,transcriber's ,notes ,texts printed in italics have been transcribed between underscores2 texta between tildes and equal signs represent spaced and bold face text respectively4 ,small capitals have been replaced with ,,all ,,capitals2 th represents a superscript th4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes and a list of changes made may be found at the end of this text4 ,horse-,hoeing ,husbandry3 ,,or1 ,an ,,essay on the ,,principles ,,of ,vegetation and ,tillage4 ,designed to introduce ,a ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,culture2 ,,whereby ,the ,produce of ,land will be increased1 and the usual ,expence lessened4 ,together with ,accurate ,,descriptions and ,,cuts of the ,instruments employed in it4 ,by ,,jethro ,,tull1 ,esq2 ,of ,shalborne in ,berkshire4 ,the ,,fourth ,,edition1 very carefully ,corrected4 ,to which is prefixed1 ,a ,new ,,preface by the ,,editors1 addressed to all concerned in ,,agriculture4 ,illustration ,,london3 ,printed for ,a4 ,,millar1 opposite to ,catharine-street in the ,strand4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxii4 ,illustration ,,the ,,preface4 ,as ,mr4 ,tull's ,essay on ,horse-hoeing ,husbandry has been published some ,years1 it may be presumed that the ,world hath by this time formed some ,judgment of his ,performance2 which renders it the less necessary for the ,editors of this ,impression to say much concerning it4 ,for every ,man who has attended to the ,subject1 and duly considered the ,principles upon which our ,author's ,method of ,culture is founded1 is an equal ,judge how far his ,theory is agreeable to ,nature3 ,though it is but too true1 that few have made sufficient ,experiments to be fully informed of its ,worth4 ,how it has happened1 that a ,method of ,culture1 which proposes such ,advantages to those who shall duly prosecute it1 hath been so long neglected in this ,country1 may be matter of ,surprize to such as are not acquainted with the ,characters of the ,men on whom the ,practice thereof depends2 but to those who know them thoroughly it can be none4 ,for it is certain that very few of them can be prevailed on to alter their usual ,methods upon any ,consideration2 though they are convinced that their continuing therein disables them from paying their ,rents1 and maintaining their ,families4 ,and1 what is still more to be lamented1 these ,people are so much attached to their old ,customs1 that they are not only averse to alter them themselves1 but are moreover industrious to prevent others from succeeding1 who attempt to introduce any thing new2 and indeed have it too generally in their ,power1 to defeat any ,scheme which is not agreeable to their own ,notions2 seeing it must be executed by the same ,sort of ,hands4 ,this naturally accounts for ,mr4 ,tull's ,husbandry having been so little practised4 ,but as the ,methods commonly used1 together with the mean ,price of ,grain for some ,years past1 have brought the ,farmers every-where so low1 that they pay their ,rents very ill1 and in many ,places have thrown up their ,farms2 the ,cure of these ,evils is certainly an ,object worthy of the public ,attention3 ,for if the ,proprietor must be reduced to cultivate his own ,lands1 which cannot be done but by the ,hands of these indocile ,people1 it is easy to guess on which ,side his ,balance of ,profit and ,loss will turn4 ,this ,consideration1 together with many others which might be enumerated1 hath induced the ,editors to recommend this ,treatise once more to the serious ,attention of every one who wishes well to his ,country2 in hopes that some may be prevailed upon1 by regard either to the public ,good or their own private ,interest1 to give the ,method here proposed a fair and impartial ,trial3 ,for could it be introduced into several ,parts of this ,country by ,men of generous ,principles1 their ,example might1 in time1 establish the ,practice thereof1 and bring it into general ,use2 which is not to be expected by any other means4 ,it is therefore to such only1 as are qualified to judge of a ,theory from the ,principles on which it is founded1 that the ,editors address themselves1 desiring they will give this ,essay another ,reading with due ,attention3 and at the same time they beg leave to remind them how unfit the common ,practisers of ,husbandry are to pass ,judgment1 either on the ,theory or ,practice of this ,method2 for which ,reason it is hoped that none will be influenced by such1 but try the ,experiment themselves with proper ,care4 ,as a ,motive to this1 it is to be observed that1 although the ,method of ,culture here proposed has made little ,progress in ,england1 it is not like to meet with the same ,neglect abroad1 especially in ,france2 where a ,translation of ,mr4 ,tull's ,book was undertaken1 at one and the same time1 by three different ,persons of ,consideration1 without the ,privity of each other3 ,but afterwards1 ,two of them put their ,papers into the ,hands of the ,third1 ,mr4 ,du ,hamel du ,manceau1 of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris1 and of the ,royal ,society at ,london2 who has published a ,book1 intituled1 ,a ,treatise of ,tillage on the ,principles of ,mr4 ,tull4 ,the ingenious ,author has indeed altered the ,method observed by ,mr4 ,tull in his ,book2 yet has very exactly given his ,principles and ,rules3 ,but as he had only seen the ,first ,edition of the ,horse-hoeing ,husbandry1 so he is very defective in his ,descriptions of the ,ploughs and ,drills1 which in that were very imperfect1 and were afterwards amended by ,mr4 ,tull in his ,additions to that ,essay4 ,one of our principal ,reasons for taking ,notice of this ,book is1 to shew the ,comparison this ,author has made between the ,old ,method of ,husbandry and the ,new4 ,by his ,calculation the ,profits arising from the ,new1 are considerably more than double those of the ,old4 ,for1 according to him1 the ,profits of ,twenty ,acres of ,land for ,ten ,years1 amount1 at #aj;d4 per ,livre1 l4 s4 d4 ,by the ,old ,method1 to #cjjj ,livres1 or #aca #e #j ,sterling4 ,by the ,new ,method1 to #gfej ,livres1 or #ccd #ac #i which makes a prodigious ,difference in favour of the latter4 ,as this ,computation was made by one who cannot be supposed to have any ,prejudice in favour of ,mr4 ,tull's ,scheme1 it will naturally find more ,credit with the ,public than any ,comparison made by ,mr4 ,tull himself1 or by such as may have an ,attachment to his ,principles4 ,it may probably be expected1 that the ,editors should take ,notice of such ,objections as have been made1 either to ,mr4 ,tull's ,theory or ,practice2 but we do not know any that in the least affect his ,principles3 ,they stand uncontroverted3 ,nor are there any to the ,practice1 which may not be equally urged against every ,sort of ,improvement4 ,one of the principal which have come to our ,knowlege is1 its being impracticable in common ,fields1 which make a great ,part of this ,country1 without the ,concurrence of every one who occupies ,land in the same ,field4 ,but doth not this equally affect the ,old ,husbandry8 ,for every such ,person is obliged to keep the ,turns of plowing1 fallowing1 c4 with the other ,occupiers2 so that if any of them were inclinable to improve their ,lands1 by sowing ,grass-seeds1 or any other ,method of ,culture1 they are now under the same ,difficulties as they would be1 were they to practise ,mr4 ,tull's ,method4 ,therefore this is rather to be lamented as a public ,misfortune1 than to be brought as an ,objection to the ,practicableness of that ,method4 ,others object1 that the introducing this ,sort of ,husbandry is unnecessary1 seeing the ,improvements which are made by ,grass-seeds are so considerable2 besides1 that the ,returns made by the ,fold and the ,dairy1 being much quicker than those of ,grain1 engage the ,farmer to mix ,plowing and ,grazing together4 ,but when this is duly considered it can have no sort of ,weight3 for is it not well known that1 in those ,farms where the greatest ,improvements have been made by ,grass-seeds1 the ,quantity of ,dressing required for the ,arable ,land often runs away with most of the ,profit of the whole ,farm8 especially when the ,price of ,grain is low4 ,and if this be the ,situation of the most improved ,farms1 what must be the ,case of those which chiefly consist of ,arable ,land2 where most of the ,dressing must be purchased at a great ,price1 and often fetched from a considerable ,distance8 ,add to this the great ,expence of ,servants and ,horses1 unavoidable in ,arable ,farms2 and it will appear how great the ,advantages are which the ,grasier hath over the plowing ,farmer4 ,so that it is much to be wished1 the ,practice of mixing the ,two ,sorts of ,husbandry were more generally used in every ,part of the ,kingdom2 which would be far from rendering ,mr4 ,tull's ,method of ,culture useless2 seeing that1 when it is well understood1 it will be found the surest ,method to improve both4 ,for although ,mr4 ,tull chiefly confined the ,practice of his ,method to the ,production of ,grain 7which is a great ,pity71 yet it may be extended to every ,vegetable which is the ,object of ,culture in the ,fields1 ,gardens1 ,woods1 c4 and perhaps may be applied to many other ,crops1 to equal1 if not greater ,advantage1 than to ,corn4 ,in the ,vineyard it has been long practised with ,success2 and may be used in the ,hop-,ground with no less ,advantage4 ,for the ,culture of ,beans1 ,peas1 ,woad1 ,madder1 and other large-growing ,vegetables2 as also for ,lucern1 ,saintfoin1 and the larger ,grasses2 we dare venture to pronounce it the only ,method of ,culture for ,profit to the ,farmer2 seeing that1 in all these ,crops1 one ,sixth ,part of the ,seeds now commonly sown will be sufficient for the same ,quantity of ,land1 and the ,crop in ,return will be much greater2 which1 when the ,expence of ,seeds is duly considered1 will be found no small ,saving to the ,farmer4 ,nor should this ,method of ,culture be confined to ,europe3 for it may be practised to as great ,advantage in the ,british ,colonies in ,america1 where1 in the ,culture of the ,sugar-,cane1 ,indigo1 ,cotton1 ,rice1 and almost all the ,crops of that ,country1 it will certainly save a great ,expence of ,labour1 and improve the ,growth of every ,plant1 more than can be imagined by such as are ignorant of the ,benefit arising from this ,culture4 ,and should the ,subjects of ,great ,britain neglect to introduce this ,method into her ,colonies1 it may be presumed our ,neighbours will take care not to be blameable on this ,head2 for they seem to be as intent upon extending every ,branch of ,trade1 and making the greatest ,improvements of their ,land1 as we are indifferent to both3 ,so that1 unless a contrary ,spirit be soon exerted1 the ,balance of ,trade1 ,power1 and every other ,advantage1 must be against us4 ,there have been ,objections made by some to ,mr4 ,tull's ,method1 as if it were practicable only on such ,lands as are soft and light1 and not at all on stiff and stony ,ground4 ,that it hath not been practised on either of these ,lands in ,england we are willing to grant2 but we must not from thence infer that it is impossible to apply it to them4 ,for the ,hoe-,plough has been very long used in the ,vineyards in many ,countries1 where the ,soil is stronger1 and abounds with ,stones full as much as any ,part of this ,country4 ,however1 though the ,use of this ,plough may be attended with some ,difficulties upon such ,land1 for ,wheat1 or ,plants of low ,growth1 whose ,roots may be in ,danger of being turned out of the ,ground1 or their ,tops buried by the ,clods or ,stones2 yet none of the larger-growing ,plants are subject to the same ,inconveniencies4 ,besides1 the stronger the ,soil is1 the more ,benefit will it receive from this ,method of ,culture1 if the ,land be thereby more pulverized2 which will certainly be the ,consequence1 where the ,method laid down by ,mr4 ,tull is duly observed4 ,but as most ,instruments1 in their ,first ,use1 are attended with some ,difficulty1 especially in the ,hands of such as are indocile1 the ,hoe-plough has been complained of1 as cumbersome and unwieldy to the ,horse and ,ploughman4 ,but perhaps this arises chiefly from the ,unwillingness of the ,workmen to introduce any new ,instrument3 ,indeed1 seeing little is to be expected from those who have been long attached to different ,methods1 the surest ,way to promote the ,use of it1 is to engage young ,persons1 who may probably be better disposed1 to make the ,trial at their first entering into ,business2 and then a little ,use will make it easy4 ,it is proper to observe here1 that the ,swing-plough1 which is commonly used in the deep ,land about ,london1 will do the ,business of the ,hoe-plough in all ,ground that is not very strong1 or very stony2 and that where it is so1 the ,foot-plough1 made proportionably strong1 will completely answer all ,purposes4 ,but it must be remembered1 that when these are used to hoe ,corn1 the ,board on the ,left ,hand of the ,plough1 answering the ,mould-,board1 must be taken off2 otherwise so much ,earth will run to the ,left ,side1 as to injure the ,crop when it is low4 ,the ,drills are excellent ,instruments2 yet we imagine them capable of some farther ,improvement4 ,parallel ,grooves1 at about an ,inch asunder1 round the ,inside of the ,hopper1 would shew the ,man who follows the ,drill1 whether or no both ,boxes vent the ,seed equally4 ,by an ,hitch from the ,plank to the ,harrow1 the latter may be lifted to a proper ,height1 so as not to be in the ,way when the ,ploughman turns at the ,headland4 ,two light ,handles on the ,plank1 like those of the common ,plough1 would enable the ,person who follows the ,drill to keep it from falling off the ,middle of the ,ridge4 ,it may also be useful1 in wet ,weather1 to double the ,drills2 by which means ,two ,ridges may be sown at the same time1 the ,horse going between them3 ,for the ,planks of ,two ,drills1 each ,plank having one of the ,shafts fixed to it1 may be joined ,end for ,end by ,two flat ,bars of ,iron1 one on each ,side1 well secured by ,iron ,pins and ,screws2 and1 by corresponding ,holes in the ,planks and ,bars1 the ,distance between the ,drills may be altered1 according to the different ,spaces between the ,ridges4 ,the ,alterations made by the ,editors of this ,impression are little more than omitting the controversial ,parts of the ,book1 which were judged of no ,service to the ,reader1 as they no-ways affected the ,merits of ,mr4 ,tull's ,principles4 ,but as he endeavoured to recommend his ,theory by drawing a ,comparison between the ,old ,method of ,culture and the ,new1 so we beg leave to annex a ,computation of the ,expence and ,profit of each2 for which we are obliged to a ,gentleman1 who for some ,years practised both in a ,country where the ,soil was of the same ,nature with that from whence ,mr4 ,tull drew his ,observations1 viz4 light and chalky4 ,and we chuse to give this the rather1 as it comes from one who has no ,attachment to ,mr4 ,tull's ,method1 farther than that he found it answer in his ,trials4 ,we appeal to ,experience1 whether every ,article in this ,calculation is not estimated in favour of the ,common ,husbandry2 whether the ,expence be not rated lower than most ,farmers find it1 and the ,crop such as they would rejoice to see1 but seldom do1 in the ,country where this ,computation was made4 ,in the ,new ,husbandry every ,article is put at its full ,value1 and the ,crop of each ,year is ,four ,bushels short of the other2 tho'1 in several ,years ,experience1 it has equalled1 and generally exceeded1 those of the ,neighbourhood in the ,old ,way4 ,an ,estimate of the ,expence and ,profit of ,ten ,acres of ,land in ,twenty ,years4 ,i4 ,in the ,old ,way4 ,first ,year1 for ,wheat1 costs #ccl4 #es4 viz4 l4 s4 d4 l4 s4 d4 ,first ,plowing1 at #fs4 per ,acre #c #j #j ,second and ,third ,ditto1 at #hs4 per ,acre #d #j #j ,manure1 #cjs4 per ,acre #ae #j #j ------------ #bb #j #j ,two ,harrowings1 and ,sowing1 at #bs4 #f;d4 per ,acre #a #e #j ,seed1 three ,bushels per ,acre1 at #ds4 per ,bush4 #f #j #j ,weeding1 at #bs4 per ,acre #a #j #j ,reaping1 ,binding1 and ,carrying1 at #c #j #j #fs4 per ,acre ------------ #aa #e #j ------------- #cc #e #j ,second ,year1 for ,barley1 costs #aal4 #fs4 #h;d4 viz4 ,once ,plowing1 at #fs4 per ,acre #c #j #j ,harrowing and ,sowing1 at #as4 #f;d4 per ,acre1 #j #ae #j ,weeding1 at #as4 per ,acre #j #aj #j ,seed1 #d ,bushels per ,acre1 at #bs4 per ,bushel #d #j #j ,cutting1 ,raking1 and ,carrying1 at #cs4 #b;d4 per ,acre #a #aa #h ,grass-,seeds1 at #cs4 per ,acre #a #aj #j ------------ #aa #f #h ------------- #dd #aa #h ------------- ,third and ,fourth ,years1 lying in ,grass1 cost nothing3 ,so that the ,expence of ,ten ,acres in ,four ,years comes to #ddl4 #aas4 #h;d4 and in ,twenty ,years to #bbb #ah #d ,first ,year's ,produce is half a ,load of ,wheat per ,acre1 at #gl4 #ce #j #j ,second ,years ,produce is ,two ,quarters of ,barley per ,acre1 at #al4 #bj #j #j ,third and ,fourth ,years ,grass is valued at #al4 #ajs4 per ,acre #ae #j #j ------------ ,so that the ,produce of ,ten ,acres in ,four ,years is #gj #j #j ------------ ,and in ,twenty ,years it will be #cej #j #j ------------- ,deduct the ,expence1 and there remains clear ,profit on ,ten ,acres in #bj ,years by the ,old ,way #abg #a #h ------------- ,,ii4 ,in the ,new ,way4 ,first ,year's extraordinary ,expence is1 for plowing and manuring the ,land1 the same as in ,old ,way #bb #j #j ,plowing once more1 at #ds4 per ,acre #b #j #j ,seed1 #i ,gallons per ,acre1 at #ds4 per ,bushel #b #e #j ,drilling1 at #g;d4 per ,acre #j #e #aj ,hand-hoeing and ,weeding1 at #bs4 #f;d4 per ,acre #a #e #j ,horse-hoeing ,six times1 at #ajs4 per ,acre #e #j #j ,reaping1 ,binding1 and ,carrying1 at #fs4 per ,acre #c #j #j ------------ ,the standing annual ,charge on ,ten ,acres is #ac #ae #aj ------------ ,therefore the ,expence on ,ten ,acres in ,twenty ,years is #bge #af #h ------------- ,add the ,extraordinaries of the ,first ,year1 and the ,sum is #big #af #h ------------- ,the yearly ,produce is at least ,two ,quarters of ,wheat per ,acre1 at #al4 #hs4 per ,quarter2 which1 on ,ten ,acres in ,twenty ,years1 amounts to #efj #j #j ------------- ,therefore1 all things paid1 there remains clear ,profit on ,ten ,acres in ,twenty ,years by the ,new ,way #bfb #c #d ------------- ,so that the ,profit on ,ten ,acres of ,land in ,twenty ,years1 in the ,new ,way1 exceeds that in the ,old by #acel4 #as4 #h;d4 and consequently is considerably more than double thereof3 an ample ,encouragement to practise a ,scheme1 whereby so great ,advantage will arise from so small a ,quantity of ,land1 in the ,compass of a ,twenty-one ,years ,lease2 ,one ,year being allowed1 both in the ,old and ,new ,way1 for preparing the ,ground4 ,it ought withal to be observed1 that ,mr4 ,tull's ,husbandry requires no ,manure at all1 tho' we have here1 to prevent ,objections1 allowed the ,charge thereof for the first ,year2 and moreover1 that tho' the ,crop of ,wheat from the ,drill-plough is here put only at ,two ,quarters on an ,acre1 yet ,mr4 ,tull himself1 by actual ,experiment and ,measure1 found the ,produce of his drilled ,wheat-crop amounted to almost ,four ,quarters on an ,acre3 ,and1 as he has delivered this ,fact upon his own ,knowlege1 so there is no ,reason to doubt of his ,veracity1 which has never yet been called in question4 ,but that we might not be supposed to have any ,prejudice in favour of his ,scheme1 we have chosen to take the ,calculations of others rather than his1 having no other ,view in what we have said1 than to promote the ,cause of ,truth1 and the public ,welfare4 ,the ,wheat and ,turnep ,drill-,boxes1 or the ,drill-,plough complete1 mentioned in this ,treatise1 may be had at ,mr4 ,mulford's in ,cursitor-street1 ,chancery-lane1 ,london4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,roots and ,,leaves4 ,since the most immediate ,use of ,agriculture1 in feeding ,plants1 relates to their ,roots1 they ought to be treated of in the first ,place4 ,roots are very different in different ,plants3 ,but 'tis not necessary here to take notice of all the nice ,distinctions of them2 therefore ,i shall only divide them in general into two ,sorts1 viz4 ,horizontal-,roots1 and ,tap-,roots1 which may include them all4 ,all have ,branchings and ,fibres going all manner of ways1 ready to fill the ,earth that is open4 ,but such ,roots as ,i call ,horizontal 7except of ,trees7 have seldom any of their ,branchings deeper than the ,surface or ,staple of the ,earth1 that is commonly mov'd by the ,plough or ,spade4 ,the ,tap-,root commonly runs down ,single and ,perpendicular#a reaching sometimes many ,fathoms below4 #a ,in this manner descends the first ,root of every ,seed2 but of ,corn very little1 if at all1 deeper than the ,earth is tilled4 ,these first ,seed-,roots of ,corn die as soon as the other ,roots come out near the ,surface1 above the ,grain3 and therefore this first is not called a ,tap ,root2 but yet some of the next ,roots that come out near the ,surface of the ,ground1 always reach down to the ,bottom of the pulveriz'd ,staple2 as may be seen1 if you carefully examine it in the ,spring time2 but this first ,root in ,saint-foin becomes a ,tap ,root4 ,this 7tho' it goes never so deep7 has horizontal ones passing out all round the ,sides2 and extend to several ,yards ,distance from it1 after they are by their ,minuteness1 and earthly ,tincture1 become invisible to the naked ,eye4 ,a ,method how to find the ,distance to which ,roots extend ,horizontally4 ,pl4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,is a ,piece or ,plot dug and made fine in whole hard ,ground1 the ,end ,a #b ,feet1 the ,end ,b #ab ,feet1 the ,length of the ,piece #bj ,yards2 the ,figures in the middle of it are #bj ,turneps1 sown early1 and well ho'd4 ,the manner of this ,hoing must be at first near the ,plants1 with a ,spade1 and each time afterwards1 a ,foot farther ,distance1 till all the ,earth be once well dug2 and if ,weeds appear where it has been so dug1 hoe them out shallow with the ,hand-,hoe4 ,but dig all the ,piece next the out ,lines deep every time1 that it may be the finer for the ,roots to enter1 when they are permitted to come thither4 ,if these ,turneps are all gradually bigger1 as they stand nearer to the ,end ,b1 'tis a ,proof they all extend to the ,outside of the ,piece2 and the ,turnep #bj will appear to draw ,nourishment from six ,feet ,distance from its ,centre4 ,but if the ,turneps #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 acquire no greater ,bulk than the ,turnep #ae1 it will be clear1 that their ,roots extend no farther than those of the ,turnep #ae does2 which is but about #d ,feet4 ,by this ,method the ,distance of the ,extent of ,roots of any ,plant may be discover'd4 ,what put me upon this ,method was an ,observation of two ,lands 7or ,ridges7 drill'd with ,turneps in ,rows1 a ,foot asunder1 and very even in them2 the ,ground1 at both ,ends1 and one ,side1 was hard and unplow'd2 the ,turneps not being ho'd1 were very poor1 small1 and yellow1 except the ,three outside ,rows1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 which stood next to the ,land 7or ,ridge7 ,e1 which ,land being plow'd and harrow'd1 at the time the ,land ,a ought to have been ho'd1 gave a dark flourishing ,colour to these three ,rows2 and the ,turneps in the ,row ,d1 which stood farthest off from the new-plow'd ,land ,e1 received so much ,benefit from it1 as to grow twice as big as any of the more distant ,rows4 ,the ,row ,c1 being a ,foot nearer to the new-plow'd ,land1 became twice as large as those in ,d2 but the ,row ,b1 which was next to the ,land ,e1 grew much larger yet#b4 #b ,a like ,observation to this on the ,land ,e1 has been made in several ,turnep ,fields of divers ,farmers1 where ,lands adjoining to the ,turneps have been well tilled2 all the ,turneps of the contiguous ,lands that were within three or four ,feet1 or more1 of the newly pulveriz'd ,earth1 received as great1 or greater increase1 in the ,manner as my ,rows ,b ,c ,d did2 and what is yet a greater ,proof of the ,length of ,roots1 and of the ,benefit of deep ,hoing1 all these ,turneps have been well ,hand-ho'd2 which is a good ,reason why the ,benefit of the deep ,pulveration should be perceivable at a greater ,distance from it than mine1 because my ,turneps1 not being hoed at all1 had not ,strength to send out their ,roots through so many ,feet of unpulveriz'd ,earth1 as these can through their ,earth pulveriz'd by the ,hoe1 tho' but shallowly4 ,this ,observation1 as 'tis related to me 7,i being unable to go far enough to see it myself7 sufficiently demonstrates the mighty ,difference there is between ,hand-hoing and ,horse-hoing4 ,f ,plate #f4 is a ,piece of hard whole ,ground1 of about two ,perch in ,length1 and about two or three ,feet broad1 lying betwixt those two ,lands1 which had not been plow'd that ,year2 'twas remarkable1 that during the ,length of this interjacent hard ,ground1 the ,rows ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 were as small and yellow as any in the ,land4 ,the ,turneps in the ,row ,d1 about three ,feet distant from the ,land ,e1 receiving a double ,increase1 proves they had as much ,nourishment from the ,land ,e1 as from the ,land ,a1 wherein they stood2 which ,nourishment was brought by less than half the ,number of ,roots of each of these ,turneps4 ,in their own ,land they must have extended a ,yard all round1 else they could not have reach'd the ,land ,e1 wherein 'tis probable these few ,roots went more than another ,yard1 to give each ,turnep as much ,increase as all the ,roots had done in their own ,land4 ,except that it will hereafter appear1 that the new ,nourishment taken at the ,extremities of the ,roots in the ,land ,e1 might enable the ,plants to send out more new ,roots in their own ,land1 and receive something more from thence4 ,the ,row ,c being twice as big as the ,row ,d1 must be suppos'd to extend twice as far2 and the ,row ,b1 four times as far1 in proportion as it was of a ,bulk quadruple to the ,row ,d4 ,a ,turnep has a ,tap-,root1 from whence all these ,horizontal ,roots are deriv'd4 ,and 'tis observable2 that betwixt these two ,lands there was a ,trench1 or ,furrow1 of about the ,depth of nine or ten ,inches1 where these ,roots must descend first1 and then ascend into the ,land ,e3 ,but it must be noted1 that some small ,quantity of ,earth was1 by the ,harrowing1 fall'n into this ,furrow1 else the ,roots could not have pass'd thro' it4 ,roots will follow the open ,mould#c1 by descending perpendicularly1 and mounting again in the same manner3 ,as ,i have observ'd the ,roots of a ,hedge to do1 that have pass'd a steep ,ditch two ,feet deep1 and reach'd the ,mould on the other side1 and there fill it2 and digging ,five ,feet distant from the ,ditch1 found the ,roots large1 tho' this ,mould was very shallow1 and no ,roots below the good ,mould4 #c ,a ,chalk-,pit1 contiguous to a ,barn1 the ,area of which being about #dj ,perch of ,ground1 was made clean and swept2 so that there was not the ,appearance of any ,part of a ,vegetable1 more than in the ,barn's ,floor3 ,straw was thrown from thence into the ,pit1 for ,cattle to lie on2 the ,dung made thereby was haled away about three ,years after the ,pit had been cleansed2 when1 at the ,bottom of it1 and upon the ,top of the ,chalk1 the ,pit was covered all over with ,roots1 which came from a ,witch-,elm1 not more than ,five or ,six ,yards in ,length1 from ,top to ,bottom1 and which was about ,five ,yards above1 and ,eleven ,yards from the ,area of the ,pit2 so that in three ,years the ,roots of this ,tree extended themselves ,eight times the ,length of the ,tree1 beyond the ,extremities of the old ,roots1 at ,eleven ,yards ,distance from the ,body3 ,the annual-increased ,length of the ,roots was near ,three times as much as the ,height of the ,tree4 ,i'm told an ,objection hath been made from hence against the ,growth of a ,plant's being in proportion to the ,length of its ,roots2 but when the ,case is fully stated1 the ,objection may vanish4 ,this ,witch-,elm is a very old decay'd ,stump1 which is here called a ,staggar1 appearing by its ,crookedness to have been formerly a ,plasher in an old ,white-thorn ,hedge wherein it stands3 ,it had been lopped many ,years before that accidental ,increase of ,roots happened2 it was stunted1 and sent out poor ,shoots2 but in the third ,year of these ,roots1 its ,boughs being most of them horizontally inclined1 were observed to grow vigorously1 and the ,leaves were broad1 and of a flourishing ,colour2 at the ,end of the third ,year all these ,roots were taken away1 and the ,area being a ,chalk-,rock lying uncovered1 round the ,place where the ,single ,root1 that produced all these1 came out of the ,bank1 no more ,roots could run out on the bare ,chalk1 and the ,growth of the ,boughs has been but little since4 ,wheat1 drill'd in double ,rows in ,november1 in a ,field well till'd before ,planting1 look'd yellow1 when about ,eighteen ,inches high2 at ,two ,feet ,distance from the ,plants1 the ,earth was ,ho-plow'd1 which gave such ,nourishment to 'em1 that they recovered their ,health1 and changed their sickly ,yellow1 to a lively ,green ,colour4 ,so in an ,orchard1 where the ,trees are planted too deep1 below the ,staple or good ,mould1 the ,roots1 at a little ,distance from the ,stem1 are all as near the upper ,superficies of the ,ground1 as of those ,trees1 which are planted higher than the ,level of the ,earth's ,surface4 ,but the ,damage of planting a ,tree too low in moist ,ground is1 that in passing thro' this low ,part1 standing in ,water1 the ,sap is chill'd1 and its ,circulation thereby retarded4 ,one ,cause of ,peoples not suspecting ,roots to extend to the ,twentieth ,part of the ,distance which in reality they do1 was from observing these ,horizontal-,roots1 near the ,plant1 to be pretty taper2 and if they did diminish on1 in proportion to what they do there1 they must soon come to an ,end4 ,but the ,truth is1 that after a few ,inches1 they are not discernibly taper1 but pass on to their ,ends very nearly of the same ,bigness2 this may be seen in ,roots growing in ,water1 and in some other1 tho' with much ,care and ,difficulty4 ,in pulling up the aforemention'd ,turneps1 their ,roots seem'd to end at few ,inches ,distance from the ,plants1 they being1 farther off1 too fine to be perceiv'd by ordinary ,observation4 ,i found an extreme small ,fibre on the ,side of a ,carrot1 much less than a ,hair2 but thro' a ,microscope it appear'd a large ,root1 not taper1 but broken off short at the ,end1 which it is probable might have 7before broken off7 extended near as far as the ,turnep ,roots did4 ,it had many ,fibres going out of it1 and ,i have seen that a ,carrot will draw ,nourishment from a great ,distance1 tho' the ,roots are almost invisible1 where they come out of the ,carrot itself4 ,by the ,piece ,f ,plate #f4 may be seen1 that those ,roots cannot penetrate1 unless the ,land be open'd by ,tillage1 c4 ,as ,animals of different ,species have their ,guts bearing different ,proportions to the ,length of their ,bodies2 so 'tis probable1 different ,species of ,plants may have their ,roots as different4 ,but if those which have shorter ,roots have more in ,number1 and having set down the means how to know the ,length of them in the ,earth1 ,i leave the different ,lengths of different ,species to be examin'd by those who will take the ,pains of more ,trials4 ,this is enough for me1 that there is no ,plant commonly propagated1 but what will send out its ,roots far enough1 to have the ,benefit of all the ho'd ,spaces or ,intervals ,i in the following ,chapters allot them1 even tho' they should not have ,roots so long as their ,stalks or ,stems4 ,and this great ,length of ,roots will appear very reasonable1 if we compare the ,largeness of the ,leaves 7which are the ,parts ordain'd for ,excretion7 with the ,smalness of the ,capillary ,roots1 which must make up in ,length or ,number what they want in ,bigness1 being destin'd to range far in the ,earth1 to find out a ,supply of ,matter to maintain the whole ,plant2 whereas the chief ,office of the ,stalks and ,leaves is only to receive the same1 and to discharge into the ,atmosphere such ,part thereof as is found unfit for ,nutrition2 a much easier ,task than the other1 and consequently fewer ,passages suffice1 these ending in an obtuse ,form2 for otherwise the ,air would not be able to sustain the ,stalks and ,leaves in their upright ,posture3 but the ,roots1 tho' very weak and slender1 are easily supported by the ,earth1 notwithstanding their ,length1 ,smalness1 and ,flexibility4 ,plants have no ,stomach1 nor ,oesophagus1 which are necessary to convey the ,mass of ,food to an ,animal3 ,which ,mass1 being exhausted by the ,lacteals1 is eliminated by way of ,excrements1 but the ,earth itself being that ,mass to the ,guts 7or ,roots7 of ,plants1 they have only fine ,recrements1 which are thrown off by the ,leaves4 ,in this1 ,animal and ,vegetable ,bodies agree1 that ,guts and ,roots are both injured by the open ,air2 and ,nature has taken an equal ,care1 that both may be supply'd with ,nourishment1 without being expos'd to it4 ,guts are supply'd from their ,insides1 and ,roots from their ,outsides4 ,all the ,nutriment 7or ,pabulum7 which ,guts receive for the ,use of an ,animal1 is brought to them2 but ,roots must search out and fetch themselves all the ,pabulum of a ,plant2 therefore a greater ,quantity of ,roots1 in ,length or ,number1 is necessary to a ,plant1 than of ,guts to an ,animal4 ,all ,roots are as the ,intestines of ,animals1 and have their ,mouths or ,lacteal ,vessels opening on their outer spongy ,superficies1 as the ,guts of ,animals have theirs opening in their inner spongy ,superficies4 ,the ,animal ,lacteals take in their ,food by the ,pressure that is made from the ,peristaltic ,motion1 and that ,motion caus'd by the ,action of ,respiration1 both which ,motions press the ,mouths of the ,lacteals against the ,mass or ,soil which is within the ,guts1 and bring them into closer ,contact with it4 ,both these ,motions are supply'd in ,roots by the ,pressure occasion'd by the ,increase of their ,diameters in the ,earth1 which presses their ,lacteal ,mouths against the ,soil without4 ,but in such ,roots as live in ,water1 a ,pressure is constantly made against the ,roots by the ,weight and ,fluidity of the ,water2 this presses such fine ,particles of ,earth it contains1 and which come into ,contact with their ,mouths1 the closer to them4 ,and when ,roots are in a till'd ,soil1 a great ,pressure is made against them by the ,earth1 which constantly subsides1 and presses their ,food closer and closer1 even into their ,mouths2 until itself becomes so hard and close1 that the weak ,sorts of ,roots can penetrate no farther into it1 unless re-open'd by new ,tillage1 which is call'd ,hoing4 ,when a good ,number of ,single-,mint ,stalks had stood in ,water1 until they were well stock'd with ,roots from their two lower ,joints1 and some of them from three ,joints1 ,i set one in a ,mint-,glass full of ,salt ,water2 this ,mint became perfectly dead within three ,days4 ,another ,mint ,i put into a ,glass of fair ,water2 but ,i immers'd one ,string of its ,roots 7being brought over the ,top of that ,glass into another ,glass of ,salt-water1 contiguous to the ,top of the other ,glass3 ,this ,mint dy'd also very soon4 ,of another 7standing in a ,glass of ,water and ,earth till it grew vigorously7 ,i ty'd one single ,root into a ,bag1 which held a ,spoonful of dry ,salt1 adjoining to the ,top of the ,glass1 which kill'd this strong ,mint also4 ,i found that this ,salt was soon dissolv'd1 tho' on the ,outside of the ,glass2 and tho' no ,water reach'd so high1 as to be within ,two ,inches of the ,joint which produc'd this ,root3 ,the ,leaves of all these were salt as ,brine to the ,taste4 ,of another1 ,i put an upper ,root into a small ,glass of ,ink1 instead of a ,bag of ,salt1 in the ,manner above-mention'd2 this ,plant was also kill'd by some of the ,ink ,ingredients4 ,the ,blackness was not communicated to the ,stalk1 or ,leaves1 which inclin'd rather to a yellowish ,colour as they died1 which seem'd owing to the ,copperas4 ,i made a very strong ,liquor with ,water1 and bruised ,seeds of ,wild-,garlick1 and1 filling a ,glass therewith1 plac'd the ,top of it close to the ,top of another ,glass1 having in it a ,mint1 two or three of whose upper ,roots1 put into this stinking ,liquor1 full of the bruised ,seeds1 and there remaining1 it kill'd the ,mint in some time2 but it was much longer in dying than the others were with ,salt and ,ink4 ,it might be1 because these ,roots in the ,garlick were very small1 and did not bear so great a ,proportion to their whole ,system of ,roots1 as the ,roots1 by which the other ,mints were poison'd1 did to theirs4 ,when the ,edges of the ,leaves began to change ,colour1 ,i chew'd many of them in my ,mouth1 and found at first the strong aromatic ,flavour of ,mint1 but that was soon over2 and then the nauseous ,taste of ,garlick was very perceptible to my ,palate4 ,i observ'd1 that when the ,mint had stood in a ,glass of ,water1 until it seem'd to have finish'd its ,growth1 the ,roots being about a ,foot long1 and of an earthy ,colour1 after putting in some fine ,earth1 which sunk down to the ,bottom1 there came from the upper ,joint a new ,set of white ,roots1 taking their ,course on the ,outside of the ,heap of old ,roots downwards1 until they reach'd the ,earth at the ,bottom2 and then1 after some time1 came to be of the same earthy ,colour with the old ones4 ,another ,mint being well rooted from ,two ,joints1 about ,four ,inches asunder2 ,i plac'd the ,roots of the lower ,joint in a deep ,mint-,glass1 having ,water at the ,bottom1 and the ,roots of the upper ,joint into a square ,box1 contriv'd for the ,purpose1 standing over the ,glass1 and having a ,bottom1 that open'd in the ,middle1 with a ,hole1 that shut together close to the ,stalk1 just below the upper ,joint2 then laying all these upper ,roots to one ,corner of the ,box1 ,i fill'd it with ,sand1 dry'd in a ,fire-shovel1 and found1 that in one ,night's time1 the ,roots of the lower ,joint1 which reach'd the ,water at the ,bottom of the ,glass1 had drawn it up1 and imparted so much thereof to those ,roots in the ,box above1 that the ,sand1 at that ,corner where they lay1 was very wet1 and the other three ,corners dry4 ,this ,experiment ,i repeated very often1 and it always succeeded as that did4 ,and for the same ,purpose ,i prepar'd a small ,trough1 about two ,foot long1 and plac'd a ,mint-,glass under each ,end of the ,trough2 over each ,glass ,i plac'd a ,mint1 with half its ,roots in the ,glass1 the other half in the ,trough3 ,the ,mints stood just upon the ,ends of the ,trough4 ,then ,i cover'd these ,roots with pulveriz'd ,earth1 and kept the ,glasses supply'd with ,water2 and as oft as the white fibrous ,roots shot thro' the ,earth1 ,i threw on more ,earth1 till the ,trough would hold no more2 and still the white ,fibres came thro'1 and appear'd above it2 but all seem'd 7as ,i saw by the ,help of a coarse ,microscope7 to turn1 and when they came above-ground1 their ,ends enter'd into it again4 ,these two ,mints grew thrice as large as any other ,mint ,i had1 which were many1 that stood in ,water1 and much larger than those which stood in ,water with ,earth in it3 ,they being all of an equal ,bigness when set in1 and set at the same time4 ,tho' these two1 standing in my ,chamber1 never had any ,water in their ,earth1 but what those ,roots1 which reach'd the ,water in the ,glasses1 sent up to the ,roots1 which grew in the ,trough4 ,the vast ,quantity of ,water these ,roots sent up1 being sufficient to keep all the ,earth in the ,troughs moist1 tho' of a thousand times greater ,quantity than the ,roots which water'd it1 makes it probable1 that the ,water pass'd out of the ,roots into the ,earth1 without mixing at all with the ,sap1 or being alter'd to any ,degree4 ,the ,earth kept always moist1 and in the hot ,weather there would not remain a ,drop of ,water in the ,glasses1 when they had not been fresh supply'd in two ,days and one ,night2 and yet these ,roots in the ,glasses were not dry'd1 tho' they stood sometimes a whole ,day and ,night thus in the empty ,glasses4 ,these two ,mints have thus liv'd all one ,summer4 ,remarks on the ,mints1 c4 ,tho' the ,vessels of ,marine ,plants be some ways fortify'd against the ,acrimony of ,salt1 as ,sea-fish are1 yet the ,mints all shew1 that ,salt is poison to other ,plants4 ,the ,reason why the ,salts in ,dung1 ,brine1 or ,urine1 do not kill ,plants in the ,field or ,garden1 is1 that their ,force is spent in acting upon1 and dividing the ,parts of ,earth2 neither do these ,salts1 or at least any considerable ,quantity of them1 reach the ,roots4 ,i try'd ,salt to many ,potatoes in the ,ground being undermin'd1 and a few of their ,roots put into a ,dish of ,salt-water1 they all died sooner or later1 according to their ,bigness1 and to the ,proportions the ,quantity of ,salt apply'd did bear to them4 ,by the ,mints it appears1 that ,roots make no ,distinctions in the ,liquor they imbibe1 whether it be for their ,nourishment or ,destruction2 and that they do not insume what is disagreeable1 or ,poison to them1 for lack of other ,sustenance2 since they were very vigorous1 and well fed in the ,glasses1 at the time when the most inconsiderable ,part of their ,number had the ,salt1 ,garlick1 and ,ink offer'd to them4 ,the sixth ,mint shews1 that when new ,earth is apply'd to the old ,roots1 a ,plant sends out new ,roots on ,purpose to feed on it3 ,and that the more ,earth is given it1 the more ,roots will be form'd1 by the new ,vigour the ,plant takes from the ,addition of ,earth4 ,this corresponds with the ,action of ,hoing2 for every time the ,earth is mov'd about ,roots1 they have a ,change of ,earth1 which is new to them4 ,the seventh ,mint proves1 that there is such a ,communication betwixt all the ,roots1 that when any of them have ,water1 they do impart a ,share thereof to all the rest3 ,and that the ,root of the lower ,joint of this ,mint had ,passages 7or ,vessels7 leading from them1 through the ,stalk1 to the ,roots of the upper ,joint2 tho' the clear ,stalk 7through which it must have pass'd7 that was betwixt these two ,joints1 was several ,inches in ,length4 ,this accounts for the great ,produce of long tap-rooted ,plants1 such as ,lusern and ,st4 ,foin1 in very dry ,weather3 for the ,earth at a great ,depth is always moist4 ,it accounts also for the good ,crops we have in dry ,summers1 upon ,land that has a ,clay ,bottom2 for there the ,water is retain'd a long time1 and the lower ,roots of ,plants which reach it1 do1 like those of this ,mint1 send up a ,share to all the higher ,roots4 ,if those ,roots of a ,plant1 which lie at the ,surface of the ,ground1 did not receive ,moisture from other ,roots1 which lie deeper1 they could be of no ,use in dry ,weather4 ,but 'tis certain1 that if this dry ,surface be mov'd or dung'd1 the ,plant will be found to grow the faster1 tho' no ,rain falls2 which seems to prove1 both that the deep ,roots communicate to the shallow a ,share of their ,water1 and receive in ,return from them a ,share of ,food1 in common with all the rest of the ,plant1 as in the ,mints they did4 ,the two last ,mints shew1 that when the upper ,roots have ,moisture 7as they had in the ,earth in the ,trough1 carried thither first by the lower ,roots7 they impart some of it to the lower1 else these could not have continu'd plump and fresh1 as they did for #bd ,hours in the empty ,glass4 ,and ,i have since observed them to do so1 in the cooler ,season of the ,year1 for several ,weeks together1 without any other ,water1 than what the upper ,roots convey'd to them1 from the moist ,earth above in the ,trough#d4 ,i know not what ,time these ,roots might continue to be supply'd thus in the hot ,weather1 because ,i did not try any longer1 for fear of killing them4 #d ',tis certain1 that ,roots and other ,chyle ,vessels of a ,plant have a free ,communication throughout all their ,cavities1 and the ,liquor in them will run towards that ,part where there is least ,resistance2 and such is that which is the most empty1 whether it be above or below2 for there are no ,valves that can hinder the ,descent or ,ascent of ,liquor in these ,vessels1 as appears by the growing of a ,plant in an inverted ,posture4 ,but it must be noted1 that the ,depth of the ,glass protected the ,roots therein from the ,injury of the ,motion of the free ,air1 which would have dry'd them1 if they had been out of the ,glass4 ,in this ,trough is shewn most of the ,hoing ,effects2 viz4 ,that ,roots1 by being broken off near the ,ends1 increase their ,number1 and send out several where one is broken off4 ,that the ,roots increase their ,fibres every time the ,earth is stirr'd about them4 ,that the stirring the ,earth makes the ,plants grow the faster4 ,,leaves are the ,parts or ,bowels of a ,plant1 which perform the same ,office to ,sap1 as the ,lungs of an ,animal do to ,blood2 that is1 they purify or cleanse it of the ,recrements1 or fuliginous ,steams1 received in the ,circulation1 being the unfit ,parts of the ,food2 and perhaps some decay'd ,particles1 which fly off the ,vessels1 through which ,blood and ,sap do pass respectively4 ,besides which ,use1 the ,nitro-aerous ,particles may there enter1 to keep up the vital ,ferment or ,flame4 ,mr4 ,papin shews1 that ,air will pass in at the ,leaves1 and out thro' the ,plant at the ,roots1 but ,water will not pass in at the ,leaves2 and that if the ,leaves have no ,air1 a ,plant will die2 but if the ,leaves have ,air1 tho' the ,root remain in ,water in vacuo1 the ,plant will live and grow4 ,dr4 ,grew1 in his ,anatomy of ,plants1 mentions ,vessels1 which he calls1 ,net-work1 ,cobweb1 ,skeins of ,silk1 c4 but above all1 the ,multitude of ,air-,bladders in them1 which ,i take to be of the same ,use in ,leaves1 as the ,vesicul are in ,lungs4 ,leaves being as ,lungs inverted1 and of a broad and thin ,form2 their ,vesicul are in ,contact with the free open ,air1 and therefore have no need of ,trachea1 or ,bronchia1 nor of ,respiration4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,,food of ,,plants4 ,the chief ,art of an ,husbandman is to feed ,plants to the best ,advantage2 but how shall he do that1 unless he knows what is their ,food8 ,by ,food is meant that ,matter1 which1 being added and united to the first ,stamina of ,plants1 or ,plantul1 which were made in little at the ,creation1 gives them1 or rather is their ,increase4 ',tis agreed1 that all the following ,materials contribute1 in some manner1 to the ,increase of ,plants2 but 'tis disputed which of them is that very ,increase or ,food4 #a4 ,nitre4 #b4 ,water4 #c4 ,air4 #d4 ,fire4 #e4 ,earth4 ,i will not mention1 as a ,food1 that acid ,spirit of the ,air1 so much talk'd of2 since by its eating asunder ,iron ,bars it appears too much of the ,nature of ,aqua ,fortis1 to be a welcome ,guest alone to the tender ,vessels of the ,roots of ,plants4 ,nitre is useful to divide and prepare the ,food1 and may be said to nourish ,vegetables in much the same ,manner as my ,knife nourishes me1 by cutting and dividing my ,meat3 ,but when ,nitre is apply'd to the ,root of a ,plant1 it will kill it as certainly as a ,knife misapply'd will kill a ,man3 ,which proves1 that ,nitre is1 in respect of ,nourishment1 just as much the ,food of ,plants1 as ,white ,arsenick is the ,food of ,rats4 ,and the same may be said of ,salts4 ,water1 from ,van-,helmont's ,experiment1 was by some great ,philosophers thought to be it4 ,but these were deceived1 in not observing1 that ,water has always in its ,intervals a ,charge of ,earth1 from which no ,art can free it4 ,this ,hypothesis having been fully confuted by ,dr4 ,woodward1 no body has1 that ,i know of1 maintain'd it since3 ,and to the ,doctor's ,arguments ,i shall add more in the ,article of ,air4 ,air1 because its ,spring1 c4 is as necessary to the ,life of ,vegetables1 as the ,vehicle of ,water is2 some modern ,virtuosi have affirm'd1 from the same and worse ,arguments than those of the ,water-,philosophers1 that ,air is the ,food of ,plants4 ,mr4 ,bradley being the chief1 if not only ,author1 who has publish'd this ,phantasy1 which at present seems to get ,ground1 'tis fit he should be answer'd3 ,and this will be easily done1 if ,i can shew1 that he has answer'd this his own ,opinion1 by some or all of his own ,arguments4 ,his first is1 that of ,helmont1 and is thus related in ,mr4 ,bradley's general ,treatise of ,husbandry and ,gardening1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cf4 #8,who dry'd ,two hundred ,pounds of ,earth1 and planted a ,willow of ,five ,pounds ,weight in it1 which he water'd with ,rain1 or distill'd ,water2 and to secure it from any other ,earth getting in1 he covered it with a perforated ,tin ,cover4 ,five ,years after1 weighing the ,tree1 with all the ,leaves it had borne in that ,time1 he found it to weigh ,one hundred ,sixty-nine ,pounds ,three ,ounces2 but the ,earth was only diminish'd about two ,ounces in its ,weight4' ,on this ,experiment ,mr4 ,bradley grounds his ,airy ,hypothesis4 ,but let it be but examined fairly1 and see what may be thence inferr'd4 ,the ,tin ,cover was to prevent any other ,earth from getting in4 ,this must also prevent any ,earth from getting out1 except what enter'd the ,roots1 and by them pass'd into the ,tree4 ,a ,willow is a very thirsty ,tree1 and must have drank in ,five ,years time several ,tuns of ,water1 which must necessarily carry in its ,interstices a great ,quantity of ,earth 7probably many times more than the ,tree's#e ,weight1 which could not get out1 but by the ,roots of the ,willow4 #e ,the ,body of an ,animal receives a much less ,increase in ,weight than its ,perspirations amount to1 as ,sanctorius's ,static-,chair demonstrates4 ,therefore the ,two hundred ,pounds of ,earth not being increased1 proves that so much ,earth as was poured in with the ,water1 did enter the ,tree4 ,whether the ,earth did enter to nourish the ,tree1 or whether only in order to pass through it 7by way of ,vehicle to the ,air71 and leave the ,air behind for the ,augment of the ,willow1 may appear by examining the ,matter of which the ,tree did consist4 ,if the ,matter remaining after the ,corruption or ,putrefaction of the ,tree be ,earth1 will it not be a ,proof1 that the ,earth remained in it1 to nourish and augment it8 for it could not leave what it did not first take1 nor be augmented by what pass'd through it4 ,according to ,aristotle's ,doctrine1 and ,mr4 ,bradley's too1 in ,vol4 ,i4 pag4 #gb4 8,putrefaction resolves it again into ,earth1 its first ,principle40 ,the ,weight of the ,tree1 even when green1 must consist of ,earth and ,water4 ,air could be no ,part of it1 because ,air being of no greater specific ,gravity than the incumbent ,atmosphere1 could not be of any ,weight in it2 therefore was no ,part of the ,one hundred ,sixty-nine ,pounds ,three ,ounces4 ,nature has directed ,animals and ,vegetables to seek what is most necessary to them4 ,at the ,time when the ,ftus has a ,necessity of ,respiration1 'tis brought forth into the open ,air1 and then the ,lungs are filled with ,air4 ,as soon as a ,calf1 ,lamb1 c4 is able to stand1 it applies to the ,teat for ,food1 without any ,teaching4 ,in like manner ,mr4 ,bradley remarks1 in his ,vol4 ,i4 pag4 #aj4 #8,that almost every ,stem and every ,root are formed in a bending manner under ,ground2 and yet all these ,stems become strait and upright when they come above-ground1 and meet the ,air2 and most ,roots run as directly downwards1 and shun the ,air as much as possible4' ,can any thing more plainly shew the ,intent of ,nature1 than this his ,remark does8 viz4 ,that the ,air is most necessary to the ,tree above ground1 to purify the ,sap by the ,leaves1 as the ,blood of ,animals is depurated by their ,lungs3 ,and that ,roots seek the ,earth for their ,food1 and shun the ,air1 which would dry up and destroy them4 ,no one ,truth can possibly contradict or interfere with any other ,truth2 but one ,error may contradict and interfere with another ,error1 viz4 ,mr4 ,bradley1 and all ,authors1 ,i think1 are of ,opinion1 that ,plants of different ,natures are fed by a different ,sort of ,nourishment2 from whence they aver1 that a ,crop of ,wheat takes up all that is peculiar to that ,grain2 then a ,crop of ,barley all that is proper to it2 next a ,crop of ,pease1 and so on1 'till each has drawn off all those ,particles which are proper to it2 and then no more of these ,grains will grow in that ,land1 till by ,fallow1 ,dung1 and ,influences of the ,heavens1 the ,earth will be again replenish'd with new ,nourishment1 to supply the same ,sorts of ,corn over again4 ,this1 if true 7as they all affirm it to be71 would prove1 that the ,air is not the ,food of ,vegetables4 ,for the ,air being in itself so homogeneous as it is1 could never afford such different ,matter as they imagine2 neither is it probable1 that the ,air should afford the ,wheat ,nourishment more one ,year1 than the ensuing ,year2 or that the same ,year it should nourish ,barley in one ,field1 ,wheat in another1 ,pease in a ,third2 but that if ,barley were sown in the ,third1 ,wheat in the ,first1 ,pease in the ,second1 all would fail3 ,therefore this ,hypothesis of ,air for ,food interferes with1 and contradicts this ,doctrine of ,necessity of changing ,sorts4 ,i suppose1 by ,air1 they do not mean dry ,particles of ,earth1 and the ,effluvia which float in the ,air3 ,the ,quantity of these is too small to augment ,vegetables to that ,bulk they arrive at4 ,by that way of speaking they might more truly affirm this of ,water1 because it must be like to carry a greater ,quantity of ,earth than ,air doth1 in proportion to the ,difference of their different specific ,weight2 ,water1 being about #hjj times heavier than ,air1 is likely to have #hjj times more of that terrestrial ,matter in it2 and we see this is sufficient to maintain some ,sort of ,vegetables1 as ,aquatics2 but the ,air1 by its ,charge of ,effluvia1 c4 is never able to maintain or nourish any ,plant2 for as to the ,sedums1 ,aloes1 and all others1 that are supposed to grow suspended in the ,air1 'tis a mere ,fallacy2 they seem to grow1 but do not2 since they constantly grow lighter2 and tho' their ,vessels may be somewhat distended by the ,ferment of their own ,juices which they received in the ,earth1 yet suspended in ,air1 they continually diminish in ,weight 7which is the true ,argument of a ,plant7 until they grow to nothing4 ,so that this ,instance of ,sedums1 c4 which they pretend to bring for ,proof of this their ,hypothesis1 is alone a full ,confutation of it4 ,yet if granted1 that ,air could nourish some ,vegetables by the earthy ,effluvia1 c4 which it carry'd with it #f2 even that would be against them1 not for them4 #f ,this is meant of dry ,earth1 by its ,lightness 7when pulveriz'd extremely fine7 carried in the ,air without ,vapour3 ,for the ,atmosphere1 consisting of all the ,elements1 has ,earth in it in considerable ,quantity1 mix'd with ,water2 but a very little ,earth is so minutely divided1 as to fly therein pure from ,water1 which is its ,vehicle there for the most ,part4 ,they might as well believe1 that ,martins and ,swallows are nourish'd by the ,air1 because they live on ,flies and ,gnats1 which they catch therein2 this being the same ,food1 which is found in the ,stomach of the ,chameleon4 ,if1 as they say1 the ,earth is of little other ,use to ,plants1 but to keep them fix'd and steady1 there would be little or no ,difference in the ,value of rich and poor ,land1 dung'd or undung'd2 for one would serve to keep ,plants fix'd and steady1 very near1 if not quite as well as the other4 ,if ,water or ,air was the ,food of ,plants1 ,i cannot see what ,necessity there should be of ,dung or ,tillage4 #d4 ,fire4 ,no ,plant can live without ,heat1 tho' different ,degrees of it be necessary to different ,sorts of ,plants4 ,some are almost able to keep ,company with the ,salamander1 and do live in the hottest ,exposures of the hot ,countries4 ,others have their ,abode with ,fishes under ,water1 in cold ,climates3 for the ,sun has his ,influence1 tho' weaker1 upon the ,earth cover'd with ,water1 at a considerable ,depth2 which appears by the ,effect the ,vicissitudes of ,winter and ,summer have upon subterraqueous ,vegetables4 ,tho' every ,heat is said to be a different ,degree of ,fire2 yet we may distinguish the ,degrees by their different ,effects4 ,heat warms2 but ,fire burns3 ,the first helps to cherish1 the latter destroys ,plants4 #e4 ,earth4 ,that which nourishes and augments a ,plant is the true ,food of it4 ,every ,plant is ,earth1 and the ,growth and true ,increase of a ,plant is the ,addition of more ,earth4 ,nitre 7or other ,salts7 prepares the ,earth1 ,water and ,air move it1 by conveying and fermenting it in the ,juices2 and this ,motion is called ,heat4 ,when this additional ,earth is assimilated to the ,plant1 it becomes an absolute ,part of it4 ,suppose ,water1 ,air1 and ,heat1 could be taken away1 would it not remain to be a ,plant1 tho' a dead one8 ,but suppose the ,earth of it taken away1 what would then become of the ,plant8 ,mr4 ,bradley might look long enough after it1 before he found it in the ,air among his specific or certain ,qualities4 ,besides1 too much ,nitre 7or other ,salts7 corrodes a ,plant2 too much ,water drowns it2 too much ,air dries the ,roots of it2 too much ,heat 7or ,fire7 burns it2 but too much ,earth a ,plant never can have1 unless it be therein wholly buried2 and in that ,case it would be equally misapply'd to the ,body1 as ,air or ,nitre would be to the ,roots4 ,too much ,earth1 or too fine1 can never possibly be given to ,roots2 for they never receive so much of it as to surfeit the ,plants1 unless it be depriv'd of ,leaves1 which1 as ,lungs1 should purify it4 ,and ,earth is so surely the ,food of all ,plants1 that with the proper ,share of the other ,elements1 which each ,species of ,plants requires1 ,i do not find but that any common ,earth will nourish any ,plant4 ,the only ,difference of ,soil#g 7except the ,richness7 seems to be the different ,heat and ,moisture it has2 for if those be rightly adjusted1 any ,soil will nourish any ,sort of ,plant2 for let ,thyme and ,rushes change ,places1 and both will die2 but let them change their ,soil1 by removing the ,earth wherein the ,thyme grew1 from the dry ,hill down into the watry ,bottom1 and plant ,rushes therein2 and carry the moist ,earth1 wherein the ,rushes grew1 up to the ,hill2 and there ,thyme will grow in the ,earth that was taken from the ,rushes2 and so will the ,rushes grow in the ,earth that was taken from the ,thyme2 so that 'tis only more or less ,water that makes the same ,earth fit either for the ,growth of ,thyme or ,rushes4 #g ,as ,i have said in my ,essay1 ,that a ,soil being once proper to a ,species of ,vegetables1 it will always continue to be so2 it must be supposed1 that there be no ,alteration of the ,heat and ,moisture of it2 and that this ,difference ,i mean1 is of its ,quality of nourishing different ,species of ,vegetables1 not of the ,quantity of it2 which ,quantity may be alter'd by ,diminution or ,superinduction4 ,so for ,heat2 our ,earth1 when it has in the ,stove the just ,degree of ,heat that each ,sort of ,plants requires1 will maintain ,plants brought from both the ,indies4 ,plants differ as much from one another in the ,degrees of ,heat and ,moisture they require1 as a ,fish differs from a ,salamander4 ,indeed ,misletoe1 and some other ,plants1 will not live upon ,earth1 until it be first alter'd by the ,vessels of another ,plant or ,tree1 upon which they grow1 and therein are as nice in ,food as an ,animal4 ,there is no need to have ,recourse to ,transmutation2 for whether ,air or ,water1 or both1 are transform'd into ,earth or not1 the thing is the same1 if it be ,earth when the ,roots take it2 and we are convinced that neither ,air nor ,water alone1 as such1 will maintain ,plants4 ,these kind of ,metamorphoses may properly enough be consider'd in ,dissertations purely concerning ,matter1 and to discover what the component ,particles of ,earth are2 but not at all necessary to be known1 in relation to the maintaining of ,vegetables4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of ,,pasture of ,,plants4 ,cattle feed on ,vegetables that grow upon the ,earth's external ,surface2 but ,vegetables themselves first receive1 from within the ,earth1 the ,nourishment they give to ,animals4 ,the ,pasture of ,cattle has been known and understood in all ,ages of the ,world1 it being liable to ,inspection2 but the ,pasture of ,plants1 being out of the ,observation of the ,senses1 is only to be known by ,disquisitions of ,reason2 and has 7for ought ,i can find7 pass'd undiscover'd by the ,writers of ,husbandry#h4 #h ,when ,writers of ,husbandry1 in discoursing of ,earth and ,vegetation1 come nearest to the ,thing1 that is1 the ,pasture of ,plants1 they are lost in the ,shadow of it1 and wander in a ,wilderness of obscure ,expressions1 such as ,magnetism1 ,virtue1 ,power1 ,specific ,quality1 ,certain ,quality1 and the like2 wherein there is no manner of ,light for discovering the real ,substance1 but we are left by them more in the ,dark to find it1 than ,roots are when they feed on it3 ,and when a ,man1 no less sagacious than ,mr4 ,evelyn1 has trac'd it thro' all the ,mazes of the ,occult ,qualities1 and even up to the ,metaphysics1 he declares he cannot determine1 whether the ,thing he pursues be ,corporeal or ,spiritual4 ,the ,ignorance of this seems to be one principal ,cause1 that ,agriculture1 the most necessary of all ,arts1 has been treated of by ,authors more superficially than any other ,art whatever4 ,the ,food or ,pabulum of ,plants being prov'd to be ,earth1 where and whence#i they take that1 may properly be called their ,pasture4 #i ,by the ,pasture is not meant the ,pabulum itself2 but the ,superficies from whence the ,pabulum is taken by ,roots4 ,this ,pasture ,i shall endeavour to describe4 ',tis the inner or 7internal7 ,superficies#aj of the ,earth2 or which is the same thing1 'tis the ,superficies of the ,pores1 ,cavities1 or ,interstices of the divided ,parts of the ,earth1 which are of two ,sorts1 viz4 ,natural and ,artificial4 #aj ,this ,pasture of ,plants never having been mentioned or described by any ,author that ,i know of1 ,i am at a loss to find any other ,term to describe it by1 that may be synonymous1 or equipollent to it3 ,therefore1 for want of a better1 ,i call it the inner1 or internal ,superficies of the ,earth1 to distinguish it from the outer or external ,superficies1 or ,surface1 whereon we tread4 ,inner or internal ,superficies may be thought an absurd ,expression1 the ,adjective expressing something within1 and the ,substantive seeming to express only what is without it2 and indeed the ,sense of the ,expression is so2 for the ,vegetable ,pasture is within the ,earth1 but without 7or on the ,outsides of7 the divided ,parts of the ,earth4 ,and1 besides1 ,superficies must be joined with the ,adjective ,inner 7or ,internal7 when 'tis used to describe the ,inside of a thing that is hollow1 as the ,pores and ,interstices of the ,earth are4 ,the ,superficies1 which is the ,pasture of ,plants1 is not a bare ,mathematical ,superficies2 for that is only imaginary4 ,by ,nature1 the whole ,earth 7or ,soil7 is composed of ,parts2 and1 if these had been in every ,place absolutely joined1 it would have been without ,interstices or ,pores1 and would have had no internal ,superficies1 or ,pasture for ,plants3 but since it is not so strictly dense#aa1 there must be ,interstices at all those ,places where the ,parts remain separate and divided4 #aa ,for were the ,soil as dense as ,glass1 the ,roots or ,vegetables 7such as our ,earth produces7 would never be able to enter its ,pores4 ,these ,interstices1 by their ,number and ,largeness1 determine the specific ,gravity 7or true ,quantity7 of every ,soil3 ,the larger they are1 the lighter is the ,soil2 and the inner ,superficies is commonly the less4 ,the ,mouths1 or ,lacteals1 being situate1 and opening1 in the convex ,superficies of ,roots1 they take their ,pabulum1 being fine ,particles of ,earth1 from the ,superficies of the ,pores1 or ,cavities1 wherein the ,roots are included4 ,and 'tis certain1 that the ,earth is not divested or robb'd of this ,pabulum1 by any other ,means1 than by actual ,fire1 or the ,roots of ,plants4 ,for1 when no ,vegetables are suffer'd to grow in a ,soil1 it will always grow richer4 ,plow it1 harrow it1 as often as you please1 expose it to the ,sun in ,horse-,paths all the ,summer1 and to the ,frost of the ,winter2 let it be cover'd by ,water at the ,bottom of ,ponds1 or ,ditches2 or if you grind dry ,earth to ,powder1 the longer 'tis kept exposed1 or treated by these or any other ,method possible 7except actual ,burning by ,fire72 instead of losing1 it will gain the more ,fertility4 ,these ,particles1 which are the ,pabulum of ,plants1 are so very minute#ab and light1 as not to be singly attracted to the ,earth1 if separated from those ,parts to which they adhere#ac1 or with which they are in ,contact 7like ,dust to a ,looking-,glass1 turn it upwards1 or downwards1 it will remain affixt to it71 as these ,particles do to those ,parts1 until from thence remov'd by some ,agent4 #ab ,as to the ,fineness of the ,pabulum of ,plants1 'tis not unlikely1 that ,roots may insume no grosser ,particles1 than those on which the ,colours of ,bodies depend2 but to discover the greatest of those ,corpuscles1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton thinks1 it will require a ,microscope1 that with sufficient ,distinctness can represent ,objects ,five or ,six hundred times bigger1 than at a ,foot ,distance they appear to the naked ,eye4 ,my ,microscope indeed is but a very ordinary one1 and when ,i view with it the ,liquor newly imbibed by a fibrous ,root of a ,mint1 it seems more limpid than the clearest common ,water1 nothing at all appearing in it4 #ac ,either ,roots must insume the ,earth1 that is their ,pabulum1 as they find it in whole ,pieces1 having intire ,superficies of their own1 or else such ,particles as have not intire ,superficies of their own1 but want some ,part of it1 which adheres to1 or is ,part of the ,superficies of larger ,particles1 before they are separated by ,roots4 ,the former they cannot insume 7unless contained in ,water72 because they would fly away at the first ,pores that were open3 ,ergo they must insume the latter4 ,a ,plant cannot separate these ,particles from the ,parts to which they adhere1 without the ,assistance of ,water1 which helps to loosen them4 ,and 'tis also probable1 that the ,nitre of the ,air may be necessary to relax this ,superficies1 to render the prolific ,particles capable of being thence disjoin'd2 and this ,action of the ,nitre seems to be what is call'd1 ,impregnating the ,earth4 ,since the grosser ,vegetable ,particles1 when they have pass'd thro' a ,plant1 together with their moist ,vehicle1 do fly up into the ,air invisibly2 'tis not likely they should1 in the ,earth1 fall off from the ,superficies of the ,pores1 by their own ,gravity3 ,and if they did fall off1 they might fly away as easily before they enter'd ,plants1 as they do after they have pass'd thro' them2 and then a ,soil might become the poorer#ad for all the ,culture and ,stirring we bestow upon it2 tho' no ,plants were in it2 contrary to ,experience4 #ad ,but we see it is always the richer by being frequently turned and exposed to the ,atmosphere3 ,therefore ,plants must take all their ,pabulum from a ,superficies of ,parts of ,earth2 except what may perhaps be contained in ,water fine enough to enter ,roots intire with the ,water4 ,it must be own'd1 that ,water does ever carry1 in its ,interstices1 ,particles of ,earth fine enough to enter ,roots2 because ,i have seen1 that a great ,quantity of ,earth 7in my ,experiments7 will pass out of ,roots set in ,rain-water2 and tis found that ,water can never be1 by any ,art1 wholly freed from its earthy ,charge2 therefore it must have carry'd in some ,particles of ,earth along with it3 ,but yet ,i cannot hence conclude1 that the ,water did first take these fine ,particles from the aforesaid ,superficies3 ,i rather think1 that they are exhal'd1 together with very small ,pieces to which they adhere1 and in the ,vapour divided by the ,aereal ,nitre2 and1 when the ,vapour is condens'd1 they descend with it to replenish the ,pasture of ,plants2 and that these do not enter intire into ,roots1 neither does any other of the earthy ,charge that any ,water contains2 except such fine ,particles which have already pass'd thro' the ,vegetable ,vessels1 and been thence exhal'd4 ,this ,conjecture is the more probable1 for that ,rain-,water is as nourishing to ,plants set therein as ,spring-,water1 tho' the latter have more ,earth in it2 and tho' ,spring-water have some ,particles in it that will enter intire into ,roots1 yet we must consider1 that even that ,water may have been many times exhal'd into the ,air1 and may have still retain'd a great ,quantity of ,vegetable ,particles1 which it received from ,vegetable ,exhalations in the ,atmosphere2 tho' not so great a ,quantity as ,rain-water1 that comes immediately thence4 ,these1 ,i have to do with1 are the ,particles which ,plants have from the ,earth1 or ,soil2 but they have also fine ,particles of ,earth from ,water1 which may impart some of its finest ,charge to the ,superficies of ,roots1 as well as to the ,superficies of the ,parts of the ,earth#ae which makes the ,pasture of ,plants4 #ae ,if ,water does separate1 and take any of the mere ,pabulum of ,plants from the ,soil1 it gives much more to it4 ,yet it seems1 that much of the ,earth1 contain'd in the clearest ,water1 is there in too large ,parts to enter a ,root2 since we see1 that in a short time the ,root's ,superficies will1 in the purest ,water1 be cover'd with ,earth1 which is then form'd into a terrene ,pasture1 which may nourish ,roots2 but very few ,plants will live long in so thin a ,pasture1 as any ,water affords them4 ,i cannot find one as yet that has liv'd a ,year1 without some ,earth have been added to it4 ,and all ,aquatics1 that ,i know1 have their ,roots in the ,earth1 tho' cover'd with ,water4 ,the ,pores1 ,cavities1 or ,interstices of the ,earth1 being of two ,sorts1 viz4 ,natural and ,artificial2 the one affords the ,natural1 the other the ,artificial ,pasture of ,plants4 ,the natural ,pasture alone will suffice1 to furnish a ,country with ,vegetables1 for the ,maintenance of a few ,inhabitants2 but if ,agriculture were taken out of the ,world1 'tis much to be fear'd1 that those of all populous ,countries1 especially towards the ,confines of the frigid ,zones 7for there the ,trees often fail of producing ,fruit71 would be oblig'd to turn ,anthropophagi1 as in many uncultivated ,regions they do1 very probably for that ,reason4 ,the artificial ,pasture of ,plants is that inner ,superficies which is made from dividing the ,soil by ,art4 ,this does1 on all ,parts of the ,globe1 where used1 maintain many more ,people than the natural ,pasture#af2 and in the colder ,climates1 ,i believe1 it will not be extravagant to say1 ten times as many3 ,or that1 in ,case ,agriculture were a little improved 7as ,i hope to shew is not difficult to be done71 it might maintain twice as many more yet1 or the same ,number1 better4 #af ,the extraordinary ,increase of ,st4 ,foin1 ,clover1 and natural ,grass1 when their ,roots reach into pulveriz'd ,earth1 exceeding the ,increase of all those other ,plants of the same ,species 7that stand out of the ,reach of it7 above ,one hundred ,times1 shew how vastly the artificial ,pasture of ,plants exceeds the natural4 ,a full ,proof of this ,difference1 7besides very many ,i have had before7 was seen by two ,intervals in the middle of a poor ,field of worn-out ,st4 ,foin1 pulveriz'd in the precedent ,summer1 in the manner describ'd in a ,note on the latter ,part of ,chap4 ,,xii4 relating to ,st4 ,foin4 ,here not only the ,st4 ,foin adjoining to these ,intervals recover'd its ,strength1 blossom'd1 and seeded well1 but also the natural ,grass amongst it was as strong1 and had as flourishing a ,colour1 as if a ,dung-heap had been laid in the ,intervals2 also many other ,weeds came out from the ,edges of the unplow'd ,ground1 which must have lain dormant a great many ,years1 grew higher and larger than ever were seen before in that ,field2 but above all1 there was a ,weed amongst the ,st4 ,foin1 which generally accompanies it1 bearing a white ,flower2 some call it ,white ,weed1 others ,lady's ,bedstraw3 ,some ,plants of this that stood near the ,intervals1 were1 in the ,opinion of all that saw them1 increased to a thousand ,times the ,bulk of those of the same ,species1 that stood in the ,field three ,feet distant from such pulveriz'd ,earth4 ,note1 ,these ,intervals were each an ,hundred ,perch long1 and had each in them a treble ,row of ,barley very good4 ,the ,reason ,i take to be this1 ,that the ,land had lain still several ,years after its artificial ,pasture was lost2 whereby all the ,plants in it having only the natural ,pasture to subsist on1 became so extremely small and weak1 that they were not able to exhaust the ,land of so great a ,quantity of the 7vegetable7 nourishing ,particles as the ,atmosphere brought down to it4 ,and when by ,pulveration the artificial ,pasture came to be added to this natural ,pasture 7not much exhausted71 and nothing at all suffered to grow out of it for above ,three ,quarters of a ,year1 it became rich enough1 without any ,manure1 to produce this extraordinary ,effect upon the ,vegetables1 whose ,roots reached into it4 ,how long this ,effect may continue1 is uncertain3 but ,i may venture to say1 it will continue until the ,exhaustion by ,vegetables doth over-balance the ,descent of the ,atmosphere1 and the ,pulveration4 ,and what ,i have said of any one ,species of ,plants in this ,respect may be generally apply'd to the rest4 ,the natural ,pasture is not only less than the artificial1 in an equal ,quantity of ,earth2 but also1 that little consisting in the ,superficies of ,pores1 or ,cavities1 not having a free ,communication#ag with one another1 being less pervious to the ,roots of all ,vegetables1 and requiring a greater ,force to break thro' their ,partitions2 by that ,means1 ,roots1 especially of weak ,plants1 are excluded from many of those ,cavities1 and so lose the ,benefit of them4 #ag ,none of the natural ,vegetable ,pasture is lost or injured by the artificial2 but on the contrary1 'tis mended by being mix'd with it1 and by having a greater ,communication betwixt ,pore and ,pore4 ,but the artificial ,pasture consists in ,superficies of ,cavities1 that are pervious to all ,manner of ,roots1 and that afford them free ,passage and ,entertainment in and thro' all their ,recesses4 ,roots may here extend to the utmost1 without meeting with any ,barricadoes in their ,way4 ,the internal ,superficies1 which is the natural ,pasture of ,plants1 is like the external ,superficies or ,surface of the ,earth1 whereon is the ,pasture of ,cattle2 in that it cannot be inlarg'd without ,addition of more ,surface taken from ,land adjoining to it1 by inlarging its ,bounds or ,limits4 ,but the artificial ,pasture of ,plants may be inlarg'd1 without any ,addition of more ,land1 or inlarging of ,bounds1 and this by ,division only of the same ,earth4 ,and this artificial ,pasture may be increas'd in proportion to the ,division of the ,parts of ,earth1 whereof it is the ,superficies1 which ,division may be mathematically infinite2 for an ,atom is nothing2 neither is there a more plain ,impossibility in ,nature1 than to reduce ,matter to nothing1 by ,division or ,separation of its ,parts4 ,a ,cube of ,earth of ,one ,foot has but ,six ,feet of ,superficies4 ,divide this ,cube into ,cubical ,inches1 and then its ,superficies will be increas'd ,twelve times1 viz4 to ,seventy-two ,superficial ,feet4 ,divide these again in like ,manner and ,proportion2 that is1 ,divide them into ,parts that bear the same ,proportion to the ,inches1 as the ,inches do to the ,feet1 and then the same ,earth1 which had at first no more than ,six ,superficial ,feet1 will have ,eight hundred ,sixty-four ,superficial ,feet of artificial ,pasture2 and so is the ,soil divisible1 and this ,pasture increasable ad ,infinitum4 ,the common ,methods of dividing the ,soil are these2 viz4 by ,dung1 by ,tillage1 or by both#ah4 #ah ,for ,vis ,unita ,fortior4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,,dung4 ,,all ,sorts of ,dung and ,compost contain some ,matter1 which1 when mixt with the ,soil1 ferments therein2 and by such ,ferment dissolves1 crumbles1 and divides the ,earth very much3 ,this is the chief1 and almost only ,use of ,dung3 ,for1 as to the pure earthy ,part1 the ,quantity is so very small1 that1 after a perfect ,putrefaction1 it appears to bear a most inconsiderable ,proportion to the ,soil it is design'd to manure3 and therefore1 in that respect1 is next to nothing4 ,its fermenting ,quality is chiefly owing to the ,salts wherewith it abounds2 but a very little of this ,salt applied alone to a few ,roots of almost any ,plant1 will 7as1 in my ,mint ,experiments1 it is evident common ,salt does7 kill it4 ,this proves1 that its ,use is not to nourish1 but to dissolve2 i4 e4 ,divide the terrestrial ,matter1 which affords ,nutriment to the ,mouths of ,vegetable ,roots4 ,it is1 ,i suppose1 upon the ,account of the acrimonious fiery ,nature of these ,salts1 that the ,florists have banish'd ,dung from their ,flower-,gardens4 ,and there is1 ,i'm sure1 much more ,reason to prohibit the ,use of ,dung in the ,kitchen-,garden1 on ,account of the ill ,taste it gives to esculent ,roots and ,plants1 especially such ,dung as is made in great ,towns4 ',tis a ,wonder how delicate ,palates can dispense with eating their own and their ,beasts ,ordure1 but a little more putrefied and evaporated2 together with all ,sorts of ,filth and ,nastiness1 a ,tincture of which those ,roots must unavoidably receive1 that grow amongst it4 ,indeed ,i do not admire1 that learned ,palates1 accustom'd to the ,got of ,silphium1 ,garlick1 la ,chair venee1 and mortify'd ,venison1 equalling the ,stench and ,rankness of this ,sort of ,city-,muck1 should relish and approve of ,plants that are fed and fatted by its immediate ,contact4 ,people who are so vulgarly nice1 as to nauseate these modish ,dainties1 and whose squeamish ,stomachs even abhor to receive the ,food of ,nobles1 so little different from that wherewith they regale their richest ,gardens1 say that even the very ,water1 wherein a rich ,garden ,cabbage is boil'd1 stinks2 but that the ,water1 wherein a ,cabbage from a poor undung'd ,field is boil'd1 has no ,manner of unpleasant ,savour2 and that a ,carrot1 bred in a ,dunghill1 has none of that sweet ,relish1 which a ,field-,carrot affords4 ,there is a like ,difference in all ,roots1 nourish'd with such different ,diet4 ,dung not only spoils the fine ,flavour of these our ,eatables1 but inquinates good ,liquor4 ,the dung'd ,vineyards in ,languedoc produce nauseous ,wine2 from whence there is a ,proverb in that ,country1 ,that poor ,people's ,wine is best1 because they carry no ,dung to their ,vineyards4 ,dung is observ'd to give great ,encouragement to the ,production of ,worms2 and ,carrots in the ,garden are much worm-eaten1 when those in the ,field are free from ,worms4 ,dung is the ,putrefaction of ,earth1 after it has been alter'd by ,vegetable or ,animal ,vessels4 ,but if ,dung be thoroughly ventilated and putrefy'd before it be spread on the ,field 7as ,i think all the ,authors ,i have read direct7 so much of its ,salts will be spent in fermenting the ,dung itself1 that little of them will remain to ferment the ,soil2 and the ,farmer who might dung ,one ,acre in ,twenty1 by laying on his ,dung whilst fully replete with vigorous ,salts1 may 7if he follows these ,writers ,advice to a ,nicety7 be forced to content himself with dunging one ,acre in an ,hundred4 ,this indeed is good ,advice for ,gardeners1 for making their ,stuff more palatable and wholesome2 but would ruin the ,farmer who could have no more ,dung than what he could make upon his ,arable ,farm4 ,for every ,sort of ,dung1 the longer ,time it ferments without the ,ground1 the lesser ,time it has to ferment in it1 and the weaker its ,ferment will be4 ,the ,reason given for this great ,diminution of ,dung is1 that the ,seeds of ,weeds may be rotted1 and lose their vegetating ,faculty2 but this ,i am certain of by ,demonstration1 that let a ,dunghil remain ,three ,years unmov'd1 though its ,bulk be vastly diminish'd in that ,time1 and its best ,quality lost1 ,charlock-seed will remain found in it1 and stock the ,land whereon it is laid3 ,for that ,ferment which is sufficient to consume the ,virtue of the stercoreous ,salts1 is not sufficient to destroy the vegative ,virtue of ,charlock-seeds1 nor 7,i believe7 of many other ,sorts of ,weeds4 ,the very ,effluvia of animal ,bodies1 sent off by ,perspiration1 are so noxious as to kill the ,animal that emits them1 if confin'd to receive them back in great ,quantity1 by breathing in an ,air replete with them2 which appears from the soon dying of an ,animal shut up in a ,receiver full of ,air4 ,yet this seems to be the most harmless of all sorts of animal ,excrements the ,air can be infected with4 ,how noxious then must be the more fetid ,steams of ,ordure6 ,if a ,catalogue were publish'd of all ,instances from ,charnel-houses 7or ,cmeteries7 and of the pestiferous ,effects1 which have happen'd from the ,putrefaction of dead ,bodies1 after great ,battles1 even in the open ,air1 no body1 ,i believe1 would have a good ,opinion of the ,wholsomeness of ,animal ,dung2 for if a great ,quantity do so infect the ,air1 'tis likely a less may infect it in proportion to that less ,quantity4 ,in great ,cities the ,air is full of these ,effluvia1 which in hot ,climes often produce the ,pestilence2 and in cold ,climes ,people are generally observ'd to live a less time1 and less healthfully1 in ,cities1 than in the ,country2 to which ,difference1 'tis likely1 that the eating unwholsome ,gardenage may contribute4 ,this ,dung is a fitter ,food for venomous ,creatures#ai than for edible ,plants2 and 'tis 7no doubt7 upon ,account of this1 that dung'd ,gardens are so much frequented by ,toads1 which are seldom or never seen in the open undung'd ,fields4 #ai ,mr4 ,evelyn says1 that ,dung is the ,nurse of ,vermin4 ,what can we say then to the ,salubrity of those ,roots themselves1 bred up and fatten'd among these ,toads and ,corruption8 ,the ,leaves indeed are only discharging some of the ,filth1 when we eat them2 but the ,roots have that unsavoury infected ,food in their very ,mouths1 when we take them for our ,nourishment4 ,but tho' ,dung be1 upon these and other ,accounts1 injurious to the ,garden1 yet a considerable ,quantity of it is so necessary to most ,corn-fields1 that without it little ,good can be done by the old ,husbandry4 ,dung is not injurious to the ,fields#bj being there in less ,proportion3 ,and the ,produce of ,corn is the ,grain4 ,when the ,leaves have done their utmost to purify the ,sap1 the most refin'd ,part is secern'd to be yet further elaborated by peculiar ,organs2 then1 by the ,vessels of the ,blossoms1 'tis become double-refin'd1 for the ,nourishment of the ,grain2 which is therefore more pure from ,dung1 and more wholsome1 than any other ,part of the ,plant that bears it4 #bj ,such ,plants as ,cabbages1 ,turneps1 ,carrots1 and ,potatoes1 when they are designed only for fatting of ,cattle1 will not be injured by ,dung1 ,tillage1 and ,hoeing all together1 which will make the ,crops the greater1 and the ,cattle will like them never the worse4 ,and common ,tillage alone is not sufficient for many ,sorts of ,corn1 especially ,wheat1 which is the ,king of ,grains4 ,very few ,fields can have the ,conveniency of a sufficient ,supply of ,dung1 to enable them to produce half the ,wheat those will do near ,cities1 where they have ,plenty of it4 ,the ,crop of #bj ,acres will scarce make ,dung sufficient for one ,acre1 in the common ,way of laying it on4 ,the ,action of the ,dung's ,ferment affords a ,warmth#ba to the ,infant-plants1 in their most tender ,state1 and the most rigorous ,season4 #ba ,but though ,dung in fermenting may have a little ,warmth1 yet it may sometimes1 by letting more ,water enter its ,hollowness1 be in a ,frost much colder than undung'd pulverized ,earth2 for ,i have seen ,wheat-plants in the ,winter die in the very ,spits of ,dung1 when undung'd drill'd ,wheat1 adjoining to it1 planted at the same ,time1 has flourish'd all the same ,winter2 and ,i could1 not find any other ,reason for this1 but the ,hollowness of the ,dung2 and yet it seemed to be well rotted4 ,but 'tis hard to know how long the ,warmth of this ,ferment lasteth1 by reason of the great ,difficulty to distinguish the very least ,degree of ,heat from the very least ,degree of ,cold4 ,under the ,name of ,dung we may also understand whatever ferments with the ,earth 7except ,fire72 such as green ,vegetables cover'd in the ,ground1 c4 ,as to the ,difference of the ,quantity of artificial ,pasture made by ,dung without ,tillage1 and that made by ,tillage without ,dung2 the latter is many ,times greater1 of which ,i had the following ,proof4 ,an unplow'd ,land1 wherein a ,dunghil had lain for two or three ,years1 and being taken away1 was planted with ,turneps2 at the same time a till'd ,land1 contiguous thereto1 was drill'd with ,turneps1 and ,horse-ho'd2 the other1 being ,hand-ho'd1 prospered best at the first2 but at last did not amount to the ,fifth ,part of the ,till'd and ,horse-ho'd1 in ,bigness1 nor in ,crop4 ,the ,benefit of the ,dung and ,hand-hoe was so inconsiderable1 in comparison of the ,plough and ,hoe-plough2 the little ,quantity of artificial ,pasture raised to the other1 was only near the ,surface1 and did not reach deep enough to maintain the ,turneps1 till they arrived at the ,fifth ,part of the ,growth of those1 whose artificial ,pasture reach'd to the ,bottom of the ,staple of the ,land4 ,a like ,proof is2 that several ,lands of ,turneps1 drill'd on the ,level1 at three ,foot ,rows1 plow'd1 and doubly dung'd1 and also ,horse-ho'd1 did not produce near so good a ,crop of ,turneps1 as ,six ,foot ,ridges adjoining1 ,horse-ho'd1 tho' no ,dung had been laid thereon for many ,years3 ,there was no other ,difference1 than that the three ,foot ,rows did not admit the ,hoe-plough to raise half the artificial ,pasture1 as the ,six ,foot ,rows did4 ,the ,dung plow'd into the narrow ,intervals1 before drilling1 could operate no further1 with any great ,effect1 than the ,hoe-plough could turn it up1 and help in its ,pulveration4 ,dung1 without ,tillage1 can do very little2 with some ,tillage doth something2 with much ,tillage pulverizes the ,soil in less ,time1 than ,tillage alone can do2 but the ,tillage alone1 with more ,time1 can pulverize as well3 ,this the ,experiments of artificially pulverizing of the poorest ,land1 as they are related by ,mr4 ,evelyn1 fully prove4 ,and these ,experiments are the more to be depended on1 as they are made both in ,england and ,holland by ,persons of known ,integrity4 ,this ,truth is also further confirmed by those ,authors who have found1 that ,high-way ,dust alone is a ,manure preferable to ,dung3 ,and all these ,pulverations being made by ,attrition or ,contusion1 why should not our ,instruments of ,pulveration1 in ,time1 reduce a sufficient ,part of the ,staple of a dry friable ,soil1 to a ,dust equal to that of a ,highway8 ,the common ,proportion of ,dung used in the ,field pulverizes only a small ,part of the ,staple3 but how long a time may be required for our ,instruments to pulverize an equal ,part1 it depending much upon the ,weather1 and the ,degree of ,friability of the ,soil1 is uncertain4 ,i have seen surprising ,effects from ,ground1 after being kept unexhausted1 by plowing with common ,ploughs for ,two whole ,years running3 ,and ,i am confident1 that the ,expence of this extraordinary ,tillage and ,fallow will not1 in many ,places1 amount to above half the ,expence of a dressing with ,dung2 and if the ,land be all the ,time kept in our ,sort of little ,ridges of the ,size most proper for that ,purpose1 the ,expence of plowing will be diminished one half2 besides the ,advantage the ,earth of such ,ridges hath1 of being friable in ,weather which is too moist for plowing the same ,land on the ,level4 ,i have made many ,trials of fine ,dung on the ,rows2 and1 notwithstanding the ,benefit of it1 ,i have1 for these several ,years last past1 left it off1 finding that a little more ,hoeing will supply it at a much less ,expence1 than that of so small a ,quantity of ,manure1 and of the ,hands necessary to lay it on1 and of the ,carriage4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,,tillage4 ,tillage is breaking and dividing the ,ground by ,spade1 ,plough1 ,hoe1 or other ,instruments1 which divide by a ,sort of ,attrition 7or ,contusion7 as ,dung does by ,fermentation#bb4 #bb ,neque enim aliud est ,colere quam ,resolvere1 ,fermentare ,terram4 ,columella4 ,and since the artificial ,pasture of ,plants is made and increas'd by ,pulveration1 'tis no ,matter whether it be by the ,ferment of ,dung1 the ,attrition of the ,plough1 the ,contusion of the ,roller1 or by any other ,instrument or ,means whatsoever1 except by ,fire1 which carries away all the ,cement of that which is burnt4 ,by ,dung we are limited to the ,quantity of it we can procure1 which in most ,places is too scanty3 ,but by ,tillage1 we can inlarge our ,field of subterranean ,pasture without ,limitation1 tho' the external ,surface of it be confin'd within narrow ,bounds3 ,tillage may extend the ,earth's internal ,superficies1 in proportion to the ,division of its ,parts2 and as ,division is infinite1 so may that ,superficies be4 ,every ,time the ,earth is broken by any ,sort of ,tillage1 or ,division1 there must arise some new ,superficies of the broken ,parts1 which never has been open before4 ,for when the ,parts of ,earth are once united and incorporated together1 'tis morally impossible1 that they1 or any of them1 should be broken again1 only in the same ,places2 for to do that1 such ,parts must have again the same numerical ,figures and ,dimensions they had before such ,breaking1 which even by an infinite ,division could never be likely to happen3 ,as the ,letters of a ,distichon1 cut out and mixt1 if they should be thrown up never so often1 would never be likely to fall into the same ,order and ,position with one another1 so as to recompose the same ,distich4 ,although the internal ,superficies may have been drain'd by a preceding ,crop1 and the next ,plowing may move many of the before divided ,parts1 without new-breaking them2 yet such as are new-broken1 have1 at such ,places where they are so broken1 a new ,superficies1 which never was1 or did exist before2 because we cannot reasonably suppose1 that any of those ,parts can have in all places 7if in any ,places7 the same ,figure and ,dimensions twice4 ,for as ,matter is divisible ad infinitum1 the ,places or ,lines whereat 'tis so divisible1 must be1 in relation to ,number1 infinite1 that is to say1 without ,number2 and must have at every ,division ,superficies of ,parts of infinite ,variety#bc in ,figure and ,dimensions4 #bc ,their ,variety is such1 that 'tis next to impossible1 any two ,pieces1 or ,clods1 in a ,thousand ,acres of till'd ,ground1 should have the same ,figure1 and equal ,dimensions1 or that any ,piece should exactly tally with any other1 except with that from whence it was broken off4 ,and because 'tis morally impossible1 the same ,figure and ,dimensions should happen twice to any one ,part1 we need not wonder1 how the ,earth1 every time of ,tilling1 should afford a new internal ,superficies 7or artificial ,pasture72 and that the till'd ,soil has in it an inexhaustible ,fund1 which by a sufficient ,division 7being capable of an infinite one7 may be produc'd4 ,tillage 7as well as ,dung7 is beneficial to all ,sorts of ,land#bd4 ,light ,land1 being naturally hollow1 has larger ,pores1 which are the ,cause of its ,lightness3 ,this1 when it is by any ,means sufficiently divided1 the ,parts being brought nearer together1 becomes1 for a time1 ,bulk for ,bulk1 heavier2 i4 e4 ,the same ,quantity will be contain'd in less ,room1 and so is made to partake of the ,nature and ,benefits of strong ,land1 viz4 to keep out too much ,heat and ,cold1 and the like4 #bd ',tis of late fully prov'd1 by the ,experience of many ,farmers1 that two or three additional ,plowings will supply the ,place of ,dung1 even in the old ,husbandry1 if they be perform'd at proper ,seasons3 and the hiring ,price of three ,plowings1 after ,land has been thrice plow'd before1 is but ,twelve ,shillings1 whereas a ,dunging will cost three ,pounds3 ,this was accidentally discovered in my ,neighbourhood1 by the ,practice of a poor ,farmer1 who1 when he had prepared his ,land for ,barley1 and could not procure ,seed to sow it1 plow'd it on till ,wheat ,seed-,time1 and 7by means of such additional ,plowing7 without ,dung1 had so good a ,crop of ,wheat1 that it was judg'd to be more than the ,inheritance of the ,land it grew on4 ,the same ,effect follows when they prepare ,land for ,turneps1 since they are come in ,fashion1 and sow them several ,times upon several ,plowings1 the ,fly as often taking them off2 they have from such extraordinary ,tillage a good ,crop of ,wheat1 instead of the lost ,turneps1 without the ,help of ,dung2 hence double-plowing is now become frequent in this ,country4 ,the ,reason why ,land is enrich'd by lying long unplow'd1 is that so very few ,vegetables are carried off it1 very little being produc'd2 the ,exhaustion is less than what is added by the ,atmosphere1 ,cattle1 c4 ,but when 'tis plow'd1 a vastly greater ,quantity of ,vegetables is produc'd1 and carried off1 more than by the old ,husbandry is return'd to it4 ,but strong ,land1 being naturally less porous1 is made for a ,time lighter 7as well as richer7 by a good ,division2 the ,separation of its ,parts makes it more porous1 and causes it to take up more ,room than it does in its natural ,state2 and then it partakes of all the ,benefits of lighter ,land4 ,when strong ,land is plow'd1 and not sufficiently1 so that the ,parts remain gross1 'tis said to be rough1 and it has not the ,benefit of ,tillage2 because most of the artificial ,pores 7or ,interstices7 are too large2 and then it partakes of the ,inconveniences of the hollow ,land untill'd4 ,for when the light ,land is plow'd but once1 that is not sufficient to diminish its natural ,hollowness 7or ,pores27 and1 for ,want of more ,tillage1 the ,parts into which 'tis divided by that once 7or perhaps twice7 ,plowing1 remain too large2 and consequently the artificial ,pores are large also1 and1 in that respect1 are like the ill-till'd strong ,land4 ,light-land1 having naturally less internal ,superficies1 seems to require the more ,tillage#be or ,dung to enrich it2 as when the poor1 hollow1 thin ,downs have their upper ,part 7which is the best7 burnt1 whereby all1 7except a ,caput ,mortuum7 is carried away2 yet the ,salts of this spread upon that barren ,part of the ,staple1 which is unburnt1 divide it into so very minute ,particles1 that their ,pasture will nourish two or three good ,crops of ,corn3 ,but then the ,plough1 even with a considerable ,quantity of ,dung1 is never able afterwards to make a ,division equal to what those ,salts have done2 and therefore such burnt ,land remains barren4 #be ,as for puffy ,land1 which naturally swells up1 instead of subsiding1 tho' its ,hollowness is much abated by ,tillage1 yet it is thought little better than barren ,land1 and unprofitable for ,corn3 ,but what we usually call ,light-land1 is only comparatively so1 in ,respect of that which is heavier and stronger4 ,and this ,sort of ,light land becomes much lighter by being ill-till'd2 the unbroken ,pieces of ,turf underneath undissolved1 forming large ,cavities1 increase its ,hollowness1 and consequently its ,lightness3 ,i have often known this ,sort of ,land despis'd by its ,owners1 who fear'd to give it due ,tillage1 which they thought would make it so light1 that the ,wind would blow it away2 but whenever such has been thoroughly till'd1 it never fail'd to become much stronger than before2 and considering that 'tis till'd with less ,expence than very strong ,land1 it is1 for several ,sorts of ,corn1 found to be more profitable than ,land of greater ,strength and ,richness1 that is more difficult to be till'd4 ,and ,i am apt to think1 that this ,sort of ,light-land acquires more ,cement1 by having its external ,superficies often changed1 and exposed to the ,dews1 and other ,benefits of the ,atmosphere1 as well as by the ,increase of 7its internal ,superficies1 which is the ,surfaces of all the divided ,parts of ,earth1 or7 the ,pasture of ,plants2 the one being augmented by the other2 i4 e41 that into the more ,parts the ,earth is broken1 the more ,cement will it attain1 from the ,sulphur1 which is brought by the ,dews4 ,artificial ,pores cannot be too small1 because ,roots may the more easily enter the ,soil that has them1 quite contrary to natural ,pores2 for these may be1 and generally are1 too small1 and too hard for the ,entrance of all weak ,roots1 and for the free ,entrance of strong ,roots4 ,insufficient ,tillage leaves strong ,land with its natural ,pores too small1 and its artificial ones too large4 ,it leaves ,light-land1 with its natural and artificial ,pores both too large4 ,pores that are too small in hard ,ground1 will not easily permit ,roots to enter them4 ,pores that are too large in any ,sort of ,land1 can be of little other ,use to ,roots1 but only to give them ,passage to other ,cavities more proper for them2 and if in any ,place they lie open to the ,air1 they are dry'd up1 and spoil'd1 before they reach them4 ,for fibrous ,roots 7which alone maintain the ,plant2 the other ,roots serve for receiving the ,chyle from them1 and convey it to the ,stem7 can take in no ,nourishment from any ,cavity1 unless they come into ,contact with#bf1 and press against1 all the ,superficies of that ,cavity1 which includes them2 for it dispenses the ,food to their ,lacteals by such ,pressure only3 ,but a fibrous ,root is not so press'd by the ,superficies of a ,cavity whose ,diameter is greater than that of the ,root4 #bf ,roots cannot have any ,nourishment from ,cavities of the ,earth that are too large to press against them1 except what ,water1 when 'tis in great ,quantity1 brings to them1 which is imbibed by the gentle ,pressure of the ,water2 but when the ,water is gone1 those large ,cavities being empty1 the ,pressure ceases2 and this is the ,reason1 that when ,land has few other but such large ,cavities1 the ,plants in it always suffer more by dry ,weather1 than in ,land which by ,dung or ,tillage has more minute and fewer large ,cavities4 ,there may be some ,moisture on the ,superficies of large ,cavities2 but without ,pressure the fibrous ,roots cannot reach it2 and very little or no ,pressure can be made to one ,part of the ,root's ,superficies1 unless the ,whole that is included be pressed4 ,if it be objected that a ,charlock-,plant1 when pulled up1 and thrown upon the ,ground1 will grow thereon2 this proves nothing against the ,necessity of ,pressure1 c4 for the ,weight of that ,plant presses some of its ,roots so closely against the ,ground1 that they send out 7unless the ,weather be very dry7 new ,fibres into the ,earth2 and there they are pressed in all their ,superficies2 without which ,fibres the ,plant doth not grow4 ,the ,surfaces of great ,clods form ,declivities on every ,side of them1 and large ,cavities1 which are as ,sinks to convey1 what ,rain and ,dew bring1 too quickly downwards to below the plow'd ,part4 ,the first and second ,plowings with common ,ploughs scarce deserve the ,name of ,tillage2 they rather serve to prepare the ,land for ,tillage4 ,the third1 fourth1 and every subsequent ,plowing1 may be of more ,benefit1 and less ,expence1 than any of the preceding ones4 ,but the last ,plowings will be more advantageously perform'd by ,way of ,hoeing1 as in the following ,chapters will appear4 ,for the finer ,land is made by ,tillage1 the richer will it become1 and the more ,plants it will maintain4 ,it has been often observ'd1 that when ,part of a ,ground has been better till'd than the rest1 and the whole ,ground constantly manag'd alike afterwards for six or seven ,years successively2 this ,part that was but once better till'd1 always produc'd a better ,crop than the rest1 and the ,difference remain'd very visible every ,harvest4 ,one ,part being once made finer1 the ,dews did more enrich it2 for they penetrate within and beyond the ,superficies1 whereto the ,roots are able to enter3 ,the fine ,parts of the ,earth are impregnate1 throughout their whole ,substance1 with some of the ,riches carried in by the ,dews1 and there reposited2 until1 by new ,tillage1 the ,insides of those fine ,parts become ,superficies2 and as the ,corn drains them1 they are again supply'd as before2 but the rough large ,parts cannot have that ,benefit2 the ,dews not penetrating to their ,centres1 they remain poorer4 ,i think nothing can be said more strongly to confirm the ,truth of this1 than what is related by the ,authors quoted by ,mr4 ,evelyn#bg1 to this ,effect1 viz4 #bg ,in ,pag4 #ag1 #ah1 and #ai1 of his ,phil4 ,discourse of ,earth4 #8,take of the most barren ,earth you can find1 pulverize it well1 and expose it abroad for a ,year1 incessantly agitated#bh2 it will become so fertile as to receive an exotic ,plant from the furthest ,indies2 and to cause all ,vegetables to prosper in the most exalted ,degree1 and to bear their ,fruit as kindly with us as in their natural ,climates4' #bh i4 e4 ,stirr'd often4 ,this artificial ,dust#bi1 he says1 will entertain ,plants which refuse ,dung1 and other violent ,applications2 and that it has a more nutritive ,power than any artificial ,dungs or ,compost whatsoever3 ,and further1 that by this ,toil of pulverizing1 8'tis found1 that ,soil may be so strangely alter'd from its former ,nature1 as to render the harm and most uncivil ,clay#cj obsequious to the ,husbandmen1 and to bring forth ,roots and ,plants1 which otherwise require the lighted and hollowest ,mould#ca40 #bi ,tho' it may be impossible for the ,plough to reduce the whole ,staple into so fine ,powder1 yet the more internal ,superficies it makes1 the more ,dust will be made by the ,atmosphere in ,proportion2 and great ,clods perhaps are of no ,use to ,plants1 but by that ,dust they let fall1 being thence extricated by the insensible ,ferment of the nitrous ,air2 and the ,surfaces of this artificial ,dust must receive such ,operations from the ,air1 before the utmost ,fertility be obtain'd4 #cj ,but ,i take harsh uncivil ,clay to be the least profitable of any to keep in ,tillage4 #ca ,to this ,dust1 ,namque hoc imitamur arando ought to be apply'd1 and not to ,putre ,solum1 which itself needs ,tillage1 as well as strong ,land3 ,but it seems the ,antients did not observe the ,difference between natural ,pores 7or ,hollowness7 and artificial ones1 tho' it is very great2 as is shewn in ,chap4 of ,pasture of ,plants3 ',tis easier indeed to imitate this artificial ,dust in hollow than in strong ,land4 ',tis to be suppos'd1 that the ,indian ,plants had their due ,degrees of ,heat and ,moisture given them2 and ,i should not chuse to bestow this ,toil upon the poorest of ,earth in a ,field or ,garden1 tho' that be the most sure wherein to make the ,experiment#cb4 #cb ,this is the most proper ,trial of the ,effect of ,pulveration by pounding and grinding2 but ,land may be so barren1 that ,plough or ,spade may not be sufficient to pulverize it to that ,degree1 which is necessary to give it the same ,fertility1 that ,pounding in a ,mortar1 or grinding betwixt ,marbles 7as ,colours are ground71 can4 ,i never myself try'd this way of pounding or grinding1 because impracticable in the ,fields4 ,but ,i have had the ,experience of a ,multitude of ,instances1 which confirm it so far1 that ,i am in no ,doubt1 that any ,soil#cc 7be it rich or poor7 can ever be made too fine by ,tillage#cd4 #cc ,land that is too hollow and light1 having no ,cement to join its ,parts together1 tho' in ,nature they are capable of infinite ,division1 yet in ,practice the ,plough cannot divide them to any ,purpose1 unless they were first join'd1 but glides through without breaking them2 being more like to the primary ,particles of ,water against the ,plough1 which are broken by no ,force1 than to ,earth2 it may be moved1 but not broken by ,tillage1 and therefore ought not to be reputed arable2 nor does it indeed deserve the ,name of ,land1 but as the desart ,sands of ,lybia1 to distinguish it from ,sea4 #cd ,according to some1 this ,rule is only general1 and not universal2 for1 say they1 there's a ,sort of binding ,gravel1 that1 when it is made fine1 will1 by a sudden ,dash of ,rain1 run together like a ,metal2 and ,i have seen the same ,accident in a particular ,sort of white ,land2 but this very rarely happens to the latter3 ,i never knew it above once1 and that was after ,barley was sown on it2 the ,hardness was only like a very thin ,ice upon the ,surface1 which was some ,hindrance to the coming up of the ,barley1 until the ,harrow's going over it once or twice broke that ,ice or ,crust1 and then it came up very well4 ,i never had any other ,sort of ,land liable to this ,misfortune3 therefore can say nothing to the ,gravel in that ,case1 nor how deep the ,constipation may reach in it1 nor what ,remedy is most proper to prevent the ill ,consequence of it3 ,but if there should be two or three ,exceptions out of ,one thousand ,seventy-nine ,millions ,one thousand and ,sixty different ,sorts of ,earth 7see ,mr4 ,evelyn's ,terra1 p4 #b71 'twill be no great ,matter4 ,but ,i think these are no real ,exceptions against any ,degree of ,pulverizing2 for it only shews1 that some ,sorts of ,land1 tho' very few1 are subject by ,accident to lose too soon their ,pulveration3 ,and if the ,fineness were no ,benefit to that ,land1 such ,loss of it would be no ,injury to it4 ,for 'tis without ,dispute1 that one cubical ,foot of this minute ,powder may have more internal ,superficies1 than a thousand cubical ,feet of the same1 or any other ,earth till'd in the common ,manner2 and1 ,i believe no two arable ,earths in the ,world do exceed one another in their natural ,richness ,twenty ,times2 that is1 one cubical ,foot of the richest is not able to produce an equal ,quantity of ,vegetables1 cteris paribus1 to ,twenty cubical ,feet of the poorest2 therefore 'tis not strange1 that the poorest1 when by pulverizing it has obtain'd ,one hundred ,times the internal ,superficies of the rich untill'd ,land1 it should exceed it in ,fertility2 or1 if a ,foot of the poorest was made to have ,twenty ,times the ,superficies of a ,foot of such rich ,land1 the poorest might produce an equal ,quantity of ,vegetables with the rich#ce4 ,besides1 there is another extraordinary ,advantage1 when a ,soil has a larger internal ,superficies in a very little ,compass2 for then the ,roots of ,plants in it are better supply'd with ,nourishment1 being nearer to them on all ,sides within ,reach1 than it can be when the ,soil is less fine1 as in common ,tillage2 and the ,roots in the one must extend much further than in the other1 to reach an equal ,quantity of ,nourishment3 ,they must range and fill perhaps above twenty ,times more ,space to collect the same ,quantity of ,food4 #ce ,and very poor ,land1 well pulveriz'd1 will produce better ,corn than very rich will do1 without ,manure or ,tillage4 ,the ,experiment may be made by paring off the ,turf1 and setting ,corn in the whole ,ground that is very rich2 and that will shew how much the natural ,pasture of the rich is inferior to the artificial ,pasture of the poor ,land2 but then the poor must have this ,proportion of ,excess of internal ,superficies continued to it1 during the whole ,time of their ,growth1 which cannot be done without frequently repeated ,divisions of the ,soil by ,hoeing or ,manure2 else it might require forty ,times the internal ,superficies at the ,time of ,sowing1 to keep twenty ,times the internal ,superficies of the rich till ,harvest3 ,for although the rich is continually losing some of its artificial ,pasture1 as well as the poor1 yet by losing this equally1 they still draw nearer and nearer to the first ,inequality of their natural ,pasture4 ,but poor ,land1 being lighter1 has this ,advantage1 that it being more friable than the strong1 requires less ,labour to pulverize it2 and therefore the ,expence of it is much less1 than in proportion to the ,excess of ,poorness of its internal ,superficies4 ,but in this fine ,soil1 the most weak and tender ,roots have free ,passage to the utmost of their ,extent1 and have also an easy1 due1 and equal ,pressure every-where1 as in ,water4 ,hard ,ground makes a too great ,resistance1 as ,air makes a too little ,resistance1 to the ,superficies of ,roots4 ,farmers1 just when they have brought their ,land into a ,condition fit to be further till'd to much greater ,advantage1 leave off1 supposing the ,soil to be fine enough1 when1 with the ,help of ,harrows1 they can cover the ,seed2 and afterwards with a ,roller they break the ,clods2 to the ,end that1 if a ,crop succeed1 they may be able to mow it1 without being hinder'd by those ,clods3 ,by what ,i could ever find1 this ,instrument1 call'd a ,roller1 is seldom beneficial to good ,husbands2 it rather untills the ,land1 and anticipates the subsiding of the ,ground1 which in strong ,land happens too soon of itself#cf4 #cf ,this ,injury the ,roller does1 is only when tis used to press down the ,earth after the ,seed is sown2 and is the greater1 if ,land be moist2 but the ,rolling of it in dry ,weather1 when 'tis to be immediately plow'd up again1 is the most speedy ,way to pulverize the ,soil2 and the ,harrow is then very useful in pulling up the ,clods1 to the ,end that the ,roller may the better come at them to crush them4 ,but more to blame are they1 who neglect to give their ,land due ,plowing1 trusting to the ,harrow to make it fine2 and when they have thrown in their ,seed1 go over it twenty ,times with the ,harrows#cg till the ,horses have trodden it almost as hard as a ,highway1 which in moist ,weather spoils the ,crop2 but on the contrary1 the very ,horses1 when the ,earth is moist1 ought all to tread in the ,furrows only1 as in plowing with a ,hoe-,plough they always do1 when they use it instead of a common ,plough4 #cg ,nam veteres ,romani dixerunt male subactum ,agrum1 qui satis ,frugibus occandus sit4 ,sed ut compluribus ,iterationibus sic resolvatur vervactum in ,pulverem1 ut nullam vel exiguam desideret ,occationem1 cum seminaverimus4 ,col4 ,lib4 #b4 ,cap4 #d4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of ,,hoeing4 ,hoeing is the breaking or dividing the ,soil by ,tillage1 whilst the ,corn or other ,plants are growing thereon4 ,it differs from common ,tillage 7which is always perform'd before the ,corn or ,plants are sown or planted7 in the ,times of performing it2 'tis much more beneficial2 and 'tis perform'd by different ,instruments4 ,land that is before ,sowing tilled never so much 7tho' the more 'tis till'd the more it will produce7 will have some ,weeds1 and they will come in along with the ,crop for a ,share of the ,benefit of the ,tillage1 greater or less1 according to their ,number1 and what ,species they are of4 ,but what is most to be regarded is1 that as soon as the ,ploughman has done his ,work of plowing and harrowing1 the ,soil begins to undo it1 inclining towards1 and endeavouring to regain1 its natural specific ,gravity2 the broken ,parts by little and little coalesce1 unite1 and lose some of their ,surfaces2 many of their ,pores and ,interstices close up during the ,seed's ,incubation and ,hatching in the ,ground2 and1 as the ,plants grow up1 they require an ,increase of ,food proportionable to their increasing ,bulk2 but on the contrary1 instead thereof1 that internal ,superficies1 which is their artificial ,pasture1 gradually decreases4 ,the ,earth is so unjust to ,plants1 her own ,off-spring1 as to shut up her ,stores in proportion to their ,wants2 that is1 to give them less ,nourishment when they have need of more3 ,therefore ,man1 for whose ,use they are chiefly design'd1 ought to bring in his reasonable ,aid for their ,relief1 and force open her ,magazines with the ,hoe1 which will thence procure them at all times ,provisions in ,abundance1 and also free them from ,intruders2 ,i mean1 their spurious ,kindred1 the ,weeds1 that robb'd them of their too scanty ,allowance4 ,there's no ,doubt1 but that one third ,part of the ,nourishment raised by ,dung and ,tillage1 given to ,plants or ,corn at many proper ,seasons1 and apportion'd to the different ,times of their ,exigencies1 will be of more ,benefit to a ,crop1 than the ,whole apply'd1 as it commonly is1 only at the time of ,sowing4 ,this old ,method is almost as unreasonable as if ,treble the full ,stock of ,leaves1 necessary to maintain ,silk-worms till they had finished their ,spinning1 should be given them before they are hatched1 and no more afterwards4 ,next to ,hoeing1 and something like it1 is ,transplanting1 but much inferior2 both because it requires a so much greater ,number of ,hands1 that by no ,contrivance can it ever become general1 nor does it succeed1 if often repeated2 but ,hoeing will maintain any ,plant in the greatest ,vigour 'tis capable of1 even unto the utmost ,period of ,age4 ,besides1 there is ,danger in removing a whole ,plant1 and ,loss of ,time before the ,plant can take ,root again1 all the former ,roots being broken off at the ,ends in taking up 7for 'tis impossible to do it without71 and so must wait until by the ,strength and ,virtue of its own ,sap 7which by a continual ,perspiration is daily enfeebled7 new ,roots are form'd1 which1 unless the ,earth continue moist#ch1 are so long in forming1 that they not only find a more difficult ,reception into the closing ,pores2 but many ,times the ,plant languishes and dies of an ,atrophy1 being starv'd in the midst of ,plenty2 but whilst this is thus decaying1 the hoed ,plant obtains a more flourishing ,state than ever1 without removing from the same ,soil that produc'd it4 #ch ,but when the ,earth doth continue moist1 many transplanted ,vegetables thrive better than the same ,species planted in ,seeds1 because the former1 striking ,root sooner1 have a greater ,advantage of the fresh-pulverized ,mould1 which loses some of its artificial ,pasture before the ,seeds have ,roots to reach it4 ,the same ,advantage also have ,seeds by soaking till ready to sprout before they are planted4 ,to both these the ,moisture of the ,earth is necessary4 ',tis observ'd that some ,plants are the worse for ,transplanting#ci4 ,fenochia removed is never so good and tender as that which is not1 it receives such a ,check in ,transplanting in its ,infancy2 which1 like the ,rickets1 leaves ,knots that indurate the ,parts of the ,fennel1 and spoil it from being a ,dainty4 #ci ,as most long ,tap-rooted ,plants are2 for ,i have often try'd the ,transplanting of ,plants1 of ,st4 ,foin and ,luserne2 and could never find1 that any ever came near to the ,perfection that those will do which are not removed1 being equally single4 ,tap-rooted ,grasses and ,turneps are always injured by ,transplanting2 their long ,root once broken off never arrives at the ,depth it would have arriv'd unbroken2 as for this ,reason they cut off the ,tap-root of an ,apple-tree1 to prevent its running downward1 by which it would have too much ,moisture4 ,hoeing has most of the ,benefits without any ,inconveniences of ,transplanting2 because it removes the ,roots by little and little1 and at different ,times2 some of the ,roots remaining undisturb'd1 always supply the moved ,roots with ,moisture1 and the whole ,plant with ,nourishment sufficient to keep it from fainting1 until the moved ,roots can enjoy the ,benefit of their new ,pasture1 which is very soon4 ,another extraordinary ,benefit of the new ,hoeing#dj ,husbandry is1 that it keeps ,plants moist in dry ,weather1 and this upon a double ,account4 #dj ,hoeing may be divided into ,deep1 which is our ,horse-hoeing1 and ,shallow1 which is the ,english ,hand-hoeing2 and also the ,shallow ,horse-hoeing1 used in some ,places betwixt ,rows1 where the ,intervals are very narrow1 as sixteen or eighteen ,inches2 this is but an ,imitation of the ,hand-hoe1 or a ,succadaneum to it2 and can neither supply the ,use of ,dung1 nor of ,fallow1 and may be properly called ,scratch-hoeing4 ,first1 as they are better nourished by ,hoeing1 they require less ,moisture1 as appears by ,dr4 ,woodward's ,experiment1 that those ,plants which receive the greatest ,increase1 having most terrestrial ,nourishment1 carry off the least ,water in ,proportion to their ,augment3 ,so ,barley or ,oats1 being sown on a ,part of a ,ground very well divided by ,dung and ,tillage1 will come up and grow vigorously without ,rain1 when the same ,grains1 sown at the same ,time1 on the other ,part1 not thus enriched1 will scarce come up2 or1 if they do1 will not thrive till ,rain comes4 ,secondly1 ,the ,hoe1 ,i mean the ,horse-hoe 7the other goes not deep enough71 procures ,moisture to the ,roots from the ,dews1 which fall most in dry ,weather2 and those ,dews 7by what ,mr4 ,thomas ,henshaw has observ'd7 seem to be the richest ,present the ,atmosphere gives to the ,earth2 having1 when putrefy'd in a ,vessel1 a black ,sediment like ,mud at the ,bottom4 ,this seems to cause the darkish ,colour to the upper ,part of the ,ground4 ,and the ,sulphur1 which is found in the ,sediment of the ,dew1 may be the chief ,ingredient of the ,cement of the ,earth2 ,sulphur being very glutinous1 as ,nitre is dissolvent4 ,dew has both these4 ,these enter in proportion to the ,fineness and ,freshness of the ,soil1 and to the ,quantity that is so made fine and fresh by the ,hoe4 ,how this comes to pass1 and the ,reason of it1 are shewn in the ,chapter of ,tillage4 ,to demonstrate that ,dews moisten the ,land when fine1 dig a ,hole in the hard dry ,ground1 in the driest ,weather1 as deep as the ,plough ought to reach3 ,beat the ,earth very fine1 and fill the ,hole therewith2 and1 after a few ,nights ,dews1 you'll find this fine ,earth become moist at the ,bottom1 and the hard ,ground all round will continue dry4 ,till a ,field in ,lands2 make one ,land very fine by frequent deep ,plowings2 and let another be rough by insufficient ,tillage1 alternately2 then plow the whole ,field cross-ways in the driest ,weather1 which has continued long2 and you will perceive1 by the ,colour of the ,earth1 that every fine ,land will be turn'd up moist2 but every rough ,land will be dry as ,powder1 from ,top to ,bottom4 ,altho' hard ,ground1 when thoroughly soak'd with ,rain1 will continue wet longer than fine till'd ,land adjoining to it2 yet this ,water serves rather to chill1 than nourish the ,plants standing therein1 and to keep out the other ,benefits of the ,atmosphere1 leaving the ,ground still harder when 'tis thence exhaled2 and being at last once become dry1 it can admit no more ,moisture1 unless from a long-continued ,deluge of ,rain1 which seldom falls till ,winter1 which is not the ,season for ,vegetation4 ,as fine hoed ,ground is not so long soaked by ,rain1 so the ,dews never suffer it to become perfectly dry3 ,this appears by the ,plants1 which flourish and grow fat in this1 whilst those in the hard ,ground are starved1 except such of them1 which stand near enough to the hoed#da ,earth1 for the ,roots to borrow ,moisture and ,nourishment from it4 #da ,as when ,wheat is drill'd late in very poor ,land1 so that in the ,spring the young ,plants look all very yellow2 let your ,hoe-plough1 making a crooked ,line1 like an ,indenture1 on one ,side of a strait ,row of this poor ,wheat in the ,spring1 turn a ,furrow from it2 and in a short time you will see all those yellow ,plants1 that are contiguous to this ,furrow1 change their yellow ,colour to a deep ,green2 whilst those ,plants of the same ,row1 which stand farthest off from this indented ,furrow1 change not their ,colour till afterwards2 and all the ,plants change or retain their ,colour sooner or later gradually1 as they stand nearer to1 or farther from it2 and the other ,rows1 which have no ,furrow near them1 continue their yellow1 after all this ,row is become green and flourishing3 ,but this ,experiment is best to be made in poor sandy ,ground1 when the ,mould is friable2 else perhaps the different ,colour may not appear until the ,furrow be turn'd back to the ,row1 having lain some time to be somewhat pulveriz'd 7or impregnated7 by the ,weather1 c4 ,this ,experiment ,i often made on ,wheat drill'd on the ,level before ,i drill'd any on ,ridges4 ,the plowing one ,furrow in sandy or mellow ,ground makes a ,pulveration1 which is enjoy'd first by these ,plants that are the nearest to it2 and also delivers them from the ,weeds1 which1 though there may be very few1 yet there is a vast difference between their robbing the ,wheat of its ,pasture in the ,row1 and the ,wheat's enjoying both that and the whole ,pasture of the ,furrow also4 ,i never remember to have seen a ,plant poor1 that was contiguous to a well-hoed ,interval1 unless overpower'd by a too great ,multitude of other ,plants2 and the same ,exception must be made1 if it were a ,plant that required more or less ,heat or ,moisture1 than the ,soil or ,climate afforded4 ,and ,i have been informed by some ,persons1 that they have often made the like ,observations2 that1 in the driest of ,weather1 good ,hoeing#db procures ,moisture to ,roots2 tho' the ,ignorant and ,incurious fansy1 it lets in the ,drought2 and therefore are afraid to hoe their ,plants at such ,times1 when1 unless they water them1 they are spoil'd for ,want of it4 #db ,when ,land is become hard by lying too long unho'd1 the ,plough in turning a deep ,furrow from each ,side of a single ,row of young ,plants 7suppose of ,turneps7 may crack the ,earth quite through the ,row1 and expose the ,roots to the open ,air and ,sun in very dry ,weather2 but if the ,earth wherein the ,plants stand be fine1 there will be no ,cracks in it3 ',tis therefore the delaying the ,hoeing too long that occasions the ,injury4 ,but to hoe with ,advantage against dry ,weather1 the ,ground must have been well tilled or hoed before1 that the ,hoe may go deep1 else the ,dews1 that fall in the ,night1 will be exhal'd back in the ,heat of the ,day4 ,there is yet one more ,benefit ,hoeing gives to ,plants1 which by no ,art can possibly be given to ,animals3 ,for all that can be done in feeding an ,animal is1 what has been here already said of ,hoeing2 that is1 to give it sufficient ,food1 ,meat and ,drink1 at the times it has occasion for them2 if you give an ,animal any more1 'tis to no manner of ,purpose1 unless you could give it more ,mouths1 which is impossible2 but in hoeing a ,plant the additional ,nourishment thereby given1 enables it to send out innumerable additional ,fibres and ,roots1 as in one of the ,glasses with a ,mint in it1 is seen2 which fully demonstrates1 that a ,plant increaseth its ,mouths1 in some ,proportion to the ,increase of ,food given to it3 ,so that ,hoeing1 by the new ,pasture it raises1 furnishes both ,food and ,mouths to ,plants2 and 'tis for ,want of ,hoeing1 that so few are brought to their ,growth and ,perfection#dc4 #dc ,a ,ground was drill'd with ,ray-grass and ,barley1 in ,rows at ,five ,inches ,distance from each other2 it produced a pretty good ,crop of ,ray-grass the second ,year as is usual2 there was adjoining to it a ,ground of ,turneps1 that were in ,rows1 with wide ,intervals ,horse-ho'd2 they stood for ,seed2 and amongst them there was1 in ,room of a ,turnep1 a single ,plant of ,ray-grass1 which1 being hoed as the ,turneps were1 had 7in every one's ,opinion that saw it7 acquired a ,bulk at least equal to a ,thousand ,plants of the same ,species in the other ,ground2 tho' that vast ,plant had no other ,advantage above the other1 except its ,singleness1 and the deep ,hoeing4 ,i have seen a ,chickweed1 by the same means1 as much increas'd beyond its common ,size2 and a ,plant of ,mustard-seed1 whose collateral ,branches were much bigger than ever ,i saw a whole ,plant of that ,sort2 it was higher than ,i could reach its ,top1 and indeed more like a ,tree than an ,herb2 many other sorts of ,plants have ,i seen thus increased beyond what ,i had ever observ'd before1 but none so much as those4 ,in what ,manner the ,sarrition of the ,antients was performed in their ,corn1 is not very clear3 ,this seems to have been their ,method2 viz4 ,when the ,plants were some time come up1 they harrowed the ,ground1 and pull'd out the ,weeds by ,hand4 ,the ,process of this appears in ,columella1 where he directs the ,planting of ,medica to be but a ,sort of ,harrowing or ,raking amongst the young ,plants1 that the ,weeds might come out the more easily3 ,ligneis ,rastris statim jacta ,semina obruantur4 ,post ,sationem ,ligneis ,rastris ,jarriendus1 identidem runcandus est ,ager1 ne alterius generis ,herba invalidam ,medicam perimat4 ,they harrowed and hoed ,rastris2 so that their ,occatio and ,sarritio were performed with much the same ,sort of ,instrument1 and differed chiefly in the ,time3 ,the first was at ,seed-time1 to cover the ,seed1 or level the ,ground2 the other was to move the ,ground after the ,plants were up4 ,one ,sort of their ,sarrition was1 ,segetes permota ,terra debere adobrui1 ut fruticare possint4 ,another ,sort was thus3 ,in ,locis autem frigidis sarriri nec adobrui1 sed ,plana ,sarritione ,terram permoveri4 ,for the better ,understanding of these two ,sorts of ,sarrition1 we must consider1 that the ,antients sowed their ,corn under ,furrow2 that is1 when they had harrowed the ,ground1 to break the ,clods1 and make it level1 they sowed the ,seed1 and then plowed it in3 ,this left the ,ground very uneven1 and the ,corn came up 7as we see it does here in the same ,case7 mostly in the lowest ,places betwixt the ,furrows1 which always lay higher3 ,this appears by ,virgil's ,cum ,sulcos quant ,sata4 ,now1 when they used ,plana ,sarritio1 they harrowed ,length-ways of the ,furrows1 which being somewhat harden'd1 there could be little ,earth thrown down thence upon the young ,corn4 ,but the other ,sort of ,sarrition1 whereby the ,corn is said ,adobrui1 to be cover'd1 seems to be perform'd by ,harrowing cross the ,furrows2 which must needs throw down much ,earth from the ,furrows1 which necessarily fell upon the ,corn4 ,how this did contribute to make the ,corn fruticare1 is another ,question3 ,i am in no doubt to say1 it was not from covering any ,part of it 7for ,i see that has a contrary ,effect71 but from moving much ,ground1 which gave a new ,pasture to the ,roots3 ,this appears by the ,observation of the extraordinary ,frutication of ,wheat ho'd without being cover'd2 and by the ,injury it receives by not being uncover'd when any ,earth falls on the ,rows4 ,the same ,author saith1 ,faba1 ctera ,legumina1 cum quatuor ,digitis ,terra extiterint1 recte farrientur1 excepto tamen ,lupino1 cujus ,semini contraria est ,sarritio2 quoniam unam ,radicem habet1 qu sive ,ferro succisa feu vulnerata est1 totus ,frutex emoritur4 ,if they had ho'd it only betwixt ,rows1 there had been no ,danger of killing the ,lupine1 which is a ,plant most proper for ,hoeing4 ,what he says of the ,lupine's having no need of ,sarrition1 because it is able of itself to kill ,weeds1 shews the ,antients were ignorant of the chief ,use of ,hoeing2 viz4 to raise new ,nourishment by dividing the ,earth1 and making a new ,internal ,superficies in it4 ,sarrition scratched and broke so small a ,part of the ,earth's ,surface1 amongst the ,corn and ,weeds1 without ,distinction1 or favouring one any more than the other1 that it was a ,dispute1 whether the ,good it did in facilitating the ,runcation 7or ,hand-weeding7 was greater1 than the ,injury it did by bruising and tearing the ,corn3 ,and many of the ,antients chose rather to content themselves with the ,use of ,runcation only1 and totally to omit all ,sarrition of their ,corn4 ,but ,hoeing is an ,action very different from that of ,sarrition1 and is every ,way beneficial1 no-way injurious to ,corn1 tho' destructive to ,weeds4 ,therefore some modern ,authors shew a profound ,ignorance1 in translating ,sarritio1 ,hoeing3 ,they give an ,idea very different from the true one3 ,for the ,antients truly hoed their ,vineyards1 but not their ,corn2 neither did they plant their ,corn in ,rows1 without which they could not give it the ,vineyard-hoeing2 ,their ,sarculation was used but amongst small ,quantities of sown ,corn1 and is yet in ,use for ,flax2 for ,i have seen the ,sarculum 7which is a ,sort of a very narrow ,hoe7 used amongst the ,plants of ,flax standing irregularly3 ,but this ,operation is too tedious and too chargeable1 to be apply'd to great ,quantities of irregular ,corn4 ,if they ho'd their ,crops sown at ,random1 one would think they should have made mad ,work of it2 since they were not at the ,pains to plant in ,rows1 and hoe betwixt them with their ,bidens2 being the ,instrument with which they tilled many of their ,vineyards1 and enters as deep as the ,plough1 and is much better than the ,english ,hoe1 which indeed seems1 at the first ,invention of it1 to be designed rather to scrape ,chimneys1 than to till the ,ground4 ,the highest and lowest ,vineyards are ho'd by the ,plough2 first the high ,vineyards1 where the ,vines grow 7almost like ,ivy7 upon great ,trees1 such as ,elms1 ,maples1 ,cherry-trees1 c4 ,these are constantly kept in ,tillage1 and produce good ,crops of ,corn1 besides what the ,trees do yield2 and also these great and constant ,products of the ,vines are owing to this ,sort of ,hoe-tillage2 because neither in ,meadow or ,pasture ,grounds can ,vines be made to prosper2 tho' the ,land be much richer1 and yet have a less ,quantity of ,grass taken off it1 than the ,arable has ,corn carried from that4 ,the ,vines of low ,vineyards#dd1 ho'd by the ,plough1 have their ,heads just above the ,ground1 standing all in a most regular ,order1 and are constantly plowed in the proper ,season3 ,these have no other ,assistance1 but by ,hoeing2 because their ,head and ,roots are so near together1 that ,dung would spoil the ,taste of the ,wine they produce1 in hot ,countries4 #dd ,from these ,i took my ,vineyard ,scheme1 observing that indifferent ,land produces an annual ,crop of ,grapes and ,wood without ,dung2 and though there is annually carried off from an ,acre of ,vineyard1 as much in ,substance as is carried off in the ,crop of an ,acre of ,corn produced on ,land of equal ,goodness2 and yet the ,vineyard ,soil is never impoverished1 unless the hoeing ,culture be denied it3 ,but a few annual ,crops of ,wheat1 without ,dung in the common ,management1 will impoverish and emaciate the ,soil4 ,the ,vine indeed has the ,advantage of being a large perennial ,plant1 and of receiving some ,part of its ,nourishment below the ,staple2 but it has also ,disadvantages3 ,the ,soil of the ,vineyard never can have a true ,summer ,fallow1 tho' it has much ,summer ,hoeing2 for the ,vines live in it1 and all over it all the ,year3 neither can that ,soil have ,benefit from ,dung1 because though by increasing the ,pulveration1 it increases the ,crop1 yet it spoils the ,taste of the ,wine2 the ,exhaustion of that ,soil is therefore supply'd by no artificial ,help but ,hoeing3 ,and by all the ,experience ,i have had of it1 the same ,cause will have the same ,effect upon a ,soil for the ,production of ,corn1 and other ,vegetables1 as well as upon the ,vineyard4 ,all ,vineyards must be ho'd one ,way or other#de1 or else they will produce nothing of ,value2 but ,corn-,fields without ,hoeing do produce something1 tho' nothing in ,comparison to what they would do with it4 #de ,vines1 that cannot be ho'd by the ,ploughs1 are ho'd by the ,bidens4 ,mr4 ,evelyn says1 that when the ,soil1 wherein ,fruit-,trees are planted1 is constantly kept in ,tillage1 they grow up to be an ,orchard in half the ,time they would do1 if the ,soil were not till'd2 and this keeping an ,orchard-,soil in ,arable1 is ,horse-hoeing it4 ,in some ,places in ,berkshire they have used1 for a long time to ,hand-hoe most ,sorts of ,corn1 with very great ,success2 and ,i may say this1 that ,i myself never knew1 or heard1 that ever any ,crop of ,corn was properly so ho'd1 but what very well answer'd the ,expence1 even of this ,hand-work2 but be this never so profitable1 there are not a ,number of ,hands to use it in great ,quantities2 which possibly was one ,reason the ,antients were not able to introduce it into their ,corn-,fields to any ,purpose2 tho' they should not have been ignorant of the ,effect of it1 from what they saw it do in their ,vineyards and ,gardens4 ,in the next ,place ,i shall give some general ,directions1 which by ,experience ,i have found necessary to be known1 in order to the ,practice of this ,hoeing-,husbandry4 ,i4 ,concerning the ,depth to plant at4 ,,ii4 ,the ,quantity of ,seed to plant4 ,,iii4 ,and the ,distance of the ,rows4 ,i4 ',tis necessary to know how deep we may plant our ,seed1 without ,danger of burying it2 for so 'tis said to be1 when laid at a ,depth below what 'tis able to come up at4 ,different ,sorts of ,seeds come up at different ,depths2 some at six ,inches1 or more2 some at not more than half an ,inch3 ,the ,way to know for certain the ,depth any ,sort will come up at is1 to make ,gauges in this ,manner3 ,saw off #ab ,sticks of about #c ,inches ,diameter3 ,bore a ,hole in the ,end of each ,stick1 and drive into it a taper ,peg2 let the first ,peg be half an ,inch long1 the next an ,inch1 and so on2 every ,peg to be half an ,inch longer than the former1 till the last ,peg be six ,inches long2 then in that sort of ,ground where you intend to plant1 make a ,row of ,twenty ,holes with the half-,inch ,gauge2 put therein ,twenty good ,seeds2 cover them up1 and stick the ,gauge at the ,end of that ,row2 then do the like with all the other ,eleven ,gauges3 ,this will determine the ,depth1 at which the most ,seeds will come up#df4 #df ,in the common way of ,sowing tis hard to know the proper ,depth1 because some ,seeds lying deep1 and others shallow1 it is not easy to discover the ,depth of those that are buried3 ,but ,i have found in drilling of black ,oats1 that when the ,drill-,plough was set a little deeper for ,trial1 very few came up3 ,therefore 'tis proper for the ,driller to use the ,gauges for all ,sorts of ,seeds2 for1 if he drills them too deep1 he may lose his ,crop2 or1 if too shallow1 in dry ,weather1 he may injure it1 especially in ,summer ,seeds2 but for those planted against ,winter1 there is the most ,damage by planting too deep4 ,when the ,depth is known1 wherein the ,seed is sure to come up1 we may easily discover1 whether the ,seed be good or not1 by observing how many will fail3 ,for in some ,sorts of ,seeds the ,goodness cannot be known by the ,eye2 and there has been often great ,loss by bad ,seed1 as well as by burying good ,seed2 both which ,misfortunes might be prevented by this little ,trouble2 besides 'tis not convenient to plant some sorts of ,seed at the utmost ,depth they will come up at2 for it may be so deep1 as that the ,wet may rot or chill the first ,root1 as in ,wheat in moist ,land4 ,the ,nature of the ,land1 the ,manner how it is laid1 either flat1 or in ,ridges1 and the ,season of ,planting1 with the ,experience of the ,planter1 acquired by such ,trials1 must determine the proper ,depths for different ,sorts of ,seeds4 ,,ii4 ,the proper ,quantity of ,seed to be drill'd on an ,acre1 is much less than must be sown in the common ,way2 not because ,hoeing will not maintain as many ,plants as the other2 for1 on the contrary1 ,experience shews it will1 cteris paribus1 maintain more2 but the ,difference is upon many other ,accounts3 ,as that 'tis impossible to sow it so even by ,hand1 as the ,drill will do2 for let the ,hand spread it never so exactly 7which is difficult to do some ,seeds1 especially in windy ,weather71 yet the ,unevenness of the ,ground will alter the ,situation of the ,seed2 the greatest ,part rebounding into the ,holes1 and lowest ,places2 or else the ,harrows1 in ,covering1 draw it down thither2 and tho' these low ,places may have ,ten ,times too much1 the high ,places may have little or none of it3 ,this ,inequality lessens1 in ,effect1 the ,quantity of the ,seed2 because ,fifty ,seeds1 in ,room of ,one1 will not produce so much as ,one will do2 and where they are too thick1 they cannot be well nourished1 their ,roots not spreading to near their natural ,extent1 for ,want of ,hoeing to open the ,earth4 ,some ,seed is buried 7by which is meant the laying them so deep1 that they are never able to come up1 as ,columella cautions1 ,ut absque ulla ,resurrectionis ,spe sepeliantur73 ,some lies naked above the ,ground2 which1 with more uncovered by the first ,rain1 feeds the ,birds and ,vermin4 ,farmers know not the ,depth that is enough to bury their ,seed1 neither do they make much ,difference in the ,quantity they sow on a rough1 or a fine ,acre2 tho' the same that is too little for the one1 is too much for the other2 'tis all mere ,chance-work1 and they put their whole ,trust in good ,ground1 and much ,dung1 to cover their ,errors4 ,the greatest ,quantity of ,seed ,i ever heard of to be usually sown1 is in ,wiltshire1 where ,i am informed by the ,owners themselves1 that on some ,sorts of ,land they sow ,eight ,bushels of ,barley to an ,acre2 so that if it produce four ,quarters to an ,acre1 there are but four ,grains for one that is sown1 and is a very poor ,increase1 tho' a good ,crop2 this is on ,land plowed once1 and then double-dung'd1 the ,seed only harrow'd into the stale and hard ,ground#dg2 'tis like not two ,bushels of the eight will enter it to grow2 and ,i have heard1 that in a dry ,summer an ,acre of this scarce produces four ,bushels at ,harvest4 #dg ,stale ,ground is that which has lain some considerable time after ,plowing1 before it is sown1 contrary to that which is sown immediately after plow'd2 for this last is generally not so hard as the former4 ,but1 in ,drilling1 ,seed lies all the same just ,depth1 none deeper1 nor shallower1 than the rest2 here's no ,danger of the ,accidents of burying1 or being uncover'd1 and therefore no ,allowance must be made for them2 but ,allowance must be made for other ,accidents1 where the ,sort of ,seed is liable to them2 such as ,grub1 ,fly1 ,worm1 ,frost1 c4 ,next1 when a ,man unexperienced in this ,method has proved the ,goodness of his ,seed1 and ,depth to plant at it1 he ought to calculate what ,number of ,seeds a ,bushel1 or other ,measure or ,weight1 contains3 ,for one ,bushel or one ,pound of small ,seed1 may contain double the ,number of ,seeds1 of a ,bushel1 or a ,pound1 of large ,seed of the same ,species4 ,this ,calculation is made by weighing an ,ounce1 and counting the ,number of ,seeds therein2 then weighing a ,bushel of it1 and multiplying the ,number of ,seeds of the ,ounce1 by the ,number of ,ounces of the ,bushel's ,weight2 the ,product will shew the ,number of ,seeds of a ,bushel near enough3 ,then1 by the ,rule of ,three1 apportion them to the ,square ,feet of an ,acre2 or else it may be done1 by divideing the ,seeds of the ,bushel by the ,square ,feet of an ,acre2 the ,quotient will give the ,number of ,seeds for every ,foot3 ,also consider how near you intend to plant the ,rows1 and whether ,single1 ,double1 ,treble1 or ,quadruple2 for the more ,rows1 the more ,seed will be required#dh4 #dh ,the narrow ,spaces 7suppose seven ,inches7 betwixt ,double1 ,treble1 or ,quadruple ,rows1 the ,double having ,one1 the ,treble ,two1 and the ,quadruple ,three of them1 are called ,partitions4 ,the wide ,space 7suppose of near five ,feet7 betwixt any ,two of these ,double1 ,treble1 or ,quadruple ,rows1 is call'd an ,interval4 ,examine what is the ,produce of one middle-siz'd ,plant of the ,annual1 but the ,produce of the best and largest of the perennial ,sort2 because that by ,hoeing will be brought to its utmost ,perfection3 ,proportion the ,seed of both to the reasonable ,product2 and1 when 'tis worth while1 adjust the ,plants to their competent ,number with the ,hand-hoe1 after they are up2 and plant ,perennials generally in single ,rows3 ,lastly1 ,plant some ,rows of the ,annual thicker than others1 which will soon give you ,experience 7better than any other ,rule7 to know the exact ,quantity of ,seed to drill4 ,,iii4 ,the ,distances of the ,rows are one of the most material ,points1 wherein we shall find many apparent ,objections against the ,truth2 of which1 tho' full ,experience be the most infallible ,proof1 yet the ,world is by false ,notions so prejudiced against wide ,spaces between ,rows1 that unless these common 7and ,i wish ,i could say1 only vulgar7 ,objections be first answer'd1 perhaps no-body will venture so far out of the old ,road1 as is necessary to gain the ,experience2 without it be such as have seen it4 ,i formerly was at much ,pains1 and at some ,charge1 in improving my ,drills1 for planting the ,rows at very near ,distances2 and had brought them to such ,perfection1 that ,one ,horse would draw a ,drill with ,eleven ,shares1 making the ,rows at three ,inches and half ,distance from one another2 and at the same ,time sow in them ,three very different ,sorts of ,seeds1 which did not mix2 and these too1 at different ,depths2 as the ,barley-,rows were seven ,inches asunder1 the ,barley lay four ,inches deep2 a little more than three ,inches above that1 in the same ,chanels1 was ,clover2 betwixt every ,two of these ,rows was a ,row of ,st4 ,foin1 cover'd half an ,inch deep4 ,i had a good ,crop of ,barley the first ,year2 the next ,year1 ,two ,crops of ,broad-,clover1 where that was sown2 and where ,hop-,clover was sown1 a mix'd ,crop of ,that and ,st4 ,foin1 and every ,year afterwards a ,crop of ,st4 ,foin2 but ,i am since1 by ,experience1 so fully convinced of the ,folly of these1 or any other such mix'd ,crops1 and more especially of narrow ,spaces1 that ,i have demolish'd these ,instruments 7in their full ,perfection7 as a vain ,curiosity1 the ,drift and ,use of them being contrary to the true ,principles and ,practice of ,horse-,hoeing4 ,altho' ,i am satisfied1 that every one1 who shall have seen as much of it as ,i have1 will be of my ,mind in this ,matter2 yet ,i am aware1 that what ,i am going to advance1 will seem shocking to them1 before they have made ,trials4 ,i lay it down as a ,rule 7to myself7 that every ,row of ,vegetables1 to be ,horse-ho'd1 ought to have an empty ,space or ,interval of thirty ,inches on one ,side of it#di at least1 and of near five ,feet in all ,sorts of ,corn4 #di ,note1 ,we call it one ,row1 tho' it be a ,double1 ,treble1 or ,quadruple ,row2 because when they unite in the ,spring1 they seem to be all single2 even the ,quadruple then is but as one single ,row4 ,observe1 that as wide ,intervals are necessary for perfect ,horse-hoeing1 so the largest ,vegetables have generally the greatest ,benefit by them2 tho' small ,plants may have considerable ,benefit from much narrower ,intervals than ,five ,feet4 ,the ,intervals may be somewhat narrower for constant annual ,crops of ,barley1 than of ,wheat2 because ,barley does not shut out the ,hoe-,plough so soon1 nor require so much ,room for ,hoeing1 nor so much ,earth in the ,intervals1 it being a lesser ,plant1 and growing but about a ,third-part of the ,time on the ,ground2 but he that drills ,barley1 must resolve to reap it1 and bind it up in ,sheaves2 for if he mows it1 or does not bind it1 a great ,part will be lost among the ,earth in the ,intervals3 ,but 'tis now found1 that in a wet ,harvest the best ,way is not to bind up drill'd ,barley or ,oats2 but instead thereof1 to make up the ,grips into little ,heaps by ,hands1 laying the ,ears upon one another inwards1 and the ,stubble-ones outwards2 so that with a ,fork that hath ,two ,fingers1 and a ,thumb1 'tis very easy to pitch such ,heaps up the ,waggons without scattering1 or wasting any of the ,corn4 ',tis also seen1 that when the ,reapers take ,care to set their ,grips with the ,but-ends in the ,bottoms of the ,intervals1 and the ,ears properly on the ,stubble1 they will so stand up from the ,ground1 as to escape much better from sprouting1 than mow'd ,corn4 ,in ,hand-hoeing there is always less ,seed1 fewer ,plants1 and a greater ,crop1 cteris paribus1 than in the common ,sowing3 ,yet there1 the ,rows must be much nearer together1 than in ,horse-hoeing2 because as the ,hand moves many times less ,earth than the ,horse1 the ,roots will be sent out in like ,proportion2 and if the ,spaces or ,intervals1 where the ,hand-hoe only scratches a little of the upper ,surface of them1 should be wide1 they would be so hard and stale underneath1 that the ,roots of perennial ,plants would be long in running thro' them2 and the ,roots of many annual ,plants would never be able to do it4 ,an ,instance which shews something of the ,difference between ,hand-hoeing and ,deep-hoeing is1 ,that a certain poor ,man is observ'd to have his ,cabbages vastly bigger than any-body's else1 tho' their ,ground be richer1 and better dung'd3 ,his ,neighbours were amaz'd at it1 till the ,secret at length came out1 and was only this3 ,as other ,people ho'd their ,cabbages with a ,hand-hoe1 he instead thereof dug his with a ,spade3 ,and nothing can more nearly equal#ej the ,use of the ,horse-hoe than the ,spade does4 #ej ,the ,hoe-plough exceeds the ,spade in this ,respect1 that it removes more of the ,roots1 and cuts off fewer2 which is an ,advantage when we till near to the ,bodies of ,plants that are grown large4 ,and when the ,plants have never so much ,pabulum near them1 their fibrous ,roots cannot reach it all1 before the ,earth naturally excludes them from it2 for1 to reach it all1 they must fill all the ,pores#ea1 which is impossible3 ,so far otherwise it is1 that we shall find it probable1 that they can only reach the least ,part of it1 unless the ,roots could remove themselves from ,place to ,place1 to leave such ,pores as they had exhausted1 and apply themselves to such as were unexhausted2 but they not being endow'd with ,parts necessary for local ,motion 7as ,animals are71 the ,hoe-,plough suplies their ,want of ,feet2 and both conveys them to their ,food1 and their ,food to them1 as well as provides it for them2 for by transplanting the ,roots1 it gives them ,change of the ,pasture1 which it increases by the very ,act of changing them from one ,situation to another1 if the ,intervals be wide enough for this ,hoeing ,operation to be properly perform'd4 #ea ,the ,roots of a ,mint1 set a whole ,summer in a ,glass1 kept constantly replenished with ,water1 will1 in ,appearance1 fill the whole ,cavity of the ,glass2 but by compressing the ,roots1 or by observing how much ,water the ,glass will hold when the ,roots are in it1 we are convinc'd1 that they do not fill a ,fourth-part of its ,cavity2 tho' they are not stopp'd by ,water1 as they are by ,earth4 ,the ,objections most likely to prepossess ,peoples ,minds1 and prevent their making ,trials of this ,husbandry1 are these3 ,first1 they will be apt to think1 that these wide1 naked ,spaces1 not being cover'd by the ,plants1 will not be sufficient to make a good ,crop4 ,for ,answer1 we must consider1 that tho' ,corn1 standing irregular and sparsim1 may seem to cover the ,ground better than when it stands regular in ,rows2 this ,appearance#eb is a mere ,deceptio visus2 for ,stalks are never so thick on any ,part of the ,ground as where many come out of one ,plant1 or as when they stand in a ,row2 and a ho'd ,plant of ,corn will have ,twenty or ,thirty ,stalks#ec1 in the same ,quantity of ,ground where an unho'd ,plant1 being equally single1 will have only ,two or ,three ,stalks4 ,these tillered ho'd ,stalks1 if they were planted sparsim all over the ,interval1 it might seem well cover'd1 and perhaps thicker than the sown ,crop commonly is2 so that tho' these ho'd ,rows seem to contain a less ,crop1 they may contain1 in reality1 a greater ,crop than the sown1 that seems to exceed it2 and 'tis only the different ,placing that makes one seem greater1 and the other less1 than it really is2 and this is only when both ,crops are young4 #eb ,for the ,eye to make a ,companion betwixt a sown ,crop and such a ho'd ,crop1 it ought1 when 'tis half grown1 to look on the ho'd ,crop across the ,rows2 because in the other it does so1 in ,effect1 which way soever it looks2 but whatever ,appearance the ho'd ,crop of ,vegetables 7of as large a ,species as ,wheat7 makes when young1 it surely1 if well managed1 appears more beautiful at ,harvest than a sown ,crop4 #ec ,i have counted ,fifty large ,ears on one single ho'd ,plant of ,barley4 ,the next ,objection is1 ,that the ,space or ,interval not being planted1 much of the ,benefit of that ,ground will be lost2 and therefore the ,crop must be less than if it were planted all over4 ,i answer1 ,it might be so1 if not ,horse-ho'd2 but if well ,horse-ho'd1 the ,roots can run through the ,intervals2 and1 having more ,nourishment1 make a greater ,crop4 ,the too great ,number of ,plants1 plac'd all over the ,ground in common sowing1 have1 whilst it is open1 an ,opportunity of wasting1 when they are very young1 that ,stock of ,provision1 for ,want of which the greatest ,part of them are afterwards starv'd2 for their irregular ,standing prevents their being relieved with fresh ,supplies from the ,hoe3 ,hence it is1 that the old ,method exhausting the ,earth to no ,purpose1 produces a less ,crop2 and yet leaves less ,pabulum behind for a succeeding one1 contrary to the ,hoeing-,husbandry1 wherein ,plants are manag'd in all ,respects by a quite different ,oeconomy4 ,in a large ,ground of ,wheat it was prov'd1 that the widest ho'd ,intervals brought the greatest ,crop of all3 ,dung without ,hoeing did not equal ,hoeing without ,dung4 ,and what was most remarkable1 amongst ,twelve ,differences of wider and narrower ,spaces1 more and less ho'd1 dung'd and undung'd1 the ,hand-sow'd was considerably the worst of all2 tho' all the ,winter and ,beginning of the ,spring1 that made infinitely the most promising ,appearance2 but at ,harvest yielded but about ,one-fifth ,part of ,wheat of that which was most hoed2 there was some of the most hoed1 which yielded ,eighteen ,ounces of clean ,wheat in a ,yard in ,length of a double ,row1 the ,intervals being thirty ,inches1 and the ,partition ,six ,inches#ed4 #ed ,the same ,harvest1 a ,yard in ,length of a double ,row of ,barley1 having ,six ,inches ,partition1 produc'd ,eight hundred and ,eighty ,ears in a ,garden2 but the ,grains happened to be eaten by ,poultry before 'twas ripe1 so that their ,produce of ,grains could not be known3 ,one like ,yard of a ho'd ,row of ,wheat1 in an undung'd ,field1 produc'd ,four hundred ,ears of ,lammas-,wheat4 ,a ,third ,objection like the two former is1 that so small a ,part of the ,ground1 as that whereon the ,row stands1 cannot contain ,plants or ,stalks sufficient for a full ,crop4 ,this some ,authors endeavour to support by ,arguments taken from the perpendicular ,growth of ,vegetables1 and the ,room they require to stand on2 both which having answer'd elsewhere1 ,i need not say much of them here2 only ,i may add1 that if ,plants could be brought to as great ,perfection1 and so to stand as thick all over the ,land1 as they do in the ho'd ,rows1 there might be produced1 at once1 many of the greatest ,crops of ,corn that ever grew4 ,but since ,plants thrive1 and make their ,produce1 in ,proportion to the ,nourishment they have within the ,ground1 not to the ,room they have to stand upon it1 one very narrow ,row may contain more ,plants than a wide ,interval can nourish1 and bring to their full ,perfection1 by all the ,art that can be used2 and 'tis impossible a ,crop should be lost for want of room to stand above the ,ground1 tho' it were less than a ,tenth-part of the ,surface#ee4 #ee ,mr4 ,houghton calculates1 that a ,crop of ,wheat of ,thirty ,quarters to an ,acre1 each ,ear has two ,inches and a ,half of ,surface2 by which 'tis evident1 that there would be ,room for many such prodigious ,crops to stand on4 ,and a ,quick-hedge1 standing between two ,arable ,grounds1 one ,foot broad at ,bottom1 and ,eighteen ,feet in ,length1 will1 at fourteen ,years ,growth1 produce more of the same ,sort of ,wood1 than eighteen ,feet square of a ,coppice will produce in the same ,time1 the ,soil of both being of equal ,goodness4 ,this seems to be the same ,case with our ho'd ,rows2 the ,coppice1 if it were to be cut in the first ,years1 would yield perhaps ten ,times as much ,wood1 as the ,hedge2 but many of the ,shoots of the ,coppice constantly die every ,year1 for ,want of sufficient ,nourishment1 until the ,coppice is fit to be cut2 and then its ,product is much less than that of the ,hedge1 whose ,pasture has not been over-stock'd to such a ,degree as the ,coppice-,pasture has been2 and therefore brings its ,crop of ,wood to greater ,perfection than the ,coppice-,wood1 which has ,eighteen ,times the ,surface of ,ground to stand on2 ,the ,hedge has the ,benefit of ,hoeing1 as oft as the ,land on either ,side of it is till'd2 but the ,coppice1 like the sown ,corn1 wants that ,benefit4 ,in wide ,intervals there is another ,advantage of ,hoeing1 ,i mean ,horse-hoeing 7the other being more like ,scratching and ,scraping than ,hoeing73 ,there is room for many ,hoeings#ef1 which must not come very near the ,bodies of some annual ,plants1 except whilst they are young2 but in narrow ,intervals1 this cannot be avoided at every ,hoeing3 ',tis true1 that in the last ,hoeings1 even in the middle of a large ,interval1 many of the ,roots may be broken off by the ,hoe-plough1 at some considerable ,distance from the ,bodies2 but yet this is no ,damage1 for they send out a greater ,number of ,roots than before2 as in ,chap4 ,i4 appears4 #ef ,many ,hoeings2 but if it should be asked how many1 we may take ,columella's ,rule in hoeing the ,vines1 viz4 ,numerus autem vertendi ,soli 7bidentibus7 definiendus non est1 cum quanto crebrior fit1 plus prodesse fossionem conveniat4 ,sed impersarum ,ratio modum postulat4 ,lib4 #d4 ,cap4 #e4 ,neither is it altogether the ,number of ,hoeings that determines the ,degrees of ,pulveration3 ,for1 ,once well done1 is ,twice done2 and the oftener the better1 if the ,expence be not excessive4 ,poor ,land1 be it never so light1 should have the most ,hoeings2 because ,plants1 receiving but very little ,nourishment from the natural ,pasture of such ,land1 require the more artificial ,pasture to subsist on4 ,in wide ,intervals1 those ,roots are broken off only where they are small2 for tho' they are capable of running out to more than the ,length of the external ,parts of a ,plant2 yet 'tis not necessary they should always do so2 if they can have sufficient ,food nearer to the ,bodies#eg of the ,plants4 #eg ,all the ,mould is never so near to the ,bodies of ,plants1 as 'tis when the ,row stands on a high ,six-feet ,ridge1 when the middle of the ,interval is left bare of ,earth1 at the last ,hoeing2 for then all the ,mould may be but about a ,foot1 or a ,foot and half1 distant from the ,body of each ,plant of a ,treble ,row4 ,and these new1 young1 multiply'd ,roots are fuller of ,lacteal ,mouths than the older ones2 which makes it no ,wonder1 that ,plants should thrive faster by having some of their ,roots broken off by the ,hoe2 for as ,roots do not enter every ,pore of the ,earth1 but miss great ,part of the ,pasture1 which is left unexhausted1 so when new ,roots strike out from the broken ,parts of the old1 they meet with that ,pasture1 which their ,predecessors miss'd1 besides that new ,pasture which the ,hoe raises for them2 and those ,roots which the ,hoe pulls out without breaking1 and covers again1 are turn'd into a fresh ,pasture2 some broken1 and some unbroken3 ,all together invigorate the ,plants4 ,besides1 the ,plants of sown ,corn1 being treble in ,number to those of the drill'd1 and of equal ,strength and ,bulk1 whilst they are very young1 must exhaust the ,earth whilst it is open1 thrice as much as the drill'd ,plants do2 and before the sown ,plants grow large1 the ,pores of the ,earth are shut against them1 and against the ,benefit of the ,atmosphere2 but for the drill'd1 the ,hoe gives constant ,admission to that ,benefit2 and if the ,hoe procures them 7by dividing the ,earth7 ,four ,times the ,pasture of the sown during their ,lives1 and the ,roots devour but one half of that1 then tho' the ho'd ,crop should be double to the sown1 yet it might leave twice as much ,pabulum for a succeeding ,crop4 ',tis impossible to bring these ,calculations to ,mathematical ,rules2 but this is certain in ,practice1 that a sown ,crop1 succeeding a large undung'd ho'd ,crop1 is much better than a sown ,crop1 that succeeds a small dung'd sown ,crop4 ,and ,i have the ,experience of poor1 worn out ,heath-ground1 that1 having produc'd ,four successive good ho'd ,crops of ,potatoes 7the last still best71 is become tolerable good ,ground4 ,in a very poor ,field were planted ,potatoes1 and1 in the very worst ,part of it1 several ,lands had them in ,squares a ,yard asunder2 these were plowed four ways at different times3 ,some other ,lands adjoining to them1 of the very same ,ground1 were very well dung'd and till'd2 but the ,potatoes came irregularly1 in some ,places thicker1 and in others thinner3 ,these were not ho'd1 and yet1 at first coming up1 looked blacker and stronger than those in ,squares not dung'd1 either that ,year1 or ever1 that ,i know of2 yet these ,lands brought a good ,crop of the largest ,potatoes1 and very few small ones amongst them2 but in the dung'd ,lands1 for ,want of ,hoeing1 the ,potatoes were not worth the taking up2 which proves1 that in those ,plants that are planted so as to leave ,spaces wide enough for ,repetitions of ,hoeing1 that ,instrument can raise more ,nourishment to them1 than a good ,coat of ,dung with common ,tillage4 ,another ,thing ,i have more particularly observ'd1 viz4 ,that the more successive ,crops are planted in wide ,intervals1 and often ho'd1 the better the ,ground does maintain them2 the last ,crop is still the best1 without ,dung1 or changing the ,sort of ,plant2 and this is visible in ,parts of the same ,field1 where some ,part has a first1 some other ,part a second1 the rest a third ,crop growing all together at the same time2 which seems to prove1 that as the ,earth is made by this ,operation to dispense or distribute her ,wealth to ,plants1 in ,proportion to the ,increase of her inner ,superficies 7which is the ,pasture of ,plants72 so the ,atmosphere1 by the ,riches in ,rain and ,dews1 does annually reimburse her in ,proportion to the same ,superficies1 with an ,overplus for ,interest3 ,but if that ,superficies be not increased to a competent ,degree1 and1 by frequent ,repetitions of ,hoeing1 kept increasing 7which never happens in common ,husbandry7 this ,advantage is lost2 and1 without often repeated ,stercoration1 every ,year's ,crop grows worse2 and it has been made evident by ,trials1 which admit of no ,dispute1 that ,hoeing1 without ,dung or ,fallow1 can make such ,plants as stand in wide ,intervals1 more vigorous in the same ,ground1 than both common ,dunging and ,fallowing can do without ,hoeing4 ,this ,sort of ,hoeing has in ,truth every ,year the ,effect of a ,summer-fallow2 tho' it yearly produce a good ,crop4 ,this is one ,reason of the different ,effects ,plants have upon the ,soil2 some are said to enrich it1 others to burn it1 i4 e4 to impoverish it2 but ,i think it may be observed1 that all those ,plants1 which are usually ho'd1 are reckoned among the ,enrichers2 and tho' it be certain that some ,species of ,plants are1 by the ,heat of their ,constitution1 greater ,devourers than those of another ,species of equal ,bulk2 yet there is ,reason to believe1 that were the most cormorant ,plant of them all to be commonly ho'd1 it would gain#eh the ,reputation of an ,enricher or ,improver of the ,soil2 except it should be such1 as might occasion ,trouble1 by filling it full of its shatter'd ,seeds1 which might do the ,injury of ,weeds to the next ,crop2 and except such ,plants1 which have a vast ,bulk to be maintained a long ,time1 as ,turnep-,seed#ei4 #eh ,but this must be intended of the deep ,horse-hoeing2 for ,turneps that stand for ,seed1 are such ,devourers1 and feed so long on the ,soil1 that tho' they are ,hand-ho'd1 such a shallow ,operation doth not supply the usual ,thickness of those ,plants with ,pasture sufficient to raise their ,stems to half their natural ,bulk2 and they leave so little of that ,pasture behind them1 that the ,soil is observ'd to be extremely impoverished for a ,year or two1 and sometimes three ,years after them2 but 'tis otherwise with my ,horse-ho'd ,turnep-,seed2 for ,i never fail'd of a good ,crop of ,barley after it1 sown on the ,level in the following ,spring1 tho' no ,dung hath been used on the ,land where the ,turnep-,seed grew for many ,years4 ,and also my ,barley ,crops thus sown after two successive ,crops of ,turnep-,seed without a ,fallow between them1 are as good as those sown after a single ,crop of it4 ,for ,i have several ,times made these ,turnep-,seed ,crops annual1 that is1 to have ,two ,crops of it in ,two ,years1 which would in the old ,way require three ,years1 because this ,crop stands about a ,year on the ,ground1 and is not ripe till ,midsummer1 which is too late to get that ,land into a ,tilth proper to plant another ,seed ,crop on it the same ,summer2 neither can the ,soil be able to bear such another ,crop immediately after being so much exhausted1 and unplowed for a whole ,year1 except it be extraordinary rich1 or much dunged3 ,however1 ,two ,crops of ,turnep-,seed immediately succeeding one another1 is what ,i never knew1 or heard of1 except my own that were ,horse-ho'd2 and of these the second ,crop was as good as the first2 their ,stalks grew much higher than they usually do in the common ,way2 and tho' the ,number of ,plants was much less1 their ,produce was so valuable1 that the ,vicar's ,agent declared1 he made ,twenty ,shillings per ,acre of his ,tythe of a whole ,field which he tythed in ,kind4 ,the ,expence of these ,crops was judg'd to be answered by the ,fuel of the thresh'd ,stalks4 ,it must be noted1 that the extraordinary ,value of these ,crops arose1 not from a greater ,quantity of ,seed than some common ,crops2 but from their ,quality1 ,experience having brought this ,seed into great ,esteem1 on account of its being perfectly clean1 and produced by large ,turneps of a good ,sort1 and of a proper ,shape2 for those that are not well cultivated are very apt to degenerate1 and then their ,seed will produce ,turneps of a small ,size1 and of a long rapy ill ,shape4 #ei ,turneps run to ,seed1 not till the second ,summer4 ,the wider the ,intervals are1 the more ,earth may be divided2 for the ,row takes up the same ,room with a wide1 or a narrow ,interval2 and therefore with the wide1 the unho'd ,part bears a less ,proportion to the ho'd ,part than in the narrow4 ,and 'tis no ,purpose to hoe1 where there is not ,earth to be ho'd1 or ,room to hoe it in4 ,there are many ,ways of ,hoeing with the ,hoe-,plough2 but there is not ,room to turn ,two deep clean ,furrows in an ,interval that is narrower than ,four ,feet ,eight ,inches2 for if it want much of this ,breadth1 one1 at least1 of these ,furrows1 will reach1 and fall upon the next ,row1 which will be very injurious to the ,plants2 except of grown ,st4 ,foin1 and such other ,plants1 that can bear to have the ,earth pull'd off them by ,harrows4 ,thus much of ,hoeing in general may suffice3 ,and different ,sorts of ,plants requiring different ,management2 that may more properly be described in the ,chapter1 where particular ,vegetables are treated of4 ,it may not be amiss to add1 that all ,sorts of ,land are not equally proper for ,hoeing3 ,i take it1 that a dry friable ,soil is the best4 ,intractable wet ,clays1 and such ,hills as are too steep for ,cattle to draw a ,plough up and down them1 are the most improper#fj4 #fj ,for by hoeing cross the ,hill1 the ,furrow turn'd against the ,declivity cannot be thrown up near enough to the ,row above it2 and the ,furrow that is turn'd downwards will bury the ,row below it4 ,that 'tis not so beneficial to hoe in ,common-fields1 is not in ,respect of the ,soil1 but to the old ,principles1 which have bound the ,owners to unreasonable ,customs of changing the ,species of ,corn1 and make it necessary to fallow every ,second1 ,third1 or ,fourth ,year at farthest4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of ,,weeds4 ,plants1 that come up in any ,land1 of a different ,kind from the sown or planted ,crop1 are ,weeds4 ,that there are in ,nature any such things as inutiles ,herb1 the ,botanists deny2 and justly too1 according to their ,meaning4 ,but the ,farmer1 who expects to make ,profit of his ,land from what he sows or plants in it1 finds not only ,herb inutiles1 but also noxi1 unprofitable and hurtful ,weeds2 which come like ,musc1 or uninvited ,guests1 that always hurt1 and often spoil his ,crop1 by devouring what he has1 by his ,labour in ,dunging and ,tilling1 provided for its ,sustenance4 ,all ,weeds1 as such1 are pernicious2 but some much more than others2 some do more ,injury1 and are more easily destroy'd2 some do less ,injury1 and are harder to kill2 others there are1 which have both these bad ,qualities4 ,the hardest to kill are such as will grow and propagate by their ,seed1 and also by every ,piece of their ,roots1 as ,couch-grass1 ,coltsfoot1 ,melilot1 ,fern1 and such-like4 ,some are hurtful only by robbing legitimate 7or sown7 ,plants of their ,nourishment1 as all ,weeds do2 others both lessen a legitimate ,crop by robbing it1 and also spoil that ,crop1 which escapes their ,rapine1 when they infect it with their nauseous ,scent and ,relish1 as ,melilot1 wild ,garlick1 c4 ,weeds starve the sown ,plants1 by robbing them of their ,provision of ,food#fa1 not of their ,room 7as some ,authors vainly imagine72 which will appear by the following ,experiment4 #fa ,a ,tree of any ,sort will spoil ,corn all round it1 in a large ,circle2 half an ,acre of ,turneps has been spoil'd by one3 ,hereby 'tis plain1 that ,trees rob as ,weeds2 because 'tis not by their ,shadow1 there being as much ,damage done by them on the ,south-,side1 where their ,shadow never comes1 as on their ,north-,side3 ,nor can it be by their dropping2 for 'tis the same on the ,side where a ,tree has no ,boughs to drop over the ,plants1 when they are also at a very great ,distance from all ,parts of the ,tree1 except its ,roots4 ,let three ,beds of the same ,soil1 equal1 and equally prepared1 be sown with the same ,sort of ,corn4 ,let the first of these ,beds be kept clean from ,weeds3 ,in the ,second1 let a ,quantity of ,weeds grow along with the ,corn2 and in the ,third1 stick up a ,quantity of dead ,sticks1 greater in ,bulk than the ,weeds4 ,it will be found1 that the ,produce of the ,corn in the ,first will not exceed that of the ,third ,bed2 but in the ,second1 where the ,weeds are1 the ,corn will be diminish'd in ,proportion to the ,quantity of ,weeds amongst it4 ,the ,sticks1 having done no ,injury to the ,corn1 shew there was room enough in the ,bed for ,company to lodge1 would they forbear to eat2 or else 7like ,travellers in ,spain7 bring their ,provision with them to their ,inn1 or 7which would be the same thing7 if ,weeds could find there some ,dish so disagreeable to the ,palate of the ,corn1 and agreeable to their own1 that they might feed on it without robbing2 and then they would be as innocent as the ,sticks1 which take up the same ,room with the ,weeds4 ,the ,quantity of ,nourishment ,weeds rob the ,corn of1 is not in ,proportion only to their ,number and ,bulk1 but to the ,degrees of ,heat in their ,constitution2 as appears by the ,instance of ,charlock and ,turneps1 mention'd in the ,chapter ,of ,change of ,species4 ',tis needless to go about to compute the ,value of the ,damage ,weeds do1 since all experienc'd ,husbandmen know it to be very great1 and would unanimously agree to extirpate their whole ,race as intirely1 as in ,england they have done the ,wolves1 tho' much more innocent1 and less rapacious than ,weeds#fb4 #fb ,if we consider the ,crops they utterly destroy1 and those they extremely diminish2 and that very few ,crops escape without receiving ,injury from them2 it may be a ,question1 whether the ,mischief ,weeds do to our ,corn1 is not as great as the ,value of the ,rent of all the ,arable ,lands in ,england4 ,but alas6 they find it impossible to be done1 or even to be hoped for1 by the common ,husbandry2 and the ,reasons ,i take to be these4 ,the ,seeds of most ,sorts of ,weeds are so hardy1 as to lie sound and uncorrupt for many ,years#fc1 or perhaps ,ages in the ,earth2 and are not kill'd until they begin to grow or sprout1 which very few of them do1 unless the ,land be plow'd2 and then enough of them will ripen amongst the sown ,crop1 to propagate and continue their ,species1 by shedding their ,off-spring in the ,ground 7for 'tis observ'd they are generally ripe before the ,corn72 and the ,seeds of these do the same in the next sown ,crop2 and thus perpetuate their savage1 wicked#fd ,brood1 from ,generation to ,generation4 #fc ,the ,seeds of ,lethean ,poppy 7call'd ,red-weed7 have lain dormant #bd ,years 7the ,land being1 during that time1 in ,st4 ,foin7 and then at first ,plowing they came up very thick2 this ,i have seen1 and so will many other ,sorts of ,weeds1 when the ,ground has lain untill'd for an ,age4 #fd ,the ,french call them1 les ,herbes ,sauvages1 les mechantes ,herbes4 ,besides1 their ,seeds never all come up in one ,year1 unless the ,land be very often plow'd2 for they must have their exact ,depth1 and ,degrees of ,moisture and ,heat1 to make them grow2 and such as have not these1 will lie in the ,ground1 and retain their vegetative ,virtue for ,ages2 and the common usual ,plowings1 not being sufficient to make them all1 or the greatest ,part1 grow1 almost every ,crop that ripens increases the ,stock of ,seed1 until it make a considerable ,part of the ,staple of such ,land as is sown without good ,tillage and ,fallowing4 ,the best ,defence against these ,enemies1 which the ,farmer has hitherto found1 is to endeavour their ,destruction by a good ,summer-fallow3 ,this indeed1 if the ,weather be propitious1 does make ,havock of them2 but still some will escape one ,year's ,prosecution4 ,either by being sometimes situate so high1 that the ,sun's ,heat dries them1 or sometimes lying so deep1 that it cannot reach them2 either way their ,germination1 which would have proved their ,death1 is prevented4 ,another ,faculty secures abundance of them1 and that is1 their being able to endure the ,heat and ,moisture of one ,year without growing2 as#fe wild ,oats1 and innumerable other ,sorts of ,weeds1 will do2 for gather these when ripe1 sow them in the richest ,bed1 water them1 and do all that is possible to make them grow the ,first ,year1 it will be vain ,labour2 they will resist all ,enticements till the ,second2 that is1 if you gather them in ,autumn1 you cannot force them to grow until the next ,spring come ,twelve-month2 and many of them will remain dormant even to the next ,year alter that1 and some of them longer4 #fe ,i have not try'd wild ,oats by sowing them in a ,bed myself1 but have been so informed by others2 and my own ,experience hath frequently shewn me1 that they will come up1 after lying many ,years in the ,ground2 and that very few ,sorts of ,weeds will come all up the first ,year1 as ,corn doth3 ,if they did1 the ,tillage of one ,year's ,summer-fallow might extirpate them4 ,by this ,means1 ,one ,year's ,summer-,fallow can have no ,effect upon them1 but to prepare the ,soil for their more vigorous ,growth and plentiful ,increase the next ,year after2 and very rarely will the ,farmer fallow his ,land ,two ,years successively2 and often the ,dung1 which is made of the ,straw of sown ,corn1 being full of the ,seeds of ,weeds1 when spread on the ,fallows1 incumbers the ,soil with another ,stock of ,weeds1 as ample as that the ,fallowing has destroy'd2 and tho' perhaps many of these may not grow the next ,year1 they will be sure to come up afterwards4 ,the other old ,remedy is what often proves worse than the ,disease2 that is1 what they call ,weeding among sown ,corn2 for if by the ,hook or ,hand they cut some ,sorts 7as ,thistles7 while they are young1 they will sprout up again1 like ,hydras1 with more ,heads than before2 and if they are cut when full-grown1 after they have done almost their utmost in robbing the ,crop1 'tis like shutting the ,stable-,door after the ,steed is stolen4 ,hand-weeders often do more ,harm to the ,corn with their ,feet1 than they do ,good by cutting or pulling out the ,weeds with their ,hands2 and yet ,i have known this ,operation sometimes cost the ,farmer ,twelve ,shillings an ,acre2 besides the ,damage done by treading down his ,wheat2 and1 after all1 a sufficient ,quantity of them have escaped1 to make a too plentiful ,increase in the next ,crop of ,corn4 ,the new ,hoeing-,husbandry in ,time will probably make such an utter ,riddance#ff of all ,sorts of ,weeds#fg1 except such as come in the ,air1 that#fh as long as this ,management is properly continued1 there is no ,danger to be apprehended from them2 which is enough to confute the old ,error of equivocal ,generation1 had it not been already sufficiently exploded1 ever since that ,demonstration of ,malpighius's ,experiment4 ,for if ,weeds were brought forth without their proper ,seeds1 the ,hoeing could not hinder their ,production1 where the ,soil was inclined naturally to produce them4 ,the ,belief of that blind ,doctrine might probably be one of the ,causes that made the ,antients despair of finding so great ,success in ,hoeing1 as now appears2 or else1 if they had had true ,principles1 they might perhaps have invented and improved that ,husbandry1 and the ,instruments necessary to put it in ,practice4 #ff ,a very pernicious1 large1 perennial ,weed1 like ,burrage1 with a blue ,flower1 infested a ,piece of ,land1 for ,time out of ,mind3 ,hoeing has destroyed it utterly2 not one of the ,species has been seen in the ,field these ,seven ,years1 tho' constantly till'd and ho'd4 #fg ,i have now a ,piece of ,wheat drill'd early the last ,autumn upon an ,hill1 fallowed and well pulveriz'd3 ,part of it was drill'd with ,wheat in double ,rows upon the ,level ,nine ,years ago1 ,horse-ho'd1 and the ,partitions thoroughly ,hand-ho'd to cleanse out the ,poppies1 of which the ,land was very full2 the other ,part of this ,piece was never drilled till this ,year3 ,the whole ,piece hath not been before this ,winter ,horse-ho'd4 ,now the ,partitions of the ,part that was never any ,way ,ho'd1 are so stock'd with ,poppies matted together1 that unless they are taken out early in the ,spring1 they will totally devour the ,rows of ,wheat2 but in the other ,part that was ho'd so long since1 there are now very few ,poppies to be seen4 ,both these ,parts have had several sown ,crops of ,barley together since1 and have lain with ,st4 ,foin these last ,five or ,six ,years4 #fh ,and except also such ,weeds1 whose ,seed is carried by ,birds1 which is the most common ,manner of transporting the ,seeds of ,vegetables from ,field to ,field1 against the ,content of the ,owner3 ,for ,birds1 whether great or small1 do not care to eat their ,prey where they take it1 but generally chuse some open ,place for that ,purpose4 ',tis1 ,i am persuaded1 by this ,means chiefly1 that a ,vineyard or ,field1 made ever so clean from ,grass1 will1 in lying untilled a few ,years1 be replenished with a ,turf of that neighbouring ,species of ,grass1 which best suits the ,heat and ,moisture of the ,soil3 ,yet there are some ,species of ,seeds that ,birds 7at least such as frequent this ,place7 do not affect2 else the ,burrage-weed 7mentioned in p4 #gg47 would have appeared again in my ,field in some of the many ,years since the ,hoeing has extirpated it there2 for it grows plentifully in the unplowed ,way adjoining thereto4 ,the ,seeds of some ,weeds may be suspected to come in the ,air2 as the ,seed of the ,grass that grew in the ,cheapside1 in the ,time of the ,plague2 but it might come from ,seeds in the ,dirt1 brought thither by the ,feet of ,people and ,cattle1 and by the ,wheels of ,coaches1 ,carts carrying ,hay3 ,or otherwise continual ,treading might keep it from ,growing2 and when the ,treading ceased1 'tis no ,wonder the ,seeds should furnish the ,streets with ,grass4 ,and ,i have observ'd on the ,floors1 two ,stories high1 of a lone1 ruinous1 uninhabited ,house1 being long uncover'd1 a sort of ,herb growing very thick2 ,i think it was ,pimpernel1 and believe that its ,seeds did not come thither in the ,air2 but in the ,sand which was mix'd with the ,mortar that had fallen from the ,cielings2 and 'tis like there were few ,seeds at first3 ,yet1 these1 ripening for several ,years1 shed their ,seeds annually1 until the ,floors became all over very thick planted3 ,besides1 ,hay-seeds and ,pimpernel are too heavy to be carry'd far by the ,air4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of ,,turneps4 ,as far as ,i can be inform'd1 'tis but of late ,years that ,turneps have been introduc'd as an ,improvement in the ,field4 ,all ,sorts of ,land1 when made fine by ,tillage1 or by ,manure and ,tillage1 will serve to produce ,turneps1 but not equally2 for chalky ,land is generally too dry 7a ,turnep being a thirsty ,plant72 and they are so long in such dry poor ,land before they get into rough ,leaf1 that the ,fly is very apt to destroy them there2 yet ,i have known them succeed on such ,land1 tho' rarely4 ,sand and ,gravel are the most proper ,soil for ,turneps1 because that is most easily pulveriz'd1 and its ,warmth causeth the ,turneps to grow faster1 and so they get the sooner out of the ,danger of the ,fly2 and such a ,soil1 when well-till'd1 and ,horse-ho'd1 never wants a sufficient ,moisture1 even in the driest ,weather2 and the ,turneps being drill'd will come up without ,rain1 and prosper very well with the sole ,moisture of the ,dews1 which are admitted as deep as the ,pulveration reacheth2 and if that be to ,five or six ,inches1 the hottest ,sun cannot exhale the ,dews thence in the ,climate of ,england3 ,i have known ,turneps thrive well in a very dry ,summer by repeated ,horse-hoeings1 both in ,sand and in ,land which is neither sandy nor gravelly4 ,when ,i sow'd ,turneps by ,hand1 and ho'd them with a ,hand-hoe1 the ,expence was great1 and the ,operation not half perform'd1 by the ,deceitfulness of the ,hoers1 who left half the ,land unho'd1 and cover'd it with the ,earth from the ,part they did hoe1 and then the ,grass and ,weeds grew the faster3 ,besides1 in this ,manner a great ,quantity of ,land could not be managed in the proper ,season4 ,when ,i drill'd upon the ,level#fi1 at ,three ,feet ,intervals1 a ,trial was made between those ,turneps and a ,field of the next ,neighbour's1 sown at the same ,time1 whereof the ,hand-hoeing cost ,ten ,shillings per ,acre1 and had not quite half the ,crop of the drill'd1 both being measur'd by the ,bushel1 on ,purpose to find the ,difference#gj4 #fi ',tis impossible to hoe-plow them so well when planted upon the ,level1 as when they are planted upon ,ridges2 for if we plow deep near the ,row1 the ,earth will come over on the ,left-,side of the ,plough1 and bury the younger ,turneps2 but when they stand on ,ridges1 the ,earth will almost all fall down on the ,right ,side into the ,furrow in the ,middle of the ,interval4 #gj ,and ,i have since found1 that ,turneps on the same ,land1 planted on ,ridges1 with ,six-feet ,intervals1 make a ,crop double to those that are planted on the ,level1 or even on ,ridges with ,three-feet ,intervals4 ,in the new ,method they are more certain to come up quickly2 because in every ,row1 half the ,seed is planted about ,four ,inches deep#ga2 and the other ,half is planted exactly over that1 at the ,depth of half an ,inch1 falling in after the ,earth has cover'd the first ,half3 ,thus planted1 let the ,weather be never so dry1 the deepest ,seed will come up2 but if it raineth 7immediately after planting71 the ,shallow will come up first3 ,we also make it come up at ,four#gb ,times1 by mixing our ,seed1 half new and half old 7the new coming up a ,day quicker than the old73 ,these four ,comings up give it so many ,chances for escaping the ,fly1 it being often seen1 that the ,seed sown over ,night will be destroy'd by the ,fly1 when that sown the next ,morning will escape1 and vice versa#gc2 or you may hoe-plow them1 when you see the ,fly is like to devour them2 this will bury the greatest ,part of those ,enemies2 or else you may drill in another ,row1 without new-plowing the ,land4 #ga ,turnep seed will come up from a greater ,depth than most other ,sorts of ,seeds4 #gb ,i have seen drill'd ,turnep-seed come up daily for a ,fortnight together1 when it has not been mixt thus1 the old with the new4 #gc ,i have had the first ,turneps that came up all destroy'd by the ,fly2 and about a ,fortnight afterwards more have come up1 and been ho'd time enough1 and made a good ,crop4 ,this ,method has also another ,advantage of escaping the ,fly1 the most certain of any other1 and infallible1 if the ,land be made fine1 as it ought to be3 ,this is to roll it with a heavy ,roller across the ,ridges1 after 'tis drill'd1 which closing up the ,cavities of the ,earth1 prevents the ,fly's ,entrance and ,exit1 to lay the ,eggs1 hatch1 or bring forth the young ones to prey upon the ,turneps2 which they might intirely devour1 if the ,fly came before they had more than the first two ,leaves1 which1 being form'd of the very ,seed itself1 are very sweet2 but the next ,leaves are rough and bitter1 which the ,fly does not love3 ,i have always found the ,rolling disappoint the ,fly2 but very often it disappoints the ,owner also1 who sows at ,random2 for it makes the ,ground so hard1 that the ,turneps cannot thrive1 but look yellow1 dwindle1 and grow to no ,perfection1 unless they have a good ,hoeing soon after the rough ,leaves appear2 for when they stand long without it1 they will be so poor and stinted1 that the ,hand-hoe does not go deep enough to recover them2 and 'tis seldom that these rolled ,turneps can be ,hand-ho'd at the critical ,time1 because the ,earth is then become so hard1 that the ,hoe cannot enter it without great ,difficulty1 unless it be very moist2 and very often the ,rain does not come to soak it1 until it be too late2 but the drill'd ,turneps being in single ,rows with ,six-feet ,intervals1 may be roll'd without ,danger3 ,for be the ,ground ever so hard1 the ,hand-hoe will easily single them out1 at the ,price of ,six-pence per ,acre1 or less 7if not in ,harvest72 and the ,horse-hoe will1 in those wide ,intervals1 plow at any ,time1 wet or dry2 and1 tho' the ,turneps should have been neglected till stinted1 will go deep enough to recover them to a flourishing ,condition4 ,drill'd ,turneps1 by being no-where but in the ,rows#gd1 may be more easily seen than those which come up at ,random2 and may therefore be sooner#ge singled out by the ,hand-hoe2 which is another ,advantage2 because the sooner they are so set out1 the better they will thrive#gf4 #gd ,drill'd ,turneps coming all up nearly in a ,mathematical ,line1 'tis very nearly that a ,charlock1 or other like ,weed1 comes up in the same ,line amongst them1 unless it be drill'd in with the ,turnep-seed1 of which ,weeds our ,horse-ho'd ,seed never has any2 there being no ,charlock in the ,rows1 nor any ,turnep in the ,intervals3 ,we know1 that whatever comes up in the ,interval is not a ,turnep1 though so like to it1 that1 at first coming up1 if promiscuously1 it cannot easily be distinguished by the ,eye1 until after the ,turneps1 c4 attain the rough ,leaf2 and even then1 before they are of a considerable ,bigness1 they are so hard to be distinguished by those ,people1 who are not well experienced1 that a ,company of ,hand-hoers cut out the ,turneps by ,mistake1 and left the ,charlock for a ,crop of a large ,field of sown ,turneps4 ,such a ,misfortune can never happen to drill'd ,turneps1 unless wilfully done1 be they set out ever so young4 #ge ,the sooner they are made single1 the better2 but yet1 when they are not very thick1 they may stand till we have the best ,convenience of singling them without much ,damage2 but1 when they come up extraordinary thick1 'twill be much more difficult to make them single1 if they are neglected at their very first coming into rough ,leaf4 #gf ,because such young ,turneps will enjoy the more of the ,pasture made by the ,plowing1 and by that little ,pulveration of the ,hand-hoe1 without being robb'd of any ,pasture by their own supernumerary ,plants4 ,three or ,four ,ounces of ,seed is the usual ,quantity to drill2 but1 at random1 ,three or ,four ,pounds are commonly sown1 which1 coming thick all over the ,ground1 must exhaust the ,land more than the other1 especially since the sown must stand longer1 before the ,hoers can see to set them out4 ,the ,six-feet ,ridges1 whereon ,turneps are drill'd in single ,rows1 may be left higher than for double-row'd ,crops2 because there will be more ,earth in the ,intervals1 as the single ,row takes up less4 ,there is no prefix'd ,time for planting ,turneps1 because that must be according to the ,richness of the ,land2 for some ,land will bring them as forward1 and make them as good1 when planted the beginning of ,august1 as other ,land will1 when planted in ,may2 but the most general ,time is1 a little before1 and a little after ,midsummer4 ,between these ,rows of ,turneps#gg1 ,i have planted ,wheat in this ,manner2 viz4 ,about ,michaelmas1 the ,turneps being full grown1 ,i plow'd a ,ridge in the ,middle of each of their ,intervals1 taking most of the ,earth from the ,turneps1 leaving only just enough to keep them alive2 and on this ,ridge drill'd my ,crop of ,wheat#gh1 and towards the ,spring pull'd up my ,turneps1 and carried them off for ,cattle4 #gg ,as ,i have formerly drilled ,wheat between ,rows of ,turneps1 so ,i have since had the ,experience of drilling ,turneps between ,rows of ,barley and ,rows of ,oats3 ,i have had them in the ,intervals between ,six-feet ,ridges1 and between ,four-feet ,ridges1 and between those of several intermediate ,distances2 but which of them all is the best1 ,i leave at present undetermined4 ,i shall only add1 that the poorer the ,land is1 the wider the ,intervals ought to be2 and that1 in the narrow1 'tis convenient at the ,hoeing1 to leave more ,earth on that ,side of each ,interval whereon the ,turneps are to be drill'd2 and this is done by going round several ,intervals with the ,hoe-,plough1 without going forwards and backwards in each immediately3 ,but in the wide ,intervals the ,earth may be equal on both ,sides of them4 ,i will propose another ,method of ,drilling1 which may be very advantageous to those who sow their ,barley upon the ,level1 and sow ,turnep-seed amongst it1 at ,random1 as they do ,clover2 which is1 of late1 a common ,practice in some ,places4 ,the ,barley keeps the ,turneps under it1 and stints them so much1 that they are useful in the ,winter or ,spring1 chiefly by the ,food their ,leaves afford to ,sheep1 their ,roots being exceeding small2 and for this small ,profit they lose the ,time of tilling the ,ground1 until after the ,turneps are eaten off2 which is a ,damage we think greater than the ,profit of such ,turneps2 ,to prevent which ,damage1 they may drill them in ,rows at competent ,distances1 and ,horse-hoe them1 and set them out as soon as the ,barley is off3 ,this will both keep the ,ground in ,tilth1 fit for another ,crop of ,spring ,corn1 and cause the ,turneps to grow great enough 7especially if ,harvest be early1 and the ,winter prove favourable7 for feeding of ,sheep in a moveable ,fold to dung the ,ground into the ,bargain4 ,what induces me to propose this ,improvement is1 that a ,gentleman plows up his ,barley-,stubble1 and transplants ,turneps therein1 and ,hand-hoes them with ,success4 ,by the proposed ,way all the ,expence of transplanting 7which must be considerable7 will be saved2 and the setting out cannot be more than an ,eighth of the ,labour of ,hand-hoeings2 and ,i conjecture the ,horse-hoed ,turneps may be as good2 for they 7though stinted7 having their ,tap-roots remaining unmoved below the ,staple of the ,land1 their horizontal ,roots1 being supply'd with ,moisture from the ,tap-roots1 immediately take hold of the fresh-plowed ,earth1 as soon as 'tis turned back to them2 whereas the transplanted1 having their ,tap-roots broken off1 and their ,horizontal ,roots crumpled in the ,holes wherein they are set1 must lose ,time1 and be in ,danger of dying with ,thirst1 if the ,weather proves dry4 ,also this ,way seems better than the common ,practice of sowing ,turneps upon once plowing after ,wheat2 because the ,wheat-land commonly lies longer unplow'd by ,six or ,eight ,months than ,barley-land2 and therefore cannot be in so good ,tilth for ,turneps as ,barley-land may1 unless the former be of a more friable ,nature1 or much more dunged1 than the latter4 ,besides1 these ,wheat-,turneps are uncertain1 in ,respect of the ,fly that often destroys them at their first coming up2 which ,misfortune happened the ,autumn #agcd to almost all that were sown in that ,manner4 ,i have observ'd1 that ,barley sown on the ,level1 and not hoed1 overcomes the ,turneps that come up amongst it2 but that ,turneps1 which come up in the ,partitions of ,treble ,rows of my ,ridges of ,horse-hoed ,barley1 grew so vigorously as to overcome the ,barley4 ,and this was demonstrated at ,harvest in a long ,field1 one ,side of which had borne ,turnep-seed1 and the drilled ,ridges of ,barley crossing the ,middle of it2 and both ,ends of the ,field having ,barley sown on the ,level1 one ,end of every ,ridge cross'd the ,turnep-seed ,part of the ,field for about ,ten ,perches of their ,length4 ,i observed also1 that the ,turneps near the ,edges of the ,lands of sown ,barley1 adjoining to the hoed ,intervals1 grew large1 but not so large as those in the ,partitions on the ,ridges1 their ,intervals being hoed on each ,side of them4 ,but different from this have ,i seen shattered ,turnep-seed coming up in the like ,partitions of drilled ,wheat1 on the very same ,sort of ,land1 so miserably poor and stinted1 that they scarce grew a ,hand's ,breadth high1 when those ,turneps which the ,hoe left in the ,sides of the ,intervals1 and at the narrow ,edges of the unhoed ,earth of the ,interval ,sides of the ,rows of ,wheat1 grew large2 and the ,wheat was good also3 ,but ,i do not remember how the middle ,row of it succeeded4 ,this last ,experience of the ,turneps among the ,wheat was got by this ,accident3 ,the ,wheat was drilled after drilled ,turneps on ,ridges of a different ,size4 ,the ,turneps were all pulled up before the ,ground was plowed for the ,wheat2 but as ,turnep-seed never comes all up the first ,year1 enough remained of this to come up 7though thinly7 in the ,wheat1 to shew exactly where every ,row had been drilled2 whereupon the ,observation was made4 #gh ,this ,wheat1 being thus drill'd on the new ,ridges made in the ,intervals1 betwixt the ,rows of ,turneps1 being well ,horse-ho'd in the ,spring1 prov'd a very good ,crop2 it was drill'd in treble ,rows1 the ,partitions ,seven ,inches each4 ,when ,turneps are planted too late1 to have ,time and ,sun for attaining to their full ,bulk1 some drill a double ,row on each ,six-feet ,ridge1 with a ,partition of ,fourteen ,inches2 but ,i am told1 that in this double ,row the ,turneps do not1 even at that late ,season1 grow so large1 as those planted at the same time in single ,rows1 tho' the double ,row requires double the ,expence in setting out2 and there will be less ,earth ho'd by the ,breadth of fourteen ,inches of the deepest ,part of the ,ridge1 and consequently the ,land will be the less improv'd for the next ,crop4 ,we need not to be very exact1 in the ,number#gi or ,distance#hj we set them out at2 we contrive to leave the ,master-turneps 7when there is much ,difference in them71 and spare such when near one another1 and leave the more ,space before and behind them2 but if they be ,three ,master-turneps too near together1 we take out the middlemost4 #gi ,the least ,number will be the largest ,turneps2 yet we should have a competent ,stock1 which ,i think is not less than ,thirty on a square ,perch4 #hj ,the ,distance need not to be regular2 for when a ,turnep has ,six ,inches of ,room on one ,side1 and ,eighteen ,inches on the other ,side1 'tis almost as well as if there was one ,foot on each ,side3 tho' then it would be equally distant from the ,two ,turneps betwixt which it stood4 ,turneps that were so thick as to touch one another when half-grown1 by means of well ,hoeing their wide ,intervals1 have afterwards grown to a good ,bigness1 and by thrusting against one another became oval1 instead of round4 ',tis beneficial to hoe ,turneps 7especially the first ,time7 alternately2 viz4 to hoe every other ,interval1 and throw the ,earth back again before we hoe the other ,intervals2 for by this ,means the ,turneps are kept from being#ha stinted3 ',tis better to have ,nourishment given them moderately at twice1 than to have it all once1 and be twice as long before a ,repetition#hb4 #ha ,because this alternate ,hoeing doth not at all endanger the ,roots by being dried by the ,sun2 for whilst one half of the ,roots have ,moisture1 'tis sufficient2 the other ,half will be supplied from those2 so that they will soon take hold of the ,earth again after being moved by the ,hoe4 #hb ,sometimes1 when ,turneps are planted late1 this alternate ,hoeing suffices without any ,repetition2 but when they are planted early1 'twill be necessary to hoe them again2 especially if ,weeds appear4 ,tho' the ,earth on each ,side the ,row be left as narrow as possible#hc2 yet 'tis very profitable to hoe that little with a ,bidens#hd1 called here a ,prong-hoe#he2 for this will be sure to let out all the ,roots into the ,intervals2 even such as run very nearly parallel to the ,rows4 #hc ,i do not think that we can go nearer to the ,plants with the ,hoe-plough1 than within ,three ,inches of their ,bodies4 #hd ,we ought not to use the ,bidens for this ,purpose1 before the perpendicular ,roots are as big as one's little ,finger4 #he ,some of these ,prong-hoes have ,three ,teeth1 and are reckoned better as a ,tridens than a ,bidens2 but this is only in mellow ,ground4 ,this alternate ,way of ,hoeing ,plants that grow in single ,rows1 is of such vast ,advantage1 that four of these1 which are but equal to ,two of the whole ,hoeings in ,labour1 are near equal to four whole ,hoeings in ,benefit2 for when one ,side is well nourished1 the other ,side cannot be starv'd#hf4 #hf ,but yet sometimes the ,weeds1 or other ,circumstances1 may make it proper to give them a whole ,hoeing at first4 ,besides1 where a great ,quantity of ,turneps are to be ho'd1 the last ho'd may be stinted1 before the first are finish'd by whole ,hoeings4 ,in this alternate ,hoeing1 the ,hoe-plough may go deeper#hg and nearer to the ,row1 without ,danger of thrusting it down on the ,left ,side1 whilst the ,plants are very small2 because the ,earth on the other ,side of the ,row always bears against it for its ,support3 ,but in the whole ,hoeing1 there is an open ,furrow left the first ,time on both ,sides of the ,row1 and there is ,danger of throwing it into one ,furrow in plowing the other2 or1 if the ,row is not thrown down1 it may be too much dry'd in hot ,weather1 by the ,two ,furrows lying too long open3 ,yet1 when the ,turneps are large before ,hoeing1 we need not fear either of these ,dangers in giving them a whole ,hoeing2 as ,i have found by ,experience1 even when there has been left on each ,side of the ,row only about ,three ,inches ,breadth of ,earth2 tho' it is not best to suffer it to lie long open#hh4 #hg ,this deep ,plowing so near to the ,row is very beneficial at first2 but afterwards1 when the ,plants are grown large1 and have sent their ,roots far into the ,intervals1 it would almost totally disroot them2 and they1 being ,annuals1 might not live long enough for a new ,stock of ,roots to extend so far as is necessary to bring the ,turneps to their full ,bigness4 ,note1 ,at the last ,hoeing we generally leave a broad1 deep ,trench in the middle of each ,interval4 #hh ,but1 if the ,weather prove wet1 we always suffer those ,furrows to lie open1 until the ,earth be dry enough to be turn'd back again to the ,row1 without smearing or flicking together2 unless such ,weather continue so long that the ,weeds begin to come up1 and then we throw back the ,furrows to stifle the ,weeds1 before they grow large1 tho' the ,earth be wet4 ,dry ,weather does not injure ,turneps when ,horse-ho'd1 as it does sown ,turneps2 the ,hand-hoe does not go deep enough to keep the ,earth moist1 and secure the ,plants against the ,drought2 and that is the best ,season for ,horse-hoeing1 which always can keep the ,roots moist#hi4 #hi ,but if some ,sorts of ,earth have lain so long unmoved as to become very hard before the first ,hoeing1 the ,hoe1 going very rear to the ,rows on each ,side1 may cause such hard ,earth whereon the ,rows stand1 to crack and open enough to let in the ,drought 7i4 e4 the ,sun and ,air7 to the ,roots in very dry ,weather4 ,in this ,case 'tis best to ,horse-hoe alternately1 as is directed in ,page #hf4 ,dung and ,tillage together will attain the necessary ,degree of ,pulveration1 in less time than ,plowing can do alone3 ,therefore ,dung is more useful for ,turneps1 because they have commonly less time to grow than other ,plants4 ,turneps of ,nineteen ,pounds ,weight ,i have several ,times heard of1 and of ,sixteen ,pounds ,weight often known2 and ,twelve ,pounds may be reckon'd the middle ,size of great ,turneps3 ,and ,i can see no ,reason1 why every ,turnep should not arrive to the full ,bigness of its ,species1 if it did not want ,part of its due ,nourishment4 ,the greatest ,inconvenience1 which has been observ'd in the ,turnep-husbandry1 is1 when they are fed off late in the ,spring 7which is in many ,places the greatest ,use of them71 there is not time to bring the ,land in ,tilth for ,barley2 the ,loss of which ,crop is sometimes more than the ,gain of the ,turneps3 ,this is intirely remedied by the drilling ,method2 for1 by that1 the ,land may be almost as well till'd before the ,turneps are eaten1 or taken off1 as it can afterwards4 ,if ,turneps be sown in ,june1 or the ,beginning of ,july1 the most experienced ,turnep-,farmers will have no more than ,thirty to a square ,perch left in ,hand-hoeing2 and find that when more are left1 the ,crop will be less2 but1 in drilling the ,rows at ,six ,feet ,intervals1 there may be ,sixty to a ,perch2 and the ,horse-hoe1 by breaking so much more ,earth than the ,hand-hoe does1 can nourish ,sixty drill'd1 as well as ,thirty are by the sowing ,method1 which has been made appear upon ,trial2 but1 ,i think1 about ,forty or ,forty-five better than ,sixty on a ,perch2 and the ,number of ,plants should always be proportion'd to the natural and artificial ,pasture which is to maintain them2 and sixty ,turneps on a square ,perch1 at ,five ,pounds each 7which is but a ,third of the ,weight of the large ,size of ,sheep-,turneps71 make a ,crop of above ,eighty ,quarters to an ,acre#ij4 #ij ,i have had ,turneps upon poor undung'd ,land1 that weigh'd ,fourteen ,founds a-piece2 but these were only such as had more ,room than the rest4 ,i have seen a whole ,waggon-load of drill'd ,turneps spread on the ,ground1 wherein ,i believe one could not have found one that weighed so little as six ,pounds2 or if the ,rows had been searched before they had been pull'd up1 they would have weighed ,seven or ,eight ,pounds apiece one with another2 we weighed some of them that were ,thirteen1 some ,fourteen ,pounds each1 and yet they stood pretty thick3 ,there might be1 as ,i guess1 about ,fifty on a square ,perch2 but this ,crop was on sandy ,land1 not poor2 and was dung'd the ,third or ,fourth ,year before2 and had every ,year a ho'd ,crop of ,potatoes1 or ,wheat1 until the ,year wherein the ,turneps were planted4 ,when ,turneps are planted late 7especially upon poor ,ground71 they may be a greater ,number than when planted early2 because they will not have time enough of ,heat to enjoy the full ,benefit of ,hoeing1 which would otherwise cause them to grow larger4 ,the greatest ,turnep-,improvement used by the ,farmer1 is for his ,cattle in the ,winter2 one ,acre of ,turneps will then maintain more than ,fifty of ,meadow or ,pasture-ground4 ',tis now so well known1 that most ,cattle will eat them1 and how much they breed ,milk1 c4 that ,i need say nothing about it4 ,sheep always refuse them at first1 and1 unless they have eaten them whilst they were ,lambs1 must be ready to starve before they will feed on them2 tho'1 when they have tasted them1 they will be fatted by them2 and ,i have seen ,lambs of ,three ,weeks old scoop them prettily1 when those of a ,year old 7which are called ,tegs7 have been ready to die with ,hunger amongst them2 and for ,three or ,four ,days would not touch them1 but at last eat them very well4 ,in some ,places1 the greatest ,use of ,turneps 7except for fatting ,oxen and ,sheep7 is for ,ewes and ,lambs in the ,spring1 when natural ,grass is not grown on poor ,ground2 and if the artificial ,grass be then fed by the common ,manner1 the ,crop will be spoil'd1 and it will yield the less ,pasture all the ,summer3 ,i have known ,farmers1 for that ,reason1 oblig'd to keep their ,ewes and ,lambs upon ,turneps 7tho' run up to ,seed7 even until the ,middle of ,april4 ,there are now three ,manners of spending ,turneps with ,sheep1 amongst which ,i do not reckon the ,way of putting a ,flock of ,sheep into a large ,ground of ,turneps without dividing it2 for in that ,case the ,flock will destroy as many ,turneps in a ,fortnight1 as should keep them well a whole ,winter4 ,the ,first ,manner now in ,use is1 to divide the ,ground of ,turneps by ,hurdles1 giving them leave to come upon no more at a ,time than they can eat in one ,day1 and so advance the ,hurdles farther into the ,ground daily1 until all be spent2 but we must observe1 that they never eat them clean this ,way1 but leave the ,bottoms and ,outsides of the ,turneps they have scoop'd in the ,ground4 ,these ,bottoms ,people pull up with ,iron ,crooks1 made for that ,purpose2 but their ,cavities being tainted with ,urine1 ,dung1 and ,dirt from their ,feet1 tho' the ,sheep do eat some of the ,pieces1 they waste more1 and many the ,crooks leave behind in the ,earth2 and even what they do eat of this tainted ,food1 can't nourish them so well as that which is fresh and cleanly4 ,the second ,manner is1 to move the ,hurdles every ,day1 as in the ,first2 but that the ,sheep may not tread upon the ,turneps1 they pull them up first1 and then advance the ,hurdles as far daily as the ,turneps are pull'd up1 and no farther3 ,by this ,means there is not that ,waste made as in the other ,way2 the ,food is eaten fresh and clean2 and the ,turneps are pull'd up with less ,labour than their ,pieces can be#ia4 #ia ,i have seen ,three ,labourers work every ,day with their ,crooks1 to pull up these ,pieces1 which was done with much ,difficulty1 the ,ground being trodden very hard by the ,sheep2 when one ,person1 in ,two ,hours time1 would have pull'd up all the whole ,turneps daily1 and the ,sheep would have eaten them clean2 but so many of those ,pieces were dry'd and spoil'd1 that1 after the ,land was sown with ,barley1 they appear'd very thick upon the ,surface1 and there could not be much less than half the ,crop of ,turneps wasted1 notwithstanding the ,contrivance of these ,crooks4 ,the ,third ,manner is1 to pull them up1 and to carry them into some other ,ground in a ,cart1 or ,waggon1 and there spread them every ,day on a new ,place1 where the ,sheep will eat them up clean1 both ,leaf and ,root3 ,this is done when there is ,land not far off1 which has more ,need of ,dung1 than that where the ,turneps grow1 which perhaps is also too wet for ,sheep in the ,winter2 and then the ,turneps will1 by the too great ,moisture and ,dirt of the ,soil1 spoil the ,sheep1 and in some ,soils give them the ,rot1 yet such ,ground will bring forth more and larger ,turneps than dry ,land2 and when they are carry'd off1 and eaten on plow'd ,ground in dry ,weather1 and on ,green-swerd in wet ,weather1 the ,sheep will thrive much better2 and that moist ,soil1 not being trodden by the ,sheep1 will be in much the better ,order for a ,crop of ,corn4 ,and generally the ,expence of ,hurdles1 and removing them1 being saved1 will more than countervail the ,labour of carrying off the ,turneps4 ,these ,three ,ways of spending ,turneps with ,sheep are common to those drill'd1 and to those sown in the random ,manner2 but they must always be carry'd off for ,cows and ,oxen2 both which will be well fatted by them1 and some ,hay in the ,winter3 ,the ,management of these is the ,business of a ,grazier4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of ,,wheat4 ,tho' all ,sorts of ,vegetables may have great ,benefit from the ,hoe1 because it supplies them with ,plenty of ,food1 at the ,time of their greatest ,need1 yet they do not all equally require ,hoeing2 but the ,plant that is to live the longest1 should have the largest ,stock of ,sustenance provided for it3 ,generally ,wheat lives1 or ought to live1 longer than other ,sorts of ,corn2 for if it be not sown before ,spring1 its ,grain will be thin1 and have but little ,flour in it1 which is the only useful ,part for making ,bread4 ,and when sown late in the ,winter1 'tis in great ,danger of ,death from the ,frost1 whilst weak and tender1 being maintained 7as a ,ftus7 by the umbilical ,vessels1 until the ,warmth of the ,sun enables it to send out sufficient ,roots of its own to subsist on1 without ,help of the ,ovum4 ,to prevent these ,inconveniences1 ,wheat is usually sown in ,autumn3 ,hence1 having about thrice the ,time to be maintain'd that ,spring ,corn hath1 it requires a larger ,supply of ,nourishment1 in proportion to that longer ,time2 not because the ,wheat in its ,infancy consumes the ,stock of ,food1 during the ,winter1 proportionably to what it does afterwards2 but because1 during that long ,interval betwixt ,autumn and ,spring ,seed-times1 most of the artificial ,pasture is naturally lost1 both in light and in strong ,land4 ,for this very ,reason is that extraordinary ,pains of fallowing and dunging the ,soil1 necessary to ,wheat2 tho'1 notwithstanding all that ,labour and ,expence1 the ,ground is generally grown so stale by the ,spring1 and so little of the ,benefit of that chargeable ,culture remains1 that1 if ,part of the same ,field be sown in the ,beginning of ,april1 upon fresh ,plowing1 without the ,dung1 or ,year's ,fallow1 it will be as great or a greater ,crop1 in all ,respects1 except the ,flour1 which fails only for want of ,time to fill the ,grain4 ,poor light ,land1 by the common ,husbandry1 must be very well cultivated and manur'd1 to maintain ,wheat for a whole ,year1 which is the usual ,time it grows thereon2 and if it be sown late1 the greatest ,part of it will seldom survive the ,winter1 on such ,land2 and if it be sown very early on strong ,land1 tho' rich1 well till'd1 and dung'd1 the ,crop will be worse than on the poor light ,land sown early4 ,so much do the long ,winter's ,rains cause the ,earth to subside1 and the divided ,parts to coalesce1 and lock out the ,roots from the ,stock of ,provision1 which1 tho' it was laid in abundantly at ,autumn1 the ,wheat has no great ,occasion of until the ,spring2 and then the ,soil is become too hard for the ,roots to penetrate2 and therefore must starve 7like ,tantalus7 amidst ,dainties1 which may tempt the ,roots1 but cannot be attain'd by them4 ,but the new ,method of ,hoeing gives1 to strong and to light ,land1 all the ,advantages1 and takes away all the ,disadvantages1 of both2 as appears in the ,chapters of ,tillage and ,hoeing4 ,by this ,method the strong ,land may be planted with ,wheat as early as the light 7if plow'd dry72 and the ,hoe-,plough can1 if rightly apply'd1 raise a ,pasture to it#ib1 equal to that of ,dung in both ,sorts of ,land4 #ib ,because the ,hoe may go in it all the ,year1 and the ,soil being infinitely divisible1 the ,division which the ,hoe may make whilst the ,crop is growing1 added to the common ,tillage1 may equal1 or even exceed1 a common ,dressing with ,dung1 as ,i have often experienced4 ,about the ,year #agja1 when ,i had contrived my ,drill for planting ,st4 ,foin1 ,i made use of it also for ,wheat4 ,drilling many ,rows at once1 which made the ,work much more compendious1 and perform'd it much better than ,hands could do1 making the ,channels of a ,foot ,distance1 drilling in the ,seed1 and covering it1 did not in all amount to more than ,six-pence per ,acre ,expence1 which was above ten ,times over-paid by the ,seed that was saved2 for ,one ,bushel to an ,acre was the ,quantity drill'd2 there remain'd then no need of ,hand-work1 but for the ,hoeing2 and this did cost from ,half a ,crown to ,four ,shillings per ,acre4 ,this way turn'd to a very good ,account1 and in considerable ,quantities2 it has brought as good a ,crop of ,wheat on ,barley-stubble1 as that sown the common ,way on ,summer-fallow2 and when that sown the old ,way1 on the same ,field1 on ,barley-stubble1 intirely fail'd1 tho' there was no other ,difference but the ,drilling and ,hoeing3 ,it was also such an ,improvement to the ,land1 that when1 one ,part of a strong whitish ,ground1 all of equal ,goodness1 and equally fallow'd and till'd1 was dung'd and sown in the common ,manner1 and the other ,part was thus drill'd and hand-ho'd without ,dung1 the ho'd ,part was not only the best ,crop1 but the whole ,piece being fallow'd the next ,year1 and sown all alike by a ,tenant1 the ho'd ,part produc'd so much a better ,crop of ,wheat than the dung'd ,part1 that a ,stranger would have believ'd by looking on it1 that that ,part had been dung'd which was not#ic1 and that ,part not to have been dung'd which really was4 #ic ,if the ,dung did pulverize as much as the ,hoeing1 the ,cause must be from the different ,exhaustion4 ,scarce any ,land is so unfit1 and ill prepar'd1 for ,wheat1 as that where the natural ,grass#id abounds4 ,most other sorts of ,weeds may be dealt withal when they come among drill'd ,wheat2 but 'tis impossible to extract ,grass from the ,rows3 ,therefore let that be kill'd before the ,wheat be planted4 #id ,one ,bunch of natural ,grass1 transplanted by the ,plough into a treble ,row of ,wheat1 will destroy almost a whole ,yard of it4 ,the ,six-feet ,ridges being ,eleven1 on ,sixty-six ,feet1 which is an ,acre's ,breadth1 ought to be made ,lengthways of the ,field1 if there be no ,impediment against it2 as if it be an ,hill of any considerable ,steepness1 then they must be made to run up and down1 whether that be the ,length or ,breadth of the ,piece2 for if the ,ridges should go cross such a ,hill1 they could not be well ,horse-ho'd2 because it would be very difficult to turn a ,furrow upwards1 close to the ,row above it1 or to turn a ,furrow downwards1 without burying the ,row below it2 and even when a ,furrow is turn'd from the lower ,row1 enough of the ,earth to bury that ,row will be apt to run over on the ,left-side of the ,plough2 unless it goes at such a ,distance from the ,row1 as to give it no ,benefit of ,hoeing4 ,these ,ridges should be made strait and equal3 ,and to make them strait#ie all good ,ploughmen know how2 and they will1 by setting up ,marks to look at1 plow in a ,line like the ,path of an ,arrow3 ,but to make the ,ridges equal1 'tis necessary to mark out a ,number of them1 before you begin to plow1 by short ,sticks set up at each ,end of the ,piece2 and then if one ,ridge happen to be a little too broad1 the next may be made the narrower2 for if the ,plough comes not out exactly at the second ,stick1 the ,two ,ridges may be made equal by the next ,plowing1 or by the ,drilling2 but if many contiguous ,ridges should be too wide1 or too narrow1 'twill be difficult to bring them all to an ,equality afterwards1 without levelling the whole ,piece1 and laying out the ,ridges all anew4 #ie ,but if the ,piece be of such a crooked or serpentine ,form1 that the ,ridges cannot well be plow'd strait the first ,time1 'tis best to drill it upon the ,level2 and then the marking ,wheels may direct for making the ,row all parallel and equidistant2 which will guide the ,plough to make all the ,ridges for the next and all the subsequent ,crops1 as equal4 ,the exact ,height of ,ridges1 which is best1 ,i cannot determine#if3 ,a different ,soil may require a different ,height1 according to the ,depth1 ,richness1 and ,pulveration of the ,mould4 ,as ,wheat covets always to lie dry in the ,winter1 so there is no other way to keep it so dry as these ,ridges2 for when they are1 after the first ,hoeing1 about ,eighteen ,inches broad#ig1 with a ,ditch on each ,side1 of almost a ,foot deep1 the ,rain-water runs off such narrow ,ridges as fast it falls1 and much sooner#ih than 'tis possible for it to do from broad ,ridges4 #if ,i find by measuring my ,wheat ,ridges in the ,spring1 that none of them are quite a ,foot high2 and some of them only ,six ,inches2 but ,i know not how much they have subsided in the ,winter2 for they were certainly higher when first made4 #ig ,this is the ,breadth the ,ridges are generally left at1 when the ,furrows are hoed from them1 and thrown into the ,intervals4 #ih ,water1 when it runs off very soon1 is beneficial1 as is seen in water'd ,meadows2 but where it remains long on1 or very near the ,bodies of terrestrial ,plants1 it kills them1 or at least is very injurious to them4 ,and the deeper the ,soil1 the more occasion there commonly is of this high ,situation2 because such ,land is wetter for the most ,part than shallow ,land1 where we cannot make the ,furrows so deep1 nor the ,ridges so high#ii1 as in deep ,land2 for we must never plow below the ,staple4 ,i see the ,wheat on these ho'd ,ridges flourish1 and grow vigorously1 in wet ,weather1 when other ,wheat looks yellow and sickly4 #ii ,if we should make our ,ridges as high on a shallow ,soil1 as we may on a deep ,soil1 there would be a ,deficiency of ,mould in the ,intervals of equal ,breadth with those of a deep ,soil4 ,the same wide ,interval1 which is ho'd betwixt ,ridges the ,first time1 with ,two ,furrows1 must have had ,four ,furrows1 to hoe it on the ,level2 or else the ,furrow1 that is turn'd from the ,row1 would rise up1 and a great ,part of it fall over to the ,left-hand1 and bury the ,row2 but when turn'd from a ,ridge1 it will all fall down to the ,right-hand4 ,you must not leave the ,tops of the ,ridges quite so narrow and sharp for ,drilling of ,wheat1 as you may for drilling ,turneps2 ,wheat being in treble ,rows1 but ,turneps generally in single ,rows#ajj4 ,this is our ,method of making ,ridges for the ,first ,crop of drill'd ,wheat4 #ajj ,a single ,row taking up less of the ,breadth1 may be afforded to have more of the ,ridge's ,depth2 because it leaves the ,interval wider4 ,but the ,method of making ,ridges for a succeeding ,crop1 after the former is harvested1 is best perform'd as follows3 ,in making ,ridges for ,wheat after ,wheat1 you must raise them to their full ,height1 before you plow the old ,partitions1 with their ,stubble1 up to them2 for if you go about to make the ,ridges higher afterwards1 the ,stubble will so mix with the ,mould of their ,tops1 that it may not only be an ,hindrance to the ,drill1 but also to the ,first ,hoeing2 because if the ,hoe-plough goes so near to the ,rows as it ought1 it would be apt to tear out the ,wheat-plants along with the ,stubble4 ,in ,reaping1 we cut as near as we can to the ,ground#aja2 which is easily done1 because the ,stalks stand all close together at ,bottom1 contrary to those of sown ,wheat4 #aja ,when ,wheat is reap'd very low1 the ,stubble is no great ,impediment2 and ,i do this when ,i am forc'd to inlarge the ,breadth of my ,ridges1 or to change their ,bearing1 as ,i do when ,i find it convenient for them to point ,cross-ways of the ,field instead of ,length ways2 as if one ,end of it be wetter than the other3 ,for 'tis inconvenient1 that one ,end of a ,ridge should be in the wet ,part1 and the other in the dry2 because1 in that ,case1 we cannot hoe the dry ,end without hoeing the wet at the same time2 and whilst we attend for the wet ,part to become dry1 it may happen1 that the ,season for hoeing the whole 7if the ,quantity be great7 may be lost4 ,i find this ,stubble1 when 'tis only mixt with the ,intervals1 very beneficial to the ,hoeing of my ,wheat2 but ,i know not whether it may be so in rich miry ,land4 ,as soon as conveniently you can1 after the ,crop of ,wheat is carried off 7if the ,trench in the ,middle of each wide ,interval be left deep enough by the last ,hoeing71 go as near as you can to the ,stubble with a common ,plough1 and turn ,two large ,furrows into the ,middle of the ,intervals1 which will#ajb make a ,ridge over the ,place where the ,trench was3 ,but if the ,trench be not deep enough1 go first in the ,middle of it with one ,furrow2 which with ,two more taken from the ,ridges1 will be three ,furrows in each ,interval2 continue this ,plowing as long as the dry ,weather lasteth2 and then finish1 by turning the ,partitions 7whereon the last ,wheat grew7 up to the new ,ridges1 which is usually done at ,two great ,furrows4 ,you may plow these last ,furrows1 which complete the ,ridges1 in wet ,weather4 #ajb ',tis the ,depth and ,fineness of this ,ridge that the ,success of our ,crop depends on2 the ,plants having nothing else to maintain them during the ,first ,six ,months2 and if1 for want of ,sustenance1 they are weak in the ,spring1 'twill be more difficult to make them recover their ,strength afterwards so fully as to bring them to their due ,perfection4 ,but ,ploughmen have found a ,trick to disappoint us in this fundamental ,part of our ,husbandry1 if they are not narrowly watched3 ,they do it in the following ,manner2 viz4 ,they contrive to leave the ,trench very shallow2 and then1 in turning the ,two ,first ,furrows of the ,ridge1 they hold the ,plough towards the ,left1 which raises up the ,fin of the ,share1 and leaves so much of the ,earth whereon the ,rows are to stand whole and unplowed1 that after once ,harrowing there doth not remain above ,two or ,three ,inches in ,depth of fine ,earth underneath the ,rows when drilled1 instead of ,ten or ,twelve ,inches4 ,on a ,time1 when my ,diseases permitted me to go into the ,wheat-field1 where my ,ploughs were at ,work1 ,i discovered this ,trick1 and ventured to ask my chief ,ploughman his ,reason for doing this in my ,absence1 contrary to my ,direction4 ,he magisterially answer'd1 according to his own ,theory1 which ,servants judge ought to be follow'd before that of him they call ,master1 saying1 ,that as the ,roots of ,wheat never reached more than ,two or ,three ,inches deep1 there was no need that the fine ,mould should be any deeper4 ,but those shallow ,ridges1 which were indeed too many1 producing a ,crop very much inferior to the contiguous deep ,ridges1 shewed1 at my ,cost1 the ,mistake of my cunning ,ploughman4 ',tis true1 that ,people who examine ,wheat-roots when dead1 are apt to fall into this mistake2 for then they are shrivell'd up1 and so rotten1 that they break off very near to the ,stalk in pulling up2 but if they are examined in their ,vigour at ,summer with ,care1 in a friable ,soil1 they may be seen to descend as deep as the fine pulveriz'd ,mould reacheth1 though that should be a ,foot in ,thickness4 ,i took up a ,wheat-ear in ,harvest that had lain on the ,grass in wet ,weather1 where the ,wind could not come to dry it1 which had sent out white ,roots like the ,teeth of a ,comb1 some of them ,three ,inches long3 ,none having reached the ,ground1 they could not be nourished from any thing but the ,grains1 which remained fast to the ,ear1 and had not as yet sent out any ,blade4 ',tis unreasonable to imagine1 that such a single ,root as one of these1 when in the ,earth1 from whence it must maintain a pretty large ,plant all or most ,part of the ,winter1 should descend no farther than when it was itself maintained from the ,flour of the ,grain only4 ,to make a ,six-feet ,ridge very high1 will sometimes require more ,furrows2 as when the ,middle of the ,intervals are open very wide and deep1 then ,six ,furrows to the whole ,ridge may be necessary1 and they not little ones2 and the ,season makes a ,difference1 as well as the ,size of the ,furrows2 for when the fine ,mould is very dry 7which is best71 it will much of it run to the ,left-hand before the ,plough1 and also more will run back again to the ,left after the ,plough is gone past it4 ,but when such ,ridges have been made for ,wheat1 and the ,season continues long too dry for planting it1 and the ,stubble not thrown up1 we then plow one deep ,furrow on the ,middle of each ,ridge1 and then plow the whole ,ridge at ,four ,furrows more1 which will raise it very high4 ,this ,way of replowing the ,ridges moves all the ,earth of them1 and yet is done at ,five ,furrows4 ,the ,furrows1 necessary for raising up the ,ridges1 must be more1 or fewer1 in regard to the ,bigness of them2 because ,six small ,furrows may be less than ,four great ones4 ',tis not best to plow the ,stubble up to the ,ridges1 until just before ,planting 7especially in the early ,plowing72 because that will hinder the ,re-plowing of the ,first ,furrows1 which1 if the ,season continues dry1 may be necessary3 ,sometimes we do this by opening ,one ,furrow in the ,middle of the ,ridge1 sometimes ,two1 and afterwards raise up the ,ridges again2 and when they are become moist enough at ,top 7the old ,partitions being plow'd up to them71 we harrow them once#ajc 7and that only ,lengthways72 and then drill them4 #ajc ,but if once be not sufficient to level the ,tops of the ,ridges fit for the ,drill to pass thereon1 as it always will1 unless the ,two hard ,furrows lie so high1 that all the ,three ,shares of the ,drill cannot reach to make their ,channels1 in this ,case you must harrow again until they can all reach deep enough4 ,also in some ,sort of ,land1 that when drilled late1 and very moist1 will stick to the ,shares like ,pitch or ,bird-lime1 whereby the ,channels are in ,part left open by the ,drill-harrow1 it must be harrowed after 'tis drilled1 because 'tis necessary in such ,land to take off the common ,drill-harrow1 in order for a ,man to follow the ,drill with a ,paddle1 or else a forked ,stick1 with which he frees the ,sheats of the adhering ,dirt2 this ,harrow being gone1 much of the ,seed will lie uncovered1 and then must be covered with common ,harrows2 unless a ,drill-harrow1 which was not in ,use when my ,plates were made1 be placed instead of that taken off3 ,this1 with its two ,iron ,tines1 will cover the ,seed in this ,case much better than common ,harrows1 and will be no ,hindrance to cleansing of the ,sheats1 the ,legs by which this ,harrow is drawn1 being remote from them1 placed at near the ,end of the ,plank2 and note1 that the most proper ,drill for this ,purpose is one that has only ,two ,shares1 standing a ,foot or fourteen ,inches asunder3 ,this ,harrow serves for taking up the ,drill to turn it4 ,there is a ,necessity of plowing the old ,partitions up to the new ,ridges to support their other ,earth from falling down by the ,harrowing and ,drilling1 which would else make them level4 ,our ,ridges1 after the ,first ,time of ,plowing1 excel common ,ridges of the same ,height2 because these1 tho' as deep in ,mould at the ,tops1 have little of it till'd at the last ,plowing2 but ours1 being made upon the open ,trenches1 consist of new-till'd pulveriz'd ,mould1 from ,top to ,bottom4 ',tis a general ,rule1 that all ,sorts of ,grain and ,seeds prosper best1 sown when the ,ground is so dry1 as to be broken into the most ,parts by the ,plough4 ,the ,reason why ,wheat is an ,exception to that ,rule is1 because it must endure the ,rigours of ,winter1 which 'tis the better able to do1 by the ,earth's being press'd or trodden harder1 and closer to it#ajd1 as it is when moved wet4 #ajd ',tis for that ,reason1 that ,farmers drive their ,sheep over very light ,land1 as soon as 'tis sown with ,wheat1 to tread the 7,top or7 ,surface of it hard3 and then the ,cold of the ,winter cannot so easily penetrate1 to kill the ,roots of the tender ,plants4 ,if ,wheat were as hardy as ,rye1 and its ,roots as patient of ,cold1 it might1 no doubt1 be sown in as dry a ,season as ,rye is1 and prosper the better for it1 as ,rye doth4 ,this will appear1 if ,wheat and ,rye be both sown in the same dry ,season1 after the ,winter is over4 ,but as ,wheat requires to have the ,earth lie harder on and about it1 in the ,winter2 so it also requires more ,dung 7or somewhat else7 to dissolve the ,earth about its ,roots1 after the cold ,winter is past1 than ,rye doth1 whose ,roots never were so much confined4 ',tis another general ,rule1 that all ,sorts of ,vegetables thrive best1 when sown on fresh till'd ,ground1 immediately after 'tis plow'd4 ,wheat is an ,exception to this ,rule also2 for 'tis better to plow the ,ground dry1 and let it lie till the ,weather moistens it 7tho' it be several ,weeks71 and then drill the ,wheat3 ,the ,harrows and the ,drill will move a sufficient ,part of the ,ground1 which will stick together for ,defence of the small ,roots1 during the ,winter1 the rest of the ,mould1 lying open1 and divided underneath until ,spring1 to nourish them4 ,there is a ,sort of binding ,sand1 that requires not only to be plow'd dry1 but sow'd dry also2 or else the ,wheat will dwindle in the ,spring1 and fail of being a tolerable ,crop4 ,but what ,i mean by dry ,plowing is1 not that the ,land should always be so void of ,moisture1 as that the ,dust should fly2 but it must not be so wet1 as to stick together#aje4 ,neither should we drill when the ,earth is wet as ,pap2 it suffices that it be moist1 but moister in light ,land than in strong ,land1 when we drill4 #aje ,but the drier 'tis plow'd the better4 ,if the ,two ,furrows1 whereon the treble ,row is to stand1 be plow'd wet1 the ,earth of the ,partitions may grow so hard by the ,spring1 that the ,roots cannot run freely therein1 unless there be ,dung to ferment and keep it open4 ,so we see1 that a steep ,bank1 made of wet ,earth1 will lie fast for several ,years1 when another1 made of the same ,earth dry1 will moulder1 and run down very soon2 because its ,parts have not the ,cohesion that holds the other together1 it continues open1 and more porous1 and crumbles continually down4 ,i have seen ,trials of this ,difference betwixt plowing ,dry1 and plowing ,wet1 for planting of ,wheat1 both in the ,old ,way1 and in the ,drilling ,way1 but most in the latter2 and never saw an ,instance where the ,dry-,plowing did not outdo the ,wet2 if the ,wheat was not planted thereon before the ,earth was become moist enough at ,top4 ,and strong ,land1 plow'd wet in ,november1 will be harder in the ,spring1 than if plow'd dry in ,august2 tho' it would then have ,three ,months longer to lie4 ,after ,rain1 when the ,top of the ,ground is of a fit ,moisture for ,drilling1 harrow it with ,two light ,harrows1 drawn by a ,horse going in the ,furrow betwixt ,two ,ridges#ajf2 once will be enough1 the ,furrow being just broken to level1 or rather smooth it for the ,drill4 #ajf ,once ,harrowing is generally enough1 but not always4 ,if the ,veerings#ajg whereon the next ,crop is to stand1 be plow'd dry1 we may drill at any ,time during the common and usual ,wheat-seed time1 that is proper for the sort of ,wheat to be drill'd1 and the sort of ,land1 whether that be early or late1 we may drill earlier1 but not later than the sowing ,farmers4 ,but ,i have had good ,crops of ,wheat drill'd at all ,times betwixt ,harvest and the ,beginning of ,november4 #ajg ,the ,word veering is1 ,i believe1 taken from the ,seamen1 and signifies to turn3 ,it is the ,ploughman's ,term for turning ,two ,furrows toward each other1 as they must do to begin a ,ridge3 and therefore they call the ,top of a ,ridge a ,veering2 they call the ,two ,furrows that are turn'd from each other at the ,bottom1 between ,two ,ridges1 a ,henting1 i4 e4 an ,ending3 because it makes an ,end of plowing ,ridges4 ,our ,intervals wholly consist of ,veerings or ,hentings2 when ,two ,furrows are turn'd from the ,rows1 they make a ,veering2 when turn'd towards the ,rows1 they are a ,henting1 which is the deep wide ,trench in the ,middle of an ,interval4 ,for the ,benefit of the middle ,rows1 'tis better not to drill ,wheat on strong ,land before the usual ,season2 because the later 'tis planted1 the more open the ,partitions will be for the ,roots of those ,rows to run through them in the ,spring3 and yet1 if the ,earth of the ,partitions be plow'd very wet1 tho' late1 they may be harder at the ,spring1 than those which are plow'd early and dry4 ,there is a ,sort of ,wheat call'd by some#ajh ,smyrna ,wheat3 ,it has a prodigious large ,ear1 with many less 7or collateral7 ,ears1 coming all round the ,bottom of this ,ear2 as it is the largest of all ,sorts of ,wheat1 so it will dispense with the ,nourishment of a ,garden1 without being over-fed1 and requires more ,nourishment than the common ,husbandry will afford it2 for there its ,ears grow not much bigger than those of common ,wheat3 ,this ,i believe to be1 for that ,reason1 the very best ,sort for the ,hoeing ,husbandry2 next to this ,i esteem the ,white-cone ,wheat1 then the ,grey-cone4 ,i have had very good ,crops from other ,sorts2 but look upon these to be the best4 #ajh ',tis said to grow mostly in some ,islands of the ,archipelago1 and some ,author describes it ,triticum spica multiplici3 ,there is another ,sort of ,wheat that has many little ,ears coming out of ,two ,sides of the main ,ear1 but this is very late ripe1 and doth not succeed well here1 nor is it liked by them who have sown it2 yet ,i have had some ,ears of it by chance among my drill'd ,wheat1 which have been larger than those of any common ,sort4 ,i have not as yet been able to procure any of the ,smyrna ,wheat1 which ,i look on as a great ,misfortune2 but ,i had some of it above ,forty ,years ago4 ,when ,wheat is planted early1 less ,seed is required than when late2 because less of it will die in the ,winter than of that planted late1 and it has more ,time to tiller#aji4 #aji ,to tiller is to branch out into many ,stalks1 and is the ,country ,word1 that signifies the same with fruticare4 ,poor ,land should have more ,seed than rich ,land1 because a less ,number of the ,plants will survive the ,winter on poor ,land4 ,the least ,quantity of ,seed may suffice for rich ,land that is planted early2 for thereon very few ,plants will die2 and the ,hoe will cause a small ,number of ,plants to send out a vast ,number of ,stalks1 which will have large ,ears2 and in these1 more than in the ,number of ,plants1 consists the ,goodness of a ,crop#aaj4 #aaj ,a too great ,number of ,plants do neither tiller1 nor produce so large ,ears1 nor make half so good a ,crop1 as a bare competent ,number of ,plants will4 ,another thing must be consider'd1 in order to find the just ,proportion of ,seed to plant2 and that is1 that some ,wheat has its ,grains twice as big as other ,wheat of the same ,sort2 and then a ,bushel#aaa will contain but half the ,number of ,grains2 and one ,bushel of ,small-grain'd ,wheat will plant as much ,ground as ,two ,bushels of the ,large-grain'd2 for1 in ,truth1 'tis not the ,measure of the ,seed1 but the ,number of the ,grains1 to which respect ought to be had in apportioning the ,quantity of it to the ,land4 #aaa ,our ,bushel contains ,seventy ,pounds of the best ,wheat4 ,some have thought1 that a large ,grain of ,wheat would produce a larger ,plant than a small ,grain2 but ,i have full ,experience to the contrary4 ,the small ,grain1 indeed1 sends up its first single ,blade in ,proportion to its own ,bulk1 but afterwards becomes as large a ,plant1 as the largest ,grain can produce#aab1 cteris paribus4 #aab ,farmers in general know this1 and choose the thinnest1 smallest-grained ,wheat for ,seed2 and therefore prefer that which is blighted and lodged1 and that which grows on new-broken ,ground1 and is not fit for ,bread2 not only because this thin ,wheat has more ,grains in a ,bushel2 but also because such ,seed is least liable to produce a smutty ,crop1 and yet brings ,grains as large as any4 ,i myself have had as full ,proofs of this as can possibly be made in both ,respects4 ',twas from such small ,seed that my drill'd ,lammas ,wheat produced the ,ears of that monstrous ,length described in this ,chapter4 ,i never saw the like1 except in that one ,year2 and the ,grains were large also4 ,and as full ,proofs have ,i seen of thin ,seed-wheat escaping the ,smut1 when plump large grain'd ,seed of the same ,sort have been smutty4 ,six ,gallons of middle-siz'd ,seed we most commonly drill on an ,acre2 yet1 on rich ,land planted early1 ,four ,gallons may suffice2 because then the ,wheat will have ,roots at the ,top of the ,ground before ,winter1 and tiller very much1 without ,danger of the ,worms1 and other ,accidents1 that late-planted ,wheat is liable to4 ,if it is drill'd too thick1 'twill be in ,danger of falling2 if too thin1 it may happen to tiller so late in the ,spring1 that some of the ,ears may be blighted2 yet a little thicker or thinner does not matter4 ,as to the ,depth1 we may plant from half an ,inch1 to three ,inches deep2 if planted too deep1 there is more ,danger of its being eaten off by ,worms1 betwixt the ,grain and the ,blade#aac2 for as that ,thread is the ,thread of ,life during the ,winter 7if not planted early71 so the longer the ,thread is1 the more ,danger will there be of the ,worms#aad4 #aac ,a ,wheat plant1 that is not planted early1 sends out no ,root above the ,grain before the ,spring2 and is nourish'd all the ,winter by a single ,thread1 proceeding from the ,grain up to the ,surface of the ,ground4 #aad ,because the ,worms can more easily find a ,thread1 that extends by its ,length to five or six ,inches ,depth1 than one which reaches but ,one ,inch2 and besides1 the ,worms in ,winter do not inhabit very near the ,surface of the ,ground2 and therefore also miss the short ,threads1 and meet with the long ones4 ',tis a necessary ,caution to beware of the ,rooks#aae1 just as the ,wheat begins to peep2 for before you can perceive it to be coming up1 they will find it1 and dig it up to eat the ,grain2 therefore you must keep them off for a ,week or ,ten ,days2 and in that time the ,blade will become green1 and the ,grain so much exhausted of its ,flour1 that the ,rooks think it not worth while to dig after it4 #aae ',tis true1 that ,wheat which is planted early enough for its ,grain to be unfit for the ,rooks1 before the ,corn that is left on the ,ground at ,harvest is either all eaten by them1 or by ,swine1 or else grow'd1 plowed in1 or otherwise spoiled1 is in no ,danger3 but as this sometimes happens soon after ,harvest1 the ,time of which is uncertain1 a timely ,care is necessary4 ,many are the ,contrivances to fright the ,rooks2 viz4 ,to dig an ,hole in the ,ground1 and stick ,feathers therein2 to tear a ,rook to ,pieces1 and lay them on divers ,parts of the ,field3 ,this is sometimes effectual2 but ,kites or other ,vermin soon carry away those ,pieces4 ,hanging up of dead ,rooks is of little ,use2 for the living will dig up the ,wheat under the dead ones4 ,a ,gun is also of great ,use for the ,purpose2 but unless the ,field in ,time of ,danger be constantly attended1 the ,rooks will at one ,time or other of the ,day do their ,work1 and you may attend often1 and yet to no ,purpose2 for they will do great ,damage in your ,absence4 ,the only ,remedy that ,i have found infallible is a ,keeper 7a ,boy may serve very well7 to attend from ,morning until ,night2 when he sees ,rooks either flying over the ,field1 or alighted in it1 he halloos1 and throws up his ,hat1 or a dead ,rook1 into the ,air3 upon which they immediately go off2 and 'tis seldom that any one will alight there3 ,they1 finding there is no ,rest for them1 seek other ,places for their ,prey1 wherein they can feed more undisturbed4 ,this was the ,expedient ,i made use of for preserving my present ,crop3 ,it succeeded so well1 that in ,sixscore ,acres1 ,i believe there is not ,two-pence ,damage done by the ,rooks2 but ,i had two ,boys 7one at ,four-pence1 and the other at ,three-pence a ,day7 to attend them2 because my ,wheat is on ,two ,sides of my ,farm2 the whole ,expence was about ,twenty ,shillings4 ,the ,damage ,i received by ,rooks the last ,year in a ,field of ,seventeen ,acres1 was more than would have1 in this manner1 preserved my whole ,crops for ,twenty ,years running4 ,i wish ,i could as easily defend my ,wheat against ,sheep1 which are to me a more pernicious ,vermin than the ,rooks4 ,but the ,rooks do not molest ,wheat that is planted before or a little after ,st4 ,michael2 for then there remains ,corn enough in the ,fields1 which is left at ,harvest above-ground1 that ,rooks prefer always before ,corn which must cost them the ,labour of digging to find it4 ,of ,partitions4 ,i have now intirely left out the middle ,row for ,wheat1 and keep only to the double ,row1 for the following ,reasons4 ,it makes the cleansing from ,weeds more difficult1 than when there is only a double ,row4 ,the ,hand-hoe cannot give near so much ,nourishment 7i4 e4 pulverize so much ,earth7 in ,two ,seven-inch ,partitions1 as it can in ,one ,ten-inch ,partition4 ,there is ,four ,inches less ,earth to be pulveriz'd by the ,horse-hoe from the ,surface of a ,ridge that has ,two ,seven-inch ,partitions1 than from a ,ridge that hath ,one ,ten-inch ,partition4 ,the ,ridge must be almost twice as deep in ,mould for the treble as for the double ,row1 or else the middle ,row will be very weak and poor2 and then1 according to the ,principles1 the whole ,ridge will be more exhausted1 than by an equal ,product produced by strong ,plants4 ,as the ,ridges may be much lower that have only the one ,partition1 so the ,intervals may be narrower1 and yet have as much ,earth in them to be pulveriz'd1 as in wide ones that are betwixt treble ,rows2 because the ,four ,inches that are in the two ,partitions more than in the single ,partition1 being on the ,top of the ,ridge1 may have more ,mould under them than ,eight ,inches on the ,side of a ,ridge2 and the ,four ,inches1 being in the ,partitions1 lose the ,benefit of ,horse-hoeing4 ,instead of using the middle ,row as an ,alloy1 'tis better to plant such ,sorts of ,wheat as do not require any ,alloy to the double ,row2 and these are the ,white-cone1 and above all other ,sorts the right ,smyrna4 ,the ,white-cone ,wheat must not be reaped so green as the ,lammas ,wheat may2 for if it is not full-ripe1 it will be difficult to thresh it clean out of the ,straw4 ,it happened once that my ,white-cone being planted early1 and being very high1 the ,blade and ,stalk were kill'd in the ,winter2 and yet it grew high again in the ,spring1 and had then the same ,fortune a ,second time2 it lay on the ,ridges like ,straw1 but sprung out anew from the ,root1 and made a very good ,crop at ,harvest3 ,therefore1 if the like ,accident should happen1 the ,owner needs not be frighted at it4 ,one thing that made ,six-feet ,ridges seem at first necessary1 was the great ,breadth of the ,two ,partitions 7which were ,eight ,inches apiece71 which1 together with the ,earth left on each ,side of the treble ,row not well cleansed by ,hand-work1 made ,two large whole ,furrows1 at the first ,plowing for the next ,crop1 that could not be broken by ,harrows3 ,these ,two strong ,furrows1 being turned to the ,two ,furrows that are in the middle of a narrow ,interval1 for making a new ,ridge1 would cover almost all the pulveriz'd ,earth1 not leaving room betwixt the ,two whole ,furrows for the ,drill to go in4 ,but now the single ,partition1 and the ,earth left by the ,hoe-,plough1 on the ,outsides of the double ,row1 making ,two narrow ,furrows1 and the one ,partition being cleansed1 and deeper ,hand-ho'd than those of the treble ,row were1 or could be1 are easily broken by the ,harrows2 for1 besides their ,narrowness1 they have no ,roots to hold their ,mould together1 except the ,wheat-roots1 which1 being small and dead1 have not ,strength enough to hold it2 and therefore that ,necessity of such broad ,ridges now ceases along with the treble ,row4 ,when the ,two narrow fragile ,furrows are harrowed1 and mixed with the pulveriz'd ,earth of the ,intervals1 the ,roots of the ,wheat will reach it2 and it is no ,matter whether the ,crop be drill'd after ,two ,plowings1 in which ,case the ,row will stand on the very same ,place whereon the ,row stood the precedent ,year1 or whether it be drill'd after ,one or ,three ,plowings2 and then the ,rows will stand on the ,middle of the last ,year's ,intervals4 ,i cannot prescribe precisely the most proper ,width of all ,intervals2 because they should be different in different ,circumstances4 ,in deep rich ,land they may be a little narrower than in shallow ,land4 ,there must be 7as has been said7 a competent ,quantity of ,earth in them to be pulveriz'd2 and1 when the ,soil is rich1 the less will suffice4 ,never let the ,intervals be too wide to be ,horse-hoed at ,two ,furrows1 without leaving any ,part unplowed in the ,middle of them1 when the ,furrows are turned towards the ,rows4 ,some ,ploughmen can plow a wider ,furrow than others1 that do not understand the letting of the ,hoe-,plough so well1 can4 ,by making the ,plank of the ,hoe-plough shorter1 and the ,limbers more crooked1 we can now hoe in narrower ,intervals than formerly1 without doing any ,damage to the ,wheat4 ,i now choose to have ,fourteen ,ridges on an ,acre1 and one only ,partition of ,ten ,inches on each of them4 ,this ,i find answers all the ,ends ,i purpose4 ,if the ,partitions are narrower1 there is not sufficient room in them for the ,hand-hoe to do its work effectually2 if wider1 too much ,earth will lose the ,benefit of the ,horse-hoe4 ,the poorer the ,soil is1 the more ,pulveration will be necessary to it4 ,when a great ,season of ,wheat is drill'd1 it cannot be expected that much of it can be plowed dry1 tho' it is advantageous when there happens an ,opportunity for doing it2 but by long ,experience ,i find1 that in most of my ,lands it does very well1 when plowed in a moderate ,temper of ,moisture4 ,it may not be amiss to harrow it once after it is drill'd1 which will1 in some ,measure1 disappoint the ,rooks2 besides covering the ,wheat1 if1 perchance1 any should miss being covered by the ,drill-harrow4 ,but these1 and all ,harrows that go on a ,ridge1 both before and after it is drill'd1 should be very light1 and fastened together in the common ,manner2 except that the ,pole must be fastened to each ,harrow in two ,places2 which keeps them both as level as if they were ,one single ,harrow3 ,otherwise the ,ridges would be too sharp at the ,top1 and the ,partitions would lie higher than the ,rows1 and some of their ,earth would be apt to fall on the ,rows when it is ,hand-hoed4 ,by ,means of this level ,harrowing1 there is left an open ,furrow in the ,middle of the ,interval1 which much facilitates the ,first ,horse-hoeing4 ,but when1 after a ,crop is taken off1 the ,ridges are plowed twice1 as they may be where the one ,partition hath been well ,hand-ho'd2 'tis better to harrow the first-made ,ridges in the common ,manner2 because then some of the fine ,earth1 that is harrow'd down1 will reach to the middle of the ,intervals whereon the ,ridges are to be made for ,drilling3 ,or if there should be time for plowing thrice1 the ,ridges of the ,first and ,second ,plowings are to be harrow'd in the common ,manner also4 ,the ,harrowing of ,ridges must never be cross-ways1 unless they are to be made level for ,cross-plowing1 in order to lay out the ,ridges of a ,breadth different to what they were of before4 ,when you perceive the ,ridges are too high1 harrow them lower by the described manner of ,harrowing2 first with the heavy ,harrows for harrowing out the ,stubble1 and then with light ones1 which may be often1 for making the ,earth on the ,ridges the finer for ,drilling1 without throwing much of it down2 frequent ,harrowings in this manner1 not being injurious like too much ,harrowing on level ,ground1 which is sometimes trodden as hard as the ,highway by the ,cattle that draw the ,harrows2 for in harrowing these ,ridges1 the ,beast draws the ,two ,harrows1 and always treads in the ,furrow between them where there is none or very little ,mould to tread on4 ,the ,price of ,hand-hoeing of these double ,rows is a ,peny for thirty ,perches in ,length of ,row1 which amounts to between ,eighteen and ,nineteen ,pence for an ,acre4 ,i should say1 that in ,hand-hoeing the ,earth must never be turned towards the ,wheat2 for1 if it were1 it might crush it when young2 neither could the ,partition be clean hoed4 ,the ,hand-hoes for hoeing the ,ten-inch ,partition have their ,edges ,seven ,inches long2 they are about ,four ,inches deep from the ,handle2 if they were deeper1 they would be too weak2 for they must be thin1 and well steeled4 ,the ,labourers pay for them1 and keep them in ,order1 for their own ,use4 ,these ,hoes must not cut out any ,part of the ,two ,rows1 nor be drawn through them1 as the ,four-inch ,hoes sometimes may through the treble ,rows4 ,if ,i am taxed with ,levity in changing my treble ,rows for double ones1 it will not appear to be done of a sudden4 ,in p4 #acb4 ,i advised the ,trial of both ,sorts3 ,and now1 upon fuller ,experience1 ,i find the double ,rows much preferable to the treble1 especially for ,wheat4 ,when ,gentlemen saw the middle ,row on low ,ridges so much inferior to the outside ,rows1 they were convinced of the ,effect of deep ,hoeing2 for they said1 there was no other ,reason for this so visible a ,difference1 except the outside ,rows standing nearer to the pulveriz'd ,intervals than the middle ,row did4 ,and when on high ,ridges the middle ,row was nearly or quite as good as one of the outside ,rows1 ,i was not convinced1 that they were not diminished by the middle ,row1 as much as the ,produce of it amounted to3 ,and this ,i now find to be the ,case2 for ,four ,rows of ,oats1 without a middle ,row1 produced somewhat more than the same ,number that had a middle ,row2 ,two of which treble ,rows were taken on one ,side1 and ,two on the other ,side of the double ,rows1 purposely to make an unexceptionable ,trial4 ,and it is1 as far as ,i can judge1 the same in ,wheat4 ',tis true1 ,i began my ,horse-hoeing ,scheme first with double ,rows2 but then they were different to what they are now2 for the first had their ,partition uneven1 being the parting ,space1 whereby it was less proper for ,hand-hoeing1 which ,i then seldom used1 except for absolute ,necessity1 as to cleanse our ,poppies1 and the like4 ,the ,intervals also were too narrow for constant annual ,crops4 ,by all these ,three ,methods ,i have had very good ,crops2 but as this ,i now describe is the latest1 and is 7as it ought to be7 the best2 ,i publish it as such1 without ,partiality to my own ,opinions2 for ,i think it less dishonourable to expose my ,errors1 when ,i chance to detect them1 than to conceal them3 ,and as ,i aim at nothing but ,truth1 ,i cannot1 with any ,satisfaction to myself1 suffer any thing of my own knowingly to escape1 that is in the lead contrary to it4 ,i have a ,piece of ,five or ,six ,acres of ,land which ,i annually plant with boiling ,pease1 in the very same manner as ,wheat2 except that the ,second ,horse-hoeing 7which is the last7 throws the ,earth so far upon the ,pease as to make the ,two ,rows become ,one4 ,these ,pease cannot be planted until after the #beth of ,march2 else ,two ,horse-hoeings might not be sufficient4 ,the same ,drill that plants ,wheat plants ,pease2 only sometimes we change the ,spindle for one that has its ,notches a little bigger4 ,i drill no more ,barley1 because 'tis not proper to be followed by a ,crop of ,wheat without a ,fallow2 for some of the shattered ,barley will live over the ,winter1 and mix with the ,wheat in the ,rows1 and can scarce possibly be thence timely taken out1 its first ,stalk and ,blade being difficult to distinguish from the ,wheat2 and this is a great ,damage to the ,sale in the ,market2 and for the same ,reason ,i plant no more ,oats4 ,the ,first ,hoeing is performed by turning a ,furrow from the ,row4 ,we are not so exact as to the ,weather in the ,first ,hoeing2 for if the ,earth be wet1 the ,hoe-plough may go nearer to the ,row1 without burying the ,wheat2 and the ,frost of the ,winter will pulverize that ,part of the#aaf ,furrow1 which is to be thrown to the ,wheat in the ,spring1 altho' it was hoed wet4 #aaf ,the ,word ,furrow signifies the ,earth that is thrown out1 as well as the ,trench from whence it is thrown by the ,plough4 ,neither is it necessary to be very exact as to ,time2 but it must never be till the ,wheat has more than ,one ,blade2 and it may be soon enough1 when it has ,four or ,five ,leaves1 so that it is done before#aag1 or in the ,beginning of ,winter4 #aag ,but if the ,wheat is planted very late1 it may not be hoeable before the ,winter is past2 nor is there such a ,necessity of hoeing the late planted before the great ,frosts are over1 as there is of the early-planted2 for the later 'tis planted1 the less time the ,earth has to subside1 and grow hard4 ,note1 ,by ,winter we do not mean only those ,months that are properly so reckoned1 but also such other ,months as have hard ,frosts in them1 as ,january1 ,february1 and sometimes the ,beginning of ,march4 ,the greatest ,fault you can commit in ,hoeing1 is the ,first ,time1 when the ,furrow is turned from the ,row1 not to go near enough to it1 nor deep enough4 ,you cannot then go too near it1 unless you plow it out1 or bury it with ,mould1 and do not uncover it2 nor too deep1 unless you go below the ,staple of the ,ground4 ,servants are apt to hoe too far from the ,rows1 going backwards and forwards1 in the ,middle of the ,intervals1 without coming near the ,rows3 ,this loses most of the ,benefit of ,hoeing1 and is very injurious to the present ,crop1 and also to the ,two succeeding ,crops2 for then there will be a ,deficiency of pulverized ,earth2 and nobody can suppose1 that the hoed ,earth can be of any ,benefit to the ,rows1 before the ,roots reach into it2 and when 'tis far off1 few of the ,roots reach it at all2 and those that do reach1 come there too late to bring the ,plants to their full ,perfection3 ,therefore1 if the ,first ,furrow was not near enough1 nor deep enough1 plow a ,second ,furrow at the ,bottom of the former1 which will go deeper than the ,first1 and break the ,earth more2 besides taking away from the ,rows such unmoved ,ground1 which the ,first ,plowing may possibly have missed4 ,if this can't be conveniently done soon after the ,first ,hoeing1 do it before the ,ridge is turned back in the ,spring4 ,always leave the ,furrows turned up1 to make#aah ,ridges in the ,middle of the ,intervals during the ,winter2 and then the hollow ,furrows1 or ,trenches next the ,rows1 being enriched by the ,frost#aai and ,rains#abj1 the ,wheat will have the ,benefit of them earlier in the ,spring1 than if the ,trenches had been left open in the ,middle of the ,intervals4 #aah ,tho' the ,ridge in the ,middle of the ,interval should1 for ,want of sufficient ,mould1 or otherwise1 be too low to give ,shelter1 yet there is generally some ,earth falls to the ,left of the ,hoe-plough1 and lodges upon that ,part which is left on the ,outside of the ,row2 which1 notwithstanding that ,part be very narrow 7as suppose ,two or ,three ,inches71 yet a small ,quantity of ,earth lying thereon1 so near to the outside ,row1 gives an extraordinary ,shelter to the young ,wheat plants that grow in it4 ,shelter is a great ,benefit to ,wheat2 but yet ,nourishment is more3 for in the ,winter ,i see the ,wheat-plants upon the most exposed ,part of the ,ridge flourish1 when single ,plants in the ,bottom of the ,furrow are in a very poor languishing ,condition1 without any ,annoyance of ,water1 they being upon a ,chalk ,bottom4 #aai ,frost1 if it does not kill the ,wheat1 is of great ,benefit to it2 ,water or ,moisture1 when it is frozen in the ,earth1 takes up more ,room than in its natural ,state2 this ,swelling of the ,ice 7which is ,water congealed7 must move and break the ,earth wherewith it is mixt2 and when it thaws1 the ,earth is left hollow and open1 which is a kind of ,hoeing to it4 ,this ,benefit is done chiefly to and near the ,surface2 consequently the more ,surface there is1 by the ,unevenness of the ,land1 the more ,advantage the ,soil has from the ,frost4 ,this is another very great ,use of the ,ridge left in the ,middle of the ,interval during the ,winter2 because that ,ridge1 and its ,two ,furrows1 contain ,four ,times as much ,surface as when level4 ,this thus pulverized ,surface1 turned in in the ,spring hoeing1 enriches the ,earth1 in proportion to its ,increase of internal ,superficies1 and likewise proportionably nourishes the ,plants1 whose ,roots enter it2 and that ,part of it wherein they do not enter1 must remain more enriched for the next ,crop1 than if the ,soil had remained level all the ,winter4 #abj ,it is a vulgar ,error that the ,winter ,rains do not enrich the ,earth2 and is only thought so1 because we do not see the ,effect of them upon ,vegetables1 for lack of ,heat in that ,season4 ,but some ,farmers have frequently observed1 that one half of a ,ground plowed up just before ,winter has produced a ,crop of ,barley as much better than the other ,part plowed up at the ,end of ,winter1 as is the ,difference of a ,dunging1 even when there has been very little ,frost4 ,the outside ,rows of ,wheat1 from which the ,earth is hoed off before or in the ,beginning of ,winter1 and left almost bare till the ,spring1 one would think should suffer by the ,frost coming so near them#aba1 or for want of ,pasture3 ,but it appears to be quite contrary2 for where the ,hoe has gone nearest to a ,row1 its ,plants thrive best3 ,the ,earth1 which the ,frost hath pulverized1 being within the ,reach of the young short ,roots1 on that ,side of the ,row1 from the ,top to the ,bottom of the ,trench1 nourishes them at first2 and before the ,plants have much exhausted this1 as they grow larger in the ,spring1 the ,ridge from the ,middle of the ,interval is thrown to them1 having a perfectly unexhausted ,pasture1 to supply their increasing ,bulk with more ,nourishment4 #aba ,in very light ,land1 perhaps1 we must not hoe quite so near to the ,rows of ,wheat1 as in strong ,land1 for fear the ,winter should lay the ,roots bare1 and expose them too much to the ,cold2 but then we may be sure1 that1 in this ,case1 the ,roots will reach the ,interval at a greater ,distance than in strong ,land2 yet such very light ,land is not proper for ,wheat4 ,the ,row standing as it were on the ,brink of this almost perpendicular ,ditch1 the ,water runs off quickly1 or doth not enter but a very little ,way into this deep ,side2 so that1 the ,earth at the ,plants being dry1 the ,frost doth not reach quite to all their ,roots to hurt them1 tho' the ,distance from the ,air to the ,roots be very short2 and dry ,earth doth not freeze as wet doth1 neither is this ,ditch much exposed to the cold ,winds4 ,the ,spring-hoeing is performed after the great ,frosts are past1 and when the ,weather will allow it2 and then turn#abb the ,ridge from#abc the ,middle of the ,interval1 to the ,rows on each ,side by ,two ,furrows as near as can be1 without covering the ,wheat2 in doing which have regard to the ,row only1 without looking at the ,middle of the ,interval2 for 'tis no matter if a little ,earth be left there2 the next ,hoeing1 or the next save one#abd1 will move it4 #abb ',tis an errant ,mistake of the ,vulgar1 when they imagine that the immediate ,benefit of fresh ,earth to ,plants is from that ,part which remains uppermost2 for 'tis from turning the impregnated pulverized ,side downwards1 to be fed on by the ,roots1 that gives the ,pabulum or ,nourishment of the fresh ,earth to ,plants3 ,the other ,side1 being turned upwards1 becomes impregnate also in a little time4 #abc ,but note1 that when we see ,weeds coming up near the ,row in the ,spring1 we plow again from the ,rows 7and sometimes can plow within one ,inch of the ,row7 before we turn down the ,mould from the ,middle of the ,interval4 #abd ,if at the next ,hoeing we turn another ,furrow towards the ,row 7which is seldom done71 then 'tis the next that moves the remaining ,earth1 left in the ,middle of the ,interval3 ,but if the next ,hoeing be from the ,row 7as it generally is71 then that covers the ,middle of the ,interval2 and then 'tis the next ,hoeing after that1 that turns all the ,earth clean out of the ,middle of the ,interval toward the ,rows4 ,as to how many times ,wheat is to be hoed in the ,summer1 after this ,spring ,operation1 it depends upon the ,circumstances#abe and ,condition of the ,land#abf and ,weather#abg2 but be the ,season as it will1 never suffer the ,weeds to grow high1 nor let any unmoved ,earth lie in the ,middle of the ,intervals long enough to grow hard2 neither plow deep near the ,rows in the ,summer1 when the ,plants are large#abh1 but as deep in the ,middle of the ,intervals as the ,staple will allow2 turning the ,earth towards the ,wheat1 especially at the last ,hoeing1 so as to leave a deep1 wide ,trench in the ,middle of each ,interval4 #abe ,if the ,land was not sufficiently tilled or hoed in the precedent ,year1 it will require the more ,hoeings in the following ,year4 #abf ,the poorer the ,land is1 the more ,hoeings it should have4 #abg ,a wet ,summer may prevent some of the ,hoeings that we should perform in a dry ,summer4 #abh ,our ,hoeing deep near the ,plants1 when small1 breaks off only the ,ends of the ,roots2 but after the ,roots are spread far in the interval1 the greatest ,part of them1 being then on the ,right-hand ,side of the ,hoe plough1 might hold fast on that ,side1 and not be drawn out2 and then the whole ,roots would be broken off close to the ,bodies of the ,plants3 ,therefore at the ,second deep ,hoeing1 that turns a ,furrow from the ,row in the ,summer1 we go about ,four or ,six ,inches farther off from the ,roots than the time before2 but we go nearer or farther off1 according to the ,distance of ,time between those ,two ,hoeings3 ,yet we may hoe shallow near to the ,plants at any time1 without ,injury to their ,roots1 but1 on the contrary1 it will be advantageous to them4 ,we augment our ,wheat-crops ,four ,ways2 not in ,number of ,plants1 but in ,stalks1 ,ears1 and ,grains4 ,the ,first is1 by increasing the ,number of ,stalks from ,one1 ,two1 or ,three1 to ,thirty or ,forty to a ,plant1 in ordinary ,field-land4 ,and we augment the ,crop1 by bringing up all the ,stalks into ,ears1 which is the ,second ,way2 for1 if it be diligently observed1 we shall find1 that not half#abi the ,stalks of sown ,wheat come into ,ear4 #abi ,if a square ,yard of sown ,wheat be marked out1 and the ,stalks thereon numbered in the ,spring1 it will be found1 that ,nine parts in ,ten are missing at ,harvest4 ,i saw an ,experiment of this in ,rows of ,wheat that were equally poor3 ,one of these ,rows was increased#acj so much1 as to produce more ,grains than ,ten of the other1 by bringing up more of its ,stalks into ,ears1 and also by augmenting its ,ears to a much greater ,bigness2 which is the ,third ,way3 ,for1 whatever ,varro means by saying1 that the ,ears remain ,fifteen ,days in ,vaginis1 'tis pretty plain1 that the ,ears are formed together with the ,stalks1 and will be very large1 or very small1 in proportion to the ,nourishment given them#aca4 #acj ,these ,rows were drilled a ,foot asunder1 not hoed2 and were1 by the ,shallowness and ,wetness of the ,soil1 very poor in the ,spring2 and then1 by pouring ,urine to the ,bottom of this ,row1 it was so vastly increased above the rest4 #aca ,like as the ,vines1 if well nourished1 bring large ,bunches of ,grapes2 but if ill nourished1 they produce few ,bunches1 and those small ones2 and many ,claspers are formed1 which would have been ,bunches1 if they had had sufficient ,nourishment given them at the proper time4 ,the last and ,fourth ,way of augmenting the ,produce of ,wheat-plants1 is by causing them to have large and plump ,grains in the ,ears2 and this can no way be so effectually done as by late ,hoeing1 especially just after the ,wheat is gone out of the ,blossom2 and when such hoed ,grains weigh double the ,weight of the same ,number of unhoed 7which they frequently will7 tho' the ,number of ,grains in the hoed are only equal1 yet the hoed ,crop must be double4 ,thus1 by increasing the ,number of ,stalks#acb1 bringing more of them up into ,ear#acc1 making the ,ears larger#acd1 and the ,grain plumper1 and fuller of ,flour#ace1 the ,hoeing ,method makes a greater ,crop from a ,tenth ,part of the ,plants#acf than the sowing ,method can4 #acb ,the same ,plant that1 when poor1 sends out but ,two or ,three ,tillers1 would1 if well nourished by the ,hoe1 or otherwise1 send up a ,multitude of ,tillers1 as is seen in hoed ,wheat1 and sown ,wheat4 #acc ,mr4 ,houghton relates ,eighty ,ears on one single ,plant of ,wheat1 and a greater ,number has been counted lately in a ,garden3 ,those ,eighty1 reckoned to have ,fifty ,grains apiece1 make an ,increase of ,four thousand ,grains for one2 but ,i have never found above ,forty ,ears from a single ,plant in my ,fields2 yet there is no doubt1 but that every ,plant would produce as many as ,mr4 ,houghton's1 of the same ,sort1 with the same ,nourishment2 ,but ,i should not desire any to be so prolific in ,stalks1 lest they should fail of bringing such a ,multitude of ,ears to ,perfection4 ,the ,four hundred ,ears1 that ,i numbered in a ,yard1 were not weighed1 because they were told before ripe2 and the greatest ,weight of ,wheat that ever ,i had from a ,yard1 was the ,product of about ,two hundred and ,fifty ,ears1 and some of them were small4 #acd ,i have numbered ,one hundred and ,nine ,grains in ,one ,ear of my hoed ,cone-wheat of the grey ,sort2 and ,one ,ear of my hoed ,lammas-wheat has been measured to be ,eight ,inches long1 which is double to those of sown ,wheat4 ,i have some of these ,ears now by me almost as long1 the longest being given away as a ,rarity2 and indeed 'tis not every ,year that they grow to that ,length1 and 'tis always where the ,plants are pretty single4 ,but there is no ,year wherein ,one ,ear of my hoed does not more than weigh ,two of the sown ,ears1 taking a whole ,sheaf of each together without choosing4 ,the ,sheaves of the hoed are of a different ,shape from the other2 almost all the ,ears of the hoed are at the ,top of the ,sheaf2 but most of the other are situate at the lower ,part1 or near the ,middle of the ,sheaf4 #ace ,seed ,cone wheat coming all out at the same ,heap1 planted all at the same ,time1 and on ,land of the same ,sort adjoining near together1 the ,wheat that was sown produced ,grains so small1 and that which was drilled so very large1 that no ,farmer or ,wheat-buyer would believe them to be of the same ,sort of ,wheat1 except those who knew it1 which were many4 ,one ,grain of the drilled weighed ,two of the sown1 and there was twice the ,chaff in an equal ,weight of the sown1 being both weighed before and after the ,wheat was separated from the ,chaff4 #acf ,the ,fact of this nobody can doubt1 who has observed the different ,products of strong and of weak ,plants1 how the one exceeds the other4 ,the greatest ,difference of having an equal ,crop from a small ,number of strong ,plants1 and from a great ,number of weak ones1 is1 that the ,soil is vastly less exhausted by the former than by the latter1 not only from the latter's exhausting more in proportion to their ,number when young1 and whilst each of them consumes as much ,nourishment as each of the small ,number2 but also from the different ,increase that a strong ,plant makes by receiving the same ,proportion of ,food with a weak one3 ,for it appears from ,dr4 ,woodward's ,experiments1 that the ,plant which receives the least ,increase carries off the greatest ,quantity of ,nourishment in proportion to that ,increase2 and that 'tis the same with an ,animal1 all who are acquainted with fatting of ,swine know2 for they eat much more ,food daily for the first ,two ,weeks of their being put into the ,sty1 than they do afterwards1 when they thrive faster2 the fatter they grow1 the less they eat4 ,hence1 ,i think1 it may be inferred1 that a ,plant1 which1 by never having been robbed or stinted by other ,plants1 is strong1 receives a much greater ,increase from an equal ,quantity of ,food1 than a ,number of weak ,plants 7as thick ones are71 equalling the ,bulk of the single strong ,plant1 do4 ,and this of the ,doctor's have ,i seen by my own ,observations confirmed in the ,field in ,potatoes1 ,turneps1 ,wheat1 and ,barley2 a following ,crop succeeds better after an equal ,crop1 consisting of a bare competent ,number of strong ,plants1 than after a ,crop of thick weak ones1 cteris paribus4 ,thus the hoed ,crops1 if well managed1 consisting of fewer and stronger ,plants than the sown ,crops of equal ,produce1 exhaust the ,ground less2 whereby1 and by the much 7,i had almost said infinitely7 greater ,pulveration of the ,soil1 indifferent good ,land may1 for any thing ,i have yet seen to the contrary1 produce profitable ,crops always without ,manure1 or ,change of ,species1 if the ,soil be proper for it in respect of ,heat and ,moisture2 and also as ,crops of some ,species1 by their living longer1 by their greater ,bulk1 or different ,constitution1 exhaust more than others1 respect ought to be had to the ,degree of ,richness of the ,soil1 that is to produce each ,species3 ,the ,sowing and the ,hoeing ,husbandry differ so much both in ,pulveration and ,exhaustion1 that no good ,argument can be drawn from the former against the latter3 ,but tho' a too great ,number of ,plants be1 upon many ,accounts1 very injurious to the ,crop1 yet 'tis best to have a competent ,number2 which yet needs not be so exact1 but that we may expect a great ,crop from ,twenty1 ,forty1 or ,fifty ,plants in a ,yard of the treble ,row1 if well managed4 ,all these ,advantages will be lost by those ,drillers1 who do not overcome the unreasonable ,prejudices of the unexperienced1 concerning the ,width of ,intervals4 ,in wide ,intervals1 we can raise a good ,crop with less ,labour1 less ,seed1 no ,dung1 no ,fallow1 but not without a competent ,quantity of ,earth1 which is the least expensive of any thing given to ,corn2 the ,earth of a whole good ,acre being but about the ,tenth ,part of the common ,expence2 and of indifferent ,land1 a ,twentieth2 and such ,i count that of ,five ,shillings and ,six-pence per ,acre4 ,the ,crop enjoys all the ,earth2 for betwixt the last ,hoeing1 and the ,harvest1 there remains nothing but ,space empty of ,mould in the ,middle of the ,intervals4 ',tis an ,objection1 that great ,part of those wide ,intervals must be lost#acg1 because the ,wheat-roots do not reach it2 but as we generally turn the ,mould towards the ,row at the last ,hoeings1 there is no ,part of it above ,two ,feet distant from even the middle ,row1 and ,seventeen ,inches from either of the outside ,rows4 #acg ,they do reach through all the ,mould 7as shall be proved by-and-by72 and yet may leave sufficient ,pasture behind2 because it is impossible for them to come into ,contact with all the ,mould in ,one ,year2 no more than when ,ten ,horses are put into an ,hundred ,acres of good ,pasture1 their ,mouths come into ,contact with all the ,grass to eat it in one ,summer1 though they will go all over it1 as the ,vine-roots go all over the ,soil of a ,vineyard without exhausting it all2 because those ,roots feed only such a bare competent ,quantity of ,plants1 which do not overstock their ,pasture4 ,the ,superficies of the fibrous ,roots of a proper ,number of ,wheat-plants bear a very small ,proportion to the ,superficies of the fine ,parts of the pulverized ,earth they feed on in these ,intervals2 for one cubical ,foot of this ,earth may1 as is shewn in p4 #bi4 have many thousand ,feet of internal ,superficies3 ,but this is in proportion to the ,degree of its ,pulveration3 and that ,degree may be such as is sufficient to maintain a competent ,number of ,wheat-plants1 without over-exhausting the vegetable ,pasture1 but not sufficient to maintain those1 and a great ,stock of ,weeds besides1 without over-exhausting it4 ,and this was plainly seen in a ,field of ,wheat drilled on ,six-feet ,ridges1 when the ,south ,ends of some of the ,ridges1 and the ,north ,ends of others1 had their ,partitions ,hand hoed1 and cleansed of ,weeds1 early in the ,spring1 the opposite ,ends remaining full of a small ,species of ,weeds1 called ,crow-needles1 which so exhausted the whole ,intervals of the weedy ,part of the ,ridges1 that the next ,year the whole ,field being drilled again with ,wheat exactly in the ,middle of the last ,intervals1 the following ,crop very plainly distinguished how far each ,ridge had its ,partitions made clean of those small ,weeds in the ,spring1 from the other ,end where the ,weeds remained till full-grown2 the ,crop of the former was twice as good as that of the latter1 even where both were cleansed of ,weeds the next ,spring4 ,this ,crop standing only upon that ,part of the ,mould1 which was farthest from the ,rows of the precedent ,crop1 proves that the ,roots1 both of the ,wheat and ,weeds1 did enter all the ,earth of the former ,intervals4 ,it was also observable1 that where the ,partitions of ,two of the ,six-feet ,ridges had been in the precedent ,year cleansed of ,weeds1 and those of the adjoining ,ridges on each ,side of them not cleansed1 the ,row that was the next ,year planted exactly in the ,middle of the ,interval between those two ,ridges1 was perceivably better than either of the ,two ,rows planted in the ,intervals on the other ,side of each of them3 ,the ,reason of which ,difference must be1 that the ,middle of the ,interval1 that was between the ,two cleansed ,ridges1 was fed on by the ,wheat only1 and by no ,weeds2 but the other ,two ,intervals were fed on by the ,wheat on one ,side1 and by both the ,wheat and ,weeds on the other ,side of each4 ,there were1 in the same ,field1 several ,ridges together1 that had the ,ends of their ,rows of ,wheat plowed out by the ,hoe-plough1 and their other ,ends cleansed of ,weeds3 ,this was done on purpose1 to see what ,effect a ,fallow would have on the next ,crop1 which was indeed extraordinary2 for these fallowed ,ends of the ,ridges1 being ,horse-hoed in the ,summer1 as the other ,ends were1 and the ,intervals of them made into ,ridges1 the following ,year produced the largest ,crop of all2 this ,crop was received in #agcd4 ,these several different ,managements performed in this ,field1 shewed by the different ,success of the ,crops in each ,sort1 what ought to be done1 and which is the best ,sort of ,management4 ,this ,field indeed is some of my best ,land2 and by all the ,experiments ,i have seen on it1 ,i do not find but that1 by the best ,management1 never omitted in any ,year1 it might produce good annual ,crops of ,wheat always1 without ,assistance of ,dung or ,fallow2 but it would be very difficult for me to get ,hands to do this to the greatest ,perfection1 unless ,i were able constantly to attend them4 ,the whole pulverized ,earth of the ,interval being pretty equally fed on by the former ,crop1 'tis no great ,matter in what ,part of it the following ,crop is drill'd3 ,i never drill it but on the ,middle of the last ,year's ,interval1 because there is the ,trench whereon the next ,year's ,ridge is made with the greatest ,conveniency3 ,but there may be some ,reason to suspect1 that the ,plants of the ,rows exhaust more ,nourishment from that ,earth of the ,intervals which is farthest from their ,bodies1 than from that which is nearest to them3 ,since their fibrous ,roots1 at the greatest ,distance from the ,rows1 are most numerous1 c4 by these the ,plants1 when they are at their greatest ,bulk1 are chiefly maintained4 ,it must be noted1 that the above ,experiments would not have been a full ,proof1 if ,weeds had been suffered to grow in the ,partitions of the ,ends of those ,ridges1 in the ,year wherein the ,difference appeared4 ,it may also be noted1 that a ,mixture and ,variety of bad ,husbandry are useful for a ,discovery of the ,theory and ,practice of good ,husbandry4 ,and ,i have plainly proved1 that the ,roots of ,cone-wheat have reached ,mould at ,two ,feet ,distance1 after passing through another ,row at a ,foot ,distance from it1 the ,plants being then but ,eighteen ,inches high1 and but half-grown4 ,farmers do not grudge to bestow ,three or ,four ,pounds in the ,buying and ,carriage of ,dung for an ,acre2 but think themselves undone1 if they afford an extraordinary ,eighteen-penyworth of ,earth to the wide ,intervals of an ,acre2 not considering that ,earth is not only the best1 but also the cheapest ,entertainment that can be given to ,plants2 for at ,five ,shillings and ,six-pence ,rent1 the whole ,earth belonging to each of our ,rows costs only ,six-pence1 i4 e4 a ,peny for a ,foot broad1 and ,six hundred and ,sixty ,feet long2 that being the ,sixty-sixth ,part of an ,acre#ach4 #ach ,but the ,vulgar compute this ,expence of a ,foot ,breadth of ,ground1 not only as of the ,rent1 as they ought1 but as an ,eleventh ,part of their own usual ,charges added to the ,rent4 ,and there is ,land enough in ,england to be had1 at the ,rent of ,five ,shillings and ,six-pence the ,acre1 that is very proper for ,wheat in the ,hoeing-,husbandry4 ,and if for constant annual ,wheat-crops you make fewer than ,eleven ,rows on ,four ,perches ,breadth1 you will always increase the ,expence of ,hoeing2 because then ,two ,furrows will not ,hoe ,one of those ,intervals1 and you will also thereby lessen the ,crops1 but improve the ,land more3 ,and if you increase that ,number of ,rows1 you will thereby increase every ,expence2 for there must be ,two ,furrows to hoe a narrow ,interval1 and an ,increase of the ,quantity of ,seed1 and the ,labour in uncovering1 weeding1 and reaping2 and also you will less improve the ,land1 and lessen the ,crops after the ,first ,year4 ,if the ,intervals are narrower in deep ,land1 tho' there might be ,mould enough in them1 yet there would not be ,room to pulverize it4 ,if narrower in shallow ,land1 tho' there were ,room1 yet there would not be ,mould enough in them to be pulverized4 ,the ,horse-hoe1 well applied1 doth supply the ,use of ,dung and ,fallow2 but it cannot supply the ,use of ,earth1 tho' it can infinitely increase the vegetable ,pasture of it1 by pulverizing it1 where it is in a reasonable ,quantity3 ,yet if the ,intervals be so narrow1 that near all the ,earth of them goes to make the ,partitions raised at the ,top of the ,ridges1 there will be so little to be pulverized1 that you must return to ,fallowing1 and to the ,dung-cart1 and to all the old exorbitant ,charges#aci4 #aci ,the ,objections against these wide ,intervals are only for saving a ,penyworth or ,two of ,earth in each ,row1 or a few ,groats-worth of it in an ,acre2 by saving of which ,earth they may lose1 in the present and succeeding ,crops1 more ,pounds4 ,eight ,acres1 ,part of a ,ground of ,twenty ,acres1 drilled with ,intervals of ,three ,feet and an half1 brought a good ,crop2 but the ,second ,year1 not being hoed1 the ,crop was poor2 and the ,third ,crop made that ,land so foul and turfy1 that 'twas forced to lie for a ,fallow1 there being no way to bring it into ,tilth without a ,summer-plowing#adj1 when the rest of the same ,piece1 in wider ,intervals1 being constantly hoed1 continued in good ,tilth1 and never failed to yield a good ,crop1 without missing one ,year4 #adj ,this ,narrowness of the ,intervals1 if the ,damage of it be rightly computed1 would amount to half the ,inheritance of the ,land2 and was occasioned by the ,wilfulness of my ,bailiff1 who1 drilling it upon the ,level1 ordered the ,horse to be guided half a ,yard within the ,mark1 because he fansied the ,intervals would be too wide1 if he followed my ,directions4 ,in another ,field1 there is now a ,sixth ,crop of ,wheat1 in wide ,intervals1 very promising1 tho' this ,ground has had no sort of ,dung to any of these ,crops1 or in several ,years before them3 ,the last ,year's ,crop was the ,fifth1 and was the best of the ,five1 tho' a ,yard of the ,row yielded but ,eighteen ,ounces and ,three ,quarters2 and the ,third ,crop yielded ,twenty ,ounces ,weight#ada of clean ,wheat in the same ,spot2 but 'twas because the ,spot where the ,twenty grew1 was then a little higher than the rest1 which in ,two ,years became more equal2 and the thin ,land was more deficient in that ,third ,crop1 than the thick ,land exceeded the thin in the ,fifth ,crop4 #ada ,wheat1 before ,harvest1 standing in ,rows with wide ,intervals betwixt them1 may not seem1 to the ,eye1 to equal a ,crop of half the ,bigness dispersed all over the ,land1 when sown in the common ,manner2 and yet there is more ,deceit in the ,appearance of those different ,crops1 whilst they are young1 and in ,grass3 ,we should therefore not judge of them then by our ,imagination1 but as we do of the ,sun and ,moon nigh the ,horizon1 viz4 by our ,reason4 ,imagination often deceives us by ,arguments false or precarious2 but ,reason leads us to ,demonstration1 by ,weights and ,measures3 ,yet this ,prejudice will vanish at ,harvest before weighing2 for then all those wide ,intervals that were bare1 will be covered with large ,ears interfering to hide them quite1 and make a finer ,appearance than a sown ,crop4 ,but 'tis observed1 that the ,cone-wheat makes the finest ,shew1 when you look on it length ways of the ,rows1 both at ,harvest1 and a considerable time before ,harvest4 ,in the thick the ,hoe-plough went deeper1 and consequently raised more ,pasture there2 but then it went the shallower in the thin2 and when the ,land became of a more equal ,depth the ,fifth ,year1 the ,plough and the ,hoe-plough went deeper1 all the ,piece being taken together2 for the ,crop could be but in proportion to the different ,pasture1 allowing somewhat for the more or less ,seasonableness of the ,year4 ,the ,soil1 in this our ,case1 cannot be supplied in ,substance1 but from the ,atmosphere4 ,the ,earth which the ,rain brings can do it alone1 if it fall in great ,quantity2 for by ,water1 'tis plain1 the ,earth which nourished ,helmont's ,tree was supplied2 for the ,tin-cover of the ,box wherein it stood1 prevented the ,dews from entering4 ,dews must add very much to the ,land1 thus continually tilled and hoed2 for they are more heavily charged with terrestrial ,matter than ,rain is1 which appears from their forcing a ,descent through the ,air1 when 'tis strong enough to buoy up the ,clouds from falling into ,rain3 ,and ,dew1 when kept in a ,vessel long enough to putrefy1 leaves a greater ,quantity of black ,matter at the ,bottom of the ,vessel1 than ,rain-water does in a ,vessel of the same ,bigness1 filled with it till putrefied4 ,dews at ,land1 ,i suppose1 are first exhaled from ,rivers1 and moist ,lands1 and from the ,expirations of ,vegetables2 most of the ,dew which falls on it is exhaled from untilled ,land2 but most of that which falls on well tilled or well hoed ,land1 remains therein unexhaled2 so that the untilled ,ground helps1 by that means1 to enrich and augment the tilled3 ,for if an ,acre be tilled for ,two ,years together without sowing1 it will become richer by that ,tillage1 than by lying unplowed ,four ,years1 which may be easily proved by ,experience#adb4 #adb ,non igitur ,fatigatione1 quemadmodum plurimi crediderunt1 nec ,senio1 sed nostra scilicet ,inertia1 minus benigne nobis ,arva respondent4 ,colum4 lib4 xi4 cap4 #a4 ,but then1 as to ,rain1 the ,sea being larger than all the ,land 7and its ,waters1 by their ,motion1 becoming replete with terrestrial ,matter71 'tis not unlikely1 that more ,vapour is raised from ,one ,acre of ,sea1 than from ,one hundred ,acres of ,land4 ,some have been so curious as to compute the ,quantity of ,rain1 that falls yearly in some ,places in ,england1 by a ,contrivance of a ,vessel to receive it2 and 'tis found1 in one of the driest ,places1 far from the ,sea1 to be ,fourteen ,inches deep1 in the ,compass of a ,year2 in some ,places much more2 viz4 at ,paris1 ,nineteen ,inches2 in ,lancashire1 ,mr4 ,townley found1 by a long-continued ,series of ,observations1 that there falls above ,forty ,inches of ,water in a ,year's time4 ,could we as easily compute the true ,quantity of ,earth in ,rain-water1 as the ,quantity of ,water is computed1 we might perhaps find it to answer the ,quantity of ,earth taken off from our hoed ,soil annually by the ,wheat4 ,but if ,land sown with ,wheat be not hoed1 its ,surface is soon incrustate2 and then much of this ,water1 with its ,contents1 runs off1 and returns to the ,sea1 without entering the ,ground2 and in ,summer a great deal of what remains is exhaled by the ,sun1 and raised by the ,wind1 both in ,summer and ,winter4 ,some there are who think it a fatal ,objection1 that the more an ,interval is hoed1 the more ,weeds will grow in it2 and that the ,hoe can produce1 or 7as they say7 breed in it as many ,weeds in one ,summer1 as would have come thereon in ,ten ,years by the old ,husbandry4 ,but by this ,objection they only maintain1 that the ,hoe can destroy as many ,weeds in ,one ,summer1 as the old ,husbandry can in ,ten ,years4 ,and they might add1 that since all ,weeds that grow where the ,hoe comes1 are killed before they seed1 and that few of those ,which grow in the old ,husbandry1 are killed#adc before their ,seed be ripe and shed2 these ,objectors will be forced to allow1 that our ,husbandry will lessen a ,stock of ,weeds more in one ,summer1 than theirs can do to the ,world's ,end2 unless they believe the equivocal ,generation of ,weeds1 than which ,opinion nothing can be more absurd4 #adc ,weeds cannot be killed before they grow1 but will lie dormant1 as they do in our ,partitions1 and in their sown ,land2 and while ,seeds are in the ,ground1 they are always ready to grow at the first ,opportunity1 and will certainly break out at one time or other2 so that preventing their coming1 is only like healing up a ,wound before it be cured4 ,some object against my ,method of#add weighing a ,yard1 or a ,perch in ,length of a ,row1 saying1 this does not determine the ,produce of a whole ,field4 #add ,i did not weigh this ,yard1 as different from the other ,yards round about it1 for ,i had much ,difficulty to determine which ,row ,i should chuse it in2 when ,i was going to cut in one ,row1 it still seemed that another was better1 and ,i question whether ,i did chuse the best at last4 ,note1 ,whereas ,i often mention the ,wheat of this ,field to be without ,dung or ,fallow1 it must be understood of that ,part of the ,field wherein my ,weighings and other ,trials were made3 because there was a small ,part once fallowed ,eight or ,nine ,years ago1 and a little ,dung laid on another ,part about the last ,michaelmas1 after the ,crop of ,oats was taken off4 ,but this being a ,year in which ,dung is observed to have little or no ,effect on sown ,wheat 7my ,dung being weak and laid thin71 'tis the same here2 for those ,rows which are in the dunged ,part1 can hardly be distinguished from the rest of the ,rows which had not been dunged3 ,and yet the ,ends of the ,rows which were cleansed of ,weeds1 are very distinguishable by the ,colour of the ,wheat1 though some are the ,third1 and some the ,fourth ,crop since the ,difference was made2 and the whole ,rows managed alike every ,year1 from that time to this2 so that here ,un-exhaustion is more effectual than ,dung4 ,this is certain1 that neither ,dung nor ,fallow hath been near the ,part wherein my ,experiments were made4 ,i answer1 that they judge right1 if the ,produce of the whole ,field be not of equal ,goodness2 but if it be not1 it must be because one ,part of the ,field is richer1 or differently managed from the other ,part3 ,for the same ,causes that produce ,twenty ,ounces of clean ,wheat upon one ,yard1 must produce the same ,quantity upon every ,yard1 of a ,million of ,acres4 ,when the ,crop of half a ,field is spoiled by ,sheep1 not hoed at all1 or improperly1 it would be ridiculous to compute the whole ,field together for an ,experiment3 ,we might indeed weigh the poorest1 to prove the ,difference of the one from the other1 to try 7as they sometimes seem to do7 how poor a ,crop we can raise2 but my ,design was1 to try how good a ,crop ,i could raise with a ,tenth ,part of the common ,expence4 ,and ,i have often weighed the ,produce of the same ,quantity of ,ground#ade1 of all ,sorts of sown ,wheat1 both the best and the worst2 but never have found any of the sown equal to the best of my drilled4 ,indeed we have none of the richest ,land#adf in our ,country within my ,reach1 that being not above ,one ,mile4 #ade ,i allow ,two square ,yards of their ,crops to ,one ,yard in ,length of my ,treble ,row4 #adf ,i am sorry that this ,farm1 whereon ,i have practised ,horse-hoeing1 being situate on an ,hill1 that consists of ,chalk on one ,side1 and ,heath ground on the other1 has been usually noted for the poorest and shallowest ,soil in the ,neighbourhood4 ,as a ,yard in ,length of my treble ,row of the ,third successive ,crop of ,wheat1 without ,dung or ,fallow1 produced ,twenty ,ounces of ,wheat2 which1 allowing ,six ,feet to the ,ridge1 is about ,six ,quarters#adg to an ,acre2 and1 allowing ,seven ,inches to each ,partition1 and ,two ,inches on each ,outside1 is in all ,eighteen ,inches of ,ground to each treble ,row1 and but just ,one-fourth ,part of the ,ridge4 ,now1 if1 in the old ,husbandry1 the ,crop was as good all over the ,ground1 as it was in these ,eighteen ,inches of the treble ,row1 they must have ,twenty-four ,quarters to an ,acre2 but let them dung whilst they can1 they will scarce raise ,twenty-four ,gallons of ,wheat the ,third ,year1 on an ,acre of ,land of equal ,goodness2 and let them leave out their ,dung1 and add no more ,tillage in lieu of it1 and ,i believe they will not expect ,three ,quarters to an ,acre1 in all the ,three ,years put together4 #adg ,eight ,bushels make a ,quarter4 ,the mean ,price of ,wheat1 betwixt ,dear and ,cheap1 is reckoned ,five ,shillings a ,bushel#adh2 and therefore an ,acre that would produce every ,year1 without any ,expence1 ,eight ,bushels1 would be thought an extraordinary profitable ,acre2 but yet a drilled ,acre1 that produces ,sixteen ,bushels of ,wheat1 with the ,expence of ,ten or ,fifteen ,shillings1 is above a ,third ,part more profitable4 #adh ',tis commonly said1 that a ,farmer cannot thrive1 who for want of ,money is obliged to sell his ,wheat under ,five ,shillings a ,bushel2 but if he will sell it dear1 he must keep it when 'tis cheap2 ,and his ,way of keeping it is in the ,straw1 using his best ,contrivances to preserve it from the ,mice4 ,the most secure ,way of keeping a great ,quantity of ,wheat1 that ever ,i heard of1 is by drying it4 ,when ,i lived in ,oxfordshire1 one of my nearest ,neighbours was very expert in this1 having practised it for great ,part of his ,life3 ,when ,wheat was under ,three ,shillings a ,bushel1 he bought in the ,markets as much of the middle ,sort of ,wheat as his ,money would reach to purchase3 ,he has often told me1 that his ,method was to dry it upon an ,hair-cloth1 in a ,malt-kiln1 with no other ,fuel than clean ,wheat-,straw2 never suffering it to have any stronger ,heat than that of the ,sun4 ,the longest time he ever let it remain in this ,heat was ,twelve ,hours1 and the shortest time about ,four ,hours2 the damper the ,wheat was1 and the longer intended to be kept1 the more ,drying it requires3 ,but how to distinguish nicely the ,degrees of ,dampness1 and the ,number of ,hours proper for its ,continuance upon the ,kiln1 he said was an ,art impossible to be learned by any other ,means than by ,practice4 ,about ,three or ,four and ,twenty ,years ago1 ,wheat being at ,twelve ,shillings a ,bushel1 he had in his ,granaries1 as ,i was informed1 ,five thousand ,quarters of dried ,wheat2 none of which cost him above ,three ,shillings a ,bushel4 ,this dried ,wheat was esteemed by the ,london ,bakers to work better than any new ,wheat that the ,markets afforded4 ,his ,speculation1 which put him upon this ,project1 was1 that 'twas only the superfluous ,moisture of the ,grain that caused its ,corruption1 and made it liable to be eaten by the ,wevil2 and that when this ,moisture was dried out1 it might be kept sweet and good for many ,years2 and that the ,effect of all ,heat of the same ,degree was the same1 whether of the ,straw1 or of the ,sun4 ,as a ,proof1 he would shew1 that every ,grain of his ,wheat would grow after being kept ,seven ,years4 ,he was a most sincere honest ,yeoman1 who from a small ,substance he began with1 left behind him about ,forty thousand ,pounds2 the greatest ,part whereof was acquired by this ,drying ,method4 ,for the ,hand-hoeing they use ,hoes of ,four ,inches ,breadth1 very thin1 and well steeled3 ,their ,thinness keeps them from wearing to a thick ,edge1 and prevents the ,necessity of often grinding them4 ,such ,hoes are in ,use with some ,gardeners near ,london4 ,they need not be afraid of drawing these little ,hoes across the ,rows of young ,wheat to take out the few ,weeds that come therein at the early ,hoeing2 for whilst the ,wheat-plants are small1 it may be an ,advantage to cut out some of the weakest1 as they do of ,turneps2 for ,i perceive there are oftener too many ,plants than too few4 ,but the thing that causes the greatest ,trouble in cleansing the ,rows1 is when the ,seed is foul 7i4 e4 full of ,seeds of ,weeds73 ,therefore ,i cleanse my ,seed-wheat by drawing it on a ,cloth on a ,table1 which makes it perfectly clean4 ,this ,hand-hoeing should be performed about the ,end of ,march1 or ,beginning of ,april1 before the ,wheat is spindled 7i4 e4 run up to ,stalks72 and if the ,weather be dry enough1 you may go lengthways of the ,ridges with a very light ,roller to break the ,clods of the ,partitions1 whereby the ,hoe will work the better4 ,if there should afterwards more ,weeds come up1 they must not be suffered to ripen2 and then the ,soil will be every ,year freer from ,weeds4 ,this ,hand-hoeing of the ,rows should be done at the proper time1 though it happen1 by late ,planting1 that the ,horse-hoe has not gone before it2 for it may be1 that the ,weather has kept out the ,horse-hoe3 and the ,earth may not be dry deep enough in the ,intervals for the ,hoe-plough1 but deep enough in the ,partitions for the ,hand-hoe4 ,and the ,expence of this ,hand-work on the ,rows would be well answered1 though there should not be one ,weed in them2 and so it would be1 if a second ,hand hoeing were bestowed on the ,partitions of every ,crop of ,wheat not suspected of being too luxuriant4 ,if after the last ,horse-hoeing there should be ,occasion for another ,hoeing of the ,intervals1 where the ,narrowness of them1 and the ,leaning of tall ,wheat1 make it difficult or dangerous to be performed by the ,hoe-plough2 a slight shallow ,hoeing may be performed therein by the ,hand-hoe with ,ease and ,safety1 at a very small ,expence1 which would be more than doubly repaid in the following ,crops4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if any one doubts of the ,efficacy of thus managing ,wheat1 it can't cost much to make proper ,trials4 ,but then ,care must be taken1 that the ,trials be proper4 ,i do not advise any one to be at the ,expence of my ,instruments for that ,purpose1 but to imitate them in pulverizing1 and all other directed ,operations by the ,spade and common ,hoes4 ,his ,ridges of ,experiment need be no longer than ,six ,feet4 ,instead of a ,drill1 make use of a triangular ,piece of ,wood1 ,seven ,feet long1 and ,four or ,five ,inches thick1 with one ,edge of which make ,channels1 and place the ,seed regularly even into them by ,hand1 and cover it with the same ,piece of ,wood2 but if the ,earth be so wet1 as to cling to the ,piece1 then make use of it only as a ,ruler1 whereby to make the ,channels strait with a ,stick4 ,let some of the ,ridges have double ,rows1 others treble2 and let some have treble ,rows half-way1 and leave out the middle ,row in the other ,half1 to shew whether the double ,row or the treble ,row produce a better ,crop4 ,then for the ,first time of ,hoeing1 the ,spade must work with its ,back towards the ,row4 ,the ,second time1 in turning the ,earth to the ,row1 the ,spade's ,face must be towards it4 ,these ,two1 and several other ,hoeings should be deep2 but when the ,roots are large 7and the ,hoeing is near the ,plants71 the ,spade must go shallow2 and neither the ,face nor the ,back of it must be towards the ,row1 except when the ,earth is turned towards it2 and then the ,face must be always towards it2 but for the rest of the last ,hoeings1 the ,spade should work with its ,face towards one or other of the ,ends of the ,intervals1 that the fewer of the ,roots may be cut off1 and the more of them removed1 and covered again4 ,let the ,spits be thin for the better pulverizing of the ,mould4 ,the ,hand-hoe will sometimes be useful in the ,intervals1 as well as in the ,partitions4 ,four or ,five ,perches of ,land may suffice for making proper ,trials4 ,the ,expence of this will be little1 though perhaps ,ten times more than that which is done by the proper ,instruments for the same ,proportion of ,land4 ,but ,i must give this ,caution1 that no ,part of it be done out of the ,reach of the ,master's ,eye2 for if it should1 he may expect to be disappointed4 ,the richer the ,land1 the thinner it must be planted to prevent the lodging of ,corn4 ,the ,master ought to compute the ,quantity of ,seed1 due to each ,perch1 at the ,rate of ,five or ,six ,gallons to an ,acre1 by ,weighing1 c4 as ,i have shewn in my ,essay4 ,i cannot commend more than ,two ,partitions in a ,row1 or more than ,one1 when the ,intervals are narrow2 because the broader the ,row is1 the more ,earth will remain unpulverized1 under the ,partitions2 too much of which ,earth being whole1 will disappoint1 at least1 one of the ,differences mentioned in my xviith ,chapter4 ,indifferent ,land ,i think most proper whereon to make the ,experiment1 and the most improper for ,corn is barren ,land1 as the best brings the largest ,crops4 ,to ascertain the ,quantity of the ,crop1 take a ,yard in the ,middle of a ,ridge1 and weigh its ,produce4 ,every ,year leave one ,interval unhoed1 to prove the ,difference of that ,side of a double or treble ,row next to it1 from the other ,side next to the hoed ,interval4 ,but it must be noted1 that the ,spade doth not always pulverize so much as the ,plough1 or ,hoe-plough2 therefore there may be occasion for more ,diggings than there would be of ,horse-hoeings4 ,one of the ,observations that put me upon ,trials of wide ,intervals1 and ,horse work for ,corn1 was the following2 viz4 ,one ,half of a poorish ,field was sown with ,barley2 the other ,half drilled with ,turneps1 the ,rows ,thirty ,inches asunder1 at the proper ,season1 and twice hoed with a ,sort of ,horse-hoe contrived for that ,purpose 7but nothing like that ,i have described72 the ,drill1 beginning next to the ,barley1 left an ,interval of the same 7#cj ,inches7 ,breadth between the ,first ,row of ,turneps and the ,barley1 which1 being sown on large ,furrows1 came up in a sort of ,rows1 as is common for ,barley to come when sown on such wide ,furrows4 ,this ,interval between the ,barley and the ,turneps had the same ,hoeings as the rest1 and had this ,effect on the broad ,row of ,barley next to it2 viz4 ,each ,plant had many ,stalks2 it was of a very deep flourishing ,colour1 grew high1 the ,ears very long1 and1 in all respects1 the ,barley was as good as if it had been produced by the richest ,land4 ,the next ,row of ,barley had some little ,benefit on the ,side next to the strong ,row2 but all the rest of the ,barley1 either by the too late ,sowing of it1 the ,poverty of the ,soil 7not being in any manner dunged71 or else by the ,coldness of the ,land1 or ,coldness of the ,summer1 or by all of these ,causes1 though pretty free from ,weeds1 was exceeding poor1 yellow1 low1 thin1 and the ,ears were very short and small4 ,i intended to have taken the exact ,difference there was between the ,produce of this outside ,row1 and one of those that stood out of the ,reach of the hoed ,interval3 ,but ,i was disappointed by my ,neighbour's ,herd of ,cows1 that in the ,night broke in just before ,harvest1 and eat off almost all the ,ears of the rich ,row1 doing very little ,damage to the rest1 except by treading it4 ,it must be from the different ,tastes1 the one being sweet1 and the other bitter1 that they make their ,election to eat the one1 and refuse the other4 ,this accidental ,observation was sufficient to demonstrate the ,efficacy of deep ,hoeing1 which ,i look upon as synonymous to ,horse-hoeing4 ,i immediately set about contriving my limbered ,hoe1 finding all other ,sorts insufficient for the ,exactness required in this hoeing ,operation3 ,those drawn in any other manner1 when they went too far from the ,row1 and the ,holder went to lift the ,plough nearer1 it would fly back again1 like the ,sally of a ,bell1 and go at no ,certainty not being subject to the ,guidance of the ,holder1 as the limber ,hoe-plough is4 ,the ,michaelmas following ,i began my present ,horse-hoeing ,scheme2 which has never yet deceived my ,expectations1 when performed according to the ,directions ,i have given my ,readers4 ,and the ,practice of this ,scheme proves the ,advantage of deep ,hoeing1 by the ,ends of the ,ridges and ,intervals2 for there1 whilst the drawing ,cattle go on the ,headland that is higher1 the ,furrows are shallower1 and the ,corn of the ,rows is always there visibly poorer in proportion to that ,shallowness4 ,another ,proof of the ,difference there is between deep ,hoeing and shallow1 is in the ,garden1 where a square ,perch of ,cabbages1 the ,rows of which are ,three ,feet asunder2 the middle ,row of them having the ,intervals on each ,side of it deeply and well dug by the ,spade at the same proper time1 when the rest of the ,intervals are ,hand hoed2 this middle ,row will shew the ,difference of those ,two ,operations3 ,but in this must be observed what ,i have here before mentioned1 of turning the ,back of the ,spade to the ,plants1 to avoid the total removing them1 especially in very dry ,weather4 ,this ,experiment hath been tried1 and always succeeds with every one that has made the ,trials4 ,but before any one makes his ,trials of my ,field-scheme1 ,i would advise him to be ,master of the ,treatise1 by making an ,index himself to it3 ,this will both direct him in his ,proceedings1 and shew him the ,rashness of those1 who go into the ,practice of my ,husbandry1 without the necessary ,preparation2 for they that do so now1 seem to act as rashly1 as they that went into it before the ,treatise was published4 ',tis reasonable to presume1 that such their ,practice must be either different from1 or contrary to mine4 ,this ,index may be also useful for discovering ,pretenders by an ,examination1 without which1 ,gentlemen are liable to be imposed on by them1 as ,i am afraid too many have been2 for amongst all those who have undertaken the ,management of my ,scheme for ,noblemen1 or others1 ,i declare ,i do not know one ,person that sufficiently understands it3 ,there may be some who have seen1 or perhaps performed1 some of the mechanical ,part2 but ,i don't think it can be properly performed without a thorough ,knowlege of the ,principles1 which cannot be expected of such illiterate ,persons2 and yet is necessary for the proper ,applications in different ,cases1 which cannot be distinguished by ,pretenders3 ,therefore1 until the ,scheme becomes common1 the ,management must be under the ,direction of the ,master himself1 or of one who has past his ,examination1 and is faithful4 ,to the above ,trials1 ,i here add the following1 together with some ,alterations of the former4 ,gentlemen who can get the ,smyrna ,wheat1 ,i advise to make ,trials of it in single ,rows1 of between #ag and #ah to an ,acre1 in this ,method2 there being no ,partitions1 the ,intervals will be of the same ,width as in the ,ridges of #ad to an ,acre1 that have ,partitions of ,ten ,inches4 ,thus almost all the ,earth of the ,ridges may be pulverized by the ,hoe-plough in the ,field1 or by the ,spade in this ,trial2 and very little ,hand-work will be necessary for cleansing out the ,weeds that come in the ,rows1 and on each side of them4 ,the ,land will be the fitter for a succeeding ,crop of ,wheat with less ,harrowing4 ,but this must be observed1 that1 in regard to hard ,frosts in ,winter1 and very dry ,weather in ,summer1 the alternate ,hoeing described in the ,chapter of ,turneps may be proper2 lest the little ,earth that may be left for the ,row to stand on1 when the ,furrows are turned from both ,sides of it1 should not be sufficient to secure the ,roots from the ,injuries that may happen to them by being exposed either to ,frost or ,drought on both ,sides of the ,row at the same time4 ,in the ,field1 when the ,ridges are all of an equal ,breadth1 the best ,way is to plant ,two of the single ,rows at once1 by setting the ,two ,beams of the ,drill at the same ,distance asunder1 as each of the ,ridges is broad2 and the ,beast that draws it must go in the ,middle of the ,interval1 planting a ,row on each ,side of it2 but if the ,ridges are very unequal1 the ,beast 7a little ,horse is best7 that draws the ,drill must go on the ,top of a ,ridge1 planting one ,row thereon2 and the ,drill for this ,purpose is the same as the ,turnep-drill1 except that the ,beam-share1 ,seed-box1 and ,spindle1 are the same as those of the ,wheat-drill2 and 'tis but to take off from the ,wheat-drill one of its ,beams1 and place it in the room of the ,beam of the ,turnep-drill1 and placing the ,cross-piece of the ,turnep-beam 7see ,plate #e47 on this ,beam1 and also a short ,wheat-hopper to be drawn by the ,turnep-standards1 setting the ,wheels near enough together2 i4 e4 as near as the ,wheels of the ,wheat-drill are1 ,i mean those which plant ,two ,rows4 ,two ,gallons of ,smyrna ,wheat ,i judge will be ,seed sufficient for an ,acre1 especially if planted early4 ,planting one ,row upon a ,ridge1 ,i think is the most advantageous ,method of all2 but1 not being able to get any ,smyrna ,wheat 7tho' ,i have been often promised it71 ,i have made no ,trial of it2 and ,i do not believe the ,plants of any other ,sort of ,wheat are large enough for such single ,rows4 ,i am not quite a ,stranger to this ,wheat2 for ,i have seen the ,product of it1 both in the ,garden1 and in the ,field1 above ,forty ,years ago4 ,i am now making ,trials1 in order to know how much a single ,row of ,white cone ,wheat will exceed half a double one3 ,for this ,purpose1 ,i cause one ,row of the double1 with the ,partition1 to be dug out with a ,spade1 in ,part of every ,field1 ,two or ,three ,yards in a ,place3 ,these ,i intend shall be hoed as the double ,rows are2 and where the ,hoe-plough doth not reach1 the ,spade shall supply its ,use4 ,i do not expect this single ,row will equal the double ,row2 but ,i am in no doubt but that it will produce more ,grain than half a double ,row4 ,i cannot tell whether the ,sort of ,cone-wheat that sends out little ,branches on each ,side of the ,ear1 might not succeed tolerably well in single ,rows2 for its ,ear is1 when well nourished1 larger than the ,ear of the ,white-cone2 tho' not near so large as that of the ,smyrna4 ,another ,experiment ,i propose to be made as a ,trial for the ,satisfaction of such sceptical ,gentlemen who may doubt the ,truth of what ,i have related in p4 #bg1 #bh4 concerning the wonderful ,effect of deep ,hoeing4 ,in a ,field of very poor old decayed ,st4 ,foin1 let ,two or ,three ,perches be hedged in1 in a square ,piece1 and ,two1 ,three1 or more ,intervals1 of ,three or ,four ,feet wide each1 be well pulverized by the ,spade1 leaving between every ,two of them1 ,two or ,three ,feet of the ,st4 ,foin unmoved4 ,begin this ,work in ,summer1 and repeat the ,hoeing pretty often1 observing the ,rules ,i have laid down for ,hoeing the ,intervals of ,wheat4 ,let not the ,back of the ,spade be turned towards the unmoved ,st4 ,foin1 from which it throws the ,earth at the ,first time of ,hoeing2 which is contrary to the ,first ,hoeing of ,wheat with a ,spade2 because there would otherwise be ,danger of moving ,wheat-roots2 but there is no ,danger of moving the ,st4 ,foin ,roots1 unless you wholly dig them out3 ,therefore the best ,way for this ,hoeing is to dig with the ,back of the ,spade towards one or the other ,end of the ,interval3 ,this cuts off the fewest ,roots1 and covers the most of them1 and may perhaps be sometimes best for ,wheat also4 ,when the ,earth is turned towards the ,st4 ,foin ,rows1 the ,spade's ,face will be towards them of course4 ,be sure to leave ,four or more ,feet untouched next to the ,hedge that bounds the ,piece1 to the ,end that the ,increase of the hoed ,st4 ,foin may the more plainly appear by comparing its ,plants with those that are not hoed4 ,if the ,plants are very thick1 make them thinner on one side of an ,interval2 and1 on the other side1 let them remain thick4 ,you will certainly find the thin ,plants most wonderfully increased in a ,year or two1 and the thick ones in proportion2 and also the natural ,grass1 and all other ,vegetables that grow near to the ,intervals when they are well pulverized4 ,i am confident mine1 thus managed by ,ploughs1 increased some to an ,hundred1 some to a ,thousand times the ,size they were of before that ,pulveration4 ,all the ,methods ,i have here and elsewhere described for the ,field1 ,i advise to be tried in these few ,perches for ,experiments4 ,i think some of those ,ridges whereon one ,end is to be managed differently from the other ,end1 should be longer than ,six ,feet2 else the ,roots of the ,wheat and ,weeds may so mix1 and draw ,nourishment from one another in the ,middle of the ,ridge1 that the ,difference of the ,managements may not so plainly be seen as when the ,ridge is longer4 ,the few ,perches of ,land whereon any of the proposed ,experiments are to be made1 should be bounded in with dead ,hedges2 and should not be situate within ,three or ,four ,poles of a live ,hedge or ,tree4 ,the ,three ,instruments to be used in these unexpensive ,trials1 are1 the ,spade1 to supply the ,use of the ,plough and ,hoe plough2 the ,hand-hoe2 and a ,rake1 instead of ,harrows4 ,i don't know that ,i ever had an ,acre yet1 that was tolerably well managed in this ,manner1 but what produced much more4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of ,,smuttiness4 ,smuttiness is when the ,grains of ,wheat instead of ,flour1 are full of a black1 stinking ,powder3 ',tis a ,disease of ,wheat1 which ,i don't know is usual any-where but in cold ,northern ,countries2 for if it had been common in ,greece or ,italy1 there would probably have been some ,word to express it by1 in those ,languages1 as well as there is for the ,blight4 ,i take it to be caused by cold wet ,summers2 and ,i was confirmed in this by several ,plants of ,wheat1 taken up when they were in ,grass in the ,spring1 and placed in ,troughs in my ,chamber-window1 with some of the ,roots in ,water4 ,these ,wheat-plants sent up several ,ears each2 but at ,harvest1 every ,grain was smutty2 and ,i observed1 none of the ,ears ever sent out any ,blossom3 ,this ,smuttiness could not be from any ,moisture that descended upon it1 but from the ,earth1 which always kept very moist1 as in the aforesaid ,mint ,experiment4 ,the ,wheat-plants in the ,field1 from whence these were taken1 brought very few smutty ,grains1 but brought much larger ,ears than these4 ,whatsoever the ,cause#adi be1 there are but ,two ,remedies proposed2 and those are ,brining1 and ,change of ,seed4 #adi ,the largest grained1 plump1 fat ,wheat1 is more liable to ,smuttiness1 than small-grained thin ,wheat4 ,brining of ,wheat1 to cure or prevent ,smuttiness 7as ,i have been credibly informed71 was accidentally discovered about ,seventy ,years ago1 in the following ,manner2 viz4 ,a ,ship-load of ,wheat was sunk near ,bristol in ,autumn1 and afterwards at ,ebbs all taken up1 after it had been soaked in ,sea-water2 but it being unfit for making of ,bread1 a ,farmer sowed some of it in a ,field2 and when it was found to grow very well1 the whole ,cargo was bought at a low ,price by many ,farmers1 and all of it sown in different ,places4 ,at the following ,harvest1 all the ,wheat in ,england happened to be smutty1 except the ,produce of this brined ,seed1 and that was all clean from ,smuttiness4 ,this ,accident has been sufficient to justify the ,practice of ,brining ever since in all the adjacent ,parts1 and in most ,places in ,england4 ,i knew ,two ,farmers1 whose ,farms lay intermixed2 they bought the same ,seed together1 from a very good ,change of ,land1 and parted every ,load betwixt them in the ,field4 ,the oldest ,farmer believed ,brining to be but a ,fancy1 and sowed his ,seed unbrined2 the other brined all his ,part of ,seed1 and had not a smutty ,ear in his ,crop2 but the old ,farmer's ,crop was very smutty4 ,wheat for ,drilling must have no other ,brine1 than what is made of pure ,salt2 for if there be any ,brine of ,meat amongst it#aej1 the ,grease will not suffer the ,wheat to be dry enough to be drilled4 #aej ,urine also makes the ,wheat so greasy1 that it will not be dry time enough to be drilled4 ,if ,seed-wheat be soaked in ,urine1 it will not grow2 or if only sprinkled with it1 it will most of it die1 unless planted presently4 ,the most expeditious ,way of brining ,wheat for the ,drill1 is to make a very strong ,brine2 and when the ,wheat is laid on an ,heap1 sprinkle or lave it therewith2 then turn it with a ,shovel1 and lave on more ,brine2 turn it again with a ,shovel1 until1 by many ,repetitions of this1 the ,wheat be all equally wet4 ,next1 sift on ,quick-lime through a ,sieve2 turn the ,wheat with a ,shovel1 and sift on more ,lime2 repeat this ,sifting and ,turning many times1 which will make it dry enough to be drilled immediately2 and this has been found sufficient to preserve uninfected ,wheat from the ,smut in a bad ,year1 the ,seed being changed4 ,to dry it1 we use#aea ,quick-lime 7that is1 unslacked71 which1 beaten to ,powder1 and sifted thereon1 confines the ,brine to the ,surfaces of the ,grains1 and suffers none of it to be exhaled by the ,air3 ,but when ,lime has been long slacked1 and is grown weak1 'tis unfit for this ,purpose4 #aea ,but if this doth not afford ,powder enough1 the ,pieces must be slacked immediately before using2 for if the ,lime lie long after it is slacked 7especially that made of ,chalk71 it will become weak1 and lose most of its drying ,quality4 ,some ,farmers use only to boil the strongest ,quick-lime in ,water1 with which1 instead of ,brine1 they sprinkle their ,wheat1 affirming it to be as effectual as that for preventing the ,smut3 ,but this not being within the ,compass of my own ,experience1 ,i am doubtful of it2 yet ,i wish it may be found effectual1 because it would save ,trouble to the ,sower1 and more to the ,driller4 ,smutty ,seed-wheat1 tho' brined1 will produce a smutty ,crop1 unless the ,year prove very favourable4 ,for 'tis to be known1 that favourable ,years will cure the ,smut1 as unkind ones will cause it3 ,else1 before ,brining was used1 and the bad ,years had caused all the ,wheat in ,england to be smutty1 they must have brought their ,seed from ,foreign ,countries1 or never have had any clean ,wheat3 ,therefore 'tis certain1 that kind ,years will cure the ,smut3 ',tis therefore to prevent the ,injury of a bad ,year1 that we plant clean ,seed1 and well brined4 ,but of the ,two ,remedies against ,smuttiness1 a proper ,change of ,seed some think the most certain4 ,a very worthy ,gentleman assures me1 that since he has found out a ,place that affords a ,change of ,seed proper to his ,land1 which is for these ,ten ,years past1 he never had a ,smutty ,ear in any of his ,crops 7and he never brines nor limes it71 tho' all other ,wheat have been often smutty throughout his ,neighbourhood every wet ,year1 tho' brined and limed4 ,he says1 the ,person who furnishes him with this ,seed1 is very curious in changing his ,seed also every ,year4 ,this gives a ,suspicion1 that our drowned ,wheat at ,bristol might possibly be ,foreign2 and then might not have been smutty the next ,year1 tho' it had not been soaked in the ,sea-water4 ,the ,wheat sown by the ,two ,farmers aforementioned might be from a good ,change of ,land1 but the ,seed not changed the precedent ,year2 and then it might be no more infected1 than what the ,brine and ,lime did cure4 ,to know what ,changes are best to prevent ,smuttiness of ,wheat1 we must consult the most ,experienced2 and they tell us1 that the strong ,clay ,land is best to be sent to for ,seed-wheat1 whatever ,sort of ,land it be to be sowed upon2 a ,white-clay is a good ,change for a ,red-clay1 and a ,red for a ,white4 ,that from any strong ,land is better than from a light ,land2 and the old ,rhyme is1 that ,sand is a ,change for no ,land4 ,but from whatever ,land the ,seed be taken1 if it was not changed the preceding ,year1 it may possibly be infected2 and then there may be ,danger1 tho' we have it immediately from never so proper a ,soil4 ,the strongest ,objection that has been yet made against constant annual ,crops of ,wheat1 is1 that those ,grains of the precedent ,crop which happen to shed1 and grow in the following ,crop1 will be in ,danger of ,smuttiness1 for want of changing those individual ,seeds4 ,all ,i can say in ,answer is1 that during these ,five ,years1 which is all the time ,i have had these annual ,crops1 this objected ,inconvenience never has happened to me1 even when a precedent ,crop has been smutty4 ,the ,reason ,i take to be1 that a ,crop very early planted is not so apt to be smutty2 and if it be not planted early1 the ,grains that are shed grow1 and are killed before1 or at the time of planting the next ,crop4 ,this saves a ,crop following a smutty one 7which is always occasioned by bad ,seed1 or bad ,ordering72 and when the former ,crop was planted with good ,seed well ordered1 the shattered ,grains of that may produce clean ,wheat the ,second ,year2 and 'tis very unlikely1 that any ,breed of these ,grains should remain to grow in the ,crop the ,third ,year4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of ,,blight4 ,wheat is blighted at ,two ,seasons2 ,first1 when in the ,blossom2 and then its ,generation is prevented and many of the ,husks are empty in the ,ear1 the ,grains not being impregnated4 ,secondly1 ,wheat is blighted1 when the ,grains are brought to the time of their ,maturity1 but are light1 and of little ,value for making of ,bread2 because they are not well filled with ,flour4 ,the ,first cannot happen in ,england by the ,frost because the ,winters do not suffer it to grow so much1 as to come into ,blossom before the ,month of ,june2 but they are long continual ,rains that rot or chill the ,blossoms1 and prevent their ,fertility4 ,yet this is what seldom happens to any great ,degree4 ,wheat that grows in open ,fields has some ,advantage from the ,wind1 that dislodges the ,water sooner from the ,ears1 than it can do in sheltry ,places2 and ,lammas ,wheat does not hold the ,drops of ,rain so long as the ,bearded 7or ,cone7 ,wheat1 which received very great ,damage by this sort of ,blight in the ,year #agbe1 the like never having been heard of before4 ,the ,second sort of ,blight1 viz4 from light ,ears1 is that which is most frequent1 and more general3 ,this brings the greatest ,scarcity of ,wheat4 ,the ,cause is plainly ,want of ,nourishment to perfect the ,grain1 by whatever means that ,want is occasioned4 ,several ,accidents kill the ,plants1 or injure their ,health1 and then the ,grains are not filled2 as ,lightning1 the ,effects whereof may be observed by the blackish ,spots and ,patches in ,fields of ,wheat1 especially in such ,years as have more of it than usual4 ,against this there is no ,defence4 ,the other ,causes of the ,blight1 which are most general1 and do the most ,damage1 may1 in some measure1 be prevented4 ,one ,cause is the lodging or falling of ,corn2 for then the ,stalks are broken near the ,ground1 whereby many of the ,vessels are so pressed1 that the ,juices cannot pass them2 and then the free ,circulation is hindered2 the ,chyle cannot mount in sufficient ,quantity to be purified1 and turned into ,sap2 the ,defect whereof makes the ,plants become languid1 and only just able to live2 they have ,strength enough to linger on to the time of their ,period1 as in very old ,age1 but not to bring their ,fruit1 which is the ,grain1 to its natural ,bulk1 nor to fill it with ,flour3 and the sooner the ,stalks fall1 the less and thinner the ,grain will be4 ,hence it often happens1 that when ,tillage1 ,dung1 and good ,land have brought a ,crop of ,wheat1 that in the ,months of ,april and ,may promise to yield the ,owner ,five or ,six ,quarters on an ,acre1 then in ,june it falls down1 and scarce affords ,five or ,six ,bushels2 and that perhaps is so thin and lank1 that the ,expence of reaping and threshing it may overbalance its ,value4 ,that the falling down of ,wheat does cause the ,ruin of the ,crop1 is well known2 but what causes it to fall1 is not so plain4 ,and1 without knowing the true ,causes1 'tis not likely that a ,remedy should be found against the ,disease4 ,i take this ,weakness of the ,stalks1 which occasions their falling1 to proceed from want of ,nourishment1 want of ,air1 want of the ,sun's ,rays1 or of all ,three4 ,one ,argument1 that it lodges for want of ,nourishment1 is1 that a rich ,acre has maintain'd a ,crop of ,five ,quarters standing1 when another poorer ,acre was not able to support a ,crop from falling1 which was but large enough to have brought ,three ,quarters1 if it had stood3 and this in the same ,year1 and on the same ,situation4 ,and 'tis very plain1 that if one ,acre was twice as rich as the other1 it must be able to nourish ,five ,quarters better than the other could nourish ,three ,quarters4 ,air is necessary to the ,life and ,health of all ,plants1 tho' in very different ,degrees3 ,aquatics1 which live under ,water1 are content with as little ,air1 as their ,companions the ,fishes4 ,but ,wheat1 being a terrestrial ,plant1 7tho' in ,winter it will live many ,days under ,water1 whilst the slow ,motion of its ,sap gives it little or no ,increase71 requires a free open ,air1 and does not succeed so well in low sheltery ,places1 as upon higher and opener ,situations2 where the ,air has a greater ,motion1 and can more easily carry off the ,recrements from the ,leaves1 after it has shaken off the ,dews and ,rains1 which would otherwise suffocate the ,plants2 and therefore the ,leaves are made so susceptible of ,motion from the ,air1 which frees them from the ,dews1 that would stop in the ,recrements at the ,vesicul of the ,leaves1 but shaken down will nourish the ,plants at the ,roots3 ,the want of this ,motion weakening the ,wheat1 'tis 7as ,animals in the like sickly ,case are7 the more unable to stand1 and the more liable to be press'd down by the ,weight of ,rain-water1 and more unable to rise up again when down3 ,all which ,evils are remov'd by the free ,motion of the ,air1 which shakes off both ,dews and ,rains1 and thus contributes to prevent the falling 7or lodging7 of ,wheat4 ,a great ,quantity also of the ,sun's ,rays is necessary to keep ,wheat strong1 and in ,health2 and in ,egypt1 and other hot ,countries1 it is not so apt to fall1 as it is when sown in ,northern ,climates1 tho' the ,produce of the ,south be the greatest#aeb4 #aeb ,this proves that the ,crop doth not lodge on account of its ,bigness4 ,it may be observ'd1 that every ,leaf is inserted into a ,sort of ,knot1 which probably delivers the ,sap to be depurated at the ,vesicul of the ,leaves1 and then receives it back again for the ,nourishment of the ,plant1 doing for that ,purpose the ,office of an ,heart3 ,but the ,sun with his ,rays supplies the ,part of ,pulse1 to keep the ,sap in ,motion1 and carry on its ,circulation1 instead of the ,heart's ,systole and ,diastole4 ,wheat1 being doubtless originally a ,native of a hot ,country1 requires by its ,constitution a considerable ,degree of ,heat to bring it to ,perfection2 and if much of that ,degree be wanting1 the ,wheat will be the weaker2 and when the ,solar ,rays cannot reach the lower ,parts of the ,stalks1 the lowest ,leaves and ,knots cannot do their ,office2 for which ,reason the ,chyle must mount higher before it be made into ,sap1 and there must be then a greater ,mixture of crude ,chyle next to the ,ground1 as by the white ,colour it appears#aec4 ,by this ,means that ,part1 which1 if it had a due ,share of the ,sun's ,influence1 would be harden'd like a ,bone or ,spring1 for the ,support of the ,stalks1 for lack of that1 becomes more like to a ,cartilage1 soft and weak1 unable to sustain the ,weight of the bending ,ear1 which1 having its greatest ,impetus against this ,part1 which is most feeble to resist it1 it yields1 and lets it fall to the ,ground2 and then the ,grain will be blighted4 #aec ,but now ,i suspect this to be a ,mistake1 it being more likely1 that the white ,colour of the ,rind is owing to the ,absence of the ,sun and free ,air1 than to the ,chyle1 as the ,skin of those ,parts of our own ,bodies that are concealed from them1 is whiter than of those which are exposed to them1 though no ,chyle-vessel comes near our ,skin4 ,there is also another ,cause of the ,blight2 and that is1 the ,wheat's coming too late into ,blossom4 ,the usual ,time is the ,beginning of ,june2 and if it be later1 the ,days shorten so fast after the ,solstice1 that the ,autumn of the ,year hastening the ,autumn of the ,wheat's ,life1 the full ,time of its ,pregnancy#aed is not accomplish'd2 and then its ,fruit1 which is the ,grain1 becomes as it were abortive1 and not full-grown4 ,this ,time betwixt the ,generation1 ,blossoming1 and the ,maturity of the ,grain1 is1 or ought to be1 about ,two ,months4 #aed ,ut enim ,mulieres habent ad ,partum ,dies certos1 sic ,arbores ac ,fruges4 ,varro1 ,lib4 #a4 ,cap4 #dd4 ,mense ,maio florent2 sic ,frumenta1 ,ordeum1 qu sunt ,seminis singularis1 ,octo diebus florebunt1 deinde per ,dies #dj4 grandescunt ,flore deposito usque ad ,maturitatis ,eventum4 ,palladius1 ,pag4 #aad1 #aae4 ,quindecim ,diebus esse in ,vaginis1 ,quindecim florere1 ,quindecim exarescere1 cum sit maturum ,frumentum4 ,varro1 ,lib4 #a4 ,cap4 #cb4 ,but the different ,heat that there is in different ,climates1 may alter both the ,time that ,plants continue in ,blossom1 and the ,time betwixt the ,blossoming and the ,ripening4 ,therefore 'tis advantageous to hasten1 what we can1 the ,time of ,blossoming1 and to protract the ,time of ,ripening3 ,and 'tis observ'd1 that the earliest sown ,wheat generally escapes the ,blight the best1 because it comes first into ,blossom4 ,feeding down the ,wheat with ,sheep prevents the ,blight1 by doing what the ,blight wou'd do1 if the ,wheat fell down1 i4 e4 causes the ,ears to be light#aee4 #aee ,heavy ,ears never fall4 ,if they did1 that would not make them light4 ,wheat falls sometimes whilst 'tis in ,grass1 and before it comes into ,ear2 so far are the ,ears from causing it to fall4 ,this was proved by my whole ,crop the last ,harvest1 and particularly by the ,measured ,acre1 the ,ears of which1 tho' prodigious large and heavy1 were none of them lodg'd1 when those of sown ,wheat on the other ,side of the ,hedge were fallen down flat1 and lodg'd on the ,ground4 ,and we find1 that those who practise this ,method of feeding their ,wheat with ,sheep in the ,spring1 to prevent the lodging of it1 have most commonly their ,straw weak1 and ,ears light4 ,these1 instead of making the ,stalks strong enough to support heavy ,ears1 make the ,ears light enough to be supported by weak ,stalks4 ,they know that heavy ,ears make the greatest ,crop2 and yet they still hope to have it from light ones4 ,they cause the ,blight by the very means they make use of to cure it4 ,this feeding of ,wheat much retards the ,time of its blossoming2 and that it may blossom early1 is one chief ,end of sowing it early1 to prevent the ,blight4 ,but when it is fed1 what the ,plants send up next is but a ,sort of second or latter ,crop1 which has longer to stand than the first would have required1 and is always weaker than the first ,crop would have been2 and the longer time it has to continue on the ,ground1 the more ,nourishment is required to maintain it2 and yet1 as has been shewn1 the longer it has been sown1 the more the ,earth has lost of its ,nourishment2 and consequently1 the ,crop will be yet weaker1 and in more ,danger of the starving ,blight#aef4 #aef ,i am sure1 that whenever ,sheep break into my drill'd ,wheat in the ,spring1 it lessens my ,crop half1 just as far as they eat the ,rows4 ,there are several ,reasons why ,sheep are more injurious to drilled ,wheat than sown2 ,i would not therefore be understood to decry the ,practice of seeding sown ,wheat1 when the ,thickness and ,irregularity of its ,plants make it necessary3 ,i have only endeavoured to shew1 that that ,practice is founded upon a false ,theory4 ,for1 if ,wheat fell down by reason of the ,luxuriance of it2 a ,plant of it would be more likely to fall when single1 and at a great ,distance from every other ,plant1 than when near to other ,plants1 because such a single ,plant is 7cteris paribus7 always the most luxuriant2 and ,i have not seen such a one fall 7except ,birds pull down the ,ears71 but have observed the contrary1 though its ,ears are the largest4 ,the ,subject ,i write on is ,drilling and ,hoeing1 and of whatsoever else ,i think relates to the ,practice or ,theory thereof2 which obliges me to advise against ,drilling too thick upon any ,sort of ,land2 but more especially upon very rich ,land3 ,for though ,i have no such ,land1 yet ,i apprehend1 that a too great ,number of ,plants may overstock the ,rows1 and cause them to be liable to some of the ,inconveniences of sown ,wheat2 and in such a ,case1 perhaps1 ,sheep may be rather useful than prejudicial to the drilled ,wheat2 but of this ,i have had no ,experience3 ,and if it should be too thick1 it will be owing to the ,fault of the ,manager or ,driller2 but1 ,i suppose1 it might be a better ,remedy to cut out the superfluous ,plants by the ,hand-hoe1 in the manner that superfluous ,turneps are hoed out4 ,the most effectual ,remedy against the ,blight is that which removes all its ,causes 7except such extraordinary ones as ,lightning72 as1 ,first1 ,want of ,nourishment4 ,the ,horse-hoe will1 in wide ,intervals1 give ,wheat1 throughout all the ,stages of its ,life1 as much ,nourishment as the discreet ,hoer pleases4 ,secondly1 ,want of ,air4 ,air1 being a ,fluid1 moves most freely in a right or strait ,line2 for there the fewest of its ,parts meet with any ,resistance2 as a strait ,river runs swifter than a crooked one1 from an equal ,declivity2 because more of the ,water strikes against the ,banks at the ,turnings1 and is there somewhat retarded3 and the rest moving no faster than in the strait ,river1 the whole ,stream of the crooked must be slower in its ,course1 than that of the strait ,river4 ,the ,air cannot pass thro' sown ,corn in a direct ,line1 because it must strike against1 and go round every ,plant1 they standing all in the ,way of its ,course1 which must stop its ,current near the ,earth4 ,and the ,air amongst sown ,corn is like ,water amongst ,reeds or ,osiers in the ,side of a ,river2 it is so stopp'd in its ,course1 that it almost becomes an ,eddy2 and since ,air is about ,eight hundred ,times lighter than ,water1 we may suppose its ,current thro' the ,corn is more easily retarded1 especially near the ,earth1 where the ,corn has occasion for the greatest ,quantity of ,air to pass3 ,for1 tho' the upper ,part of the ,wheat be not able to stop a slow ,current of ,air1 yet it does so much raise even a swift one1 as to throw it off from the ,ground1 and hinder it from reaching the lower ,parts of the ,stalks1 where the ,air must therefore remain1 in a manner1 stagnant2 and the thicker the ,wheat is1 where it stands promiscuously1 the less ,change of ,air can it have1 tho' the greater the ,number of the ,stalks is1 the more fresh ,air they must require4 ,but the confused ,manner in which the ,plants of sown ,wheat stand1 is such1 that they must all oppose the free ,entrance of ,air amongst them1 from whatever ,point of the ,compass it comes4 ,now it is quite otherwise with ,wheat drill'd regularly with wide ,intervals2 for therein the ,current of ,air may pass freely 7like ,water in a strait ,river1 where there is no ,resistance71 and communicate its ,nitre to the lower as well as upper ,leaves1 and carry off the ,recrements they emit1 not suffering the ,plants to be weakened1 as an ,animal is1 when his ,lungs are forc'd to take back their own ,expirations1 if debarr'd from a sufficient ,supply of fresh untainted ,air4 ,and this ,benefit of fresh ,air is plentifully1 and pretty equally1 distributed to every ,row in a ,field of ho'd ,wheat4 ,thirdly1 ,want of the ,sun's ,rays4 ,sown ,wheat-plants1 by their irregular ,position1 may be said to stand in one another's ,light1 for want of which they are apt to fall4 ',tis true the whole ,field of ,plants receive the same ,quantity of ,sun-beams amongst them1 whether they stand confusedly1 or in ,order3 ,but there is a vast ,difference in the ,distribution of them2 for none or the very least ,share of ,beams is obtain'd by those ,parts which need the greatest ,share1 in the confused ,plants4 ,and when the crural ,parts1 that should support the whole ,body of every ,plant1 are depriv'd of their due ,share of what is so necessary to strengthen them1 the ,plants 7like ,animals in the same ,case7 are unable to stand4 ,but in drill'd ,wheat1 where the ,plants stand in a regular ,order1 the ,sun-beams are more duly distributed to all ,parts of the ,plants in the ,ranks2 for which ,way soever the ,rows are directed1 if they be strait1 the ,rays must1 some time of the ,day1 fall on the ,intervals1 and be reflected by the ,ground1 whence the lower ,parts of the ,wheat-stalks must receive the greater ,share of ,heat1 being nearest to the ,point of ,incidence1 having no ,weeds to shadow them4 ,as to that ,cause of the ,blight1 viz4 the ,wheat's dying before the full ,time of its ,pregnancy be accomplish'd2 the ,hoe removes all the ,objections against planting early1 and then it will blossom the earlier3 ,and it has visibly kept ,wheat green a whole ,week longer1 than unho'd ,wheat adjoining to it1 planted the same ,day4 ,the ,antients were perfect ,masters of the ,vine-,husbandry1 which seems to have so engross'd their rural ,studies1 that it did not allow them so much ,reflection1 as to apply the ,use of those ,methods to the ,increase of ,bread1 which they had discover'd to be most beneficial for the ,increase of ,wine4 ,one ,method was1 to hoe the ,vines after they had blossom'd1 in order to fill the ,fruit1 as in ,columella1 ,lib4 iv4 ,cap4 #bh4 ,convenit tum crebris ,fossionibus implere3 nam fit ulterior ,pulverationibus4 ,and if what ,palladius says1 ,tit4 ix4 be true of the ,sarritions and ,sarculations in the ,month of ,january1 and that if ,beans do twice undergo that scratching ,operation1 they will produce much ,fruit1 and so large as to fill the ,bushel almost as full when shal'd as unshal'd4 ,faba1 si bis sarculetur1 proficiet1 multum ,fructum maximum afferet1 ut ad ,mensuram ,modii complendi fresa propemodum sicut ,integra respondeat4 ,this is to be done when ,beans are ,four ,fingers high1 and ,corn when it has ,four or ,five ,leaves to a ,plant2 even then the ,harrowing-work1 tho' it tore up some of the ,plants1 yet it was observ'd to do ,good against the ,blight4 ,si siccas ,segetes sarculaveris1 aliquid contra ,rubiginem prstitisti1 maxime si ,ordeum siccum sarrietur4 ,when the ,antients observ'd this1 'tis a ,wonder they did not plant their ,corn so as to be capable of receiving this ,benefit in ,perfection4 ,they might have imagin'd1 that what was effectual against the ,blight1 when the ,corn was in ,grass1 must1 in all ,probability1 be much more effectual when in ,ear4 ,but the most general ,blight that happens to ,wheat in cold ,climates1 is caused by ,insects1 which 7some think7 are brought in the ,air by an ,east ,wind accompanied with ,moisture1 a little before the ,grain is filling with that milky ,juice1 which afterwards hardens into ,flour4 ,these ,insects deposit their ,eggs within the outer ,skin 7or ,rind7 of the ,stalks2 and when the young ones are hatched1 they feed on the ,parenchyma1 and eat off many of the ,vessels which should make and convey this ,juice2 and then the ,grain will be more or less thin1 in ,proportion to the ,number of ,vessels eaten1 and as the ,insects happen to come earlier or later2 for sometimes they come so late1 that the ,grain is sufficiently fill'd with the said milky ,juice before the ,vessels are eaten2 and then1 tho' the ,straw appear thro' a ,microscope to have its ,vessels very much eaten and torn1 and to be full of black ,spots 7which ,spots are nothing else but the ,excrements of those young ,insects71 yet the ,grain is plump1 and not blighted1 there being an ,observation1 ,that the early sown ,wheat generally escapes this ,blight4 ,and it has been seen1 where one ,part of a ,field is sown earlier than the other ,part1 without any other ,difference than the ,time of sowing1 that the ,grain of the latest sown has been much blighted1 and the ,grain of the earlier has escaped the ,blight1 tho' the ,straw of both were equally eaten by the ,insects4 ,hence it may be inferr'd1 that the ,milk in the one had receiv'd all the ,nourishment necessary to its due ,consistence1 before the ,vessels were destroy'd2 but1 in the other1 the ,vessels1 which should have continued the ,supply of ,nourishment for thickening the ,milk1 being spoil'd before they have finish'd that ,office1 it remains too thin2 and then the ,grain1 when it hardeneth1 shrinks up1 and is blighted2 yet the ,grain of one and the other are equally plump until they become hard3 ,the ,difference therefore is only in the ,thickness of the ,milk1 that in the blighted being more watery than the other4 ,the chief ,argument to prove1 that these ,insects are brought by an ,east ,wind1 is1 that the ,wheat on the ,east ,sides of ,hedges are much blighted1 when that on the ,west ,sides is not hurt3 ,and as to the ,objection1 that they are bred in the ,earth1 and crawl thence up the ,stalks of the ,wheat1 because some ,land is much more subject to produce blighted ,wheat than other ,land is2 perhaps this ,difference may be chiefly owing to the different ,situation of those ,lands1 as they are opposed to the ,east1 or to the ,west4 ,another ,cause why some ,wheat is more blighted than other ,wheat on the same ,land1 is1 the different ,condition in which the ,insects find it2 for the ,rind of that which is very strong and flourishing#aeg is soft and tender2 into this they can easily penetrate to lay their ,eggs2 but the ,wheat that is poor and yellow1 has an hard tough skin 7or ,rind71 into which the ,insects are not able to bore for the ,intromission of their ,eggs1 and therefore can do it no ,mischief4 ,it would be in vain to advise to prevent the ,blight1 by striving to make the ,wheat poor2 for tho' ,poverty may preserve ,wheat from this ,blight1 as well as it does ,people from the ,gout1 yet that is a ,remedy which few take willingly against either of these ,diseases3 ,but this1 ,i think1 might be possible to remedy it1 if we could1 from the strongest ,wheat1 take away so much ,nourishment as to turn its ,colour#aeh a little yellowish just before the ,insects come#aei which ,i suppose to be in ,june1 after the ,ear is out1 or at least fully formed4 #aeg ,some ,sort of ,land is more subject to this ,blight than others2 in such1 ,lammas ,wheat must by no means be drill'd late1 and too thin1 lest it should not tiller till late in the ,spring2 and then1 for want of a sufficient ,quantity of ,stalks to dispense with all the ,nourishment rais'd by the ,hoe1 may become too vigorous and luxuriant1 and be the more liable to the ,injury of the ,blight of ,insects4 #aeh ,but this is a very difficult ,matter4 #aei ,whither those ,insects go1 or where they reside1 from the ,time of their eating their ,way out of the ,straw1 until they return the next ,year1 ,i cannot learn4 ,yet this can only be done in wide ,intervals2 for1 unless the fine ,earth can be thrust to some considerable ,distance from the ,roots after they are cut off1 they will soon shoot out again1 and reach it1 becoming more vigorous thereby4 ,in dry ,summers this ,misfortune seldom happens1 much ,heat1 and very little ,moisture1 being most agreeable to the ,constitution of ,wheat2 for then its ,rind is more firm and hard1 as it is1 on the contrary1 made more soft and spongy by too much ,moisture4 ,the most easy and sure ,remedy1 that ,i have yet found against the ,injury of these ,insects1 is1 to plant a ,sort of ,wheat that is least liable to be hurt by them2 viz4 ,the ,white-cone 7or bearded7 ,wheat1 which has its ,stalk or ,straw like a ,rush1 not hollow1 but full of ,pith 7except near the lower ,part1 and there 'tis very thick and strong73 ',tis probable it has ,sap-,vessels that lie deeper1 so as the young ,insects cannot totally destroy them1 as they do in other ,wheat3 ,for when the ,straw has the black ,spots1 which shew that the ,insects have been there bred1 yet the ,grain is plump1 when the ,grey-cone and ,lammas ,wheat mixt with it are blighted4 ,this ,difference might have been from the different times of ripening1 this being ripe about a ,week earlier than the ,grey-cone1 and later than the ,lammas3 ,but its being planted together both early and late1 and at all ,times of the ,wheat-seed ,time1 and this ,white-cone always escaping with its ,grain unhurt1 is an ,argument1 that 'tis naturally fortify'd against the ,injury of these ,insects1 which in wet ,summers are so pernicious to other ,sorts of ,wheat2 and ,i can impute it to no other ,cause than the different ,deepness of the ,vessels1 the ,straw of other ,wheat being very much thinner1 and hollow from ,top to ,bottom2 this having a small ,hollow at ,bottom1 and there the ,thickness betwixt the outer ,skin and the ,cavity is more than double to that in other ,sorts of ,wheat2 so that ,i imagine1 the ,insects reach only the outermost ,vessels1 and enough of the inner ,vessels are left untouch'd to supply the ,grain4 ,this ,wheat makes very good ,bread1 if the ,miller does not grind it too small1 or the ,baker make his ,dough too hard1 it requiring to be made softer than that of other ,flour4 ,a ,bushel of this ,white-cone ,wheat will make more ,bread than a ,bushel of ,lammas1 and of the same ,goodness2 but it gives a little yellow ,cast to the ,bread4 ,another ,sort of lodging ,blight there is1 which some call ,moar-,loore1 and mostly happens on light ,land4 ,this is when the ,earth1 sinking away from the ,roots1 leaves the ,bottom of the ,stalk higher than the subsided ,ground2 and then the ,plant1 having only these naked ,roots to support it 7for which they are too weak71 falls down to the ,earth4 ,to remedy this1 turn a shallow ,furrow against the ,rows1 when they are strong enough to bear it1 and when the ,mould is very fine and dry2 then the ,motion of the ,stalks by the ,wind will cause such ,earth to run through the ,rows1 and settle about the ,roots1 and cover them#afj4 #afj ,some ,land is very subject to the ,misfortune of exposing the ,roots1 and therefore is less proper for ,wheat2 for when the ,roots are left bare to the ,air1 they will be shrivelled1 and unable to support the ,plants3 ,and on such ,land the ,wheat plants have all fallen down1 though in ,number and ,bigness not sufficient to have produced the ,fourth ,part of a tolerable ,crop1 if they had stood4 ,i am inclined to believe1 that a thorough ,tillage might be a ,remedy to such a loose hollow ,soil2 for 'tis certain to a ,demonstration1 that it would render it more dense1 and increase its specific ,gravity3 ,but to enrich it sufficiently without ,manure1 the ,tillage must pulverize it much more minutely1 and expose it longer1 than is required for the strongest ,land3 ,the ,fold also will be very helpful on such hollow ,land4 ,i have never seen any drill'd ,wheat so much spoil'd by falling1 as sewn ,wheat sometimes is4 ,the drill'd never falls so close to the ,ground1 but that the ,air enters into ,hollows that are under it1 and the ,wind keeps the ,ears in ,motion4 ,notwithstanding all the ,precaution that can be used1 in some unseasonable ,years ,wheat will be blighted3 ,i have known such a general ,blight1 when some of my ,lammas ,wheat1 planted late on blighting ,land1 was blighted1 amongst the rest of my ,neighbours1 by the ,insects1 but the ,grain of the sown ,wheat was vastly more injured than that of the drill'd3 ,the former was so light1 that the greatest ,part was blown away in winnowing1 and the ,remainder so bad1 that it was not fit to make ,bread3 ,the drill'd made as good ,bread1 and had as much ,flour in it1 as the sown ,wheat had1 that was not blighted2 for the ,grains of the drill'd were much larger than those of the sown2 being form'd to have been twice as big as the ,grains of ,wheat generally are1 had they not been blighted4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of ,,st4 ,,foin4 ,st4 ,foin1 from the ,country we brought it from1 is call'd ,french ,grass3 ,and for its long ,continuance1 some having lasted ,forty ,years1 'tis call'd ,everlasting ,grass1 tho' it be not strictly a ,gramen4 ',tis call'd in ,french1 ,sain ,foin1 i4 e4 ,sanum ,fnum1 from its ,quality of ,wholsomeness1 beyond the other artificial ,grasses1 green and dry4 ',tis also call'd ,sanctum ,fnum1 ,holy ,hay4 ',tis a ,plant so generally known to every ,body1 that there is no need to give any formal ,description of that ,part of it which appears above-ground1 ,it has many red ,flowers1 sometimes leaving ,ears ,five or ,six ,inches long3 ,i have measured the ,stalks1 and found them above ,five ,feet long1 tho' they are commonly but about ,two ,feet4 ,the ,reason why ,st4 ,foin will1 in poor ,ground1 make a ,forty times greater ,increase than the natural ,turf1 is the prodigious ,length#afa of its perpendicular ,tap-root3 ,it is said to descend ,twenty or ,thirty ,feet4 ,i have been inform'd1 by a ,person of undoubted ,credit1 that he has broken off one of these ,roots in a ,pit1 and measured the ,part broken off1 and found it fourteen ,feet4 #afa ,there is a vulgar ,opinion1 that ,st4 ,foin will not succeed on any ,land1 where there is not an under ,stratum of ,stone or ,chalk1 to stop the ,roots from running deep2 else1 they say1 the ,plants spend themselves in the ,roots only1 and cannot thrive in those ,parts of them which are above the ,ground4 ,i am almost ashamed to give an ,answer to this4 ',tis certain that every ,plant is nourished from its ,roots 7as an ,animal is by its ,guts72 and the more and larger ,roots it has1 the more ,nourishment it receives1 and prospers in proportion to it4 ,st4 ,foin always succeeds where its ,roots run deep2 and when it does not succeed1 it never lives to have long ,roots2 neither can there ever be found a ,plant of it1 that lives so long as to root deep in a ,soil that is improper for it3 ,therefore 'tis amazing to hear such ,reasoning from ,men4 ,an under ,stratum of very strong ,clay1 or other ,earth1 which holds ,water1 may make a ,soil improper for it2 because the ,water kills the ,root1 and never suffers it to grow to ,perfection1 or to attain to its natural ,bulk4 ,the best ,st4 ,foin that ever ,i saw1 had nothing in the ,soil to obstruct the ,roots1 and it has been found to have ,roots of a prodigious ,depth4 ,if there be ,springs near 7or within several ,feet of7 the ,surface of the ,soil1 ,st4 ,foin will die therein in ,winter1 even after it has been vigorous in the first ,summer2 and also after it hath produced a great ,crop in the second ,summer4 ,this ,tap-root has also a ,multitude of very long horizontal ,roots at the upper ,part thereof1 which fill all the upper ,stratum1 or ,staple of the ,ground2 and of thousands of ,st4 ,foin ,roots ,i have seen taken up1 ,i never found one that was without horizontal ,roots near the ,surface1 after one ,summer's ,growth2 and do much wonder how ,mr4 ,kerkham should be so mistaken1 as to think they have none such4 ,also these ,tap-roots have the horizontal ones all the ,way down2 but as they descend1 they are still shorter and shorter1 as the uppermost are always the longest4 ,any dry ,ground may be made to produce this noble ,plant1 be it never so poor2 but the richest ,soil will yield the most of it1 and the best4 ,if you venture to plant it with the ,drill1 according to the ,method wherein ,i have always had the best ,success2 let the ,land be well prepared before you plant it4 ,the ,seed1 if not well ordered1 will very little of it grow2 therefore 'tis convenient to try it in the manner mention'd in the ,chapter of ,hoeing2 where are also ,directions to find the proper ,quantity and ,depth to plant it at3 ,i have observ'd1 that the ,heads of these ,seeds are so large1 and their ,necks so weak#afb1 that if they lie much more than half an ,inch#afc deep1 they are not able to rise through the incumbent ,mould2 or if they are not cover'd1 they will be malted#afd4 ,a ,bushel to an ,acre is full twenty ,seeds to each square ,foot1 in all ,i try'd2 but there is odds in the ,largeness of it1 which makes some ,difference in the ,number4 #afb ,the ,kernel or ,seed1 being much swollen in the ,ground1 ,i call the ,head3 ,this1 when it reaches above the ,ground1 opens in the ,middle1 and is formed into the ,two first ,leaves2 the ,husk always remaining at the same ,depth at which it is cover'd3 ,the ,string that passes from the ,husk to the ,head1 is the ,neck2 which1 when by its too great ,length 'tis unable to support the ,head till it reaches to the ,air1 rises up1 and doubles above it2 and when it does so1 the ,head1 being turn'd with its ,top downwards1 never can rise any higher1 but there rots in the ,ground4 #afc ,in very light ,land the ,seed will come up from a greater ,depth2 but the most secure ,way is1 not to suffer it to be cover'd deep in any ,land4 #afd ,we say it is malted1 when it lies above-ground1 and sends out its ,root1 which is killed by the ,air4 ,and whether we plant bad ,seed that does not grow1 or good ,seed buried or malted1 the ,consequence will be much the same1 and the ,ground may be equally understock'd with ,plants4 ,the worst ,seasons to plant it are the ,beginning of ,winter1 and in the ,drought of ,summer4 ,the best ,season is early in the ,spring4 ',tis the stronger when planted alone1 and when no other ,crop is sown with it#afe4 #afe ,the worst ,crop that can be sown amongst ,st4 ,foin1 is ,clover or ,rye-,grass2 ,barley or ,oats continue but a little while to rob it2 but the other artificial ,grasses rob it for a ,year or ,two1 until the artificial ,pasture is near lost2 and then the ,st4 ,foin never arrives to half the ,perfection as it will do when no other ,grass is sown amongst it4 ,the ,injury these ,hay-crops do to the ,st4 ,foin is best seen where some ,parts of the same ,field have them1 and the other ,parts are without them4 ,if ,barley1 ,oats1 or other ,corn sown with ,st4 ,foin1 do lodge1 it will kill#aff the young ,st4 ,foin that is under it3 ,but then so great a ,crop of ,corn will certainly answer the very little ,expence of drilling the ,st4 ,foin again1 either the next ,year1 or as soon as the ,corn is off the ,ground4 #aff ,when ,barley1 among which the ,st4 ,foin is planted in a dry ,summer1 is great1 there are few ,farmers that know till the next ,spring1 whether the ,st4 ,foin succeeds or not2 because the young ,plants are not then visible2 unless it be to those who are accustomed to observe them in all the ,degrees of their ,growth4 ,i have seen a ,field of ,ten ,acres of such1 wherein1 after the ,barley was carried off1 nothing appeared like ,st4 ,foin2 but when by the ,print of the ,chanels ,i searched diligently1 ,i found the small ,st4 ,foin ,plants thick enough in the ,rows2 they had no ,leaves1 they being cut off by the ,scythe2 no ,part of them that was left had any ,green ,colour2 but from the ,plants there came out many ,sprigs like ,hog's ,bristles1 or like the ,beard of ,barley3 ,this whole ,piece of ,st4 ,foin succeeded so well1 that the ,third ,year its ,crop was worth ,three ,pounds per ,acre1 the ,land being good4 ,st4 ,foin drill'd betwixt ,rows of ,barley or ,oats1 always is stronger than when drill'd amongst ,corn that is sown at random2 and therefore is in less ,danger of being kill'd by the ,lodging of the ,corn2 neither is the ,corn in ,rows so liable to fall as the other4 ,the ,quantity of ,seed to be drill'd on an ,acre will depend1 in great ,measure1 upon the ,goodness of it2 for in some bad ,seed1 not more than ,one in ,ten will grow2 and in good ,seed1 not ,one in ,twenty will miss2 which is best known by stripping off the ,husks of a certain ,number of ,seeds1 and planting the ,kernels in ,earth1 in the manner directed for finding the proper ,depth to plant at1 which1 in this ,case1 let be half an ,inch3 ,this being done1 the ,quality of the ,seed will be known4 ,but until frequent ,trials have furnish'd ,experience enough to the ,planter to know the ,difference1 let him observe1 that the following are good ,signs2 viz4 ,the ,husk of a bright ,colour1 the ,kernel plump1 of a light-grey or blue ,colour1 or sometimes of a shining black2 yet the ,seed may be good1 tho' the ,husk is of a dark ,colour1 if that is caused by its receiving ,rain in the ,field1 and not by heating in a ,heap1 or in the ,mow2 and if you cut the ,kernel off in the ,middle1 cross-ways1 and find the ,inside of a ,greenish fresh ,colour1 it's surely good2 but if of a yellowish ,colour1 and friable about the ,navel1 and thin1 or pitted1 these are ,marks of bad ,seed4 ,the ,quantity1 or rather ,number of ,seeds convenient to drill1 ought to be computed by the ,number of ,plants#afg we propose to have for making the best ,crop1 allowing for ,casualties#afh4 #afg ,not that we need to be so exact as to the ,number of ,plants1 whether they be ,two1 ,three1 or ,four hundred upon a square ,perch4 ,neither is it possible to know beforehand the precise ,number of ,plants that may live2 for sometimes the ,grub kills many1 by eating off the first ,two ,leaves4 #afh ,many even of the best of ,seeds1 both sown and drill'd1 are liable to ,casualties1 but not equally2 for about ,twenty-eight ,years ago1 my ,servants 7being prime ,seedsmen7 had a ,fancy in my ,absence to try an ,experiment of the ,difference betwixt sowing and drilling of ,st4 ,foin2 and in the ,middle of a large ,field of my best ,land they sow'd a square ,piece of ,three ,acres1 at the ,rate of ,one ,bushel to an ,acre1 not doubting but1 by their skill in sowing even1 it would succeed as well as if drill'd2 but it succeeded so much against their ,expectation1 that the ,land all round it1 which was drill'd at the same ,time1 with the same ,proportion of the same ,seed1 brought extraordinary good ,crops of ,st4 ,foin2 but the sow'd ,part was so very thin1 that tho' it lay still with the rest for ,eight ,years1 it never was a ,crop1 there not being above ,three or ,four upon a square ,perch1 taking the ,three ,acres all together3 ,not that it can be supposed1 that the sown would always meet with so many ,casualties as this did2 for then ,eight ,bushels sown to an ,acre might have been too thin1 and much thinner than all the rest of the ,field was1 tho' drill'd with only ,one ,bushel to an ,acre3 ,and 'tis often seen1 that when an ,acre is sown with seven ,bushels of ,seed1 the ,st4 ,foin is as much too thick1 as that sown with ,one ,bushel was too thin4 ,i do not know1 that of the many hundred ,acres of ,st4 ,foin1 that have been drill'd for me1 ever one ,acre was too thin1 except when planted with ,wheat3 ,the young ,plants were kill'd by the ,frost4 ,in drilling ,st4 ,foin not to be ho'd1 and before the ,ploughs of my ,drill were so perfect in making narrow ,chanels as they are now 7for1 when the ,chanels were open1 they had ,six times the ,breadth1 wherein ,part of the ,seed was wasted71 then my ,quantity was ,one ,bushel to an ,acre1 sometimes ,six ,gallons4 ,but a single ,acre 7in the middle of a large ,field of ,st4 ,foin7 being drill'd late in ,october1 the frosty ,winter kill'd at least ,nineteen of ,twenty ,parts#afi of that ,bushel4 ,at first it made such a poor ,appearance1 that 'twas by mere ,accident1 or it had been plow'd up for a ,fallow2 but1 missing of that1 a few ,plants were perceiv'd in the ,summer1 which by their ,singleness grew so vigorous1 and so very large1 that the ,second ,year of ,mowing it#agj produc'd a ,crop double to the rest of the same ,field1 which was drill'd in the ,spring1 with the same ,proportion of ,seed1 and none of it kill'd3 tho' all this ,field was a much better ,crop than some that was sown in the common ,manner1 with ,seven ,bushels to an ,acre4 ,i have generally observ'd the thin#aga to make the best ,crop1 after the ,first or ,second ,year4 #afi ,but ,i believe1 there might remain alive ,three or ,four ,plants to each square ,yard1 standing single1 and at pretty equal ,distances4 #agj ,but ,note1 ,this ,acre was dunged1 and in better ,order than the rest4 #aga ,but1 notwithstanding ,i commend the ,planting of ,st4 ,foin thin1 that most of the ,roots may be single2 yet ,i have ,fields that were drill'd with but ,four ,gallons of ,seed to an ,acre2 and yet the ,rows being ,seven ,inches asunder1 the ,roots are so thick in them1 that the ,ground is cover'd with the ,st4 ,foin ,plants1 which seem to be as thick 7in ,appearance7 as most sown ,st4 ,foin1 whereon ,seven or ,eight ,bushels are sown on an ,acre4 ,and ,i have other ,fields that were drill'd with about ,two ,gallons of ,seed to an ,acre 7which is ,five ,seeds to each square ,foot71 the ,rows ,sixteen ,inches asunder1 that produce better ,crops1 tho' the ,ground be poorer4 ,the drill'd ,st4 ,foin1 being regular1 is more single1 tho' as thick as the sown2 and for that ,reason always makes a better ,crop1 and lasts longer than the sown that is of the same ,thickness1 but irregular4 ,i have also often observ'd in ,lands of ,st4 ,foin1 lying dispersed in a common ,field 7but where there was not ,common for ,sheep71 and where the ,ends of other ,lands kept in ,tillage1 pointed against the ,pieces of ,st4 ,foin1 and the ,horses and ,ploughs turning out upon the ,st4 ,foin#agb did plow and scratch out a ,multitude of its ,plants2 so that it was thought to be spoil'd1 and ,law-suits were intended for ,recompence of the ,damage2 that afterwards this scratch'd ,part1 supposed to be spoil'd1 became twice as good as the rest of the same ,pieces1 where the ,ploughs did not come to tear up any ,plants4 #agb ,this ,plowing and ,scratching was a sort of ,hoeing1 which helped the ,st4 ,foin by a small ,degree of ,pulveration1 as well as by making the ,plants thinner4 ,the ,reason why the single ,st4 ,foin ,plants make the greatest ,crops1 is1 that the ,quantity of the ,crop is always in ,proportion to the ,quantity of ,nourishment it receives from the ,earth2 and those ,plants which run deepest will receive most2 and such as are single will run deeper than those which are not single4 ,also the single do send out all round them horizontal ,roots1 proportionably stronger and larger1 whereby they are better able to penetrate1 and extract more ,nourishment from the ,staple1 or upper ,stratum1 than the other can do1 if there be a competent ,number2 which is1 when ho'd1 fewer than any-body imagines4 ',tis common to see a single ,st4 ,foin have a bigger ,tap-root than ,twenty thick ones3 ,their ,length is in ,proportion to their ,bigness3 ,therefore that single ,plant may well be supposed to have ,twenty times more ,depth of ,earth to supply it1 than all those ,twenty small ,roots can reach to4 ,and tho' these under ,strata are not so rich as the upper2 yet1 never having been drain'd by any ,vegetable1 they do afford a very considerable ,quantity of ,nourishment to those ,roots which first enter them4 ,the small thick ,plants are so far from equalling the ,product of the single1 by their ,excess of ,number1 that the more they are1 the smaller1 shorter1 and weaker they become2 less ,nourishment they have1 and the less ,crop they produce2 and are soon starv'd1 decay1 and die1 unless reliev'd by the ,expence of frequent ,manure1 or that the ,soil be very rich4 ,single ,plants exceed the other by a ,multitude of ,degrees1 more than a ,giant does a ,dwarf1 in ,strength1 as well as ,stature2 and therefore when natural ,grass happens to come1 are so much the better able to shift amongst it4 ,the single ,plants seem also to exceed the other in their ,longevity2 for 'tis observ'd1 that all ,st4 ,foin that has continu'd great for a good ,number of ,years without ,manure1 has been so single1 that the ,owners have determined to plow it up at the ,beginning1 for the ,thinness of it4 ,how long this may last by ,culture1 ,i can't tell2 but undoubtedly much longer than without it2 and ,i can say1 that ,i never knew a ,plant of ,st4 ,foin die a natural ,death2 the most common ,end of it is ,starving4 ,and when an hundred thick ,plants have not the ,nourishment which ,one single ,plant has1 'tis no ,wonder that these 7in a ,croud#agc thus besieg'd with ,hunger7 should be starv'd before it4 #agc ,sown ,plants1 when too thick1 are crouded on every ,side2 but those that are drill'd1 have always ,room enough on ,two ,sides of them2 unless the ,rows are too near together4 ,another ,advantage the single have1 in respect of ,moisture3 ,these reach to a ,depth where that is never wanting1 even when the upper ,stratum or ,staple is parch'd up1 as appears by the ,experiment of the ,mints1 that if any ,root of a ,plant has ,moisture1 that ,root will communicate a ,share to all the rest4 ,hence it is1 that1 in the driest ,summer1 these single ,plants make a great ,crop1 when the other yield next to nothing4 ,i remember ,i once saw a ,farmer coming out of a ,ground with a ,load of ,st4 ,foin ,hay1 which he assured me was all he could find worth cutting1 out of ,forty ,acres of this thick sort1 in full ,perfection1 ,three ,years after sowing3 ,he valued his ,load at ,three ,pounds2 but withal said it came off so much ,ground1 that the ,expence of ,mowing1 ,raking1 c4 was more than the ,value2 when1 in the very same dry ,summer1 there was ,three ,tun of ,st4 ,foin to an ,acre in a ,field#agd1 where it was drill'd single and regularly4 #agd ,this was on rich deep ,land in ,oxfordshire2 and the other ,st4 ,foin1 which was so poor1 was on thin ,slate ,land near ,causham in ,wiltshire in the ,bath ,road4 ,it is now about ,forty ,years since4 ,and ,i have often observ'd1 that where the ,plants are thin1 the ,second ,crop of them springs again immediately after cutting2 when ,plants that stand thick in the same ,ground1 spring not till ,rain comes2 and ,i have seen the thin grown high enough to cut the ,second time1 before the other began to spring4 ,the best way to find what ,number of these ,plants it is proper to have on a ,perch of ,ground1 is to consider what ,quantity of ,hay one large ,plant will produce 7for1 if cultivated1 they will be all such74 ,without ,culture these ,plants never attain to a ,fourth ,part of the ,bulk they do with it3 ,therefore very few have seen any one ,plant at its full ,bigness4 ,one ,plant1 well cultivated1 has in the same ,ground made a greater ,produce1 than ,one thousand small ones uncultivated4 ,but the ,hay of a large single cultivated ,plant will weigh more than half a ,pound2 and #aab ,plants upon a square ,perch1 weighing but a ,quarter of a ,pound apiece one with another1 amount to ,two ,tun to an ,acre4 ,if ,st4 ,foin be planted on some sorts of ,land early in the ,spring1 and ho'd1 it may bring a ,crop the same ,summer2 for ,i once planted a few ,seeds of it on sandy ,ground in my ,garden1 at the ,end of ,february1 which produced large ,plants above ,two ,feet high1 that went into ,blossom the following ,june2 tho' there was a severe ,frost in ,march1 which kill'd abundance of ,wheat1 yet did not hurt these ,plants3 ,this shews that ,st4 ,foin is a quick ,grower1 unless it be planted on poor cold ,ground1 or for ,want of ,culture4 ,and tho' the poor ,land1 and ill ,management generally allotted to it1 cause it to yield but ,one mowing ,crop a ,year2 yet it has yielded ,two great ones on rich sandy ,land1 even when sown in the common ordinary matter4 ,thin ,st4 ,foin cannot be expected to cover all the ,ground at first1 any more than an ,orchard of ,apple-trees will1 when first planted at ,thirty ,feet ,distance from each other every ,way2 yet this is reckon'd a proper ,distance to make a good and lasting ,orchard4 ,but if these should be planted at ,three ,feet ,distance1 as they stand in the ,nursery1 it would not be more unreasonable than the common ,method of sowing ,st4 ,foin is2 and there would be much the same ,consequence in both1 from covering all the ,ground at first ,planting2 except that the ,st4 ,foin1 being abundantly longer rooted downwards than ,apple-trees are1 has the greater ,disadvantage1 when by its ,thickness 'tis prevented from growing to its full ,bulk1 and ,length of ,roots#age4 #age ,horizontal-rooted ,plants suffer no greater ,injury by their ,pasture's being over-stock'd than ,cattle do2 because their ,pasture lying near the ,surface of the ,ground1 they have it all amongst them3 ,but ,st4 ,foin1 and other long ,tap-rooted ,plants suffer yet more1 because great ,part of their over-stock'd ,pasture is lost by them all1 when they hinder one another from reaching down to it1 by shortening one another's ,roots1 which they do when they all become ,dwarfs by reason of their ,over-thickness4 ,the ,difference is only this3 ,people are accustom'd to see ,apple-trees planted at their due ,distance3 but few have seen ,st4 ,foin planted and cultivated at the ,distance most proper to ,st4 ,foin2 or ever consider'd about it1 so much as to make the necessary ,trials4 ,i have constantly found1 that1 upon doubling any ,number of narrow ,rows1 having equal ,number of ,plants in each ,row1 the ,crops have been very much diminish'd2 and1 upon leaving out every other ,row1 that is1 lessening the ,number of ,rows to half1 the ,crops are increased2 and where ,two ,rows are wide asunder at one ,end of a ,piece1 and near at the other ,end1 the ,plants are gradually less and less1 as the ,rows approach nearer together4 ,we ought never to expect a full ,crop of ,st4 ,foin the ,first ,year#agf1 if we intend to have good ,crops afterwards1 and that it shall continue to produce such1 for the same ,reasons that must be given for planting an ,orchard at other ,distances than a ,nursery4 #agf ,but when it has been planted on rich sandy ,land1 and proper1 it has produced very great ,crops the first ,year2 but then the ,summer wherein it grew amongst the ,barley1 must not be reckoned as the first ,year4 ,the common ,error proceeds from mistaking the ,cause of a great or small ,crop4 ,where the ,spaces betwixt ,rows are wide 7if there be not too many ,plants in them7 we always see the ,st4 ,foin grow large1 and make the greatest ,crop2 but when 'tis young1 or after cutting1 we see room 7as we fansy7 for more of such ,plants1 to make a yet larger ,crop2 not considering that 'tis the ,wideness of those ,spaces1 and less ,number of ,plants1 that cause the ,crop to be so large1 there being more ,pasture for those ,plants4 ,where these ,spaces are narrower1 and the ,rows of equal ,thickness1 we see the ,plants less when grown1 and that they make a less ,crop2 and yet there seems to be room for more ,rows1 which we fansy might make the ,crop larger1 not considering that 'tis the ,narrowness of those ,spaces that causes the ,plants and ,crop to be less1 for want of sufficient ,pasture4 ,thus1 fondly increasing the ,number of our ,rows and ,plants1 we bring our ,crop 7unless the ,soil be rich7 to nothing1 by too much over-stocking their ,pasture2 and1 if that ,pasture be over-stock'd1 the ,crop will be diminish'd more than in proportion to that ,over-charge2 for perhaps 'tis not impossible to prove 7if we would be curious71 that ,plants1 by wanting a ,fourth ,part of their due ,quantum of ,nourishment1 will be diminish'd to half#agg of the ,bulk they would have attained to1 had they been supply'd with the other ,fourth ,part4 #agg ,when ,plants have not their due ,nourishment1 they suffer the more by ,cold and ,drought2 so that want of ,nourishment diminishing their ,growth ,one-fourth1 ,cold1 or ,drought1 or both1 may diminish it another fourth4 ,i have observ'd ho'd ,st4 ,foin to grow more1 and increase its ,bulk more1 in ,two ,weeks1 than unho'd ,st4 ,foin in the same ,ground 7and without any other ,difference7 hath done in ,six ,weeks2 and the quicker it grows1 by being better fed1 the sweeter and richer ,food it will make for ,cattle1 whether it be spent green or dry#agh4 #agh ,cattle are the best ,judges of the ,goodness of ,grass1 and they always choose to feed on ,st4 ,foin that is most vigorous1 and refuse that which is poor and yellow4 ,and the richest sweetest ,grass will always make the best ,hay2 for the drying of it does not change the ,quality of the ,grass4 ,at whatever ,distance the ,rows be set1 if they have too many ,plants in them1 the ,crop will be very much injured2 and the greater the ,excess is beyond the just ,number1 the more void ,space there will be amongst them2 because the smaller the ,plants are1 the less ,ground they cover4 ,i have had the ,experience of drilling at all ,distances1 from ,thirty-three ,inches to ,seven ,inches1 betwixt the ,rows2 and recommend the following ,distance1 for the different ,methods of drilling2 whether the ,st4 ,foin be design'd for hoeing1 or not4 ,as1 ,first1 ,for ,horse-hoeing1 ,i think it is best to drill double ,rows with ,eight-inch ,partitions1 and ,thirty-inch ,intervals2 which need only be ho'd alternately1 leaving every other ,interval for making the ,hay thereon4 ,indeed ,i have never yet had a whole ,field of ho'd ,st4 ,foin2 but have enough to shew1 that ,horse-hoeing makes it strong upon very poor ,land1 and causes it to produce two ,crops a ,year upon indifferent ,land4 ,it is not necessary to hoe this every ,year2 but we may intermit the ,hoeing for three or four ,years together1 or more1 if the ,land be good4 ,whilst the ,plants are small the first ,year1 ,care must be taken not to cover them with the ,plough3 ,afterwards there will be no great ,danger1 especially in ,winter1 the ,earth not being suffered to lie on them too long4 ,secondly1 ,for ,hand-hoeing1 drill the ,rows ,sixteen ,inches asunder1 and single out the ,plants1 so as to make them ,eight ,inches apart at least in the ,rows1 contriving rather to leave the ,master-plants1 than to be exact in the ,distance3 ,this must be done whilst they are very young1 or in ,summer2 else they will come again that are cut off by the ,hoe4 ,lastly1 when ,st4 ,foin is drill'd without any ,intention of hoeing1 the best ,way 7,i think7 is to plant single ,rows1 at ,eight ,inches ,distance1 with no greater ,quantity of ,seed1 than when the ,rows are at ,sixteen ,inches ,distance2 because1 by this ,method1 the same ,number of ,plants in the ,rows1 that are but ,eight ,inches apart1 will be much more single1 than those in the ,rows at ,sixteen ,inches apart are1 without being set out by the ,hoe4 ,which of these ,methods soever is practis'd1 the ,land should be made as clean from all ,grass1 and as well pulveriz'd1 as possible1 before ,drilling4 ,the ,tines of the ,drill-harrow must exactly follow the ,shares1 which leaving the ,chanels open1 the ,tines cover the ,seed1 some at ,bottom1 and some on each ,side2 so that it is cover'd very shallow1 tho' it lies deep within the ,ground1 where there is more ,moisture1 than nearer to the upper level ,surface3 ,this causes the ,seed to come up in dry ,weather2 and yet it is not in ,danger of being buried by a too great ,weight of ,mould incumbent on it4 ,but take heed that no other ,harrow come on it after 'tis drill'd2 for that might bury it4 ,i never care to roll it at all1 unless on account of the ,barley2 and then only in very dry ,weather1 with a light ,roller1 lengthways of the ,rows1 immediately after 'tis drill'd2 or else stay ,three ,weeks afterwards before it be roll'd1 for fear of breaking off the ,heads of the young ,st4 ,foin4 ,be sure to suffer no ,cattle to come on the young ,st4 ,foin the first ,winter#agi1 after the ,corn is cut that grows amongst it2 their very ,feet would injure it1 by treading the ,ground hard1 as well as their ,mouths by cropping it2 ,nor let any ,sheep come at it1 even in the following ,summer and ,winter4 #agi ,the first ,winter is the ,time to lay on ,manure1 after the ,crop of ,corn is off2 such as ,peat-,ashes1 or the like2 because1 there being no natural ,grass to partake of it1 and the ,plants being less1 less will supply them2 and because1 when made strong in their ,youth1 they will come to greater ,perfection3 ,but ,i never used any ,manure on my ,st4 ,foin1 because mine generally had no ,occasion for ,manure before it was old2 and ,soot is seldom to be had of sufficient ,quantity in the ,country2 and little ,coal is burnt hereabouts1 except by the ,smiths1 whose ,ashes are not good4 ,the ,price and ,carriage of ,peat-,ash will be ,ten ,shillings for an ,acre1 which would yet be well bestowed in a ,place where ,hay is vendible2 but1 by reason of the great ,quantity of watered ,meadows1 and ,plenty of ,st4 ,foin1 ,clover1 and ,hay1 raised of late ,years by ,farmers for their own ,use1 here are now few or no ,buyers of ,hay1 especially these open ,winters2 so that laying out ,money in that ,manner would be in ,effect to buy what ,i cannot sell4 ,i think it better to let a little more ,land lie still in ,st4 ,foin1 than to be at the ,expence of ,manure2 but yet shall not neglect to use it1 when ,i shall find it likely to be profitable to me4 ,one ,acre of well-drill'd ,st4 ,foin1 considering the different ,goodness of the ,crops1 and the ,duration of it1 is generally worth ,two ,acres of sown ,st4 ,foin on the same ,land1 tho' the ,expence of drilling be ,twenty ,times less than the ,expence of sowing it4 ,one of the ,causes why ,st4 ,foin1 that is properly drill'd1 lasteth longer#ahj without ,manure than the sown1 is1 ,that the former neither over nor understocks the ,pasture2 and the latter commonly1 if not always1 doth one or the other1 if not both2 viz4 ,plants too thick in some ,places1 and too thin in others2 either 'tis not single1 but in ,bunches2 or if it be single1 'tis too thin2 it being next to impossible to have the ,plants come true and regular1 or nearly so1 by sowing at random4 ,plants too thick soon exhaust the ,pasture they reach1 which never is more than a small ,part of that below the ,staple3 ,when the ,plants are too thin1 the ,st4 ,foin cannot be said to last at all1 because it never is a ,crop4 #ahj ,i have now a great many single ,st4 ,foin ,plants in my ,fields1 that are near ,thirty ,years of ,age1 and yet seem as young and vigorous as ever2 and yet it is common for thick ,st4 ,foin to wear out in ,nine or ,ten ,years1 and in poor ,land much sooner1 if not often manured by ,soot1 ,peat-,ash1 or ,coal-,ash4 ,they who sow ,eight or ,ten ,bushels of good ,seed on an ,acre1 in a good ,season1 among their ,corn1 with ,intent that by its ,thickness it should kill other ,grass1 reduce their ,st4 ,foin almost to that poor ,condition ,i have seen it in1 where it grows naturally wild without sowing or ,tillage1 upon the ,calabrian ,hills near ,croto3 ,it makes there such a despicable ,appearance1 that one would wonder how any body should have taken it in their ,head to propagate so unpromising a ,plant2 and yet there has scarce been an ,exotic brought to ,england in this or the last ,age1 capable of making a greater or more general ,improvement1 were it duly cultivated4 ,some think the ,cytisus would exceed it2 but ,i am afraid the ,labour of shearing those ,shrubs by the ,hands of ,english ,servants1 would cost too much of its ,profit4 ,luserne1 requiring more ,culture1 and being much more difficult to be fitted with a proper ,soil1 never can be so general as ,st4 ,foin4 ,but now let us consider the best ,methods of ordering ,st4 ,foin for ,hay and ,seed4 ,the ,profit of ,st4 ,foin ,fields1 arising from either of these ,ways1 is a great ,advantage to their ,owner1 above that of natural ,meadows2 for1 if ,meadow-hay cannot have good ,weather to be cut in its ,season1 it can serve for little other ,use than as ,dung1 and yet the ,expence of mowing it1 and carrying it off must not be omitted4 ,but if there be not ,weather to cut ,st4 ,foin before blossoming1 we may expect it till in ,flower1 or may stay till the ,blossoms are off2 and if it still rain on1 may stand for ,seed1 and turn to as good ,account as any of the former3 ,so that it has ,four ,chances to ,one of the ,meadow4 ,the elevated1 but not mountainous1 ,situation of the dry ,land whereon ,st4 ,foin is mostly planted1 renders it so commodious for making of ,hay1 that it escapes there the ,injury of ,weather1 when ,hay in low ,meadows is utterly spoil'd4 ,on the high ,ground the ,wind will dry more in an ,hour1 than on the ,meadows in a whole ,day4 ,the ,sun too has a more benign ,influence above1 and sends off the ,dew about ,two ,hours earlier in the ,morning1 and holds it up as much longer in the ,evening4 ,by these ,advantages the ,st4 ,foin has the more ,time to dry1 and is made with half the ,expence of ,meadow-hay4 ,but before the ,manner of making it be describ'd1 the proper ,time of cutting it ought to be determin'd2 and upon that depend the ,degrees of its ,excellence 7besides upon the ,weather1 which is not in our ,power72 for tho' all ,sorts of this ,hay1 if well made1 be good1 yet there is a vast ,difference and ,variety in them4 ,the several ,sorts may be principally distinguish'd by the following ,terms2 viz4 ,first1 ,the ,virgin4 ,secondly1 ,the ,blossom'd4 ,thirdly1 ,the ,full-grown4 ,and1 ,fourthly1 ,the ,thresh'd ,hay4 ,the ,first of these is best of all1 beyond ,comparison2 and 7except ,luserne7 has not in the ,world its ,equal4 ,this must be cut before the ,blossoms appear3 ,for when it stands till full-blown1 the most spirituous1 volatile1 and nourishing ,parts of its ,juices are spent on the next ,generation2 and this being done all at once1 the ,sap is much depauperated1 and the ,st4 ,foin can never recover that ,richness it had in its ,virgin ,state4 ,and tho'1 when in ,blossom1 it be literally in the ,flower of its ,age1 'tis really in the ,declension of it4 ,if it be said1 that what is not in the ,stalk is gone into the ,flower1 'tis a ,mistake2 because much the greatest ,part of its ,quintessence perspires thence into the ,atmosphere4 ,and moreover1 ,that all ,vegetables are1 in some ,degree1 weaken'd by the ,action of continuing their ,kind1 may be inferr'd from those ,plants which will live several ,years1 if not suffer'd to blossom2 but1 whenever they blossom1 it causes their ,death1 tho' in the first ,year of their ,life4 ,for in ,plants 7as ,dr4 ,willis observes in ,animals7 ,nature is more solicitous to continue the ,species1 than for the ,benefit of the ,individual4 ,part of a drill'd ,st4 ,foin ,ground was cut the ,beginning of ,may1 before blossoming#aha2 and from the ,time of cutting1 until it was set up in ,ricks1 being about ,ten ,days1 the ,sun never shone upon it#ahb2 but the ,weather was misty3 ,at last it was forc'd to be carried together for fear of ,rain1 so green1 that out of the largest ,stalks one might wring milky ,juice2 yet by making the ,hay up in several little ,ricks1 and drawing up a great ,chaff ,basket in the ,middle of each1 its ,firing was prevented2 but it look'd of a dark ,colour by heating2 and was the very best#ahc ,hay that ever ,i had4 #aha ,by cutting before blossoming1 is not meant before any one ,blossom appears2 for here and there a ,bud will begin to open with a red ,colour long before the rest3 ,therefore1 when we perceive only a very few ,blossoms beginning to open 7perhaps but ,one of a ,thousand71 we regard them as none4 #ahb ,this also was an ,advantage to this ,hay2 for ,apothecaries find1 that ,herbs dried in the ,shade retain much more of their ,virtue than these dried in the ,sun2 but ,farmers not having any such ,conveniency of drying their ,hay in the ,shade with ,safety1 must always choose to dry it by the ,sun2 because in cloudy ,weather there is ,danger of ,rain2 and therefore such excellent ,hay must be had by ,chance2 for to be well made in the ,shade1 it must be in ,danger of being spoiled or damaged by ,rain4 #ahc ,this ,hay1 so cut before blossoming1 has kept a ,team of working ,stone-horses1 round the ,year1 fat without ,corn2 and when tried with ,beans and ,oats mixed with ,chaff1 they refused it for this ,hay4 ,the same fatted some ,sheep in the ,winter1 in a ,pen1 with only it and ,water2 they thrived faster than other ,sheep at the same time fed with ,pease and ,oats4 ,the ,hay was weighed to them1 and the clear ,profit amounted to ,four ,pounds per ,tun4 ,they made no ,waste4 ,tho' the ,stalks were of an extraordinary ,bigness1 they would break off short1 being very brittle4 ,this grew on rich ,ground in ,oxfordshire4 ,the other ,part of the ,ground was afterwards cut in the ,prime of its ,flower1 and made into ,hay by the ,heat of the ,sun1 without ,rain or ,mist3 ,this came out of the ,ricks at ,winter with a much finer ,colour1 and as fine a ,smell as the ,virgin ,hay2 but did not come near it in fatting of ,sheep1 or keeping ,horses fat at hard ,work without any ,corn1 as the ,virgin ,hay did4 ,this superfine ,hay cannot well be had of poor uncultivated#ahd ,st4 ,foin3 because that may not be much above an ,handful high1 when 'tis in ,condition to be so cut2 and would then make a very light ,crop1 and would be a great while ere it sprang up again3 ,but the rich will have ,two or ,three ,tun to an ,acre1 and spring again immediately for a second ,crop2 so that little or no ,quantity would be lost by so great an ,improvement of its ,quality4 ,for ho'd ,st4 ,foin upon a poor chalky ,hill1 cut at the same time with that uncultivated on a rich ,valley1 does in dry ,weather grow again without ,delay1 when the ,valley attends a ,month or more for a ,rain1 to excite its vegetative ,motion4 #ahd ,i reckon ,manure of ,peat-,ashes1 ,soot1 or the like1 to be a ,culture4 ,this ,hay the ,owner 7if he be wise7 will not sell at any common ,price2 but endeavour to have some of it every ,year1 if possible1 for his own ,use4 ,the ,second ,sort of ,st4 ,foin ,hay is that cut in the ,flower2 and tho' much inferior to the ,virgin ,hay1 it far exceeds any other ,kind1 as yet commonly propagated in ,england2 and if it be a full ,crop1 by good ,culture1 may amount to above three ,tun to an ,acre4 ,this is that ,st4 ,foin which is most commonly made2 and the larger it is1 the more nourishing for ,horses4 ,i have known ,farmers1 after full ,experience1 go ,three ,miles to fetch the largest stalky ,st4 ,foin1 when they could have bought the small fine leafy ,sort of it at home1 for the same ,price by the ,tun4 ,the next and last ,sort of ,st4 ,foin that is cut only for ,hay1 is1 the full-grown1 the ,blossoms being gone1 or going off3 ,this also is good ,hay1 tho' it fall short1 by many ,degrees1 of the other ,two ,sorts3 ,it makes a greater ,crop than either of them1 because it grows to its full ,bulk1 and shrinks little in drying4 ,this gives the ,owner a ,third ,chance of having ,weather to make good ,hay1 and spins out the ,hay-,season 'till about ,midsummer2 and then in about a ,fortnight1 or ,three ,weeks2 after the ,hay is finish'd1 the ,seed is ripe4 ,but1 first1 of the manner of making ,st4 ,foin ,hay4 ,in a ,day or ,two after ,st4 ,foin is mow'd1 it will1 in good ,weather1 be dry on the upper ,side3 ,then turn the ,swarths1 not singly1 but ,two and ,two together2 for by thus turning them in ,pairs1 there is a double ,space of ,ground betwixt ,pair and ,pair1 which needs but once raking2 whereas1 if the ,swarths were turn'd singly1 that is1 all the same ,way1 suppose to the ,east or ,west1 then all the ,ground will require to be twice raked2 at least1 more of it1 than the other ,way4 ,as soon as both ,sides of the ,swarths are dry from ,rain and ,dew1 make them up into little ,cocks the same ,day they are turn'd1 if conveniently you can2 for when 'tis in ,cock1 a less ,part of it will be exposed to the ,injuries of the ,night1 than when in ,swarth4 ,dew1 being of a nitrous penetrating ,nature1 enters the ,pores of those ,plants it reaches1 and during the ,night possesses the ,room from whence some ,part of the ,juices is dry'd out3 ,thus it intimately mixes with the remaining ,sap2 and1 when the ,dew is again exhal'd1 it carries up most of the vegetable ,spirits along with it1 which might have been there fix'd1 had they not been taken away in that subtile ,vehicle4 ,if ,st4 ,foin be spread very thin upon the ,ground1 and so remain for a ,week in hot ,weather1 the ,sun and ,dew will exhaust all its ,juices1 and leave it no more ,virtue than is in ,straw4 ,therefore 'tis best to keep as much of our ,hay as we can from being exposed to the ,dews1 whilst 'tis in making2 and we have a better ,opportunity of doing it in this1 than in natural ,hay2 because the bigger the ,cocks are1 the less ,superficies 7in proportion to the ,quantity they contain7 will be exposed to the ,dew1 and ,st4 ,foin may be safely made in much larger ,cocks than natural ,hay of equal ,dryness can1 which1 sinking down closer1 excludes the ,air so necessary for keeping it sweet1 that if the ,weather prevents its being frequently mov'd and open'd1 it will ferment1 look yellow1 and be spoil'd4 ,against this ,misfortune there is no ,remedy1 but to keep it in the lesser ,cocks1 until thoroughly dry4 ,st4 ,foin ,cocks 7twice as big as ,cocks of natural ,hay71 by the less ,flexibility of the ,stalk admitting the ,air1 will remain longer without fermenting4 ,this being able to endure more ,days unmov'd1 is also an ,advantage upon another ,account besides the ,weather2 for tho' in other ,countries1 ,people are not prohibited using the necessary ,labour on all ,days for preserving their ,hay1 even where the certainer ,weather makes it less necessary than here1 yet 'tis otherwise in ,england2 where many a ,thousand ,load of natural ,hay is spoil'd by that ,prohibition for want of being open'd2 and often1 by the ,loss of one ,day's ,work1 the ,farmer loses his ,charges1 and ,year's ,rent2 which shews1 that to make ,hay while the ,sun shines1 is an exotic ,proverb against ,english ,laws2 whereunto ,st4 ,foin being1 in regard of ,sundays and ,holidays1 more conformable1 ought to be the ,hay as proper to ,england as those ,laws are4 ,but to return to our ,hay-makers3 ,when the first ,cocks have stood one ,night1 if nothing hinder1 let them double1 treble1 or quadruple the ,cocks1 according as all ,circumstances require1 in this manner2 viz4 ,spread ,two1 ,three1 or more1 together1 in a fresh ,place2 and after an ,hour or ,two turn them1 and make that ,number up into one ,cock2 but when the ,weather is doubtful1 let not the ,cocks be thrown or spread1 but inlarge them1 by shaking several of them into one2 and thus hollowing them to let in the ,air1 continue increasing their ,bulk1 and diminishing their ,number daily1 until they be sufficiently dry to be carried to the ,rick4 ,this ,i have found the most secure ,way3 ,tho' it be something longer in making1 there is much less ,danger than when a great ,quantity of ,hay is spread at once2 for then a sudden ,shower will do more ,harm to one ,acre of that1 than to ,twenty ,acres in ,cock4 ,and the very best ,hay ,i ever knew in ,england1 was of ,st4 ,foin made without ever spreading1 or the ,sun's shining on it4 ,this ,way1 tho' it be longer ere finish'd1 is done with less ,labour than the other4 ,not only a little ,rain1 but even a ,mist1 will turn ,clover ,hay black2 but ,st4 ,foin will not with any ,weather turn black1 until it be almost rotten1 its ,leaves being thinner than those of ,clover4 ,if ,st4 ,foin be laid up pretty green1 it will take no ,damage1 provided it be set in small round ,ricks1 with a large ,basket drawn up in the ,middle of each1 to leave a ,vent-hole there1 thro' which the superfluous ,moisture of the ,hay transpires4 ,as soon as its ,heating is over1 these ,ricks ought to be thatch'd2 and all ,st4 ,foin ,ricks1 that are made when the ,hay is full dry'd in the ,cocks1 ought to be thatch'd immediately after the making them4 ,that which is laid up most dry'd1 will come out of the ,rick of a green ,colour1 that which has much heated in the ,rick1 will have a brown ,colour4 ,the ,seed is a ,fourth ,chance the ,owner has to make ,profit of his ,st4 ,foin3 ,but this1 if the ,hoeing-,husbandry were general1 would not be vendible in great ,quantities for planting2 because an ordinary ,crop of an ,acre will produce ,seed enough to drill an ,hundred ,acres1 which would not want replanting in a long ,time4 ,the other ,use then of this ,seed is for ,provender2 and it has been affirmed by some1 who have made ,trials of it1 that ,three ,bushels of good ,st4 ,foin ,seed given to ,horses1 will nourish them as much as ,four ,bushels of ,oats4 ,when well order'd1 it is so sweet1 that most ,sorts of ,cattle are greedy of it4 ,i never knew so much of it given to ,hogs1 as to make them become fat ,bacon2 but ,i have known ,hogs made very good ,pork with it1 for an ,experiment2 and being valued at the ,beginning of their feeding1 and the ,pork by the ,score when the ,hogs were kill'd1 which1 computed with the ,quantity of ,seed they eat1 did not amount to near the ,value of the same ,seed sold for sowing2 that being ,three ,shillings per ,bushel1 and the ,profit made by giving it to the ,hogs was but ,two ,shillings a ,bushel4 ,the ,goodness of the ,seed1 and of the ,hay out of which it is thresh'd1 depends very much upon the manner of ordering them4 ,this thresh'd ,hay1 when not damaged by wet ,weather1 has been found more nourishing to ,horses than coarse ,water-meadow ,hay2 and1 when 'tis cut small by an ,engine1 is good ,food for ,cattle1 and much better than ,chaff of ,corn4 ,it requires some ,experience in it1 to know the most proper ,degree of ,ripeness1 at which the seeded ,st4 ,foin ought to be cut2 for the ,seed is never all ripe together2 some ,ears blossom before others2 every ,ear begins blossoming at the lower ,part of it1 and so continues gradually to do upward for many ,days2 and before the ,flower is gone off the ,top1 the ,bottom of the ,ear has almost fill'd the ,seeds that grow there2 so that if we should defer cutting until the top ,seeds are quite ripe1 the lower1 which are the best1 would shed1 and be lost4 ,the best time to cut is1 when the greatest ,part of the ,seed is well fill'd1 the first-blown ripe1 and the last blown beginning to be full4 ,the natural ,colour of the ,kernel1 which is the real ,seed1 is grey or bluish when ripe2 and the ,husk1 which contains the ,seed is1 when ripe1 of a brownish ,colour4 ,both ,husk and ,seed continue perfectly green for some time after full-grown2 and if you open the ,husk1 the ,seed will appear exactly like a green ,pea when gather'd to boil1 and will1 like that1 easily be split into ,two ,parts4 ,yet ,st4 ,foin ,seed in this green ,plight will ripen after ,cutting1 have as fine a ,colour1 and be as good in all ,respects1 as that which was ripe before ,cutting3 ,some1 for want of observing this1 have suffer'd their ,seed to stand so long1 till it was all ripe1 and lost in ,cutting4 ,st4 ,foin ,seed should not be cut in the ,heat of the ,day1 whilst the ,sun shines out3 for then much1 even of the unripe ,seed1 will shed in ,mowing3 ,therefore1 in very hot ,weather1 the ,mower should begin to work very early in the ,morning1 or rather in the ,night2 and when they perceive the ,seed to shatter1 leave off1 and rest till towards the ,evening4 ,after ,cutting we must observe the same ,rule as in mowing it2 viz4 not to make this ,hay whilst the ,sun shines4 ,sometimes it may1 if the ,seed be pretty ripe1 be cock'd immediately after the ,scythe2 or if the ,swarths must be turn'd1 let it be done whilst they are moist2 not ,two together1 as in the other ,hay aforemention'd4 ,if the ,swarths be turn'd with the ,rake's ,handle1 'tis best to raise up the ,ear-sides first1 and let the ,stub-side rest on the ,ground in turning2 but if it be done by the ,rake's ,teeth1 then let them take hold on the ,stub-side1 the ,ears bearing on the ,earth in turning over4 ,but 'tis commonly ,rain that occasions the ,swarths to want ,turning#ahe4 #ahe ,if the ,swarths be not very great1 we never turn them at all1 because the ,sun or ,wind will quickly dry them4 ,if it be cock'd at all#ahf1 the sooner 'tis made into ,cocks1 the better2 because1 if the ,swarths be dry1 much of the ,seed will be lost in separating them1 the ,ears being entangled together4 ,when moist1 the ,seed sticks fasts to the ,ear2 but1 when dry1 will drop out with the least ,touch or ,shaking4 #ahf ,sometimes when we design to thresh in the ,field1 we make no ,cocks at all1 and but only just separate the ,swarths in the ,dew of the ,morning dividing them into ,parts of about ,two ,feet in each ,part4 ,by this means the ,st4 ,foin is sooner dry'd1 than when it lies thicker1 as it must do1 if made into ,cocks4 ,there are ,two ways of threshing it1 the one in the ,field1 the other in the ,barn3 ,the first cannot be done but in very fine ,weather1 and whilst the ,sun shines in the ,heat of the ,day3 ,the best ,manner of this is1 to have a large ,sheet pegg'd down to the ,ground1 for ,two ,men with their ,flails to thresh on3 ,two ,persons carry a small ,sheet by its ,corners1 and lay it down close to a large ,cock1 and1 with ,two ,sticks thrust under the ,bottom of it1 gently turn it over1 or lift it up upon the ,sheet1 and carry and throw it on the great ,sheet to the ,threshers2 but when the ,cocks are small1 they carry several at once1 thrown upon the little ,sheet carefully with ,forks2 those which are near1 they carry to the ,threshers with the ,forks only4 ,as fast as it is thresh'd1 one ,person stands to take away the ,hay1 and lay it into an ,heap3 ,and sometimes a ,boy stands upon it1 to make it into a small ,rick of about a ,load4 ,as often as the great ,sheet is full1 they riddle it thro' a large ,sieve to separate the ,seed and ,chaff from the broken ,stalks1 and put it into ,sacks to be carried into the ,barn to be winnow'd4 ,two ,threshers will employ ,two of these little ,sheets1 and ,four ,persons in bringing to them2 and when the ,cocks are thresh'd1 which stand at a considerable ,distance all round them1 they remove the ,threshing-sheet to another ,place4 ,there belong to a ,set for one ,threshing-sheet ,seven or ,eight ,persons2 but the ,number of ,sheets should be according to the ,quantity to be thus thresh'd3 ,the sooner these thresh'd ,cocks are remov'd1 and made into bigger ,ricks1 the better2 and unless they be thatch'd1 the ,rain will run a great ,way into them1 and spoil the ,hay2 but they may be thatch'd with the ,hay itself1 if there be not ,straw convenient for it4 ,but the chiefest ,care yet remains2 and that is1 to cure the ,seed3 ,if that be neglected1 it will be of little or no ,value#ahg2 and the better it has escap'd the ,wet in the ,field1 the sooner its own ,spirits will spoil it in the ,barn or ,granary4 ,i have known it lie a ,fortnight in ,swarth1 till the wet ,weather has turn'd the ,husks quite black3 ,this was thresh'd in the ,field1 and immediately put into large ,vessels1 holding about ,twenty ,bushels each4 ,it had by being often wet1 and often dry1 been so exhausted of its fiery ,spirits1 that it remain'd cool in the ,vessels1 without ever fermenting in the least1 till the next ,spring2 and then it grew as well as ever any did that was planted4 #ahg ,but there is yet another ,care to be taken of ,st4 ,foin ,seed1 besides the curing it2 and that is1 to keep it from ,rats and ,mice after 'tis cured2 or else1 if their ,number be large1 they will in a ,winter eat up all the ,seed of a considerable ,quantity1 leaving only empty ,husks1 which to the ,eye appear the same as when the ,seeds are in them4 ,a ,man cannot without ,difficulty take a ,seed out of its ,husk2 but the ,vermin are so dextrous at it1 that they will eat the ,seed almost as fast out of the ,husks1 as if they were pulled out for them4 ,i saw a ,rat killed as he was running from an ,heap of it1 that had ,seven peeled ,seeds in his ,mouth not swallowed2 which is a ,sign1 that he was not long in taking them out4 ,they take them out so cleverly1 that the ,hole in the ,husk shuts itself up when the ,seed is out of it4 ,but1 if you feel the ,husk between your ,finger and ,thumb1 you will find it empty4 ,also a ,sackful of them is very light2 yet there have been some so ignorant and incurious as to sow such empty ,husks for several ,years successively2 and none coming up1 they concluded their ,land to be improper for ,st4 ,foin4 ,but of ,seed thresh'd in the ,field1 without ever being wetted1 if it be immediately winnow'd1 and a single ,bushel laid in an ,heap1 or put into a ,sack1 it will in few ,days ferment to such a ,degree1 that the greatest ,part of it will lose its vegetative ,quality3 ,the larger the ,heap1 the worse3 ,during the ,fermentation it will be very hot1 and smell sour4 ,many1 to prevent this1 spread it upon a ,malt-,floor1 turning it often2 or1 when the ,quantity is small1 upon a ,barn-floor2 but still ,i find1 that this ,way a great deal of it is spoil'd2 for it will heat1 tho' it be spread but an handful thick1 and they never spread it thinner3 ,besides1 they may miss some ,hours of the right times of turning it2 for it must be done very often2 it should be stirr'd in the ,night as well as the ,day1 until the ,heating be over2 and yet1 do what they can1 it never will keep its ,colour so bright as that which is well housed1 well dry'd1 and thresh'd in the ,winter3 ,for in the ,barn the ,stalks keep it hollow2 there are few ,ears or ,seeds that touch one another2 and the ,spirits have room to fly off by ,degrees1 the ,air entering to receive them4 ,the only ,way ,i have found to imitate and equal this1 is to winnow it from the ,sheet2 then lay a ,layer of ,wheat-straw 7or if that be wanting1 of very dry-thresh'd ,hay72 then spread thereon a thin ,layer of ,seed1 and thus ,stratum super ,stratum1 ,six or ,seven ,feet high1 and as much in ,breath2 then begin another ,stack2 let there be ,straw enough1 and do not tread on the ,stacks2 by this means the ,seed mixing with the ,straw1 will be kept cool1 and come out in the ,spring with as green a ,colour as when it was put in1 and not one ,seed of a ,thousand will fail to grow when planted4 ,a little ,barn-room will contain a great ,quantity in this ,manner4 ,i have had above ,one hundred ,quarters of clean ,seed thus manag'd in one ,bay of a small ,barn4 ,we do not stay to winnow it clean before we lay it up in the ,straw2 but only pass it through a large ,sieve1 and with the ,van blow out the ,chaff1 and winnow it clean in the ,spring4 ,this ,field-threshing requires extraordinary fine ,sun-shiny ,weather1 which some ,summers do not afford at the ,season1 for threshing a great ,quantity of it2 for 'tis but a small ,part of the ,day in which the ,seed can be thresh'd clean out4 ,they who have a small ,quantity of it1 do carry it into a ,barn early in the ,morning1 or even in the ,night2 whilst the ,dew is on it2 for then the ,seed sticks fast to the ,ear3 ,as it dries1 they thresh it out2 and if they cure it well1 have thus sometimes good ,seed1 but generally the ,hay is spoil'd4 ,there is one ,method of saving all the ,seed good1 and the ,hay too1 by carrying it unthresh'd to the ,barn or ,rick1 in a particular ,manner1 tho' it be a great ,quantity1 more than can presently be thresh'd2 but must be laid up in ,mows or ,ricks1 as ,corn is4 ,then if it be carry'd in1 in the ,dews or ,damp1 the ,hay is sure to be spoil'd1 if not both ,hay and ,seed3 ,when 'tis taken up dry1 the ,seed comes out with a ,touch1 and the greatest ,part is lost in pitching up the ,cocks1 binding and jolting in carrying home4 ,to avoid this ,dilemma1 a ,person who happen'd to have a great ,crop of ,seed on ,one hundred and ,fifty ,acres together 7and being by ,weather delay'd 'till ,wheat-harvest came on1 so that most ,labourers went to ,reaping7 was forc'd to a ,contrivance of getting it in as follows2 viz4 ,three ,waggons had each a ,board with an ,hole in1 fix'd cross the ,middle of each ,waggon1 by ,iron ,pins1 to the ,top of the ,rades or ,sides3 ,there was a ,crane which a ,man could lift1 and set into the ,hole in the ,board1 and1 having an ,iron ,gudgeon at the ,bottom1 which went into a ,socket in the ,bottom of the ,waggon1 would turn quite round3 ,the ,post of the ,crane was ,ten ,feet ,four ,inches long1 its ,arm ,four ,feet ,eight ,inches long1 brac'd2 having a treble ,pulley at the ,end of it1 and another to answer it with an ,hook4 ,about ,forty ,sheets were provided1 capable of holding each ,one hundred and ,fifty1 or ,two hundred ,pounds ,weight of it2 these had ,knots or ,buttons at the ,corners and ,middles1 made by sewing up a little ,hay in these ,knots1 as big as ,apples1 into ,part of the ,sheet2 for if any ,buckle1 or other thing1 be sew'd to a ,sheet plain1 it will tear the ,sheet4 ,half these ,buttons have ,strings ty'd to them2 these ,sheets are spread among the ,cocks1 fill'd by ,two1 and ty'd up by ,two other ,persons3 ,there is also a light ,fir ,ladder1 wide at ,bottom1 the ,top of it fasten'd by a ,piece of ,cord to the brace of the ,crane3 they hitch the ,hook of the lower ,pulley to a fill'd ,sheet1 and by a little ,horse at the ,end of the ,pulley-rope1 draw it up sliding on the ,ladder2 'tis up in a ,moment3 ,then the ,man who is below1 hitches the ,crook of the ,pulley to the lower ,round of the ,ladder1 and the ,loader above pulls up the ,ladder from the ,ground1 till the ,waggon comes to another ,sheet4 ,the ,waggons are lengthen'd by ,cart-,ladders before and behind1 for the more easy placing of the ,sheets4 ,when about ,twelve or ,fifteen of them are loaded1 they have a ,rope fix'd to the ,fore-part of each ,waggon1 which they bring over the ,top of all the loaded ,sheets1 and wrest it at the ,tail1 to hold on the ,sheets fast from falling off with ,jolting4 ,then the ,loader pulls out the ,crane1 and puts it into the next ,waggon in the same ,manner4 ,one ,waggon is loading whilst another is emptying in the ,barn1 by treble ,pulleys likewise2 because 'tis inconvenient to take it out of the ,sheets by ,prongs2 but the ,pulleys will easily draw off ,two or ,three ,sheets together4 ,one ,waggon is always going to the ,field1 or coming home4 ,this ,contrivance makes more ,expedition than one would imagine3 ,three ,loads have been loaded1 and sent off1 in the same ,time this way1 that one ,load of ,hay has been loading1 binding1 and raking off the ,outsides of it1 in the next ,ground1 in the common ,way4 ,i will not relate the manner of making a ,rick of this ,seed in its ,hay1 of monstrous ,dimensions1 by a sort of ,mast-pole ,forty-four ,feet high1 with a ,ten ,feet ,crane at the ,top1 which made the same ,expedition2 because ,i think1 that where such a ,quantity is1 ,dutch ,barns with moving ,roofs are better4 ,such a ,rick is troublesome to thatch1 and the ,wind has more ,power to blow the ,thatch off so high in the ,air1 than if it were lower4 ,neither would ,i advise any one to reserve much more ,st4 ,foin for ,threshing1 than his ,barn will contain2 because tho' sometimes it brings the greatest ,profit by ,threshing1 yet some ,years 'tis apt to be blighted4 ,i have been told by my ,neighbour1 that he had a ,crop of ,five ,quarters of ,st4 ,foin ,seed on an ,acre2 but the most ,profit that ever ,i took notice of1 was on half an ,acre1 which was drill'd very thin1 and had no ,crop of ,corn with it2 by which ,advantage it produc'd a good ,crop of ,seed the next ,year after it was planted1 and the ,third ,year this ,half-,acre produc'd 7as was try'd by a ,wager7 within a ,trifle of ,two ,quarters of ,seed1 which was sold for ,two ,pounds and ,ten ,shillings3 ,the thresh'd ,hay of it was sold in the ,place for ,one ,pound1 and ,two ,quarters of ,chaff sold for ,twelve ,shillings2 in all ,four ,pounds and ,two ,shillings4 ,there was also a very good ,aftermath1 which was worth the ,charges of ,cutting and ,threshing3 ,so that the clear ,profit of the ,one ,year of this ,half ,acre of ,ground amounted to ,four ,pounds ,two ,shillings3 ,and it was remarkable1 that at the same ,time the rest of the same ,field1 being in all ,ten ,acres1 had a ,crop of ,barley sown on ,three ,plowings1 which 7the ,summer being dry7 was offered to be sold at ,one ,pound per ,acre4 ,i believe the greatest ,part of the ,st4 ,foin that is sown1 is spoil'd by being indiscreetly fed by ,sheep#ahh2 which ,damage is occasion'd merely by suffering them to continue feeding it too long at a ,time1 especially in the ,spring2 for then the ,sap moves quick1 and must be depurated by the ,leaves2 and as the ,sun's nearer ,approach accelerates the ,motion or ,ferment of the ,juices1 more ,pabulum is receiv'd by the ,roots2 but for want of ,leaves to discharge the ,recrements1 and enliven the ,sap with nitro-aereous ,particles 7the ,sheep devouring the ,buds continually as fast as they appear71 the ,st4 ,foin's vital ,flame 7if ,i may so call it7 is extinguish'd2 the ,circulation ceasing1 the ,sap stagnates1 and then it ends in ,corruption#ahi4 ,but let the ,sheep eat it never so low1 in a short time1 without continuing thereon1 or cropping the next ,buds which succeed those they have eaten1 the ,plants will recover and grow again as vigorously as ever1 and if with a ,spade1 in the ,winter you cut off the ,st4 ,foin ,heads an ,handful deep1 and take them away1 together with their upper ,earth1 the ,wound in the remaining ,root will heal1 and send out more ,heads as good as those cut off1 if those second ,heads be preserv'd from ,cattle1 until they attain to a ,bigness competent to bear ,leaves sufficient for the ,use of the reviving ,plants3 ,nay1 ,i have seen ,plants of ,st4 ,foin cut off in the ,winter a ,foot deep1 and the ,earth of that ,depth taken away2 and the remaining ,root recover'd1 and grew to an extraordinary ,bigness3 ,but this was preserv'd from ,cattle at first4 #ahh ,i never suffer ,sheep to come upon ,st4 ,foin1 except betwixt ,mowing-time and ,all-,saints4 ,and there is so much ,danger of spoiling ,st4 ,foin by the ,fraud of ,shepherds1 that ,i knew a ,gentleman that bound his ,tenant never to suffer any ,sheep to come thereon2 and by this means his ,st4 ,foin continued in ,perfection much longer than is usual1 where ,st4 ,foin is suffer'd to be fed by ,sheep4 #ahi ,natural ,grass is not kill'd by constant feeding1 because no sort of ,cattle can bite it so low as to deprive it of all its ,leaves2 and 'tis1 like ,eels1 more tenacious of ,life than the rest of its ,genius1 and will send out ,leaves from the very ,roots when reversed1 as is too often seen where turffy ,land is plow'd up in large ,furrows4 ,i esteem ,st4 ,foin to be much more profitable than ,clover1 because ,st4 ,foin is never known to do any perceivable ,damage to the ,corn amongst which 'tis planted2 but ,clover often spoils a ,crop of ,barley#aij2 and ,i have known1 that the ,crop of ,barley has been valued to have suffer'd ,four ,pounds per ,acre ,damage by a ,crop of broad ,clover's growing in it in a wet ,summer3 ,in a dry ,summer both ,sorts of ,clover are apt to miss growing2 and if it does grow1 and the next ,summer 7wherein it ought to be a ,crop7 prove very dry1 it fails on most sorts of ,land1 tho' it was vigorous enough to spoil the ,barley the ,year it was sown2 at best1 'tis of but very short ,duration1 and therefore is not to be depended on by the ,farmer1 for maintaining his ,cattle1 which the broad ,clover will also kill1 sometimes by causing them to swell1 unless great ,care be taken to prevent it4 ,the broad ,clover is esteem'd a foul ,feed for ,horses4 ,the ,hop ,clover is gone out of the ,ground sooner than the broad ,clover2 ,i never knew it cut more than once3 ,indeed ,cattle are never swollen by feeding on it2 but then it affords but very little ,feeding for them1 except the ,land whereon it grows be very rich4 #aij ,but this ,damage may be prevented by drilling the ,clover after the ,barley is an ,handful high or more2 for then the ,barley will keep it under1 and not suffer it to grow to any considerable ,bigness till after ,harvest2 nor will this ,drill1 being drawn by ,hand1 do any ,damage to the ,barley4 ,st4 ,foin is observ'd to enrich whatever ,ground 'tis planted on1 tho' a ,crop be taken off it yearly4 ,poor ,slate ,land#aia1 when it has borne sown ,st4 ,foin for ,six or ,seven ,years1 being plow'd up1 and well till'd1 produces ,three ,crops of ,corn2 and then they sow it with ,st4 ,foin again4 #aia ,the ,poverty of this sort of ,land1 lying upon ,slate or ,stone1 generally proceeds from the ,thinness of it2 and1 if it were thicker1 it would be good ,land3 ,much of this ,earth1 being dispersed among the ,crannies or ,interstices of the ,slate and ,stone to a great ,depth1 is reach'd by the ,tap-roots of the ,st4 ,foin1 but cannot be reach'd by the ,roots of ,corn2 and therefore1 when constantly kept in ,tillage1 is of small ,value3 ,upon which ,account such ,land is greatly improveable by ,st4 ,foin1 even when sown in the common manner4 ,rich arable ,land was planted with it1 and mow'd annually with very great ,crops 7'twas drill'd in ,nine-inch ,rows1 with ,six ,gallons of ,seed to an ,acre2 ,one ,crop of it was sold at ,four ,pounds per ,acre73 ,this1 after about ,seven ,years1 and in full ,perfection1 was plow'd up by a ,tenant1 and continued for many ,years after so rich1 that1 instead of dunging or fallowing it for ,wheat1 they were forc'd to sow that upon ,barley-stubble1 and to feed the ,wheat with ,sheep in the ,spring1 to prevent its being too luxuriant4 ,but 'tis to be noted1 that the ,land must be well till'd at the breaking up of old ,st4 ,foin1 or else the ,first ,crops of ,corn may be expected to fail3 ,for ,i knew a ,tenant1 who1 the last ,year of his ,term1 plow'd up a ,field of ,st4 ,foin1 that would have yielded him ,three ,pounds per ,acre2 but1 thinking to make more ,profit of it by ,corn1 he sow'd it with ,white ,oats upon once ,plowing2 and it proving a dry ,summer1 he lost his ,plowing and ,seed2 for he had no ,crop of ,oats1 and was forc'd to leave the ,land as a ,fallow to his ,successor4 ,many more ,instances there are of this ,failure of the ,crop of ,corn after ,st4 ,foin has been broken up1 and not well till'd4 ,when ,st4 ,foin is grown old1 and worn out1 as 'tis said to be when the artificial ,pasture is gone1 and the natural ,pasture is become insufficient for the ,number of ,plants that are on it1 to be maintained2 and is so poor1 that it produces no profitable ,crop1 so that the ,ground is thought proper to be plow'd up1 and sown with ,corn1 in order to be replanted#aib2 the most effectual ,way to bring it into ,tilth speedily1 is1 to plow it up in the ,winter1 with a ,four-coulterd ,plough1 and make it fit for ,turneps by the following ,season2 and if the ,turneps be well ho'd1 and especially if spent by ,sheep on the ,ground1 'twill be in excellent ,order to be sown with ,barley the following ,spring2 and then it may be drill'd with ,st4 ,foin amongst the ,barley4 #aib ,or if you perceive1 that there is a competent ,number of ,plants alive1 and tolerably single2 be they never so poor1 you may recover them to a flourishing ,condition in the following manner1 without replanting3 ,pulverize the whole ,field in ,intervals of about ,three ,feet each1 leaving betwixt every ,two of them ,four ,feet ,breadth of ,ground unplow'd4 ,when the ,turf of these ,intervals1 being cut by the ,four coulter'd ,plough1 is perfectly rotten1 one ,furrow made by any sort of ,plough will hoe one of these ,intervals1 by changing the whole ,surface of it4 ,the poorer the ,land is1 the more ,hoeings will be required2 and the oftener 'tis ho'd1 with proper ,intermissions the first ,year1 the stronger the ,st4 ,foin will become1 and the more ,years it will continue good1 without a ,repetition of ,hoeing4 ,the ,expence of this cannot be great2 because the ,plough1 in hoeing an ,acre in this manner ,nine ,times1 travels no farther than it must to plow an ,acre once in the common ,manner4 ,i need not tell the ,owner1 that the ,earth of these ,intervals must be made level1 before the ,st4 ,foin can be mowed4 ,to return to the ,benefit ,land receives by having been planted some ,years with ,st4 ,foin3 ,all the ,experienc'd know1 that ,land is enriched by it2 but they do not agree upon the ,reason why4 ,they agree as to the 1 but not the 4 ,some are of ,opinion1 'tis because the ,st4 ,foin takes a different ,sort of ,nourishment to that of ,corn3 ,but that ,i think is disprov'd in the ,chapter of ,change of ,species1 where 'tis shewn1 that all ,plants in the same ,soil must take the same ,food4 ,mr4 ,kirkham thinks ,st4 ,foin has no collateral or horizontal ,roots in the upper ,part of the ,ground where the ,plough tills for ,corn2 and therefore has no ,nourishment from that ,part of the ,soil which feeds the ,corn4 ,this would be a very good ,account for it1 were it not utterly contrary to ,matter of ,fact1 as every one may see4 ,but so far it is right1 that large#aic ,st4 ,foin draws the greatest ,part of its ,nourishment from below the ,reach of the ,plough2 and what ,part it does receive from the ,staple is overbalanc'd by the ,second ,crop1 or ,after-lease1 being spent by ,cattle on the ,ground2 different from ,corn1 which is very near wholly maintain'd by the plow'd ,part of the ,earth1 and is all carry'd off4 #aic ,for large ,st4 ,foin1 being single1 has large ,roots1 and very long1 which probably descend ,twenty ,feet deep3 ,now1 if we allow ,four or ,five ,inches the ,depth of the ,staple1 to afford a ,supply equal to ,two ,feet below it1 taking the lower ,nineteen ,feet ,seven ,inches together1 upon this ,computation1 the ,part below the ,staple gives the ,st4 ,foin about ,nine ,parts in ,ten of its ,sustenance4 ,for tho' the under ,stratum of ,earth be much poorer than the upper2 yet that1 never having been drain'd by any sort of ,vegetables1 must afford considerable ,nourishment to the ,first that comes there4 ,and besides1 in such ,land whose ,poverty proceeds from the ,rain's carrying its ,riches too quickly down through the upper ,stratum1 the under ,stratum must be the richer#aid for receiving what the upper ,stratum lets pass unarrested4 #aid ,in light poor ,land the ,water carrying some impregnated ,earth along with it down lower than it does in strong ,land1 that is more tenacious of such impregnated ,particles1 the under ,strata of strong ,land are likely to be poorer than those of light ,land4 ',tis well known1 that many ,estates have been much improv'd by ,st4 ,foin2 therefore there is no occasion to mention ,particulars4 ,only ,i will take ,notice1 that the ,first in ,england was one of about ,one hundred and ,forty ,pounds per ,annum1 sown with ,st4 ,foin1 and sold for ,fourteen ,thousand ,pounds2 and as ,i hear1 continues1 by the same ,improvement1 still of the same ,value4 ,this is1 ,i suppose1 the same that ,mr4 ,kirkham mentions in ,oxfordshire4 ,another ,farm of ,ten ,pounds per ,annum ,rent1 which1 whilst in ,arable#aie1 was like to have undone the ,tenant2 but being all planted with ,st4 ,foin by the ,owner1 was lett at ,one hundred and ,ten ,pounds per ,annum1 and prov'd a good ,bargain4 #aie ,these ,estates consisted of thin ,slate ,land2 which before it was planted with ,st4 ,foin1 was valued at two ,shillings per ,acre1 and some ,part of it at ,one ,shilling per ,acre 7as ,i have been inform'd72 and yet ,oxen are well fatted by the ,st4 ,foin it produces4 ,if it should be ask'd1 ,why ,st4 ,foin is an ,improvement so much greater in ,england1 than in other ,countries8 it might be answer'd by shewing the ,reason why ,english ,arable is of so much less ,value than ,foreign#aif where the ,land is of equal ,goodness1 and the ,corn produc'd of equal ,price4 #aif ',tis doubtless from the extraordinary ,price of ,english ,labour above that of other ,countries1 occasioned by ,english ,statutes being in this ,respect different from all other ,laws in the ,world4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,of ,,luserne4 ,la ,luserne is that famous ,herba ,medica so much extoll'd by the ,antients4 ,the high ,esteem they had of its ,use appears by the extraordinary ,pains they bestow'd on its ,culture4 ,its ,leaves resemble those of ,trefoil3 ,it bears a blue ,blossom very like to double ,violets1 leaving a ,pod like a ,screw1 which contains the ,seeds about the ,bigness of broad ,clover1 tho' longer1 and more of the ,kidney-shape4 ,the ,stalks grow more perpendicular than any of the other artificial ,grasses that ,i know1 slender1 full of ,knots and ,leaves3 ',tis of very near an equal ,bigness from ,bottom to ,top3 ,when cut1 if vigorous1 the ,stalks will spring out again from the ,stubs1 immediately below where the ,scythe parted them2 which makes them the sooner ready for another ,mowing2 an ,advantage which no other ,grass has4 ,it has a ,tap-root that penetrates deeper into the ,bowels of the ,earth1 than any other ,vegetable she produces4 ,tho' one ,luserne-root be much more taper than another towards the upper ,part of it1 'tis sometimes seen1 that a single ho'd ,plant of it has many of these perpendicular ,roots1 some of them springing out from the very ,branches of its ,crown4 ,its ,roots are abundantly longer than the ,roots of ,st4 ,foin3 ,i have ,one that measures very near ,two ,inches ,diameter3 ,those which are higher than the ,ground have a ,bark like a ,tree4 ,upon this account1 and by its ,stalks springing again just below the ,place where cut off1 and by the woody ,hardness of its ,stalks1 when they stand too long without cutting1 it seems that ,luserne is of a ,nature nearly approaching to that of a ,shrub4 ,luserne is the only ,hay in the ,world that can pretend to excel or equal ,st4 ,foin4 ,i have known ,instances of the pinguefying ,virtue of this ,medica ,hay1 that come up to the highest ,encomiums given it by the ,romans2 which being to the ,vulgar incredible1 ,i forbear to relate1 but leave to be confirm'd by the ,experience of others1 when it becomes frequent in ,england4 ,luserne in ,grass is much sweeter than ,st4 ,foin1 or any other artificial or natural ,grass4 ,this1 when ho'd1 may be given to ,cattle cut green1 for ,six ,months2 but then ,care must be taken to#aig prevent their ,swelling by its ,lusciousness1 and not to give them too much at once1 until they be accustom'd to it4 #aig ,the ,swelling of ,cattle by eating too much green ,luserne1 ,clover1 or ,turnep-leaves1 happens only to such as chew the ,cud1 because they swallow more in less ,time than other ,cattle do2 and a large ,quantity of such luscious ,greens being swallow'd by a ,beast1 fermenting to a great ,degree1 heats and rarifies the internal ,air1 which by its ,spring becoming too strong for that ,column of the ,atmosphere that enters at the ,trachea1 it presses the ,lungs against the ,thorax so closely1 that the ,weight of the external ,column is not of ,force to open their ,vesicles1 and then the ,circulation of the ,blood is stopt1 and the ,beast is strangled4 ,most ,farmers know how to prevent the ,swelling1 so that now-a-days it seldom happens2 but when it does1 there is an effectual way of curing it1 if taken in ,time3 ,they cut a ,hole into the ,maw near the ,back in a proper manner1 whereat the rarified ,air rushes out1 and the ,lungs again perform their ,action of ,respiration4 ,the ,quantities of ,luserne ,seed annually imported1 and sown without ,success1 not discouraging ,people from continuing its ,importation1 shews there is more need of a successful ,way of ,planting1 than recommending it in ,england4 ,i shall take ,notice of some of the ,reasons why ,i conclude there is no ,hope of making any ,improvement by planting it in ,england1 in any manner practis'd by the ,antients or ,moderns4 ,i wonder how any one should attempt to plant it here1 who has seen in ,columella1 and other ,authors1 the ,description of the manner the old ,romans planted it in4 ,they chose out the very best ,land1 that was both pinguis and putris2 they dung'd and till'd it to the greatest ,perfection1 and laid it out in ,beds1 as we do for ,onions or ,asparagus2 they sow'd it very thick1 for that miserable ,reason of enabling it by its ,thickness the better to kill the ,grass4 ,the ,beds being harrow'd very fine before ,sowing1 which was in the ,end of ,april2 the ,seed required to be speedily cover'd1 lest the ,sun's ,heat should spoil it4 ,but with what ,instrument must it be cover'd8 ,for1 after ,sowing1 the ,place must not be touch'd with ,iron4 ,at medica obruitur non aratro1 sed ligneis rastellis4 #8,medica-feed is cover'd1 not with the ,plough1 but with little 7or rather light7 wooden ,harrows4' ,two ,days ,work 7of a ,team7 were spent on this ,harrowing of one ,acre4 ,some time after it came up1 they scratch'd it again and again with the same wooden ,instruments3 ,this was call'd ,sarrition3 ,then by ,runcation they weeded it over and over1 ,ne alterius generis herba invalidam medicam perimat4 #8,lest other ,grass should kill it whilst it was weak4' ,the ,first ,crop they let stand till some of the ,seed shatter'd1 to fill the ,ground yet fuller of ,plants3 ,after that they might cut it as young as they pleas'd2 but must be sure to water it often after cutting4 ,then after a few ,days1 when it began to spring1 they repeated their ,runcation3 and so continuing to weed out all manner of ,grass for the ,first ,two or ,three ,years1 it used to bring ,four or ,six ,crops a ,year1 and last ,ten ,years4 ,english ,gardeners make ,forty ,pounds of an ,acre of ,asparagus1 or ,cabbage-plants1 with half the ,labour and ,expence that was bestow'd on an ,acre of ,roman ,medica4 ,we know not the ,price ,hay and ,grass were at in ,italy1 while the ,roman ,empire was in its ,glory1 and ,rome1 then the ,metropolis of the ,world1 drew the ,riches of all ,parts thither2 its ,price must be then very high4 ,and the ,romans had not only ,servants1 but plenty of ,slaves1 for whom they had scarce sufficient ,employment3 ,this might lessen the ,expence of this tedious ,method of ,planting1 and ordering the ,medica4 ,but when the ,romans were brought down to the ,level of other ,nations1 and in ,danger of being ,slaves1 instead of having them2 and the ,lands of ,italy came to be cultivated by ,italian ,hands only2 they found something else more necessary to employ them in1 than the ,sarritions1 ,runcations1 and ,rigations of the ,medica4 ,their ,labour being bestow'd in getting ,bread for themselves1 they substituted other artificial ,grasses of more easy ,culture1 in the room of ,medica1 for the ,food of their ,cattle4 ,they were so bigotted to all the ,superstitions of their ,ancestors1 that they were content to lose the ,use of that most beneficial ,plant1 rather than attempt to cultivate it by a new1 tho' more rational ,method1 when they were become unable any longer to continue it by the old4 ,thus1 as ,i take it1 ,superstition has chased ,medica from the ,roman ,territories1 and so little of it is planted there1 that beyond the ,alps ,i could not find one whole ,acre of it4 ,luserne makes a great ,improvement in the ,south of ,france3 ,there1 when their low sandy ,land is well prepar'd1 and very clean1 they sow it alone1 in ,march1 and at ,michaelmas1 as we do ,clover3 ,their sowing it at those ,seasons is of a double ,advantage3 ,first1 it saves the ,labour of watering it1 which would be impracticable for so many thousand ,acres1 as there are planted4 ,secondly1 ,those ,seasons being much moister than that wherein the ,romans sow'd it1 the ,grub has ,opportunity of eating more of it at its first coming up2 and often the ,frost kills some of it4 ,by these ,advantages the ,ground is less over-stock'd4 ,the ,summers there are much drier than in ,italy1 so that the ,sun scorches up the natural ,grass1 and suffers it not to come to a ,turf till after some ,years2 and therefore has less need of ,weeding4 ,but as that natural ,grass increases1 the ,crops of ,luserne are proportionably diminish'd3 ,and tho' ,luserne is said to last ,ten or ,twelve ,years2 yet it is in ,perfection only for a very few ,years4 ,whilst it is at best on their richest ,land1 and in a kind ,summer1 they have at ,seven ,crops ,ten ,tuns to an ,acre1 as ,i have computed them from the ,relation of some of the ,inhabitants of ,pezenas4 ,this was extraordinary3 for ,i observ'd1 that most of their common ,crops made a very thin ,swarth4 ,when the ,ground begins to be turffy and hard1 many of the ,luserne-plants die1 and the rest send up very few ,stalks3 ,the ,people know this is the ,destruction of it1 and therefore ,i have seen some of them1 in that ,case1 half-plow it1 thinking thereby to destroy the ,turf3 ,this does for a time much strengthen the ,luserne-plants2 but it so much strengthens the ,grass also1 that the ,turf grows the stronger2 and then there is no ,remedy but to plow it up1 make the ,ground clean1 and replant it4 ,in more ,northern ,climates1 where it rains oftener1 the ,ground sooner becomes hard2 and in the ,land otherwise most proper for ,luserne1 the ,grass grows infinitely faster1 and will be as strong a ,turf in ,two ,years1 as in the hot ,countries in ,ten4 ,upon this ,account1 about ,paris1 even near the ,walls1 they plow up ,luserne1 and sow ,st4 ,foin in its room1 because that endures ,grass and hard ,ground better1 tho' it brings but ,one ,crop a ,year1 or ,two at most4 ,and in many ,places in ,franche ,comt and ,switzerland1 ,i have seen ,luserne in the ,corners of ,vineyards1 not above ,two or ,three ,perches together1 which they will at any ,expence have to cure their ,horses when sick2 since they cannot obtain1 by their ,culture1 ,quantities sufficient to maintain them as their ordinary ,food1 there being too much ,rain1 and too little of the ,sun's violent ,heat1 to prevent the speedy ,increase of ,grass amongst it4 ,how then can we expect ,success in sowing it in ,england1 where ,rains are yet more frequent1 and the ,sun is weaker8 ',tis not ,one ,year in ,ten1 that the natural ,grass is here scorch'd up4 ,in our rich ,land the ,grass comes to a ,turf very soon1 and poor ,land will not by the common ,sowing bring ,luserne to any ,perfection1 tho' no ,grass should annoy it4 ,i have here seen ,part of a ,meadow ,breast-plow'd1 and1 when the ,turf was dead1 dug up and planted as a ,garden3 ,after it had been drill'd with ,carrots1 ho'd1 and made1 in all ,appearance1 perfectly clean1 it was sown with ,luserne1 which came up and flourish'd very well the ,first ,year1 and indifferently the ,second2 but1 after that1 the ,grass came1 and the ,luserne grew faint2 and in ,three or ,four ,years time there was no more left1 but just to shew by here-and-there a single poor ,stalk1 that there had been ,luserne sown1 except one ,plant of it1 which was cleansed of ,grass the ,third ,year2 and this recover'd1 and sent up ,abundance of ,stalks for ,two ,years after it2 and then the ,grass returning1 that ,plant dwindled again4 ,i have often try'd it in the richest ,part of my ,garden1 and constantly find1 that1 however vigorously it grows at the first1 yet it soon declines1 when the ,grass appears amongst it1 which is always the sooner1 by how much the ,soil 7in ,england7 is richer1 unless the ,spade or ,hoe prevent it4 ,here have been also many ,fields of a poorer whiteish ,soil sown with it1 which are not very subject to be over-run with ,grass1 as the rich ,land is2 and tho' these were so well till'd as scarce any ,grass appear'd1 during the many ,years the ,luserne liv'd therein1 yet it never grew to any ,perfection here neither2 nor was there any one ,crop worth much more than the ,cutting1 it was always so poor1 thin1 and short4 ,and1 by what ,intelligence ,i can get1 all ,experience proves1 that every ,soil in this ,island is too rich1 too poor1 or too cold1 for the ,luserne ,improvement by the common ,husbandry4 ,i believe every one will be confirmed in this1 who shall upon full ,inquiry find1 that1 amongst the great ,quantities which have been sown in this ,kingdom in that manner1 never any of it was known to continue good and flourishing ,three ,years2 and that1 on the contrary1 never any one ,plant of it in any warm ,soil1 cultivated by the ,hoeing manner1 was known to fail here1 or in any other ,country1 as long as the ,hoeing 7or ,digging about it1 which is equivalent7 was continued to it with proper ,repetitions4 ,a ,multitude of such hoed ,plants have ,i known1 and are now to be seen in both poor and rich ,lands3 ,therefore it seems possible1 that ,thousands of ,english ,acres may be capable1 by the ,hoeing ,culture1 to produce ,crops of ,luserne every ,year for an ,age4 ,for as the greater ,moisture1 and less intense ,heat of this ,climate1 are1 upon the ,accounts mentioned1 injurious to ,luserne1 yet this is only to such as is sown and cultivated in the common ,manner1 because our ,climate1 upon the very same ,accounts1 is very advantageous to hoed ,luserne4 ,in hot ,countries1 when the ,summer is drier than ordinary1 the ,sun so scorches it1 that they have fewer and much poorer ,crops1 than in moister ,summers2 viz4 only ,four or ,five1 instead of ,six or ,seven2 but1 in the driest ,summer ,i ever knew in ,england1 hoed ,luserne yielded the most ,crops4 ,our ,summer ,days are longer1 have more of the ,sun's ,warmth1 and less of his fiery ,heat2 he cherishes1 but never burns ,luserne1 or any other hoed long ,tap-rooted ,plant in ,england4 ,the well hoed ,earth1 being open1 receives and retains the ,dews2 the benign solar ,influence is sufficient to put them in ,motion1 but not to exhale them from thence4 ,the ,hoe prevents the ,turf1 which would otherwise by its ,blades or ,roots intercept1 and return back the ,dews into the ,atmosphere1 with the ,assistance of a moderate ,heat4 ,so that this ,husbandry secures ,luserne from the ,injury of a wet ,summer1 and also causes the ,rain-water to sink down more speedily1 and disperse its ,riches all the ,way of its ,passage2 otherwise the ,water would be more apt to stand on the ,surface1 chill the ,earth1 and keep off the ,sun and ,air from drying it3 ,for1 when the ,surface is dry and open1 ,luserne will bear a very great ,degree of ,heat1 or grow with a mean one4 ,i have seen this hoed ,luserne1 in a sheltry ,place of my ,garden1 so much grown in a mild ,winter1 as to be measured ,fourteen ,inches and an half high at ,christmas2 and a very large single ,plant of it1 which had not been hoed for ,two ,years before1 was laid bare by digging out the ,earth all around it a ,foot deep1 to observe the ,manner of its ,tap-root2 and then the ,earth was thrown in again1 and the ,hole filled up4 ,this was on the ,twenty-seventh of ,september4 ,upon this mellowing of the ,soil about it1 it sent out more ,stalks in ,october1 than it had done in the whole ,summer before2 they grew very vigorously1 until a great ,snow fell in ,december1 which also preserved the ,verdure of them1 till that was melted away1 and a black ,frost came after it1 and killed those ,stalks4 ,it is probable this ,plant sent out immediately new fibrous horizontal ,roots1 which did grow apace to extract the ,nourishment from this new-made ,pasture1 in proportion to the quick ,growth of the ,stalks1 which in ,summer have been measured1 and found to grow in ,height ,three ,inches and an half in a ,night and a ,day2 this being almost ,one ,inch in ,six ,hours4 ,and it has been my ,observation1 that this ,plant1 in hot and cold ,countries1 thrives both with a much greater1 or less ,degree of ,heat and ,moisture1 when it is hoed2 for if it has ,plenty of ,nourishment1 which ,hoeing always gives it1 a very little ,heat above1 and the ,moisture alone 7which is never wanting to the deep ,tap-root7 suffice1 and that ,plenty of ,food enables it the better to endure the ,extremes of either ,heat or ,cold4 ,we need not much apprehend the ,danger of ,english ,winters2 for ,luserne will endure those which are more rigorous4 ,in the ,principality of ,neufchtel the ,winters are so severe1 as to kill all the ,rosemary left abroad2 yet ,luserne survives them there3 ,this proves it more hardy than ,rosemary1 which is planted for ,hedges in ,england2 and here is scarce twice in an ,age a ,frost able to kill it4 ,i have one single ,luserne-plant in a poor ,arable ,field1 that has stood the ,test of ,two-and-twenty ,winters1 besides the ,feeding of ,sheep at all ,seasons1 and yet remains as strong as ever4 ,what ,quantity of ,hay this ,plant yearly produces1 cannot be known1 because at those times that ,cattle are kept from it1 the ,hares constantly crop it1 being sweeter than any other ,grass4 ,but this happens to be fortunately situate1 where 'tis not altogether destitute of the ,benefit of ,hoeing4 ',tis in an ,angle1 where1 every time the ,field is till'd1 the ,plough goes over it in turning from the ,furrows of one ,land and one ,head-land2 but it is after the ,plough is lifted out of the ,ground1 and turned up on one side1 so that the ,share only breaks the ,turf very small all around it1 without plowing up the ,plant3 ,yet it has escaped it so narrowly1 that the ,fin of the ,plough-share has split it into ,four ,parts2 ,three of which remain1 and grow never the worse1 but the ,fourth is torn off1 and the ,wound healed up4 ,by the extreme hard ,winter that happened about the ,year #agjh1 or #agji1 some of the ,luserne in ,languedoc was killed3 ,yet this was no ,argument of its ,tenderness1 but rather the contrary2 because then all the ,olive-trees and ,walnut-trees were there killed1 tho' the greatest ,part of the ,luserne escaped unhurt3 ,and ,i did not hear one ,walnut-tree was killed that ,winter in ,england4 ,perhaps those in ,france1 having being accustomed to much hotter ,summers1 were unable to endure the ,rigour of the same ,winter1 that could do no ,harm to the same ,species in ,england1 where our ,winters do not seem to exceed some of theirs in ,cold1 so much as their ,summers do ours in ,heat4 ,and since the ,extremes are not so far asunder here1 the same ,degree of ,cold may to our ,plants seem tepid1 which to those in ,languedoc must seem rigorous1 differing a more remote ,degree from the opposite ,extremity of ,heat in ,summer4 ,and1 besides the ,difference of ,heat and ,cold in different ,climates1 there is another more necessary to be observed2 and that is1 the ,difference of the ,hardiness in different ,individuals of the same ,species3 ,the same ,frost that kills a faint languishing ,plant of ,luserne1 will be despised by a robust one1 which1 being well fed by the ,hoe1 becomes a ,giant cloath'd and fenced with a thick ,bark1 that renders it impregnable against all ,weather2 its ,rind is to it a ,coat of ,mail or ,buff1 impenetrable by ,frost3 ,but the unhoed is generally small and weak2 its thin tender ,bark exposes it almost naked to the ,frost2 it being1 for want of a sufficient ,pasture1 starv'd and half-dead already1 'tis the more easily killed by the ,cold4 ,i formerly lived some ,years in ,languedoc1 where are many ,hundred ,acres of ,luserne2 and ,i never could find a very large ,plant amongst it1 unless in such ,pieces as had been plowed up1 tilled1 and sown with ,corn3 ,here indeed those ,plants that remained 7as always some would do7 grew to an extraordinary ,bulk2 and ,one of those single tilled ,plants did seem to produce a greater ,quantity of ,stalks1 than ,twenty of such as had not been plowed up2 and as there were no large ,plants amongst the unplowed1 so there were no small amongst the plowed ones4 ,the same thing has been observed in all other ,places where ,luserne has been plowed#aih4 #aih ,this ,plowing is a ,hoeing to the ,luserne4 ,and in ,wiltshire several ,grounds of it stood some ,years without ever coming to a ,substance to be of any ,value1 tho' the ,land was whitish1 and scarce any ,grass appeared amongst the ,luserne2 and therefore its ,poorness was thought to proceed from the ,soil's being improper2 but when it had been broken up1 and sown several ,years with ,corn1 and afterwards lain down with ,st4 ,foin1 all the ,luserne-plants which remained 7and they were many7 grew large and strong1 shooting up a ,yard in ,height soon after the ,st4 ,foin was cut2 and if there had been a competent ,number of them undestroyed by the ,plough1 they would have yielded ,crops of an extraordinary ,value1 where before ,plowing it grew but few ,inches above the ,ground4 ,it seems that in this sort of ,land the ,earth grows stale1 ere the ,luserne arrives at a ,tenth ,part of its ,stature3 ,but this is most remarkable1 that ,tillage transforms those ,luserne-plants from ,dwarfs to ,giants2 and then they are able to contend with1 if not conquer1 so strong ,plants as ,st4 ,foin is1 tho' before ,plowing they were unable to resist the ,depredations of a few hairy ,spires of ,grass4 ,since ,tillage can thus recover ,luserne1 after it has long languished in the lowest ,ebb of ,life1 and restore it to ,health1 ,youth1 and ,vigour1 and augment its ,stature even after it has passed the ,age of its full ,growth2 to what ,bulk would it arrive1 regularly planted1 and hoed from its ,infancy to ,maturity without any ,check to stint it6 ,we can never know how poor a ,soil will bear this ,plant1 unless it be tried by the ,hoeing ,culture4 ,for 'tis wondrous how so great a ,man as ,dr4 ,woodward should imagine1 that ,difference of ,soil should be the ,reason why ,apples in ,herefordshire1 and ,cherries in ,kent1 succeed better than in other ,places1 when in truth they are seen to prosper as well almost all over ,england1 where planted1 cultivated1 and preserved4 ,i believe ,plants are more altered as to their ,growth1 by being cultivated or not1 than by ,change of ,climates differing in very many ,degrees of ,latitude4 ,i say1 in their ,growth1 not always in their ,fruit2 for tho' a ,peach-tree1 well cultivated in a ,standard1 will grow here vigorously1 and be very beautiful2 yet its ,fruit will be of little ,value1 unless it be planted against a good ,wall3 ,so ,luserne1 unless cultivated upon a well exposed ,gravel1 will yield little ,seed in ,england4 ,the ,soil to plant it on is either an hot ,gravel1 a very rich dry ,sand1 or some other rich warm ,land1 that has not an under ,stratum of ,clay1 nor is too near the ,springs of ,water2 for1 if the ,earth below be of a cold ,nature1 which ,i take to be occasioned by its holding of ,water1 the ,luserne will not long prosper therein1 of whatever ,sort the upper ,stratum of ,earth may be3 ,this may be guessed at by the ,vegetables a ,soil naturally produces1 as ,fern1 and the like2 which1 ,mr4 ,evelyn observes1 do indicate a ,soil subject to ,extremities of ,heat and ,cold2 and condemns such a ,soil as accursed4 ,i agree to that ,sentence1 as far as relates to ,cold2 but am not satisfied of its abounding with ,heat2 and ,i am sure ,i know some ,land very subject to ,fern1 which is very far from being barren1 when well cultivated1 and well suited with ,vegetables2 but1 from among these1 ,luserne must be excluded4 ,luserne in hot ,countries grows best near ,rivers1 where its ,roots reach the ,water1 which helps to mitigate the excessive ,heat of the ,climate2 but here the ,heats are so moderate1 that if ,luserne-roots are in ,water 7for 'tis that that makes ,earth cold7 it diminishes too much the just ,proportion of ,heat1 which ,luserne requires4 ,the natural ,poorness of an hot ,gravel may be compensated by ,dung1 more ,heat1 and the ,benefit of the ,hoe4 ,the natural ,richness of the other sorts of ,land being increased by hoeing and cleansing it from ,grass1 ,luserne will thrive therein with the less ,heat2 for what the ,soil wants of one of these ,two ,qualities1 must be made up with the other2 and it has grown high in hoed rich ,ground at ,christmas1 when that in ,land of an hotter ,nature1 but poorer1 has not been able to peep out1 for want of more ,nourishment3 ,so1 if rich ,land be clayey1 very wet and cold1 tho' very rich1 it requires much ,heat1 for as high a ,growth of ,luserne at ,midsummer4 ,the best ,season of planting it in ,england is in ,april1 after the ,danger of ,frost is over2 for a small ,frost will destroy the whole ,crop1 when the ,plants first appear2 and too much ,wet1 with cold ,weather1 will rot the ,seeds in the ,ground2 so that about the ,middle of ,april may be generally esteemed as the best ,season for sowing this ,seed4 ,the hoed ,plants of ,luserne having larger ,roots1 and yielding more ,crops than those of ,st4 ,foin1 ,reason seems to require1 that the ,number of the former be less4 ,but1 on the other hand1 if we consider1 that as the ,luserne-roots exceed the ,st4 ,foin in ,bigness1 so they also do in ,length1 by as great a ,proportion2 being generally less taper1 and as they go deeper1 they have more ,earth to nourish them2 they also require a better ,soil1 and more frequent ,aids from the ,hoe2 and1 by their extraordinary quick ,growth1 receive a speedier ,relief from it1 than the ,roots of ,st4 ,foin do4 ,thus1 if by reaching deeper in a better ,soil1 and being more hoed1 ,luserne receives1 from a square ,perch of ,ground1 ,nourishment in a proportion double to that whereby its ,roots exceed those of ,st4 ,foin in ,bigness1 then ,i do not see why we should not leave the ,number of ,luserne-plants double to the ,number of those we leave in ,st4 ,foin4 ,but if the ,excess of ,nourishment were no more than the ,excess of ,bigness of ,roots1 ,i think an equal ,number of ,plants should be left in ,luserne1 and in ,st4 ,foin3 ,yet since the hot or cold ,constitution of a ,plant1 and also the ,quantity it can produce1 ought to be considered1 as well as its ,bulk1 in relation to the ,nourishment it requires1 more ,trials are necessary for determining the exact ,number of ,luserne-plants proper to be placed on a square ,perch1 than have been hitherto made4 ,perhaps it will be thought heterodox to maintain by any ,arguments1 that to err in falling somewhat short of the just ,number1 is not of worse ,consequence1 than exceeding it4 ,where they stand at ,four or ,five ,inches asunder in the ,rows1 'tis observed1 that tho' the ,intervals betwixt the ,rows be wide1 yet the ,plants are much the larger1 and produce more that stand in the outside ,rows 7the ,ground without being clean72 and especially those at each ,end of the outside ,rows1 that is1 the ,corner-plants1 are largest of all4 ,i need not say1 that had all the other ,plants as much ,room and ,tillage as the ,corner ones have1 they would be as large1 and produce each as much ,hay2 for those which stand perfectly single in ,places by themselves1 are seen to be larger1 and produce more1 than those ,corner ones2 and of the larger and longer ,roots our ,stock does consist1 the more ,nourishment they are capable of taking1 as has been shewn4 ,where some ,plants of the ,luserne have been planted ,two ,feet asunder1 in poor dry ,land1 which was kept clean from ,weeds1 and frequently digged1 each ,plant has sent forth upward of ,three ,hundred ,stalks1 and these have been ,six or ,seven ,inches high by the ,middle of ,march4 ,and it must be likewise observ'd1 that the ,crop will be produc'd in ,proportion to the ,nourishment it receives2 for if the most gigantic ,luserne plant1 which1 when pamper'd by the ,hoe1 has made a ,produce more like a ,tree than an ,herb1 remains a few ,years without that or some equivalent ,culture1 it will by little and little cease to produce more than a few poor sickly ,stalks1 just to shew its ,species2 and then1 if this ,culture be repeated1 will recover its pristine ,strength1 and yield as great a ,crop as ever2 but1 if that be longer omitted1 will die3 ,the ,vastness of its ,root avails nothing1 unless it has ,food in proportion to it4 ,hence it appears1 that the most fatal ,disease incident to ,luserne is starving1 and that rarely suffers any of its ,plants to arrive at the full ,period of their ,growth or ,age2 it prevents their ,fertility even in the ,prime of their ,youth1 and kills them before they have liv'd out ,half1 or perhaps the ,tenth ,part1 of their ,days4 ,how long its ,life might otherwise be1 nobody knows1 unless a ,plant could be found to die when well fed2 for when it is1 'tis so tenacious of ,life1 that1 ,i am told1 beheading will not dispatch it#aii4 #aii ,but ,i have cut off the ,heads of some myself to try1 and could not find that any one would sprout again1 tho' ,st4 ,foin will2 perhaps ,i tried at the wrong ,season4 ',tis therefore necessary1 that our ,rows be plac'd at such a ,distance1 as that their ,intervals may be wide enough for the ,hoe-plough to raise an artificial ,pasture1 sufficient to sustain the ,number of ,plants in them4 ,whoever shall make ,trials of this ,husbandry 7for that is all ,i propose to others71 ,i would advise them to begin with ,rows that have ,intervals of ,thirty-three ,inches2 for1 if they begin with much narrower ,distances1 they may be by that means disappointed of ,success3 ,but tho' they should afterwards find a ,way to hoe them at somewhat nearer ,distances2 yet the ,loss of a few ,perches of ,ground would not be much2 neither can they be wholly lost1 since the ,roots of these ,plants may be prov'd to extend much farther horizontally1 than from ,row to ,row at that ,distance4 ,and the wider the ,intervals are1 the more ,earth will be till'd in a ,perch of ,ground2 because ,six ,rows1 which will be therein at ,thirty-three ,inches ,distance1 will admit the ,hoe-plough to till more ,earth1 than ,nine ,rows at ,twenty-two ,inches ,distance from each other3 ,and1 besides1 'tis not proper1 that every time of hoeing1 the ,plough should come very near to the ,plants1 unless when ,grass comes amongst them2 and then they may1 in ,thirty-three ,inch ,spaces1 be perfectly cleansed in this manner3 viz4 ,plow a good ,furrow from each ,side of every ,row2 and then with ,harrows1 or other ,instruments proper for that ,purpose1 going cross them1 you will pull out both ,earth and ,grass from betwixt the ,plants2 then1 after a convenient ,time1 plow these ,furrows back again to the ,rows2 this will in a manner transplant the upper ,part of the ,roots1 and bury the ,grass1 tho' it be not dead1 by lying open to be dry'd by the ,sun3 ,then harrow the ,ground to break it more1 and to level it1 and go once over it with a very light ,roller1 to the ,end that the ,hay may be raked up the cleaner4 ,i am aware of the common ,prejudice1 which is1 that ,people1 when they have never seen a ,plantation of these ,plants in ,perfection1 are apt to form to themselves the ,idea of such small ones as they have been used to see2 and thence imagine it impossible that this 7tho' a double7 ,number should be sufficient to make a ,crop4 ,but they might1 with equal ,reason1 imagine the same of ,apple-trees at a ,year's ,growth1 which are less than these at the same ,age2 and so plant a ,thousand ,trees in the ,room proper for one4 ,the ,antients direct the ,planting of ,seventeen ,cytisus ,plants in a ,perch of ,ground2 and ,i do not believe1 that ever those ,seventeen could yield a ,crop equal to ,two hundred ,twenty-four ,luserne-plants2 for as many ,ounces of ,hay as each of these yields1 so many ,ton of ,hay will one ,crop of an ,acre produce3 ,thus by weighing the ,product of one ,plant 7supposing them all equal7 the ,quantity of the ,crop may be determin'd1 and prov'd greater than ,fancy from their ,number represents4 s4 d4 ,april #ad4 ,one single unho'd ,plant of ,luserne had ,thirty-one ,stalks1 which1 by ,silver-,money1 weigh'd green #bc #j #bd4 ,the same dried to ,hay1 weigh'd #f #f #ad4 ,the ,stalks of one single ho'd ,luserne-plant green1 weigh'd #ef #j #bd4 ,the same dry'd #ad #f #ad4 ,eighteen ,inches in ,length of a ,row1 being five indifferent ,plants1 weigh'd green one ,pound and an half ,avoirdupois #bd4 ,dry'd to ,hay1 it weigh'd #bh #f #be4 ,one ,foot of an ho'd ,row1 being ,one hundred and ,sixty ,stalks of two ,luserne ,plants of ,six or ,seven ,years old1 weigh'd ,two ,pound green ,but the same dry'd1 to the #ith of ,may1 weigh'd no more than #ca #f ,which last is about ,three ,tons to an ,acre4 ,this ,i am certain of1 that the least competent ,number of ,plants will bring the greatest ,number of ,crops3 since ,i see the ,stalks of a single ho'd ,plant grow higher in ,fifteen ,days1 than one amongst near ,neighbours does in ,thirty ,days4 ,the greatest ,difference between the ,culture of this and ,st4 ,foin is1 that ,luserne ,rows should be more grown1 before the ,plants be made single in them by the ,hand-hoe1 lest the ,fly should destroy some afterwards1 and then they might become too thin4 ,for ,luserne is sometimes eaten by the ,fly1 as ,turneps are1 tho' ,st4 ,foin be never liable to that ,misfortune1 if sown in a proper ,season4 ,luserne must also be more frequently ho'd#bjj1 in some ,proportion to the more frequent ,crops it produces4 #bjj ,the ,hoe-plough is the ,instrument to bring it to ,perfection3 but then ,i doubt it must lie still some ,years1 lest the plow'd ,earth injure the ,hay that is made upon it2 and when it is come to a ,turf1 and the ,luserne wants renewing1 the ,four coulter'd ,plough is the only ,instrument that can prepare the ,turf to be kill'd1 and cure the ,luserne2 which ,plough must be used in the following ,manner3 ,turn its ,furrows toward one ,row1 and from the next2 that is1 plow round one ,row1 and that will finish ,two ,intervals1 and so on2 and the next ,plowing must be towards those ,rows1 from whence they were turn'd the first time2 take care the first ,furrows do not lie long enough on the ,rows to kill the ,plants1 which will be much longer in ,winter than in ,summer4 ,but you may leave every ,third or ,fourth ,interval unhoed for making the ,hay on1 which will be yet more beneficial1 if the ,swarths in mowing should fall thereon4 ,this unhoed ,interval may be plowed when there is ,occasion1 and another left in its stead4 ,i shall not go about to compute the ,difference of ,expence bestow'd in the ,roman ,culture and in this2 yet it will appear theirs was incomparably more chargeable1 and that the ,excess of ,charge was occasioned by their ,error in the ,theory of ,husbandry4 ,they sow'd it so thick1 that the ,plants must needs be very small2 and when ,ten of them were no bigger than one good single ho'd ,plant would have been1 in the same ,space of the ,earth's ,surface1 they could have but a ,ninth ,part of the ,earth's ,depth1 which the one would have had4 ,the ,defect of ,depth must be therefore made up1 in some ,measure1 by the extraordinary ,richness of the ,surface4 ,upon this ,account few ,lands were capable of bearing ,medica4 ,their sowing it so late made the first ,waterings necessary2 and the ,shortness of the ,roots required the repeated ,rigations1 after the ,crops were cut3 ,for ,columella saith in ,lib4 ii4 ,cap4 #aa4 ,cum secueris autem1 spius eam rigato4 ,but had it been cultivated by the hoeing ,method1 the ,tap-roots would have descended as deep as a ,well1 and1 from the ,springs below1 have sent up ,water to the ,plants1 besides what the ,hoe would have caused the horizontal ,roots to receive from ,dews at the ,surface above4 ,at how much a cheaper ,rate ,water is supply'd by these ,means1 than by carrying it perhaps a great ,way1 and then sprinkling it by ,hand over the ,beds1 which were made ,ten feet wide between ,path and ,path for that ,purpose1 let any one judge2 as also what a laborious ,task it was to pick out the ,grass with ,fingers from amongst it1 in the hard dry ,ground in the ,summer1 after mowing the ,crop1 as ,columella directs in his foremention'd ,chapter1 which the ,horse-hoe would have done with ,ease1 at a ,twentieth ,part of that ,expence4 ,however1 since they saw the ,medica was as impatient of ,grass as the ,vineyards were1 'tis a ,wonder they did not give it the same ,culture with the ,bidens1 which would have been much better and cheaper1 than to cleanse the ,medica with ,fingers4 ,indeed ,fingers were made before the ,bidens2 but sure the ,effect of its ,use in raising ,juices to the ,vine1 had inspired the ,romans with more judicious ,speculations1 than to give that for a ,reason why they ho'd the ,medica with their ,fingers1 rather than with the ,bidens4 ,oh6 ,but this was made with ,iron1 and ,medica had1 in those ,times1 an ,antipathy to ,iron2 and after it was sown1 the ,place must not be touch'd by that ,metal2 therefore the ,seed must not be cover'd with a ,plough1 nor with ,iron ,harrows4 ,but if they had made ,trials enough1 to know that half an ,inch was a proper ,depth to cover this ,seed at1 these ,virtuosi would have been convinc'd1 that it had no less ,antipathy to these ,instruments1 of what ,matter soever they were made1 if they bury'd it ,five or ,six ,inches deep1 which the ,plough must do1 and the ,weight of ,iron ,harrows in such fine ,ground not much less4 ,had the ,plough been all of ,wood1 the ,furrow would have lain never the lighter upon the ,seed2 and if the wooden ,harrows had been loaded with a ,weight capable of pressing it down as deep1 it would have been no more able to rise1 than if it had been buried with ,iron ,harrows3 ,this ,columella seems to be sensible of1 when he says1 ,rastellis ligneis2 viz4 ,that it was not sufficient for them to be made of ,wood1 unless they were diminutive2 for then they were light ones4 ',tis probable the ,plough suffer'd none to come up1 and the heavy ,harrows very few1 tho' perhaps ,plants enough1 had they calculated what ,number were sufficient3 ,but unless the ,ground were cover'd with them at first1 it seems they had not ,patience to wait till the ,plants grew large enough1 to fill it with a bare competent ,number1 and thought it not worth while to weed and water1 what they fansied to be an insufficient ,number4 ',twas expected that the ,thickness of the ,plants should help to kill the ,grass3 ,yet upon due ,observation 'tis found1 that when their excessive ,numbers have brought a ,famine amongst them1 they are forc'd to prey upon one another2 and tho' the stronger survive1 yet even those are so weaken'd by ,hunger1 that they become the less able to contend with ,grass1 whose good ,fortune it was1 that ,superstition would not permit the ,romans to interpose1 by attacking it with ,iron ,weapons4 ,i hope these ,hints may be improv'd for the ,abolition of old ,errors1 and for the ,discovery of new ,truths2 to the end that ,luserne may be planted in a more reasonable ,method than has been commonly practis'd3 ,and when the ,theory is true1 'tis impossible the ,practice should be false1 if rightly apply'd2 but if it fail of ,success1 the ,event will be a ,proof either of a ,misapplication1 or that the ,theory is false4 ,luserne should be order'd for ,hay in the same ,manner as is directed for ,st4 ,foin in the foregoing ,chapter3 ,but it must be observ'd1 that ,luserne is more worsted by being suffer'd to survive its ,virginity before cutting2 and therefore the richest and most nourishing ,hay is cut whilst the ,stalks are single1 without any collateral ,branches shooting out of them2 and when they are so1 neither ,blossoms nor even their ,buds appear4 ,but of that sown in the old ,fashion1 the last ,crops1 for want of a new ,supply of ,nourishment1 grow so slowly1 that ere it is high enough to be cut1 the ,blossoms are blown out1 and the ,stalks1 tho' very small1 are become woody1 hard1 and dry1 and make the ,hay nothing near so nourishing as that of the first ,crops4 ,but in that which is ho'd1 the last ,crops of it will1 by virtue of the greater ,quantity of ,nourishment it receives1 grow faster1 and be of an ,height fit to cut before blossoming1 and thence being as young and vigorous1 make as good ,hay as the first ,crops2 so that ,hoeing does not only procure more and larger ,crops1 but also better ,hay4 ,this is most certain1 that unless we can keep our ,luserne pretty clean from natural ,grass1 we cannot expect it to succeed1 let the ,soil be never so proper4 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of ,change of ,,species4 ,i4 ,that ,plants of the most different ,nature feed on the same ,sort of ,food4 ,,ii4 ,that there is no ,plant but what must rob any other ,plant within its ,reach4 ,,iii4 ,that a ,soil which is proper to one ,sort of ,vegetable once1 is1 in ,respect of the ,sort of ,food it gives1 proper to it always4 ,if any one of these ,three ,propositions be true1 as ,i hope to prove all of them are1 then it will follow1 that there is no need to change the ,species of ,vegetables from one ,year to another1 in respect to the different ,food the same ,soil is1 tho' falsely1 supposed to yield#bja4 #bja ,for if all ,plants rob one another1 it must be because they all feed on the same ,sort of ,food2 and1 admitting they do1 there can be no ,necessity of changing the ,species of them1 from one ,soil to another2 but the same ,quantity of the same ,food1 with the same ,heat and ,moisture which maintains any ,species one ,year1 must do it any other ,year4 ,the common ,opinion is contrary to all these 7as it must be1 if contrary to any one of them73 ,and since an ,error in this fundamental ,principle of ,vegetation is of very ill ,consequence2 and since ,dr4 ,woodward1 who has been serviceable in other respects#bjb to this ,art1 has unhappily fallen in with the ,vulgar in this ,point2 his ,arguments for this ,error require to be answer'd in the first ,place4 #bjb ,by proving1 in his ,experiments1 that ,earth is the ,pabulum of ,plants4 ,the ,doctor says#bjc #8,it is not possible to imagine how one uniform1 homogeneous ,matter1 having its ,principles1 or original ,parts1 all of the same ,substance1 ,constitution1 ,magnitude1 ,figure1 and ,gravity1 should ever constitute ,bodies so egregiously unlike1 in all those ,respects1 as ,vegetables of different ,kinds are2 nay1 even as the different ,parts of the same ,vegetable4' #bjc ,in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,no4 #bec4 #8,that there should be that vast ,difference in them1 in their several ,constitutions1 ,makes1 ,properties1 and ,effects1 and yet all arise from the very same ,sort of ,matter1 would be very strange4' ,answer4 ',tis very probable1 that the terrestrial ,particles which constitute ,vegetables1 tho' inconceivably minute1 may be of great ,variety of ,figure1 and other ,differences2 else they could not be capable of the several ,ferments1 c4 they must undergo in the ,vessels of ,plants4 ,their ,smalness can be no ,objection to their ,variety1 since even the ,particles of ,light are of various ,kinds4 ,but as the ,doctor asserts1 #8,that each ,part of the same ,vegetable requires a peculiar specific ,matter for its ,formation and ,nourishment2 and that there are very many and different ,ingredients to go to the ,composition of the same individual ,plants2' ,from hence must be inferred1 that the same ,plant takes in very many and different ,ingredients 7and it is proved1 that no ,plant refuses any ,ingredient#bjd that is capable of entering its ,roots4 ,tho' the terrestrial ,particles which nourish ,vegetables1 be not perfectly homogeneous2 yet most of the various ,tastes and ,flavours of ,plants are made in and by the ,vessels#bje4 #bjd ,dr4 ,grew1 in his ,anatomy of ,plants1 by microscopical ,inspection1 found1 that the outer ,superficies of ,roots was of a spongy ,substance2 and 'tis well known1 that no such ,body can refuse to imbibe whatever ,liquor comes in ,contact with it1 but will by its springy ,porosity absorb any sort of ,moisture4 #bje ,we are convinced1 that 'tis the ,vessels of ,plants that make the different ,flavours2 because there is none of these ,flavours in the ,earth of which they are made1 until that has enter'd and been alter'd by the vegetable ,vessels4 ,doctor ,woodward says1 #8,that ,water will pass ,pores and ,interstices1 that neither ,air1 nor any other ,fluid1 will3 ,this enables it to enter the finest ,tubes and ,vessels of ,plants1 and to introduce the terrestrial ,matter1 conveying it to all ,parts of them2 whilst each1 by means of ,organs 'tis endow'd with for the ,purpose1 intercepts1 and assumes into itself1 such ,particles as are suitable to its own ,nature#bjf2 letting the rest pass on through the common ,ducts4' #bjf ,if the ,doctor's ,plants were so nice in leaving vegetable ,matter behind1 quiet and undisturb'd1 'tis a ,wonder they would take up the mineral ,matter1 as1 he says1 they did1 that kill'd themselves with ,nitre4 ,these ,plants might1 with much less ,difficulty1 have distinguish'd the mineral ,matter from the vegetable ,matter1 than they could distinguish the different ,particles of vegetable ,matter from one another1 and must have been very unwise to chuse out the ,nitre 7their ,poison7 from the ,water and ,earth1 and to leave the vegetable ,particles behind2 none of which could be so improper to them as the ,nitre4 ,it may perhaps be objected1 that such like pernicious ,matter kills a ,plant by only destroying its ,roots1 and by closing the ,pores2 which prevents the ,nourishment from entering to maintain its ,life2 and that such ,matter doth not itself enter to act as ,poison upon the ,sap1 or upon the ,vessels of the ,body1 or ,leaves3 ,but it plainly appears that it doth enter1 and act as ,poison2 for when some of the ,roots of a ,mint1 growing in ,water1 are put into salt ,water1 it kills the whole ,plant1 although the rest of the ,roots remaining in the fresh ,water were sufficient to maintain it1 if the other ,roots had been cut off at the ,time they were removed into the ,salt ,water2 and also all the ,leaves1 when dead1 will be full of ,salt4 ,or if the ,juice of wild ,garlick-seed be made use of instead of the salt ,water1 it will have the same ,effect2 and every one of the ,mint-leaves will have a strong ,taste of ,garlick in it4 ,here then he says plainly1 ,that each ,plant receives the terrestrial ,matter in gross1 both suitable and unsuitable to its ,nature1 retains the suitable ,particles for its ,augment1 and the unsuitable lets pass through it4 ,and in another ,place he says they are exhal'd into the ,atmosphere4 ,and this will appear to be the true ,case of ,plants2 and directly contradicts what he advances1 in saying1 #8,that each ,sort of ,grain takes forth that peculiar ,matter that is proper for its own ,nourishment4 ,first1 the ,wheat draws off those ,particles that suit the ,body of that ,plant1 the rest lying all quiet and undisturb'd the while4 ,and when the ,earth has yielded up all them1 those that are proper for ,barley1 a different ,grain1 remain still behind1 till the successive ,crops of that ,corn fetch them forth too2 and so the ,oats and ,pease in their turn1 till1 in fine1 all is carried off4' ,in the former ,paragraph he says1 each ,plant lets pass through it the rest of the ,particles that are not suitable to its own ,nature4 ,in the latter ,paragraph he says1 ,that each leaves the unsuitable all behind for another ,sort2 and so on4 ,both cannot be true4 ,if the latter were true1 ,change of ,sorts would be as necessary as it is commonly thought4 ,but if the former be true1 as ,i hope to prove it is1 then there can be no ,use of changing of ,sorts in ,respect of different ,nourishment4 ,if in this ,series of ,crops each ,sort were so just as to take only such ,particles1 as are peculiarly proper to it1 letting all the rest alone to the other ,sorts to which they belonged1 as the ,doctor imagines2 then it would be equal to them all1 which of the ,sorts were sown first or last3 ,but let the ,wheat be sown after the ,barley1 ,pease1 and ,oats1 instead of being sown before them1 and then it would evidently appear1 by that starv'd ,crop of ,wheat1 either that some or all of those other ,grains had violated this natural ,probity1 or else that ,nature has given to ,vegetables no such ,law of ,meum and ,tuum#bjg4 #bjg ,a ,charlock could not rob a ,turnep1 and starve it1 more than several ,turneps can do1 unless the ,charlock did take from it the same ,particles which would nourish a ,turnep2 and unless the ,charlock did devour a greater ,quantity of that ,nourishment than several ,turneps could take4 ,flax1 ,oats1 and ,poppy1 could not burn or waste the ,soil1 and make it less able to produce succeeding ,crops of different ,species1 unless they did exhaust the same ,particles which would have nourish'd ,plants of different ,species3 ,for let the ,quantity of ,particles these ,burners take be never so great1 the following ,crops would not miss them1 or suffer any ,damage by the ,want or ,loss of them1 were they not the same ,particles which would have nourished those ,crops1 if the ,burners had left them behind1 quiet and undisturbed4 ,neither could ,weeds be of any ,prejudice to ,corn1 if they did draw off those ,particles only that suit the ,bodies of ,weeds1 the rest lying all quiet and undisturbed the while4 ,but constant ,experience shews1 that all ,sorts of ,weeds1 more or less1 diminish the ,crop of ,corn4 ,if these ,things were1 as the ,doctor affirms1 why do ,farmers lose a ,year's ,rent1 and be at the ,charge of fallowing and manuring their ,land1 after so few ,crops2 since there are many more ,sorts of ,grain as different from these and one another1 as those are which they usually sow8 ,they still find1 that the first ,crops are best2 and the longer they continue sowing1 the worst the last ,crops will prove1 be they of never so different a ,species2 unless the ,land were not in so good ,tilth for the first ,crop as for the subsequent2 or unless the last sown be of a more robust ,species4 ,this ,matter might be easily clear'd1 could we perfectly know the ,nature of those supposed unsuitable#bjh ,particles2 but1 in ,truth1 there is no more to be known of such of them1 than that they are carried away by the ,atmosphere to a ,distance1 according to the ,velocity of the ,air2 perhaps several ,miles off1 at least1 never like to return to the ,spot of ,ground from whence the ,plants have raised them4 #bjh ,but we must not conclude1 that these ,particles1 which pass through a ,plant 7being a vastly greater ,quantity than those that abide in it for its ,augment71 are all unsuitable1 because no one of them happens to hit upon a fit ,nidus3 ,for since the ,life of ,animals depends upon that of ,plants1 'tis not unreasonable to imagine1 that ,nature may have provided a considerable ,overplus for maintaining the ,life of individual ,plants1 when she has provided such an innumerable ,overplus for continuing every ,species of ,animals4 ,but suppose these cast-off ,particles were1 when taken in1 unfit for the ,nourishment of any manner of ,vegetables3 ,then the ,doctor must fansy the ,wheat to be of a very scrupulous ,conscience1 to feed on these ,particles1 which were neither fit for its own ,nourishment1 nor of any other ,plant2 and at the same time to forbear to take the ,food of ,barley1 ,pease1 and ,oats1 letting that lie still and undisturb'd the while1 as he says it does1 tho' he gives no manner of ,reason for it4 ',tis needless to bring stronger ,arguments1 than the ,doctor's ,experiments afford1 against his own vulgar ,opinion1 of ,plants distinguishing the particular ,sort of terrestrial ,matter1 that1 he says1 is proper to each ,sort of ,vegetable1 in these ,words2 viz4 #8,each ,sort takes forth that peculiar ,matter that is proper for its own ,nourishment1 the rest lying all quiet and undisturb'd the while4' ,he says1 that great ,part of the terrestrial ,matter1 mixed with the ,water1 passes up into the ,plant along with it2 which it could not do1 if only the peculiar ,matter1 proper to each ,plant1 did pass up into it3 ,and after he has shewed how apt the vegetable ,matter is to attend ,water in all its ,motions1 and to follow it into each of its ,recesses2 being by no ,filtrations or ,percolations wholly separable from it2 'tis strange he should think that each ,plant leaves the greatest ,part of it behind1 separated from the ,water which the ,plant imbibes4 ,there are1 doubtless1 more than a ,million of ,sorts of ,plants1 all of which would have taken up the ,water1 and had each as much ,right to its ,share1 or proper ,matter in it1 as the ,doctor's ,plants had2 and then there would be but a very small 7or a ,millionth7 ,part of it proper to each of his ,plants3 ,and these leaving all the rest behind1 both of the ,water wherewith the ,glasses at first were filled1 when the ,plants were put into them2 and also of all the additional ,water daily supply'd into them afterwards2 ,i say1 so much more terrestrial ,matter brought into these ,glasses1 in ,proportion to the added ,water1 and so very small a ,part as could be proper to each of his plants being carried off2 there must have remain'd in these ,glasses a much greater ,quantity of terrestrial ,matter at the ,end of the ,experiment1 than remained in the ,glasses ,f or ,g1 which had no ,plants in them1 nor any ,water added to1 or diminished from them2 but the quite contrary appear'd4 #8,and the ,water in the ,glasses ,f and ,g1 at the ,end of the ,experiment1 exhibited a larger ,quantity of terrestrial ,matter1 than any of those that had ,plants in them did4 ,the ,sediment at the ,bottom of the ,glasses was greater1 and the ,nubecul diffused thro' the ,body of the ,water thicker4' ,had the ,cataputia insum'd1 with the ,two thousand ,five hundred and ,one ,grains of ,water1 no more than its proper ,share of the vegetable ,matter1 it could not have attained thence an ,increase of ,three ,grains and a ,quarter1 nor even the ,thousandth ,part of ,one ,grain4 ,but he found #8this terrestrial ,matter1 contained in all ,water1 to be of ,two ,kinds3 ,the one properly1 a vegetable ,matter1 but consisting of very different ,particles2 some of which are proper for the ,nourishment of some kind of ,plants1 others for different ,sorts1' c4 ,this1 indeed1 would have been a most wonderful ,discovery1 and might have given us a great ,light1 if he had told us in what ,language and ,character these proper ,differences were stamp'd or written upon the vegetable ,particles2 which ,particles themselves1 he says1 were scarce visible4 ,certainly it must be a great ,art 7much beyond that of ,dr4 ,wallis7 to decypher the ,language of ,plants1 from invisible ,characters4 ,but that this ,dream may deceive none1 except such who are very fond of old ,errors1 there is an ,experimentum ,crucis which may convince them2 viz4 ,at the proper ,season1 tap a ,birch-tree in the ,body or ,boughs1 and you may have thence a large ,quantity of clear ,liquor1 very little altered from ,water2 and you may see1 that every other ,species of ,plants1 that will grow in ,water1 will receive this2 live and grow in it1 as well as in common ,water4 ,you may make a like ,experiment by tapping other ,trees1 or by ,water distilled from ,vegetables2 and you will find no ,species of ,plants1 into which this ,water will not enter1 and pass through it1 and nourish it too2 unless it be such a ,species as requires more ,heat than ,water admits2 or unless the peculiar ,vessels of that it has first passed through1 have so altered the vegetable ,particles contained in that ,water1 as that it acts as ,poison upon some other particular ,species4 ,the ,doctor concludes1 #8,that ,water is only the ,agent that conveys the ,vegetable ,matter to the ,bodies of ,plants1 that introduces and distributes it to their several ,parts for their ,nourishment3 ,that ,matter is sluggish and inactive1 and would lie eternally confin'd to its ,beds of ,earth1 without ever advancing up into ,plants1 did not ,water1 or some like ,instrument1 fetch it forth1 and carry it unto them4' ,that ,water is very capable of the ,office of a ,carrier to ,plants1 ,i think the ,doctor has made most evident2 but as to the ,office of such an ,agent as his ,hypothesis bestows upon it1 it seems impossible to be executed by ,water4 ,for it cannot be imagined1 that ,water1 being itself but mere homogenial ,matter1 void of all ,degrees of ,life1 should distinguish each ,particle of vegetable ,matter1 proper and peculiar to every different ,species of ,plants1 which are innumerable2 and when 'tis to act for the ,wheat1 to find out all the ,particles proper to that sort of ,grain1 to rouse only those particular ,sluggards from their ,beds of ,earth1 letting all the rest lie quiet and undisturbed the while4 ,this ,agent frees the ,wheat-,particles from their ,confinement1 and conveys1 introduces1 and distributes them1 and only them1 into the several ,parts of the ,wheat4 ,since 'tis unreasonable to believe1 that ,water can have such extraordinary ,skill in ,botany1 or in ,micrography1 as to be qualified for a sufficient ,agent in such an abstruse ,matter1 ,i conceive ,water to be only an ,instrument or ,vehicle1 which takes up indifferently any ,particles it meets with 7and is able to carry71 and advances them 7or the ,pabulum they yield7 up into the ,first ,plant1 whose ,root it comes in ,contact with2 and that every ,plant it meets with does accept thereof1 without distinguishing any different ,sorts or ,properties in them1 until they be so far introduc'd and advanc'd up into the vegetable ,vessels1 that it would be in vain to distinguish them2 for whether the terrestrial ,matter1 ,plants imbibe with the ,water1 will kill or nourish them1 appears by its ,effects2 but which cannot be foreknown or prevented without the ,help of ,faculties1 which ,plants are not endow'd with4 ,mr4 ,bradley seems to have carried this ,error farther than any ,author ever did before2 but he supports it by ,affirmations only1 or by such ,arguments 7,i cannot say ,reasons2 for no ,reason can be against any ,truth7 as go near to confute the very ,opinion he pretends to advance by them4 ,he ascribes to ,vegetables the ,sense of ,taste1 by which he thinks they take such ,nourishment as is most agreeable to their respective ,natures1 refuting the rest2 and will rather starve1 than eat what is disagreeable to their ,palate4 ,in the ,preface to his ,vol4 ,i4 ,page #aj4 of his ,husbandry and ,gardening1 he says1 #8,they feed as differently as ,horses do from ,dogs1 or ,dogs from ,fish4' ,but what does he mean by this ,instance1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ci4 viz4 #8,that ,thyme1 and other ,aromatics1 being planted near an ,apricot-tree1 would destroy that ,tree8' ,does it not help to confirm1 that every ,plant does not draw exactly the same ,share of ,nourishment8 ,i believe there is no need for him to give more ,instances to disprove his ,assertion than this one4 ,his ,conclusion1 taken by itself1 is so far right2 viz4 #8,that if the ,nourishment the ,earth afforded to the ,thyme and ,apricot-tree1 had been divided into ,two ,shares1 both could not have had them4' ,but this his ,instance proves1 ,that those ,aromatics robb'd the ,apricot-tree of so much of its ,share as to starve it2 and that they1 tho' of so very different a ,nature1 did draw from the ,earth the same ,nourishment which the ,apricot-tree should have taken for its ,support1 had not the ,aromatics been too hard for it1 in drawing it off for their own ,maintenance3 ,unless he believes1 that all the ,juices of the ,aromatics were as ,poison to the ,apricot2 and that1 according to my ,experiment of the ,mint1 some of their ,roots might discharge some kind of ,moisture in dry ,weather1 given them by others1 that had it for their ,use2 and that the ,apricot-roots1 mingling with them1 might imbibe enough of that ,liquor1 altered sufficiently by their ,vessels1 to poison and kill the ,tree4 ,but then1 where was the ,tree's distinguishing ,palate8 ,why did it not refuse this ,juice1 which was so disagreeable as to kill it8 ,and as to his ,notion of ,vegetables having ,palates1 let us see how it agrees with what he affirms4 #8,that 'tis the ,vessels of ,plants that make1 by their ,filtrations1 ,percolations1 c4 all the different ,tastes and ,flavours of the ,matter1 which is the ,aliment of ,plants2 and that1 before it be by them so filtred1 c4 it is only a ,fund of insipid ,substance1 capable of being altered by such ,vessels1 into any ,form1 ,colour1 or ,flavour4' ,and ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ch4 #8,the different ,strainers1 or ,vessels of the several ,plants1 growing upon that ,spot of ,earth1 thus impregnated with ,salts1 alter those ,salts or ,juices1 according to the several ,figures or ,dimensions of their ,strainers2 so that one ,plant varies1 in ,taste and ,smell1 from others1 tho' all draw their ,nourishment from the same ,stock lodged in the ,earth4' ,see ,mr4 ,bradley's ,palates of ,plants1 and the insipid ,substance he allots them to distinguish the ,taste of1 how they agree4 ,they must1 it seems1 within their own ,bodies1 give the ,flavour to this insipid ,substance1 before their ,palates can be of any ,use2 and1 even then1 'tis impossible to be of any ,use1 but in the manner of the ,dog returning to his ,vomit4 ,they would have as much ,occasion for the ,sense of ,smelling1 as of ,taste2 but1 after all1 of what ,use could either of the ,two be to ,plants1 without local ,motion of their ,roots8 which they are so destitute of1 that no ,mouth of a ,root can ever remove itself from the very ,point where it was first formed1 because a ,root has all its longitudinal ,increase at the very ,end2 for1 should the ,spaces betwixt the ,branchings increase in ,length1 those ,branches would be broken off1 and left behind1 or else drawn out of their ,cavities2 which must destroy the ,plant4 ,all the ,branches1 except the foremost1 would be found with their ,extremities pointing towards the ,stem2 the contrary of which ,posture they are seen to have3 ,and if they moved backwards1 that would have much the same ,effect on all the collateral ,branchings to destroy them4 ,smell and ,taste then could be of no manner of ,use to ,vegetables1 if they had them2 they would have no ,remedy or ,possibility to mend themselves from the same ,mouths1 removing to search out other ,food1 in case they had ,power to dislike or refuse what was offered them4 ,therefore the crude ,earth1 being their ,food1 simple and free from any ,alterations by ,vessels1 remaining insipid1 cannot give1 neither can ,plants receive1 require1 or make use of1 any ,variety from it1 as ,animals do from their ,diet4 ,it would be lost upon them1 and ,nature would have acted in vain1 to give ,smell and ,taste to ,vegetables1 and nothing but insipid ,earth for an ,object of them2 or to give them a charming ,variety of ,relish and ,savour in their ,food1 without giving them ,senses necessary to perceive or enjoy them2 which would be like ,light and ,colours to the ,blind1 ,sound and ,music to the ,deaf1 or like giving ,eyes and ,ears to ,animals1 without ,light or ,sound to affect them4 ,the ,mouths of ,plants1 situate in the convex ,superficies of ,roots1 are analogous to the ,lacteals1 or ,mouths1 in the concave ,superficies of the ,intestines of ,animals4 ,these spongy ,superficies of animal ,guts1 and vegetable ,roots1 have no more ,taste or ,power of refusing whatever comes in ,contact with them1 the one than the other4 ,the free open ,air would be equally injurious to both2 and if exposed to it1 it would dry and close up the fine ,orifices in ,guts and ,roots3 ,therefore ,nature has guarded both from it4 ,nature has also provided for the ,preservation of both ,vegetables and ,animals 7,i do not say equally7 in respect of their ,food2 which might poison them1 or might not be fit to nourish them4 ,the ,security of ,plants 7the best that can be7 is their ,food itself1 ,earth2 which1 having been altered by no ,vessels1 is always safe and nourishing to them2 ,for a ,plant is never known to be poisoned by its own natural ,soil1 nor starved1 if it were enough of it1 with the requisite ,quantities of ,heat and ,moisture4 ,roots1 being therefore the ,guts of ,plants1 have no need to be guarded by ,senses2 and all the ,parts and ,passages1 which serve to distinguish and prepare the ,food of ,animals1 before it reach the ,guts1 are omitted in ,plants1 and not at all necessary to them4 ,but as the ,food of most ,animals is ,earth1 very variously changed and modified by vegetable or animal ,vessels1 or by both1 and some of it is made wholsome1 some poisonous2 so that if this doubtful ,food should be committed to the ,intestines1 without ,examination1 as the pure unaltered ,earth is to ,roots1 there would1 in all ,probability1 be very few ,animals living in the ,world1 except there be any that feed on ,earth at first ,hand only1 as ,plants do4 ,therefore1 lest this ,food1 so much more refined than that of ,plants1 should1 by that very means1 become a fatal ,curse1 instead of a ,blessing to ,animals1 ,nature has endowed them with ,smell and ,taste1 as ,sentinels1 without whose ,scrutiny these various uncertain ,ingredients are not admitted to come where they can enter the ,lacteals1 and to distinguish1 at a sufficient ,distance1 what is wholsome and friendly1 from what is hurtful2 for when 'tis once passed out of the ,stomach into the ,guts1 'tis too late to have ,benefit from ,emetics2 its ,venom must then be imbibed by the ,lacteal ,mouths1 and mix with the ,blood1 as that must mix with the ,sap1 which comes in ,contact with the ,lacteals in the ,superficies of ,roots1 ,nature having left this unguarded4 ,yet ,plants seem to be better secured by the ,salubrity and ,simplicity of their ,food1 than ,animals are by their ,senses3 ,to compensate that ,inequality of ,danger2 ,animals have ,pleasure from their ,senses1 except some miserable ,animals 7and such there are7 that have more ,pain than ,pleasure from them4 ,but ,i suppose1 more ,animals than ,plants are poison'd2 and that a poisonous ,animal is less fatal to a ,plant1 than a poisonous ,plant is to an ,animal4 ,it being sufficiently proved1 that every sort of ,vegetables1 growing in the same ,soil1 takes1 and is nourished1 by the same ,sort of ,food2 it follows from hence1 that the beneficial ,change of ,sorts of ,seeds or ,plants1 we see in the common ,husbandry1 is not from the ,quality of the ,sorts of ,food1 but from other ,causes2 such as1 ,i4 ,quantity of the ,food4 ,,ii4 ,constitution of the ,plants4 ,,iii4 ,quantity of the ,tillage4 ,in ,dr4 ,woodward's ,case1 upon his ,hypothesis1 the ,three ,proportions of ,seeds1 viz4 ,barley1 ,oats1 and ,pease1 might be sown all together in the same ,acre of ,ground1 the same ,year1 and make ,three as good ,crops as if sown singly in ,three successive ,years1 and his ,two ,crops of ,wheat in one ,year likewise4 ,but every ,farmer can tell1 that these ,three ,proportions of ,seed would not yield half the ,crop together1 as one would do single2 and would scarce produce more than to shew what ,grains were sown1 and which1 of the ,sorts were the strongest and the most able ,robber4 ,though this ,failure would1 in ,truth1 be from no other ,cause than want of the sufficient ,quantity of ,food1 which those ,three ,crops required2 yet1 perhaps1 the ,doctor might think1 that all ,three ,crops might succeed together very well1 taking each its proper ,nourishment1 were it not for want of ,room1 ,air1 and ,sun4 ,i have been credibly inform'd1 that on ,one ,perch of ,ground there has grown a ,bushel of ,corn1 which is ,twenty ,quarters to an ,acre4 ,mr4 ,houghton relates ,twenty-six1 and even ,thirty ,quarters1 of ,wheat on ,one ,acre4 ,there have certainly grown ,twelve ,quarters of ,barley to an ,acre1 throughout a whole ,field3 ,therefore1 unless a ,crop exceed the least of these1 or indeed the greatest of them 7if the ,relation be true71 a ,crop cannot fail for want of ,room2 for one ,acre 7be it of what ,nature it will1 as to the ,soil of it7 must have as much room for a ,crop to grow on1 as any other ,acre4 ,then there was room for all ,dr4 ,woodward's ,three ,crops together1 to produce as much as ,three common ,crops do4 ,yet all these together will scarce yield one ,quarter of ,corn1 tho' there is room1 at least1 for ,twelve4 ,the same ,air and ,sun that had ,room to do their ,office to ,mr4 ,houghton's ,acre1 why should they not have ,room to do the same to ,doctor ,woodward's ,acre1 when the ,three ,crops growing on it at once1 through pretty good ones1 might require less ,room than ,mr4 ,houghton's ,crop did8 ,i perceive that those ,authors1 who explain ,vegetation1 by saying the ,earth imbibes certain ,qualities from the ,air1 and by specific ,qualities1 and the like1 do also lay a great ,stress upon the perpendicular ,growth of ,vegetables2 seeming to fansy there is little else necessary to a good ,crop1 but ,room4 ,mr4 ,bradley1 in his ,arguments concerning the ,value of an ,hill1 does implicitly say as much4 ,but if they would but consider the ,diameters of the ,stems1 with the ,measure of the ,surface of an ,acre1 they would be convinced1 that many1 even of ,mr4 ,houghton's ,crops1 might stand in a perpendicular ,posture upon an ,acre1 and ,room be left4 ,one true ,cause of a ,crop's failing1 is want of a ,quantity of ,food to maintain the ,quantity of ,vegetables1 which the ,food should nourish4 ,when the ,quantity of ,food which is sufficient for another ,species 7that requires less71 but not for that which last grew1 to grow again the next ,year1 then that other is beneficial to be planted after it4 ,the ,second true ,cause is from the ,constitution of ,plants2 some require more ,food than others1 and some are of a stronger ,make1 and better able to penetrate the ,earth1 and forage for themselves4 ,therefore ,oats may succeed a ,crop of ,wheat on strong ,land1 with once plowing1 when ,barley will not2 because ,barley is not so well able to penetrate as ,oats1 or ,beans1 or ,pease1 are4 ,so a ,pear-tree may succeed a ,plum-tree1 when another ,plum-tree cannot2 because a ,pear is a much stronger ,tree1 and grows to a much greater ,bulk2 so inclined to be a ,giant1 that 'tis hard to make it a ,dwarf2 and will penetrate and force its ,way thro' the untill'd ,earth1 where the other cannot2 being of a weaker and less robust ,constitution1 not so well able to shift for itself4 ,the ,pear could penetrate ,pores1 that the other could not4 ,mr4 ,evelyn says1 in his ,discourse of ,forest-trees1 #8,that a ,pear will strike ,root thro' the roughest and most impenetrable ,rocks and ,clifts of ,stone itself4' ,he says likewise1 in his ,pomona1 #8,that ,pears will thrive where neither ,apple or other ,fruit could in ,appearance be expected4' ,i can scarce think1 that a large ,plant takes in larger ,particles than a small one1 for its ,nourishment3 ,if it did1 ,i can't believe1 that the ,thyme could have starv'd the ,apricot-tree2 it must have left the larger ,particles of ,food for that ,tree1 which probably would have sufficed to keep it alive3 ,i rather think1 that great and small ,plants are sustain'd by the same minute ,particles2 for1 as the fine ,particles of ,oats will nourish an ,ox1 so they will nourish a ,tom-tit1 or a ,mite4 ,some ,plants are of an hotter ,constitution1 and have a quicker ,digestion1 like ,cormorants or ,pigeons1 devouring more greedily1 and a greater ,quantity of ,food1 than those of a colder ,temperature1 of equal ,bulk1 whose ,sap1 having a more languid ,motion1 in proportion to the less ,degree of ,heat in it1 sends off fewer ,recrements2 and therefore a less ,supply of ,food is required in their room4 ,this may make some ,difference in the one's succeeding the other2 because the hot-constitution'd leaves not enough for its own ,species to succeed again1 but leaves enough for a ,species of a colder ,constitution to succeed it4 ,but the ,third and chiefest ,cause of the ,benefit of changing ,sorts is ,quantity of ,tillage1 in proportion to which the ,food will be produced4 ,the true ,cause why ,wheat is not 7especially on any strong ,soil7 to be sown immediately after ,wheat1 is1 ,that the first ,wheat standing almost a ,year on the ,ground1 by which it must grow harder2 and ,wheat ,seed-time being soon after ,harvest in ,england1 there is not ,space of ,time to till the ,land so much as a second ,crop of ,wheat requires4 ,tho' sometimes in poorer ,land1 that is lighter1 ,wheat has succeeded ,wheat with tolerable ,success2 when ,i have seen1 on very rich strong ,land1 the first ,crop lost by being much too big1 and one following it immediately1 quite lost by the ,poorness of it1 and not worth cutting4 ,this was enough to satisfy1 that the ,tillage which was so much easier perform'd in less ,time1 sufficed for the light ,land1 but not for the strong3 and1 if the strong ,land could have been brought into as good ,tilth as the light 7like as in the new ,husbandry it may71 it would have produced a much better second ,crop than the light ,land did4 ,from all that has been said1 these may be laid down as ,maxims2 viz4 ,that the same ,quantity of ,tillage will produce the same ,quantity of ,food in the same ,land#bji2 and that the same ,quantity of ,food will maintain the same ,quantity of ,vegetables4 #bji ,and cteris paribus2 for when the ,land has been more exhausted1 more ,tillage 7or ,dung7 or ,rest will be required to produce the same ,quantity of ,food1 than when the ,land hath been less exhausted4 ,by ,tillage is here meant1 not only the ,number of ,plowings1 but the ,degree of ,division or ,pulveration of the ,soil2 or1 if perchance the ,soil is extraordinary much exhausted by many ,crops1 without proper ,tillage between them1 the greater ,degree of ,pulveration1 by ,plowing or ,dung 7which is only a ,succedaneum of ,tillage71 and also a longer ,time of ,exposure1 may be necessary to counterpoise that extraordinary ,exhaustion4 ',tis seen1 that the same ,sort of ,weeds1 which once come naturally in a ,soil1 if suffer'd to grow1 will always prosper in proportion to the ,tillage and ,manure bestow'd upon it1 without any ,change4 ,and so are all manner of ,plants1 that have been yet try'd by the new ,husbandry1 seen to do4 ,a ,vineyard1 if not tilled1 will soon decay1 even in rich ,ground1 as may be seen in those in ,france1 lying intermingled as our ,lands do in common ,fields4 ,those ,lands of ,vines1 which by reason of some ,law-suit depending about the ,property of them1 or otherwise1 lie a ,year or two untilled1 produce no ,grapes1 send out no ,shoots hardly3 the ,leaves look yellow1 and seem dead1 in ,comparison of those on each ,side of them2 which1 being tilled1 are full of ,fruit1 send out an hundred times more ,wood1 and their ,leaves are large and flourishing2 and continue to do the same annually for ,ages1 if the ,plough or ,hoe do not neglect them4 ,no ,change of ,sorts is needful in them1 if the same annual ,quantity of ,tillage 7which appears to provide the same annual ,quantity of ,food7 be continued to the ,vines4 ,but what in the ,vineyards proves this ,thesis most fully is1 ,that where they constantly till the low ,vines with the ,plough1 which is almost the same with the ,hoe-plough1 the ,stems are planted about ,four ,feet asunder1 chequerwise2 so that they plow them ,four ways4 ,when any of these ,plants happen to die1 new ones are immediately planted in their room1 and exactly in the ,points or ,angles where the other have rotted2 else1 if planted out of those ,angles1 they would stand in the ,way of the ,plough3 ,these young ,vines1 ,i say1 so planted in the very ,graves1 as it were1 of their ,predecessors1 grow1 thrive1 and prosper well1 the ,soil being thus constantly tilled3 ,and if a ,plum-tree1 or any other ,plant1 had such ,tillage1 it might as well succeed one of its own ,species1 as those ,vines do4 ',tis observed1 that ,white-thorns will not prosper1 set in the ,gaps of a ,white thorn ,hedge3 ,but ,i have seen the ,banks of such ,gaps dug and thrown down one ,summer1 and made up again1 and ,white-thorns there replanted the following ,winter1 with good ,success4 ,but note1 ,that the annual plowing the ,vines is more beneficial than the one ,summer ,tillage of the ,banks1 the ,vines having it repeated to them yearly4 ,i have1 by ,experience and ,observation1 found it to be a ,rule1 ,that long ,tap-rooted ,plants1 as ,clover and ,st4 ,foin1 will not succeed immediately after those of their own or any other ,species of long ,tap-roots1 so well as after horizontal-rooted ,plants2 but1 on the contrary1 horizontal will succeed those ,tap-roots as well or better than they will succeed horizontal4 ,i confess1 this ,observation did1 for a great while1 cheat me into the common ,belief1 ,that different ,species of ,plants feed on different ,food2 till ,i was delivered from that ,error1 by taking ,notice1 that those ,tap-roots would thrive exceedingly well after ,turneps1 which have also pretty long ,tap-roots1 though ,turneps never thrive well immediately after ,clover#baj1 or ,st4 ,foin3 ,i found the true ,cause of this ,exception to that ,rule to be chiefly the different ,tillage#baa4 #baj ,but when ,clover has been fed by ,cattle1 the ,ground being good1 and well tilled1 ,turneps may thrive immediately after ,clover3 ,therefore this is an ,exception to the general ,rule4 #baa ,very mellow rich ,land is so full of vegetable ,food1 that 'tis an ,exception to most ,rules2 and therefore ,i speak not of that4 ,land must be well tilled for ,turneps1 which also are commonly hoed2 they stand scarce ever above ,three-quarters of a ,year1 and are then fed on the ,ground2 and then the succeeding ,crop of ,corn has1 by that means1 the ,benefit of twice as much ,tillage from the ,hoe1 as otherwise would be given to it2 and the ,broad ,clover1 or ,st4 ,foin1 sown with the ,corn 7if the ,corn be not so big as to kill it71 will enjoy1 in its ,turn1 a ,proportion of the extraordinary ,tillage1 and of the ,dung of ,cattle1 which feed the ,turneps1 and thrive accordingly3 ,but ,broad ,clover and ,st4 ,foin1 being perennial ,plants1 stand on the ,ground so long1 that it lies several ,years untilled2 so that ,turneps1 sown immediately after these1 do fail1 for want of their due ,tillage1 for which there is not sufficient time1 by plowing often enough2 because1 by the common ,ploughs1 it requires ,two or ,three ,years to make it fine enough for ,turneps1 or for a ,repetition of ,clover1 or ,st4 ,foin1 in strong or swerdy ,land4 ,another ,reason why any ,crop succeeds well after ,turneps 7and besides their being spent on the ,ground where they grow7 is their cold ,constitution1 by which they are maintained with less ,food than another ,plant of the same ,bulk4 ,the ,parenchyma1 or fleshy ,part of a ,turnep1 consisting of a watry ,substance1 which cools the ,vessels1 whereby the ,sap's ,motion is very slow1 in proportion to the very low ,degree of ,heat it has1 and sends off its ,recrements in the same ,proportion likewise2 and therefore requires the less of the terrene ,nourishment to supply those ,recrements4 ,this is seen1 when a ,bushel of ,turneps1 mixed with a ,quantity of ,wheaten ,flour1 is made into ,bread1 and well baked3 ,this ,bushel of ,turneps gives but few ,ounces ,increase in ,weight1 more than the same ,quantity of ,wheaten ,flour made into ,bread1 and baked without any ,turneps4 ,this shews there is in a ,turnep very little ,earth 7which is the most permanent ,substance of a ,plant72 the ,oven discharges in ,vapour near all but the largest ,vessels3 ,its earthly ,substance being so small1 is a ,proof 'tis maintained by a small ,quantity of ,earth3 and1 upon that ,account also1 of less ,damage to the next ,crop than another ,plant would be1 which required more of the solid ,nourishment to constitute its firmer ,body1 as a ,charlock does2 for when a ,charlock comes up1 contiguous to1 and at the same time with a ,turnep1 it does so rob the ,turnep1 that it attains not to be of the ,weight of ,five ,ounces2 when a single ,turnep1 having no more ,scope of ,ground1 and1 in all respects 7but the ,vicinity of the ,charlock71 equal1 weighs ,five ,pounds1 yet that ,charlock does not weigh ,one ,pound4 ,and where ,three ,turneps coming up1 and growing thus contiguous1 will weigh ,four ,pounds2 a ,charlock joined with ,two or ,three ,turneps1 all together1 will be less than one ,pound1 upon no less ,space of ,ground4 ,this ,observation cannot be made1 except where ,turneps are drilled in ,rows2 and there 'tis easy to demonstrate1 that a ,charlock1 during the time of its short ,life1 draws much more ,earth than a ,turnep of equal ,bulk1 from an equal ,quantity of ,ground#bab4 #bab ',tis certain that ,turneps1 when they stand for ,seed1 suck and impoverish the ,ground exceedingly3 ,for though they are of a cold ,constitution1 and consequently consume less ,food than ,plants of an hotter ,constitution1 and of the same ,bulk2 yet these ,seed-turneps being of so vast a ,bulk1 as sometimes ,eighty ,quarters of their ,roots grow on an ,acre1 and their ,stalks have been measured ,seven ,feet high1 and their ,roots having continued at near their full ,bigness for about ,ten ,months together1 and then carried off1 they drain the ,land more than a ,crop of other ,vegetables of a less ,bulk1 and an hotter ,constitution1 and which live a less time2 or than ,wheat1 which1 though it lives as long1 is very small1 except in the ,four last ,months4 ,the true ,cause why ,clover and ,st4 ,foin do not succeed so well after their own respective ,species1 or that of each other1 as ,corn1 c4 can1 is1 that they take great ,part of their ,nourishment from below the ,plough's ,reach1 so as that under ,earth cannot be tilled deep enough1 but the upper ,part may be tilled deep enough for the horizontal ,roots of ,corn1 c4 towards which1 the ,rotting of the ,clover and ,st4 ,foin ,roots1 when cut off by the ,plough1 do not a little contribute#bac2 ,and there's no doubt but that1 if the under ,earth could be as well tilled for the ,tap-roots1 as the upper ,earth is for the horizontal1 the ,tap-roots would succeed one another as well as the horizontal would succeed them1 or those of their own ,species1 or as the ,tap-roots do the horizontal4 #bac ,that the ,rotting of vegetable ,roots in the ,ground doth ferment therein1 and improve it for horizontal-rooted ,plants1 ,i am convinced by an ,accident2 viz4 ,my ,man had plowed off the ,earth close to the ,rows in a ,field of extraordinary large ,turneps designed for ,seed4 ,this ,earth was neglected to be thrown back to the ,rows1 until a severe ,frost in the ,winter came1 and killed the ,turneps2 upon which1 in the ,spring1 the ,field was sown with ,barley upon the ,level1 with only once plowing1 and that cross-ways of the ,rows4 ,the ,turneps had stood so wide asunder1 that the ,spot whereon each had rotted1 appeared like the ,spot whereon an ,horse had urined in till'd ,ground1 and was of a deeper ,colour1 and much higher1 than the ,barley that grew round those ,spots2 and yet none of it was poor4 ,as the ,roots of ,clover1 and ,st4 ,foin1 are very much less2 yet the greater ,number rotting in plowed ,ground must be of great ,use to a following ,crop of ,corn4 ,i will here relate ,two ,examples of this in ,st4 ,foin3 ,the one is1 ,that a ,field of ,twenty-five ,acres drilled with ,st4 ,foin1 except ,three ,acres in the ,middle of it1 which was1 at the same time1 sown with ,hop-,clover2 after ,eight ,years the whole ,field was plowed up by a ,tenant1 and sown with ,corn3 ,the ,st4 ,foin had been mowed yearly1 as the ,hop-,clover was not mowed at all1 but fed by ,horses teddered 7or staked7 thereon the ,first and ,second ,years2 and after that had nothing on it but poor natural ,grass4 ,the whole ,field was managed alike1 when plowed up2 but the ,three ,acres produced visibly worse ,crops of ,corn than the rest all round it1 which had produced ,st4 ,foin4 ,the other ,example or ,instance was1 ,where an ,acre1 ,part of a ,field1 was1 by a ,fancy1 drilled with ,st4 ,foin in single ,rows1 about ,thirty-three ,inches asunder1 but was never hoed3 ,after ,seven ,years it was plowed up with the rest of the ,field cross the ,rows1 and sown with ,oats upon the ,back ,three ,months after plowing4 ,these ,rows were as visible in the ,oats1 as if the ,st4 ,foin had been still remaining there3 ,the ,oats in the ,rows where the ,st4 ,foin had been1 looked of a deep green flourishing ,colour1 at first coming up1 and until they were about half a ,foot high1 and the ,spaces between them looked yellowish2 but afterwards the ,difference of their ,colour disappeared1 all the ,crop being very good4 ,upon this ,i imputed it to the ,rotting of the ,roots1 which by their ,singleness were very large2 and when the different ,colours disappeared1 ,i suppose the ,roots of all the ,oats had reached to the ,benefit of the rotted ,roots1 which might also be then spread farther into the ,spaces2 and ,i doubt not but that the ,rotting of ,broad ,clover-roots has the same ,effect as of ,st4 ,foin1 for manuring of ,land1 especially when the ,roots are large4 ,some have objected against this ,opinion1 and say the ,effect was rather to be imputed to the ,rows of ,st4 ,foin shadowing the ,earth under them1 or else from their keeping the ,earth under them free from ,couch-grass1 of which the ,intervals were full3 ,but ,i think it more probable1 that the ,couch-grass1 having very long horizontal ,roots1 might draw ,nourishment from the ,earth under the ,rows1 and from the ,intervals equally4 ,and as to the ,shadow of the ,rows1 tho'1 for the ,first and ,second ,years1 the ,st4 ,foin ,plants were very large2 yet1 being afterwards1 for ,five or ,six ,years1 until plowed up1 constantly fed by ,cattle1 and being more sweet1 was eaten very low1 whilst the ,couch-grass remained intire in the ,intervals1 and shadowed them more than the ,earth of the ,rows was shadowed by the ,st4 ,foin3 ,besides1 the rotten ,turneps1 which were freed from both these ,objections1 had the same ,effect on the ,barley1 as the ,st4 ,foin had on the ,oats4 ,the under ,earth1 in some time1 is replenished by what the ,rains leave1 when they sink through it2 and then ,tap-rooted ,plants may be there nourished again1 tho' the upper ,earth be drained by the ,corn2 so that no ,change is so beneficial1 as that betwixt ,tap-rooted ,plants1 and those which have only horizontal ones4 ,the former are provided for by ,rains1 though not so speedily as the latter are by ,tillage and ,hoeing4 ,pastures require no ,change of ,herbs2 because they have annually the same ,supply of ,food from the ,dunging of ,cattle that feed on them1 and from the ,benefit of the ,atmosphere4 ,meadows hold out without ,change of ,species of ,grass1 tho' a ,crop be carried off every ,year2 the ,richness of that ,soil1 with the ,help of the ,atmosphere1 ,dung of ,cattle in feeding the ,after-,crop1 or else ,flooding1 from the overflowing of some ,river1 some1 or all of which1 supply the ,place of the ,plough to a ,meadow4 ,woods also hold out beyond ,memory or ,tradition1 without changing ,sorts of ,trees2 and this by the ,leaves1 and perhaps old ,wood1 rotting on the ,soil annually1 which operate as a ,manure2 because1 as has been said1 ,earth which has once passed any ,vessels1 is so changed1 that1 for a long time after1 it does not retain its ,homogeneity#bad so much as to mix with pure ,earth1 without fermenting2 and by the ,descent of the ,atmosphere1 the ,trees shadowing the ,soil1 to prevent the ,re-ascent of what that brings down2 all this1 resembling ,tillage1 continually divides the ,soil1 and renews the ,food equal to the ,consumption of it made by the ,wood4 #bad ,not that the ,particles of ,earth are strictly homogeneous1 but that they are much less heterogeneous1 before they are altered by ,vessels1 than afterwards4 ,and the last ,argument ,i shall attempt to bring for ,confirmation of all ,i have advanced1 is that which proves both the ,truth and ,use of the rest2 viz4 ,that when any ,sort of ,vegetable1 by the due ,degrees of ,heat and ,moisture it requires1 is agreeable to a ,soil1 it may1 by the new ,horse-hoeing ,husbandry1 be continued without ever changing the ,species4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,of ,change of ,,individuals4 ,seeds1 in their natural ,climate1 do not degenerate1 unless ,culture has improved them2 and then1 upon ,omission of that ,culture1 they return to their first natural ,state4 ,as the ,benefit of changing of ,species of ,seeds is from ,difference of ,tillage1 so the ,benefit of changing ,individuals of the same ,species appears to be from those ,causes which are1 generally1 themselves1 the ,effects of different ,climates1 such as ,heat and ,moisture1 which may also vary very much in the same ,latitude and ,neighbourhood2 as the same ,mountain in the ,country of the ,mogul 7related by ,mr4 ,evelyn1 from ,monsieur ,bernier71 on the ,south ,side produces ,indian ,plants1 and on the ,north ,side ,european ,plants1 from different ,exposures2 and some ,land1 retaining ,water longer1 is colder2 some1 suffering it to pass down quicker1 and by the ,nature and ,figure of its ,parts1 causes such a ,refraction and ,reflexion of the ,sun's ,rays1 which give a great ,warmth1 as in ,sand1 and gravelly ,grounds1 that are well situate1 and have an under ,stratum of some ,sort of hollow ,matter1 next under the ,staple#bae1 or upper ,stratum1 wherein the ,plough is exercised4 #bae ,this hollow ,matter lets the ,water pass down the sooner from the ,surface1 whereby the ,staple or the ,ground becomes the drier1 and consequently warmer4 ,this beneficial ,change of ,individuals seems rather to be from the forementioned ,causes1 than from ,change of ,food2 and these ,causes shew their ,efficacy1 chiefly in the ,generation or ,ftation of those ,seeds2 as ,flax-seed brought from ,holland1 and sown here1 will bring as fine ,flax as there2 but the very next ,generation of it coarser1 and so degenerating gradually1 after ,two or ,three ,descents1 becomes no better than the common ordinary ,sort2 yet its ,food is the same1 when the ,flax is fine1 as when 'tis coarse4 ,and so it is1 when ,individuals of ,wheat are changed3 ,so ,silk-worms1 hatched and bred in ,france1 of ,eggs or ,seed brought from ,italy1 will make as fine ,silk as the ,italian2 but the ,eggs of these laid in ,france and their ,issue1 will make no better ,silk than the ,french2 though their ,food be from ,leaves of the same ,mulberry-trees1 when they make fine ,silk and coarse3 ,therefore 'tis from the ,climate1 where the ,eggs are impregnated1 not where they have their ,incubation or ,food1 when hatched1 and fed to their ,lives ,end1 that this ,difference happens4 ,common ,barley1 sown once in the burning ,sand at ,patney in ,wiltshire1 will1 for many ,years after1 if sown on indifferent warm ,ground1 be ripe ,two or ,three ,weeks sooner than any other#baf1 which has never been impregnate at ,patney3 ,but if sown a ,degree farther ,north1 on cold clayey ,land1 will1 in ,two or ,three ,years1 lose this ,quality1 and become as late ripe as any other4 #baf ,barley is far from being improved by becoming rath-ripe2 for it loses more good ,qualities than it gets by being sown at ,patney3 ',tis so tender1 that if it be sown early1 the ,frost is apt to kill it2 or if it be sown late in ,may1 on the same ,day1 and in the same ,soil1 with the same ,sort of ,barley that is not rath-ripe1 it will be much thinner bodied than the late-ripe2 and besides1 if it happens to have any ,check by ,cold or ,drought1 it never recovers it as the other doth1 at what time soever it is sown4 ,it is now1 ,i am informed1 gone out of ,fashion1 and very few ,farmers have sown it of late ,years4 ,i know a little ,parish1 that1 ,i believe1 formerly lost about ,two hundred ,pounds per ,ann4 by sowing rath-ripe ,barley3 ,but long and dear ,experience hath now convinced them of their ,error1 and obliged them totally to disuse it4 ,indeed ,patney is far from improving the ,species of ,barley1 except we think it improved by becoming more weak and tender1 and shorter-lived2 which last-mentioned ,quality fits it for such ,countries1 where the ,summers are too short for other ,barley to ripen4 ,the ,grains or ,seeds of ,vegetables are their ,eggs2 and the individual ,plants1 immediately proceeding from them1 have not only the ,virtues they received in ,embryo 7or rather in plantulis71 but the ,diseases also2 for when smutty ,wheat is sown1 unless the ,year prove very favourable1 the ,crop will be smutty2 which is an evident ,token of mala stamina4 ,the smutty ,grains will not grow2 for they turn to a black ,powder3 ,but when some of these are in a ,crop1 then1 to be sure1 many of the rest are infected2 and the ,disease will shew itself in the next ,generation1 or ,descent of it1 if the ,year wherein 'tis planted prove a wet one4 ,weeds1 and their ,seed1 in the ,fields where they grow naturally1 for ,time immemorial1 come to as great ,perfection as ever1 without ,change of ,soil4 ,these ,weeds1 with ,acorns1 and other ,masts1 ,crabs1 ,sloes1 ,hips1 and ,haws1 are thought to have been1 originally1 the only natural ,product of our ,climate3 ,therefore other ,plants being ,exotics1 many of them1 as to their ,individuals1 require ,culture and ,change of ,soil1 without which they are liable more or less to degenerate4 ,but to say1 that the ,soil can cause ,wheat to degenerate into ,rye1 or convert1 ,rye into ,wheat1 is what reflects upon the ,credit of ,laurembergius3 ',tis as easy to believe1 that an ,horse1 by feeding in a certain ,pasture1 will degenerate into a ,bull1 and in other ,pasture revert to an ,horse again2 these are scarce of more different ,species than ,wheat and ,rye are3 ,if the different ,soil of ,wittemberg and ,thuringia change one ,species1 they may the other4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,of ,,ridges4 ,the ,method of plowing ,land up into ,ridges is a particular ,sort of ,tillage2 the chief ,use of which is1 the ,alteration it makes in the ,degrees of ,heat and ,moisture1 being two of the grand ,requisites of ,vegetation2 for very different ,degrees of these are necessary to different ,species of ,vegetables4 ,those ,vegetables commonly sown in our ,fields1 require a middle ,degree of both1 not being able to live on the ,sides of perpendicular ,walls in hot ,countries1 nor under ,water in cold ones1 neither are they amphibious1 but must have a ,surface of ,earth not cover'd1 nor much soak'd with ,water1 which deprives them of their necessary ,degree of ,heat1 and causes them to languish4 ,the ,symptoms of their ,disease are a pale or yellow ,colour in their ,leaves1 and a ,cessation of ,growth1 and ,death ensues as sure as from a ,dropsy4 ,the only ,remedy to prevent this ,disease in ,plants is1 to lay such wet ,land up into ,ridges1 that the ,water may run off into the ,furrows1 and be convey'd by ,ditches or ,drains into some ,river4 ,the more a ,soil is fill'd with ,water1 the less ,heat it will have4 ,the ,two ,sorts of ,land most liable to be overglutted with ,water1 are ,hills1 whereof the ,upper ,stratum 7or ,staple7 is ,mould lying upon a ,second ,stratum of ,clay2 ,and generally all strong deep ,land4 ,hills are made wet and spewy by the ,rain-water which falls thereon1 and soaks into them as into other ,land2 but being stopp'd by the ,clay lying next the ,surface or ,staple1 cannot enter the ,clay2 and for want of ,entrance1 spreads itself upon it2 and as ,water naturally tends downwards1 it is by the incumbent ,mould partly stopp'd in its ,descent from the upper towards the lower ,side of an ,hill2 and being follow'd and press'd on by more ,water from above1 is forced to rise up into the ,mould lying upon it1 which it fills as a ,cistern does a ,fountain 7or ,jet d',eau74 ,the ,land of such an ,hill is not the less wet or spewy for being laid up in ,ridges1 if they be made from the higher to the lower ,part of the ,field2 for the ,force of the ,water's ,weight continued will raise it so1 as to cause it to issue out at the very ,tops of those ,ridges2 the ,earth becomes a sort of ,pap or ,batter1 and being like a ,quagmire1 in going over it1 the ,feet of ,men and ,cattle sink in till they come to the ,clay4 ,there are two ,methods of draining such a wet ,hill3 ,the one is to dig many ,trenches1 cross the ,hill horizontally#bag1 and either fill them up with ,stones loose or archwise1 through which the ,water1 when it soaks into the ,trenches1 may run off at one or both ,ends of them into some ,ditch1 which is lower1 and carries it away2 then they cover the ,trenches with ,mould1 and plow over them as in dry level ,ground4 #bag ,for if they are made with the ,descent1 and not across it1 then they will be parallel to the ,rills of ,water1 that run upon the ,surface of the ,clay under the ,staple 7or upper ,stratum of ,mould71 and would be no more effectual for draining the ,hill1 than the digging of one ,river parallel to another1 without joining it in any ,part1 would be effectual for draining the other ,river of its ,water4 ,this ,method has been found effectual for a time1 but not of long ,continuance2 for the ,trenches are apt to be stopp'd up1 and then the ,springs break out again as before3 ,besides1 this is a very chargeable ,work1 and in many ,places the ,expence of it may almost equal the ,purchase of the ,land4 ,therefore 'tis a better ,method to plow the ,ridges cross the ,hill almost horizontally1 that their parting ,furrows1 lying open1 may each serve as a ,drain to the ,ridge next below it2 for when the ,plough has made the ,bottom of these horizontal ,furrows a few ,inches deeper than the ,surface of the ,clay1 the ,water will run to their ,ends very securely1 without rising into the ,mould1 provided no ,part of the ,furrows be lower than their ,ends4 ,these parting ,furrows1 and their ,ridges1 must be made more or less oblique1 according to the ,form and ,declivity of the ,hill2 but the more horizontal they are1 the sooner the ,rain-water will run off the ,lands2 for in that ,case it will run to the ,furrows1 and reach them at right ,angles1 which it will not do when the ,ridges 7or ,lands7 are oblique2 and therefore the ,water's ,course cross the ,lands will be longer#bah4 ,every one of these horizontal ,trenches receives all the ,water from the ,rills1 or little ,gutters1 wherein the ,water runs betwixt the ,mould and the ,clay2 these are all cut off by the ,trenches1 which receive the ,water at their upper ,sides1 and carry it away1 as the ,trunks of ,lead plac'd under the ,eaves of a ,house do carry away the ,rain-water4 #bah ,the natural ,course of ,water being downwards1 it would always run by the nearest ,way to the ,bottom of the ,hill1 if nothing stopt it2 but the ,water runs from an ,hill in ,two ,manners2 viz4 ,upon the ,surface of the ,staple1 and upon the ,surface of the ,clay that is under the ,staple2 that which runs under keeps its strait ,course from the ,top to the ,bottom of an ,hill1 under a ,ridge that is made exactly with the ,descent of the ,hill1 except that ,part of the ,water that rises up into the ,mould1 and a very little that soaks into the ,furrows1 for when the ,furrows are not made exactly with the ,descent1 the more oblique they are to the ,descent1 the longer will be the ,water's ,course under the ,ridges2 and the shorter1 as they are nearer being at ,right ,angles to the ,descent4 ',tis also the same with the ,water that falls upon the ,surface of the ,ridges2 for the more horizontal they are1 the shorter its ,course will be from them to the ,furrows1 which carry it off2 and the less of the ,water will sink into the ,ridges1 the less oblique and the nearer to ,right ,angles to the ,descent they are made4 ,if there were no other ,manner of plowing ,ridges on the ,sides of ,hills than what is commonly practised on the ,plains1 this ,method of leaving open ,furrows 7or ,drains on ,declivities7 would be impracticable2 because the ,plough could not turn up the ,furrows against the ,hill1 and against the ,ridge also1 from the lower ,side of it3 ,but the easy ,remedy against that ,inconvenience is1 to plow such ,ridges in ,pairs1 without throwing any ,earth into the ,trenches1 and then the ,ridges will be plain a-top1 and the ,rain-water will run speedily downward to the next ,trench1 and thence to the ,head-land1 and so out of the ,field4 ,these ,trenches will be made1 as well as kept always open1 by this plowing in ,pairs2 and is abundantly more easy than the ,way of plowing ,ridges singly4 ,this plowing in ,pairs prevents also another ,inconveniency1 which would otherwise happen to these horizontal ,ridges2 and that is1 they being highest in the ,middle1 the ,rain-water could not run freely from the upper ,half of a ,ridge towards the next ,furrow below it1 but would be apt to sink in there1 and soak thro' the ,ridge2 but when ,ridges lie in ,pairs1 the ,water will run off from a whole ,ridge1 as well as off the lower ,half of a ,ridge that is plow'd singly1 and highest in the ,middle4 ,note1 ,that every time of plowing1 the ,pairs must be changed1 so that the ,furrow1 which had ,two ,ridges turned towards it one time1 must have ,two turned from it the next time3 ,this ,method keeps the ,surfaces of all the ,ridges 7or ,lands7 pretty near even#bai4 #bai ,note1 ,this cannot be done on an ,hill1 whose ,declivity is so great1 that the ,plough is not able to turn a ,furrow against it4 ,but in this ,case1 perhaps1 it may be sufficient to plow the ,ridges obliquely enough for the ,furrow to be turned both ,ways4 ,farmers are at more ,trouble and ,pains to drown such ,land 7it being common to break their ,horses ,wind in plowing up ,hill7 than they would be at1 if they laid their ,ridges in the abovesaid ,manner1 which would effectually make them dry4 ,many hundred ,acres of good ,ground are spoiled2 and many a good ,horse1 in plowing against the ,hill1 and against all ,reason1 ,demonstration1 and ,experience too2 which might be learned even from the ,irish1 who drain their ,bogs1 and make them fruitful1 whilst some ,english bestow much ,labour to drown and make barren many of their ,hills1 which would more easily be made dry and fertile4 ,i have observed1 that those ,places of such an ,hill1 that1 when plowed with the ,descent1 were the wettest1 and never produced any thing that was sown on them1 became the very richest1 when made dry by plowing cross the ,descent4 ,this shews that ,water does not impoverish ,land1 but the contrary2 tho'1 whilst it stands thereon1 it prevents the ,heat which is necessary to the ,production of most ,sorts of ,vegetables3 ,and where it runs swiftly1 it carries much ,earth away with it2 where it runs slowly1 it deposits and leaves much behind it4 ,though in all ,places1 where this ,way of making the ,ridges cross the ,descent of ,hills is practised1 the ,land becomes dry2 yet very few ,farmers will alter their old ,method#bbj2 no1 not even to try the ,experiment2 but still complain their ,ground is so wet and spewy1 that it brings them little or no ,profit2 and if the ,year prove moist1 they are great ,losers by sowing it#bba4 #bbj ,but some of late are convinced1 by observing that an ,hill of mine has been made dry by this means for ,fourteen ,years past1 which before was always more wet and spewy than any ,field in the ,neighbourhood2 and from the time of inclosing it out of an ,heath 7or ,common71 and the converting it to arable1 which was about ,seventy ,years ago1 it had been reputed as little better than barren1 on account of its ,wetness2 and that it has been the most profitable ,field of my ,farm ever since it has been under this new ,management4 ,i have also another ,field1 that lies about a ,mile and an half from me3 ,it doth not belong to the ,farm where ,i live1 but was thrown upon my ,hands1 no ,tenant caring to rent it1 because great ,part of it was full of ,springs1 and barren3 ,this also1 having been kept in ,lands plowed cross the ,descent 7which is but a small ,declivity71 is become dry3 ,and now the most prejudiced ,farmers agree1 that keeping the ,lands or ,ridges of wet ,ground always cross the ,descent doth cure its ,spewiness4 ,hereupon some have attempted to put this ,method in ,practice on their wet ,land2 and1 after it has been well tilled up ,hill and down1 have plowed it the last time for sowing of ,wheat in flat ,lands cross the ,descent2 but by ,mismanagement their ,furrows are higher at each ,end than the ,middle1 so that none of the ,water can run off either downwards or sideways1 or any other ,way4 ,had the ,furrows carried off the ,water at both or either of their ,ends1 it might have been effectual1 notwithstanding the broad ,lands1 because their ,ground hath a much less ,declivity1 and is much less spewy1 than my ,hill was3 ,they will doubtless find their ,mistake1 and amend it1 having a ,precedent before their ,eyes2 but if they had none within their own ,inspection1 ,i question whether this ,mismanagement might not discourage them from prosecuting their ,project any further4 #bba ,remember1 in making ,ridges of all ,sorts1 and of whatsoever ,figure the ,piece is1 that no ,ridge ought to have any more ,furrows at one ,end1 than at the other ,end2 for if there be1 the ,plough must be turned in the ,middle of the ,piece1 which will cause the ,land to be trodden by the ,horses2 but if each ,end have an equal ,number of ,furrows1 the ,horses in turning will tread only upon the ,head lands1 which may be plowed afterwards2 or if design'd to be ,horse-ho'd1 the ,head-lands should be narrow1 and not plowed at all4 ,the ,benefit of laying up strong deep ,land into ,ridges is very great2 tho' there be no ,springs in it1 as are in the ,hills aforementioned4 ,this ,land1 when it lies flat1 and is plowed sometimes one ,way1 sometimes the other1 by cross-plowing1 retains the ,rain-water a long time soaking into it2 by that ,misfortune1 the ,plough is kept out ,two or ,three ,weeks longer than if the same were in round ,ridges2 nay1 sometimes its ,flatness keeps it from drying till the ,season of plowing1 and even of sowing too1 be lost4 ,the ,reasons commonly given against such ,ridges are these following4 ,i4 ,they prevent the fansied ,benefit of cross-plowing4 ,,ii4 ,farmers think they lose ,part of their ,ground1 by leaving more ,furrows betwixt ,ridges1 than when they lay their ,land flat1 where the ,lands are made much larger than round ,ridges can conveniently be2 and because also the ,furrows betwixt ,ridges must be broader1 and lie open2 but the other they fill up by the ,harrows4 ,the first of these ,i have already answered elsewhere1 by shewing1 that ,cross-plowing is oftener injurious than beneficial4 ,the ,second ,i shall sufficiently confute1 if ,i can make appear1 that no ,ground is lost1 but much may be gained1 by ,ridges4 ,what ,i mean by gaining of ,ground1 is the increasing of the ,earth's ,surface3 ,for if a flat ,piece be plow'd up into ,ridges1 and if in each ,sixteen ,feet ,breadth there be an empty ,furrow of ,two ,feet2 and yet1 by the ,height and ,roundness of the ,ridges1 they have ,eighteen ,feet of ,surface capable of producing ,corn1 equally to ,eighteen ,feet whilst the ,piece was flat2 there will be one ,eighth ,part of profitable ,ground or ,surface gain'd1 more than it had when level2 and this1 ,i believe1 ,experience will prove1 if the thing were well examined into4 ,but against this ,increase of profitable ,ground1 there is an ,objection1 which ,i must not call a frivolous one1 in respect to the ,authors who bring it2 yet1 ,i hope1 the ,desire of finding the ,truth will justify me to examine it2 and the ,arguments brought to sustain it4 ,this ,opinion of theirs is founded upon their ,notion 7which ,i think very erroneous7 of the perpendicular ,growth of ,vegetables2 and is1 by ,mr4 ,bradley1 set in its best ,light1 in his ,vol4 ,i4 ,pag4 #h4 usque ad ,pag4 #ac4 and in his ,cuts1 representing ,three ,hills2 but his ,arguments seem to be such as all ,arguments are1 which pretend to prove a thing to be what it is not2 viz4 ,sophistical ones4 ,the ,hypothesis he endeavours to prove1 is in ,pag4 #h4 thus3 #8,an ,hill may contain ,four equal ,sides1 which meet in a ,point at the ,top2 but the ,contents of these ,four ,sides can produce no more1 either of ,grain or ,trees1 than the plain ,ground1 upon which the ,hill stands1 or has at its ,base3 and yet1 by the ,measure of the ,sides1 we find twice the ,number of ,acres1 ,roods1 and ,poles1 which measure in the ,base1 or ,ground-plat2 and therefore ,page #i4 ,hills are worth no more than half their ,superficial ,measure2 i4 e4 ,two ,acres upon the ,side of the ,hill to pay as much as one upon the ,plain1 provided the ,soil of both is equally rich4' ,to prove it1 he gives an ,example in ,fig4 ,,iii4 of ,buildings upon an ,hill2 shewing1 that the ,two ,sides of the ,hill will only bear the same ,number of ,houses1 that may stand in the ,line at the ,base4 ,this is foreign to the ,question1 of how much ,grain1 or how many ,trees1 the ,hill will produce4 ,for ,vegetables1 being fed by the ,earth1 require much more of its ,surface to nourish them1 than is necessary for them to stand on2 but ,buildings require no more of the ,surface but ,room to stand on3 ,therefore no such ,argument1 taken from ,buildings1 can be applied to ,vegetables4 ,this ,argument of ,mr4 ,bradley's gives no more ,satisfaction to the ,question about producing of ,vegetables1 than a ,grazier would do1 being asked1 how many ,oxen a certain ,pasture-ground would maintain1 if he should answer1 by satisfying you with the ,number of ,churches which might stand thereon4 ,the like ,answer1 in effect1 may be given to the ,argument in ,fig4 ,,iv4 of the ,pales2 only he has forgot to shew1 that to mound over the ,hill would require double the ,rails1 or double the ,hedge-wood 7except ,stakes7 as to mound the ,base2 if it did not1 the ,hill would be yet of the more ,value1 because thereon more ,surface might be fenced in at less ,expence4 ,in his ,fig4 ,,ii4 he gives no good ,reason why the ,hill should not bear twice the ,number of ,trees as the ,base can do2 for there is as much ,room for ,two hundred ,trees on the ,hill1 as for ,one hundred on the ,base1 because he allows the ,surface to be double to that of the ,base4 ,he ought to measure the ,distances of the ,trees on the ,hill1 by a ,line parallel to the ,surface they grow on1 as well as he does the ,distances of those below4 ,and suppose the ,row at the ,base1 together with the ,surface they grow on1 were rais'd up1 so that it should become parallel to half the ,row on the ,hill1 would not the ,trees in the ,base ,row be twice as near to one another as the ,trees in the ,hill ,row are8 ,and suppose a ,line had been ty'd from the ,tops of all the lower ,trees1 before the ,row was so rais'd up at one ,end1 and then1 after the ,situation of the ,row was so alter'd1 if by this ,line the ,trees should be pull'd from being perpendicular to the ,surface they grow on1 and made to stand oblique to that1 and perpendicular to the ,horizon1 as the upper ,trees are2 would the ,distances of the ,trees from one another be alter'd by this ,change of ,posture8 ,no1 for their ,bottoms would be at the same ,distances1 because not removed2 and their ,tops1 because the same ,line holds them1 at the same ,distances in both ,postures4 ,mr4 ,bradley's ,lines1 drawn from the ,trees below1 which are one ,perch asunder1 make the ,two ,rows of ,trees falsly seem to be at equal ,distances1 because these ,lines are parallel to each other3 ,but this is a ,deceit2 for1 in ,truth1 the ,distances of the ,trees are not measured by the ,distances of those ,lines1 but by the extreme ,points at the ,ends of the ,lines#bbb2 and those ,two ,points above1 where the ,lines cut the ,row obliquely1 and at unequal ,angles are twice as far asunder as the endmost or extreme ,points below are1 where the ,lines cut the ,row at right ,angles4 ,hence may be inferr'd1 that there is ,room for twice as many ,trees to grow on the ,hill as on the ,base1 and twice as much ,grain for the same ,reason2 because there is twice the ,surface for the ,roots to spread in4 ,and since ,mr4 ,bradley allows the ,hill to contain ,two ,perches to ,one of the ,base1 and the ,soil of both to be of equal ,goodness2 and yet affirms1 that the ,two can produce no more of ,grain or ,trees than the one ,perch can2 ,i cannot see1 why it should not be as reasonable to say1 that ,two ,quarters of ,oats will maintain an ,horse no longer1 nor better1 than ,one ,quarter of ,oats1 of equal ,goodness1 will do4 #bbb ,these upper ,trees are measured by the unequal ,length of the ,lines1 not by their parallel ,distance1 as the lower ,trees are2 therefore his ,measure is a ,quibble4 ,in ,page #ac4 he concludes thus3 #8,that ,hills1 in their ,measure1 contain only as much profitable ,land as the ,plain or ,plat of ,ground they stand upon2 and as a ,proof of that1 all ,vegetables or ,plants have an erect ,method of ,growth4' ,this ,proof of ,mr4 ,bradley's is founded upon an ,argument which has no ,consequence1 unless it were first proved1 that the ,surface of ,earth could produce and maintain as many ,vegetables or ,plants as could stand thereon in an erect ,posture2 which ,supposition is as impossible1 as that half an ,acre should produce and maintain an ,hecatomb1 without ,mr4 ,bradley's teaching ,oxen to live upon ,air for their ,food1 as he thinks ,van ,helmont's ,tree did4 ,all expert ,husbandmen must needs be convinced1 that the greatest ,crop of ,vegetables that ever grew1 might stand in an erect ,posture1 upon a twentieth 7and ,i may say the ,hundredth7 ,part of the ,surface that produced it2 therefore there must be ,nineteen ,parts for the ,roots to spread1 unoccupied by the ,trunks1 ,stems1 or ,stalks4 ,and tho' it be true1 that an ,hill will support no more of these1 than its ,base1 when placed in an erect ,posture1 close together1 as in a ,sheaf2 yet this close ,position is only proper for them when they are dead1 and require no more ,nourishment than ,houses and ,pales do2 and consequently require no ,room but to stand on4 ,therefore this ,argument of ,mr4 ,bradley's must not be admitted in vegetative ,growth1 where there is always required ,nineteen times more ,room in the ,surface1 for the ,use of the ,roots1 than what the ,stems1 ,trunks1 or ,stalks1 do possess upon it3 ,and the more ,room there is for the ,roots1 the greater ,number of ,plants may be produced4 ,neither can ,i admit1 that all ,vegetables or ,plants have an erect ,method of ,growth2 because the contrary is seen in ,chamomile1 and divers other ,vegetables1 which have an horizontal ,method of ,growth4 ,but what is more material to this ,purpose1 to be observed1 is1 that all ,vegetables have horizontal ,roots1 and ,roots parallel to the ,earth's ,surface or ,superficies2 and unless those ,roots have a sufficient ,superficies of ,earth to range in1 for ,nourishment of a ,plant1 the ,stem and ,branches cannot prosper1 whatever be their ,method of ,growth above the ,earth2 and if there be not a due ,quantity of ,food for the ,roots within the ,earth1 a very little ,space may contain the external ,parts of ,vegetables upon it4 ,from what has been said1 ,i think we may conclude1 that ,mr4 ,bradley's ,hill may produce more ,vegetables than the ,base whereon it stands2 and therefore it is of more ,value than half its superficial ,measure2 i4 e4 ,two ,acres on the ,hill are worth more than one ,acre on the ,plain1 the ,soil being equally rich1 as he allows it to be1 in his ,case4 ,now1 indeed1 whether ,mr4 ,bradley might not possibly be deceived in his ,opinion of the equal ,richness of his ,hill1 and his ,plain1 ,i will not dispute3 ,i will only say this1 that 'tis generally otherwise4 ,but where a ,plain is plow'd up into moderate ,ridges1 their ,height being in proportion to the ,depth of the ,staple1 below which the ,plough must take nothing into the ,ridges1 the ,soil is equally rich1 whether it be plowed plain1 or ridged up4 ,and as the ,surface is in the ,ridges increased1 there is nothing in all ,mr4 ,bradley's ,arguments1 that shews1 why that increased ,surface should not produce more ,vegetables than the same ,earth could do whilst it was level4 ,there are other ,reasons why it should produce more when ridged#bbc1 besides the ,increase of ,surface2 as1 ,i4 ',tis then more free from the ,injuries of too much ,water4 ,,ii4 ',tis better protected against cold ,winds2 because the ,ridges are a ,shelter to one another4 ,,iii4 ,if the ,surface be much exhausted1 by too frequent ,sowing1 the ,ridges may be made just where the ,furrows were1 and then the ,surface will be intirely changed4 #bbc ,to the ,three we may add a ,fourth ,reason1 viz4 the raising the ,thickness of the ,staple in the ,ridges1 keeping the ,surface drier in wet ,weather1 and moister at the ,bottom of the ,staple in dry ,weather4 ,and ,i have seen ,barley that was drilled on my raised little ,ridges flourish in a dry ,summer on the ,brow of my chalky ,hill1 and on my lowest ,land in wet ,weather1 when the ,barley hand-sown contiguous to it on each ,side those ,ridges1 sown on the ,level the same ,day that the ,ridges were drilled1 have looked yellow and sickly2 and yet it is not wet ,land4 ,the following general ,rules ought to be observed about ,ridges2 viz4 ,that1 as to their ,height1 regard must be had to the ,nature of the ,soil1 in its difficult ,admission of ,water2 for the greater that is1 the greater ,declivities the ,ridges should have2 and then1 if the ,soil be not deep1 they should generally be made the narrower4 ,there is one thing which ,mr4 ,bradley takes no notice of2 viz4 ,that no more of the ,rain1 or other ,benefits of the ,atmosphere1 which descend perpendicularly1 can fall on an ,hill1 or on a ,ridge1 than what would fall on the ,base1 or ,ground-plot4 ,but 'tis probable1 that more of the fine ,vapour1 which swims in the ,current of the ,air horizontally1 does strike and break against those ,eminences1 and so make an ,equivalent#bbd1 except that it runs off more quickly4 #bbd ,but though ,ridges do alter or increase the ,surface1 the ,quantity of ,soil or ,earth remaining the same as on the ,level1 and of no greater ,depth than can be tilled1 it may produce equal ,crops of ,corn with the ,level1 and no more2 except from the ,advantage the ,ridges may give it in lying drier4 ,notwithstanding all ,i have here said1 in behalf of ,ridges1 ,i must confess1 that1 for my ,hoeing-,husbandry1 ,i should prefer ,land that is naturally dry enough1 without a ,necessity of being laid up in any larger or higher ,ridges than what may contain ,six ,feet in ,breadth#bbe1 that ,size being the largest that is proper for the regular ,operation of the ,horse-hoe4 #bbe ,since the ,printing of my ,essay1 ,i find1 upon ,trial1 that these narrow ,ridges are as effectual as any for carrying the ,water off from my clayey ,hill2 and that they be made much less horizontal than broad ,ridges1 whereby their ,furrows are the more easily turned upwards against the ,declivity4 ,i have not tried any narrower ,ridge than that of ,six ,feet upon this ,hill3 ,but ,i have had full ,experience of ,five-feet and of ,four-feet ,ridges upon other ,land2 and find that all ,sizes of these narrow ,ridges are very advantageous1 even where the ,crop is to be sown upon the ,level2 for fewer ,furrows are necessary for the ,tilling of an ,acre1 when 'tis kept in such ,ridges1 than in broad ,lands2 and after wet ,weather the ,ridges will be fit to be plowed much sooner than level ,ground4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,of ,differences between the ,old and the ,new ,husbandry4 ,in order to make a ,comparison between the ,hoeing-,husbandry1 and the old ,way1 there are ,four ,things1 whereof the ,differences ought to be very well considered4 ,i4 ,the ,expence ,,ii4 ,the ,goodness of a ,crop4 ,,iii4 ,the ,certainty ,,iv4 ,the ,condition in which the ,land is left after a ,crop4 ,the ,profit or ,loss arising from ,land1 is not to be computed1 only from the ,value of the ,crop it produces2 but from its ,value1 after all ,expences of ,seed1 ,tillage1 c4 are deducted4 ,thus1 when an ,acre brings a ,crop worth ,four ,pounds1 and the ,expences thereof amount to ,five ,pounds1 the ,owner's ,loss is ,one ,pound2 and when an ,acre brings a ,crop which yields ,thirty ,shillings1 and the ,expence amounts to no more than ,ten ,shillings1 the ,owner receives ,one ,pound1 clear ,profit1 from this ,acre's very small ,crop1 as the other loses ,one ,pound by his greater ,crop4 ,the usual ,expences of an ,acre of ,wheat1 sown in the old ,husbandry1 in the ,country where ,i live1 is1 in some ,places1 for ,two ,bushels and an half of ,seed2 in other ,places ,four ,bushels and an half2 the least of these ,quantities at ,three ,shillings per ,bushel1 being the present ,price1 is ,seven ,shillings and ,six-pence4 ,for ,three ,plowings1 ,harrowing1 and ,sowing1 ,sixteen ,shillings2 but if plow'd ,four times1 which is better1 ,one ,pound4 ,for ,thirty ,load of ,dung1 to a ,statute ,acre1 is ,two ,pounds ,five ,shillings4 ,for ,carriage of the ,dung1 according to the ,distance1 from ,two ,shillings to ,six-pence the ,load1 ,one ,shilling being the ,price most common1 is ,one ,pound ,ten ,shillings4 ,the ,price for ,weeding is very uncertain2 it has sometimes cost ,twelve ,shillings1 sometimes ,two ,shillings per ,acre4 l4 s4 d4 ,in ,seed and ,tillage1 nothing can be abated of #ja #jc #jf ,for the ,weeding1 one ,year with another1 is more than #jj #jb #jj ,for the ,rent of the ,year's ,fallow #jj #aj #jj ,for the ,dung2 'tis in some ,places a little cheaper1 neither do they always lay on quite so much2 therefore abating #aes4 in that ,article1 we may well set ,dung and ,carriage at #jb #aj #jj ,reaping commonly #es4 sometimes less #jj #jd #jf ------------ ,total #jd #aj #jj ,folding of ,land with ,sheep is reckoned abundantly cheaper than ,cart-dung2 but this is to be questioned1 because much ,land must lie still for keeping a ,flock 7unless there be ,downs72 and for their whole ,year's keeping1 with both ,grass and ,hay1 there are but ,three ,months of the ,twelve wherein the ,fold is of any considerable ,value2 this makes the ,price of their ,manure quadruple to what it would be1 if equally good all the ,year1 like ,cart-dung3 ,and folding ,sheep yield little ,profit1 besides their ,dung2 because the ,wool of a ,flock1 except it be a large one1 will scarce pay the ,shepherd and the ,shearers4 ,but there is another thing yet1 which more inhances the ,price of ,sheep-,dung2 and that is1 the dunging the ,land with their ,bodies1 when they all die of the ,rot1 which happens too frequently in many ,places2 and then the whole ,crop of ,corn must go to purchase another ,flock1 which may have the same ,fate the ensuing ,year1 if the ,summer prove wet2 and so may the ,farmer be served for several more successive ,years1 unless he should break1 and another take his ,place1 or that dry ,summers come in time to prevent it4 ,to avoid this ,misfortune1 he would be glad to purchase ,cart-dung at the highest ,price1 for supplying the ,place of his ,fold2 but 'tis only near ,cities1 and great ,towns1 that a sufficient ,quantity can be procured4 ,but1 supposing the ,price of ,dunging to be only ,two ,pounds ,ten ,shillings1 and the general ,expence of an ,acre of ,wheat1 when sown1 at ,three ,shillings per ,bushel1 to be ,four ,pounds ,ten ,shillings1 with the ,year's ,rent of the ,fallow2 ,the ,expences of planting an ,acre of ,wheat in the ,hoeing-,husbandry1 is ,three ,pecks of#bbf ,seed1 at ,three ,shillings per ,bushel1 is ,two ,shillings and ,three-pence4 ,the whole ,tillage1 if done by ,horses1 would be ,eight ,shillings2 because our ,two ,plowings1 and ,six ,hoeings#bbg1 are equal to ,two ,plowings2 the common ,price whereof is ,four ,shillings each2 but this we diminish half1 when done by ,oxen kept on ,st4 ,foin1 in this manner2 viz4 ,land worth ,thirty ,shillings ,rent1 drill'd with ,st4 ,foin1 will well maintain an ,ox a ,year#bbh1 and sometimes ,hay will be left to pay for the ,making3 ,we cannot therefore allow more than ,one ,shilling a ,week for his ,work1 because his ,keeping comes but to ,seven-pence a ,week round the ,year4 #bbf ,sometimes half a ,bushel is the most just ,quantity of ,seed1 to drill on an ,acre4 #bbg ,but we sometimes plow our ,six-feet ,ridges before ,drilling1 at ,five or ,six ,furrows1 which is a ,furrow or ,two more than ,i have reckoned3 ,but we do not always hoe ,six times afterwards4 ,but it is better for successive ,wheat-crops to bestow the ,labour of as many ,hoeings as amount to three plain ,plowings in a ,year1 it being a greater ,damage to omit one necessary ,hoeing1 than is the ,expence of several ,hoeings4 #bbh ,or an ,ox may be well kept ,nine ,months1 with an ,acre of indifferent ,horse-ho'd ,turneps2 and if we value them only at the ,expence and ,rent of the ,land1 this will be a yet cheaper ,way of maintaining ,oxen4 ,upon more ,experience it is found1 that ,st4 ,foin ,hay alone1 or with a small ,quantity of ,turneps1 is best for working ,oxen in the ,winter2 but a ,plenty of ,turneps with the same ,hay is better for fatting ,oxen that do not work4 ,in plain ,plowing1 ,six ,feet contains ,eight ,furrows2 but we plow a ,six-feet ,ridge at ,four ,furrows1 because in this there are ,two ,furrows cover'd in the ,middle of it1 and one on each ,side of it lies open4 ,now what we call one ,hoeing1 is only ,two ,furrows of this ,ridge1 which is equal to a ,fourth ,part of one plain ,plowing2 so that the ,hoeing of ,four ,acres requires an equal ,number of ,furrows with one ,acre that is plow'd plain1 and equal ,time to do it in 7except that the ,land1 that is kept in ,hoeing1 works much easier than that which is not74 ,all the ,tillage we ever bestow upon a ,crop of ,wheat that follows a ho'd ,crop1 is equal to ,eight ,hoeings#bbi2 ,two of which may require ,four ,oxen each1 ,one of them ,three ,oxen1 and the other ,five ,hoeings ,two ,oxen each4 ,however1 allow ,three ,oxen to each single ,hoeing1 taking them all one with another1 which is ,three ,oxen more than it comes to in the ,whole4 #bbi ,but the ,number of ,oxen required will be according to their ,bigness and ,strength1 and to the ,depth and ,strength of the ,soil1 which also will be the easier ,draught for the ,oxen1 the oftener the ,intervals are hoed4 ,begin at ,five in the ,morning1 and in about ,six ,hours you may hoe ,three ,acres1 being equal in ,furrows to ,three ,rood2 i4 e4 ,three ,quarters of an ,acre4 ,then turn the ,oxen to ,grass1 and after resting1 eating1 and drinking1 ,two ,hours and an half1 with another ,set of ,oxen begin ,hoeing again2 and by or before half an ,hour after ,seven at ,night1 another like ,quantity may be ho'd4 ,these are the ,hours the ,statute has appointed all ,labourers to work1 during the ,summer ,half-year4 ,to hoe these ,six ,acres a ,day1 each ,set of ,oxen draw the ,plough only ,eight ,miles and a ,quarter1 which they may very well do in ,five ,hours2 and then the ,holder and ,driver will be at their ,work of ,plowing ,ten ,hours1 and will have ,four ,hours and an half to rest1 c4 ,the ,expence then of hoeing ,six ,acres in a ,day1 in this manner1 may be accounted1 at ,one ,shilling the ,man that holds the ,plough1 ,six-pence the ,boy that drives the ,plough1 ,one ,shilling for the ,six ,oxen1 and ,six-pence for keeping the ,tackle in ,repair4 ,the whole ,sum for hoeing these ,six ,acres is ,three ,shillings1 being ,six-pence per ,acre#bcj4 #bcj ,but where there is not the ,convenience of keeping ,oxen1 the ,price of ,hoeing with ,horses is ,one ,shilling each time4 ,when a ,roller is used1 which is less than a ,hoeing1 because one ,person to lead is enough1 and that may be a ,boy2 and once in an interval may suffice2 then 'tis less ,labour than half a ,hoeing2 and for this we may well abate ,one ,hoeing of the ,eight4 ,they who follow the old ,husbandry cannot keep ,oxen so cheap1 because they can do nothing without the ,fold1 and ,store-sheep will spoil the ,st4 ,foin4 ,they may almost as well keep ,foxes and ,geese together1 as ,store-sheep and good ,st4 ,foin4 ,besides1 the sowed ,st4 ,foin cost ,ten times as much the ,planting as drill'd ,st4 ,foin does1 and must be frequently manured1 or else it will soon decay2 especially upon all sorts of chalky ,land1 whereon 'tis most commonly sown4 ,the ,expence of drilling cannot be much2 for as we can hoe ,six ,acres a ,day1 at ,two ,furrows on each ,six-feet ,ridge1 so we may drill ,twenty-four ,acres a ,day1 with a ,drill that plants ,two of those ,ridges at once2 and this we may reckon a ,peny ,half-peny an ,acre4 ,but because we find it less ,trouble to drill single ,ridges1 we will set the ,drilling1 at most1 ,six-pence per ,acre4 ,as every successive ,crop 7if well managed7 is more free from ,weeds than the preceding ,crop2 ,i will set it all together at ,six-pence#bca an ,acre for ,weeding#bcb4 #bca ,this is when the ,land has been well cleansed of ,weeds in the preceding ,crop1 or ,fallow1 or both4 #bcb ,this may be enough1 if the ,land be well cleansed the ,year before1 and considering that several ,years in such there is no ,occasion for ,weeding at all3 ,and as this ,calculation is comparative with the old ,way1 we should examine the ,price of weeding the sown ,corn1 which by the best ,information ,i can get1 was in the ,year #agce4 about #ds4 per ,acre for ,weeding of ,barley2 and of ,wheat1 round about where ,i live1 about #fs4 and in ,wiltshire1 #aes4 per ,acre for their ,wheat1 amongst which much ,damage is done by the ,weeder's ,feet1 and yet some ,weeds are left4 ,for a ,boy or a ,woman to follow the ,hoe-plough1 to uncover the young ,wheat1 when any ,clods of ,earth happen to fall on it1 for which ,trouble there is seldom necessary above once#bcc to a ,crop1 ,two-pence an ,acre4 ,one ,peny is too much for ,brine and ,lime for an ,acre4 #bcc ,but this ,expence being so small1 'tis better that a ,person should follow at every ,hoeing1 where we suspect1 that any ,damage may happen from any ,earth's falling on1 or pressing too hard against some of the ,plants4 ,reaping this ,wheat is not worth above half as much as the ,reaping of a sown ,crop of equal ,value2 because the drill'd standing upon about a ,sixth ,part of the ,ground1 a ,reaper may cut almost as much of the ,row at one ,stroke1 as he could at ,six1 if the same stood dispersed all over the ,ground1 as the sowed does2 and because he who reaps sowed ,wheat1 must reap the ,weeds along with the ,wheat2 but the drilled has no ,weeds2 and besides1 there go a greater ,quantity of ,straw1 and more ,sheaves1 to a ,bushel of the sowed1 than of the drilled#bcd4 ,and since some ,hundred ,acres of drilled ,wheat have been reaped at ,two ,shillings and ,six-pence per ,acre1 ,i will count that to be the ,price4 #bcd ,one ,sheaf of the latter will yield more ,wheat than ,two of the former of equal ,diameter4 ,the whole ,expence of an ,acre of drilled ,wheat4 l4 s4 d4 ,for ,seed #jj #jb #jc ,for ,tillage #jj #jd #jj ,for ,drilling #jj #jj #jf ,for ,weeding #jj #jj #jf ,for ,uncovering #jj #jj #jb ,for ,brine and ,lime #jj #jj #ja ,for ,reaping #jj #jb #jf ---------- ,total #jj #aj #jj ---------- ,the ,expence of an ,acre of sowed ,wheat is #jd #jj #jj ,to which must be added1 for the ,year's ,rent of the ,fallow #jj #aj #jj ---------- ,total #jd #aj #jj ,if ,i have reckoned the ,expence of the drilled at the lowest ,price1 to bring it to an even ,sum2 ,i have also abated in the other more than the whole ,expence of the drilled amounts unto4 ,and thus the ,expence of a drilled ,crop of ,wheat is but the ,ninth ,part of the ,expence of a ,crop sown in the common ,manner4 ',tis also some ,advantage1 that less ,stock is required where no ,store-sheep are used4 ,,ii4 ,of the different ,goodness of a ,crop4 ,the ,goodness of a ,crop consists in the ,quality of it1 as well as the ,quantity2 and ,wheat being the most useful ,grain1 a ,crop of this is better than a ,crop of any other ,corn1 and the ho'd ,wheat has larger ,ears 7and a fuller ,body7 than sow'd ,wheat4 ,we can have more of it1 because the same ,land will produce it every ,year1 and even ,land1 which1 by the ,old ,husbandry1 would not be made to bear ,wheat at all3 ,so that1 in many ,places1 the ,new ,husbandry can raise ,ten ,acres of ,wheat for ,one that the ,old can do3 because where ,land is poor1 they sow but a ,tenth ,part of it with ,wheat4 ,we do not pretend1 that we have always greater ,crops1 or so great as some sown ,crops are1 especially if those mention'd by ,mr4 ,houghton be not mistaken4 ,the greatest ,produce ,i ever had from a single ,yard in ,length of a double ,row1 was ,eighteen ,ounces3 ,the ,partition of this being ,six ,inches1 and the ,interval ,thirty ,inches1 was1 by ,computation1 ,ten ,quarters 7or ,eighty ,bushels7 to an ,acre4 ,i had also ,twenty ,ounces to a like ,yard of a ,third successive ,crop of ,wheat2 but this being a treble ,row1 and the ,partitions and ,interval being wider1 and supposed to be in all ,six ,feet1 was computed to ,six ,quarters to an ,acre4 ,and if these ,rows had been better order'd than they were1 and the ,earth richer1 and more pulveriz'd1 more ,stalks would have tillered out1 and more ,ears would have attained their full ,size1 and have equall'd the best1 which must have made a much greater ,crop than either of these were4 ,but to compare the different ,profit1 we may proceed thus3 ,the ,rent and ,expence of a drill'd ,acre being ,one ,pound1 and of a sow'd ,acre ,five ,pounds2 ,one ,quarter of ,corn1 produced by the drill'd1 bears an equal ,proportion in ,profit to the ,one ,pound1 as ,five ,quarters1 produced by the other1 do to the ,five ,pounds4 ,as suppose it be of ,wheat1 at ,two ,shillings and ,six-pence a ,bushel1 there is neither ,gain nor ,loss in the one nor the other ,acre1 though the former yield but ,one ,quarter1 and the other ,five2 but if the drill'd ,acre yield ,two ,quarters1 and the sow'd ,acre ,four ,quarters at the same ,price1 the drill'd brings the ,farmer ,one ,pound clear ,profit1 and the sown1 by its ,four ,quarters1 brings the other ,one ,pound ,loss4 ,likewise suppose the drilling ,farmer to have his ,five ,pounds laid out on ,five ,acres of ,wheat1 and the other to have his ,five ,pounds laid put on ,one dung'd ,acre2 then let the ,wheat they produce be at what ,price it will1 if the ,five ,acres have an equal ,crop to the one ,acre1 the ,gain or ,loss must be equal3 ,but when ,wheat is cheap1 as we say it is when sold at ,two and ,six-pence a ,bushel1 then if the ,farmer1 who follows the old ,method1 has ,five ,quarters on his ,acre1 he must sell it all to pay his ,rent and ,expence2 but the other having ,five ,quarters on each of his ,five ,acres1 the ,crop of ,one of them will pay the ,rent and ,expence of all his ,five ,acres#bce1 and he may keep the remaining ,twenty ,quarters1 till he can sell them at ,five ,shillings a ,bushel1 which amounts to ,forty ,pounds1 wherewith he may be able to buy ,four of his ,five ,acres at ,twenty ,years ,purchase1 out of ,one ,year's ,crop1 whilst the ,farmer who pursues the old ,method1 must be content to have only his ,labour for his ,travel2 or if he pretends to keep his ,wheat till he sells it at ,five ,shillings a ,bushel1 he commonly runs in ,debt to his ,neighbours1 and in ,arrear of his ,rent2 and if the ,markets do not rise in time1 or if his ,crops fail in the ,interim1 his ,landlord seizes on his ,stock1 and then he knows not how it may be sold2 ,actions are brought against him2 the ,bailiffs and ,attorneys pull him to ,pieces2 and then he is undone#bcf4 #bce ,or suppose a drill'd ,acre to produce no more than ,one ,third of the sow'd ,acre's ,crop1 whose ,expence is ,five times as much as of the drill'd1 'tis much more profitable1 because a ,third of ,five ,pounds is ,one ,pound ,thirteen and ,four-pence2 and a ,fifth of the ,rent and ,expence being only ,one ,pound1 such drill'd ,acre pays the ,owner ,thirteen and ,four-pence more ,profit1 than the other which brings a ,crop treble to the drill'd4 #bcf ,tho' only ,five ,acres and one ,acre be put1 yet we may imagine them ,two hundred and ,fifty1 and ,fifty to enrich the one1 or break the other ,farmer4 ,,iii4 ,the ,certainty of a ,crop4 ,the ,certainty of a ,crop is much to be regarded2 it being better to be secure of a moderate ,crop1 than to have but a mere ,hazard of a great one4 ,the ,farmer who adheres to the old ,method is often deceiv'd in his ,expectation1 when his ,crop at coming into ,ear is very big1 as well as when 'tis in ,danger of being too little4 ,our hoeing ,farmer is much less liable to the ,hazard of either of those ,extremes2 for when his ,wheat is big1 'tis not apt to lodge or fall down1 which ,accident is usually the utter ,ruin of the other2 he is free from the ,causes which make the contrary ,crop too little4 ,a very effectual ,means to prevent the failing of a ,crop of ,wheat1 is to plow the pulveriz'd ,earth for ,seed early1 and when 'tis dry4 ,the early ,season also is more likely to be dry than the latter ,season is4 #a4 ,the ,advocate for the old ,method is commonly late in his sowing2 because he can't fallow his ,ground early1 for fear of killing the ,couch1 and other ,grass that maintains his folding ,sheep1 which #b4 are so necessary to his ,husbandry3 ,and when 'tis sow'd late1 it must not be sow'd dry1 for then the #c4 ,winter might kill the young ,wheat4 ,neither can he at that time plow dry1 and sow wet1 because he commonly sows under ,furrow2 that is1 sows the ,seed first1 and plows it in as fast as 'tis sown4 ,if he #d4 sows early 7as he may if he will7 in light ,land1 he must not sow dry1 for fear the ,poppies and other ,weeds should grow1 and devour his ,crop2 and if his #e4 ,land be strong1 let it be sown early1 wet or dry 7tho' wet is worst71 'tis apt to grow so stale and hard by ,spring1 that his ,crop is in ,danger of starving1 unless the ,land be very rich1 or much dung'd3 and then the ,winter and ,spring proving kind1 it may not be in less ,danger of being so big as to fall down1 and be spoil'd4 #f4 ,another thing is1 that though he had no other ,impediment against plowing dry1 and sowing wet1 'tis seldom that he has time to do it in2 for he must plow all his ,ground1 which is ,eight ,furrows in ,six ,feet2 #g4 and1 whilst it is wet1 must lie still with his ,plough4 ,when he sows under ,furrow1 he fears to plow1 deep1 lest he bury too much of his ,seed2 and if he #h4 plows shallow1 his ,crop loses the ,benefit of deep plowing1 which is very great4 ,when he sows upon #i4 ,furrow 7that is after 'tis plowed7 he must harrow the ,ground level to cover the ,seed2 and that exposes the ,wheat the more to the cold ,winds1 and suffers the ,snow to be blown off it1 and the ,water to lie longer on it2 all which are great ,injuries to it4 ,our ,hoeing ,husbandry is different in all of the fore-mentioned ,particulars4 #a4 ,we can plow the ,two ,furrows whereon the next ,crop is to stand1 immediately after the present ,crop is off4 #b4 ,we have no ,use of the ,fold2 because our ,ground has annually a ,crop growing on it1 and it must lie still a ,year1 if we would fold it1 and that ,crop would be lost2 and all the ,good the ,fold could do to the ,land1 would be only to help to pulverize it for one single ,crop2 its ,benefit not lasting to the ,second ,year4 ,and so we should be certain of losing one ,crop for the very uncertain ,hopes of procuring one the ensuing ,year by the ,fold2 when 'tis manifest by the adjoining ,crops1 that we can have a much better ,crop every ,year1 without a ,fold1 or any other ,manure4 #c4 ,we can plow dry1 and drill wet1 without any manner of ,inconvenience4 #d4 ,he fears the ,weeds will grow1 and destroy his ,crop3 ,we hope they will grow1 to the end we may destroy them#bcg4 #bcg ,for1 before they grow1 they cannot be killed2 but if they are all killed as soon as they appear1 there will be no ,danger of their exhausting the ,land1 or re-stocking it with their ,seed2 and 'tis our ,fault if we drill more than we can keep clean from ,weeds by the ,horse-hoe1 ,hand-hoe1 and ,hands2 the ,first for the ,intervals1 the ,second for the ,partitions1 and the ,third for the ,rows3 ,by the ,two former1 as soon after they appear as they can2 but by the last1 when they are grown high enough to be conveniently taken hold of4 #e4 ,we do not fear to plant our ,wheat early 7so that we plow dry71 because we can help the ,hardness or ,staleness of the ,land by ,hoeing4 #f4 ,the ,two ,furrows of every ,ridge whereon the ,rows are to be drilled1 we plow dry2 and if the ,weather prove wet before these are all finished1 we can plow the other ,two ,furrows up to them1 until it be dry enough to return to our plowing the first ,two ,furrows2 and after finishing them1 let the ,weather be wet or dry1 we can plow the last ,two ,furrows4 ,we can plow our ,two ,furrows in the ,fourth ,part of the ,time they can plow their ,eight1 which they must plow dry all of them1 in every ,six ,feet2 for they cannot plow part dry1 and the rest when 'tis wet1 as we can4 #g4 ,we never plant our ,seed under ,furrow1 but place it just at the ,depth which we judge most proper2 and that is pretty shallow1 about ,two ,inches deep2 and then there is no ,danger of burying it4 #h4 ,we not only plow a deep ,furrow1 but also plow to the ,depth of ,two ,furrows2 that is1 we trench-plow where the ,land will allow it#bch2 and we have the greatest ,convenience imaginable for doing this1 because there are ,two of our ,four ,furrows always lying open2 and ,two plowed ,furrows 7that is1 one plowed under another7 are as much more advantageous for the nourishing a ,crop1 as ,two ,bushels of ,oats are better than one for nourishing an ,horse3 ,or if the ,staple of the ,land be too thin or shallow1 we can help it by raising the ,ridges prepared for the ,rows the higher above the ,level4 #bch ,very little of my ,land will admit the ,plough to go the ,depth of ,two common ,furrows without reaching the ,chalk2 ,but deep ,land may be easily thus ,trench-plowed with great ,advantage2 and even when there is only the ,depth of a single ,furrow1 that may sometimes be advantageously plowed at twice4 #i4 ,we also raise an high ,ridge in the ,middle of each ,interval above the ,wheat before ,winter1 to protect it from the cold ,winds1 and to prevent the ,snow from being driven away by them4 ,and the ,furrows or ,trenches1 from whence the ,earth of these ,ridges is taken1 serve to drain off the ,water from the ,wheat1 so that1 being drier1 it must be warmer than the harrowed ,wheat1 which has neither ,furrows to keep it dry1 nor ,ridges to shelter it#bci1 as every ,row of ours has on both ,sides of it4 #bci ,this is a ,mistake2 for the ,ridges in the ,middle of the ,intervals do not always1 nor often in thin shallow ,land lie high enough to make a ,shelter to the ,rows1 they being higher3 ,but when ,wheat is drilled on the ,level1 'tis sheltered by the ,ridges raised in the ,intervals3 ,but we never weed or hand-hoe ,wheat before the ,spring4 ,,iv4 ,the ,condition in which the ,land is left after a ,crop4 ,the different ,condition the ,land is left in after a ,crop#bdj1 by the one and the other ,husbandry1 is not less considerable than the different ,profit of the ,crop4 #bdj ,if indifferent ,land be well pulverized by the ,plough for one whole ,year1 it will produce a good ,crop3 ,but then1 if1 instead of being sown1 it be kept pulverized on for another ,year without being exhausted by any ,vegetables1 it will acquire from the ,atmosphere an extraordinary great ,degree of ,fertility more than it had before such ,second ,year's ,pulveration and ,unexhaustion4 ,this being granted1 which no ,man of ,experience can deny1 what ,reason can there be why such a ,number of ,plants1 competent for a profitable ,crop1 may not be maintained on it the ,second ,year1 that may keep the ,degree of their ,exhaustion in quilibrio with that ,degree of ,fertility1 which the same ,land had acquired at the ,end of the ,first ,year of its ,pulveration1 the same ,degree of ,pulveration being continued to it by ,hoeing in the ,second ,year8 ,or why may it not produce annual ,crops always1 if the same ,equilibrium be continually kept8 ,two unanswerable ,reasons may be given why this ,equilibrium cannot be kept in the random ,sowing1 as it may in the ,hoeing ,method2 viz4 ,first1 ,in the former1 the ,land is by the ,number of sown ,plants and ,weeds much more 7we may suppose at least ,five times more7 exhausted3 ,and1 ,secondly1 ,no ,pulveration is continued to the ,soil1 whilst the ,crop is on it2 which is that ,part of the ,year wherein is the most proper 7if not the only proper7 ,season for pulverizing4 ,therefore1 allowing1 that1 in the random way1 a ,soil cannot1 for want of ,quantity of vegetable ,food1 continue to produce annual ,crops without ,manure1 or perhaps with it2 yet that is no ,reason why it may not produce them in the ,hoeing ,culture duly performed4 ,a ,piece of ,eleven ,acres of a poor1 thin1 chalky ,hill was sown with ,barley in the common ,manner1 after a hoed ,crop of ,wheat2 and produced full ,five ,quarters and an half to each ,acre 7reckoning the ,tythe72 which was much more than any ,land in all the ,neighbourhood yielded the same ,year2 tho' some of it be so rich1 as that ,one ,acre is worth ,three ,acres of this ,land3 ,and no ,man living can remember1 that ever this produced above half such a ,crop before1 even when the best of the common ,management has been bestowed upon it4 ,a ,field1 that is a sort of an ,heath-ground1 used to bring such poor ,crops of ,corn1 that heretofore the ,parson carried away a whole ,crop of ,oats from it1 believing it had been only his ,tythe4 ,the best ,management that ever they did or could bestow upon it1 was to let it rest ,two or ,three ,years1 and then fallow and dung it1 and sow it with ,wheat1 next to that with ,barley and ,clover1 and then let it rest again2 but ,i cannot hear of any good ,crop that it ever produced by this or any other of their ,methods2 'twas still reckoned so poor1 that nobody cared to rent it4 ,they said ,dung and ,labour were thrown away upon it1 then immediately after ,two sown ,crops of black ,oats had been taken off it1 the last of which was scarce worth the mowing1 it was put into the ,hoeing ,management2 and when ,three hoed ,crops#bda had been taken from it1 it was sown with ,barley1 and brought a very good ,crop1 much better than ever it was known to yield before2 and then a good ,crop of hoed ,wheat succeeded the ,barley1 and then it was again sown with ,barley1 upon the ,wheat-stubble2 and that also was better than the ,barley it used to produce4 #bda ,these ,three hoed ,crops were of ,turneps and ,potatoes4 ,now all the ,farmers of the ,neighbourhood affirm1 that it is impossible but that this must be very rich ,ground1 because they have seen it produce ,six ,crops in ,six ,years1 without ,dung or ,fallow1 and never one of them fail4 ,but1 alas6 this different ,reputation they give to the ,land1 does not at all belong to it1 but to the different ,sorts of ,husbandry2 for the ,nature of it cannot be altered but by that1 the ,crops being all carried off it1 and nothing added to supply the ,substance those ,crops take from it1 except 7what ,mr4 ,evelyn calls7 the celestial ,influences2 and that these are received by the ,earth1 in proportion to the ,degrees of its ,pulveration4 ,a ,field was drilled with ,barley after an hoed ,crop2 and another adjoining to it on the same ,side of the same poor ,hill1 and exactly the same ,sort of ,land1 was drilled with ,barley also1 ,part of it after the sown ,crop1 the same ,day with the other2 there was only this ,difference in the ,soil1 that the former of these had no manner of ,compost on it for many ,years before1 and the latter was dunged the ,year before3 ,yet its ,crop was not near so good as that which followed the hoed ,crop#bdb2 tho' the latter had twice the ,plowing that the former had before drilling1 and the same ,hoeings afterwards2 viz4 ,each was hoed ,three times4 #bdb ,this was a ,wheat ,crop1 and often well hoed4 ,a ,field of about ,seventeen ,acres was ,summer-fallowed1 and drilled with ,wheat2 and with the ,hoeing brought a very good ,crop 7except ,part of it1 which being eaten by trespassing ,sheep in the ,winter1 was somewhat blighted72 the ,michaelmas after that was taken off1 the same ,field was drilled again with ,wheat1 upon the ,stubble of the former1 and hoed3 ,this ,second ,crop was a good one1 scarce any in the ,neighbourhood better4 ,a ,piece of ,wheat adjoining to it1 on the very same ,sort of ,land 7except that this latter was always reckoned better1 being thicker in ,mould above the ,chalk71 sown at the same time on dunged ,fallows1 and the ,ground always dunged once in ,three ,years2 yet this ,crop failed so much1 as to be judged1 by some ,farmers1 not to exceed the ,tythe of the other3 ,that the hoed ,field has received no ,dung or ,manure for many ,years past1 is because it lies out of the ,reach for carrying of ,cart-,dung1 and no ,fold being kept on my ,farm3 ,but ,i cannot say1 ,i think there was quite so much ,odds betwixt this ,second undunged hoed ,crop and the sown2 yet this is certain1 that the former is a good1 and the latter a very bad ,crop4 ,i could give many more ,instances of the same ,kind1 where hoed ,crops and sown ,crops have succeeded better after hoed ,crops than after sown ,crops1 and never yet have seen the contrary2 and therefore am convinced1 that the ,hoeing#bdc 7if it be duly performed7 enriches the ,soil more than ,dung and ,fallows1 and leaves the ,land in a much better ,condition for a succeeding ,crop4 ,the ,reason ,i take to be very obvious3 ,the artificial ,pasture of ,plants is made and increased by ,pulveration only2 and nothing else there is in our ,power to enrich our ,ground1 but to pulverize it#bdd1 and keep it from being exhausted by ,vegetables#bde4 ,superinductions of ,earth are an ,addition of more ,ground1 or changing it1 and are more properly purchasing than cultivating4 #bdc ,this is more especially meant of ,fallows in the common ,husbandry1 and a moderate ,quantity of common ,dung1 or the ,fold3 ,and there may be such a poor ,sand1 or other barrenish ,soil1 so subject to ,constipation in the ,winter1 as to require ,dung when planted with ,wheat1 there being no general ,rule without ,exceptions2 and 'tis impossible for me to know the ,number of these ,exceptions4 ,well it is for the ,hoer1 whose ,land is of such a kind1 that he can keep it in ,heart without ,dung by ,hoeing2 for when he has no ,fold1 he plows his ,ground with ,oxen1 and plants it mostly with ,wheat1 the ,straw whereof being for other ,uses1 he can make but very little ,dung4 #bdd ,these ,two are all we have in our ,power2 for pulverizing includes an ,exposure to the ,atmosphere2 without which1 ,i think1 it cannot be reduced to ,particles minute enough1 or have their ,superficies so impregnated as to become a fertile ,pasture for ,plants4 ,the ,experiment related by ,mr4 ,evelyn of artificial ,pulveration1 seems to prove such an ,exposure necessary2 as also the frequent turning 7or incessantly agitating7 that fine ,dust for a ,year1 before the barren exhausted ,earth was made rich and prolific2 ,for1 besides the ,benefit of ,pulveration and ,impregnation1 ,land is more enriched in proportion to the ,time of ,exposure1 during which it is free from ,exhaustion1 and continually receiving from the ,atmosphere3 ,therefore frequent ,turning and ,exposure are both contained in the ,words pulverize1 and not exhaust2 and to comply with the latter1 we should endeavour1 that our ,land may be never exhausted by any other ,plants than by those we would propagate1 and by no more of them neither1 than what are necessary for producing a reasonable ,crop2 which1 upon full ,trial1 will be found a very small ,number in companion to those that are commonly sown2 and then1 if the ,supply from the ,atmosphere by ,help of the ,pulveration exceeds the ,exhaustion1 the ,land will become richer1 tho' constant ,crops are produced of the same ,species2 as in the ,vineyards2 and the ,soil of these is so much improved by a bare competent ,exhaustion1 and the usual ,pulveration1 that after producing good annual ,crops without ,dung1 until ,age has killed the ,vines1 they leave the ,soil better than they found it2 and better than contiguous ,land of the same ,sort kept in arable ,field-culture4 ,by ,pulveration are meant all the ,benefits of it that accrue to the ,pasture of ,plants2 and by ,exhaustion1 all the ,injuries that can be done to that ,pasture1 except ,burning4 ,and as the ,benefits of ,pulveration visibly continue for several ,years1 so do the ,injuries of ,exhaustion2 which appear by the ,ends of some of my ,rows that have been cleansed of ,weeds in their ,partitions by the ,hand-hoe1 and the other ,ends of the same ,rows not cleansed2 the ,difference is visible in the ,colour of the ,wheat in the ,third and ,fourth following ,crops1 equally managed2 and this is no more to be wondered at1 than that ,two unequal ,sums1 being equally increased or diminished1 should remain unequal1 until an ,addition to the lesser1 or a ,subtraction from the greater1 be made2 which1 in case of the ,soil1 must be either by a greater ,pulveration1 or a lesser ,exhaustion4 ',tis by this that both ,ends of these ,rows in time become equal3 ,for tho' ,ten ,plants that produce an ,ounce of ,wheat1 insume more ,pabulum than one ,plant that produces the same ,quantity 7the ,reason for which is given in the ,note on p4 #aba472 yet a ,plant that produces ,six or ,seven ,drams1 insumes less than one that produces an ,ounce2 for a ,plant which produces ,six ,drams of ,wheat cannot be a poor one1 and therefore insumes no more ,pabulum than in proportion to its ,augment and ,product4 ,thus the ,soil of those ,ends1 which1 by being doubly exhausted by ,weeds and ,wheat plants1 was made poorer1 gradually recovers an ,equality with the other ,ends1 by being for several ,years less exhausted than the other ,ends are by larger ,plants1 whilst the ,number of ,plants1 and the ,pulveration of each1 are equal4 ,to the ,reasons already given there is another to be added1 why ,horse hoed ,wheat exhausts the ,soil less than sown ,crops1 where the ,product of ,wheat produced by each is equal3 ,which ,reason is1 that the former has much less ,straw than the latter2 as appears by the different ,quantities of ,grain that a ,sheaf of each of equal ,diameter yields2 one of the former yielding generally double to one of the latter2 for a ,sheaf of the sown has not only more small ,under-ears1 but also its best ,ears bear a less ,proportion to their ,straw than the other2 for a ,straw of sown ,wheat ,six ,feet high1 ,i have found to have an ,ear but of half the ,size of an ,ear of drilled ,wheat on a ,stalk ,five ,feet high1 having measured both of them standing in the ,field1 and rubbed out the ,grain of them4 ,this ,difference ,i impute to the different ,supply of ,nourishment at the time when the ,ears are forming4 ,thus the sown ,crop exhausts a ,soil much more by its greater ,quantity of ,straw4 ,and this is one ,reason why annual ,crops of sown ,wheat cannot succeed as ,crops of ,horse hoed ,wheat do4 ,there must be ,dung and ,fallow to repair the ,exhaustion of the sown2 neither of which are necessary for ,crops of the ,horse-hoed4 #bde ,it may be asked1 ,how 'tis possible that ,eight ,hoeings1 which are but equal1 in ,labour1 to ,two plain ,plowings1 should so much exceed ,three plain ,plowings1 as to procure as good or a better ,crop without ,manure1 than the common ,three ,plowings can do with ,manure1 and enrich the ,land also4 ,the ,answer is1 ,that each ,hoeing of the ,five or ,six being done to the ,wheat-plants1 though it does not clean plow the whole ,interval underneath1 yet it changeth the whole external ,superficies 7or ,surface7 thereof1 whereby it becomes impregnate by the nitrous ,air1 as much as if it were all clean plowed at the time of every ,hoeing1 and the ,weeds are as much stifled1 or suffocated4 ,their ,one ,year's ,tillage1 which is but ,two ,plowings before ,seed-time1 commonly makes but little ,dust2 and that which it does make1 has but a short time to lie exposed for ,impregnation2 and after the ,wheat is sown1 the ,land lies unmoved for near ,twelve ,months1 all the while gradually losing its ,pasture1 by subsiding1 and by being continually exhausted in feeding a treble ,stock of ,wheat-plants1 and a ,stock of ,weeds1 which are sometimes a greater ,stock4 ,this puts the ,advocates for the old ,method upon a ,necessity of using of ,dung1 which is1 at best1 but a ,succedaneum of the ,hoe2 for it depends chiefly on the ,weather1 and other ,accidents1 whether it may prove sufficient by ,fermentation to pulverize in the ,spring1 or no3 ,and it is a ,question whether it will equal ,two additional#bdf ,hoeings1 or but one2 tho'1 as ,i have computed it1 one ,dunging costs the ,price of ,one hundred ,hoeings4 #bdf ,additional1 because there must first be several ,hoeings to make our treble ,row equal to an undunged ,six-feet ,ridge of sown ,wheat4 ,when they have done all they can1 the ,pasture they raise is generally too little for the ,stock that is to be maintained upon it1 and much the greatest ,part of the ,wheat-plants are starved2 for from ,twenty ,gallons of ,seed they sow on an ,acre1 they receive commonly no more than ,twenty ,bushels#bdg of ,wheat in their ,crop1 which is but an ,increase of ,eight ,grains for one3 ,now1 considering how many ,grains there are in one good ,ear1 and how many ,ears on one ,plant1 we find1 that there is not ,one ,plant in ,ten that lives till ,harvest1 even when there has not been ,frost in the ,winter sufficient to kill any of them2 or if we count the ,number of ,plants that come up on a certain ,measure of ,ground1 and count them again in the ,spring1 and likewise at ,harvest1 we shall be satisfied1 that most or all of the ,plants that are missing1 could die by no other ,accident than want of ,nourishment4 #bdg ,and they have oftener less than ,sixteen ,bushels2 and in the ,harvest #agce1 a substantial experienced ,farmer had no more than ,four ,bushels of ,wheat to an ,acre throughout a ,field of ,forty ,acres1 being robbed by ,poppies2 and ,i have known a ,crop that has amounted to do more than ,two ,bushels to an ,acre1 and some ,crops less1 tho' dunged and fallowed2 so that1 taking the common sown ,crops of ,wheat one with another1 they are thought not to amount to ,sixteen ,bushels to an ,acre1 communibus annis4 ,they are obliged to sow this great ,quantity of ,seed1 to the end that the ,wheat1 by the great ,number of ,plants1 may be the better able to contend with the ,weeds2 and yet1 too often1 at ,harvest1 we see a great ,crop of ,weeds1 and very little ,wheat among them4 ,therefore this ,pasture1 being insufficient to maintain the present ,crop1 without starving the greatest ,part of its ,plants1 is likely to be less able to maintain a subsequent ,crop1 than that ,pasture which is not so much exhausted4 ,when their ,crop of ,wheat is much less than ours1 their ,vacancies1 if computed all together1 may be greater than those of our ,partitions and ,intervals2 theirs1 by being irregular1 serve chiefly for the ,protection of ,weeds2 for they cannot be plow'd out1 without destroying the ,corn1 any more than ,cannons firing at a ,breach1 whereon both ,sides are contending1 can kill ,enemies1 and not ,friends4 ,their ,plants stand on the ,ground in a confused manner1 like a ,rabble2 ours like a disciplin'd ,army3 ,we make the most of our ,ground2 for we can1 if we please1 cleanse the ,partitions with a ,hand-hoe#bdh2 and for the rest1 if the ,soil be deep enough to be drill'd on the ,level#bdi1 in treble ,rows1 the ,partitions at ,six ,inches#bej1 the ,intervals ,five ,feet2 ,five ,parts in ,six of the whole ,field may be pulveriz'd every ,year1 and at proper times all round the ,year4 #bdh ,of all annual ,weeds4 #bdi ,this is only put as a ,supposition2 for ,i have for these several ,years left off drilling on the ,level1 and do advise against it2 because altho' ,mould should not be wanting for the ,partitions in deep rich ,land1 yet it is much more difficult to hoe on the ,level than on ,ridges4 #bej ,but when it is drilled upon ,ridges1 the ,proportion is less1 by how much the ,partitions1 being thicker in ,mould1 contain more than a ,sixth-part of the whole ,six ,feet of ,earth1 and the ,proportion of unexhausted ,earth will be alter'd likewise2 and ,i only mention these ,distances to avoid ,fractions4 ,the ,partitions being one ,sixth-part for the ,crop to stand on1 and to be nourished in the ,winter1 one other ,sixth-part being well pulveriz'd1 may be sufficient to nourish it from thence till ,harvest#bea2 the ,remainder1 being ,two-thirds of the ,whole1 may be kept unexhausted1 the ,one-third for one ,year1 and the other ,third of it ,two ,years2 all kept open for the ,reception of the ,benefits descending from above1 during so long a time2 whilst the sowed ,land is shut against them every ,summer1 except the little time in which it is fallow'd1 once in ,three ,years1 and a little1 perhaps1 whilst they plow it for ,barley in the ,winter1 which is a ,season seldom proper for pulverizing the ,ground4 #bea ,this may be done1 tho' the ,roots of a competent ,number of ,plants run through the ,whole1 in the manner herein before explained4 ,their ,land must have been exhausted as well by those supernumerary ,plants of ,wheat1 while they lived1 as by those that remain for the ,crop1 and by the ,weeds4 ,our ,land must be much less exhausted1 when it has never above one ,third-part of the ,wheat-plants to nourish that they have1 and generally no ,weeds2 so that our ho'd ,land having much more vegetable ,pasture made1 and continually renewed1 to so much a less ,stock of ,plants#beb1 must needs be left1 by every ,crop1 in a much better ,condition than theirs is left in by any one of their sown ,crops1 altho' our ,crops of ,corn at ,harvest be better than theirs#bec4 #beb ,therefore1 whenever a ,soil receives more ,supplies of fine ,earth from the ,atmosphere1 than is exhausted by all the ,plants that grow in the ,soil1 it becomes richer2 but if the contrary1 then it becomes poorer4 #bec ,on an undung'd low ,six feet ,ridge1 we have ,three ,rows1 ,eight ,inches asunder1 all which being equal1 during the ,winter1 but each of the ,two outside ,rows at ,harvest producing ,ten times as much ,wheat as the middle ,row doth1 all ,three together produce a ,quantity equal to ,one-and-twenty of this middle ,row4 ,now1 supposing the ,roots of this ,row not to reach through the outside ,rows1 so as to receive any ,benefit from the ho'd ,intervals1 then this ,row might only be equal to one of ,nine ,rows1 which should have been drilled ,eight ,inches asunder on this ,ridge1 and then our ,three would only be equal to ,twenty-one of such ,nine ,rows4 ,but since it can be demonstrated1 that the ,roots of our middle ,row do pass through both the outside ,rows far into the ho'd ,intervals1 we may well suppose it to be at least double to what it would have been1 if it had no ,benefit from the ,hoeing1 and then our ,three will be equal to ,forty-two of such ,nine unho'd ,rows4 ,thus our ,crop is ,thirty-three in ,forty-two 7or almost ,four ,parts in ,five7 increased by the ,hoeing2 for though many ,fields of ,wheat have been drilled all over in ,rows ,eight ,inches asunder1 it never has been judged1 in ,twenty ,years ,experience1 that a ,crop so planted1 though not ho'd1 was1 by its ,evenness and ,regularity1 less1 cteris paribus1 than a ,crop sown at random4 ,they object against us1 saying1 ,that sometimes the ,hoeing makes ,wheat too strong and gross1 whereby it becomes the more liable to the ,blacks 7or ,blight of ,insects73 ,but this is the ,fault of the ,hoer2 for he may choose whether he will make it too strong1 because he may apply his ,hoeings at proper times only1 and apportion the ,nourishment to the ,number and ,bulk of his ,plants4 ,however1 by this ,objection they allow1 that the ,hoe can give ,nourishment enough1 and therefore they cannot maintain1 that there is a ,necessity of ,dung#bed in the ,hoeing-,husbandry2 and that1 if our ,crops of ,wheat should happen to suffer1 by being too strong1 our ,loss will be less than theirs1 when that is too strong1 since it will cost them ,nine times our ,expence to make it so4 #bed ,as for the ,quantity of vegetable ,matter of ,dung1 when reduced to ,earth by ,putrefaction1 it is very inconsiderable1 and1 of many sorts of ,manure1 next to nothing4 ,the almost only ,use of all ,manure is the same as of ,tillage2 viz4 the ,pulveration it makes by ,fermentation1 as ,tillage doth by ,attrition or ,contusion2 and with these ,differences1 that ,dung1 which is the most common ,manure1 is apt to increase ,weeds1 a ,tillage 7of which ,hoeing is chief7 destroys them1 and ,manure is scanty in most ,places1 but ,tillage may be had every-where4 ,another ,difference is1 the vast ,disproportion of the ,price of ,manure and that of ,tillage4 ,note1 ,as we have no way to enrich the ,soil1 but by ,pulveration of ,manure1 or of ,instruments1 or of both2 so ,nature has ordain'd1 that the ,soil shall be exhausted by nothing1 but by the ,roots of ,plants4 ,a ,second ,objection is1 ,that as ,hoeing makes poor ,land become rich enough to bear good ,crops of ,wheat for several ,years successively1 the same must needs make very good ,land become too rich for ,wheat4 ,i answer1 ,that if possibly it should so happen1 there are ,two ,remedies to be used in such a ,case2 the one is to plant it with ,beans1 or some other ,vegetables1 which cannot be over-nourished1 as ,turneps1 ,carrots1 ,cabbages1 and such-like1 which are excellent ,food for fatting of ,cattle2 or else they may make use of the other infallible ,remedy1 when that rich ,land1 by producing ,crops every ,year in the ,hoeing-,husbandry1 is grown too vigorous and resty1 they may soon take down its ,mettle1 by sowing it a few ,years in their old ,husbandry1 which will fill it again with a new ,stock of ,weeds1 that will suck it out of ,heart1 and exhaust more of its ,vigour1 than the ,dung#bee1 that helps to produce them1 can restore4 #bee ,dung made of the ,straw of sown ,corn generally abounds with the ,seed of ,weeds4 ,there is a ,third ,objection1 and that is1 ,that the ,benefit of some ,ground is lost where the ,hoe-plough turns at each ,end of the ,lands3 ,but this cannot be much1 if any1 ,damage2 because about ,four ,square ,perch to a ,statute ,acre is sufficient for this ,purpose2 and that1 at the ,rate of ,ten ,shillings ,rent1 comes to but ,three-pence1 tho' this varies1 according as the ,piece is longer or shorter2 and supposing the most to be ,eight ,perch1 that is but ,six-pence per ,acre2 and that is not lost neither2 for whether it be of natural or artificial ,grass1 the ,hoe-plough1 in turning on it1 will scratch it1 and leave some ,earth on it1 which will enrich it so much1 that it may be worth its ,rent for ,baiting of ,horses or ,oxen upon it4 ,and besides1 these ,ends are commonly near ,quick-hedges or ,trees1 which do so exhaust it1 that when no ,cattle come there to manure it1 'tis not worth the ,labour of plowing it4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,of ,,ploughs4 ,by what means ,ploughs and ,tillage itself came at first to be invented is uncertain2 therefore we are at ,liberty to guess3 ,and it seems most probable1 that it was1 like most other ,inventions1 found out by ,accident1 and that the first ,tillers or ,plowers of the ,ground were ,hogs3 ,men in those ,days1 having sufficient ,leisure for ,speculation1 observ'd1 that when any sort of ,seed happen'd to fall on a ,spot of ,ground well routed up by the ,swine 7which ,instinct had instructed to dig in ,search of their ,food71 it grew and prospered much better than in the whole unbroken ,turf4 ,this ,observation must naturally induce rational ,creatures to the ,contrivance of some ,instrument1 which might imitate1 if not excel ,brutes in this ,operation of breaking and dividing the ,surface of the ,earth1 in order to increase and better its ,product4 ,that some such ,accident gave ,men the ,first ,hints of original ,agriculture1 may be inferr'd from the very little 7or no7 ,probability of its being invented originally upon ,arguments which might convince the ,understanding 7by just ,conclusions from ,ideas of the ,earth and ,vegetation7 of any reasonable ,grounds to hope1 that the ,effect of increasing the ,earth's ,produce should follow the ,cause of ,tillage2 or1 in other ,words1 why it should produce more when tilled than when untilled4 ,therefore it is very unlikely1 that ,men should begin to take ,pains to till the ,land without any ,sort of ,reason why they did it4 ,and no such ,reason could they have before the ,invention1 as they had afterwards3 ,for when they accidentally saw that ,effect follow that ,cause1 then they were well convinced it did so4 ,but tho' this ,argument1 viz4 ,tillage increases the ,product of the ,earth1 because it does1 has been sufficient to continue the ,practice of ,tillage ever since2 yet it is impossible for the ,inventors to have had this ,argument before the ,invention1 in case it had been invented by ,men1 and not fortuitously discover'd4 ,had there ever been extant any other or better ,arguments1 whereon this ,practice1 so useful to ,mankind1 was founded2 sure1 some of all the great and learned ,authors1 who have written on this ,subject1 would have mention'd them4 ,philosophers1 ,orators1 and ,poets1 have treated of it in the same ,theory by which it was first discover'd1 and by no other2 viz4 ,land produces more when tilled2 and some seem to say1 the more it is tilled1 the more it produces4 ,it does1 because it does2 not a ,word of the ,pasture of ,plants1 or any thing like it4 ,so that all the antient ,scriptores de re rustic have done1 was only to keep that ,theory in the same ,degree of ,perfection in which the first ,discoverers received it4 ,the bristled ,animals broke up the ,ground1 because they used to find their ,food there by digging2 ,men till it1 because they find ,tillage procures them better ,food than ,acorns4 ,the ,reasons are the same for one and the other4 ,these ,writers1 asham'd to acknowlege so noble a ,discovery to be owing to so mean a ,foundation1 make no mention of the true ,teachers1 but attribute the ,invention to ,ceres1 a ,goddess of their own makeing2 she1 as they pretend1 first taught the ,art of ,tillage4 ,with this ,fable they were so well pleased1 that they never attempted to improve that ,art1 lest they should derogate from the ,divinity of ,ceres1 in supposing her ,invention imperfect4 ,with what ,instrument ,men first tilled the ,ground we don't know exactly2 but there may be ,reasons to believe it was with the ,spade1 and probably a wooden one1 and very rough4 ,for whilst ,people liv'd on ,acorns1 there was no need of the ,smith2 such ,food required no ,knives for eating it1 nor was it worth while to make ,swords to fight for it2 and without ,iron the ,spade could not be well hewn1 or shap'd2 but if it had been such as it is at present1 there never was any thing comparable to it1 for the true ,use of ,tillage4 ,yet the ,spade could not make that ,expedition1 which was necessary when ,tillage became general in the ,fields2 and therefore in time the ,spade came wholly to be appropriate to the most perfect ,sort of ,tillage in the ,garden4 ,then the ,plough supply'd the ,place of the ,spade in the ,field2 and tho' it could not 7such as it was7 till the ,land near so well1 yet it could till ten times more of it1 and with less human ,labour4 ,why they did not improve the ,plough1 so that it might also till as well as the ,spade1 seems owing to their ,primitive ,theory1 which gave no ,mathematical ,reason to shew wherein the true ,method of ,tillage did consist2 viz4 in dividing the ,earth into many ,parts1 to increase its internal ,superficies1 which is the ,pasture of ,plants4 ,the ,difference betwixt the ,operation of the ,spade1 and that of the common ,plough1 is only this2 that the former commonly divides the ,soil into smaller ,pieces1 and goes deeper4 ,how easy and natural it is to contrive a ,plough that may equal the ,spade1 if not exceed it1 in going deeper1 and cutting the ,soil into smaller ,pieces1 than the ,spade commonly does1 ,i leave to the ,judgment of those who have seen the ,four-coulter'd ,plough4 ,the ,plough describ'd by ,virgil had no ,coulter2 neither do ,i remember to have seen any ,coulter in ,italy1 or the ,south of ,france2 and1 as ,i have been informed1 the ,ploughs in ,greece1 and all the ,east1 are of much the same ,fashion3 ,neither is it practicable to use a ,coulter in such a ,plough2 because the ,share does not cut the ,bottom of the ,furrow horizontally1 but obliquely2 in going one way1 it turns off the ,furrow to the right ,hand2 but in coming back1 it turns it to the ,left#bef4 ,therefore1 if it had a ,coulter1 it must have been on the wrong ,side every other ,furrow3 ,and besides1 as the ,handle 7for it has but one7 always holds the ,plough towards one ,side1 with the ,bottom of the ,share towards the unplow'd ,land1 it would cause the ,coulter to go much too low when it went on the ,furrow-side1 and it would not touch the ,ground1 when it went on the ,land-side4 #bef ,note1 ,this ,eastern ,plough always goes forward1 and returns back in the same ,furrow1 making only one ,land of a whole ,field3 ,though it turns its one ,furrow towards the ,right1 and the other towards the ,left of the ,holder2 yet every ,furrow is turned towards the same ,point of the ,compass1 as when we plow with a ,turn-wrist ,plough4 ',tis a great ,mistake in those who say ,virgil's ,plough had ,two ,earth-boards2 for it had none at all2 but the ,share itself always going obliquely1 served instead of an ,earth-board2 and the ,two ,ears1 which were the ,corners of a ,piece of ,wood lying under the ,share1 did the ,office of ,ground-wrests3 ,this ,fashion continues to this ,day in those ,countries1 and in ,languedoc4 ,this sort of ,plough performs tolerably when ,ground is fine1 and makes a shift to break up light ,land2 and ,i could never find any other ,land there2 ,i am sure none comparable to ours for ,strength3 ,and it would be next to impossible1 to break up such as we in ,england call strong ,land with it4 ,i do not find1 that the ,arable ,lands about ,rome are ever suffered to lie still long enough to come to a ,turf2 but ,i have observed in the low rich ,lands in the ,calabria's1 subject to the ,invasions of the ,turks1 that there is ,turf1 and that these ,ploughs go over the ,land ,two or ,three times before the ,turf of it is all broken1 tho' the ,soil be a very mellow ,sort of ,garden-mould4 ,having no ,coulters to cut it1 they break and tear ,turf into little ,pieces4 ,this was done in the ,month of ,november2 and had ,i not seen ,men and ,oxen at the ,work1 or had there been ,oaks in the ,place1 ,i should rather have thought that ,tillage performed by a ,race of the first ,teachers of it1 in muzzling ,acorns1 than by ,ploughs4 ,however1 the ,mould being naturally very mellow1 when the ,turf is broken with shallow ,plowing1 they can plow deeper afterwards4 ,the ,english ,ploughs are very different from the ,eastern1 as in general the ,soil is4 ,these1 when well made1 cut off the ,furrow at the ,bottom horizontally2 and therefore1 it being as thick on the ,land-side as on the ,furrow-side1 the ,plough cannot break it off from the whole ,land1 at such a ,thickness 7being ,six times greater than the ,eastern ,ploughs have to break off71 and must of ,necessity have a ,coulter to cut it off3 ,by this means the ,furrow is turned perfectly whole1 and no ,part of the ,turf of it broken2 and if it lie long without new turning1 the ,grass from the ,edges will spread1 and form a new ,turf 7or ,swerd7 on the other ,side1 which was the ,bottom of the ,furrow before turning1 but is now become the ,surface of the ,earth1 and may soon become greener with ,grass than before ,plowing2 and often the very ,roots send up new ,heads to help to stock the reversed ,furrow1 the former ,heads being converted into ,roots1 so that it is doubly cloathed and braced on both ,sides1 or1 as it were1 kay'd together1 firm and solid1 almost as a ,plank2 it may be drawn from one ,side of a ,field to the other without breaking1 and might possibly be made use of1 instead of ,virgil's ,crates ,viminea1 for harrowing or smoothing of fine-tilled ,ground2 but not without much ,time1 ,labour1 and ,difficulty1 can it be made such itself4 ,if you plow whole strong turfy ,furrows cross-ways1 as ,virgil directs1 and as it is too commonly practised1 the ,coulter cannot easily cut them1 because1 being loose underneath1 they do not make a sufficient ,resistance or ,pressure against its ,edge1 but move before it1 and so are apt to be drawn and driven up into ,heaps1 with their ,surfaces lying all manner of ,ways1 and situate in all manner of ,postures3 ,so the ,turf1 which is not turned1 continuing in the open ,air1 grows on1 and with its vigorous ,roots holds the ,earth fast together1 and will not suffer the necessary ,division to be made1 which would be1 if the ,turf were rotten1 and which is the ,end of all ,tillage1 viz4 to increase the ,pasture of ,plants4 ,next1 some have vast heavy ,drags1 with great long ,iron ,tines in them2 and tho' these huge broken ,pieces of ,furrows1 being looser than before1 require keener ,edges to cut them2 yet these ,drag-tines have no ,edge at all1 but are as blunt as the ,furrows they should cut4 ,these ,drags draw them sometimes into larger ,heaps1 leaving the under ,stratum bare betwixt them1 only shaking off some of their ,mould in tumbling them about1 and scratching their ,surfaces1 without reducing them to a moderate ,fineness1 until this ill-broken ,land has1 for above a ,year1 and sometimes longer1 entertained ,ploughs1 ,cattle1 and ,men1 with a frequent laborious ,exercise1 for which they are obliged to the one ,coulter4 ,if the ,soil be shallow1 it may be broken up with a narrow ,furrow1 which will the sooner be brought in ,tilth2 but if it be a deep ,soil1 the ,furrows must be proportionably large1 or else a ,part of the good ,mould must be left under unmoved1 and so lost2 for a narrow ,furrow cannot be plowed deep1 because the ,plough will continually slip out from the hard ,land toward the ,right-hand1 unless the rising ,furrow be of sufficient ,weight to press the ,plough towards the ,left1 and keep it in its ,work3 ,the deeper you plow1 the greater ,weight is required to press it2 so that the deeper your ,land is1 the worse 7or into the larger ,furrows7 must it be broken up with one ,coulter1 insomuch that1 if the ,land be strong 7as most deep ,ground in ,england is71 it is a ,work of some ,years to conquer it1 after it has been rested4 ,and often it happens1 that the excessive ,charge of this ,tillage reduces the ,profit of rich ,land below that of poor4 ,this gives an ,opportunity to deceitful ,servants1 of imposing upon their ignorant ,masters4 ,they plow such deep ,land with a small shallow ,furrow1 to the end the ,turf and ,furrows may be broken1 and made fine the sooner2 pretending they will plow it deeper the next time 7which is called ,stirring71 which these ,rogues know very well cannot be done1 and intend no more than that the ,plough coming the easier after the ,horses1 their ,coats may shine the better2 and tho' there be no ,crop at ,harvest1 they must have ,four ,meals a ,day all the ,year1 and extravagant ,wages at ,michaelmas1 or at any time of the ,year1 when they think fit to misbehave themselves4 ,this sort of ,land must not be stirred1 i4 e4 plowed the ,second time in wet ,weather2 for that will cause the ,grass and ,weeds to multiply1 besides the treading the ,ground into hard ,dabs1 c4 ,and1 in dry ,weather1 the ,plough will never enter any deeper than it went the first time2 the ,resistance below being so much more than the ,pressure above1 the ,plough will rise up continually2 or1 if it goes deep enough for the ,weight of ,earth to keep it down1 another ,inconvenience will follow1 which is that mentioned by ,columella1 ,page #dg4 ,quod omnis humus1 quamvis ltissima1 tamen inferiorem partem jejuniorem habet1 eamque attrahunt excitat majores gleb2 quo evenit1 ut infcundior materia mista pinguiori segetem minus uberem reddat4 ,the vulgar ,english ,phrase is1 ,it spaults up from below the ,staple4 ,hence the treacherous ,plowman is secure of an easy ,summer's ,work1 if he can persuade his ,master to suffer him to fallow the ,ground with a shallow ,furrow4 ,another way to conquer a strong ,turf is1 to plow it first with a ,breast-plough1 very thin2 and1 when the ,swerd is rotten1 then plow it at the proper ,depth3 ,but this ,method is 7besides the extraordinary ,charge of it7 liable to other great ,misfortunes4 ,if the ,turf be pared up in ,winter1 or early in the ,spring1 it is a ,chance but the ,rains cause it to grow stronger than before1 instead of its ,rotting4 ,and if it be pared later1 tho' dry ,weather do follow1 and continue long enough to kill the ,turf1 yet this loses time2 the ,season of plowing is retarded2 for all the ,staple still remains untilled2 and1 before that can be well done1 the ,year is too far spent for sowing it with ,wheat1 which is the most proper ,grain for such strong ,land#beg2 and few will have ,patience to wait1 and plow on till another ,wheat-seed time4 ,the dry ,weather also1 which in ,summer kills the ,swerd1 renders the ,plowing obnoxious to most or all the ,evils afore-mentioned4 #beg ,besides1 most strong ,land has ,stones in it1 which will not admit the ,use of the ,breast-plough4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,farmer inquires concerning the ,four-coulter ,plough1 as in the following ,,dialogue4 ,farm4 ,what must we do then8 ,must we have recourse to the ,spade for breaking up our rich1 strong1 swerdy ,land8 ,resp4 ,if you can procure ,men to dig it faithfully in ,pieces1 not above ,two ,inches and an half thick1 at the ,price of about ,eight ,shillings per ,acre1 it would do very well1 and answer all the ,ends of ,tillage2 but1 tho' you bargain with them to dig it at that ,size for ,three ,pounds per ,acre1 you will find1 upon ,examination1 most of the ,pieces or ,spits1 which are dug out of your ,sight1 to be of twice that ,thickness4 ,and no great ,quantities can be this way managed1 altho' the ,price of ,corn should answer such an extravagant ,expence4 ,farm4 ,since it is so difficult to bring our strong ,land into ,tilth1 after it has rested1 that it cannot be speedily done by a ,plough without a ,coulter1 or by one with a ,coulter1 in wet ,weather or dry1 nor with a ,breast-plough1 without a certain ,expence1 and an uncertain ,success1 the ,spade is too chargeable a ,tillage for the ,field3 ,it seems to me1 upon the ,whole1 that we are ,losers by this inarat gratia terr1 unless we could contrive some other ,method of reducing it sooner1 and with less ,charge1 into ,tilth2 for ,i observe1 that1 when we sow it upon the ,back1 the ,corn and ,grass 7or ,couch71 coming both together1 exhaust the ,ground so much1 that by that time we can 7which is about ,three ,years7 reduce the great ,lumps to a tolerable ,fineness1 it grows full of ,grass and ,weeds 7which we call ,foul71 and loses that ,fertility we expected it should acquire by ,rest1 becoming1 in our ,terms1 both out of ,tilth1 and out of ,heart4 ,resp4 ,if you know all this to be true1 and that without a ,coulter you cannot break it up at all2 and that with one ,coulter you cannot any way cut the ,furrow small enough1 or less than ,ten ,inches broad2 why do not you cut it with ,four ,coulters1 which will reduce the same ,furrow into ,four equal ,parts1 of ,two ,inches and an half each in ,breadth1 and of the ,depth of the ,staple1 tho' that should be ,two ,spit1 or ,sixteen ,inches deep8 ,farm4 ,how can that be done8 ,resp4 ,every jot as easily as with one ,coulter3 ,for1 before the ,furrow is raised by the ,share1 it lies fast1 and makes a sufficient ,resistance equally against the ,edges of all the ,coulters2 tho'1 after it be raised and loose1 it yields and recedes every way1 except downwards2 so that it cannot be cut by any ,edge1 but such as attacks it perpendicularly from above1 as that of the ,spade does4 ,farm4 ,this seems to me reasonable2 and1 having very lately heard talk of this ,plough1 ,i would gladly know more of it4 ,resp4 ,the ,furrow1 being cut into ,four ,parts1 has not only ,four times the ,superficies on the ,eight ,sides which it would have had on ,two ,sides2 but it is also more divided cross-ways2 viz4 ,the ,ground-wrest presses and breaks the lower 7or ,right-hand7 ,quarter2 the other ,three ,quarters1 in rising and coming over the ,earth-board1 must make a crooked ,line about a ,fourth longer than the strait one they made before moved2 therefore their ,thinness not being able to hold them together1 they are broken into many more ,pieces1 for want of ,tenacity to extend to a longer ,line1 contrary to a whole ,furrow1 whose great ,breadth enables it to stretch and extend from a shorter to a longer ,line1 without breaking2 and1 as it is turned off1 the ,parts are drawn together again by the ,spring of the ,turf or ,swerd#beh1 and so remain whole after ,plowing4 ,thus the ,four-coultered ,plow can divide the ,soil into above ,twenty times more ,parts than the common ,plough2 and sometimes1 when the ,earth is of a right ,temper betwixt wet and dry1 the ,earth-board1 in turning the ,furrows off1 will break them into ,dust1 having more ,superficies than is made by ,four common ,plowings2 and it is impossible there should be any large ,pieces amongst it4 #beh ,a swerdy ,furrow cut off by only one ,coulter1 being whole1 is apt to stand up on its ,edge1 or lie hollow2 and then1 being open to the ,air1 it does not rot2 but when it is cut by several ,coulters1 it has not ,strength to support itself1 it falls down1 lies close to the ,earth under it1 and1 excluding the free ,air from the ,turf1 it soon becomes rotten4 ,and for killing the ,turf of swerdy ,land is the chief ,use of the ,four-coultered ,plough3 ,for doing of which there is this ,advantage1 that as in a whole ,furrow there are often ,strings of ,couch-grass1 ,three or ,four ,feet long2 but1 when cut by this ,plough1 there is scarce a ,string left of one ,foot long3 ,and these ,strings being apt to send out ,roots from every ,knot or ,joint1 the shorter they are cut1 the more they will be exposed to the ,air and ,sun1 which will kill them the sooner4 ,now1 what a prodigious ,advantage must the ,influences of the ,atmosphere have upon these small ,parts1 for making a further ,division of them6 ,frost1 ,water1 ,drought1 and nitrous ,air1 easily penetrate to their very ,centers1 which cannot in the largest of them be more than one ,inch and a ,quarter distant from their ,superficies4 ,this ,advantage1 with a few subsequent common ,plowings1 performed in proper ,seasons1 resolves the ,earth almost all to a ,powder4 ,the ,swerd1 some being immersed or buried and mixed among so great a ,proportion of ,mould1 is soon rotten and lost2 some of the ,swerd lying loose a-top1 the ,earth presently drops out of it2 and then the ,roots are dried up1 and die4 ,thus is the whole ,staple of the ,ground brought into perfect ,tilth in a very short time beyond what the ,spade ever does in such swerdy ,land4 ,farm4 ,what sort of ,weather is best for using this ,plough8 ,resp4 ,any ,weather1 except the ,ground be so dry and hard that the ,plough cannot enter it2 but it is very proper to be done1 when the ,earth is so wet1 that by no means it ought to be plowed with any other ,plough2 for it never can be too moist for this1 unless the ,cattle which draw it be mired2 because1 tho' all the ,cattle should not go in the ,furrow1 yet their ,treadings are cut so small by the ,coulters1 that the ,earth is not kept from dissolving1 as when turned off whole in common ,tillage4 ',tis observed1 that the ,incisions made by the ,coulters on swerdy ,land1 will not heal1 or so close up1 but that they will open again by the next ,plowing1 though it be a great while after4 ,a ,farmer who uses this ,plough1 may till in all ,weathers and all ,seasons of the ,year1 either in fallowing with this1 which is best in wet1 or in stirring with the common ones1 which must be done in dry ,weather2 and when the ,ground is broken up with this1 it may be stirred in the driest ,weather that can be1 without the ,danger of tearing 7or spaulting7 up of the under ,stratum along with the ,staple1 because this is all broken before1 and then no more can rise with it2 as it does to the ,ruin of the ,soil1 when in common ,tillage they go deeper the ,second time than the ,first3 ,also1 if there be a ,necessity of stirring some sort of ,land when it is wet1 it ought either to be done with this ,plough1 or else with a common one drawn by a single ,row of ,cattle treading all in the ,furrow2 for tho' some ,land be very fine1 yet1 when plowed by a double ,row of ,cattle in wet ,weather1 it will be made into large ,pieces by the ,treading1 and perhaps not dissolve again in a long time3 ,therefore it is better to be prevented4 ,farm4 ,i perceive this ,plough lays the ,foundation for all good ,husbandry2 and there can be no other way to bring ,land into perfect ,tilth in so short a ,time1 or with so little ,expence4 ,and ,i am convinc'd1 that no ,farmer ought to be without it1 who desires to be free from the ,danger of his ,land being ever out of ,tilth3 ,but ,i have heard it objected1 that it is harder to draw than the common ,ploughs2 and that its ,beam being longer1 upon account of the ,four ,coulters1 it lies farther behind1 and comes harder after the ,horses4 ,resp4 ,i must confess1 there is something in that ,objection2 for this ,plough1 being something longer1 may be a little the harder ,draught2 and also its ,weight and ,strength must bear a ,proportion to the ,length of it4 ,but this small ,increase of the ,draught would have been a much stronger 7if not a fatal7 ,objection1 had that ,custom been general1 of ,horses drawing by their ,tails1 as 'tis said to have been formerly in some ,places2 for then1 perhaps1 a sufficient ,strength of ,horses could not be applied to the ,plough4 ,but in ,countries where ,traces are in ,use1 every ,horse of the ,team may draw the ,plough equally1 and then there will be no other ,inconvenience1 besides the adding one ,horse1 or keeping a stronger ,team3 ,and he cannot be wise1 who would lose the ,profit of his ,land1 for the ,odds of sometimes adding a ,horse to his ,plough4 ,and ,i am very certain1 that this ,plough requires a much less ,strength of ,cattle to draw it in moist ,weather1 which is the most proper to use it in1 than to draw a common ,plough in the same ,ground1 and at the same ,depth1 in dry ,weather2 and can seldom be used safely in any other4 ,and the ,vulgar1 who have always a wrong ,cause ready at hand to apply to every thing1 impute that ,draught to the ,fashion of the ,plough1 which ought to be imputed to its going deeper2 and this great ,depth at which 'tis capable of plowing1 viz4 ,two ,spit deep1 is one extraordinary ,benefit of it1 tho' it may1 on ,occasion1 go as shallow as any4 ,the ,draught is not so much increased by adding ,three ,coulters1 as may be imagined2 for when the ,ground is moist1 the ,incisions are easily made by the ,edges2 and when they are cut small1 the ,furrows rise much more easily upon the ,share and ,earth-,board1 than if whole4 ,farm4 ,if this ,plough be so beneficial1 having so many ,advantages1 and only the ,two ,inconveniencies1 one of requiring a little more ,strength to draw it1 and the other its being unfit for dry hard ,ground1 ,i wonder why it is not become more common8 ,resp4 ,it has been used with very great ,success for these several ,years last past1 but never like to be common1 unless it be described in a more geometrical ,manner1 than any ,plough has hitherto been2 for the ,plough-wrights find it difficult enough to make a common ,plough with one ,coulter to perform as it ought1 for want of the necessary ,rules of their ,art4 ,it is upon this ,account that the ,two-coulter'd ,ploughs are used in few ,places1 though they have been found of excellent ,use1 and have been formerly common3 ,but1 alas6 when the ,makers1 who by their diligent ,study and much ,practice had attained the ,perfection of their ,art1 died for want of learning to write their ,rules mathematically1 and shew how the mechanical ,powers were applicable to them1 the ,art was in a ,manner lost1 at the ,death of those ,artists2 and then the unskilful ,plough-wrights1 destitute of the true ,rules1 were not able to make a ,two-coulter'd ,plough to perform well1 and then it was left off4 ,very lately 'tis revived1 since the ,three and ,four-coulter'd ones have been used2 from whence some have made a ,shift to take the ,rules of placing ,two ,coulters into a ,plough1 and they begin to be common again2 and1 no doubt1 will cease again as soon as the ,rules are forgot4 ,illustration3 ,page #bia ,plate4 ,i4 ,b4,cole4 ,delin4 et ,sculp4 ',tis strange that no ,author should have written fully of the ,fabric of ,ploughs6 ,men of the greatest ,learning have spent their ,time in contriving ,instruments to measure the immense ,distance of the ,stars1 and in finding out the ,dimensions1 and even ,weight1 of the ,planets3 ,they think it more eligible to study the ,art of plowing the ,sea with ,ships1 than of tilling the ,land with ,ploughs2 they bestow the utmost of their ,skill1 learnedly1 to pervert the natural ,use of all the ,elements for ,destruction of their own ,species1 by the bloody ,art of ,war4 ,some waste their whole ,lives in studying how to arm ,death with new ,engines of ,horror1 and inventing an infinite ,variety of ,slaughter2 but think it beneath ,men of ,learning 7who only are capable of doing it7 to employ their learned ,labours in the ,invention of new 7or even improving the old7 ,instruments for increasing of ,bread4 ,the easiest ,method of perpetuating the ,use of the many coulter'd ,ploughs1 and other newly-invented ,instruments of ,husbandry1 is by ,models1 i4 e4 the ,things themselves in little2 and these may be all portable even in a ,man's ,pocket3 ,every ,part must be fully described1 with the true ,dimensions1 and the mathematical ,reasons1 on which their ,contrivance is founded4 ,directions also for using them must be given at the same time that their ,manner of making is described4 ,in some1 the very ,horses which draw must be represented1 to shew the manner of fixing the ,horses1 and the ,traces3 ,cautions against all the ,errors that may happen by the want of ,experience in the ,makers or ,users1 must be given4 ,when this is done1 and the ,rules put into a ,method1 the new ,hoeing-,husbandry1 in all its ,branches1 will be much more easy and certain than the old2 because there are no mathematical ,rules extant in any ,method2 and a ,man may practise the old random ,husbandry all his ,life1 without attaining so much ,certainty in ,agriculture as may be learned in a few ,hours from such a ,treatise4 ,the ,rules1 indeed1 require much ,labour1 ,study1 and ,experience1 to compose them2 but when finish'd1 will be most easy to practise3 ,like the ,rules for measuring ,timber2 their ,use is1 at first ,sight1 easy to every ,carpenter1 and to most ,artificers who work in ,wood2 but no illiterate ,person is able to compose those ,rules1 or to measure ,timber without them4 ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,description of a ,four-coulter'd ,plough4 ,to describe all ,parts of a ,plough geometrically1 would require more ,time and ,learning than ,i am ,master of3 ,therefore leaving that to be done by somebody else1 who is better qualified for it1 ,i shall at present attempt little more than what relates to the ,three added ,coulters4 ,in ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 ,i4 is the ,portrait of a common ,two-wheel'd ,plough used in ,berkshire1 ,hampshire1 ,oxfordshire1 and ,wiltshire1 and in most other ,countries of ,south-,britain2 and is generally esteemed the best ,plough for all ,sorts of ,land1 except such miry ,clays that stick to the ,wheels1 and clog them up1 so as they cannot turn round4 ,but they have1 in some ,places1 a ,contrivance to prevent this ,inconvenience2 which is done by winding ,thumb-ropes of ,straw about the ,iron ,circles of the ,wheels1 and about the ,spokes4 ,the ,wheels pressing against the ,ground1 the ,thumb-ropes are distended on each ,side3 which ,motion throws off the ,dirt1 and prevents its sticking to the ,wheels1 which it would otherwise do4 ',tis commonly divided into ,two ,parts2 viz4 the ,plough-head1 and the ,plough-tail4 ,the ,plough-head contains the ,two ,wheels ,a1 ,b1 and their ,axis or ,spindle of ,iron passing thro' the ,box ,c1 turning round both therein1 and in the ,wheels2 the ,two ,crow-staves ,d1 ,d1 fastened into the ,box perpendicularly1 and having in each ,two ,rows of ,holes1 whereby to raise or sink the ,beam1 by pinning up or down1 the ,pillow ,e1 to increase or diminish the ,depth of the ,furrow2 the ,gallows ,f1 thro' which the ,crow-staves pass at top1 by ,mortises1 into which they are pinned2 ,g the ,wilds with its ,links and ,crooks of ,iron1 whereby the whole ,plough is drawn2 ,h the ,two-chain1 which fastens the ,plough-tail to the ,plough-head1 by the ,collar ,i at one ,end1 and by the other ,end passing thro' a ,hole in the ,middle of the ,box1 is pinned in by the ,stake ,k2 ,l the ,bridle-chain1 one ,end whereof is fastened to the ,beam by a ,pin1 and the other ,end to the ,top of the ,stake1 which ,stake is held up to the left ,crow-staff1 by the ,with ,m1 patting round it above1 and under the ,end of the ,gallows below2 or instead of this ,with1 by a ,piece of ,cord1 and sometimes by the ,end of the ,bridle-chain1 when that is long enough4 ,the ,plough-tail consists of the ,beam ,n3 the ,coulter ,o2 the ,share ,p2 and the ,sheat ,q2 the ,hinder-sheat ,r1 passing thro' the ,beam near its ,end2 ,s the short ,handle1 fastened to the ,top of the ,hinder-sheat by a ,pin1 and to the ,top of the ,sheat by another ,pin2 ,t the ,drock which belongs to the right ,side of the ,plough-tail1 and whereto the ,ground-wrist ,v is fasten'd2 as is the ,earth-board1 whose ,fore-part ,w is seen before the ,sheat2 and also the long ,handle ,x1 whose ,fore-part ,y appears before the ,sheat1 and is fasten'd to the ,drock by a ,pin at a1 the other ,end of which ,pin goes into the ,beam4 ,z is the double ,retch1 which holds up the ,sheat1 and passes through the ,beam to be fasten'd by its ,screws and ,nuts at b and c4 ,but without intrenching much farther upon the common ,plough-wright's ,art1 whose ,trade is his ,living1 ,i'll hasten to shew the necessary ,difference there is betwixt the common ,plough1 and the ,four-coulter ,plough1 beginning with ,fig4 #b4 where it is represented as standing upon a level ,surface4 ,fig4 #b4 ,and1 ,first1 ,the ,beam differs in ,length1 being ,ten ,feet ,four ,inches long1 as the other ,plough-beam is but ,eight ,feet2 it differs in ,shape1 as the other is strait from one ,end to the other1 but this is strait only from a to b1 and thence turns up of a sudden1 in the manner that is shewn in the ,cut2 so that a ,line let down perpendicular1 from the ,corner at a1 to the even ,surface whereon the ,plough stands1 would be ,eleven ,inches and an half1 which is its ,height in that ,place2 and1 if another ,line were let down1 from the turning of the ,beam at b1 to the same ,surface1 it would be ,one ,foot ,eight ,inches and an half1 which is the ,height that the ,beam stands from the ,ground1 at that ,part2 and a ,third ,line let down to the ,surface1 from the ,bottom of the ,beam1 at that ,part which bears upon the ,pillow1 will shew the ,beam to be ,two ,feet ,ten ,inches high above the ,surface in that ,part4 ,from the ,end a1 to the ,back-part of the first ,coulter1 is ,three ,feet ,two ,inches2 from thence1 to the ,back of the next ,coulter1 is ,thirteen ,inches2 thence to the ,third1 ,thirteen ,inches2 and from thence to the ,fourth1 the same4 ,from a to b is ,seven ,feet4 ,this ,crookedness of the ,beam is to avoid the too great ,length of the foremost ,coulters1 which would be necessary if the ,beam was strait2 and then1 unless they were vastly thick and heavy1 they would be apt to bend1 and the ,point of the ,fourth would be at so great a ,distance from its ,coulter-hole1 that it would have the greater ,power to loosen the ,wedges1 whereby the ,coulter would rise up out of its ,work1 as it never doth when the ,beam is made in this bending ,manner4 ,this ,beam is made either of ,ash1 which is the lightest1 or of ,oak1 which is the most durable4 ,its ,depth and ,breadth may vary1 according to the heavier or lighter ,soil it is to till2 but this before us is in ,depth ,five ,inches at the first ,coulter-hole1 and in ,breadth ,four ,inches4 ,fig4 #d4 ,is the ,sheat ,q in ,fig4 #a4 7broad ,seven ,inches7 with the ,iron ,retch on it1 the left ,leg of which ,retch must stand foremost1 to the end that the ,edge of its ,fore-part1 that is flat1 may fit close to the ,wood of the ,sheat3 ,this ,retch holds the ,sheat fast up to the ,beam by its ,nuts and ,screws2 as also doth a ,pin driven into the ,hole a1 which ,hole being a small ,part of it within the ,beam1 the ,pin being driven into the ,hole1 draws up the ,sheat very tight to the ,beam4 ,the principal thing to be taken notice of here1 is the ,angle b c d1 which shews the ,elevation of the ,sheat2 the ,line c d is supposed to be equal with the ,bottom of the ,share 7or rather with the plain ,surface whereon it stands72 when this ,angle at c is larger than of ,forty-five ,degrees1 a common ,plough never goes well3 ,in my ,four-coulter ,plough ,i choose to have it of ,forty-two or ,forty-three at the most4 ,fig4 #e4 ,is the ,share2 a is the ,end of the ,point2 b is the ,tail of the ,share1 long from a to b ,three ,feet ,nine ,inches2 c the ,fin2 d the ,socket1 into which the ,bottom of the ,sheat enters2 e a thin ,plate of ,iron riveted to the ,tail of the ,share3 ,by this ,plate1 the ,tail of the ,share is held to the hinder ,sheat1 as at d in ,fig4 #a4 by a small ,iron ,pin with a ,screw at its ,end1 and a ,nut screw'd on it on the inner or right ,side of that ,sheat4 ,from a to f is the ,point1 long about ,three ,inches and an half1 flat underneath1 and round at ,top3 ,it should be of hard ,steel underneath4 ,from f to c is the ,edge of the ,fin1 which should be well steeled2 the ,length of it is uncertain1 but it should never make a less ,angle at f than it appears to make in this ,fig4 ,the ,socket is a ,mortise of about a ,foot long1 at the upper ,part1 ,two ,inches deep3 ,the ,fore-end of this ,mortise must not be perpendicular1 but oblique1 conformable to the ,fore-part of the ,sheat which enters it2 the upper ,edge of which ,fore-part must always bear against the ,sheat at e in ,fig4 #d4 but if this ,end of the ,socket should not be quite so oblique as the ,sheat1 it may be help'd1 by taking off a little of the ,wood at the ,point c4 ,fig4 #f4 ,shews the ,share1 with its right ,side upwards1 in the same ,posture as when it plows2 whose ,side a b should be perfectly strait1 but its under ,side at c1 which is its ,neck1 should be a little hollow from the ,ground1 but never more than half an ,inch in any ,plough1 and a ,quarter of an ,inch in a ,four-coulter ,plough2 so that the ,share1 when it is first made1 standing upon its ,bottom1 bears upon the level ,surface only in ,three ,places2 viz4 at the very ,point a1 at the ,tail b1 and at the ,corner of the ,fin d4 ,fig4 #g4 ,is the ,share1 turn'd ,bottom upwards2 and shews the ,concavity of the ,fin at a2 which must be greatest in a stony rubbly ,soil4 ,fig4 #h4 ,shews the ,share1 the right ,side upwards1 but leaning towards the ,left4 ,in placing of the ,share rightly upon the ,sheat1 consists the well going of a ,plough1 and is the most difficult ,part of a ,plough-wright's ,trade1 and is very difficult to be shewn4 ,supposing the ,axis of the strait ,beam1 and the left ,side of the ,share1 to be both horizontal1 they must never be parallel to each other2 for if they were1 the ,tail of the ,share1 bearing against the ,side of the ,trench1 as much as the ,point1 would cause the ,point to incline to the right ,hand1 and go out of the ,ground into the ,furrow4 ,if the ,point of the ,share should be set1 so that its ,side should make an ,angle on the right ,side of the ,axis of the ,beam1 this ,inconvenience would be much greater2 and if its ,point should incline much to the ,left1 and make too large an ,angle on that ,side with the ,axis of the ,beam1 the ,plough would run quite to the left ,hand2 and if the ,holder1 to prevent its running out of the ,ground1 turns the upper ,part of his ,plough towards the left ,hand1 the ,fin of the ,share will rise up1 and cut the ,furrow diagonally#bei1 leaving it half unplow'd2 beside1 the ,plough will rise up at the ,tail1 and go all upon the ,point of the ,share3 ,to avoid these ,inconveniences1 the strait ,side of the ,share must make an ,angle on the left ,side of the ,beam1 but so very acute1 that the ,tail of the ,share may only press less against the ,side of the ,trench than the ,point does4 ,this ,angle is shewn by the prick'd ,lines at the ,bottom of ,fig4 #a4 where the prick'd ,line e f is supposed to be the ,axis of the ,beam let down to the ,surface1 and the prick'd ,line g f parallel to the left ,side of the ,share2 but this ,angle will vary as those ,two prick'd ,lines are produc'd forwards to the ,fore-end of a long and a short ,beam1 keeping the same ,subtense3 ,for ,plough-wrights always take this ,subtense at the ,fore-end of a ,beam1 whether it be a long ,beam or short one2 and it is the ,subtense e g1 that determines the ,inclination the ,point of the ,share must have toward the left ,hand4 ,plough-wrights differ much in this ,matter2 but1 by what ,i can learn by those that make the ,ploughs ,i see perform the best1 this ,subtense at the ,fore-end of an ,eight-feet ,beam should never be more than one ,inch and an half2 and by full ,experience ,i find1 that whether the ,beam be long or short1 the ,subtense must be the same2 for when my ,plough-wrights take this ,subtense at ,eight ,feet from the ,tail1 when they make my ,four-coulter ,plough1 whose ,beam is ,ten ,feet ,four ,inches long1 the ,point of the ,share will incline too much to the ,left1 and it will not go well until this ,fault be mended1 by taking the same ,subtense quite at the ,end of the ,beam2 which makes the mentioned ,angle more acute4 #bei ,this is the greatest ,misfortune incident to a common ,two-wheeled ,plough1 and happens generally by the ,fault of the ,maker1 though sometimes by the ,plowman's setting it so1 that the ,point of the ,share turns too much to the ,left4 ,i have seen ,land plowed in this manner1 where not half of it has been moved1 nor better tilled than by ,raftering1 not only cut diagonally1 but also half the ,surface hath remained whole1 where when the ,earth that was thrown on it was removed1 the ,weeds appeared unhurt on the unplowed ,surface4 ,in this ,case1 they for a ,remedy let the ,plough to go deeper2 and then1 if it go deep enough for the ,fin to cut off the ,furrow at a just ,depth1 the ,point will go below the ,staple1 which may ruin the ,soil1 unless it be very deep4 ,when our ,english ,ploughs go in this manner1 they make much worse ,work than the ,eastern ,ploughs1 that have no ,coulter2 for these1 contrary to ours1 though they always cut their ,furrow diagonally1 cut it thin on that ,side from which it is turned1 as our bad ,ploughs leave it thin on that ,side towards which it is turned4 ,the ,earth the ,easterns leave by their ,diagonal in one ,furrow1 is taken off by the next2 but ours leaving ,part of their ,furrow behind them1 on the ,side next to the plowed ,part of the ,field1 come at it no more2 but the other can plow cleaner1 their ,diagonal being contrary to ours1 which leaves the ,trench deepest on the ,side next to the unplowed ,part of the ,field2 but unless the ,fin of the ,four-coultered ,plough go parallel to the ,surface of the ,earth1 it will not plough at all2 or will leave ,two or ,three of its ,four ,furrows untouched4 ,fig4 #c4 ,shews the right-hand ,side1 and upper ,side of the ,four-coulter ,plough1 of which ,v the ,iron ,ground-wrist is shewn in ,fig4 #i4 long ,two ,feet ,five ,inches1 deep at the ,end b ,four ,inches1 and ,three-eighths of an ,inch thick1 except at the ,end a1 where it is thin enough to bend1 so as to fit close to the ,share1 as at e1 in ,fig4 #f4 ,the ,ground-wrist has ,four small ,holes near its ,end a1 into one of which goes a ,nail1 to fasten it to the ,shear1 thro' the long ,hole in the ,side of the ,socket of the ,share1 as at a1 in ,fig4 #aj4 and then it will stand in the ,posture shewn by e f1 in ,fig4 #f4 ,from the ,outside of the ,ground-wrist at f1 to the ,outside of the ,share at b1 is ,eleven ,inches and an half1 which is the ,width of the lower ,part of the ,plough-tail at the ,ground2 the ,ground-wrist has several ,holes at the upper ,side of its broadest ,end1 as at b1 in ,fig4 #i4 by which it is nailed to the lower ,part of the ,drock ,t1 as in ,fig4 #c4 which ,drock with its ,perforations is shewn in ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,is the ,earth-board1 with its ,inside upwards2 the ,notch a b shews the ,rising of the ,wood1 which takes hold of the ,edge of the ,sheat1 to hold it the firmer1 to which it is fastened by the ,holes c and d2 and at the other ,end it is fastened to the ,drock1 at the ,hole e4 ,all which is seen as it stands mark'd with ,w1 in ,fig4 #c4 ,but this ,pin1 with which it is fastened to the ,drock1 is bigger in the ,middle than at each ,end2 which prevents the ,earth-board from coming near the ,drock3 ,by this ,pin1 the ,earth-board is set at a greater or less ,distance from the ,drock1 as there is ,occasion to throw off the ,furrow farther from the ,plough at some times than at others3 ,it always stands considerably farther out on the right ,hand than the ,ground-wrist does1 which is one ,reason that the ,drock is made crooked1 bending outwards in that ,part4 ,the long ,handle ,x is ,fig4 #ac4 long ,five ,feet ,four ,inches1 broad in the widest ,part ,four ,inches1 pinned to the ,sheat thro' the ,holes a b1 and pinned to the ,drock through the ,hole c4 ,the short ,handle ,s is ,fig4 #ad4 and is long ,three ,feet ,nine ,inches1 pinned to the hinder ,sheat 7being ,fig4 #ae47 by the ,hole a1 and to the ,top of the ,fore-sheat above the ,beam by the ,hole b4 ,the ,handles are made so long1 for the more easy guiding of the ,plough2 but the lazy ,ploughman is apt to cut them off shorter1 close up to the ,plough1 to the end that1 bearing his whole ,weight thereon1 he may in a manner ride instead of walking2 but if he should thus ride on long ,handles1 he would tilt up the ,fore-end of the ,beam1 and raise the ,share out of the ,ground4 ,the chief1 and most indispensably necessary thing to be observed1 is1 to place the ,four ,coulters in such a manner1 that the ,four imaginary ,planes described by the ,edges of the ,four ,coulters1 as the ,plough moves forwards1 be all of them parallel to each other1 or very nearly so2 for if any one of them should be much inclined to1 or recede from1 either of the other three1 they could not enter the ,ground together4 ,in order to place them thus1 the ,coulter-holes must be made through the ,beam1 in the manner as they are shewn in ,fig4 #c4 viz4 the ,second ,coulter-hole is ,two ,inches and an half more on the ,right than the ,first1 the ,third1 ,two and an half more on the right ,hand than the ,second1 and the ,fourth1 ,two ,inches and an half more on the right ,hand than the ,third1 conformable to the ,four ,incisions or ,cuts they are to make in a ,ten-inch ,furrow3 ,and because no single ,beam is broad enough to hold the ,four ,coulter-holes at this ,distance1 we are forced to add the ,piece shewn in ,fig4 #af4 ,the ,second ,hole is made ,part in the ,beam1 and ,part in this ,piece2 the ,third and ,fourth are made wholly in this ,piece1 in which a1 b1 c1 are the ,ends of the ,three ,screws1 which fasten the ,piece to the right ,side of the ,beam by their ,nuts4 ,the ,distance of ,two ,inches and an half1 by which each of the ,three added ,coulters stand more to the right ,hand than that immediately behind it1 must be reckoned from the ,middle of one ,hole to the ,middle of the other4 ,the ,fore-part of every ,hole must incline a little towards the ,left2 so that the ,backs of the ,coulters may not bear against the left ,side of the ,incisions made by the ,edges4 ,each ,hole1 being a ,mortise1 is one ,inch and a quarter wide1 with its ,two opposite ,sides parallel from ,top to ,bottom2 each of these ,mortises1 or ,holes1 are long at ,top ,three ,inches and an half1 and at ,bottom ,three ,inches2 the ,back-part1 or ,hinder-end1 of each ,coulter-hole is not perpendicular1 but oblique1 and determines the ,obliquity of the ,standing of the ,coulter1 which is wedged tight up to it by the ,poll-wedge i1 ,fig4 #a4 as all ,coulters are4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,is a ,coulter2 a b is its ,length1 being ,two ,feet ,eight ,inches1 before it is worn2 e d is its ,edge1 ,sixteen ,inches long2 d c is the ,length of its ,handle1 ,sixteen ,inches2 this is made thus long1 at first1 to stand above the ,plough1 that it may be driven down lower1 according as the ,point wears shorter2 this ,handle is ,one ,inch and ,seven ,eighths broad1 and ,seven ,eighths of an ,inch thick1 equally thro' its whole ,length3 ,its ,breadth and ,thickness might be described by a rectangled ,parallelogram4 ,in all ,ploughs this first ,coulter is1 or ought to be1 placed in the ,beam in manner following2 viz4 its ,back to bear against the ,back of the ,coulter-hole1 its right ,side above to bear against the upper ,edge of the ,coulter-hole1 and its left ,side to bear against the lower ,edge of the ,coulter-hole2 so that always ,three ,wedges at least will be necessary to hold the ,coulter2 the ,poll-wedge before it1 as at i1 in ,fig4 #a4 another ,wedge on the left ,side of it above1 and a ,third on the right ,side underneath3 ,the ,coulter-hole must be so made1 that the ,coulter standing thus across the ,hole1 its ,point may incline so much towards the ,left1 as to be about ,two ,inches and an half farther to the ,left#bfj than the ,point of the ,share1 if it were driven down as low as it2 but it never ought to be so low in any ,plough3 ,as to its bearing forwards1 the ,point of the ,coulter should never be before the ,middle of the ,point of the ,share3 ,what ,angle the ,coulter would make with the ,bottom of the ,share1 may be seen by the ,posture it stands in1 in ,fig4 #a4 ,if it should be set much more obliquely1 it would have a greater ,force to raise up the ,poll-wedge1 and get loose4 #bfj ,i find that sometimes it is necessary in some of these ,ploughs for the ,point of this ,coulter to stand yet farther on the ,left of the ,share's ,point4 ,the ,three added ,coulters should stand in the same ,posture with this already described1 in regard to the ,inclination of their ,points towards the ,left3 ,and this is a very great ,advantage to them2 for by this means1 when the ,fin is rais'd up1 by turning the ,handles towards the ,left1 their ,points do not rise out of the ,ground on the right ,hand1 as they would do without this described ,inclination towards the ,left2 but in regard to their ,pointing forwards1 ,i find it best1 that every one of the ,three should be a little more perpendicular than that next behind it4 ,so the ,coulter #d stands the nearest to ,perpendicular of any of them4 ,by this means there being more ,room betwixt them above than below1 they are the more easily freed from the ,turf1 whenever the ,pieces1 being covered with a great ,quantity of ,couch-grass1 or the like1 rise up betwixt them3 which tho' this seldom happens1 makes a ,necessity for a ,man1 or a ,boy1 to go on the ,side with a forked ,stick1 to push out the ,turf and ,grass1 which might otherwise fill the ,spaces betwixt the ,coulters1 and raise up the ,plough out of its ,work4 ',tis to be observed1 that none of these ,coulters ought to descend so low as the ,bottom of the ,share1 except when you plow very shallow3 ',tis always sufficient that they cut through the ,turf1 let the ,plough go never so deep in the ,ground4 ,it is necessary also1 that when you plow very shallow1 the ,fin of the ,share be broad enough to cut off the ,fourth ,piece or ,furrow2 else that1 lying fast1 will be apt to raise up the ,ground-wrist1 and throw out the ,plough3 ,but when you plow deep1 the ,ground-wrist will break off this ,fourth ,furrow1 altho' the ,fin be not broad enough to reach it4 ,sometimes the ,first or left ,furrow is apt to come through betwixt the ,first ,coulter and the ,sheat1 and so falls on the left-hand ,side of the ,plough3 ,this is no ,injury2 but yet it is prevented1 by letting the ,second ,coulter stand a little higher than the ,third2 and then the ,second ,furrow1 holding the ,first at its ,bottom1 will carry it over1 together with itself1 on the right ,side by the ,earth-board2 but yet never set this1 or any of the ,three added ,coulters1 so high that they may not cut through the ,turf4 ,but as for the first ,coulter1 tho' it should cut but an ,inch or ,two within the ,ground1 the ,share will break off the first ,furrow in raising it up4 ,remember1 as often as the ,point of any ,coulter is worn too short1 that you drive down the ,coulter with a large ,hammer1 carried for that ,purpose2 and when it is driven low enough1 fasten the ,wedges again1 so as to keep the ,coulters in their right ,postures1 that their ,incisions may be all of them equidistant4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,is a ,nut1 with ,two of its opposite ,corners turn'd up1 by which it is driven round by a ,hammer1 and has so great a ,force1 that ,three of them1 with their ,screws properly placed1 hold the ,piece1 ,fig4 #af4 as fast to the ,plough-beam1 as if they both were made of one ,piece of ,wood2 but as often as the ,wood shrinks in dry ,weather1 the ,nuts must be screw'd farther on1 both here and in all other ,places where they are used3 particularly1 those which hold up the ,retch2 for if the ,sheat should once get loose1 there is no ,cure but by a new one4 ,betwixt this ,nut and the ,wood1 there should be a thin ,iron ,bolster1 about the ,thickness of a ,shilling1 broader than the ,nut1 to prevent the ,nut from eating into the ,wood1 especially when it is to be often screw'd1 as on the ,retch of these ,ploughs1 and most of all on the ,hoe-plough2 but sometimes we use a ,piece of ,shoe-leather instead of an ,iron ,bolster4 ,note1 ,there must be ,iron ,plates upon all the ,coulter-holes both above and below1 ,three of which are seen on the ,piece in ,fig4 #af4 ,there is no need to say how they must be nailed on with many ,nails made for the ,purpose4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,is the ,iron ,collar1 fastened to the ,beam by ,two short ,crooks ,a1 ,b1 which take hold of ,two short ,pins driven into the ,plough just behind the ,second ,coulter-hole1 one on one ,side1 and the other on the other ,side of the ,beam4 ,the ,crook ,a is seen on the left ,side of the ,beam near c1 in ,fig4 #b4 the ,crook ,b doing the same on the other ,side of the ,beam1 which is seen near a1 in ,fig4 #c4 ,c is the ,crook 7for its ,shape called a ,c7 which holds the ,tow-chain to the ,collar by the ,link ,d1 being ,part of the said ,chain taking hold of its ,fore-claw2 the other ,claw taking hold of one of the ,five ,notches of the ,collar3 ,this ,collar is partly seen at d1 in ,fig4 #b4 ,both the ,claws of the ,crook 7or ,c7 turn upwards1 so that they cannot take hold of any thing that may rise under the ,plough3 ,the ,use of the ,notches is to help the ,direction of the ,point of the ,share1 which has been described by the prick'd ,lines under ,fig4 #a4 ,as the ,point of the ,share wears1 it inclines a little more towards the ,right1 and is remedied by moving the ,crook into a ,notch nearer to the ,left1 which will direct the ,point a little more towards the ,left3 ,this is more easy to be done here than in the common ,plough1 whose ,collar moves round the ,beam3 ,we can1 by changing the ,crook from one ,notch to another1 incline the ,point of the ,share towards the ,right or ,left at ,pleasure4 ,the ,length of each ,side of this ,collar is a ,foot long4 ,the ,tow-chain is best seen in ,fig4 #c4 where the ,link ,y is that which passes thro' the ,box1 and is pinned in by the ,stake1 as has been shewn in ,fig4 #a4 which ,stake is commonly nailed to the ,box1 to prevent its rising up4 ,when we would draw up the ,plough a little nearer to the ,crow-staves1 we take hold of the ,crook by a ,second or ,third ,link4 ,note1 ,that the shortening of the ,chain does also a little incline the ,point of the ,share towards the ,left4 ,fig4 #bj4 is the ,iron-wilds4 ,the ,leg ,a is of one ,piece with that which has the ,notch1 and that passes thro' the ,leg ,b by the ,loop at a2 both which ,legs pass thro' the ,box1 and are pinned in behind it1 by the crooked ,pins ,c1 ,d4 ,this ,figure is seen with its ,crooks on it1 both in ,fig4 #a4 and ,fig4 #b4 ,note1 ,that the ,holes in the ,box1 thro' which these ,legs pass1 must not be made at right ,angles with the ,box1 but must incline upwards1 so that the ,fore-part of the ,wilds may be higher than the ,hinder-part1 or else the ,upper-part of the ,crow-staves would lean quite back when the ,plough is drawn4 ,if the ,beasts that draw immediately next to the ,plough be very high1 their ,traces must be the longer2 else they and the ,wilds making too small an ,angle with the ,tow-chain at the ,box1 when they draw hard1 the ,wheels will rise from the ,ground1 and be apt to overturn3 ,this ,angle ,i suppose should not be less than of #afj ,degrees1 and the ,angle made by the ,tow-chain or ,traces that are drawn by the ,cattle that go before them1 will make an ,angle with the ,tow-chain at the ,box yet much more obtuse4 ,the ,use of these ,notches in the ,wilds is1 to give the ,plough a broader or narrower ,furrow3 ,if the ,links are moved to the ,notches on the right ,hand1 it brings the ,wheels towards the left ,hand1 which gives a greater ,furrow2 and when the ,links are moved towards the left ,hand1 it gives a less ,furrow1 by bringing the ,wheels towards the right ,hand4 ,the ,distance betwixt the ,two ,legs of the ,wilds is ,eight ,inches and an half2 the ,length of the ,legs is ,nineteen ,inches4 ,they must be of convenient ,strength4 ,the ,links being placed in ,notches distant from one another1 prevents one ,wheel from advanceing before the other2 which would happen1 if the ,links were both in ,one ,notch1 or in ,two adjoining ,notches1 except they were middle ,notches3 ,these ,links are each ,six ,inches and an half long4 ,e is the ,ring1 by which the ,two ,links1 and the ,two ,crooks ,f and ,g1 are held together1 and on which they all move4 ,the ,height of the ,wheels in ,fig4 #b4 ,the left-hand ,wheel is ,twenty ,inches ,diameter2 the ,diameter of the right ,wheel is ,two ,feet ,three ,inches2 the ,distance the ,wheels are set from each other at the ,ground1 is ,two ,feet ,five ,inches and an half2 the ,crow-staves are ,one ,foot ,eleven ,inches high1 from the ,box to the ,gallows2 they both stand perpendicular to the ,box1 and the ,distance between the ,crow-staves is ,ten ,inches and an half4 ,the ,pillow is pinned up at its ,ends by ,two small ,iron ,pins1 which are chained to it1 that if they drop1 they may not be lost4 ,these appear in ,fig4 #a4 and ,fig4 #b4 ,the ,height from the level ,surface1 up to the ,hole in the ,box1 where the ,tow-chain passes through it1 is ,thirteen ,inches 7being ,two ,inches below the ,holes of the ,wilds1 on the ,hinder-side of the ,box72 the ,height at the other ,end1 where the ,crook of the ,collar takes hold of the ,pin in the ,beam at c1 in ,fig4 #b4 is ,twenty ,inches high above the same level ,surface1 and shews how much the ,chain descends forward1 for drawing down the ,plough1 and by which ,descent may be known what ,angle the ,chain would make with the ,surface1 if it were produced forwards in a strait ,line2 which is a thing material for the good going of a ,plough2 and so is the ,angle the ,tow-chain makes with the ,beam3 ,about the ,middle of this ,tow-chain1 there should be a ,swivel1 whereby one ,end of the ,chain may turn without the other4 ,when this ,four coulter ,plough is made1 ,i would advise1 that it be tried with only the first ,coulter1 before the other ,three are put in2 for if the ,plough does not go well with ,one ,coulter1 it is not likely it should go well with ,four2 and ,i never yet have seen or heard of any that went well with ,one ,coulter1 that did not also go well with ,four1 being placed as is here directed4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,p4 #cjg ,b ,cole ,delin et ,sculp ,the ,proofs of a ,plough's performing well are these2 viz4 ,if it makes a ,furrow of an equal ,depth on the right ,hand and on the left1 and turns it off fairly3 ,if1 in its going1 the ,tail of the ,share1 and the ,bottom of the ,drock1 bear against the ,bottom of the ,furrow2 and if it goes easy in the ,hands of the ,holder1 without pressing one ,arm more than the other2 then the ,plough is certainly a good one4 ,the ,ploughman who is accustom'd to a ,two-wheel'd ,plough1 never suffers the ,wheels to overturn1 in turning out at the ,land's ,end1 from one ,furrow to another2 for which ,purpose1 after he has lifted the ,plough a little round1 he has a ,knack of holding up the ,crow-staves with the ,end of the ,beam1 by pressing his ,hand hard against the ,handle1 whilst the ,plough lies down on one ,side1 until the ,horses1 the ,wheels1 and the ,plough1 come near to a ,line in the ,beginning of the ,furrow2 and then he lifts up his ,plough1 and goes on4 ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,of the ,drill-,boxes4 ,the ,drill is the ,engine that plants our ,corn and other ,seeds in ,rows3 ,it makes the ,chanels1 sows the ,seed into them1 and covers them at the same time1 with great ,exactness and ,expedition4 ,the principal ,parts of the ,drill are1 the ,seed-box1 the ,hopper1 and the ,plough1 with its ,harrow4 ,of these the ,seed-box is the ,chief3 ,it measures 7or rather numbers7 out the ,seed which it receives from the ,hopper3 ,it is for this ,purpose as an artificial ,hand1 which performs the ,task of delivering out the ,seed1 more equally than can be done by a natural ,hand4 ,it is described1 together with some of its ,appurtenances1 in ,plates #b and #c4 ,the ,,mortise4 ,as the ,seed-box is the principal ,part of a ,drill1 so is the ,mortise the principal ,part of the ,seed-box4 ,the following ,descriptions shew how this ,mortise differs from a common ,mortise4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate #b4 shews both the upper and lower ,edges of a ,turnep-,seed-box1 and the ,manner how they are posited one over another1 a b c d is a rectangled ,parallelogram1 and shews the upper ,edges 7or ,top7 of the ,mortise4 e f g h1 being a ,figure of the same ,denomination with the former1 is the lower ,edges 7or ,bottom7 of the ,mortise4 ,the ,line e h is the ,length of the lower ,edge of the ,hinder-end of the ,mortise4 a d is the upper ,edge of the ,hinder-end of the ,mortise1 and posited just over the lower ,edge of the same ,end4 ,the ,space between the ,line a b1 and the ,line e f1 shews half the ,excess whereby the ,bottom of the ,mortise exceeds the ,top in ,breadth2 as the ,space on the opposite ,side1 betwixt the ,line c d1 and the ,line g h1 shews the other ,half of that ,excess1 both which ,halves1 taken together1 shew the whole ,bevel 7or ,angle of ,inclination7 described in ,fig4 #b4 ,that ,part of the ,line a b1 from the ,angle at b to the ,line f g1 which intersects it1 shews the ,excess whereby the ,top of the ,mortise exceeds the ,bottom in ,length4 ,fig4 #b4 ,is the ,mortise cut down by its ,four ,corners1 and laid open4 a b c d is a ,trapezium1 with ,two parallel ,sides1 and mark'd ,a1 the right ,side of the ,mortise2 its opposite ,side e f g h1 mark'd ,b1 the left ,side of the ,mortise2 the ,areas of both being true ,planes#bfa4 #bfa ,take care that these opposite ,sides be sure to be true ,planes1 especially all that ,part of their ,areas1 that is before the transverse ,axes of their ,ellipses herein after described2 for should they be otherwise1 the ,bevel of the ,mortise would be spoiled1 and so would the ,ellipses1 and the acute ,triangles1 on the ,sides of the ,tongue2 which how necessary they are to be true1 is shewn in the proper ,place4 ,workmen are very apt to fail in this when they file by ,hand1 and make these ,sides of the ,mortise convex instead of plane4 ,therefore this might be done with less ,difficulty1 and more ,exactness1 with a ,file placed in a ,frame1 whereby it might move upon a true ,level without rising or sinking of either ,end4 d i k h ,shew the ,fore-end of the ,mortise1 mark'd ,c4 a l m e shew the ,hinder-end of the ,mortise1 mark'd ,d4 a d h e shew the ,bottom of the ,mortise already described in ,fig4 #a4 ,if these opposite ,sides and ,ends were all raised up1 until the ,angle at b join the ,angle at l1 and that at m join f1 and that at g join k1 and that i join c1 the ,top of the ,mortise would be formed1 and the same with the ,parallelogram a b c d1 in ,fig4 #a4 and then the intire ,mortise of the ,turnep ,seed-box would appear in its true ,form1 standing upon its ,bottom4 ,this differs from a common ,mortise1 in that it is impossible to fit it with a ,tenon2 because it is narrower above1 and shorter below1 as in ,fig4 #a4 ,the ,areas1 or imaginary ,planes1 of the ,top and ,bottom of the ,mortise1 are parallel to each other1 but not equal4 ,its ,two opposite ,sides are equal1 but not parallel1 by reason of their ,inclination to each other upwards1 which is the ,bevel hereafter to be described4 ,the ,two ,ends are neither parallel nor equal1 because the ,hinder-end ,d is perpendicular to the ,top and ,bottom1 and the ,fore-end oblique1 and therefore longer4 ,when ,two opposite ,sides1 or ,surfaces1 are inclined to each other upwards1 ,i call that ,inclination a ,bevel2 but when they are inclined downwards1 ,i call it a ,bevel revers'd4 ,the ,line a e1 being the ,bottom1 or ,base1 of the ,hinder-end ,d1 by being longer than the ,line l m1 shews that the ,mortise is bevel4 ,the ,two prick'd ,lines m n and l o1 with the ,line l m1 and ,part of the ,line a e1 make a rectangled ,parallelogram1 which shews the exact ,depth of the ,mortise1 and forms on each ,side of it a rectangled ,triangle1 the one m e n1 and the other l o a2 which ,triangles being similar and equal1 and their acute ,angles at l and m being each of ,four ,degrees1 make the whole ,bevel1 or ,inclination of the ,sides of the ,mortise1 to be of ,eight ,degrees1 their ,hypothenuses being the same with the ,sides of the ,mortise4 ,this ,end ,d1 being raised up to its ,place1 will be at right ,angles with the ,plane of the ,top and of the ,bottom of the ,mortise2 which1 being both rectangled ,parallelograms1 prove that ,bevel1 or ,angle of ,inclination1 to be the same from one ,end to the other of the ,sides1 which ,sides are the ,hypothenuses of those ,two ,triangles3 ,but this could not be proved by the ,triangles in the opposite ,end ,c2 because the ,bases being the same with the other1 and having their ,legs longer1 the vertical ,angles at k and i are more acute4 ,the ,legs are longer2 because the ,end ,c1 when in its ,place1 is not at right ,angles with the ,top and ,bottom of the ,mortise1 as the ,end ,d is4 ,the next thing to be described in the ,mortise1 is the ,bore1 great ,hole1 or ,perforation2 which is best shewn in the ,side of a ,mortise of a ,wheat-drill1 being larger1 as in ,fig4 #c4 wherein c e b d is the great ,hole1 and is a ,section of an hollow ,cylinder1 that passes through the ,mortise1 with its ,axis parallel to the ,edges of the ,ends of the ,mortise3 ,this ,cylinder1 being cut by the ,side of the ,mortise obliquely1 and not parallel to its ,base1 is an ,ellipse4 ,the prick'd curve ,line is a ,circle parallel to the ,base of the ,cylinder1 and the curve ,line b d c e is the ,ellipsis2 and this ,curve is more or less elliptical 7or oval7 in proportion to the ,angle of ,inclination1 or ,bevel1 of the ,sides of the ,mortise4 ,of this ,ellipse the longest ,diameter 7or ,axis transversus7 b c is at right ,angles with the upper and lower ,edges of the ,sides of the ,mortise4 ,its shortest ,diameter 7or ,axis rectus7 d e1 is the ,diameter of the ,cylinder1 bisecting the ,axis transversus at right ,angles in the ,centre a2 and is in this ,figure one ,inch and an half4 ,this ,ellipse being concentric with the ,circle1 the ,letter a is the ,centre of both4 ,the ,semi-ellipsis c e b is the ,part of chief ,use2 and therefore the ,edge must of ,necessity be smooth1 and without ,flaws1 as must the ,surfaces of the ,sides of the ,mortise betwixt the ,ellipse and the ,fore-end4 ,the ,tongue of the ,seed-box 7,plate #c4 ,fig4 #a47 differs from that in the ,sound-board of an ,organ 7from which ,i took the ,idea of it7 in ,shape1 in ,situation1 and in the ,manner of its being fix'd to the ,mortise4 ,the ,tongue1 in the ,organ1 is on its ,surface a long ,square1 or rectangled ,parallelogram1 a little broader and longer than the ,mortise 7or ,grove7 it shuts against2 but this ,tongue on its upper ,surface1 which is here turned downwards1 being a ,plane1 is a ,trapezium1 of the same ,shape with the ,fore-end of the ,mortise just now described1 except that the ,tongue has a less ,bevel4 ,the ,situation of that in the ,organ is on the ,outside of the ,mortise1 which it shuts by its ,spring behind it1 and opens immediately by the ,finger of the ,organist pressing down the ,key to let in the compressed ,air to its ,pipes2 but this ,tongue is situate within the ,mortise of the ,seed-box1 and placed almost1 in a manner1 diagonally2 for1 had it been placed like the other1 the ,seed getting betwixt it and the ,edges of the ,mortise1 would not have given ,way to its ,shutting 7as the ,air does to the other71 but have kept it always open2 which would have render'd it useless for sowing of ,seeds4 ,the ,manner of fastening the ,organ-tongue to its ,mortise is by ,parchment and ,leather glu'd to its ,surface1 and also to the ,sound-board1 at its ,end which is opposite to that pressed open by the ,key1 and shut by the ,spring2 but this our ,tongue is held within the ,mortise1 and moves on an ,axis1 which passes thro' its upper and narrower ,end1 which ,axis is the ,pin ,a 7which must be exactly parallel to the ,edge of the ,end of the ,mortise71 and also thro' the ,hole f in ,fig4 #c4 in ,plate #b4 which is seen in its ,place at ,a in ,fig4 #c4 ,plate #c4 and likewise through both ,sides of the ,mortise near their upper ,edges1 and as near the ,fore-end of the ,mortise as may be1 without the ,tongue's rubbing against the said ,fore-end4 ,the ,breadth of the ,tongue must be conformed to the ,breadth and ,bevel of the ,mortise1 and when it is on its ,axis1 it being raised tight up as far as the short prick'd ,line l m in ,fig4 #c4 ,plate #b4 being ,one-eighth ,part of the great ,hole1 and being there1 you see its upper ,edges touch both ,sides of the ,mortise by their whole ,length3 ,then it is rightly made3 and by this touching both ,sides of the ,mortise tightly and closely1 when raised up to that ,degree1 it appears1 that the ,two upper ,edges of the ,sides of the ,tongue are inclined to each other in an ,angle that is more acute1 by about ,one-third1 than is the ,angle of ,inclination of the ,sides of the ,mortise4 ,hence1 when the ,tongue is let down to its ,place1 there will be on each ,side of it an empty ,space1 betwixt it and the ,mortise1 of the ,form of a very acute ,triangle1 whose vertical ,angle is more or less acute1 according as the ,tongue approaches nearer to1 or recedes farther from the ,spindle4 ,this ,fig4 #a4 ,plate #c4 is the brass ,tongue with its ,back-side upwards4 ,the ,two outer ,lines a b and c d are the ,edges of the upper ,surface 7tho' turned downwards in this ,figure71 which are inclined to each other1 as afore-mentioned2 but the ,two inner ,lines e f and g h are nearer to each other1 whereby this under ,surface is narrower than the upper3 ,both must be plain ,surfaces1 but the upper and its ,two ,edges very free from ,flaws1 and smooth1 or polished4 ,the ,reason why the under ,surface is narrower than the upper1 is to preserve the ,bevel of the empty ,triangle3 ,for though the ,bevel of the ,sides of the ,mortise would be sufficient for this1 if both ,sides of the ,tongue were sure to keep equally distant from the ,spindle2 yet as the ,tongue never is so tight on its ,axis1 but that sometimes one ,corner of it may be nearer to the ,spindle than the other1 in this ,case1 that ,side which is nearest to the ,spindle would reverse that ,bevel1 so as to make the small empty ,space that is betwixt the ,mortise and the ,tongue1 wider above than underneath4 ,c ,c are the ,two little ,knobs that prevent the ,spring from slipping to either ,side1 and are at the ,distance from one another of the ,breadth of the ,spring4 ,fig4 #b4 shews one ,side1 and the ,thickness of the ,tongue the other ,side1 being the same4 a b shews the polished ,surface 7being a true ,plane71 whereon the ,seed runs down to the ,spindle4 c d the ,back-side1 which lies turned uppermost in ,fig4 #a4 b e d shews one ,end of the hollow ,cylinder of the ,tongue1 thro' which its ,axis passes4 ,the ,length of the ,tongue must be such1 as will reach lower than just to touch the ,bottom of the great ,hole as a ,tangent3 for1 if it be not longer than that1 it might happen1 that when the ,mortise is empty of ,seed1 and the ,tongue set up close1 a ,wheel might1 in ,turning1 or otherwise1 go a little backwards1 and cause a ,notch of the ,spindle to take hold of the ,end of the ,tongue1 and tear it out of the ,mortise3 ,therefore let the ,tongue reach a little below the ,spindle1 as the pricked ,line g h1 in ,fig4 #c4 of ,plate #b4 doth4 ,as for the ,posture in which the ,tongue ought to stand in the ,mortise1 it is shewn by the ,three pricked ,lines in ,fig4 #c4 ,plate #b4 where the pricked ,line g h makes an ,angle of ,forty-five ,degrees1 being the nearest that it can stand to the ,spindle2 the pricked ,line i h makes a somewhat greater ,angle1 and it is a mean 7or middle7 ,distance from the ,spindle2 and the pricked ,line k h is supposed to be its greatest ,distance1 where the ,tongue makes its greatest ,angle with the ,top and ,bottom of the ,mortise4 ,if the ,tongue stood so obliquely as to make an ,angle much less than ,forty-,five1 the ,tongue would rise too much against the ,bevel of the ,mortise1 and the ,spring would have the greater ,difficulty in returning it to its ,place1 when driven back by the ,force of the ,notches4 ,and beside1 when the ,tongue stood wide from the ,spindle1 there might be so much ,room betwixt it and the ,sides of the ,mortise1 that some ,seeds might fall thro' there4 ,the ,steel ,spring is ,d1 properly placed upon the ,back of the ,tongue1 in ,fig4 #a4 ,plate #c4 ,at first1 ,i made the ,spring double1 i4 e4 with ,two ,legs1 in ,imitation of that in the ,organ1 and fastened into its ,tongue1 much after the same manner as the ,spring of the ,organ is into its ,tongue or ,flap1 which prevents the compressed ,air from passing out of the ,sound-board1 except whilst the ,key is thrust down by the ,finger of the ,player2 but the ,drill-spring requiring to be of a vastly greater ,strength than that1 ,i made it of ,steel1 of the ,breadth of half an ,inch1 instead of ,brass ,wire3 ,this performed very well1 and several ,drills are yet extant1 that have only this ,sort of ,springs3 ,yet ,i found there was great ,difficulty to set the ,legs at their due ,distance from each other2 for their ,seasoning would alter them from what they were1 whilst the ,steel was soft3 ,they also took up too much ,room in the upper ,part of the ,mortise4 ,then1 to remedy these ,inconveniencies1 ,i made it single1 with only one ,leg1 which by full ,experience is found to be much better than the double one2 it does not contain a ,fourth ,part of the ,metal1 and is most easily made1 requiring none of that ,trouble and ,nicety that the double ,spring doth4 ,i shall therefore give a ,description of the single ,spring only4 ,b1 the ,end of the ,screw1 which holds the ,spring to the ,tongue1 thro' a ,hole near the upper ,end of the ,spring2 ,d1 the ,middle1 against which the ,end of the ,setting-screw bears4 ,its ,length is almost the whole ,length of the ,tongue2 the ,end ,e reaching very near to the lower ,end of the ,tongue1 and the ,end ,b is as near the upper ,end of the ,tongue2 as it can be placed without touching the ,cylinder of the ,tongue4 ,the ,breadth is usually about half an ,inch2 the ,thickness must be in proportion to its other ,dimensions1 and according to the ,degree of ,stiffness required4 ,the longer it is1 the thicker it must be1 to have the same ,stiffness2 but the broader it is1 the thinner it must be of the same ,length2 so that it is hard to determine its ,thickness4 ,it is made stiffer or stronger by being cut shorter2 it is made weaker1 or less stiff1 by filing or grinding it either thinner or narrower4 ,the common ,thickness is about that of a ,shilling#bfb4 #bfb ,not quite so thick as a milled ,shilling1 but rather of an old broad stamped ,shilling1 which is a little thinner4 ,the ,degrees of ,stiffness are measured in this manner2 viz4 ,fix ,two ,boards together1 leaving a ,chink betwixt them1 in one ,place of an ,inch long2 lay the ,spring 7when seasoned across this ,chink7 with its ,middle exactly over it2 then put a ,string over the ,spring1 which may pass with both ,ends thro' the ,chink1 and tie so much ,weight to the ,ends of the ,string under the ,boards1 that will pull down the ,middle of the ,spring1 till it touch the ,chink1 and is strait with both its ,ends2 ,this will shew the ,degree of ,stiffness4 ,but note1 ,that the ,spring must be crooked1 and bear only upon its ,ends1 with the hollow ,side upwards4 ,if ten or a dozen ,pounds ,weight pull it down to the ,board1 it is a good ,degree of ,stiffness1 for a large ,box3 ,we are not confined to be very nice or exact in the ,degree of ,stiffness2 for by our ,fingers pressing it1 we that are practised in it1 know well enough1 whether a ,spring be of a sufficient ,degree of ,stiffness1 without weighing it2 but for such who are unacquainted with them1 it is best not to trust to ,guess1 but ,weights2 and to adjust the ,stiffness to that of a ,spring1 that has been known to perform well4 ,the ,spring must bear against the ,back of the ,tongue at each ,end1 and lie hollow in the ,middle3 ,but the ,degree of ,hollowness of the ,spring is very material2 for thereon depends the ,distance of the ,tongue's ,motion towards the ,spindle by ,force of the ,spring1 and back again quite to the ,setting-screw1 by the ,seed that is pressed against it by ,force of the ,notches1 when they are moved by the ,wheels2 because the more the ,spring is curved1 the farther will it thrust the ,tongue from its ,middle1 if its ,strength be superior to the ,force that resists it1 as it ought to be when a ,notch is passed and before the next3 ,this ,motion of the ,tongue is called its ,play4 ,in order to measure the ,distance 7or ,quantity7 of this ,motion1 we must consider1 that the ,tongue1 moving on its ,axis above1 describes with its lower ,end the ,arch of a ,circle1 the ,chord of which ,arch is the ,measure required4 ,to measure this by the ,angle the ,tongue makes at its ,centre1 would be no ,rule for making ,boxes2 because some ,tongues are longer1 some shorter1 in proportion to the different ,diameters of the ,spindles they move against2 and yet the ,play of the shortest must be as much as that of the longest1 that is1 it must describe as great an ,arch at the ,place of ,pressure 7described in ,fig4 #c4 ,plate #b472 and therefore the shortest ,tongue would make the greatest ,angle4 ,a short and easy ,way1 then1 for a ,mechanic to measure1 is thus3 ,screw in the ,setting-screw until the ,tongue come within a quarter of an ,inch of touching the ,spindle2 then take out the ,spindle1 and from the ,centre of the ,hole draw a ,line on the ,side of the ,mortise1 perpendicular to the ,tongue1 and at the ,tongue's ,edge make a ,mark with the ,compasses1 or a ,pen2 then force back the ,tongue against the ,setting-screw as far as it will go 7that is1 until the ,spring touch the whole ,back of the ,tongue72 produce the said ,line to the same ,edge of the ,tongue1 or set the ,end of the ,rule thereon1 and draw another ,line1 by the ,rule1 from the ,mark to the ,edge of the ,tongue1 when farthest back1 and there make the second ,mark4 ,the ,ruler used this ,way will shew both the ,perpendicular1 and the ,measure4 ,but yet a quicker ,way is1 to set the ,tongue1 by the ,setting-screw up to the ,edge of the ,hole2 and1 when it is forced back1 measure from the ,tongue to the nearest ,part of the ,hole1 which will ever be a perpendicular ,line drawn from the ,centre of the ,hole to the ,place of ,pressure above-mentioned1 and make another ,mark there3 ,now the ,distance between these ,two ,marks is the ,measure 7near enough7 of the ,tongue's ,play at the ,place of ,pressure4 ,tho' this ,line drawn on the ,side of the ,mortise be not exactly perpendicular to the ,surface of the ,tongue1 but only to its ,edge2 yet the ,difference is next to nothing1 and not to be regarded4 ,if its ,measure be a quarter of an ,inch1 it is what ,experience shews to be of a good ,size for all ,corn and ,peas2 a little less is no ,harm1 but greater is the most fatal ,error1 into which most of the ,pretenders to the making of this ,machine have fallen2 they give the ,tongue half an ,inch1 sometimes ,three quarters of an ,inch ,play4 ,the ,mischief of this ,error is yet farther increased1 if the ,spring be weak1 if the ,mortise have too great a ,bevel1 or if the ,angle made by the ,tongue at the upper ,edge of the ,mortise be too acute4 ,when the ,tongue has too great ,play1 the ,seed is apt to be turned out too fast1 or else too slow1 in spite of the ,driller4 ,for when the ,tongue is set at its due ,distance from the ,spindle1 and is thrust quite back by the ,seed pressed against it by the ,turning of the ,notches2 but the ,spring being unable to return the ,tongue to its former ,place at such a ,distance1 at the time of passing the ,intervals which are betwixt the ,notches2 then the ,space between the ,spindle and the ,tongue being too open1 the ,seed is sent down too fast4 ,to prevent that1 they set up the ,tongue to the ,spindle2 and then1 as often as the ,spring happens to overcome the ,force of the ,seed's ,pressure 7as sometimes it will71 it is sent out too slowly4 ,the ,inequality of the ,running of the ,seed makes such ,boxes useless1 which the ,expence of ,two-pence 7for another ,spring1 or new ,seasoning of that7 at most would rectify1 if the ,maker understood how to mend his own ,work4 ,if time did permit1 more should be said on this ,point1 because ,i find it is the ,pons ,asini of a ,workman4 ,sometimes it may be prevented1 when the ,spring is too hollow1 and gives too much ,play4 ,screw the ,screw1 that holds it on the ,tongue1 down closer1 so that the lower ,part of the ,screw's ,head press against the ,spring1 and thereby force its ,middle nearer to the ,tongue1 until you find its ,play lessened to its just ,distance4 ,the ,spring1 remaining in this compressed ,state1 has lost the weakest1 and retains only the strongest1 ,part of its elastic ,force4 ,therefore1 if you find it then too stiff1 make it weaker by ,filing or ,grinding1 or else put another into its ,place1 which is honestly worth no more than ,two-pence4 ,this ,holding-screw has a pretty broad ,head1 and is screwed in by a ,notch1 like the ,screw-pin of a ,gun-lock4 ,the ,hole in the ,spring must be somewhat bigger than the ,holding-screw1 because the ,spring must have room to move and play thereon4 ,if the ,middle of the ,spring were against the ,middle of that ,part of the ,tongue1 that is betwixt its ,axis and the ,place of ,pressure1 the ,distance of the ,spring's ,hollowness would be just half the ,distance of the ,spring's ,play1 to wit1 the ,one-eighth ,part of an ,inch2 but as the ,spring does not quite reach up to the ,axis1 and reaches much below the ,place of ,pressure1 the ,hollowness at the ,place where the ,setting-screw bears against the ,middle of the ,spring at ,d1 is considerably nearer to the ,place of ,pressure than to the ,axis of the ,tongue2 this ,hollowness of the ,spring at the ,setting-screw may be something more than the ,one-eighth ,part of an ,inch1 to give the ,spring a ,quarter of an ,inch ,play3 but it seldom has so much4 ,fig4 #d4 in ,plate #b4 shews the ,length and ,thickness of the ,steel ,spring of a ,turnep ,seed-box3 ,this serves both for a ,tongue and ,spring3 ,it is made first strait1 and then the narrowest ,end of it is turned round1 till it reach to a1 and forms the ,cylinder ,a1 thro' which its ,axis passes2 but is not welded or joined to the other ,part of the ,spring at a3 ,it is placed in the ,box with the ,cylinder ,part underneath4 ,the ,face of this ,spring is seen upon its ,axis1 mark'd ,k4 in ,fig4 #e4 ,its ,axis is to pass thro' the ,hole ,e1 and screw into the ,hole ,f1 in ,fig4 #b4 as is seen more plainly at a in ,fig4 #i4 ,as the ,top of every ,tongue ought to be even with the upper ,edges of the ,mortise1 the ,thickness of the ,cylinder of the ,brass ,tongue causes the ,hole in the ,sides of the ,mortise1 into which it is held by its ,axis1 to be far enough from the ,edges of the ,mortise1 to be bored and screwed without ,danger of breaking the said ,edges2 but the ,spring of the ,turnep-drill being so very thin1 there is some ,difficulty in making the ,hole so high1 and near the ,edges3 ,to prevent which ,danger1 ,fig4 #g4 shews the ,end of a small hollow ,cylinder of ,iron or ,brass1 of the ,thickness of the ,mortise2 which1 being put into the ,cylinder ,a1 in ,fig4 #d4 raises the ,spring higher above the ,hole2 so that it may be made as low in a ,turnep ,mortise1 as that is which holds the ,brass ,tongue in the ,wheat-drill4 ,but we do not always use this inner ,cylinder#bfc2 but must then take the more ,care in boring the ,hole1 or else it will burst out at the ,edges of the ,mortise4 #bfc ,for1 instead of this1 we may use a ,bit of ,woolen ,cloth of the ,breadth of the ,mortise1 glued on to the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 which1 filling the ,vacuity above the ,steel ,tongue1 prevents any ,seed from running over it1 though the ,holes are bored as low in the ,mortise as if the ,cylinder ,fig4 #g4 were to be used4 ,its ,shape must conform to that of the ,brass ,tongue already described4 ,the ,degree of its ,stiffness is known by weighing1 as has been directed for the other ,spring2 and being laid with its ,face downwards over a ,chink1 with a small ,piece of ,wood of the ,thickness of a ,barley-corn at ,each end1 and a ,string taking hold of its ,middle1 and descending thro' the ,chink1 the ,weight of ,five ,pounds1 tied to the ,end of the ,string1 will just bend the ,spring1 till it touch the ,edges of the ,chink2 and this is the ,stiffness of a ,spring that has performed well1 for many ,years1 in drilling of ,turnep-seed4 ,the ,,setting-,,screw4 ,fig4 #f4 is the ,iron ,setting-screw1 which passes thro' the ,hole in the ,fore-end of the ,mortise1 ,fig4 #b4 and passes up to the ,middle of the ,spring by the prick'd ,line p q in the same ,figure4 ,the ,use of this ,setting-screw is1 to increase or diminish the ,proportion of ,seed to be turned out by the ,notches2 and this it does by forcing up the ,spring and ,tongue 7where there is one7 nearer to1 or farther from the ,spindle1 whereby the ,seed-passage is made wider or narrower1 as is shewn by the ,three prick'd ,lines in ,fig4 #b4 and ,fig4 #c4 ,observe1 that the prick'd ,line p q1 ,fig4 #b4 7being the ,mortise of the ,turnep-box7 stands higher than the same ,line doth in ,fig4 #c4 which is the ,mortise of the ,wheat-box4 ,the ,reason of this ,difference is1 because the ,spring in the ,wheat-box bears at its lower ,end against the ,tongue below the ,seed-passage1 and at its upper ,end below the ,axis of the ,tongue1 whereby the ,middle of that ,spring is lower than the ,spring of the ,turnep-box1 which1 being both ,spring and ,tongue1 bears against its ,axis above1 and against the ,seed-passage below2 therefore its ,middle is higher4 ,this ,setting-screw should be placed perpendicular to the ,tongue when at its mean or middle ,distance from the ,spindle1 which may be supposed to be the middlemost of the ,three mention'd prick'd ,lines4 ,this ,setting-screw ought to be smooth and round at its ,end1 which bears against the ,spring2 for1 if it should have sharp ,corners or ,edges1 the ,spring might be wounded by them1 and in time might break there1 being press'd by every ,notch that turns against it2 and1 as ,i have computed it1 a ,spring undergoes ,one hundred thousand of these ,pressures in one ,day's ,work2 and yet1 in my whole ,practice1 ,i have had only one ,spring broken1 and that was in drilling a large ,sort of ,peas with a ,wheat-drill1 and was occasioned by a jagged ,end of the ,setting-screw1 which was not placed perpendicular to the ,spring1 by which means the rough ,end of the ,screw made ,scratches against it a ,quarter of an ,inch long1 and so deep1 that the ,spring broke off there3 ,let not this ,setting-screw be any longer than just to force the ,tongue up to the ,spindle2 for1 if it should be longer1 an ignorant ,driller might happen1 by the ,force of the ,screw1 to break the ,tongue1 or its ,axis2 but in the ,turnep-drill1 which has only a ,spring instead of a ,tongue1 the ,setting-screw may be a ,thread or ,two longer2 because the ,spring will yield a little to it1 after it touches the ,spindle1 and is sometimes of ,use in that respect1 when the ,notches are too large4 ,this ,screw must be of such a ,bigness1 that it may not be in ,danger of bending2 for if it should be bent1 it could not be screw'd up with any ,certainty1 because its ,end1 being crooked1 would be below its ,place at one ,half-turn1 and above it at the other ,half-turn1 and so the ,spring might be set farther from the ,spindle instead of nearer1 and nearer instead of farther1 by the ,crookedness of the ,setting-screw4 ,its ,head may be made with a ,notch in it1 to be screw'd in with a ,knife1 or else with a ,head like a ,t1 to be turn'd with the ,fingers1 which ,i think is best1 especially for a ,wheat-drill2 because as the ,brine and ,lime1 which stick on the ,wheat1 grow drier1 it will run faster2 and therefore the ,setting-screw must be frequently screw'd in to lessen the ,seed-passage4 ,the ,seed-passage1 or ,place of ,pressure1 is where the ,seed passes down betwixt the ,spindle and the ,tongue2 and is in that ,part where they are nearest together2 for there the ,seed is press'd hardest by the ,force of the ,notches1 which carry it down3 ,and this ,passage is higher or lower1 as the ,tongue stands nearer or farther from the ,spindle2 for as it stands wider1 it becomes nearer to perpendicular to the ,top of the ,mortise1 and then the ,seed-passage is higher2 and when it stands nearest to the ,spindle1 then the ,seed-passage is lowest4 ,this appears in ,fig4 #c4 by the ,three prick'd ,lines a n1 a o1 and a p4 ,the ,spindle1 with its ,notches1 is best shewn where it is large1 and made of ,wood1 as that of the ,wheat ,seed-box2 it is a solid ,cylinder that passes thro'1 and fills the great ,hole1 or hollow ,cylinder1 of the ,seed-box2 it is of various ,lengths1 according to the ,distance its ,wheels go asunder2 it is always in large ,boxes the ,axis of ,two ,wheels1 and turns round with them1 as the ,axis of the ,one ,wheel of a ,wheelbarrow does with that3 ,these ,wheels1 by their ,circumferences1 measure out the ,ground over which they carry the ,seed-box1 and1 by the ,notches in their ,axis1 deliver down the ,seed equally1 whether they move swift or slow2 because an equal ,number of ,notchfuls of ,seed will be deliver'd thro' the ,seed-passage at each ,revolution of the ,wheels4 ,the ,notches resemble those in the ,hinder-,cylinder of a ,cyder-mill1 which break the ,apples by turning against the ,notches of the ,fore-cylinder1 as our ,notches turn against the ,tongue2 and bruise the ,apples which come betwixt them1 as our ,notches might sometimes bruise soft ,seeds1 if the ,tongue stood close to the ,notches1 without any ,spring behind it to give ,way to their ,pressure1 and return the ,tongue again to its ,place1 at every ,interval betwixt ,notch and ,notch4 ,the best ,way1 that ,i can think of1 to shew the making of these ,notches1 is by a ,section of the ,spindle at right ,angles1 in the ,middle of the ,notches1 as in ,fig4 #d4 of ,plate #c4 which is a ,circle whose ,circumference is cut off by ,six ,notches2 which shew the different ,sort of ,notches1 that increase or diminish the ,proportion of ,seed to be carried thro' the ,seed-passage by them3 ,the ,length of the ,notches we never alter2 but make them always parallel to the ,axis of the ,spindle1 and of the ,length of the ,distance there is between the lower ,ends of the opposite ,axes transversi of the ,ellipses1 or great ,holes1 of the ,mortise2 for if any ,part of the ,surface of the ,spindle should be betwixt the ,end of a ,notch and the ,hole1 one or more ,seeds coming betwixt that ,surface and the ,tongue1 might hold it open1 and prevent its pressing against the ,notch1 to hold the ,seed therein from falling without the ,turning of the ,wheels4 ,this ,proportion of ,seed is alter'd by the ,number of ,notches1 and by their ,depth or ,breadth1 or by both4 b c is the ,depth of a ,notch1 which we call its ,side2 and is that which takes hold of the ,seed1 and carries it down thro' the ,seed-passage4 ,the ,manner of cutting this is seen by its being a ,portion of the ,radius ,a c4 ,the ,bottom of a ,notch is made in different ,forms#bfd3 ,as1 first1 it may be convex1 as is shewn by the curve ,line b d4 ,we may enlarge the ,capacity of this ,notch1 by taking off the ,convexity of its ,bottom1 as in the ,bottom of the ,notch shewn by the ,line e f2 and if we would increase it more1 we make it concave1 as g h4 #bfd ,the convex ,form is best for turning out a great ,proportion of ,seed2 because such a ,bottom may be broader than one of any other ,form1 in a ,notch of the same ,depth and ,capacity2 and such a ,notch1 having its ,capacity more in ,breadth than ,depth1 will be less liable to let fall any ,seed without the ,turning of the ,wheels1 than a ,notch that is deeper and narrower1 except it be very narrow1 which it cannot be for throwing out a large ,proportion of ,seed2 for a great ,number of ,notches cannot have altogether the same ,capacity as a lesser ,number of the same ,depth may4 ,the concave ,notch1 if it were as broad as the convex may be1 would make the ,interstice1 that is before it1 liable to be broken out1 and so ,two ,notches would become ,one2 but the ,convexity of the other supports the ,interstice like an ,arch1 and for that ,reason may be made to reach almost quite to the ,notch that is before it1 without that ,danger4 ,but of whatever ,sort or ,dimensions one ,notch is made1 all the rest should be the same exactly2 and consequently1 the ,interstices 7or ,intervals7 between ,notch and ,notch1 of which the ,line f c1 being an ,arch of the ,circle1 is the ,breadth1 must be equal#bfe1 and cannot be otherwise1 if the ,notches are all equal and equidistant1 as they appear in the adjoining ,fig4 #e4 which is a ,section like the former1 and shews ,six ,intervals1 with their ,six ,notches1 of the ,size wherewith we drill ,st4 ,foin with high ,wheels2 but when we would drill very thin1 it is better to have but ,four or ,five ,notches instead of ,six4 #bfe ,but these cannot be equal1 unless the ,notches are all of equal ,breadth1 and equidistant from one another2 and if they are otherwise1 the ,seed will not be equally delivered to the ,ground4 ,fig4 #f4 shews a ,notch of the ,spindle4 a b is the upper ,edge of the ,side of the ,notch1 being always an acute solid ,angle4 c d is the ,edge of its ,bottom1 being always an obtuse ,angle4 e f is the ,angle made by the ,side and ,bottom1 and is always shorter than the aforesaid ,two ,edges1 by reason of the ,obliquity of the ,two ,ends2 this ,angle is never obtuse1 except when the ,bottom of the ,notch is concave4 ,these ,three ,lines must be parallel to the ,axis of the ,spindle4 ,fig4 #g4 is one ,end of the afore-described ,notch2 the ,line a b being joined to the ,line f d of ,fig4 #f4 and the ,line a c1 being joined to the ,line b f in ,fig4 #f4 would be the ,end of that ,notch in its proper ,posture2 and then the ,line b c1 being an ,arch of the cylindrical ,spindle1 would be the ,edge of the upper ,end of the ,notch4 a b c1 being the ,area of this ,end1 is a ,plane1 and1 when in its ,place1 makes an ,angle of ,forty-five ,degrees with the ,axis of the ,spindle4 ,the other ,end is the same with this in all respects1 except that1 being opposite to it1 it is inclined to it in an ,angle of ,ninety ,degrees1 at the bottom ,angle of the ,notch1 at the ,line e f in ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #h4 is a ,notch lying with its ,ends near it1 and is of the same ,dimensions with those appearing in the ,seed-box1 ,fig4 #c4 ,the ,cover ,b appears with its upper ,surface rightly placed in the ,mortise1 in ,fig4 #c4 of ,plate #c4 where its ,breadth is shewn to be the same with that of the ,mortise2 but its ,shape1 and other ,dimensions1 are best seen in ,fig4 #c4 of ,plate #b4 where s t is its ,length1 and reaches from the ,hinder-end of the ,mortise1 to within the ,tenth of an ,inch of the upper ,end of the ,axis transversus of the ,ellipsis2 its greatest ,depth is from v to w1 and is made so deep1 that its ,bottom1 at w1 bearing against the ,end of the ,mortise1 may prevent its ,point1 which is at t1 from sinking down to touch the ,spindle1 which it neither must do1 nor be so high above it as to suffer a ,seed to pass between the ,spindle and it1 tho' the ,seed is not apt to pass that ,way1 because the ,notches throw it forwards from the ,cover4 z is the ,hole1 thro' which an ,iron ,screw-pin passes1 and screws into the opposite ,sides of the ,mortise1 to hold it firm in its ,place3 ',tis made so thin betwixt x and y both for ,lightness1 and that the ,seed may come the more freely to the ,notches1 without ,danger of ,arching at that ,end4 ,the ,use of the ,cover is to prevent any ,seed from falling down behind the ,spindle4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plate #b4 is the ,fore-end of a ,wheat ,mortise1 with its ,hole ,a1 thro' which the ,setting-screw is screw'd1 and passes up to the ,back of the ,tongue by the ,line q r in ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #i4 in ,plate #c4 is the hinder ,end of a ,wheat ,mortise1 which by its prick'd ,lines1 and the ,two right-angled ,triangles they make1 shews the ,bevel of the ,mortise1 and also its ,depth2 it also shews the ,difference of the ,bevel of the ,mortise1 and that of the ,tongue1 ,fig4 #a4 which is placed against it3 ,these ,figures having been already demonstrated in the ,description of the ,turnep ,mortise1 and in these1 ,i need say no more of it1 but that ,i think these last-mention'd ,figures sufficient ,directions for understanding and making the ,mortise of a ,wheat-drill4 ,fig4 #c4 of ,plate #c4 exhibits to ,view a ,wheat ,seed-box1 with its ,appurtenances1 standing upon its ,bottom2 ,b the ,brass ,cover2 ,c the ,tongue hanging upon its ,axis2 c the ,end of the ,iron ,screw that holds on the ,spring1 coming thro' the ,tongue1 and filed smooth with it2 a1 a1 a1 are ,three ,notches of the ,spindle1 with their bevel ,ends2 b1 b1 are ,two ,interstices betwixt the ,notches4 ,hitherto we have been speaking of the ,parts contained in the ,wheat ,seed-box2 let us now come to the ,parts containing3 ,as1 first1 d e f g is the upper ,surface of the ,brass ,seed-box1 shewing the ,top of the ,mortise1 and what it contains2 h h h1 and h h h1 shew the ,ends of the hollow ,cylinder1 and its ,bases coming out on each ,side1 farther than the ,box2 for if it did not project farther out than the ,sides of the ,box1 the ,surface of it would be so narrow1 that it would cut the wooden ,spindle by the ,friction made between it and the ,spindle2 but the ,surface1 being of this ,breadth1 never wears into the ,spindle1 but makes it smooth and shining2 i i i1 and i i i1 shew a ,portion of the wooden ,spindle 7of an ,inch and an half ,diameter7 coming out of the hollow ,cylinder1 on each ,side of the ,brass ,box4 ,the ,spindle is kept from moving end-ways1 by ,wreaths1 in the same manner as the ,axis of a ,wheelbarrow is2 which ,wreaths shall be described together with the ,hopper4 k is the ,hole by which the ,fore-end of the ,seed-box is held up to the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 by a ,screw and ,nut4 l is the ,hole where the ,hinder-end of the ,box is held up1 in the same manner as the ,fore-end is4 m n o p shew where the ,two ,halves of the ,seed-box are joined together4 ,fig4 #aj4 shews the ,outside of ,one ,half of the ,brass ,seed-box4 ,a ,a ,a shew the ,thickness of the projecting ,base of the hollow ,cylinder1 which is made the thicker1 to the end that the ,hole may be bored large1 and made an ,inch and ,three ,quarters ,diameter1 when a ,spindle that is to go therein is required to be of that ,bigness1 by reason of its extraordinary ,length1 as it is in the ,fore-hopper of the ,wheat-drill4 ,b ,c shews the ,thickness of the ,ends of the ,seed-box1 whereby it is held up to the ,bottom of the ,hopper2 if they are not quite a quarter of an ,inch thick1 they will be strong enough2 especially ,c1 which is the hindermost1 and which is never pull'd down by the ,turning of the ,spindle1 but is rather raised up by it4 ,d is the ,head of the ,counter-screw1 to be turn'd by the ,fingers1 to press against the ,side of the ,setting-screw1 to keep it from turning of itself1 when it is worn loose4 ,e is the ,hole for the ,axis of the ,tongue4 ,f is the ,hole of an ,iron ,screw-pin1 which both holds the ,cover to its ,place1 and also the ,two ,halves of the ,box together4 ,g is the ,hole for another ,screw-pin1 which holds the ,two ,sides of the ,box together4 ,h and ,i are ,holes for ,two other ,screw-pins1 which likewise hold the ,two ,halves of the ,box together1 and are placed one above1 and the other below1 the ,setting-screw2 for otherwise that ,screw1 and its ,counter-screw1 might force open the ,joining of the ,box1 and then the ,setting-screw might be loose1 and the ,bevel of the ,box might be altered2 but these ,screws1 being one on each ,side of it1 prevent this ,inconvenience4 ,fig4 #h4 in ,plate #b4 is one ,half of a ,brass ,turnep ,seed-box1 lying with its ,inside uppermost1 which shews the left ,side of the ,mortise1 and half the ,fore-end1 and half the ,hinder-end1 of the ,mortise1 and half of each ,screw-pin ,hole1 by which it is held up to the ,bottom of the ,hopper4 ,a is half the ,hole of the ,setting-screw1 shewing in the ,middle of it the ,end of the ,counter-screw4 ,b is half the ,hole1 by which the ,steel ,spring-cover is held in with a ,screw4 ,all the other ,holes are for the same ,purposes1 as have been shewn in the ,wheat ,seed-box4 ,fig4 #i4 is the whole ,turnep ,seed-box1 standing upon its ,bottom2 ,part of its ,steel ,spring-tongue appears in its ,place1 as also some of the ,notches of the ,spindle2 but more especially the ,cover ,a1 which differs from the ,cover of the ,wheat ,mortise1 this being a very thin ,spring1 whose lower ,end just reaches to touch 7but not to bear upon7 the ,spindle at the upper ,end of the transverse ,axes of the ,ellipses2 the ,mortise being filed away at the ,end1 in order that the upper ,end of this ,spring1 and the ,screw which holds it1 may not lie above the upper ,surface of the ,box4 ,this ,spring is made very weak1 to the end that1 if by any ,chance a soft ,seed should stick in a ,notch1 and be turned round1 this ,spring might suffer it to pass by without breaking it4 ,b1 ,c1 are the ,two ,flanks or ,sides1 made necessarily of this ,breadth1 for bearing against the ,wood of the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 to prevent the ,seed from falling out betwixt the ,wood and the ,brass1 and that the ,hole in the ,hopper may be broader than this narrow ,mortise of the ,seed-box4 ,the left ,flank ,b1 being next the wide ,side of the ,hopper1 lies all open1 except on the outside of the pricked ,lines1 where it is covered by the ,wood of the ,end of the ,hopper1 when it is screwed on to its ,place2 but the ,flanch ,c1 on the right ,side1 will be all covered by the ,end of the ,box1 that will stand upon it1 and will reach to the pricked ,line that touches the ,edge of the ,mortise4 ,d is the ,end of the ,setting-screw1 appearing in its ,place with a ,notch1 whereby it is to be turned by a ,knife2 but ,i think it better to have an ,end like a ,t1 to be turned with the ,fingers4 ,e is one ,end of the hollow ,cylinder1 which projects beyond the ,flanch1 that there may be more ,room for the ,crank to turn 7without striking against the ,end of the ,hopper1 or against the ,flanch7 on the ,outside of the ,box or ,hopper2 and for that1 the longer this ,cylinder is1 the better the ,brass ,spindle will turn in it4 ,fig4 #aa4 is the ,spring-cover1 with its ,hole1 whereby it is screwed into its ,place1 as it is seen marked ,a1 in ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #ab4 is the ,setting-screw pointing against its ,hole1 its ,head being flat1 that it may be turned by the ,finger and ,thumb4 ,fig4 #ac4 is the ,counter-screw1 to be turned in the same manner4 ,fig4 #e4 shews the ,brass ,spindle of the ,turnep ,seed-box1 and the ,manner of turning it against its ,steel ,tongue1 or ,spring2 which ,manner is different from that of turning the larger ,spindles for ,boxes of a larger ,size1 such as the ,wheat ,seed-box4 ,this ,spindle#bff1 being but half an ,inch ,diameter1 is too small to be turned by the ,two ,wheels1 as the larger ,spindles are2 not only because it would be in ,danger of breaking by the ,weight of the ,hopper1 and by the ,twisting 7or ,wrenching7 of the ,wheels2 but also because it would soon become loose1 by wearing the hollow ,cylinder thro' which it passes2 and it would be apt to open the ,brass ,flanches from the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 whereby the ,seed might run out1 beside several other ,inconveniencies2 all which are prevented by turning the ,spindle in the manner shewn in this ,figure2 for here the ,spindle never presses against the hollow ,cylinder1 with any greater ,force than that of its own ,weight1 which is so very little1 that the ,friction made by it is next to nothing4 #bff ,i believe1 if it were less by a ,fourth or ,third of its ,diameter1 it might be better1 as being more proportionable to the ,smalness of the ,turnep-seed4 ,i have had the ,mortise much wider2 but it cannot well be made much narrower1 whilst the ,tongue is of this ,fashion2 for this ,steel ,tongue1 if narrower1 would either be too stiff1 or else apt to break1 nor would there be ,room in the ,mortise for a sufficient ,setting-screw to follow it4 ,but there is another ,fashion1 wherein a narrower ,brass ,tongue has a broad ,spring behind it2 and when it is in this ,manner1 the ,mortise may be a ,fourth of the ,breadth of this4 ,i have had many of these when ,i made my ,boxes in ,wood2 but cannot describe them by these ,cuts2 neither are such narrow ,mortises necessary1 unless it were for drilling ,tobacco seed1 ,thyme-seed1 or some other ,sort of an extraordinary ,smalness4 ,a the ,spindle1 exactly fitting the ,bore of the hollow ,cylinder2 which1 when it enters the said ,cylinder at its left ,end1 in ,fig4 #i4 will be stopped by the ,wreath ,b ,b ,b2 which ,wreath1 being circular1 is cast on the ,spindle1 and is ,part of it2 the other ,end of the ,spindle will then appear without the right-hand ,end of the said hollow ,cylinder1 at ,e in ,fig4 #i4 and is kept there by the ,wreath ,fig4 #ad4 which is to be put on upon the ,end of the ,spindle1 until it come to the ,shoulder at a1 which ,shoulder is exactly even with the ,end of the hollow ,cylinder2 so that this ,wreath will touch the ,end of the said ,cylinder by its whole ,surface4 ,then1 to fix in this ,wreath from coming off1 we make use of the ,slider1 ,fig4 #ae4 whose ,two ,claws ,a1 ,b1 being thrust down by the ,two ,notches of the ,spindle1 at b and c1 until its other ,part ,c1 which is perpendicular to its ,claws1 comes down to the ,flat of the ,spindle1 and environs one half of the ,hole1 covering the ,part of the ,flat which appears of a darker ,colour2 and then the upper ,part of ,c1 in ,fig4 #ae4 makes one level ,surface with the ,flat ,d of the ,spindle2 and then the ,iron ,fork ,e1 being screwed into the ,hole ,f1 holds down the ,slider fast1 so that it cannot rise up2 and then the ,spindle1 being in its ,place1 will run round without moving endways1 being confined by these ,wreaths4 ,the ,spindle being thus placed1 so that it may turn easily1 we place the ,seed-box upon its ,flanches with its ,bottom upwards2 and then setting one sharp ,point of a ,pair of ,compasses1 or some such ,instrument1 upon the ,spindle1 within the ,mortise1 close to the ,edge of the ,hole or ,ellipse at the ,end of the transverse ,ax1 turn round the ,spindle1 until the said ,point makes a ,mark round the ,spindle1 which will be a ,circle2 by the same means make such another ,mark at the opposite ,ax2 then unscrew the ,fork1 and take out the ,slider1 pull off the ,wreath1 and take out the ,spindle1 and cut the ,notches between the ,two said ,circles and ,marks2 the ,edges of the ,ends of the ,notches must be ,arches of these ,circles4 ,these ,notches should differ from those already described in the ,wheat-drill1 in nothing but the ,smalness of their ,dimensions2 their ,depth should be about the ,thickness of a ,turnep-seed1 or something deeper4 ,the ,breadth of their ,bottoms is uncertain1 and must be greater or less according to their greater or less ,number2 but we commonly have ,seven or ,eight ,notches1 and make them about the ,breadth in which they appear in this ,figure2 but whatever their ,number be1 they must be all equal1 and so must all their ,interstices4 ,g is the ,end of a wooden ,spindle1 thro' which passes the ,iron ,crank ,h1 and is fastened to it by its ,screw and ,nut1 at d2 ,part of which ,crank enters the ,wood at e1 which prevents its ,turning in the ,spindle4 ,this ,crank1 by its other ,end1 passing thro' the ,two ,legs of the ,fork ,e1 and equally distant from the ,top and ,bottom of it1 turns the ,spindle by the ,motion of the ,wheel which is fixed on the other ,end of the wooden ,spindle4 ,if this ,crank were to turn the ,spindle by a single ,pin1 instead of this ,fork1 the ,seed could never be delivered out equally to the ,ground2 for as soon as the ,pin began to descend1 and decline from being perpendicular to the ,horizon1 it would1 by its own ,weight falling down1 turn the ,spindle half round in a ,moment1 and there remain with its other ,end downwards perpendicular to the ,horizon under the ,spindle1 until the ,crank reached it there1 and so no ,seed would be turned out by one ,semicircle of the ,wheel1 and a double ,proportion would be turned out to the ,land that was measured by the other ,semicircle2 but the hinder ,leg of the ,fork1 bearing against the hinder ,part of the ,crank1 prevents this ,inconvenience4 ,the ,line f g is ,part of the ,surface of a ,board1 thro' which the wooden ,spindle passes1 and by which it is held in its ,place2 as shall be shewn hereafter4 ,the ,axis of this wooden ,spindle ought to fall into a ,line with the ,axis of this ,brass ,spindle2 but1 unless ,care be taken to prevent it1 the wooden ,spindle will so much wear the ,hole thro' which it passes1 and be worn by it1 as to have ,room in the ,hole to deviate from this ,exactness1 and may descend so low1 that the ,crank may come out of the ,ends of the ,fork2 and for this ,reason it is1 that the ,fork is made so long as it is2 but when this wooden ,spindle does1 by the ,contrivances hereafter shewn1 keep its ,axis in a ,line with the ,axis of the ,brass ,spindle1 or very nearly so1 then the ,legs of the ,fork need be no longer than half an ,inch2 and in that ,case1 the ,joint of the ,crank1 which is perpendicular to the ,spindle1 must be shorter1 or else descend deeper into the ,wood1 so that its ,end1 which turns the ,fork1 may be in the ,middle betwixt its ,bottom and the ,end of its ,legs4 ,the ,use of the other ,end of the ,spindle is this3 ,when we have a mind that it should be turned by the left ,wheel instead of the right1 we screw in the ,fork into the ,hole ,i1 and place a short ,screw in the room of the ,fork1 to hold down the ,slider4 ,note1 ,it is not absolutely necessary1 that the hollow ,cylinder1 which appears on the ,sides of the ,seed-box1 should both1 or either of them1 project farther than the ,flanches2 but ,i think it better that it should do so1 at least1 on that ,side which is next to the ,fork4 ,this ,cylinder should be bored as true1 and as even1 as the ,barrel of a ,fusil is bored3 and the ,edges and ,surfaces of its ,ends must be smooth1 and without ,jaggs1 to the end that the ,wreaths may turn glibly against them4 ,the ,figure or ,shape of all ,sorts of ,seeds disposes them1 more or less1 to form an ,arch1 when they are pressed from above1 and confined on all ,sides4 ,the most effectual ,way to prevent this is1 to take care1 whenever many ,seeds are to descend together by their own ,gravity thro' a narrow ,passage1 that such ,passage be never narrower downwards than upwards2 but1 on the contrary1 that it be wider downwards1 on some or one of its ,sides2 in which ,case1 if the ,surfaces of all the ,sides of this ,passage be smooth1 it is impossible1 that ,seeds should of themselves form an ,arch therein4 ,on this ,maxim depends the infallible ,performance of a ,drill1 and from hence are derived the ,uses of the ,bevel of the ,mortise3 ,what ,i mean by the ,word ,bevel1 in general1 has been already defined4 ,the ,bevel of the ,mortise of the ,seed-box is that ,inclination of its ,sides1 whereby it is wider downwards1 and narrower upwards2 by which means the ,seed is prevented from arching in the ,mortise before it descends to the ,notches of the ,spindle4 ,and this is the ,first ,use of our ,bevel2 for this ,arching might happen in the ,mortise1 if the ,planes of its ,sides were parallel to each other2 and would be unavoidable1 if their ,inclination were downwards1 as it is upwards2 but these ,planes opening downwards1 the lower the ,seed descends1 the more ,room it has to expand2 so that the very ,weight1 which would otherwise cause it to arch and stop1 does by means of this ,bevel force it to descend to the ,notches1 and then it is safe from all manner of ,danger of stopping4 ,the ,ends of the ,mortise are at such a great ,distance from each other1 and the ,cover so very thin1 as to lie almost even with the upper ,part of the ,spindle1 that the ,seed can never form an ,arch that way2 or1 if it did1 the continual ,motion of the ,tongue would immediately break it down at the ,fore-end of the ,mortise4 ,the ,second ,use of this ,bevel is1 that it gives room for the ,tongue to be in the same manner bevel1 tho' in a less ,degree3 ,by this means1 the ,seed cannot by any ,impediment be stopped in its oblique ,descent to the ,notches1 from the ,fore-end1 and all that other ,length of the ,mortise1 along and upon the ,surface of the ,tongue4 ,but if the ,mortise had not this ,bevel1 the ,tongue could not have it2 for then either the upper ,surface of the ,tongue must have no ,bevel at all1 which would destroy the ,two empty ,triangles which ought to be on its ,sides2 or else it must have a ,bevel the contrary ,way 7i4 e4 a ,bevel reversed71 and be narrower downwards than upwards1 which would cause the ,seed to arch thereon1 and hinder its free ,descent to the ,notches4 ,a ,third great ,use of this ,bevel is1 that1 besides the ,bevel of the ,tongue aforementioned1 it gives place for ,two empty ,triangles1 one on each ,side the ,tongue1 which have each its vertical ,angle extremely acute at the ,axis of the ,tongue1 and have their ,bases at the ,bottom of the ,mortise1 and of the ,tongue3 ,these ,triangles are also ,bevels1 which consist of the ,difference1 or ,complement1 of the ,bevel of the ,tongue1 and that of the ,mortise1 the latter being about ,one-third greater than the former2 i4 e4 ,one-third of the whole ,bevel of the ,mortise is divided between these ,two ,triangles1 to each a ,sixth ,part2 so that if the ,angle of ,inclination of the ,sides of the ,mortise were ,nine ,degrees1 then the vertical ,angle of each of these empty ,triangles would be of ,one ,degree and ,thirty ,minutes1 and ,six ,degrees1 would be left for the ,bevel of the ,tongue4 ,and these triangular ,spaces help to secure the free ,motion of the ,tongue1 and free ,descent of the ,seed down its ,surface2 because they permit no ,impediment to lodge in them1 they being1 by means of the ,bevel of the ,mortise1 wider downwards1 both obliquely and perpendicularly1 so that no ,dust1 nor whatever else happens to get in betwixt the ,tongue and the ,side of the ,mortise1 can rest there2 for it will be immediately removed thence by the ,motion of the ,tongue1 and its own ,gravity1 and either thrown perpendicularly down1 or else obliquely to the ,notches1 and the first ,notch that takes it will carry it out at the ,seed-passage4 ,the ,fourth ,use of the ,bevel is1 that thereby the ,sections of the hollow ,cylinder 7before described7 do form ,ellipses instead of ,circles2 which they must have been1 if cut parallel to the ,bases of that ,cylinder2 and the ,sections must have been thus parallel1 had the ,mortise been without any ,bevel4 ,now the ,two ,semi-ellipses1 which are on the ,fore-sides of their longest ,axes or ,diameters1 and next to the ,tongue1 are opposite to1 and do still uniformly depart from each other1 even from the upper ,end of their said longest ,axis1 until they arrive at the lower ,end of the same ,axis1 which is below the ,seed-passage1 as its upper ,end is very near the ,cover4 ,this ,opening of these opposite ,semi-ellipses makes it impossible for any thing1 of itself1 to get into the remaining ,parts of this hollow ,cylinder1 betwixt them and the solid ,cylinder1 call'd the ,spindle1 which turns continually therein1 when the ,wheels are going3 ,for you will see1 that if you make a ,mark on the ,spindle1 close to the ,side of the ,mortise1 at the upper ,end of the longest ,ax of the ,ellipse2 and then turn the ,spindle until this ,mark come against the lower ,end of the same ,ax2 and there make another ,mark on the ,spindle1 close to the ,side of the ,mortise2 and draw a ,line from one ,mark to the other1 parallel to the ,ax of the ,spindle1 which will be the ,measure of that ,part of the ,bevel of the ,diameter of the ,hole2 every ,point in this ,line will1 by an intire ,revolution of the ,spindle1 generate a ,circle1 which will cut the ,ellipse in ,two ,places1 once on the ,foreside of its longest ,axis1 and once on the ,back-side or hinder ,half of it2 and that all these ,points1 in this ,surface of the ,spindle1 described by these ,circles1 will enter the ,hole1 by the said hinder ,semi-ellipse1 as the ,spindle there turns upwards 7as it always does72 and they will all again come out on the fore ,semi-ellipse1 as they descend towards the lower ,end of the said ,ax of the ,ellipse4 ,as these ,points thus come out of the ,hole1 or 7if ,i may use the ,expression7 as they emerge1 they oppose every thing that would enter the ,hole1 they still moving from the ,hole1 and push away from it whatever they meet2 nay1 if any thing were in the ,hole1 these ,points 7whereof this ,surface consists7 would bring it out by this ,semi-ellipse1 which is always press'd by the ,seed when the ,drill is at ,work2 but as these ,points immerge by the other ,semi-ellipsis which is behind the ,spindle1 they can carry with them into the ,hole nothing but ,air1 because the ,cover never suffers any thing else to come there from above2 and the ,seed falls out of the ,notches by its own ,gravity1 just before it reaches the lower ,end of the transverse ,ax1 being the ,place where the opposite ,ellipses are farthest asunder2 and none of it is ever carried so far back as the hinder ,semi-ellipses2 and therefore nothing can be carried into the ,hole from below4 ,thus that ,part of the ,surface of the ,spindle will keep the ,hole empty and clear1 before ever any ,notches are cut2 but when the ,notches are made on the ,spindle1 they have yet a much greater ,force to drive and expel whatever would enter the ,hole1 their ,shape being such as nothing can enter against their bevel ,ends2 but what is at their ,ends will be thrown presently into the ,mortise2 insomuch that when a ,spindle has been too little for the ,hole by a ,quarter of an ,inch1 that is1 a sixth ,part of the ,diameter of the ,hole1 it will perform very well in drilling large ,species of ,seeds2 and when the ,mortise is run empty1 nothing at all is found in the ,hole1 it being thus kept void and clean by the ,notches4 ,note1 ,that what is here1 and elsewhere1 said of the ,ellipse of the one ,side of the ,mortise1 must be understood the same of its opposite ,ellipse1 on the opposite ,side of the ,mortise4 ,all these ,advantages accruing from this ,bevel of the ,mortise1 ,i believe that1 without it1 all ,attempts of making a ,machine to perform the ,work1 which this does1 would have been vain4 ,there is also within the ,mortise unavoidably another ,bevel1 which is as the ,reverse of the former1 and notwithstanding is as useful2 and this ,bevel is1 the ,inclination which ,part of the curvilineal ,surface of the ,spindle1 beginning a little above the fore ,end of the shortest ,diameter of the ,ellipses1 and descending down to the ,seed-passage1 has to the lower ,part of the ,surface of the ,tongue opposite against it4 ,these ,two ,surfaces meeting one another below1 when the ,tongue is set up close to the ,spindle1 form a mix'd ,angle1 which stops up the ,seed-passage1 except when a ,notch comes against it4 ,when the ,tongue is set from the ,spindle1 to the ,distance of several ,diameters of one of the ,seeds that are to be drill'd1 this revers'd ,bevel causes the ,seed to arch at the ,seed-passage1 and stop there1 till the ,notches force it thro'1 which would1 without this ,arching1 fall out by its own ,gravity1 without the ,turning of the ,wheels4 ,the ,seed arches here the more firmly1 the more it is press'd upon by the incumbent ,seed from above it2 and the former ,bevel 7which ,i call the ,bevel of the ,mortise7 permits the incumbent ,weight to press the harder on the ,seed that is near the ,seed-passage2 and this might be reckon'd a fifth ,use of the former ,bevel3 ,for as it prevents the ,seed from arching in any other ,part of the ,mortise1 so it does1 by the same means1 cause it to arch the more strongly at the ,seed-passage1 which is sometimes 7viz4 when the ,tongue must be set wide7 as necessary1 as it is for it to escape arching before it comes thither4 ,and the more strongly this ,arch presses against the ,tongue1 the more the ,tongue by its ,spring presses against it2 and this ,pressure being reciprocal and equal1 the ,seed cannot fall out spontaneously2 for when the ,passage is thus wide1 if you throw into the ,mortise a few ,seeds1 suppose ,five or ,six at a time only1 they will all pass through immediately1 without any ,motion of the ,wheels2 but if you throw in a large ,quantity together1 there will only a few of the lowermost fall through1 unless the ,wheels do turn and throw them down by the force of the ,notches4 ,indeed we do not care to set the ,tongue so very wide from the ,spindle1 unless it be when we are obliged to plant a very much larger ,proportion of ,seed than the ,notches are design'd for1 and when we have no ,opportunity of changing the ,wheels for such as are lower1 nor of changing the ,spindle for another that has greater or more ,notches in it4 ,four-and-twenty ,gallons of large ,peas are as proper a ,proportion to drill on an ,acre1 as ,six ,gallons of ,wheat are4 ,there are divers ,ways to vary 7i4 e4 increase or diminish7 the ,proportion of ,seed2 as1 ,first1 by the ,setting-screw1 with which we can1 without any ,inconveniency1 set the ,tongue so far from the ,spindle1 as to permit one ,round of the ,notches to turn out ,four times the ,quantity1 as it will do when the ,tongue is set close up to the ,spindle2 and thus we can vary the ,proportion by innumerable intermediate ,degrees4 ,next1 if we would increase the ,proportion yet farther1 we can inlarge the ,notches2 but we cannot add to their ,number1 unless there be room to double it1 by making a new ,notch between every ,two2 but we cannot diminish the ,proportion of ,seed by the same ,notches1 because they cannot be made lesser or fewer4 ,if we would make any other ,alteration in the ,proportion of ,seed by the ,notches1 it must be done by making another ,set of them2 which we may do1 because the wooden ,spindle may have ,three ,rows of ,notches in it1 of which we may use either1 by moving the ,wreaths and ,wheels towards one ,end or the other of the wooden ,spindle2 as shall be shewn in the ,descriptions of the ,hoppers4 ,but as for the ,brass ,spindle of the ,turnep-drill1 we can have but one ,set of ,notches in it#bfg3 ,and therefore1 tho' we can increase the ,proportion of ,seed by enlarging the ,notches1 or perhaps by doubling their ,number2 yet we cannot lessen the ,proportion of ,seed by the ,notches1 unless we have a new ,set of them1 and that will occasion a ,necessity of having another ,spindle2 but1 as to the ,setting-screw of the ,turnep-drill1 it will increase the ,proportion of ,seed with the same ,notches1 much more than the ,setting-screw of the ,wheat-drill will do4 #bfg ,but by putting on a ,wreath 7that is a little broader than the ,mortise7 upon the ,spindle 7made longer for that ,purpose7 we can1 by changing this ,wreath from one ,end of the ,spindle to the other1 have ,two sets of ,notches of different ,sizes1 and of different ,numbers in it3 ,or if we would have ,three ,sets1 we need only make ,use of ,two such ,wreaths1 and let the ,spindle be long enough to receive them4 ,so we may use which ,set we please4 ,tho' several ,sets of ,notches may be useful to those who drill many ,sorts of fine ,seeds different in ,magnitude in a very great ,degree2 yet ,i never found more than one ,set of ,notches necessary in this ,spindle4 ,nor have ,i used any more than one ,set of ,notches in one ,mortise of any ,sort2 but in a wide ,mortise1 there may be made a double ,set of ,notches1 consisting of ,two ,rows1 all of equal ,bigness1 and half of the ,length1 and double the ,number of a single ,row1 one ,end of each ,notch reaching to the ,middle of the ,mortise1 and pointing against the ,end of an ,interstice1 that is between ,two or its opposite ,notches4 ,if ever there shall be ,occasion for this ,sort of ,notches1 it must be when a great ,proportion of ,seed is to be drill'd by a small ,spindle1 and low ,wheels3 ,the ,smalness of the ,spindle may not1 by a single ,set1 admit of a sufficient ,number of ,notches 7of a proper ,bigness7 in its ,circumference2 not that a double ,set1 by its double ,number1 will throw down a greater ,quantity of ,seed than a single ,set of the same ,width and ,depth1 but a less ,quantity2 ,but it may be feared1 that a very small ,number of ,notches might not spread the ,seed so much as to cause it to lie even in the ,chanels1 one ,notchful falling all to the ,ground1 before any of the next ,notchful reaches it1 which would make ,chasms or ,gaps in the ,row of ,corn or ,legumes3 ,this1 such a double ,number of ,notches will certainly prevent4 ,it would seem1 that the higher the ,wheels1 the more need there should be for this double ,set of ,notches3 ,but it appears to be otherwise2 for the greater ,distance the ,seed has to fall1 the more it spreads1 and strikes oftener against the ,funnel and ,trunk2 and by that means a ,notch from high ,wheels will1 with the same ,quantity of ,seed1 supply a greater ,length of the ,chanel 7or ,furrow7 than a ,notch will from low ,wheels4 ,in all my ,practice ,i never had any ,occasion for such a double ,set of ,notches1 either with high or low ,wheels1 or even when ,i drilled into open ,chanels1 without ,funnels or ,trunks to my ,drill-plough2 and yet my ,rows of ,st4 ,foin1 and of ,corn1 were always free from ,gaps1 being equally supply'd with ,seed from one ,end to the other4 ,if ever there is ,occasion for more than a single ,set1 it must be for ,beans1 for which also ,i think a large ,spindle is better than a double ,set of ,notches in a small one4 ,the largest ,spindle ,i have known made1 is of ,two ,inches and an half ,diameter1 and that only for ,horse-,beans4 ,the best ,sort of ,notches for a double ,set are those which have convex ,bottoms2 because such are less liable to drop their ,seeds without the turning of the ,wheels1 than any other ,sort3 ,and a double ,set must be in greater ,danger of this1 as the ,tongue is always hindered from pressing so closely against any ,notch1 being held open by the ,seeds on the opposite ,interstice2 which is contrary to a single ,set1 where no ,seed can lodge at either ,end of a ,notch1 to hold open the ,tongue1 or hinder its pressing against it4 ,note1 ,when ,i made my ,boxes of ,wood1 ,i had double ,boxes1 with a ,partition between such a double ,set of ,notches2 but never made such in ,brass1 not knowing whether that ,partition1 by its ,thinness of hard ,metal1 might not cut the ,spindle3 ,yet ,i never found any ,occasion for a double ,row of ,notches4 ,i made those double ,boxes only for drilling ,two ,sorts of ,seeds at once into the same ,chanel4 ,the other ,way of varying the ,proportion of ,seed in the same ,boxes1 is by the ,diameter of the ,wheels1 when we can alter them2 for ,wheels1 of what ,diameter soever they are1 must turn round all the ,notches at one ,revolution2 so that ,wheels of ,twenty ,inches ,diameter will deliver out a third ,part more ,seed than ,wheels of ,thirty ,inches ,diameter1 into the same ,length of the ,chanels2 but we seldom have any ,occasion to alter the ,wheels1 unless it be on account of planting a ,species of ,seed of a different ,magnitude1 as the largest ,sort of ,peas1 and small-grain'd ,wheat1 or ,st4 ,foin ,seed are4 ,these are all the ,ways we have to alter the ,proportion of ,seed1 we drill with the same ,seed-boxes2 these ,two ,sizes1 already described1 being sufficient for all ,sorts of ,corn and ,seeds which we commonly sow1 from ,marrow-peas to ,turnep-seed2 but1 for drilling of ,beans1 the ,boxes must be larger1 and are commonly made of ,wood1 the ,spindle ,two ,inches ,diameter1 or more1 and the ,boxes ,two ,inches wide3 ,where note1 ,that this ,increasing of the ,width of the ,mortise1 from an ,inch and an half1 to ,two ,inches1 increases the ,quantity of ,seed to almost double2 because this ,half ,inch is all added to the ,middle of the ,notches1 where they are deeper than their ,ends2 the ,bevel of which takes up a considerable ,part of the ,length of the ,notches4 ,for ,beans1 they also contrive to have their ,wheels as low as conveniently they can4 ,these ,wooden ,drills are now become common in many ,places4 ,the ,wooden and ,brass ,seed-boxes differ not in any of the most essential ,parts of them2 only the ,wooden ,box must be thicker1 as the ,wood is not so strong as ,brass2 the ,spring is made strait instead of crooked2 and1 being let into the ,back of the ,wooden ,tongue1 bears against it at each ,end2 and the ,chanel1 into which it is placed1 being made hollow in the ,middle1 the ,spring has its ,play there1 and must be stiffer and have a little more ,play in the ,bean-drill1 than in any lesser ,seed-box4 ,i1 at first1 made all my ,seed-boxes of dry ,box-tree ,wood1 which performed very well1 and are still used3 ,but1 a few ,years ago1 a ,gentleman advised me to make them in ,brass2 the doing of which has put me to a great deal of ,trouble and ,expence1 for want of understanding the ,founder's ,art3 ,yet this ,i do not repent1 because they are1 in some respect1 better than those made in ,wood2 especially to those who do not well understand their ,fabric2 for1 to such1 the ,swelling and ,shrinking of the ,wood was inconvenient in small ,boxes3 ,and ,i now am told1 that they are cast in ,london of the best ,brass1 at the ,price of ,one ,shilling per ,pound1 and so smooth as to require very little filing4 ,and these ,brass ,boxes being also more lasting than ,wood1 and not much more expensive1 when ,workmen know how to make them1 ,i think it not worth while to give any particular ,directions for making them in ,wood4 ,as to the ,spindles of the ,turnep-boxes1 ,i have often made them with a mix'd ,metal1 of half ,pewter1 and half ,spelter1 which perform very well1 and are easily made2 because this ,metal will melt1 almost as soon as ,lead1 in a ,fire-shovel1 to be cast in a ,mould2 but ,brass will not melt without a ,crucible4 ,the first ,idea that ,i form'd of this ,machine1 was thus3 ,i imagin'd the ,mortise1 or ,groove1 brought from the ,sound-board of an ,organ1 together with the ,tongue and ,spring1 all of them much alter'd2 the ,mortise having an ,hole therein1 and put on upon one of the ,iron ,gudgeons of the ,wheelbarrow2 which ,gudgeon being enlarg'd to an ,inch and an half ,diameter1 having on it the ,notches of the ,cylinder of a ,cyder-mill1 on that ,part of it which should be within the ,mortise1 and this ,mortise made in the ,ear of the ,wheelbarrow 7thro' which the ,gudgeon usually passes71 made broad enough for the ,purpose2 this ,i hoped1 for any thing ,i saw to the contrary1 might perform this ,work of ,drilling2 and herein ,i was not deceived4 ,as for placing a ,box over this ,mortise to carry a sufficient ,quantity of ,seed1 it was a thing so obvious1 that it occasion'd very little ,thought2 and an ,instrument for making the ,chanels1 not much more2 neither for applying ,two ,wheels1 one at each ,end of the ,axis1 instead of the single ,wheel in the ,middle of the ,axis of the ,wheelbarrow4 ,at first my ,plough made open ,chanels1 and was very rude1 being composed of ,four rough ,pieces of ,planks1 of little ,value1 held together by ,three ,shoots1 or ,pieces of ,wood1 which held them at a ,foot ,distance one from the other2 ,these ,pieces1 being cut sharp at ,bottom1 made the ,chanels tolerably well in fine ,ground4 ,but ,i soon contrived a ,plough with ,four ,iron ,shares1 to make ,chanels in any ,ground3 ,this drew a ,hopper after it1 having ,four ,seed-boxes at its ,bottom1 carried on a ,spindle by ,two low ,wheels1 which had ,liberty to rise and sink by the ,clods that they pass'd over3 ,the ,seed-boxes delivered their ,seed immediately into the open ,chanels4 ,illustration3 ,plate4 #c ,p4 #cdd ,w ,thorpe sculp4 ,this ,plough and ,hopper were drawn by an ,horse1 and the ,seed1 lying open in the ,chanels1 was covered sometimes by a very light ,harrow1 and sometimes by an ,hurdle stuck with ,bushes underneath it4 ,i soon improv'd this ,plough to perform better1 and to make ,six ,chanels at once1 and sometimes a great many more4 ,this ,plough and ,hopper1 with their ,improvements and ,alterations1 are shewn in ,plates #d4 and #e4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,of the ,wheat-,drill4 ,fig4 #a4 in ,plate #d4 is the ,drill-plough1 which makes the ,chanels for a treble ,row of ,wheat1 at ,seven-inch ,partitions1 and covers the ,seed by the ,harrow which moves on its ,beams4 ,a1 is the ,plank1 ,three ,feet and an half long1 ,eight ,inches and an half broad1 one ,inch and a quarter thick2 its upper and under ,surfaces are true ,planes4 ,b1 ,b1 the ,two ,beams1 each ,two ,feet ,four ,inches long1 ,two ,inches ,three quarters broad1 and ,two ,inches and a quarter deep1 standing under the ,plank at right ,angles with it1 and held up to it by the ,four ,screws and ,nuts a a a a the one being at the same ,distance from the right1 as the other is from the left ,end of the ,plank4 ,this ,plough makes its ,chanels by ,three ,sheats1 and their ,shares and ,trunks2 the ,first or ,foremost of which ,sheats stands under the ,middle of the ,plank1 with ,part of it appearing at b2 and is fully describ'd in ,fig4 #b1 where ,a is the ,tenon1 of a convenient ,size1 ,two ,inches broad between ,shoulder and ,shoulder1 ,three quarters of an ,inch thick3 ,it is driven into the ,plank thro' a ,mortise1 and pinn'd up by its ,hole3 ,it stands thus obliquely1 and pointing forwards1 that it may stand the more out of the ,way of the ,funnel4 ,the ,shoulder at a is a quarter of an ,inch4 ,the hinder ,shoulder1 from the ,tenon to the ,angle at b1 is ,three quarters of an ,inch4 ,the ,depth of the ,back of the ,sheat1 and ,thickness of the ,share1 when it is on1 from b to c1 is ,nine ,inches and a quarter2 and the ,angle at c must be a right ,angle1 contrary to the ,opinion of some1 who fansy it ought to be acute1 supposing that when this ,angle is right1 whilst the ,seed is descending by the ,back of the ,sheat1 the ,plough1 as it moves forwards1 would get before the ,seed1 and so it might fall to the ,ground behind the ,trunk2 but this ,mistake is for want of considering the vast ,disproportion between the ,celerity of the ,seed's descending near the ,earth1 and the slow ,progress of the ,plough2 the ,seed descending at the ,rate of ,sixteen ,feet in a ,second of ,time1 and the ,plough proceeding but about ,three ,miles an ,hour1 does not advance the ,thickness of a ,seed1 whilst it is falling to the ,ground by the whole ,depth of the ,sheat4 ,the ,thickness of the ,sheat is an ,inch1 at its upper ,part4 ,the rest of it is to be no thicker than the ,breadth of the ,share4 ,fig4 #c4 is the ,share1 lying ,bottom upwards4 a is its ,point4 b the ,socket1 ,three ,inches long1 ,seven ,sixteenths of an ,inch broad4 c is the ,hole1 by which it is fastened up to the ,sheat4 d is another ,hole1 which is never made use of1 except when the ,share1 being fasten'd up by the other ,hole1 inclines to either ,side2 then we draw it right by a ,nail driven into this ,hole4 e1 e1 are ,two very small ,notches1 into which the ,sides of the ,trunk are jointed1 to protect them from being torn out by the ,earth or ,stones that might rub against them1 f is the ,tail of the ,share1 which1 when it is in its ,place1 will make the right ,angle before described in ,fig4 #b4 and from which ,tail1 to the ,fore-part of the ,socket1 is the ,length of the ,bottom of the ,sheat1 viz4 ,six ,inches and an half4 ,the ,breadth of the ,share ,three quarters of an ,inch4 ,fig4 #d4 shews one ,side of the ,share4 ,the prick'd ,line a e shews the ,bevel of the ,fore-end of the ,socket1 the upper ,edge of which must bear upon the ,fore-part of the ,sheat below f in ,fig4 #b4 and the other ,part of the ,share will bear against the ,bottom of the ,sheat1 from d to c1 and will be fastened up by a flat ,nail1 passing thro' the foremost ,hole of the ,share1 and entering the ,hole g in the ,sheat2 which ,nail being bended in the said ,hole 7which ,hole should be at least an ,inch ,diameter7 will hold the ,share fast to the ,sheat2 and1 by unbending this ,nail1 the ,share may be easily taken off1 upon ,occasion1 without damaging the ,sheat4 ,note1 ,this ,hole in the ,share ought to be wider below than above1 and the ,head of the ,nail of the same ,shape2 or else1 as the ,share wears thinner1 it might come off4 ,the prick'd ,line1 near the ,fore-part of the ,sheat1 shews where a ,shoulder must be cut on each ,side of it1 because otherwise the ,sheat1 being thicker than the ,breadth of the ,socket of the ,share1 could not enter it3 ,but take care1 that the ,share do not bear against these ,shoulders4 ,fig4 #e4 is one ,side of the ,trunk1 being a thin ,plate of ,iron1 and is often made of the ,blade of an old ,scythe3 ,it is to be riveted on to one ,side of the ,sheat1 to another of the same on the opposite ,side1 by ,three ,rivets passing thro' them both1 with the ,sheat in the ,middle of them2 which ,holes appear both in the ,plate and in the ,sheat4 ,these thus riveted on do form the ,trunk at the ,back of the ,sheat4 ,the whole ,breadth of this ,plate is an ,inch and ,three quarters2 but ,three-eighths of an ,inch being riveted on to the ,sheat1 there remains but an ,inch and ,three-eighths for the ,trunk4 ,the ,length of the ,plate is the same with the ,depth of the ,sheat and ,share1 except that it should not reach to the ,bottom of the ,share1 by about the ,thickness of a ,barley-corn1 to the end that it may not bear against the ,ground1 as the ,share doth4 ,the ,notch at the ,bottom of the ,plate is that which answers the ,notch in the ,tail of the ,share3 ,the ,corner of the ,plate at a we make a little roundish1 that it may not wear against the ,ground4 ,this ,plate thus riveted on the ,sheat1 and another of the same ,form on the other ,side opposite to it1 compose the ,trunk1 which is ,fig4 #f4 a d is the ,edge a b of the ,plate ,fig4 #e4 b c is the like ,edge of the opposite ,side of the ,trunk4 ,a is the ,back of the ,sheat1 which1 together with the ,tail of the ,share when in its ,place1 makes the ,fore-part or ,length of the ,trunk4 ,the ,thickness of this ,back of the ,sheat is the ,width of the ,trunk2 and from this ,back of the ,sheat to the said ,edges of the ,plates1 may be call'd the ,depth of the ,trunk4 ,the upper ,ends of these ,two ,plates a and b we spread open a quarter of an ,inch wider1 for half an ,inch down1 than the rest of the ,trunk1 for the more free ,reception of the ,seed from the ,hole of the ,funnel3 ,we likewise take care1 that the ,two lower hinder ,concerns of the ,trunk do not incline to one another1 to make the ,trunk narrower than the ,back of the ,sheat1 lest the ,earth should be held in by them1 and fill the ,bottom of the ,trunk4 ,fig4 #g4 is one of the hinder ,sheats1 and appears1 in part1 at c in ,fig4 #a4 ,it is fastened into one of the ,beams by its ,tenon1 which1 being driven into a ,mortise1 is pinn'd in by a ,pin passing thro' the ,beam1 and the ,tenon cut off even with the upper ,surface of the ,beam3 ,this ,tenon stands more oblique than that of the fore ,sheat1 that there may be the more ,wood between its ,mortise and the ,funnel1 its hinder ,shoulder being short3 ,its fore ,shoulder at a must be very short1 not above the ,eighth of an ,inch2 but its ,shoulder b ,three quarters of an ,inch4 ,the ,tenon is also shoulder'd on each ,side1 as well as before and behind4 ,the ,thickness of this ,sheat should be greater than that of the ,fore-sheat1 because it is much narrower4 ,the ,depth of this ,sheat1 is less than the ,fore-sheat1 by the ,depth of the ,beam3 ,it is1 in all other respects1 the same with the ,fore-sheat1 except that it and its ,share are shorter4 ,the ,socket of this ,share is but an ,inch and ,one-eighth long1 its ,breadth half an ,inch1 and from the ,fore-part of the ,bottom of the ,socket to the ,end of its ,tail1 but three ,inches4 ,its ,point from the ,socket at ,bottom is but ,three quarters of an ,inch1 whereas the ,point of the ,fore-share is an ,inch and ,three quarters3 ,there is but one ,hole whereby the ,share is fastened up to the ,sheat4 ,its ,trunk is no wider than the other2 for we cut a ,rabbet on each ,side of the ,sheat1 that the ,plates1 which are the ,sides of the ,trunk1 may come within ,three quarters of an ,inch of one another4 ,its ,tenon1 being narrower than the ,tenon of the ,fore-sheat1 must be thicker than it4 ,the other ,hinder-sheat1 and all its ,accoutrements1 must be the same as this of ,fig4 #g4 ,the ,workman must take care1 that the ,tenons of the ,sheats be not made cross the ,grain of the ,wood2 and therefore must make them of crooked ,timber4 ,fig4 #h4 shews how the ,share is made of ,four ,pieces2 of which a is a ,piece of ,steel for the ,point1 its larger ,end being cut bevel for the ,shape of the ,fore-end of the ,socket4 b is a ,piece of ,iron for the other ,end of the ,share1 from the ,socket to the ,tail3 ,the other ,two ,pieces c and d are the ,iron ,sides1 which1 being welded on to the other ,two ,pieces1 and cut off to the ,length1 form the ,share1 with its ,socket1 more exact than it can be made out of one ,piece of ,iron4 ,now we return to the first ,figure2 where the ,fore-sheat being fix'd up at equal ,distance from each ,end of the ,plank1 and as near to the hinder ,edges of it as can be1 allowing room for the ,funnel ,c to stand with the ,fore-side of its ,hole1 to make one ,surface with the ,back of the ,sheat1 and for the hinder ,part of the ,trunk not to reach the ,edge of the ,plank1 there must be also room for the ,fore-standard ,d to stand perpendicular to the ,plank1 across the ,tenon of the ,sheat4 ,this ,standard being close to the ,fore-side of the fore ,hopper1 there must be so much room between it and the ,hole of the ,funnel1 that the ,seed may drop from the ,seed-box into the ,middle of this ,hole4 ,thus much for placing the ,fore-sheat4 ,next1 for the ,two hinder ,sheats2 they must be placed at equal ,distance from the ,sides of the ,beams1 and so near to the hinder ,ends of the ,beams1 that there may be room to make the ,funnels in them1 and their ,tenons to come up between their respective ,funnels ,e and ,f1 and their respective ,standards ,g and ,h1 which ,standards must be set perpendicular to the ,beams4 ,the ,distance of these ,sheats from the ,plank must be such1 that the ,wheels of the hinder ,hopper may not strike against the ,plank1 nor against the ,spindle of the fore ,hopper2 and the ,semidiameters of these ,wheels being ,eleven ,inches1 there ought to be a ,foot between the ,centre of each ,wheel and the ,plank2 but we sometimes cut ,notches in the ,plank1 to prevent the ,circle of the ,wheels from coming too near the ,plank4 ,for the nearer the hinder ,sheats stand to the ,plank1 the better2 but these ,beams may be placed nearer to1 or farther from the ,plank1 by their ,screws and ,nuts1 at ,pleasure4 ,these ,beams must be set at such a ,distance from one another1 that the ,shares may be ,fifteen ,inches asunder from the ,inside of one to the ,outside of the other4 ,to try whether all these ,sheats and ,shares are truly placed1 set the ,plough upon a level ,surface2 and then1 if they be right1 the ,fore-share will touch the ,surface by its ,point and ,tail1 and likewise the hinder ,sheats will do the same2 except that some ,workmen will have it1 that the ,plough goes better1 when the ,tails of the hinder ,sheats are a ,barley-corn's ,thickness higher than their ,points2 and then their ,tails will want so much of touching the ,surface4 ,the ,shares must be all of them parallel to the ,beams1 and consequently to one another4 ,the ,chanel made by the fore ,share and ,sheat for the middle ,row1 being at equal ,distance between the ,two hinder ,sheats1 is cover'd by them1 they raising the ,mould over the ,seed from each ,side of this ,chanel4 ,the ,harrow ,i is drawn by the ,beams1 to which it is fastened to their ,insides at d and e1 having each a small ,iron ,pin1 passing thro' each ,end of the ,legs of the ,harrow1 and thro' the ,beams2 each having a ,nut on the ,outsides of the ,beams1 and being square in the ,beams1 that they may not turn therein to loosen their ,nuts2 but are round near their ,heads1 that the ,harrow may easily move thereon4 ,the round ,ends of the ,legs of the ,harrow are put thro' its ,head ,i1 at the round ,holes f and g2 and pinned in behind it1 to the end that either ,tine of the ,harrow may descend at the same time that the other rises1 where the ,ground is uneven4 ,the ,two wooden ,tines ,k and ,l are pinned in above the ,head1 and have each of them a ,shoulder underneath4 ,they stand sloping2 so that if they take hold of any ,clods1 they do not drive them before them1 but rise over them4 ,they are of a convenient ,length1 to give room for the ,harrow to sink and rise1 without raising up the ,shares2 and to give them the more room to move3 ,the ,legs of the ,harrow are crook'd downwards in the ,middle4 ,the ,distance of these ,tines from each other is ,twenty-two ,inches2 so that each ,tine going ,three ,inches and an half on the ,outside of each ,chanel that is next it1 fills it up with ,earth upon the ,seed1 from the ,outsides of it2 which causes the ,rows to come up something nearer the inner ,sides of the ,chanels1 than to the outer ,sides1 from whence the ,earth is brought into them by the ,tines2 and the ,two outer ,rows by this means come up at ,fourteen ,inches asunder1 tho' the ,chanels were ,fifteen ,inches asunder4 ,this way of covering adds more ,mould to the ,top of a ,ridge2 whereas1 if the ,chanels were covered by ,tines going within or between them1 the ,mould would be thrown down from the ,top of the ,ridge3 ,and these ,tines stand with their ,edges and ,points inclining outwards1 by which means they bring in the more ,earth to the ,chanels4 ,if we find1 that the ,harrow is too light1 we tie a ,stone upon it1 to make it heavier2 and sometimes we fix a small ,box of ,board on the ,middle of it1 to hold ,clods of ,earth for that ,purpose4 ,the fore ,funnel ,c has its upper ,edges ,two ,inches high above the ,surface of the ,plank4 ,it is ,five ,inches ,square at ,top2 its ,four opposite ,sides being ,planes equally inclin'd to each other downwards1 until they end at the ,hole in the ,bottom of the ,funnel1 which ,hole is continued quite thro' the ,plank into the ,trunk4 ,the ,shape of this ,hole is shewn in ,fig4 #i4 where the ,four ,lines a b1 b c1 c d1 and d a1 each ,line being ,three quarters of an ,inch1 make a true ,square1 and are the upper ,edges of the ,hole4 ,the ,three prick'd ,lines e f1 f g1 and g h1 being each of them longer than the former1 tho' as little as possible1 make the ,three lower ,edges of the ,hole2 which being thus wider below than above1 and having all its ,sides true ,planes and smooth1 it is impossible for the ,seed to arch therein4 ,the fore ,side of this ,hole is perpendicular to the upper and lower ,surfaces of the ,plank1 and1 together with the ,back of the ,sheat1 makes one ,plane ,surface4 ,when we drill a large ,species of ,seed1 as ,peas or ,oats1 we can make this ,hole a full ,inch square at ,top1 and of the same ,shape wider at ,bottom2 which tho' it be wider than the ,trunk1 except at its ,top1 the ,seed will not arch there1 because there is room behind1 the ,plates being broader than the ,sides of the ,hole2 for there can be no ,arching in the ,trunk1 unless the ,seed were confin'd behind as well as on each ,side4 ,the ,holes of our ,funnels ought to be of the same ,shape with this described2 tho'1 as ,i am inform'd1 the ,pretenders to the making of this ,plough make the ,holes of their ,funnels the ,reverse of this2 which being wrong-way upwards1 the ,seed is apt to arch in them1 except the ,holes are very large4 ,of this ,plough1 ,fig4 #a4 the ,two hinder ,funnels ,e and ,f differ from the fore ,funnel 7which has been described71 first1 in ,dimensions2 these not being so deep1 because they being made in the very ,beams1 their upper ,edges are in the upper ,surface of the ,beams1 and their ,holes at the ,bottom1 being about the ,eighth of an ,inch deep4 ,the ,depth of the ,funnels must want the ,eighth of an ,inch of the ,thickness of the ,beams2 but we make each ,funnel an ,inch and a quarter broader at ,top than its ,beam1 by adding a ,piece of ,wood to each ,side of its ,beam1 which reaches down about half-way its ,thickness2 and these ,pieces being firmly fix'd on by ,nails1 to the ,sides of each ,beam1 the ,legs of the ,harrow take hold of these ,pieces1 which are in the ,inside of these ,beams4 ,when the ,plough is taken up to be turn'd1 the ,man who turns it takes hold of the ,head of the ,harrow with one ,hand1 and lays the other upon the ,hopper1 or ,spindle1 to keep it level1 and to prevent either of the fore ,wheels from striking against the ,ground1 whilst the ,plough is turning round4 ,another ,difference there is between the ,shape of these hinder ,funnels from that of the former1 to wit1 ,that each fore ,side of the hinder ,trunks must not be quite so oblique as the rest2 because then the upper ,edge of these fore ,sides might be too near the ,tenons of the ,sheats1 and there might not be sufficient ,wood betwixt them1 to prevent the ,sheats from being torn out2 a thing which has never happen'd1 that ,i know of4 ,we sometimes make these hinder ,funnels of a roundish ,shape1 like a ,cone inverted2 except that the ,part which is next the ,sheat1 is not so oblique as the rest1 for the ,reason already given4 ,the only ,advantage proposed by this roundish ,shape is1 that there is less ,wood taken out than from the square ,corners1 and therefore more ,wood for the added ,pieces to be fastened to the ,beams1 than1 in the square ,funnels4 ,m and ,n are ,two ,pieces of ,wood1 each ,eleven ,inches long1 ,two ,inches broad1 and ,two ,inches thick3 ,these are screw'd on near each ,end of the ,plank1 by ,two ,screws and ,nuts each3 ,they stand parallel to the other ,beams1 and have each a double ,standard or ,fork1 ,o and ,p1 in them1 perpendicular to the ,plank2 by which ,standards the fore ,hopper is drawn and guided1 in the manner as is seen in ,fig4 #ba4 ,these ,standards ought to be braced 7or spurr'd7 before and behind1 and on their ,outsides2 they never being press'd inwards1 have no occasion of ,braces there3 ,these are to be so placed1 that when the ,spindle is in their ,forks1 it may be exactly over the ,hole of the ,funnel1 so that the ,seed may drop into the ,middle of it1 when the ,plough stands upon an horizontal ,surface1 the ,spindle being also exactly parallel to the fore ,edge of the ,plank4 ,fig4 #aj4 is ,d in the ,plough ,fig4 #a4 ,it is ,two ,feet long1 ,two ,inches broad in its narrowest ,part1 and half an ,inch thick in the thinnest ,part1 and ,two ,inches at its ,shoulders above the ,plank4 ,it is pinn'd thro' the ,plank before the ,funnel1 having one of its ,legs on each ,side the ,tenon of the ,sheat3 ,it stands perpendicular to the ,plank3 ,its only ,use is to hold the fore ,hopper from turning upon the ,spindle1 being put thro' a thing 7,fig4 #bb47 like the ,carrier of a ,latch1 nail'd onto the upper ,part of the fore ,side of the fore ,hopper1 in which thing this ,standard has room to play1 or move side-ways1 to the end that either ,wheel may rise up4 ,fig4 #aa4 is one of the hinder ,standards1 which being placed in the ,beam1 as ,g or ,h1 perpendicular to it1 is driven into a ,mortise1 and pinn'd into the ,beam4 ,it has a ,shoulder behind1 and another before1 and a ,third on its ,outside2 which ,shoulders serve instead of ,braces1 to keep it from moving backwards1 forwards1 or outwards3 ,it is ,two ,feet ,four ,inches long1 ,two ,inches broad1 and an ,inch thick3 ,it is placed with its broad or flat ,sides towards the ,sides of the ,beams4 ,it is made so thin1 because it should have the more room for the ,hopper to play on it2 and therefore must have its ,strength in its ,breadth4 ,the ,part at a must stand foremost4 ,the ,standards ,g and ,h are both alike1 except as they are opposite3 ,their ,use is to draw1 guide1 and hold up the hinder ,hopper3 ,they are to be placed perpendicular to the ,beams1 and at equal ,distance from each ,side of those ,beams1 and at such a ,distance before the ,funnels1 that when the fore ,side of the ,hopper by its whole ,length bears against the hinder ,surface of the ,standards1 the ,seed may drop into the ,middle of both ,funnels1 the ,plough standing upon an horizontal ,surface4 ,be sure to take care1 that the ,sheats1 ,funnels1 and ,standards1 be so placed1 that the ,spindle of the ,hopper may be at right ,angles with the ,beams4 ,q and ,r ,part of the ,limbers1 which are also called ,shafts1 ,sharps1 and ,thills2 from whence the ,horse that goes in them is call'd a ,thiller4 ,these ,limbers are screw'd down to the ,plank1 by ,two ,screws and ,nuts each4 ,the ,limbers are kept at their due ,distance by the ,bar ,s2 near each ,end of which ,bar1 there is a ,staple with a ,crook underneath each ,limber1 to which is hitch'd1 or fastened1 a ,link of each ,trace1 for drawing the ,plough4 ,this ,bar is parallel to the ,plank1 and ,seven ,inches and an half before its fore ,edge4 ,the ,limbers must be mounted higher or lower at their fore ,ends1 according to the ,height of the ,horse that draws in them2 and this may be done by the ,screws that hold them to the ,plank1 and by cutting away the ,wood at the ,two hinder ,screws1 or at the ,two foremost ,screws1 or by ,wedges4 ,every ,workman knows how to team the ,limbers2 that is1 to place them so on the ,plank1 that the ,path of the ,horse1 which goes in the ,middle betwixt them1 may be parallel to all the ,shares1 and so that a ,line1 drawn in the ,middle of this ,path1 might fall into a strait ,line with the fore ,share1 standing on the same even ,surface with the ,path2 for otherwise the ,plough will not follow directly after the ,horse1 but will incline to one ,side4 ,the ,use of the ,trunks of this ,plough is for makeing the ,chanels narrow1 of whatsoever ,depth they are3 ,but1 without ,trunks1 the ,chanels must be made wide by ,ground-wrists1 which spread the ,sides of the ,chanels wide asunder1 to the end that they may lie open for receiving of the ,seed2 and the deeper they are1 the wider they must be3 ,by this ,width of a ,chanel1 the ,seed in it is with more ,difficulty cover'd1 and the ,chanel fill'd with the largest ,clods1 and the ,seed comes up of a great ,breadth1 perhaps ,three or ,four ,inches wide1 so that the ,weeds coming therein are hard to be gotten out4 ,to avoid these ,inconveniences of wide ,chanels1 ,i contrived ,trunks like those described1 except that they were but ,five or ,six ,inches high2 and the ,tops of their ,plates1 bending outwards from each other1 form'd ,two ,sides of a ,funnel2 and the ,wood between the ,two ,plates1 being cut bevel at the ,top1 was as the fore ,side of a ,funnel to this ,trunk3 ,it was open behind from ,top to ,bottom3 ,the ,wheels were low1 and the ,seed-boxes narrow3 ,the ,seed in these ,chanels was easily cover'd1 especially those ,sorts which were sown in dry ,weather2 for then the finest ,mould would run in1 and cover the ,seed1 as soon as the ,trunks were past it4 ,the ,seed in such a narrow ,chanel comes up in a ,line1 where the ,row not being above a ,quarter of an ,inch broad1 scarce any ,weeds come in it2 and when the ,weather is dry1 the ,earth of the ,chanel not lying open to be dry'd1 the ,seed comes up the sooner4 ,i had ,two ,reasons for making of these ,trunks higher1 as they are now used3 ,the one was1 to avoid the too great ,length of the ,shares2 and my other ,reason was1 that with those low ,trunks1 and long ,shares1 there could not be ,two ,ranks of ,shares1 and their ,hoppers in the ,plough1 which are necessary for making very narrow ,partitions1 and absolutely necessary for planting this treble ,row of ,wheat2 for if ,three ,shares for making the ,seven-inch ,partitions were placed in one ,rank1 the ,mould 7which is always moist or wet1 when we plant ,wheat7 would be driven before the ,shares1 there not being room for it to pass betwixt them4 ,fig4 #ab4 is one ,end of the hinder ,hopper laid open4 ,i call it one ,end 7altho' it be an intire ,box by itself7 because this ,hopper is supposed to have its middle ,part cut out1 to have a clearer ,sight of the ,plough1 and fore ,hopper2 as is seen in ,fig4 #ae4 which is the whole ,hopper in ,two ,parts4 ,in this ,fig4 #ab1 ,a is the ,inside of one ,end of the ,hopper1 made with several ,pieces of half-inch ,elm-board nail'd on to the ,post c a1 on the fore ,side2 which ,post is a little more than half an ,inch square1 and ,seventeen ,inches and ,three quarters long1 being the ,depth of that ,part of the ,hopper which holds the ,seed4 ,b is the fore ,side of this ,hopper2 which must be nail'd on to the said ,pod1 being of the same ,length with it1 and ,four ,inches broad1 and half an ,inch thick2 and this is the ,part which on its ,outside goes against the right-hand ,standard of the ,plough1 when it is at ,work4 ,the other ,post b d1 of the same ,thickness with the former1 is nail'd in within half an ,inch of the opposite ,edge of this ,end2 to which ,post also ,c being nail'd1 makes the hinder ,side of this ,part of the ,hopper4 ,c is ,four ,inches broad1 and half an ,inch thick2 and both it1 and the ,post to which it is to be nail'd1 are something longer than its opposite ,side1 because the ,side ,b makes right ,angles with the ,top and ,bottom of the ,hopper2 but the hinder ,side ,c makes oblique ,angles with the ,top and ,bottom of the ,hopper2 and the ,reason of this is1 because when the ,hopper is full of ,seed1 it may be equally pois'd on the ,spindle2 which it could not be without this ,bevel1 unless the ,bottom of the ,hopper did come as much behind the ,spindle as before it2 and that would hinder the ,person that follows the ,drill1 from seeing the ,seed fall out of the ,seed-box into the ,funnel2 and that ,part of the ,bottom which is before the ,spindle cannot be made shorter1 because that ,part of the ,seed-box which is before the ,spindle1 is 7upon account of its ,tongue7 much longer than the ,part of it which is behind the ,spindle4 ',tis true that when the ,hopper is empty of ,seed1 it cannot be thus pois'd2 but then1 being so light1 it does not require it4 e f g h is a ,piece of a ,board1 nail'd on to that ,part of the ,end ,a1 which is below the ,bottom of the ,cavity which holds the ,seed1 and is commonly plac'd a little cross the ,grain of the ,board to which it is nail'd1 and serves to strengthen it1 and keeps the ,hole i from splitting4 ,the upper ,edge e f of this added ,piece of ,board is exactly the ,length of the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 whereto the ,brass ,seed-box is fastened2 and this ,bottom1 together with its ,seed-box under it1 being put into its ,place1 bears upon this ,piece from e to f1 which holds ,up the right ,side of the ,bottom1 and keeps it from sinking downwards2 as the lower ,ends of the ,two mention'd ,posts1 and the fore and hinder ,side ,b and ,c nail'd to them1 prevent its rising upwards4 ,the ,manner of making the ,hole i is as follows3 ,place the ,seed-box with its fore ,end at e1 and hinder ,end at f1 with the ,base of its ,cylinder 7or great ,hole7 against this added ,piece of ,board1 and its upper ,edge exactly the ,height of the ,edge e f2 then1 with a ,pair of ,compasses put thro' the ,cylinder of the ,seed-box1 mark round the inner ,edge of its ,base upon the added ,board2 then take off the ,seed-box1 and find the ,centre of the mark'd ,circle2 and then with a ,tool call'd a ,centre-bit1 of the right ,size1 bore the ,hole quite thro' the double ,board2 and this ,hole will be in the right ,place1 and of the same ,diameter with the ,spindle2 but in case there is to be a ,brass ,wreath on that ,part of the ,spindle which is to turn in this ,hole1 then the ,hole must be bor'd of the same ,diameter with that ,part of the ,wreath which is to enter it2 and that may be perhaps near a quarter of an ,inch longer than the ,diameter of the ,spindle1 upon which it is fastened4 ,this ,end ,a1 thus bor'd and shap'd1 is a ,pattern for its ,opposite1 and for the other ,two ,opposites of the other ,cavity1 which holds the ,seed at the other ,end of the ,hopper4 ,when the ,opposite of ,a 7with the ,two ,posts whereto the fore ,side ,b1 and the hinder ,side ,c1 are nail'd1 and having a like ,piece of ,board in its lower ,part with a like ,hole in it7 is added1 and when the ,bottom 7,four ,inches broad71 with its ,seed-box under it1 is thrust in at f by the prick'd ,lines1 until it reach e1 bearing on one ,side upon the ,piece of ,board e f g h1 and the other ,edge of the ,bottom bearing in like manner upon the opposite ,piece1 then this ,cavity of the ,hopper1 which will contain about ,two ,gallons of ,seeds1 will be finish'd4 ,note1 ,the ,bottom must make a right ,angle with the ,two fore ,posts1 having the ,side ,b perpendicular to it4 ,d is a ,part of the ,board which comes out farther than the ,hopper1 in order to hold a ,bar at k2 which being fastened there1 and in like manner to the ,opposite of this ,board1 this ,bar bearing against the fore ,part of the ,standard1 the ,hopper and its ,wheels are in part drawn by it4 ,into the ,notch l is fastened one ,end of a long ,bar1 which passes the whole ,length of the ,hopper1 and holds the upper ,part of its ,two ,cavities in their ,places1 as is seen mark'd ,d1 in ,fig4 #ae4 ,e is ,part of the ,board which comes before the ,hopper1 and whereto one ,end of a ,piece of ,wood is fastened by ,nails or ,screws1 which bearing against the fore ,part of the ,standard1 and against its ,inside1 the ,hopper is in part drawn and guided by it1 as shall be shewn in ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #ac4 shews the ,outside of the ,figure last describ'd4 ,a is the ,standard by which this ,end of the ,hopper is drawn1 in the manner as it is here placed4 ,b is one ,end of the ,spindle passing thro' the ,hopper and ,seed-box4 ,c the ,bottom1 having the ,seed-box fastened on to it1 with one ,screw before1 and another behind1 with their ,nuts underneath1 and the ,heads of their ,screws very thin1 and the ,pins square at ,top1 that they may not turn in the ,wood2 and their ,heads must either be let into the ,wood1 even with the ,surface1 or else the ,sides ,b ,c of the ,hopper must be cut for these ,heads of the ,screws to pass in under them4 ,this bottom ,board1 which holds the brass ,seed-box1 is ,four ,inches broad1 and full half an ,inch thick1 and at each ,end a quarter of an ,inch longer than the ,seed-box3 ,this ,piece is first thrust in sliding upon the ,two added ,pieces of ,board1 until its fore ,end comes under the fore ,side of the ,hopper1 and its hinder ,end under the hinder ,side2 then setting the ,hopper with its ,bottom upwards1 the ,spindle being thro' the ,seed-box1 and ,holes of the ,hopper1 we hold the ,seed-box hard upon the ,bottom1 at equal ,distance from each ,end of it1 whilst the ,holes are bored thro' the ,bottom1 by the ,holes at each ,end of the ,seed-box2 and then the ,screws1 being put thro'1 screw on the ,box2 and when that is done1 we make a ,mark upon the bottom ,board1 with the ,compasses1 on each ,side of the ,brass ,box1 beginning from the ,ends of the ,axis of the ,tongue1 reaching as far backwards as is the ,length of the ,mortise3 ,these ,two ,lines or ,marks are a ,direction for cutting the ,hole in the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 thro' which the ,seed descends into the ,seed-box2 then we pull out the ,spindle1 then draw out the ,bottom1 take off the ,seed-box1 and cut the ,hole in the ,bottom in the manner ,i will now describe in ,fig4 #ad4 where the ,two pricked ,lines a b and c d are the lower ,edges of the ,hole1 and the same with the ,two ,lines mentioned to be marked by the ,sides of the ,seed-box4 ,the pricked ,line a d1 being at right ,angles with the ,two former1 is the lower ,edge of the fore ,end of the ,hole1 and exactly over the ,axis of the ,tongue1 and parallel to it4 ,the pricked ,line b c is the lower ,edge of the hinder ,end of the ,hole1 which is just over the hinder ,end of the ,mortise1 and parallel and equal to the last-mentioned pricked ,line3 ,these ,four pricked ,lines are the lower ,edges of this ,hole1 contiguous to the ,seed-box4 ,the ,two ,lines e f and g h are the upper ,edges of the ,sides of the ,hole1 which1 being farther asunder than the lower ,edges1 make the reverse ,bevel of this ,hole2 which may be determined by this1 that the ,surface between these ,two upper and lower ,edges1 being ,planes1 are inclined to one another downwards1 in an ,angle of about ,one hundred and ,thirty ,degrees4 ,the ,two ,lines e g and f h1 at right ,angles with the ,two last-mentioned ,lines1 make the upper ,edges of the ,ends of this ,hole2 and1 being nearer together1 than the pricked ,lines under them1 the plane ,surfaces1 betwixt these ,two ,lines and those ,two pricked ,lines1 shew the ,bevel of the ,ends of these1 which are inclined to each other upwards in an ,angle of about ,sixty-five ,degrees4 ,this double ,bevel effectually prevents the ,seed from arching in the ,hole1 before it gets into the ,mortise of the ,seed-box2 and also1 the ,two upper ,edges of the ,ends of the ,hole being nearer together than the lower1 there is the more ,wood left between these ,edges and the ,screws1 which hold the ,box to the ,bottom1 whereby the ,board is less apt to split4 ,then the ,box being screwed on to the ,bottom1 and thrust again into its ,place1 the ,spindle1 passing thro' both the ,hopper and the ,box1 keeps the ,bottom in its ,place3 ,then ,d1 in ,fig4 #ac4 is the imaginary ,plane of the ,top or ,mouth of the ,hopper1 being a rectangled ,parallelogram1 and parallel to the ,bottom1 to which the fore ,end is perpendicular1 and a rectangled ,parallelogram of the same ,breadth4 ,fig4 #ae4 shews the fore ,side of the whole hinder ,hopper1 with its ,two ,cavities1 and all its ,accoutrements1 except the ,wheels2 the ,two ,ends ,a and ,b being exactly alike1 having each of them its ,seed-box at the ,bottom1 in the same manner as in the one has been described4 ,the ,bar ,d holds together the upper ,parts of this double ,hopper at a right ,distance1 which is1 when there is ,ten ,inches clear room betwixt the ,two single ones4 ,the ,spindle ,e1 passing thro' the ,whole1 holds the ,two single ,hoppers by ,four ,wreaths1 at the same ,distance below1 as they are held by the ,bar above4 ,these ,four ,wreaths are screwed on to the ,spindle1 to keep it from moving towards either ,end1 as well as to hold the ,hoppers in their ,places3 ,two of which ,wreaths are seen at a and b2 and the other ,two are placed on the ,outsides1 as these ,two are on the ,insides4 ,before we proceed any farther in this ,figure1 it will be proper to shew the ,wreaths1 which are of ,two ,sorts4 ,the one in ,fig4 #af4 where ,a is its ,hollow1 which is circular1 and must be of the same ,diameter with the ,spindle2 and1 being thrust on upon the ,spindle1 till it touch the ,board1 is fastened to the ,spindle by a small ,screw thro' each of its opposite ,holes1 a b shews the ,breadth of this ,wreath1 whether it be made of ,brass or ,wood3 ,it is little more than half an ,inch4 b c d is the ,part of it that goes against the ,board3 ,the ,thickness of the ,surface of this ,end which goes against the ,board1 is a quarter of an ,inch1 if made with ,brass2 but if with ,wood1 half an ,inch2 but the ,thickness of its other ,end a e f is less than its ,end b c d1 by which means the ,screws are the more easily turned in4 ,fig4 #ag4 shews the other ,sort of ,wreath1 which is always made in ,brass3 ,its ,cavity is a hollow ,cylinder like the former3 ,when it is on the ,spindle1 its ,end a b c is thrust into the ,hole of the ,board 7made wider for the ,purpose7 until d e f come close to the ,board1 and stop it from entering any farther2 then we screw it on to the ,spindle by the ,holes1 as the other ,sort of ,wreath is described to be screwed4 ,this is the best ,sort of ,wreath2 because it keeps the ,spindle from wearing against the ,edges of the ,hole1 and then the ,spindle never has any ,friction against the ,wood in any ,part of it2 but the other ,sort are more easily made 7especially of ,wood71 and the ,spindle will last a great while in them2 or if it be worn out1 the ,expence of ,three-pence or ,four-pence will purchase a new ,spindle4 ,now ,i must return to ,fig4 #ae4 where the ,spindle ,e having its ,four ,wreaths fixt on it1 we turn it round with our ,hand1 to see whether the ,wreaths are put on true2 and when they are so1 neither the ,spindle1 nor the ,hoppers1 can move end-ways3 ,tho' the ,spindle be pretty hard to turn round1 the ,wheels will soon cause it to turn easily4 ,whilst the ,spindle is in this ,posture1 we turn the ,hopper ,bottom upwards1 and mark the ,spindle for cutting the ,notches in the manner before directed2 and then we take off the ,spindle1 and cut the ,notches1 and also cut each ,end of the ,spindle square1 up to a ,shoulder at each ,end1 so that the ,wheels may come easily on without knocking or thrusting2 and then we return the ,spindle to its ,place1 and put on the ,wheels1 pinning them on with each a long ,nail1 which being crooked at the ,ends1 prevent it from falling out1 but may be very easily pulled out with the ,claws of a ,hammer2 but we must take care1 that neither the square ,ends of the ,spindle1 nor the square ,holes in the ,naves 7or ,hubs7 of the ,wheels 7into which they enter71 be taper2 for1 if they are taper1 the ,wheels will be apt to work themselves off4 ,the ,piece of ,wood1 ,fig4 #ah4 is that which goes over the ,standard1 and1 being placed in the ,hopper1 as ,f4 in ,fig4 #ae4 draws that ,part of the ,hopper by its ,inside a b bearing against the fore ,part of the ,standard2 and that ,part of it from b to c1 being the ,breadth of the ,standard1 bears against its inner ,inside1 to prevent the ,hopper from going any farther towards that ,end4 ,this ,piece of ,wood is fastened to the ,boards of the ,hopper1 either by ,screws or ,nails3 ,this ,piece1 from d to e1 must be of such a ,thickness1 that the ,standard1 bearing against its ,inside b c1 may be equidistant from each ,board1 to which this ,piece is fastened4 ,the ,part1 or fore ,side of this ,piece f g1 must be the ,length of the ,distance between ,board and ,board1 to which it is fastened2 and that is exactly ,four ,inches4 ,its ,thickness and ,depth must be such as may make it strong enough for the ,purposes intended4 ,the ,piece marked ,fig4 #ai4 is the ,opposite of the former1 and to be placed in the same manner1 and as it is seen marked ,g in ,fig4 #ae4 observing always1 that the ,part of it1 which holds the ,hopper from moving end-ways1 must always be on the ,inside of the ,standard2 for1 if these ,pieces should bear against the ,outsides of the ,standards1 the ,hopper could have no ,play upon them1 nor could either of the ,wheels rise up without raising the ,share 7that was next to it7 out of the ,ground2 but1 being thus placed1 either ,wheel may rise without the other1 and without raising the ,share4 ,i say more of this1 because it is a ,point wherein young ,workmen are apt to mistake4 ,thus having shewn1 in ,fig4 #ae4 how the ,hopper is guided and drawn at the lower ,part1 ,i come next to shew how it is held and drawn at its upper ,part2 for which the ,piece of ,wood1 ,fig4 #bj4 being a competent ,breadth and ,thickness1 ,four ,inches long1 is fixt in between the ,boards with ,nails or ,screws2 and is ,h in ,fig4 #ae4 ,the ,standard passing up betwixt this and the fore ,side of the ,hopper1 its fore ,surface bearing against this ,bar1 and its hinder ,surface against the ,hopper2 so that the ,hopper may rise and sink easily upon the ,standard at ,top1 being in the ,middle on the fore ,side of the ,hopper2 there will be an equal ,distance of each ,side1 for either ,wheel to rise1 without the ,standard striking against the ,sides of the ,hopper to hinder its rising4 ,there is another ,bar equal to this1 and has the same ,office1 at the other ,end of the ,hopper1 marked ,i4 ,likewise the ,bar ,d is of the same ,use with these mentioned short ,bars1 and they help to strengthen one another4 ,when the ,wheels are put on till they reach near to the ,wreaths1 they will stand with their ,rings1 or ,circles1 ,two ,feet ,three ,inches asunder4 ,we set them as near together as conveniently we can2 because when they are too wide1 they are apt to draw the ,plough towards one ,side of the ,ridge2 and sometimes1 when the ,ridge is high1 the ,hopper might bear upon the ,funnels2 and then the ,wheels1 being carried above the ,ground1 would not turn to bring out the ,seed3 ,and that these ,wheels may come the nearer together1 their ,spokes are set almost perpendicular2 so that the ,wheels are not concave1 as other ,wheels are4 ,this ,hopper is shewn1 put on upon its ,standards1 in its ,place1 in ,fig4 #ba4 where the mentioned ,bar ,d1 which holds the ,hopper together at ,top1 is seen1 as also the ,four ,wreaths1 and likewise the hinder ,end of the ,seed-boxes standing over the ,funnels1 with their ,trunks underneath them4 ,here also the back ,part of the fore ,hopper is seen1 with its ,seed-box standing over the fore ,funnel3 ,its ,mouth also is seen at ,a2 as also the ,top of its fore ,side held up by the thing 7,fig4 #bb47 like the ,carrier of a ,latch1 with the ,nails in it1 which fasten it to the ,top of the fore ,side of the ,hopper1 and give room for either of its ,wheels to rise4 ,this fore ,hopper may easily be described by the ,figure of a ,box1 like the other already described1 at its ,ends1 which are of the same ,shape with the ,inside of the ,box1 ,fig4 #ab4 but much lower1 being ,seven ,inches and an half deep1 and ,sixteen ,inches long2 and the ,breadth of its ,bottom is determined by the ,length of the ,seed-box1 and a little wider at ,top1 on account of the ,bevel which poises it3 ,it carries no more ,seed than one ,end of the hinder ,hopper2 but it is capable of holding more2 but we do not fill it quite1 lest some of the ,seed should fly over in jolting1 its ,mouth being so much longer than the other4 ,this ,hopper is kept in its ,place1 from moving end-ways upon the ,spindle1 by a ,wreath fixed to the ,spindle at each ,end of the ,box1 in the same manner as has been described for holding the other ,hopper4 ,the ,wreaths most proper for this ,purpose are the ,sort described in ,fig4 #ag4 but the other ,sort described in ,fig4 #af4 and even made with ,wood1 will suffice2 but then we must take care to make the ,hole at the ,end of the ,hopper of a considerable ,thickness1 that it may not wear the ,spindle1 which1 by reason of its great ,length1 is the more liable to bend1 and be cut by the ,edges of the ,holes2 which ,cutting cannot be prevented but by the ,thickness of the ,holes1 or by such ,wreaths as that of ,fig4 #ag4 ,we sometimes make this ,hopper exactly like a common ,box1 without any ,part of its ,ends descending below the ,bottom2 and1 in that ,case1 we place a narrower ,piece of ,board at each ,end of the ,hopper1 like that of ,fig4 #bc4 in which ,figure1 the ,hole ,a being put on upon the ,spindle1 the ,piece of ,board is fastened on by a ,screw and ,nut thro' the ,hole ,b1 near the ,top of the ,end of the ,hopper1 and by another ,screw and ,nut thro' the ,hole ,c1 near the ,bottom of the ,hopper4 ,another such a ,piece of ,board1 fixed on in the same manner to the opposite ,end of the ,hopper1 holds this long ,hopper parallel to its ,spindle1 that passes thro' the ,holes of these ,two ,pieces1 and thro' the ,brass ,seed-box1 which is fixed up to the ,bottom1 in the ,middle betwixt them4 ,there are ,two ,methods for letting the ,seed pass from a long ,hopper into the ,seed-box4 ,the first is that of cutting the ,hole through its ,bottom1 in the manner that has been shewn in ,fig4 #ad4 ,the other is that which cannot be used in a ,hopper so short as the ,boxes of our hinder ,hoppers are2 but in the fore ,hopper1 or any other long ,hopper1 we can place the ,brass ,seed-box to a ,bottom made for the ,purpose1 like that in ,fig4 #bd4 where there is a ,piece of ,board on the fore ,part of the ,hopper from ,end to ,end1 as a b1 and another on the hinder ,part of the ,hopper1 as c d4 ,then the fore ,part of the ,brass ,seed-box1 being placed under the ,piece a b1 is screwed up to it at e1 and the hinder ,part of the ,seed-box under c d screwed up to it at f2 then the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 being open in the ,middle1 is shut by very thin ,boards1 g and h1 fixed up to the mentioned ,pieces3 ,these ,boards having their upper ,surface even with the upper ,edges of the ,brass ,box1 the ,seed can no way arch in coming into the ,mortise of the ,seed-box4 ,whichever of these ,two ,methods be made use of1 in a long ,hopper1 the ,bottom must be fixed to the ,two ,sides1 by small ,bars of ,wood of about ,three quarters of an ,inch square1 to which the ,bottom and ,sides are fastened by ,nails1 in the manner that the ,ends and ,sides of the hinder ,hoppers are fastened to their ,posts1 which stand in their ,corners4 ,we take the same ,method for cutting the ,notches in this ,spindle1 as has been described for cutting the ,notches in the other ,spindle4 ,but observe1 ,that the great ,length of this ,spindle requires it to be the larger2 and we make it of an ,inch and ,three quarters ,diameter1 the other being only an ,inch and an half3 ,we therefore bore the great ,hole or ,cylinder of its ,brass ,seed-box a quarter of an ,inch in ,diameter larger than of the ,brass ,seed-boxes of the hinder ,hoppers2 and we commonly make a ,notch more in the ,circumference of this ,spindle1 because the ,semidiameters of its ,wheels must be as much greater than of the hinder ,wheels1 as is the ,thickness of the ,plank1 and the ,ends of the ,limbers which are betwixt this ,spindle and the upper ,surface of the ,two ,beams4 ,we make all our ,spindles of clear-quarter'd ,ash1 without ,knots or ,crooks2 and when they are well dry'd1 and made perfectly round1 and of equal ,diameter from one ,end to the other1 by the ,prong-maker1 we pay a ,peny per ,foot for them at the first ,hand1 and they will now-and-then have something more for the largest ,size2 but we are only curious to have the middle ,part of this long ,spindle exact2 for we graft on a ,piece at each ,end1 which does not require any ,exactness3 ,the ,graftings are seen at a a at one ,end1 and b b at the other ,end of the ,spindle 7in this ,fig4 #ba47 by ,four flattish ,iron ,rings driven on upon the grafted ,parts1 as they appear under those ,letters in the ,middle4 ,between each ,pair of these ,rings1 we drive a small ,iron ,pin thro' the ,joints at c and at d1 to keep the ,grafts from separating end-ways2 and if they are not tight enough1 we make them so1 by ,wedges driven in betwixt them and the ,spindle4 ,this fore ,hopper is drawn by the ,spindle1 and the ,spindle is drawn by the ,two double ,standards ,b and ,c1 betwixt whose ,forks it is placed1 as appears in this ,figure2 the ,distance between each ,fork1 or double ,standard1 being exactly the ,diameter of the ,spindle1 so that the ,spindle may have just room to rise and sink there1 and no more4 ,the ,hopper and ,spindle are guided1 or kept in their ,place1 from moving end-ways1 by ,two ,wreaths screw'd on to the ,spindle1 the one at e1 and the other at f2 each of which ,wreaths1 bearing against the ,surfaces of both the ,legs of each double ,standard1 on the ,sides next to the ,hopper1 prevent the ,spindle and ,hopper from moving towards either ,end2 and yet admit the ,wheels1 or either of them1 to rise and sink without raising either ,side of the ,plough1 contrary to what would happen1 if the ,wreaths were placed on the ,outsides of the ,standards next to the ,wheels4 ,we make these ,wreaths a little different from the other ,sort of ,wreaths1 which turn against the ,holes2 we make them of a greater ,diameter1 lest they should at any time get in betwixt the ,legs of the double ,standards1 in case the ,standards should be loose1 or bend3 ,therefore we make the ,diameter of each of these ,wreaths1 at least1 ,two ,inches and ,three quarters3 ,we always make them of ,wood1 and of a peculiar ,shape1 taking off their ,edges next the ,standards1 which ,edges would be an ,impediment to the ,rising of one ,end of the ,spindle without the other4 ,so that1 for making these ,wreaths1 we may form a ,piece of ,wood of the ,shape of a ,skittle-bowl 7or an oblate ,spheroid7 having an ,inch and ,three-quarter ,hole bor'd thro' its ,middle1 and then cut by its ,diameter 7which is about ,three ,inches7 in ,two ,halves1 each of which will be one of these ,wreaths2 and they must be placed on the ,spindle1 with their convex ,sides bearing against their respective ,standards4 ,the ,diameter of the fore ,wheels is about ,thirty ,inches1 as the ,diameter of the hinder ,wheels is about ,twenty-two4 ,the fore ,spindle should be of such a ,length1 that its square ,ends1 ,e and ,f1 may come out ,three or ,four ,inches farther than the ,hubs 7or ,stocks7 of the ,wheels2 so that there may be room to shift the ,wheels towards either ,end1 for making several ,sets of ,notches1 for the ,use of the ,seed-box4 ,observe1 ,tho' the fore ,hopper is drawn by its ,spindle1 yet the hinder ,spindle is drawn by its ,hopper4 ,the ,reason of this great ,distance between the ,two fore ,wheels is not so much for their serving as ,marking ,wheels to this particular ,drill2 which being drawn only upon a ,ridge1 its ,top is a sufficient ,direction for leading the ,horse to keep the ,rows parallel to one another1 if the ,ridges are so2 but if the ,wheels were much nearer together than they are1 and yet more than ,six ,feet asunder1 the ,wheels going on the ,sides of the next ,ridges would be apt to turn the ,drill out of the ,horse-path towards one ,side1 not permitting the ,drill to follow directly after the ,horse2 and if the ,wheels should stand at ,six or ,seven ,feet ,distance from one another1 then they must go in the ,furrows which are on each ,side of the ,six-feet ,ridge3 ,this would occasion their ,hopper to bear upon the ,plank1 which would carry the ,wheels above the ,ground1 and no ,seed would be turned out of the ,hopper1 unless the ,wheels were of an extraordinary ,height#bfh2 and the ,height requir'd for them would be very uncertain1 some ,furrows being much deeper than others2 but the ,tops of contiguous ,ridges are generally of an equal ,height1 whether the ,furrows betwixt them be deep or shallow2 for we seldom make ,ridges of an unequal ,height in the same ,field3 ,therefore there can be no need to change the ,height of our ,wheels1 that are to go upon the ,middle of the ,ridges2 but if they went in the ,furrows they must be of a different ,height when used for drilling of high ,ridges1 from what would be required when used for drilling low ,ridges4 #bfh ,notwithstanding the ,reasons given1 and that ,i have never used ,wheels of such an ,height as might be necessary for going in the ,furrows1 yet it may not be amiss to try such2 because with them the ,spindle needeth not to be more than half the ,length of one that is carried by low ,wheels3 ,and high ,wheels will allow the ,funnel to be much larger1 so that altho' the ,spindle go higher from it1 no ,seed will drop beside a large ,funnel2 but there is not room for a large one under low ,wheels4 ,i did not think it necessary to describe the ,manner of making ,drill-wheels any otherways than by shewing them in the ,plates2 but ,i will observe here1 that they are to be made very light3 ,one of mine1 that is #cj ,inches high1 weighs ,five ,pounds and an half2 it has a ,circle or ,ring of ,iron1 whose ,depth is half an ,inch1 and its ,thickness a quarter of an ,inch2 also very thin ,iron ,stock-bands to hold the ,nave or ,stock from splitting4 ,the ,circle is held on the ,spokes by small flat ,iron ,pins on each ,side2 and each ,spoke has a ,ring of ,iron to secure its ,end from being split by driving in of the ,pins4 ,we also make the ,drill-wheels less concave than other ,wheels are4 ,one ,reason why the hinder ,shares are shorter than the fore ,share 7and consequently the fore ,part of their ,sheats less oblique7 is1 that they may be set the nearer to the ,plank2 and ,i have had a ,drill with ,five ,shares in the ,plank1 ,fourteen ,inches asunder1 and ,four of these hinder ,sheats following in another ,rank1 whose ,shares were less than ,three ,inches long2 so that their ,beams were set so far forwards1 that one ,hopper 7by a ,contrivance that carried the ,seed forwards to the fore ,rank1 and backwards to the other ,rank7 supply'd the ,seed to both ,ranks of ,trunks1 and planted ,st4 ,foin in ,rows ,seven ,inches asunder1 when the ,ground was too rough to be planted with ,rows at that ,distance by one ,rank of ,shares4 ,it may be objected1 that the fore ,part of these hinder ,sheats might not be oblique enough to raise up the ,strings of ,roots or ,stubble1 which might come across them in their ,way2 but this ,inconvenience is remedied by the greater ,obliquity of the fore ,sheat 7or ,sheats71 which clears the ,way for the hinder ,sheats1 by raising out of the ,ground such ,strings1 c4 which might annoy them2 especially1 in this ,wheat-drill1 where the fore ,share so clears the way of the hinder ,shares1 that they can take hold of no ,string in the ,ground1 except of the ,ends of such which the fore ,share has loosen'd2 and they hanging faster in the ,ground by their other ,ends1 the hinder ,shares slip by them without taking hold of them2 and the ,harrow-tines1 going after so near to the ,chanels of the hinder ,sheats1 by the same means escape also from hanging in such ,strings4 ,the ,reasons for placing the ,one ,share and ,one ,hopper before1 and the ,two behind1 in this ,wheat-drill1 are so many1 and so obvious1 that it would be but losing of ,time to mention them4 ,the ,limbers ,g and ,h1 we make of ,aspen1 ,poplar1 or ,willow1 for ,lightness2 we make them as small and light as we can1 allowing them convenient ,strength2 and the shorter they are1 the more exactly the ,drill will follow the ,horse1 without the ,hand of him1 that follows the ,drill1 whose chief ,business is1 with the ,paddle to keep all the ,shares and ,tines from being clogged up by the ,dirt sticking to them1 and also to observe whether the ,seed be delivered equally and justly to all the ,chanels4 ,these ,limbers should approach so near together at their fore ,parts1 near the ,chain1 that there may be none or very little room betwixt the ,limbers and the ,horse2 and therefore must be nearer together for a very little ,horse than for a great one3 ,the ,horse1 which ,i have used in all my ,drills for these many ,years past1 is a little one1 about ,thirteen ,hands high2 and the fore ,part of my ,drill-limbers are ,twenty ,inches wide asunder at the ,chain4 ,at g on the ,outside of the ,limber ,g1 is a small ,staple driven in1 having one ,link on it1 which holds a small ,hook1 which1 taking hold of different ,links of the very small ,chain ,i1 raises or sinks the fore ,part of the ,plough to different ,heights4 ,but take care to set it at such a ,degree1 that the fore and hinder ,share may go equally deep in the ,ground2 and when they do so1 the fore ,part of the ,limbers ought to be higher than the ,traces which draw them4 ,at h in the ,limber ,h1 is driven another ,staple1 which holds the other ,end of the ,chain2 or else1 instead of a ,chain1 we may make use of a ,piece of ,cord1 one ,end of which put thro' this ,staple1 and ty'd to the ,limber1 and a ,piece of ,chain of half a dozen ,links1 fasten'd to the other ,end of such a ,cord1 will serve as well as a whole ,chain1 for raising and sinking the ,limbers4 ,he who can by these ,directions make this ,wheat-drill1 may very easily make any other ,sort of ,drill1 for planting any ,sort of ,corn1 or other ,seeds that are near about the ,bigness of ,seeds of ,corn3 ,he may make it with a single ,row of ,sheats1 by placing as many of these fore ,sheats as he pleases in the ,plank1 which maybe longer or shorter1 as he thinks fit2 and he may add a ,beam betwixt every ,two of them1 with a ,sheat in it1 like these hinder ,sheats2 and then the ,drill will be double1 having ,two ,ranks of ,shares4 ,but ,i must advise him never to make a ,drill with more ,shares than will be contain'd in ,four ,feet ,breadth1 that is1 from the outermost on the right ,hand1 to the outermost on the left ,hand2 for should the ,drill be broader1 some of the ,shares might pass over hollow ,places of the ,ground without reaching them1 and then the ,seed falling on the ,ground would be uncover'd in such low ,places4 ,to a ,drill that plants upon the ,level1 ,marking-wheels are necessary1 to the ,end that every ,row may be at its due ,distance3 ,as in a ,drill with ,five ,shares1 for planting ,rows ,eight ,inches asunder1 ,four of the ,five cannot err1 because ,four equal ,spaces are included betwixt the ,five ,shares2 but the ,fifth 7which we call the parting ,space7 being on the ,outside unconfin'd1 would scarce ever be equal1 were it not kept equal by the ,help of the ,marking-wheels4 ,the ,rule for setting of these is thus3 ,we compute altogether the ,five ,spaces belonging to the ,five ,rows2 which being in all ,forty ,inches1 we set the ,marking-wheels ,eighty ,inches asunder1 that is1 double the ,distance of all the ,spaces1 each ,wheel being equidistant to the ,middle of the ,drill1 which ,middle being exactly over the ,horse-path1 when the ,drill is turn'd1 the ,horse goes back upon the ,track of one of these ,wheels1 making his ,path exactly ,forty ,inches distant from his last ,path3 ,by this means also the ,rows of the whole ,field may be kept equidistant1 and parallel to one another2 so that it would be difficult for an ,eye to distinguish the parting ,rows from the rest4 ,but when ,two different ,sorts of ,seed are planted1 suppose a ,row of ,st4 ,foin betwixt every ,row of ,barley1 the ,rows of which being ,eight ,inches asunder1 and the ,barley drill'd by the fore ,hopper into the ,chanels made by the five ,shares1 and the ,st4 ,foin drill'd from the hinder ,hopper into the ,chanels made by ,six ,shares1 the ,marking-wheels must be at no greater ,distance than those above-mention'd1 where there are only ,five ,shares2 because one of the ,six1 which are for the ,st4 ,foin1 must always return in the same ,chanel1 going twice therein2 for ,one ,row of ,barley would be missing1 in case the parting ,space should be made by this ,sixth ,share2 and that parting ,space would have no ,barley in it4 ,therefore it is a ,rule1 that whensoever ,two ,sorts of ,seeds are drill'd1 the ,rows of one ,sort betwixt the ,rows of the other there must be an odd ,share in the ,drill1 which must go twice in one ,chanel1 and the ,distance of the ,marking-wheels must be accounted from that ,rank of ,shares which are the fewest3 ,it must also be contriv'd in this ,case1 that each outermost ,seed-box must deliver but half the ,quantity of ,seed that each of the inner ,seed-boxes do2 because the outer ones going twice in a ,place1 their ,chanels would otherwise have a ,quantity of ,seed double to the rest4 ,in a ,drill that has ,two ,spindles1 we place the ,marking-wheels on the foremost1 which upon their ,account is the longest2 but if we should use the ,wheels of the hinder ,spindle as ,marking-wheels1 then that must be the longest1 and so the fore ,wheels 7their ,semidiameters being much longer than the ,semidiameters of the hinder ,wheels1 and their ,spindles shorter7 would strike against the hinder ,spindle1 unless it were set farther back than is convenient4 ,when ,ground is harrow'd the last time before it is to be drill'd1 we contrive that the ,harrows may not go directly towards the same ,point that the ,drill is to go1 lest the ,track of the ,marking-wheel should be exactly parallel with the ,track of the ,harrow-tines1 which might make it difficult to distinguish the ,track of the ,wheel from that of the ,harrow-tine4 ,he that has not a great ,quantity of ,ground to plant with ,st4 ,foin1 and does not plant it betwixt ,rows of ,corn1 will have occasion for no other ,drill than this ,wheat-drill1 describ'd in ,fig4 #ba4 ,he may plant his ,rows at ,fifteen ,inches asunder1 by the hinder ,hopper1 and its ,shares1 without removing them1 the fore ,hopper being taken off2 or else you may plant ,three ,rows at ,sixteen ,inches asunder1 by setting the ,beams1 and their ,seed-boxes and ,hoppers1 at ,thirty-two ,inches asunder instead of ,fifteen1 equidistant from the fore ,share3 and then the ,marking-wheels1 which are those of the fore ,spindle1 must be ,eight ,feet asunder2 to wit1 double to the ,spaces of the ,three ,shares1 which are ,three times ,sixteen ,inches 7or ,four ,feet72 or you may set the ,two hinder ,beams1 c4 at what ,distance you please1 setting the ,marking-wheels to correspond with them2 but then the ,harrow must be alter'd1 and both its ,legs and ,tines must change their ,places in the ,head1 the ,legs for guiding it exactly1 and the ,tines to follow in all the ,three ,rows1 which will require a third ,tine to be added in the ,middle1 between the other ,two4 ,but without any other ,alteration than that of taking off the fore ,hopper1 and that of lessening the ,seed-passages of the hinder ,hopper by the ,setting-screws2 my ,man planted me several ,acres of ,st4 ,foin with my ,wheat-drill ,two ,years ago1 the ,rows being all ,fourteen ,inches asunder3 ,it is now an extraordinary good ,crop4 ,in case the ,shares1 being only ,three1 should in fine ,ground go so deep as to endanger the ,burying of the ,seed1 the best ,remedy to prevent this fatal ,misfortune is1 to place a triangular ,piece of ,wood1 like those in ,figures #be4 and #bf4 the first of which shews one ,side thereof1 with the ,nail by which it is to be nail'd into the lower ,part of the ,trunk1 with1 its most acute ,angle uppermost2 the other in ,fig4 #bf4 shews the same1 and its ,back-side a b1 that is to be nail'd to the ,back of the ,shear1 being of the same ,breadth with it2 its ,bottom b c being the ,breadth of the ,plates1 on their ,inside1 the ,angle c coming out backwards1 just as far as the ,plates3 ,the ,depth of this ,piece from a to c is uncertain1 because the ,plates of some ,trunks are broader than of others4 ,the ,use of this ,piece is1 to fill up the lower ,part of the ,trunk2 so that the ,seed1 dropping upon the oblique ,side of this ,piece of ,wood1 may by it be turn'd into the ,chanel1 after so much ,mould is fallen in it1 as will sufficiently lessen its ,depth1 whereby the ,danger of burying the ,seed is avoided3 ,and such a ,piece of ,wood placed into each ,trunk1 ,i think1 is preferable to ,ground-wrists1 which are commonly used for this ,purpose2 because the ,ground-wrists leave the ,chanels too wide and open4 ,but when only the ,two hinder ,sheats are used for ,st4 ,foin1 we can make their ,chanels the shallower1 by sinking the ,limbers by their ,chain1 so much as that1 the ,plough bearing most upon the fore ,share1 the hinder ,shares will go the shallower4 ,when we drill hilly ,ground1 both up and down1 we cover the hinder ,parts of all the ,trunks1 from their ,tops1 to within ,two or ,three ,inches of the ,ground1 to prevent the ,seed's falling out far behind the ,trunk1 in going up ,hill2 and this we do either by a ,piece of ,leather nail'd to each ,side of a ,sheat1 the ,middle of the ,leather bearing against the hinder ,part of the ,plates 7or ,trunk72 or sometimes1 instead of ,leather1 we use ,tin4 ,every ,trunk being thus inclos'd behind1 we can drill up and down an hill of a moderate ,ascent2 but when it is very steep1 we never drill any thing but ,st4 ,foin on it1 and that by a ,drill made for the ,purpose1 so very light1 that a ,man may carry it up the ,hill on his ,back1 and draw it down after him3 ,this ,drill has ,five or ,six ,sheats in one ,row 7with the ,harrow behind them74 ,their ,shares being extremely short1 the ,standards which draw the ,hopper must be set perpendicular to the ,horizon1 when the ,drill is coming down1 rather than to the ,surface of the ,side of the ,hill3 ,the ,funnels must also correspond with the ,standards4 ,some1 instead of these ,sheats1 make use of hollow wooden ,harrow-tines1 thro' which the ,seed descends3 ,but these ,i do not approve of2 because where the ,ground is hard1 and not fine1 they rise up1 and make no ,chanels for the ,seed2 and then it lying uncover'd will be malted4 ,when a ,drill has only one ,rank of ,shares1 we screw on the ,harrow by its ,legs1 to the ,inside of the ,two outside ,sheats1 as near as we can to their fore ,shoulders1 leaving sufficient room for the ,harrow to rise and sink1 in the same manner as when it is drawn by the ,beams4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iv ,page4 #cgh ,b4 ,cole ,sculps4 ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,of the ,turnep-,drill4 ,plate #e4 shews the whole ,mounting of a ,turnep-drill4 ,fig4 #a4 is a ,plough1 but little differing from the ,drill-plough last mentioned4 ,a1 ,a1 are the ,two ,limbers1 differing in nothing from the other1 except that they are lighter1 not being above ,two ,inches ,diameter1 behind the ,bar3 ,they are drawn in the same manner as the other4 ,their ,bar ,b is distant from the ,plank ,three ,inches1 being shoulder'd at each ,end1 with a very thin flat ,tenon1 passing thro' each ,limber1 and pinn'd on their ,outsides1 as at a a4 ,we do not pin in this ,bar thro' the ,limbers1 lest the ,holes should make these very small ,limbers the weaker in that ,part4 ,c1 the ,plank1 ,two ,feet and an ,inch long1 ,five ,inches broad1 and an ,inch and a quarter thick4 ,d1 ,d1 the ,two double ,standards1 or ,two ,pair of ,standards1 placed into the ,plank with ,shoulders above1 and ,tenons pinn'd underneath the ,plank1 and are ,thirteen ,inches high above it3 ,these serve for a ,pair of ,marking-wheels1 when ,turneps are drill'd on the ,level1 to keep the ,rows all parallel1 and at what ,distance you please1 by setting them according to the ,rule already laid down4 ,sometimes we place the double ,standards into the ,plank of the ,wheat-drill1 in the same manner that these are placed4 ,we take off the inner ,edge of each ,standard at the ,top1 as at b b and b b1 for the more easy ,admission of the ,spindle of the ,marking-wheels into the ,forks3 ,this ,spindle is kept in its ,place by ,two of the same sort of ,wreaths1 and placed in the same manner as those describ'd for the fore ,hopper of the ,wheat-drill4 ,such ,marking-wheels are necessary for drilling upon the ,level2 but not for drilling upon ,ridges4 ,e is the ,beam1 ,two ,feet ,two ,inches and an half long1 ,four ,inches broad1 and ,two ,inches thick3 ,it is thus broad1 that the ,screws which hold on the cross ,piece ,f1 may be farther asunder3 ,the ,screws must be placed as near as may be to the ,outsides of the ,beam1 and at equal ,distance from each ,side of the cross ,piece2 by which means the ,standards are kept the firmer from ,turning4 ,the ,distance between the ,plank and the cross ,piece is ,eleven ,inches4 ,the ,breadth of the cross ,piece is ,two ,inches and a quarter4 ,this cross ,piece is shewn apart in ,fig4 #b4 where its ,two ,standards ,a ,b1 are each ,seventeen ,inches long 7or high71 and each on its fore ,side and hinder ,side ,one ,inch and a quarter broad1 and nearly ,three quarters of an ,inch thick3 ,they are shoulder'd and pinn'd into the cross ,piece at a b4 ,the cross ,piece is ,thirteen ,inches and an half long1 and one ,inch and a quarter thick in the ,middle from c to d2 but for about an ,inch on the ,inside of each ,standard is ,two ,inches and an half thick1 that the ,standards may have the more ,wood to support them1 and that the ,hopper1 bearing upon the thicker ,parts of the cross ,piece1 may be held up above the ,funnel1 that the ,fork of the brass ,spindle may not strike against it1 when the ,plough is taken up to be turn'd1 there being a little more than a quarter of an ,inch of the ,breadth of the cross ,piece behind the ,standard1 for the ,hopper to rest on4 ,the whole ,distance between the ,standards is ,nine ,inches and a quarter4 ,the ,standards must be exactly perpendicular to their cross ,piece3 ,their ,tops are drawn up each to a ,point1 as at e and f1 by which the ,hopper is the more easily put on upon them4 ,the ,funnel1 ,sheat1 ,share1 and ,trunk1 are the same as those in the ,wheat-drill1 except a few ,differences3 ,as ,g in ,fig4 #a4 is the same as the fore ,sheat of the ,wheat-drill1 with its ,accoutrements2 only it is lower1 being but ,eight ,inches high from the ,bottom of the ,share up to the ,beam2 and the ,plates of the ,trunk are somewhat narrower3 ,its ,tenon passes thro' the ,beam1 and comes up above it1 betwixt the ,funnel and the cross ,piece2 and there is pinn'd in thro' its ,hole above the ,beam4 ,there is no want of ,wood behind the ,sheat1 the ,funnel not being cut in the ,beam1 but placed upon it4 ,the ,funnel is shewn apart in ,fig4 #c4 and is ,two ,inches deep1 ,four ,inches square at ,top2 its ,four ,sides terminating at an ,hole in the ,bottom1 half an ,inch broad from a to b1 and near an ,inch long from c to d1 which ,length is divided in the ,middle1 by the upper ,edge of a ,brass ,spout1 which divides the ,hole into ,two equal ,parts 7or ,holes71 each of which is about half an ,inch square2 this ,funnel being screw'd on upon the ,beam by ,two ,wood ,screws1 entering at ,two opposite ,corners of the ,funnel1 as at c d in ,fig4 #a4 so that the ,seed may drop from the ,seed-box upon the right ,side of the ,funnel at e1 which being about half an ,inch distant from the ,partition1 and equidistant from both ,holes1 the ,seed rebounding is pretty equally distributed to each of the ,holes4 ,the fore ,part of the foremost ,hole being equal with the ,back of the ,sheat1 the ,beam being cut thro'2 so that the ,back of the ,sheat1 and the fore ,part of the ,hole thro' the ,beam1 and the fore ,part of this ,hole1 make one plain ,surface1 whereby the ,seed that falls into this foremost ,hole1 descends to the ,ground1 near the ,back of the ,sheat1 thro' the ,trunk4 ,and the ,seed which falls into the hinder ,hole1 is convey'd obliquely backwards thro' ,part of the ,beam1 by a short thin ,brass ,spout1 whose ,diameter in the ,inside is somewhat more than half an ,inch2 but the fore ,part of it1 which divides the ,two ,holes1 descends first perpendicularly half an ,inch1 and then turns off backwards1 and there the ,spout begins to be round3 ,its joining is on its hinder ,part1 to the end that the ,seed1 never running upon it1 cannot be stopp'd by it4 ,the lower ,end of this ,spout ends at the lower ,surface of the ,beam1 a little behind the ,plates of the ,trunk1 which ,hole is seen at a in ,fig4 #d4 where this ,hole delivers the ,seed down into the ,spout ,a1 when it is drawn up into its ,place by the ,string ,b drawn thro' the ,hole at b in the ,end of the ,beam1 and there tied until it stand in the ,posture in which it is seen at f in ,fig4 #a4 ,the ,shape of this ,spout is better seen at ,fig4 #e4 where ,a is the ,spout1 ,four ,inches long1 a full ,inch ,diameter in the ,inside3 ,its lower ,end is circular2 but its upper ,end ,b is cut at oblique ,angles1 so that when it is drawn up to its ,place1 its ,edges will touch the lower ,surface of the ,beam1 and inclose the lower ,end of the other ,spout within it3 ,it is made of thin hammer'd ,brass 7as is the other74 ,the ,edges of the ,piece of ,brass1 which make this ,spout1 are join'd on its hinder ,part1 for the same ,reason that they are so in the other ,spout4 ,at b there is a ,jag cut in one of these ,edges1 and rais'd upwards1 by which ,jag the ,string being tied on the ,spout just below1 is hindered from slipping upwards4 ,joining to the highest ,part1 and made with ,part of the same ,piece of ,brass1 turn'd back from the ,end of the ,spout1 is its ,hinge ,c1 near ,three quarters of an ,inch long in its ,hollow4 ,d is a thin ,piece of ,iron1 half an ,inch broad1 and a little longer than the ,top of the ,sheat1 by which the ,spout is held up3 ,this ,piece of ,iron is riveted by a ,rivet passing thro' an ,hole at c1 and thro' the ,sheat1 just before the ,trunk1 and thro' another ,piece of ,iron on the opposite ,side2 both the ,pieces of ,iron1 with their upper ,edges touching the ,beam1 being thus riveted to the ,sheat4 ,the ,spout is pinned in by the ,screw ,e1 passing as by the prick'd ,line ,f thro' the ,hole ,g1 and also thro' the ,hinge ,c1 and screw'd into the ,hole of the opposite ,piece of ,iron1 corresponding with the ,hole ,g2 and then it will appear as in ,fig4 #d4 ,instead of these ,pieces of ,iron1 we sometimes use ,pieces of ,wood1 a little broader and thicker1 nail'd on the ,sheat4 ,the ,use of this ,spout is for carrying half of the ,seed backwards1 so that it may drop upon the ,chanel1 after the ,earth is fallen into it3 ,by this means the ,seed lying very shallow1 being only cover'd by a little ,earth rais'd by the ,harrow1 by its ,shallowness comes up in moist ,weather1 sooner than the other half1 which lies deeper in the ,ground2 but if the ,weather be dry when planted1 the deeper half1 by the ,moisture of the ,earth from the ,dews1 will come up first1 and the shallow half will not come up till ,rain come to moisten it2 so that by the shallow or deep1 the ,turnep-fly is generally disappointed4 ,fig4 #f4 shews one of the ,tines of a ,drill-harrow made of ,wood3 ,its ,edge a b is made roundish at b1 by which means it raises the ,earth on its ,sides2 but does not drive it before3 ,this ,edge from a to b is ,six ,inches long2 from b to c1 being its ,bottom1 is ,one ,inch and a quarter2 from c to d is the ,back1 an ,inch and an half thick at ,top1 gradually tapering downwards to c1 where it is half an ,inch thick1 being shoulder'd all round3 ,it has a flat ,tenon ,a1 which passes thro' a ,mortise in the ,harrow-head2 the ,length of which ,mortise is parallel with the ,length of the ,harrow-head1 into which it is held by a ,pin1 passing thro' the ,hole of the ,tenon1 above the ,harrow2 as may be seen in ,fig4 #g4 at a2 and its ,fellow at b4 ,these ,two ,tines are ,eight ,inches asunder at their ,points1 and ,six ,inches and a quarter asunder at their upper ,parts1 just under the ,harrow-head4 ,the fore ,edge of the ,tine ,a inclines a little to the ,left1 as the ,edge of the ,tine ,b doth to the ,right4 ,fig4 #h4 shews one of the ,legs of the ,harrow4 ,at a is seen the round ,tenon1 which passes thro' the ,harrow-head up to its ,shoulder1 and is pinned in thro' an ,hole of the ,tenon just behind the ,harrow-head2 upon this ,tenon the ,harrow-head may turn3 ,the other ,end has an ,hole at b1 thro' which it is pinned on to the ,beam4 ,the ,length of the ,leg from the ,shoulder at a1 to the ,hole at b1 is ,twenty ,inches3 ,its ,thickness is an ,inch and a quarter1 and its ,breadth an ,inch4 ,the ,two ,legs are seen mark'd ,c1 ,d1 in ,fig4 #g4 ,they bend down in the ,middle1 to give the ,harrow the more room for rising and sinking2 they are parallel to each other1 and distant a little more than the ,breadth of the ,beam1 that they may have ,liberty to move thereon1 when one ,end of the ,harrow-head sinks lower than the other1 by the ,unevenness of the ,ground4 ,the ,harrow is pinned on to the ,beam by the ,iron ,pin1 ,fig4 #i4 passing thro' the ,hole of the ,leg at g1 and thro' the ,beam1 and also thro' the other ,leg on the other ,side of the ,beam1 where the ,screw at the ,end of the ,pin has a ,nut screw'd on it4 ,this ,pin is round from its ,head all the ,way thro' the first ,harrow-leg1 and thro' the ,beam2 but all that ,part of the ,pin1 which is in that ,leg against which the ,nut is screw'd1 must be square2 whereby that ,part being bigger than the round ,part of the ,pin1 and than the ,hole in the last-mention'd ,leg1 cannot turn in the ,hole of that ,leg2 for if it did1 the ,nut would be soon unscrew'd by the ,motion of the ,harrow2 but the ,pin must have room to turn in the other ,leg1 and in the ,beam4 ,this square ,part of the ,pin is seen at a1 ,fig4 #i4 ,the whole ,length of the ,pin1 from its ,head to the ,end of the square ,part at a1 where the ,screw begins1 is of the ,thickness of the ,two ,legs1 and of the ,breadth of the ,beam4 ,we sometimes set the ,legs of the ,harrow ,two ,inches wider asunder1 by making them each an ,inch thicker at their fore ,ends in their ,inside1 and reaching ,five or ,six ,inches behind their ,iron ,pin3 ,these thicker ,parts1 bearing against the ,beam1 keep the hinder ,part of each ,harrow-leg an ,inch distant from the ,sides of the ,beam1 whereby the ,harrow-legs are ,six ,inches asunder1 instead of ,four1 by means of these added ,thicknesses4 ,when a ,drill is taken up to be turn'd1 the ,person that does it1 takes hold of the ,harrow-head1 and lifts it up3 ,the ,legs of the ,harrow1 bearing against the cross ,piece1 support the whole ,weight of the ,drill4 ,when the ,harrow does not go deep enough1 we tie a ,stone upon the ,middle of the ,harrow-head1 by a ,string that passes thro' the ,holes at h4 ,all the ,wood of this ,plough and ,harrow is ,ash1 except the ,limbers4 ,the ,hopper of the ,turnep-drill is very different from those already described4 ,it consists of a ,box placed into the ,middle of a ,carriage2 which ,box is described in all its ,parts1 lying open with their ,insides upwards in ,fig4 #aj4 ,a is the fore ,side of the ,box1 ,five ,inches and an half deep1 and ,six ,inches and an half long4 ,b1 the hinder ,side of the ,box1 opposite to the former1 and of equal ,dimensions4 ,each ,end of the ,box is made with ,three ,pieces of ,board1 of which ,c the uppermost is ,three ,inches and a quarter deep1 and ,five ,inches long2 which ,length is the ,breadth of the ,inside of the ,box4 ,the ,end of the ,piece ,c1 when in its ,place1 stands against the prick'd ,line a b in the fore ,side ,a2 the other ,end standing against the prick'd ,lines in ,b1 which is opposite to1 and corresponds with1 the prick'd ,line a b2 the fore ,side1 and hinder ,side1 being screw'd to the ,ends of this ,piece by ,four ,screws4 ,the ,piece ,d is ,two ,inches and a quarter broad1 and of the same ,length with the ,piece ,c1 and screw'd up to the ,bottom of it with ,two ,screws1 and then its ,end will bear against the prick'd ,line b c1 and that which is opposite to it in the ,side ,b4 ,e is the lower ,piece of this ,end1 and an ,inch and a quarter broad3 ,its ,end is to stand against the prick'd ,line c d1 and its other ,end at the opposite prick'd ,line in ,b4 ,the ,piece ,d must be screw'd upon the upper ,edge of the ,piece ,e1 as the ,bottom ,f must be screw'd up to its under ,edge1 which will stand upon the prick'd ,line e f4 ,the ,three ,pieces ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 being opposite to ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and of the same ,dimensions with them1 placed in the same manner1 make the other ,end of this ,box4 ,at g in the ,bottom ,f1 appears the ,hole which is over the ,mortise of the ,brass ,seed-box1 the ,shape and ,size of which ,hole may be seen by the prick'd ,lines upon the ,flanches ,b1 ,c1 of ,fig4 #i4 in ,plate #b4 ,the foremost ,end of which ,hole reaches almost as far forwards as the ,end of the ,axis of the ,tongue of the ,brass ,seed-box1 and its hinder ,end almost as far as the hinder ,end of its ,cover#bfi4 ,the ,bottom ,f1 being of the same ,length1 with ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and their ,opposites1 bears against the prick'd ,line d h of the fore ,side ,a1 and against the opposite prick'd ,line of ,b4 ,the ,length of this ,bottom ,f is the ,breadth of the ,inside of the ,box1 and its ,breadth reaches to the outer ,edges of the ,pieces ,e and ,i1 being ,three ,inches and an half4 #bfi ,commonly it reaches within half a quarter of an ,inch2 but if it should only reach within a quarter of an ,inch of them1 it would not have that ill ,consequence at that ,distance1 as the same ,position would have in the large ,seed-boxes2 for1 in them1 the ,seed would1 in such ,case1 be apt to bear against the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 and obstruct the ,motion of the ,brass ,tongue1 which small ,seeds cannot do in the ,turnep-seed ,box4 ,all the ,jointings of these ,pieces must be at right ,angles1 and so close1 that no ,seed may run out at them4 ,all the ,pieces are of ,board1 full half-inch thick1 except the ,bottom1 which is thinner4 ,fig4 #aa4 shews the ,bottom of the ,box with its under ,side uppermost1 where the light ,part ,a is the ,bottom-board1 covering the ,two ,end-boards1 ,e and ,i1 in ,fig4 #aj4 ,the dark ,parts ,b and ,c are the under ,sides of ,d and ,h1 in ,fig4 #aj4 ,at a is the fore ,end of the ,brass ,seed-box screw'd up to this ,bottom-board4 ,at b is the hinder ,end of the ,brass ,seed-box screw'd up in like manner1 the outer ,edge of the ,flanch of the ,seed-box being even with the ,edge of the ,bottom-board4 ,the ,end of the ,brass ,spindle1 with its ,fork1 appears at ,c4 ,fig4 #ab4 shews this ,box standing upon its ,bottom1 with its hinder ,side laid open4 ,at a is the ,hole in the ,bottom1 under which the ,brass ,seed-box is fasten'd1 with small ,iron ,screws1 square near the ,heads1 passing thro' the ,bottom1 and thro' the ,holes at each ,end of the ,brass ,box1 with their ,nuts underneath4 ,the ,pins must touch all the ,sides of the ,holes in the ,brass1 to prevent the ,seed-box from moving any ,way4 ,a is the fore ,side of the ,box4 ,b the hinder ,side lying down4 ,c is the ,piece ,h of ,fig4 #aj4 which makes a sort of ,shelf in the ,box at its left ,end4 ,d at the right ,end makes another like ,shelf1 underneath which1 the ,fork of the ,brass ,spindle is turn'd by the ,crank in the ,end of the wooden 7false7 ,spindle4 ,by means of these ,shelves1 there is room for the ,two wooden false ,spindles to come the further into the ,carriage1 without lessening the upper ,part of the ,box4 ,e and ,f are the ,two ,ends of the upper ,part of the ,box1 made by the ,two ,pieces ,g and ,c of ,fig4 #aj4 ,when the hinder ,side ,b is rais'd up1 and screw'd to these ,ends1 the ,box is complete4 ,we put a ,lid upon this ,box1 which is hing'd on to its right or left ,end4 ,this ,box 7having the ,brass ,seed-box at its ,bottom7 is to be placed into the ,middle of a ,frame or ,carriage4 ,fig4 #ac4 shews the ,inside of the ,carriage lying down4 ,a is the hinder ,side1 ,eighteen ,inches long1 ,dove-tails and all1 and ,six ,inches broad4 ,b the fore ,side of the same ,length with the hinder ,side1 and ,eleven ,inches broad4 ,this ,five ,inches greater ,breadth than the hinder ,part is1 because a greater ,height is required on the fore ,side1 on account of the ,hopper's being drawn1 and the ,plough held up by that and the ,pieces that must be fix'd to it4 ,c1 ,d1 are its ,two ,ends1 ,six ,inches long1 beside their ,dove-tails1 and ,six ,inches broad4 ,e and ,f are ,two ,pieces each ,six ,inches long1 whose ,ends are to stand against the prick'd ,lines a b and c d of the hinder ,side1 and their other ,ends against the prick'd ,lines in the fore ,side1 which are opposite to these4 ,the ,breadth of each of these ,pieces is ,four ,inches3 ,when they are in their ,places1 their lower ,edges come even with the ,bottom of the ,carriage4 ,their ,use is to support the ,ends of the ,spindles which come just thro' their ,holes1 after each of them have passed their ,hole at its respective ,end of the ,carriage4 ,all this ,carriage is made of ,board full half-inch thick2 ,the ,ends ,c and ,d are made of double ,thickness by another ,piece of ,board added to each1 that covers all their ,insides1 except their ,dove-tails4 ,these ,boards with which they are lin'd1 are nail'd to them1 with their ,grain going a different ,way1 and crossing the ,grain of the ,board at the ,end1 either at right or oblique ,angles4 ,this prevents the ,holes from splitting out1 and makes the ,holes of a double ,thickness2 whereby the ,spindle is the less worn by them1 in case there are no ,brass ,wreaths to enter them4 ,the middle ,pieces ,e and ,f are lin'd by their whole ,surfaces1 in the same ,manner as the ,insides of the ,ends are lin'd4 ,when these ,ends and middle ,pieces are in their ,places1 a wooden ,cylinder1 of the exact ,diameter of the ,holes1 is thrust thro' all ,four1 to hold them exactly true1 whilst the ,ends and middle ,pieces are all screw'd fast into their ,places4 ,the prick'd ,lines are drawn all round the ,carriage1 thro' the ,centres of the ,holes1 and at equal ,distance from the ,bottom of the ,carriage1 which is an ,inch and ,three quarters1 and the ,one-eighth of an ,inch4 ,this prick'd ,line is a ,direction how high to nail on the ,ledgers ,g and ,h1 whereon the ,box is to stand2 and the ,distance the upper ,surface of the ,ledger must be above the prick'd ,line1 is the ,semidiameter of the ,brass ,spindle2 and the ,thickness of the ,brass ,box above the ,spindle1 or which is the same thing1 the ,distance between the ,centre of the great ,hole of the ,brass ,seed-box1 and the ,plane of the ,top of its ,mortise1 being half an ,inch and half a quarter1 strike a ,line above the prick'd ,line parallel to it1 at this ,distance above1 and then nail on the ,ledger1 with its upper ,edge at this ,line4 ,this1 with its opposite ,ledger plac'd in the same manner1 will support the ,box with the ,axis of the ,spindle of the ,seed-box1 at equal ,height with the ,centres of the ,holes of the ,carriage2 so that if those ,holes are parallel to1 and equidistant from the fore ,side and hinder ,side of the ,carriage1 and the ,axis of the ,brass ,spindle be placed in the like manner parallel to1 and equidistant from the fore ,side and hinder ,side of the ,box2 then when the ,box is thrust down in its ,place1 upon these ,ledgers1 and the wooden 7false7 ,spindles are placed into their ,holes1 their ,axis will fall into a strait ,line with the ,axis of the ,brass ,spindle1 as they ought4 ,fig4 #ad4 shews the ,carriage laid open4 ,a is its back ,side lying down4 ,b is its fore ,side standing up4 ,c is the square ,end of the left 7false7 ,spindle1 whereon a ,wheel is to be put up to the ,shoulders of the ,spindle1 quite close to the ,ends of the ,carriage4 ,this ,spindle1 being an ,inch and an half ,diameter1 is held in its ,place1 and kept from moving end-ways1 by ,two ,wreaths2 the one at a1 bearing against the ,inside of the ,end of the ,carriage1 the other ,wreath at b1 bearing against the left ,side of the middle ,piece2 which ,wreath keeps the ,spindle from moving towards the right ,hand1 as the other does from moving towards the left4 ,d is the square ,end of the other wooden ,spindle1 whereon a ,wheel must be placed in the same manner as the other ,wheel4 ,this ,spindle is kept from moving end-ways by ,two ,wreaths1 in the same manner as the other ,spindle is2 but this right-hand ,spindle1 being that which turns the ,brass ,spindle by its ,crank1 which enters the ,fork1 should have its ,wreaths of ,brass1 like those describ'd in ,fig4 #ag4 ,plate #d4 ,part of which ,wreaths entering about ,three quarters of an ,inch into the ,hole of the ,end and middle ,part of the ,carriage1 being firmly screw'd on to the ,spindle1 prevent the ,friction that would otherwise be betwixt the ,wood of the ,spindle1 and the ,wood of the ,holes2 which ,friction wearing the ,wood of both1 would in time cause the ,spindle to be loose in its ,holes1 whereby its ,axis would deviate from the strait ,line it should make with the ,axis of the ,brass ,spindle1 and make an ,angle with it2 and then the ,crank would change its ,place in the ,fork at every ,revolution of the ,wheels2 and if the ,hole should be worn very wide1 and the ,spindle worn much less1 the ,crank might let go the ,fork2 but when the ,wood is of this ,thickness1 and each ,hole has ,wood in it1 with its ,grains pointing different ways1 it would be many ,years before the ,holes would become large enough for this to happen1 tho' only wooden ,wreaths were used2 and as to the ,two ,wreaths of the left ,spindle1 they may be of ,wood1 because tho' that ,spindle should grow loose1 it is no ,damage2 for it only serves to bear up that ,end of the ,carriage2 but he that has this ,sort of ,brass ,wreaths for the hinder ,hopper of a ,wheat-drill1 may take them thence1 and place them upon these ,spindles1 and remove them again to the ,wheat-drill when that is used2 for that and the ,turnep-drill are very rarely1 or never1 used at the same time4 ,e is the ,iron ,crank1 plac'd into the false ,spindle1 in the manner shewn at ,h in ,fig4 #e4 of ,plate #b4 for turning the ,brass ,spindle by its ,fork2 but take care that the ,end of this wooden ,spindle do not approach nearer to the ,end of the ,brass ,spindle than the ,distance of half an ,inch1 left1 if the inner ,wreath should grow loose1 the wooden ,spindle might bear so hard against the ,brass one1 as to wrench the ,seed-box down from the ,wood1 and then the ,seed might run out betwixt the ,seed-box and the ,bottom to which it is screw'd4 ,when the hinder ,side ,a is screw'd up against the ,ends and middle ,pieces1 then the ,box describ'd1 being thrust down into the ,carriage1 and standing upon the describ'd ,ledgers1 and at that ,distance from each ,end of the ,carriage1 that the ,seed may drop on the ,side of the ,funnel1 as is before describ'd2 the ,box is kept in its ,place by one ,screw passing thro' its ,back1 and the back ,side of the ,carriage4 ,the ,notch ,f is cut in the ,bottom of the hinder ,side of the ,carriage1 up to the ,bottom of the ,ledger1 for the ,convenience of seeing the ,seed drop into the ,funnel4 ,the round ,notch ,g is made in the ,bottom of the fore ,side of the ,carriage1 to make room for one's ,hand to go in there1 and turn the ,setting-screw without taking off the ,hopper from the ,standards4 ,this ,box and ,carriage1 so fix'd together1 compose the ,turnep-hopper1 which is drawn and guided1 and also holds up the ,plough1 by ,two hollow ,pieces of ,wood screw'd on to the ,outside of the fore ,part of the ,carriage2 their ,ends ,h and ,i appearing a little above the ,carriage4 ,one of these hollow ,pieces of ,wood is shewn in ,fig4 #ae4 ,the ,breadth of its ,hollow must conform to the ,breadth of the ,standards1 which are ,one ,inch and a quarter broad2 but we must allow about a quarter of an ,inch more in the ,hollow for the ,swelling of the ,wood4 ,the ,depth of the ,hollow must be the ,thickness of the ,standard that is to go in it1 allowing about the ,eighth of an ,inch for the ,swelling of the ,wood4 ,the ,hollow should be a little deeper in the ,middle than at each ,end2 because the ,standard ought not to bear against any thing1 except at or near the upper and lower ,part of the ,carriage4 ,altho' the ,end of these ,pieces come a little higher than the ,carriage in this ,hopper1 yet ,i think it is better that these hollow ,pieces come no higher than even with the ,top1 nor descend any lower than even with the ,bottom of the ,carriage2 and then the ,length of each of these ,pieces need be no more than ,eleven ,inches1 which is the whole ,depth of the ,carriage4 ,the ,wood on each ,side of the ,hollow1 sufficient for the ,holes a1 a1 a1 a1 must be about half an inch broad4 ,the best way for fixing them on1 is whilst the ,standards are in them1 placing a small ,piece of ,wood at each ,corner of the ,hollow1 betwixt the ,standard and the ,wood1 to the end that there may be no more room on one ,side of a ,standard than on the other ,side2 then screw them on 7parallel to and equidistant from their respective ,ends of the ,carriage7 by ,four small ,screws each1 the one at c1 c1 c1 c1 and the other at d1 d1 with ,two below2 the ,heads of these ,screws being on the ,inside of the ,carriage1 and their ,nuts on the ,outsides of the hollow ,pieces2 then pull out those little ,pieces of ,wood1 that were to keep the ,standards in the ,middle of the ,hollows1 whilst the ,holes for the ,screws were bored1 and then the ,turnep-,hopper is finished1 and being put on upon the ,standards ,a1 ,b1 in ,fig4 #af4 is ready to go to ,work2 and in this ,figure the whole ,turnep-drill may be seen as in the ,prospect of a ,person following it at ,work1 except that this ,figure has not the double ,standard1 nor ,marking-wheels2 because we never use them for drilling-,turneps1 except it be on the ,level1 which we very rarely do4 ,the ,circles of the ,wheels of this ,hopper go ,twenty five ,inches asunder2 were they farther asunder1 they would not go so well upon the ,ridges2 or were they nearer together1 they might not hold up the ,plough so steadily1 but that one ,wheel might happen to be rais'd from the ,ground1 by the descending of the opposite ,limber2 and if it should happen to be the ,wheel that turns the ,crank1 no ,seed would be deliver'd out whilst the ,wheel was rais'd above the ,ground2 sometimes we use ,wheels of ,twenty-six ,inches ,diameter1 sometimes ,thirty1 and at intermediate ,diameters1 with this ,hopper4 ,the best ,wood for making all ,sorts of ,hoppers is ,walnut-tree or ,elm2 our ,beams and ,standards we make of ,ash4 ,illustration3 ,plate4 ,v4 ,p4#cib ,b4,cole ,delin et ,sculp ,what is meant by ,wood-screws1 are taper ,screws made with ,iron1 having very deep ,threads1 whereby they hold-fast when screwed into ,wood1 and their ,points will enter into soft ,wood without boring any ,hole for them into the ,wood they are to take hold of2 but near their ,heads they are round1 and have no ,thread1 and that ,part of them must always be in a bored ,hole thro' that ,part of a ,board that is to be drawn close4 ,if the ,standards should be much swollen by being wet1 it may be proper to anoint them with ,soap4 ,in drilling1 when the ,wind is very strong1 and the ,hopper goes high above the ,funnel1 the ,seed might be blown over it1 if we did not take care to guard it from the ,force of the ,wind2 and for doing this there are many ,ways3 ,sometimes we nail a ,piece of ,linen ,cloth round the ,ends1 and the fore ,side of the ,hopper2 or else we nail on a ,piece of old ,hat1 or ,shoe-leather1 round the ,edges of the ,funnel1 to raise it higher2 or if the ,hopper go a great deal above the ,trunk1 we nail up a ,pipe of ,leather to the wooden ,bottom of the ,box1 which ,pipe1 being about an ,inch wide at ,bottom1 protects the ,seed from the ,wind1 till it arrives so near the ,funnel1 that the ,wind cannot blow it over4 ,if we would have a long ,hopper1 to plant many ,rows at once1 of ,clover or other fine ,seeds1 it is easy to make each of these wooden 7false7 ,spindles turn ,two or ,three ,brass or ,iron ,spindles2 but then1 as in all other ,cases2 where the same ,hopper is to supply more than one ,chanel with ,seed1 each of its ,wheels must have ,liberty to rise without the other1 as those of the hinder ,hopper of the ,wheat-drill do4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,of the ,,hoe-,,plough1 c4 ,plate #f4 ,fig4 #a4 is the ,hoe-,plough in a side ,view4 ,a is the ,beam and ,plough-tail1 being much the same with that of the common ,plough described in ,fig4 #a4 of ,plate #a4 ,the ,beam of such a common ,plough1 being cut off1 and screwed up to this ,plank1 and its ,limbers1 might make a ,hoe-,plough4 ,the ,share of this1 from its ,tail to the fore ,part of its ,socket1 is ,two ,feet ,one ,inch long1 and from thence to the ,end of the ,point1 ,ten ,inches and an half3 ,this is the ,measure of the under ,side of the ,share4 ,b is the ,plank1 ,two ,feet ,seven ,inches and an half long1 ,two ,inches and an half thick1 and ,nine ,inches broad4 ,c1 ,d1 are the ,nuts of the ,two ,screw-pins1 which hold up the ,beam to the ,plank4 ,e is the ,nut of the ,draw-pin1 which ,pin has a ,crook underneath1 whereto one of the ,links of the short ,chain of the ,whipper is fastened for drawing the ,plough2 the only ,use of this ,nut is1 to hold the ,pin from dropping out by its own ,weight1 and that of the ,chain and ,whipper2 but often1 to avoid the ,trouble of screwing and unscrewing the ,nut1 we supply its ,use by a square ,pin a little bigger than the ,hole1 which we drive up by an ,hammer1 so tight1 that it may not drop out of itself2 but can easily be driven out by a few ,blows of the ,hammer1 as often as it is necessary to remove it into another ,hole4 ,f1 ,g1 are the ,two ,limbers2 they are screwed on to the ,plank by ,four ,screws and ,nuts3 ,the under ,surface of the ,limbers by their whole ,length are parallel to the ,plank1 and to the upper ,surface of the fore ,end of the ,beam1 contrary to the manner of placing the ,limbers of the ,drill ,ploughs2 because their ,planks being always parallel to the ,bottom of their ,shares1 if their ,limbers were parallel to their ,beams1 as these are1 the fore ,ends of their ,limbers would not be elevated higher than the ,plank1 but would go within a ,foot of the ,ground1 instead of being elevated almost as high as the ,horses that draw them2 and the upper and under ,surfaces of this ,plank must not be parallel to the ,share1 but must make the same ,angle with it as its ,limbers and ,beam do4 ,these ,limbers ought to crook outwards from each other all the ,way1 till they come within about a ,foot of the ,chain1 much more than the ,drill-,limbers need to do2 because the ,middle of the ,plank of the ,drill follows directly after the ,horse1 but the ,middle of the ,plank of the ,hoe-,plough very seldom does2 and therefore there must be the more room betwixt these ,limbers4 ,likewise there must be the more room betwixt the fore ,part of the ,limbers1 because oftentimes the right ,limber must be raised1 and the left depressed1 in holding the ,plough towards the left ,side 7for if it should be held towards the right ,side1 the ,share would go upon the ,fin1 and its ,point be raised out of the ,ground1 unless it were on a ,surface that had a ,declivity towards the ,right74 ,the ,distance between the fore ,ends of these ,limbers is ,two ,feet ,eight ,inches4 ,the ,strength and ,stiffness of these ,limbers must be such1 that there may be no ,bending betwixt their fore ,ends and the ,tail of the ,beam2 for if they be too weak1 so as to yield to the ,weight of the ,furrow1 the ,point of the ,share will descend into the ,ground1 and its ,tail will rise up1 and then the ,plough cannot go well4 ,the shorter they are1 the stronger and stiffer will they be1 of the same ,thickness4 ,we may make them just of such a ,length1 that there may be room for the ,horse before the ,bar ,h 7which holds the ,limbers at their due ,distance74 ,these are from their ,ends to the ,bar1 ,four ,feet ,ten ,inches long and from thence to the ,plank ,ten ,inches1 and ,three ,inches and an half square at the ,bar4 ,i is the ,whipper4 ,k1 ,l1 are its ,notches1 whereunto the ,traces both of the ,thiller1 and of the ,horse next before him1 are fastened4 ,the ,length of the ,whipper is uncertain2 but when we hoe betwixt ,rows1 when the ,plants are grown high1 we make it as short as it can be1 without galling the ,horse's ,legs by the ,traces4 ,we set this ,plough to go deeper or shallower by the ,chain of the ,limbers2 the changing of whose ,links to the ,crook ,m has the same ,effect as changeing the ,pins to different ,holes of the ,crow-staves of a common ,plough4 ,fig4 #b4 is the ,beam with its ,mortise and ,holes2 its ,crooking down at the ,tail is not very material2 but it causes the hinder ,sheat to be a little the shorter below the ,beam1 whereby it may be something the lighter1 and yet of the same ,strength as if it were longer4 ,its whole ,length is ,four ,feet ,ten ,inches3 ,we make its ,breadth and ,thickness such1 that it may be as light as it can be without ,bending4 ,a is the ,mortise thro' which the hinder ,sheat passes4 ,b is the ,mortise for the fore ,sheat1 upon which it is pinned up4 ,c is a ,hole in the ,beam1 into which the ,end of the left ,handle being driven1 holds it from moving1 and is the best ,manner of fastening this ,handle of a ,plough4 ,d1 ,e1 are the ,holes1 thro' which the ,two ,legs of the double ,retch pass1 and are there held up by their ,nuts4 ,f is the ,coulter-hole4 ,g is the hinder ,hole1 by which the ,plough is held up to the ,plank4 ,h and ,i are the ,two foremost ,holes of the ,beam1 thro' one or the other of which passes the ,pin which holds the ,beam to the fore ,part of the ,plank4 ,these ,holes must be made as near together as they can be1 without ,danger of splitting them one into another2 to prevent which there are several ,ways3 ,the one is by driving in ,two square ,pins cross the ,beam1 under the pricked ,line a b1 before the ,holes are bored1 which will prevent the ,grain of the ,wood from being forced out of one ,hole into the other2 or these ,holes may be plated with ,iron above and below1 which will have the same ,effect1 and then there need not be more than ,one ,inch between ,hole and ,hole4 ,fig4 #c4 is the ,plank apart1 which by its ,holes1 and pricked ,lines1 shews the different ,manner of placing the ,beam4 a1 a1 a1 a1 are the ,four ,holes for screwing down the ,limbers to the ,plank4 ,supposing the ,path of the ,horse to be a strait ,line1 and the pricked ,line h i 7which is at right ,angles with the ,plank1 and equidistant from each ,limber7 to go exactly over it1 without making any ,angle on either ,side of it2 then the ,beam must be placed at right ,angles with the ,plank1 to the ,end that the ,share may go parallel to the ,horse-path1 excepting that very small ,inclination that its ,point has to the left1 shewn by the pricked ,lines in ,fig4 #a4 of ,plate #a4 ,but this ,plough seldom follows the ,horse in that manner4 ,the said pricked ,line h i generally makes ,angles with the ,horse-path2 else when the ,beam stood near the left ,limber1 and the ,draw-pin near the right ,limber in the ,hole #i4 7which it must do to keep the ,share parallel to the ,horse-path7 the ,weight of the right ,end of the ,plank and its ,limber would be too heavy for the right ,hand of the ,holder to manage2 and if the ,draw-pin be removed 7suppose7 to ,hole #g4 the ,parallelism of the ,share with the ,horse-path will be lost1 and the ,point of the ,share may be inclined too much towards the ,left2 and when a ,furrow is to be plowed on the right ,side of the ,horse-path1 the ,beam must be removed nearer to the ,middle of the ,plank1 and the ,draw-pin must be placed on the left ,side of the ,beam1 suppose to the ,hole #b4 ,this will bring the greatest ,part of the ,plank to the right ,side of the ,horse-path2 and then the ,share1 standing at right ,angles with the ,plank1 will make a very large ,angle with the ,horse-path1 and then the ,plough will not perform at all4 ,therefore it being necessary1 that the ,share always go parallel to the ,horse-path1 and often as necessary that the ,plank go at oblique ,angles to the ,horse-path2 it follows then that the ,beam stand at oblique ,angles with the ,plank1 to preserve the ,parallelism to the ,horse-path2 and this cannot be done but by the ,holes which are shewn under the pricked ,lines which cross the ,plank4 ,the ,holes ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 are those to one of which the ,beam is screwed up by its ,hole ,g1 in ,fig4 #b4 ,these ,holes are made as near to the hinder ,edge of the ,plank1 as they can safely be1 without ,danger of tearing out2 which is generally about an ,inch distant from the said ,edge4 ,every one of these ,holes are answered by ,three others1 near the fore ,edge of the ,plank1 as the ,hole ,b has1 at the fore ,edge of the ,plank1 the ,holes ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,d1 ,e belong to the ,hole ,i of the ,beam ,fig4 #b4 ,these ,two ,holes are made as near together as they can be without breaking into one another4 ,f answers the ,hole ,h in ,fig4 #b4 and is made between ,d and ,e1 as near them as safely it can4 ,when the ,beam is screwed up at ,b and ,f1 and makes the same ,angles with the ,plank1 as the pricked ,line b c doth2 then the ,draw-pin standing in the ,hole #h or #i1 will bring the ,plough so much to the ,left1 that the ,share will point too much towards the ,right2 then remove the fore ,end of the ,beam to the ,hole ,d1 and then the ,beam will make the same ,angle with the ,plank as the pricked ,line c d1 which may bring the ,share to be parallel to the ,horse-path nearly enough3 ,but if the ,draw-pin should be placed in the ,hole #a4 then the ,plank would go so much on the ,right of the ,horse-path1 that the ,share would point vastly too much towards the ,left1 standing in either of these ,two ,positions3 ,therefore the foremost ,pin must be removed to the ,hole ,e1 and then the ,beam being at the same ,angles with the ,plank as the pricked ,line f g1 it may be parallel to the ,horse-path1 or so nearly1 that by removing the ,draw-pin one ,hole1 it may be made perfectly so4 ,note1 ,that tho' here are but ,nine ,holes for the ,draw-pin2 yet we usually make many more in our ,planks3 ,and sometimes by changing the ,draw-pin either ,way into another ,hole1 tho' that ,hole be but an ,inch distant from the former1 the ,share is brought right without any ,inconvenience4 ,the ,holes ,a and ,c have each of them their opposite ,holes1 which 7when the ,beam is placed into either of the ,two7 have the same ,effect1 for keeping the ,share parallel to the ,horse-path1 as the ,hole ,b and its ,three opposite ,holes have2 and if either of the ,holes belonging to ,a1 ,b1 or ,c1 should not bring the ,beam sufficiently oblique to the ,plank1 for the ,share to be parallel to the ,horse-path1 when the ,draw-pin is in some one particular ,hole1 then there may be another ,hole bored before1 on the ,right or ,left1 for the fore ,pin to pass thro' by the ,hole ,h of the ,beam ,fig4 #b4 which will incline the ,beam a little more to the ,right or ,left1 as occasion requires2 and if none of all these be sufficient1 the ,plank may be turned the other ,side upwards2 and the ,beam being fastened there by the hinder ,screw into any one of those ,holes1 which were next to the fore ,edge of the ,plank before it was reversed1 there may be a new ,set of ,holes to answer the fore ,pin1 of which that which was an hinder ,hole before the ,plank was reversed1 may be one4 ,these may set the ,beam at different ,angles from any of the first ,holes2 so that there may be at one ,end of the ,plank ,six ,systems of ,holes1 ,three on the one ,side1 and ,three on the other2 and if we have a mind to make yet more various ,positions of the ,plough1 we may turn the ,plank1 ,end for ,end1 and there make ,six different ,systems of ,holes4 ,but1 instead of turning the ,plank1 it would be better to have a ,fourth ,hole in the ,beam1 standing as near to the hinder ,hole as ,h doth to the fore ,hole2 to answer which ,fourth ,hole1 there may be ,two ,holes in the ,plank1 one at each ,side of the hinder ,hole of every ,system at proper ,distances1 to set the ,plough still at more different ,angles with the ,plank2 and these1 ,i believe1 will be more convenient for the ,purpose than the different ,holes in the fore ,part of the ,plank1 it being easier to remove the hinder ,screw than the fore ,screw2 because if the ,plank and ,limbers are not held up by somebody1 whilst the fore ,pin is out1 their ,weight will wrench out the hinder ,hole of the ,plank by that ,screw2 but whilst the hinder ,screw is out1 there is no need of holding up the ,plank1 because its ,weight1 bearing upon the ,beam1 cannot injure the foremost ,hole1 whilst the ,limbers bear upon the ,horse4 ,upon this account1 ,i wonder we had not made the ,holes1 for changing the ,position of the ,beam1 at the hinder ,part of the ,plank rather than the fore ,part2 which convinces me1 that new ,instruments are seldom perfect in the ,beginning4 ,we can also alter the ,standing of the ,beam1 by cutting away the ,wood on one ,side of an ,hole1 and placing a ,wedge on the opposite ,side of the ,pin4 ,the ,holder may make some ,alteration in the ,going of the ,plough by the ,handles4 ,the ,reason we never set the ,beam on the right ,half of the ,plank is1 that the ,plough always turns its ,furrow towards the ,right-hand2 and the strait ,side of the ,share and the ,coulter never go so near to a ,row on the ,right-hand1 by the ,breadth of ,two ,furrows1 as it does to a ,row on the ,left-hand4 ,if by the ,drawing of the fore ,horse or ,horses1 the ,plough should bear too hard upon the ,thiller1 it may be helped by making a ,row of ,holes near the hinder ,side of the ,plank1 for the ,draw-pin1 instead of those in the ,middle2 for the farther backwards the ,draw-pin is plac'd1 the less will the ,limbers bear on the ,thiller1 especially when drawn by more ,horses than one2 because the fore ,horses draw the ,limbers more downwards than the ,thiller doth1 as may be seen in ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #d4 shews the manner how the ,hoe-plough is drawn1 and how the ,traces are fix'd to it4 ,the ,traces of both ,horses are fastened to the ,notches of the ,ends of the ,whipper at a and b4 ,the ,traces of the ,thiller by their fore ,part are fastened to an ,hook1 or ,ring1 on the ,wood of the ,collar1 as is usual for other ,thillers2 and the fore ,part of the next ,horse's ,traces is fastened to his ,collar in like manner2 but these ,traces1 being twice as long as those of the ,thiller1 must be held up in the ,middle by a ,piece of ,cord or ,chain1 as at c1 where one ,end of it is fastened to the ,trace1 and passes over the ,top of the ,collar1 behind one of the ,hames1 and before the other to keep it from slipping backwards or forwards2 its other ,end is fastened to the opposite ,trace on the other ,side1 as this ,end is at c4 ,this prevents the ,chain from falling down1 and getting under the ,horse's ,legs in turning2 but beware that this ,string or ,chain be not so short as to hold up the ,traces higher than their strait ,line2 for that would press upon the ,collar1 and gall the ,thiller1 besides occasioning the ,plough to be drawn too much upwards2 for this drawing of the fore ,horse by a different ,line from that of the ,thiller1 is a great ,advantage for keeping the ,plough the firmer into the ,ground4 ,if there is another ,horse1 his ,traces are fastened at the ,collar of the ,second1 in the same manner as in drawing of a ,waggon4 ,when we hoe betwixt ,rows1 where the ,plants are very high1 as those of ,turnep-seed1 which are much higher than the ,horses1 to turn a new ,furrow up to the ,row1 when there is a ,trench in the ,middle of the ,interval1 where the ,horses must go1 we find it best to place the ,beam by the ,holes ,b and ,e1 in ,fig4 #c4 and the ,draw-pin near the left ,limber1 which brings the ,tail of the ,plough to the ,right-hand1 and the fore ,ends of the ,limbers being towards the ,left1 the ,end of the right ,limber 7by turning the ,handles a little to the ,left7 bears against the wooden ,saddle at d1 and cannot hitch into or take hold of any of the ,plants to tear them4 ,and that no ,part of the ,limber may take hold of any ,plant1 we make it very smooth from one ,end to the other2 and cut off the ,corner of the ,plank equal with the ,limber1 that the ,plants may slip by it without hanging in it1 or being broken by it4 ,the ,whipper standing towards the left ,end of the ,plank1 its ,end b does not reach so far towards the right as to take hold of the ,plants1 its ,end a being over the ,interval1 where no ,plants are2 and to keep its right ,end the more out of ,danger of hurting the ,plants1 we place the ,hook of its ,chain nearer towards this ,end1 by which means the left ,end1 becoming heavier1 sinks lower1 and raises the right ,end higher2 and the higher it is1 the more secure the ,plants will be from it2 because they are held off by the ,limber above4 ,this way my ,turnep-seed has been ho'd1 when one would have thought it impossible for a ,plough and ,horses to go betwixt the ,rows without destroying the ,crop4 ,almost in this manner we give our ,wheat the last ,hoeing1 to turn the ,furrow a ,second time towards the ,row4 ,when the ,plants of the ,rows are very high1 the ,driver must go in the next ,interval1 on the ,left of the ,plough2 and the ,holder has a ,cord1 like the ,reins of a ,bridle1 which he lays over the ,end of the ,draw-pin1 which keeps it from falling down1 until he has occasion to use it for guiding or turning the ,thiller4 ,when we turn the ,furrow from the ,row 7which will then be ever on the left ,side of the ,plough71 the ,plough must be set in a very different and contrary ,posture2 but then the ,plants commonly being low1 there is no ,danger of the ,whipper's or ,limber's hitching or taking hold of them2 but the ,driver must take care1 that he does not tread on them1 nor suffer any of the ,horses to do so2 and they of themselves1 when they are not blind1 take all the ,care they can to avoid it2 and ,i observe1 that the ,plants are oftener injured by the ,driver1 than by the ,horses4 ',tis in this last-mentioned manner of ,hoeing1 when we go very near to the young ,plants1 the ,first or ,second time1 that we must take care of burying them with the ,earth1 which 7especially when dry and fine7 is apt to run over to the left ,side of the ,plough2 this we can in great measure prevent1 when the ,ground is clean1 by nailing with ,three or ,four ,nails a very thin square ,piece of ,board to the ,sheat1 with one ,corner bearing at1 or below1 a1 in ,fig4 #a4 and its other lower ,corner bearing on the ,back of the ,coulter on its left ,side at b1 its upper ,corner reaching to c or higher2 its fore ,end is ty'd on to the ,coulter by a leathern ,thong passing thro' an ,hole very near the ,end of the ,board4 ,the lower ,edge of the ,board must come no lower than the prick'd ,line a1 b1 which1 at b1 is just even with the ,surface of the ,ground1 before it is rais'd by the ,share2 for if this ,board should be set down too near the ,share1 the ,plough would not go2 but1 being set in this manner1 it prevents the ,earth 7when never so much pulveriz'd in the driest ,weather7 from running over upon the ,plants to bury them1 tho' the ,plough go very near them2 except in this case1 we never use a ,board1 the ,earth running over to the left ,side1 being often advantageous in ,hoeing2 for it changes more ,surface of the ,ground1 than if it went all to the right2 and when in ,summer we hoe from the ,wheat-rows1 not going very near to the grown ,plants1 this ,earth that runs over the ,share to the ,left1 helps to mend such ,places where the ,furrow was not thrown up close enough to the ,row by the precedent ,hoeing4 ,the first time we turn a ,furrow towards the ,row1 the ,horses go in the ,trench near to it1 and the ,plough stands on the left ,side of the ,horse-path1 almost in the same manner as when the ,furrow is turn'd from the ,row2 but we very often make use of a common ,plough1 for throwing down the ,ridge1 which has lain all the ,winter in the ,middle of the ,interval4 ,one ,wheel1 going on each ,side of that ,ridge1 holds that ,plough to a great ,exactness for splitting this ,ridge into ,halves1 which the ,earth-board1 being set out for that ,purpose1 throws up to the ,row on each ,side of the ,interval4 ,we also very often make use of the ,two-wheel'd ,plough1 for raising up the ,ridges1 whereon we drill the ,rows2 not but that the ,hoe-,plough will do every thing that is necessary to our ,husbandry3 ,yet the common ,ploughs being heavier than we usually make our ,hoe-,ploughs1 they by their ,weight1 and ,help of their ,wheels go a little steadier3 and besides the ,ploughmen1 being more accustom'd to them1 prefer them before all other1 where their ,wheels are of no ,prejudice4 ,i never saw neater ,ridges rais'd by any ,plough1 than by the ,hoe-,plough1 nor finer ,plowing2 and ,i believe that were it made as heavy1 and as strong1 it would outdo the ,swing-,plough1 in plowing miry ,clays1 where ,plough-wheels cannot go2 but ,i1 haveing no such ,land1 have never made any ,hoe-,plough heavy enough for it4 ,however1 ,i am convinc'd1 by the many ,trials which ,i have seen1 that no other ,plough can be used for every ,horse-hoeing ,operation1 so effectually as this ,i have now describ'd4 ,the making the ,hoe-plough is not difficult for a good ,workman2 and a few of the ,holes for setting the ,beam are sufficient1 provided they are made in their proper ,places1 which is impossible for me to describe exactly in a ,number that is no more than necessary2 because the ,distance the ,plough must go from the ,horse-path on either ,side1 is uncertain1 as the ,largeness or the ,depth of the ,furrow is2 and for that ,reason1 it is as impossible for me direct the ,ploughman to the particular ,angles1 at which his ,beam must be set with the ,plank1 to keep the ,share parallel to the ,horse-path1 as it is to direct a ,fidler1 how far he must turn his ,pegs to give his ,strings their due ,tension for bringing them all in ,tune1 which without a ,peg to each ,string could never be done2 but when he has his just ,number of ,pegs1 his ,ear will direct him in turning them1 till his ,fiddle is in ,tune2 so the ,ploughman by his ,eyes1 his ,feeling1 and his ,reason1 must be directed in the setting his ,plough2 but without a competent ,number of ,holes1 he can no more do it than a ,musician can tune ,four ,strings upon one ,peg4 ,and ,i am told1 that some ,pretenders to making the ,hoe-,plough have fix'd its ,beam to the ,plank immoveable1 which makes it as useless for hoeing betwixt ,rows1 as a ,violin with but one ,peg to its ,four ,strings would be for playing a ,sonata4 ,fig4 #e4 shews the ,sort of ,yoke1 that is us'd on every ,ox that draws in a single ,file1 as they always must when they work with the ,hoe-plough2 but after they have been accustom'd to draw double 7i4 e4 ,two abreast7 they must be practis'd for about a ,week to draw single1 before they are set to ,hoeing2 for otherwise they will be apt to demolish the ,rows1 one running off to the right-hand1 expecting his ,fellow to come up with him on the ,left1 and another will run off on the ,left to make room for his ,companion to go abreast with him on the ,right1 endeavouring to go in the manner in which they us'd to be placed for drawing in ,pairs4 ,i suppose ,i need not give any ,caution about muzling the ,oxen when they hoe2 because they will eat the ,plants as soon as they come an ,inch above the ,ground1 and that will shew the ,necessity of it2 but there is no occasion to muzzle the ,horses until the ,plants are grown as high as their ,noses1 when rein'd up1 as in ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #f4 is an ,instrument of ,pulveration1 which might have been sufficiently describ'd by its ,matter1 ,weight and ,dimensions1 without any ,portrait1 were it not to shew the particular ,manner of drawing it1 being very different from that of a common ,roller1 whose ,frame is difficult to make1 and costly2 but this1 being only ,three ,feet long1 is drawn by a simple ,pair of ,limbers1 held together1 by the ,two ,bars ,a and ,b1 firmly pinn'd in at their ,ends4 ,its ,gudgeons must not come out beyond the outer ,surface of the ,limbers1 lest they should take hold of the ,plants1 when drawn in the ,intervals2 also the hinder ,ends of the ,limbers1 behind the ,gudgeon1 should crook a little upwards1 for the same ,reason4 ,this ,stone ,cylinder is ,two ,feet and an half ,diameter1 and weighs ,eleven hundred ,weight besides the ,limbers4 ,it must never be us'd but in the driest ,weather1 when neither the ,plough nor ,harrow can break the ,clods2 and then being so very ponderous and short1 it crushes them to ,powder1 or into such very small ,pieces1 that a very little ,rain1 or even the ,dews 7if plentiful71 will dissolve them4 ,i have had great ,benefit by this ,roller in preparing my ,ridges for ,turneps4 ,the ,weather proving dry at ,midsummer 7which is the best ,season for planting them71 the ,land was in ,pieces like ,horse-heads1 so that there was no ,hope of reducing them fit for planting with ,turneps that ,year2 the ,clods being so very large1 that they would require so many ,vicissitudes of wet and dry ,weather to slack them2 but this ,instrument crush'd them small1 and the ,plough following it immediately1 the ,ridges were harrow'd and drill'd with very good ,success4 ,i have also made use of it for the same ,purpose in the ,middle of a cloddy ,field1 where it pulveriz'd the ,clods so effectually1 that the ,benefit of it might be plainly distinguish'd by the ,colour and ,strength of the ,two following ,crops1 different from the other ,parts of the ,field adjoining on both ,sides1 whereon the ,roller was not drawn4 ,but crushing has such a contrary ,effect from squeezing1 that if this ,roller should be us'd when the ,land is moist1 it would be very pernicious1 by unpulverizing it2 of which ,i am so cautious1 that sometimes ,i let the ,roller lie still for a whole ,year together4 ,there is also a long triangular ,harrow1 which is sometimes useful in the ,intervals when the ,earth is of a right ,temper betwixt wet and dry2 but there is no need to describe it1 and ,i scarce use it once in ,two or ,three ,years4 ,the ,diameters of the wooden and iron ,pins and ,screws1 with their ,holes1 and the ,sizes of the ,nails to be made use of in all the describ'd ,instruments1 ,i leave to the ,discretion of the ,workmen1 who1 if they are ,masters of their several ,trades1 cannot be ignorant of such ,matters4 ,fig4 #g4 and ,fig4 #h4 shew the ,lands of ,turneps mention'd at the ,beginning of this ,work4 ,illustration ,,an ,,appendix ,,concerning ,the making of the ,,drill1 and the ,,hoe-,,plough1 c4 ,to a ,workman1 who would make these ,instruments1 ,i would add the following ,directions4 ,the ,first thing to be done for making the ,drill1 is to place half a ,sheet of ,paper to the ,back of ,plate #b4 by pasting it on to its ,margin2 and likewise another half ,sheet to ,plate #c4 in the same manner4 ,then with a ,needle prick through all the ,out-lines of ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,d1 in ,fig4 #b4 which will mark out both ,sides1 and both ,ends of the ,mortise of the ,turnep ,drill-box4 ,also prick through the ,out-lines of the great ,hole in the middle of ,a1 and of the elliptical ,hole in ,b4 ,also prick the little ,hole at ,e1 in ,a2 and at ,f1 in ,b4 ,prick through the prick'd ,line p q1 in ,b2 which is the ,line to which the ,setting-screw ,fig4 #f4 or ,fig4 #ab4 that is to pass through the ,hole in ,c1 must be parallel4 ,when the ,paper is taken off1 cut out of it the said ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,d1 by the ,pricks made by the ,needle4 ,then cut the same in ,pastboard1 by laying these ,pieces of ,paper thereon 7because ,pastboard1 being stiffer than ,paper1 will be more fit for the ,use74 ,draw a ,line with ,ink on the pricked ,line1 p q4 ,illustration3 ,plate4 ,,vi4 ,page4#djh ,b4 ,cole4 ,delin4 et ,sculp4 ,the ,hole in ,c must be something larger than in the ,cut1 because the ,setting-screw must be so1 being best to be of ,brass1 which is less apt to rust than ,iron1 of which ,metal it was formerly made2 but ,brass1 being weaker1 requires the more of it to equal the ,strength of ,iron4 ,the ,wreath1 ,fig4 #ad4 is not necessary1 because the ,slider1 ,fig4 #ae4 is sufficient without it2 but then care must be taken1 that the ,edges of its ,claws ,a ,b1 which rub against the ,cylinder of ,e1 in ,fig4 #i4 be taken off1 to prevent their cutting it4 ,this ,slider is sometimes made of ,brass1 and sometimes of ,iron4 ,thus the ,workman will have the ,sides and ,ends of the ,turnep-mortise1 which make the ,whole of it1 whereby he may make it exactly in soft ,wood4 ,fig4 #g4 called the inner ,cylinder1 being put into the ,cylinder ,a1 of the ,steel ,tongue1 ,fig4 #d4 whereby the ,holes for the ,axis of the ,tongue1 being the lower from the ,top of the ,mortise1 do not only secure the ,edges of the ,mortise from breaking out1 but also give room for the ,flanches ,b1 ,c1 in ,fig4 #i4 to be made to reach as far forwards as the ,axis of the ,tongue1 and farther3 ,hereby the ,hole1 in the ,bottom of the ,hopper1 may be as wide at the fore ,end1 as at the pricked ,line at the ,letter ,b4 ,the ,notches in the ,spindle1 ,fig4 #e4 seem to appear deeper than is usual for ,turnep-seed2 but ,i remember ,i have drilled ,furze-seed with a ,turnep-drill without altering the ,notches4 ,as for the ,shape of these ,notches1 they are so fully described in ,fig4 #f4 and ,fig4 #h4 of ,plate #c4 that ,i can add nothing to that ,description2 only that those being for the ,wheat-drill1 the ,size of ,notches for the ,turnep-drill must be lesser in some proportion to the lesser ,size of the ,seed4 ,for making the ,wheat-drill do the same as for the ,turnep-drill4 ,the ,fig4 #c4 in ,plate #b4 is one ,side of the ,mortise1 by which must be made ,two in ,pastboard4 ,fig4 #aj4 in ,plate #b4 and ,fig4 #i4 in ,plate #c4 are the ,two ,ends of it4 ,the ,cover that prevents the ,wheat from falling down on the hinder ,side of the ,spindle1 is one intire ,piece of ,brass1 which is marked ,b in ,fig4 #c4 of ,plate #c4 but the ,shape of it1 with its ,hole whereby it is held in by a ,screw1 is only seen in the ,side1 ,fig4 #c4 of ,plate #b4 and there described by pricked ,lines2 and by pricking through them1 the ,shape of the ,end of the ,cover may be taken1 which ,cover is of the same ,shape from ,end to ,end4 ,the ,joyner who cannot by these ,additions1 and the ,explanations of the ,plates1 make these ,drills in ,wood1 doth not deserve the ,name of a ,workman4 ,when he has once made them whole1 he can easily make them in ,halves like ,fig4 #h4 in ,plate #b4 ,by these ,halves the ,founder will make his ,moulds proper for casting them in the best ,brass4 ,but in these ,halves for ,casting1 there must be no other ,holes1 but the great ,holes1 and the ,hole for the ,setting-screw4 ,the great ,hole in the ,mould must be largest at ,e1 in ,fig4 #i4 ,plate #b4 and lesser in the ,inside in ,fig4 #h4 for as it must be of a conical ,shape for making the ,core1 if it should be cast bigger within1 when the ,whitesmith bores it 7as he must7 to an exact ,cylinder1 the ,end ,e would be in ,danger of bursting by the ,force of the ,boring1 as it is much thinner than in the ,mortise4 ,and besides this1 if there should be any little ,flaw in the ,edges of the ,hole within the ,mortise 7which the ,founder must avoid as much as possible71 it may perhaps be bored out by means of the ,hole's being less there4 ,the ,hole must be something less in the ,mould than its proper ,size1 even where it is largest2 else it may happen1 that in boring it to a true ,cylinder it may become too big4 ,and ,i believe1 in the ,cooling of the ,brass1 the ,hole grows bigger as the ,spindle grows less4 ,for the ,hole of the ,setting-screw1 lay on upon the dark ,part of ,fig4 #h4 one of the ,pastboard-sides2 and from the black ,line p q1 draw a ,line coincident to it as on the ,brass1 for making the half ,hole ,a by2 and the other ,half of it on the opposite ,half-side4 ,these ,pastboards will be very useful to the ,whitesmith1 for directing him to find the ,places where the ,holes for the ,axis of the ,tongue1 and those for screwing the ,two ,halves of the ,mortise together1 are to be made4 ,i advise against boring the great ,hole with a ,tool 7a ,bit7 with more than ,four ,edges2 for it would be apt to tear the ,brass4 ,the great ,hole of the ,turnep-drill is bored with ,tools like those wherewith a ,gun is bored4 ,but the ,wheat-drill is bored with a ,screw-stock1 whose ,edges are made sharp for that ,purpose1 and may be set wider or narrower at ,pleasure3 ,it is put into the ,hole along with an half-round ,piece of ,wood1 the lower ,end of the ,stock being set fast in a ,vice3 ,the whole ,seed-box 7for it must always be screwed together before it is bored71 being put on the ,end of the ,stock 7made taper a little way for entering71 is turned round it by a long wooden ,spanner1 which hath a ,notch in the middle of it1 to receive the whole ,seed-box1 in order to bore it by turning it round upon the ,stock4 ,the ,brass ought to be of the best ,sort1 which will be easy to file1 and yet not mix with baser ,metal4 ,the ,seed-boxes may be cast whole by these ,moulds2 but ,i prefer those that are screwed together1 for several ,reasons1 which ,i have not time now to write4 ,there is a ,turnep ,seed-box come to my ,hands that was made by ,pretenders2 ,i wish it is the only one made in the same manner2 for it is useless2 the ,notches in the ,spindle are much shorter than the ,breadth of the ,mortise2 at each ,end of the ,notches is a deep ,chanel 7as deep as the ,bottom of the ,notches7 quite round the ,spindle1 instead of a ,mark1 which should be but just visible for cutting the ,notches2 and instead of a tender ,steel ,spring1 there is a strong ,piece of ,iron without ,elasticity4 ,by means of this ,iron1 the ,machine grinds the ,seed1 instead of drilling it4 ,what ,i shall here add concerning the ,wheat-drill1 is some ,alterations in ,fig4 #ba4 of ,plate #d4 viz4 ,the fore ,share and ,sheat must be left out for drilling ,wheat1 up more middle ,rows being used4 ,and the ,two ,beams ,b ,b in the ,plough1 ,fig4 #a4 must be set to make ,chanels ,ten ,inches asunder4 ,and the double ,hopper1 ,fig4 #ae4 must be set nearer together1 so as the ,seed may fall into the middle of the ,funnels of the ,beams4 ,tho' there is no ,necessity of ,marking-wheels for guiding the ,drill-horse upon ,ridges2 yet they are very useful for holding the ,drill steady1 and to prevent its tottering1 which without the ,marking-wheels1 and the fore ,hopper1 it is apt to do1 when the ,shares stand so near together as ,ten ,inches2 and on a narrow ,ridge one of the hinder ,wheels might run off to the ,furrow1 and draw the ,shares after it1 if the ,drill were not kept steady by the ,marking-wheels1 and by their ,hopper1 which takes hold of the single ,standard by ,fig4 #bb4 as is seen in ,fig4 #ba4 in ,plate #d4 ,but there should not be so much room in it on each ,side of the ,standard1 left the ,plough by that means should have too much room to totter1 now the ,shares are so near together4 ,the ,marking-wheels must be set at the ,distance of the ,breadth of ,two ,ridges1 which1 as we now make them1 is about ,nine ,feet and an half from ,wheel to ,wheel4 ,the ,brass ,box may be taken out of the fore ,hopper3 ,and tho' that ,hopper be of no ,use to the double ,row1 except as is abovesaid2 yet if there should be ,occasion to press the ,marking-wheels deeper into the ,ground for keeping the ,plough the more steady in its ,course1 it may be usefully filled with ,earth1 or other ,matter1 sufficient for that ,purpose4 ,and besides1 it may serve to plant ,three ,rows of ,st4 ,foin1 when the fore ,share and ,sheat are put in1 and the ,beams and hinder ,hopper set a ,foot or ,eighteen ,inches wider1 and the ,marking-wheels at their due ,distance1 as is directed in the ,essay4 ,thus the same ,drill may plant ,wheat and ,st4 ,foin4 ,a ,drill for the double ,rows might be made with a single hinder ,hopper1 instead of the double one4 ,and there is a ,contrivance to supply the ,use of the fore ,hopper for keeping the ,plough steady1 and more easy to make than that ,hopper2 but this cannot be described by ,words without ,cuts4 ,the ,lime wherewith the brined ,wheat is dried1 receiving some of the ,salts from the ,brine1 will stick in the ,notches of the ,spindle2 yet never makes any ,stoppage to their ,delivery of the ,seed2 but every ,year we clean the ,notches from the ,lime with a ,chissel1 and1 if it were done oftener1 it would not be amiss4 ,there is an ,accident that may possibly happen1 but never to a careful ,driller2 viz4 a large ,clod may some way be thrown into a ,funnel of the ,beam of the ,plough1 either by a ,wheel1 or by the ,paddle that cleanses the ,sheats from the ,dirt that sticks to them when the ,earth is wet4 ,this may stop the ,wheat from falling out of the ,funnel into the ,trunk2 and then1 so far as the ,plough1 goes thus stopped1 the ,chanel will have no ,seed in it2 but the ,driller that follows may take it out immediately1 which if he should neglect to do for never so little a ,distance1 he ought to stop the ,plough whilst he supplies the ,chanel with ,seed from his ,hand as far as it is empty4 ,when there is any ,danger of this1 as in very rough cloddy ,ground1 it is best to take off the ,drill-harrow1 to the end that the ,chanel may lie open for receiving the ,seed from the ,hand4 ,but if the ,ends of the ,hopper reach below the ,funnels1 and they are otherwise defended1 as they may be1 this ,accident can never happen4 ,when the ,drill-harrow is taken off1 the best way for taking up the ,plough to turn it1 is to bore a ,hole of about half an ,inch ,diameter in the ,end of each ,beam behind the ,funnels1 and fasten a ,withe into these ,holes2 by which ,withe the ,driller very conveniently takes hold with one ,hand1 and lifts up the ,plough1 laying his other ,hand on the ,hopper to keep it steady4 ,this ,method of taking up the ,plough hath been often used for the ,wheat-drill1 and for the ,turnep-drill2 and in the latter the ,hole in the one ,beam holds the ,withe as well as do the ,two ,holes in the former4 ,there are new ,editions of some of these ,engines1 which cannot be fully described without more ,plates2 but since those already described are found by ,experience to be sufficient for the ,purposes they were designed for1 new ,editions of them are not necessary1 tho' convenient in many respects4 ,reason will easily make ,additions to the ,instruments when they are necessary2 as when more than one ,brass ,spindle is to be turned by one or each ,wheel for planting ,clover amongst ,barley after it is come up4 ',tis done by a very light ,plough1 drawn by a ,man3 ,it plants ,four ,rows at once ,eight ,inches asunder3 ,the ,shares are very short and narrow1 and so are the ,sheats and ,trunks4 ',tis not difficult to put on a ,crank at the other ,end of the ,brass ,spindle1 in the same manner that the ,handle that winds up a ,jack is put on1 and to fasten it at the ,hole at ,i in ,fig4 #e4 of ,plate #b4 ,this ,crank must1 at its first turning1 before it turns up towards the ,letter ,h1 of the same ,fig4 be long enough to reach to within an ,inch of the ,fork of the ,second ,spindle4 ,thus each ,wheel may turn several ,spindles1 and then this ,drill may plant many ,rows of ,seeds at once4 ,when you plant ,rows nearer together than ,eight ,inches1 it is best that the ,plough have ,two ,ranks of ,shares and ,hoppers1 else the ,earth may be driven before the ,shares2 but with ,two ,racks of them1 they will not be more apt to drive the ,earth before them in making ,rows at ,four ,inches asunder1 than at ,eight1 when there is only a single ,rank of ,shares4 ,but ,i think this near ,distance of ,four ,inches cannot be proper for any ,sort of ,seeds1 except ,flax-seed2 and even for that ,seed not necessary4 ,if the ,land be made fine1 a single ,rank of ,shares will go very well to plant ,rows at ,seven ,inches asunder4 ,i had formerly a ,drill-,plough for drilling across very high round ,ridges for ,hand-hoeing1 where ,horse-hoeing is impracticable3 ,it had no ,limbers2 but it had little ,ground-wrists to make open ,chanels1 and had ,handles behind it1 whereby the ,driller raised up the ,tail of the ,plough1 when it was passing the ,summit of the ,ridge4 ,there were neither ,funnels nor ,trunks2 for these would hinder the ,seed from falling into the ,chanels1 both by the ,plough's going up and down the ,ridge4 ,the ,hopper was drawn by the ,plough in such a manner1 that in passing all ,parts of the ,ridge the ,wheels were not raised from the ,ground3 ,the ,chanels were equally supplied with ,seed throughout3 ,it planted ,four ,rows at once1 at a ,foot asunder4 ,i used this ,drill-,plough #cj ,years ago in ,oxfordshire3 ,i have no such ,ridges here1 nor consequently any ,occasion of such an ,instrument2 and did not make ,cuts of it1 because it is not useful for ,horse-hoeing4 ,i only mention it here for the ,benefit of those who have a mind to plant such ,ridges regularly with an ,engine3 ,i hope their own ,reason will enable them to contrive such a ,plough1 especially now they have the manner of making the ,drill1 ,hopper1 c4 shewn to them4 ,i have made a very material ,addition to the ,hoe-,plough1 of ,plate #f4 viz4 ,at the fore ,end of the ,beam ,fig4 #b4 is the ,hole ,i1 by which alone let the ,plough be drawn1 leaving out the ,hole ,h2 instead of the ,hole ,g make a ,mortise1 ,three or ,four ,inches long1 and as broad as the ,thickness of the ,iron ,pin1 the ,end and ,nut of which are seen at ,c1 in ,fig4 #a4 ,this ,pin should be more than half an ,inch ,diameter1 and square at that ,end that goes into the ,mortise2 let the hinder ,end of the ,mortise just appear behind the ,plank1 when the ,beam is at right ,angles with it4 ,by means of this ,mortise there may be many more ,holes through the ,plank without ,danger of splitting into one another the ,holes in the ,beam1 which must answer those in the ,plank4 ,draw many ,lines from the ,middle of the foremost ,hole of the ,plank to the hinder ,edge of it1 at 7suppose7 a quarter of an ,inch from one another there2 and then bore a ,hole in that ,part of each ,line that is least apt to break into the next ,hole to it4 ,every ,system of ,holes in the ,plank will have like ,benefit of being increased in their ,number by the ,convenience of this ,mortise2 without which it is impossible to have so great ,variety of turning the ,point of the ,share to make the ,share go parallel to the ,horse-path4 ,the ,board described in p4 #djc4 we now use very seldom in ,hoeing of ,wheat4 ,explanation of ,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a4 shews the ,plank and the ,harrow of the latest and best ,drill-plough1 most simple1 and accommodated to the present ,practice of planting double ,rows4 ,a is the ,plank1 with all its ,mortises and ,holes2 b is the ,mortise into which the ,tenon of the fore ,sheat of the ,drill-plough1 for planting treble ,rows1 was fastened2 d is the square ,hole for receiving the ,seed from a ,hole of the same ,shape and ,size in the ,bottom of the ,funnel4 ,when the ,sheat is taken out of the ,mortise b1 and another ,sheat is made exactly the same with that1 place them in the ,mortises a a1 and make the ,two square ,holes c c behind them1 for their ,funnels to stand on4 ,make the ,mortise e1 which is to hold the single ,standard that is to hold up the fore ,hopper in the treble ,drill1 and in this to guide the ,wheels also1 instead of ,wreaths1 that in the treble ,drill are put on the ,spindle bearing against the ,insides of the double ,standards2 for in this the ,shares being but ,ten ,inches asunder1 and at such a ,distance from each of the ,wheels1 that neither of them doth by rising lift up a ,share perceptibly2 but if the ,shares were wide asunder1 or there were more of them reaching nearer to the ,ends of the ,plank1 a ,wheel might rise up1 and lift a ,share out of the ,ground1 if guided by the single ,standard and ,hopper1 as in this4 ,the single ,standard is shewn in ,plate #d4 ,fig4 #aj4 but this has no ,fork at its ,bottom1 as that has4 ,this has only a single ,tenon1 and is shouldered before1 behind1 and on each ,side1 to hold it the more firm and steady1 when tightly pinned down by ,two ,pins underneath the ,plank4 ,the ,dimensions of this ,standard are the same with those of the other2 but the ,shoulders must not increase the ,thickness of the ,standard any higher than the ,tops of the ,funnels4 ,the ,four other square ,holes1 viz4 f with another behind it1 and g with one before it1 are for the double ,standards1 which are to be well shouldered1 or braced on the ,side of each that is next to the ,end of the ,plank1 and on the ,outside4 ,there is no need of ,shoulder or ,brace on the ,sides where the ,spindle is placed1 or on the ,side next to the ,middle of the ,plank4 ,the ,four round ,holes h i k l are those thro' which the ,four ,pins pass that hold on the ,limbers1 and the ,piece ,a1 in ,fig4 #b4 and the other of the same ,sort in ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #b4 and #d4 shew how the ,harrow's ,leg ,b is held to the ,piece ,a1 by the ,pin ,c4 ,the ,letters a b shew the ,holes through which the ,pins do pass to screw the ,piece ,a up to the ,plank1 and the ,limbers for guiding the ,harrow4 ,this ,piece ,a is somewhat longer than the ,breadth of the ,plank2 it is about ,two ,inches thick1 and ,two and an half in ,depth4 ,the ,pin ,fig4 #c4 goes through this ,piece near the ,bottom of its fore ,end1 whereby the ,harrow tines have the more room to rise up1 without being held down by the ,legs pressing against the ,plank4 ,fig4 #c4 is the ,pin ,c1 of ,fig4 #b4 a is its ,head1 b its round ,part1 whereon the ,harrow moves2 c is its square ,part1 that prevents its turning1 which by the ,motion of the ,harrow would unscrew the ,nut d1 and cause it to come off of the ,screw e1 and be lost4 ,the ,harrow is also shewn in ,fig4 #a4 as it is guided by the ,pieces before described3 ,b is its ,head1 that holds the ,tines ,d ,d1 drawn by the ,legs ,c ,c4 ,tho' these ,legs in ,plano seem in their ,middle to crook sideways1 yet when out of ,perspective1 their ,middles crook only downwards2 which is to give the greater ,length to the ,tines1 and the more room for them to move up4 ,fig4 #e4 is the ,spindle in ,three ,parts4 ,a is the middle ,part1 wherein are the ,notches b b4 ,this is best to be of ,oak1 or some other hard ,wood1 in which the ,edges of the ,notches are less apt to wear than in softer ,wood2 but ,i have had a ,set that have lasted the ,drilling of #abj ,acres1 when made of ,ash4 ,b and ,c are the ,two other ,parts3 ,d and ,e are their ,ends1 whereon the ,wheels are put4 ,the ,holes h h h h1 and the same in the other ,end under the ,letter ,e1 are for setting the ,wheels at different ,distances1 in order for making new ,notches1 or for different-sized ,ridges3 ,the ,wheels are held in their ,places by long ,nails put through some of these ,holes1 and clenched upon the ,iron ,stock-bonds to prevent their falling out4 ,these ,ends ,b and ,c need not be cut to a ,square2 except just enough to prevent the ,wheels from turning on the ,spindle4 ,these ,three ,parts are grafted together by ,help of the hollow ,cylinder ,fig4 #f4 which1 being put on upon the ,joint f1 of the ,spindle ,fig4 #e4 holds the ,parts ,a and ,b together by the ,two ,pins a a1 passing through the ,cylinder near its ,ends1 and through the ,holes k and g4 ,this ,joint may be in another manner2 viz4 ,one ,part of the ,spindle may enter into the other by cutting it to a square ,peg of an ,inch long1 and ths ,diameter1 entering an ,hole that fits it1 at the ,end of the other ,part4 ,these ,pins will be best to have ,screws at their ,ends with ,nuts to them2 and then they need not be so tight in the ,holes1 and may be the more easily taken out1 when the ,part ,b is to be taken off for avoiding ,obstructions in drilling an outside ,ridge4 ,the ,cylinder is a ,foot long1 and about half an ,inch thick1 bound with an ,iron ,ferrel at each ,end2 and if there were another in the ,middle1 it might be the stronger4 ,place the ,cylinder on the ,outside of the ,spindle1 the ,joint f being exactly against the ,middle of the ,cylinder2 and mark at each ,end of it1 in order to see when it is in its right ,place2 and after it is put on and pinned1 mark likewise on the ,spindle the exact ,places of the ,holes1 for the more easy finding them every ,time the ,cylinder is put on4 ,another ,cylinder must be on the ,joint c1 held together by ,pins passing thro' the ,holes i and d1 in the same manner1 and for the same ,purpose1 as the other ,joint already described4 ,the ,spindle ought to be of equal ,diameter with the ,bore of the ,seed-boxes1 thro' which it is to pass2 but this ,i find1 needs not be quite an ,inch and ths2 it may want an #hth of it1 even in this long ,spindle4 ,fig4 #g4 is one of the ,pins which hold the ,cylinder in its ,place1 as has been said2 a is its ,head2 b the ,stalk1 which would be better to be a ,screw at its lower ,end1 whereon to screw a ,nut2 but then the ,stalk must be square at the ,head4 ,fig4 #h4 is a ,sheat with its ,trunk and ,share of the ,drill-plough1 which has been described in ,plates #d4 and #e4 but the ,shape of the ,share1 as it rises at the ,socket1 is more plainly seen in this ,figure4 ,fig4 #i4 is the whole ,wheat-drill1 which at present ,i use for planting the double ,row4 ,a is the ,hopper1 rising and sinking on the single ,standard ,b1 which holds it up4 ,c is the thing like the ,carrier of a ,latch1 described by ,fig4 #bb4 in ,plate #d4 ,i need say no more for describing this ,drill1 than to shew how it differs from that described in ,plate #d4 viz4 ,this ,hopper has ,two of these ,carriers1 the one near its ,top1 like the other2 and another near its ,bottom1 which keeps the ,plough from rising at either ,end1 without the rising of either ,end of the ,hopper1 which is no ,inconvenience here2 because the ,two ,shares1 being but ,ten ,inches asunder1 are almost the same as one2 so that at the ,distance the ,wheels stand from each other1 the rising of one ,wheel doth not lift up the ,share that is next to it perceptibly2 as it would do if the ,shares were farther asunder1 or the ,wheels nearer together4 ,this ,hopper holds twice as much ,seed as the single fore ,hopper did1 viz4 half a ,bushel2 and is divided into ,two equal ,parts by the ,partition e1 whereby the ,driller sees whether the ,seed is discharged equally2 and if he perceives that one ,part of the ,hopper runs out faster than the other1 he must adjust them by the ,setting-screws4 ,the ,funnels a a1 which receive the ,seed from the ,hopper1 and convey it down into the ,trunks c c1 appear under the ,hopper1 as doth also ,part of the ,hole d1 whereon the ,funnel stood when the fore ,hopper was single4 ,d shews the ,cylinder upon the grafted ,spindle at one ,end1 as ,f shews where the other ,end with its ,cylinder and ,wheel is taken off4 ,the ,ends of the ,piece ,a1 which guide the ,harrow1 appear behind the ,plank at f f4 ,at g in the ,harrow-head is a ,hole exactly in the ,middle between the ,tines1 for tying on a ,stone when the ,harrow is too light for the ,soil4 ,note1 ,this ,hole must follow exactly after the ,middle of the ,plank1 i4 e4 between the ,two ,shares at an equal ,distance from each4 ,observe1 that the ,legs of this ,harrow go thro' the ,head on the ,outsides of the ,tines1 as in the treble ,drill they go thro' on the ,inside of the ,tines4 ,instead of the wooden ,tines1 may be put in common ,iron ,tines of a proper ,length4 ,the ,two ,hooks whereby the ,plough is drawn are at h h4 ',tis best for the ,ends of the ,hooks to turn upwards1 so that the ,links of the ,chain-traces1 that are to be put on them1 may not be apt to drop off4 ,take care that these ,traces be of an equal ,length1 which may be easily made even by the ,links that are put on these ,hooks4 ,note1 ,the ,links of the ,piece of ,chain1 whereby the ,plough is made to go deeper or shallower1 may be very small1 and by no means in the ,proportion they bear to the ,limbers in the ,cut4 ,there need not be above ,four or ,five ,links4 ,if there be occasion to raise or sink the ,limbers more than that ,number will reach1 the ,cord may be tied longer or shorter on the other ,limber4 ,and when there is not the ,convenience of ,chain-traces1 they may be supplied by a few ,iron ,links at the ,ends of ,hempen ,traces4 ,fig4 #aj4 is the ,shape of a wooden ,wreath1 which 7when the ,shares stand wider asunder1 or when there are more than ,two of them1 so that they come nearer to the ,ends of the ,plank1 this ,wreath7 is necessary to be put on the ,spindle1 the ,end a bearing against the ,inside of the double ,standards1 and the ,end b being towards the ,hopper4 ',tis fixt to the ,spindle by the ,screw c1 which should not enter the ,spindle above half an ,inch deep4 ,there may be another like ,screw to enter in the same manner on the opposite ,side of this ,wreath4 ,there must be in this case another ,wreath the same of this to bear against the other double ,standards4 ,and when these ,wreaths are used1 the ,hopper must have only the upper ,carrier ,c2 the lower one must be taken off4 ,but in this our ,drill for planting ,wheat1 no ,wreaths must be on the ,spindle1 except those at b b1 which are to hold the ,hopper from moving endways4 ,and these may be of the ,sort above described1 the ,end a bearing against the ,hopper4 ,fig4 #aa4 is the ,beam of the ,hoe-plough described in ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #b4 with no other ,alteration than leaving out the ,hole ,h1 and the pricked ,line between it and the ,hole ,i2 and changing the ,hole ,g into a ,mortise4 ,the pricked ,line a b represents the hinder ,edge of the ,plank1 behind which appears a very small ,part of a ,mortise4 ,see p4 #dae1 #daf4 ,fig4 #ab4 is the ,plank1 which is ,fig4 #c4 in ,plate ,,vi4 ,the ,improvement of it in this ,figure is described in p4 #dae1 #daf4 ,an ,appendix to ,chap4 ,,ix4 of ,wheat1 p4 #ach4 containing ,memoranda for the ,practisers of this ,husbandry4 ,at the ,second ,hoeing the ,plough goes in the ,furrow of the ,first1 making it deeper1 and nearer to the ,wheat4 ,the ,third ,hoeing fills up this ,furrow2 and then1 at the ,fourth ,hoeing1 the ,plough goes in the same ,place as the ,second1 turning the ,mould into the ,interval4 ',tis remarkable that though the ,furrows of the ,second and ,fourth ,hoeings be deep1 and near to the ,rows1 seeming to deprive the ,wheat of the ,mould which should nourish it1 whereby one would imagine1 that these ,furrows lying long open should weaken or starve it2 yet it is just the contrary2 for it grows the more vigorous3 ,and it is the ,observation of my ,ploughmen1 that they cannot at these ,hoeings go too near to the ,rows1 unless the ,plough should tear out the ,plants4 ,illustration3 ,plate #g4 ,p4 #dbb ,invented ,designed by ,printed for ,,jethro ,,tull ,,esq ,oct3 the #beth #agch ,if ,i may presume to assign the ,cause of this surprising ,effect1 it is1 in my ,opinion1 the following2 viz4 ,this open ,furrow has a double ,surface of ,earth1 which by the ,nitre of the contiguous ,atmosphere1 is pulverized to a great ,degree of ,minuteness near the ,row4 ,the ,roots that the ,plough cuts off on the perpendicular ,side of the ,furrow1 send out new ,fibres to receive the ,pabulum from this new-made ,pasture2 and also ,part of this superfine ,powder is continually falling down into the ,bottom of the ,furrow1 and there gives a very quick ,growth to those ,roots that are next it1 and a quick ,passage through it into the ,earth of the ,interval1 where they take likewise the ,benefit of the other ,side of this pulverized ,furrow4 ,when it is said1 that ,air kills ,roots1 it must not be understood1 that it kills a ,plant1 unless all1 or almost all1 its ,root is exposed to it1 as it is not in this ,case4 ,some think there are ,roots that run horizontally below the ,plough into the ,interval2 but of this ,i am not convinced4 ',tis not often that we hoe above ,four times2 and then the ,furrow is turned towards the ,row at the ,third time only4 ,there being no ,danger from these ,furrows lying long open1 we are not confined to any precise ,distance between the times of ,hoeing1 for which we need only regard the ,weather1 the ,weeds1 and our own ,convenience of ,opportunity and ,leisure4 ',tis an ,advantage when these ,furrows lie open on each ,side of the double ,row till ,harvest2 for then there need only ,two ,furrows to be plowed on a ,ridge to throw down the ,partition in order for planting the next ,crop2 but if at the last ,hoeing the ,furrows are turned towards the ,row1 they must be plowed back again after ,harvest before the ,partition can be plowed3 ,this requires double the time of the other2 and the sooner the ,partitions are plowed1 the more time they will have to be pulverized before they are replanted4 ,indeed this ,advantage is only when the ,rows are to be planted where they were the ,year before2 for this is rather a ,disadvantage when they are to be planted in the ,intervals4 ,whether these ,furrows lying long open next the ,rows in very hot dry ,climates may be prejudicial1 cannot be known1 but by ,trials4 ,as from the external ,superficies of an ,acre of ,pasture on a rich ,soil1 ,animals take more ,pabulum than of an ,acre on a poor ,soil2 so ,vegetables take more ,pabulum from the internal ,superficies of a rich ,acre than of a poor one2 the ,pulveration1 or ,superficies of ,parts1 being equal4 ,see p4 #dd1 #de4 ,from whence there is no ,encouragement for making ,trials on very poor ,land4 ',tis no great ,matter whether the ,rows are drilled on the ,partitions1 or the ,intervals2 for the ,crops of a ,field1 ,four ,years successively drilled on the ,partitions1 were very good4 ,after the ,partitions had been plowed1 and lain open till the ,weather made them pulverizable by the ,harrows1 and then turned together by ,furrows larger than those which opened them1 much ,earth of the ,intervals was mixed with them4 ,this is the strongest and lowest ,ground ,i have2 and if there should be much wet ,weather after ,harvest1 it is so long in drying1 that we take the first ,opportunity the ,weather allows for planting the ,wheat1 which is generally done in the above manner1 because it is the shortest2 but1 without some such ,reason to the contrary1 ,i prefer planting the ,rows on the precedent ,intervals4 ,my ,field1 whereon is now the ,thirteenth ,crop of ,wheat1 has shewn that the ,rows may successfully stand upon any ,part of the ,ground4 ,the ,ridges of this ,field were for the ,twelfth ,crop1 changed from ,six ,feet to ,four ,feet ,six ,inches3 ,in order for this ,alteration1 the ,ridges were plowed down1 and the whole ,field was plowed cross-ways of the ,ridges for making them level2 and then the next ,ridges were laid out the same way as the former1 but ,one ,foot ,four ,inches narrower2 and the double ,rows drilled on their ,tops1 whereby of consequence there must be some ,rows standing on every ,part of the ,ground1 both on the former ,partitions1 and on every ,part of the ,intervals3 ,notwithstanding this1 there was no manner of ,difference in the ,goodness of the ,rows1 and the whole ,field was in every ,part of it equal1 and the best1 ,i believe1 that ever grew on it4 ,it has now the ,thirteenth ,crop1 likely to be very good1 tho' the ,land was not plowed cross-ways4 ,the proper ,times for ,plowings and ,hoeings depending upon the ,weather1 and other ,circumstances1 cannot be directed but by the ,reason and ,experience of the ,practiser1 as has been said4 ,the ,number of ,ridges being increased1 as their ,breadth is now diminished1 occasions somewhat the more ,plough-work1 we likewise use more ,handwork than formerly2 but the ,profit of this increased ,labour is more than double to the ,expence of it4 ,the ,decline of the ,woolen ,manufacture furnishes us at this time with ,plenty of ,hand-hoers and ,weeders2 because they can earn much more by working in the ,field than by ,spinning at home4 ',tis better to make ,fifteen ,ridges on an ,acre1 than to leave any ,earth unmoved by the ,hoe-plough in the ,middle of the ,intervals2 but when ,ploughmen1 by ,practice1 understand well to use the ,hoe-plough1 they will plow the ,intervals clean1 tho' the ,ridges are only ,fourteen on an ,acre4 ,bearded ,wheat is in this ,country called ,cone1 and that which has no ,beard ,lammas4 ,i observed formerly the ,bread of ,white-cone had a little yellowish ,cast1 which ,i now suspect was from the ,mill-stones2 for ,i have seen it be very white these many ,years1 since the ,millers know better how to grind this ,wheat4 ,cone wheat ,westwards yields ,six-pence a ,bushel more than ,lammas2 but towards ,london the contrary4 ,the ,reasons why a whole ,field of ,wheat doth not produce a ,crop equal in proportion to a ,yard or ,perch cut1 rubbed out1 and weighed immediately upon the ,spot1 may be1 because the ,grain of the ,field lying to sweat in the ,mow1 loses considerably of its ,weight and ,measure4 ,there is also some lost in the ,field by ,reapers1 and by ,leasers2 and some is by ,threshers thrown out of the ,barn2 and some of them are found to have ,contrivances to carry home with them at ,night1 ,part of the ,wheat they thresh in the ,day4 ,i say nothing of those ,thieves1 who in ,harvest rob the ,field in the ,dark2 tho' they are not very uncommon4 ,i missed of making my proposed ,experiment of the single ,row1 after ,i had prepared for it by plowing out one of the double in several ,places for that ,purpose2 but1 in the ,hurry of ,harvest1 they were cut together with the rest1 without making any ,trial2 as should have been made1 if my ,illness had not prevented my ,attendance in the ,field at the time of ,reaping4 ,the ,practice and ,instruments that are left off for better in their room1 as the ,quadruple and ,treble ,rows1 c4 are still useful to be shewn1 in order to deter others from going into an inferior ,method that is now exploded2 for some might think it an ,improvement of the double ,rows1 c4 by their own ,invention1 if they should not know it had been already tried4 ,illustration ,,index4 ,artificial ,pasture of ,plants exceeds the ,natural1 p4 #bg1 c4 ,atmosphere1 by ,rain and ,dews1 reimburses the pulverized ,earth1 #gj1 #abg ,b ,barley1 a hoed ,plant of it produced ,fifty large ,ears1 #fe ,barley drilled on ,ridges must be reaped1 #fc ,but needs not be bound up in ,sheaves1 ibid4 ,barley is the worse for ,seed by being sown at ,patney1 #bdj ,blight1 the true ,causes of it1 #add1 c4 ,remedies against the ,blight1 #adi1 c4 ,breast-,plough insufficient for ,tillage of strong turfy ,land1 #bhd ,c ,change of ,species of ,plants not necessary on account of different ,nourishment1 #bag1 c4 ,change of the ,individuals of some ,species of ,plants1 why useful1 #bci ,clover1 ,broad1 a ,damage to ,barley when sown amongst it1 #ahh ,a ,remedy against it1 ibid4 ,cytisus1 why it cannot be so great an ,improvement in ,england as ,st4 ,foin1 #agb ,d ,dung1 in what manner 'tis beneficial1 #bi1 c4 ,dung is the ,putrefaction of ,earth altered by ,vessels1 #ca ,it may afford some ,warmth in ,winter1 but is sometimes injurious by its ,hollowness1 #cd ,a considerable ,quantity of ,dung is necessary to the ,old ,husbandry1 but not to the ,new1 #cc ,dung1 when reduced by a thorough ,putrefaction1 is next to nothing1 #bge ,why ,dung is not injurious to ,corn1 c41 #cc ,dung1 why more beneficial to ,turneps than to other ,plants1 #hh ,gross ,dung1 why it should be prohibited the ,kitchen-,garden1 #cj1 c4 ,e ,earth1 the ,price of a ,foot of it1 and of a ,row #abd1 #abe ,particles of ,earth much more heterogeneous after passing ,vessels1 #bcg ,effluvia of ,animal ,bodies noxious1 #cb ,equivocal ,generation disproved1 #gh1 #gi ,exhaustion1 #bgj1 #bga ,f ,food1 or ,pabulum of ,plants1 what it is1 #ae1 c4 ,frost1 how it is advantageous1 #aaf ,furrow1 #aad ,furrows lying long open next the ,rows of ,wheat beneficial2 and the ,cause of it1 #dbb1 #dbc ,g ,grass1 natural1 why not killed by constant ,feeding1 #ahg ,h ,harrowing1 how injurious1 #df ,of harrowing ,wheat-,ridges1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc ,heat1 the very least ,degree of it hard to distinguish from the very least ,degree of ,cold1 #cd ,hills1 ,mr4 ,bradley's quibbling ,arguments about them answered1 #bdh ,wet ,hills made dry by plowing them cross the ,descent1 #bda-bdg ,hoeing in general defined1 #dg ,its ,uses and ,benefit1 #dg-gc ,the ,error of fansying that ,hoeing lets in the ,drought1 #eb ,hoed ,plants do not impoverish ,land1 as sown ,plants do1 #ga ,horse-hoeing3 ,mr4 ,evelyn's ,observation of an ,orchard1 kept in ,tillage1 coming to ,perfection in half the time of one not plowed1 #eg ,horse-hoeing supplies the ,use of local ,motion to ,plants1 #fd ,it equals ,dung1 #gj1 #id1 #bfi ,its ,benefits discovered by ,change of ,colour of the ,plants next to it1 #ea ,comparison of it with ,hand-hoeing1 #di ,some general ,directions for performing the ,horse-hoeing ,husbandry1 #eg1 c4 #aad1 c4 ,i ,interval1 what it is1 #fa ,wide ,intervals1 #gb1 #abb1 c4 ,the ,reason why ,intervals may be narrower for ,barley than for ,wheat1 #fc ,l ,land strong and light1 #ch1 c4 ,no one ,arable ,land exceeds another above twenty times in ,richness1 #dd ,land burnt becomes next to barren1 #dj ,land without ,cement is unfit for ,tillage1 #dd ,land that is unfit for ,horse-hoeing1 #gb ,luserne described1 #aic ,the ,goodness of ,luserne1 ibid4 ,the ,antients ,superstition concerning it1 #aid1 c4 #baj1 c4 ,swelling of ,cattle by eating ,luserne when green1 #aid ,why ,luserne is more proper for the ,hoeing ,husbandry than the common ,husbandry in ,england1 #aii1 c4 ,the ,soil most proper for ,luserne1 #bjd ,directions about planting ,luserne1 #bje1 c4 ,luserne decays as natural ,grass increases amongst it1 #aig1 c4 #bac ,m ,mints1 several ,experiments made on them1 #h1 c4 ,observation upon those ,experiments1 and ,inferences from them1 #aa1 c4 ,n ,new and ,old ,husbandry1 the ,differences between them1 #bed1 c4 ,o ,objections likely to prepossess ,people's ,minds against making ,trials of the ,horse-hoeing ,husbandry answered1 #fd1 c4 #abi1 c4 ,p ,pasture of ,plants described1 #bb1 c4 ,how the ,vegetable ,pasture differs from the ,vegetable ,pabulum1 #bb ,the artificial ,pasture of ,plants vastly exceeds the natural1 #bg1 c4 ,plants1 annual1 that live the longest1 have most need of hoeing1 #ib ,they are more altered1 as to their ,growth1 by ,culture than by ,climate1 #bjd ,there is no need to change the ,species of ,plants in ,husbandry1 on account of their supposed different ,nourishment1 #bad1 c4 ,dr4 ,woodward's ,arguments for the vulgar ,opinion in this ,matter answered1 #bad1 c4 ,mr4 ,bradley's ,arguments for the same vulgar ,opinion answered1 #bbb ,mr4 ,bradley's ,arguments from the perpendicular ,growth of ,plants answered1 #ff1 c4 #bbh1 c4 ,why long tap-rooted ,plants do not succeed so well after one another1 as they do after those that are not tap-rooted1 #bcb ,individuals of several ,species 7or ,sorts7 of ,plants1 are beneficially changed1 #bch1 c4 ,partition1 what it is1 #fa ,the ,width of ,partitions in the latest ,practice1 #ajh1 c4 ,ploughs1 #bgg1 c4 ,hoe-,plough1 #cid1 c4 ,q ,quick-lime for drying of brined ,wheat to drill1 #ada ,r ,ridges1 the ,methods and ,reasons for making them1 #bda ,ridges of ,six ,feet1 ,reasons for leaving them off1 #ajh1 c4 ,roller1 when injurious1 #df ,rooks1 to prevent their ,damage1 #ajg1 c4 ,roots1 their ,description1 #a1 c4 ,several ,ways to discover their horizontal ,extent1 #b1 c4 ,the ,cause of ,people's being deceived in the ,extent of ,roots1 #e ,great ,length of ,roots necessary1 on account of their ,office1 #g ,how ,roots and ,guts agree1 and wherein they differ1 #f1 c4 ,how ,roots take in the ,pabulum1 #da ,roots have a ,communication in all their ,cavities1 #ac ,roots supply each other reciprocally with ,water and ,food1 ibid4 ,roots cannot easily penetrate1 unless the ,land be opened by ,tillage1 #f ,the ,rotting of the ,roots of broad ,clover1 and ,st4 ,foin1 is a ,manure to ,land1 #bcd ,rows1 the ,inconveniencies of too many or too few on an ,acre1 #abb1 c4 ,reasons for leaving off the middle ,row1 #ajh1 c4 ',tis no great ,odds whether the ,rows of ,wheat1 c4 stand on the precedent ,partitions1 or the ,intervals1 #dbd ,rows too near1 and mixed ,crops1 discarded1 #fb ,single ,row proposed for ,smyrna ,wheat1 #acf1 c4 ,double1 ,treble1 and even ,quadruple ,rows1 are each called ,one ,row1 #fb ,s ,st4 ,foin1 its ,description and ,names1 #aeg ,directions for planting and ordering it1 #aei1 c4 ,st4 ,foin1 and other long tap-rooted ,plants1 suffer more by their ,pasture's being overstocked1 than other ,plants do1 #afg ,directions about ,st4 ,foin ,hay1 #agc1 c4 ,quantity of ,st4 ,foin on an ,acre1 #ahf ,why ,st4 ,foin makes a forty times greater ,crop on poor ,land1 than its natural ,grass or ,turf1 #aeg ,directions for saving ,st4 ,foin ,seed1 #agh1 c4 ,of feeding ,st4 ,foin by ,sheep1 #ahg ,st4 ,foin ,plants not killed by cutting off their ,heads1 #ahh ,st4 ,foin takes ,nine ,parts in ,ten of its ,nourishment below the ,staple of the ,land1 #aia ,of breaking up old ,st4 ,foin1 #ahi ,great ,improvement made on ,arable ,land by ,st4 ,foin1 #ahh1 c4 ,sarrition1 #ec1 c4 ,seeds1 in their natural ,climate do not degenerate1 #bch1 c4 ,causes why ,seeds1 as to their ,individuals1 do degenerate1 ibid4 ,how to know the most proper ,depth to plant all sorts of ,seeds at1 #eh1 c4 ,some sorts of ,seeds come in the ,air1 or by ,birds1 #gh ,sheep1 how injurious to drilled ,wheat1 #adi ,smuttiness of ,wheat1 #aci ,the ,causes of ,smuttiness1 ibid4 ,the ,cure of ,smuttiness1 ibid4 c4 ,soils differ chiefly in respect of ,heat and ,moisture1 #bj1 #ba ,a ,soil can be exhausted by nothing but ,roots1 #bgf ,there is no way for us to enrich a ,soil but by ,pulveration1 and keeping it from being exhausted by ,vegetables1 ibid4 ,stratum3 ,the ,under ,stratum of light ,land may be richer than that of strong ,land1 #aia1 #bch ,t ,tillage beneficial to all ,sorts of ,land1 #cf1 c4 ,tillage can never make ,land too fine1 #dd ,tillage of the low ,vineyards1 #ef1 c4 ,insufficient ,tillage1 how 'tis injurious1 #dj ,tillage can pulverize as well as ,dung1 #ce1 c4 ,the ,plough1 in ,field-tillage1 why preferable to the ,spade1 #bhj ,the same ,quantity of ,tillage will produce the same ,quantity of ,food1 c41 #bcj1 c4 ,transplanting1 #dh ,trees1 the ,damage they do to ,crops is by robbing1 as ,weeds only1 #gd ,the ,reason why some sorts of ,trees endure hard ,winters better in ,england than in ,languedoc1 #bjb ,trials unexpensive proposed1 #acc1 c4 ,turneps1 the ,soil most proper for them1 #gi ,directions concerning them1 #hj ,advantage of drilling and horse-hoeing of ,turneps1 ibid4 ,several manners of spending ,turneps by ,sheep1 #ij ,v ,veerings and ,hentings1 #abc1 c4 ,vineyards owe their great ,products to the ,hoe-tillage2 and from them the ,author first took his ,scheme1 #ef1 c4 ,w ,water1 how injurious1 and how beneficial1 to ,wheat1 #ig ,weeds1 their ,definition1 #gc ,weeds pernicious in several respects1 ibid4 c4 ,their ,robbing proved by ,experiment1 #gd ,why the ,race of ,weeds cannot be extirpated by the common ,husbandry1 #ge ,the ,race of ,weeds most likely to be extirpated by hoeing1 #gg ,weeds cannot be killed before they grow1 #abi ,wheat1 why it requires hoeing more than ,spring-,corn1 #ib1 c4 ,directions about drilling and hoeing of ,wheat1 ,see ,chap4 ix4 ,how a ,wheat-,crop is augmented1 #aai1 c4 ,of feeding ,wheat by ,sheep1 #adh1 c4 ,wheat ,ears will be large or small1 in proportion to the ,nourishment given to their ,plants1 #aai ,wheat-ears do not lodge1 by reason of their ,weight1 #adh1 #adi ,of weighing the ,product of a ,yard or ,perch of a ,row of ,wheat1 #abi1 c4 ,cone ,wheat and ,lammas ,wheat1 their ,difference1 #dbe ,smyrna ,wheat1 #ajd1 #acf1 c4 ,of keeping of ,wheat by drying it1 #aca ,some ,land unfit for ,wheat1 #aag ,the time proper for ,hand-hoeing of ,wheat1 #acb ,winter1 what time is meant by it1 #aae ,,finis4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the language used for this e-text is that used in the source document4 ,inconsistent1 unusual and archaic spelling has been retained 7also of plant1 proper and geographical names74 ,the inconsistent numbering of ,plates and individual ,figures 7some ,roman1 some ,arabic numerals7 has not been standardised4 ,page #h1 444 7being brought over the ,top 4443 the closing bracket is lacking4 ,page #af1 444 7probably many times more than the ,tree's ,weight 4443 the closing bracket is lacking4 ,page #bae1 444 7and it is proved1 that no ,plant refuses 4443 the closing bracket is lacking4 ,page #bbj1 444 than remained in the ,glasses ,f or ,g 4443 these reference letters appear to refer to an illustration1 but there is no such illustration in the book4 ,page #bfc-bfd1 list of particulars3 for this e-text the numbers #a-i have been inserted where they appeared to correspond best to the discussion on pages #bfd-bff1 not necessarily where the author placed them4 ,page #bih1 444 ,v the ,iron ,ground-wrist is shewn in ,fig4 #i 4443 there are two items ,v in the drawing2 the left-hand one is referred to here4 ,page #cde1 444 the ,four ,screws and ,nuts a a a a 4443 they are given as simply a a a a in the illustration4 ,page #ceh1 description of ,fig4 #ab3 reference letters a1 b and e are not visible in the illustration4 ,page #cha1 444 which ,hole is seen at a in ,fig4 #d4 4443 the letter a is not visible in the illustration4 ,changes made ,plates have been moved outside the text paragraphs4 ,footnotes have been moved and re-combined when printed over several pages4 ,individual figures from the plates have been included where they are discussed in the text4 ,some obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently1 as have some erroneously repeated words4 ,page #ae3 1,who dry'd ,two hundred ,pounds of ,earth 444 changed to #8,who dry'd ,two hundred ,pounds of ,earth 4444 ,page #bd3 444 ,sir ,isaac ,newton think 444 changed to 444 ,sir ,isaac ,newton thinks 4444 ,page #di3 444 or a ,succadaneum to it 444 changed to 444 or a ,succedaneum to it 4444 ,page #ha3 444 you may hoe-plow them1 when you the ,fly is 444 changed to 444 you may hoe-plow them1 when you see the ,fly is 4444 ,page #hg3 444 as big as one's litle ,finger changed to 444 as big as one's little ,finger4 ,page #ajd3 444 whereon the next ,drop is to stand 444 changed to 444 whereon the next ,crop is to stand 4444 ,page #aba3 444 that the sowing ,method can4 changed to 444 than the sowing ,method can4 ,page #adf3 444 gives it litle or no ,increase 444 changed to 444 gives it little or no ,increase 4444 ,page #adi3 444 that which removes all its ,cases 444 changed to 444 that which removes all its ,causes 4444 ,page #aeg3 444 ,and for its long ,contiance 444 changed to 444 ,and for its long ,continuance 4444 ,page #ahi3 444 to prevent its being too luxuant changed to 444 to prevent its being too luxuriant4 ,page #aie3 444 sed ligneis rasteltis 444 changed to 444 sed ligneis rastellis 4444 ,page #bae3 closing quote mark inserted after 444 even as the different ,parts of the same ,vegetable4 ,page #bai3 ,closing quote mark inserted after 444 quiet and undisturb'd the while4 ,page #bei3 444 at he could at ,six 444 changed to 444 as he could at ,six 4444 ,page #cjc3 444 letting the ,second ,coulter stand a lighter higher 444 changed to 444 letting the ,second ,coulter stand a little higher 4444 ,page #cdf3 reference letter ,a inserted in ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,page #cfb3 ,the ,two ,lines e h and f g1 at right ,angles with the ,two last-mentioned ,lines 444 changed to ,the ,two ,lines e g and f h1 at right ,angles with the ,two last-mentioned ,lines 4444 ,page #cgh3 reference letter ,a inserted in ,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,page #che1 ,fig4 ,x3 right-hand reference letter ,e changed to ,f4 ,opposite page #cib1 ,plate #e ,fig4 ,x3 right-hand reference letter ,e changed to ,f4 ,page #djh3 444 that is to pass thorough1 the ,hole in ,c 444 changed to 444 that is to pass through the ,hole in ,c 4444