away1 :e!r ! doom$ *ur* t[] 0 %[+ signs ( det]ioration or :e!r he %\ld try aga9 at a diff]5t angle4 ,b ! bro!rhood ( ! big guns liv$ 9 a /range & unreal _w ( _! own4 ,ev5 ) ! assi/ance ( a c\ple ( full-fl$g$ pr(essors ( balli/ics1 !y 7 unable to =etell :at fate await$ ^? projectiles :i* !y %ot s bli!ly into space4 ,_! %ells might actually hit ! object = :i* !y 7 de/9$4 ,!y might l& 9 ! mid/ ( a p[d] factory or 9 ! he>t ( a =tress4 ,b !n aga9 !y might /rike a *ur* or an orphan asylum or !y might bury !mselves peacefully 9 a riv] or 9 a gravel pit )\t do+ any h>m :atsoev]4 ,au?ors1 x seems to me1 h mu* 9 common ) ! siege-gunn]s4 ,!y too h&le a sort ( heavy artill]y4 ,_! lit]>y missiles may />t a revolution or a conflagration 9 ! mo/ unlikely spots4 ,b m (t5 !y are j poor duds & lie h>mless 9 a ne>by field until !y are us$ = scrap iron or conv]t$ into an umbrella-/& or a fl[] pot4 ,surely !re nev] 0 a p]iod 9 hi/ory :5 s mu* rag-pulp 0 consum$ )9 s %ort a space z ! era commonly kn[n z ! ,r5aissance4 ,e ,tomasso1 ,ric>do & ,enrico ( ! ,italian p59sula1 e ,doctor ,?omasius1 ,pr(essor ,ric>dus & ,dom9us ,he9ri* ( ! great ,teuton pla9 ru%$ into pr9t ) at lea/ a doz5 duodecimos4 ,n to m5tion ! ,tomass9os :o wrote pretty little sonnets 9 imitation ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,ric>d9os :o reel$ (f odes aft] ! be/ patt]n ( _! ,roman gr&fa!rs1 & ! c\ntless lov]s ( co9s1 /atu>y1 images1 pictures1 manuscripts & anci5t armor :o = almo/ ?ree c5turies kept !mselves busy classify+1 ord]+1 tabulat+1 li/+1 fil+ & codify+ :at !y _h j dug out ( ! ance/ral ru9s & :o !n publi%$ _! collections 9 c\ntless folios illum9at$ ) ! mo/ beautiful ( copp] engrav+s & ! mo/ pond]\s ( wood-cuts4 ,?is great intellectual curiosity 0 v lucrative = ! ,frob5s & ! ,alduses & ! ,eti5nes & ! o!r new firms ( pr9t]s :o 7 mak+ a =tune out ( ! inv5tion :i* _h ru9$ ,gut5b]g1 b o!rwise ! lit]>y output ( ! ,r5aissance did n v greatly affect ! /ate ( t _w 9 :i* ! au?ors ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies happ5$ to f9d !mselves4 ,! di/9ction ( hav+ contribut$ some?+ new 0 re/rict$ to only a v few h]oes ( ! quill & !y 7 l our fri5ds ( ! big guns4 ,!y r>ely discov]$ dur+ _! own lifetime 9 h[ f> !y _h be5 successful & h[ mu* damage _! writ+s _h actually done4 ,b fir/ & la/ !y manag$ to demoli% a great _m ( ! ob/acles :i* /ood 9 ! way ( progress4 ,& !y des]ve our ev]la/+ gratitude = ! ?or\ghness ) :i* !y clean$ up a lot ( rubbi% :i* o!rwise w\ld cont9ue to clutt] our intellectual front y>d4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! ,r5aissance 0 n prim>ily a =w>d-look+ movem5t4 ,x turn$ its back 9 disgu/ ^u ! rec5t pa/1 call$ ! works ( its imm$iate pr$ecessors 8b>b>ic0 7or 8,go?ic0 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry :]e ! ,go?s _h enjoy$ ! same reputation z ! ,huns71 & conc5trat$ its ma9 int]e/ ^u ^? arts :i* seem to be p]vad$ ) t curi\s sub/ance kn[n z ! 8classical _s40 ,if nev]!less ! ,r5aissance /ruck a mighty bl[ = ! lib]ty ( consci5ce & = tol]ance & = a bett] _w 9 g5]al1 x 0 done 9 spite ( ! m5 :o 7 consid]$ ! lead]s ( ! new movem5t4 ,long be=e ! days ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 !re _h be5 p :o _h que/ion$ ! rights ( a ,roman bi%op to dictate to ,bohemian peasants & to ,engli% yeom5 9 :at language !y %\ld say _! pray]s1 9 :at _s !y %\ld /udy ! words ( ,jesus1 h[ mu* !y %\ld pay = an indulg5ce1 :at books !y %\ld read & h[ !y %\ld br+ up _! *ildr54 ,& all ( !m _h be5 cru%$ by ! /r5g? ( t sup]-/ate1 ! p[] ( :i* !y _h und]tak5 to defy4 ,ev5 :5 !y _h act$ z *ampions & repres5tatives ( a national cause1 !y _h fail$4 ,! smold]+ a%es ( great ,john ,huss1 ?r[n ignom9i\sly into ! riv] ,rh9e1 7 a w>n+ to all ! _w t ! ,papal ,mon>*y /ill rul$ supreme4 ,! corpse ( ,wycliffe1 burn$ by ! public execution]1 told ! humble peasants ( ,leice/]%ire t c\ncils & ,popes c\ld rea* beyond ! grave4 ,frontal attacks1 evid5tly1 7 impossible4 ,! mighty =tress ( tradition1 build$ sl[ly & c>efully dur+ fifte5 c5turies ( unlimit$ p[]1 c\ld n be tak5 by assault4 ,! sc&als :i* _h tak5 place )9 ^! hall[$ enclosures2 ! w>s betwe5 ?ree rival ,popes1 ea* claim+ to be ! legitimate & exclusive heir to ! *air ( ,holy ,pet]2 ! utt] corruption ( ! c\rts ( ,rome & ,avignon1 :]e laws 7 made = ! purpose ( be+ brok5 by ^? :o 7 will+ to pay = su* favors2 ! utt] demoralization ( mona/ic life2 ! v5ality ( ^? :o us$ ! rec5tly increas$ horrors ( purgatory z an excuse to blackmail poor p>5ts into pay+ l>ge sums ( money = ! b5efit ( _! dead *ildr52 all ^! ?+s1 al?\gh widely kn[n1 nev] really ?reat5$ ! safety ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! *ance %ots fir$ at r&om by c]ta9 m5 & wom5 :o 7 n at all int]e/$ 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s1 :o _h no p>ticul> grievance aga9/ ei!r pope or bi%op1 ^! caus$ ! damage :i* f9ally made ! old edifice collapse4 ,:at ! 8?91 pale man0 f ,prague _h fail$ to accompli% ) 8 high ideals ( ,*ri/ian virtue 0 br\ght ab\t by a motley cr[d ( private citiz5s :o _h no o!r ambition ?an to live & die 7pref]ably at a ripe old age7 z loyal patrons ( all ! good ?+s ( ?is _w & fai?ful sons ( ! ,"m ,*ur*4 ,!y came f all ! sev5 corn]s ( ,europe4 ,!y repres5t$ e sort ( pr(ession & !y w\ld h be5 v angry1 _h an hi/orian told !m :at !y 7 do+4 ,= in/ance1 take ! case ( ,m>co ,polo4 ,we "k him z a mighty travel]1 a man :o _h se5 su* wondr\s sights t 8 neighbors1 accu/om$ to ! small] scale ( _! we/]n cities1 call$ him 8,million ,doll> ,m>c0 & laugh$ upro>i\sly :5 he told !m ( gold5 ?rones z high z a t[] & ( granite walls t w\ld /ret* all ! way f ! ,baltic to ! ,black ,sea4 ,all ! same1 ! %rivel$ little fell[ play$ a mo/ important rle 9 ! hi/ory ( progress4 ,he 0 n mu* ( a writ]4 ,he %>$ ! prejudice ( 8 class & 8 age aga9/ ! lit]>y pr(ession4 ,a g5tleman 7ev5 a ,v5etian g5tleman :o 0 suppos$ to be famili> ) d\ble-entry bookkeep+7 h&l$ a sword & n a goose-quill4 ,h5ce ! unwill+ness ( ,messire ,m>co to turn au?or4 ,b ! =tunes ( w> c>ri$ him into a ,g5oese prison4 ,& !re1 to :ile away ! t$i\s h\rs ( 8 conf9em5t1 he told a poor scribbl]1 :o happ5$ to %>e 8 cell1 ! /range /ory ( 8 life4 ,9 ?is r\ndab\t way ! p ( ,europe le>n$ _m ?+s ab\t ?is _w :i* !y _h nev] kn[n be=e4 ,= al?\gh ,polo 0 a simple-m9d$ fell[ :o firmly believ$ t "o ( ! m\nta9s he _h se5 9 ,asia ,m9or _h be5 mov$ a c\ple ( miles by a pi\s sa9t :o want$ to %[ ! hea!n 8:at true fai? c\ld d10 & :o swall[$ all ! /ories ab\t p )\t heads & *ick5s ) ?ree legs :i* 7 s popul> 9 8 day1 8 report did m to upset ! geographical !ories ( ! ,*ur* ?an any?+ t _h appe>$ dur+ ! previ\s twelve hundr$ ye>s4 ,polo1 ( c\rse1 liv$ & di$ a fai?ful son ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he w\ld h be5 t]ribly upset if any "o _h comp>$ him ) 8 ne>-contempor>y1 ! fam\s ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 0 an out & out sci5ti/ & paid = 8 intellectual curiosity ) t5 ye>s ( en=c$ lit]>y idl5ess & f\rte5 ye>s ( prison4 ,& yet ( ! two he 0 by f> ! m dang]\s4 ,= :]eas only "o p]son 9 a hundr$ ?\s& c\ld foll[ ,bacon :5 he w5t *as+ ra9b[s1 & spun ^? f9e evolution>y !ories :i* ?reat5$ to upset all ! ideas held sacr$ 9 8 own "t1 e citiz5 :o _h be5 taught 8 ,a,b,cs c\ld le>n f ,polo t ! _w 0 full ( a numb] ( ?+s ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! au?ors ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h nev] ev5 suspect$4 ,i d n mean to imply t ! publication ( a s+le book caus$ t rebellion aga9/ scriptural au?ority :i* 0 to occur be=e ! _w c\ld ga9 a modicum ( fre$om4 ,popul> enlight5m5t is ev] ! result ( c5turies ( pa9/ak+ prep>ation4 ,b ! pla9 & /raight=w>d acc\nts ( ! explor]s & ! navigators & ! travel]s1 und]/&able to all ! p1 did a great deal to br+ ab\t t _s ( scepticism :i* *>act]izes ! latt] half ( ! ,r5aissance & :i* all[$ p to say & write ?+s :i* only a few ye>s be=e w\ld h br\ght !m into contact ) ! ag5ts ( ! ,inquisition4 ,take t /range /ory to :i* ! fri5ds ( ,boccaccio li/5$ on ! fir/ day ( _! agreeable exile f ,flor5ce4 ,all religi\s sy/ems1 s x told1 7 probably equally true & equally false4 ,b if ?is 7 true1 & !y 7 all equally true & false1 !n h[ c\ld p be condemn$ to ! gall[s = ideas :i* c\ld nei!r be prov5 nor contradict$8 ,read ! ev5 /rang] adv5tures ( a fam\s s*ol> l ,lor5zo ,valla4 ,he di$ z a highly respectable memb] ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,yet 9 ! pursuit ( 8 ,lat9 /udies he _h incontrov]tibly prov5 t ! fam\s donation ( 8,rome & ,italy & all ! prov9ces ( ! ,we/10 :i* ,con/ant9e ! ,great 0 suppos$ to h made to ,pope ,sylve/] 7& ^u :i* ! ,popes _h ev] s9ce bas$ _! claims to be reg>d$ z sup]-lords ( all ,europe71 0 no?+ b a clumsy fraud1 p]petrat$ hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or by an obscure (ficial ( ! papal *anc]y4 ,or to return to m practical que/ions1 :at 7 fai?ful ,*ri/ians1 c>efully re>$ 9 ! ideas ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e :o _h taught t a belief 9 ! pres5ce ( p on ! o!r side ( ! e>? 0 bo? blasphem\s & h]etical1 s9ce su* poor creatures w\ld n be able to see ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ & !re=e _h no reason to exi/1 :at inde$ 7 ! good p ( ! ye> #adii to ?9k ( ?is doctr9e :5 ,vasco da ,gama return$ f 8 fir/ voyage to ! ,indies & describ$ ! popul\s k+doms :i* he _h f\nd on ! o!r side ( ?is planet8 ,:at 7 ^! same simple folk1 :o _h always be5 told t our _w 0 a flat dial & t ,j]usalem 0 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 :at 7 !y to believe :5 ! little 8,vittoria0 return$ f h] voyage ar\nd ! globe & :5 ! geography ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 %[n to conta9 "s r s]i\s errors8 ,i repeat :at ,i h said be=e4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 n an era ( consci\s sci5tific endeavor4 ,9 spiritual matt]s x (t5 %[$ a mo/ regrettable lack ( real int]e/4 ,ev]y?+ dur+ ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s 0 dom9at$ by a desire = beauty & ent]ta9m5t4 ,ev5 ! ,popes1 :o fulm9at$ l\de/ aga9/ ! iniquit\s doctr9es ( "s ( _! subjects1 7 only too happy to invite ^? self-same rebels = d9n] if !y happ5$ to be good conv]sationali/s & knew some?+ ab\t pr9t+ or ar*itecture4 ,& eag] zealots = virtue1 l ,savon>ola1 ran q z great a risk ( los+ _! lives z ! bright "y agno/ics :o 9 poetry & prose attack$ ! fundam5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ) a great deal m viol5ce ?an good ta/e4 ,b ?r\gh\t all ^! manife/ations ( a new int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess ( liv+1 !re und\bt$ly ran a sev]e und]curr5t ( discont5t ) ! exi/+ ord] ( society & ! re/rictions put ^u ! developm5t ( human reason by ! claims ( an all-p[]ful ,*ur*4 ,betwe5 ! days ( ,boccaccio & ^? ( ,erasmus1 !re is an int]val ( almo/ two c5turies4 ,dur+ ^! two c5turies1 ! copyi/ & ! pr9t] nev] enjoy$ an idle mom5t4 ,& outside ( ! books publi%$ by ! ,*ur* h]self1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d an important piece ( "w :i* did n conta9 "s indirect ref]5ce to ! sad plight into :i* ! _w _h fall5 :5 ! anci5t civilizations ( ,greece & ,rome _h be5 sup]s$$ by ! an>*y ( ! b>b>ian invad]s & we/]n society 0 plac$ "u ! tutelage ( ignorant monks4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,ma*iavelli & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 7 n p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 e?ics4 ,!y 7 practical m5 :o made ! be/ ( a practical _w4 ,outw>dly !y rema9$ at peace ) ! ,*ur* because x 0 a p[]ful & f>-rea*+ organization :i* 0 capable ( do+ !m great h>m & !y nev] consci\sly took "p 9 any ( ! sev]al attempts at re=m or que/ion$ ! in/itutions "u :i* !y liv$4 ,b _! insatiable curiosity conc]n+ old facts1 _! cont9ual se>* aft] new emotions1 ! v in/ability ( _! re/less m9ds1 caus$ a _w :i* _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! conviction 8,we "k0 to ask ! "q 8,d we really "k80 ,& t is a great] claim to ! gratitude ( all future g5]ations ?an ! collect$ sonnets ( ,petr>* or ! assembl$ works ( ,raffael4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,re=mation ,mod]n psy*ology has taught u sev]al useful ?+s ab\t ourselves4 ,"o ( !m is ! fact t we r>ely d any?+ actuat$ by "o s+le motive4 ,:e!r we give a million doll>s = a new univ]sity or refuse a nickel to a hungry tramp2 :e!r we proclaim t ! true life ( intellectual fre$om c only be liv$ abroad or v[ t we w nev] aga9 leave ! %ores ( ,am]ica2 :e!r we insi/ ^u call+ black :ite or :ite black1 !re are always a numb] ( div]g5t reasons :i* h caus$ u to make our decision1 & way d[n deep 9 our he>ts we "k ?is to be true4 ,b z we w\ld cut a sorry figure ) ! _w 9 g5]al if we %\ld ev] d>e to be q hone/ ) ourselves or our neighbors1 we in/9ctively *oose ! mo/ respectable & des]v+ among our _m motives1 bru% x up a bit = public consumption & !n expose x = all ! _w to behold z 8! reason :y we did s & s40 ,b :]eas x has be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$ t x is q possible to fool mo/ ( ! p mo/ ( ! "t1 no "o has z yet discov]$ a me?od by :i* ! av]age individual c fool himself = m ?an a few m9utes4 ,we are all ( u famili> ) ?is mo/ emb>rass+ tru? & !re=e ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( civilization p h tacitly agre$ ) ea* o!r t ?is %\ld nev] "u any circum/ances be ref]r$ to 9 public4 ,:at we ?9k 9 private1 t is our own bus9ess4 ,z long z we ma9ta9 an outw>d air ( respectability1 we are p]fectly satisfi$ ) ourselves & m]rily act ^u ! pr9ciple 8,y believe my fibs & ,i w believe y\rs40 ,nature1 :i* has no mann]s1 is ! "o great exception to ?is g5]\s rule ( conduct4 ,z a result1 nature is r>ely all[$ to ent] ! sacr$ portals ( civiliz$ society4 ,& z hi/ory ?us f> has be5 a pa/ime ( ! few1 ! poor muse kn[n z ,clio has l$ a v dull life1 especially :5 we comp>e x to ! c>e] ( _m ( h] less respectable si/]s :o h be5 all[$ to dance & s+ & h be5 invit$ to e p>ty ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,?is ( c\rse has be5 a s\rce ( great annoyance to poor ,clio & repeat$ly 9 h] own subtle way %e has manag$ to get h] rev5ge4 ,a p]fectly human trait1 ?is1 b a v dang]\s "o & (ttimes v exp5sive 9 ! matt] ( human lives & prop]ty4 ,= :5ev] ! old lady und]takes to %[ u t sy/ematic ly+1 cont9u$ dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies1 w ev5tually play hob ) ! peace & happ9ess ( ! entire _w1 our planet is at once envelop$ 9 ! smoke ( a ?\s& batt]ies4 ,regim5ts ( cavalry beg9 to da% hi!r & yon & int]m9able r[s ( foot soldi]s comm5ce to crawl sl[ly across ! l&scape4 ,& ere all ^! p h be5 safely return$ to _! respective homes or cemet]ies1 :ole c\ntries h be5 laid b>e & innum]able ex*equ]s h be5 dra9$ d[n to ! la/ kopek4 ,v sl[ly1 z ,i h said be=e1 x is beg9n+ to dawn ^u ! memb]s ( our guild t hi/ory is a sci5ce z well z an art & is !re=e subject to c]ta9 ( ! immutable laws ( nature :i* ?us f> h only be5 respect$ 9 *emical laboratories & a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,& z a result we are n[ do+ "s v useful sci5tific h\se-clean+ :i* w be ( ine/imable b5efit to all com+ g5]ations4 ,:i* br+s me at la/ to ! subject m5tion$ at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 to wit3 ! ,re=mation4 ,until n s v long ago !re 7 only two op9ions reg>d+ ?is great social & spiritual upheaval4 ,x 0 ei!r :olly good or :olly bad4 ,accord+ to ! adh]5ts ( ! =m] op9ion x _h be5 ! result ( a sudd5 outbreak ( religi\s zeal on ! "p ( a numb] ( noble !ologians :o1 pr(\ndly %ock$ by ! wick$ness & ! v5ality ( ! papal sup]-/ate1 _h e/abli%$ a sep>ate *ur* ( _! own :]e ! true fai? 0 to be h5ce=w>d taught to ^? :o 7 s]i\sly try+ to be true ,*ri/ians4 ,^? :o _h rema9$ fai?ful to ,rome 7 less en?usia/ic4 ,! ,re=mation1 accord+ to ! s*ol>s f beyond ! ,alps1 0 ! result ( a damnable & mo/ repreh5sible conspiracy on ! "p ( a numb] ( despicable pr9ces :o want$ to get unm>ri$ & :o besides hop$ to acquire ! possessions :i* _h =m]ly belong$ to _! ,holy ,"m ! ,*ur*4 ,z usual1 bo? sides 7 "r & bo? sides 7 wrong4 ,! ,re=mation 0 ! "w ( all sorts ( p ) all sorts ( motives4 ,& x is only )9 v rec5t times t we h begun to realize h[ religi\s discont5t play$ only a m9or rle 9 ?is great upheaval & t x 0 really an unavoidable social & economic revolution ) a slightly !ological backgr\nd4 ,( c\rse x is mu* easi] to tea* our *ildr5 t good ,pr9ce ,philip 0 a v enlight5$ rul] :o took a pr(\nd p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! re=m$ doctr9es1 ?an to expla9 to !m ! complicat$ ma*9ations ( an unscrupul\s politician :o will+ly accept$ ! help ( ! infidel ,turks 9 8 w>f>e ^u o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,9 consequ5ce :]e( we ,prote/ants h = hundr$s ( ye>s made a magnanim\s h]o out ( an ambiti\s "y l&grave :o hop$ to see ! h\se ( ,hesse play ! rle ?us f> play$ by ! rival h\se ( ,hapsburg4 ,on ! o!r h& x is s mu* simpl] to turn ,pope ,clem5t into a lov+ %eph]d :o wa/$ ! la/ remnants ( 8 decl9+ /r5g? try+ to prev5t 8 flocks f foll[+ false lead]s1 ?an to depict him z a typical pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici :o reg>d$ ! ,re=mation z an unseemly brawl ( drunk5 ,g]man monks & us$ ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* to fur!r ! int]e/s ( 8 own ,italian fa!rl&1 t we ne$ feel no surprise if su* a fabul\s figure smiles at u f ! pages ( mo/ ,ca?olic text-books4 ,b :ile t sort ( hi/ory may be necess>y 9 ,europe1 we =tunate settl]s 9 a new _w are "u no obligation to p]si/ 9 ! errors ( our cont95tal ance/ors & are at lib]ty to draw a few conclusions ( our own4 ,j because ,philip ( ,hesse1 ! great fri5d & support] ( ,lu!r1 0 a man dom9at$ by an enorm\s political ambition1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t he 0 ins9c]e 9 8 religi\s convictions4 ,by no means4 ,:5 he put 8 "n to ! fam\s 8,prote/0 ( ! ye> #aebi1 he knew z well z 8 fell[ sign]s t !y 7 ab\t to 8expose !mselves to ! viol5ce ( a t]rible /orm10 & might end _! lives on ! scaffold4 ,if he _h n be5 a man ( extraord9>y c\rage1 he w\ld nev] h und]tak5 to play ! rle he actually play$4 ,b ! po9t ,i am try+ to make is ?is3 t x is exce$+ly difficult1 yes1 almo/ impossible1 to judge an hi/orical "* 7or = t matt]1 any ( our imm$iate neighbors7 )\t a pr(\nd k ( all ! _m motives :i* h inspir$ him to d :at he has done or =c$ him to omit do+ :at he has omitt$ to d4 ,! ,fr5* h a prov]b t 8to "k ev]y?+ is to =give ev]y?+40 ,t seems too easy a solution4 ,i w\ld l to (f] an am5dm5t & *ange x z foll[s3 8,to "k ev]y?+ is to und]/& ev]y?+40 ,we c leave ! bus9ess ( p>don+ to ! good ,"l :o ages ago res]v$ t "r to himself4 ,mean:ile we ourselves c humbly try to 8und]/&0 & t is m ?an en\gh = our limit$ human ability4 ,& n[ let me return to ! ,re=mation1 :i* />t$ me ^u ?is slight det\r4 ,z f> z ,i 8und]/&0 t movem5t1 x 0 prim>ily a manife/ation ( a new _s :i* _h be5 born z a result ( ! economic & political developm5t ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies & :i* came to be kn[n z 8nationalism0 & :i* !re=e 0 ! sworn enemy ( t =eign sup]-/ate into :i* all ,european c\ntries _h be5 =c$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! la/ five c5turies4 ,)\t ! common d5om9ator ( "s su* grievance1 x w\ld nev] h be5 possible to unite ,g]mans & ,f9ns & ,danes & ,sw$es & ,fr5*m5 & ,engli%m5 & ,norsem5 into a s+le cohesive p>ty1 /rong en\gh to batt] d[n ! walls ( ! prison 9 :i* !y _h be5 held = su* a long "t4 ,if all ^! het]og5e\s & mutually envi\s elem5ts _h n be5 tempor>ily b\nd toge!r by "o great ideal1 f> surpass+ _! own private grudges & aspirations1 ! ,re=mation c\ld nev] h succe$$4 ,x w\ld h deg5]at$ into a s]ies ( small local upris+s1 easily suppress$ by a regim5t ( m]c5>ies & half a doz5 en]getic inquisitors4 ,! lead]s w\ld h suff]$ ! fate ( ,huss4 ,_! foll[]s w\ld h be5 kill$ z ! little gr\ps ( ,wald5ses & ,albig5ses _h be5 slaught]$ be=e !m4 ,& ! ,papal ,mon>*y w\ld h scor$ ano!r easy triumph1 foll[$ by an era ( ,s*reckli*keit among ^? guilty ( a 8brea* ( discipl9e40 ,ev5 s1 ! great movem5t = re=m only succe$$ by ! smalle/ ( all possible m>g9s4 ,& z soon z ! victory _h be5 won & ! m5ace :i* _h ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( all ! rebels _h be5 remov$1 ! ,prote/ant camp 0 dissolv$ into an inf9itesimal numb] ( small ho/ile gr\ps :o tri$ on a greatly dim9i%$ scale to repeat all ! errors ( :i* _! enemies _h be5 guilty 9 ! heyday ( _! p[]4 ,a ,fr5* abb 7^: "n ,i h un=tunately =gott51 b a v wise fell[7 once said t we mu/ le>n to love humanity 9 spite ( itself4 ,to look back f ! safe di/ance ( almo/ f\r c5turies ^u ?is era ( great hope & ev5 great] disappo9tm5t1 to ?9k ( ! sublime c\rage ( s _m m5 & wom5 :o wa/$ _! lives on ! scaffold & on ! field ( battle = an ideal t 0 nev] to be realiz$1 to contemplate ! sacrifice made by millions ( obscure citiz5s = ! ?+s !y held to be holy & !n to rememb] ! utt] failure ( ! ,prote/ant rebellion z a movem5t t[>ds a m lib]al & m intellig5t _w1 is to put "o's *>ity to a mo/ sev]e te/4 ,= ,prote/antism1 if ! tru? mu/ be told1 took away f ?is _w _m ?+s t 7 good & noble & beautiful & x add$ a great _m o!rs t 7 n>r[ & hateful & graceless4 ,& in/ead ( mak+ ! hi/ory ( ! human race simpl] & m h>moni\s1 x made x m complicat$ & less ord]ly4 ,all t1 h[ev]1 0 n s mu* ! fault ( ! ,re=mation z ( c]ta9 inh]5t weaknesses 9 ! m5tal habits ( mo/ p4 ,!y refuse to be hurri$4 ,!y _c possibly keep up ) ! pace set by _! lead]s4 ,!y are n lack+ 9 good w4 ,ev5tually !y w all cross ! bridge t leads into ! newly discov]$ t]ritory4 ,b !y w d s 9 _! own good "t & br++ ) !m z mu* ( ! ance/ral furniture z !y c possibly c>ry4 ,z a result ! ,great ,re=m1 :i* 0 to e/abli% an entirely new relation%ip betwe5 ! individual ,*ri/ian & 8 ,god1 :i* 0 to d away ) all ! prejudices & all ! corruptions ( a bygone era1 became s ?or\ghly clutt]$ up ) ! m$ieval baggage ( its tru/$ foll[]s t x c\ld move nei!r =w>d nor backw>d & soon look$ = all ! _w l a replica ( t papal e/abli%m5t :i* x held 9 su* great abhorr5ce4 ,= t is ! great trag$y ( ! ,prote/ant rebellion4 ,x c\ld n rise above ! mean av]age ( intellig5ce ( ! majority ( its adh]5ts4 ,& z a result ! p ( we/]n & nor!rn ,europe did n progress z mu* z might h be5 expect$4 ,in/ead ( a man :o 0 suppos$ to be infallible1 ! ,re=mation gave ! _w a book :i* 0 held to be infallible4 ,in/ead ( "o pot5tate :o rul$ supreme1 !re arose a ?\s& & "o little pot5tates1 ea* "o ( :om 9 8 own way tri$ to rule supreme4 ,in/ead ( divid+ all ,*ri/5dom into two well def9$ halves1 ! ins & ! outs1 ! fai?ful & ! h]etics1 x creat$ endless little gr\ps ( diss5t]s :o _h no?+ 9 common b a mo/ int5se hatr$ = all ^? :o fail$ to %>e _! own op9ions4 ,in/ead ( e/abli%+ a reign ( tol]ance1 x foll[$ ! example ( ! e>ly ,*ur* & z soon z x _h atta9$ p[] & 0 firmly entr5*$ beh9d numb]less cate*isms1 cre$s & confessions1 x decl>$ bitt] w>f>e ^u ^? :o d>$ to disagree ) ! (ficially e/abli%$ doctr9es ( ! community 9 :i* !y happ5$ to live4 ,all ?is 01 no d\bt1 mo/ regrettable4 ,b x 0 unavoidable 9 view ( ! m5tal developm5t ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,to describe ! c\rage ( lead]s l ,lu!r & ,calv91 !re exi/s only "o ^w1 & r a t]rible ^w1 8colossal40 ,a simple ,dom9ican monk1 a pr(essor 9 a little tidewat] college some:]e 9 ! backwoods ( ! ,g]man h9t]l&1 :o boldly burns a ,papal ,bull & hamm]s 8 own rebelli\s op9ions to ! door ( a *ur*2 a sickly ,fr5* s*ol> :o turns a small ,swiss t[n into a =tress :i* successfully defies ! :ole p[] ( ! papacy2 su* m5 pres5t u ) examples ( =titude s unique t ! mod]n _w c (f] no adequate comp>ison4 ,t ^! bold rebels soon f\nd fri5ds & support]s1 fri5ds ) a purpose ( _! own & support]s :o hop$ to fi% successfully 9 tr\bl$ wat]s1 all ?is is nei!r "h nor !re4 ,:5 ^! m5 began to gamble ) _! lives = ! sake ( _! consci5ce1 !y c\ld n =esee t ?is w\ld happ5 & t mo/ ( ! nations ( ! nor? w\ld ev5tually enli/ "u _! bann]s4 ,b once !y _h be5 ?r[n into ?is mael/rom ( _! own mak+1 !y 7 oblig$ to g :i!r ! curr5t c>ri$ !m4 ,soon ! m]e "q ( keep+ !mselves above wat] took all ( _! /r5g?4 ,9 f> away ,rome ! ,pope _h at la/ le>n$ t ?is contemptible di/urbance 0 some?+ m s]i\s ?an a p]sonal qu>rel betwe5 a few ,dom9ican & ,augu/9ian fri>s1 & an intrigue on ! "p ( a =m] ,fr5* *apla94 ,to ! great joy ( 8 _m cr$itors1 he tempor>ily ceas$ build+ 8 pet ca!dral & call$ toge!r a c\ncil ( w>4 ,! papal bulls & excommunications flew fa/ & furi\sly4 ,imp]ial armies began to move4 ,& ! lead]s ( ! rebellion1 ) _! backs aga9/ ! wall1 7 =c$ to /& & fight4 ,x 0 n ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory t great m5 9 ! mid/ ( a desp]ate conflict lo/ _! s5se ( proportion4 ,! same ,lu!r :o at "o "t proclaims t x is 8aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s to burn h]etics10 a few ye>s lat] goes into su* a tantrum ( hate :5 he ?9ks ( ! wick$ness ( ^? ,g]mans & ,dut*m5 :o h a lean+ t[>ds ! ideas ( ! ,anabapti/s1 t he seems to h lo/ 8 reason4 ,! intrepid re=m] :o beg9s 8 c>e] by insi/+ t we mu/ n =ce our own sy/em ( logic ^u ,god1 ends 8 days by burn+ an oppon5t ^: p[] ( reason+ 0 und\bt$ly sup]ior to 8 own4 ,! h]etic ( today becomes ! ar*-enemy ( all diss5t]s ( tomorr[4 ,& ) all _! talk ( a new era 9 :i* ! dawn has at la/ foll[$ ^u ! d>k1 bo? ,calv9 & ,lu!r rema9$ fai?ful sons ( ! ,middle ,ages z long z !y liv$4 ,tol]ance did n & c\ld n possibly %[ itself to !m 9 ! light ( a virtue4 ,z long z !y !mselves 7 outca/s1 !y 7 will+ to invoke ! div9e "r ( fre$om ( consci5ce t !y might use x z an argum5t aga9/ _! enemies4 ,once ! battle 0 won1 ?is tru/$ weapon 0 c>efully deposit$ 9 a corn] ( ! ,prote/ant junk-room1 already clutt]$ ) s _m o!r good int5tions t _h be5 disc>d$ z unpractical4 ,!re x lay1 =gott5 & neglect$1 until a great _m ye>s lat]1 :5 x 0 discov]$ beh9d a trunk full ( old s]mons4 ,b ! p :o pick$ x up1 scrap$ (f ! ru/ & once m c>ri$ x into battle 7 ( a diff]5t nature f ^? :o _h f\ght ! good fight 9 ! e>ly days ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,& yet1 ! ,prote/ant revolution contribut$ greatly to ! cause ( tol]ance4 ,n ?r\gh :at x accompli%$ directly4 ,9 t field ! ga9 0 small inde$4 ,b indirectly ! results ( ! ,re=mation 7 all on ! side ( progress4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x made p famili> ) ! ,bible4 ,! ,*ur* _h nev] positively =bidd5 p to read ! ,bible1 b nei!r _h x enc\rag$ ! /udy ( ! sacr$ book by ord9>y laym54 ,n[ at la/ e hone/ bak] & c&le/ick mak] c\ld own a copy ( ! holy "w2 c\ld p]use x 9 ! privacy ( 8 work%op & c\ld draw 8 own conclusions )\t runn+ ! risk ( be+ burn$ at ! /ake4 ,famili>ity is apt to kill ^? s5tim5ts ( awe & fe> :i* we feel be=e ! my/]ies ( ! unkn[n4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two hundr$ ye>s :i* foll[$ imm$iately ^u ! ,re=mation1 pi\s ,prote/ants believ$ ev]y?+ !y read 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,balaam's ass to ,jonah's :ale4 ,& ^? :o d>$ to "q a s+le comma 7! 8inspir$0 v[el-po9ts ( le>n$ ,abraham ,colovius67 knew bett] ?an to let _! sceptical titt]+ be he>d by ! community at l>ge4 ,n because !y 7 afraid any long] ( ! ,inquisition1 b ,prote/ant pa/ors c\ld ^u occasion make a man's life exce$+ly unpleasant & ! economic consequ5ces ( a public m9i/]ial c5sure 7 (t5 v s]i\s1 n to say disa/r\s4 ,gradually h[ev] ?is et]nally repeat$ /udy ( a book :i* 0 really ! national hi/ory ( a small nation ( %eph]ds & trad]s 0 to be> results :i* ,lu!r & ,calv9 & ! o!r re=m]s _h nev] =ese54 ,if !y _h1 ,i am c]ta9 !y w\ld h %>$ ! ,*ur*'s dislike ( ,hebrew & ,greek & w\ld h kept ! scriptures c>efully out ( ! h&s ( ! un9itiat$4 ,= 9 ! end1 an increas+ numb] ( s]i\s /ud5ts began to appreciate ! ,old ,te/am5t z a s+ul>ly int]e/+ book1 b conta9+ su* dreadful & blood-curdl+ tales ( cruelty1 gre$ & murd] t x c\ld n possibly h be5 inspir$ & mu/1 by ! v nature ( its cont5ts1 be ! product ( a p :o _h /ill liv$ 9 a /ate ( semi-b>b>ism4 ,aft] t1 ( c\rse1 x 0 impossible = _m p to reg>d ! ,bible z ! only font ( all true wisdom4 ,& once ?is ob/acle to free speculation _h be5 remov$1 ! curr5t ( sci5tific inve/igation1 damm$ up = almo/ a ?\s& ye>s1 began to fl[ 9 its natural *annel & ! int]rupt$ labors ( ! old ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s 7 pick$ up :]e !y _h be5 left (f tw5ty c5turies be=e4 ,& 9 ! second place1 & ?is is ev5 m important f ! po9t ( view ( tol]ance1 ! ,re=mation deliv]$ nor!rn & we/]n ,europe f ! dictator%ip ( a p[] :i* "u ! guise ( a religi\s organization _h be5 9 reality no?+ b a spiritual & highly despotic cont9uation ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,) ^! /atem5ts1 our ,ca?olic read]s w h>dly agree4 ,b !y too h reason to be grateful to a movem5t :i* 0 n only unavoidable1 b :i* 0 to r5d] a mo/ salut>y s]vice to _! own fai?4 ,=1 ?r[n ^u h] own res\rces1 ! ,*ur* made an h]oic ef=t to rid h]self ( ^? abuses :i* _h made h] once sacr$ "n a byword = rapacity & tyranny4 ,& %e succe$$ mo/ brilliantly4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 no m ,borgias 7 tol]at$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! ,popes z ev] be=e cont9u$ to be ,italians4 ,a deflection f ?is rule 0 practically impossible1 z ! ,roman prolet>iat w\ld h turn$ ! city upside d[n if ! c>d9als entru/$ ) ! election ( a new pontiff _h *os5 a ,g]man or a ,fr5*man or any o!r =eign]4 ,! new pontiffs1 h[ev]1 7 select$ ) great c>e & only c&idates ( ! highe/ "* c\ld hope to be consid]$4 ,& ^! new ma/]s1 fai?fully aid$ by _! devot$ ,jesuit auxili>ies1 began a ?or\gh h\se-clean+4 ,! sale ( indulg5ces came to an end4 ,mona/ic ord]s 7 enjo9$ to /udy 7& h5ce=? to obey7 ! rules laid d[n by _! f\nd]s4 ,m5dicant fri>s disappe>$ f ! /reets ( civiliz$ cities4 ,& ! g5]al spiritual indiff]5ce ( ! ,r5aissance 0 replac$ by an eag] zeal = holy & useful lives sp5t 9 good de$s & 9 humble s]vice t[>ds ^? un=tunate p :o 7 n /rong en\gh to c>ry ! burd5 ( exi/5ce by !mselves4 ,ev5 s1 ! great] "p ( ! t]ritory :i* _h be5 lo/ 0 nev] rega9$4 ,speak+ ) a c]ta9 geographical fre$om1 ! nor!rn half ( ,europe rema9$ ,prote/ant1 :ile ! s\!rn half /ay$ ,ca?olic4 ,b :5 we translate ! result ( ! ,re=mation into ! language ( pictures1 ! actual *anges :i* took place 9 ,europe become m cle>ly reveal$4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !re _h be5 "o univ]sal spiritual & intellectual prison-h\se4 ,! ,prote/ant rebellion _h ru9$ ! old build+ & out ( "p ( ! available mat]ial x _h con/ruct$ a jail ( its own4 ,aft] ! ye> #aeag !re are !re=e two dungeons1 "o res]v$ exclusively = ! ,ca?olics1 ! o!r = ! ,prote/ants4 ,at lea/ t _h be5 ! orig9al plan4 ,b ! ,prote/ants1 :o did n h ! advantage ( c5turies ( tra9+ along ! l9es ( p]secution & repression1 fail$ to make _! lockup diss5t]-pro(4 ,?r\gh w9d[s & *imneys & cell>-doors a l>ge numb] ( ! unruly inmates escap$4 ,ere long ! entire build+ 0 a wreck4 ,at night ! miscreants came & took away :ole c>tloads ( /ones & beams & iron b>s :i* !y us$ ! next morn+ to build a little =tress ( _! own4 ,b al?\gh ?is _h ! outw>d appe>ance ( t orig9al jail1 con/ruct$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e by ,gregory ! ,great & ,innoc5t ,,iii1 x lack$ ! necess>y inn] /r5g?4 ,no soon] 0 x ready = occupancy1 no soon] _h a new set ( rules & regulations be5 po/$ ^u ! gates1 ?an a :olesale walk-out occurr$ among ! disgruntl$ tru/ees4 ,z _! keep]s1 n[ call$ m9i/]s1 _h be5 depriv$ ( ! old me?ods ( discipl9e 7excommunication1 torture1 execution1 confiscation & exile7 !y 7 absolutely helpless be=e ?is det]m9$ mob & 7 =c$ to /& by & look on :ile ! rebels put up su* a /ockade z pleas$ _! own !ological pref]5ces & proclaim$ su* new doctr9es z happ5$ to suit _! tempor>y convictions4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ s (t5 t f9ally !re develop$ a sort ( spiritual no-man's-l& betwe5 ! diff]5t lockups :]e curi\s s\ls c\ld roam at r&om & :]e hone/ p c\ld ?9k :atev] !y pleas$ )\t h9drance or mole/ation4 ,& ?is is ! great s]vice :i* ,prote/antism r5d]$ to ! cause ( tol]ance4 ,x re/abli%$ ! dignity ( ! individual man4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,erasmus ,9 ! writ+ ( e book !re occurs a crisis4 ,sometimes x comes dur+ ! fir/ fifty pages4 ,^u o!r occasions x does n make itself manife/ until ! manuscript is almo/ f9i%$4 ,inde$1 a book )\t a crisis is l a *ild t has nev] _h ! measles4 ,!re probably is some?+ ! matt] ) x4 ,! crisis 9 ! pres5t volume happ5$ a few m9utes ago1 = ,i h n[ rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! idea ( a "w ^u ! subject ( tol]ance 9 ! ye> ( grace #aibe seems q prepo/]\s2 :]e all ! labor sp5t ?us f> ^u a prelim9>y /udy appe>s 9 ! light ( s mu* valuable "t wa/$2 :]e ,i w\ld l be/ ( all to make a bonfire ( ,bury & ,lecky & ,voltaire & ,montaigne & ,:ite & use ! c>bon copies ( my own "w to light ! /ove4 ,h[ to expla9 ?is8 ,!re are _m reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! inevitable feel+ ( bor$om :i* ov]takes an au?or :5 he has be5 liv+ ) 8 topic on a v intimate foot+ = too long a "t4 ,9 ! second place1 ! suspicion t books ( ?is sort w n be ( ! slighte/ practical value4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place ! fe> t ! pres5t volume w be m]ely us$ z a qu>ry f :i* our less tol]ant fell[-citiz5s w dig a few easy facts ) :i* to bol/] up _! own bad causes4 ,b ap>t f ^! argum5ts 7:i* hold good = mo/ s]i\s books7 !re is 9 ! pres5t case ! almo/ insurm\ntable difficulty ( 8sy/em40 ,a /ory 9 ord] to be a success mu/ h a beg9n+ & an end4 ,?is book has a beg9n+1 b c x ev] h an end8 ,:at ,i mean is ?is4 ,i c %[ ! t]rible crimes app>5tly committ$ 9 ! "n ( righte\sness & ju/ice1 b really caus$ by intol]ance4 ,i c depict ! unhappy days ^u :i* mank9d fell :5 intol]ance 0 elevat$ to ! rank ( "o ( ! major virtues4 ,i c d5\nce & d]ide intol]ance until my read]s %\t ) "o accord1 8,d[n ) ?is curse1 & let u all be tol]ant60 ,b !re is "o ?+ ,i _c d4 ,i _c tell h[ ?is highly desirable goal is to be rea*$4 ,!re are h&books :i* und]take to give u in/ruction 9 ev]y?+ f aft]-d9n] speak+ to v5triloquism4 ,9 an adv]tisem5t ( a correspond5ce c\rse la/ ,sunday ,i read ( no less ?an two hundr$ & =ty-n9e subjects :i* ! in/itute gu>ante$ to tea* to p]fection 9 ex*ange = a v small gratuity4 ,b no "o ?us f> has (f]$ to expla9 9 =ty 7or 9 =ty ?\s&7 lessons 8h[ to become tol]ant40 ,& ev5 hi/ory1 :i* is suppos$ to hold ! key to s _m secrets1 refuses to be ( any use 9 ?is em]g5cy4 ,yes1 x is possible to compose le>n$ tomes devot$ to slav]y or free trade or capital puni%m5t or ! gr[? & developm5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 = slav]y & free trade & capital puni%m5t & ,go?ic ar*itecture are v def9ite & concrete ?+s4 ,= lack ( all o!r mat]ial we c\ld at lea/ /udy ! lives ( ! m5 & wom5 :o _h be5 ! *ampions ( free trade & slav]y & capital puni%m5t & ,go?ic ar*itecture or ^? :o _h oppos$ !m4 ,& f ! mann] 9 :i* ^? excell5t p _h approa*$ _! subjects1 f _! p]sonal habits1 _! associations1 _! pref]5ces 9 food & dr9k & tobacco1 yea1 f ! v bree*es !y _h worn1 we c\ld draw c]ta9 conclusions ab\t ! ideals :i* !y _h s en]getically esp\s$ or s bitt]ly d5\nc$4 ,b !re nev] 7 any pr(essional protagoni/s ( tol]ance4 ,^? :o work$ mo/ zeal\sly = ! great cause did s incid5tally4 ,_! tol]ance 0 a by-product4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 o!r pursuits4 ,!y 7 /atesm5 or writ]s or k+s or physicians or mode/ artisans4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! k+ bus9ess or _! m$ical practice or mak+ /eel engrav+s !y f\nd "t to say a few good words = tol]ance1 b ! /ruggle = tol]ance 0 n ! :ole ( _! c>e]s4 ,!y 7 int]e/$ 9 x z !y may h be5 int]e/$ 9 play+ *ess or fiddl+4 ,& because !y 7 "p ( a /rangely assort$ gr\p 7imag9e ,sp9oza & ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,?omas ,jeff]son & ,montaigne z boon companions67 x is almo/ impossible to discov] t common trait ( "* :i* z a rule is to be f\nd 9 all ^? :o are engag$ ^u a common task1 be x soldi]+ or plumb+ or deliv]+ ! _w f s94 ,9 su* a case ! writ] is apt to h rec\rse to epigrams4 ,some:]e 9 ?is _w !re is an epigram = e dilemma4 ,b ^u ?is p>ticul> subject1 ! ,bible & ,%akespe>e & ,izaak ,walton & ev5 old ,b5ham leave u 9 ! lur*4 ,p]haps ,jona?an ,swift 7,i quote f memory7 came ne>e/ to ! problem :5 he said t mo/ m5 _h j en\gh religion to hate _! neighbors b n q en\gh to love !m4 ,un=tunately t bright rem>k does n q cov] our pres5t difficulty4 ,!re h be5 p possess$ ( z mu* religion z any "o individual c\ld safely hold :o h hat$ _! neighbors z cordially z ! be/ ( !m4 ,!re h be5 o!rs :o 7 totally devoid ( ! religi\s in/9ct :o squ&]$ _! affection ^u all ! /ray cats & dogs & human be+s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,no1 ,i %all h to f9d an answ] ( my own4 ,& ^u due cogitation 7b ) a feel+ ( great unc]ta9ty7 ,i %all n[ /ate :at ,i suspect to be ! tru?4 ,! m5 :o h f\ght = tol]ance1 :atev] _! diff]5ces1 _h all ( !m "o ?+ 9 common2 _! fai? 0 temp]$ by d\bt2 !y might hone/ly believe t !y !mselves 7 "r1 b !y nev] rea*$ ! po9t :]e t suspicion h>d5$ into an absolute conviction4 ,9 ?is day & age ( sup]-patriotism1 ) our en?usia/ic clamor+ = a hundr$-p]c5t ?is & a hundr$-p]c5t t1 x may be well to po9t to ! lesson taught by nature :i* seems to h a con/itutional av]sion to any su* ideal ( /&>dization4 ,purely br$ cats & dogs are prov]bial idiots :o are apt to die because no "o is pres5t to take !m out ( ! ra94 ,hundr$-p]c5t pure iron has long s9ce be5 disc>d$ = ! composite metal call$ /eel4 ,no jewel] ev] und]took to d any?+ ) hundr$-p]c5t pure gold or silv]4 ,fiddles1 to be any good1 mu/ be made ( six or sev5 diff]5t v>ieties ( wood4 ,& z = a meal compos$ entirely ( a hundr$-p]c5t mu%1 ,i ?ank y1 no6 ,9 %ort1 all ! mo/ useful ?+s 9 ?is _w are comp\nds & ,i see no reason :y fai? %\ld be an exception4 ,unless ! base ( our 8c]ta9ty0 conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! alloy ( 8d\bt10 our fai? w s\nd z t9kly z a bell made ( pure silv] or z h>% z a trombone made ( brass4 ,x 0 a pr(\nd appreciation ( ?is fact :i* set ! h]oes ( tol]ance ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,z f> z p]sonal integrity w5t1 hone/y ( conviction1 unselfi% devotion to duty & all ! o!r h\sehold virtues1 mo/ ( ^! m5 c\ld h pass$ mu/] be=e a bo>d ( ,puritan ,inquisitors4 ,i w\ld g fur!r ?an t & /ate t at lea/ half ( !m liv$ & di$ 9 su* a way t !y w\ld n[ be among ! sa9ts1 if _! peculi> tr5d ( consci5ce _h n =c$ !m to be ! op5 & av[$ enemies ( t in/itution :i* has tak5 ^u itself ! exclusive "r ( elevat+ ord9>y human be+s to c]ta9 cele/ial dignities4 ,b =tunately !y 7 possess$ ( ! div9e d\bt4 ,!y knew 7z ! ,romans & ! ,greeks _h kn[n be=e !m7 t ! problem :i* fac$ !m 0 s va/ t no "o 9 8 "r s5ses w\ld ev] expect x to be solv$4 ,& :ile !y might hope & pray t ! road :i* !y _h tak5 w\ld ev5tually lead !m to a safe goal1 !y c\ld nev] conv9ce !mselves t x 0 ! only "r "o1 t all o!r roads 7 wrong & t ! en*ant+ by-pa?s :i* delight$ ! he>ts ( s _m simple p 7 evil ?or\ghf>es lead+ to damnation4 ,all ?is s\nds contr>y to ! op9ions express$ 9 mo/ ( our cate*isms & our text-books on e?ics4 ,^! prea* ! sup]ior virtue ( a _w illum9at$ by ! pure :ite flame ( absolute fai?4 ,p]haps s4 ,b dur+ ^? c5turies :5 t flame 0 suppos$ to be burn+ at its brighte/1 ! av]age rank & file ( humanity _c be said to h be5 ei!r p>ticul>ly happy or extraord9>ily com=table4 ,i don't want to sugge/ any radical re=ms1 b j = a *ange we might try t o!r light1 by ! rays ( :i* ! bre?r5 ( ! tol]ant guild h be5 9 ! habit ( exam9+ ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,if t does n prove successful1 we c always g back to ! sy/em ( our fa!rs4 ,b if x %\ld prove to ?r[ an agreeable lu/] ^u a society conta9+ a little m k9dness & =be>ance1 a community less beset by ugl9ess & gre$ & hatr$1 a good deal w\ld h be5 ga9$ & ! exp5se1 ,i am sure1 w\ld be q small4 ,& aft] ?is bit ( advice1 (f]$ = :at x is wor?1 ,i mu/ g back to my hi/ory4 ,:5 ! la/ ,roman 0 buri$1 ! la/ citiz5 ( ! _w 79 ! be/ & broade/ s5se ( ! ^w7 p]i%$4 ,& x 0 a long "t be=e society 0 once m plac$ ^u su* a foot+ ( security t ! old _s ( an all-encompass+ humanity1 :i* _h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ m9ds ( ! anci5t _w1 c\ld safely return to ?is e>?4 ,t1 z we saw1 happ5$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,! revival ( int]national comm]ce br\ght fre% capital to ! pov]ty /rick5 c\ntries ( ! we/4 ,new cities arose4 ,a new class ( m5 began to patronize ! arts1 to sp5d money ^u books1 to end[ ^? univ]sities :i* foll[$ s closely 9 ! wake ( prosp]ity4 ,& x 0 !n t a few devot$ adh]5ts ( ! 8humanities10 ( ^? sci5ces :i* boldly _h tak5 all mank9d z _! field ( exp]im5t1 arose 9 rebellion aga9/ ! n>r[ limitations ( ! old s*ola/icism & /ray$ away f ! flock ( ! fai?ful :o reg>d$ _! int]e/ 9 ! wisdom & ! gramm> ( ! anci5ts z a manife/ation ( a wick$ & impure curiosity4 ,among ! m5 :o 7 9 ! front ranks ( ?is small gr\p ( pione]s1 ! /ories ( ^: lives w make up ! re/ ( ?is book1 few des]ve great] cr$it ?an t v timid s\l :o came to be kn[n z ,erasmus4 ,= timid he 01 al?\gh he took "p 9 all ! great v]bal enc\nt]s ( 8 day & successfully manag$ to make himself ! t]ror ( 8 enemies1 by ! precision ) :i* he h&l$ t mo/ deadly ( all weapons1 ! long-range gun ( humor4 ,f> & wide ! missiles conta9+ ! mu/>d-gas ( 8 wit 7 %ot into ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,& ^? ,erasmian bombs 7 ( a v dang]\s v>iety4 ,at a fir/ glance !y look$ h>mless en\gh4 ,!re 0 no sputt]+ ( a tell-tale fuse4 ,!y _h ! appe>ance ( an amus+ new v>iety ( fire-crack]1 b ,god help ^? :o took !m home & all[$ ! *ildr5 to play ) !m4 ,! poison 0 sure to get into _! little m9ds & x 0 ( su* a p]si/5t nature t f\r c5turies h n suffic$ to make ! race immune aga9/ ! effects ( ! drug4 ,x is /range t su* a man %\ld h be5 born 9 "o ( ! dulle/ t[ns ( ! mudbanks :i* are situat$ along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ^? wat] soak$ l&s _h n yet atta9$ ! glories ( an indep5d5t & fabul\sly ri* commonweal?4 ,!y =m$ a gr\p ( little insignificant pr9cipalities1 some:]e on ! outskirts ( civiliz$ society4 ,!y smell$ =ev] ( h]r+1 _! *ief article ( export4 ,& if ev] !y attract$ a visitor1 x 0 "s helpless m>9] ^: %ip _h be5 wreck$ ^u _! dismal %ores4 ,b ! v horror ( a *ildhood sp5t among su* unpleasant surr\nd+s may h spurr$ ?is curi\s infant into t fury ( activity :i* ev5tually 0 to set him free & make him "o ( ! be/ kn[n m5 ( 8 "t4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( life1 ev]y?+ 0 aga9/ him4 ,he 0 an illegitimate *ild4 ,! p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 be+ on an intimate & fri5dly foot+ bo? ) ,god & ) nature1 7 a great deal m s5sible ab\t su* *ildr5 ?an we are4 ,!y 7 sorry4 ,su* ?+s ought n to occur & ( c\rse !y greatly disapprov$4 ,= ! re/1 h[ev]1 !y 7 too simple-m9d$ to puni% a helpless creature 9 a cradle = a s9 :i* mo/ c]ta9ly 0 n ( its own mak+4 ,! irregul>ity ( 8 bir? c]tificate inconv5i5c$ ,erasmus only 9 s f> z bo? 8 fa!r & 8 "m seem to h be5 exce$+ly muddle-head$ citiz5s1 totally incapable ( h&l+ ! situation & leav+ _! *ildr5 to ! c>e ( relatives :o 7 ei!r boobs or sc\ndrels4 ,^! uncles & gu>dians _h no idea ( :at to d ) _! two little w>ds & aft] ! "m _h di$1 ! *ildr5 nev] _h a home ( _! own4 ,fir/ ( all !y 7 s5t to a fam\s s*ool 9 ,dev5t]1 :]e sev]al ( ! tea*]s belong$ to ! ,society ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,common ,life1 b if we are to judge by ! lett]s :i* ,erasmus wrote lat] 9 life1 ^! "y m5 7 only 8common0 9 a v diff]5t s5se ( ! ^w4 ,next ! two boys 7 sep>at$ & ! y\ng] 0 tak5 to ,g\da1 :]e he 0 plac$ "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! head-ma/] ( ! ,lat9 s*ool1 :o 0 also "o ( ! ?ree gu>dians appo9t$ to adm9i/] 8 sl5d] inh]itance4 ,if t s*ool 9 ! days ( ,erasmus 0 z bad z :5 ,i visit$ x f\r c5turies lat]1 ,i c only feel sorry = ! poor kid4 ,& to make matt]s worse1 ! gu>dians by ?is "t _h wa/$ e p5ny ( 8 money & 9 ord] to escape prosecution 7= ! old ,dut* c\rts 7 /rict ^u su* matt]s7 !y hurri$ ! infant into a cloi/]1 ru%$ him into holy ord]s & bade him be happy because 8n[ 8 future 0 secure40 ,! my/]i\s mills ( hi/ory ev5tually gr\nd ?is t]rible exp]i5ce into some?+ ( great lit]>y value4 ,b ,i hate to ?9k ( ! _m t]rible ye>s ?is s5sitive y\ng/] 0 =c$ to sp5d 9 ! exclusive company ( ! illit]ate boors & ?ick-f+]$ ru/ics :o dur+ ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages made up ! population ( fully half ( all mona/]ies4 ,=tunately ! laxity ( discipl9e at ,/eyn p]mitt$ ,erasmus to sp5d mo/ ( 8 "t among ! ,lat9 manuscripts :i* a =m] abbot _h collect$ & :i* lay =gott5 9 ! libr>y4 ,he absorb$ ^? volumes until he f9ally became a walk+ encyclop$ia ( classical le>n+4 ,9 lat] ye>s ?is /ood him 9 good /ead4 ,=ev] on ! move1 he r>ely 0 )9 rea* ( a ref]5ce libr>y4 ,b t 0 n necess>y4 ,he c\ld quote f memory4 ,^? :o h ev] se5 ! t5 gigantic folios :i* conta9 8 collect$ works1 or :o h manag$ to read ?r\gh "p ( !m 7life is s %ort n[adays7 w appreciate :at a 8k ( ! classics0 meant 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,( c\rse1 ev5tually ,erasmus 0 able to leave 8 old mona/]y4 ,p l him are nev] influ5c$ by circum/ances4 ,!y make _! own circum/ances & !y make !m out ( ! mo/ unlikely mat]ial4 ,& ! re/ ( 8 life ,erasmus 0 a free man1 se>*+ re/lessly aft] a spot :]e he might "w )\t be+ di/urb$ by a ho/ ( admir+ fri5ds4 ,b n until ! fateful h\r :5 ) an appeal to ! 8lieve ,god0 ( 8 *ildhood he all[$ 8 s\l to slip into ! slumb] ( dea?1 did he enjoy a mom5t ( t 8true leisure0 :i* has always appe>$ z ! highe/ good to ^? :o h foll[$ ! foot/eps ( ,socrates & ,z5o & :i* s few ( !m h ev] f\nd4 ,^! p]egr9ations h (t5 be5 describ$ & ,i ne$ n repeat !m "h 9 detail4 ,:]ev] two or m m5 liv$ toge!r 9 ! "n ( true wisdom1 !re ,erasmus 0 soon] or lat] b\nd to make 8 appe>ance4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e z a poor s*ol> he almo/ di$ ( hung] & cold4 ,he taught 9 ,cambridge4 ,he pr9t$ books 9 ,basel4 ,he tri$ 7q 9 va97 to c>ry a sp>k ( enlight5m5t into t /ronghold ( or?odox bigotry1 ! f>-fam$ ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,he sp5t mu* ( 8 "t 9 ,london & took ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur94 ,he 0 famili> ) ! ,gr& ,canal ( ,v5ice & curs$ z famili>ly ab\t ! t]rible roads ( ,zeel& z ^? ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! sky1 ! p>ks1 ! walks & ! libr>ies ( ,rome made su* a pr(\nd impression ^u him t ev5 ! wat]s ( ,le! c\ld n wa% ! ,holy ,city out ( 8 memory4 ,he 0 (f]$ a lib]al p5sion if he w\ld only move to ,v5ice & :5ev] a new univ]sity 0 op5$1 he 0 sure to be honor$ ) a call to :atev] *air he wi%$ to take or to no *air at all1 provid$ he w\ld grace ! ,campus ) 8 occasional pres5ce4 ,b he /eadily refus$ all su* invitations because !y seem$ to conta9 a ?reat ( p]man5ce & dep5d5cy4 ,be=e all ?+s he want$ to be free4 ,he pref]r$ a com=table room to a bad "o1 he pref]r$ amus+ companions to dull ones1 he knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! good ri* w9e ( ! l& call$ ,burgundy & ! ?9 r$ ink ( ! ,ap5n9es1 b he want$ to live life on 8 own t]ms & ?is he c\ld n d if he _h to call any man 8ma/]40 ,! rle :i* he _h *os5 = himself 0 really t ( an intellectual se>*-light4 ,no matt] :at object appe>$ above ! horizon ( contempor>y ev5ts1 ,erasmus imm$iately let ! brilliant rays ( 8 intellect play ^u x1 did 8 be/ to make 8 neighbors see ! ?+ z x really 01 d5ud$ ( all frills & dive/$ ( t 8folly10 t ignorance :i* he hat$ s ?or\ghly4 ,t he 0 able to d ?is dur+ ! mo/ turbul5t p]iod ( our hi/ory1 t he manag$ to escape ! fury ( ! ,prote/ant fanatics :ile keep+ himself alo( f ! fagots ( 8 fri5ds ( ! ,inquisition1 ?is is ! "o po9t 9 8 c>e] ^u :i* he has be5 mo/ (t5 condemn$4 ,po/]ity seems to h a v]itable passion = m>tyrdom z long z x applies to ! ance/ors4 8,:y didn't ?is ,dut*man /& up boldly = ,lu!r & take 8 *ance toge!r ) ! o!r re=m]s80 has be5 a "q :i* seems to h puzzl$ at lea/ twelve g5]ations ( o!rwise intellig5t citiz5s4 ,! answ] is1 8,:y %\ld he80 ,x 0 n 9 8 nature to d viol5t ?+s & he nev] reg>d$ himself z ! lead] ( any movem5t4 ,he utt]ly lack$ t s5se ( self-righte\s assurance :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o und]take to tell ! _w h[ ! mill5nium ought to be br\ght ab\t4 ,besides he did n believe t x is necess>y to demoli% ! old home e "t we feel ! necessity ( re>rang+ our qu>t]s4 ,q true1 ! premises 7 sadly 9 ne$ ( repairs4 ,! dra9age 0 old-fa%ion$4 ,! g>d5 0 all clutt]$ up ) dirt & odds & ends left beh9d by p :o _h mov$ out long be=e4 ,b all ?is c\ld be *ang$ if ! l&lord 0 made to live up to 8 promises & w\ld only sp5d "s money ^u imm$iate improvem5ts4 ,beyond t1 ,erasmus did n wi% to g4 ,& al?\gh he 0 :at 8 enemies sne]+ly call$ a 8mod]ate10 he accompli%$ q z mu* 7or m7 ?an ^? out & out 8radicals0 :o gave ! _w two tyrannies :]e only "o _h be5 be=e4 ,l all truly great m51 he 0 no fri5d ( sy/ems4 ,he believ$ t ! salvation ( ?is _w lies 9 our individual endeavors4 ,make ov] ! individual man & y h made ov] ! entire _w6 ,h5ce he made 8 attack ^u exi/+ abuses by way ( a direct appeal to ! av]age citiz54 ,& he did ?is 9 a v clev] way4 ,9 ! fir/ place he wrote an enorm\s am\nt ( lett]s4 ,he wrote !m to k+s & to emp]ors & to popes & to abbots & to knights & to knaves4 ,he wrote !m 7& ?is 9 ! days be=e ! /amp$ & self-address$ envelope7 to any "o :o took ! tr\ble to approa* him & :5ev] he took 8 p5 9 h& he 0 good = at lea/ eight pages4 ,9 ! second place1 he edit$ a l>ge numb] ( classical texts :i* _h be5 s (t5 & s badly copi$ t !y no long] made any s5se4 ,= ?is purpose he _h be5 oblig$ to le>n ,greek4 ,8 _m attempts to get hold ( a gramm> ( t =bidd5 tongue 0 "o ( ! reasons :y s _m pi\s ,ca?olics insi/$ t at he>t he mu/ be z bad z a real h]etic4 ,?is ( c\rse s\nds absurd b x 0 ! tru?4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 respectable ,*ri/ians w\ld nev] h dream$ ( try+ to le>n ?is =bidd5 language4 ,x 0 a tongue ( evil repute l mod]n ,russian4 ,a k ( ,greek might lead a man into all sorts ( difficulties4 ,x might tempt him to comp>e ! orig9al gospels ) ^? translations t _h be5 giv5 to him ) ! assurance t !y 7 a true reproduction ( ! orig9al4 ,& t w\ld only be ! beg9n+4 ,soon he w\ld make a desc5t into ! ,ghetto to get hold ( a ,hebrew gramm>4 ,f t po9t to op5 rebellion aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 only a /ep & = a long "t ! possession ( a book ) /range & outl&i% po?ooks 0 reg>d$ z ipso facto evid5ce ( secret revolution>y t5d5cies4 ,q (t5 rooms 7 raid$ by ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 se>* ( ?is contrab&1 & ,byzant9e refugees :o 7 try+ to eke out an exi/5ce by tea*+ _! native tongue 7 n infrequ5tly =c$ to leave ! city 9 :i* !y _h f\nd an asylum4 ,9 spite ( all ^! _m ob/acles1 ,erasmus _h le>n$ ,greek & 9 ! asides :i* he add$ to 8 editions ( ,cyprian & ,*ryso/om & ! o!r ,*ur* fa!rs1 he hid _m sly obs]vations ^u curr5t ev5ts :i* c\ld nev] h be5 pr9t$ _h !y be5 ! subject ( a sep>ate pamphlet4 ,b ?is impi% _s ( annotation manife/$ itself 9 an entirely diff]5t sort ( lit]ature ( :i* he 0 ! inv5tor4 ,i mean 8 fam\s collections ( ,greek & ,lat9 prov]bs :i* he _h br\ght toge!r 9 ord] t ! *ildr5 ( 8 "t might le>n to write ! classics ) becom+ elegance4 ,^! s-call$ 8,adagia0 are fill$ ) clev] comm5ts :i* 9 ! eyes ( 8 cons]vative neighbors 7 by no means :at "o _h ! "r to expect ( a man :o enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,pope4 ,& f9ally he 0 ! au?or ( "o ( ^? /range little books :i* are born ( ! _s ( ! mom5t1 :i* are really a joke conceiv$ = ! b5efit ( a few fri5ds & !n assume ! dignity ( a great lit]>y classic be=e ! poor au?or q realizes :at he has done4 ,x 0 call$ 8,! ,praise ( ,folly0 & we happ5 to "k h[ x came to be writt54 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #aeae t ! _w _h be5 />tl$ by a pamphlet writt5 s clev]ly t no "o c\ld tell :e!r x 0 meant z an attack ^u ! fri>s or z a def5se ( ! mona/ic life4 ,no "n appe>$ ^u ! title page1 b ^? :o knew :at 0 :at 9 ! _w ( lett]s recogniz$ ! some:at un/eady h& ( "o ,ulri* von ,hutt54 ,& !y guess$ "r2 = t tal5t$ "y man1 poet laureate & t[n bum extraord9>y1 _h tak5 no mean %>e 9 ! production ( ?is gross b useful piece ( buffoon]y & he 0 pr\d ( x4 ,:5 he he>d t no "o less ?an ,?omas ,m1 ! fam\s *ampion ( ! ,new ,le>n+ 9 ,engl&1 _h spok5 well ( 8 "w1 he wrote to ,erasmus & ask$ him = p>ticul>s4 ,erasmus 0 no fri5d ( von ,hutt54 ,8 ord]ly m9d 7reflect$ 9 8 ord]ly way ( liv+7 did n take k9dly to ^? bl[sy ,teuton ,ritt]s :o sp5t _! morn+s & aft]noons valiantly wield+ p5 & rapi] = ! cause ( enlight5m5t & !n retir$ to ! ne>e/ pot-h\se t !y might =get ! corruption ( ! times by dr9k+ endless bump]s ( s\r be]4 ,b von ,hutt51 9 8 own way1 0 really a man ( g5ius & ,erasmus answ]$ him civilly en\gh4 ,yea1 z he wrote1 he grew eloqu5t ^u ! virtues ( 8 ,london fri5d & depict$ s *>m+ a sc5e ( dome/ic cont5tm5t t ! h\sehold ( ,sir ,?omas might well s]ve z a model = all o!r families until ! end ( "t4 ,x 0 9 ?is lett] t he m5tions h[ ,m1 himself a humori/ ( no small p>ts1 _h giv5 him ! orig9al idea = 8 8,praise ( ,folly0 & v likely x 0 ! good-natur$ horse-play ( ! ,m e/abli%m5t 7a v]itable ,noah's ark ( sons & daught]s-9-law & daught]s & sons-9-law & birds & dogs & a private zoo & private !atricals & b&s ( amateur fiddl]s7 :i* _h inspir$ him to write t delightful piece ( nons5se ) :i* 8 "n is =ev] associat$4 ,9 "s vague way ! book rem9ds me ( ! ,pun* & ,judy %[s :i* = s _m c5turies 7 ! only amusem5t ( little ,dut* *ildr54 ,^? ,pun* & ,judy %[s1 ) all ! gross vulg>ity ( _! dialogue1 inv>iably ma9ta9$ a tone ( l(ty moral s]i\sness4 ,! holl[ voic$ figure ( ,dea? dom9at$ ! sc5e4 ,"o by "o ! o!r actors 7 =c$ to appe> be=e ?is ragg$ h]o & give an acc\nt ( !mselves4 ,& "o by "o1 to ! ev]la/+ delight ( ! y\?ful audi5ce1 !y 7 knock$ on ! head ) an enorm\s cudgel & 7 ?r[n on an imag9>y scrap-heap4 ,9 ! 8,praise ( ,folly10 ! :ole social fabric ( ! age is c>efully tak5 ap>t :ile ,folly1 z a sort ( inspir$ ,coron]1 /&s by & favors ! public at l>ge ) h] comm5ts4 ,no "o is sp>$4 ,! :ole ( ,m$ieval ,ma9 ,/reet is ransack$ = suitable *>act]s4 ,& ( c\rse1 ! g-gett]s ( t day1 ! p$dl+ fri>s ( salvation ) all _! sanctimonius sales-talk1 _! gross ignorance & ! futile pomposity ( _! argum5ts1 came 9 = a drubb+ :i* 0 nev] =gott5 & nev] =giv54 ,b ! ,pope & 8 c>d9als & 8 bi%ops1 incongru\s successors to ! pov]ty /rick5 fi%]m5 & c>p5t]s f ! l& ( ,galilee1 7 also on ! bill & held ! /age = sev]al *apt]s4 ,! 8,folly0 ( ,erasmus h[ev] 0 a mu* m sub/antial p]sonage ?an ! usual ,jack-9-!-,box ( humor\s lit]ature4 ,?r\gh\t ?is little book 7z inde$ ?r\gh\t ev]y?+ he wrote7 ,erasmus prea*$ a gospel ( 8 own :i* "o might call ! philosophy ( tol]ance4 ,x 0 ?is will+ness to live & let live2 ?is insi/5ce ^u ! _s ( ! div9e law r ?an ^u ! commas & ! semi-colons 9 ! orig9al v]sion ( t div9e law2 ?is truly human acceptance ( religion z a sy/em ( e?ics r ?an z a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* made s]i\s-m9d$ ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants inveigh aga9/ ,erasmus z a 8godless knave0 & an enemy ( all true religion :o 8sl&]$ ,*ri/0 b hid 8 real op9ions beh9d ! funny phrases ( a clev] little book4 ,?is abuse 7& x la/$ until ! day ( 8 dea?7 did n h any effect4 ,! little man ) ! long po9t$ nose1 :o liv$ until ! age ( sev5ty at a "t :5 ! addition or omission ( a s+le ^w f an e/abli%$ text might cause a man to be hang$1 _h no lik+ at all = ! popul>-h]o bus9ess & he said s op5ly4 ,he expect$ no?+ f an appeal to swords & arquebusses & knew only too well ! risk ! _w 0 runn+ :5 a m9or !ological dispute 0 all[$ to deg5]ate into an int]national religi\s w>4 ,& s1 l a gigantic beav]1 he work$ day & night to f9i% t fam\s dam ( reason & common s5se :i* he vaguely hop$ might /em ! wax+ tide ( ignorance & intol]ance4 ,( c\rse he fail$4 ,x 0 impossible to /op ^? floods ( ill-w & hatr$ :i* 7 sweep+ d[n f ! m\nta9s ( ,g]many & ! ,alps1 & a few ye>s aft] 8 dea? 8 "w _h be5 completely wa%$ away4 ,b s well _h he wr\ght t _m bits ( wreckage1 ?r[n ^u ! %ores ( po/]ity1 prov$ exce$+ly good mat]ial = ^? irrepressible optimi/s :o believe t "s day we %all h a set ( dykes t w actually hold4 ,erasmus dep>t$ ?is life 9 ,july ( ! ye> #aehf4 ,8 s5se ( humor nev] des]t$ him4 ,he di$ 9 ! h\se ( 8 publi%]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,rabelais ,social upheavals make /range b$-fell[s4 ,! "n ( ,erasmus c be pr9t$ 9 a respectable book int5d$ = ! entire family4 ,b to m5tion ,rabelais 9 public is consid]$ little %ort ( a brea* ( good mann]s4 ,inde$1 s dang]\s is ?is fell[ t laws h be5 pass$ 9 our c\ntry to keep 8 wick$ works out ( ! h&s ( our innoc5t *ildr5 & t 9 _m /ates copies ( 8 books c only be obta9$ f ! m intrepid among our book-legg]s4 ,?is ( c\rse is m]ely "o ( ! absurdities :i* h be5 =c$ ^u u by ! reign ( t]ror ( a flivv] ari/ocracy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! works ( ,rabelais to ! av]age citiz5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury are ab\t z dull read+ z 8,tom ,jones0 or 8,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables40 ,few p ev] get beyond ! fir/ int]m9able *apt]4 ,& 9 ! second place1 !re is no?+ int5tionally sugge/ive 9 :at he says4 ,rabelais us$ ! common vocabul>y ( 8 "t4 ,t does n happ5 to be ! common v]nacul> ( our own day4 ,b 9 ! era ( ! bucolic blues1 :5 n9ety p]c5t ( ! human race liv$ close to ! soil1 a spade 0 actually a spade & lady-dogs 7 n 8lady-dogs40 ,no1 ! curr5t objections to ! works ( ?is di/+ui%$ surgeon g mu* deep] ?an a m]e disapproval ( 8 ri* b some:at outspok5 collection ( idioms4 ,!y are caus$ by ! horror :i* _m excell5t p exp]i5ce :5 !y come face to face ) ! po9t ( view ( a man :o po9t blank refuses to be defeat$ by life4 ,! human race1 z f> z ,i c make out1 is divid$ into two sorts ( p2 ^? :o say 8yes0 unto life & ^? :o say 8no40 ,! =m] accept x & c\rage\sly !y endeavor to make ! be/ ( :atev] b>ga9 fate has h&$ out to !m4 ,! latt] accept x too 7h[ c\ld !y help !mselves87 b !y hold ! gift 9 great contempt & fret ab\t x l *ildr5 :o h be5 giv5 a new little bro!r :5 !y really want$ a puppy or a railroad tra94 ,b :]eas ! *e]ful bre?r5 ( 8yes0 are will+ to accept _! morose neighbors at _! own valuation & tol]ate !m1 & d n h9d] !m :5 !y fill ! l&scape ) _! lam5tations & ! hide\s monum5ts to _! own despair1 ! frat]nity ( 8no0 r>ely ext5ds ?is same c\rtesy to ! p>ties ( ! fir/ "p4 ,inde$ if !y _h _! own way1 ! 8nays0 w\ld imm$iately purge ?is planet ( ! 8yeas40 ,z ?is _c v well be done1 !y satisfy ! dem&s ( _! jeal\s s\ls by ! incessant p]secution ( ^? :o claim t ! _w belongs to ! liv+ & n to ! dead4 ,dr4 ,rabelais belong$ to ! =m] class4 ,few ( 8 pati5ts or 8 ?\ghts ev] w5t out to ! cemet]y4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 0 v regrettable1 b we _c all be grave-digg]s4 ,!re h to be a few ,poloniuses & a _w compos$ exclusively ( ,hamlets w\ld be a t]rible place ( abode4 ,z = ! /ory ( ,rabelais' life1 !re 0 no?+ v my/]i\s ab\t x4 ,! few details :i* are omitt$ 9 ! books writt5 by 8 fri5ds are f\nd 9 ! works ( 8 enemies & z a result we c foll[ 8 c>e] ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,rabelais belong$ to ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ imm$iately ^u ,erasmus b he 0 born into a _w /ill l>gely dom9at$ by monks1 nuns1 deacons1 & a ?\s& & "o v>ieties ( m5dicant fri>s4 ,he 0 born 9 ,*9on4 ,8 fa!r 0 ei!r an apo!c>y or a deal] 9 spirits 7:i* 7 diff]5t pr(essions 9 ! fifte5? c5tury7 & ! old man 0 suffici5tly well-to-d to s5d 8 son to a good s*ool4 ,!re "y ,franois 0 ?r[n into ! company ( ! scions ( a fam\s local family call$ du ,bellay-,langey4 ,^! boys1 l _! fa!r1 _h a /reak ( g5ius4 ,!y wrote well4 ,^u occasion !y c\ld fight well4 ,!y 7 m5 ( ! _w 9 ! good s5se ( t (t misund]/ood expression4 ,!y 7 fai?ful s]vitors ( _! ma/] ! k+1 held endless public (fices1 became bi%ops & c>d9als & ambassadors1 translat$ ! classics1 edit$ manuals ( infantry drill & balli/ics & brilliantly p]=m$ all ! _m useful s]vices t 7 expect$ ( ! ari/ocracy 9 a day :5 a title condemn$ a man to a life ( few pleasures & _m duties & responsibilities4 ,! fri5d%ip :i* ! du ,bellays aft]w>ds be/[$ ^u ,rabelais %[s t he mu/ h be5 some?+ m ?an an amus+ table companion4 ,dur+ ! _m ups & d[ns ( 8 life he c\ld always c\nt ^u ! assi/ance & ! support ( 8 =m] classmates4 ,:5ev] he 0 9 tr\ble ) 8 cl]ical sup]iors he f\nd ! door ( _! ca/le wide op5 & if p]*ance ! soil ( ,france became a little too hot = ?is blunt "y morali/1 !re 0 always a du ,bellay1 conv5i5tly go+ ^u a =eign mission & greatly 9 ne$ ( a secret>y :o %\ld be some:at ( a physician besides be+ a poli%$ ,lat9 s*ol>4 ,?is 0 no small detail4 ,m ?an once :5 x seem$ t ! c>e] ( our le>n$ doctor 0 ab\t to come to an abrupt & pa9ful end1 ! influ5ce ( 8 old fri5ds sav$ him f ! fury ( ! ,sorbonne or f ! ang] ( ^? mu* disappo9t$ ,calv9i/s :o _h c\nt$ ^u him z "o ( _! own & :o 7 greatly inc5s$ :5 he pillori$ ! jaundic$ zeal ( _! ,g5evan ma/] z m]cilessly z he _h d]id$ ! ?ree-bottl$ sanctity ( 8 er/:ile colleagues 9 ,font5ay & ,maillezais4 ,( ^! two enemies1 ! =m] 0 ( c\rse by f> ! m dang]\s4 ,calv9 c\ld fulm9ate to 8 he>t's cont5t1 b outside ( ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( a small ,swiss canton1 8 lightn+ 0 z h>mless z a fire-crack]4 ,! ,sorbonne1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* toge!r ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d /ood firmly = or?odoxy & ! ,old ,le>n+1 knew ( no m]cy :5 h] au?ority 0 que/ion$ & c\ld always c\nt ^u ! he>ty cop]ation ( ! k+ ( ,france & 8 hangman4 ,& alas6 ,rabelais1 z soon z he left s*ool1 0 a m>k$ man4 ,n because he lik$ to dr9k good w9e & told funny /ories ab\t 8 fell[-monks4 ,he _h done mu* worse1 he _h succumb$ to ! lure ( ! wick$ ,greek tongue4 ,:5 rumor !re( _h fir/ rea*$ ! abbot ( 8 cloi/]1 x 0 decid$ to se>* 8 cell4 ,x 0 f\nd to be full ( lit]>y contrab&1 a copy ( ,hom]1 "o ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "o ( ,h]odotus4 ,?is 0 a t]rible discov]y & x _h tak5 a great deal ( wire-pull+ on ! "p ( 8 influ5tial fri5ds to get him out ( ?is scrape4 ,x 0 a curi\s p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,orig9ally1 z ,i told y be=e1 ! mona/]ies _h be5 advance po/s ( civilization & bo? fri>s & nuns _h r5d]$ ine/imable s]vice 9 promot+ ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,m ?an "o ,pope1 h[ev]1 _h =ese5 ! dang] t might come f a too p[]ful developm5t ( ! mona/ic in/itutions4 ,b z s (t5 happ5s1 j because e "o knew t some?+ ought to be done ab\t ^! cloi/]s1 no?+ 0 ev] done4 ,among ! ,prote/ants !re seems to be a notion t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is a placid in/itution :i* is run sil5tly & almo/ automatically by a small body ( haughty autocrats & :i* nev] suff]s f ^? inn] upheavals :i* are an integral "p ( e o!r organization compos$ ( ord9>y mortals4 ,no?+ is fur!r f ! tru?4 ,p]haps1 z is s (t5 ! case1 ?is op9ion has be5 caus$ by ! mis9t]pretation ( a s+le ^w4 ,a _w addict$ to democratic ideals is easily horrifi$ at ! idea ( an 8infallible0 human be+4 8,x mu/ be easy10 s ! popul> argum5t runs1 8to adm9i/] ?is big in/itution :5 x is en\gh = "o man to say t a ?+ is s to h all ! o!rs fall ^u _! knees & %\t am5 & obey him40 ,x is extremely difficult = "o br\ght up 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries to get a correct & fair view ( ?is r intricate subject4 ,b if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! 8infallible0 utt]ances ( ! supreme pontiff are z r>e z con/itutional am5dm5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fur!rmore1 su* important decisions are nev] rea*$ until ! subject has be5 ?or\ghly discuss$ & ! debates :i* prec$e ! f9al v]dict (t5 rock ! v body ( ! ,*ur*4 ,su* pronunciam5tos are !re=e 8infallible0 9 ! s5se t our own con/itutional am5dm5ts are infallible1 because !y are 8f9al0 & because all fur!r argum5t is suppos$ to come to an end z soon z !y h be5 def9itely incorporat$ into ! highe/ law ( ! l&4 ,if any "o 7 to proclaim t x is an easy job to gov]n ^! ,unit$ ,/ates because 9 case ( an em]g5cy all ! p are f\nd to /& firmly beh9d ! ,con/itution1 he w\ld be j z mu* 9 error z if he 7 to /ate t all ,ca?olics :o 9 supreme matt]s ( fai? recognize ! absolute au?ority ( _! pope are docile %eep & h surr5d]$ e "r to an op9ion ( _! own4 ,if ?is 7 true1 ! occupants ( ! ,lat]an & ! ,vatican palaces w\ld h _h an easy life4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial /udy ( ! la/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s w %[ ! exact opposite4 ,& ^? *ampions ( ! re=m$ fai? :o sometimes write z if ! ,roman au?orities _h be5 ignorant ( ! _m evils :i* ,lu!r & ,calv9 & ,zw+li d5\nc$ ) su* great vehem5ce are ei!r ignorant ( ! facts or are n q fair 9 _! zeal = ! good cause4 ,su* m5 z ,adrian ,,vi & ,clem5t ,,vii knew p]fectly well t some?+ v s]i\s 0 wrong ) _! ,*ur*4 ,b x is "o ?+ to express ! op9ion t !re is some?+ rott5 9 ! /ate ( ,d5m>k4 ,x is q a diff]5t matt] to correct ! evil1 z ev5 poor ,hamlet 0 to le>n4 ,nor 0 t un=tunate pr9ce ! la/ victim ( ! pleasant delusion t hundr$s ( ye>s ( misgov]nm5t c be undone ov]night by ! unselfi% ef=ts ( an hone/ man4 ,_m intellig5t ,russians knew t ! old (ficial /ructure :i* dom9at$ _! empire 0 corrupt1 ineffici5t & a m5ace to ! safety ( ! nation4 ,!y made ,h]culean ef=ts to br+ ab\t re=ms & !y fail$4 ,h[ _m ( our citiz5s :o h ev] giv5 ! matt] an h\r's ?\ght fail to see t a democratic in/ead ( a repres5tative =m ( gov]nm5t 7z int5d$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! ,republic7 mu/ ev5tually lead to sy/ematiz$ an>*y8 ,& yet1 :at c !y d ab\t x8 ,su* problems1 by ! "t !y h begun to attract public att5tion1 h become s hopelessly complicat$ t !y are r>ely solv$ except by a social cataclysm4 ,& social cataclysms are t]rible ?+s f :i* mo/ m5 %y away4 ,r ?an run to su* extremes1 !y try to pat* up ! old1 decrepit ma*9]y & mean:ile !y pray t "s miracle w occur :i* w make x "w4 ,an insol5t religi\s & social dictator%ip1 set up & ma9ta9$ by a numb] ( religi\s ord]s1 0 "o ( ! mo/ flagrant evils ( ! out-go+ ,middle ,ages4 ,= ! s-_m-e? "t 9 hi/ory1 ! army 0 ab\t to run away ) ! comm&]-9-*ief4 ,9 pla9 words1 ! situation _h gr[n entirely beyond ! control ( ! popes4 ,all !y c\ld d 0 to sit /ill1 improve _! own p>ty organization1 & mean:ile try to mitigate ! fate ( ^? :o _h incurr$ ! displeasure ( _! common enemies1 ! fri>s4 ,erasmus 0 "o ( ! _m s*ol>s :o _h frequ5tly enjoy$ ! protection ( ! ,pope4 ,let ,l\va9 /orm & ! ,dom9icans rave1 ,rome w\ld /& firm & woe unto him :o disreg>d$ h] comm&1 8,leave ! old man alone60 ,& aft] ^! few introductory rem>ks1 x w be no matt] ( surprise t ,rabelais1 a mut9\s s\l b a brilliant m9d )al1 c\ld (t5 c\nt ^u ! support ( ! ,holy ,see :5 ! sup]iors ( 8 own ord] wi%$ to puni% him & t he readily obta9$ p]mission to leave 8 cloi/] :5 con/ant int]f]5ce ) 8 /udies began to make 8 life unbe>able4 ,& s ) a sigh ( relief1 he %ook ! du/ ( ,maillezais (f 8 feet & w5t to ,montpelli] & to ,lyons to foll[ a c\rse 9 m$ic9e4 ,surely "h 0 a man ( extraord9>y tal5ts6 ,)9 less ?an two ye>s ! =m] ,b5$ict9e monk _h become *ief physician ( ! city hospital ( ,lyons4 ,b z soon z he _h a*iev$ ^! new honors1 8 re/less s\l began to look = pa/ures new4 ,he did n give up 8 p[d]s & pills b 9 addition to 8 anatomical /udies 7a novelty almo/ z dang]\s z ! /udy ( ,greek7 he took up lit]ature4 ,lyons1 situat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 0 an ideal city = a man :o c>$ = belles lettres4 ,italy 0 ne>by4 ,a few days easy travel c>ri$ ! travel] to ! ,prov5ce & al?\gh ! anci5t p>adise ( ! ,tr\bad\rs _h suff]$ dreadfully at ! h&s ( ! ,inquisition1 ! gr& old lit]>y tradition _h n yet be5 entirely lo/4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pr9t+-presses ( ,lyons 7 fam\s = ! excell5ce ( _! product & h] book /ores 7 well /ock$ ) all ! late/ publications4 ,:5 "o ( ! ma/] pr9t]s1 ,seba/ian ,gryphius by "n1 look$ = "s "o to edit 8 collection ( m$ieval classics1 x 0 natural t he %\ld be?9k himself ( ! new doctor :o 0 also kn[n z a s*ol>4 ,he hir$ ,rabelais & set him to "w4 ,9 rapid succession almana*s & *ap-books foll[$ ^u ! le>n$ treatises ( ,gal5 & ,hippocrates4 ,& out ( ^! inconspicu\s beg9n+s grew t /range tome :i* 0 to make its au?or "o ( ! mo/ popul> writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,! same tal5t = novelty :i* _h turn$ ,rabelais into a successful m$ical practition] br\ght him 8 success z a noveli/4 ,he did :at few p _h d>$ to d be=e him4 ,he began to write 9 ! language ( 8 own p4 ,he broke ) a ?\s&-ye>-old tradition :i* insi/$ t ! books ( a le>n$ man mu/ be 9 a tongue unkn[n to ! vulg> multitude4 ,he us$ ,fr5* &1 fur!rmore1 he us$ ! unadorn$ v]nacul> ( ! ye> #aecb4 ,i gladly leave x to ! pr(essors ( lit]ature to decide :]e & h[ & :5 ,rabelais discov]$ 8 two pet h]oes1 ,g>gantua & ,pantagruel4 ,maybe !y 7 old hea!ni% ,gods :o1 aft] ! nature ( _! species1 _h manag$ to live ?r\gh fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( ,*ri/ian p]secution & neglect4 ,!n aga91 he may h inv5t$ !m 9 an outbur/ ( gigantic hil>ity4 ,h[ev] t be1 ,rabelais contribut$ enorm\sly to ! gayety ( nations & great] praise no au?or c ga9 ?an t he has add$ some?+ to ! sum total ( human laught]4 ,b at ! same "t1 8 works 7 n funny books 9 ! t]rible mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y _h _! s]i\s side & /ruck a bold bl[ = ! cause ( tol]ance by _! c>icature ( ! p :o 7 responsible = t cl]ical reign ( t]ror :i* caus$ su* untold mis]y dur+ ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,rabelais1 a skillfully tra9$ !ologian1 0 able to avoid all su* direct /atem5ts z might h got him into tr\ble1 & act+ ^u ! pr9ciple t "o *e]ful humori/ out ( jail is bett] ?an a doz5 gloomy re=m]s beh9d ! b>s1 refra9$ f a too braz5 exposition ( 8 highly unor?odox op9ions4 ,b 8 enemies knew p]fectly well :at he 0 try+ to d4 ,! ,sorbonne condemn$ 8 books 9 unmi/akable t]ms & ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is put him on _! index & confiscat$ & burn$ all su* copies ( 8 works z c\ld be f\nd )9 _! jurisdiction4 ,b not)/&+ ! activities ( ! hangman 7:o 9 ^? days 0 also ! (ficial book de/roy]7 ! 8,lives & ,h]oic ,de$s & ,say+s ( ,g>gantua & 8 ,sonne ,pantagruel0 rema9$ a popul> classic4 ,= almo/ f\r c5turies x has cont9u$ to edify ^? :o c d]ive pleasure f a clev] mixture ( good-natur$ laught] & bant]+ wisdom & x w nev] cease to irritate ^? o!rs :o firmly believe t ! ,goddess ( ,tru?1 caught ) a smile on h] lips1 _c possibly be a good woman4 ,z = ! au?or himself1 he 0 & is a 8man ( "o book40 ,8 fri5ds1 ! du ,bellays1 rema9$ fai?ful to him until ! end1 b mo/ ( 8 life ,rabelais practic$ ! virtue ( discretion & kept himself at a polite di/ance f ! resid5ce ( t ,maje/y by ^: suppos$ 8privilege0 he publi%$ 8 nef>i\s works4 ,he v5tur$ h[ev] ^u a visit to ,rome & met ) no difficulties1 b on ! contr>y 0 receiv$ ) e manife/ation ( a cordial welcome4 ,9 ! ye> #aeej he return$ to ,france & w5t to live 9 ,meudon4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he di$4 ,x is ( c\rse q impossible to measure ! exact & positive influ5ce ex]cis$ by su* a man4 ,aft] all1 he 0 a human be+ & n an electric curr5t or a b>rel ( gasol9e4 ,x has be5 said t he 0 m]ely de/ructive4 ,p]haps s4 ,b he 0 de/ructive 9 an age :5 !re 0 a great & cry+ ne$ = a social wreck+ crew1 head$ by j su* p z ,erasmus & ,rabelais4 ,t _m ( ! new build+s 7 go+ to be j z uncom=table & ugly z ! old ones :i* !y 7 suppos$ to replace 0 some?+ :i* no "o 0 able to =esee4 ,&1 anyway1 t 0 ! fault ( ! next g5]ation4 ,!y are ! p we ought to blame4 ,!y 7 giv5 a *ance su* z few p ev] enjoy$ to make a fre% />t4 ,may ! ,"l h m]cy ^u _! s\ls = ! way 9 :i* !y neglect$ _! opportunities4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,new ,,signbo>ds ,,= ,,old ,! greate/ ( mod]n poets saw ! _w z a l>ge ocean ^u :i* sail$ _m %ips4 ,:5ev] ^! little vessels bump$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 !y made a 8wond]ful music0 :i* p call hi/ory4 ,i w\ld l to borr[ ,he9e's ocean1 b = a purpose & a simile ( my own4 ,:5 we 7 *ildr5 x 0 fun to drop pebbles into a pond4 ,!y made a nice spla% & !n ! pretty little ripples caus$ a s]ies ( ev] wid5+ circles & t 0 v nice4 ,if bricks 7 h&y 7:i* sometimes 0 ! case7 "o c\ld make an ,armada ( nut%ells & mat*es & submit ?is flimsy fleet to a nice artificial /orm1 provid$ ! heavy projectile did n create t fatal loss ( equilibrium :i* sometimes ov]takes small *ildr5 :o play too ne> ! wat]'s edge & s5ds !m to b$ )\t _! supp]4 ,9 t special univ]se res]v$ = gr[n-ups1 ! same pa/ime is n entirely unkn[n1 b ! results are apt to be f> m disa/r\s4 ,ev]y?+ is placid & ! sun is %9+ & ! wat]-wiggl]s are skat+ m]rily1 & !n sudd5ly a bold1 bad boy comes along ) a piece ( mill-/one 7,heav5 only kn[s :]e he f\nd x67 & be=e any "o c /op him he has heav$ x "r into ! middle ( ! old duck pond & !n !re is a great ado ab\t :o did x & h[ he ought to be spank$ & "s say1 8,oh1 let him g10 & o!rs1 out ( %e] envy ( ! kid :o is attract+ all ! att5tion1 pick up any old ?+ t happ5s to lie ar\nd & !y dump x into ! wat] & ev]ybody gets spla%$ & "o ?+ lead+ to ano!r1 ! usual result is a free-=-all fight & a few million brok5 heads4 ,alex&] 0 su* a bold1 bad boy4 ,& ,hel5 ( ,troy1 9 h] own *>m+ way1 0 su* a bad1 bold girl1 & hi/ory is j full ( !m4 ,b by f> ! wor/ (f5d]s are ^? wick$ citiz5s :o play ?is game ) ideas & use ! /agnant pool ( man's spiritual indiff]5ce z _! playgr\nd4 ,& ,i = "o don't wond] t !y are hat$ by all "r-?9k+ citiz5s & are puni%$ ) great sev]ity if ev] !y are un=tunate en\gh to let !mselves be caught4 ,?9k ( ! damage !y h done ^! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re 7 ! lead]s ( ! rebir? ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! /ately moats ( ! ,middle ,ages reflect$ ! image ( a society t 0 h>moni\s 9 bo? color & texture4 ,x 0 n p]fect4 ,b p lik$ x4 ,!y lov$ to see ! bl5d+ ( ! brick-r$ walls ( _! little homes ) ! somb] gray ( ^? high ca!dral t[]s t wat*$ ov] _! s\ls4 ,came ! t]rible spla% ( ! ,r5aissance & ov]night ev]y?+ 0 *ang$4 ,b x 0 only a beg9n+4 ,= j :5 ! poor burgh]s _h almo/ recov]$ f ! %ock1 t dreadful ,g]man monk appe>$ ) a :ole c>tload ( specially prep>$ bricks & dump$ !m "r into ! he>t ( ! pontifical lagoon4 ,really1 t 0 too mu*4 ,& no wond] t x took ! _w ?ree c5turies to recov] f ! %ock4 ,! old] hi/orians :o /udi$ ?is p]iod (t5 fell into a slight error4 ,!y saw ! commotion & decid$ t ! ripples _h be5 />t$ by a common cause1 :i* !y alt]nately call$ ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation4 ,today we "k bett]4 ,! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation 7 movem5ts :i* pr(ess$ to be /riv+ aft] a common purpose4 ,b ! means by :i* !y hop$ to accompli% _! ultimate object 7 s utt]ly diff]5t t ,humani/ & ,prote/ant n infrequ5tly came to reg>d ea* o!r ) bitt] ho/ility4 ,!y bo? believ$ 9 ! supreme rights ( man4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! individual _h be5 completely m]g$ 9 ! community4 ,he did n exi/ z ,john ,doe1 a bright citiz5 :o came & w5t at w1 :o sold & b\ght z he lik$1 :o w5t to any "o ( a doz5 *ur*es 7or to none at all1 z suit$ 8 ta/es & 8 prejudices74 ,8 life f ! "t ( 8 bir? to ! h\r ( 8 dea? 0 liv$ accord+ to a rigid h&book ( economic & spiritual etiquette4 ,?is taught him t 8 body 0 a %oddy g>m5t1 casually borr[$ f ,"m ,nature & ( no value except z a tempor>y receptacle = 8 immortal s\l4 ,x tra9$ him to believe t ?is _w 0 a halfway h\se to future glory & %\ld be reg>d$ ) t pr(\nd contempt :i* travel]s de/9$ = ,new ,york be/[ ^u ,que5/[n & ,halifax4 ,& n[ unto ! excell5t ,john1 liv+ happily 9 ! be/ ( all possible worlds 7s9ce x 0 ! only _w he knew71 came ! two fairy god-mo!rs1 ,r5aissance & ,re=mation1 & said3 8,arise1 noble citiz51 f n[ on ?\ art to be free40 ,b :5 ,john ask$1 8,free to d :at80 ! answ]s greatly diff]$4 8,free to g =? 9 que/ ( ,beauty10 ! ,r5aissance repli$4 8,free to g 9 que/ ( ,tru?10 ! ,re=mation admoni%$ him4 8,free to se>* ! records ( ! pa/ :5 ! _w 0 truly ! realm ( m54 ,free to realize ^? ideals :i* once fill$ ! he>ts ( poets & pa9t]s & sculptors & ar*itects4 ,free to turn ! univ]se into ?9e et]nal laboratory1 t ?\ maye/ "k all h] secrets10 0 ! promise ( ! ,r5aissance4 8,free to /udy ! ^w ( ,god1 t ?\ maye/ f9d salvation = ?y s\l & =giv5ess = ?y s9s10 0 ! w>n+ ( ! ,re=mation4 ,& !y turn$ on _! heels & left poor ,john ,doe 9 ! possession ( a new fre$om :i* 0 inf9itely m emb>rass+ ?an ! ?ralldom ( 8 =m] days4 ,=tunately or un=tunately1 ! ,r5aissance soon made h] peace ) ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,! successors ( ,phidias & ,horace discov]$ t a belief 9 ! e/abli%$ ,deity & outw>d con=mity to ! rules ( ! ,*ur* 7 two v diff]5t ?+s & t "o c\ld pa9t pagan pictures & compose hea!ni% sonnets ) complete impunity if "o took ! precaution to call ,h]cules1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,h]a1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,!y 7 l t\ri/s :o g to ,india & :o obey c]ta9 laws :i* mean no?+ to !m at all 9 ord] t !y may ga9 entrance to ! temples & travel freely )\t di/urb+ ! peace ( ! l&4 ,b 9 ! eyes ( an hone/ foll[] ( ,lu!r1 ! mo/ trifl+ ( details at once assum$ enorm\s importance4 ,an errone\s comma 9 ,deut]onomy might mean exile4 ,z = a misplac$ full /op 9 ! ,apocalypse1 x call$ = in/ant dea?4 ,to p l ^! :o took :at !y consid]$ _! religi\s convictions ) bitt] s]i\sness1 ! m]ry compromise ( ! ,r5aissance seem$ a da/>dly act ( c[>dice4 ,z a result1 ,r5aissance & ,re=mation p>t$ company1 nev] to meet aga94 ,:]eupon ! ,re=mation1 alone aga9/ all ! _w1 buckl$ on ! armor ( righte\sness & made ready to def5d h] holie/ possessions4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! army ( revolt 0 compos$ almo/ exclusively ( ,g]mans4 ,!y f\ght & suff]$ ) extreme brav]y1 b t mutual jeal\sy :i* is ! bane & ! curse ( all nor!rn nations soon lam$ _! ef=ts & =c$ !m to accept a truce4 ,! /rategy :i* l$ to ! ultimate victory 0 provid$ by a v diff]5t sort ( g5ius4 ,lu!r /epp$ aside to make room = ,calv94 ,x 0 high "t4 ,9 t same ,fr5* college :]e ,erasmus _h sp5t s _m ( 8 unhappy ,p>isian days1 a black-be>d$ "y ,spani>d ) a limp 7! result ( a ,gallic gun%ot7 0 dream+ ( ! day :5 he %\ld m>* at ! head ( a new army ( ! ,"l to rid ! _w ( ! la/ ( ! h]etics4 ,x takes a fanatic to fight a fanatic4 ,& only a man ( granite1 l ,calv91 w\ld h be5 able to defeat ! plans ( ,loyola4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am glad t ,i 0 n oblig$ to live 9 ,g5eva 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at ! same "t ,i am pr(\ndly grateful t ! ,g5eva ( ! sixte5? c5tury exi/$4 ,)\t x1 ! _w ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w\ld h be5 a great deal m uncom=table & ,i = "o w\ld probably be 9 jail4 ,! h]o ( ?is glori\s fight1 ! fam\s ,magi/] ,joannes ,calv9us 7or ,jean ,calv9i or ,john ,calv97 0 a few ye>s y\ng] ?an ,lu!r4 ,date ( bir?3 ,july #aj1 #aeji4 ,place ( bir?3 ! city ( ,noyon 9 nor!rn ,france4 ,backgr\nd3 ,fr5* middle class4 ,fa!r3 a small cl]ical (ficial4 ,"m3 ! daught] ( an inn-keep]4 ,family3 five sons & two daught]s4 ,*>act]i/ic qualities ( e>ly education3 ?rift1 simplicity1 & a t5d5cy to d all ?+s 9 an ord]ly mann]1 n /+ily1 b ) m9ute & effici5t c>e4 ,john1 ! second son1 0 meant = ! prie/hood4 ,! fa!r _h influ5tial fri5ds1 & c\ld ev5tually get him into a good p>i%4 ,be=e he 0 ?irte5 ye>s old1 he already held a small (fice 9 ! ca!dral ( 8 home city4 ,?is gave him a small b /eady income4 ,x 0 us$ to s5d him to a good s*ool 9 ,p>is4 ,a rem>kable boy4 ,e "o :o came 9 contact ) him said1 8,wat* out = t y\ng/]60 ,! ,fr5* educational sy/em ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 well able to take c>e ( su* a *ild & make ! be/ ( 8 _m gifts4 ,at ! age ( n9ete51 ,john 0 all[$ to prea*4 ,8 future z a duly e/abli%$ deacon seem$ assur$4 ,b !re 7 five sons & two daught]s4 ,advancem5t 9 ! ,*ur* 0 sl[4 ,! law (f]$ bett] opportunities4 ,besides1 x 0 a "t ( great religi\s excitem5t & ! future 0 unc]ta94 ,a di/ant relative1 a c]ta9 ,pi]re ,olivtan1 _h j translat$ ! ,bible into ,fr5*4 ,john1 :ile 9 ,p>is1 _h sp5t mu* "t ) 8 c\s94 ,x w\ld nev] d to h two h]etics 9 "o family4 ,john 0 pack$ (f to ,orleans & 0 appr5tic$ to an old lawy] t he might le>n ! bus9ess ( plead+ & argu+ & draw+ up briefs4 ,"h ! same ?+ happ5$ z 9 ,p>is4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye>1 ! pupil _h turn$ tea*] & 0 coa*+ 8 less indu/ri\s fell[-/ud5ts 9 ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce4 ,& soon he knew all !re 0 to "k & 0 ready to />t ^u t c\rse :i*1 s 8 fa!r fondly hop$1 w\ld "s day make him ! rival ( ^? fam\s avocats :o got a hundr$ gold pieces = a s+le op9ion & :o drove 9 a coa* & f\r :5 !y 7 call$ ^u to see ! k+ 9 di/ant ,compigne4 ,b no?+ came ( ^! dreams4 ,john ,calv9 nev] practic$ law4 ,in/ead1 he return$ to 8 fir/ love1 sold 8 dige/s & 8 p&ects1 devot$ ! proce$s to a collection ( !ological works & />t$ 9 all s]i\sness ^u t task :i* 0 to make him "o ( ! mo/ important hi/orical figures ( ! la/ tw5ty c5turies4 ,! ye>s1 h[ev]1 :i* he _h sp5t /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( ,roman law put _! /amp ^u all 8 fur!r activities4 ,x 0 impossible = him to approa* a problem by way ( 8 emotions4 ,he felt ?+s & he felt !m deeply4 ,read 8 lett]s to ^? ( 8 foll[]s :o _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ,ca?olics & :o _h be5 condemn$ to be roa/$ to dea? ov] sl[ burn+ coal fires4 ,9 _! helpless agony !y are z f9e a bit ( writ+ z any?+ ( :i* we h a record4 ,& !y %[ su* a delicate und]/&+ ( human psy*ology t ! poor victims w5t to _! dea? bless+ ! "n ( ! man ^: tea*+ _h br\ght !m into _! pr$icam5t4 ,no1 ,calv9 0 n1 z s _m ( 8 enemies h said1 a man )\t a he>t4 ,b life to him 0 a sacr$ duty4 ,& he tri$ s desp]ately h>d to be hone/ ) himself & ) 8 ,god t he mu/ fir/ r$uce e "q to c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( fai? & doctr9e be=e he d>$ to expose x to ! t\*/one ( human s5tim5t4 ,:5 ,pope ,pius ,,iv he>d ( 8 dea?1 he rem>k$1 8,! p[] ( t h]etic lay 9 ! fact t he 0 indiff]5t to money40 ,if ,8 ,hol9ess meant to pay 8 enemy ! complim5t ( absolute p]sonal dis9t]e/$ness1 he 0 "r4 ,calv9 liv$ & di$ a poor man & refus$ to accept 8 la/ qu>t]ly sal>y because 8illness _h made x impossible = him to e>n t money z he %\ld h done40 ,b 8 /r5g? lay else:]e4 ,he 0 a man ( "o idea1 8 life c5t]$ ar\nd "o all-ov]p[]+ impulse2 ! desire to f9d ! tru? ( ,god z reveal$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,:5 he f9ally _h rea*$ a conclusion t seem$ pro( aga9/ e possible =m ( argum5t & objection1 !n at la/ he incorporat$ x into 8 own code ( life4 ,& !reaft] he w5t 8 way ) su* utt] disreg>d = ! consequ5ces ( 8 decision t he became bo? inv9cible & irresi/ible4 ,?is quality1 h[ev]1 0 n to make itself manife/ until _m ye>s lat]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ decade aft] 8 conv]sion he 0 oblig$ to direct all 8 en]gies t[>d ! v commonplace problem ( keep+ alive4 ,a %ort triumph ( ! 8new le>n+0 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 an orgy ( ,greek decl5sions1 ,hebrew irregul> v]bs & o!r =bidd5 intellectual fruit _h be5 foll[$ by ! usual reaction4 ,:5 x appe>$ t ev5 ! rector ( t fam\s seat ( le>n+ _h be5 contam9at$ ) ! p]nici\s new ,g]man doctr9es1 /eps 7 tak5 to purge ! in/itution ( all ^? :o 9 t]ms ( our mod]n m$ical sci5ce might be consid]$ 8idea c>ri]s40 ,calv91 :o1 'twas said1 _h giv5 ! rector ! mat]ial = sev]al ( 8 mo/ objectionable spee*es1 0 among ^? ^: names appe>$ at ! top ( ! li/ ( suspects4 ,8 rooms 7 se>*$4 ,8 pap]s 7 confiscat$ & an ord] 0 issu$ = 8 arre/4 ,he he>d ( x & hid himself 9 ! h\se ( a fri5d4 ,b /orms 9 an academic tea-pot nev] la/ v long4 ,all ! same1 a c>e] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h become an impossibility4 ,! mom5t _h arriv$ = a def9ite *oice4 ,9 ! ye> #aecd ,calv9 broke away f ! old fai?4 ,almo/ at ! same mom5t1 on ! hills ( ,montm>tre1 high above ! ,fr5* capital1 ,loyola & a h&ful ( 8 fell[ /ud5ts 7 tak+ t solemn v[ :i* %ortly aft]w>ds 0 to be incorporat$ into ! con/itution ( ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,!reupon !y bo? left ,p>is4 ,ignatius set 8 face t[>ds ! ea/1 b rememb]+ ! un=tunate outcome ( 8 fir/ assault ^u ! ,holy ,l&1 he retrac$ 8 /eps1 w5t to ,rome & !re began ^? activities :i* 7 to c>ry 8 fame 7or o!rwise7 to e nook & corn] ( our planet4 ,john 0 ( a diff]5t calib]4 ,8 ,k+dom ( ,god 0 b\nd to nei!r "t nor place & he w&]$ =? t he might f9d a quiet spot & devote ! re/ ( 8 days to read+1 to contemplation & to ! peaceful exp\nd+ ( 8 ideas4 ,he happ5$ to be on 8 way to ,/rassburg :5 ! outbreak ( a w> betwe5 ,*>les ,v & ,francis ,i =c$ him to make a det\r ?r\gh we/]n ,switz]l&4 ,9 ,g5eva he 0 welcom$ by ,guillaume ,f>el1 "o ( ! /ormy petrels ( ! ,fr5* ,re=mation1 fugitive extraord9>y f all ecclesia/ical & inquisitorial dungeons4 ,f>el welcom$ him ) op5 arms1 spoke to him ( ! wondr\s ?+s t might be accompli%$ 9 ?is little ,swiss pr9cipality & bade him /ay4 ,calv9 ask$ "t to consid]4 ,!n he /ay$4 ,9 ?is way did ! *ances ( w> decree t ! ,new ,zion %\ld be built at ! foot ( ! ,alps4 ,x is a /range _w4 ,columbus sets =? to discov] ! ,indies & /umbles ^u a new cont95t4 ,calv91 9 se>* ( a quiet spot :]e he may sp5d ! re/ ( 8 days 9 /udy & holy m$itation1 w&]s into a ?ird-rate ,swiss t[n & makes x ! spiritual capital ( ^? :o soon aft]w>ds turn ! doma9s ( _! mo/ ,ca?olic ,maje/ies into a gigantic ,prote/ant empire4 ,:y %\ld any "o ev] read fiction :5 hi/ory s]ves all purposes8 ,i d n "k :e!r ! family ,bible ( ,calv9 has be5 pres]v$4 ,b if x /ill exi/s1 ! volume w %[ consid]able we> on t p>ticul> page :i* conta9s ! six? *apt] ( ! book ( ,daniel4 ,! ,fr5* re=m] 0 a mode/ man1 b (t5 he mu/ h f\nd consolation 9 ! /ory ( t o!r /eadfa/ s]vant ( ! liv+ ,god :o also _h be5 ca/ into a d5 ( lions & ^: innoc5ce _h sav$ him f a gruesome & untimely dea?4 ,g5eva 0 no ,babylon4 ,x 0 a respectable little city inhabit$ by respectable ,swiss clo? mak]s4 ,!y took life s]i\sly1 b n q s s]i\sly z t new ma/] :o 0 n[ hold+ =? 9 ! pulpit ( _! ,sa9t ,pet]4 ,& fur!rmore1 !re 0 a ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! =m ( a ,duke ( ,savoy4 ,x 0 dur+ "o ( _! int]m9able qu>rels ) ! h\se ( ,savoy t ! desc5dants ( ,caes>'s ,allobroges _h decid$ to make common cause ) ! o!r ,swiss cantons & jo9 ! ,re=mation4 ,! alliance !re=e betwe5 ,g5eva & ,witt5b]g 0 a m>riage ( conv5i5ce1 an engagem5t bas$ ^u common int]e/s r ?an common affection4 ,b no soon] _h ! news spread abroad t 8,g5eva _h gone ,prote/ant10 ?an all ! eag] apo/les ( half a hundr$ new & crazy cre$s flock$ to ! %ores ( ,lake ,leman4 ,) trem5d\s en]gy !y began to prea* "s ( ! que]e/ doctr9es ev] conceiv$ by mortal man4 ,calv9 dete/$ ^! amateur prophets ) all 8 he>t4 ,he fully appreciat$ :at a m5ace !y w\ld prove to ! cause ( :i* !y 7 su* ard5t b ill-guid$ *ampions4 ,& ! fir/ ?+ he did z soon z he _h enjoy$ a few mon?s leisure 0 to write d[n z precisely & briefly z he c\ld :at he expect$ 8 new p>i%ion]s to hold true & :at he expect$ !m to hold false4 ,& t no man might claim ! anci5t & "t-worn excuse1 8,i did n "k ! law10 he1 toge!r ) 8 fri5d ,f>el1 p]sonally exam9$ all ,g5evans 9 bat*es ( t5 & all[$ only ^? to ! full rights ( citiz5%ip :o swore ! oa? ( allegiance to ?is /range religi\s con/itution4 ,next he compos$ a =midable cate*ism = ! b5efit ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,next he prevail$ ^u ! ,t[n ,c\ncil to expel all ^? :o /ill clung to _! old errone\s op9ions4 ,!n1 hav+ cle>$ ! gr\nd = fur!r action1 he set ab\t to f\nd him a /ate along ! l9es laid d[n by ! political economi/s ( ! books ( ,exodus & ,deut]onomy4 ,= ,calv91 l s _m o!r ( ! great re=m]s1 0 really mu* m ( an anci5t ,jew ?an a mod]n ,*ri/ian4 ,8 lips did homage to ! ,god ( ,jesus1 b 8 he>t w5t out to ! ,jehovah ( ,moses4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a ph5om5on (t5 obs]v$ dur+ p]iods ( great emotional /ress4 ,! op9ions ( ! humble ,naz>5e c>p5t] ^u ! subject ( hatr$ & /rife are s def9ite & s cle> cut t no compromise has ev] be5 f\nd possible betwe5 !m & ^? viol5t me?ods by :i* nations & individuals h1 dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 tri$ to accompli% _! ends4 ,h5ce1 z soon z a w> breaks out1 by sil5t cons5t ( all conc]n$1 we tempor>ily close ! pages ( ! ,gospels & *e]fully wall[ 9 ! blood & ?und] & ! eye-=-an-eye philosophy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& z ! ,re=mation 0 really a w> & a v atroci\s "o1 9 :i* no qu>t] 0 ask$ & v little qu>t] 0 giv51 x ne$ n surprise u t ! /ate ( ,calv9 0 9 reality an arm$ camp 9 :i* all semblance ( p]sonal lib]ty 0 gradually suppress$4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is 0 n accompli%$ )\t trem5d\s opposition1 & 9 ! ye> #aech ! attitude ( ! m lib]al elem5ts 9 ! community became s ?reat5+ t ,calv9 0 =c$ to leave ! city4 ,b 9 #aeda 8 adh]5ts return$ to p[]4 ,amid/ ! r++ ( _m bells & ! l\d hosannas ( ! deacons1 ,magi/] ,joannes return$ to 8 citadel on ! riv] ,rhone4 ,!reaft] he 0 ! uncr[n$ ,k+ ( ,g5eva & ! next tw5ty-?ree ye>s he devot$ to ! e/abli%m5t & ! p]fection ( a !ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! l ( :i* ! _w _h n se5 s9ce ! days ( ,ezekiel & ,ezra4 ,! ^w 8discipl9e0 accord+ to ! ,ox=d ,concise ,diction>y1 means 8to br+ "u control1 to tra9 to ob$i5ce & ord]1 to drill40 ,x expresses be/ ! _s :i* p]meat$ ! entire political-cl]ical /ructure ( ,calv9's dreams4 ,lu!r1 aft] ! nature ( mo/ ,g]mans1 _h be5 a good deal ( a s5tim5tali/4 ,! ,^w ( ,god alone1 s x seem$ to him1 w\ld %[ a man ! way to ! life ev]la/+4 ,?is 0 mu* too indef9ite to suit ! ta/e ( ! great ,fr5* re=m]4 ,! ,^w ( ,god might be a beacon light ( hope1 b ! road 0 long & d>k & _m 7 ! temptations t made p =get _! true de/9ation4 ,! m9i/]1 h[ev]1 c\ld n g a/ray4 ,he 0 a man set ap>t4 ,he knew all pitfalls4 ,he 0 incorruptible4 ,& if p]*ance he felt incl9$ to w&] f ! /raight pa?1 ! weekly meet+s ( ! cl]gy1 at :i* ^! wor?y g5tlem5 7 invit$ to criticize ea* o!r freely1 w\ld spe$ily br+ him back to a realization ( 8 duties4 ,h5ce he 0 ! ideal held be=e all ^? :o truly aspir$ aft] salvation4 ,^? ( u :o h ev] climb$ m\nta9s "k t pr(essional guides c ^u occasion be v]itable tyrants4 ,!y "k ! p]ils ( a pile ( rocks1 ! hidd5 dang]s ( an innoc5t-look+ sn[field4 ,:]e=e !y assume complete comm& ( ! p>ty t has entru/$ itself to _! c>e & pr(anity ra9e? ri*ly ^u ! head ( ! fooli% t\ri/ :o d>es to disobey _! ord]s4 ,! m9i/]s ( ,calv9's ideal /ate _h a simil> conception ( _! duties4 ,!y 7 ev] delight$ to ext5d a help+ h& to ^? :o /umbl$ & ask$ t !y be support$4 ,b :5 willful p purposely left ! beat5 track & w&]$ away f ! flock1 !n t h& 0 )drawn & became a fi/ :i* met$ out puni%m5t t 0 bo? quick & t]rible4 ,9 _m o!r communities ! dom9ies w\ld h be5 delight$ to ex]cise a simil> p[]4 ,b ! civil au?orities1 jeal\s ( _! own pr]ogatives1 r>ely all[$ ! cl]gy to compete ) ! c\rts & ! execution]s4 ,calv9 knew ?is & )9 8 own bailiwick he e/abli%$ a =m ( *ur* discipl9e :i* practically sup]s$$ ! laws ( ! l&4 ,among ! curi\s hi/orical misconceptions :i* h ga9$ su* popul>ity s9ce ! days ( ! great w>1 none is m surpris+ ?an ! belief t ! ,fr5* p 79 contra/ to _! ,teuton neighbors7 are a lib]ty-lov+ race & dete/ all regim5tation4 ,! ,fr5* h = c5turies submitt$ to ! rule ( a bureaucracy q z complicat$ & inf9itely less effici5t ?an ! "o :i* exi/$ 9 ,prussia 9 ! pre-w> days4 ,! (ficials are a little less punctual ab\t _! (fice h\rs & ! spotlessness ( _! coll>s & !y are giv5 to suck+ a p>ticul>ly vile sort ( cig>ette4 ,o!rwise !y are q z m$dlesome & z obnoxi\s z ^? 9 ! ea/]n republic1 & ! public accepts _! rud5ess ) a meekness t is a/oni%+ 9 a race s addict$ to rebellion4 ,calv9 0 ! ideal ,fr5*man 9 8 love = c5tralization4 ,9 "s details he almo/ approa*$ ! p]fection = detail :i* 0 ! secret ( ,napoleon's success4 ,b unlike ! great emp]or1 he 0 utt]ly devoid ( all p]sonal ambition4 ,he 0 j a dreadfully s]i\s man ) a weak /oma* & no s5se ( humor4 ,he ransack$ ! ,old ,te/am5t to discov] :at w\ld be agreeable to 8 p>ticul> ,jehovah4 ,& !n ! p ( ,g5eva 7 ask$ to accept ?is int]pretation ( ! ,jewi% *ronicles z a direct revelation ( ! div9e w4 ,almo/ ov] night ! m]ry city on ! ,rhone became a community ( rueful s9n]s4 ,a civic inquisition compos$ ( six m9i/]s & twelve eld]s wat*$ night & day ov] ! private op9ions ( all citiz5s4 ,:osoev] 0 suspect$ ( an incl9ation t[>ds 8=bidd5 h]esies0 0 cit$ to appe> be=e an ecclesia/ic tribunal t he might be exam9$ ^u all po9ts ( doctr9e & expla9 :]e1 h[ & 9 :at way he _h obta9$ ! books :i* _h giv5 him ! p]nici\s ideas :i* _h l$ him a/ray4 ,if ! culprit %[$ a rep5tant _s1 he might escape ) a s5t5ce ( en=c$ att5dance at ,sunday ,s*ool4 ,b 9 case he %[$ himself ob/9ate1 he mu/ leave ! city )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs & nev] aga9 %[ himself )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,g5evan commonweal?4 ,b a prop] lack ( or?odox s5tim5t 0 n ! only ?+ t c\ld get a man into tr\ble ) ! s-call$ ,consi/orium4 ,an aft]noon sp5t at a b[l+-alley 9 a ne>by village1 if prop]ly report$ 7z su* ?+s inv>iably are71 c\ld be reason en\gh = a sev]e admonition4 ,jokes1 bo? practical & o!rwise1 7 consid]$ ! height ( bad =m4 ,an attempt at wit dur+ a w$d+ c]emony 0 suffici5t cause = a jail s5t5ce4 ,gradually ! ,new ,zion 0 s encumb]$ ) laws1 edicts1 regulations1 rescripts & decrees t life became a highly complicat$ affair & lo/ a great deal ( its old flavor4 ,danc+ 0 n all[$4 ,s++ 0 n all[$4 ,c>d play+ 0 n all[$4 ,gambl+1 ( c\rse1 0 n all[$4 ,bir?day p>ties 7 n all[$4 ,c\nty fairs 7 n all[$4 ,silks & sat9s & all manife/ations ( ext]nal spl5dor 7 n all[$4 ,:at 0 all[$ 0 go+ to *ur* & go+ to s*ool4 ,= ,calv9 0 a man ( positive ideas4 ,! v]bot5 sign c\ld keep out s91 b x c\ld n =ce a man to love virtue4 ,t _h to come ?r\gh an inn] p]suasion4 ,h5ce ! e/abli%m5t ( excell5t s*ools & a fir/-rate univ]sity & ! enc\ragem5t ( all le>n+4 ,& ! e/abli%m5t ( a r int]e/+ =m ( communal life :i* absorb$ a good deal ( ! surplus en]gy ( ! community & :i* made ! av]age man =get ! _m h>d%ips & re/rictions to :i* he 0 submitt$4 ,if x _h be5 entirely lack+ 9 human qualities1 ! sy/em ( ,calv9 c\ld nev] h surviv$ & x c]ta9ly w\ld n h play$ su* a v decisive rle 9 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,all ( :i* h[ev] belongs 9 a book devot$ to ! developm5t ( political ideas4 ,?is "t we are int]e/$ 9 ! "q ( :at ,g5eva did = tol]ance & we come to ! conclusion t ! ,prote/ant ,rome 0 n a :it bett] ?an its ,ca?olic namesake4 ,! ext5uat+ circum/ances ,i h enum]at$ a few pages back4 ,9 a _w :i* 0 =c$ to /& by & witness su* be/ial occurr5ces z ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew & ! :olesale ext]m9ation ( scores ( ,dut* cities1 x 0 unreasonable to expect t "o side 7! weak] "o at t7 %\ld practice a virtue :i* 0 equival5t to a self-impos$ s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n absolve ,calv9 f ! crime ( hav+ aid$ & abett$ 9 ! legal murd] ( ,gruet & ,s]vetus4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m]1 ,calv9 might h put up ! excuse t ,jacques ,gruet 0 s]i\sly suspect$ ( hav+ incit$ 8 fell[ citiz5s to riot & t he belong$ to a political p>ty :i* 0 try+ to br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( ! ,calv9i/s4 ,b ,s]vetus c\ld h>dly be call$ a m5ace to ! safety ( ! community1 z f> z ,g5eva 0 conc]n$4 ,he 0 :at ! mod]n passport regulations call a 8transi5t40 ,ano!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs & he w\ld h be5 gone4 ,b he miss$ 8 boat4 ,& s he came to lose 8 life1 & x is a pretty t]rible /ory4 ,miguel ,s]veto1 bett] kn[n z ,mi*ael ,s]vetus1 0 a ,spani>d4 ,8 fa!r 0 a respectable not>y-public 7a semi-legal position 9 ,europe & n j a "y man ) a /amp+ ma*9e :o *>ges y a qu>t] = witness+ y\r signature7 & ,miguel 0 also de/9$ = ! law4 ,he 0 s5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se1 = 9 ^? happy days :5 all lectur+ 0 done 9 ,lat9 le>n+ 0 int]national & ! wisdom ( ! entire _w 0 op5 to ^? :o _h ma/]$ five decl5sions & a few doz5 irregul> v]bs4 ,at ! ,fr5* univ]sity ,s]vetus made ! acqua9tance ( "o ,juan de ,qu9tana :o %ortly aft]w>ds became ! confessor ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 an imp]ial coronation 0 a good deal l a mod]n int]national exhibition4 ,:5 ,*>les 0 cr[n$ 9 ,bologna 9 ! ye> #aecj1 ,qu9tana took 8 fri5d ,mi*ael ) him z 8 secret>y & ! bright "y ,spani>d saw all !re 0 to be se54 ,l s _m m5 ( 8 "t1 he 0 ( an insatiable curiosity & he sp5t ! next t5 ye>s dabbl+ 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( subjects1 m$ic9e1 a/ronomy1 a/rology1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 &1 mo/ fatal ( all1 !ology4 ,he 0 a v compet5t doctor & 9 ! pursuit ( 8 !ological /udies he hit ^u ! idea ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! fir/ "o ( 8 books aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,x %[s ! "o-sid$ness ( ! !ological m9d ( ! sixte5? c5tury t none ( ^? :o exam9$ ! works ( ,s]vetus ev] discov]$ t ?is man _h made "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies ( all ages4 ,if only ,s]vetus _h /uck to 8 m$ical practice6 ,he might h di$ peacefully 9 8 b$ at a ripe old age4 ,b he simply c\ld n keep away f ! burn+ que/ions ( 8 day1 & hav+ access to ! pr9t+ %ops ( ,lyons1 he began to give v5t to 8 op9ions ^u sundry subjects4 ,n[adays a g5]\s millionaire c p]suade a college to *ange its "n f ,tr9ity ,college to t ( a popul> br& ( tobacco & no?+ happ5s4 ,! press says1 8,isn't x good ( ,mr4 ,d+us to be s g5]\s ) 8 money60 & ! public at l>ge %\ts 8,am560 ,9 a _w :i* seems to h lo/ all capacity = be+ %ock$ by su* a ?+ z blasphemy1 x is n easy to write ( a "t :5 ! m]e suspicion t "o ( its fell[ citiz5s _h spok5 disrespectfully ( ! ,tr9ity w\ld ?r[ an entire community into a /ate ( panic4 ,b unless we fully appreciate ?is fact1 we %all nev] be able to und]/& ! horror 9 :i* ,s]vetus 0 held by all good ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,& yet he 0 by no means a radical4 ,he 0 :at today we w\ld call a lib]al4 ,he reject$ ! old belief 9 ! ,tr9ity z held bo? by ! ,prote/ants & ! ,ca?olics1 b he believ$ s s9c]ely 7"o feels incl9$ to say1 s navely7 9 ! correctness ( 8 own views1 t he committ$ ! grave error ( writ+ lett]s to ,calv9 sugge/+ t he be all[$ to visit ,g5eva = a p]sonal int]view & a ?or\gh discussion ( ! entire problem4 ,he 0 n invit$4 ,&1 anyway1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to accept4 ,! ,inquisitor ,g5]al ( ,lyons _h already tak5 a h& 9 ! affair & ,s]vetus 0 9 jail4 ,?is inquisitor 7curi\s read]s w f9d a description ( him 9 ! works ( ,rabelais :o ref]s to him z ,doribus1 a pun ^u 8 "n1 :i* 0 ,ory7 _h got w9d ( ! ,spani>d's blasphemies ?r\gh a lett] :i* a private citiz5 ( ,g5eva1 ) ! connivance ( ,calv91 _h s5t to 8 c\s9 9 ,lyons4 ,soon ! case aga9/ him 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by sev]al samples ( ,s]vetus' h&writ+1 also surreptiti\sly suppli$ by ,calv94 ,x really look$ z if ,calv9 did n c>e :o hang$ ! poor fell[ z long z he got hung1 b ! inquisitors 7 neglig5t 9 _! sacr$ duties & ,s]vetus 0 able to escape4 ,fir/ he seems to h tri$ to rea* ! ,spani% fronti]4 ,b ! long j\rney ?r\gh s\!rn ,france w\ld h be5 v dang]\s to a man :o 0 s well kn[n & s he decid$ to foll[ ! r r\nd-ab\t r\te via ,g5eva1 ,milan1 ,naples & ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,late "o ,saturday aft]noon 9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> #aeec he rea*$ ,g5eva4 ,he tri$ to f9d a boat to cross to ! o!r side ( ! lake1 b boats 7 n suppos$ to sail s %ortly be=e ! ,sabba? day & he 0 told to wait until ,monday4 ,! next day 0 ,sunday4 ,z x 0 a misdemeanor = bo? natives & /rang]s to /ay away f div9e s]vice1 ,s]vetus w5t to *ur*4 ,he 0 recogniz$ & arre/$4 ,by :at "r he 0 put into jail 0 nev] expla9$4 ,s]vetus 0 a ,spani% subject & 0 n accus$ ( any crime aga9/ ! laws ( ,g5eva4 ,b he 0 a lib]al 9 ! matt] ( doctr9e1 a blasphem\s & pr(ane p]son :o d>$ to h op9ions ( 8 own ^u ! subject ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,x 0 absurd t su* a p]son %\ld invoke ! protection ( ! law4 ,a common crim9al might d s4 ,a h]etic1 nev]6 ,& )\t fur!r ado he 0 lock$ up 9 a fil?y & damp hole1 8 money & 8 p]sonal belong+s 7 confiscat$ & two days lat] he 0 tak5 to c\rt & 0 ask$ to answ] a que/ionnaire conta9+ ?irty-eight diff]5t po9ts4 ,! trial la/$ two mon?s & twelve days4 ,9 ! end he 0 f\nd guilty ( 8h]esies aga9/ ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,! answ]s :i* he _h giv5 dur+ ! discussions ( 8 op9ions _h exasp]at$ 8 judges4 ,! usual puni%m5t = cases ( 8 sort1 especially if ! accus$ 7 a =eign]1 0 p]petual bani%m5t f ! t]ritory ( ! city ( ,g5eva4 ,9 ! case ( ,s]vetus an exception 0 made4 ,he 0 condemn$ to be burn$ alive4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,fr5* tribunal _h re-op5$ ! case ( ! fugitive & ! (ficials ( ! ,inquisition _h come to ! same conclusion z _! ,prote/ant colleagues4 ,!y too _h condemn$ ,s]vetus to dea? & _h dispat*$ _! %]iff to ,g5eva ) ! reque/ t ! culprit be surr5d]$ to him & be br\ght back to ,france4 ,?is reque/ 0 refus$4 ,calv9 0 able to d 8 own burn+4 ,z = t t]rible walk to ! place ( execution1 ) a delegation ( argu+ m9i/]s surr\nd+ ! h]etic ^u 8 la/ j\rney1 ! agony :i* la/$ = m ?an half an h\r & did n really come to an end until ! cr[d1 9 _! pity = ! poor m>tyr1 _h ?r[n a fre% supply ( fagots ^u ! flames1 all ?is makes int]e/+ read+ = ^? :o c>e = t sort ( ?+1 b x _h bett] be omitt$4 ,"o execution m or less1 :at diff]5ce did x make dur+ a p]iod ( unbridl$ religi\s fanaticism8 ,b ! case ( ,s]vetus really /&s by itself4 ,its consequ5ces 7 t]rible4 ,= n[ x 0 %[n1 & %[n ) brutal cle>ness1 t ^? ,prote/ants :o _h clamor$ s l\dly & p]si/5tly = 8! "r to _! own op9ions0 7 m]ely ,ca?olics 9 disguise1 t !y 7 j z n>r[-m9d$ & cruel to ^? :o did n %>e _! own views z _! enemies & t !y 7 only wait+ = ! opportunity to e/abli% a reign ( t]ror ( _! own4 ,?is accusation is a v s]i\s "o4 ,x _c be dismiss$ by a m]e %rug ( ! %\ld]s & a 8,well1 :at w\ld y expect80 ,we possess a great deal ( in=mation ^u ! trial & "k 9 detail :at ! re/ ( ! _w ?\ght ( ?is execution4 ,x makes gha/ly read+4 ,x is true t ,calv91 9 an outbur/ ( g5]osity1 sugge/$ t ,s]vetus be decapitat$ in/ead ( burn$4 ,s]vetus ?ank$ him = 8 k9dness1 b (f]$ /ill ano!r solution4 ,he want$ to be set free4 ,yea1 he insi/$ 7& ! logic 0 all on 8 side7 t ! c\rt _h no jurisdiction ov] him1 t he 0 m]ely an hone/ man 9 se>* = ! tru? & t !re=e he _h ! "r to be he>d 9 op5 debate ) 8 oppon5t1 ,dr4 ,calv94 ,b ( ?is ,calv9 w\ld n he>4 ,he _h sworn t ?is h]etic1 once he fell into 8 h&s1 %\ld nev] be all[$ to escape ) 8 life1 & he 0 go+ to be z good z 8 ^w4 ,t he c\ld n get a conviction )\t ! cop]ation ( 8 ar*-enemy1 ! ,inquisition1 made no diff]5ce to him4 ,he w\ld h made common cause ) ! pope if ,8 ,hol9ess _h be5 9 ! possession ( "s docum5ts t w\ld fur!r incrim9ate ! un=tunate ,spani>d4 ,b worse 0 to foll[4 ,on ! morn+ ( 8 dea?1 ,s]vetus ask$ to see ,calv9 & ! latt] came to ! d>k & fil?y dungeon t _h s]v$ 8 enemy z a prison4 ,^u ?is occasion at lea/ he might h be5 g5]\s2 m1 he might h be5 human4 ,he 0 nei!r4 ,he /ood 9 ! pres5ce ( a man :o )9 ano!r h\r w\ld be able to plead 8 case be=e ! ?rone ( ,god & he argu$4 ,he debat$ & sputt]$1 grew gre5 & lo/ 8 temp]4 ,b n a ^w ( pity1 ( *>ity1 or k9dl9ess4 ,n a ^w4 ,only bitt]ness & hatr$1 ! feel+ ( 8,s]ve y "r1 y ob/9ate sc\ndrel4 ,burn & be damn$60 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ?is happ5$ _m1 _m ye>s ago4 ,s]vetus is dead4 ,all our /atues & memorial tablets w n br+ him back to life aga94 ,calv9 is dead4 ,a ?\s& volumes ( abuse w n di/urb ! a%es ( 8 unkn[n grave4 ,!y are all ( !m dead1 ^? ard5t re=m]s :o dur+ ! trial _h %udd]$ ) fe> le/ ! blasphem\s sc\ndrel be all[$ to escape1 ^? /aun* pill>s ( ! ,*ur* :o aft] ! execution broke =? into paeans ( praise & wrote ea* o!r1 8,all hail to ,g5eva6 ,! de$ is done40 ,!y are all ( !m dead1 & p]haps x 7 be/ !y 7 =gott5 too4 ,only let u h a c>e4 ,tol]ance is l lib]ty4 ,no "o ev] gets x m]ely by ask+ = x4 ,no "o keeps x except by ! ex]cise ( et]nal c>e & vigilance4 ,= ! sake ( "s future ,s]vetus among our own *ildr51 we %all d well to rememb] ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,anabapti/s ,e g5]ation has a bogey-man all its own4 ,we h our 8,r$s40 ,our fa!rs _h _! ,sociali/s4 ,our gr&fa!rs _h _! ,molly ,maguires4 ,our great-great-gr&fa!rs _h _! ,jacob9s4 ,& our ance/ors ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago 7 n a bit bett] (f4 ,!y _h _! ,anabapti/s4 ,! mo/ popul> 8,outl9e ( ,hi/ory0 ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 a c]ta9 8,_w ,book0 or *ronicle1 :i* ,seba/ian ,frank1 soap-boil]1 prohibitioni/ & au?or1 liv+ 9 ! good city ( ,ulm1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aecd4 ,seba/ian knew ! ,anabapti/s4 ,he _h m>ri$ into an ,anabapti/ family4 ,he did n %>e _! views1 = he 0 a confirm$ free-?9k]4 ,b ?is is :at he wrote ab\t !m3 8t !y taught no?+ b love & fai? & ! crucifixion ( ! fle%1 t !y manife/$ pati5ce & humility "u all suff]+1 assi/$ "o ano!r ) true helpfulness1 call$ ea* o!r bro!r & believ$ 9 hav+ all ?+s 9 common40 ,x is surely a curi\s ?+ t p ( :om all ^? nice ?+s c\ld be tru?fully said %\ld = almo/ a hundr$ ye>s h be5 hunt$ d[n l wild animals1 & %\ld h be5 expos$ to all ! mo/ cruel puni%m5ts ( ! mo/ blood?ir/y ( c5turies4 ,b !re 0 a reason & 9 ord] to appreciate x y mu/ rememb] c]ta9 facts ab\t ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,re=mation really settl$ no?+4 ,x gave ! _w two prisons in/ead ( "o1 made a book infallible 9 ! place ( a man & e/abli%$ 7or r1 tri$ to e/abli%7 a rule by black g>b$ m9i/]s in/ead ( :ite g>b$ prie/s4 ,su* meag] results aft] half a c5tury ( /ruggle & sacrifice _h fill$ ! he>ts ( millions ( p ) desp]ate disappo9tm5t4 ,!y _h expect$ a mill5nium ( social & religi\s righte\sness & !y 7 n at all prep>$ = a new ,geh5na ( p]secution & economic slav]y4 ,!y _h be5 ready = a great adv5ture4 ,!n some?+ _h happ5$4 ,!y _h slipp$ betwe5 ! wall & ! %ip4 ,& !y _h be5 oblig$ to /rike out = !mselves & keep above wat] z be/ !y c\ld4 ,!y 7 9 a t]rible position4 ,!y _h left ! old *ur*4 ,_! consci5ce did n all[ !m to jo9 ! new fai?4 ,(ficially !y _h1 !re=e1 ceas$ to exi/4 ,& yet !y liv$4 ,!y brea!d4 ,!y 7 sure t !y 7 ,god's belov$ *ildr54 ,z su* x 0 _! duty to keep on liv+ & brea?+1 t !y might save a wick$ _w f its own folly4 ,ev5tually !y surviv$1 b d n ask h[6 ,depriv$ ( _! old associations1 !y 7 =c$ to =m gr\ps ( _! own1 to look = a new lead]%ip4 ,b :at man 9 8 s5ses w\ld take up ) ^! poor fanatics8 ,z a result1 %oemak]s ) second sight & hy/]ical midwives ) visions & halluc9ations assum$ ! rle ( prophets & prophetesses & !y pray$ & prea*$ & rav$ until ! raft]s ( _! d+y meet+ places %ook ) ! hosannas ( ! fai?ful & ! tip-/affs ( ! village 7 =c$ to take notice ( ! unseemly di/urbance4 ,!n half a doz5 m5 & wom5 7 s5t to jail & _! ,high & ,might9esses1 ! t[n c\ncilors1 began :at 0 good-natur$ly call$ 8an inve/igation40 ,^! p did n g to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!y did n wor%ip 9 ! ,prote/ant kirk4 ,!n w\ld !y please expla9 :o !y 7 & :at !y believ$8 ,to give ! poor c\ncilors _! due1 !y 7 9 a difficult pr$icam5t4 ,= _! prison]s 7 ! mo/ uncom=table ( all h]etics1 p :o took _! religi\s convictions absolutely s]i\sly4 ,_m ( ! mo/ respectable re=m]s 7 ( ?is e>? e>?y & will+ly made su* small compromises z 7 absolutely necess>y1 if "o hop$ to lead an agreeable & respectable exi/5ce4 ,y\r true ,anabapti/ 0 ( a diff]5t calib]4 ,he fr[n$ ^u all half-way measures4 ,jesus _h told 8 foll[]s to turn ! o!r *eek :5 smitt5 by an enemy1 & _h taught t all ^? :o take ! sword %all p]i% by ! sword4 ,to ! ,anabapti/s ?is meant a positive ord9ance to use no viol5ce4 ,!y did n c>e to dilly-dally ) words & murmur t circum/ances alt] cases1 t1 ( c\rse1 !y 7 aga9/ w>1 b t ?is 0 a diff]5t k9d ( a w> & t !re=e !y felt t = ?is once ,god w\ld n m9d if !y ?rew a few bombs or fir$ an occasional torp$o4 ,a div9e ord9ance 0 a div9e ord9ance1 & t 0 all !re 0 to x4 ,& s !y refus$ to enli/ & refus$ to c>ry arms & 9 case !y 7 arre/$ = _! pacifism 7= t is :at _! enemies call$ ?is sort ( appli$ ,*ri/ianity7 !y w5t will+ly =? to meet _! fate & recit$ ,mat!w xxvi3 #eb until dea? made an end to _! suff]+4 ,b anti-milit>ism 0 only a small detail 9 _! program ( que]ness4 ,jesus _h prea*$ t ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,k+dom ( ,caes> 7 two entirely diff]5t entities & c\ld n & %\ld n be reconcil$4 ,v well4 ,^! words 7 cle>4 ,h5ce=? all good ,anabapti/s c>efully ab/a9$ f tak+ "p 9 _! c\ntry's gov]nm5t1 refus$ to hold public (fice & sp5t ! "t :i* o!r p wa/$ ^u politics1 read+ & /udy+ ! holy scriptures4 ,jesus _h caution$ 8 disciples aga9/ unseemly qu>rels & ! ,anabapti/s w\ld r lose _! rightful possessions ?an submit a diff]5ce ( op9ion to a law c\rt4 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r po9ts :i* set ^! peculi> p ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w1 b ^! few examples ( _! odd behavior w expla9 ! suspicion & dete/ation 9 :i* !y 7 held by _! fat & happy neighbors :o inv>iably mix$ _! piety ) a dose ( t com=table doctr9e :i* bids u live & let live4 ,ev5 s1 ! ,anabapti/s1 l ! ,bapti/s & _m o!r diss5t]s1 might 9 ! end h discov]$ a way to placate ! au?orities1 if only !y _h be5 able to protect !mselves f _! own fri5ds4 ,und\bt$ly !re are _m hone/ ,bol%evi/s :o de>ly love _! fell[ prolet>ians & :o sp5d _! wak+ h\rs try+ to make ?is _w a bett] & happi] place4 ,b :5 ! av]age p]son he>s ! ^w 8,bol%evik10 he ?9ks ( ,mosc[ & ( a reign ( t]ror e/abli%$ by a h&ful ( s*ol>ly cut-?roats1 ( jails full ( innoc5t p & fir+ squads je]+ at ! victims !y are ab\t to %oot4 ,?is picture may be slightly unfair1 b x is no m ?an natural t x %\ld be "p ( ! popul> my? aft] ! unspeakable ?+s :i* h happ5$ 9 ,russia dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s4 ,! really good & peaceful ,anabapti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury suff]$ f a simil> disadvantage4 ,z a sect !y 7 suspect$ ( _m /range crimes1 & ) good reason4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 invet]ate ,bible read]s4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n a crime at all1 b let me f9i% my s5t5ce4 ,! ,anabapti/s /udi$ ! scriptures )\t any discrim9ation & t is a v dang]\s ?+ :5 "o has a /rong pr$ilection = ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,?is /range "w :i* ev5 z late z ! fif? c5tury 0 reject$ z a bit ( 8spuri\s writ+0 0 j ! sort ( ?+ to appeal to p :o liv$ dur+ a p]iod ( int5se emotional passions4 ,! exile ( ,patmos spoke a language :i* ^! poor1 hunt$ creatures und]/ood4 ,:5 8 impot5t rage drove him into hy/]ical prophecies an5t ! mod]n ,babylon1 all ! ,anabapti/s %\t$ am5 & pray$ = ! spe$y com+ ( ! ,new ,heav5 & ! ,new ,e>?4 ,x 0 n ! fir/ "t t weak m9ds gave way "u ! /ress ( a great excitem5t4 ,& almo/ e p]secution ( ! ,anabapti/s 0 foll[$ by viol5t outbur/s ( religi\s insanity4 ,m5 & wom5 w\ld ru% nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 ann\nc+ ! end ( ! _w1 try+ to indulge 9 weird sacrifices t ! fury ( ,god might be appeas$4 ,old hags w\ld ent] ! div9e s]vices ( "s o!r sect & break up ! meet+1 /rid5tly %riek+ nons5se ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,dragon4 ,( c\rse1 ?is sort ( affliction 79 a mild degree7 is always ) u4 ,read ! daily pap]s & y w see h[ 9 "s remote hamlet ( ,ohio or ,i[a or ,florida a woman has but*]$ h] husb& ) a meat cleav] because 8%e 0 told to d s0 by ! voice ( an angel2 or h[ an o!rwise reasonable fa!r has j kill$ 8 wife & eight *ildr5 9 anticipation ( ! s\nd+ ( ! ,sev5 ,trumpets4 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 are r>e exceptions4 ,!y c be easily h&l$ by ! local police & !y really d n h great influ5ce ^u ! life or ! safety ( ! ,republic4 ,b :at _h happ5$ 9 ! ye> #aecd 9 ! good t[n ( ,mn/] 0 some?+ v diff]5t4 ,!re ! ,new ,zion1 ^u /rictly ,anabapti/ pr9ciples1 _h actually be5 proclaim$4 ,& p all ov] nor!rn ,europe %udd]$ :5 !y ?\ght ( t t]rible w9t] & spr+4 ,! villa9 9 ! case 0 a good-look+ "y tailor by ! "n ( ,jan ,beukelszoon4 ,hi/ory kn[s him z ,john ( ,leid51 = ,jan 0 a native ( t indu/ri\s little city & _h sp5t 8 *ildhood along ! banks ( ! sluggi% old ,rh9e4 ,l all o!r appr5tices ( t day1 he _h travel$ ext5sively & _h w&]$ f> & wide to le>n ! secrets ( 8 trade4 ,he c\ld read & write j en\gh to produce an occasional play1 b he _h no real education4 ,nei!r 0 he possess$ ( t humility ( _s :i* we s (t5 f9d 9 p :o are consci\s ( _! social disadvantages & _! lack ( k4 ,b he 0 a v good-look+ "y man1 end[$ ) unlimit$ *eek & z va9 z a peacock4 ,aft] a long abs5ce 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 he w5t back to 8 native l& & set up 9 ! cloak & suit bus9ess4 ,at ! same "t he w5t 9 = religion & t 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 extraord9>y c>e]4 ,= he became a disciple ( ,?omas ,mnz]4 ,?is man ,mnz]1 a bak] by pr(ession1 0 a fam\s "*4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ?ree ,anabapti/ prophets :o1 9 ! ye> #aeba1 _h sudd5ly made _! appe>ance 9 ,witt5b]g t !y might %[ ,lu!r h[ to f9d ! true road to salvation4 ,al?\gh !y _h act$ ) ! be/ ( int5tions1 _! ef=ts _h n be5 appreciat$ & !y _h be5 *as$ out ( ! ,prote/ant /ronghold ) ! reque/ t nev] aga9 !y %[ _! unwelcome selves )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,dukes ( ,saxony4 ,came ! ye> #aecd & ! ,anabapti/s _h suff]$ s _m defeats t !y decid$ to risk ev]y?+ on "o big1 bold /roke4 ,t !y select$ ! t[n ( ,mn/] 9 ,we/phalia z ! spot = _! f9al exp]im5t surpris$ no "o4 ,franz von ,waldeck1 ! pr9ce-bi%op ( t city1 0 a drunk5 b\nd] :o = ye>s _h liv$ op5ly ) a score ( wom5 & :o ev] s9ce 8 sixte5? ye> _h (f5d$ all dec5t p by ! outrage\s bad ta/e ( 8 private conduct4 ,:5 ! t[n w5t ,prote/ant1 he compromis$4 ,b be+ kn[n f> & wide = a li> & a *eat1 8 treaty ( peace did n give 8 ,prote/ant subjects t feel+ ( p]sonal security )\t :i* life is inde$ a v uncom=table exp]i5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce :]e( ! inhabitants ( ,mn/] rema9$ 9 a /ate ( high agitation until ! next elections4 ,^! br\ght a surprise4 ,! city gov]nm5t fell into ! h&s ( ! ,anabapti/s4 ,! *airman became "o ,b]n>d ,knipp]doll9ck1 a clo? m]*ant by day & a prophet aft] d>k4 ,! bi%op took "o look at 8 new c\ncilors & fl$4 ,x 0 !n t ,john ( ,leid5 appe>$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,he _h come to ,mn/] z ! apo/le ( a c]ta9 ,jan ,mat?ysz1 a ,ha>lem bak] :o _h />t$ a new sect ( 8 own & 0 reg>d$ z a v holy man4 ,& :5 he he>d ( ! great bl[ t _h be5 /ruck = ! good cause1 he rema9$ to help celebrate ! victory & purge ! bi%opric ( all popi% contam9ation4 ,! ,anabapti/s 7 no?+ if n ?or\gh4 ,!y turn$ ! *ur*es into /one qu>ries4 ,!y confiscat$ ! conv5ts = ! b5efit ( ! homeless4 ,all books except ! ,bible 7 publicly burn$4 ,& z a fitt+ climax1 ^? :o refus$ to be re-baptiz$ aft] ! ,anabapti/ fa%ion 7 driv5 into ! camp ( ! ,bi%op1 :o decapitat$ !m or dr[n$ !m on ! g5]al pr9ciple t !y 7 h]etics & small loss to ! community4 ,t 0 ! prologue4 ,! play itself 0 no less t]rible4 ,f f> & wide ! high prie/s ( half a hundr$ new cre$s ha/5$ to ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,!re !y 7 jo9$ by all ^? :o believ$ !mselves possess$ ( a call = ! great uplift1 hone/ & s9c]e citiz5s1 b z innoc5t z babes :5 x came to politics or /atecraft4 ,! siege ( ,mn/] la/$ five mon?s & dur+ t "t1 e s*eme1 sy/em & program ( social & spiritual reg5]ation 0 tri$ out2 e new-fangl$ prophet _h 8 day 9 c\rt4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 a little t[n *uck full ( fugitives1 pe/il5ce & hung]1 0 n a fit place = a sociological laboratory & ! diss5sions & qu>rels betwe5 ! diff]5t factions lam$ all ! ef=ts ( ! milit>y lead]s4 ,dur+ t crisis ,john ! tailor /epp$ =w>d4 ,! %ort h\r ( 8 glory _h come4 ,9 t community ( />v+ m5 & suff]+ *ildr51 all ?+s 7 possible4 ,john began 8 rgime by introduc+ an exact replica ( t old !ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t ( :i* he _h read 9 8 ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! burgh]s ( ,mn/] 7 divid$ into ! twelve tribes ( ,israel & ,john himself 0 *os5 to be _! k+4 ,he _h already m>ri$ ! daught] ( "o prophet1 ,knipp]doll9ck4 ,n[ he m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ano!r1 ! wife ( 8 =m] ma/]1 ,john ,mat?ysz4 ,next he rememb]$ ,solomon & add$ a c\ple ( concub9es4 ,& !n ! gha/ly f>ce began4 ,all day long ,john sat on ! ?rone ( ,david 9 ! m>ket place & all day long ! p /ood by :ile ! royal c\rt *apla9 read ! late/ bat* ( ord9ances4 ,^! came fa/ & furi\sly1 = ! fate ( ! city 0 daily gr[+ m desp]ate & ! p 7 9 dire ne$4 ,john1 h[ev]1 0 an optimi/ & ?or\ghly believ$ 9 ! omnipot5ce ( pap] decrees4 ,! p compla9$ t !y 7 hungry4 ,john promis$ t he w\ld t5d to x4 ,& =?) a royal ukase1 duly sign$ by ,8 ,maje/y1 orda9$ t all weal? 9 ! city be divid$ equally among ! ri* & ! poor1 t ! /reets be brok5 up & us$ z vegetable g>d5s1 t all meals be eat5 9 common4 ,s f> s good4 ,b !re 7 ^? :o said t "s ( ! ri* p _h hidd5 "p ( _! treasures4 ,john bade 8 subjects n to worry4 ,a second decree proclaim$ t all ^? :o broke a s+le law ( ! community w\ld be imm$iately decapitat$4 ,&1 m9d y1 su* a w>n+ 0 no idle ?reat4 ,= ?is royal tailor 0 z h&y ) 8 sword z ) 8 scissors & frequ5tly und]took to be 8 own execution]4 ,!n came ! p]iod ( halluc9ations :5 ! populace suff]$ f a div]sity ( religi\s manias2 :5 ! m>ket place 0 cr[d$ day & night ) ?\s&s ( m5 & wom51 await+ ! trumpet bla/s ( ! angel ,gabriel4 ,!n came ! p]iod ( t]ror1 :5 ! prophet kept up ! c\rage ( 8 flock by a con/ant orgy ( blood & cut ! ?roat ( "o ( 8 own que5s4 ,& !n came ! t]rible day ( retribution :5 two citiz5s 9 _! despair op5$ ! gates to ! soldi]s ( ! bi%op & :5 ! prophet1 lock$ 9 an iron cage1 0 %[n at all ! ,we/phalian c\ntry fairs & 0 f9ally tortur$ to dea?4 ,a weird episode1 b ( t]rible consequ5ce to _m a ,god-fe>+ & simple s\l4 ,f t mom5t on1 all ,anabapti/s 7 outlaw$4 ,su* lead]s z _h escap$ ! c>nage ( ,mn/] 7 hunt$ d[n l rabbits & 7 kill$ :]ev] f\nd4 ,f e pulpit1 m9i/]s & prie/s fulm9at$ aga9/ ! ,anabapti/s & ) _m curses & ana!mas !y d5\nc$ !m z communi/s & traitors & rebels1 :o want$ to upset ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s & des]v$ less m]cy ?an wolves or mad dogs4 ,r>ely has a h]esy hunt be5 s successful4 ,z a sect1 ! ,anabapti/s ceas$ to exi/4 ,b a /range ?+ happ5$4 ,_m ( _! ideas cont9u$ to live1 7 pick$ up by o!r d5om9ations1 7 incorporat$ into all sorts ( religi\s & philosophic sy/ems1 became respectable1 & are today "p & p>cel ( ev]ybody's spiritual & intellectual inh]itance4 ,x is a simple ?+ to /ate su* a fact4 ,to expla9 h[ x actually came ab\t1 t is q a diff]5t /ory4 ,almo/ )\t exception ! ,anabapti/s belong$ to t class ( society :i* reg>ds an ink/& z an unnecess>y luxury4 ,anabapti/ hi/ory1 !re=e1 0 writ by ^? :o reg>d$ ! sect z a p>ticul>ly v5om\s l& ( d5om9ational radicalism4 ,only n[1 aft] a c5tury ( /udy1 are we beg9n+ to und]/& ! great rle ! ideas ( ^! humble peasants & artisans h play$ 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( a m rational & m tol]ant =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ideas are l lightn+4 ,"o nev] kn[s :]e !y w /rike next4 ,& :at is ! use ( lightn+ rods 9 ,mn/]1 :5 ! /orm breaks loose ov] ,si5na8 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,sozz9i ,,family ,9 ,italy ! ,re=mation _h nev] be5 successful4 ,x c\ld n be4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p ( ! s\? did n take _! religion s]i\sly en\gh to fight ab\t x & 9 ! second place1 ! close proximity ( ,rome1 ! c5t] ( a p>ticul>ly well equipp$ (fice ( ! ,inquisition1 made indulg5ce 9 private op9ions a dang]\s & co/ly pa/ime4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 among all ! ?\s&s ( humani/s :o populat$ ! p59sula1 !re 7 b\nd to be a few black %eep :o c>$ a great deal m = ! good op9ion ( ,ari/otle ?an = t ( ,sa9t ,*ryso/om4 ,^? good p1 h[ev]1 7 giv5 _m opportunities to get rid ( _! surplus spiritual en]gy4 ,!re 7 clubs & c(fee-h\ses & discreet salons :]e m5 & wom5 c\ld give v5t to _! intellectual en?usiasm )\t upsett+ empires4 ,all ( :i* 0 v pleasant & re/ful4 ,& besides1 wasn't all life a compromise8 ,hadn't x always be5 a compromise8 ,w\ld x n 9 all likelihood be a compromise until ! end ( "t8 ,:y get excit$ ab\t su* a small detail z "o's fai?8 ,aft] ^! few introductory rem>ks1 ! read] w surely n expect to he> a l\d fanf>onade or ! fir+ ( guns :5 our next two h]oes make _! appe>ance4 ,= !y are s(t-spok5 g5tlem51 & g ab\t _! bus9ess 9 a dignifi$ & pleasant way4 ,9 ! end1 !y are to d m to upset ! dogmatic tyranny "u :i* ! _w _h suff]$ = su* a long "t ?an a :ole army ( noisy re=m]s4 ,b t is "o ( ^? curi\s ?+s :i* no "o c =esee4 ,!y happ54 ,we are grateful4 ,b h[ x comes ab\t1 t1 alas1 is some?+ :i* we d n fully und]/&4 ,! "n ( ^! two quiet workm5 9 ! v9ey>d ( reason 0 ,sozz9i4 ,!y 7 uncle & nephew4 ,= "s unkn[n reason1 ! old] man1 ,lelio ,francesco1 spell$ 8 "n ) "o 8z0 & ! y\ng]1 ,fau/o ,paolo1 spell$ 8 ) two 8zs40 ,b z !y are bo? ( !m mu* bett] kn[n by ! ,lat9iz$ =m ( _! "n1 ,soc9ius1 ?an by ! ,italian ,sozz9i1 we c leave t detail to ! gramm>ians & etymologi/s4 ,z f> z _! influ5ce 0 conc]n$1 ! uncle 0 mu* less important ?an ! nephew4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 deal ) him fir/ & speak ( ! nephew aft]w>ds4 ,lelio ,soz9i 0 a ,si5nese1 ! desc5dant ( a race ( bank]s & judges & himself de/9$ = a c>e] at ! b>1 via ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,b l s _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 he all[$ himself to slip into !ology1 /opp$ read+ law1 play$ ) ,greek & ,hebrew & ,arabic & end$ 7z s (t5 happ5s ) p ( 8 type7 z a rationali/ic my/ic--a man :o 0 at once v mu* ( ?is _w & yet nev] q ( x4 ,?is s\nds complicat$4 ,b ^? :o und]/& :at ,i mean w und]/& )\t any fur!r explanation1 & ! o!rs w\ld n und]/&1 no matt] :at ,i said4 ,8 fa!r1 h[ev]1 seems to h _h a suspicion t ! son might am\nt to some?+ 9 ! _w ( lett]s4 ,he gave 8 boy a *eck & bade him g =? & see :atev] !re 0 to be se54 ,& s ,lelio left ,si5na & dur+ ! next t5 ye>s1 he travel$ f ,v5ice to ,g5eva & f ,g5eva to ,zri* & f ,zri* to ,witt5b]g & !n to ,london & !n to ,prague & !n to ,vi5na & !n to ,crac[1 sp5d+ a few mon?s or ye>s 9 e t[n & hamlet :]e he hop$ to f9d int]e/+ company & might be able to le>n some?+ new & int]e/+4 ,x 0 an age :5 p talk$ religion j z incessantly z today !y talk bus9ess4 ,lelio mu/ h collect$ a /range assortm5t ( ideas & by keep+ 8 e>s op5 he 0 soon famili> ) e h]esy betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,baltic4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he c>ri$ himself & 8 intellectual luggage to ,g5eva1 he 0 receiv$ politely b none too cordially4 ,! pale eyes ( ,calv9 look$ ^u ?is ,italian visitor ) grave suspicion4 ,he 0 a di/+ui%$ "y man ( excell5t family & n a poor1 fri5dless w&]] l ,s]vetus4 ,x 0 said1 h[ev]1 t he _h ,s]vetian incl9ations4 ,& t 0 mo/ di/urb+4 ,! case = or aga9/ ! ,tr9ity1 s ,calv9 ?\ght1 _h be5 def9itely settl$ :5 ! ,spani% h]etic 0 burn$4 ,on ! contr>y6 ,! fate ( ,s]vetus _h become a subject ( conv]sation f ,madrid to ,/ockholm1 & s]i\s-m9d$ p all ov] ! _w 7 beg9n+ to take ! side ( ! anti-tr9it>ian4 ,b t 0 n all4 ,!y 7 us+ ,gut5b]g's devili% inv5tion to spread _! views broadca/ & be+ at a safe di/ance f ,g5eva !y 7 (t5 f> f complim5t>y 9 _! rem>ks4 ,only a %ort :ile be=e a v le>n$ tract _h appe>$ :i* conta9$ ev]y?+ ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* _h ev] said or writt5 ^u ! subject ( p]secut+ & puni%+ h]etics4 ,x _h an in/antane\s & enorm\s sale among ^? :o 8hat$ ,god10 z ,calv9 said1 or :o 8hat$ ,calv910 z !y !mselves prote/$4 ,calv9 _h let x be kn[n t he w\ld l to h a p]sonal int]view ) ! au?or ( ?is preci\s booklet4 ,b ! au?or1 anticipat+ su* a reque/1 _h wisely omitt$ 8 "n f ! title-page4 ,x 0 said t he 0 call$ ,seba/ian ,ca/ellio1 t he _h be5 a tea*] 9 "o ( ! ,g5eva high s*ools & t 8 mod]ate views ^u div]se !ological enormities _h ga9$ him ! hatr$ ( ,calv9 & ! approbation ( ,montaigne4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 c\ld prove ?is4 ,x 0 m]e he>say4 ,b :]e "o _h gone be=e1 o!rs might foll[4 ,calv91 !re=e1 0 di/antly polite to ,sozz9i1 b sugge/$ t ! mild air ( ,basel w\ld suit 8 ,si5nese fri5d mu* bett] ?an ! damp climate ( ,savoy & he>tily bade him ,godspe$ :5 he />t$ on 8 way to ! fam\s old ,erasmian /ronghold4 ,=tunately = ,calv91 ! ,sozz9i family soon aft]w>ds fell "u ! suspicion ( ! ,inquisition1 ,lelio 0 depriv$ ( 8 funds & fall+ ill ( a fev]1 he di$ 9 ,zri* at ! age ( only ?irty-sev54 ,:atev] joy 8 untimely demise may h caus$ 9 ,g5eva1 x 0 %ort-liv$4 ,= ,lelio1 besides a wid[ & sev]al trunks ( notes1 left a nephew1 :o n only fell heir to 8 uncle's unpubli%$ manuscripts b soon ga9$ = himself ! reputation ( be+ ev5 m ( a ,s]vetus en?usia/ ?an 8 uncle _h be54 ,dur+ 8 y\ng] ye>s1 ,fau/us ,soc9ius _h travel$ almo/ z ext5sively z ! old] ,lelio4 ,8 gr&fa!r _h left him a small e/ate & z he did n m>ry until he 0 ne>ly fifty1 he 0 able to devote all 8 "t to 8 favorite subject1 !ology4 ,= a %ort :ile he seems to h be5 9 bus9ess 9 ,lyons4 ,:at sort ( a salesman he made1 ,i d n "k1 b 8 exp]i5ce 9 buy+ & sell+ & deal+ 9 concrete commodities r ?an spiritual values seems to h /r5g!n$ him 9 8 conviction t v little is ev] ga9$ by kill+ a competitor or los+ "o's temp] if ! o!r man has ! bett] ( a deal4 ,& z long z he liv$1 he %[$ himself possess$ ( t sob] common s5se :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 a c\nt+-h\se b is v r>ely "p ( ! curriculum ( a religi\s sem9>y4 ,9 ! ye> #aefc ,fau/us return$ to ,italy4 ,on 8 way home he visit$ ,g5eva4 ,x does n appe> t he ev] paid 8 respects to ! local patri>*4 ,besides1 ,calv9 0 a v sick man at t "t4 ,! visit f a memb] ( ! ,sozz9i family w\ld only h di/urb$ him4 ,! next doz5 ye>s1 "y ,soc9ius sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ,isabella de' ,m$ici4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aegf ?is lady1 aft] a few days ( matrimonial bliss1 0 murd]$ by h] husb&1 ,paolo ,ors9i4 ,!reupon ,soc9ius resign$1 left ,italy = good & w5t to ,basel to translate ! ,psalms into colloquial ,italian & write a book on ,jesus4 ,fau/us1 s x appe>$ f 8 writ+s1 0 a c>eful man4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he 0 v deaf & su* p are by nature cauti\s4 ,9 ! second place1 he d]iv$ 8 income f c]ta9 e/ates situat$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps & ! ,tuscan au?orities _h giv5 him a h9t t x might be j z well = "o suspect$ ( 8,lu!ran lean+s0 n to be too bold :ile deal+ ) subjects :i* 7 held 9 disfavor by ! ,inquisition4 ,h5ce he us$ a numb] ( pseudonyms & nev] pr9t$ a book unless x _h be5 pass$ ^u by a numb] ( fri5ds & _h be5 decl>$ to be fairly safe4 ,?us x happ5$ t 8 books 7 n plac$ on ! ,index4 ,x also happ5$ t a copy ( 8 life ( ,jesus 0 c>ri$ all ! way to ,transylvania & !re fell into ! h&s ( ano!r lib]al-m9d$ ,italian1 ! private physician ( a numb] ( ,milanese & ,flor5t9e ladies :o _h m>ri$ into ! ,poli% & ,transylvanian nobility4 ,transylvania 9 ^? days 0 ! 8f> ea/0 ( ,europe4 ,a wild]ness until ! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 x _h be5 us$ z a conv5i5t home = ! surplus population ( ,g]many4 ,! h>d work+ ,saxon peasants _h turn$ ?is f]tile l& into a prosp]\s & well regulat$ little c\ntry ) cities & s*ools & an occasional univ]sity4 ,b x rema9$ a c\ntry f> remov$ f ! ma9 roads ( travel & trade4 ,h5ce x _h always be5 a favorite place ( resid5ce = ^? :o = "o reason or ano!r pref]r$ to keep a few miles ( m>% & m\nta9 betwe5 !mselves & ! h5*m5 ( ! ,inquisition4 ,z = ,pol&1 ?is un=tunate c\ntry has = s _m c5turies be5 associat$ ) ! g5]al idea ( reaction & j+oism t x w come z an agreeable surprise to _m ( my read]s :5 ,i tell !m t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 a v]itable asylum = all ^? :o 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe suff]$ on acc\nt ( _! religi\s convictions4 ,?is unexpect$ /ate ( affairs _h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 a typically ,poli% fa%ion4 ,t ! ,republic = q a long "t _h be5 ! mo/ sc&al\sly mismanag$ c\ntry ( ! entire cont95t 0 ev5 !n a g5]ally kn[n fact4 ,! ext5t1 h[ev]1 to :i* ! high] cl]gy _h neglect$ _! duties 0 n appreciat$ q s cle>ly 9 ^? days :5 dissolute bi%ops & drunk5 village prie/s 7 ! common affliction ( all we/]n nations4 ,b dur+ ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 notic$ t ! numb] ( ,poli% /ud5ts 9 ! diff]5t ,g]man univ]sities 0 beg9n+ to increase at a rate ( spe$ :i* caus$ great conc]n among ! au?orities ( ,witt5b]g & ,leipzig4 ,!y began to ask que/ions4 ,& !n x develop$ t ! anci5t ,poli% academy ( ,crac[1 adm9i/]$ by ! ,poli% *ur*1 _h be5 all[$ to fall into su* a /ate ( utt] decay t ! poor ,pol&]s 7 =c$ to g abroad = _! education or d )\t4 ,a little lat]1 :5 ! ,teuton univ]sities fell "u ! spell ( ! new doctr9es1 ! bright "y m5 f ,w>saw & ,radom & ,cz5/o*[a q naturally foll[$ suit4 ,& :5 !y return$ to _! home t[ns1 !y did s z full-fl$g$ ,lu!rans4 ,at t e>ly /age ( ! ,re=mation x w\ld h be5 q easy = ! k+ & ! nobility & ! cl]gy to /amp out ?is epidemic ( errone\s op9ions4 ,b su* a /ep w\ld h oblig$ ! rul]s ( ! republic to unite ^u a def9ite & common policy & t ( c\rse 0 directly 9 contradiction to ! mo/ hall[$ traditions ( ?is /range c\ntry :]e a s+le diss5t+ vote c\ld upset a law :i* _h ! support ( all ! o!r memb]s ( ! diet4 ,& :5 7z happ5$ %ortly aft]w>ds7 x appe>$ t ! religion ( ! fam\s ,witt5b]g pr(essor c>ri$ ) x a by-product ( an economic nature1 consi/+ ( ! confiscation ( all ,*ur* prop]ty1 ! ,boleslauses & ! ,wladislauses & ! o!r knights1 c\nts1 b>ons1 pr9ces & dukes :o populat$ ! f]tile pla9s betwe5 ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea began to %[ a decid$ lean+ t[>ds a fai? :i* meant money 9 _! pockets4 ,! unholy scramble = mona/ic real e/ate :i* foll[$ ^u ! discov]y caus$ "o ( ^? fam\s 8int]ims0 ) :i* ! ,poles1 s9ce "t immemorial1 h tri$ to /ave (f ! day ( reckon+4 ,dur+ su* p]iods all au?ority came to a /&/ill & ! ,prote/ants made su* a good use ( _! opportunity t 9 less ?an a ye> !y _h e/abli%$ *ur*es ( _! own 9 e "p ( ! k+dom4 ,ev5tually ( c\rse ! incessant !ological haggl+ ( ! new m9i/]s drove ! peasants back into ! arms ( ! ,*ur* & ,pol& once m became "o ( ! /rongholds ( a mo/ uncompromis+ =m ( ,ca?olicism4 ,b dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! c\ntry enjoy$ complete religi\s lic5se4 ,:5 ! ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants ( we/]n ,europe began _! w> ( ext]m9ation ^u ! ,anabapti/s1 x 0 a =egone conclusion t ! survivors %\ld flee ea/w>d & %\ld ev5tually settle d[n along ! banks ( ! ,vi/ula & x 0 !n t ,doctor ,bl&rata got hold ( ,soc9ius' book on ,jesus & express$ a wi% to make ! au?or's acqua9tance4 ,giorgio ,bl&rata 0 an ,italian1 a physician & a man ( p>ts4 ,he _h graduat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli] & _h be5 rem>kably successful z a woman's speciali/4 ,fir/ & la/ he 0 a good deal ( a sc\ndrel1 b a clev] "o4 ,l s _m doctors ( 8 "t 7?9k ( ,rabelais & ,s]vetus7 he 0 z mu* ( a !ologian z a neurologi/ & frequ5tly play$ "o rle out aga9/ ! o!r4 ,= example1 he cur$ ! ,que5 ,d[ag] ( ,pol&1 ,bona ,s=za 7wid[ ( ,k+ ,sigismund71 s successfully ( ! obsession t ^? :o d\bt$ ! ,tr9ity 7 wrong1 t %e rep5t$ ( h] errors & !reaft] only execut$ ^? :o held ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity to be true4 ,! good que51 alas1 0 gone 7murd]$ by "o ( h] lov]s7 b two ( h] daught]s _h m>ri$ local noblem5 & z _! m$ical advis]1 ,bl&rata ex]cis$ a great deal ( influ5ce ^u ! politics ( 8 adopt$ l&4 ,he knew t ! c\ntry 0 ripe = civil w> & t x w\ld happ5 v soon unless some?+ be done to make an end to ! ev]la/+ religi\s qu>rels4 ,:]e=e he set to "w to br+ ab\t a truce betwe5 ! diff]5t oppos+ sects4 ,b = ?is purpose he ne$$ "s "o m skill$ 9 ! intricacies ( a religi\s debate ?an he 0 himself4 ,!n he _h an inspiration4 ,! au?or ( ! life ( ,jesus 0 8 man4 ,he s5t ,soc9ius a lett] & ask$ him to come ea/4 ,un=tunately :5 ,soc9ius rea*$ ,transylvania ! private life ( ,bl&rata _h j l$ to s grave a public sc&al t ! ,italian _h be5 =c$ to resign & leave = p>ts unkn[n4 ,soc9ius1 h[ev]1 rema9$ 9 ?is f> away l&1 m>ri$ a ,poli% girl & di$ 9 8 adopt$ c\ntry 9 ! ye> #afjd4 ,^! la/ two decades ( 8 life prov$ to be ! mo/ int]e/+ p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,= x 0 !n t he gave a concrete expression to 8 ideas ^u ! subject ( tol]ance4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 ! s-call$ 8,cate*ism ( ,rak[10 a docum5t :i* ,soc9ius compos$ z a sort ( common con/itution = all ^? :o meant well by ?is _w & wi%$ to make an end to future sect>ian /rife4 ,! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 an era ( cate*ism1 confessions ( fai?1 cr$os & cre$s4 ,p 7 writ+ !m 9 ,g]many & 9 ,switz]l& & 9 ,france & 9 ,holl& & 9 ,d5m>k4 ,b ev]y:]e ^! c>elessly pr9t$ little booklets gave expression to ! gha/ly belief t !y 7& !y alone7 conta9$ ! real ,tru? ) a great big capital ,t & t x 0 ! duty ( all au?orities :o _h solemnly pl$g$ !mselves to uphold ?is "o p>ticul> =m ( ,tru? ) a great big capital ,t to puni% ) ! sword & ! gall[s & ! /ake ^? :o willfully rema9$ fai?ful to a diff]5t sort ( tru? 7:i* 0 only writt5 ) a small t & !re=e 0 ( an inf]ior quality74 ,! ,soc9ian confession ( fai? brea!d an entirely diff]5t _s4 ,x began by ! flat /atem5t t x 0 n ! int5tion ( ^? :o _h sign$ ?is docum5t to qu>rel ) anybody else4 8,) good reason10 x cont9u$1 8_m pi\s p compla9 t ! v>i\s confessions & cate*isms :i* h hi!rto be5 publi%$ & :i* ! diff]5t *ur*es are n[ publi%+ are apples ( discord among ! ,*ri/ians because !y all try to impose c]ta9 pr9ciples ^u p's consci5ce & to consid] ^? :o disagree ) !m z h]etics40 ,!reupon x d5i$ 9 ! mo/ =mal way t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,soc9ians to proscribe or oppress any "o else on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s convictions & turn+ to humanity 9 g5]al1 x made ! foll[+ appeal3 8,let ea* "o be free to judge ( 8 own religion1 = ?is is ! rule set =? by ! ,new ,te/am5t & by ! example ( ! e>lie/ *ur*4 ,:o are we1 mis]able p1 t we w\ld smo!r & ext+ui% 9 o!rs ! fire ( div9e _s :i* ,god has k9dl$ 9 !m8 ,h any ( u a monopoly ( ! k ( ! ,holy ,scriptures8 ,:y d we n rememb] t our only ma/] is ,jesus ,*ri/ & t we are all bro!rs & t to no "o has be5 giv5 p[] ov] ! s\ls ( o!rs8 ,x may be t "o ( our bro!rs is m le>n$ ?an ! o!rs1 yet 9 reg>d to lib]ty & ! relation%ip ) ,*ri/ we are all equal40 ,all ?is 0 v f9e & v wond]ful1 b x 0 said ?ree hundr$ ye>s ahead ( ! times4 ,nei!r ! ,soc9ians nor any ( ! o!r ,prote/ant sects c\ld 9 ! long run hope to hold _! own 9 ?is turbul5t "p ( ! _w4 ,! c\nt]-re=mation _h begun 9 all s]i\sness4 ,v]itable hordes ( ,jesuit fa!rs 7 beg9n+ to be turn$ loose ^u ! lo/ prov9ces4 ,:ile !y work$1 ! ,prote/ants qu>rel$4 ,soon ! p ( ! ea/]n fronti] 7 back )9 ! fold ( ,rome4 ,today ! travel] :o visits ^! di/ant p>ts ( civiliz$ ,europe w\ld h>dly guess t1 once ^u a "t1 !y 7 a /ronghold ( ! mo/ advanc$ & lib]al ?\ght ( ! age4 ,nor w\ld he suspect t some:]e among ^? dre>y ,li?uanian hills !re lies a village :]e ! _w 0 = ! fir/ "t pres5t$ ) a def9ite program = a practical sy/em ( tol]ance4 ,driv5 by idle curiosity1 ,i took a morn+ (f rec5tly & w5t to ! libr>y & read ?r\gh ! index ( all our mo/ popul> text-books out ( :i* ! y\? ( our c\ntry le>ns ! /ory ( ! pa/4 ,n a s+le "o m5tion$ ,soc9ianism or ! ,sozz9is4 ,!y all jump$ f ,social ,democrats to ,sophia ( ,hanov] & f ,sobieski to ,s>ac5s4 ,! usual lead]s ( ! great religi\s revolution 7 !re1 includ+ ,oecolampadius & ! less] lights4 ,"o volume only conta9$ a ref]5ce to ! two great ,si5nese humani/s b !y appe>$ z a vague app5dix to some?+ ,lu!r or ,calv9 _h said or done4 ,x is dang]\s to make pr$ictions1 b ,i h a suspicion t 9 ! popul> hi/ories ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 all ?is w h be5 *ang$ & t ! ,sozz9is %all enjoy ! luxury ( a little *apt] ( _! own & t ! traditional h]oes ( ! ,re=mation %all be relegat$ to ! bottom ( ! page4 ,!y h ! sort ( names t look t]ribly impos+ 9 footnotes4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,montaigne ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x us$ to be said t city air made = fre$om4 ,t 0 true4 ,a man beh9d a high /one wall c\ld ?umb 8 nose safely at b>on & prie/4 ,a little lat]1 :5 conditions ^u ! ,european cont95t _h improv$ s mu* t int]national comm]ce 0 once m becom+ a possibility1 ano!r hi/orical ph5om5on began to make itself manife/4 ,done into words ( ?ree syllables x read3 8,bus9ess makes = tol]ance40 ,y c v]ify ?is /atem5t any day ( ! week & mo/ ( all on ,sunday 9 any "p ( our c\ntry4 ,w9esb]g1 ,ohio1 c af=d to support ! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 b ,new ,york _c4 ,if ! p ( ,new ,york %\ld ev] />t a movem5t = ! exclusion ( all ,jews & all ,ca?olics & all =eign]s 9 g5]al1 !re w\ld be su* a panic 9 ,wall ,/reet & su* an upheaval 9 ! labor movem5t t ! t[n w\ld be ru9$ beyond ! hope ( repair4 ,! same held true dur+ ! latt] half ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,mosc[1 ! seat ( a small gr& ducal c\nt1 might rage aga9/ ! pagans1 b ,novgorod1 ! int]national trad+ po/1 mu/ be c>eful le/ %e (f5d ! ,sw$es & ,norwegians & ! ,g]mans & ! ,flemi% m]*ants :o visit$ h] m>ket place & drive !m to ,wisby4 ,a purely agricultural /ate c\ld ) impunity regale its peasantry ) a s]ies ( fe/ive autos da f4 ,b if ! ,v5etians or ! ,g5oese or ! p ( ,bruges _h />t$ a pogrom among ! hea!n )9 _! walls1 !re w\ld h be5 an imm$iate exodus ( all ^? :o repres5t$ =eign bus9ess h\ses & ! subsequ5t )drawal ( capital w\ld h driv5 ! city into bankruptcy4 ,a few c\ntries :i* 7 con/itutionally unable to le>n f exp]i5ce 7l ,spa9 & ! papal dom9ions & c]ta9 possessions ( ! ,habsburgs71 actuat$ by a s5tim5t :i* !y pr\dly call$ 8loyalty to _! convictions10 ru?lessly expell$ ! enemies ( ! true fai?4 ,z a result !y ei!r ceas$ to exi/ altoge!r or dw9dl$ d[n to ! rank ( sev5? rate ,ritt] /ates4 ,comm]cial nations & cities1 h[ev]1 are z a rule gov]n$ by m5 :o h a pr(\nd respect = e/abli%$ facts1 :o "k on :i* side _! bread is butt]$1 & :o !re=e ma9ta9 su* a /ate ( spiritual neutrality t _! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant & ,jewi% & ,*9ese cu/om]s c d bus9ess z usual & yet rema9 fai?ful to _! own p>ticul> religion4 ,= ! sake ( outw>d respectability ,v5ice might pass a law aga9/ ! ,calv9i/s1 b ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 0 c>eful to expla9 to _! g5d>mes t ?is decree mu/ n be tak5 too s]i\sly & t unless ! h]etics actually tri$ to get hold ( ,san ,m>co & conv]t x into a meet+-h\se ( _! own1 !y mu/ be left alone & mu/ be all[$ to wor%ip z !y saw fit4 ,_! good fri5ds 9 ,am/]dam did likewise4 ,e ,sunday _! m9i/]s fulm9at$ aga9/ ! s9s ( ! 8,sc>let ,woman40 ,b 9 ! next block ! t]rible ,papi/s 7 quietly say+ mass 9 "s inconspicu\s look+ h\se1 & outside ! ,prote/ant *ief-(-police /ood wat* le/ an ov]-zeal\s admir] ( ! ,g5eva cate*ism try to break up ?is =bidd5 meet+ & fright5 ! pr(itable ,fr5* & ,italian visitors away4 ,?is did n 9 ! lea/ mean t ! mass ( ! p 9 ,v5ice or ,am/]dam ceas$ to be fai?ful sons ( _! respective *ur*es4 ,!y 7 z good ,ca?olics or ,prote/ants z !y _h ev] be54 ,b !y rememb]$ t ! good w ( a doz5 pr(itable h]etics f ,hamburg or ,lbeck or ,lisbon 0 wor? m ?an ! approbation ( a doz5 %abby cl]ics f ,g5eva or ,rome & !y act$ accord+ly4 ,x may seem a little f>-fet*$ to connect ! enlight5$ & lib]al op9ions 7!y are n always ! same7 ( ,montaigne ) ! fact t 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r _h be5 9 ! h]r+ bus9ess & t 8 "m 0 ( ,spani%-,jewi% desc5t4 ,b x seems to me t ^! comm]cial antec$5ts _h a great deal to d ) ! man's g5]al po9t ( view & t ! int5se dislike ( fanaticism & bigotry :i* *>act]iz$ 8 entire c>e] z a soldi] & /atesman _h orig9at$ 9 a little fi%-%op some:]e (f ! ma9 quai ( ,bordeaux4 ,montaigne himself w\ld n h ?ank$ me if ,i _h be5 able to make ?is /atem5t to 8 face4 ,= :5 he 0 born1 all ve/iges ( m]e 8trade0 _h be5 c>efully wip$ (f ! respl5d5t family escut*eon4 ,8 fa!r _h acquir$ a bit ( prop]ty call$ ,montaigne & _h sp5t money lavi%ly t 8 son might be br\ght up z a g5tleman4 ,be=e he 0 fairly able to walk private tutors _h /uff$ 8 poor little head full ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,at ! age ( six he _h be5 s5t to high-s*ool4 ,at ?irte5 he _h begun to /udy law4 ,& be=e he 0 tw5ty he 0 a full-fl$g$ memb] ( ! ,bordeaux t[n c\ncil4 ,!n foll[$ a c>e] 9 ! army & a p]iod at c\rt1 until at ! age ( ?irty-eight1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 he retir$ f all active bus9ess & sp5t ! la/ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( 8 life1 7) ! exception ( a few unwill+ excursions into politics71 among 8 horses & 8 dogs & 8 books & le>n$ z mu* f ! "o z he did f ! o!r4 ,montaigne 0 v mu* a man ( 8 "t & suff]$ f sev]al weaknesses4 ,he 0 nev] q free f c]ta9 affections & mann]isms :i* he1 ! fi%-mong]'s gr&son1 believ$ to be a "p ( true g5tility4 ,until ! end ( 8 days he prote/$ t he 0 n really a writ] at all1 only a c\ntry g5tleman :o occasionally :il$ away ! t$i\s h\rs ( w9t] by jott+ d[n a few r&om ideas ^u subjects ( a slightly philosophic nature4 ,all ?is 0 pure buncombe4 ,if ev] a man put 8 he>t & 8 s\l & 8 virtues & 8 vices & ev]y?+ he _h into 8 books1 x 0 ?is *e]ful neighbor ( ! immortal d',artagnan4 ,& z ?is he>t & ?is s\l & ^! virtues & ^! vices 7 ! he>t & ! s\l & ! virtues & ! vices ( an ess5tially g5]\s1 well-br$ & agreeable p]son1 ! sum total ( ,montaigne's works has become some?+ m ?an lit]ature4 ,x has develop$ into a def9ite philosophy ( life1 bas$ ^u common s5se & an ord9>y practical v>iety ( dec5cy4 ,montaigne 0 born a ,ca?olic4 ,he di$ a ,ca?olic1 & 9 8 y\ng] ye>s he 0 an active memb] ( t ,league ( ,ca?olic ,noblem5 :i* 0 =m$ among ! ,fr5* nobility to drive ,calv9ism out ( ,france4 ,b aft] t fateful day 9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> #aegb :5 news rea*$ him ( ! joy ) :i* ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii _h celebrat$ ! murd] ( ?irty ?\s& ,fr5* ,prote/ants1 he turn$ away f ! ,*ur* = good4 ,he nev] w5t s f> z to jo9 ! o!r side4 ,he cont9u$ to g ?r\gh c]ta9 =malities t he might keep 8 neighbors' tongues f wagg+1 b ^? ( 8 *apt]s writt5 aft] ! night ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew might j z well h be5 ! "w ( ,m>cus ,aurelius or ,epictetus or any ( a doz5 o!r ,greek or ,roman philosoph]s4 ,& 9 "o memorable essay1 entitl$ 8,on ! ,fre$om ( ,consci5ce10 he spoke z if he _h be5 a contempor>y ( ,p]icles r ?an a s]vant ( ,h] ,maje/y ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici & he us$ ! c>e] ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate z an example ( :at a truly tol]ant /atesman might hope to accompli%4 ,x is a v %ort *apt]4 ,x is only five pages long & y w f9d x 9 "p n9ete5 ( ! second book4 ,montaigne _h se5 too mu* ( ! incorrigible ob/9acy ( bo? ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics to advocate a sy/em ( absolute fre$om1 :i* 7"u ! exi/+ circum/ances7 c\ld only provoke a new outbreak ( civil w>4 ,b :5 circum/ances all[$ x1 :5 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics no long] slept ) a c\ple ( dagg]s & pi/ols und]nea? _! pill[s1 !n an intellig5t gov]nm5t %\ld keep away z mu* z possible f int]f]+ ) o!r p's consci5ces & %\ld p]mit all ( its subjects to love ,god z be/ suit$ ! happ9ess ( _! own p>ticul> s\ls4 ,montaigne 0 nei!r ! only1 nor ! fir/ ,fr5*man :o _h hit ^u ?is idea or _h d>$ to express x 9 public4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #aefj1 ,mi*el de l',hpital1 a =m] *ancellor ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici & a graduate ( half a doz5 ,italian univ]sities 7& incid5tally suspect$ ( be+ t>r$ ) ! ,anabapti/ bru%7 _h sugge/$ t h]etics be attack$ exclusively ) v]bal argum5ts4 ,he _h bas$ 8 some:at />tl+ op9ion ^u ! gr\nd t consci5ce be+ :at x 01 x c\ld n possibly be *ang$ by =ce1 & two ye>s lat] he _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t t royal ,edict ( ,tol]ation :i* _h giv5 ! ,hugu5ots ! "r to hold meet+s ( _! own1 to call synods to discuss ! affairs ( _! *ur* & 9 g5]al to behave z if !y 7 a free & indep5d5t d5om9ation & n m]ely a tol]at$ little sect4 ,jean ,bod91 a ,p>isian lawy]1 a mo/ respectable citiz5 7! man :o _h def5d$ ! rights ( private prop]ty aga9/ ! communi/ic t5d5cies express$ 9 ,?omas ,m's 8,utopia071 _h spok5 9 a simil> ve9 :5 he d5i$ ! "r ( sov]eigns to use viol5ce 9 driv+ _! subjects to ?is or t *ur*4 ,b ! spee*es ( *ancellors & ! ,lat9 treatises ( political philosoph]s v r>ely make be/ sell]s4 ,:]eas ,montaigne 0 read & translat$ & discuss$ :]ev] civiliz$ p came toge!r 9 ! "n ( intellig5t company & good conv]sation & cont9u$ to be read & translat$ & discuss$ = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,8 v amateuri%ness1 8 insi/5ce t he j wrote = ! fun ( x & _h no axes to gr9d1 made him popul> ) l>ge numb]s ( p :o o!rwise w\ld nev] dream ( buy+ 7or borr[+7 a book t 0 (ficially classifi$ "u 8philosophy40 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,arm9ius ,! /ruggle = tol]ance is "p ( ! age-old conflict betwe5 8organiz$ society0 :i* places ! cont9u$ safety ( ! 8gr\p0 ahead ( all o!r consid]ations & ^? private citiz5s ( unusual intellig5ce or en]gy :o hold t su* improvem5t z ! _w has ?us f> exp]i5c$ 0 inv>iably due to ! ef=ts ( ! individual & n due to ! ef=ts ( ! mass 7:i* by its v nature is di/ru/ful ( all innovations7 & t !re=e ! rights ( ! individual are f> m important ?an ^? ( ! mass4 ,if we agree to accept ^! premises z true1 x foll[s t ! am\nt ( tol]ance 9 any giv5 c\ntry mu/ be 9 direct proportion to ! degree ( individual lib]ty enjoy$ by ! majority ( its inhabitants4 ,n[ 9 ! old5 days x sometimes happ5$ t an exceptionally enlight5$ rul] spake unto 8 *ildr5 & said1 8,i firmly believe 9 ! pr9ciple ( live & let live4 ,i expect all my belov$ subjects to practice tol]ance t[>ds _! neighbors or be> ! consequ5ces40 ,9 t case1 ( c\rse1 eag] citiz5s ha/5$ to lay 9 a supply ( ! (ficial buttons be>+ ! pr\d inscription1 8,tol]ance fir/40 ,b ^! sudd5 conv]sions1 due to a fe> ( ,8 ,maje/y's hangman1 7 r>ely ( a la/+ nature & only bore fruit if ! sov]eign accompani$ 8 ?reat by an intellig5t sy/em ( gradual education along ! l9es ( practical e day politics4 ,su* a =tunate comb9ation ( circum/ances occurr$ 9 ! ,dut* ,republic dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! c\ntry consi/$ ( sev]al ?\s& semi-indep5d5t t[ns & villages & ^! = ! great] "p 7 inhabit$ by fi%]m51 sailors & trad]s1 ?ree classes ( p :o are accu/om$ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( indep5d5ce ( action & :o are =c$ by ! nature ( _! trade to make quick decisions & to judge ! casual occurr5ces ( ! day's "w ^u _! own m]its4 ,i w\ld n = a mom5t claim t1 man = man1 !y 7 a :it m intellig5t or broadm9d$ ?an _! neighbors 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b h>d "w & t5acity ( purpose _h made !m ! gra9 & fi% c>ri]s ( all nor!rn & we/]n ,europe4 ,!y knew t ! money ( a ,ca?olic 0 j z good z t ( a ,prote/ant & !y pref]r$ a ,turk :o paid ca% to a ,presbyt]ian :o ask$ = six mon?s' cr$it4 ,an ideal c\ntry !re=e to />t a little exp]im5t 9 tol]ance & fur!rmore ! "r man 0 9 ! "r place & :at is inf9itely m important ! "r man 0 9 ! "r place at ! "r mom5t4 ,william ! ,sil5t 0 a %9+ example ( ! old maxim t 8^? :o wi% to rule ! _w mu/ "k ! _w40 ,he began life z a v fa%ionable & ri* "y man1 enjoy+ a mo/ enviable social position z ! confid5tial secret>y ( ! greate/ mon>* ( 8 "t4 ,he wa/$ sc&al\s sums ( money ^u d9n]s & dances1 m>ri$ sev]al ( ! bett] kn[n heiresses ( 8 day & liv$ gayly )\t a c>e = ! day ( tomorr[4 ,he 0 n a p>ticul>ly /udi\s p]son & rac+ *>ts int]e/$ him inf9itely m ?an religi\s tracts4 ,! social unre/ :i* foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,re=mation did n at fir/ impress him z any?+ m s]i\s ?an /ill ano!r qu>rel betwe5 capital & labor1 ! sort ( ?+ t c\ld be settl$ by ! use ( a little tact & ! display ( a few brawny police con/ables4 ,b once he _h grasp$ ! true nature ( ! issue t _h aris5 betwe5 ! sov]eign & 8 subjects1 ?is amiable gr& seigneur 0 sudd5ly trans=m$ into ! exce$+ly able lead] ( :at1 to all int5ts & purposes1 0 ! prime lo/ cause ( ! age4 ,! palaces & horses1 ! gold plate & ! c\ntry e/ates 7 sold at %ort notice 7or confiscat$ at no notice at all7 & ! sport+ "y man f ,brussels became ! mo/ t5aci\s & successful enemy ( ! h\se ( ,habsburg4 ,?is *ange ( =tune1 h[ev]1 did n affect 8 private "*4 ,william _h be5 a philosoph] 9 ! days ( pl5ty4 ,he rema9$ a philosoph] :5 he liv$ 9 a c\ple ( furni%$ rooms & did n "k h[ to pay = ,saturday's clean wa%4 ,& j z 9 ! old5 days he _h work$ h>d to fru/rate ! plans ( a c>d9al :o _h express$ ! int5tion ( build+ a suffici5t numb] ( gall[s to accommodate all ,prote/ants1 he n[ made x a po9t to bridle ! en]gy ( ^? ard5t ,calv9i/s :o wi%$ to hang all ,ca?olics4 ,8 task 0 wellnigh hopeless4 ,betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ?\s& p _h already be5 kill$1 ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition 7 full ( new c&idates = m>tyrdom & 9 f> (f ,spa9 new armies 7 be+ recruit$ to sma% ! rebellion be=e x %\ld spread to o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,to tell p :o 7 fight+ = _! lives t !y mu/ love ^? :o _h j hang$ _! sons & bro!rs & uncles & gr&fa!rs 0 out ( ! "q4 ,b by 8 p]sonal example1 by 8 conciliatory attitude t[>ds ^? :o oppos$ him1 ,william 0 able to %[ 8 foll[]s h[ a man ( "* c inv>iably rise sup]ior to ! old ,mosaic law ( an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?4 ,9 ?is campaign = public dec5cy he enjoy$ ! support ( a v rem>kable man4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,g\da y may ?is v day read a curi\s monosyllabic epitaph :i* enum]ates ! virtues ( "o ,dirck ,coornh]t1 :o lies buri$ !re4 ,?is ,coornh]t 0 an int]e/+ fell[4 ,he 0 ! son ( well-to-d p & _h sp5t _m ye>s ( 8 y\? travel+ 9 =eign l&s & gett+ "s fir/ h& in=mation ab\t ,g]many1 ,spa9 & ,france4 ,z soon z he _h return$ home f ?is trip he fell 9 love ) a girl :o did n h a c5t4 ,8 c>eful ,dut* fa!r _h =bidd5 ! m>riage4 ,:5 8 son m>ri$ ! girl j ! same1 he did :at ^? ance/ral patri>*s 7 suppos$ to d "u ! circum/ances2 he talk$ ab\t filial +ratitude & dis9h]it$ ! boy4 ,?is 0 inconv5i5t1 9 s f> z "y ,coornh]t 0 n[ oblig$ to g to "w = a liv+4 ,b he 0 a "y man ( p>ts1 le>n$ a trade & set up z a copp]-engrav]4 ,alas6 once a ,dut*man1 always a dom9ie4 ,:5 ev5+ came1 he ha/ily dropp$ ! bur91 pick$ up ! goose-quill & wrote articles ^u ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,8 /yle 0 n exactly :at "o w\ld n[adays call 8amus+40 ,b 8 books conta9$ a great deal ( t amiable common s5se :i* _h di/+ui%$ ! "w ( ,erasmus & !y made him _m fri5ds & br\ght him into contact ) ,william ! ,sil5t :o ?\ght s highly ( 8 abilities t he employ$ him z "o ( 8 confid5tial advis]s4 ,n[ ,william 0 engag$ 9 a /range sort ( debate4 ,k+ ,philip1 aid$ & abett$ by ! ,pope1 0 try+ to rid ! _w ( ! enemy ( ! human race 7to wit1 8 own enemy1 ,william7 by a /&+ (f] ( tw5ty-five ?\s& gold5 ducats & a pat5t ( nobility & =giv5ess ( all s9s to :omsoev] w\ld g to ,holl& & murd] ! ar*-h]etic4 ,william1 :o _h already liv$ ?r\gh five attempts ^u 8 life1 felt x 8 duty to refute ! argum5ts ( good ,k+ ,philip 9 a s]ies ( pamphlets & ,coornh]t assi/$ him4 ,t ! h\se ( ,habsburg1 = :om ^! argum5ts 7 int5d$1 %\ld !reby be conv]t$ to tol]ance 0 ( c\rse an idle hope4 ,b z all ! _w 0 wat*+ ! duel betwe5 ,william & ,philip1 ^? little pamphlets 7 translat$ & read ev]y:]e & !y caus$ a heal?y discussion ( _m subjects t p _h nev] be=e d>$ to m5tion above a :isp]4 ,un=tunately ! debates did n la/ v long4 ,on ! n9? ( ,july ( ! ye> #aehd a "y ,fr5* ,ca?olic ga9$ t rew>d ( tw5ty-five ?\s& ducats & six ye>s lat] ,coornh]t di$ be=e he _h be5 able to f9i% ! translation ( ! works ( ,erasmus into ! ,dut* v]nacul>4 ,z = ! next tw5ty ye>s1 !y 7 s full ( ! noise ( battle t ev5 ! fulm9ations ( ! diff]5t !ologians w5t unhe>d4 ,& :5 f9ally ! enemy _h be5 driv5 f ! t]ritory ( ! new republic1 !re 0 no ,william to take hold ( int]nal affairs & ?ree score sects & d5om9ations1 :o _h be5 =c$ into tempor>y b unnatural fri5d%ip by ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( ,spani% m]c5>ies1 flew at ea* o!r's ?roats4 ,( c\rse1 !y _h to h a pretext = _! qu>rel b :o ev] he>d ( a !ologian )\t a grievance8 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid5 !re 7 two pr(essors :o disagre$4 ,t 0 no?+ ei!r new or unusual4 ,b ^! two pr(essors disagre$ ^u ! "q ( ! fre$om ( ! w & t 0 a v s]i\s matt]4 ,at once ! delight$ populace took a h& 9 ! discussion & )9 less ?an a mon? ! entire c\ntry 0 divid$ into two ho/ile camps4 ,on ! "o side1 ! fri5ds ( ,arm9ius4 ,on ! o!r1 ! foll[]s ( ,gom>us4 ,! latt]1 al?\gh born ( ,dut* p>5ts1 _h liv$ all 8 life 9 ,g]many & 0 a brilliant product ( ! ,teuton sy/em ( p$agogy4 ,he possess$ imm5se le>n+ comb9$ ) a total abs5ce ( ord9>y horse-s5se4 ,8 m9d 0 v]s$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ,hebrew prosody b 8 he>t beat accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,aramaic syntax4 ,8 oppon5t1 ,arm9ius1 0 a v diff]5t sort ( man4 ,he 0 born 9 ,oudewat]1 a little city n f> away f t cloi/] ,/eyn :]e ,erasmus _h sp5t ! unhappy ye>s ( 8 e>ly manhood4 ,z a *ild he _h won ! fri5d%ip ( a neighbor1 a fam\s ma!matician & pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg4 ,?is man1 ,rudolf ,snellius1 _h tak5 ,arm9ius back ) him to ,g]many t he might be prop]ly educat$4 ,b :5 ! boy w5t home = 8 fir/ vacation he f\nd t 8 native t[n _h be5 sack$ by ! ,spani>ds & t all 8 relatives _h be5 murd]$4 ,t seem$ to end 8 c>e] b =tunately "s ri* p ) k9d he>ts he>d ( ! sad plight ( ! "y orphan & !y put up a purse & s5t him to ,leid5 to /udy !ology4 ,he work$ h>d & aft] half a doz5 ye>s he _h le>n$ all !re 0 to be le>n$ & look$ = fre% intellectual graz+ gr\nds4 ,9 ^? days1 brilliant /ud5ts c\ld always f9d a patron will+ to inve/ a few doll>s 9 _! future4 ,soon ,arm9ius1 provid$ ) a lett] ( cr$it issu$ by c]ta9 guilds ( ,am/]dam1 0 m]rily trott+ s\?w>d 9 se>* ( future educational opportunities4 ,z behoov$ a respectable c&idate ( !ology1 he w5t fir/ ( all to ,g5eva4 ,calv9 0 dead1 b 8 man ,friday1 ! le>n$ ,!odore ,beza1 _h succe$$ him z %eph]d ( ! s]aphic flock4 ,! f9e nose ( ?is old h]esy hunt] at once detect$ a slight odor ( ,ramism 9 ! doctr9es ( ! "y ,dut*man & ! visit ( ,arm9ius 0 cut %ort4 ,! ^w ,ramism means no?+ to mod]n read]s4 ,b ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 consid]$ a mo/ dang]\s religi\s novelty1 z ^? :o are famili> ) ! assembl$ works ( ,milton w "k4 ,x _h be5 inv5t$ or orig9at$ 7or :at y please7 by a ,fr5*man1 a c]ta9 ,pi]re de la ,rame4 ,z a /ud5t1 de la ,rame _h be5 s utt]ly exasp]at$ by ! antiquat$ me?ods ( 8 pr(essors t he _h *os5 z subject = 8 doctor's diss]tation ! some:at />tl+ text1 8,ev]y?+ ev] taught by ,ari/otle is absolutely wrong40 ,ne$less to say ?is subject did n ga9 him ! good w ( 8 tea*]s4 ,:5 a few ye>s aft]w>ds he elaborat$ 8 idea 9 a numb] ( le>n$ volumes1 8 dea? 0 a =egone conclusion4 ,he fell z "o ( ! fir/ victims ( ! massacre ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew4 ,b 8 books1 ^? pesky books :i* refuse to be assass9at$ toge!r ) _! au?ors1 _h surviv$ & ,rame's curi\s sy/em ( logic _h ga9$ great popul>ity ?r\gh\t nor!rn & we/]n ,europe4 ,truly pi\s p h[ev] believ$ t ,ramism 0 ! password to ,hades & ,arm9ius 0 advis$ to g to ,basel :]e 8lib]t9es0 7a sixte5? c5tury colloquialism mean+ 8lib]als07 _h be5 consid]$ good =m ev] s9ce t un=tunate city _h fall5 "u ! spell ( ! quizzical ,erasmus4 ,arm9ius1 ?us =ew>n$1 travel$ nor?w>d & !n decid$ ^u some?+ q unusual4 ,he boldly invad$ ! enemy's t]ritory1 /udi$ = a few seme/]s 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua & paid a visit to ,rome4 ,?is made him a dang]\s p]son 9 ! eyes ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym5 :5 he return$ to 8 native c\ntry 9 ! ye> #aehg4 ,b z he seem$ to develop nei!r horns nor a tail1 he 0 gradually tak5 back into _! good favor & 0 all[$ to accept a call z m9i/] to ,am/]dam4 ,!re he made himself n only useful b he ga9$ q a reputation z a h]o dur+ "o ( ! _m outbreaks ( ! plague4 ,soon he 0 held 9 su* g5u9e e/eem t he 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( reorganiz+ ! public s*ool sy/em ( t big city & :5 9 ! ye> #afjc he 0 call$ to ,leid5 z a full-fl$g$ pr(essor ( !ology1 he left ! capital amid/ ! s9c]e regrets ( ! entire population4 ,if he _h kn[n be=eh& :at 0 await+ him 9 ,leid51 ,i am sure he w\ld nev] h gone4 ,he arriv$ j :5 ! battle betwe5 ! ,infralaps>ians & ! ,supralaps>ians 0 at its height4 ,arm9ius 0 bo? by nature & education an ,infralaps>ian4 ,he tri$ to be fair to 8 colleague1 ! ,supralaps>ian ,gom>us4 ,b alas1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,supralaps>ians & ! ,infralaps>ians 7 su* z all[$ ( no compromise4 ,& ,arm9ius 0 =c$ to decl>e himself an out & out ,infralaps>ian4 ,( c\rse1 y w ask me :at ,supra- & ,infralaps>ians 74 ,i don't "k1 & ,i seem unable to le>n su* ?+s4 ,b z f> z ,i c make out1 x 0 ! age-old qu>rel betwe5 ^? :o believ$ 7z did ,arm9ius7 t man is to a c]ta9 ext5t possess$ ( a free w & able to %ape 8 own de/9ies & ^? :o l ,sophocles & ,calv9 & ,gom>us taught t ev]y?+ 9 our lives has be5 pre-orda9$ ages be=e we 7 born & t our fate !re=e dep5ds ^u a ?r[ ( ! div9e dice at ! h\r ( creation4 ,9 ! ye> #afjj by f> ! great] numb] ( ! p ( nor!rn ,europe 7 ,supralaps>ians4 ,!y lov$ to li/5 to s]mons :i* doom$ ! majority ( _! neighbors to et]nal p]dition & ^? few m9i/]s :o d>$ to prea* a gospel ( good w & *>ity 7 at once suspect$ ( crim9al weakness1 fit rivals ( ^? t5d] he>t$ doctors :o fail to prescribe malodor\s m$ic9es & kill _! pati5ts by _! k9dness4 ,z soon z ! gossip+ old wom5 ( ,leid5 _h discov]$ t ,arm9ius 0 an ,infralaps>ian1 8 usefulness _h come to an end4 ,! poor man di$ "u ! torr5t ( abuse t 0 let loose ^u him by 8 =m] fri5ds & support]s4 ,& !n1 z seem$ unavoidable dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,infralaps>ianism & ,supralaps>ianism made _! entrance into ! field ( politics & ! ,supralaps>ians won at ! polls & ! ,infralaps>ians 7 decl>$ enemies ( ! public ord] & traitors to _! c\ntry4 ,be=e ?is absurd qu>rel _h come to an end1 ,old5b>nevelt1 ! man :o next to ,william ! ,sil5t _h be5 responsible = ! f\ndation ( ! ,republic1 lay dead ) 8 head betwe5 8 feet2 ,grotius1 ^: mod]ation _h made him ! fir/ great advocate ( an equitable sy/em ( int]national law1 0 eat+ ! bread ( *>ity at ! c\rt ( ! ,que5 ( ,sw$52 & ! "w ( ,william ! ,sil5t seem$ entirely undone4 ,b ,calv9ism did n ga9 ! triumph x _h hop$4 ,! ,dut* ,republic 0 a republic only 9 "n4 ,x 0 really a sort ( m]*ants' & bank]s' club1 rul$ by a few hundr$ influ5tial families4 ,^! g5tlem5 7 n at all int]e/$ 9 equality & frat]nity1 b !y did believe 9 law & ord]4 ,!y recogniz$ & support$ ! e/abli%$ *ur*4 ,on ,sundays ) a great display ( unction !y proce$$ to ! l>ge :ite-wa%$ sepul*]s :i* 9 =m] days _h be5 ,ca?olic ,ca!drals & :i* n[ 7 ,prote/ant lecture halls4 ,b on ,monday1 :5 ! cl]gy paid its respects to ! ,honorable ,burgoma/] & ,t[n ,c\ncilor1 ) a long li/ ( grievances aga9/ ?is & t & ! o!r p]son1 _! lord%ips 7 89 conf]5ce0 & unable to receive ! rev]5d g5tlem54 ,if ! rev]5d g5tlem5 insi/$1 & induc$ 7z frequ5tly happ5$7 a few ?\s& ( _! loyal p>i%ion]s to 8demon/rate0 9 front ( ! t[n hall1 !n _! lord%ips w\ld graci\sly deign to accept a neatly writt5 copy ( ! rev]5d g5tlem5's compla9ts & sugge/ions4 ,b z soon z ! door _h be5 clos$ ^u ! la/ ( ! d>kly g>b$ petition]s1 _! lord%ips w\ld use ! docum5t to light _! pipes4 ,= !y _h adopt$ ! useful & practical maxim ( 8once is en\gh & too _m0 & !y 7 s horrifi$ by :at _h happ5$ dur+ ! t]rible ye>s ( ! great ,supralaps>ian civil w> t !y uncompromis+ly suppress$ all fur!r =ms ( religi\s fr5zy4 ,po/]ity has n always be5 k9d to ^? ari/ocrats ( ! l$g]4 ,und\bt$ly !y reg>d$ ! c\ntry z _! private prop]ty & did n always diff]5tiate ) suffici5t nicety betwe5 ! int]e/s ( _! fa!rl& & ^? ( _! own firm4 ,!y lack$ t broad vision :i* goes ) empire & almo/ inv>iably !y 7 p5ny-wise & p\nd-fooli%4 ,b !y did some?+ :i* des]ves our he>ty comm5dation4 ,!y turn$ _! c\ntry into an int]national cle>+-h\se :]e all sorts ( p ) all sorts ( ideas 7 giv5 ! wide/ degree ( lib]ty to say1 ?9k1 write & pr9t :atev] pleas$ !m4 ,i d n want to pa9t too rosy a picture4 ,"h & !re1 "u a ?reat ( m9i/]ial disapprobation1 ! ,t[n ,c\ncilors 7 sometimes oblig$ to suppress a secret society ( ,ca?olics or to confiscate ! pamphlets pr9t$ by a p>ticul>ly noisy h]etic4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 z long z "o did n climb on a soap-box 9 ! middle ( ! m>ket place to d5\nce ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation or c>ry a big ros>y into a public d9+-hall or d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ! ,s\? ,side ,me?odi/ ,*ur* ( ,ha>lem1 "o enjoy$ a degree ( p]sonal immunity :i* = almo/ two c5turies made ! ,dut* ,republic a v]itable hav5 ( re/ = all ^? :o 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w 7 p]secut$ = ! sake ( _! op9ions4 ,soon ! rumor ( ?is ,p>adise ,rega9$ spread abroad4 ,& dur+ ! next two hundr$ ye>s1 ! pr9t %ops & ! c(fee-h\ses ( ,holl& 7 fill$ ) a motley crew ( en?usia/s1 ! advance gu>d ( a /range new army ( spiritual lib]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,bruno ,x has be5 said 7& ) a good deal ( reason7 t ! ,great ,w> 0 a w> ( non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,:ile ! g5]als & ! colonels & ! ?ree-/> /rategi/s sat 9 solit>y spl5dor 9 ! halls ( "s des]t$ *teau & contemplat$ miles ( maps until !y c\ld evolve a new bit ( tactics t 0 to give !m half a squ>e mile ( t]ritory 7& lose "s ?irty ?\s& m571 ! junior (fic]s1 ! s]geants & ! corporals1 aid$ & abett$ by a numb] ( intellig5t privates1 did ! s-call$ 8dirty "w0 & ev5tually br\ght ab\t ! collapse ( ! ,g]man l9e ( def5se4 ,! great crusade = spiritual indep5d5ce 0 f\ght along simil> l9es4 ,!re 7 no frontal attacks :i* drew into action half a million soldi]s4 ,!re 7 no desp]ate *>ges to provide ! enemy's gunn]s ) an easy & agreeable t>get4 ,i might g ev5 fur!r & say t ! va/ majority ( ! p nev] knew t !re 0 any fight+ at all4 ,n[ & !n1 curiosity may h compell$ !m to ask :o 0 be+ burn$ t morn+ or :o 0 go+ to be hang$ ! next aft]noon4 ,!n p]haps !y discov]$ t a few desp]ate individuals cont9u$ to fight = c]ta9 pr9ciples ( fre$om ( :i* bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants disapprov$ mo/ he>tily4 ,b ,i d\bt :e!r su* in=mation affect$ !m beyond ! po9t ( mild regret & ! comm5t t x mu/ be v sad = _! poor relatives to be>1 t uncle _h come to su* a t]rible end4 ,x c\ld h>dly h be5 o!rwise4 ,:at m>tyrs actually accompli% = ! cause = :i* !y give _! lives _c possibly be r$uc$ to ma!matical =mulae or be express$ 9 t]ms ( amp]es or horsep[]4 ,any indu/ri\s "y man 9 se>* ( a ,ph4,d4 may read c>efully ?r\gh ! assembl$ works ( ,giordano ,bruno & by ! pati5t collection ( all s5t5ces conta9+ su* s5tim5ts z 8! /ate has no "r to tell p :at to ?9k0 or 8society may n puni% ) ! sword ^? :o diss5t f ! g5]ally approv$ dogmas10 he may be able to write an acceptable diss]tation ^u 8,giordano ,bruno 7#aedi-afjj7 & ! pr9ciples ( religi\s fre$om40 ,b ^? ( u no long] 9 se>* ( ^? fatal lett]s mu/ approa* ! subject f a diff]5t angle4 ,!re 71 s we say 9 our f9al analysis1 a numb] ( dev\t m5 :o 7 s pr(\ndly %ock$ by ! fanaticism ( _! day1 by ! yoke "u :i* ! p ( all c\ntries 7 =c$ to exi/1 t !y rose 9 revolt4 ,!y 7 poor devils4 ,!y r>ely own$ m ?an ! cloak ^u _! back & !y 7 n always c]ta9 ( a place to sleep4 ,b !y burn$ ) a div9e fire4 ,up & d[n ! l& !y travel$1 talk+ & writ+1 draw+ ! le>n$ pr(essors ( le>n$ academies into le>n$ disputes1 argu+ humbly ) ! humble c\ntry folk 9 humble ru/ic inns1 et]nally prea*+ a gospel ( good w1 ( und]/&+1 ( *>ity t[>ds o!rs4 ,up & d[n ! l& !y travel$ 9 _! %abby clo!s ) _! little bundles ( books & pamphlets until !y di$ ( pneumonia 9 "s mis]able village 9 ! h9t]l& ( ,pom]ania or 7 lyn*$ by drunk5 peasants 9 a ,scot* hamlet or 7 brok5 on ! :eel 9 a prov9cial bor\gh ( ,france4 ,& if ,i m5tion ! "n ( ,giordano ,bruno1 ,i d n mean to imply t he 0 ! only "o ( 8 k9d4 ,b 8 life1 8 ideas1 8 re/less zeal = :at he held to be true & desirable1 7 s typical ( t entire gr\p ( pione]s t he w s]ve v well z an example4 ,! p>5ts ( ,bruno 7 poor p4 ,_! son1 an av]age ,italian boy ( no p>ticul> promise1 foll[$ ! usual c\rse & w5t into a mona/]y4 ,lat] he became a ,dom9ican monk4 ,he _h no bus9ess 9 t ord] = ! ,dom9icans 7 ! mo/ ard5t support]s ( all =ms ( p]secution1 ! 8police-dogs ( ! true fai?10 z _! contempor>ies call$ !m4 ,& !y 7 clev]4 ,x 0 n necess>y = a h]etic to h 8 ideas put into pr9t to be nos$ out by "o ( ^? eag] detectives4 ,a s+le glance1 a ge/ure ( ! h&1 a %rug ( ! %\ld]s 7 (t5 suffici5t to give a man away & br+ him into contact ) ! ,inquisition4 ,h[ ,bruno1 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( unque/ion+ ob$i5ce1 turn$ rebel & des]t$ ! ,holy ,scriptures = ! works ( ,z5o & ,anaxagoras1 ,i d n "k4 ,b be=e ?is /range novice _h f9i%$ 8 c\rse ( prescrib$ /udies1 he 0 expell$ f ! ,dom9ican ord] & h5ce=? he 0 a w&]] ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,he cross$ ! ,alps4 ,h[ _m o!r "y m5 be=e him _h brav$ ! dang]s ( ^? anci5t m\nta9 passes t !y might f9d fre$om 9 ! mighty =tress :i* ! new fai? _h erect$ at ! junction ( ! ,rhone & ! ,arve6 ,& h[ _m ( !m _h turn$ away1 brok5 he>t$ :5 !y discov]$ t "h z !re x 0 ! inn] _s :i* guid$ ! he>ts ( m5 & t a *ange ( cre$ did n necess>ily mean a *ange ( he>t & m9d4 ,bruno's resid5ce 9 ,g5eva la/$ less ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,! t[n 0 full ( ,italian refugees4 ,^! br\ght _! fell[-c\ntryman a new suit ( clo!s & f\nd him a job z pro(-read]4 ,9 ! ev5+s he read & wrote4 ,he got hold ( a copy ( de la ,rame's works4 ,!re at la/ 0 a man aft] 8 own he>t4 ,de la ,rame believ$ too t ! _w c\ld n progress until ! tyranny ( ! m$ieval text-books 0 brok54 ,bruno did n g z f> z 8 fam\s ,fr5* tea*] & did n believe t ev]y?+ ! ,greeks _h ev] taught 0 wrong4 ,b :y %\ld ! p ( ! sixte5? c5tury be b\nd by words & s5t5ces t 7 writt5 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/8 ,:y inde$8 8,because x has always be5 t way10 ! uphold]s ( ! or?odox fai? answ]$ him4 8,:at h we to d ) our gr&fa!rs & :at h !y to d ) u8 ,let ! dead bury ! dead10 ! "y iconocla/ answ]$4 ,& v soon aft]w>ds ! police paid him a visit & sugge/$ t he _h bett] pack 8 sat*els & try 8 luck else:]e4 ,bruno's life !reaft] 0 "o endless p]egr9ation 9 se>* ( a place :]e he might live & "w 9 "s degree ( lib]ty & security4 ,he nev] f\nd x4 ,f ,g5eva he w5t to ,lyons & !n to ,t\l\se4 ,by t "t he _h tak5 up ! /udy ( a/ronomy & _h become an ard5t support] ( ! ideas ( ,cop]nicus1 a dang]\s /ep 9 an age :5 all ! contempor>y ,bryans bray$1 8,! _w turn+ ar\nd ! sun6 ,! _w a commonplace little planet turn+ ar\nd ! sun6 ,ho-ho & hee-hee6 ,:o ev] he>d su* nons5se80 ,t\l\se became uncom=table4 ,he cross$ ,france1 walk+ to ,p>is4 ,& next to ,engl& z private secret>y to a ,fr5* ambassador4 ,b !re ano!r disappo9tm5t await$ him4 ,! ,engli% !ologians 7 no bett] ?an ! cont95tal ones4 ,a little m practical1 p]haps4 ,9 ,ox=d1 = example1 !y did n puni% a /ud5t :5 he committ$ an error aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ,ari/otle4 ,!y f9$ him t5 %ill+s4 ,bruno became s>ca/ic4 ,he began to write brilliantly dang]\s bits ( prose1 dialogues ( a religi\s-philosophic-political nature 9 :i* ! entire exi/+ ord] ( ?+s 0 turn$ topsy turvy & submitt$ to a m9ute b none too flatt]+ exam9ation4 ,& he did "s lectur+ ^u 8 favorite subject1 a/ronomy4 ,b college au?orities r>ely smile ^u pr(essors :o please ! he>ts ( _! /ud5ts4 ,bruno once m f\nd himself invit$ to leave4 ,& s back aga9 to ,france & !n to ,m>burg1 :]e n s long be=e ,lu!r & ,zw+li _h debat$ ^u ! true nature ( ! transub/antiation 9 ! ca/le ( pi\s ,elisabe? ( ,hung>y4 ,alas6 8 reputation z a 8,lib]t9e0 _h prec$$ him4 ,he 0 n ev5 all[$ to lecture4 ,witt5b]g prov$ m hospitable4 ,t old /ronghold ( ! ,lu!ran fai?1 h[ev]1 0 beg9n+ to be ov]run by ! disciples ( ,dr4 ,calv94 ,aft] t !re 0 no fur!r room = a man ( ,bruno's lib]al t5d5cies4 ,s\?w>d he w5d$ 8 way to try 8 luck 9 ! l& ( ,john ,huss4 ,fur!r disappo9tm5t await$ him4 ,prague _h become a ,habsburg capital & :]e ! ,habsburg ent]$1 fre$om w5t out by ! city gates4 ,back to ! road & a long1 long walk to ,zri*4 ,!re he receiv$ a lett] f an ,italian y\?1 ,giovanni ,moc5igo1 :o ask$ him to come to ,v5ice4 ,:at made ,bruno accept1 ,i d n "k4 ,p]haps ! ,italian peasant 9 him 0 impress$ by ! lu/] ( an old patrician "n & felt flatt]$ by ! invitation4 ,giovanni ,moc5igo1 h[ev]1 0 n made ( ! /uff :i* _h enabl$ 8 ance/ors to defy bo? ,sultan & ,pope4 ,he 0 a weakl+ & a c[>d & did n move a f+] :5 (fic]s ( ! ,inquisition appe>$ at 8 h\se & took 8 gue/ to ,rome4 ,z a rule1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice 0 t]ribly jeal\s ( its rights4 ,if ,bruno _h be5 a ,g]man m]*ant or a ,dut* skipp]1 !y w\ld h prote/$ viol5tly & !y might ev5 h gone to w> :5 a =eign p[] d>$ to arre/ "s "o )9 _! own jurisdiction4 ,b :y incur ! ho/ility ( ! pope on acc\nt ( a vagabond :o _h br\ght no?+ to _! city b 8 ideas8 ,x 0 true he call$ himself a s*ol>4 ,! ,republic 0 highly flatt]$1 b %e _h s*ol>s en\gh ( h] own4 ,& s f>ewell to ,bruno & may ,san ,m>co h m]cy ^u 8 s\l4 ,sev5 long ye>s ,bruno 0 kept 9 ! prison ( ! ,inquisition4 ,on ! sev5te5? ( ,febru>y ( ! ye> #afjj he 0 burn$ at ! /ake & 8 a%es 7 bl[n to ! w9ds4 ,he 0 execut$ on ! ,campo dei ,fiori4 ,^? :o "k ,italian may !re9 f9d inspiration = a pretty little allegory4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,sp9oza ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s 9 hi/ory :i* ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/& & "o ( ^! is ! am\nt ( "w done by "s ( ! arti/s & lit]>y m5 ( bygone ages4 ,! mod]n memb]s ( our writ+ guild1 ) typewrit]s & dictaphones & secret>ies & f\nta9 p5s1 c turn out betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& words a day4 ,h[ did ,%akespe>e1 ) half a doz5 o!r jobs to di/ract 8 m9d1 ) a scold+ wife & a clumsy goose-quill1 manage to write ?irty-sev5 plays8 ,:]e did ,lope de ,vega1 vet]an ( ! ,inv9cible ,armada & a busy man all 8 life1 f9d ! necess>y ink & pap] = eighte5 hundr$ com$ies & five hundr$ essays8 ,:at mann] ( man 0 ?is /range ,h(konz]tmei/]1 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*1 :o 9 a little h\se fill$ ) ! noise ( tw5ty *ildr5 f\nd "t to compose five oratorios1 "o hundr$ & n9ety *ur* cantatas1 ?ree w$d+ cantatas1 & a doz5 motets1 six solemn masses1 ?ree fiddle conc]tos1 a conc]to = two viol9s :i* alone w\ld h made 8 "n immortal1 sev5 conc]tos = piano & or*e/ra1 ?ree conc]tos = two pianos1 two conc]tos = ?ree pianos1 ?irty or*e/ral scores & en\gh pieces = ! flute1 ! h>psi*ord1 ! organ1 ! bull-fiddle & ! ,fr5* horn to keep ! av]age /ud5t ( music busy = ! re/ ( 8 days4 ,or aga91 by :at process ( indu/ry & application c\ld pa9t]s l ,rembr&t & ,rub5s produce a picture or an et*+ at ! rate ( almo/ f\r a mon? dur+ m ?an ?irty ye>s8 ,h[ c\ld an humble citiz5 l ,antonio ,/radiv>ius turn out five hundr$ & =ty fiddles1 fifty violoncellos & twelve violas 9 a s+le lifetime8 ,i am n n[ discuss+ ! bra9s capable ( devis+ all ^! plots1 he>+ all ^! melodies1 see+ all ^? div]sifi$ comb9ations ( color & l9e1 *oos+ all ?is wood4 ,i am j wond]+ at ! physical "p ( x4 ,h[ did !y d x8 ,didn't !y ev] g to b$8 ,didn't !y sometimes take a few h\rs (f = a game ( billi>ds8 ,7 !y nev] tir$8 ,_h !y ev] he>d ( n]ves8 ,bo? ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 full ( t sort ( p4 ,!y defi$ all ! laws ( hygi5e1 ate & drank ev]y?+ t 0 bad = !m1 7 totally unconsci\s ( _! high de/9ies z memb]s ( ! glori\s human race1 b !y _h an awfully good "t & _! arti/ic & intellectual output 0 some?+ t]rific4 ,& :at 0 true ( ! arts & ! sci5ces held equally true ( su* f9icky subjects z !ology4 ,g to any ( ! libr>ies t date back two hundr$ ye>s & y w f9d _! cell>s & attics fill$ ) tracts & homilies & discussions & refutations & dige/s & comm5t>ies 9 duodecimo & octodecimo & octavo1 b\nd 9 lea!r & 9 p>*m5t & 9 pap]1 all ( !m cov]$ ) du/ & oblivion1 b )\t exception conta9+ an enorm\s if useless am\nt ( le>n+4 ,! subjects ( :i* !y treat$ & _m ( ! words !y us$ h lo/ all mean+ to our mod]n e>s4 ,b someh[ or o!r ^! moldy compilations s]v$ a v useful purpose4 ,if !y accompli%$ no?+ else1 !y at lea/ cle>$ ! air4 ,= !y ei!r settl$ ! que/ions !y discuss$ to ! g5]al satisfaction ( all conc]n$1 or !y conv9c$ _! read]s t ^? p>ticul> problems c\ld n possibly be decid$ ) an appeal to logic & argum5t & might !re=e j z well be dropp$ "r !n & !re4 ,?is may s\nd l a back-h&$ complim5t4 ,b ,i hope t critics ( ! ?irtie? c5tury %all be j z *>itable :5 !y wade ?r\gh ! rema9s ( our own lit]>y & sci5tific a*ievem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b>u* de ,sp9oza1 ! h]o ( ?is *apt]1 did n foll[ ! fa%ion ( 8 "t 9 ! matt] ( quantity4 ,8 assembl$ works consi/ ( ?ree or f\r small volumes & a few bundles ( lett]s4 ,b ! am\nt ( /udy necess>y = ! correct ma!matical solution ( 8 ab/ract problems 9 e?ics & philosophy w\ld h /agg]$ any normally heal?y man4 ,x kill$ ! poor consumptive :o _h und]tak5 to rea* ,god by way ( ! table ( multiplication4 ,sp9oza 0 a ,jew4 ,8 p1 h[ev]1 _h nev] suff]$ ! indignities ( ! ,ghetto4 ,_! ance/ors _h settl$ d[n 9 ! ,spani% p59sula :5 t "p ( ! _w 0 a ,moori% prov9ce4 ,aft] ! reconque/ & ! introduction ( t policy ( 8,spa9 = ! ,spani>d0 :i* ev5tually =c$ t c\ntry into bankruptcy1 ! ,sp9ozas _h be5 =c$ to leave _! old home4 ,!y _h sail$ = ! ,ne!rl&s1 _h b\ght a small h\se 9 ,am/]dam1 _h work$ h>d1 _h sav$ _! money & soon 7 kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ respectable families ( ! 8,portuguese colony40 ,if nev]!less _! son ,b>u* 0 consci\s ( 8 ,jewi% orig91 ?is 0 due m to ! tra9+ he receiv$ 9 8 ,talmud s*ool ?an to ! gibes ( 8 little neighbors4 ,= ! ,dut* ,republic 0 s *ock full ( class prejudice t !re 0 little room left = m]e race prejudice & !re=e liv$ 9 p]fect peace & h>mony ) all ! ali5 races t _h f\nd a refuge along ! banks ( ! ,nor? & ,zuid] ,seas4 ,& ?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic bits ( ,dut* life :i* contempor>y travel]s nev] fail$ to omit f _! 8,s\v5irs de ,voyage0 & ) good reason4 ,9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ev5 at t late age1 ! relation betwe5 ! ,jew & ! non-,jew 0 f> f satisfactory4 ,:at made ! qu>rel betwe5 ! two races s hopeless 0 ! fact t bo? sides 7 equally "r & equally wrong & t bo? sides c\ld ju/ly claim to be ! victim ( _! oppon5t's intol]ance & prejudice4 ,9 ! light ( ! !ory put =w>d 9 ?is book t intol]ance is m]ely a =m ( self-protection ( ! mob1 x becomes cle> t z long z !y 7 fai?ful to _! own respective religions1 ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,jew mu/ h conc$$ ea* o!r z enemies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y bo? ( !m ma9ta9$ t _! ,god 0 ! only true ,god & t all ! o!r ,gods ( all ! o!r nations 7 false4 ,9 ! second place1 !y 7 ea* o!r's mo/ dang]\s comm]cial rival4 ,! ,jews _h come to we/]n ,europe z !y _h orig9ally come to ,pale/9e1 z immigrants 9 se>* ( a new home4 ,! labor unions ( t day1 ! ,guilds1 _h made x impossible = !m to take up a trade4 ,!y _h !re=e be5 oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) su* economic make%ifts z pawnbrok+ & bank+4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ^! two pr(essions1 :i* closely resembl$ ea* o!r1 7 n ?\ght fit occupations = dec5t citiz5s4 ,:y ! ,*ur*1 until ! days ( ,calv91 %\ld h felt su* a repugnance t[>ds money 7except 9 ! =m ( taxes7 & %\ld h reg>d$ ! tak+ ( int]e/ z a crime1 is h>d to und]/&4 ,usury1 ( c\rse1 0 some?+ no gov]nm5t c\ld tol]ate & already ! ,babylonians1 "s =ty c5turies be=e1 _h pass$ dra/ic laws aga9/ ! money *ang]s :o tri$ to make a pr(it out ( o!r p's money4 ,9 sev]al *apt]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 writt5 two ?\s& ye>s lat]1 we read h[ ,moses too _h expressly =bidd5 8 foll[]s to l5d money at exorbitant rates ( int]e/ to any "o except =eign]s4 ,/ill lat]1 ! great ,greek philosoph]s1 includ+ ,ari/otle & ,plato1 _h giv5 expression to _! great disapproval ( money t 0 born ( o!r money4 ,! ,*ur* fa!rs _h be5 ev5 m explicit ^u ?is subject4 ,all dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! money l5d]s 7 held 9 pr(\nd contempt4 ,dante ev5 provid$ a special little alcove 9 8 ,hell = ! exclusive b5efit ( 8 bank] fri5ds4 ,!oretically p]haps x c\ld be prov$ t ! pawnbrok] & 8 colleague1 ! man beh9d ! 8banco10 7 undesirable citiz5s & t ! _w w\ld be bett] (f )\t !m4 ,at ! same "t1 z soon z ! _w _h ceas$ to be entirely agricultural1 x 0 f\nd to be q impossible to transact ev5 ! simple/ bus9ess op]ations )\t ! use ( cr$it4 ,! money l5d] !re=e _h become a necess>y evil & ! ,jew1 :o 7accord+ to ! views ( ! ,*ri/ians7 0 doom$ to et]nal damnation any way1 0 urg$ to occupy himself ) a trade :i* 0 necess>y b :i* no respectable man w\ld t\*4 ,9 ?is way ^! un=tunate exiles 7 =c$ into c]ta9 unpleasant trades :i* made !m ! natural enemy ( bo? ! ri* & ! poor1 & !n1 z soon z !y _h e/abli%$ !mselves1 ^! same enemies turn$ aga9/ !m1 call$ !m names1 lock$ !m up 9 ! dirtie/ "p ( ! city & 9 mom5ts ( great emotional /ress1 hang$ !m z wick$ unbeliev]s or burn$ !m z r5egade ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 all s t]ribly silly4 ,& besides x 0 s /upid4 ,^! endless annoyances & p]secutions did n make ! ,jews any fond] ( _! ,*ri/ian neighbors4 ,& z a direct result1 a l>ge volume ( fir/-rate intellig5ce 0 )drawn f public circulation1 ?\s&s ( bright "y fell[s1 :o might h advanc$ ! cause ( comm]ce & sci5ce & ! arts1 wa/$ _! bra9s & en]gy ^u ! useless /udy ( c]ta9 old books fill$ ) ab/ruse conundrums & hair-splitt+ syllogisms & millions ( helpless boys & girls 7 doom$ to lead /unt$ lives 9 /9k+ t5em5ts1 li/5+ on ! "o h& to _! eld]s :o told !m t !y 7 ,god's *os5 p :o w\ld surely inh]it ! e>? & all ! weal? !re(1 & on ! o!r h& be+ fright5$ to dea? by ! curses ( _! neighbors :o nev] ceas$ to in=m !m t !y 7 pigs & only fit = ! gall[s or ! :eel4 ,to ask t p 7any p7 doom$ to live "u su* adv]se circum/ances %all reta9 a normal outlook ^u life is to dem& ! impossible4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! ,jews 7 goad$ into "s desp]ate act by _! ,*ri/ian compatriots & !n1 :5 :ite ) rage1 !y turn$ ^u _! oppressors1 !y 7 call$ 8traitors0 & 8ungrateful villa9s0 & 7 subject$ to fur!r humiliations & re/rictions4 ,b ^! re/rictions _h only "o result4 ,!y increas$ ! numb] ( ,jews :o _h a grievance1 turn$ ! o!rs into n]v\s wrecks & g5]ally made ! ,ghetto a gha/ly abode ( fru/rat$ ambitions & p5t-up hatr$s4 ,sp9oza1 because he 0 born 9 ,am/]dam1 escap$ ! mis]y :i* 0 ! bir?right ( mo/ ( 8 relatives4 ,he w5t fir/ ( all to ! s*ool ma9ta9$ by 8 synagogue 7appropriately call$ 8! ,tree ( ,life07 & z soon z he c\ld conjugate 8 ,hebrew v]bs 0 s5t to ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,franciscus ,app9ius van d5 ,ende1 :o 0 to drill him 9 ,lat9 & 9 ! sci5ces4 ,dr4 ,franciscus1 z 8 "n indicates1 0 ( ,ca?olic orig94 ,rumor _h x t he 0 a graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va9 & if "o 7 to believe ! be/ in=m$ deacons ( ! t[n1 he 0 really a ,jesuit 9 disguise & a v dang]\s p]son4 ,?is h[ev] 0 nons5se4 ,van d5 ,ende 9 8 y\? _h actually sp5t a few ye>s at a ,ca?olic sem9>y4 ,b 8 he>t 0 n 9 8 "w & he _h left 8 native city ( ,antw]p1 _h gone to ,am/]dam & !re _h op5$ a private s*ool ( 8 own4 ,he _h su* a trem5d\s flair = *oos+ ! me?ods t w\ld make 8 pupils l _! classical lessons1 t he$less ( ! man's popi% pa/1 ! ,calv9i/ic burgh]s ( ,am/]dam will+ly entru/$ _! *ildr5 to 8 c>e & 7 v pr\d ( ! fact t ! pupils ( 8 s*ool inv>iably out-hexamet]$ & out-decl9$ ! little boys ( all o!r local academies4 ,van d5 ,ende taught little ,b>u* 8 ,lat91 b be+ an en?usia/ic foll[] ( all ! late/ discov]ies 9 ! field ( sci5ce & a great admir] ( ,giordano ,bruno1 he und\bt$ly taught ! boy sev]al ?+s :i* z a rule 7 n m5tion$ 9 an or?odox ,jewi% h\sehold4 ,= "y ,sp9oza1 contr>y to ! cu/oms ( ! times1 did n bo>d ) ! o!r boys1 b liv$ at home4 ,& he s impress$ 8 family by 8 pr(\nd le>n+ t all ! relations pr\dly po9t$ to him z ! little pr(essor & lib]ally suppli$ him ) pocket money4 ,he did n wa/e x ^u tobacco4 ,he us$ x to buy books on philosophy4 ,"o au?or especially fasc9at$ him4 ,t 0 ,desc>tes4 ,r5 ,desc>tes 0 a ,fr5* nobleman born 9 t region betwe5 ,t\rs & ,poiti]s :]e a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! gr&fa!r ( ,*>lemagne _h /opp$ ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ,europe4 ,be=e he 0 t5 ye>s old he _h be5 s5t to ! ,jesuits to be educat$ & he sp5t ! next decade mak+ a nuisance ( himself4 ,= ?is boy _h a m9d ( 8 own & accept$ no?+ )\t 8be+ %[n40 ,! ,jesuits are probably ! only p 9 ! _w :o "k h[ to h&le su* difficult *ildr5 & :o c tra9 !m successfully )\t break+ _! _s4 ,! pro( ( ! educational pudd+ is 9 ! eat+4 ,if our mod]n p$agogues w\ld /udy ! me?ods ( ,bro!r ,loyola1 we might h a few ,desc>tes ( our own4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s old1 ,r5 ent]$ milit>y s]vice & w5t to ! ,ne!rl&s :]e ,maurice ( ,nassau _h s ?or\ghly p]fect$ 8 milit>y sy/em t 8 armies 7 ! po/-graduate s*ool = all ambiti\s "y m5 :o hop$ to become g5]als4 ,desc>tes' visit to ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,nassau pr9ce 0 p]haps a little irregul>4 ,a fai?ful ,ca?olic tak+ s]vice ) a ,prote/ant *iefta96 ,x s\nds l high treason4 ,b ,desc>tes 0 int]e/$ 9 problems ( ma!matics & artill]y b n ( religion or politics4 ,!re=e z soon z ,holl& _h conclud$ a truce ) ,spa91 he resign$ 8 commission1 w5t to ,muni* & f\ght = a :ile "u ! bann] ( ! ,ca?olic ,duke ( ,bav>ia4 ,b t campaign did n la/ v long4 ,! only fight+ ( any consequ5ce !n /ill go+ on 0 ne> ,la ,ro*elle1 ! city :i* ! ,hugu5ots 7 def5d+ aga9/ ,ri*elieu4 ,& s ,desc>tes w5t back to ,france t he might le>n ! noble art ( siege-craft4 ,b camp life 0 beg9n+ to pall ^u him4 ,he decid$ to give up a milit>y c>e] & devote himself to philosophy & sci5ce4 ,he _h a small income ( 8 own4 ,he _h no desire to m>ry4 ,8 wi%es 7 few4 ,he anticipat$ a quiet & happy life & he _h x4 ,:y he *ose ,holl& z a place ( resid5ce1 ,i d n "k4 ,b x 0 a c\ntry full ( pr9t]s & publi%]s & book%ops & z long z "o did n op5ly attack ! e/abli%$ =m ( gov]nm5t or religion1 ! exi/+ law on c5sor%ip rema9$ a dead lett]4 ,fur!rmore1 z he nev] le>n$ a s+le ^w ( ! language ( 8 adopt$ c\ntry 7a trick n difficult to a true ,fr5*man71 ,desc>tes 0 able to avoid undesirable company & futile conv]sations & c\ld give all ( 8 "t 7"s tw5ty h\rs p] day7 to 8 own "w4 ,?is may seem a dull exi/5ce = a man :o _h be5 a soldi]4 ,b ,desc>tes _h a purpose 9 life & x seems t he 0 p]fectly cont5t$ ) 8 self-inflict$ exile4 ,he _h dur+ ! c\rse ( ye>s become conv9c$ t ! _w 0 /ill plung$ 9 a pr(\nd gloom ( abysmal ignorance2 t :at 0 !n be+ call$ sci5ce _h n ev5 ! remote/ resemblance to true sci5ce1 & t no g5]al progress w\ld be possible until ! :ole anci5t fabric ( error & falsehood _h fir/ ( all be5 raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,no small ord]1 ?is4 ,desc>tes h[ev] 0 possess$ ( endless pati5ce & at ! age ( ?irty he set to "w to give u an entirely new sy/em ( philosophy4 ,w>m+ up to 8 task he add$ geometry & a/ronomy & physics to 8 orig9al program & he p]=m$ 8 task ) su* noble imp>tiality ( m9d t ! ,ca?olics d5\nc$ him z a ,calv9i/ & ! ,calv9i/s curs$ him = an a!i/4 ,?is clamor1 if ev] x rea*$ him1 did n di/urb him 9 ! lea/4 ,he quietly cont9u$ 8 rese>*es & di$ peacefully 9 ! city ( ,/ockholm1 :i!r he _h gone to talk philosophy ) ! ,que5 ( ,sw$54 ,among ! p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,c>tesianism 7! "n "u :i* 8 philosophies became kn[n7 made q z mu* ( a /ir z ,d>w9ism 0 to make among ! contempor>ies ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,to be a ,c>tesian 9 ! ye> #afhj meant some?+ t]rible1 some?+ almo/ indec5t4 ,x proclaim$ "o an enemy ( ! e/abli%$ ord] ( society1 a ,soc9ian1 a l[ fell[ :o by 8 own confession _h set himself ap>t f ! companion%ip ( 8 respectable neighbors4 ,?is did n prev5t ! majority ( ! intellig5t classes f accept+ ,c>tesianism z readily & z eag]ly z our gr&fa!rs accept$ ,d>w9ism4 ,b among ! or?odox ,jews ( ,am/]dam1 su* subjects 7 nev] ev5 m5tion$4 ,c>tesianism 0 n m5tion$ 9 ei!r ,talmud or ,torah4 ,h5ce x did n exi/4 ,& :5 x became app>5t t x exi/$ j ! same 9 ! m9d ( "o ,b>u* de ,sp9oza1 x 0 a =egone conclusion t said ,b>u* de ,sp9oza w\ld himself cease to exi/ z soon z ! au?orities ( ! synagogue _h be5 able to inve/igate ! case & take (ficial action4 ,! ,am/]dam synagogue _h at t mom5t pass$ ?r\gh a sev]e crisis4 ,:5 little ,b>u* 0 fifte5 ye>s old1 ano!r ,portuguese exile by ! "n ( ,uriel ,aco/a _h arriv$ 9 ,am/]dam1 _h =sworn ,ca?olicism1 :i* he _h accept$ "u a ?reat ( dea?1 & _h return$ to ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs4 ,b ?is fell[ ,aco/a _h n be5 an ord9>y ,jew4 ,he 0 a g5tleman accu/om$ to c>ry a fea!r 9 8 hat & a sword at 8 side4 ,to him ! arrogance ( ! ,dut* rabbis1 tra9$ 9 ! ,g]man & ,poli% s*ools ( le>n+1 _h come z a mo/ unpleasant surprise1 & he _h be5 too pr\d & too indiff]5t to hide 8 op9ions4 ,9 a small community l t1 su* op5 defiance c\ld n possibly be tol]at$4 ,a bitt] /ruggle _h foll[$4 ,on ! "o side a solit>y dream]1 half prophet1 half hidalgo4 ,on ! o!r side ! m]ciless gu>dians ( ! law4 ,x _h end$ 9 trag$y4 ,fir/ ( all ,aco/a _h be5 d5\nc$ to ! local police z ! au?or ( c]ta9 blasphem\s pamphlets :i* d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,?is _h got him into tr\ble ) ! ,calv9i/ m9i/]s4 ,b ! matt] _h be5 /raight5$ out & ! *>ge _h be5 dropp$4 ,!reupon ! synagogue _h excommunicat$ ! /iff-neck$ rebel & _h depriv$ him ( 8 livelihood4 ,= mon?s !reaft] ! poor man _h w&]$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,am/]dam until de/itution & lonel9ess _h driv5 him back to 8 own flock4 ,b he 0 n re-admitt$ until he _h fir/ ( all publicly apologiz$ = 8 evil conduct & _h !n suff]$ himself to be :ipp$ & kick$ by all ! memb]s ( ! congregation4 ,^! indignities _h unbalanc$ 8 m9d4 ,he _h b\ght a pi/ol & _h bl[n 8 bra9s out4 ,?is suicide _h caus$ a trem5d\s lot ( talk among ! pr9cipal citiz5s ( ,am/]dam4 ,! ,jewi% community felt t x c\ld n risk ! *ance ( ano!r public sc&al4 ,:5 x became evid5t t ! mo/ promis+ pupil ( ! 8,tree ( ,life0 _h be5 contam9at$ by ! new h]esies ( ,desc>tes1 a direct attempt 0 made to hu% ?+s up4 ,b>u* 0 approa*$ & 0 (f]$ a fix$ annual sum if he w\ld give 8 ^w t he w\ld be good1 w\ld cont9ue to %[ himself 9 ! synagogue & w\ld n publi% or say any?+ aga9/ ! law4 ,n[ ,sp9oza 0 ! la/ man to consid] su* a compromise4 ,he curtly refus$ to d any?+ ( ! sort4 ,9 consequ5ce :]e( he 0 duly read out ( 8 own *ur* accord+ to t fam\s anci5t ,=mula ( ,damnation :i* leaves v little to ! imag9ation & goes back all ! way to ! days ( ,j]i*o to f9d ! appropriate numb] ( curses & execrations4 ,z = ! victim ( ^! manifold mal$ictions1 he rema9$ quietly 9 8 room & read ab\t ! occurr5ce 9 next day's pap]4 ,ev5 :5 an attempt 0 made ^u 8 life by an ov] zeal\s foll[] ( ! law1 he refus$ to leave t[n4 ,?is came z a great bl[ to ! pre/ige ( ! ,rabbis :o app>5tly _h invok$ ! names ( ,jo%ua & ,eli%a 9 va9 & :o saw !mselves publicly defi$ = ! second "t 9 less ?an half a doz5 ye>s4 ,9 _! anxiety !y w5t s f> z to make an appeal to ! t[n hall4 ,!y ask$ = an int]view ) ! ,burgoma/]s & expla9$ t ?is ,b>u* de ,sp9oza :om !y _h j expell$ f _! own *ur* 0 really a mo/ dang]\s p]son1 an agno/ic :o refus$ to believe 9 ,god & :o !re=e ought n to be tol]at$ 9 a respectable ,*ri/ian community l ! city ( ,am/]dam4 ,_! lord%ips1 aft] _! pleasant habit1 wa%$ _! h&s ( ! :ole affair & ref]r$ ! matt] to a sub-committee ( cl]gym54 ,! sub-committee /udi$ ! "q1 discov]$ t ,b>u* de ,sp9oza _h done no?+ t c\ld be con/ru$ z an (f5se aga9/ ! ord9ances ( ! t[n1 & s report$ to _! lord%ips4 ,at ! same "t !y consid]$ x to be good policy = memb]s ( ! clo? to /& toge!r & !re=e !y sugge/$ t ! ,burgoma/]s ask ?is "y man1 :o seem$ to be s v indep5d5t1 to leave ,am/]dam = a c\ple ( mon?s & n to return until ! ?+ _h bl[n ov]4 ,f t mom5t on ! life ( ,sp9oza 0 z quiet & unev5tful z ! l&scape ^u :i* he look$ f 8 b$room w9d[s4 ,he left ,am/]dam & hir$ a small h\se 9 ! village ( ,rijnsb]g ne> ,leid54 ,he sp5t 8 days poli%+ l5ses = optical in/rum5ts & at night he smok$ 8 pipe & read or wrote z ! _s mov$ him4 ,he nev] m>ri$4 ,!re 0 rumor ( a love affair betwe5 him & a daught] ( 8 =m] ,lat9 tea*]1 van d5 ,ende4 ,b z ! *ild 0 t5 ye>s old :5 ,sp9oza left ,am/]dam1 ?is does n seem v likely4 ,he _h sev]al v loyal fri5ds & at lea/ twice a ye> !y (f]$ to give him a p5sion t he might devote all 8 "t to 8 /udies4 ,he answ]$ t he appreciat$ _! good int5tions b t he pref]r$ to rema9 indep5d5t & ) ! exception ( an all[ance ( eighty doll>s a ye> f a ri* "y ,c>tesian1 he nev] t\*$ a p5ny & sp5t 8 days 9 ! respectable pov]ty ( ! true philosoph]4 ,he _h a *ance to become a pr(essor 9 ,g]many1 b he decl9$4 ,he receiv$ ^w t ! illu/ri\s ,k+ ( ,prussia w\ld be happy to become 8 patron & protector1 b he answ]$ nay & rema9$ fai?ful to ! quiet r\t9e ( 8 pleasant exile4 ,aft] a numb] ( ye>s 9 ,rijnsb]g he mov$ to ! ,hague4 ,he _h nev] be5 v /rong & ! p>ticles ( glass f 8 half-f9i%$ l5ses _h affect$ 8 lungs4 ,he di$ q sudd5ly & alone 9 ! ye> #afgg4 ,to ! int5se disgu/ ( ! local cl]gy1 n less ?an six private c>riages belong+ to prom95t memb]s ( ! c\rt foll[$ ! 8a!i/0 to 8 grave4 ,& :5 two hundr$ ye>s lat] a /atue 0 unveil$ to 8 memory1 ! police res]ves _h to be call$ out to protect ! p>ticipants 9 ?is solemn celebration aga9/ ! fury ( a r[dy cr[d ( ard5t ,calv9i/s4 ,s mu* = ! man4 ,:at ab\t 8 influ5ce8 ,0 he m]ely ano!r ( ^? indu/ri\s philosoph]s :o fill endless books ) endless !ories & speak a language :i* drove ev5 ,om> ,khayyam to an expression ( exasp]at$ annoyance8 ,no1 he 0 n4 ,nei!r did he accompli% 8 results by ! brilliancy ( 8 wit or ! plausible tru? ( 8 !ories4 ,sp9oza 0 great ma9ly by =ce ( 8 c\rage4 ,he belong$ to a race t knew only "o law1 a set ( h>d & fa/ rules laid d[n = all times 9 ! dim ages ( a long =gott5 pa/1 a sy/em ( spiritual tyranny creat$ = ! b5efit ( a class ( pr(essional prie/s :o _h tak5 x ^u !mselves to int]pret ?is sacr$ code4 ,he liv$ 9 a _w 9 :i* ! idea ( intellectual fre$om 0 almo/ synonym\s ) political an>*y4 ,he knew t 8 sy/em ( logic mu/ (f5d bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,b he nev] wav]$4 ,he approa*$ all problems z univ]sal problems4 ,he reg>d$ !m )\t exception z ! manife/ation ( an omnipres5t w & believ$ !m to be ! expression ( an ultimate reality :i* w\ld hold good on ,doomsday z x _h held good at ! h\r ( creation4 ,& 9 ?is way he greatly contribut$ to ! cause ( human tol]ance4 ,l ,desc>tes be=e him1 ,sp9oza disc>d$ ! n>r[ b\nd>ies laid d[n by ! old] =ms ( religion & boldly built himself a new sy/em ( ?\ght bas$ ^u ! rocks ( a million />s4 ,by s do+ he made man :at man _h n be5 s9ce ! days ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 a true citiz5 ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,new ,,zion ,!re 0 little reason to fe> t ! works ( ,sp9oza w\ld ev] be popul>4 ,!y 7 z amus+ z a text-book on trigonometry & few p ev] get beyond ! fir/ two or ?ree s5t5ces ( any giv5 *apt]4 ,x took a diff]5t sort ( man to spread ! new ideas among ! mass ( ! p4 ,9 ,france ! en?usiasm = private speculation & inve/igation _h come to an end z soon z ! c\ntry _h be5 turn$ into an absolute mon>*y4 ,9 ,g]many ! pov]ty & ! horror :i* _h foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> _h kill$ all p]sonal initiative = at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re=e1 ,engl& 0 ! only "o among ! l>g] c\ntries ( ,europe :]e fur!r progress along ! l9es ( indep5d5t ?\ght 0 /ill possible & ! prolong$ qu>rel betwe5 ! ,cr[n & ,p>liam5t 0 add+ an elem5t ( in/ability :i* prov$ to be ( great help to ! cause ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,fir/ ( all we mu/ consid] ! ,engli% sov]eigns4 ,= ye>s ^! un=tunate mon>*s _h be5 betwe5 ! devil ( ,ca?olicism & ! deep sea ( ,puritanism4 ,_! ,ca?olic subjects 7:i* includ$ a great _m fai?ful ,episcopalians ) a secret lean+ t[>ds ,rome7 7 =ev] clamor+ = a return to t happy era :5 ! ,briti% k+s _h be5 vassals ( ! pope4 ,_! ,puritan subjects on ! o!r h&1 ) "o eye firmly glu$ ^u ! example ( ,g5eva1 dream$ ( ! day :5 !re %\ld be no k+ at all & ,engl& %\ld be a replica ( ! happy commonweal? tuck$ away 9 a little corn] ( ! ,swiss m\nta9s4 ,b t 0 n all4 ,! m5 :o rul$ ,engl& 7 also k+s ( ,scotl& & _! ,scotti% subjects1 :5 x came to religion1 knew exactly :at !y want$4 ,& s ?or\ghly 7 !y conv9c$ t !y !mselves 7 "r t !y 7 firmly oppos$ to ! idea ( lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,!y ?\ght x wick$ t o!r d5om9ations %\ld be suff]$ to exi/ & to wor%ip freely )9 ! conf9es ( _! own ,prote/ant l&4 ,& !y insi/$ n only t all ,ca?olics & ,anabapti/s be exil$ f ! ,briti% ,isles b fur!rmore t ,soc9ians1 ,arm9ians1 ,c>tesians1 9 %ort all ^? :o did n %>e _! own views ^u ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ ,god1 be hang$4 ,?is triangle ( conflicts1 h[ev]1 produc$ an unexpect$ result4 ,x =c$ ! m5 :o 7 oblig$ to keep peace betwe5 ^? mutually ho/ile p>ties to be mu* m tol]ant ?an !y w\ld h be5 o!rwise4 ,if bo? ! ,/u>ts & ,cromwell at diff]5t times ( _! c>e]s insi/$ ^u equal rights = all d5om9ations1 & hi/ory tells u !y did1 !y 7 mo/ c]ta9ly n animat$ by a love = ,presbyt]ians or ,high ,*ur*m51 or vice v]sa4 ,!y 7 m]ely mak+ ! be/ ( a v difficult b>ga94 ,! t]rible ?+s :i* happ5$ 9 ! colonies along ! ,bay ( ,massa*usetts1 :]e "o sect f9ally became all p[]ful1 %[ u :at w\ld h be5 ! fate ( ,engl& if any "o ( ! _m cont5d+ factions _h be5 able to e/abli% an absolute dictator%ip ov] ! entire c\ntry4 ,cromwell ( c\rse rea*$ ! po9t :]e he 0 able to d z he lik$4 ,b ! ,"l ,protector 0 a v wise man4 ,he knew t he rul$ by ! grace ( 8 iron brigade & c>efully avoid$ su* extremes ( conduct or ( legislation z w\ld h =c$ 8 oppon5ts to make common cause4 ,beyond t1 h[ev]1 8 ideas conc]n+ tol]ance did n g4 ,z = ! abom9able 8a!i/s0--! a=em5tion$ ,soc9ians & ,arm9ians & ,c>tesians & o!r apo/les ( ! div9e "r ( ! individual human be+1 _! lives 7 j z difficult z be=e4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,engli% 8,lib]t9es0 enjoy$ "o enorm\s advantage4 ,!y liv$ close to ! sea4 ,only ?irty-six h\rs ( sickness sep>at$ !m f ! safe asylum ( ! ,dut* cities4 ,z ! pr9t+ %ops ( ^! cities 7 turn+ out mo/ ( ! contrab& lit]ature ( s\!rn & we/]n ,europe1 a trip across ! ,nor? ,sea really meant a voyage to "o's publi%] & gave ! ent]pris+ travel] a *ance to ga!r 9 8 royalties & see :at 7 ! late/ additions to ! lit]ature ( intellectual prote/4 ,among ^? :o at "o "t or ano!r avail$ !mselves ( ?is conv5i5t opportunity = quiet /udy & peaceful reflection1 no "o has ga9$ a m des]v+ fame ?an ,john ,locke4 ,he 0 born 9 ! same ye> z ,sp9oza4 ,& l ,sp9oza 7inde$ l mo/ indep5d5t ?9k]s7 he 0 ! product ( an ess5tially pi\s h\sehold4 ,! p>5ts ( ,b>u* 7 or?odox ,jews4 ,! p>5ts ( ,john 7 or?odox ,*ri/ians4 ,und\bt$ly !y bo? meant well by _! *ildr5 :5 !y tra9$ !m 9 ! /rict doctr9es ( _! own respective cre$s4 ,b su* an education ei!r breaks a boy's _s or x turns him into a rebel4 ,b>u* & ,john1 n be+ ! sort t ev] surr5d]s1 gritt$ _! tee?1 left home & /ruck out = !mselves4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty ,locke w5t to ,ox=d & !re = ! fir/ "t he>d ( ,desc>tes4 ,b among ! du/y book-/alls ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,/reet he f\nd c]ta9 o!r volumes t 7 mu* to 8 ta/e4 ,= example1 !re 7 ! works ( ,?omas ,hobbes4 ,an int]e/+ figure1 ?is =m] /ud5t ( ,magdal5 ,college1 a re/less p]son :o _h visit$ ,italy & _h held conv]se ) ,galileo1 :o _h ex*ang$ lett]s ) ! great ,desc>tes himself & :o _h sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life on ! cont95t1 an exile f ! fury ( ! ,puritans4 ,betwe5 times he _h compos$ an enorm\s book :i* conta9$ all 8 ideas ^u e conceivable subject & :i* bore ! invit+ title ( 8,levia?an1 or ! ,matt]1 ,=m & ,p[] ( a ,commonweal?1 ,ecclesia/ical & ,civil40 ,?is le>n$ tome made its appe>ance :5 ,locke 0 9 8 ,sophomore ye>4 ,x 0 s outspok5 ^u ! nature ( pr9ces1 _! rights & mo/ especially _! duties1 t ev5 ! mo/ ?or\gh go+ ,cromwellian mu/ approve ( x1 & t _m ( ,cromwell's p>tisans felt incl9$ to p>don ?is d\bt+ ,?omas :o 0 a full-fl$g$ royali/ yet expos$ ! royali/ pret5sions 9 a volume t weigh$ n less ?an five p\nds4 ,( c\rse ,hobbes 0 ! sort ( p]son :om x has nev] be5 easy to classify4 ,8 contempor>ies call$ him a ,latitud9>ian4 ,t meant t he 0 m int]e/$ 9 ! e?ics ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ?an 9 ! discipl9e & ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* & believ$ 9 all[+ p a fair degree ( 8latitude0 9 _! attitude ^u ^? que/ions :i* !y reg>d$ z non-ess5tial4 ,locke _h ! same temp]am5t z ,hobbes4 ,he too rema9$ )9 ! ,*ur* until ! end ( 8 life b he 0 he>tily 9 favor ( a mo/ g5]\s int]pretation bo? ( life & ( fai?4 ,:at 0 ! use1 ,locke & 8 fri5ds argu$1 ( ridd+ ! c\ntry ( "o tyrant 7:o wore a gold5 cr[n7 if x only l$ up to a fre% abuse ( p[] by ano!r tyrant 7:o wore a black sl\* hat78 ,:y r5\nce allegiance to "o set ( prie/s & !n ! next day accept ! rule ( ano!r set ( prie/s :o 7 fully z ov]be>+ & arrogant z _! pr$ecessors8 ,logic und\bt$ly 0 on _! side b su* a po9t ( view c\ld n possibly be popul> among ^? :o w\ld h lo/ _! livelihood if ! 8latitude m50 _h be5 successful & _h *ang$ a rigid social sy/em into an e?ical debat+ society8 ,& al?\gh ,locke1 :o seems to h be5 a man ( great p]sonal *>m1 _h influ5tial fri5ds :o c\ld protect him aga9/ ! curiosity ( ! %]iffs1 ! day 0 soon to come :5 he w\ld no long] be able to escape ! suspicion ( be+ an a!i/4 ,t happ5$ 9 ! fall ( ! ye> #afhc1 & ,locke !reupon w5t to ,am/]dam4 ,sp9oza _h be5 dead = half a doz5 ye>s1 b ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ! ,dut* capital cont9u$ to be decid$ly lib]al & ,locke 0 giv5 a *ance to /udy & write )\t ! slighte/ int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! au?orities4 ,he 0 an indu/ri\s fell[ & dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( 8 exile he compos$ t fam\s 8,lett] on ,tol]ance0 :i* makes him "o ( ! h]oes ( our little hi/ory4 ,9 ?is lett] 7:i* "u ! criticism ( 8 oppon5ts grew into ?ree lett]s7 he flatly d5i$ t ! /ate _h ! "r to int]f]e ) religion4 ,! /ate1 z ,locke saw x 7& 9 ?is he 0 borne out by a fell[ exile1 a ,fr5*man by ! "n ( ,pi]re ,bayle1 :o 0 liv+ 9 ,rott]dam at t "t compos+ 8 incr$ibly le>n$ "o-man encyclop$ia71 ! /ate 0 m]ely a sort ( protective organization :i* a c]ta9 numb] ( p _h creat$ & cont9u$ to ma9ta9 = _! mutual b5efit & safety4 ,:y su* an organization %\ld presume to dictate :at ! individual citiz5s %\ld believe & :at n--t 0 some?+ :i* ,locke & 8 disciples fail$ to und]/&4 ,! /ate did n und]take to tell !m :at to eat or dr9k4 ,:y %\ld x =ce !m to visit "o *ur* & keep away f ano!r8 ,! sev5te5? c5tury1 z a result ( ! half-he>t$ victory ( ,prote/antism1 0 an era ( /range religi\s compromises4 ,! peace ( ,we/phalia :i* 0 suppos$ to make an end to all religi\s w>f>e _h laid d[n ! pr9ciple t 8all subjects %all foll[ ! religion ( _! rul]40 ,h5ce 9 "o six-by-n9e pr9cipality all citiz5s 7 ,lu!rans 7because ! local gr& duke 0 a ,lu!ran7 & 9 ! next !y 7 all ,ca?olics 7because ! local b>on happ5$ to be a ,ca?olic74 8,if10 s ,locke reason$1 8! ,/ate has ! "r to dictate to ! p conc]n+ ! future weal ( _! s\ls1 !n "o-half ( ! p are =eorda9$ to p]dition1 = s9ce bo? religions _c possibly be true 7accord+ to article ,i ( _! own cate*isms7 x foll[s t ^? :o are born on "o side ( a b\nd>y l9e are b\nd = ,heav5 & ^? :o are born on ! o!r side are b\nd = ,hell & 9 ?is way ! geographical accid5t ( bir? decides "o's future salvation40 ,t ,locke did n include ,ca?olics 9 8 s*eme ( tol]ance is regrettable1 b und]/&able4 ,to ! av]age ,briti%] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,ca?olicism 0 n a =m ( religi\s conviction b a political p>ty :i* _h nev] ceas$ to plot aga9/ ! safety ( ! ,engli% /ate1 :i* _h built ,armadas & _h b\ght b>rels ( gun-p[d] ) :i* to de/roy ! p>liam5t ( a suppos$ly fri5dly nation4 ,h5ce ,locke refus$ to 8 ,ca?olic oppon5ts ^? rights :i* he 0 will+ to grant to ! hea!n 9 8 colonies & ask$ t !y cont9ue to be exclud$ f ,8 ,maje/y's doma9s1 b solely on ! gr\nd ( _! dang]\s political activities & n because !y pr(ess$ a diff]5t fai?4 ,"o _h to g back almo/ sixte5 c5turies to he> su* s5tim5ts4 ,!n a ,roman emp]or _h laid d[n ! fam\s pr9ciple t religion 0 an affair betwe5 ! individual man & 8 ,god & t ,god 0 q capable ( tak+ c>e ( himself :5ev] he felt t 8 dignity _h be5 injur$4 ,! ,engli% p :o _h liv$ & prosp]$ ?r\gh f\r *anges ( gov]nm5t )9 less ?an sixty ye>s 7 incl9$ to see ! fundam5tal tru? ( su* an ideal ( tol]ance bas$ ^u common s5se4 ,:5 ,william ( ,orange cross$ ! ,nor? ,sea 9 ! ye> #afhh1 ,locke foll[$ him on ! next %ip1 :i* c>ri$ ! new ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,h5ce=? he liv$ a quiet & unev5tful exi/5ce & :5 he di$ at ! ripe old age ( sev5ty-two he 0 kn[n z a respectable au?or & no long] fe>$ z a h]etic4 ,civil w> is a t]rible ?+ b x has "o great advantage4 ,x cle>s ! atmosph]e4 ,! political diss5sions ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h completely consum$ ! sup]flu\s en]gy ( ! ,engli% nation & :ile ! citiz5s ( o!r c\ntries cont9u$ to kill ea* o!r = ! sake ( ! ,tr9ity & pr5atal damnation1 religi\s p]secution 9 ,great ,brita9 came to an end4 ,n[ & !n a too presumptu\s critic ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 l ,daniel ,defoe1 might come into unpleasant contact ) ! law1 b ! au?or ( 8,rob9son ,crusoe0 0 pillori$ because he 0 a humori/ r ?an an amateur !ologian & because ! ,anglo-,saxon race1 s9ce "t immemorial1 has felt an inborn suspicion ( irony4 ,_h ,defoe writt5 a s]i\s def5se ( tol]ance1 he w\ld h escap$ ) a reprim&4 ,:5 he turn$ 8 attack ^u ! tyranny ( ! *ur* into a semi-humor\s pamphlet entitl$ 8,! ,%orte/ ,way ) ,diss5t]s10 he %[$ t he 0 a vulg> p]son )\t a dec5t s5se ( ! proprieties & "o :o des]v$ no bett] ?an ! companion%ip ( ! pickpockets ( ,newgate ,prison4 ,ev5 !n ,defoe 0 =tunate t he _h nev] ext5d$ 8 travels beyond ! conf9es ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,= intol]ance hav+ be5 driv5 f ! "m c\ntry _h f\nd a mo/ welcome refuge 9 c]ta9 ( ! colonies on ! o!r side ( ! ocean4 ,& ?is 0 due n s mu* to ! "* ( ! p :o _h mov$ into ^! rec5tly discov]$ regions z to ! fact t ! new _w (f]$ inf9itely great] economic advantages ?an ! old "o4 ,9 ,engl& itself1 a small isl& s d5sely populat$ t x (f]$ /&+ room only to ! majority ( h] p1 all bus9ess w\ld soon h come to an end if ! p _h n be5 will+ to practice ! anci5t & honorable rule ( 8give & take40 ,b 9 ,am]ica1 a c\ntry ( unkn[n ext5t & unbelievable ri*es1 a cont95t inhabit$ by a m]e h&ful ( f>m]s & workm51 no su* compromise 0 necess>y4 ,& s x happ5$ t a small communi/ settlem5t on ! %ores ( ,massa*usetts ,bay c\ld develop into su* a /ronghold ( self-righte\s or?odoxy t ! l ( x _h n be5 se5 s9ce ! happy days :5 ,calv9 ex]cis$ ! functions ( ,*ief ( ,police & ,"l ,high ,execution] 9 we/]n ,switz]l&4 ,! cr$it = ! fir/ p]man5t settlem5t 9 ! *illy regions ( ! ,*>les ,riv] usually goes to a small gr\p ( p :o are ref]r$ to z ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs4 ,a ,pilgrim1 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 is "o :o 8j\rneys to a sacr$ place z an act ( religi\s devotion40 ,! pass5g]s ( ! ,mayfl[] 7 n pilgrims 9 t s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y 7 ,engli% bricklay]s & tailors & cord-wa9]s & blacksmi?s & :eelwrights :o _h left _! c\ntry to escape c]ta9 ( ^? hat$ 8pop]ies0 :i* cont9u$ to cl+ to ! wor%ip 9 mo/ ( ! *ur*es ar\nd !m4 ,fir/ !y _h cross$ ! ,nor? ,sea & _h gone to ,holl& :]e !y arriv$ at a mom5t ( great economic depression4 ,our s*ool-books cont9ue to ascribe _! desire = fur!r travel to _! unwill+ness to let _! *ildr5 le>n ! ,dut* language & o!rwise to see !m absorb$ by ! c\ntry ( _! adoption4 ,x seems v unlikely1 h[ev]1 t ^? simple folk 7 guilty ( su* %ock+ +ratitude & purposely foll[$ a mo/ repreh5sible c\rse ( hyph5ation4 ,! tru? is t mo/ ( ! "t !y 7 =c$ to live 9 ! slums1 t !y f\nd x v difficult to make a liv+ 9 an already ov]-populat$ c\ntry1 & t !y expect$ a bett] rev5ue f tobacco plant+ 9 ,am]ica ?an f wool-c>d+ 9 ,leid54 ,h5ce to ,virg9ia !y sail$1 b hav+ be5 ?r[n by adv]se curr5ts & bad seaman%ip ^u ! %ores ( ,massa*usetts1 !y decid$ to /ay :]e !y 7 r ?an risk ! horrors ( ano!r voyage 9 _! leaky tub4 ,b al?\gh !y _h n[ escap$ ! dang]s ( dr[n+ & seasickness1 !y 7 /ill 9 a highly p]il\s position4 ,mo/ ( !m came f small cities 9 ! he>t ( ,engl& & _h little aptitude = a life ( pione]+4 ,_! communi/ic ideas 7 %att]$ by ! cold1 _! civic en?usiasm 0 *ill$ by ! endless gales & _! wives & *ildr5 7 kill$ by an abs5ce ( dec5t food4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! few :o surviv$ ! fir/ ?ree w9t]s1 good-natur$ p accu/om$ to ! r\gh & ready tol]ance ( ! home c\ntry1 7 entirely swamp$ by ! arrival ( ?\s&s ( new coloni/s :o )\t exception belong$ to a /]n] & less compromis+ v>iety ( ,puritan fai? & :o made ,massa*usetts :at x 0 to rema9 = sev]al c5turies1 ! ,g5eva on ! ,*>les ,riv]4 ,hang+ on = de> life to _! small /ret* ( l&1 =ev] on ! v]ge ( disa/]1 !y felt m ?an ev] incl9$ to f9d an excuse = ev]y?+ !y ?\ght & did )9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,cut (f f polite human society & books1 !y began to develop a /range religi\s psy*e ( _! own4 ,9 _! own eyes !y _h fall5 heir to ! traditions ( ,moses & ,gideon & soon became v]itable ,maccabees to _! ,indian neighbors ( ! we/4 ,!y _h no?+ to reconcile !m to _! lives ( h>d%ip & drudg]y except ! conviction t !y 7 suff]+ = ! sake ( ! only true fai?4 ,h5ce _! conclusion 7easily arriv$ at7 t all o!r p mu/ be wrong4 ,h5ce ! brutal treatm5t ( ^? :o fail$ to %>e _! own views1 :o sugge/$ by implication t ! ,puritan way ( do+ & ?9k+ 0 n ! only "r way4 ,h5ce ! exclusion f _! c\ntry ( all h>mless diss5t]s :o 7 ei!r unm]cifully flogg$ & !n driv5 into ! wild]ness or suff]$ ! loss ( _! e>s & tongues unless !y 7 =tunate en\gh to f9d a refuge 9 "o ( ! neighbor+ colonies :i* belong$ to ! ,sw$es & ! ,dut*4 ,no1 = ! cause ( religi\s fre$om or tol]ance1 ?is colony a*iev$ no?+ except 9 t r\ndab\t & involunt>y fa%ion :i* is s common 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress4 ,! v viol5ce ( _! religi\s despotism br\ght ab\t a reaction 9 favor ( a m lib]al policy4 ,aft] almo/ two c5turies ( m9i/]ial tyranny1 !re arose a new g5]ation :i* 0 ! op5 & av[$ enemy ( all =ms ( prie/-rule1 :i* believ$ pr(\ndly 9 ! desirability ( ! sep>ation ( /ate & *ur* & :i* look$ askance ^u ! ance/ral admixture ( religion & politics4 ,by a /roke ( good luck ?is developm5t came ab\t v sl[ly & ! crisis did n occur until ! p]iod imm$iately be=e ! outbreak ( ho/ilities betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & h] ,am]ican colonies4 ,z a result1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 writt5 by m5 :o 7 ei!r free?9k]s or secret enemies ( ! old-fa%ion$ ,calv9ism & :o incorporat$ into ?is docum5t c]ta9 highly mod]n pr9ciples :i* h prov$ ( ! greate/ value 9 ma9ta9+ ! peaceful balance ( our republic4 ,b ere ?is happ5$1 ! new _w _h exp]i5c$ a mo/ unexpect$ developm5t 9 ! field ( tol]ance & curi\sly en\gh x took place 9 a ,ca?olic community1 9 t "p ( ,am]ica n[ cov]$ by ! free /ate ( ,m>yl&4 ,! ,calv]ts1 :o 7 responsible = ?is int]e/+ exp]im5t1 7 ( ,flemi% orig91 b ! fa!r _h mov$ to ,engl& & _h r5d]$ v di/+ui%$ s]vices to ! h\se ( ,/u>t4 ,orig9ally !y _h be5 ,prote/ants1 b ,george ,calv]t1 private secret>y & g5]al utility man to ,k+ ,james ,i1 _h become s utt]ly disgu/$ ) ! futile !ological haggl+ ( 8 contempor>ies t he return$ to ! old fai?4 ,good1 bad or indiff]5t1 x call$ black1 black & :ite1 :ite & did n leave ! f9al settlem5t ( e po9t ( doctr9e to ! discretion ( a bo>d ( semi-lit]ate deacons4 ,?is ,george ,calv]t1 s x seems1 0 a man ( p>ts4 ,8 back-slid+ 7a v s]i\s (f5se 9 ^? days67 did n lose him ! favor ( 8 royal ma/]4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 made ,b>on ,baltimore ( ,baltimore & 0 promis$ e sort ( assi/ance :5 he plann$ to e/abli% a little colony ( 8 own = ! b5efit ( p]secut$ ,ca?olics4 ,fir/1 he tri$ 8 luck 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,b 8 settl]s 7 froz5 out ( h\se & home & 8 ,lord%ip !n ask$ = a few ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! ,virg9ians1 h[ev]1 /aun*ly ,episcopalian1 w\ld h naught ( su* dang]\s neighbors & ,baltimore !n ask$ = a slice ( t wild]ness :i* lay betwe5 ,virg9ia & ! ,dut* & ,sw$i% possessions ( ! nor?4 ,ere he receiv$ 8 *>t] he di$4 ,8 son ,cecil1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ ! good "w1 & 9 ! w9t] ( #afcc-afcd two little %ips1 ! ,ark & ! ,dove1 "u comm& ( ,leon>d ,calv]t1 bro!r to ,george1 cross$ ! ocean1 & 9 ,m>* ( #afcd !y safely l&$ _! pass5g]s on ! %ores ( ! ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! new c\ntry 0 call$ ,m>yl&4 ,?is 0 done 9 honor ( ,m>y1 daught] ( t ,fr5* k+1 ,h5ri ,,iv1 ^: plans = a ,european ,league ( ,nations _h be5 cut %ort by ! dagg] ( a crazy monk1 & wife to t ,engli% mon>* :o soon aft]w>ds 0 to lose 8 head at ! h&s ( 8 ,puritan subjects4 ,?is extraord9>y colony :i* did n ext]m9ate its ,indian neighbors & (f]$ equal opportunities to bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants pass$ ?r\gh _m difficult ye>s4 ,fir/ ( all x 0 ov]run by ,episcopalians :o tri$ to escape ! fi]ce intol]ance ( ! ,puritans 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,next x 0 invad$ by ,puritans :o tri$ to escape ! fi]ce intol]ance ( ! ,episcopalians 9 ,virg9ia4 ,& ! two gr\ps ( fugitives1 ) ! usual arrogance ( t sort ( p1 tri$ h>d to introduce _! own 8correct =m ( wor%ip0 into ! commonweal? t _h j (f]$ !m refuge4 ,z 8all disputes :i* might give rise to religi\s passions0 7 expressly =bidd5 on ,m>yl& t]ritory1 ! old] coloni/s 7 entirely )9 _! "r :5 !y bade bo? ,episcopalians & ,puritans to keep ! peace4 ,b soon aft]w>ds w> broke out 9 ! home c\ntry betwe5 ! ,cavali]s & ! ,r\ndheads & ! ,m>yl&]s fe>$ t1 no matt] :o %\ld w91 !y w\ld lose _! old fre$om4 ,h5ce1 9 ,april ( ! ye> #afdi & %ortly aft] news ( ! execution ( ,*>les ,i _h rea*$ !m1 & at ! direct sugge/ion ( ,cecil ,calv]t1 !y pass$ _! fam\s ,act ( ,tol]ance :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 conta9$ ?is excell5t passage3 8,t s9ce ! co]cion ( consci5ce 9 ! matt] ( religion has (t5 produc$ v h>mful results 9 ^? communities 9 :i* x 0 ex]cis$1 = ! m tranquil & pacific gov]nm5t 9 ?is prov9ce & = ! bett] pres]vation ( mutual love & unity among its inhabitants1 x is h]eby decid$ t nobody 9 ?is prov9ce :o pr(esses fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ %all be di/urb$1 mole/$ or p]secut$ 9 any way = reasons respect+ 8 religion or ! free ex]cise !re(40 ,t su* an act c\ld be pass$ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! ,jesuits occupi$ a favorite position %[s t ! ,baltimore family 0 possess$ ( rem>kable political ability & ( m ?an ord9>y c\rage4 ,h[ pr(\ndly ?is g5]\s _s 0 appreciat$ by "s ( _! gue/s 0 %[n 9 ! same ye> :5 a numb] ( ,puritan exiles ov]?rew ! gov]nm5t ( ,m>yl&1 aboli%$ ! ,act ( ,tol]ance & replac$ x by an 8,act ,conc]n+ ,religion0 ( _! own :i* grant$ full religi\s lib]ty to all ^? :o decl>$ !mselves ,*ri/ians 8) ! exception ( ,ca?olics & ,episcopalians40 ,?is p]iod ( reaction =tunately did n la/ long4 ,9 ! ye> #affj ! ,/u>ts return$ to p[] & once m ! ,baltimores reign$ 9 ,m>yl&4 ,! next attack ^u _! policy came f ! o!r side4 ,! ,episcopalians ga9$ a complete victory 9 ! "m c\ntry & !y insi/$ t h5ce=? _! *ur* %\ld be ! (ficial *ur* ( all ! colonies4 ,! ,calv]ts cont9u$ to fight b !y f\nd x impossible to attract new coloni/s4 ,& s1 aft] a /ruggle :i* la/$ ano!r g5]ation1 ! exp]im5t came to an end4 ,prote/antism triumph$4 ,s did intol]ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,sun ,,k+ ,! eighte5? c5tury is usually ref]r$ to z an era ( despotism4 ,& 9 an age :i* believes 9 ! dogma ( democracy1 despotism1 h[ev] enlight5$1 is n apt to be reg>d$ z a desirable =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,hi/orians :o mean well by ! human race are v apt to po9t ! f+] ( scorn at t great mon>* ,l\is ,,xiv & ask u to draw our own conclusions4 ,:5 ?is brilliant sov]eign came to ! ?rone1 he inh]it$ a c\ntry 9 :i* ! =ces ( ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism 7 s ev5ly balanc$ t ! two p>ties1 aft] a c5tury ( mutual assass9ation 7) ! odds heavily 9 favor ( ! ,ca?olics71 _h at la/ conclud$ a def9ite peace & _h promis$ to accept ea* o!r z unwelcome b unavoidable neighbors & fell[ citiz5s4 ,! 8p]petual & irrevocable0 ,edict ( ,nantes ( ! ye> #aeih :i* conta9$ ! t]ms ( agreem5t1 /at$ t ! ,ca?olic religion 0 ! (ficial religion ( ! /ate b t ! ,prote/ants %\ld enjoy complete lib]ty ( consci5ce & %\ld n suff] any p]secution on acc\nt ( _! belief4 ,!y 7 fur!rmore all[$ to build *ur*es ( _! own & to hold public (fice4 ,& z a tok5 ( good fai?1 ! ,prote/ants 7 all[$ to hold two hundr$ =tifi$ cities & villages )9 ! realm ( ,france4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 an impossible arrangem5t4 ,! ,hugu5ots 7 no angels4 ,to leave two hundr$ ( ! mo/ prosp]\s cities & villages ( ,france 9 ! h&s ( a political p>ty :i* 0 ! sworn enemy ( ! gov]nm5t 0 q z absurd z if we %\ld surr5d] ,*icago & ,san ,francisco & ,philadelphia to ! ,democrats to make !m accept a ,republican adm9i/ration1 or vice v]sa4 ,ri*elieu1 z intellig5t a man z ev] rul$ a c\ntry1 recogniz$ ?is4 ,aft] a long /ruggle he depriv$ ! ,prote/ants ( _! political p[]1 b al?\gh a c>d9al by pr(ession1 he scrupul\sly refra9$ f any int]f]5ce ) _! religi\s fre$om4 ,! ,hugu5ots c\ld no long] conduct indep5d5t diplomatic negotiations ) ! enemies ( _! own c\ntry1 b o!rwise !y enjoy$ ! same privileges z be=e & c\ld s+ psalms & li/5 to s]mons or n z pleas$ !m4 ,maz>91 ! next man to rule ,france 9 ! real s5se ( ! ^w1 _h foll[$ a simil> policy4 ,b he di$ 9 ! ye> #affa4 ,!n "y ,l\is ,,xiv p]sonally und]took to rule 8 doma9s1 & !re 0 an end to ! era ( good w4 ,x seems mo/ un=tunate t :5 ?is brilliant if disreputable ,maje/y 0 =c$ = once 9 8 life into ! companion%ip ( dec5t p he %\ld h fall5 into ! clut*es ( a good woman :o 0 also a religi\s fanatic4 ,franoise d',aubign1 ! wid[ ( a lit]>y hack by ! "n ( ,sc>ron1 _h begun h] c>e] at ! ,fr5* c\rt z gov]ness to ! sev5 illegitimate *ildr5 ( ,l\is ,,xiv & ! ,m>quise de ,montespan4 ,:5 t lady's love philtres ceas$ to h ! desir$ effect & ! ,k+ began to %[ occasional signs ( bor$om1 x 0 ! gov]ness :o /epp$ into h] %oes4 ,only %e 0 diff]5t f all h] pr$ecessors4 ,be=e %e agre$ to move into ,8 ,maje/y's ap>tm5ts1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is _h duly solemniz$ h] m>riage to ! desc5dant ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s ! p[] beh9d ! ?rone 0 !re=e 9 ! h&s ( a woman :o 0 completely dom9at$ by h] confessor4 ,! cl]gy ( ,france _h nev] =giv5 ei!r ,ri*elieu or ,maz>9 = _! conciliatory attitude t[>ds ! ,prote/ants4 ,n[ at la/ !y _h a *ance to undo ! "w ( ^! %rewd /atesm5 & !y w5t to x ) a w4 ,= n only 7 !y ! (ficial advis]s ( ! ,que51 b !y also became ! bank]s ( ! ,k+4 ,t aga9 is a curi\s /ory4 ,dur+ ! la/ eight c5turies ! mona/]ies _h accumulat$ ! great] "p ( ! weal? ( ,france & z !y paid no taxes 9 a c\ntry :i* suff]$ p]petually f a deplet$ treasury1 _! surplus weal? 0 ( great importance4 ,& ,8 ,maje/y1 ^: glory 0 great] ?an 8 cr$it1 made a grateful use ( ?is opportunity to repl5i% 8 own c(f]s & 9 ex*ange = c]ta9 favors ext5d$ to 8 cl]ical support]s he 0 all[$ to borr[ z mu* money z he want$4 ,9 ?is way ! diff]5t /ipulations ( ! 8irrevocable0 ,edict ( ,nantes 7 "o by "o revok$4 ,at fir/ ! ,prote/ant religion 0 n actually =bidd51 b life = ^? :o rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,hugu5ot cause 0 made exasp]at+ly uncom=table4 ,:ole regim5ts ( dragoons 7 turn$ loose ^u ^? prov9ces :]e ! false doctr9es 7 suppos$ to be mo/ /rongly entr5*$4 ,! soldi]s 7 billet$ among ! inhabitants ) in/ructions to make !mselves ?or\ghly dete/able4 ,!y ate ! food & drank ! w9e & /ole ! =ks & spoons & broke ! furniture & insult$ ! wives & daught]s ( p]fectly h>mless citiz5s & g5]ally behav$ z if !y 7 9 a conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,:5 _! poor ho/s1 9 _! despair1 ru%$ to ! c\rts = "s =m ( r$ress & protection1 !y 7 laugh$ at = _! tr\ble & 7 told t !y _h br\ght _! mis=tunes ^u _! own heads & knew p]fectly well h[ !y c\ld get rid ( _! unwelcome gue/s & at ! same "t rega9 ! good w ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,a few1 a v few1 foll[$ ?is sugge/ion & all[$ !mselves to be baptiz$ by ! ne>e/ village prie/4 ,b ! va/ majority ( ^! simple p rema9$ fai?ful to ! ideals ( _! *ildhood4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 :5 "o aft] ano!r _! *ur*es 7 clos$ & _! cl]gy 7 s5t to ! galleys1 !y began to und]/& t !y 7 doom$4 ,r ?an surr5d]1 !y decid$ to g into exile4 ,b :5 !y rea*$ ! fronti]1 !y 7 told t no "o 0 all[$ to leave ! c\ntry1 t ^? :o 7 caught 9 ! act 7 to be hang$1 & t ^? :o aid$ & abett$ su* fugitives 7 liable to be s5t to ! galleys = life4 ,!re are app>5tly c]ta9 ?+s :i* ?is _w w nev] le>n4 ,f ! days ( ! ,ph>aohs to ^? ( ,l591 all gov]nm5ts at "o "t or ano!r h tri$ ! policy ( 8clos+ ! fronti]0 & none ( !m has ev] be5 able to score a success4 ,p :o want to get out s badly t !y are will+ to take all sorts ( risks c inv>iably f9d a way4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,fr5* ,prote/ants took to ! 8und]gr\nd r\te0 & soon aft]w>ds appe>$ 9 ,london or ,am/]dam or ,b]l9 or ,basel4 ,( c\rse1 su* fugitives 7 n able to c>ry mu* ready ca%4 ,b !y 7 kn[n ev]y:]e z hone/ & h>d work+ m]*ants & artisans4 ,_! cr$it 0 good & _! en]gy undim9i%$4 ,aft] a few ye>s !y usually rega9$ t prosp]ity :i* _h be5 _! %>e 9 ! old c\ntry & ! home gov]nm5t 0 depriv$ ( a liv+ economic asset ( incalculable value4 ,inde$1 x is no exagg]ation to say t ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 0 ! prelude to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,france _h be5 & /ill 0 a v ri* c\ntry4 ,b comm]ce & cl]icalism h nev] be5 able to cop]ate4 ,f ! mom5t t ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t surr5d]$ to petticoats & cassocks1 h] fate 0 seal$4 ,! same p5 t decre$ ! expulsion ( ! ,hugu5ots sign$ ! dea?-w>rant ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great ,! h\se ( ,hoh5zoll]n has nev] be5 fam\s = its love ( popul> =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ere ! crazy /ra9 ( ! ,bav>ian ,wittelsba*s _h ta9t$ ?is sob]-m9d$ family ( bookkeep]s & ov]se]s1 !y r5d]$ "s v useful s]vice to ! cause ( tol]ance4 ,9 "p ?is 0 ! result ( a practical necessity4 ,! ,hoh5zoll]ns _h fall5 heir to ! poore/ "p ( ,europe1 a half-populat$ wild]ness ( s& & =e/s4 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> _h left !m bankrupt4 ,!y ne$$ bo? m5 & money to />t 9 bus9ess once m & !y set out to get !m1 reg>dless ( race1 cre$ or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,! fa!r ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 a vulg>ian ) ! mann]s ( a coal-heav] & ! p]sonal ta/es ( a b>t5d]1 c\ld gr[ q t5d] :5 he 0 call$ ^u to meet a delegation ( =eign fugitives4 8,! m ! m]ri]10 0 8 motto 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! vital /ati/ics ( 8 k+dom & he collect$ ! dis9h]it$ ( all nations z c>efully z he collect$ ! six-foot-?ree gr5adi]s ( 8 lifegu>d4 ,8 son 0 ( a v diff]5t calib]1 a highly civiliz$ human be+ :o1 hav+ be5 =bidd5 by 8 fa!r to /udy ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 _h made a speciality ( bo? languages & greatly pref]r$ ! prose ( ,montaigne to ! poetry ( ,lu!r & ! wisdom ( ,epictetus ( t ( ! ,m9or ,prophets4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t sev]ity ( 8 fa!r 7:o ord]$ ! boy's be/ fri5d to be decapitat$ 9 front ( 8 w9d[ s z to tea* him a lesson 9 ob$i5ce7 _h n incl9$ 8 he>t t[>d ^? ,judaean ideals ( rectitude ( :i* ! ,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ m9i/]s ( 8 day 7 apt to speak ) su* great praise4 ,he came to reg>d all religion z a survival ( prehi/oric fe> & ignorance1 a mood ( subs]vi5ce c>efully enc\rag$ by a small class ( clev] & unscrupul\s fell[s :o knew h[ to make good use ( _! own pre-em95t position by liv+ pleasantly at ! exp5se ( _! neighbors4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 ,*ri/ianity & ev5 m s 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ himself1 b he approa*$ ! subject by way ( ,locke & ,soc9ius & z a result he 01 9 religi\s matt]s at lea/1 a v broad m9d$ p]son1 & c\ld truly boa/ t 9 8 c\ntry 8e "o c\ld f9d salvation aft] 8 own fa%ion40 ,?is clev] say+ he made ! basis = all 8 fur!r exp]im5ts along ! l9e ( ,tol]ance4 ,= example1 he decre$ t all religions 7 good z long z ^? :o pr(ess$ !m 7 upright p :o l$ dec5t1 law-abid+ lives2 t !re=e all cre$s mu/ enjoy equal rights & ! /ate mu/ nev] int]f]e 9 religi\s que/ions1 b mu/ cont5t h]self ) play+ policeman & keep+ ! peace betwe5 ! diff]5t d5om9ations4 ,& because he truly believ$ ?is1 he ask$ no?+ ( 8 subjects except t !y be ob$i5t & fai?ful & leave ! f9al judgm5t ( _! ?\ghts & de$s 8to ,him alone :o knew ! consci5ce ( m50 & ( :om he 7! ,k+7 did n v5ture to =m s small an op9ion z to believe him to be 9 ne$ ( t human assi/ance :i* imag9es t x c fur!r ! div9e purpose by ! ex]cise ( viol5ce & cruelty4 ,9 all ^! ideas1 ,fr$]ick 0 a c\ple ( c5turies ahead ( 8 day4 ,8 contempor>ies %ook _! heads :5 ! k+ gave 8 ,ca?olic subjects a piece ( l& t !y might build !mselves a *ur* "r 9 ! he>t ( 8 capital4 ,!y began to murmur om9\s words ( w>n+ :5 he made himself ! protector ( ! ,jesuit ord]1 :i* _h j be5 driv5 out ( mo/ ,ca?olic c\ntries1 & !y def9itely ceas$ to reg>d him z a ,*ri/ian :5 he claim$ t e?ics & religion _h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r & t ea* man c\ld believe :atev] he pleas$ z long z he paid 8 taxes & s]v$ 8 "t 9 ! army4 ,because at t "t !y happ5$ to live )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,prussia1 ^! critics held _! peace1 = ,8 ,maje/y 0 a ma/] ( epigram & a witty rem>k on ! m>g9 ( a royal rescript c\ld d /range ?+s to ! c>e] ( ^? :o 9 "s way or ano!r _h fail$ to please him4 ,! fact h[ev] rema9s t x 0 ! head ( an unlimit$ mon>*y1 an autocrat ( ?irty ye>s' /&+1 :o gave ,europe a fir/ ta/e ( almo/ complete religi\s lib]ty4 ,9 ?is di/ant corn] ( ,europe1 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic & ,jew & ,turk & ,agno/ic enjoy$ = ! fir/ "t 9 _! lives equal rights & equal pr]ogatives4 ,^? :o pref]r$ to we> r$ coats c\ld n "l x ov] _! neighbors :o pref]r$ to we> gre5 coats1 & vice v]sa4 ,& ! p :o w5t back = _! spiritual consolation to ,nicaea 7 =c$ to live 9 peace & amity ) o!rs :o w\ld z soon h supp$ ) ! ,devil z ) ! ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,t ,fr$]ick 0 entirely pleas$ ) ! outcome ( 8 labors1 t ,i r d\bt4 ,:5 he felt 8 la/ h\r approa*+1 he s5t = 8 fai?ful dogs4 ,!y seem$ bett] company 9 ?is supreme h\r ?an ! memb]s ( 8! s-call$ human race40 7,8 ,maje/y 0 a columni/ ( no mean ability47 ,& s he di$1 ano!r ,m>cus ,aurelius :o _h /ray$ into ! wrong c5tury & :o1 l 8 great pr$ecessor1 left a h]itage :i* 0 entirely too good = 8 successors4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,voltaire ,9 ?is day & age we he> a great deal ( talk ab\t ! nef>i\s labors ( ! press ag5t & _m good p d5\nce 8publicity0 z an inv5tion ( ! mod]n devil ( success1 a new-fangl$ & disreputable me?od ( attract+ att5tion to a p]son or to a cause4 ,b ?is compla9t is z old z ! hills4 ,ev5ts ( ! pa/1 :5 exam9$ )\t prejudice1 completely contradict ! popul> notion t publicity is some?+ ( rec5t orig94 ,! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 bo? major & m9or1 7 pa/-ma/]s 9 ! art ( attract+ a cr[d4 ,greek hi/ory & ,roman hi/ory are "o long succession ( :at we p ( ! j\rnali/ic pr(ession call 8publicity /unts40 ,"s ( t publicity 0 dignifi$4 ,a great deal ( x 0 ( s pat5t & blatant a nature t today ev5 ,broadway w\ld refuse to fall = x4 ,re=m]s l ,lu!r & ,calv9 fully und]/ood ! trem5d\s value ( c>efully pre-arrang$ publicity4 ,& we _c blame !m4 ,!y 7 n ! sort ( m5 :o c\ld be happy gr[+ humbly by ! side ( ! road l ! blu%+ daisies4 ,!y 7 v mu* 9 e>ne/4 ,!y want$ _! ideas to live4 ,h[ c\ld !y hope to succe$ )\t attract+ a cr[d ( foll[]s8 ,a ,?omas ,kempis c become a great moral influ5ce by sp5d+ eighty ye>s 9 a quiet corn] ( a mona/]y1 = su* long volunt>y exile1 if duly adv]tis$ 7z x 071 becomes an excell5t sell+ po9t & makes p curi\s to see ! little book :i* 0 born ( a lifetime ( pray] & m$itation4 ,b a ,francis ( ,assisi or a ,loyola1 :o hope to see "s tangible results ( _! "w :ile !y are /ill on ?is planet1 mu/ willy-nilly resort to me?ods n[ usually associat$ ) a circus or a new movie />4 ,*ri/ianity lays great /ress ^u mode/y & praises ^? :o are humble ( _s4 ,b ! s]mon :i* extols ^! virtues 0 deliv]$ "u circum/ances :i* h made x a subject ( conv]sation to ?is v day4 ,no wond] t ^? m5 & wom5 :o 7 d5\nc$ z ! ar* enemies ( ! ,*ur* took a leaf out ( ! ,holy ,book & resort$ to c]ta9 r obvi\s me?ods ( publicity :5 !y began _! great fight ^u ! spiritual tyranny :i* held ! we/]n _w 9 bondage4 ,i (f] ?is slight explanation because ,voltaire1 ! greate/ ( all virtuosos 9 ! field ( free adv]tisem5t1 has v (t5 be5 blam$ = ! way 9 :i* he sometimes play$ ^u ! tom-tom ( public consci\sness4 ,p]haps he did n always %[ ! be/ ( good ta/e4 ,b ^? ^: lives he sav$ may h felt diff]5tly ab\t x4 ,& fur!rmore1 j z ! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+1 ! success or failure ( a man l ,voltaire %\ld be measur$ by ! s]vices he actually r5d]$ to 8 fell[-m5 & n by 8 pr$ilection = c]ta9 sorts ( dress+-g[ns1 jokes & wall-pap]4 ,9 an outbur/ ( ju/ifiable pride ?is /range creature once said1 8,:at ( x if ,i h no scept]8 ,i h got a p540 ,& "r he 04 ,he _h a p54 ,any numb] ( p5s4 ,he 0 ! born enemy ( ! goose & us$ m quills ?an two doz5 ord9>y writ]s4 ,he belong$ to t class ( lit]>y giants :o all alone & "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances c turn out z mu* copy z an entire syndicate ( mod]n sport writ]s4 ,he scribbl$ on ! tables ( dirty c\ntry inns4 ,he compos$ endless hexamet]s 9 ! *illy gue/-rooms ( lonely c\ntry h\ses4 ,8 scrawls litt]$ ! floors ( d+y bo>d+-h\ses 9 ,gre5wi*4 ,he spatt]$ ink ^u ! c>pets ( ! royal ,prussian resid5ce & us$ reams ( ! private /ation]y :i* bore ! monogram ( ! gov]nor ( ! ,ba/ille4 ,be=e he _h ceas$ to play ) a hoop & m>bles1 ,n9on de ,l5clos _h pres5t$ him ) a consid]able sum ( pocket-money t he might 8buy "s books10 & eighty ye>s lat]1 9 ! self-same t[n ( ,p>is1 we he> him ask = a pad ( foolscap & unlimit$ c(fee t he may f9i% yet "o m volume be=e ! inevitable h\r ( d>kness & re/4 ,8 trag$ies1 h[ev]1 & 8 /ories1 8 poetry & 8 treatises ^u philosophy & physics1 d n entitle him to an entire *apt] ( ?is book4 ,he wrote no bett] v]ses ?an half a hundr$ o!r sonnete]s ( t era4 ,z a hi/orian he 0 bo? unreliable & dull1 :ile 8 v5tures 9 ! realm ( sci5ce 7 no bett] ?an ! sort ( /uff we f9d 9 ! ,sunday pap]s4 ,b z ! brave & unyield+ enemy ( all t 0 /upid & n>r[ & bigot$ & cruel1 he wield$ an influ5ce :i* has endur$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,great ,civil ,w> ( ! ye> #aiad4 ,! age 9 :i* he liv$ 0 a p]iod ( extremes4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! utt] selfi%ness & corruption ( a religi\s1 social & economic sy/em :i* _h long s9ce outliv$ its usefulness4 ,on ! o!r side1 a l>ge numb] ( eag] b ov]zeal\s "y m5 & "y wom5 ready to br+ ab\t a mill5nium :i* 0 bas$ ^u no?+ m sub/antial ?an _! good int5tions4 ,a humor\s fate dropp$ ?is pale & sickly son ( an inconspicu\s not>y public into ?is mael/rom ( %>ks & pollywogs1 & bade him s9k or swim4 ,he pref]r$ to swim & /ruck out = %ore4 ,! me?ods he employ$ dur+ 8 long /ruggle ) adv]se circum/ances 7 (t5 ( a que/ionable nature4 ,he begg$ & flatt]$ & play$ ! cl[n4 ,b ?is 0 9 ! days be=e royalties & lit]>y ag5ts4 ,& let ! au?or :o nev] wrote a potboil] ?r[ ! fir/ /one6 ,n t ,voltaire w\ld h be5 greatly worri$ by a few additional bricks4 ,dur+ a long & busy life devot$ to w>f>e ^u /upidity1 he _h exp]i5c$ too _m defeats to worry ab\t su* trifles z a public beat+ or a c\ple ( well aim$ banana peels4 ,b he 0 a man ( indomitable good *e]4 ,if today he mu/ sp5d 8 leisure h\rs 9 ,8 ,maje/y's prison1 tomorr[ he may f9d himself honor$ ) a high titul>y position at ! same c\rt f :i* he has j be5 bani%$4 ,& if all 8 life he is oblig$ to li/5 to angry village prie/s d5\nc+ him z ! enemy ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 isn't !re some:]e 9 a cupbo>d fill$ ) old love lett]s t beautiful m$al pres5t$ to him by ! ,pope to prove t he c ga9 ! approbation ( ,holy ,*ur* z well z h] disapproval8 ,x 0 all 9 ! day's "w4 ,mean:ile he fully int5d$ to enjoy himself hugely & cr[d 8 days & weeks & mon?s & ye>s ) a /range & colorful assortm5t ( ! mo/ v>iegat$ exp]i5ces4 ,by bir? ,voltaire belong$ to ! bett] middle class4 ,8 fa!r 0 :at = ! lack ( a bett] t]m we might call a sort ( private tru/ company4 ,he 0 ! confid5tial h&y-man ( a numb] ( ri* nobles & look$ aft] _! legal & f9ancial int]e/s4 ,"y ,ar\et 7= t 0 ! family "n7 0 !re=e accu/om$ to a society a little bett] ?an t ( 8 own p1 some?+ :i* lat] 9 life gave him a great advantage ov] mo/ ( 8 lit]>y rivals4 ,8 "m 0 a c]ta9 ,mademoiselle d',aum>d4 ,%e _h be5 a poor girl :o did n br+ h] husb& a c5t ( d[ry4 ,b %e 0 possess$ ( t small 8d'0 :i* all ,fr5*m5 ( ! middle classes 7& all ,europeans 9 g5]al & a few ,am]icans 9 p>ticul>7 reg>d ) humble awe1 & h] husb& ?\ght himself pretty lucky to w9 su* a prize4 ,z = ! son1 he also bask$ 9 ! reflect$ glory ( 8 ennobl$ gr&p>5ts & z soon z he began to write1 he ex*ang$ ! plebeian ,franois ,m>ie ,ar\et = ! m ari/ocratic ,franois ,m>ie de ,voltaire1 b h[ & :]e he hit ^u ?is surname is /ill a good deal ( a my/]y4 ,he _h a bro!r & a si/]4 ,! si/]1 :o took c>e ( him aft] 8 "m's dea?1 he lov$ v s9c]ely4 ,! bro!r1 on ! o!r h&1 a fai?ful prie/ ( ! ,jans5i/ d5om9ation1 full ( zeal & rectitude1 bor$ him to di/raction & 0 "o ( ! reasons :y he sp5t z little "t z possible und]nea? ! pat]nal %+les4 ,fa!r ,ar\et 0 no fool & soon discov]$ t 8 little 8,zozo0 promis$ to be a h&ful4 ,:]e=e he s5t him to ! ,jesuits t he might become v]s$ 9 ,lat9 hexamet]s & ,sp>tan discipl9e4 ,! good fa!rs did _! be/ by him4 ,!y gave _! sp9dly-legg$ pupil a s\nd tra9+ 9 ! rudim5ts ( bo? ! dead & liv+ tongues4 ,b !y f\nd x impossible to eradicate a c]ta9 bump ( 8que]ness0 :i* f ! v beg9n+ _h set ?is *ild ap>t f ! o!r s*ol>s4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 !y will+ly let him g1 & to please 8 fa!r1 "y ,franois !n took up ! /udy ( ! law4 ,un=tunately "o c\ld n read all day long4 ,!re 7 ! long h\rs ( ! lazy ev5+s4 ,^! h\rs ,franois :il$ away ei!r writ+ funny little pieces = ! local newspap]s or read+ 8 late/ lit]>y compositions to 8 cronies 9 ! ne>e/ c(fee-h\se4 ,two c5turies ago su* a life 0 g5]ally believ$ to lead /raight to p]dition4 ,fa!r ,ar\et fully appreciat$ ! dang] 8 son 0 runn+4 ,he w5t to "o ( 8 _m influ5tial fri5ds & obta9$ = ,m4 ,franois a position z secret>y to ! ,fr5* ,legation at ! ,hague4 ,! ,dut* capital1 !n z n[1 0 exasp]at+ly dull4 ,out ( %e] bor$om ,voltaire began a love affair ) ! n p>ticul>ly attractive daught] ( a t]rible old woman :o 0 a society report]4 ,! lady1 :o hop$ to m>ry h] d>l+ to a m promis+ p>ty1 ru%$ to ! ,fr5* m9i/] & ask$ him to please remove ?is dang]\s ,romeo be=e ! :ole city knew ab\t ! sc&al4 ,8 ,excell5cy _h tr\bles en\gh ( 8 own & 0 n eag] = m4 ,he bundl$ 8 secret>y into ! next /age-coa* = ,p>is & ,franois1 )\t a job1 once m f\nd himself at ! m]cy ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ,matre ,ar\et be?\ght himself ( an exp$i5t :i* 0 (t5 us$ by su* ,fr5*m5 z _h a fri5d at c\rt4 ,he ask$ & obta9$ a 8lettre de ca*et0 & plac$ 8 son be=e ! *oice ( en=c$ leisure 9 a jail or indu/ri\s application 9 a law-s*ool4 ,! son said t he w\ld pref] ! latt] & promis$ t he w\ld be a model ( indu/ry & application4 ,he 0 z good z 8 ^w & appli$ himself to ! happy life ( a free lance pamphlete] ) su* indu/ry t ! :ole t[n talk$ ab\t x4 ,?is 0 n accord+ to ! agreem5t ) 8 papa & ! latt] 0 entirely )9 8 rights :5 he decid$ to s5d 8 son away f ! fle%-pots ( ! ,se9e & pack$ him (f to a fri5d 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ! "y man 0 to rema9 = a :ole ye>4 ,!re1 ) tw5ty-f\r h\rs leisure ea* day ( ! week 7,sundays includ$7 ,voltaire began ! /udy ( lett]s 9 all s]i\sness & compos$ ! fir/ ( 8 plays4 ,aft] twelve mon?s ( fre% air & a v heal?y monotony1 he 0 all[$ to return to ! sc5t$ atmosph]e ( ! capital & at once made up = lo/ "t by a s]ies ( lampoons ^u ! ,reg5t1 a na/y old man :o des]v$ all t 0 said ab\t him b did n l ?is publicity ! lea/ little bit4 ,h5ce1 a second p]iod ( exile 9 ! c\ntry1 foll[$ by m scribbl+ & at la/ a %ort visit to ! ,ba/ille4 ,b prison 9 ^? days1 t is to say1 prison = "y g5tlem5 ( ,voltaire's social prom95ce1 0 n a bad place4 ,"o 0 n all[$ to leave ! premises b o!rwise did pretty mu* z "o pleas$4 ,& x 0 j :at ,voltaire ne$$4 ,a lonely cell 9 ! he>t ( ,p>is gave him a *ance to d "s s]i\s "w4 ,:5 he 0 releas$1 he _h f9i%$ sev]al plays & ^! 7 p]=m$ ) su* trem5d\s success t "o ( !m broke all records ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ran = =ty-five nights 9 succession4 ,?is br\ght him "s money 7:i* he ne$$ badly7 b x also e/abli%$ 8 reputation z a wit1 a mo/ un=tunate ?+ = a "y man :o /ill has to make 8 c>e]4 ,= h]eaft] he 0 held responsible = e joke t enjoy$ a few h\rs' popul>ity on ! b\lev>ds & 9 ! c(fee-h\ses4 ,& incid5tally x 0 ! reason :y he w5t to ,engl& & took a po/-graduate c\rse 9 lib]al /atesman%ip4 ,x happ5$ 9 ! ye> #agbe4 ,voltaire _h 7or _h n7 be5 funny ab\t ! old b o!rwise useless family ( de ,rohan4 ,! ,*evali] de ,rohan felt t 8 honor _h be5 assail$ & t some?+ mu/ be done ab\t x4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 impossible = a desc5dant ( ! anci5t rul]s ( ,brittany to fight a duel ) ! son ( a not>y public & ! ,*evali] delegat$ ! "w ( rev5ge to 8 flunkeys4 ,"o night ,voltaire 0 d9+ ) ! ,duc de ,sully1 "o ( 8 fa!r's cu/om]s1 :5 he 0 told t "s "o wi%$ to speak to him outside4 ,he w5t to ! door1 0 fall5 ^u by ! lackeys ( my ,"l de ,rohan & 0 giv5 a s\nd beat+4 ,! next day ! /ory 0 all ov] ! t[n4 ,voltaire1 ev5 on 8 be/ days1 look$ l ! c>icature ( a v ugly little monkey4 ,:at ) 8 eyes black5$ & 8 head b&ag$1 he 0 a fit subject = half a doz5 popul> reviews4 ,only some?+ v dra/ic c\ld save 8 reputation f an untimely dea? at ! h&s ( ! comic pap]s4 ,& z soon z raw beef/eak _h done its "w1 ,m4 de ,voltaire s5t 8 witnesses to ,m4 le ,*evali] de ,rohan & began 8 prep>ation = mortal combat by an int5sive c\rse 9 f5c+4 ,alas6 :5 ! morn+ came = ! great fight1 ,voltaire once m f\nd himself beh9d ! b>s4 ,de ,rohan1 a cad unto ! la/1 _h giv5 ! duel away to ! police1 & ! battl+ scribe rema9$ 9 cu/ody until1 provid$ ) a ticket = ,engl&1 he 0 s5t travel+ 9 a nor?we/]n direction & 0 told n to return to ,france until reque/$ to d s by ,8 ,maje/y's g5d>mes4 ,f\r :ole ye>s ,voltaire sp5t 9 & ne> ,london4 ,! ,briti% k+dom 0 n exactly a ,p>adise1 b comp>$ to ,france1 x 0 a little bit ( ,heav54 ,a royal scaffold ?rew its %ad[ ov] ! l&4 ,! ?irtie? ( ,janu>y ( ! ye> #afdi 0 a date rememb]$ by all ^? 9 high places4 ,:at _h happ5$ to sa9t$ ,k+ ,*>les might 7"u slightly modifi$ circum/ances7 happ5 to any "o else :o d>$ to set himself above ! law4 ,& z = ! religion ( ! c\ntry1 ( c\rse ! (ficial *ur* ( ! /ate 0 suppos$ to enjoy c]ta9 lucrative & agreeable advantages1 b ^? :o pref]r$ to wor%ip else:]e 7 left 9 peace & ! direct influ5ce ( ! cl]ical (ficials ^u ! affairs ( /ate 01 comp>$ to ,france1 almo/ negligible4 ,confess$ ,a!i/s & c]ta9 bo!rsome non-con=mi/s might occasionally succe$ 9 gett+ !mselves into jail1 b to a subject ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,xv ! g5]al condition ( life 9 ,engl& mu/ h seem$ wellnigh p]fect4 ,9 #agbi1 ,voltaire return$ to ,france1 b al?\gh he 0 p]mitt$ to live 9 ,p>is1 he r>ely avail$ himself ( t privilege4 ,he 0 l a sc>$ animal1 will+ to accept bits ( sug> f ! h&s ( 8 fri5ds1 b =ev] on ! al]t & ready to escape at ! slighte/ sign ( dang]4 ,he work$ v h>d4 ,he wrote prodigi\sly & ) a sublime disreg>d = dates & facts1 & *oos+ = himself subjects :i* ran all ! way f ,lima1 ,p]u1 to ,mosc[1 ,russia1 he compos$ a s]ies ( su* le>n$ & popul> hi/ories1 trag$ies & com$ies t at ! age ( =ty he 0 by f> ! mo/ successful man ( lett]s ( 8 "t4 ,foll[$ ano!r episode :i* 0 to br+ him into contact ) a diff]5t k9d ( civilization4 ,9 di/ant ,prussia1 good ,k+ ,fr$]ick1 yawn+ audibly among ! yokels ( 8 ru/ic c\rt1 sadly p9$ = ! companion%ip ( a few amus+ p4 ,he felt a trem5d\s admiration = ,voltaire & = ye>s he _h tri$ to induce him to come to ,b]l94 ,b to a ,fr5*man ( ! ye> #agej su* a migration seem$ l mov+ into ! wilds ( ,virg9ia & x 0 n until ,fr$]ick _h repeat$ly rais$ ! ante t ,voltaire at la/ condesc5d$ to accept4 ,he travel$ to ,b]l9 & ! fight 0 on4 ,two su* hopeless egoti/s z ! ,prussian k+ & ! ,fr5* playwright c\ld n possibly hope to live "u "o & ! same ro( )\t com+ to hate ea* o!r4 ,aft] two ye>s ( sublime disagreem5t1 a viol5t qu>rel ab\t no?+ 9 p>ticul> drove ,voltaire back to :at he felt incl9$ to call 8civilization40 ,b he _h le>n$ ano!r useful lesson4 ,p]haps he 0 "r1 & ! ,fr5* poetry ( ! ,prussian k+ 0 atroci\s4 ,b ,8 ,maje/y's attitude ^u ! subject ( religi\s lib]ty left no?+ to be desir$ & t 0 m ?an c\ld be said ( any o!r ,european mon>*4 ,& :5 at ! age ( almo/ sixty ,voltaire return$ to 8 native l&1 he 0 9 no mood to accept ! brutal s5t5ces by :i* ! ,fr5* c\rts tri$ to ma9ta9 ord] )\t "s v sca?+ words ( prote/4 ,all 8 life he _h be5 greatly ang]$ by man's unwill+ness to use t div9e sp>k ( intellig5ce :i* ! ,"l on ! six? day ( creation _h be/[$ ^u ! mo/ sublime product ( ,8 h&iwork4 ,he 7,voltaire7 hat$ & loa!d /upidity 9 e %ape1 =m & mann]4 ,! 8infam\s enemy0 aga9/ :om he direct$ mo/ ( 8 ang] & :om1 ,cato-l1 he 0 =ev] ?reat5+ to demoli%1 ?is 8infam\s enemy0 0 no?+ m or less ?an ! lazy /upidity ( ! mass ( ! p :o refus$ to ?9k = !mselves z long z !y _h en\gh to eat & to dr9k & a place to sleep4 ,f ! days ( 8 e>lie/ *ildhood he _h felt himself pursu$ by a gigantic ma*9e :i* seem$ to move ?r\gh %e] =ce ( le?>gy & comb9$ ! cruelty ( ,huitzilopo*tli ) ! rel5tless p]si/5cy ( ,jugg]naut4 ,to de/roy or at lea/ upset ?is contraption become ! obsession ( 8 old ye>s1 & ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 to give ?is p>ticul> devil 8 due1 ably assi/$ him 9 8 ef=ts by provid+ ! _w ) a *oice collection ( legal sc&als4 ,! fir/ "o occurr$ 9 ! ye> #agfa4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,t\l\se 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,france !re liv$ a c]ta9 ,jean ,calas1 a %op-keep] & a ,prote/ant4 ,t\l\se _h always be5 a pi\s city4 ,no ,prote/ant 0 !re all[$ to hold (fice or to be a doctor or a lawy]1 a booksell] or a midwife4 ,no ,ca?olic 0 p]mitt$ to keep a ,prote/ant s]vant4 ,& on ,augu/ #bcrd & #bd? ( ea* ye> ! entire community celebrat$ ! glori\s anniv]s>y ( ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew ) a solemn fea/ ( praise & ?anksgiv+4 ,not)/&+ ^! _m disadvantages1 ,calas _h liv$ all 8 life 9 complete h>mony ) 8 neighbors4 ,"o ( 8 sons _h turn$ ,ca?olic1 b ! fa!r _h cont9u$ to be on fri5dly t]ms ) ! boy & _h let x be kn[n t z f> z he 0 conc]n$1 8 *ildr5 7 entirely free to *oose :atev] religion pleas$ !m be/4 ,b !re 0 a skeleton 9 ! ,calas closet4 ,t 0 ,m>c ,antony1 ! olde/ son4 ,m>c 0 an un=tunate fell[4 ,he want$ to be a lawy] b t c>e] 0 clos$ to ,prote/ants4 ,he 0 a dev\t ,calv9i/ & refus$ to *ange 8 cre$4 ,! m5tal conflict _h caus$ an attack ( melan*olia & ?is 9 "t seem$ to prey ^u ! "y man's m9d4 ,he began to ent]ta9 8 fa!r & "m ) long recitations ( ,hamlet's well kn[n soliloquy4 ,he took long solit>y walks4 ,to 8 fri5ds he (t5 spoke ( ! sup]ior advantages ( suicide4 ,?is w5t on = "s "t & !n "o night1 :ile ! family 0 ent]ta9+ a fri5d1 ! poor boy slipp$ into 8 fa!r's /or]oom1 took a piece ( pack+ rope & hang$ himself f ! doorpo/4 ,!re 8 fa!r f\nd him a few h\rs lat]1 8 coat & ve/ neatly fold$ ^u ! c\nt]4 ,! family 0 9 despair4 ,9 ^? days ! body ( a p]son :o _h committ$ suicide 0 dragg$ nude & face d[nw>d ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! t[n & 0 hang$ on a gibbet outside ! gate to be eat5 by ! birds4 ,! ,calas 7 respectable folks & hat$ to ?9k ( su* a disgrace4 ,!y /ood ar\nd & talk$ ( :at !y ought to d & :at !y 7 go+ to d until "o ( ! neighbors1 he>+ ! commotion1 s5t = ! police1 & ! sc&al spread+ rapidly1 _! /reet 0 imm$iately fill$ ) an angry cr[d :i* l\dly clamor$ = ! dea? ( old ,calas 8because he _h murd]$ 8 son to prev5t him f becom+ a ,ca?olic40 ,9 a little t[n all ?+s are possible & 9 a prov9cial ne/ ( eighte5? c5tury ,france1 ) bor$om l a black fun]al pall hang+ heavily ^u ! entire community1 ! mo/ idiotic & fanta/ic y>ns 7 giv5 cr$5ce ) a sigh ( pr(\nd & eag] relief4 ,! high magi/rates1 fully aw>e ( _! duty "u su* suspici\s circum/ances1 at once arre/$ ! entire family1 _! gue/s & _! s]vants & e "o :o _h rec5tly be5 se5 9 or ne> ! ,calas home4 ,!y dragg$ _! prison]s to ! t[n hall1 put !m 9 irons & ?rew !m into ! dungeons provid$ = ! mo/ desp]ate crim9als4 ,! next day !y 7 exam9$4 ,all ( !m told ! same /ory4 ,h[ ,m>c ,antony _h come into ! h\se 9 8 usual spirits1 h[ he _h left ! room1 h[ !y ?\ght t he _h gone = "o ( 8 solit>y walks1 etc41 etc4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! cl]gy ( ! t[n ( ,t\l\se _h tak5 a h& 9 ! matt] & ) _! help ! dreadful news ( ?is blood?ir/y ,hugu5ot1 :o _h kill$ "o ( 8 own *ildr5 because he 0 ab\t to return to ! true fai?1 _h spread f> & wide ?r\gh\t ! l& ( ,langu$oc4 ,^? famili> ) mod]n me?ods ( detect+ crime might ?9k t ! au?orities w\ld h sp5t t day inspect+ ! sc5e ( ! murd]4 ,m>c ,antony enjoy$ q a reputation z an a?lete4 ,he 0 tw5ty-eight & 8 fa!r 0 sixty-?ree4 ,! *ances ( ! fa!r hav+ hang$ 8 son f 8 own doorpo/ )\t a /ruggle 7 small inde$4 ,b none ( ! t[n c\ncilors bo!r$ ab\t su* little details4 ,!y 7 too busy ) ! body ( ! victim4 ,= ,m>c ,antony1 ! suicide1 _h by n[ assum$ ! dignity ( a m>tyr & = ?ree weeks 8 corpse 0 kept at ! t[n hall & !reupon x 0 mo/ solemnly buri$ by ! ,:ite ,p5it5ts :o = "s my/]i\s reason _h made ! defunct ,calv9i/ an ex-(ficio memb] ( _! own ord] & :o conduct$ 8 embalm$ rema9s to ! ,ca!dral ) ! circum/ance & ! pomp usually res]v$ = an ar*bi%op or an exce$+ly ri* patron ( ! local ,basilica4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree weeks1 f e pulpit 9 t[n1 ! good p ( ,t\l\se _h be5 urg$ to br+ :atev] te/imony !y c\ld aga9/ ! p]son ( ,jean ,calas & 8 family & f9ally1 aft] ! case _h be5 ?or\ghly ?ra%$ out 9 ! public press1 & five mon?s aft] ! suicide1 ! trial began4 ,"o ( ! judges 9 a mom5t ( great lucidity sugge/$ t ! %op ( ! old man be visit$ to see :e!r su* a suicide z he describ$ w\ld h be5 possible1 b he 0 ov]ridd5 & ) twelve votes aga9/ "o1 ,calas 0 s5t5c$ to be tortur$ & to be brok5 on ! :eel4 ,he 0 tak5 to ! torture room & 0 hang$ by 8 wri/s until 8 feet 7 a met] f ! gr\nd4 ,!n 8 body 0 /ret*$ until ! limbs 7 8drawn f _! sockets40 7,i am copy+ f ! (ficial report47 ,z he refus$ to confess to a crime :i* he _h n committ$1 he 0 !n tak5 d[n & 0 =c$ to swall[ su* va/ quantities ( wat] t 8 body _h soon 8swoll5 to twice its natural size40 ,z he p]si/$ 9 8 diabolical refusal to confess 8 guilt1 he 0 plac$ on a tumbril & 0 dragg$ to ! place ( execution :]e 8 arms & legs 7 brok5 9 two places by ! execution]4 ,dur+ ! next two h\rs1 :ile he lay helpless on ! block1 magi/rates & prie/s cont9u$ to bo!r him ) _! que/ions4 ,) incr$ible c\rage ! old man cont9u$ to proclaim 8 innoc5ce4 ,until ! *ief ju/ice1 exasp]at$ by su* ob/9ate ly+1 gave him up z a hopeless case & ord]$ him to be /rangl$ to dea?4 ,! fury ( ! populace _h by ?is "t sp5t itself & none ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 kill$4 ,! wid[1 depriv$ ( all h] goods1 0 all[$ to g into retirem5t & />ve z be/ %e c\ld 9 ! company ( h] fai?ful maid4 ,z = ! *ildr51 !y 7 s5t to diff]5t conv5ts ) ! exception ( ! y\nge/ :o _h be5 away at s*ool at ,nmes at ! "t ( 8 bro!r's suicide & :o _h wisely fl$ to ! t]ritory ( ! sov]eign city ( ,g5eva4 ,! case _h attract$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,voltaire 9 8 ca/le ( ,f]ney 7conv5i5tly built ne> ! fronti] ( ,switz]l& s t a few m9utes' walk c\ld c>ry him to =eign gr\nd7 he>d ( x b at fir/ refus$ to be int]e/$4 ,he 0 =ev] at logg]heads ) ! ,calv9i/ m9i/]s ( ,g5eva :o reg>d$ 8 private little !at] :i* /ood )9 sight ( _! own city z a direct provocation & ! "w ( ,satan4 ,h5ce ,voltaire1 9 "o ( 8 sup]cili\s moods1 wrote t he c\ld n "w up any en?usiasm = ?is s-call$ ,prote/ant m>tyr1 = if ! ,ca?olics 7 bad1 h[ mu* worse ^? t]ribly bigot$ ,hugu5ots1 :o boycott$ 8 plays6 ,besides1 x seem$ impossible to him 7z to a great _m o!r p7 t twelve suppos$ly respectable judges w\ld h condemn$ an innoc5t man to su* a t]rible dea? )\t v good reason4 ,b a few days lat] ! sage ( ,f]ney1 :o kept op5 h\se to all com]s & no que/ions ask$1 _h a visit f an hone/ m]*ant f ,m>seilles :o _h happ5$ to be 9 ,t\l\se at ! "t ( ! trial & :o 0 able to give him "s fir/-h& in=mation4 ,!n at la/ he began to und]/& ! horror ( ! crime t _h be5 committ$ & f t mom5t on he c\ld ?9k ( no?+ else4 ,!re are _m sorts ( c\rage1 b a special ord] ( m]it is res]v$ = ^? r>e s\ls :o1 practically alone1 d>e to face ! entire e/abli%$ ord] ( society & :o l\dly cry = ju/ice :5 ! high c\rts ( ! l& h pron\nc$ s5t5ce & :5 ! community at l>ge has accept$ _! v]dict z equitable & j4 ,voltaire well knew ! /orm t w\ld break if he %\ld d>e to accuse ! c\rt ( ,t\l\se ( a judicial murd]1 & he prep>$ 8 case z c>efully z if he _h be5 a pr(essional attorney4 ,he int]view$ ! ,calas boy :o _h escap$ to ,g5eva4 ,he wrote to e "o :o c\ld possibly "k some?+ ( ! inside ( ! case4 ,he hir$ c\nsel to exam9e & if possible to correct 8 own conclusions1 le/ 8 ang] & 8 indignation c>ry him away4 ,& :5 he felt sure ( 8 gr\nd1 he op5$ 8 campaign4 ,fir/ ( all he induc$ e man ( "s influ5ce :om he knew )9 ! realm ( ,france 7& he knew mo/ ( !m7 to write to ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,k+dom & ask = a revision ( ! ,calas case4 ,!n he set ab\t to f9d ! wid[ & z soon z %e _h be5 locat$1 he ord]$ h] to be br\ght to ,p>is at 8 own exp5se & engag$ "o ( ! be/ kn[n lawy]s to look aft] h]4 ,! _s ( ! woman _h be5 completely brok54 ,%e vaguely pray$ t %e might get h] daught]s out ( ! conv5t be=e %e di$4 ,beyond t1 h] hopes did n ext5d4 ,!n he got into communication ) ! o!r son :o 0 a ,ca?olic1 made x possible = him to escape f 8 s*ool & to jo9 him 9 ,g5eva4 ,& f9ally he publi%$ all ! facts 9 a %ort pamphlet entitl$ 8,orig9al ,docum5ts ,conc]n+ ! ,calas ,family10 :i* consi/$ ( lett]s writt5 by ! survivors ( ! trag$y & conta9$ no ref]5ce :atsoev] to ,voltaire himself4 ,aft]w>ds1 too1 dur+ ! revision ( ! case1 he rema9$ c>efully beh9d ! sc5es1 b s well did he h&le 8 publicity campaign t soon ! cause ( ! ,calas family 0 ! cause ( all families 9 all c\ntries ( ,europe & t ?\s&s ( p ev]y:]e 7includ+ ! ,k+ ( ,engl& & ! ,empress ( ,russia7 contribut$ to ! funds t 7 be+ rais$ to help ! def5se4 ,ev5tually ,voltaire ga9$ 8 victory1 b n until he _h f\ght "o ( ! mo/ desp]ate battle ( 8 entire c>e]4 ,! ?rone ( ,france j !n 0 occupi$ by ,l\is ,,xv ( unsavory memory4 ,=tunately 8 mi/ress hat$ ! ,jesuits & all _! works 7includ+ ! ,*ur*7 ) a mo/ cordial hatr$ & 0 !re=e on ! side ( ,voltaire4 ,b ! ,k+ lov$ 8 ease above all o!r ?+s & 0 greatly annoy$ at all ! fuss made ab\t an obscure & dead ,prote/ant4 ,& ( c\rse z long z ,8 ,maje/y refus$ to sign a w>rant = a new trial1 ! ,*ancellor w\ld n take action1 & z long z ! ,*ancellor w\ld n take action1 ! tribunal ( ,t\l\se 0 p]fectly safe & s /rong did !y feel !mselves t !y defi$ public op9ion 9 a mo/ high-h&$ fa%ion & refus$ to let ,voltaire or 8 lawy]s h access to ! orig9al docum5ts ^u :i* !y _h bas$ _! conviction4 ,dur+ n9e t]rible mon?s1 ,voltaire kept up 8 agitation until f9ally 9 ,m>* ( ! ye> #agfe ! ,*ancellor ord]$ ! ,tribunal ( ,t\l\se to surr5d] all ! records 9 ! ,calas case & mov$ t !re be a new trial4 ,! wid[ ( ,jean ,calas & h] two daught]s1 :o _h at la/ be5 return$ to _! "m1 7 pres5t 9 ,v]sailles :5 ?is decision 0 made public4 ,a ye> lat] ! special c\rt :i* _h be5 ord]$ to inve/igate ! appeal report$ t ,jean ,calas _h be5 done to dea? = a crime :i* he _h n committ$4 ,by h]culean ef=ts ! ,k+ 0 induc$ to be/[ a small gift ( money ^u ! wid[ & h] *ildr54 ,fur!rmore ! magi/rates :o _h h&l$ ! ,calas case 7 depriv$ ( _! (fice & x 0 politely sugge/$ to ! p ( ,t\l\se t su* a ?+ mu/ n happ5 aga94 ,b al?\gh ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t might take a lukew>m view ( ! incid5t1 ! p ( ,france _h be5 /irr$ to ! v dep?s ( _! outrag$ s\ls4 ,& sudd5ly ,voltaire became aw>e t ?is 0 n ! only misc>riage ( ju/ice on record1 t !re 7 _m o!rs :o _h suff]$ z innoc5tly z ,calas4 ,9 ! ye> #agfj a ,prote/ant c\ntry squire ( ! neighborhood ( ,t\l\se _h (f]$ ! hospitality ( 8 h\se to a visit+ ,calv9i/ m9i/]4 ,= ?is hide\s crime he _h be5 depriv$ ( 8 e/ate & _h be5 s5t to ! galleys = life4 ,he mu/ h be5 a t]ribly /rong man = ?irte5 ye>s lat] he 0 /ill alive4 ,!n ,voltaire 0 told ( 8 plight4 ,he set to "w1 got ! un=tunate man away f ! galleys1 br\ght him to ,switz]l& :]e 8 wife & *ildr5 7 be+ support$ by public *>ity & look$ aft] ! family until ! cr[n 0 induc$ to surr5d] a "p ( ! confiscat$ prop]ty & ! family 7 giv5 p]mission to return to _! des]t$ home/ead4 ,next came ! case ( ,*aumont1 a poor devil :o _h be5 caught at an op5-air meet+ ( ,prote/ants & :o = t crime _h be5 dispat*$ to ! galleys = an indet]m9ate p]iod1 b :o n[1 at ! int]cession ( ,voltaire1 0 set free4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 7 m]ely a sort ( grewsome hors d'uvre to :at 0 to foll[4 ,once m ! sc5e 0 laid 9 ,langu$oc1 t long suff]+ "p ( ,france :i* aft] ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,albig5sian & ,wald5sian h]etics _h be5 left a wild]ness ( ignorance & bigotry4 ,9 a village ne> ,t\l\se !re liv$ an old ,prote/ant by ! "n ( ,sirv51 a mo/ respectable citiz5 :o made a liv+ z an exp]t 9 m$ieval law1 a lucrative position at a "t :5 ! feudal judicial sy/em _h gr[n s complicat$ t ord9>y r5t-%eets look$ l an income tax blank4 ,sirv5 _h ?ree daught]s4 ,! y\nge/ 0 a h>mless idiot1 mu* giv5 to brood+4 ,9 ,m>* ( ! ye> #agfd %e left h] home4 ,! p>5ts se>*$ f> & wide b f\nd no trace ( ! *ild until a few days lat] :5 ! bi%op ( ! di/rict in=m$ ! fa!r t ! girl _h visit$ him1 _h express$ a desire to become a nun & 0 n[ 9 a conv5t4 ,c5turies ( p]secution _h successfully brok5 ! _s ( ! ,prote/ants 9 t "p ( ,france4 ,sirv5 humbly answ]$ t ev]y?+ und\bt$ly w\ld be = ! be/ 9 ?is wor/ ( all possible worlds & meekly accept$ ! inevitable4 ,b 9 ! unaccu/om$ atmosph]e ( ! cloi/]1 ! poor *ild _h soon lo/ ! la/ ve/iges ( reason & :5 %e began to make a nuisance ( h]self1 %e 0 return$ to h] own p4 ,%e 0 !n 9 a /ate ( t]rible m5tal depression & 9 su* cont9ual horror ( voices & spooks t h] p>5ts fe>$ = h] life4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds %e once m disappe>$4 ,two weeks lat] h] body 0 fi%$ out ( an old well4 ,at t "t ,jean ,calas 0 up = trial & ! p 7 9 a mood to believe any?+ t 0 said aga9/ a ,prote/ant4 ,! ,sirv5s1 rememb]+ :at _h j happ5$ to innoc5t ,jean ,calas1 decid$ n to c\rt a simil> fate4 ,!y fl$ & aft] a t]rible trip ?r\gh ! ,alps1 dur+ :i* "o ( _! gr&*ildr5 froze to dea?1 !y at la/ rea*$ ,switz]l&4 ,!y _h n left a mom5t too soon4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 bo? ! fa!r & ! "m 7 f\nd guilty 79 _! abs5ce7 ( ! crime ( hav+ murd]$ _! *ild & 7 ord]$ to be hang$4 ,! daught]s 7 condemn$ to witness ! execution ( _! p>5ts & !reaft] to be bani%$ = life4 ,a fri5d ( ,r\sseau br\ght ! case to ! notice ( ,voltaire & z soon z ! ,calas affair came to an end1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ,sirv5s4 ,! wife mean:ile _h di$4 ,rema9$ ! duty ( v9dicat+ ! husb&4 ,x took exactly sev5 ye>s to d ?is4 ,once aga9 ! tribunal ( ,t\l\se refus$ to give any in=mation or to surr5d] any docum5ts4 ,once m ,voltaire _h to beat ! tom-tom ( publicity & beg money f ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia & ,ca!r9e ( ,russia & ,poniat[ski ( ,pol& be=e he c\ld =ce ! cr[n to take an int]e/4 ,b f9ally1 9 ! sev5ty-eigh? ye> ( 8 own life & 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ?is int]m9able lawsuit1 ! ,sirv5s 7 exon]at$ & ! survivors 7 all[$ to g back to _! homes4 ,s end$ ! second case4 ,! ?ird "o foll[$ imm$iately4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ ( ! ye> #agfe 9 ! t[n ( ,abbeville1 n f> f ,ami5s1 two crucifixes t /ood by ! side ( ! road 7 f\nd brok5 to pieces by an unkn[n h&4 ,?ree "y boys 7 suspect$ ( ?is sacrilege & ord]s 7 giv5 = _! arre/4 ,"o ( !m escap$ & w5t to ,prussia4 ,! o!rs 7 caught4 ,( ^!1 ! old] "o1 a c]ta9 ,*evali] de la ,b>re1 0 suspect$ ( be+ an a!i/4 ,a copy ( ! ,philosophical ,diction>y1 t fam\s "w to :i* all ! great lead]s ( lib]al ?\ght _h contribut$1 0 f\nd among 8 books4 ,?is look$ v suspici\s & ! judges decid$ to look into ! "y man's pa/4 ,x 0 true !y c\ld n connect him ) ! ,abbeville case b _h he n ^u a previ\s occasion refus$ to kneel d[n & uncov] :ile a religi\s procession w5t by8 ,de la ,b>re said yes1 b he _h be5 9 a hurry to cat* a /age-coa* & _h meant no (f5se4 ,!reupon he 0 tortur$1 & be+ "y & be>+ ! pa9 less easily ?an old ,calas1 he readily confess$ t he _h mutilat$ "o ( ! two crucifixes & 0 condemn$ to dea? = 8impi\sly & delib]ately walk+ be=e ! ,ho/ )\t kneel+ or uncov]+1 s++ blasphem\s songs1 t5d]+ m>ks ( adoration to pr(ane books10 & o!r crimes ( a simil> nature :i* 7 suppos$ to h indicat$ a lack ( respect = ! ,*ur*4 ,! s5t5ce 0 s b>b>\s 78 tongue 0 to be torn out ) hot irons1 8 "r h& 0 to be cut (f1 & he 0 to be sl[ly burn$ to dea?1 & all t only a c5tury & a half ago67 t ! public 0 /irr$ into sev]al expressions ( disapproval4 ,ev5 if he 7 guilty ( all ! ?+s enum]at$ 9 ! bill ( p>ticul>s1 "o c\ld n but*] a boy = a drunk5 prank6 ,petitions 7 s5t to ! ,k+1 m9i/]s 7 besieg$ ) reque/s = a respite4 ,b ! c\ntry 0 full ( unre/ & !re mu/ be an example1 & de la ,b>re1 hav+ und]gone ! same tortures z ,calas1 0 tak5 to ! scaffold1 0 decapitat$ 7z a sign ( great & p>ticul> favor7 & 8 corpse1 toge!r ) 8 ,philosophical ,diction>y & "s volumes by our old fri5d ,bayle1 7 publicly burn$ by ! hangman4 ,x 0 a day ( rejoic+ = ^? :o dread$ ! ev]-gr[+ influ5ce ( ! ,sozz9is & ! ,sp9ozas & ! ,desc>tes4 ,x %[$ :at inv>iably happ5$ to ^? ill-guid$ "y m5 :o left ! n>r[ pa? betwe5 ! "r & ! wrong & foll[$ ! lead]%ip ( a gr\p ( radical philosoph]s4 ,voltaire he>d ?is & accept$ ! *all5ge4 ,he 0 fa/ approa*+ 8 eightie? bir?day1 b he plung$ into ! case ) all 8 old zeal & ) a bra9 t burn$ ) a cle> :ite flame ( outrag$ dec5cy4 ,de la ,b>re _h be5 execut$ = 8blasphemy40 ,fir/ ( all1 ,voltaire tri$ to discov] :e!r !re exi/$ a law by :i* p guilty ( t suppos$ crime c\ld be condemn$ to dea?4 ,he c\ld n f9d "o4 ,!n he ask$ 8 lawy] fri5ds4 ,!y c\ld n f9d "o4 ,& x gradually dawn$ ^u ! community t ! judges 9 _! unholy eag]ness _h 8inv5t$0 ?is bit ( legal fiction to get rid ( _! prison]4 ,!re _h be5 ugly rumors at ! "t ( de la ,b>re's execution4 ,! /orm t n[ arose =c$ ! judges to be v circumspect & ! trial ( ! ?ird ( ! y\?ful prison]s 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,z = de la ,b>re1 he 0 nev] v9dicat$4 ,! review ( ! case dragg$ on = ye>s & :5 ,voltaire di$1 no decision _h z yet be5 rea*$4 ,b ! bl[s :i* he _h /ruck1 if n = tol]ance at lea/ aga9/ intol]ance1 7 beg9n+ to tell4 ,! (ficial acts ( t]ror in/igat$ by gossip+ old wom5 & s5ile c\rts came to an end4 ,tribunals t h religi\s axes to gr9d are only successful :5 !y c d _! "w 9 ! d>k & are able to surr\nd !mselves ) secrecy4 ,! me?od ( attack foll[$ by ,voltaire 0 "o aga9/ :i* su* c\rts _h no means ( def5se4 ,voltaire turn$ on all ! lights1 hir$ a volum9\s or*e/ra1 invit$ ! public to att5d1 & !n bade 8 enemies d _! wor/4 ,z a result1 !y did no?+ at all4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,encyclop$ia ,!re are ?ree diff]5t s*ools ( /atesman%ip4 ,! fir/ "o tea*es a doctr9e :i* reads some:at z foll[s3 8,our planet is inhabit$ by poor b5ight$ creatures :o are unable to ?9k = !mselves1 :o suff] m5tal agonies :5ev] !y are oblig$ to make an indep5d5t decision & :o !re=e c be l$ a/ray by ! fir/ w>d-heel] t comes along4 ,n only is x bett] = ! _w at l>ge t ^! #8h]d p' be rul$ by "s "o :o kn[s 8 own m9d1 b !y !mselves1 too1 are inf9itely happi] :5 !y d n h to bo!r ab\t p>liam5ts & ballot-boxes & c devote all _! "t to _! "w-%ops1 _! *ildr51 _! flivv]s & _! vegetable g>d5s40 ,! disciples ( ?is s*ool become emp]ors1 sultans1 sa*ems1 %eiks & ar*bi%ops & !y r>ely reg>d labor unions z an ess5tial "p ( civilization4 ,!y "w h>d & build roads1 b>racks1 ca!drals & jails4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! second s*ool ( political ?\ght argue z foll[s3 8,! av]age man is ,god's noble/ inv5tion4 ,he is a sov]eign 9 8 own "r1 unsurpass$ 9 wisdom1 prud5ce & ! l(t9ess ( 8 motives4 ,he is p]fectly capable ( look+ aft] 8 own int]e/s1 b ^? committees ?r\gh :i* he tries to rule ! univ]se are prov]bially sl[ :5 x comes to h&l+ delicate affairs ( /ate4 ,!re=e1 ! masses ought to leave all executive bus9ess to a few tru/$ fri5ds :o are n hamp]$ by ! imm$iate necessity ( mak+ a liv+ & :o c devote all _! "t to ! happ9ess ( ! p40 ,ne$less to say ! apo/les ( ?is glori\s ideal are ! logical c&idates = ! job ( olig>*1 dictator1 fir/ consul & ,"l protector4 ,!y "w h>d & build roads & b>racks1 b ! ca!drals !y turn into jails4 ,b !re is a ?ird gr\p ( p4 ,!y contemplate man ) ! sob] eye ( sci5ce & accept him z he is4 ,!y appreciate 8 good qualities1 !y und]/& 8 limitations4 ,!y are conv9c$ f a long obs]vation ( pa/ ev5ts t ! av]age citiz51 :5 n "u ! influ5ce ( passion or self-int]e/1 tries really v h>d to d :at is "r4 ,b !y make !mselves no false illusions4 ,!y "k t ! natural process ( gr[? is exce$+ly sl[1 t x w\ld be z futile to try & ha/5 ! tides or ! seasons z ! gr[? ( human intellig5ce4 ,!y are r>ely invit$ to assume ! gov]nm5t ( a /ate1 b :5ev] !y h a *ance to put _! ideas into action1 !y build roads1 improve ! jails & sp5d ! re/ ( ! available funds ^u s*ools & univ]sities4 ,= !y are su* incorrigible optimi/s t !y believe t education ( ! "r sort w gradually rid ?is _w ( mo/ ( its anci5t evils & is !re=e a ?+ t ought to be enc\rag$ at all co/s4 ,& z a f9al /ep t[>ds ! fulfillm5t ( ?is ideal1 !y usually write an encyclop$ia4 ,l s _m o!r ?+s t give evid5ce ( great wisdom & pr(\nd pati5ce1 ! encyclop$ia-habit took its orig9 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese ,emp]or ,k'ang-hi tri$ to make 8 subjects happy ) an encyclop$ia 9 five ?\s& & tw5ty volumes4 ,pl9y1 :o introduc$ encyclop$ias 9 ! we/1 0 cont5t$ ) ?irty-sev5 books4 ,! fir/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era produc$ no?+ ( ! slighte/ value along ?is l9e ( enlight5m5t4 ,a fell[-c\ntryman ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ! ,african ,felix ,capella1 wa/$ a great _m ye>s ( 8 life compos+ some?+ :i* he held to be a v]itable treasure h\se ( miscellane\s k4 ,9 ord] t p might ! m easily reta9 ! _m int]e/+ facts :i* he pres5t$ to !m1 he us$ poetry4 ,?is t]rible mass ( mis9=mation 0 duly le>n$ by he>t by eighte5 successive g5]ations ( m$ieval *ildr5 & 0 held by !m to be ! la/ ^w 9 ! fields ( lit]ature1 music & sci5ce4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat] a bi%op ( ,sevilla by ! "n ( ,isidore wrote an entirely new encyclop$ia & aft] t1 ! output increas$ at ! regul> rate ( two = e hundr$ ye>s4 ,:at has become ( !m all1 ,i d n "k4 ,! book-worm 7mo/ useful ( dome/ic animals7 has possibly act$ z our deliv]]4 ,if all ^! volumes _h be5 all[$ to survive1 !re w\ld n be room = any?+ else on ?is e>?4 ,:5 at la/ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,europe exp]i5c$ a trem5d\s outbreak ( intellectual curiosity1 ! purveyors ( encyclop$ias ent]$ into a v]itable ,p>adise4 ,su* books1 !n z n[1 7 usually compil$ by v poor s*ol>s :o c\ld live on eight doll>s a week & ^: p]sonal s]vices c\nt$ = less ?an ! money sp5t ^u pap] & ink4 ,engl& especially 0 a great c\ntry = ?is sort ( lit]ature & s x 0 q natural t ,john ,mills1 a ,briti%] :o liv$ 9 ,p>is1 %\ld ?9k ( translat+ ! successful 8,univ]sal ,diction>y0 ( ,ephraim ,*amb]s into ! ,fr5* language t he might p$dle 8 product among ! subjects ( good ,k+ ,l\is & gr[ ri*4 ,= ?is purpose he associat$ himself ) a ,g]man pr(essor & !n approa*$ ,lebreton1 ! k+'s pr9t]1 to d ! actual publi%+4 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ,lebreton1 :o saw a *ance to make a small =tune1 delib]ately sw9dl$ 8 p>tn] & z soon z he _h froz5 ,mills & ! ,teuton doctor out ( ! ent]prise1 cont9u$ to publi% ! pirat$ edition on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he call$ ! =?com+ "w ! 8,encyclopdie ou ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel des ,arts et des ,sci5ces0 & issu$ a s]ies ( beautiful prospectuses ) su* a trem5d\s sell+ appeal t ! li/ ( subscrib]s 0 soon fill$4 ,!n he hir$ himself a pr(essor ( philosophy 9 ! ,collge de ,france to act z 8 editor-9-*ief1 b\ght a lot ( pap] & await$ results4 ,un=tunately1 ! "w ( writ+ an encyclop$ia did n prove z simple z ,lebreton _h ?\ght4 ,! pr(essor produc$ notes b no articles1 ! subscrib]s l\dly clamor$ = ,volume ,i & ev]y?+ 0 9 great disord]4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ,lebreton rememb]$ t a 8,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,m$ic9e0 :i* _h appe>$ only a few mon?s be=e _h be5 v favorably receiv$4 ,he s5t = ! editor ( ?is m$ical h&book & hir$ him on ! spot4 ,& s x happ5$ t a m]e encyclop$ia became ! 8,encyclopdie40 ,= ! new editor 0 no "o less ?an ,d5is ,did]ot & ! "w :i* 0 to h be5 a hack job became "o ( ! mo/ important contributions ( ! eighte5? c5tury t[>ds ! sum total ( human enlight5m5t4 ,did]ot at t "t 0 ?irty-sev5 ye>s old & 8 life _h be5 nei!r easy nor happy4 ,he _h refus$ to d :at all respectable "y ,fr5*m5 7 suppos$ to d & g to a univ]sity4 ,in/ead1 z soon z he c\ld get away f 8 ,jesuit tea*]s1 he _h proce$$ to ,p>is to become a man ( lett]s4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod ( />vation 7act+ ^u ! pr9ciple t two c g hungry j z *eaply z "o7 he _h m>ri$ a lady :o prov$ to be a t]ribly pi\s woman & an uncompromis+ %rew1 a comb9ation :i* is by no means z r>e z "s p seem to believe4 ,b z he 0 oblig$ to support h]1 he _h be5 =c$ to take all sorts ( odd jobs & to compile all sorts ( books f 8,inquiries conc]n+ ,virtue & ,m]it0 to a r disreputable reha% ( ,boccaccio's 8,decam]on40 ,9 8 he>t1 h[ev]1 ?is pupil ( ,bayle rema9$ fai?ful to 8 lib]al ideals4 ,soon ! gov]nm5t 7aft] ! fa%ion ( gov]nm5ts dur+ times ( /ress7 discov]$ t ?is in(f5sive look+ "y au?or ma9ta9$ grave d\bts ab\t ! /ory ( creation z r5d]$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis & o!rwise 0 consid]able ( a h]etic4 ,9 consequ5ce :]e( ,did]ot 0 conduct$ to ! prison ( ,v9c5nes & !re held "u lock & key = almo/ ?ree mon?s4 ,x 0 aft] 8 release f jail t he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,lebreton4 ,did]ot 0 "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he saw ! *ance ( a lifetime 9 ! ent]prise ( :i* he 0 to be ! head4 ,a m]e reha% ( ,*amb]s' old mat]ial seem$ entirely b5ea? 8 dignity4 ,x 0 an era ( trem5d\s m5tal activity4 ,v well6 ,let ! ,encyclop$ia ( ,lebreton conta9 ! late/ ^w ^u e conceivable subject & let ! articles be writt5 by ! =emo/ au?orities 9 e l9e ( human endeavor4 ,did]ot 0 s full ( en?usiasm t he actually p]suad$ ,lebreton to give him full comm& & unlimit$ "t4 ,!n he made up a t5tative li/ ( 8 cop]ators1 took a l>ge %eet ( foolscap & began1 8,a3 ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet1 etc41 etc40 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] he rea*$ ! ,z & ! job 0 done4 ,r>ely1 h[ev]1 has a man work$ "u su* trem5d\s disadvantages4 ,lebreton _h increas$ 8 orig9al capital :5 he hir$ ,did]ot1 b he nev] paid 8 editor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s p] ye>4 ,& z = ! o!r p :o 7 suppos$ to l5d _! assi/ance1 well1 we all "k h[ ^? ?+s are4 ,!y 7 ei!r busy j !n1 or !y w\ld d x next mon?1 or !y _h to g to ! c\ntry to see _! gr&mo!r4 ,) ! result t ,did]ot 0 oblig$ to d mo/ ( ! "w himself :ile sm>t+ "u ! abuse t 0 heap$ ^u him by ! (ficials ( bo? ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate4 ,today copies ( 8 ,encyclop$ia are q r>e4 ,n because s _m p want !m b because s _m p are glad to get rid ( !m4 ,! book :i* a c5tury & a half ago 0 h[l$ d[n z a manife/ation ( a p]nici\s radicalism reads today l a dull & h>mless tract on ! fe$+ ( babies4 ,b to ! m cons]vative elem5t among ! cl]gy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x s\nd$ l a cl>ion call ( de/ruction1 an>*y1 a!ism & *aos4 ,( c\rse1 ! usual attempts 7 made to d5\nce ! editor-9-*ief z an enemy ( society & religion1 a loose reprobate :o believ$ nei!r 9 ,god1 home or ! sanctity ( ! family ties4 ,b ! ,p>is ( ! ye> #aggj 0 /ill an ov]gr[n village :]e e "o knew e "o else4 ,& ,did]ot1 :o n only claim$ t ! purpose ( life 0 8to d good & to f9d ! tru?10 b :o actually liv$ up to ?is motto1 :o kept op5 h\se = all ^? :o 7 hungry1 :o labor$ tw5ty h\rs a day = ! sake ( humanity & ask$ no?+ 9 return b a b$1 a writ+ desk & a pad ( pap]1 ?is simple-m9d$1 h>d-work+ fell[ 0 s %9+ an example ( ^? virtues 9 :i* ! prelates & ! mon>*s ( t day 7 s conspicu\sly lack+1 t x 0 n easy to attack him f t p>ticul> angle4 ,& s ! au?orities cont5t$ !mselves ) mak+ 8 life j z unpleasant z !y possibly c\ld by a cont9ual sy/em ( espionage1 by ev]la/+ly snoop+ ar\nd ! (fice1 by raid+ ,did]ot's home1 by confiscat+ 8 notes & occasionally by suppress+ ! "w altoge!r4 ,^! ob/ructive me?ods1 h[ev]1 c\ld n damp5 8 en?usiasm4 ,at la/ ! "w 0 f9i%$ & ! 8,encyclopdie0 actually accompli%$ :at ,did]ot _h expect$ ( x--x became ! rally+ po9t = all ^? :o 9 "o way or ano!r felt ! _s ( ! new age & :o knew t ! _w 0 desp]ately 9 ne$ ( a g5]al ov]haul+4 ,x may seem t ,i h dragg$ ! figure ( ! editor slightly out ( ! true p]spective4 ,:o1 aft] all1 0 ?is ,d5is ,did]ot1 :o wore a %abby coat1 c\nt$ himself happy :5 8 ri* & brilliant fri5d1 ! ,b>on ,d',holba*1 invit$ him to a squ>e meal once a week1 & :o 0 m ?an satisfi$ :5 f\r ?\s& copies ( 8 book 7 actually sold8 ,he liv$ at ! same "t z ,r\sseau & ,d',alemb]t & ,turgot & ,helvtius & ,volney & ,condorcet & a score ( o!rs1 all ( :om ga9$ a mu* great] p]sonal r5[n ?an he did4 ,b )\t ! ,encyclopdie ^! good p w\ld nev] h be5 able to ex]cise ! influ5ce !y did4 ,x 0 m ?an a book1 x 0 a social & economic program4 ,x told :at ! lead+ m9ds ( ! day 7 actually ?9k+4 ,x conta9$ a concrete /atem5t ( ^? ideas t soon 7 to dom9ate ! entire _w4 ,x 0 a decisive mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,france _h rea*$ a po9t :]e ^? :o _h eyes to see & e>s to he> knew t some?+ dra/ic mu/ be done to avoid an imm$iate cata/rophe1 :ile ^? :o _h eyes to see & e>s to he> yet refus$ to use !m1 ma9ta9$ ) an equal display ( /ubborn en]gy t peace & ord] c\ld only be ma9ta9$ by a /rict en=cem5t ( a set ( antiquat$ laws t belong$ to ! era ( ! ,m]ov+ians4 ,= ! mom5t1 ^? two p>ties 7 s ev5ly balanc$ t ev]y?+ rema9$ z x _h always be5 & ?is l$ to /range complications4 ,! same ,france :i* on "o side ( ! ocean play$ su* a conspicu\s rle z ! def5d] ( lib]ty & fre$om & address$ ! mo/ affectionate lett]s to ,monsieur ,georges ,wa%+ton 7:o 0 a ,free ,mason7 & arrang$ delightful week-end p>ties = ,monsieur le ,m9i/re1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 :o 0 :at 8 neighbors us$ to call a 8sceptic0 & :at we call a pla9 a!i/1 ?is c\ntry on ! o!r side ( ! broad ,atlantic /ood reveal$ z ! mo/ v9dictive enemy ( all =ms ( spiritual progress & only %[$ h] s5se ( democracy 9 ! complete imp>tiality ) :i* %e condemn$ bo? philosoph] & peasant to a life ( drudg]y & privation4 ,ev5tually all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,b x 0 *ang$ 9 a way :i* no "o _h be5 able to =esee4 ,= ! /ruggle t 0 to remove ! spiritual & social h&icaps ( all ^? :o 7 born outside ! royal purple 0 n f\ght by ! slaves !mselves4 ,x 0 ! "w ( a small gr\p ( dis9t]e/$ citiz5s :om ! ,prote/ants1 9 _! he>t ( he>ts1 hat$ q z bitt]ly z _! ,ca?olic oppressors & :o c\ld c\nt ^u no o!r rew>d ?an t :i* is said to await all hone/ m5 9 ,heav54 ,! m5 :o dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury def5d$ ! cause ( tol]ance r>ely belong$ to any p>ticul> d5om9ation4 ,= ! sake ( p]sonal conv5i5ce !y sometimes w5t ?r\gh c]ta9 outw>d motions ( religi\s con=mity :i* kept ! g5d>mes away f _! writ+ desks4 ,b z f> z _! inn] life 0 conc]n$1 !y might j z well h liv$ 9 ,a!ns 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 or 9 ,*9a 9 ! days ( ,confucius4 ,!y 7 (t5 mo/ regrettably lack+ 9 a c]ta9 rev]5ce = v>i\s ?+s :i* mo/ ( _! contempor>ies held 9 great respect & :i* !y !mselves reg>d$ z h>mless b *ildi% survivals ( a bygone day4 ,!y took little /ock 9 t anci5t national hi/ory :i* ! we/]n _w1 = "s curi\s reason1 _h pick$ out f among all ,babylonian & ,assyrian & ,egyptian & ,hittite & ,*aldean records & _h accept$ z a guide-book ( morals & cu/oms4 ,b true disciples ( _! great ma/]1 ,socrates1 !y li/5$ only to ! inn] voice ( _! own consci5ce & reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 !y liv$ fe>lessly 9 a _w t _h long s9ce be5 surr5d]$ to ! timid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,intol]ance ,,( ,,revolution ,! anci5t edifice ( (ficial glory & un(ficial mis]y kn[n z ! ,k+dom ( ,france came cra%+ d[n on a memorable ev5+ 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ ( ! ye> ( grace #aghi4 ,on t hot & sultry night1 aft] a week ( increas+ emotional fury1 ! ,national ,assembly work$ itself into a v]itable orgy ( bro!rly love4 ,until 9 a mom5t ( int5se excitem5t ! privileg$ classes surr5d]$ all ^? anci5t rights & pr]ogatives :i* x _h tak5 !m ?ree c5turies to acquire & z pla9 citiz5s decl>$ !mselves 9 favor ( ^? !oretical rights ( man :i* h5ce=? w\ld be ! f\ndation-/one = all fur!r attempts at popul> self-gov]nm5t4 ,z f> z ,france 0 conc]n$1 ?is meant ! end ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,an ari/ocracy :i* is actually compos$ ( ! 8ari/oi10 ( ! be/ ( ! mo/ ent]pris+ elem5ts ( society1 :i* boldly assumes lead]%ip & %apes ! de/9ies ( ! common c\ntry1 has a *ance to survive4 ,a nobility :i* volunt>ily retires f active s]vice & cont5ts itself ) ornam5tal cl]ical jobs 9 div]se dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t is only fit to dr9k tea on ,fif? ,av5ue or run re/aurants on ,second4 ,! old ,france !re=e 0 dead4 ,:e!r = bett] or = worse1 ,i d n "k4 ,b x 0 dead & ) x !re pass$ away t mo/ outrage\s =m ( an invisible gov]nm5t :i* ! ,*ur*1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ,ri*elieu1 _h be5 able to impose ^u ! ano9t$ desc5dants ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,v]ily1 n[ z nev] be=e1 mank9d 0 giv5 a *ance4 ,( ! en?usiasm :i* at t p]iod fill$ ! he>ts & s\ls ( all hone/ m5 & wom51 x is ne$less to speak4 ,! mill5nium 0 close at h&1 yea1 x _h come4 ,& intol]ance among ! _m o!r vices inh]5t 9 an autocratic =m ( gov]nm5t 0 = good & all to be eradicat$ f ?is fair e>?4 ,allons1 enfants de la patrie1 ! days ( tyranny are gone6 ,& m words to t effect4 ,!n ! curta9 w5t d[n1 society 0 purg$ ( its _m iniquities1 ! c>ds 7 re-%uffl$ = a new deal & :5 x 0 all ov]1 behold our old fri5d ,intol]ance1 we>+ a pair ( prolet>ian pantaloons & 8 hair bru%$ la ,robespi]re1 a-sitt+ side by side ) ! public prosecutor & hav+ ! "t ( 8 wick$ old life4 ,t5 ye>s ago he _h s5t p to ! scaffold = claim+ t au?ority ma9ta9+ itself solely by ! grace ( ,heav5 might sometimes be 9 error4 ,n[ he hu/l$ !m to _! doom = insi/+ t ! w ( ! p ne$ n always & inv>iably be ! w ( ,god4 ,a gha/ly joke6 ,b a joke paid = 7aft] ! nature ( su* popul> fancies7 ) ! blood ( a million innoc5t by/&]s4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to say is un=tunately n v orig9al4 ,"o c f9d ! same idea c\*$ 9 diff]5t if m elegant words 9 ! works ( _m ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 matt]s p]ta9+ to man's inn] life !re are1 & app>5tly !re always h be51 & mo/ likely !re always w be two entirely diff]5t v>ieties ( human be+s4 ,a few1 by d9t ( endless /udy & contemplation & ! s]i\s se>*+ ( _! immortal s\ls w be able to arrive at c]ta9 temp]ate philosophical conclusions :i* w place !m above & beyond ! common worries ( mank9d4 ,b ! va/ majority ( ! p are n cont5t$ ) a mild diet ( spiritual 8light w9es40 ,!y want some?+ ) a kick to x1 some?+ t burns on ! tongue1 t hurts ! gullet1 t w make !m sit up & take notice4 ,:at t 8some?+0 is does n matt] v mu*1 provid$ x comes up to ! above-m5tion$ specifications & is s]v$ 9 a direct & simple fa%ion & 9 unlimit$ quantities4 ,?is fact seems to h be5 little und]/ood by hi/orians & ?is has l$ to _m & s]i\s disappo9tm5ts4 ,no soon] has an outrag$ populace torn d[n ! /ronghold ( ! pa/ 7a fact duly & en?usia/ically report$ by ! local ,h]odoti & ,taciti71 ?an x turns mason1 c>ts ! ru9s ( ! =m] citadel to ano!r "p ( ! city & !re remolds !m into a new dungeon1 e :it z vile & tyrannical z ! old "o & us$ = ! same purpose ( repression & t]ror4 ,! v mom5t a numb] ( pr\d nations h at la/ succe$$ 9 ?r[+ (f ! yoke impos$ ^u !m by an 8infallible man0 !y accept ! dictates ( an 8infallible book40 ,yea1 on ! v day :5 ,au?ority1 disguis$ z a flunkey1 is madly gallop+ to ! fronti]1 ,lib]ty ent]s ! des]t$ palace1 puts on ! disc>d$ royal raim5t & =?) commits h]self to ^? selfsame blund]s & cruelties :i* h j driv5 h] pr$ecessor into exile4 ,x is all v di%e>t5+1 b x is an hone/ "p ( our /ory & mu/ be told4 ,no d\bt ! int5tions ( ^? :o 7 directly responsible = ! great ,fr5* upheaval 7 ( ! be/4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man _h laid d[n ! pr9ciple t no citiz5 %\ld ev] be di/urb$ 9 ! peaceful pursuit ( 8 ways on acc\nt ( 8 op9ion1 8n ev5 8 religi\s op9ion10 provid$ t 8 ideas did n di/urb ! public ord] z laid d[n by ! v>i\s decrees & laws4 ,?is h[ev] did n mean equal rights = all religi\s d5om9ations4 ,! ,prote/ant fai? h5ce=? 0 to be tol]at$1 ,prote/ants 7 n to be annoy$ because !y wor%ip$ 9 a diff]5t *ur* f _! ,ca?olic neighbors1 b ,ca?olicism rema9$ ! (ficial1 ! 8dom9ant0 ,*ur* ( ! /ate4 ,mirabeau1 ) 8 un]r+ in/9ct = ! ess5tials ( political life1 knew t ?is f> fam$ concession 0 only a half-way measure4 ,b ,mirabeau1 :o 0 try+ to turn a great social cataclysm into a "o-man revolution1 di$ "u ! ef=t & _m noblem5 & bi%ops1 rep5t+ ( _! g5]\s ge/ure ( ! night ( ! f\r? ( ,augu/1 7 already beg9n+ t policy ( ob/ructionism :i* 0 to be ( su* fatal consequ5ce to _! ma/] ! k+4 ,& x 0 n until two ye>s lat] 9 ! ye> #agia 7& exactly two ye>s too late = any practical purpose7 t all religi\s sects includ+ ! ,prote/ants & ! ,jews1 7 plac$ ^u a basis ( absolute equality & 7 decl>$ to enjoy ! same lib]ty be=e ! law4 ,f t mom5t on1 ! rles began to be rev]s$4 ,! con/itution :i* ! repres5tatives ( ! ,fr5* p f9ally be/[$ ^u an expectant c\ntry insi/$ t all prie/s ( :atsoev] fai? %\ld swe> an oa? ( allegiance to ! new =m ( gov]nm5t & %\ld reg>d !mselves /rictly z s]vants ( ! /ate1 l ! s*ool-tea*]s & po/al employees & light-h\se keep]s & cu/oms (ficials :o 7 _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,pope ,pius ,,vi object$4 ,! cl]ical /ipulations ( ! new con/itution 7 9 direct violation ( e solemn agreem5t t _h be5 conclud$ betwe5 ,france & ! ,holy ,see s9ce ! ye> #aeaf4 ,b ! ,assembly 0 9 no mood to bo!r ab\t su* little trifles z prec$5ts & treaties4 ,! cl]gy mu/ ei!r swe> allegiance to ?is decree or resign _! positions & />ve to dea?4 ,a few bi%ops & a few prie/s accept$ :at seem$ inevitable4 ,!y cross$ _! f+]s & w5t ?r\gh ! =mality ( an oa?4 ,b by f> ! great] numb]1 be+ hone/ m51 refus$ to p]jure !mselves & tak+ a leaf out ( ! book ( ^? ,hugu5ots :om !y _h p]secut$ dur+ s _m ye>s1 !y began to say mass 9 des]t$ /ables & to give communion 9 pig/ies1 to prea* _! s]mons beh9d c\ntry h$ges & to pay cl&e/9e visits to ! homes ( _! =m] p>i%ion]s 9 ! middle ( ! night4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y f>$ inf9itely bett] ?an ! ,prote/ants _h done "u simil> circum/ances1 = ,france 0 too hopelessly disorganiz$ to take m ?an v p]functory measures aga9/ ! enemies ( h] con/itution4 ,& z none ( !m seem$ to run ! risk ( ! galleys1 ! excell5t cl]ics 7 soon embold5$ to ask t !y1 ! non-jurors1 ! 8refractory ones0 z !y 7 popul>ly call$1 be (ficially recogniz$ z "o ( ! 8tol]at$ sects0 & be accord$ ^? privileges :i* dur+ ! previ\s ?ree c5turies !y _h s p]si/5tly refus$ to grant to _! compatriots ( ! ,calv9i/ fai?4 ,! situation1 = ^? ( u :o look back at x f ! safe di/ance ( ! ye> #aibe1 0 n )\t a c]ta9 grim humor4 ,b no def9ite decision 0 tak51 = ! ,assembly soon aft]w>ds fell entirely "u ! d5om9ation ( ! extreme radicals & ! trea*]y ( ! c\rt1 comb9$ ) ! /upidity ( ,8 ,maje/y's =eign allies1 caus$ a panic :i* 9 less ?an a week spread f ! coa/ ( ,belgium to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & :i* 0 responsible = t s]ies ( :olesale assass9ations :i* rag$ f ! second to ! sev5? ( ,septemb] ( ! ye> #agib4 ,f t mom5t on ! ,revolution 0 b\nd to deg5]ate into a reign ( t]ror4 ,! gradual & evolution>y ef=ts ( ! philosoph]s came to naught :5 a />v+ populace began to suspect t _! own lead]s 7 engag$ 9 a gigantic plot to sell ! c\ntry to ! enemy4 ,! explosion :i* !n foll[$ is common hi/ory4 ,t ! conduct ( affairs 9 a crisis ( su* magnitude is likely to fall into ! h&s ( unscrupul\s & ru?less lead]s is a fact ) :i* e hone/ /ud5t ( hi/ory is suffici5tly famili>4 ,b t ! pr9cipal actor 9 ! drama %\ld h be5 a prig1 a model-citiz51 a hundr$-p]c5t+ p>agon ( ,virtue1 t inde$ 0 some?+ :i* no "o _h be5 able to =esee4 ,:5 ,france began to und]/& ! true nature ( h] new ma/]1 x 0 too late1 z ^? :o tri$ 9 va9 to utt] _! belat$ words ( w>n+ f ! top ( a scaffold 9 ! ,place de la ,concorde c\ld h te/ifi$4 ,?us f> we h /udi$ all revolutions f ! po9t ( view ( politics & economics & social organization4 ,b n until ! hi/orian %all turn psy*ologi/ or ! psy*ologi/ %all turn hi/orian %all we really be able to expla9 & und]/& ^? d>k =ces t %ape ! de/9ies ( nations 9 _! h\r ( agony & travail4 ,!re are ^? :o hold t ! _w is rul$ by sweetness & light4 ,!re are ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! human race respects only "o ?+1 brute =ce4 ,"s hundr$ ye>s f n[1 ,i may be able to make a *oice4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 seems c]ta9 to u1 t ! greate/ ( all exp]im5ts 9 our sociological laboratory1 ! ,fr5* revolution1 0 a noisy apo!osis ( viol5ce4 ,^? :o _h tri$ to prep>e = a m humane _w by way ( reason 7 ei!r dead or 7 put to dea? by ! v p :om !y _h help$ to glory4 ,& ) ! ,voltaires & ,did]ots & ! ,turgots & ! ,condorcets out ( ! way1 ! untutor$ apo/les ( ! ,new ,p]fection 7 left ! undisput$ ma/]s ( _! c\ntry's fate4 ,:at a gha/ly mess !y made ( _! high mission6 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( _! rule1 victory lay ) ! out-&-out enemies ( religion1 ^? :o _h "s p>ticul> reason to dete/ ! v symbols ( ,*ri/ianity2 ^? :o 9 "s sil5t & hidd5 way _h suff]$ s deeply 9 ! old days ( cl]ical supremacy t ! m]e sight ( a cassock drove !m into a fr5zy ( hate & t ! smell ( inc5se made !m turn pale ) long =gott5 rage4 ,toge!r ) a few o!rs :o believ$ t !y c\ld disprove ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god ) ! help ( ma!matics & *emi/ry1 !y set ab\t to de/roy ! ,*ur* & all h] works4 ,a hopeless & at be/ an ungrateful task b x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( revolution>y psy*ology t ! normal becomes abnormal & ! impossible is turn$ into an e day occurr5ce4 ,h5ce a pap] decree ( ! ,conv5tion aboli%+ ! old ,*ri/ian cal5d>2 aboli%+ all sa9ts' days2 aboli%+ ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]2 aboli%+ weeks & mon?s & re-divid+ ! ye> into p]iods ( t5 days ea* ) a new pagan ,sabba? on e t5?4 ,h5ce ano!r pap] pronunciam5to :i* aboli%$ ! wor%ip ( ,god & left ! univ]se )\t a ma/]4 ,b n = long4 ,h[ev] eloqu5tly expla9$ & def5d$ )9 ! b>e rooms ( ! ,jacob9 club1 ! idea ( a limitless & empty void 0 too repell5t to mo/ citiz5s to be tol]at$ = m ?an a c\ple ( weeks4 ,! old ,deity no long] satisfi$ ! masses4 ,:y n foll[ ! example ( ,moses & ,mahomet & inv5t a new "o t %\ld suit ! dem&s ( ! times8 ,z a result1 behold ! ,goddess ( ,reason6 ,h] exact /atus 0 to be def9$ lat]4 ,9 ! meantime a comely actress1 prop]ly g>b$ 9 anci5t ,greek drap]ies1 w\ld fill ! bill p]fectly4 ,! lady 0 f\nd among ! danc]s ( 8 late ,maje/y's corps de ballet & at ! prop] h\r 0 mo/ solemnly conduct$ to ! high alt> ( ,notre ,dame1 long s9ce des]t$ by ! loyal foll[]s ( an old] fai?4 ,z = ! bless$ ,virg9 :o1 dur+ s _m c5turies1 _h /ood a t5d] wat* ov] all ^? :o _h b>$ ! w\nds ( _! s\l be=e ! pati5t eyes ( p]fect und]/&+1 %e too 0 gone1 ha/ily hidd5 by lov+ h&s be=e %e be s5t to ! limekilns & be turn$ into mort>4 ,h] place _h be5 tak5 by a /atue ( ,lib]ty1 ! pr\d product ( an amateur sculptor & done r c>elessly 9 :ite pla/]4 ,b t 0 n all4 ,notre ,dame _h se5 o!r innovations4 ,9 ! middle ( ! *oir1 f\r columns & a ro( indicat$ a 8,temple ( ,philosophy0 :i* ^u /ate occasions 0 to s]ve z a ?rone = ! new danc+ div9ity4 ,:5 ! poor girl 0 n hold+ c\rt & receiv+ ! wor%ip ( h] tru/$ foll[]s1 ! ,temple ( ,philosophy h>bor$ a 8,tor* ( ,tru?0 :i* to ! end ( all "t 0 to c>ry high ! burn+ flame ( _w enlight5m5t4 ,! 8end ( "t0 came be=e ano!r six mon?s4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! sev5? ( ,may ( ! ye> #agid ! ,fr5* p 7 (ficially in=m$ t ,god _h be5 re/abli%$ & t ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 once m a recogniz$ article ( fai?4 ,on ! eigh? ( ,june1 ! new ,supreme ,be+ 7ha/ily con/ruct$ out ( ! second-h& mat]ial left beh9d by ! late ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau7 0 (ficially pres5t$ to 8 eag] disciples4 ,robespi]re 9 a new blue wai/coat deliv]$ ! address ( welcome4 ,he _h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( 8 c>e]4 ,! obscure law cl]k f a ?ird rate c\ntry t[n _h become ! high prie/ ( ! ,revolution4 ,m ?an t1 a poor dem5t$ nun by ! "n ( ,ca!r9e ,?ot1 rev]$ by ?\s&s z ! true "m ( ,god1 _h j proclaim$ ! =?com+ return ( ! ,messiah & %e _h ev5 reveal$ 8 "n4 ,x 0 ,maximilian ,robespi]re2 ! same ,maximilian :o 9 a fanta/ic uni=m ( 8 own design+ 0 pr\dly disp5s+ reams ( oratory 9 :i* he assur$ ,god t f n[ on all w\ld be well ) ,8 little _w4 ,& to make d\bly sure1 two days lat] he pass$ a law by :i* ^? suspect$ ( treason & h]esy 7= once m !y 7 held to be ! same1 z 9 ! good old days ( ! ,inquisition7 7 depriv$ ( all means ( def5se1 a measure s ably conceiv$ t dur+ ! next six weeks m ?an f\rte5 hundr$ p lo/ _! heads b5ea? ! slant+ knife ( ! guillot9e4 ,! re/ ( 8 /ory is only too well kn[n4 ,z ,robespi]re 0 ! p]fect inc>nation ( all he himself held to be ,good 7) a capital ,g7 he c\ld1 9 8 quality ( a logical fanatic1 n possibly recognize ! "r ( o!r m51 less p]fect1 to exi/ on ! same planet ) himself4 ,z "t w5t by1 8 hatr$ ( ,evil 7) a capital ,e7 took on su* proportions t ,france 0 br\ght to ! br9k ( depopulation4 ,!n at la/1 & driv5 by fe> ( _! own lives1 ! enemies ( ,virtue /ruck back & 9 a %ort b desp]ate /ruggle de/roy$ ?is ,t]rible ,apo/le ( ,rectitude4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! =ce ( ! ,revolution _h sp5t itself4 ,! con/itution :i* ! ,fr5* p !n adopt$ recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t d5om9ations & gave !m ! same rights & privileges4 ,(ficially at lea/ ! ,republic wa%$ h] h&s ( all religion4 ,^? :o wi%$ to =m a *ur*1 a congregation1 an association1 7 free to d s b !y 7 oblig$ to support _! own m9i/]s & prie/s & recognize ! sup]ior rights ( ! /ate & ! complete fre$om ( *oice ( ! individual4 ,ev] s9ce1 ! ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 9 ,france h liv$ peacefully side by side4 ,x is true t ! ,*ur* nev] recogniz$ h] defeat1 cont9ues to d5y ! pr9ciple ( a division ( /ate & *ur* 7see ! decree ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix ( ,decemb] #h?1 #ahfd7 & has repeat$ly tri$ to come back to p[] by support+ ^? political p>ties :o hope to upset ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t & br+ back ! mon>*y or ! empire4 ,b ^! battles are usually f\ght 9 ! private p>lors ( "s m9i/]'s wife1 or 9 ! rabbit-%oot+-lodge ( a retir$ g5]al ) an ambiti\s "m-9-law4 ,!y h ?us f> provid$ ! funny pap]s ) "s excell5t mat]ial b !y are prov+ !mselves increas+ly futile4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,less+ ,on ! tw5tie? ( ,septemb] ( ! ye> #agib a battle 0 f\ght betwe5 ! armies ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! armies ( ! alli$ mon>*s :o _h set =? to annihilate ! t]rible mon/] ( insurrection4 ,x 0 a glori\s victory1 b n = ! allies4 ,_! infantry c\ld n be employ$ on ! slipp]y hillsides ( ! village ( ,valmy4 ,! battle !re=e consi/$ ( a s]ies ( solemn broadsides4 ,! rebels fir$ h>d] & fa/] ?an ! royali/s4 ,h5ce ! latt] 7 ! fir/ to leave ! field4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! alli$ troops retreat$ nor?w>d4 ,among ^? pres5t at ! engagem5t 0 a c]ta9 ,johann ,wolfgang von ,goe!1 aide to ! h]$it>y ,pr9ce ( ,weim>4 ,sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds ?is "y man publi%$ 8 memoirs ( t day4 ,:ile /&+ ankle-deep 9 ! /icky mud ( ,lorra9e1 he _h turn$ prophet4 ,& he _h pr$ict$ t aft] ?is cannonade1 ! _w w\ld nev] be ! same4 ,he _h be5 "r4 ,on t ev] memorable day1 ,sov]eignty by ! grace ( ,god 0 bl[n into limbo4 ,! ,crusad]s ( ! ,rights ( ,man did n run l *ick5s1 z !y _h be5 expect$ to d4 ,!y /uck to _! guns4 ,& !y pu%$ ^? guns =w>d ?r\gh valleys & across m\nta9s until !y _h c>ri$ _! ideal ( 8,lib]ty1 ,equality & ,frat]nity0 to ! fur!rmo/ corn]s ( ,europe & _h /abl$ _! horses 9 e ca/le & *ur* ( ! entire cont95t4 ,x is easy en\gh = u to write t sort ( s5t5ce4 ,! revolution>y lead]s h be5 dead = almo/ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s & we c poke z mu* fun at !m z we l4 ,we c ev5 be grateful = ! _m good ?+s :i* !y be/[$ ^u ?is _w4 ,b ! m5 & wom5 :o liv$ ?r\gh ^? days1 :o "o morn+ _h gaily danc$ ar\nd ! ,tree ( ,lib]ty & !n dur+ ! next ?ree mon?s _h be5 *as$ l rats ?r\gh ! sew]s ( _! own city1 c\ld n possibly take su* a deta*$ view ( ^? problems ( civic upheaval4 ,z soon z !y _h crept out ( _! cell>s & g>rets & _h comb$ ! cobwebs out ( _! p]ukes1 !y began to devise measures by :i* to prev5t a reoccurr5ce ( s t]rible a calamity4 ,b 9 ord] to be successful reaction>ies1 !y mu/ fir/ ( all bury ! pa/4 ,n a vague pa/ 9 ! broad hi/orical s5se ( ! ^w b _! own individual 8pa/s0 :5 !y _h surreptiti\sly read ! works ( ,monsieur de ,voltaire & _h op5ly express$ _! admiration = ! ,encyclopdie4 ,n[ ! assembl$ works ( ,monsieur de ,voltaire 7 /or$ away 9 ! attic & ^? ( ,monsieur ,did]ot 7 sold to ! junk-man4 ,pamphlets t _h be5 rev]5tly read z ! true revelation ( reason 7 relegat$ to ! coal-b9 & 9 e possible way an ef=t 0 made to cov] up ! tracks t betray$ a %ort soj\rn 9 ! realm ( lib]alism4 ,alas1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 a case l t :5 all ! lit]>y mat]ial has be5 c>efully de/roy$1 ! rep5tant bro!rhood ov]look$ "o item :i* 0 ev5 m important z a telltale ( ! popul> m9d4 ,t 0 ! /age4 ,x 0 a bit *ildi% on ! "p ( ! g5]ation t _h ?r[n :ole c>tloads ( b\quets at 8,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o0 to claim t !y _h nev] = a mom5t believ$ 9 ! possibilities ( equal rights = all m51 & ! p :o _h wept ov] 8,na?an ! ,wise0 c\ld nev] successfully prove t !y _h always reg>d$ religi\s tol]ance z a misguid$ expression ( gov]nm5tal weakness4 ,! play & its success 7 !re to convict !m ( ! opposite4 ,! au?or ( ?is fam\s key play to ! popul> s5tim5t ( ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a ,g]man1 "o ,got?old ,ephraim ,less+4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,lu!ran cl]gyman & _h /udi$ !ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,b he _h felt little incl9ation = a religi\s c>e] & _h play$ hooky s p]si/5tly t 8 fa!r he>d ( x1 _h told him to come home & _h plac$ him be=e ! *oice ( imm$iate resignation f ! univ]sity or dilig5t application z a memb] ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t4 ,got?old1 :o 0 no m ( a doctor ?an a cl]gyman1 promis$ ev]y?+ t 0 ask$ ( him1 return$ to ,leipzig1 w5t surety = "s ( 8 belov$ actor fri5ds & ^u _! subsequ5t disappe>ance f t[n 0 oblig$ to ha/5 to ,witt5b]g t he might escape arre/ = debt4 ,8 flight meant ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( long walks & %ort meals4 ,fir/ ( all he w5t to ,b]l9 :]e he sp5t sev]al ye>s writ+ badly paid articles = a numb] ( !atrical pap]s4 ,!n he engag$ himself z private secret>y to a ri* fri5d :o 0 go+ to take a trip ar\nd ! _w4 ,b no soon] _h !y />t$ ?an ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' w> mu/ break out4 ,! fri5d1 oblig$ to jo9 8 regim5t1 _h tak5 ! fir/ po/-*aise = home & ,less+1 once m )\t a job1 f\nd himself /r&$ 9 ! city ( ,leipzig4 ,b he 0 ( a sociable nature & soon f\nd a new fri5d 9 ! p]son ( "o ,edu>d ,*ri/ian von ,klei/1 an (fic] by day & a poet by night1 a s5sitive s\l :o gave ! hungry ex-!ologian insight into ! new _s t 0 sl[ly com+ ov] ?is _w4 ,b von ,klei/ 0 %ot to dea? 9 ! battle ( ,kun]sdorf & ,less+ 0 driv5 to su* dire extremes ( want t he became a columni/4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod z private secret>y to ! comm&] ( ! =tress ( ,breslau :]e ! bor$om ( g>rison life 0 mitigat$ by a pr(\nd /udy ( ! works ( ,sp9oza :i* !n1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! philosoph]'s dea?1 7 beg9n+ to f9d _! way to =eign c\ntries4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 did n settle ! problem ( ! daily ,butt]brod4 ,less+ 0 n[ almo/ =ty ye>s old & want$ a home ( 8 own4 ,8 fri5ds sugge/$ t he be appo9t$ keep] ( ! ,royal ,libr>y4 ,b ye>s be=e1 some?+ _h happ5$ t _h made ,less+ p]sona non grata at ! ,prussian c\rt4 ,dur+ 8 fir/ visit to ,b]l9 he _h made ! acqua9tance ( ,voltaire4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph] 0 no?+ if n g5]\s & be+ a p]son )\t any idea ( 8sy/em0 he _h all[$ ! "y man to borr[ ! manuscript ( ! 8,c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xiv10 !n ready = publication4 ,un=tunately1 ,less+1 :5 he ha/ily left ,b]l91 _h 7entirely by accid5t7 pack$ ! manuscript among 8 own belong+s4 ,voltaire1 exasp]at$ by ! bad c(fee & ! h>d b$s ( ! p5uri\s ,prussian c\rt1 imm$iately cri$ out t he _h be5 robb$4 ,! "y ,g]man _h /ol5 8 mo/ important manuscript1 ! police mu/ wat* ! fronti]1 etc41 etc41 etc41 aft] ! mann] ( an excit$ ,fr5*man 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,)9 a few days ! po/man return$ ! lo/ docum5t1 b x 0 accompani$ by a lett] f ,less+ 9 :i* ! blunt "y ,teuton express$ 8 own ideas ( p :o w\ld d>e to suspect 8 hone/y4 ,?is /orm 9 a *ocolate-pot might h easily be5 =gott51 b ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod :5 *ocolate-pots play$ a great rle 9 ! lives ( m5 & wom5 & ,fr$]ick1 ev5 aft] a lapse ( almo/ tw5ty ye>s1 /ill lov$ 8 pesky ,fr5* fri5d & w\ld n he> ( hav+ ,less+ at 8 c\rt4 ,& s f>ewell to ,b]l9 & (f to ,hamburg1 :]e !re 0 rumor ( a newly to be f\nd$ national !at]4 ,?is ent]prise came to no?+ & ,less+ 9 8 despair accept$ ! (fice ( libr>ian to ! h]$it>y gr& duke ( ,brunswick4 ,! t[n ( ,wolf5bttel :i* !n became 8 home 0 n exactly a metropolis1 b ! gr&-ducal libr>y 0 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 all ,g]many4 ,x conta9$ m ?an t5 ?\s& manuscripts & sev]al ( ^! 7 ( prime importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation4 ,bor$om ( c\rse is ! ma9 inc5tive to sc&al mong]+ & gossip4 ,9 ,wolf5bttel a =m] art critic1 columni/ & dramatic essayi/ 0 by ?is v fact a highly suspici\s p]son & soon ,less+ 0 once m 9 tr\ble4 ,n because ( any?+ he _h done b on acc\nt ( some?+ he 0 vaguely suppos$ to h done1 to wit3 ! publication ( a s]ies ( articles attack+ ! or?odox op9ions ( ! old s*ool ( ,lu!ran !ology4 ,^! s]mons 7= s]mons !y 77 _h actually be5 writt5 by a =m] ,hamburg m9i/]1 b ! gr& duke ( ,brunswick1 panic /rick5 at ! prospect ( a religi\s w> )9 8 doma9s1 ord]$ 8 libr>ian to be discreet & keep away f all controv]sies4 ,less+ compli$ ) ! wi%es ( 8 employ]4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 _h be5 said ab\t treat+ ! subject dramatically & s he set to "w to re-valuate 8 op9ions 9 t]ms ( ! /age4 ,! play :i* 0 born out ( ?is small-t[n rumpus 0 call$ 8,na?an ! ,wise40 ,! !me 0 v old & ,i h m5tion$ x be=e 9 ?is book4 ,lov]s ( lit]>y antiquities c f9d x 7if ,mr4 ,sumn] w all[ !m7 9 ,boccaccio's 8,decam]on0 :]e x is call$ ! 8,sad ,/ory ( ! ,?ree ,r+s0 & :]e x is told z foll[s3 ,once ^u a "t a ,mohamm$an pr9ce tri$ to extract a l>ge sum ( money f "o ( 8 ,jewi% subjects4 ,b z he _h no valid reason to deprive ! poor man ( 8 prop]ty1 he be?\ght himself ( a ruse4 ,he s5t = ! victim & hav+ complim5t$ him gracefully ^u 8 le>n+ & wisdom1 he ask$ him :i* ( ! ?ree mo/ widely spread religions1 ! ,turki%1 ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian1 he held to be mo/ true4 ,! wor?y patri>* did n answ] ! ,padi%ah directly b said1 8,let me1 oh great ,sultan1 tell y a little /ory4 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a v ri* man :o _h a beautiful r+ & he made a w t :i*ev] ( 8 sons at ! "t ( 8 dea? %\ld be f\nd ) t r+ ^u 8 f+] %\ld fall heir to all 8 e/ates4 ,8 son made a l w4 ,8 gr&son too1 & = c5turies ! r+ *ang$ h&s & all 0 well4 ,b f9ally x happ5$ t ! own] ( ! r+ _h ?ree sons :om he lov$ equally well4 ,he simply c\ld n decide :i* ( ! ?ree %\ld own t mu* valu$ treasure4 ,s he w5t to a goldsmi? & ord]$ him to make two o!r r+s exactly l ! "o he _h4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ he s5t = 8 *ildr5 & gave !m ea* 8 bless+ & :at !y suppos$ 0 ! "o & only r+4 ,( c\rse1 z soon z ! fa!r _h be5 buri$1 ! ?ree boys all claim$ to be 8 heir because !y _h ,! ,r+4 ,?is l$ to _m qu>rels & f9ally !y laid ! matt] be=e ! ,kadi4 ,b z ! r+s 7 absolutely alike1 ev5 ! judges c\ld n decide :i* 0 ! "r "o & s ! case has be5 dragg$ on & on & v likely w drag on until ! end ( ! _w4 ,am540 ,less+ us$ ?is anci5t folk-tale to prove 8 belief t no "o religion possess$ a monopoly ( ! tru?1 t x 0 ! inn] _s ( man t c\nt$ r ?an 8 outw>d con=mity to c]ta9 prescrib$ rituals & dogmas & t !re=e x 0 ! duty ( p to be> ) ea* o!r 9 love & fri5d%ip & t no "o _h ! "r to set himself ^u a high p$e/al ( self-assur$ p]fection & say1 8,i am bett] ?an all o!rs because ,i alone possess ! ,tru?40 ,b ?is idea1 mu* applaud$ 9 ! ye> #aggh1 0 no long] popul> ) ! little pr9cel+s :o ?irty ye>s lat] return$ to salvage su* goods & *attels z _h surviv$ ! deluge ( ! ,revolution4 ,= ! purpose ( rega9+ _! lo/ pre/ige1 !y abjectly surr5d]$ _! l&s to ! rule ( ! police-s]geant & expect$ ! cl]ical g5tlem5 :o dep5d$ ^u !m = _! livelihood to act z a spiritual militia & help ! regul> cops to re/abli% law & ord]4 ,b :]eas ! purely political reaction 0 completely successful1 ! attempt to re%ape m5's m9ds aft] ! patt]n ( fifty ye>s be=e end$ 9 failure4 ,& x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,x 0 true t ! va/ majority ( ! p 9 all c\ntries 7 sick & tir$ ( revolution & unre/1 ( p>liam5ts & futile spee*es & =ms ( taxation t _h completely ru9$ comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,!y want$ peace4 ,peace at any price4 ,!y want$ to d bus9ess & sit 9 _! own front p>lors & dr9k c(fee & n be di/urb$ by ! soldi]s billet$ ^u !m & =c$ to dr9k an odi\s extract ( oak-leaves4 ,provid$ !y c\ld enjoy ?is bless$ /ate ( well-be+1 !y 7 will+ to put up ) c]ta9 small inconv5i5ces su* z salut+ :oev] wore brass buttons1 b[+ l[ be=e e imp]ial lett]-box & say+ 8,sir0 to e assi/ant (ficial *imney-sweep4 ,b ?is attitude ( humble ob$i5ce 0 ! result ( %e] necessity1 ( ! ne$ = a %ort brea?+ space aft] ! long & tumultu\s ye>s :5 e new morn+ br\ght new uni=ms1 new political plat=ms1 new police regulations & new rul]s1 bo? ( ,heav5 & e>?4 ,x w\ld be errone\s1 h[ev]1 to conclude f ?is g5]al air ( subs]vi5ce1 f ?is l\d hurray-+ = ! div9ely appo9t$ ma/]s1 t ! p 9 _! he>t ( he>ts _h =gott5 ! new doctr9es :i* ! drums ( ,s]geant ,le ,gr& _h s m]rily beat5 into _! heads & he>ts4 ,z _! gov]nm5ts1 ) t moral cynicism inh]5t 9 all reaction>y dictator%ips1 insi/$ *iefly ^u an outw>d semblance ( dec5cy & ord] & c>$ n "o :it = ! inn] _s1 ! av]age subject enjoy$ a fairly wide degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,on ,sunday he w5t to *ur* ) a l>ge ,bible "u 8 arm4 ,! re/ ( ! week he ?\ght z he pleas$4 ,only he held 8 tongue & kept 8 private op9ions to himself & air$ 8 views :5 a c>eful inspection ( ! premises _h fir/ assur$ him t no secret ag5t 0 hidd5 und]nea? ! s(a or 0 lurk+ beh9d ! tile /ove4 ,!n h[ev] he discuss$ ! ev5ts ( ! day ) great gu/o & sadly %ook 8 head :5 8 duly c5sor$1 fumigat$ & /]iliz$ newspap] told him :at new idiotic measures 8 ma/]s _h tak5 to assure ! peace ( ! realm & br+ ab\t a return to ! /atus quo ( ! ye> ( grace #afjj4 ,:at 8 ma/]s 7 do+ 0 exactly :at simil> ma/]s ) an imp]fect k ( ! hi/ory ( human nature "u simil> circum/ances h be5 do+ ev] s9ce ! ye> "o4 ,!y ?\ght t !y _h de/roy$ free spee* :5 !y ord]$ ! removal ( ! crack]-b>rels f :i* ! spee*es t _h s sev]ely criticiz$ _! gov]nm5t _h be5 made4 ,& :5ev] !y c\ld1 !y s5t ! (f5d+ orators to jail ) su* /iff s5t5ces 7=ty1 fifty1 a hundr$ ye>s7 t ! poor devils ga9$ great r5[n z m>tyrs1 :]eas 9 mo/ in/ances !y 7 scatt]-bra9$ idiots :o _h read a few books & pamphlets :i* !y _h fail$ to und]/&4 ,w>n$ by ?is example1 ! o!rs kept away f ! public p>ks & did _! grumbl+ 9 obscure w9e %ops or 9 ! public lodg+ h\ses ( ov]cr[d$ cities :]e !y 7 c]ta9 ( a discreet audi5ce & :]e _! influ5ce 0 inf9itely m h>mful ?an x w\ld h be5 on a public plat=m4 ,!re are few ?+s m pa!tic 9 ?is _w ?an ! man ^u :om ! ,gods 9 _! wisdom h be/[$ a little bit ( au?ority & :o is 9 et]nal fe> = 8 (ficial pre/ige4 ,a k+ may lose 8 ?rone & may laugh at a misadv5ture :i* means a r amus+ int]ruption ( a life ( dull r\t9e4 ,& anyway he is a k+1 :e!r he we>s 8 valet's br[n d]by or 8 gr&fa!r's cr[n4 ,b ! mayor ( a ?ird rate t[n1 once he has be5 depriv$ ( 8 gavel & 8 badge ( (fice1 is j pla9 ,bill ,smi?1 a ridicul\s fell[ :o gave himself airs & :o is n[ laugh$ at = 8 tr\bles4 ,!re=e woe unto him :o d>es to approa* su* a pot5tate pro tem )\t visible manife/ations ( t rev]5ce & wor%ip due to s exalt$ a human be+4 ,b ^? :o did n /op at burgoma/]s1 b :o op5ly que/ion$ ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s 9 le>n$ tomes & h&books ( geology & an?ropology & economics1 f>$ inf9itely worse4 ,!y 7 in/antly & di%onorably depriv$ ( _! livelihood4 ,!n !y 7 exil$ f ! t[n 9 :i* !y _h taught _! p]nici\s doctr9es & ) _! wives & *ildr5 7 left to ! *>itable m]cies ( ! neighbors4 ,?is outbreak ( ! reaction>y _s caus$ great inconv5i5ce to a l>ge numb] ( p]fectly s9c]e p :o 7 hone/ly try+ to g to ! root ( our _m social ills4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 ! great laundress1 has long s9ce remov$ :atev] spots ! local police magi/rates 7 able to detect ^u ! pr(essorial g>m5ts ( ^! amiable s*ol>s4 ,today1 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia is *iefly rememb]$ because he int]f]$ ) ! tea*+s ( ,emanuel ,kant1 t dang]\s radical :o taught t ! maxims ( our own actions mu/ be wor?y ( be+ turn$ into univ]sal laws & ^: doctr9es1 accord+ to ! police reports1 appeal$ only to 8be>dless y\?s & idle babbl]s40 ,! ,duke ( ,cumb]l& has ga9$ la/+ notoriety because z ,k+ ( ,hanov] he exil$ a c]ta9 ,jacob ,grimm :o _h sign$ a prote/ aga9/ 8,8 ,maje/y's unlawful abrogation ( ! c\ntry's con/itution40 ,& ,mett]ni* has reta9$ a c]ta9 notoriety because he ext5d$ 8 wat*ful suspicion to ! field ( music & once c5sor$ ! music ( ,s*ub]t4 ,poor old ,au/ria6 ,n[ t x is dead & gone1 all ! _w feels k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ! 8gay empire0 & =gets t once ^u a "t x _h an active intellectual life ( its own & 0 some?+ m ?an an amus+ & well-mann]$ c\nty-fair ) excell5t & *eap w9e1 atroci\s cig>s & ! mo/ entic+ ( waltzes1 compos$ & conduct$ by no "o less ?an ,johann ,/rauss himself4 ,we may g ev5 fur!r & /ate t dur+ ! entire eighte5? c5tury ,au/ria play$ a v important rle 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea ( religi\s tol]ance4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,re=mation ! ,prote/ants _h f\nd a f]tile field = _! op]ations 9 ! ri* prov9ce betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4 ,b ?is _h *ang$ :5 ,rudolf ,,ii became emp]or4 ,?is ,rudolf 0 a ,g]man v]sion ( ,spani% ,philip1 a rul] to :om treaties made ) h]etics 7 ( no consequ5ce :atsoev]4 ,b al?\gh educat$ by ! ,jesuits1 he 0 incurably lazy & ?is sav$ 8 empire f too dra/ic a *ange ( policy4 ,t came :5 ,f]d9& ,,ii 0 *os5 emp]or4 ,?is mon>*'s *ief qualification = (fice 0 ! fact t he alone among all ! ,habsburgs 0 possess$ ( a few sons4 ,e>ly dur+ 8 reign he _h visit$ ! fam\s ,h\se ( ! ,annunciation1 bodily mov$ 9 ! ye> #abia by a numb] ( angels f ,naz>e? to ,dalmatia & h5ce to c5tral ,italy1 & !re 9 an outbur/ ( religi\s f]vor he _h sworn a dire oa? to make 8 c\ntry "o-hundr$-p]c5t ,ca?olic4 ,he _h be5 z good z 8 ^w4 ,9 ! ye> #afbi ,ca?olicism once m 0 proclaim$ ! (ficial & exclusive fai? ( ,au/ria & ,/yria & ,bohemia & ,silesia4 ,hung>y hav+ be5 mean:ile m>ri$ into t /range family1 :i* acquir$ va/ quantities ( ,european real e/ate ) e new wife1 an ef=t 0 made to drive ! ,prote/ants f _! ,magy> /rongholds4 ,b back$ up by ! ,transylvanians1 :o 7 ,unit>ians1 & by ! ,turks1 :o 7 hea!n1 ! ,hung>ians 7 able to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce until ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,& by t "t a great *ange _h tak5 place 9 ,au/ria itself4 ,! ,habsburgs 7 loyal sons ( ! ,*ur*1 b at la/ ev5 _! sluggi% bra9s grew tir$ ( ! con/ant int]f]5ce ) _! affairs on ! "p ( ! ,popes & !y 7 will+ = once to risk a policy contr>y to ! wi%es ( ,rome4 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is book ,i h already told h[ _m m$ieval ,ca?olics believ$ t ! organization ( ! ,*ur* 0 all wrong4 ,9 ! days ( ! m>tyrs1 ^! critics argu$1 ! ,*ur* 0 a true democracy rul$ by eld]s & bi%ops :o 7 appo9t$ by common cons5t ( all ! p>i%ion]s4 ,!y 7 will+ to conc$e t ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 because he claim$ to be ! direct successor ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 _h be5 entitl$ to a favorite position 9 ! c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 b !y insi/$ t ?is p[] _h be5 purely honor>y & t ! popes !re=e %\ld nev] h consid]$ !mselves sup]ior to ! o!r bi%ops & %\ld n h tri$ to ext5d _! influ5ce beyond ! conf9es ( _! own t]ritory4 ,! popes f _! side _h f\ght ?is idea ) all ! bulls1 ana!mas & excommunications at _! disposal & sev]al brave re=m]s _h lo/ _! lives z a result ( _! bold agitation = great] cl]ical dec5tralization4 ,! "q _h nev] be5 def9itely settl$1 & !n dur+ ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! idea 0 reviv$ by ! vic>-g5]al ( ! ri* & p[]ful ar*bi%op ( ,tri]4 ,8 "n 0 ,johann von ,hon!im1 b he is bett] kn[n by 8 ,lat9 pseudonym ( ,febronius4 ,hon!im _h enjoy$ ! advantages ( a v lib]al education4 ,aft] a few ye>s sp5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va9 he _h tempor>ily =sak5 8 own p & _h gone to ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid54 ,he got !re at a "t :5 t old citadel ( undilut$ ,calv9ism 0 beg9n+ to be suspect$ ( lib]al t5d5cies4 ,?is suspicion _h rip5$ into op5 conviction :5 ,pr(essor ,g]>d ,noodt1 a memb] ( ! legal faculty1 _h be5 all[$ to ent] ! field ( !ology & _h be5 p]mitt$ to publi% a spee* 9 :i* he _h extoll$ ! ideal ( religi\s tol]ance4 ,8 l9e ( reason+ _h be5 +5i\s1 to say ! lea/4 8,god is allp[]ful10 s he _h said4 8,god is able to lay d[n c]ta9 laws ( sci5ce :i* hold good = all p at all times & "u all conditions4 ,x foll[s t x w\ld h be5 v easy = him1 _h he desir$ to d s1 to guide ! m9ds ( m5 9 su* a fa%ion t !y all ( !m %\ld h _h ! same op9ions ^u ! subject ( religion4 ,we "k t ,he did n d any?+ ( ! sort4 ,!re=e1 we act aga9/ ! express w ( ,god if we try to co]ce o!rs by =ce to believe t :i* we ourselves hold to be true40 ,:e!r ,hon!im 0 directly influ5c$ by ,noodt or n1 x is h>d to say4 ,b some?+ ( t same _s ( ,erasmian rationalism c be f\nd 9 ^? works ( ,hon!im 9 :i* he aft]w>ds develop$ 8 own ideas ^u ! subject ( episcopal au?ority & papal dec5tralization4 ,t 8 books 7 imm$iately condemn$ by ,rome 79 ,febru>y ( ! ye> #agfd7 is ( c\rse no m ?an 0 to be expect$4 ,b x happ5$ to suit ! int]e/s ( ,m>ia ,!resa to support ,hon!im & ,febronianism or ,episcopalianism1 z ! movem5t :i* he _h />t$ 0 call$1 cont9u$ to fl\ri% 9 ,au/ria & f9ally took practical %ape 9 a ,pat5t ( ,tol]ance :i* ,joseph ,,ii1 ! son ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 be/[$ ^u 8 subjects on ! ?irte5? ( ,octob] ( ! ye> #agha4 ,joseph1 :o 0 a weak imitation ( 8 "m's great enemy1 ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia1 _h a wond]ful gift = do+ ! "r ?+ at ! wrong mom5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s ! little *ildr5 ( ,au/ria _h be5 s5t to b$ ) ! ?reat t ! ,prote/ants w\ld get !m if !y did n g to sleep at once4 ,to insi/ t ^? same infants h5ce=? reg>d _! ,prote/ant neighbors 7:o1 z !y all knew1 _h horns & a long black tail71 z _! de>ly belov$ bro!rs & si/]s 0 to ask ! impossible4 ,all ! same1 poor1 hone/1 h>d work+1 blund]+ ,joseph1 =ev] surr\nd$ by a horde ( uncles & aunts & c\s9s :o enjoy$ fat incomes z bi%ops & c>d9als & deaconesses1 des]ves great cr$it = ?is sudd5 outbur/ ( c\rage4 ,he 0 ! fir/ among ! ,ca?olic rul]s :o d>$ to advocate tol]ance z a desirable & practical possibility ( /atecraft4 ,& :at he did ?ree mon?s lat] 0 ev5 m />tl+4 ,on ! second ( ,febru>y ( ! ye> ( grace #aghb he issu$ 8 fam\s decree conc]n+ ! ,jews & ext5d$ ! lib]ty !n only enjoy$ by ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics to a category ( p :o ?us f> _h consid]$ !mselves =tunate :5 !y 7 all[$ to brea! ! same air z _! ,*ri/ian neighbors4 ,"r "h we ought to /op & let ! read] believe t ! good "w cont9u$ indef9itely & t ,au/ria n[ became a ,p>adise = ^? :o wi%$ to foll[ ! dictates ( _! own consci5ce4 ,i wi% x 7 true4 ,joseph & a few ( 8 m9i/]s might rise to a sudd5 height ( common s5se1 b ! ,au/rian peasant1 taught s9ce "t immemorial to reg>d ! ,jew z 8 natural enemy & ! ,prote/ant z a rebel & a r5egade1 c\ld n possibly ov]come t old & deep-root$ prejudice :i* told him to reg>d su* p z 8 natural enemies4 ,a c5tury & a half aft] ! promulgation ( ^! excell5t ,edicts ( ,tol]ance1 ! position ( ^? :o did n belong to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 q z unfavorable z x _h be5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!oretically a ,jew & a ,prote/ant c\ld hope to become prime m9i/]s or to be appo9t$ comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army4 ,& 9 practice x 0 impossible = !m to be invit$ to d9n] by ! imp]ial boot-black4 ,s mu* = pap] decrees4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,tom ,,pa9e ,some:]e or o!r !re is a poem to ! effect t ,god moves 9 a my/]i\s way1 8 wond]s to p]=m4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t is mo/ app>5t to ^? :o h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t 0 settl$ by p :o _h gone s f> 9 _! devotion to ! ideals ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t an unsuspect+ visitor might h tak5 !m = foll[]s ( ,moses1 r ?an disciples ( ! words ( ,*ri/4 ,cut (f f ! re/ ( ,europe by a v wide & v /ormy & v cold expanse ( ocean1 ^! pione]s _h set up a spiritual reign ( t]ror :i* _h culm9at$ 9 ! wit*-hunt+ orgies ( ! ,ma!r family4 ,n[ at fir/ sight x seems n v likely t ^? two rev]5d g5tlem5 c\ld 9 any way be held responsible = ! v tol]ant t5d5cies :i* we f9d exp\nd$ ) su* able vigor 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ! _m docum5ts t 7 writt5 imm$iately be=e ! outbreak ( ho/ilities betwe5 ,engl& & h] =m] colonies4 ,yet su* is und\bt$ly ! case1 = ! p]iod ( repression ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 s t]rible t x 0 b\nd to create a furi\s reaction 9 favor ( a m lib]al po9t ( view4 ,?is does n mean t all ! coloni/s sudd5ly s5t = ! collect$ works ( ,soc9ius & ceas$ to fright5 little *ildr5 ) /ories ab\t ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,b _! lead]s 7 almo/ )\t exception repres5tatives ( ! new s*ool ( ?\ght & ) great ability & tact !y infus$ _! own conceptions ( tol]ance into ! p>*m5t plat=m ^u :i* ! edifice ( _! new & indep5d5t nation 0 to be erect$4 ,!y might n h be5 q s successful if !y _h be5 oblig$ to deal ) "o unit$ c\ntry4 ,b colonization 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,am]ica _h always be5 a complicat$ bus9ess4 ,! ,sw$i% ,lu!rans _h explor$ "p ( ! t]ritory4 ,! ,fr5* _h s5t ov] "s ( _! ,hugu5ots4 ,! ,dut* ,arm9ians _h occupi$ a l>ge %>e ( ! l&4 ,:ile almo/ e sort & v>iety ( ,engli% sect _h at "o "t or ano!r tri$ to f\nd a little ,p>adise ( its own 9 ! wild]ness betwe5 ! ,hudson ,bay & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,?is _h made = a v>iety ( religi\s expression & s well _h ! diff]5t d5om9ations be5 balanc$ t 9 sev]al ( ! colonies a crude & rudim5t>y =m ( mutual =be>ance _h be5 =c$ ^u a p :o "u ord9>y circum/ances w\ld h be5 =ev] at ea* o!r's ?roats4 ,?is developm5t _h be5 v unwelcome to ! rev]5d g5tlem5 :o prosp]$ :]e o!rs qu>rel$4 ,= ye>s aft] ! adv5t ( ! new _s ( *>ity !y _h cont9u$ _! /ruggle = ! ma9t5ance ( ! old ideal ( rectitude4 ,!y _h a*iev$ v little b !y _h successfully e/rang$ _m ( ! y\ng] m5 f a cre$ :i* seem$ to h borr[$ its conceptions ( m]cy & k9dl9ess f "s ( its m f]oci\s ,indian neighbors4 ,=tunately = our c\ntry1 ! m5 :o bore ! brunt ( battle 9 ! long /ruggle = fre$om belong$ to ?is small b c\rage\s gr\p ( diss5t]s4 ,ideas travel lightly4 ,ev5 a little two-ma/$ s*oon] ( eighty tons c c>ry en\gh new notions to upset an entire cont95t4 ,! ,am]ican coloni/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 oblig$ to d )\t sculpture & gr& pianos1 b !y did n lack = books4 ,! m intellig5t among ! p 9 ! ?irte5 colonies began to und]/& t !re 0 some?+ a/ir 9 ! big _w1 ( :i* !y _h nev] he>d any?+ 9 _! ,sunday s]mons4 ,! booksell]s !n became _! prophets4 ,& al?\gh !y did n (ficially break away f ! e/abli%$ *ur* & *ang$ little 9 _! out] mode ( life1 !y %[$ :5 ! opportunity (f]$ itself t !y 7 fai?ful disciples ( t old pr9ce ( ,transylvania1 :o _h refus$ to p]secute 8 ,unit>ian subjects on ! gr\nd t ! good ,"l _h expressly res]v$ = himself ! "r to ?ree ?+s3 8,to be able to create some?+ out ( no?+2 to "k ! future2 & to dom9ate man's consci5ce40 ,& :5 x became necess>y to draw up a concrete political & social program = ! future conduct ( _! c\ntry1 ^! brave patriots incorporat$ _! ideas into ! docum5ts 9 :i* !y plac$ _! ideals be=e ! high c\rt ( public op9ion4 ,x w\ld und\bt$ly h horrifi$ ! good citiz5s ( ,virg9ia _h !y kn[n t "s ( ! oratory to :i* !y li/5$ ) su* pr(\nd respect 0 directly inspir$ by _! ar*-enemies1 ! ,lib]t9es4 ,b ,?omas ,jeff]son1 _! mo/ successful politician1 0 himself a man ( exce$+ly lib]al views & :5 he rem>k$ t religion c\ld only be regulat$ by reason & conviction & n by =ce or viol5ce2 or aga91 t all m5 _h an equal "r to ! free ex]cise ( _! religion accord+ to ! dictates ( _! consci5ce1 he m]ely repeat$ :at _h be5 ?\ght & writt5 be=e by ,voltaire & ,bayle & ,sp9oza & ,erasmus4 ,& lat] :5 ! foll[+ h]esies 7 he>d3 8t no decl>ation ( fai? %\ld be requir$ z a condition ( obta9+ any public (fice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 or 8t ,congress %\ld make no law :i* ref]r$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( religion or :i* prohibit$ ! free ex]cise !re(10 ! ,am]ican rebels acquiesc$ & accept$4 ,9 ?is way ! ,unit$ ,/ates came to be ! fir/ c\ntry :]e religion 0 def9itely sep>at$ f politics2 ! fir/ c\ntry :]e no c&idate = (fice 0 =c$ to %[ 8 ,sunday ,s*ool c]tificate be=e he c\ld accept ! nom9ation2 ! fir/ c\ntry 9 :i* p c\ld1 z f> z ! law 0 conc]n$1 wor%ip or fail to wor%ip z !y pleas$4 ,b "h z 9 ,au/ria 7or any:]e else = t matt]7 ! av]age man lagg$ f> beh9d 8 lead]s & 0 unable to foll[ !m z soon z !y deviat$ ! lea/ little bit f ! beat5 track4 ,n only did _m ( ! /ates cont9ue to impose c]ta9 re/rictions ^u ^? ( _! subjects :o did n belong to ! dom9ant religion1 b ! citiz5s 9 _! private capacity z ,new ,york]s or ,bo/onians or ,philadelphians cont9u$ to be j z intol]ant ( ^? :o did n %>e _! own views z if !y _h nev] read a s+le l9e ( _! own ,con/itution4 ,all ( :i* 0 to %[ itself soon aft]w>ds 9 ! case ( ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,tom ,pa9e r5d]$ a v great s]vice to ! cause ( ! ,am]icans4 ,he 0 ! publicity man ( ! ,revolution4 ,by bir? he 0 an ,engli%man2 by pr(ession1 a sailor2 by in/9ct & tra9+1 a rebel4 ,he 0 =ty ye>s old be=e he visit$ ! colonies4 ,:ile on a visit to ,london he _h met ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 & _h receiv$ ! excell5t advice 8to g we/40 ,9 ! ye> #aggd1 provid$ ) lett]s ( introduction f ,b5jam9 himself1 he _h sail$ = ,philadelphia & _h help$ ,ri*>d ,ba*e1 ! son-9-law ( ,frankl91 to f\nd a magaz9e1 ! 8,p5nsylvania ,gazette40 ,be+ an invet]ate amateur politician1 ,tom _h soon f\nd himself 9 ! mid/ ( ^? ev5ts t 7 try+ m5's s\ls4 ,& be+ possess$ ( a s+ul>ly well-ord]$ m9d1 he _h tak5 hold ( ! ill-assort$ collection ( ,am]ican grievances & _h incorporat$ !m into a pamphlet1 %ort b sweet1 :i* by a ?or\gh application ( 8common s5se0 %\ld conv9ce ! p t ! ,am]ican cause 0 a j cause & des]v$ ! he>ty cop]ation ( all loyal patriots4 ,?is little book at once f\nd its way to ,engl& & to ! cont95t :]e x in=m$ _m p = ! fir/ "t 9 _! lives t !re 0 su* a ?+ z 8an ,am]ican nation0 & t x _h an excell5t "r1 yea1 x 0 its sacr$ duty to make w> ^u ! "m c\ntry4 ,z soon z ! ,revolution 0 ov]1 ,pa9e w5t back to ,europe to %[ ! ,engli% p ! suppos$ absurdities ( ! gov]nm5t "u :i* !y liv$4 ,x 0 a "t :5 t]rible ?+s 7 happ5+ along ! banks ( ! ,se9e & :5 respectable ,briti%]s 7 beg9n+ to look across ! ,*annel ) v s]i\s misgiv+s4 ,a c]ta9 ,edmund ,burke _h j publi%$ 8 panic-/rick5 8,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution40 ,pa9e answ]$ ) a furi\s c\nt]-bla/ ( 8 own call$ 8,! ,rights ( ,man0 & z a result ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ord]$ him to be tri$ = high treason4 ,mean:ile 8 ,fr5* admir]s _h elect$ him to ! ,conv5tion & ,pa9e1 :o did n "k a ^w ( ,fr5* b 0 an optimi/1 accept$ ! honor & w5t to ,p>is4 ,!re he liv$ until he fell "u ! suspicion ( ,robespi]re4 ,kn[+ t at any mom5t he might be arre/$ & decapitat$1 he ha/ily f9i%$ a book t 0 to conta9 8 philosophy ( life4 ,x 0 call$ 8,! ,age ( ,reason40 ,! fir/ "p 0 publi%$ j be=e he 0 tak5 to prison4 ,! second "p 0 writt5 dur+ ! t5 mon?s he sp5t 9 jail4 ,pa9e believ$ t true religion1 :at he call$ 8! religion ( humanity10 _h two enemies1 a!ism on ! "o h& & fanaticism on ! o!r4 ,b :5 he gave expression to ?is ?\ght he 0 attack$ by e "o & :5 he return$ to ,am]ica 9 #ahjb he 0 treat$ ) su* pr(\nd & rel5tless hatr$ t 8 reputation z a 8dirty little a!i/0 has surviv$ him by m ?an a c5tury4 ,x is true t no?+ happ5$ to him4 ,he 0 n hang$ or burn$ or brok5 on ! :eel4 ,he 0 m]ely %unn$ by all 8 neighbors1 little boys 7 enc\rag$ to /ick _! tongues out at him :5 he v5tur$ to leave 8 home1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0 an embitt]$ & =gott5 man :o f\nd relief = 8 ang] 9 writ+ fooli% political tracts aga9/ ! o!r h]oes ( ! ,revolution4 ,?is seems a mo/ un=tunate sequel to a spl5did beg9n+4 ,b x is typical ( some?+ t has repeat$ly happ5$ dur+ ! hi/ory ( ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,z soon z public intol]ance has sp5t its fury1 private intol]ance beg9s4 ,& lyn*+s />t :5 (ficial executions h come to an end4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,la/ ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,twelve ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 q easy to write ?is book4 ,! ^w 8,intol]ance10 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p1 0 !n almo/ exclusively id5tifi$ ) ! idea ( 8religi\s intol]ance0 & :5 an hi/orian wrote t 8s & s _h be5 a *ampion ( tol]ance0 x 0 g5]ally accept$ t s & s _h sp5t 8 life fight+ ! abuses ( ! ,*ur* & ! tyranny ( a pr(essional prie/hood4 ,!n came ! w>4 ,& mu* 0 *ang$ 9 ?is _w4 ,in/ead ( "o sy/em ( intol]ance1 we got a doz54 ,in/ead ( "o =m ( cruelty1 practic$ by man ^u 8 fell[-m51 we got a hundr$4 ,& a society :i* 0 j beg9n+ to rid itself ( ! horrors ( religi\s bigotry 0 oblig$ to put up ) ! inf9itely m pa9ful manife/ations ( a paltry =m ( racial intol]ance & social intol]ance & a score ( petty =ms ( intol]ance1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h n ev5 be5 suspect$ a decade ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is seems v t]rible to _m good p :o until rec5tly liv$ 9 ! happy delusion t progress 0 a sort ( automatic "t-piece :i* ne$$ no o!r w9d+ ?an _! occasional approbation4 ,!y sadly %ake _! heads1 :isp] 8,vanity1 vanity1 all is vanity60 & mutt] disagreeable ?+s ab\t ! cuss$ness ( ! human race :i* goes ev]la/+ly to s*ool1 yet always refuses to le>n4 ,until1 9 %e] despair1 !y jo9 ! rapidly increas+ ranks ( our spiritual defeati/s1 atta* !mselves to ?is or t or ! o!r religi\s in/itution 7t !y may transf] _! own burd5 to ! back ( "s "o else71 & 9 ! mo/ doleful tones ackn[l$ge !mselves beat5 & retire f all fur!r p>ticipation 9 ! affairs ( _! community4 ,i don't l su* p4 ,!y are n m]ely c[>ds4 ,!y are traitors to ! future ( ! human race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> s good1 b :at is ! solution1 if a solution !re be8 ,let u be hone/ ) ourselves4 ,!re is n any4 ,at lea/ n 9 ! eyes ( a _w :i* asks = quick results & expects to settle all difficulties ( ?is e>? com=tably & spe$ily ) ! help ( a ma!matical or m$ical =mula or by an act ( ,congress4 ,b ^? ( u :o h accu/om$ ourselves to consid] hi/ory 9 ! light ( et]nity & :o "k t civilization does n beg9 & end ) ! tw5tie? c5tury1 feel a little m hopeful4 ,t vici\s circle ( despair ( :i* we he> s mu* n[adays 78man has always be5 t way10 8man always w be t way10 8! _w nev] *anges10 8?+s are j ab\t ! same z !y 7 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago107 does n exi/4 ,x is an optical illusion4 ,! l9e ( progress is (t5 int]rupt$ b if we set aside all s5tim5tal prejudices & r5d] a sob] judgm5t ^u ! record ( ! la/ tw5ty ?\s& ye>s 7! only p]iod ab\t :i* we possess m or less concrete in=mation7 we notice an indubitable if sl[ rise f a condition ( almo/ unspeakable brutality & crud5ess to a /ate :i* holds ! promise ( some?+ inf9itely nobl] & bett] ?an :at has ev] gone be=e & ev5 ! gha/ly blund] ( ! ,great ,w> c n %ake ! firm conviction t ?is is true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! human race is possess$ ( almo/ incr$ible vitality4 ,x has surviv$ !ology4 ,x due "t x w survive indu/rialism4 ,x has liv$ ?r\gh *ol]a & plague1 high heels & blue laws4 ,x w also le>n h[ to ov]come ! _m spiritual ills :i* beset ! pres5t g5]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hi/ory1 *>y ( reveal+ h] secrets1 has ?us f> taught u "o great lesson4 ,:at ! h& ( man has done1 ! h& ( man c also undo4 ,x is a "q ( c\rage1 & next to c\rage1 ( education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ( c\rse s\nds l a platitude4 ,= ! la/ hundr$ ye>s we h _h 8education0 driv5 into our e>s until we are sick & tir$ ( ! ^w & look long+ly back to a "t :5 p c\ld nei!r read nor write b us$ _! surplus intellectual en]gy = occasional mom5ts ( indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,b :5 ,i "h speak ( 8education0 ,i d n mean ! m]e accumulation ( facts :i* is reg>d$ z ! necess>y m5tal balla/ ( our mod]n *ildr54 ,r1 ,i h 9 m9d t true und]/&+ ( ! pres5t :i* is born out ( a *>itable & g5]\s k ( ! pa/4 ,9 ?is book ,i h tri$ to prove t intol]ance is m]ely a manife/ation ( ! protective in/9ct ( ! h]d4 ,a gr\p ( wolves is intol]ant ( ! wolf t is diff]5t 7be x ?r\gh weakness or /r5g?7 f ! re/ ( ! pack & inv>iably tries to get rid ( ?is (f5d+ & unwelcome companion4 ,a tribe ( cannibals is intol]ant ( ! individual :o by 8 idiosyncrasies ?reat5s to provoke ! wra? ( ! ,gods & br+ disa/] ^u ! :ole village & brutally relegates him or h] to ! wild]ness4 ,! ,greek commonweal? c ill af=d to h>bor )9 its sacr$ walls a citiz5 :o d>es to "q ! v fundam5ts ^u :i* ! success ( ! community has be5 built & 9 a poor outbur/ ( intol]ance condemns ! (f5d+ philosoph] to ! m]ciful dea? ( poison4 ,! ,roman /ate _c possibly hope to survive if a small gr\p ( well-mean+ zealots is all[$ to play fa/ & loose ) c]ta9 laws :i* h be5 held indisp5sable ev] s9ce ! days ( ,romulus1 & mu* aga9/ h] own w %e is driv5 into de$s ( intol]ance :i* are entirely at v>iance ) h] age-old policy ( lib]al alo(ness4 ,! ,*ur*1 spiritual heir to ! mat]ial dom9ions ( ! anci5t ,empire1 dep5ds = h] cont9u$ exi/5ce ^u ! absolute & unque/ion+ ob$i5ce ( ev5 ! humble/ ( h] subjects & is driv5 to su* extremes ( suppression & cruelty t _m p pref] ! ru?lessness ( ! ,turk to ! *>ity ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! great insurg5ts aga9/ ecclesia/ical tyranny1 beset by a ?\s& difficulties1 c only ma9ta9 _! rule if !y %[ !mselves intol]ant to all spiritual innovations & sci5tific exp]im5ts & 9 ! "n ( 8,re=m0 !y commit 7or r try to commit7 ! self-same mi/akes :i* h j depriv$ _! enemies ( mo/ ( _! =m] p[] & influ5ce4 ,& s x goes ?r\gh\t ! ages until life1 :i* might be a glori\s adv5ture1 is turn$ into a horrible exp]i5ce & all ?is happ5s because human exi/5ce s f> has be5 entirely dom9at$ by fe>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= fe>1 ,i repeat x1 is at ! bottom ( all intol]ance4 ,no matt] :at =m or %ape a p]secution may take1 x is caus$ by fe> & its v vehem5ce is indicative ( ! degree ( angui% exp]i5c$ by ^? :o erect ! gall[s or ?r[ fre% logs ^u ! fun]al pyre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,once we recognize ?is fact1 ! solution ( ! difficulty imm$iately pres5ts itself4 ,man1 :5 n "u ! influ5ce ( fe>1 is /rongly incl9$ to be righte\s & j4 ,?us f> he has _h v few opportunities to practice ^! two virtues4 ,b ,i _c = ! life ( me see t ?is matt]s ov]mu*4 ,x is "p ( ! necess>y developm5t ( ! human race4 ,& t race is "y1 hopelessly1 almo/ ridicul\sly "y4 ,to ask t a c]ta9 =m ( mammal1 :i* began its indep5d5t c>e] only a few ?\s& ye>s ago %\ld already h acquir$ ^? virtues :i* g only ) age & exp]i5ce1 seems bo? unreasonable & unfair4 ,& fur!rmore1 x w>ps our po9t ( view4 ,x causes u to be irritat$ :5 we %\ld be pati5t4 ,x makes u say h>% ?+s :]e we %\ld only feel pity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! la/ *apt]s ( a book l ?is1 !re is a s]i\s temptation to assume ! rle ( ! prophet ( woe & indulge 9 a little amateur prea*+4 ,heav5 =bid6 ,life is %ort & s]mons are apt to be long4 ,& :at _c be said 9 a hundr$ words _h bett] nev] be said at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our hi/orians are guilty ( "o great error4 ,!y speak ( prehi/oric times1 !y tell u ab\t ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,greece & ,rome1 !y talk nons5se ab\t a suppos$ly d>k p]iod1 !y compose rhapsodies ^u ! t5fold glories ( our mod]n era4 ,if p]*ance ^! le>n$ doctors p]ceive c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* d n seem to fit into ! picture !y h s prettily put toge!r1 !y (f] a few humble apologies & mumble some?+ ab\t c]ta9 undesirable qualities :i* are "p ( our un=tunate & b>b>ic h]itage b :i* 9 due c\rse ( "t w disappe>1 j z ! /age-coa* has giv5 way be=e ! railroad eng9e4 ,x is all v pretty b x is n true4 ,x may flatt] our pride to believe ourselves heir to ! ages4 ,x w be bett] = our spiritual heal? if we "k ourselves = :at we are--contempor>ies ( ! folks t liv$ 9 caves1 neoli?ic m5 ) cig>ettes & ,=d c>s1 cliff-dwell]s :o rea* _! homes 9 an elevator4 ,= !n & only !n %all we be able to make a fir/ /ep t[>d t goal t /ill lies hidd5 beyond ! va/ m\nta9 ranges ( ! future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to speak ( ,gold5 ,ages & ,mod]n ,eras & ,progress is %e] wa/e ( "t z long z ?is _w is dom9at$ by fe>4 ,to ask = tol]ance1 z long z intol]ance mu/ ( ne$ be an integral "p ( our law ( self-pres]vation1 is little %ort ( a crime4 ,! day w come :5 tol]ance %all be ! rule1 :5 intol]ance %all be a my? l ! slaught] ( innoc5t captives1 ! burn+ ( wid[s1 ! bl9d wor%ip ( a pr9t$ page4 ,x may take t5 ?\s& ye>s1 x may take a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,b x w come1 & x w foll[ close ^u ! fir/ true victory ( :i* hi/ory %all h any record1 ! triumph ( man ov] 8 own fe>4 ,we/port1 ,connecticut ,july1 #ai1 #aibe