,,outl9es ,,( ,,m9]alogy1 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al1 ,,( ,,sir ,,torb]n ,,b]gman1 ,,knight ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,wasa1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,at ,,upsal1 ,c4 ,,by ,,william ,,)]+1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,m$ical ,,society ,,at ,,ed9burgh4 ,itum et 9 vic]a t]r2 ,quaque recondid]at tygiique admov]at umbris ,effodiunt] opes1 irritam5ta malorum4 ,,ovid4 ,,birm+ham3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,pi]cy ,,& ,,jones1 ,,= ,t4 ,,cadell1 ,,& ,g4 ,,rob9son1 ,,london1 ,j4 ,,balf\r1 ,,& ,c4 ,,elliott1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,m1,,dcc1,,lxxxiii4 ,,translator's ,,preface4 ,! pleaure & 9truction ,i receiv$ myelf f ?is excell5t little "w ( ,pr(eor ,b]gman1 9pir$ me ) a wih to make x m g5]ally kn[n to o!rs4 ,a ytem l ?is1 f\nd$ ^u ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( ?+s1 may be improv$1 b nev] c be explod$4 ,englih names are giv51 b ! ,lat9 ones ( ! orig9al are till reta9$1 z an acqua9tance ) !m w enable ! read] m readily to conult o!r au?ors4 ,blank paces are left aft] mo/ ( ! pecies1 = ! conv5i5ce ( 9ert+ any new ones t may occur4 ,i h add$ a few new pecies1 & ome notes2 ! utility ( :i* w be uffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! table ( metals1 at page #ga1 & ! index at ! end1 w alo1 ,i hope1 be conid]$ z ueful additions4 ,,birm+ham1 #at ,septemb]1 #aghc4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! c5t5>y 7c5t5>ius7 ( ,,pr(essor ,,b]gman is equal to #fj ,sw$ih gra9s1 or ne>ly #fc ,englih gra9s4 ,,! ,,au?or's ,,preface4 ,9 compliance ) ! requet ( my le>n$ & amiable fri5d1 ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,f]b]1 ,i tranmitt$ to him a light ket* ( m9]alogy1 9 :i* ! ubjects 7 arrang$ accord+ to _! contitu5t or compon5t p>ts4 ,aft] p]u+ x1 he requet$ my p]miion to publih x4 ,at firt ,i ?\ght x bett] to uppres a "w t 0 o imp]fect1 epecially :5 ,i conid]$ ! numb] ( analyes t yet rema9$ to be made4 ,he repli$1 t a p]fect me?od 0 n yet to be expect$ 9 a ubject o ext5ive1 b t hav+ once laid a good f\ndation1 ,i might occaionally make u* additions & corrections1 9 new editions ( ! "w1 z future exp]im5ts might r5d] neceary4 ,inde$1 ,i 0 fully aw>e1 t ! ytem w\ld oon] be r5d]$ p]fect1 if ubmitt$ to ! 9pection ( o!r m dic]n+ *emits1 ?an if ! completion ( x ret$ ^u myelf only4 ,! diff]5t rem>ks ( o!rs1 w correct errors1 :i*1 by a fur!r att5tion1 ,i might h am5d$2 b if ! int]et ( ci5ce be promot$1 no matt] by :om4 ,?is little "w conta9s ,,g5]a & ,,species1 except 9 ! app5dixes1 :i*1 z n prop]ly belong+ to my deign1 conta9 ,g5]a only4 ,! ,,g5]a are f\nd$ ^u ! preval5t compon5t p>ts2 ! ,,species ^u ! div]ity ( ! composition4 ,v>ieties dep5d ^u ext]nal appe>ances1 & !re=e are at preent omitt$4 ,aft] ?is manucript 0 ent away1 ,i dicov]$ two species ( tannum ulphuratum 7t9 comb9$ ) ulphur71 "o ( :i* conta9s ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ( ulphur1 ! o!r only tw5ty4 ,! firt has ! appe>ance ( aurum muivum2 ! latt] p>tly reembles antimonium ulphuratum 7crude antimony71 b does n conta9 antimony4 ,bo? are contam9at$ by a mall quantity ( copp]4 ,i got !m f ,n]*9koi 9 ,sib]ia#a4 ,z to ! ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa 7heavy e>?71 ,i h long be5 aw>e ( its great reemblance to calx ( lead1 & h ev5 lately f\nd a me?od ( precipitat+ x by ! phlogiticat$ alkaly#b2 o t ,i v]ily believe x to be ( a metallic nature1 al?\gh x has nev] yet be5 made into a regulus1 &1 !re=e1 ,i till place x ) ! e>?s1 until its ituation be bett] ac]ta9$4 ,if provid5ce allots me life & heal?1 ,i hope1 a few ye>s h5ce1 to republih ?is imp]fect ket*1 correct$ & enl>g$4 ,,( ,a ,,natural ,,sy/em ,,( ,,m9]alogy4 #a4 ,! ,,m9]al ,,k+dom conits ( ! foil ubtances f\nd 9 ! e>?4 ,!e are ei!r entirely detitute ( organic /ructure1 or1 hav+ once poeed x1 poes x no long]3 u* are ! petrefactions4 #b4 ,x is requiite1 = ! prop] dicrim9ation ( foils1 to etablih c]ta9 *>act]s1 :]eby !y may1 at all times1 & 9 all places1 be dit+uih$ f "o ano!r4 ,! ci5ce t tea*es !e is call$ ,,m9]alogy4 #c4 ,z 9 ! vegetable k+dom diff]5t me?ods h be5 =m$ ^u ! roots1 ! leaves1 ! fl[]s1 ! fruit1 c4 o alo 9 ,m9]alogy _m me?ods may be devied1 & !re is no d\bt ( ! utility ( contemplat+ inorganic bodies 9 e po9t ( view2 = ! m comp>ions are multipli$1 ! m evid5tly d reemblances or diff]5ces appe>4 #d4 ,b z ! *ief object ( ! ci5ce is to r5d] foils ubervi5t to ! ues ( man1 x is evid5t t t me?od mut be ! bet :i* diplays _! compon5t p>ts3 = !e be+ well "utood1 we "k :at to expect f !m2 we accommodate our deigns to _! nature1 & p5d n our lab\r & money 9 va9 attempts inconit5t ) _! inh]5t qualities4 #e4 ,!re is a p[] implant$ by ! creator 9 organiz$ bodies1 :i*1 ^u ! acquiition ( prop] nutrim5t1 unfolds & evolves ! tructure :i* be=e lay conceal$ 9 ! fecundat$ egg or e$4 ,simil> veels1 9 ea* pecies1 aborb1 convey1 & aimilate ! n\rihm5t 9 ! ame mann]2 o t ! appe>ance & tructure rema9 ! ame1 unles peculi> caues prev5t ! accutom$ c\re ( ?+s1 & produce mont]s3 b ?is v r>ely happ5s4 ,h5ce x is t ! lead+ features or ! ext]nal p>ts agree ) ! int]nal prop]ties1 & :5 judici\ly *oen1 =m uffici5t *>act]itic dit9ctions4 #f4 ,b ! =mation ( foils is totally diff]5t4 ,"h no ytem ( veels collects1 ditributes1 ecretes or *anges ! concurr5t p>ticles1 b !y run toge!r by *ance1 & are olely connect$ by ! p[] ( attraction2 !y are g5]ally1 too1 ( diff]5t k9ds1 r>e & d5e1 figur$ & hapeles1 admitt+ ( e poible v>iety4 ,?is g5]al view ( ! ubject hews u h[ little ext]nal *>act]s c be dep5d$ on2 b we hall m p>ticul>ly conid] ! pr9cipal ( !e4 #g4 ,col\r v>ies exce$+ly1 z does alo ! ize ( bodies4 ,we _c uffici5tly wond] at ! viol5ce done to nature by ! tudi$ ep>ation ( e>?s f tones4 ,! conequ5ce is1 t a tone ( a c]ta9 ize mut contitute "o g5us1 :ilt ! ame ?+1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 mut be plac$ "u ano!r g5us1 :i* hall n be f\nd ev5 9 ! ame clas4 #h4 ,h>dness n unfrequ5tly v>ies ev5 9 ! ame pecim54 ,s(t clay dries 9 ! fire1 & at l5g? acquires ! h>dnes ( fl9t4 ,/eatites 7oap-rock7 :i* may be crap$ ) ! nail1 & _m o!r matt]s h>d5 9 ! ame mann]1 & t ometimes )\t any notable los ( weight2 o t bodies pas ?r\gh e diff]5t degree ( h>dnes1 )\t any o!r *ange ( _! mixture4 #i4 ,,texture1 & ext]nal =m ( ! p>ticles1 may eem at firt ight to dep5d m ^u ! contitu5t p>ts2 b a calc>e\s p>ticle1 globul> or hapeles1 is f\nd1 ^u ! mot crupul\s exam9ation1 to poes ! ame prop]ties z a piece ( p>2 & 9 ano!r place ,i h cle>ly hewn1 t ! *irl-l1 g>net-l1 hyac9?9e1 twelve-id$1 & o!r figures1 are n unfrequ5tly =m$ by nature out ( ! ame mat]ials#c4 ,& if we are liable to deception :]e o great a diff]5ce 9 ext]nal =ms exits1 :at c we expect f les contant ext]nal qualities8 #aj4 ,sup]ficial *>act]s are !re=e 9uffici5t4 ,!y _c ev5 enable u to dit+uih calc>e\s f o!r e>?s1 = ! eff]vec5ce ) acids is a *emical m>k1 & happ5s1 too1 9 matt]s ( v diff]5t natures4 ,to pas ov] o!r 9tances1 let him :o is able dit+uih ! plumbum a]atum & plumbum phophoratum 7 #ahb4 #ahc47 by ext]nal appe>ances only6 #aa4 ,b let u n altoge!r depie ext]nal *>act]s3 x is ( mom5t to "k & m>k !m well#d4 ,!y frequ5tly enable ! accutom$ eye )\t tr\bleome trials to acquire a degree ( c]ta9ty1 :i* wants only a few elect exp]im5ts to confirm x4 ,sometimes alo ! ue dep5ds ^u ext]nal prop]ties1 evid5t to our enes1 z ! h>dnes1 ! col\r1 ! pellucidity1 c4 ,!e !re=e may ) propriety be jo9$ to ?oe :i* po9t out ! contitu5t pr9ciples4 #ab4 ,claes1 ,g5]a & ,species are !re=e to be =m$ ^u ! int]nal nature & compoition2 ! v>ieties ^u ! ext]nal appe>ances4 ,9 u* a ytem bo? me?ods conv5i5tly agree4 #ac4 ,,cron/$t firt attempt$ ?is me?od1 & ) great ucces2 b aft]w>ds ! liquid analyis1 9 :i* ! illutri\s ,,m>graaf took ! lead1 bett] op5$ ! int]nal ecrets ( nature2 o t ! excell5t "w ( ,cront$t n[ appe>s to conta9 _m errors2 !e h[ev] are n to be attribut$ to any fault 9 ! au?or1 b to ! 9uffici5cy ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! attempts ( ,mr4 ,pott by fuion h long be5 kn[n2 b !e h[ev] ueful 9 o!r repects1 r t5d to conf\nd ?an to lay op5 ! compon5t p>ts ( bodies4 #ad4 ,9 me?odiz+ foils1 comp\nds h\ld rank "u ! mot abundant +r$i5t4 ,?us let a & b repreent ! compon5t p>ts2 if ! =m] be ! heavi]1 ! comp\nd mut be plac$ "u ! g5us ( t3 b ?is rule admits ( ev]al exceptions4 #ae4 ,?us1 ! prop]ties ( all +r$i5ts are n ( ! same int5ity1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expreion2 ome are m p[]ful or efficaci\s1 o z to impres ! mas ) _! own g5us & "*1 ?\gh =m+ les ?an half ! weight4 ,9 u* a cae ! qualities are r to be conid]$ ?an ! quantity1 epecially if b o f> f prepond]at+ h>dly ev] am\nts to half ! weight4 #af4 ,argillace\s e>? 7e>? ( allum7 & magneia are nev] f\nd ep>ate1 b almot always mix$ ) o!r ?+s o t _! weight contitutes ! mall] "p ( ! mas3 !re=e if ! above rule 7 #ad47 0 rig\r\ly adh]$ to1 !e primitive e>?s w\ld n be f\nd amongt ! ,g5]a1 :i* w\ld d\btles be an aburdity4 #ag4 ,! value ( a ?+ mut likewie be conid]$4 ,m9]als conta9+ gold or ilv] mut be rank$ ) ?oe noble metals al?\gh !y hold ?ree1 f\r1 or m times ! quantity ( het]og5e\s matt]4 ,n to m5tion o!r examples1 pyrites are plac$ "u ! g5us copp] al?\gh !y conta9 a mu* great] quantity ( iron4 ,?is cutom1 etablih$ ) ! univ]al conent ( m9]alogits1 wants inde$ a natural f\ndation1 b x eems ueful to m9]s to reta9 x2 & ! m o z x is c]ta9 t o!rwie _m m9]als w\ld be to be s\ght = "u trange & improp] titles4 #ah4 ,latly1 x mut be rem>k$1 t ! olid +r$i5t det]m9es ! g5us al?\gh ! m5truum be great] 9 quantity4 ,?us 9 magneia vitriolata 7,epom alt7 ! e>? gives ! ,g5]ic "n1 al?\gh ! vitriolic acid be ! m pond]\s4 ,! same holds good 9 gypum1 allum1 c4 ,,classes ,,( ,,fossils4 #ai4 ,fossils are ( f\r k9ds1 viz4 al9e1 e>?y1 inflammable1 & metallic2 h5ce arie f\r claes4 #bj4 ,salts1 or al9e ubtances are m or les apid1 & :5 f9ely p[d]$ diolve 9 at leat #ajjj times _! weight ( boil+ wat]4 ,!y melt 9 ! fire1 :i* = ! mot "p *anges or detroys !m#e4 #ba4 ,e>?s are 9ipid1 n oluble 9 wat] 9 ! degree m5tion$ above 7 #bj7 ?\gh p]haps wat] 9 ,pap9's digetor w diolve ome if n all ( !m1 epecially if _! urface be greatly increaed by a previ\s olution 9 & precipitation f ome o!r m5truum4 ,9 ! *a9 ( nature !y are by 9enible gradation jo9$ to ! alts1 o z n to be dit+uih$ )\t artificial limits4 ,_! =m is n *ang$ by a mod]ate heat1 nor are !y diipat$ by a viol5t "o4 ,_! pecific gravity is to wat]1 les ?an #e to #a4 #bb4 ,inflammable foils ab\nd ) phlogiton1 d n unite ) wat]1 b :5 pure diolve 9 oils2 expoed to ! fire1 !y moke1 g5]ally inflame1 are = ! mot "p conum$1 & ometimes totally vanih4 #bc4 ,metals :5 p]fect d n diolve at all 9 wat]2 only a few ( !m 9 oils1 & !n only :5 9 "p depriv$ ( _! phlogiton4 ,!y are ! heaviet ( all kn[n ubtances1 ! lightet ( !m weigh+ m ?an ix times its bulk ( wat]4 ,!y melt 9 ! fire ) a h9+ urface1 & 9 clay veels ! urface is convex4 ,,class ,i4 ,,salts4 #bd4 ,we beg9 ) ! nature & prop]ties ( al9e bodies1 = unacqua9t$ ) !e our k ( o!r bodies mut be exce$+ly imp]fect4 ,native alts are ei!r acid1 alkal9e1 neutral1 e>?y or metallic4 #be4 ,acids may be dit+uih$ by _! prop] tate2 !y eff]vece ) mild alkalies2 & *ange ! blue juices ( vegetables & t9cture ( heliotropium to a r$ col\r#f4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) _m pecies ( acids1 b !y are h>dly ev] f\nd pure 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 nor c we expect to f9d !m o :5 we conid] h[ oon u* p[]ful m5trua mut meet ) ubtances to aturate !m4 ,_! great abundance & _! prop]ties hew _! v>i\s & indip5ible ues 9 ! conomy ( nature4 #bf4 ,z m9]alogy treats ( ?oe bodies :i* are f\nd "u ! urface ( ! e>?1 & z acids 9 an uncomb9$ tate are n f\nd !re1 x w\ld eem prop] to exclude !m2 b ! ame reaon w\ld likewie exclude ! primitive e>?s1 ome ( :i* h nev] yet be5 f\nd pure4 ,!re=e 9 a ytem =m$ ^u ! compon5t p>ts ( bodies1 a hort decription ( ! pr9cipal ( !e is n to be dip5ed )1 al?\gh !y h>dly ev] preent !melves 9 a ep>ate tate4 #bg4 ,vitriolic ,,acid4 ,:5 mot conc5trat$ by artificial means its pecific gravity is #b1 #abe4 ,:5 pure1 has nei!r col\r nor mell4 ,cold ometimes ?\gh v r>ely concretes x into a olid =m2 x may be coagulat$ by nitr\s air4 ,?is z well z ! o!r acids is bet kn[n f ! comp\nds x =ms ) o!r ubtances4 ,mr4 ,,v&elli#g ays t x is ometimes mix$ ) ! treams f ! hills 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,si5na & ,vit]bo1 raied no d\bt by ubt]ranean fires2 b 9 g5]al x is unit$ to alkalies 7 #dd1 #dg1 #ej17 to e>?s 7 #eh1 #ei1 #fc1 #fg17 to metals 7 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc17 or to phlogiton 7 #acd1 #acf47 ,phlogiticat$ vitriolic ,,acid 7volatile vitriolic acid7 is frequ5tly ?r[n out by ! crat]s ( volcanoes2 its mell uffocat+ & p5etrat+4 ,! union to phlogiton & ! matt] ( heat gives x an a]ial =m1 b does n prev5t its union ) wat]4 #bh4 ,nitr\s ,,acid is by ome exclud$ f ! foil k+dom1 becaue !y uppoe x to be produc$ f ! putrefaction ( organic bodies4 ,b !e bodies :5 depriv$ ( life are aga9 receiv$ amongt ! foils1 f :5ce _! m fix$ p>ts 7 orig9ally d]iv$4 ,9 ! mot conc5trat$ tate t art c procure x1 its pecific gravity is #a1 #ehj4 ,col\rles :5 pure2 b its trong attraction to phlogiton r5d]s p>ticul> managem5t neceary to procure x o#h4 ,) diff]5t proportions ( phlogiton x =ms phlogiticat$ acid & nitr\s air4 ,x has nev] z f> z ,i "k be5 met ) diengag$1 unles p]haps 9 wat] precipitat$ out ( ! atmoph]e1 b is f\nd unit$ to alkalies 7 #de1 #dg1 #ea 7 or to e>?s 7 #fj1 #fd47 #bi4 ,muriatic ,,acid 7pirit ( alt7 is f\nd 9 great quantity at & "u ! urface ( ! e>?4 ,! tronget prep>$ by art h>dly atta9s a pecific gravity ( #a1 #aej4 ,x has a v peculi> & volatile mell4 ,depriv$ ( its up]flu\s wat] x aumes an a]ial =m1 = phlogiton eems to be "o ( its contitu5t p>ts#i4 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd uncomb9$ 7unles p]haps l ! nitr\s acid 9 wat] precipitat$ f ! atmoph]e#aj7aa b unit$ to alkalies 7 #df1 #di1 #eb71 to e>?s 7 #fa1 #fe71 or to metals 7 #gd1 #afa1 #age1 #aia74 #cj4 ,fluor ,,acid1 is obta9$ by art2 its pecific gravity nev] exce$s #a1ejj1 x is v volatile4 ,its vap\rs :5 hot1 corrode glas2 & meet+ ) moiture g5]ate1 or at leat depox ilice\s e>?4 ,:5 depriv$ ( its up]flu\s wat] x aumes an a]ial =m#ab4 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd diengag$1 b unit$ to calc>e\s e>? =m+ p>ry fluor#ac 7 #if7 & if ,i am n mitak5 x ent]s into ! compoition ( ilice\s e>?s4 #ca4 ,arenical ,,acid1 dry2 prep>$ by art2 pecific gravity #c1cia2 fuible & fix$ 9 ! fire1 until x acquires f ! matt] ( heat o mu* phlogiton z is neceary to conv]t x into :ite arenic4 ,9 a moit air x deliqueces4 ,x is n f\nd uncomb9$1 b unit$ to calx ( cobalt 7 #bbh71 & alo to phlogiton1 =m+ a brittle arenical metal 7 #bbj71 & its calx 7 #bbb74 #cb4 ,molybdna ,,acid4 ,?is is v probably ( metallic orig91 ?\gh x does n yet appe> to :i* metal x belongs4 ,see+ t arenic1 a brittle metal1 by dephlogitication only is *ang$ into an acid1 diff]5t f all o!r acids1 x is n improbable t o!r metals may h an acid bais1 al?\gh _! phlogiton adh]+ m trongly has n yet be5 completely ep>at$4 ,h[ ?is ubtance may be obta9$ by art does n belong to ?is place to decribe#ad2 b t ! acid got f ,molybdna has a metallic nature1 & z yet has n be5 p]fectly fre$ f phlogiton1 is probable f ! foll[+ conid]ations4 #a1 ,its tate is acid & at ! ame "t metallic4 #b1 ,microcomic alt & borax are col\r$ by x1 & !e alts are h>dly col\r$ by any ?+ b metallic calxes4 #c1 ,its decompoition by means ( ! phlogiticat$ fix$ alkaly1 :i* always indicates ! preence ( a metal4 #d1 ,its concrete =m1 & n deliquec+1 analog\s to :ite arenic4 #e1 ,its pecific gravity #c1dfj4 ,& v lately ,m4 ,,hielm by my p]uaion attempt$ ! r$uction & obta9$ a regulus1 eem+ly diff]5t f e o!r metal1 b n yet uffici5tly exam9$4 #cc4 ,an acid conjo9$ to ! calx pond]oa 7pond]\s calx or lime7 is ne>ly alli$ to ! prec$+1 b dropp$ into lime wat] produces a diff]5t comp\nd1 ?\gh 9 a numb] ( o!r circumtances !e two acids agree4 ,i appreh5d t ?is is likewie ( a metallic nature4 #cd4 ,phophoric ,,acid1 evid5tly exits 9 ! animal k+dom1#ae mu* m pl5tifully 9 ! vegetable1 b 9 ! foil v r>e4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,gahn firt detect$ x unit$ ) lead2#af b probably x may be f\nd 9 _m o!r foils4 ,x is fuible 9 ! fire4 ,its pecific gravity :5 depriv$ ( wat] #b1fhg4 #ce4 ,boracic ,,acid1 7acid ( borax1 or edative alt47 ,_m p till ?9k ?is to be an artificial production1 b n long ince ,mr4 ,,hoef]#ag f\nd x 9 a lake ne> ,si5na 9 ! great dut*y ( ,hetruria1 & x has long be5 kn[n to be unit$ to ! foil alkaly 9 native borax4 ,x acts l an acid1 ?\gh v feebly4 ,x melts 9 ! fire & volatilizes ) wat]4 ,its pecific gravity is #a1dhj4 #cf4 ,amb] ,,acid1 is a concrete alt obta9$ f amb]2 x acts l a feeble acid4 ,x is yet d\btful :e!r amb] be ( vegetable orig92 _m reckon x foil4 #cg4 ,a]ial ,,acid 7fix$ air7 is n only comb9$ ) wat] b ) _m o!r foil ubtances1 z alkalies 7 #ed1 #ef71 e>?s 7 #fb1 #ff71 & ) ome metals 7 #ga1 #ahc1 #aib1 #bag1 #bcd1 #bdc74 ,x floats uncomb9$ 9 ! atmoph]e4 ,its pecific gravity #j1jjahah4 #ch4 ,,alkalies are kn[n by _! peculi> lixivial tate1 by _! vehem5t attraction to acids1 & by _! *ang+ ! blue col\rs ( vegetables to a gre54 ,9 a pure tate1 z 0 be=e oberv$ ( acids1 _! attraction to o!r ubtances is o trong t !y _c long rema9 uncomb9$2 & if o!r acids 7 want+1 ! a]ial acid1 e :]e preent 9 ! atmoph]e1 w\ld unite ) !m3 !re=e !y are always f\nd 9 a tate ( comb9ation1 unles prep>$ by art4 #ci4 ,new acids are daily detect$1 b no additions h be5 made to ! ?ree pecies ( alkaly long ince kn[n4 #dj4 ,vegetable fix$ ,,alkaly1 depriv$ ( e acid is n f\nd on ! face ( ! e>?2 b x is ometimes met ) 9 comb9ation ) ! vitriolic acid 7 #dd7 or ! muriatic 7 #df71 g5]ally ) ! nitr\s1 7 #de7 r>ely ) ! a]ial 7 #ed74 #da4 ,foil fix$ ,,alkaly is only f\nd 9 comb9ation ) acids1 r>ely ) ! vitriolic 7 #dg7 or nitr\s 7 #dh71 pr9cipally ) ! muriatic 7 #di7 or a]ial 7 #ee74 #db4 ,volatile ,,alkaly is frequ5tly f\nd 9 clays1 d\btles 9 a mild tate1 = ! help ( art is requir$ to r5d] x cautic4 ,x is alo f\nd unit$ to ! vitriolic 7 #ej7 & ! muriatic acids 7 #eb47 #dc4 ,,acids unit$ to alkalies =m ,,neutral ,,salts4 ,!e diolv$ 9 wat] are no ways diturb$ by ! addition ( an alkaly1 & g5]ally by evaporation concrete into crytals4 ,if by prop] tets !y hew nei!r acid nor alkal9e prop]ties !y are aid to be p]fect neutrals1 b imp]fect :5 f defect 9 quantity or tr5g? ( "o +r$i5t ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! o!r m or les prevail4 ,we n[ proce$ to conid] ! native alts ( bo? k9ds4 ,,neutral ,,salts4 #dd4 ,alkali vegetabile vitriolatum 7t>t> ( vitriol7 eldom occurs pontane\ly1 unles :]e tracts ( wood h be5 burnt d[n4 #de4 ,alkali vegetabile nitratum 7common nitre7 =ms ^u ! urface ( ! e>? :]e vegetables1 epecially :5 mix$ ) animal ubtances1 putrify4 ,! alkal9e bais previ\sly exits 9 ! plants#ai1 b ! orig9 ( ! acid is n o well "utood3 :e!r x lies conceal$ 9 ! vegetable acid1 & by means ( ! putrefactive proces uffici5tly dephlogiticat+ x1 is evolv$2 or :e!r ! pur] "p ( ! atmoph]ic air conta9s nitr\s acid fully aturat$ ) phlogiton1 :i*#bj ^u ! alkaly be+ ep>at$ by ! putrefaction is attract$ & extricat$ by x1 & ^u lo+ its inflammable pr9ciple aumes its accutom$ =m4 ,nature p]haps op]ates 9 bo? ways2 ! latt] h[ev] eems cle>ly confirm$ by a v rem>kable exp]im5t 7 #fj47 ,z nitre is annually produc$ 9 l>ge quantities1 x _c b ometimes be f\nd 9 pr+s or wells1 z has be5 oberv$ at ,b]l9#ba1 ,london#bb1 & ele:]e#bc4 ,sometimes x ab\nds 9 u* quantities t fleh boil$ 9 !e wat]s turns r$4 #df4 ,,alkali vegetabile alitum 7digetive alt7 is ometimes ?\gh r>ely met )2 g5]at$ p]haps by ! detruction ( animal & vegetable ubtances4 #dg4 ,,alkali m9]ale vitriolatum 7,glaub]'s alt7 is ometimes f\nd 9 wat]s4 ,"s ( ! lakes 9 ,sib]ia & ,a/racan conta9 x1 & _m pr+s 9 o!r places4 #dh4 ,,alkali m9]ale nitratum 7cubic nitre7 r>ely occurs b :]e m>itime plants putrify4 #di4 ,,alkali m9]ale alitum 7common alt7 pl5tiful e :]e z well 9 ! e>?1 :]e x =ms trata m or les ?ick 7al gem71 z alo diolv$ 9 pr+s & lakes1 & 9 ! ea4 7ea alt47 #ej4 ,,alkali volatile vitriolatum 7vitriolic ammoniac7 is c>cely f\nd any :]e b 9 places :]e ! phlogiticat$ fumes ( vitriolic acid arie f burn+ ulphur1 & 9 putrid places are aborb$ by ! volatile alkaly4#bd ,?us at ,fahlune ! acid vap\r f ! roat$ m9]als produces ?is alt 9 ! neceary h\es4 ,x is ometimes alo =m$ 9 ! crat]s ( volcanoes4 #ea4 ,,alkali volatile nitratum 7nitr\s ammoniac7 is g5]ally f\nd along ) common nitre4 #eb4 ,,alkali volatile alitum 7al ammoniac or common ammoniac47 ,i h exam9$ ome f ,veuvius1 & ome f ! ,solfat]ra ne> ,naples4 ,! alts hi!rto enum]at$ are p]fect neutrals1 ?oe :i* foll[ are imp]fect 7 #ec1 #ef47 #ec4 ,,alkali ,,fossil1 only 9 "p aturat$ ) a peculi> acid is call$ t9kal2 aft] depuration1 borax4 ,x is dug out ( ! e>? 9 ! k+dom ( ,?ibet#be4 ,borax takes ne>ly an equal weight ( acid be=e ! alkal9e prop]ties entirely diappe>#bf4 ,i believe no "o has yet f\nd ! acid ( borax unit$ ei!r to ! vegetable or volatile alkalies4 #ed4 ,,alkali ,,vegetabile a]atum 7mild vegetable alkaly7 is h>dly ev] f\nd native1 unles 9 ! neighb\rhood ( woods detroy$ by fire4 ,9 ! ye> #aggd1 at ,d\ai 9 ,fl&]s1 a pr+ 0 dicov]$ urr\nd$ by a wall1 :oe wat]s1 beides o!r impregnations1 conta9$ #aa gra9s ( vegetable alkaly 9 a p9t#bg4 #ee4 ,,alkali ,,m9]ale a]atum 7mild foil alkaly1 natron1 ! nitre ( ! anci5ts7 is f\nd pl5tifully 9 _m places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,africa & ,aia1 ei!r concret$ into *rytalliz$ trata1 or fall5 to a p[d]2 or efflorec+ on old brick walls1 or latly1 diolv$ 9 pr+s4 ,x frequ5tly orig9ates f decompoed common alt4 ,i am n ignorant t ! acid ( common alt adh]es trongly to its bais o z n to be expell$ by fire2 b p]haps ! viciitudes ( ! atmoph]e cont9ually act+ = ages1 may be m p[]ful4 ,9 imm5e pla9s cov]$ ov] ) ?is alkaly1 c>cely any common alt is f\nd ^u ! urface1 b ! deep] y dig ! m x is contam9at$ by x1 ! common alt be+ yet undecompoed = want ( acces ( air4 #ef4 ,,alkali ,,volatile a]atum 7mild volatile alkaly7 has be5 f\nd 9 pump wat]s 9 ,london#bh1 9 ,lau*tadt#bi1 at ,frank=t on ! ,mayne#cj1 & copp] imm]ed !re9 is aid to h be5 diolv$ into a blue liquor4 ,! ?ree alkalies m5tion$ above z aturat$ ) a]ial acid1 diff] greatly f cautic alkalies1 9 ! mildnes ( _! tate1 9 _! prop]ty ( *rytalliz+1 & 9 _! eff]vec+ ) acids :i* expel ! a]ial acid1 b !y till *ange vegetable blues to gre5s1 ?\gh n o p[]fully z ! cautic alkalies d4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! ubtil a]ial acid 9 o!r repects gives !m neutral prop]ties1 yet 9 ?is x does x b imp]fectly4 #eg4 ,! comp\nds ( e>?s & acids :i* poes olubility m5tion$ at #bj1 are decompoed & precipitat$ by mild1 b n by phlogiticat$ alkalies4 #eh4 ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa vitriolata1 7heavy p>1 m>mor metallicum1 calk7 is plac$ ) ! e>?s 7 #hi47 ,t]ra pond]oa nitrata i4 e4 t]ra pond]oa unit$ to ! nitr\s acid1 p]haps exits ome:]e1 b has nev] be5 met )2 nei!r has ! t]ra pond]oa unit$ to ! a]ial acid1 yet be5 f\nd#ca4 ,t]ra pond]oa alita i4 e4 t]ra pond]oa ) ! muriatic acid ,mr4 ,,hielm ays#cb is diolv$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! lake ,vett]n & its neighb\rhood4 #ei4 ,,calx vitriolata 7gypum1 el5ite7 is n only f\nd diolv$ 9 v>i\s wat]s1 b alo 9 _m places =ms imm5e trata4 ,x is plac$ by all m9]alogits amongt ! e>?s1 b ,i ?9k improp]ly4 ,:5 burnt x g5]ates heat ) wat]1 b 9 a les degree ?an lime does4 #fj4 ,,calx nitrata 7nitre ( lime2 t]r5e nitre7 is ometimes f\nd 9 wat]1 b v p>+ly4 ,x is aid t ! *alk hills 9 ome p>ts ( ,france become pontane\ly impregnat$ ) nitr\s acid1 :i* may be wah$ out1 & aft] a c]ta9 "t !y w become impregnat$ ) x aga94 #fa4 ,,calx ,salita 7fix$ ammoniac7 occurs v frequ5tly 9 wat]s4 #fb4 ,,calx a]ata 7m>ble1 limetone1 *alk1 p>7 is v commonly f\nd diolv$ 9 wat]s 9 conequ5ce ( an exces ( ! a]ial acid4 ,:5 x greatly ab\nds1 ! wat] is aid to be h>d 7cruda74 ,by boil+1 or by evaporation1 x depoits treaks or cruts ( calc>e\s matt]4 ,calx a]ata is n oluble 9 wat] )\t an exces ( ! ubtil acid1 & !re=e might prop]ly be ref]r$ to ! e>?s 7 #ba74 #fc4 ,,magnesia vitriolata 7,epom alt7 is n unfrequ5t 9 ! wat]s ( ,engl&1 ,bohemia1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,?is alt is preently decompoed by lime wat]1 :i* circumtance readily dit+uihes x f ! alk4 m94 vitriol4 or ,glaub]'s alt4 #fd4 ,,magnesia nitrata 7magneia & nitr\s acid7 is uually f\nd toge!r ) nitre4 #fe4 ,,magnesia alita 7magneia & muriatic acid7 is f\nd diolv$ 9 v>i\s wat]s1 b pl5tifully 9 ea wat]1 to :i* x gives a diagreeable bitt]nes4 #ff4 ,,magnesia a]ata 7common magneia7 ) an exces ( a]ial acid x becomes oluble 9 cold wat]1 o!rwie x is c>ce oluble at all1 & !re=e h\ld be claed ) ! e>?s4 7 #ba47 #fg4 ,,argilla vitriolata 7alum7 is ometimes pontane\ly g5]at$ by ! decompoition ( pyrites lodg$ 9 clay1 or 9 argillace\s *itus4 ,x is f\nd 9 a pr+ at ,/eck5itz 9 ,bohemia#cc1 9 ,eat ,bo?nia & ele:]e4 ,:at is commonly call$ plumoe alum is n a al9e ubtance4 ,,argilla 7clay7 unit$ to ! nitr\s1 muriatic#cd1 or a]ial acids has n to my k hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 any wat]s4 ,,metallic ,,salts4 #fh4 ,! native alts belong+ to ?is diviion1 may be dit+uih$ by ! phlogiticat$ alkaly :i* precipitates !m all4 ,! few :i* h al9e prop]ties 7 #bj47 we hall m5tion "h1 ref]r+ ! ret to ! m9]aliz$ metals4 #fi4 ,,cuprum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( copp]1 blue vitriol7 is f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,h]regrund1 ,fahlune1 & o!rs :i* conta9 copp] pyrites4 #gj4 ,,f]rum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( iron1 gre5 vitriol7 is =m$ f ! decompoition ( ! m common pyrites4 #ga4 ,,f]rum a]atum 7iron ) a]ial acid7 diolv$ by an exces ( acid 9 ! light] *alybeate wat]s4 ,,f]rum nitratum1 & alitum 7iron ) nitr\s & muriatic acids7 h nev] yet be5 f\nd native4 #gb4 ,,niccolum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( ,nickel7 ometimes exits f ! decompoition ( ulphure\s ores ( ,nickel4 #gc4 ,,z9cum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( z9c1 :ite vitriol7 is ometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 produc$ ,by ! decompoition ( peudogal5a1 or black ,jack1 becaue ?is ubtance does n v readily decompoe pontane\ly4 #gd4 #ce,,manganesium alitum 7manganee unit$ to muriatic acid7 exits 9 ome wat]s ,mr4 ,,hielm ays4 ,:e!r manganee be ev] unit$ to wat]s l iron1 by means ( an exces ( a]ial acid1 we "k n4 ,,triple ,,salts4 #ge4 ,! comp\nd alts hi!rto enum]at$ are u* z are compoed ( two +r$i5ts only2 b ometimes ?ree or m are o unit$ z n to be ep>at$ by *rytallization4 ,! vitriols t we are acqua9t$ ) are h>dly ev] pure1 & two or ?ree ( !m ometimes are jo9$ toge!r4 ,sometimes likewie x happ5s t neutral alts jo9 e>?y alts1 & e>?y alts metallic ones4 ,i g5]ally dit+uih comp\nd alts accord+ to ! numb] ( _! pr9ciples1 :e!r ! ame acid be jo9$ to ev]al baes1 or ! ame bais to diff]5t acids2 or latly1 :e!r ev]al m5trua & ev]al baes are jo9$ toge!r4 ,h5ce arie alts triple1 quadruple1 c4 :i* ! dilig5ce ( aft] times mut illutrate4 ,i ubjo9 ! mot rem>kable examples ( triple & quadruple native alts :i* h occurr$ to me4 #gf4 ,,alkali ,,m9]ale ,,salitum 7common alt7 contam9at$ by magneia alita4 ,! common alt :5 pure does n deliquece1 b ?is degree ( purity is eldom f\nd1 & 9 ! native foil production 7al gem7 nev]4 #gg4 ,,magnesia vitriolata 7,epom alt7 contam9at$ by f]rum vitriolatum#cf 7vitriol ( iron47 #gh4 ,,argilla vitriolata 7alum7 native1 contam9at$ by vitriol ( iron4 ,9 ! alum9\s *itus x ometimes effloreces 9 a fea!ry =m4 ,is ?is ! plumoe alum ( ! anti5ts8 #gh994 ,,argilla vitriolata 7alum7 native2 contam9at$ by ulphur & vitriolic acid4 ,at ! places ab\t ,w$nebury & ,bilton1 9 ,/af=dhire1 :]e ! coal pits are on fire1 ?is ubtance ublimes to ! urface1 & may be collect$ 9 conid]able quantity dur+ dry or froty wea!r4 ,i _c be c]ta9 t ?is is a true *emical union1 b ! eye _c dit+uih ! p>ts4 ,p]haps ! ulphur volatilizes ! alum & o becomes intimately mix$ ) x4 ,! exces ( vitriolic acid keeps x 9 a deliquec5t tate4 ,i believe a imil> comp\nd ubtance ublimes at ! ,solfat]ra ne> ,naples4 ,w4 #gi4 ,,argillia vitriolata 7alum7 native1 contam9at$ by vitriol ( cobalt4 ,9 ! m9es ( ,h]regrund & ,idra ?is may be e51 hoot+ out into long l5d] filam5ts4 ,p]haps ?is is ! tri*ites ( ! ,greeks4 ,diolv$ 9 wat] x imm$iately betrays ! preence ( vitriolic acid1 ^u ! addition ( t]ra pond]oa alita 7muriatic acid aturat$ ) heavy e>?47 ,by ! addition ( phlogiticat$ alkali a precipitate ( cobalt is ?r[n d[n1 :i* makes a blue glas ) borax or microcomic alt4 #hj4 ,,cuprum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( copp]7 contam9at$ by iron4 #ha4 ,,f]rum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( iron7 contam9at$ by nickel4 #hb4 ,,cuprum vitriolatum 7vitriol ( copp]7 & vitriol ( iron contam9at$ by z9c4 ,su* is f\nd at ,fahlune4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,e>?s4 #hc4 ,be=e we c "ut& ! nature ( e>?s1 we mut "k _! compon5t p>ts4 ,?oe e>?s :i* _c be fur!r decompoed we call primitive1 & ?oe :i* conit ( two or m ( !e intimately unit$1 d]ivative4 ,by ?is union we d n mean a m]e me*anical diffuion1 at leat n u* z c be dit+uih$ by ! eye1 z is ! cae 9 tones1 7axa47 #hd4 ,x is evid5t t ! primitive e>?s w contitute o _m natural ,g5]a1 & diff]5t mixtures ( !e ! ,species4 ,!y :o w\ld make ev]al ,g5]a out ( "o primitive e>?1 mut ep>ate ! glay1 r$1 :ite1 horny ilv] ores1 & o!r diff]5t compoitions into z _m ,g5]a1 or ele act inconit5tly ) _! own pr9ciples4 #he4 ,at preent we only "k five primitive e>?s4 ,!y :o reckon few]1 ret _! op9ions ^u fanciful metamorphoes unupport$ by fai?ful exp]im5ts#cg4 ,z exp]im5ts tea* u t !re are five primitive e>?s1 x is evid5t t ! ,species ari+ f ! mixture ( !e _c exce$ tw5ty-f\r1 viz4 #aj d\ble 7conit+ ( two e>?s7 #f triple1 #c quadruple1 & ! #e primitive4 ,al?\gh !e diff]5t mixtures are poible1 & probably d exit1 !y h n yet be5 all f\nd4 ,! natural compoitions ( acids ) ! e>?s1 =m+ ubtances n oluble 9 #ajjj times _! weight ( boil+ wat]1 & :i* may be call$ al9e e>?s1 mut be add$ to ! pecies1 z !y are c]ta9ly *emical comb9ations4 #hf4 ,! primitive e>?s hi!rto detect$ are1 ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa1 or heavy e>?4 ,,calx1 calc>e\s e>?4 ,,magnesia1 magneia4 ,,argilla1 argillace\s e>?4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea1 ilice\s e>?4 ,& we mut believe !e to be primitive1 until x hall appe> by prop] exp]im5ts t !y may be ep>at$ into o!rs till m imple1 or *ang$ into "o ano!r by art4 ,!e are firt to be conid]$ 9 _! greatet implicity & purity1 al?\gh nature nev] preents u ) u*1 nor c !y ev5 by art be r5d]$ abolutely free f all het]og5e\s mixture4 ,wat] & a]ial acid readily unite ) ! f\r firt1 & :5 expell$ by fire1 a little ( ! matt] ( heat is add$1 & rema9s until driv5 out by a m p[]ful attraction4 ,b 9 ?is tate !y poes a degree ( purity n to be atta9$ by any o!r kn[n me?od4 ,!re=e x is neceary to exam9e !m :5 uffici5tly burnt 9 ord] to dit+uih bett] :at prop]ties dep5d ^u adh]+ het]og5e\s matt]s4 ,,heavy ,,e>?1 ,,or ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa4 #hg4 ,to obta9 ?is z pure z poible1 ! pa?um pond]oum #hi 7heavy p>7 mut be r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & ) equal p>ts ( fix$ alkaly & *>coal dut roat$ = an h\r 9 a cov]$ crucible4 ,p[d] ! mas1 & add nitr\s or muriatic acid dilut$ until all eff]vec5ce ceaes1 & ! liquor be enibly acid4 ,to ?is liquor add mild fix$ alkaly1 & ! heavy e>? w be precipitat$ 9 a mild tate4 ,if ! acids or ! alkal9e alt conta9 any vitriolic acid1 ! heavy p> w imm$iately be reg5]at$4 ,:at rema9s undiolv$ by ! acid is heavy p>1 n decompoed4 ,! proces may be repeat$ ^u ?is1 b ! product w !n conta9 ome m>tial e>? & ome clay f ! crucible1 !re=e ! firt "p w be ! mot pure4 #hh4 ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa a]ata1 7heavy e>?7 has a pecific gravity ( #c1 #ggcch4 #ajj p>ts ( x conta9 ab\t #bh ( wat]1 #g ( a]ial acid1 & #fe ( pure e>?4 ,x eff]veces ) acids3 ) ! vitriolic acid =ms heavy p>1 n oluble 9 wat]2 ) ! nitr\s & muriatic acids1 x yields *rytals1 n v readily oluble2 b ) ! vegetable acid ! *rytals deliquece4 ,:5 free f all contam9ation ( acid or alkaly x c>cely melts 9 ! fire1 b loes ( its weight4 ,:5 unit$ ) ! matt] ( heat1 7i4 e4 r5d]$ cautic7 x diolves 9 #ijj times its weight ( wat]2 & :5 ?is olution is expoed to ! atmoph]e1 a cream or crut ep>ates at ! top1 :i* eff]veces ) acids4 ,aft] burn+1 x unites to acids )\t eff]vec5ce2 b heat is produc$1 & ! union is m t>dy ?an :5 x is 9 a mild tate#ci4 ,:5 cautic1 x expels ! volatile alkaly f al ammoniac1 & =ms a hep> ) ulphur1 ! wat]y olution ( :i* is b imp]fectly decompoed by ! nitr\s or muriatic acids1 ^u acc\nt ( ! rem>kable attraction betwixt ?is e>? & ! acid ( ! ulphur1 :i* x ev5 takes f ! vegetable alkaly#dj4 ,:5 we comp>e !e prop]ties ) ?oe :i* belong to common calc>e\s e>?1 m5tion$ at 7 #ib1 #ic71 we hall readily ee :]e9 !y agree1 & :]e9 !y diff]4 #hi4 ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa vitriolata 7heavy p>7 is full f\r times z heavy z an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,x diolves entirely1 ?\gh p>+ly1 9 conc5trat$ boil+ vitriolic acid1 b ! addition ( a +le drop ( wat] occaions a precipitation4 ,! ame ?+ happ5s to gypum2 b t requires mu* les acid to diolve x1 & ! precipitation is made m l[ly4 ,if ! heavy p> conta9$ any ulphur1 x mut c]ta9ly h appe>$ :5 ! :ole 0 diolv$1 b ,i nev] c\ld f9d any ?+ l x4 ,,cron/$t1 ,m94 #ah4 #b4 ,m>mor metallicum druicu #ai ,c4 ,pond]\s ,sp>4 #ij4 ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa vitriolata1 impregnat$ ) bitum51 & mix$ ) gypum1 alum1 & ilice\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bd4 ,lapis hepaticus4 ,liv] ,/one4 ,a nucleus ( ?is k9d1 tak5 out ( a piece ( alum ore f ,&r>um 9 ! prov9ce ( ,skone1 yield$1 9 #ajj p>ts1 by analyis1 #cc ( ilice\s e>?1 #bi ( cautic heavy e>?1 e>? ( alum ab\t #e1 & quick-lime f #c to #g1 beides ! wat] & vitriolic acid4 ,by calculation x appe>s1 t !e baes1 toge!r ) vitriolic acid en\gh to aturate !m1 ought to weigh #ga1 :i*1 ) ! addition ( #cc1 exce$s ! am\nt ( ! orig9al #ajj4 ,?is increae po9ts out ! diff]5ce ( a mas newly *rytalliz$1 & ( "o c>efully dri$4 #ia4 ,:5 we conid] t ! t]ra pond]oa 0 altoge!r unkn[n be=e ! ye> #aggd1 & t _m m9]alogits are ev5 n[ unacqua9t$ ) x1 we _c wond] t we "k o few pecies ( x4 ,i h c>ce a d\bt b ! t]ra pond]oa a]ata may be f\nd mix$ ) o!r e>?s 9 _m pecim5s1 :5 !y come to be exam9$ by *emical means m accurately ?an !y c\ld be h]et(ore4 7,see notes to #eh & #hh47 ,,calc>e\s ,,e>?1 ,,or ,,calx4 #ib4 ,z calc>e\s e>? unit$ to ! a]ial acid is f\nd native1 x requires b little tr\ble to h x pure4 ,let elect$ pieces ( *alk1 r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 be repeat$ly boil$ 9 pure wat]3 ?is diolves any calx or magneia alita :i* x may conta94 ,?is done1 x holds no het]og5e\s matt] b :at me*anically adh]es to x1 ! quantity ( :i* is g5]ally extremely mall4 ,if we deire to be free f ?is likewie1 diolve ! wah$ *alk 9 ditill$ v9eg>1 precipitate ) volatile alkaly1 & aft] wah+ ! precipitate well1 dry x4 #ic4 ,! pecific gravity ( calc>e\s e>? ?us purifi$1 is #b1gbj4 #ajj p>ts ( x conta9 ab\t #cd ( a]ial acid1 #aa ( wat]1 & #ee ( pure e>?4 ,acids unite ) x eff]vec+1 & a c5t5>y 7c5t5>ius7 excites ab\t #bb degrees ( heat4 ,! vitriolic acid =ms gypum1 difficult to diolve1 7 #ei74 ,! nitr\s & muriatic acids =m deliquec5t alts 7 #fj1 #fa71 & ! acet\s acid p]man5t *rytals4 ,pure calc>e\s e>? does n melt 9 ! fire1 b loes ( its weight4 ,x diolves 9 #gjj times its weight ( wat]1 g5]at+ heat#da4 ,acids diolve x1 produc+ f a c5t5>y #beb degrees ( heat1 b )\t any eff]vec5ce4 ,?is lat circumtance may be bet oberv$ by imm]g+ ! burnt e>? 9 wat]1 to diipate a "p ( ! heat1 :i* w\ld o!rwie make ! acid boil4 ,! wat] likewie expels ! atmoph]ic air f ! pores ( ! lime4 ,9 ?is ituation1 if nitr\s or muriatic acid be p\r$ ^u x1 & if x 0 previ\ly well burnt1 no eff]vec5ce w take place4 ,! olution proce$s l[ly#db1 b ! aturation becomes z p]fect z if ! calc>e\s e>? _h be5 9 a mild tate4 ,?is burnt e>?1 or lime1 expels ! volatile alkaly f al ammoniac 9 a cautic tate1 & x diolves ulphur2 b ?is comp\nd is ep>at$ ^u ! addition ( any acid1 ev5 ! a]ial4 #id4 ,amongt ! native ,species ( ?is g5us1 we mut firt m5tion ! ,,calx a]ata 7m>ble1 limetone1 *alk7 :i* contitute imm5e trata4 ,its *ief prop]ties are enum]at$ above 7 #ib74 ,x is v r>ely f\nd entirely free f iron1 :i* exits ev5 9 ! puret ,icel&ic p>1 & inde$ 9 almot e foil production2 ^u :i* acc\nt only ! m rem>kable impregnations ) iron w be notic$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #e-ab4 #ie4 ,,calx a]ata 7calc>e\s e>? mild71 ) m or les petroleum4 ,x eff]veces ) acids1 & diolves2 ) ! vitriolic acid frequ5tly turn+ br[n4 ,is ftid :5 heat$ or rubb$4 ,! oil is n 9 uffici5t quantity to be collect$1 by ditillation1 9 drops2 x only f\ls ! 9ide ( ! veels1 unles a v great quantity be op]at$ ^u4 ,9 an op5 fire ! col\r preently vanihes1 f ! petroleum dry+ up4 ,x g5]ally conta9s a portion ( m>tial clay4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bb1 #bc4 ,lapis uillus4 ,ftid tone4 #if4 ,,calx fluorata 7calc>e\s e>? & fluor acid71 :5 pure1 is :olly oluble 9 nitr\s & muriatic acids4 ,expoed to heat1 bel[ ignition1 x emits a phosphorec5t light4 ,fluor acid1 dropp$ into lime wat]1 precipitates a p[d] :i* has all ! prop]ties ( ! calx fluorata4 ,x is ometimes1 b n always1 contam9at$ by a mall proportion ( ilice\s e>? & muriatic acid4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ig-aja4 ,sp>ry fluor4 ,blue ,john4 #ig4 ,,calx 7calc>e\s e>?7 aturat$ ) a peculi> acid1 p]haps ( a metallic nature 7 #cc74 ,9 acids1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! muriatic1 x aumes a rem>kable yell[ col\r1 b is n v oluble4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #baj4 ,lapis pond]ou4 ,tungt54 #ih4 ,,calx a]ata 7calc>e\s e>? mild71 contam9at$ by a mall proportion ( magneia alita4 ,magneia4 #ii4 ,,calx a]ata 7calc>e\s e>? mild7 contam9at$ by clay4 ,argillace\s4 #ajj4 ,,calx a]ata 7calc>e\s e>? mild71 contam9at$ by ilice\s e>?4 ,silice\s4 #aja4 ,,calx a]ata 7calc>e\s e>? mild71 contam9at$ by clay & ilice\s e>?4 7,see #aae47 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #be4 #bh4 ,calc>e\s ,m>le4 #ajb4 ,,calx a]ata 7calc>e\s e>? mild71 contam9at$ by iron & manganee4 ,m>tial4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #cj4 ,see alo #bjc4 ,hmatites4 #ajc4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! f\r firt 7 #id-ig471 if n ! lat 7 #ajb71 are g5u9e & dit9ct pecies2 !re is ome difficulty z to ! ret1 dep5d5t1 p]haps1 only ^u me*anical mixtures4 ,if ! het]og5e\s matt]s c be dic]n$ by ! eye1 we _c heitate to ref] ! ubtance to ! axa 7tones72 b 9 !e ! eye _c dic]n !m4 ,moreov]1 we "k t ! e>?s h a mutual attraction to ea* o!r1 & =m comb9ations m intimate ?an me*anical ones4 ,e>? ( alum1 precipitat$ by a cautic alkali1 & ?r[n into lime wat]1 preently loes its pellucid & pongy texture1 turns :ite1 & cond5es1 aborb+ ! lime f ! wat]1 & =m+ an union n to be ep>at$ b by *emical means4 ,f !e conid]ations1 ,i d>e n v5ture to exclude d\btful pecies4 ,we ay a ?+ is contam9at$ by ano!r1 :5 ! mixture is ( ! me*anical k9d2 b :5 ?+s are jo9$ by ! trong] p[] ( attraction1 we ay !y are unit$4 ,,magnesia4 #ajd4 ,magnesia1 call$ 9 ! dip5atories1 & by apo!c>ies magneia alba1 is a precipitation f its union ) vitriolic acid1 call$ ,epom alt4 ,if ?is e>?y precipitate be want$ 9 ! greate/ degree ( purity1 ! ,epom alt mu/ be tak5 *rytalliz$1 & well depurat$1 diolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & precipitat$ by volatile alkaly4 ,let ! liquor be boil$ = a few m9utes1 9 ord] t :at is kept 9 olution by ! a]ial acid may ubside4 #aje4 ,magneia1 ?us obta9$1 has a pecific gravity ( #b1aee4 #ajj p>ts ( x conta9 ab\t #be ( a]ial acid1 #cj ( wat]1 & #de ( e>?#dc4 ,x diolves 9 acids1 ) a viol5t eff]vec5ce1 b )\t heat4 ,x aga9 =ms ,epom alt1 ) ! vitriolic acid2 ) ! nitr\s acid x *rytallizes1 b ! *rytals are deliquec5t2 ) ! muriatic & vegetable acids x does n *rytallize1 & aft] dry+1 gre$ily attracts moiture f ! atmoph]e4 ,x does n melt 9 a mod]ate heat1 b loes ( its weight1 & !n has no attraction = wat]2 diolves l[ly1 ev5 9 acids1 & t )\t eff]vec5ce1 b ) ome degree ( heat4 ,aft] calc9ation1 x expels ! volatile alkaly f al ammoniac1 & unites to ulphur1 ?\gh v feebly4 ,,magnesia a]ata 7common magneia7 is nev] f\nd native & unconnect$1 unles 9 wat]s1 :5 x is diolv$ by an exces ( a]ial acid4 7 #ff47 #ajf4 ,,magnesia a]ata 7common magneia7 unit$ ) ilice\s matt]4 ,?is eff]veces ) acids1 & n unfrequ5tly trikes fire ) teel4 #ajg4 ,,magnesia intimately unit$ ) ilice\s matt]4 ,! oluble "p is l[ly tak5 up by acids1 )\t eff]vec5ce4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #gi-hc4 & p]haps #ajb-aje alo2 b ,i h n yet ubmitt$ ! abeti to ! liquid analyis4 ,soaprock4 ,s]p5t9e4 #ajh4 ,,magnesia unit$ to argillace\s1 ilice\s1 & pyritical matt]s4 ,m4 ,,monnet dicov]$ ?is1 & ! next pecies4 #aji4 ,,magnesia unit$ to argillace\s1 ilice\s1 & pyritical matt]s1 & likewie contam9at$ by petroleum4 ,?is pecies reembles alum9\s *itus1 b ^u exam9ation is f\nd to conta9 m magneia ?an clay4 #aaj4 ,all ! pecies1 except ! firt1 are m or les contam9at$ by iron1 b !y d n owe all _! col\r to ?is ubtance4 ,! gre5 col\rs altoge!r vanih dur+ ignition1 & leave only a :ite opake mas4 ,,argillace\s ,,e>?1 ,,or ,,argilla4 #aaa4 ,by e>? ( alum 7argilla7 ,i d n mean common clay1 :i* is nev] free f ilice\s matt]1 b a pure clay1 unmix$1 at leat1 ) any o!r e>?4 ,x may be readily obta9$ by diolv+ ,roman or roa* alum 9 ditill$ wat]1 filt]+1 & precipitat+ by mild volatile alkaly4 #aab4 ,! pecific gravity ( ?is pure clay1 or e>? ( alum1 is #a1cje4 ,x diolves 9 acids1 ) a little eff]vec5ce4 ,) ! vitriolic acid x =ms alum2 ) ! nitr\s1 muriatic & vegetable acids1 deliquec5t alts4 ,:5 dry1 x aborbs wat] gre$ily1 becomes (t1 &1 ) a due quantity ( wat]1 ga9s u* a t5acity1 t x may be m\ld$ at pleaure4 ,?is mas contracts greatly 9 ! fire1 f :5ce arie num]\s cracks2 & ) a due degree ( heat1 x becomes h>d en\gh to trike fire ) teel4 ,by ?is burn+ x loes its glut9\s t5acity1 & ! wat] is exclud$ by ! approa* ( ! p>ticles2 nor does x aga9 aume its =m] prop]ties1 b by olution & precipitation4 ,x may be diolv$ 9 ! dry way1 by means ( fix$ alkal9e alt1 z well z 9 ! liquid way1 by acids4 ,! vitriolic acid is bett] ?an ! o!rs = ?is purpoe1 becaue m eaily conc5trat$4 ,e>? ( alum nei!r diolves ulphur1 nor decompoes al ammoniac4 #aac4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 unit$ to ilice\s matt] only4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #gh4 ,argilla porcellana4 ,porcela9 clay4 ,pipe clay4 ,i nev] exam9$ any clay :i* did n conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ilice\s e>?2 g5]ally m ?an half its weight#dd4 #aad4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 unit$ to ilice\s & irony matt]4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #hg & #ij4 ,bole4 ,dye-e>?4 ,clay4 #aae4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 unit$ to ilice\s & calc>e\s matt]4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #be4 ,m>ga argillacea4 ,m>le4 #aaf4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 unit$ to ilice\s e>? & magneia4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #hd1 #d4 ,b4 ,t]ra lemnia4 ,its compon5t p>ts reemble ?oe ( talc1 b diff] 9 _! proportions1 & are alo les intimately unit$4 #aaf994 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 unit$ to ilice\s1 calc>e\s1 & magneia e>?s4 ,li?om>ga47#de7 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #hd4 ,a4 ,/one m>r[4 #aag4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 contam9at$ by vegetable alkaly & ulphur1 or at leat by ! acid ( ulphur4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #abd4 #b4 b4 ,m9]a alum9is romani4 ,alum ore4 ,x c]ta9ly conta9s vitriolic acid#df1 & p]haps1 alo1 a mall portion ( ulphur4 ,! vegetable alkaly uffici5tly hews its volcanic orig94 #aah4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 contam9at$ by ilice\s matt]1 pyrites1 & petroleum4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #abd4 #b4 c4 ,s*itus alum9>is#dg4 ,alum late4 #aai4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 intimately unit$ ) les ?an half its weight ( ilice\s e>?1 & a mall quantity ( mild calc>e\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #dc-dh4 ,gemma4 ,! ,gems uff] no *ange "u ! bl[pipe1 ) foil fix$ alkaly1 b are diolv$ by microcomic alt & borax4 ,to ?is head belong ,rub9us1 ! ruby2 ,saphirus1 apphire2 ,topazius1 topaz2 ,sm>agdus1 em]ald4 ,! t\rmal9e holds a k9d ( middle place betwixt ! gems & ! *]le4 ,! col\r1 9 all ( !m1 is ow+ to iron4 #abj4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 intimately unit$ to half its weight ( ilice\s e>? 7or m71 & a little mild calc>e\s e>?4 ,s*]le4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #fh-ga4 ,granatus et ,baaltes1 :i* ,i call ,s*]le4 ,! remote v>ieties ( !e are eaily dit+uih$1 ! ne> ones difficultly4 #aba4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 looely unit$ to half its weight1 or m1 ( ilice\s e>?1 & a little calc>e\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ajh-aab4 ,zeoli?us4 ,zeolite4 ,!re is a great aff9ity betwixt ?is & ,s*]le2 b 9 ! zeolite1 ! compon5t p>ts coh]e o looely1 t acids atta* & ep>ate !m )\t _! be+ previ\ly treat$ ) alkalies2 b ?is is n ! cae ) ! *]les4 ,zeolite1 contam9at$ by magneia1 ,i h n yet exam9$4 #abb4 ,,argilla 7argillace\s e>?7 intimately unit$ to a l>ge proportion ( ilice\s e>?1 & a mall proportion ( magneia4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ic-if4 ,mica4 ,talcum4 #dh;,glimm]4 ,talc4 ,,silice\s ,,e>?1 ,,or ,,t]ra ,,silicea4 #abc4 ,?is1 l ! o!r primitive e>?s1 is eldom f\nd pure4 ,9 ord] to h x o1 r$uce cle> qu>tz *rytals into p[d]2 melt x ) f\r times ! weight ( fix$ alkaly2 diolve ! :ole 9 wat]2 precipitate by a l>ge quantity ( trong acid2 c>efully wah & dry ! precipitate4 ,! acid mut be ued 9 a up]flu\s quantity1 t any o!r e>?s conta9$ may be diolv$4 #abd4 ,! pecific gravity ( ?is e>?1 is #a1ige4 ,! p>ticles1 :5 firt precipitat$1 occupy1 9 wat]1 at leat twelve times ! pace t !y d :5 dri$2 o t1 :5 uffici5tly f9e1 !y may rema9 up5d$ !re92 nay1 :5 vehem5tly heat$ 9 a cloe veel1 !y may be diolv$4 ,no acid1 except t ( fluor p> 7 #cj7 has any action ^u ?is e>?4 ,fix$ alkalies unite ) x 9 ! liquid way1 b 9 ! dry way !y eize x ) great vehem5ce1 & conv]t twice _! weight ( x into a p]man5t transp>5t glas4 ,su* is its aff9ity to alkalies1 t x imp>ts to clay1 :i* is always load$ ) x1 ! p[] ( ep>at+ ome ( ! acid f nitre & common alt4 ,:5 pure1 x is refractory 9 ! fire4 ,al?\gh ilice\s e>? is n altoge!r imple1 yet1 9 m9]alogy1 x mut be conid]$ z primitive1 until deciive exp]im5ts hew u f :i* ( ! prec$+ e>?s x is d]iv$#di4 #abe4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?7 unit$ to v mall quantities ( calc>e\s & argillace\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ea4 ,qu>tzum4 ,qu>tz4 #abf4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?7 unit$ to argillace\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #eh4 ,calc$onius4 ,*alc$ony4 ,& p]haps ! ,opal4 ,! ,hydrophanus is only a v>iety ( !e4 ,:e!r ! c>nelian1 & o!r ilice1 ( f9] or co>er texture1 belong to ?is or ! prec$+ pecies ,i _c yet det]m9e ) c]ta9ty4 #abg4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?71 unit$ to an argillace\s & highly m>tial e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #fd1 #fe4 ,japis4 ,jap]4 #abh4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?71 load$ ) m>tial e>?4 ,m>tial4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ec4 ,?is pecies is (t5 call$ jap]1 b improp]ly1 becaue x conta9s no argillace\s e>?4 #abi4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?71 unit$ to argillace\s & a mall quantity ( calc>e\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #fc4 ,petroilex4 ,*]t4 #acj4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?7 unit$ to argillace\s e>? & a little magneia4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ff4 ,feldpa?um4 ,feld pat4 #aca4 ,,t]ra ,,silicea 7ilice\s e>?71 unit$ to magneia1 mild calc>e\s e>?1 fluor p> & alo to ! calxes ( copp] & iron4 ,*ryopraius4 ,i h n exam9$ ?is1 b 9ert x ^u ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,a*>d4 ,to det]m9e accurately ! pecies ( e>?s is ! mot difficult "p ( m9]alogy1 = innum]able analyes yet rema9 to be made4 ,b t :i* n[ eems intricate & obcure w become pla9 & eay :5 exp]im5ts h be5 uffici5tly multipli$4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,inflammables1 ,,or ,,bitum9a4 #acb4 ,to ?is head we ref] all foils conta9+ phlogiton 9 u* great abundance1 t "u prop] managem5t !y are inflammable4 ,! ,g5]a are obvi\ly v few1 & accurately peak+ !re is only "o ,g5us4 ,b ince phlogiton is s v ubtle z n by xelf to become ! object ( our enes1 x w p]haps be advieable to conid] its m imple comb9ations z ,g5]a3 ?is has long be5 done o f> z repects ! metals1 by univ]al conent4 ,,sulphur4 #acc4 ,?is "n may be giv5 to any acid coagulat$ by phlogiton into a olid =m4 ,if all metals coni/ ( c]ta9 radical acids aturat$ ) phlogiton1 z is highly probable1 & ) repect to arenic is indubitably prov$2 !n metals ought to f9d a place "h4 ,b until ?is !ory be etablih$ by num]\s exp]im5ts1 we hall only rank "u ?is head ! comp\nds :i* h n a metallic nature4 #acd4 ,,phlogi/on aturat$ ) vitriolic acid4 ,,cron/$t1 ,m94 #aea4 ,common ,brimtone4 ,sulphur4 #ace4 ,,phlogi/on aturat$ ) a]ial acid4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aed4 ,a4 plumbago4 ,black-lead4 ,! true compoition ( ?is has be5 detect$ by ,mr4 ,,s*eele4 #acf4 ,,phlogi/on unit$ to ! acid ( vitriol & ( molybdna2 or :at am\nts to ! ame1 ulphur jo9$ to ! acid ( molybdna4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aed4 b4 c4 ,molybdna4 ,molybdna4 ,! acid ( molybdna has nev] yet be5 obta9$ q free f phlogiton 7 #cb74 ,if ?is acid be ( a metallic orig91 molybdna is a m9]aliz$ metallic ubtance1 & h\ld be plac$ ) ! o!r m9]als4 ,,petroleum4 #acg4 ,phlogi/on occurs alo 9 ! foil k+dom1 comb9$ 9 an oily =m2 b _m uppose ?is d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom4 #ach4 ,,petroleum pure & elect$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #adg-aej4 ,nap?a4 ,rock oil4 #aci4 ,,petroleum jo9$ to argillace\s e>?4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aeg-afj4 ,li?antrax4 ,pit ,coal4 #adj4 ,,petroleum unit$ to acid ( amb]4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #acc-adf4 ,succ9um4 ,amb]4 ,_m cont5d t amb] has a vegetable orig92 b z ! po9t is n v well det]m9$2 & z x is f\nd amongt foils1 ,i till reta9 x "h4 #ada4 ,,amb]grise1 accord+ to ! aertion ( ,mr4 ,,aublett1 is no?+ m ?an ! juice ( a tree 9piat$ by evaporation into a concrete =m4 ,?is tree gr[s 9 ,guyana1 & is call$ ,cuma1 b has n be5 invetigat$ by any botanit4 ,pieces ( ?is tree are aid to be c>ri$ d[n into ! riv]s by heavy ra9s1 & ! pecim5s exam9$ by ,mr4 ,,r\elle _h ! od\r & pr9cipal qualities ( amb]#ej4 ,,rumphius1 long ince1 m5tion$ a tree call$ ,nan>ium1 :oe juice reembl$ amb]#ea4 ,,diamond4 #adb4 ,at firt ight ,i may eem to h act$ errone\ly1 by ep>at+ ?is f ! o!r gems1 & 9ert+ x "h2 b aft] due conid]ation1 ,i "k n :]e to place x bett]4 ,x has nev] yet be5 decompoed by ! liquid analyis#eb2 & :5 expoed to ! fire 9 an op5 veel1 x is :olly conum$1 burn+ ) a lamb5t flame4 ,?is deflagration1 ?\gh l[1 hews decid$ly its aff9ity to ! inflammables3 beides1 9 ! focus ( a burn+ glas1 x leaves traces ( oot#ec4 ,:5 fur!r exp]im5ts tea* u bett]1 ,i hall will+ly correct my error4 ,,class ,,iv4 ,,metals4 #adc4 ,i h be=e m5tion$ ! great aff9ity betwixt metallic & inflammable ubtances 7 #acc74 ,z9c & arenic /&1 z x 71 ^u ! bord]s betwixt !m2 = ^!1 9 prop] circumtances1 burn ) a v evid5t flame4 ,all ! metallic ubtances conta9 phlogiton1 & :51 to a c]ta9 degree1 depriv$ ( x1 fall into a p[d] l an e>?2 b _! attractions = phlogiton are diff]5t4 ,mot ( !m1 :5 melt$ 9 a common way1 & expoed to ! air1 h an e>?y crut =m$ ^u ! urface1 :i* _c aga9 be r$uc$ to metal )\t ! addition ( ome inflammable matt]4 ,! bae metals1 elev5 9 numb]1 h ?is prop]ty3 b ! noble metals1 plat9a1 gold & ilv]1 are o firmly connect$ to ! phlogiton1 t !y nev] calc9e "u fuion1 h[ev] long cont9u$2 & aft] be+ *ang$ into a calx 9 ! liquid way1 :5 melt$ 9 ! fire1 !y re-aume _! metallic =m1 )\t any o!r phlogiton ?an :at is conta9$ 9 ! matt] ( heat4 ,quickilv] holds a k9d ( middle place2 =1 l ! bae metals1 x may be calc9$1 ?\gh n readily2 & l ! noble ones1 x may be r$uc$ by heat alone4 ,i h plac$ ea* diviion ( ! metals 9 ! ord] ( _! specific gravities4 ,?oe metals1 :i* are f\nd 9 a p]fect metallic tate1 are call$ native2 ?oe unit$ to acids1 or to ulphur1 are aid to be m9]aliz$2 & ?oe :i* are only depriv$ ( _! phlogiton1 calci=m#ed4 ,,table ,,( ,,metals4 ,attraction ,,metals4 ,specific ,melt+ ,saturat+ to ,gravity4 ,heat#ee4 ,phlogiton4 aturat+ ,phlogiton4 ,gold #ai1fdj #acja #cid #a or #b ,plat9a #ba1jjj #gef #a or #b ,silv] #aj1eeb #ajjj #ajj #c ,quickilv] #ad1aaj #ci or #fcd #gd #d ,lead #aa1ceb #eie #dc #aj ,copp] #h1hgf #adej #cab #h ,iron #g1hjj #afja #cdb #aa ,t9 #g1bfd #dae #aad #i ,bimu? #i1fgj #did #eg #g ,nickel common #g1jjj #acja #aef #aa pure #i1jjj #afja ,arenic #h1cjh #aji #e ,cobalt common #g1gjj #adej pure #afja ,z9c #f1hfb #fii #ahb #aa ,antimony #f1hfj #hji #abj #f ,manganee #f1hej v great #bbg #aa ,,aurum1 ,,or ,,gold4 #add4 ,! pecific gravity ( ?is metal1 :5 pure1 is #ai1fdj4 ,aqua regia diolves x2 b except ! dephlogiticat$ muriatic acid1 & 9 c]ta9 circumtances ! nitr\s1 no imple acid acts ^u x1 unles x has be5 previ\ly calc9$#ef4 ,! quantity ( phlogiton necearily tak5 away 9 ! olution ( #ajj p>ts ( gold1 ,i etimate at ab\t #cid2 :ilt ! ame quantity ( ilv]1 loes by olution 9 ! nitr\s acid1 #ajjeg4 ,gold reta9s ! phlogiton neceary to its metallic =m1 m obt9ately ?an any o!r metal1 except1 p]haps1 plat9a4 ,x melts & calc9es 9 ! focus ( a burn+ glas at #acja degrees ( heat4 #ade4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 unit$ to ilv]4 ,native4 ,i d n "k t gold has ev] yet be5 f\nd p]fectly pure4 #adf4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 unit$ to copp]4 ,native4 #adg4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 unit$ to ilv] & copp]4 ,native4 #adh4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 unit$ to ilv]1 copp]1 & iron4 ,native4 #adi4 ,,aurum 7gold71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 by means ( iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cron/$t ,m92 #aff4 a4 ,pyrites aureus4 ,b ome d\bt may be made ab\t ! m9]alization ( gold#eh4 #aej4 ,,aurum 7gold7 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 toge!r ) ilv]1 lead1 & iron4 ,m9]a aurif]a ,nagyay5is4 ,i h n yet fully exam9$ ?is#ei4 ,,plat9um1 ,,or ,,plat9a4 #aea4 ,its pecific gravity is #ah1jjjfj1 :5 v pure4 ,x diolves 9 aqua regia1 & ! los ( phlogiton dur+ ! olution1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts hi!rto made may be expreed by #gef4 ,beides ! muriatic acid1 :i* :5 dephlogiticat$ diolves e metal1 no acid acts ^u plat9a )\t x has und]gone a previ\s calc9ation4 ,x eems to reta9 its phlogiton m obt9ately ?an any o!r metal4 ,to melt x requires a heat great] ?an t at :i* iron melts4 #aeb4 ,,plat9a native unit$ to iron4 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agi4 ,i believe x has nev] be5 f\nd q free f iron1 b ?is c be ep>at$ by art#fa4 ,,arg5tum1 ,,or ,,silv]4 #aec4 ,its pecific gravity is #aj1eeb4 ,! nitr\s acid readily diolves x1 ! vitriolic mut be boil+ hot2 ! muriatic attracts its calx v trongly1 b _c remove its phlogiton & !re=e _c diolve x 9 its metallic tate4 ,! quantity ( ?is phlogiton :i* caues ! diff]5ce betwixt its metallic & its calci=m tate ,i be=e expreed z #ajj 9 #ajj p>ts ( ilv]4 ,b ! =ce ) :i* x reta9s ?is portion ( its phlogiton is les ?an t ( gold2 t is1 x occupies ! ?ird place 9 a eries ( all ! metals4 ,x melts at #ajjj degrees ( heat4 #aed4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native7 unit$ to gold4 ,native4 #aee4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native71 unit$ to copp]4 ,native4 #aef4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native71 unit$ bo? to gold & copp]4 ,native4 #aeg4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native71 unit$ to iron4 ,native4 #aeh4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native71 unit$ to arenic4 ,native4 ,! arenic h>dly exce$s 4 #aei4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native71 unit$ to antimony4 ,native4 ,:5 melt$1 x mokes b has no mell ( arenic4 #afj4 ,,arg5tum nativum 7ilv] native71 unit$ to arenic & iron4 ,native4 ,! ?ree metallic +r$i5ts are ne>ly 9 equal proportions4 ,all ! pecies hi!rto m5tion$ h metallic prop]ties & appe>ances4 ,! contam9at+ matt]s are ometimes extremely mall1 b n to be neglect$ :5 !y exce$ "p ( ! mas4 #afa4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]7 m9]aliz$ by ! vitriolic & muriatic acids4 ,hornlike4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agg4 ,m9]a arg5ti cornea4 ,horn-ilv]4 ,mr4 ,,w\lfe#fb1 detect$ ! preence ( ! vitriolic acid4 ,! ilv] eldom exce$s 4 ,i "k n :e!r x is ev] altoge!r free f vitriolic acid4 #afb4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ! vitriolic & muriatic acids1 & ulphur4 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is be a dit9ct pecies1 ince ! ulphur & ! alts c>cely admit ( any o!r ?an a me*anical union4 #afc4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,glay4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #afi4 ,m9]a arg5ti vitrea4 ,x ometimes conta9s ( ilv]1 or m4 #afd4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & iron4 ,m>caitical4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agf1 #aj4 ,pyrites arg5teus4 #afe4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & lead4 ,pott]s4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agf1 #h4 ,gal5a4 ,! ilv] is only a few half ounces 9 a hundr$ weight4 #aff4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & arenic4 ,r$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agj4 ,m9]a arg5ti rubra4 ,x conta9s ab\t ( ilv]4 ,iron is frequ5tly preent1 z 9 mot o!r pecies b n always4 #afg4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 & iron4 ,glitt]+4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agb4 ,i h exam9$ ome pecim5s f ,saxony :i* ometimes conta9 no ilv]4 ,may we n !re=e uppoe t ! ilv] is native & n m9]aliz$8 #afh4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 iron & cobalt4 ,! ilv] is ometimes m ?an 4 #afi4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 copp] & iron4 ,:ite ore4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aga4 ,m9]a arg5ti alba4 ,! proportion ( ilv] v>ies mu*1 ometimes x is or m4 #agj4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 copp]1 iron1 & antimony4 ,grey ore4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agc4 #f4 ,m9]a arg5ti griea4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,dal#fc4 ,x conta9s ( copp]1 eldom ilv]4 #aga4 ,,arg5tum 7ilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 antimony & iron4 ,plumoe4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #agc4 #e4 ,f$]]tz ( ! ,g]mans#fd4 ,x eldom conta9s m ?an a few half ounces ( ilv] 9 ! hundr$ weight4 ,x is aburd to f\nd pecies ^u ! diff]5ces ( ! matrix3 !e ought to be conid]$ ele:]e4 ,,hydr>gyrum1 ,,or ,,quicksilv]4 #agb4 ,its pecific gravity is #ad1aaj4 ,x has be5 errone\ly rank$ among ! brittle metals1 = at #fed degrees bel[ #j x freezes#fe1 & !n preads "u ! hamm] l lead4 ,b z u* an extreme degree ( cold r>ely happ5s unles artificially produc$1 we ceae to wond] :y x is always liquid or r melt$4 ,nitr\s acid diolves x readily1 vitriolic acid requires to be ait$ by a boil+ heat2 muriatic acid does n act ^u x all1 unles previ\ly depriv$ ( z mu* phlogiton z 9 #ajj p>ts may be call$ #gd4 ,! attractive p[] :]e) x reta9s ?is portion ( phlogiton occupies ! f\r? place 9 ! eries2 t is1 x holds x les trongly ?an ! noble b m trongly ?an ! bae metals4 #agc4 ,,hydr>gyrum nativum 7quickilv] native74 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bag4 ,:e!r x be entirely free f e metallic contam9ation ,i h n yet tri$4 #agd4 ,,hydr>gyrum 7quickilv]71 unit$ to ilv]4 ,amalgamat$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bag4 #age4 ,,hydr>gyrum 7quickilv]71 m9]aliz$ by muriatic & vitriolic acids4 ,hornlike4 ,m9]alogy owes ! dicov]y ( ?is to ,mr4 ,,w\lfe4 ,phil4 ,tran4 #agf4 ,,hydr>gyrum 7quickilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,c9nab>9e4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bah4 ,c9nab>is4 #agg4 ,,hydr>gyrum 7quickilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & iron4 ,m>tial4 ,i am d\btful :e!r ?is be a dit9ct pecies4 ,! iron p]haps is only me*anically diffued4 #agh4 ,,hydr>gyrum 7quickilv]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & copp]4 ,cupr\s4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bai4 ,,plumbum1 ,,or ,,lead4 #agi4 ,its pecific gravity is #aa1ceb1 great] ?an t ( any o!r ( ! bae metals4 ,! nitr\s acid p]fectly diolves x2 ! muriatic m difficultly2 ! vitriolic h>dly at all1 = ! vitriol ( lead be+ 9oluble 9 wat] incruts ! metal1 & prev5ts its olution4 ,aft] calc9ation ! weaket vegetable acids diolves x1 & acquire a weet tate4 ,! phlogiton neceary to be tak5 away 9 ord] t x may diolve may be call$ #dc1 :i* is les ?an t ( any o!r metal4 ,h5ce we "ut& :y ! calx ( lead may be r$uc$ ) a v m9ute quantity ( inflammable matt]4 ,) repect to ! =ce :]e) x reta9s ?is phlogiton x occupies ! t5? place4 ,x melts at #eie degrees ( heat4 #ahj4 ,,plumbum nativum 7lead71 ?\gh _m m9]alogits d\bt :e!r x has ev] yet be5 f\nd4 ,native4 #aha4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by vitriolic acid4 ,vitriol (4 ,orig9at+ f ! decompoition ( ,gal5a4 ,x is r>ely met )4 ,x 0 firt oberv$ by ,mr4 ,,monnet4 ,x does n eff]vece ) acids4 ,x may be r$uc$ by ! bl[pipe ^u *>coal4 #aha994 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by vitriolic acid & iron4 ,exit+ 9 imm5e quantity 9 ! il& ( ,angleea4 ,x does n r$uce ) ! bl[pipe ^u *>coal1 b melts to a black glas#ff4 ,w4 #ahb4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by ! acid ( phophorus4 ,phophorat$4 ,?is 0 dicov]$ by ,mr4 ,,gahn4 ,x does n eff]vece ) acids4 ,x melts ^u *>coal ) ! bl[pipe1 b is n p]fectly r$uc$4 #ahc4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by ! a]ial acid4 ,a]at$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ahe4 ,x eff]veces ) acids1 & is readily r$uc$ ^u *>coal#fg4 #ahd4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,sulphurat$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ahg4 #ahe4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & ilv]4 ,gal5a4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ahh4 #ahf4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ ulphur1 ) ilv] & iron4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #ahi4 #ahg4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 ) ilv] & antimony4 ,radiat$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aij4 ,,cuprum1 ,,or ,,copp]4 #ahh4 ,its pecific gravity is #h1hgf4 ,nitr\s acid diolve x readily1 muriatic acid l[ly1 & ! vitriolic requires int5e boil+4 ,! phlogiton1 ep>at$ 9 ! olution ( #ajj p>ts1 may be expreed by #cab4 ,! weaket vegetable acids act ^u x1 epecially aft] calc9ation1 & o d alkalies1 ! volatile alkaly epecially4 ,) repect to ! p[] ) :i* x reta9s ! phlogiton1 copp] holds ! eigh? place4 ,x melts ) #adej degrees ( heat4 #ahi4 ,,cuprum nativum 7copp] native74 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aic4 ,x's r>ely f\nd )\t ome alloy ( gold1 ilv] or iron2 b ,i h n yet fully exam9$ x4 #aij4 ,,cuprum calci=me 7copp]71 imply depriv$ ( its phlogiton4 ,calci=m4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aie4 #aia4 ,,cuprum 7copp]71 m9]aliz$ by muriatic acid & argillace\s e>?4 ,micace\s4 ,mr4 ,,w]n]1 9 8 tranlation ( ,cront$t's ,m9]alogy1 "p #a1 page #bag1 has decrib$ x accurately1 & k9dly ent me a pecim5 ( x1 :i* ,i analyed#fh4 #aib4 ,,cuprum 7copp]71 m9]aliz$ by ! a]ial acid4 ,a]at$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aid1 #aif4 b4 #c4 ,mr4 ,,fontana firt po9t$ out its true compoition4 ,x conta9s ab\t ( copp]1 or ( a]ial acid1 & a little wat]#fi4 #aic4 ,,cuprum 7copp]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,vitre\s4 ,,cron/$t1 ,m94 #aig4 ,m9]a cupri vitrea2 a common1 b improp] "n4 ,x g5]ally conta9s ome alloy ( iron4 #aid4 ,,cuprum 7copp]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 & a mall proportion ( iron4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aih1 b4 ,m9]a cupri lazurea4 ,by a mall proportion ( iron1 ,i mean les ?an ! weight ( ! copp]2 by a l>ge proportion1 m4 ,?is conta9s f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]4 #aie4 ,,cuprum 7copp]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 & a l>ge proportion ( iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aih4 ,pyrites ,cupri4 ,! quantity ( copp] v>ies greatly1 b eldom exce$s 4 #aif4 ,,cuprum 7copp]71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 iron & arenic4 ,grey4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aih4 a4 ,pyrites cupri grieus4 ,?is frequ5tly conta9s an alloy ( ilv]4 ,! copp] r>ely exce$s 4 ,,f]rum1 ,,or ,,iron4 #aig4 ,its pecific gravity is #g1hjj4 ,all ! acids readily diolve x2 b ! vitriolic mut be dilut$1 o!rwie x may be boil$ almot to drynes1 )\t effect+ x4 ,! phlogiton1 dilodg$ f c5t5>y ( ductile iron1 may1 z exp]im5ts n[ t&1 be call$ #cdb2 & ?is is o feebly reta9$1 t ?is metal1 ) a few o!rs1 holds ! elev5?1 or l[et place 9 ! eries4 ,x requires an int5e degree ( heat to fue x1 viz4 #afja1 if ! uual comp>ion betwixt ! m]curial !rmomet]1 & ! metallic "o ( ,,mortim]1 be true4 ,iron is r$ hot at #ajej degrees ( heat4 #aih4 ,,f]rum nativum 7iron7 native4 ,native4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$1 b t ! great mas ( iron1 br\ght by ,,pallas1 f ,sib]ia1 into ,europe1 is ! product ( nature4 ,its compoition reembles t ( =g$ iron2 = #ajj p>ts ( x yield1 by means ( ! muriatic acid1 #di cubic in*es ( inflammable air2 & f _m exp]im5ts ^u ductile iron1 t is f\nd to yield f #dh to #eagj4 #aii4 ,,f]rum nativum 7iron7 native1 unit$ to arenic4 ,arenical4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bdc4 ,b4 ,mispickel4 #bjj4 ,,f]rum 7iron71 ) ! p[] ( attract+ o!r iron4 ,loadtone4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #baa4 b4 ,magnes4 ,! caue ( ?is prop]ty is yet unkn[n4 #bja4 ,,f]rum 7iron71 ) phlogiton en\gh to r5d] x magnetic4 ,magnetic4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bab1 #bac4 ,b ! quantity ( phlogiton is f> hort ( t :i* is neceary to r5d] x ductile1 = a c5t5>y h>dly conta9s m ?an ?ree cubic in*es ( inflammable air4 #bjb4 ,,f]rum calci=me 7iron calci=m71 imply depriv$ ( phlogiton4 ,o*r\s4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bjb-bjf4 ,bloodtone4 #bjc4 ,,f]rum 7iron71 m9]aliz$ by a]ial acid1 calc>e\s e>?1 & manganee4 ,:ite4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bj4 ,m9]a f]ri alba4 #bjd4 ,,f]rum 7iron71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,pyritical4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aeb4 ,pyrites4 #bje4 ,,f]rum 7iron7 intimately unit$ to a new brittle metal#ga1 or to a peculi> modification ( iron1 r5d]+ x brittle :5 cold4 ,cold-hort4 ,9 cold-hort iron1 a brittle metal exits1 readily unit+ to ductile iron1 by ! aitance ( heat1 b r5d]+ x brittle :5 cold4 ,?is ubtance1 diolv$ 9 acids1 =ms ,pruian blue ) phlogiticat$ alkaly1 b x is n magnetic3 x af=ds a :ite calx1 ri*] 9 phlogiton ?an ! yell[ calx ( good iron4 ,i hope1 by m exp]im5ts1 oon to become bett] acqua9t$ ) x4 #bjf4 ,,f]rum calci=me 7iron calci=m71 phlogiticat$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,blue4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bjh4 ,cruleum ,b]ol95e nativum4 ,clay & m\ld are sometimes col\r$ up]ficially by a dilute blue1 & ometimes ! =m]1 :5 newly dug up1 is f\nd to acquire ?is col\r ^u expoure to ! air4 ,x is evid5t t ! bais ( ?is col\r is an irony matt]1 full ( phlogiton2 =1 by ignition ^u a *>coal fire1 x flames1 turns r$1 & becomes magnetic4 ,) a g5tle heat x becomes gre51 b :5 melt$ gives black cori4 ,alkalies1 z well z acids1 diolve x1 & ! col\r vanihes1 b appe>s aga91 if precipitat$ f ! =m] by acids1 & f ! latt] by alkalies2 b x has !n a gre5i% cat1 & oon becomes :ite4 ,?is :ite edim5t1 imm]ed 9 an infuion ( galls1 or ( tea1 recov]s its =m] col\r4 ,f :at has be5 aid1 x appe>s t ?is col\r1 al?\gh analog\s to ! artificial ,pruian blue1 diff]s f x 9 its int5sity1 9 ! mode ( its production1 & 9 v>i\s prop]ties4 ,x keeps its col\r 9 wat]1 b turns black ) oil4 ,,/annum1 ,,or ,,t94 #bjg4 ,its pecific gravity is #g1bfd4 ,vitriolic1 muriatic1 acet\s acids1 & aqua regia1 diolve x1 b ! nitr\s1 epecially :5 trong1 attacks x o viol5tly1 t x oon r$uces x to ! tate ( an 9oluble calx4 ,! quantity ( phlogiton x loes by olution1 may be call$ #aad2 & ?is x reta9s ) a =ce t gives x ! n9? place 9 ! eries4 ,x melts eai] ?an any metal1 except quickilv]1 viz4 at #dae degrees4 #bjh4 ,,/annum nativum 7t974 ,native4 ,?is ,i h n e54 ,"s d\bts are ent]ta9$ ( its true nature1 &1 p]haps1 n )\t reaon4 #bjh994 ,,/annum ulphuratum 7t971 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,sulphurat$4 ,see ! ,preface4 #bji4 ,,/annum calci=me 7t97 calci=m1 contam9at$ by iron4 ,calci=m4 ,,vismutum1 ,,or ,,bismu?4 #baj4 ,! heavie/ ( all ! brittle metals t foll[ x1 its pecific gravity be+ #i1fgj4 ,nitr\s acid1 & aqua regia diolve x p]fectly4 ,! vitriolic acid mut be boil$ ne>ly to drynes be=e x acts ^u x1 & ! muriatic acid only attacks its calx4 ,! quantity ( phlogiton :i* rei/s ! action ( m5trua1 is expreed by #eg2 & its p[] ( reta9+ x ranks x 9 ! ev5? place4 ,x melts at ! heat ( #did degrees4 #baa4 ,,vismutum nativum 7bimu?74 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbb4 #bab4 ,,vismutum calci=me 7bimu?74 ,calci=m4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbc4 ,i am n able to ay :e!r ?is is m]ely depriv$ ( its phlogiton1 or :e!r x is n alo m9]aliz$ by a]ial acid4 #bac4 ,,vismutum 7bimu?7 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,sulphurat$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbd4 #bad4 ,,vismutum 7bimu?7 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbe4 ,,niccolum1 ,,or ,,nickel4 #bae4 ,! regulus1 :5 depurat$1 has a pecific gravity ( #i1jjj1 or m2 b ! common regulus1 obta9$ by ! firt r$uction1 little exce$s #g1jjj4 ,aqua regia1 & nitr\s acid1 diolve x p]fectly2 muriatic acid1 l[ly2 vitriolic acid1 n )\t boil+ almot to drynes & ! acet\s acid does n act ^u x1 unles 9 a calci=m tate4 ,! quantity ( phlogiton ep>at$ by olution1 may be call$ #aef2 & ?is x reta9s ) a =ce ab\t equal to t ) :i* iron reta9s its phlogiton 7 #aig74 ,! heat neceary to melt x1 is ab\t equal to t :i* gold requires2 b :5 depurat$1 x is almot z difficult to melt z iron4 ,! prop]ties ( x are m fully exam9$ ele:]e#gb4 #baf4 ,,niccolum nativum 7nickel7 native1 unit$ to iron & arenic4 ,native4 ,x ometimes1 p]haps1 conta9s cobalt4 ,z x conta9s nei!r ulphur nor m9]aliz+ acid1 & is p]fectly 9 its metallic =m1 x mut be call$ native1 al?\gh jo9$ to o!r metals4 #bag4 ,,niccolum a]atum 7nickel7 m9]aliz$ by a]ial acid4 ,a]at$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bee4 #bah4 ,,niccolum 7nickel7 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 cobalt1 & iron4 ,m9]aliz$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bef4 ,cuprum ,nicolai4 ,kupf] nickel4 ,,ars5icum1 ,,or ,,ars5ic4 #bai4 ,! pecific gravity ( ! radical acid1 is #c1cia2 ( :ite arenic1 #c1gjf2 ( its glay tate1 #e1jjj2 & its regulus1 #h1cjh4 ,aqua regia1 & muriatic acid1 diolve x p]fectly2 ! vitriolic acid requires boil+2 ! acet\s acts only ^u its calx3 ! nitr\s acid n only takes away z mu* phlogiton z may be expreed by #aji1 depriv$ ( :i* ! regulus is r$uc$ to ! tate ( a calx1 b 9 a l>ge quantity1 ait$ by a prop] degree ( heat1 x at l5g? s f> dephlogiticates ?is calx1 z to leave ! acid ( arenic alone4 ,!e phnom5a are well wor?y ( obervation1 z !y eem to lay op5 ! nature ( metals 9 g5]al4 ,f analogy1 x is probable t e metal conta9s a radical acid ( a peculi> nature1 :i*1 ) a c]ta9 quantity ( phlogiton1 is coagulat$ into a metallic calx2 b ) a l>g] quantity1 uffici5t to aturate x1 =ms a compleat metal4 ,! radical acid reta9s ! coagulat+ phlogiton mu* m trongly ?an t :i* is neceary to ! aturation4 ,b diff]5t metallic acids reta9 bo? ) diff]5t degrees ( attraction4 ,h5ce ! noble metals _c be calc9$ 9 ! dry way2 x is only by acid m5trua t !y c be br\ght into t =m2 b all ! o!rs loe _! aturat+ phlogiton 9 ! fire1 ?\gh ) m or les difficulty4 ,i h dit9ctly oberv$ elev5 diff]5t degrees ( reitance3 ?us1 gold may be precipitat$ by all ! o!r metals1 except p]haps plat9a1 :i* ,i ?9k may ?us be expla9$4 ,! calx ( gold hav+ ! greatet attraction = phlogiton1 takes x f all o!r metals1 & ?us lo+ its olubility falls d[n 9 a metallic tate4 ,!re=e gold 9 ! eries ( metals1 occupies at leat ! econd place4 ,plat9a is precipitat$ by all1 b les evid5tly ?an gold4 ,to ?is !re=e1 ,i ?9k we mut give ! firt place1 & s on ( ! o!rs z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! "* ( ea* metal4 ,z nickel1 cobalt1 iron1 manganee & z9c1 d n precipitate "o ano!r1 !y are put toge!r 9 ! lat & elev5? place#gc4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! radical acids we mut ep>ate !m f ! coagulat+ phlogiton4 ,if ! indutry ( *emits ev] effects ?is1 ,i am confid5t t metallurgy w be wond]fully elucidat$4 ,?is !re=e is a tak to :i* our lab\rs mut be direct$4 ,i "k t analogy mut be cauti\sly tru/$1 b x at leat leads u to new exp]im5ts4 ,hi!rto ?is op]ation has only ucce$$ ) arenic2 & x is wor? notice1 t ?is metal :i* holds ! fif? place ) repect to its quantity ( phlogiton1 h\ld be inf]ior to all o!rs ) reg>d to ! attraction by :i* ! coagulat+ quantity is reta9$4 ,arenic melts1 b ! mom5t x uff]s heat en\gh to melt x1 x volatilizes1 unles x be firt calc9$4 ,! regulus ?r[n ^u a plate ( iron prop]ly heat$1 preently takes fire & calc9es1 diffu+ a mell l g>lic#gd4 #bbj4 ,,ars5icum nativum 7arenic71 native1 unit$ to iron4 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bci4 ,i h nev] f\nd x free f m>tial impregnation4 #bba4 ,,ars5icum nativum 7arenic71 native1 unit$ to ilv]4 #bbb4 ,,ars5icum calci=me 7arenic71 depriv$ ( phlogiton4 ,calci=m4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bdj4 #bbc4 ,,ars5icum 7arenic71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,yell[4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bda4 ,auripigm5tum4 ,riigallum4 #bbd4 ,,ars5icum 7arenic71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bdc4 ,a4 ,pyrites arenicalis4 ,,cobaltum1 ,,or ,,cobalt4 #bbe4 ,its pecific gravity is #g1gjj4 ,nitr\s acid & aqua regia readily diolve x4 ,! vitriolic acid requires to be boil$ ne>ly to drynes4 ,! muriatic & acet\s acids d n act ^u x unles previ\ly calc9$4 #bgj exprees ! quantity ( aturat+ phlogiton1 :i* x reta9s ) ! ame =ce t iron does4 ,common regulus melts 9 ! ame heat t copp] does1 b :5 well purifi$ x is h>dly eai] to melt ?an iron4 #bbf4 ,,cobaltum nativum 7cobalt71 native & unit$ to arenic4 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bdi4 #bbg4 ,,cobaltum calci=me 7cobalt74 ,calci=m4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bdg4 ,x is f\nd v>i\ly mix$1 pr9cipally ) arenic1 iron & copp]1 b :e!r me*anically or by a m intimate union ,i "k n4 #bbh4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 m9]aliz$ by acid ( arenic4 ,r$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bdh4 ,! mall pecim5s t ,i h be5 able to exam9e po9t out u* a compoition#ge4 #bbi4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 contam9at$ by iron & vitriolic acid4 ,vitriolic4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bej4 #bcj4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic & iron4 ,glanz-cobalt4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bea4 #bca4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 arenic1 iron & nickel4 ,kupf]nickel4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #beb4 ,,z9cum ,,or ,,z9c4 #bcb4 ,its pecific gravity is #f1hfb4 ,all ! acids diolve x readily & ) eff]vec5ce1 :i* d5otes its v lax union ) ! inflammable pr9ciple1 z 0 rem>k$ be=e 7 #bai74 #ahb exprees ! quantity ( phlogiton x loes 9 olution4 ,x melts 9 a heat ( #fii degrees2 & if ! heat be a little increaed x takes fire2 & diipates 9 :ite fl[]s#gf4 #bcc4 ,,z9cum calci=me 7z9c71 calci=m imply depriv$ ( its phlogiton4 ,calci=m4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbh4 ,a4 ,lapis calam9>is4 ,x is almo/ always mix$ ) clay or calci=m iron4 #bcd4 ,,z9cum 7z9c71 m9]aliz$ by a]ial acid4 ,a]at$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbh4 ,a4 #a4 #bce4 ,,z9cum 7z9c7 ) a]ial acid & mix$ ) ilice\s matt]4 ,silice\s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,born ent me *rytals ( ?is pecies1 :i* expoed to ! fire gave out a]ial acid1 b !y 7 n :olly oluble 9 acids4 #bcf4 ,,z9cum 7z9c71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & iron4 ,black jack4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bbi4 #bcj4 ,peudogal5a4 ,,antimonium ,,or ,,antimony4 #bcg4 ,its pecific gravity is #f1hfj4 ,aqua regia diolves x well2 vitriolic acid requires boil+2 muriatic & acet\s acids act h>dly at all ^u x1 unles previ\ly calc9$4 ,! nitr\s acid corrodes x o z to prev5t ! olution4 ,! phlogiton x loes 9 olution is expreed by #abj1 & ) repect to ! =ce :]e) x reta9s ?is1 x t&s 9 ! ix? place4 ,x melts at a heat ( #hji degrees4 #bch4 ,,antimonium nativum 7antimony74 ,native4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bch4 #bci4 ,,antimonium 7antimony71 m9]aliz$ by ulphur4 ,sulphurat$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bcd4 #bdj4 ,,antimonium 7antimony7 m9]aliz$ by ulphur & arenic4 ,r$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #bce4 ,,manganesium1 ,,or ,,manganese4 #bda4 ,its pecific gravity is #f1hej4 ,?is new metal is oluble 9 all ! acids1 & is o readily depriv$ ( its aturat+ phlogiton t ) iron & ome o!rs x t&s ! l[et 9 ! eries4 #bbg exprees ! quantity ( phlogiton x loes 9 olution4 ,x is v difficult to melt1 m o ?an iron4 #bdb4 ,,manganesium calci=me 7manganee7 imply depriv$ ( phlogiton4 ,calci=m4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aad4 #bdc4 ,,manganesium 7manganee7 m9]aliz$ by a]ial acid4 ,a]at$4 ,,cron/$t ,m94 #aae4 #a4 a4 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,fir/4 #bdd4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages only ! m imple comb9ations occur1 :oe pr9ciples are ei!r *emically unit$ or at leat o ubtly int]wov5 t ! texture appe>s p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,b if two or m ( !e pecies1 =m+ little dit9ct maes are cem5t$ toge!r1 !e me*anical mixtures1 dic]nible by ! eye ought to contitute a new eries1 to be dit+uih$ by _! compon5t p>ts z ! o!rs 7 by _! firt pr9ciples or *emical elem5ts4 ,su* compoitions may well be exclud$ f ! preent "w1 b ^u acc\nt ( _! ext5ive phyical1 conomical & metallurgical ues1 ,i propoe to give a light ket* ( !m "h1 enum]at+ ! m rem>kable ,g5]a4 #bde4 ,9 a g5]al view x appe>s t n only ev]al pecies cem5t$ toge!r may be ref]r$ to ?is place1 b likewie ?oe :i* are me*anically diffued 9 a p[d]y or an e>?y =m4 #bdf4 ,f ! laws ( comb9ation x is evid5t1 t accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( foils into f\r claes1 !re c be only ,,t5 ,g5]a compoed ( two1 ,,f\r ( ?ree1 & ,,"o ( f\r contitu5t p>ts4 ,& al?\gh o _m h n yet be5 detect$1 yet x is bett] to m5tion !m "h z ! indutry ( a future age w probably dicov] m4 ,! pecies are =m$ f ! diff]5ces ( ! m imple pecies & _! compon5t p>ts4 ,salts ) ,salts4 #bdg4 ,?is compoition c h>dly ev] contitute a g5us1 if x mut be made 9 a dry & concrete =m2 = except+ gypum1 ! o!r native alts readily diolve 9 wat]1 & by evaporation are o mix$ toge!r z n readily to be dic]n$ by ! eye4 ,yet ! foil alkaly mix$ ) common alt w p]haps f9d a place "h4 ,! cont5ts ( m9]al wat]s may likewie be ref]r$ "h1 ince e mat]ial diff]5ce 9 !m dep5ds ^u ! p>ticles diolv$4 ,salts ) ,e>?s4 #bdh4 ,?is mixture is h>dly to be f\nd b :]e bits ( gypum are concret$ to matt]s ( an e>?y nature4 ,salts ) ,inflammables4 #bdi4 ,may p]haps be f\nd 9 volcanoes4 ,salts ) ,metals4 #bej4 ,if gypum =ms ! matrix ( any metal1 x mut be plac$ "h4 ,e>?s ) ,e>?s4 #bea4 ,to ?is head belong mot ( ! axa 7tones71 enum]at$ by ,mr4 ,cront$t1 :i* =m ! imm5e bulk ( m\nta9s1 & deerve our p>ticul> att5tion1 9 ord] t1 be+ bett] acqua9t$ ) ! nature & tructure ( ! hell ( ! e>?1 we may be able to po9t out ! cov]+s ( m9]als1 & conv]t !m all to our ue4 ,e>?s ) ,inflammables4 #beb4 ,lumps ( m\nta9 pit* are frequ5tly connect$ ) tones1 & ulphure\s matt]s are f\nd diffued ?r\gh e>?y mat]ials4 ,e>?s ) ,metals4 #bec4 ,?is g5us conta9s ! peculi> matrices ( metals1 a judici\s conid]ation ( :i* w\ld be p>ticul>ly ueful to m9]s4 ,inflammables ) ,inflammables4 #bed4 ,p]haps1 9 ome places1 ulphure\s matt]s are f\nd mix$ ) m\nta9 pit*4 ,inflammables ) ,metals4 #bee4 ,if plumbago 7black-lead7 or common ulphur1 hall ev] be f\nd mix$ ) metallic ubtances1 u* pecies mut t& "u ?is g5us4 ,metals ) ,metals4 #bef4 ,we "k t ome metals1 9 ! boom ( ! e>?1 are almot always mix$1 :ilt o!rs are r>ely1 or nev]1 f\nd toge!r4 ,a m accurate k ( !e ?+s1 w\ld illutrate phyical geography1 z well z metallurgy4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! m comp\nd g5]a4 ,salts ) ,e>?s & ,inflammables4 #beg4 ,?is g5us c h>dly ev] occur b 9 c\ntries =m]ly expoed to ubt]ranean fires4#gg ,salts ) ,e>?s & ,metals4 #beh4 ,to be expect$ amongt volcanic productions4 ,salts ) ,inflammables & ,metals4 #bei4 ,to be ought = 9 ! productions ( volcanoes4 ,e>?s ) ,inflammables & ,metals4 #bfj4 ,obvi\s amongt ! productions ( volcanoes1 o!rwie extremely r>e4 ,salts ) ,e>?s1 ,inflammables1 & ,metals4 #bfa4 ,h>dly to be expect$ b 9 volcanic m\nta9s4 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,second4 #bfb4 ,foils ext]nally reembl+ animals or vegetables1 orig9ate f =eign matt]s1 :i* by ome peculi> proces are *ang$ 9 ! boom ( ! e>?1 or are o impregnat$ by m9]al p>ticles gradually occupy+ ! place ( ?oe :i* h putrifi$1 t !y no long] reemble organic ubtances1 except 9 figure4--,!e are commonly call$ ,,petrefactions4 #bfc4 ,! h>d] hells ( animals expoed to ! wea!r1 are n always exempt f detruction2 = _! gelat9\s matt] be+ gradually detroy$ by putrefaction1 !y become brittle1 & 9 a mann] calc9$4 ,9 les expoed ituations1 ome ( !m preerve ! nature ( _! mat]ials1 b acquire a p>-l texture4 #bfd4 ,we mut c>efully dit+uih betwixt ! =eign bodies !melves1 *ang$ or petrifi$1 & _! impreions ^u ! urr\nd+ matrices4 ,sometimes ! body is entirely detroy$1 =m+ a cavity 9 ! urr\nd+ matt]1 & ?is cavity aft]w>ds is fill$ ) o!r mat]ials4 ,nuclei1 or k]nels1 are likewie f\nd1 =m$ )9 ! cavities ( ! h>d] hells1 & be>+ ! =m ( _! int]nal urface4 #bfe4 ,i am f> f ?9k+ ! k ( petrefactions is b>r5 & ueles4 ,we may1 & ought1 to conid] !m z m$als depoit$ by ! h& ( nature1 9 memory ( ! m rem>kable *anges on ! urface ( ! e>?1 & f :i* ! "t & ord] ( ! "w may1 9 ome meaure1 be judg$ (1 :ilt o!r monum5ts are il5t4 ,!e1 be+ prop]ly int]pret$1 hew u _! native ituations 9 ! =m] tate ( ! urface ( ! e>?1 & tea* u ! unb\nd$ empire ( ! ea1 & ! conequ5t *anges4 ,by !m we le>n to dit+uih ! anci5t & mod]n f\ndations ( ! m9]al k+dom2 = ?oe :i* are n =m$ ( petrefactions1 & nev] conta9 !m1 are d\btles ( great] antiquity ?an animals or vegetables2 &1 latly1 by _! figure !y hew u ! inhabitants ( our globe1 epecially ?oe ( ! greatet dep?s ( ! ocean4 #bff4 ,mr4 ,,cron/$t has admirably arrang$ ! petrefactions2 we ?9k x "r1 !re=e1 to reta9 8 me?od4 ,! ,g5]a are built ^u ! ,g5]a ( foils1 & arrang$ l ! f\r claes !re(2 ! pecies ^u _! pecies1 & ! v>ieties ^u ! organic ubtances t h be5 *ang$4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,g5]a hi!rto dicov]$4 ,sal9e ,calc>e\s ,e>? ) an organic ,=m4 #bfg4 ,gype\s petrefactions are v r>e4 ,sal9e ,iron ) an organic ,=m4 #bfh4 ,human bodies h ometimes be5 f\nd indurat$ & p5etrat$ by vitriol ( iron2 s likewie h plants1 _! roots epecially4 ,9 ! op5 air !y m\ld] away4 ,mild ,calc>e\s ,e>? ) an organic ,=m4 #bfi4 ,?is contitutes ! ubtance ( mot petrefactions4 ,clay ) an organic ,=m4 #bgj4 ,x is rem>kable1 t petrefactions f\nd 9 clay are compreed1 al?\gh1 9 ubjac5t calc>e\s trata1 !y preerve _! natural figure4 ,simil> compreed petrefactions are alo f\nd 9 ! m>ly *itus4 ,silice\s ,e>? ) an organic ,=m4 #bga4 ,silice\s petrefactions are ometimes met )1 b1 9 g5]al1 ?is mat]ial =ms only nuclei 7 #bfd74 ,trunks ( trees are ometimes f\nd *ang$ into agate4 ,! celebrat$ ,,f]b] has e5 petrefactions 9 *]t & jap]1 & ! illutri\s ,,born m5tions corall9es 7porpit7 9 inople or m>tial jap]4 ,e>? organic4 #bgb4 ,animals & vegetables are reolv$ by putrefaction into an e>?1 :i* may be reg>d$ z =m+ a peculi> g5us1 until e appe>ance ( organization be+ oblit]at$1 at l5g? x comes to be conid]$ z common e>?4 ,petroleum impregnat+ organic ,bodies4 #bgc4 ,wood1 p5etrat$ by indurat$ petroleum1 =ms a rem>kable v>iety ( coal4 ,silv] ) an organic ,=m4 #bgd4 ,native ilv] is ometimes inh]5t 9 petrefactions1 b nev]1 to my k1 contitutes ! ubtance ( !m1 unles m9]aliz$ ) copp] & ulphur4 ,quickilv] 9 an organic ,=m4 #bge4 ,:5 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 x ometimes1 ?\gh v r>ely1 contitutes petrefactions4 ,copp] ) an organic ,=m4 #bgf4 ,bones & tee? are ometimes f\nd replete ) ! blue calx ( copp]4 ,bits ( copp] pyrites (t5 tick 9 petrefactions1 b eldom contitute _! :ole ubtance4 ,i h "s su* f ,norway1 9 a matrix ( magnetical iron ore4 ,iron ) an organic ,=m4 #bgg4 ,calci=m iron ometimes is f\nd 9 ! hape ( roots & bran*es ( trees4 ,:5 m9]aliz$ by ulphur1 x frequ5tly exits 9 petrefactions1 b eldom contitutes ! :ole mas4 ,z9c ) an organic ,=m4 #bgh4 ,i h e5 peudo-gal5a 7black jack71 9 ! =m ( coral4 #bgi4 ,"s mod]n writ]s1 z well z ,mr4 ,,cron/$t1 place ! productions ( volcanoes 9 an app5dix by !melves2 b1 ,i ?9k1 to no good purpoe4 ,?+s =m$ by ! h& ( nature1 :e!r by a liquid or a dry proces1 mut n be dijo9$2 = he frequ5tly avails h]elf ( bo? me?ods 9 "o & ! ame 9tance4 ,&1 inde$1 ! orig9 ( _m ?+s is o v d\btful1 e vetige !re( be+ oblit]at$1 t ev5 an dipus c\ld n ) c]ta9ty det]m9e h[ !y 7 produc$4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 _m aert1 t almot ! :ole ( ! m9]al k+dom is ! product ( fire4 ,to avoid error1 !re=e1 x is bett] to clas foil ubtances accord+ to _! contitu5t p>ts1 :i* prop] exp]im5ts w lay op5 to u2 = we c seldom "k _! orig9 or =mation4 ,homog5e\s ubtances jo9$ toge!r1 b n primitive1 w f9d a place among ! tones1 or ele:]e1 9 ! firt app5dix4 ,,f9is4 ,,index4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! ,numb]s ref] to ! ,sections4 ,acids1 h[ kn[n #be ,a]ial acid #cg ,alkali m9]ale a]atum #ee ---- ---- nitratum #dh ---- ---- alitum #di1 #gf ---- ---- vitriolatum #dg ---- vegetabile a]atum #ed ---- ---- nitratum #de ---- ---- alitum #df ---- ---- vitriolatum #dd ---- volatile a]atum #ef ---- ---- nitratum #ea ---- ---- alitum #eb ---- ---- vitriolatum #ej ,alkalies1 h[ kn[n #ch ,alkaly fix$ foil #da ---- ---- vegetable #dj ---- mild foil #ee ---- ---- vegetable #ed ---- volatile #db ---- ---- mild #ef ,alum #fg1 #gh1 #gi ---- ore #aag ---- late #aah ,amb] #adj ---- acid ( #cf ,amb]grie #ada ,ammoniac1 fix$ #fb ,antimonium 7see antimony7 ,antimony1 prop]ties ( #bcg ---- pecies ( #bch-bdj ,arg5tum 7ee ilv]7 ,argilla1 :at #aaa ---- prop]ties ( #aab ---- pecies ( #aac1 #abb ---- porcellana #aac ,argilla vitriolata #fg1 #gh1 #gi ,argillace\s e>?1 :at #aaa ---- prop]ties ( #aab ---- pecies ( #aac1 #abb ,ars5ic1 prop]ties ( #bai ---- pecies ( #bbj-bbd ,auripigm5tum1 #bbc ,aurum 7ee gold7 ,baaltes #abj ,bimu?1 prop]ties ( #baj ---- pecies ( #baa-bad ,bitum9a 7see inflammables7 ,black jack #bcf ,black-lead #ace ,bloodtone #bjb ,blue ,john #if1 n4 #cj ,blue vitriol #fi ,bole #aad ,boracic acid #ce ,borax #ec ,brimtone #acd ,cruleum ,b]ol95e nativum #bjf ,calc>e\s e>? pure #ib ---- its prop]ties #ic ---- pecies ( #id-ajb ,calc$onius #abf ,calk #eh ,calx #ib1 #ic ---- a]ata #fc1 #id1 #ie ---- fluorata #if ---- nitrata #fj ---- pond]oa #cc ---- alita #fa ---- vitriolata #ei ,c>nelian #abf ,*alc$ony #abf ,*alk #fc1 #id1 #ie ,*]t #abi ,*oak-damp n4 #cg ,*ryopraius #aca ,c9nab] #agf ,clay #aad ,coal #aci ---- yields vol4 alkaly n4 #ej ,cobalt prop]ties ( #bbe ---- pecies ( #bbf-bca ,cobaltum 7ee cobalt7 ,common ammoniac #eb ---- alt #di1 #gf ,copp]1 its prop]ties #ahh ---- pecies ( #ahi-aif ,cornih fluor1 n4 #cj ,cubic nitre #dh ,cuprum 7ee copp]7 ---- nicolai #bah ---- vitriolatum #fi1 #hj1 #hb ,d]byhire fluor1 n4 #cj ,diamond #adb ,digetive alt #df ,dy]'s e>? #aad ,e>?s prop]ties ( #ba ---- h an attraction = ea* o!r #ajc ---- primitive & d]ivative #hc-hf ---- al9e #he ,e>?y comp\nds #bea-bec1 #bfj ,em]ald #aai ,epom alt #fc1 #gg1 #ajd1 #aje ,f$]]tz #aga ,ftid tone #ie ,feldpa? #acj ,feldpa?um #acj ,f]rum 7ee iron7 ---- a]atum #ga ---- nitratum #ga ---- alitum #ga ---- vitriolatum #gj1 #ha1 #hb ,fix$ air #cg ---- ammoniac #fb ,fluor acid #cj ,fluor p> #if ---- ,cornih1 n4 #cj ---- ,d]byhire1 n4 #cj ,gal5a #afe1 #ahe ,g>net #abj ,gemma #aai ,gems #aai ,glanz-cobalt #bcj ,glaub]'s alt #dg ,glimm] #abb ,gold1 prop]ties ( #add ---- pecies ( #ade-aej ,granatus #abj ,gypum #ei ,hmatites #ajb ,heavy e>? 7ee ! preface7 ---- ---- h[ obta9$ pure #hg ---- ---- prop]ties ( #hh ---- ---- p> #eh1 #hi1 #ij ,heliotropium1 n4 #be ,horn-ilv] #afa ,hydr>gyrum 7ee quickilv]7 ,hydrophanus #abf ,jap] #abg ,japis #abg ,inflammables1 def9ition (1 #bb1 #acb ---- pecies ( #acc-acf ,inflammable comp\nds #bed1 #bee ,iron1 prop]ties (1 #aig ---- pecies (1 #aih-bjf ,kupf]nickel #bah1 #bca ,lapis calam9>is #bcc ---- hepaticus #ij ---- pond]ou #ig ---- uillus #ie ,lead1 its prop]ties #agi ---- pecies (1 #ahj-ahg ---- vitriol (1 #aha ,limetone #fc1 #id1 #ie ,li?antrax #aci ,li?om>ga #aaf1 & n4 ,litmus1 n4 #be ,liv] tone #ij ,loadtone #bjj ,magnes #bjj ,magneia1 h[ got pure1 #ajd ---- prop]ties (1 #aje ---- pecies ( #aje-aji ---- a]ata #ff ---- common #ff ---- nitrata #fd ---- alita #fe ---- vitriolata1 #fc1 #gg ,manganee1 prop]ties (1 #bda ---- pecies (1 #bdb1 #bdc ,manganeium 7ee manganee7 ---- alitum #gd ,m>le #aae ---- calc>e\s #aja4 ,m>ble #fc1 #id1 #ie ,m>mor metallicum #eh1 #hi ,metals1 def9ition (1 #bc ---- prop]ties (1 #adc ---- table (1 #adc1 page #ga ,metallic comp\nds1 #bef ---- alts1 h[ kn[n1 #fh ,mica #abb ,m9]a arg5ti alba1 #afi ---- ---- cornea #afa ---- ---- griea #agj ---- ---- rubra #aff ---- ---- vitrea #afc1 #aic ---- cupri vitrea #aic ---- ---- lazurea #aid ---- f]ri alba #bjc ,mispickel #aii ,molybdna #acf ---- acid (1 #cb ,muriatic acid #bi ,nap?a #ach ,natron #ee ,neutral alts1 :at #dc ---- ---- p]fect #dc ---- ---- imp]fect #dc ,nevilholt wat]1 n4 #bi1 n4 #fg ,niccolum 7ee nickel7 ---- vitriolatum #gb ,nickel1 prop]ties ( #bae ---- pecies ( #baf-bah ,nitre1 common #de ,nitre ( lime #fj ---- ( ! anci5ts #ee ,nitr\s acid #bh ---- ammoniac #ea ,opal #abf ,petrefactions1 :at1 #bfb-bfe ---- g5]a ( #bff-bgj ---- calc>e\s #bfi ---- c9nab>9e #bge ---- cupre\s #bgf ---- gype\s #bfg ---- inflammable #bgc ---- irony #bgg ---- ilice\s #bga ---- ilv]y #bgd ---- vitriolic #bfh ---- peudo-gal5a #bgh ,petroleum #acg ---- pecies (1 #ach-ada ,petroilex #abi ,phophoric acid #cd ,pipe clay #aac ,pit coal #aci ,plat9a1 prop]ties (1 #aea ---- h[ made malleable1 n4 #aea ---- pecies (1 #aeb ,plat9um 7ee plat9a7 ,plumbago #ace ,plumbum 7ee lead7 ,porcela9 clay #aac1 & n4 ,pruian blue1 native #bjf ,peudogal5a #bcf ,pyrites #bjd ---- arg5teus #afd ---- arenicalis #bbd ---- aureus #adi ---- cupri #aie1 #aif ,qu>tz #abe ,qu>tzum #abe ,quickilv]1 prop]ties ( #agb ---- pecies ( #agc-agh ,riigallum #bbc ,rock ,oil #ach ,rub9us #aai ,ruby #aai ,sal ammoniac #eb ---- gem #gf ,sal9e comp\nds #bdg-bej1 #beg-bfa ,salt common #di ,salts def9ition ( #bj ---- metallic h[ dit+uih$ #fh ,salts native #bd ---- triple1 quadruple1 c4 #ge ,sapphire #aai ,saphirus #aai ,saxa #bea ,s*]le #abj ,s*itus alum9>is #aah ,s$ative alt #ce ,sel5ite #ei ,s]p5t9e #ajg ,sid]itis #bje ,silice\s e>? #abc ---- prop]ties (1 #abd ---- pecies (1 #abe-aca ,silv]1 prop]ties (1 #aec ---- pecies ( #aed-aga ,sm>agdus #aai ,soaprock #ajg ,sp> #fc ---- pond]\s #hi ,sp>ry fluor1 #cj1 #if ,/annum 7ee t97 ---- ulphuratum1 7ee preface7 ,/ones #bea ,/one m>r[ #aaf ,succ9um #adj ,sulphur #acc1 #acd ,talc #abb ,t>t> ( vitriol1 #dd ,t]ra ,lemnia #aaf ---- pond]oa1 7ee preface7 ---- ---- #hg ---- prop]ties (1 #hg ---- a]ata #eh ---- native1 n4 #hh ---- nitrata #eh ---- alita #eh ---- vitriolata #eh1 #hi1 #ij ,t]ra ,silicea #abc ---- prop]ties (1 #abd ---- pecies (1 #abe-aca ,t]r5e nitre #fj ,t91 prop]ties (1 #bjg ---- pecies ( #bjh1 #bji ,t9kal #ec ,topaz #aai ,t\rmal9e #aai ,tri*ites #gi ,tungt5 #ig ,vimutum 7ee ,bimu?7 ,vitriol blue #fi ---- gre5 #gj ---- :ite #gc ---- ( copp] #fi1 #hj1 #hb ---- ---- iron #gj1 #ha1 #hb ---- ---- nickel #gb ---- ---- z9c #gc ,vitriolic acid #bg ---- ---- phlogiticat$ #bg ---- ammoniac #ej ,volatile alkaly1 mild #ef ,volcanic productions #bgi ,zeolite #aba ,z9c1 prop]ties (1 #bcb ---- pecies (1 #bcc-bcf ,z9cum vitriolatum #gc4 ,,errata4 ,page #i1 n4 = ,dr4 ,,w]n]1 read ,pr(eor ,,w]n]4 #ae1 l9e #bc1 = ,,v&ell1 read ,,v&elli4 #ba1 l9e #aj1 = r$1 read gre54 #da1 l9e #i1 = acidor1 read acid or4 #ga1 l9e #e1 = #bg1ejj1 read #ba1jjj4 #ge1 note ---- #bg1ejj1 read #ba1jjj4 #ie1 l9e #a1 = #ajj p>ts1 read c5t5>y4 #ig1 l9e #g1 = b]ol9eue read1 ,b]ol95e4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is tranlation !y are introduc$ 9 _! prop] places4 ,w4 ,footnote #b3 ,!re is no difficulty 9 do+ ?is3 ei!r ! foil1 or ! vegetable fix$ alkaly phlogiticat$1 precipitate ! t]ra pond]oa1 9tantly & entirely1 out ( ! nitr\s1 muriatic1 or vegetable acids4 ,w4 ,footnote #c3 ,opuc4 *emica1 vol4 ,,ii4 page #b-aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,conult p>ticul>ly ,pr(eor ,,w]n]',s treatie on ! ext]nal *>act]s ( foils pr9t$ 9 ,g]man 9 ! ye> #aggd4 ,footnote #e3 ,! latt] "p ( ?is def9ition does n apply p]fectly well to ome ( ! imple alts4 ,i hall !re=e (f] ano!r1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,cull51 viz4 8,sal9e bodies are apid1 micible ) wat]1 & n inflammable40 ,i am enible too t ?is def9ition is n p]fectly unexceptionable1 ince x has be5 f\nd t vol4 alkaly 9 an a]ial tate is 9 a c]ta9 degree inflammable4 ,w4 ,footnote #f3 ,z ! t9cture ( heliotropium is ! nicet kn[n tet ( ! preence ( an acid1 x may n be amis to m5tion t x may be _h f dy]s "u ! "n ( litmus4 ,x is v *eap1 & g5]ally requires to be greatly dilut$ ) ditill$ wat] be=e x c be ued4 ,w4 ,footnote #g3 ,de !rmis pativ9is4 ,footnote #h3 ,! mot highly col\r$ & fum+ nitr\s acid may readily be r5d]$ col\rles by boil+ x hatily 9 an op5 veel4 ,"p ( ! acid flies (f1 c>ry+ ! up]abundant phlogiton along ) x1 9 ! =m ( nitr\s air4 ,w4 ,footnote #i3 ,n4 ,acta ,up4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,m4 ,m>graaf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,i h ome reaon to believe t ! ,nevil ,holt wat] does conta9 ome ( ?is acid 9 an uncomb9$ tate4 ,w4 ,footnote #ab3 ,opucul3 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,call$ ,d]byhire fluor2 ,cornih fluor1 blue ,john4 ,w4 ,footnote #ad3 ,d4 ,,s*eele ,act4 ,/ockh4 #aggh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,x has be5 lately obta9$ 9 great abundance f bones4 ,w4 ,footnote #af3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,de ,sale edativo naturali1 #aggh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,x is f\nd 9 a ep>ate tate 9 l>ge quantities 9 ome ( our m9es & wells1 & is call$ ! *oak damp4 ,9 ! fam\s ,grotto del ,cano too x exits tol]ably pure4 ,w4 ,footnote #ai3 ,d4 ,d4 ,,m>graaf1 ,,weigleb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,,m>graaf ,opuc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,,cav5di% ,phil4 ,trans4 #agfg4 ,footnote #bc3 ,dr4 ,home1 9 8 eay on blea*+1 ays x is f\nd 9 coal m9es 9 ?is il&1 & a fri5d aures me t he has obta9$ x f ! wat] iu+ out ( coal pits4 ,w4 ,footnote #bd3 ,z volatile alkaly may be obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities f pit coal1 & produc$ by procees n dep5dant ^u putrefaction1 !re is reaon to believe t ! vitriolic ammoniac may be =m$ 9 ev]al ways n notic$ by ! au?or4 ,w4 ,footnote #be3 ,acta ,/ockh4 #aggb4 ,footnote #bf3 ,f ome exp]im5ts lately made ,i f\nd t bo? t9kal & purifi$ borax1 requir$ twice _! weight ( edative alt1 to neutralize !m p]fectly o t !y w\ld no long] *ange vegetable blues to a gre54 ,w4 ,footnote #bg3 ,baum mem4 des c4 etr4 tom4 iv4 ,footnote #bh3 ,phil4 ,tran4 #agfg4 ,footnote #bi3 ,,h5*el ,be!da port4 ,footnote #cj3 ,,bom>e ,dictionaire4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i h lately dicov]$ a pecim5 ( ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa a]ata got out ( a m9e 9 ?is k+dom4 ,x is v pure1 & 9 a l>ge mas4 ,z ?is ubtance is a new acquiition to m9]alogy1 & may be turn$ to ueful purpoes 9 ,*emitry1 ,i int5d hortly to preent a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( x to ! ,royal ,society4 ,w4 ,footnote #cb3 ,conf4 ,prl4 ,,s*eff]i1 #ahh1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #cc3 ,m>graaf ,kl4 ,s*rift4 tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #cd3 ,i f\nd x 9 conid]able quantity 9 ! ,nevil ,holt wat]1 :5 ,i analyz$ x ix ye>s ago2 & x is probable t ! ,ballycatle wat] 9 ,irel&1 likewie conta9s x4 ,w4 ,footnote #ce3 ,9 ! orig9al ! ^w is ,,magnesium1 b x is "h *ang$1 by ! advice ( ,dr4 ,sw$i> & ! concurr5ce ( pr(eor ,b]gman to ,,manganesium1 9 ord] to prev5t confuion f its imil>ity to ,magneia4 ,w4 ,footnote #cf3 ,mr4 ,,monnet de aquis m9]alibus4 ,footnote #cg3 ,opusc4 *em4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #cid-cii4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! au?or peaks "h ( u* z he obta9$ by precipitation f acids1 b ! native ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa a]ata 7ee note at page #bh7 has a pecific gravity ( ne>ly #d1 #cch4 ,w4 ,footnote #ci3 ,opuc4 vol4 i4 p4 #ba1 #cih4 ,footnote #dj3 ,n4 ,acta ,up4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #aih4 ,footnote #da3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,i1 page #bc4 ,footnote #db3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,i1 page #cih4 ,footnote #dc3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi1 #cgc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,pr(eor ,b]gman does n "h eem to be uffici5tly aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 our ,devonhire pipe clay1 & t :i* is ued 9 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,! =m]1 9 an op5 fire1 burns to a blueih grey1 or pidgeon col\r2 ! latt] rema9s :ite4 ,! =m] eems to be ! ame z ! ,cologne & ,maetri*t pipe clay1 ( ,cront$t1 #gh2 ! latt] is a decay$ ,feldpa?1 & conequ5tly1 accord+ to our au?or1 7 #acj7 conta9s magneia4 ,our porcela9 clay1 likewie1 has qu>tz1 *rytals1 & mica mix$ ) x1 p>ts ( ! granite :i* x orig9ally compoed4 ,be=e x is ued ! qu>tz is ep>at$1 b ! mica rema9s4 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,watt = !e obervations4 ,w4 ,footnote #de3 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty to add ?is pecies ^u our au?or's own au?ority4 ,see ,,b]gman ,diff4 de ,li?om>ga1 page #ac4 ,footnote #df3 ,n4 ,acta ,upal4 vol4 ,,iii1 page #aba4 ,footnote #dg3 ,opuc4 vol4 ,i1 page #bia1 #bib4 ,footnote #dh3 ,x is probable1 t 9 ano!r edition1 ! au?or may ee reaon to ep>ate ! mica f ! talc2 z ome exp]im5ts ,i h made1 ?\gh yet too imp]fect = publication1 eem to indicate ! neceity ( u* a meaure4 ,w4 ,footnote #di3 ,opuc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hit4 des ,plantes de la ,gujane4 #aggd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,dr4 ,,sw$i> lately preent$ a pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 f :i* x appe>s highly probable t ,amb]grie is no?+ b ! indurat$ fces ( ! ,sp]ma ,ceti :ale1 :o fe$s ^u ! cuttle fih4 ,he has f\nd ! beaks ( t fih int]mix$ ) ! amb]grie1 9 ! =m ( black pots4 ,w4 ,footnote #eb3 ,opuc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #aab4 ,footnote #ec3 ,lavoii]1 ,mem4 de l',acad4 de ,p>is4 ,footnote #ed3 ,opusc4 vol4 ,,ii4 page #bge4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! degrees ( heat "h expreed1 are accord+ to ,f>5heit's cale4 ,by aturat+ phlogiton1 ,pr(eor ,b]gman means to expres ! proportionate quantities tak5 away f ea* metallic ubtance1 :5 diolv$ by means ( acids1 & ( c\re r$uc$ to a calci=m tate4 ,! lat column only exprees _! attractions to ?is "p ( _! phlogiton1 n to t :i* till rema9s unit$ to !m 9 a calci=m tate4 ,w4 ,footnote #ef3 ,opuc4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cgd-cgf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,diertatio de quantitate ,phlogiti 9 div]is metallis4 ,footnote #eh3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #daa4 ,footnote #ei3 ,opuc4 *em4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #dac4 ,footnote #fj3 ,f ome late exp]im5ts made ^u plat9a by ! ,c\nt de ,,sik5g51 & publih$ 9 ,g]man by pr(eor ,succ[1 x appe>s t ! pecific gravity ( pure plat9a is #ba1jjj4 ,:5 p]fectly pure & 9 its metallic tate x 0 n calc9$ by deflagration ) nitre1 x did n admit ( be+ h>d5$ or (t5$ by temp]+1 l teel or o!r metals2 x 0 drawn into a wire ( a l9e 9 diamet]2 ?is wire admitt$ ( be+ flatt5$1 & _h m tr5g? ?an a wire ( gold or ilv] ( ! ame ize4 ,?is plat9a is n fuible by ! tronget fire1 b melts 9 ! focus ( a burn+ glas2 its col\r :ite1 h9+ l f9e ilv]4 ,f conid]+ ! v int]et+ exp]im5ts ( ! ,c\nt de ,sik5g51 ,i appreh5d ! foll[+ me?od to obta9 pure & malleable plat9a w be f\nd a good "o4 ,diolve ! gra9s ( native plat9a t are leat magnetic1 9 aqua regia4 ,precipitate ! iron by means ( phlogiticat$ fix$ alkaly4 ,!n precipitate :atev] ele w fall1 by cautic vegetable alkaly4 ,saturate ! liquor ) cautic foil alkaly1 & et x by to *rytallize4 ,! yell[ *rytals ?us obta9$ are to be hamm]$ toge!r at a weld+ heat1 & ! metallic p>ts w unite4 ,w4 ,footnote #fa3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #aha4 ,footnote #fb3 ,phil4 ,tran4 ,footnote #fc3 ,?is ref]5ce is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,englih edition ( ,cront$t4 ,i imag9e x h\ld be #agd4 #f4 :]e x is call$ ! ,dal ,fal]tz4 ,w4 ,footnote #fd3 ,9 ?is ref]5ce too ,i upect a mitake4 ,x ought ,i believe to be #agc1 #f4 ,w4 ,footnote #fe3 ,"s late exp]im5ts made at ,hudon's ,bay eem to prove t ,quickilv] congeals & becomes malleable at #ci degrees bel[ #j4 ,see ,lond4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 page #bje1 = ! ye> #aghc4 ,w4 ,footnote #ff3 ,:5 ,i introduce a new pecies ,i repeat ! prec$+ numb]1 ) ! addition ( an at]ik1 r ?an break 9 ^u ! ord] ( ! au?or's numb]s4 ,i int5d hortly to publih an exact analyis ( ?is ubtance4 ,w4 ,footnote #fg3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #dbf4 ,footnote #fh3 ,opuc4 vol4 ,,ii4 page #dca4 ,footnote #fi3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #gj3 ,di4 de ,analyi4 f]ri4 ,footnote #ga3 ,call$ ,sid]itis1 f its reemblance to iron4 ,w4 ,footnote #gb3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #gc3 ,di4 de quantitate phlogiti 9 metallis4 ,footnote #gd3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,opuc4 *em4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ddf4 ,footnote #gf3 ,opuc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cji4 ,footnote #gg3 ,"s ( ! ulphur & alum1 ublim$ by ! ubt]ranean fires ne> ,bilton1 conta9 ilice\s e>?4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,page ,*ang$ f ,*ang$ to #ej ( #b1aee4 #ajj p>ts ( conta9 ( #b1aee4 #ajj p>ts ( x ab\t #be ( conta9 ab\t #be ( ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,correct$ ,errata4 ,us$ numb]s = footnotes1 plac+ !m all at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4