,,outlines ,,of ,,mineralogy1 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,original1 ,,of ,,sir ,,torbern ,,bergman1 ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,wasa1 ,,professor ,,of ,,chemistry ,,at ,,upsal1 ,c4 ,,by ,,william ,,withering1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,medical ,,society ,,at ,,edinburgh4 ,itum et in vicera terr2 ,quaque recondiderat tygiique admoverat umbris ,effodiunter opes1 irritamenta malorum4 ,,ovid4 ,,birmingham3 ,,printed ,,by ,,piercy ,,and ,,jones1 ,,for ,t4 ,,cadell1 ,,and ,g4 ,,robinson1 ,,london1 ,j4 ,,balfour1 ,,and ,c4 ,,elliott1 ,,edinburgh4 ,m1,,dcc1,,lxxxiii4 ,,translator's ,,preface4 ,the pleaure and intruction ,i received myelf from this excellent little work of ,profeor ,bergman1 inpired me with a wih to make it more generally known to others4 ,a ytem like this1 founded upon the constituent principles of things1 may be improved1 but never can be exploded4 ,englih names are given1 but the ,latin ones of the original are till retained1 as an acquaintance with them will enable the reader more readily to conult other authors4 ,blank paces are left after most of the pecies1 for the convenience of inerting any new ones that may occur4 ,i have added a few new pecies1 and ome notes2 the utility of which will be ufficiently obvious4 ,the table of metals1 at page #ga1 and the index at the end1 will alo1 ,i hope1 be conidered as ueful additions4 ,,birmingham1 #at ,september1 #aghc4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the centenary 7centenarius7 of ,,professor ,,bergman is equal to #fj ,swedih grains1 or nearly #fc ,englih grains4 ,,the ,,author's ,,preface4 ,in compliance with the requet of my learned and amiable friend1 the celebrated ,mr4 ,ferber1 ,i tranmitted to him a light ketch of mineralogy1 in which the ubjects were arranged according to their contituent or component parts4 ,after peruing it1 he requeted my permiion to publih it4 ,at firt ,i thought it better to uppres a work that was o imperfect1 epecially when ,i conidered the number of analyes that yet remained to be made4 ,he replied1 that a perfect method was not yet to be expected in a ubject o extenive1 but that having once laid a good foundation1 ,i might occaionally make uch additions and corrections1 in new editions of the work1 as future experiments might render neceary4 ,indeed1 ,i was fully aware1 that the ytem would ooner be rendered perfect1 if ubmitted to the inpection of other more dicerning chemits1 than if the completion of it reted upon myelf only4 ,the different remarks of others1 will correct errors1 which1 by a further attention1 ,i might have amended2 but if the interet of cience be promoted1 no matter by whom4 ,this little work contains ,,genera and ,,species1 except in the appendixes1 which1 as not properly belonging to my deign1 contain ,genera only4 ,the ,,genera are founded upon the prevalent component parts2 the ,,species upon the diverity of the composition4 ,varieties depend upon external appearances1 and therefore are at preent omitted4 ,after this manucript was ent away1 ,i dicovered two species of tannum ulphuratum 7tin combined with ulphur71 one of which contains about forty per cent4 of ulphur1 the other only twenty4 ,the firt has the appearance of aurum muivum2 the latter partly reembles antimonium ulphuratum 7crude antimony71 but does not contain antimony4 ,both are contaminated by a mall quantity of copper4 ,i got them from ,nerchinkoi in ,siberia#a4 ,as to the ,,terra ,,ponderosa 7heavy earth71 ,i have long been aware of its great reemblance to calx of lead1 and have even lately found a method of precipitating it by the phlogiticated alkaly#b2 o that ,i verily believe it to be of a metallic nature1 although it has never yet been made into a regulus1 and1 therefore1 ,i till place it with the earths1 until its ituation be better acertained4 ,if providence allots me life and health1 ,i hope1 a few years hence1 to republih this imperfect ketch1 corrected and enlarged4 ,,of ,a ,,natural ,,system ,,of ,,mineralogy4 #a4 ,the ,,mineral ,,kingdom conits of the foil ubtances found in the earth4 ,thee are either entirely detitute of organic structure1 or1 having once poeed it1 poes it no longer3 uch are the petrefactions4 #b4 ,it is requiite1 for the proper dicrimination of foils1 to etablih certain characters1 whereby they may1 at all times1 and in all places1 be ditinguihed from one another4 ,the cience that teaches thee is called ,,mineralogy4 #c4 ,as in the vegetable kingdom different methods have been formed upon the roots1 the leaves1 the flowers1 the fruit1 c4 o alo in ,mineralogy many methods may be devied1 and there is no doubt of the utility of contemplating inorganic bodies in every point of view2 for the more comparions are multiplied1 the more evidently do reemblances or differences appear4 #d4 ,but as the chief object of the cience is to render foils ubervient to the ues of man1 it is evident that that method mut be the bet which diplays their component parts3 for thee being well undertood1 we know what to expect from them2 we accommodate our deigns to their nature1 and pend not our labour and money in vain attempts inconitent with their inherent qualities4 #e4 ,there is a power implanted by the creator in organized bodies1 which1 upon the acquiition of proper nutriment1 unfolds and evolves the tructure which before lay concealed in the fecundated egg or eed4 ,similar veels1 in each pecies1 aborb1 convey1 and aimilate the nourihment in the ame manner2 o that the appearance and tructure remain the ame1 unles peculiar caues prevent the accutomed coure of things1 and produce monters3 but this very rarely happens4 ,hence it is that the leading features or the external parts agree with the internal properties1 and when judiciouly choen1 form ufficient characteritic ditinctions4 #f4 ,but the formation of foils is totally different4 ,here no ytem of veels collects1 ditributes1 ecretes or changes the concurrent particles1 but they run together by chance1 and are olely connected by the power of attraction2 they are generally1 too1 of different kinds1 rare and dene1 figured and hapeles1 admitting of every poible variety4 ,this general view of the ubject hews us how little external characters can be depended on2 but we hall more particularly conider the principal of thee4 #g4 ,colour varies exceedingly1 as does alo the ize of bodies4 ,we cannot ufficiently wonder at the violence done to nature by the tudied eparation of earths from tones4 ,the conequence is1 that a tone of a certain ize mut contitute one genus1 whilt the ame thing1 reduced to powder1 mut be placed under another genus1 which hall not be found even in the ame clas4 #h4 ,hardness not unfrequently varies even in the ame pecimen4 ,soft clay dries in the fire1 and at length acquires the hardnes of flint4 ,steatites 7oap-rock7 which may be craped with the nail1 and many other matters harden in the ame manner1 and that ometimes without any notable los of weight2 o that bodies pas through every different degree of hardnes1 without any other change of their mixture4 #i4 ,,texture1 and external form of the particles1 may eem at firt ight to depend more upon the contituent parts2 but a calcareous particle1 globular or hapeles1 is found1 upon the mot crupulous examination1 to poes the ame properties as a piece of par2 and in another place ,i have clearly hewn1 that the chirl-like1 garnet-like1 hyacinthine1 twelve-ided1 and other figures1 are not unfrequently formed by nature out of the ame materials#c4 ,and if we are liable to deception where o great a difference in external forms exits1 what can we expect from les contant external qualities8 #aj4 ,superficial characters are therefore inufficient4 ,they cannot even enable us to ditinguih calcareous from other earths1 for the effervecence with acids is a chemical mark1 and happens1 too1 in matters of very different natures4 ,to pas over other intances1 let him who is able ditinguih the plumbum aeratum and plumbum phophoratum 7 #ahb4 #ahc47 by external appearances only6 #aa4 ,but let us not altogether depie external characters3 it is of moment to know and mark them well#d4 ,they frequently enable the accutomed eye without troubleome trials to acquire a degree of certainty1 which wants only a few elect experiments to confirm it4 ,sometimes alo the ue depends upon external properties1 evident to our enes1 as the hardnes1 the colour1 the pellucidity1 c4 ,thee therefore may with propriety be joined to thoe which point out the contituent principles4 #ab4 ,claes1 ,genera and ,species are therefore to be formed upon the internal nature and compoition2 the varieties upon the external appearances4 ,in uch a ytem both methods conveniently agree4 #ac4 ,,cronstedt firt attempted this method1 and with great ucces2 but afterwards the liquid analyis1 in which the illutrious ,,margraaf took the lead1 better opened the internal ecrets of nature2 o that the excellent work of ,crontedt now appears to contain many errors2 thee however are not to be attributed to any fault in the author1 but to the inufficiency of his experiments4 ,the attempts of ,mr4 ,pott by fuion have long been known2 but thee however ueful in other repects1 rather tend to confound than to lay open the component parts of bodies4 #ad4 ,in methodizing foils1 compounds hould rank under the mot abundant ingredient4 ,thus let a and b repreent the component parts2 if the former be the heavier1 the compound mut be placed under the genus of that3 but this rule admits of everal exceptions4 #ae4 ,thus1 the properties of all ingredients are not of the same intenity1 if ,i may be allowed the expreion2 ome are more powerful or efficacious1 o as to impres the mas with their own genus and character1 though forming les than half the weight4 ,in uch a cae the qualities are rather to be conidered than the quantity1 epecially if b o far from preponderating hardly ever amounts to half the weight4 #af4 ,argillaceous earth 7earth of allum7 and magneia are never found eparate1 but almot always mixed with other things o that their weight contitutes the maller part of the mas3 therefore if the above rule 7 #ad47 was rigourouly adhered to1 thee primitive earths would not be found amongt the ,genera1 which would doubtles be an aburdity4 #ag4 ,the value of a thing mut likewie be conidered4 ,minerals containing gold or ilver mut be ranked with thoe noble metals although they hold three1 four1 or more times the quantity of heterogeneous matter4 ,not to mention other examples1 pyrites are placed under the genus copper although they contain a much greater quantity of iron4 ,this cutom1 etablihed with the univeral conent of mineralogits1 wants indeed a natural foundation1 but it eems ueful to miners to retain it2 and the more o as it is certain that otherwie many minerals would be to be sought for under trange and improper titles4 #ah4 ,latly1 it mut be remarked1 that the olid ingredient determines the genus although the mentruum be greater in quantity4 ,thus in magneia vitriolata 7,epom alt7 the earth gives the ,generic name1 although the vitriolic acid be the more ponderous4 ,the same holds good in gypum1 allum1 c4 ,,classes ,,of ,,fossils4 #ai4 ,fossils are of four kinds1 viz4 aline1 earthy1 inflammable1 and metallic2 hence arie four claes4 #bj4 ,salts1 or aline ubtances are more or les apid1 and when finely powdered diolve in at leat #ajjj times their weight of boiling water4 ,they melt in the fire1 which for the mot part changes or detroys them#e4 #ba4 ,earths are inipid1 not oluble in water in the degree mentioned above 7 #bj7 though perhaps water in ,papin's digetor will diolve ome if not all of them1 epecially if their urface be greatly increaed by a previous olution in and precipitation from ome other mentruum4 ,in the chain of nature they are by inenible gradation joined to the alts1 o as not to be ditinguihed without artificial limits4 ,their form is not changed by a moderate heat1 nor are they diipated by a violent one4 ,their pecific gravity is to water1 les than #e to #a4 #bb4 ,inflammable foils abound with phlogiton1 do not unite with water1 but when pure diolve in oils2 expoed to the fire1 they moke1 generally inflame1 are for the mot part conumed1 and ometimes totally vanih4 #bc4 ,metals when perfect do not diolve at all in water2 only a few of them in oils1 and then only when in part deprived of their phlogiton4 ,they are the heaviet of all known ubtances1 the lightet of them weighing more than ix times its bulk of water4 ,they melt in the fire with a hining urface1 and in clay veels the urface is convex4 ,,class ,i4 ,,salts4 #bd4 ,we begin with the nature and properties of aline bodies1 for unacquainted with thee our knowledge of other bodies mut be exceedingly imperfect4 ,native alts are either acid1 alkaline1 neutral1 earthy or metallic4 #be4 ,acids may be ditinguihed by their proper tate2 they effervece with mild alkalies2 and change the blue juices of vegetables and tincture of heliotropium to a red colour#f4 ,we are acquainted with many pecies of acids1 but they are hardly ever found pure in the bowels of the earth1 nor can we expect to find them o when we conider how oon uch powerful mentrua mut meet with ubtances to aturate them4 ,their great abundance and their properties hew their various and indipenible ues in the conomy of nature4 #bf4 ,as mineralogy treats of thoe bodies which are found under the urface of the earth1 and as acids in an uncombined tate are not found there1 it would eem proper to exclude them2 but the ame reaon would likewie exclude the primitive earths1 ome of which have never yet been found pure4 ,therefore in a ytem formed upon the component parts of bodies1 a hort decription of the principal of thee is not to be dipened with1 although they hardly ever preent themelves in a eparate tate4 #bg4 ,vitriolic ,,acid4 ,when mot concentrated by artificial means its pecific gravity is #b1 #abe4 ,when pure1 has neither colour nor mell4 ,cold ometimes though very rarely concretes it into a olid form2 it may be coagulated by nitrous air4 ,this as well as the other acids is bet known from the compounds it forms with other ubtances4 ,mr4 ,,vandelli#g ays that it is ometimes mixed with the treams from the hills in the neighbourhood of ,sienna and ,viterbo1 raied no doubt by ubterranean fires2 but in general it is united to alkalies 7 #dd1 #dg1 #ej17 to earths 7 #eh1 #ei1 #fc1 #fg17 to metals 7 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc17 or to phlogiton 7 #acd1 #acf47 ,phlogiticated vitriolic ,,acid 7volatile vitriolic acid7 is frequently thrown out by the craters of volcanoes2 its mell uffocating and penetrating4 ,the union to phlogiton and the matter of heat gives it an aerial form1 but does not prevent its union with water4 #bh4 ,nitrous ,,acid is by ome excluded from the foil kingdom1 becaue they uppoe it to be produced from the putrefaction of organic bodies4 ,but thee bodies when deprived of life are again received amongt the foils1 from whence their more fixed parts were originally derived4 ,in the mot concentrated tate that art can procure it1 its pecific gravity is #a1 #ehj4 ,colourles when pure2 but its trong attraction to phlogiton renders particular management neceary to procure it o#h4 ,with different proportions of phlogiton it forms phlogiticated acid and nitrous air4 ,it has never as far as ,i know been met with diengaged1 unles perhaps in water precipitated out of the atmophere1 but is found united to alkalies 7 #de1 #dg1 #ea 7 or to earths 7 #fj1 #fd47 #bi4 ,muriatic ,,acid 7pirit of alt7 is found in great quantity at and under the urface of the earth4 ,the tronget prepared by art hardly attains a pecific gravity of #a1 #aej4 ,it has a very peculiar and volatile mell4 ,deprived of its uperfluous water it aumes an aerial form1 for phlogiton eems to be one of its contituent parts#i4 ,it has never been found uncombined 7unles perhaps like the nitrous acid in water precipitated from the atmophere#aj7aa but united to alkalies 7 #df1 #di1 #eb71 to earths 7 #fa1 #fe71 or to metals 7 #gd1 #afa1 #age1 #aia74 #cj4 ,fluor ,,acid1 is obtained by art2 its pecific gravity never exceeds #a1ejj1 it is very volatile4 ,its vapours when hot1 corrode glas2 and meeting with moiture generate1 or at leat depoit iliceous earth4 ,when deprived of its uperfluous water it aumes an aerial form#ab4 ,it has never been found diengaged1 but united to calcareous earth forming parry fluor#ac 7 #if7 and if ,i am not mitaken it enters into the compoition of iliceous earths4 #ca4 ,arenical ,,acid1 dry2 prepared by art2 pecific gravity #c1cia2 fuible and fixed in the fire1 until it acquires from the matter of heat o much phlogiton as is neceary to convert it into white arenic4 ,in a moit air it deliqueces4 ,it is not found uncombined1 but united to calx of cobalt 7 #bbh71 and alo to phlogiton1 forming a brittle arenical metal 7 #bbj71 and its calx 7 #bbb74 #cb4 ,molybdna ,,acid4 ,this is very probably of metallic origin1 though it does not yet appear to which metal it belongs4 ,seeing that arenic1 a brittle metal1 by dephlogitication only is changed into an acid1 different from all other acids1 it is not improbable that other metals may have an acid bais1 although their phlogiton adhering more trongly has not yet been completely eparated4 ,how this ubtance may be obtained by art does not belong to this place to decribe#ad2 but that the acid got from ,molybdna has a metallic nature1 and as yet has not been perfectly freed from phlogiton1 is probable from the following coniderations4 #a1 ,its tate is acid and at the ame time metallic4 #b1 ,microcomic alt and borax are coloured by it1 and thee alts are hardly coloured by any thing but metallic calxes4 #c1 ,its decompoition by means of the phlogiticated fixed alkaly1 which always indicates the preence of a metal4 #d1 ,its concrete form1 and not deliquecing1 analogous to white arenic4 #e1 ,its pecific gravity #c1dfj4 ,and very lately ,m4 ,,hielm by my peruaion attempted the reduction and obtained a regulus1 eemingly different from every other metal1 but not yet ufficiently examined4 #cc4 ,an acid conjoined to the calx ponderoa 7ponderous calx or lime7 is nearly allied to the preceding1 but dropped into lime water produces a different compound1 though in a number of other circumtances thee two acids agree4 ,i apprehend that this is likewie of a metallic nature4 #cd4 ,phophoric ,,acid1 evidently exits in the animal kingdom1#ae much more plentifully in the vegetable1 but in the foil very rare4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,gahn firt detected it united with lead2#af but probably it may be found in many other foils4 ,it is fuible in the fire4 ,its pecific gravity when deprived of water #b1fhg4 #ce4 ,boracic ,,acid1 7acid of borax1 or edative alt47 ,many people till think this to be an artificial production1 but not long ince ,mr4 ,,hoefer#ag found it in a lake near ,sienna in the great dutchy of ,hetruria1 and it has long been known to be united to the foil alkaly in native borax4 ,it acts like an acid1 though very feebly4 ,it melts in the fire and volatilizes with water4 ,its pecific gravity is #a1dhj4 #cf4 ,amber ,,acid1 is a concrete alt obtained from amber2 it acts like a feeble acid4 ,it is yet doubtful whether amber be of vegetable origin2 many reckon it foil4 #cg4 ,aerial ,,acid 7fixed air7 is not only combined with water but with many other foil ubtances1 as alkalies 7 #ed1 #ef71 earths 7 #fb1 #ff71 and with ome metals 7 #ga1 #ahc1 #aib1 #bag1 #bcd1 #bdc74 ,it floats uncombined in the atmophere4 ,its pecific gravity #j1jjahah4 #ch4 ,,alkalies are known by their peculiar lixivial tate1 by their vehement attraction to acids1 and by their changing the blue colours of vegetables to a green4 ,in a pure tate1 as was before oberved of acids1 their attraction to other ubtances is o trong that they cannot long remain uncombined2 and if other acids were wanting1 the aerial acid1 every where preent in the atmophere1 would unite with them3 therefore they are always found in a tate of combination1 unles prepared by art4 #ci4 ,new acids are daily detected1 but no additions have been made to the three pecies of alkaly long ince known4 #dj4 ,vegetable fixed ,,alkaly1 deprived of every acid is not found on the face of the earth2 but it is ometimes met with in combination with the vitriolic acid 7 #dd7 or the muriatic 7 #df71 generally with the nitrous1 7 #de7 rarely with the aerial 7 #ed74 #da4 ,foil fixed ,,alkaly is only found in combination with acids1 rarely with the vitriolic 7 #dg7 or nitrous 7 #dh71 principally with the muriatic 7 #di7 or aerial 7 #ee74 #db4 ,volatile ,,alkaly is frequently found in clays1 doubtles in a mild tate1 for the help of art is required to render it cautic4 ,it is alo found united to the vitriolic 7 #ej7 and the muriatic acids 7 #eb47 #dc4 ,,acids united to alkalies form ,,neutral ,,salts4 ,thee diolved in water are no ways diturbed by the addition of an alkaly1 and generally by evaporation concrete into crytals4 ,if by proper tets they hew neither acid nor alkaline properties they are aid to be perfect neutrals1 but imperfect when from defect in quantity or trength of one ingredient the peculiar properties of the other more or les prevail4 ,we now proceed to conider the native alts of both kinds4 ,,neutral ,,salts4 #dd4 ,alkali vegetabile vitriolatum 7tartar of vitriol7 eldom occurs pontaneouly1 unles where tracts of wood have been burnt down4 #de4 ,alkali vegetabile nitratum 7common nitre7 forms upon the urface of the earth where vegetables1 epecially when mixed with animal ubtances1 putrify4 ,the alkaline bais previously exits in the plants#ai1 but the origin of the acid is not o well undertood3 whether it lies concealed in the vegetable acid1 and by means of the putrefactive proces ufficiently dephlogiticating it1 is evolved2 or whether the purer part of the atmopheric air contains nitrous acid fully aturated with phlogiton1 which#bj upon the alkaly being eparated by the putrefaction is attracted and extricated by it1 and upon loing its inflammable principle aumes its accutomed form4 ,nature perhaps operates in both ways2 the latter however eems clearly confirmed by a very remarkable experiment 7 #fj47 ,as nitre is annually produced in large quantities1 it cannot but ometimes be found in prings or wells1 as has been oberved at ,berlin#ba1 ,london#bb1 and elewhere#bc4 ,sometimes it abounds in uch quantities that fleh boiled in thee waters turns red4 #df4 ,,alkali vegetabile alitum 7digetive alt7 is ometimes though rarely met with2 generated perhaps by the detruction of animal and vegetable ubtances4 #dg4 ,,alkali minerale vitriolatum 7,glauber's alt7 is ometimes found in waters4 ,some of the lakes in ,siberia and ,astracan contain it1 and many prings in other places4 #dh4 ,,alkali minerale nitratum 7cubic nitre7 rarely occurs but where maritime plants putrify4 #di4 ,,alkali minerale alitum 7common alt7 plentiful every where as well in the earth1 where it forms trata more or les thick 7al gem71 as alo diolved in prings and lakes1 and in the ea4 7ea alt47 #ej4 ,,alkali volatile vitriolatum 7vitriolic ammoniac7 is carcely found any where but in places where the phlogiticated fumes of vitriolic acid arie from burning ulphur1 and in putrid places are aborbed by the volatile alkaly4#bd ,thus at ,fahlune the acid vapour from the roated minerals produces this alt in the neceary houes4 ,it is ometimes alo formed in the craters of volcanoes4 #ea4 ,,alkali volatile nitratum 7nitrous ammoniac7 is generally found along with common nitre4 #eb4 ,,alkali volatile alitum 7al ammoniac or common ammoniac47 ,i have examined ome from ,veuvius1 and ome from the ,solfaterra near ,naples4 ,the alts hitherto enumerated are perfect neutrals1 thoe which follow are imperfect 7 #ec1 #ef47 #ec4 ,,alkali ,,fossil1 only in part aturated with a peculiar acid is called tinkal2 after depuration1 borax4 ,it is dug out of the earth in the kingdom of ,thibet#be4 ,borax takes nearly an equal weight of acid before the alkaline properties entirely diappear#bf4 ,i believe no one has yet found the acid of borax united either to the vegetable or volatile alkalies4 #ed4 ,,alkali ,,vegetabile aeratum 7mild vegetable alkaly7 is hardly ever found native1 unles in the neighbourhood of woods detroyed by fire4 ,in the year #aggd1 at ,douai in ,flanders1 a pring was dicovered urrounded by a wall1 whoe waters1 beides other impregnations1 contained #aa grains of vegetable alkaly in a pint#bg4 #ee4 ,,alkali ,,minerale aeratum 7mild foil alkaly1 natron1 the nitre of the ancients7 is found plentifully in many places1 particularly in ,africa and ,aia1 either concreted into chrytallized trata1 or fallen to a powder2 or efflorecing on old brick walls1 or latly1 diolved in prings4 ,it frequently originates from decompoed common alt4 ,i am not ignorant that the acid of common alt adheres trongly to its bais o as not to be expelled by fire2 but perhaps the viciitudes of the atmophere continually acting for ages1 may be more powerful4 ,in immene plains covered over with this alkaly1 carcely any common alt is found upon the urface1 but the deeper you dig the more it is contaminated by it1 the common alt being yet undecompoed for want of acces of air4 #ef4 ,,alkali ,,volatile aeratum 7mild volatile alkaly7 has been found in pump waters in ,london#bh1 in ,lauchtadt#bi1 at ,frankfort on the ,mayne#cj1 and copper immered therein is aid to have been diolved into a blue liquor4 ,the three alkalies mentioned above as aturated with aerial acid1 differ greatly from cautic alkalies1 in the mildnes of their tate1 in their property of chrytallizing1 and in their effervecing with acids which expel the aerial acid1 but they till change vegetable blues to greens1 though not o powerfully as the cautic alkalies do4 ,therefore1 although the ubtil aerial acid in other repects gives them neutral properties1 yet in this it does it but imperfectly4 #eg4 ,the compounds of earths and acids which poes olubility mentioned at #bj1 are decompoed and precipitated by mild1 but not by phlogiticated alkalies4 #eh4 ,,terra ,,ponderosa vitriolata1 7heavy par1 marmor metallicum1 calk7 is placed with the earths 7 #hi47 ,terra ponderoa nitrata i4 e4 terra ponderoa united to the nitrous acid1 perhaps exits omewhere1 but has never been met with2 neither has the terra ponderoa united to the aerial acid1 yet been found#ca4 ,terra ponderoa alita i4 e4 terra ponderoa with the muriatic acid ,mr4 ,,hielm ays#cb is diolved in the waters of the lake ,vettern and its neighbourhood4 #ei4 ,,calx vitriolata 7gypum1 elenite7 is not only found diolved in various waters1 but alo in many places forms immene trata4 ,it is placed by all mineralogits amongt the earths1 but ,i think improperly4 ,when burnt it generates heat with water1 but in a les degree than lime does4 #fj4 ,,calx nitrata 7nitre of lime2 terrene nitre7 is ometimes found in water1 but very paringly4 ,it is aid that the chalk hills in ome parts of ,france become pontaneouly impregnated with nitrous acid1 which may be wahed out1 and after a certain time they will become impregnated with it again4 #fa4 ,,calx ,salita 7fixed ammoniac7 occurs very frequently in waters4 #fb4 ,,calx aerata 7marble1 limetone1 chalk1 par7 is very commonly found diolved in waters in conequence of an exces of the aerial acid4 ,when it greatly abounds1 the water is aid to be hard 7cruda74 ,by boiling1 or by evaporation1 it depoits treaks or cruts of calcareous matter4 ,calx aerata is not oluble in water without an exces of the ubtil acid1 and therefore might properly be referred to the earths 7 #ba74 #fc4 ,,magnesia vitriolata 7,epom alt7 is not unfrequent in the waters of ,england1 ,bohemia1 and other countries4 ,this alt is preently decompoed by lime water1 which circumtance readily ditinguihes it from the alk4 min4 vitriol4 or ,glauber's alt4 #fd4 ,,magnesia nitrata 7magneia and nitrous acid7 is uually found together with nitre4 #fe4 ,,magnesia alita 7magneia and muriatic acid7 is found diolved in various waters1 but plentifully in ea water1 to which it gives a diagreeable bitternes4 #ff4 ,,magnesia aerata 7common magneia7 with an exces of aerial acid it becomes oluble in cold water1 otherwie it is carce oluble at all1 and therefore hould be claed with the earths4 7 #ba47 #fg4 ,,argilla vitriolata 7alum7 is ometimes pontaneouly generated by the decompoition of pyrites lodged in clay1 or in argillaceous chitus4 ,it is found in a pring at ,steckenitz in ,bohemia#cc1 in ,eat ,bothnia and elewhere4 ,what is commonly called plumoe alum is not a aline ubtance4 ,,argilla 7clay7 united to the nitrous1 muriatic#cd1 or aerial acids has not to my knowledge hitherto been found in any waters4 ,,metallic ,,salts4 #fh4 ,the native alts belonging to this diviion1 may be ditinguihed by the phlogiticated alkaly which precipitates them all4 ,the few which have aline properties 7 #bj47 we hall mention here1 referring the ret to the mineralized metals4 #fi4 ,,cuprum vitriolatum 7vitriol of copper1 blue vitriol7 is found in the mines of ,herregrund1 ,fahlune1 and others which contain copper pyrites4 #gj4 ,,ferrum vitriolatum 7vitriol of iron1 green vitriol7 is formed from the decompoition of the more common pyrites4 #ga4 ,,ferrum aeratum 7iron with aerial acid7 diolved by an exces of acid in the lighter chalybeate waters4 ,,ferrum nitratum1 and alitum 7iron with nitrous and muriatic acids7 have never yet been found native4 #gb4 ,,niccolum vitriolatum 7vitriol of ,nickel7 ometimes exits from the decompoition of ulphureous ores of ,nickel4 #gc4 ,,zincum vitriolatum 7vitriol of zinc1 white vitriol7 is ometimes1 though rarely1 produced ,by the decompoition of peudogalena1 or black ,jack1 becaue this ubtance does not very readily decompoe pontaneouly4 #gd4 #ce,,manganesium alitum 7manganee united to muriatic acid7 exits in ome waters ,mr4 ,,hielm ays4 ,whether manganee be ever united to waters like iron1 by means of an exces of aerial acid1 we know not4 ,,triple ,,salts4 #ge4 ,the compound alts hitherto enumerated are uch as are compoed of two ingredients only2 but ometimes three or more are o united as not to be eparated by chrytallization4 ,the vitriols that we are acquainted with are hardly ever pure1 and two or three of them ometimes are joined together4 ,sometimes likewie it happens that neutral alts join earthy alts1 and earthy alts metallic ones4 ,i generally ditinguih compound alts according to the number of their principles1 whether the ame acid be joined to everal baes1 or the ame bais to different acids2 or latly1 whether everal mentrua and everal baes are joined together4 ,hence arie alts triple1 quadruple1 c4 which the diligence of after times mut illutrate4 ,i ubjoin the mot remarkable examples of triple and quadruple native alts which have occurred to me4 #gf4 ,,alkali ,,minerale ,,salitum 7common alt7 contaminated by magneia alita4 ,the common alt when pure does not deliquece1 but this degree of purity is eldom found1 and in the native foil production 7al gem7 never4 #gg4 ,,magnesia vitriolata 7,epom alt7 contaminated by ferrum vitriolatum#cf 7vitriol of iron47 #gh4 ,,argilla vitriolata 7alum7 native1 contaminated by vitriol of iron4 ,in the aluminous chitus it ometimes effloreces in a feathery form4 ,is this the plumoe alum of the antients8 #gh994 ,,argilla vitriolata 7alum7 native2 contaminated by ulphur and vitriolic acid4 ,at the places about ,wednebury and ,bilton1 in ,staffordhire1 where the coal pits are on fire1 this ubtance ublimes to the urface1 and may be collected in coniderable quantity during dry or froty weather4 ,i cannot be certain that this is a true chemical union1 but the eye cannot ditinguih the parts4 ,perhaps the ulphur volatilizes the alum and o becomes intimately mixed with it4 ,the exces of vitriolic acid keeps it in a deliquecent tate4 ,i believe a imilar compound ubtance ublimes at the ,solfaterra near ,naples4 ,w4 #gi4 ,,argillia vitriolata 7alum7 native1 contaminated by vitriol of cobalt4 ,in the mines of ,herregrund and ,idra this may be een1 hooting out into long lender filaments4 ,perhaps this is the trichites of the ,greeks4 ,diolved in water it immediately betrays the preence of vitriolic acid1 upon the addition of terra ponderoa alita 7muriatic acid aturated with heavy earth47 ,by the addition of phlogiticated alkali a precipitate of cobalt is thrown down1 which makes a blue glas with borax or microcomic alt4 #hj4 ,,cuprum vitriolatum 7vitriol of copper7 contaminated by iron4 #ha4 ,,ferrum vitriolatum 7vitriol of iron7 contaminated by nickel4 #hb4 ,,cuprum vitriolatum 7vitriol of copper7 and vitriol of iron contaminated by zinc4 ,such is found at ,fahlune4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,earths4 #hc4 ,before we can undertand the nature of earths1 we mut know their component parts4 ,thoe earths which cannot be further decompoed we call primitive1 and thoe which conit of two or more of thee intimately united1 derivative4 ,by this union we do not mean a mere mechanical diffuion1 at leat not uch as can be ditinguihed by the eye1 as is the cae in tones1 7axa47 #hd4 ,it is evident that the primitive earths will contitute o many natural ,genera1 and different mixtures of thee the ,species4 ,they who would make everal ,genera out of one primitive earth1 mut eparate the glay1 red1 white1 horny ilver ores1 and other different compoitions into as many ,genera1 or ele act inconitently with their own principles4 #he4 ,at preent we only know five primitive earths4 ,they who reckon fewer1 ret their opinions upon fanciful metamorphoes unupported by faithful experiments#cg4 ,as experiments teach us that there are five primitive earths1 it is evident that the ,species ariing from the mixture of thee cannot exceed twenty-four1 viz4 #aj double 7coniting of two earths7 #f triple1 #c quadruple1 and the #e primitive4 ,although thee different mixtures are poible1 and probably do exit1 they have not yet been all found4 ,the natural compoitions of acids with the earths1 forming ubtances not oluble in #ajjj times their weight of boiling water1 and which may be called aline earths1 mut be added to the pecies1 as they are certainly chemical combinations4 #hf4 ,the primitive earths hitherto detected are1 ,,terra ,,ponderosa1 or heavy earth4 ,,calx1 calcareous earth4 ,,magnesia1 magneia4 ,,argilla1 argillaceous earth4 ,,terra ,,silicea1 iliceous earth4 ,and we mut believe thee to be primitive1 until it hall appear by proper experiments that they may be eparated into others till more imple1 or changed into one another by art4 ,thee are firt to be conidered in their greatet implicity and purity1 although nature never preents us with uch1 nor can they even by art be rendered abolutely free from all heterogeneous mixture4 ,water and aerial acid readily unite with the four firt1 and when expelled by fire1 a little of the matter of heat is added1 and remains until driven out by a more powerful attraction4 ,but in this tate they poes a degree of purity not to be attained by any other known method4 ,therefore it is neceary to examine them when ufficiently burnt in order to ditinguih better what properties depend upon adhering heterogeneous matters4 ,,heavy ,,earth1 ,,or ,,terra ,,ponderosa4 #hg4 ,to obtain this as pure as poible1 the pathum ponderoum #hi 7heavy par7 mut be reduced to a fine powder1 and with equal parts of fixed alkaly and charcoal dut roated for an hour in a covered crucible4 ,powder the mas1 and add nitrous or muriatic acid diluted until all effervecence ceaes1 and the liquor be enibly acid4 ,to this liquor add mild fixed alkaly1 and the heavy earth will be precipitated in a mild tate4 ,if the acids or the alkaline alt contain any vitriolic acid1 the heavy par will immediately be regenerated4 ,what remains undiolved by the acid is heavy par1 not decompoed4 ,the proces may be repeated upon this1 but the product will then contain ome martial earth and ome clay from the crucible1 therefore the firt part will be the mot pure4 #hh4 ,,terra ,,ponderosa aerata1 7heavy earth7 has a pecific gravity of #c1 #ggcch4 #ajj parts of it contain about #bh of water1 #g of aerial acid1 and #fe of pure earth4 ,it efferveces with acids3 with the vitriolic acid forms heavy par1 not oluble in water2 with the nitrous and muriatic acids1 it yields chrytals1 not very readily oluble2 but with the vegetable acid the chrytals deliquece4 ,when free from all contamination of acid or alkaly it carcely melts in the fire1 but loes of its weight4 ,when united with the matter of heat1 7i4 e4 rendered cautic7 it diolves in #ijj times its weight of water2 and when this olution is expoed to the atmophere1 a cream or crut eparates at the top1 which efferveces with acids4 ,after burning1 it unites to acids without effervecence2 but heat is produced1 and the union is more tardy than when it is in a mild tate#ci4 ,when cautic1 it expels the volatile alkaly from al ammoniac1 and forms a hepar with ulphur1 the watery olution of which is but imperfectly decompoed by the nitrous or muriatic acids1 upon account of the remarkable attraction betwixt this earth and the acid of the ulphur1 which it even takes from the vegetable alkaly#dj4 ,when we compare thee properties with thoe which belong to common calcareous earth1 mentioned at 7 #ib1 #ic71 we hall readily ee wherein they agree1 and wherein they differ4 #hi4 ,,terra ,,ponderosa vitriolata 7heavy par7 is full four times as heavy as an equal bulk of water4 ,it diolves entirely1 though paringly1 in concentrated boiling vitriolic acid1 but the addition of a ingle drop of water occaions a precipitation4 ,the ame thing happens to gypum2 but that requires much les acid to diolve it1 and the precipitation is made more lowly4 ,if the heavy par contained any ulphur1 it mut certainly have appeared when the whole was diolved1 but ,i never could find any thing like it4 ,,cronstedt1 ,min4 #ah4 #b4 ,marmor metallicum druicu #ai ,c4 ,ponderous ,spar4 #ij4 ,,terra ,,ponderosa vitriolata1 impregnated with bitumen1 and mixed with gypum1 alum1 and iliceous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bd4 ,lapis hepaticus4 ,liver ,stone4 ,a nucleus of this kind1 taken out of a piece of alum ore from ,andrarum in the province of ,skone1 yielded1 in #ajj parts1 by analyis1 #cc of iliceous earth1 #bi of cautic heavy earth1 earth of alum about #e1 and quick-lime from #c to #g1 beides the water and vitriolic acid4 ,by calculation it appears1 that thee baes1 together with vitriolic acid enough to aturate them1 ought to weigh #ga1 which1 with the addition of #cc1 exceeds the amount of the original #ajj4 ,this increae points out the difference of a mas newly chrytallized1 and of one carefully dried4 #ia4 ,when we conider that the terra ponderoa was altogether unknown before the year #aggd1 and that many mineralogits are even now unacquainted with it1 we cannot wonder that we know o few pecies of it4 ,i have carce a doubt but the terra ponderoa aerata may be found mixed with other earths in many pecimens1 when they come to be examined by chemical means more accurately than they could be heretofore4 7,see notes to #eh and #hh47 ,,calcareous ,,earth1 ,,or ,,calx4 #ib4 ,as calcareous earth united to the aerial acid is found native1 it requires but little trouble to have it pure4 ,let elected pieces of chalk1 reduced to fine powder1 be repeatedly boiled in pure water3 this diolves any calx or magneia alita which it may contain4 ,this done1 it holds no heterogeneous matter but what mechanically adheres to it1 the quantity of which is generally extremely mall4 ,if we deire to be free from this likewie1 diolve the wahed chalk in ditilled vinegar1 precipitate with volatile alkaly1 and after wahing the precipitate well1 dry it4 #ic4 ,the pecific gravity of calcareous earth thus purified1 is #b1gbj4 #ajj parts of it contain about #cd of aerial acid1 #aa of water1 and #ee of pure earth4 ,acids unite with it effervecing1 and a centenary 7centenarius7 excites about #bb degrees of heat4 ,the vitriolic acid forms gypum1 difficult to diolve1 7 #ei74 ,the nitrous and muriatic acids form deliquecent alts 7 #fj1 #fa71 and the acetous acid permanent chrytals4 ,pure calcareous earth does not melt in the fire1 but loes of its weight4 ,it diolves in #gjj times its weight of water1 generating heat#da4 ,acids diolve it1 producing from a centenary #beb degrees of heat1 but without any effervecence4 ,this lat circumtance may be bet oberved by immerging the burnt earth in water1 to diipate a part of the heat1 which would otherwie make the acid boil4 ,the water likewie expels the atmopheric air from the pores of the lime4 ,in this ituation1 if nitrous or muriatic acid be poured upon it1 and if it was previouly well burnt1 no effervecence will take place4 ,the olution proceeds lowly#db1 but the aturation becomes as perfect as if the calcareous earth had been in a mild tate4 ,this burnt earth1 or lime1 expels the volatile alkaly from al ammoniac in a cautic tate1 and it diolves ulphur2 but this compound is eparated upon the addition of any acid1 even the aerial4 #id4 ,amongt the native ,species of this genus1 we mut firt mention the ,,calx aerata 7marble1 limetone1 chalk7 which contitute immene trata4 ,its chief properties are enumerated above 7 #ib74 ,it is very rarely found entirely free from iron1 which exits even in the puret ,icelandic par1 and indeed in almot every foil production2 upon which account only the more remarkable impregnations with iron will be noticed in the following pages4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #e-ab4 #ie4 ,,calx aerata 7calcareous earth mild71 with more or les petroleum4 ,it efferveces with acids1 and diolves2 with the vitriolic acid frequently turning brown4 ,is ftid when heated or rubbed4 ,the oil is not in ufficient quantity to be collected1 by ditillation1 in drops2 it only fouls the inide of the veels1 unles a very great quantity be operated upon4 ,in an open fire the colour preently vanihes1 from the petroleum drying up4 ,it generally contains a portion of martial clay4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bb1 #bc4 ,lapis uillus4 ,ftid tone4 #if4 ,,calx fluorata 7calcareous earth and fluor acid71 when pure1 is wholly oluble in nitrous and muriatic acids4 ,expoed to heat1 below ignition1 it emits a phosphorecent light4 ,fluor acid1 dropped into lime water1 precipitates a powder which has all the properties of the calx fluorata4 ,it is ometimes1 but not always1 contaminated by a mall proportion of iliceous earth and muriatic acid4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ig-aja4 ,sparry fluor4 ,blue ,john4 #ig4 ,,calx 7calcareous earth7 aturated with a peculiar acid1 perhaps of a metallic nature 7 #cc74 ,in acids1 particularly in the muriatic1 it aumes a remarkable yellow colour1 but is not very oluble4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #baj4 ,lapis ponderous4 ,tungten4 #ih4 ,,calx aerata 7calcareous earth mild71 contaminated by a mall proportion of magneia alita4 ,magneia4 #ii4 ,,calx aerata 7calcareous earth mild7 contaminated by clay4 ,argillaceous4 #ajj4 ,,calx aerata 7calcareous earth mild71 contaminated by iliceous earth4 ,siliceous4 #aja4 ,,calx aerata 7calcareous earth mild71 contaminated by clay and iliceous earth4 7,see #aae47 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #be4 #bh4 ,calcareous ,marle4 #ajb4 ,,calx aerata 7calcareous earth mild71 contaminated by iron and manganee4 ,martial4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #cj4 ,see alo #bjc4 ,hmatites4 #ajc4 ,there can be no doubt that the four firt 7 #id-ig471 if not the lat 7 #ajb71 are genuine and ditinct pecies2 there is ome difficulty as to the ret1 dependent1 perhaps1 only upon mechanical mixtures4 ,if the heterogeneous matters can be dicerned by the eye1 we cannot heitate to refer the ubtance to the axa 7tones72 but in thee the eye cannot dicern them4 ,moreover1 we know that the earths have a mutual attraction to each other1 and form combinations more intimate than mechanical ones4 ,earth of alum1 precipitated by a cautic alkali1 and thrown into lime water1 preently loes its pellucid and pongy texture1 turns white1 and condenes1 aborbing the lime from the water1 and forming an union not to be eparated but by chemical means4 ,from thee coniderations1 ,i dare not venture to exclude doubtful pecies4 ,we ay a thing is contaminated by another1 when the mixture is of the mechanical kind2 but when things are joined by the tronger power of attraction1 we ay they are united4 ,,magnesia4 #ajd4 ,magnesia1 called in the dipenatories1 and by apothecaries magneia alba1 is a precipitation from its union with vitriolic acid1 called ,epom alt4 ,if this earthy precipitate be wanted in the greatest degree of purity1 the ,epom alt must be taken chrytallized1 and well depurated1 diolved in distilled water1 and precipitated by volatile alkaly4 ,let the liquor be boiled for a few minutes1 in order that what is kept in olution by the aerial acid may ubside4 #aje4 ,magneia1 thus obtained1 has a pecific gravity of #b1aee4 #ajj parts of it contain about #be of aerial acid1 #cj of water1 and #de of earth#dc4 ,it diolves in acids1 with a violent effervecence1 but without heat4 ,it again forms ,epom alt1 with the vitriolic acid2 with the nitrous acid it chrytallizes1 but the chrytals are deliquecent2 with the muriatic and vegetable acids it does not chrytallize1 and after drying1 greedily attracts moiture from the atmophere4 ,it does not melt in a moderate heat1 but loes of its weight1 and then has no attraction for water2 diolves lowly1 even in acids1 and that without effervecence1 but with ome degree of heat4 ,after calcination1 it expels the volatile alkaly from al ammoniac1 and unites to ulphur1 though very feebly4 ,,magnesia aerata 7common magneia7 is never found native and unconnected1 unles in waters1 when it is diolved by an exces of aerial acid4 7 #ff47 #ajf4 ,,magnesia aerata 7common magneia7 united with iliceous matter4 ,this efferveces with acids1 and not unfrequently trikes fire with teel4 #ajg4 ,,magnesia intimately united with iliceous matter4 ,the oluble part is lowly taken up by acids1 without effervecence4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #gi-hc4 and perhaps #ajb-aje alo2 but ,i have not yet ubmitted the abeti to the liquid analyis4 ,soaprock4 ,serpentine4 #ajh4 ,,magnesia united to argillaceous1 iliceous1 and pyritical matters4 ,m4 ,,monnet dicovered this1 and the next pecies4 #aji4 ,,magnesia united to argillaceous1 iliceous1 and pyritical matters1 and likewie contaminated by petroleum4 ,this pecies reembles aluminous chitus1 but upon examination is found to contain more magneia than clay4 #aaj4 ,all the pecies1 except the firt1 are more or les contaminated by iron1 but they do not owe all their colour to this ubtance4 ,the green colours altogether vanih during ignition1 and leave only a white opake mas4 ,,argillaceous ,,earth1 ,,or ,,argilla4 #aaa4 ,by earth of alum 7argilla7 ,i do not mean common clay1 which is never free from iliceous matter1 but a pure clay1 unmixed1 at leat1 with any other earth4 ,it may be readily obtained by diolving ,roman or roach alum in ditilled water1 filtering1 and precipitating by mild volatile alkaly4 #aab4 ,the pecific gravity of this pure clay1 or earth of alum1 is #a1cje4 ,it diolves in acids1 with a little effervecence4 ,with the vitriolic acid it forms alum2 with the nitrous1 muriatic and vegetable acids1 deliquecent alts4 ,when dry1 it aborbs water greedily1 becomes oft1 and1 with a due quantity of water1 gains uch a tenacity1 that it may be moulded at pleaure4 ,this mas contracts greatly in the fire1 from whence arie numerous cracks2 and with a due degree of heat1 it becomes hard enough to trike fire with teel4 ,by this burning it loes its glutinous tenacity1 and the water is excluded by the approach of the particles2 nor does it again aume its former properties1 but by olution and precipitation4 ,it may be diolved in the dry way1 by means of fixed alkaline alt1 as well as in the liquid way1 by acids4 ,the vitriolic acid is better than the others for this purpoe1 becaue more eaily concentrated4 ,earth of alum neither diolves ulphur1 nor decompoes al ammoniac4 #aac4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 united to iliceous matter only4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #gh4 ,argilla porcellana4 ,porcelain clay4 ,pipe clay4 ,i never examined any clay which did not contain a large quantity of iliceous earth2 generally more than half its weight#dd4 #aad4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 united to iliceous and irony matter4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #hg and #ij4 ,bole4 ,dye-earth4 ,clay4 #aae4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 united to iliceous and calcareous matter4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #be4 ,marga argillacea4 ,marle4 #aaf4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 united to iliceous earth and magneia4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #hd1 #d4 ,b4 ,terra lemnia4 ,its component parts reemble thoe of talc1 but differ in their proportions1 and are alo les intimately united4 #aaf994 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 united to iliceous1 calcareous1 and magneia earths4 ,lithomarga47#de7 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #hd4 ,a4 ,stone marrow4 #aag4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 contaminated by vegetable alkaly and ulphur1 or at leat by the acid of ulphur4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #abd4 #b4 b4 ,minera aluminis romani4 ,alum ore4 ,it certainly contains vitriolic acid#df1 and perhaps1 alo1 a mall portion of ulphur4 ,the vegetable alkaly ufficiently hews its volcanic origin4 #aah4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 contaminated by iliceous matter1 pyrites1 and petroleum4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #abd4 #b4 c4 ,schitus aluminaris#dg4 ,alum late4 #aai4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 intimately united with les than half its weight of iliceous earth1 and a mall quantity of mild calcareous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #dc-dh4 ,gemma4 ,the ,gems uffer no change under the blowpipe1 with foil fixed alkaly1 but are diolved by microcomic alt and borax4 ,to this head belong ,rubinus1 the ruby2 ,saphirus1 apphire2 ,topazius1 topaz2 ,smaragdus1 emerald4 ,the tourmaline holds a kind of middle place betwixt the gems and the cherle4 ,the colour1 in all of them1 is owing to iron4 #abj4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 intimately united to half its weight of iliceous earth 7or more71 and a little mild calcareous earth4 ,scherle4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #fh-ga4 ,granatus et ,baaltes1 which ,i call ,scherle4 ,the remote varieties of thee are eaily ditinguihed1 the near ones difficultly4 #aba4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 looely united to half its weight1 or more1 of iliceous earth1 and a little calcareous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ajh-aab4 ,zeolithus4 ,zeolite4 ,there is a great affinity betwixt this and ,scherle2 but in the zeolite1 the component parts cohere o looely1 that acids attach and eparate them without their being previouly treated with alkalies2 but this is not the cae with the cherles4 ,zeolite1 contaminated by magneia1 ,i have not yet examined4 #abb4 ,,argilla 7argillaceous earth7 intimately united to a large proportion of iliceous earth1 and a mall proportion of magneia4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ic-if4 ,mica4 ,talcum4 #dh;,glimmer4 ,talc4 ,,siliceous ,,earth1 ,,or ,,terra ,,silicea4 #abc4 ,this1 like the other primitive earths1 is eldom found pure4 ,in order to have it o1 reduce clear quartz chrytals into powder2 melt it with four times the weight of fixed alkaly2 diolve the whole in water2 precipitate by a large quantity of trong acid2 carefully wah and dry the precipitate4 ,the acid mut be ued in a uperfluous quantity1 that any other earths contained may be diolved4 #abd4 ,the pecific gravity of this earth1 is #a1ige4 ,the particles1 when firt precipitated1 occupy1 in water1 at leat twelve times the pace that they do when dried2 o that1 when ufficiently fine1 they may remain upended therein2 nay1 when vehemently heated in a cloe veel1 they may be diolved4 ,no acid1 except that of fluor par 7 #cj7 has any action upon this earth4 ,fixed alkalies unite with it in the liquid way1 but in the dry way they eize it with great vehemence1 and convert twice their weight of it into a permanent transparent glas4 ,such is its affinity to alkalies1 that it imparts to clay1 which is always loaded with it1 the power of eparating ome of the acid from nitre and common alt4 ,when pure1 it is refractory in the fire4 ,although iliceous earth is not altogether imple1 yet1 in mineralogy1 it mut be conidered as primitive1 until deciive experiments hew us from which of the preceding earths it is derived#di4 #abe4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth7 united to very mall quantities of calcareous and argillaceous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ea4 ,quartzum4 ,quartz4 #abf4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth7 united to argillaceous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #eh4 ,calcedonius4 ,chalcedony4 ,and perhaps the ,opal4 ,the ,hydrophanus is only a variety of thee4 ,whether the carnelian1 and other ilice1 of finer or coarer texture1 belong to this or the preceding pecies ,i cannot yet determine with certainty4 #abg4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth71 united to an argillaceous and highly martial earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #fd1 #fe4 ,japis4 ,japer4 #abh4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth71 loaded with martial earth4 ,martial4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ec4 ,this pecies is often called japer1 but improperly1 becaue it contains no argillaceous earth4 #abi4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth71 united to argillaceous and a mall quantity of calcareous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #fc4 ,petroilex4 ,chert4 #acj4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth7 united to argillaceous earth and a little magneia4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ff4 ,feldpathum4 ,feld pat4 #aca4 ,,terra ,,silicea 7iliceous earth71 united to magneia1 mild calcareous earth1 fluor par and alo to the calxes of copper and iron4 ,chryopraius4 ,i have not examined this1 but inert it upon the experiments of ,mr4 ,achard4 ,to determine accurately the pecies of earths is the mot difficult part of mineralogy1 for innumerable analyes yet remain to be made4 ,but that which now eems intricate and obcure will become plain and eay when experiments have been ufficiently multiplied4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,inflammables1 ,,or ,,bitumina4 #acb4 ,to this head we refer all foils containing phlogiton in uch great abundance1 that under proper management they are inflammable4 ,the ,genera are obviouly very few1 and accurately peaking there is only one ,genus4 ,but ince phlogiton is so very ubtle as not by itelf to become the object of our enes1 it will perhaps be advieable to conider its more imple combinations as ,genera3 this has long been done o far as repects the metals1 by univeral conent4 ,,sulphur4 #acc4 ,this name may be given to any acid coagulated by phlogiton into a olid form4 ,if all metals conist of certain radical acids aturated with phlogiton1 as is highly probable1 and with repect to arenic is indubitably proved2 then metals ought to find a place here4 ,but until this theory be etablihed by numerous experiments1 we hall only rank under this head the compounds which have not a metallic nature4 #acd4 ,,phlogiston aturated with vitriolic acid4 ,,cronstedt1 ,min4 #aea4 ,common ,brimtone4 ,sulphur4 #ace4 ,,phlogiston aturated with aerial acid4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aed4 ,a4 plumbago4 ,black-lead4 ,the true compoition of this has been detected by ,mr4 ,,scheele4 #acf4 ,,phlogiston united to the acid of vitriol and of molybdna2 or what amounts to the ame1 ulphur joined to the acid of molybdna4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aed4 b4 c4 ,molybdna4 ,molybdna4 ,the acid of molybdna has never yet been obtained quite free from phlogiton 7 #cb74 ,if this acid be of a metallic origin1 molybdna is a mineralized metallic ubtance1 and hould be placed with the other minerals4 ,,petroleum4 #acg4 ,phlogiston occurs alo in the foil kingdom1 combined in an oily form2 but many uppose this derived from the vegetable kingdom4 #ach4 ,,petroleum pure and elected4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #adg-aej4 ,naptha4 ,rock oil4 #aci4 ,,petroleum joined to argillaceous earth4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aeg-afj4 ,lithantrax4 ,pit ,coal4 #adj4 ,,petroleum united to acid of amber4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #acc-adf4 ,succinum4 ,amber4 ,many contend that amber has a vegetable origin2 but as the point is not very well determined2 and as it is found amongt foils1 ,i till retain it here4 #ada4 ,,ambergrise1 according to the aertion of ,mr4 ,,aublett1 is nothing more than the juice of a tree inpiated by evaporation into a concrete form4 ,this tree grows in ,guyana1 and is called ,cuma1 but has not been invetigated by any botanit4 ,pieces of this tree are aid to be carried down into the rivers by heavy rains1 and the pecimens examined by ,mr4 ,,rouelle had the odour and principal qualities of amber#ej4 ,,rumphius1 long ince1 mentioned a tree called ,nanarium1 whoe juice reembled amber#ea4 ,,diamond4 #adb4 ,at firt ight ,i may eem to have acted erroneouly1 by eparating this from the other gems1 and inerting it here2 but after due conideration1 ,i know not where to place it better4 ,it has never yet been decompoed by the liquid analyis#eb2 and when expoed to the fire in an open veel1 it is wholly conumed1 burning with a lambent flame4 ,this deflagration1 though low1 hews decidedly its affinity to the inflammables3 beides1 in the focus of a burning glas1 it leaves traces of oot#ec4 ,when further experiments teach us better1 ,i hall willingly correct my error4 ,,class ,,iv4 ,,metals4 #adc4 ,i have before mentioned the great affinity betwixt metallic and inflammable ubtances 7 #acc74 ,zinc and arenic stand1 as it were1 upon the borders betwixt them2 for these1 in proper circumtances1 burn with a very evident flame4 ,all the metallic ubtances contain phlogiton1 and when1 to a certain degree1 deprived of it1 fall into a powder like an earth2 but their attractions for phlogiton are different4 ,mot of them1 when melted in a common way1 and expoed to the air1 have an earthy crut formed upon the urface1 which cannot again be reduced to metal without the addition of ome inflammable matter4 ,the bae metals1 eleven in number1 have this property3 but the noble metals1 platina1 gold and ilver1 are o firmly connected to the phlogiton1 that they never calcine under fuion1 however long continued2 and after being changed into a calx in the liquid way1 when melted in the fire1 they re-aume their metallic form1 without any other phlogiton than what is contained in the matter of heat4 ,quickilver holds a kind of middle place2 for1 like the bae metals1 it may be calcined1 though not readily2 and like the noble ones1 it may be reduced by heat alone4 ,i have placed each diviion of the metals in the order of their specific gravities4 ,thoe metals1 which are found in a perfect metallic tate1 are called native2 thoe united to acids1 or to ulphur1 are aid to be mineralized2 and thoe which are only deprived of their phlogiton1 calciform#ed4 ,,table ,,of ,,metals4 ,attraction ,,metals4 ,specific ,melting ,saturating to ,gravity4 ,heat#ee4 ,phlogiton4 aturating ,phlogiton4 ,gold #ai1fdj #acja #cid #a or #b ,platina #ba1jjj #gef #a or #b ,silver #aj1eeb #ajjj #ajj #c ,quickilver #ad1aaj #ci or #fcd #gd #d ,lead #aa1ceb #eie #dc #aj ,copper #h1hgf #adej #cab #h ,iron #g1hjj #afja #cdb #aa ,tin #g1bfd #dae #aad #i ,bimuth #i1fgj #did #eg #g ,nickel common #g1jjj #acja #aef #aa pure #i1jjj #afja ,arenic #h1cjh #aji #e ,cobalt common #g1gjj #adej pure #afja ,zinc #f1hfb #fii #ahb #aa ,antimony #f1hfj #hji #abj #f ,manganee #f1hej very great #bbg #aa ,,aurum1 ,,or ,,gold4 #add4 ,the pecific gravity of this metal1 when pure1 is #ai1fdj4 ,aqua regia diolves it2 but except the dephlogiticated muriatic acid1 and in certain circumtances the nitrous1 no imple acid acts upon it1 unles it has been previouly calcined#ef4 ,the quantity of phlogiton necearily taken away in the olution of #ajj parts of gold1 ,i etimate at about #cid2 whilt the ame quantity of ilver1 loes by olution in the nitrous acid1 #ajjeg4 ,gold retains the phlogiton neceary to its metallic form1 more obtinately than any other metal1 except1 perhaps1 platina4 ,it melts and calcines in the focus of a burning glas at #acja degrees of heat4 #ade4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 united to ilver4 ,native4 ,i do not know that gold has ever yet been found perfectly pure4 #adf4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 united to copper4 ,native4 #adg4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 united to ilver and copper4 ,native4 #adh4 ,,aurum nativum 7gold native7 united to ilver1 copper1 and iron4 ,native4 #adi4 ,,aurum 7gold71 mineralized by ulphur1 by means of iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cronstedt ,min2 #aff4 a4 ,pyrites aureus4 ,but ome doubt may be made about the mineralization of gold#eh4 #aej4 ,,aurum 7gold7 mineralized by ulphur1 together with ilver1 lead1 and iron4 ,minera aurifera ,nagyayenis4 ,i have not yet fully examined this#ei4 ,,platinum1 ,,or ,,platina4 #aea4 ,its pecific gravity is #ah1jjjfj1 when very pure4 ,it diolves in aqua regia1 and the los of phlogiton during the olution1 according to the experiments hitherto made may be expreed by #gef4 ,beides the muriatic acid1 which when dephlogiticated diolves every metal1 no acid acts upon platina without it has undergone a previous calcination4 ,it eems to retain its phlogiton more obtinately than any other metal4 ,to melt it requires a heat greater than that at which iron melts4 #aeb4 ,,platina native united to iron4 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agi4 ,i believe it has never been found quite free from iron1 but this can be eparated by art#fa4 ,,argentum1 ,,or ,,silver4 #aec4 ,its pecific gravity is #aj1eeb4 ,the nitrous acid readily diolves it1 the vitriolic mut be boiling hot2 the muriatic attracts its calx very trongly1 but cannot remove its phlogiton and therefore cannot diolve it in its metallic tate4 ,the quantity of this phlogiton which caues the difference betwixt its metallic and its calciform tate ,i before expreed as #ajj in #ajj parts of ilver4 ,but the force with which it retains this portion of its phlogiton is les than that of gold2 that is1 it occupies the third place in a eries of all the metals4 ,it melts at #ajjj degrees of heat4 #aed4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native7 united to gold4 ,native4 #aee4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native71 united to copper4 ,native4 #aef4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native71 united both to gold and copper4 ,native4 #aeg4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native71 united to iron4 ,native4 #aeh4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native71 united to arenic4 ,native4 ,the arenic hardly exceeds 4 #aei4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native71 united to antimony4 ,native4 ,when melted1 it mokes but has no mell of arenic4 #afj4 ,,argentum nativum 7ilver native71 united to arenic and iron4 ,native4 ,the three metallic ingredients are nearly in equal proportions4 ,all the pecies hitherto mentioned have metallic properties and appearances4 ,the contaminating matters are ometimes extremely mall1 but not to be neglected when they exceed part of the mas4 #afa4 ,,argentum 7ilver7 mineralized by the vitriolic and muriatic acids4 ,hornlike4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agg4 ,minera argenti cornea4 ,horn-ilver4 ,mr4 ,,woulfe#fb1 detected the preence of the vitriolic acid4 ,the ilver eldom exceeds 4 ,i know not whether it is ever altogether free from vitriolic acid4 #afb4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by the vitriolic and muriatic acids1 and ulphur4 ,i doubt whether this be a ditinct pecies1 ince the ulphur and the alts carcely admit of any other than a mechanical union4 #afc4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,glay4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #afi4 ,minera argenti vitrea4 ,it ometimes contains of ilver1 or more4 #afd4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur and iron4 ,marcaitical4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agf1 #aj4 ,pyrites argenteus4 #afe4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur and lead4 ,potters4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agf1 #h4 ,galena4 ,the ilver is only a few half ounces in a hundred weight4 #aff4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur and arenic4 ,red4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agj4 ,minera argenti rubra4 ,it contains about of ilver4 ,iron is frequently preent1 as in mot other pecies but not always4 #afg4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 and iron4 ,glittering4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agb4 ,i have examined ome pecimens from ,saxony which ometimes contain no ilver4 ,may we not therefore uppoe that the ilver is native and not mineralized8 #afh4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 iron and cobalt4 ,the ilver is ometimes more than 4 #afi4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 copper and iron4 ,white ore4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aga4 ,minera argenti alba4 ,the proportion of ilver varies much1 ometimes it is or more4 #agj4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 copper1 iron1 and antimony4 ,grey ore4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agc4 #f4 ,minera argenti griea4 ,in the province of ,dal#fc4 ,it contains of copper1 eldom ilver4 #aga4 ,,argentum 7ilver71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 antimony and iron4 ,plumoe4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #agc4 #e4 ,federertz of the ,germans#fd4 ,it eldom contains more than a few half ounces of ilver in the hundred weight4 ,it is aburd to found pecies upon the differences of the matrix3 thee ought to be conidered elewhere4 ,,hydrargyrum1 ,,or ,,quicksilver4 #agb4 ,its pecific gravity is #ad1aaj4 ,it has been erroneouly ranked among the brittle metals1 for at #fed degrees below #j it freezes#fe1 and then preads under the hammer like lead4 ,but as uch an extreme degree of cold rarely happens unles artificially produced1 we ceae to wonder why it is always liquid or rather melted4 ,nitrous acid diolves it readily1 vitriolic acid requires to be aited by a boiling heat2 muriatic acid does not act upon it all1 unles previouly deprived of as much phlogiton as in #ajj parts may be called #gd4 ,the attractive power wherewith it retains this portion of phlogiton occupies the fourth place in the eries2 that is1 it holds it les trongly than the noble but more trongly than the bae metals4 #agc4 ,,hydrargyrum nativum 7quickilver native74 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bag4 ,whether it be entirely free from every metallic contamination ,i have not yet tried4 #agd4 ,,hydrargyrum 7quickilver71 united to ilver4 ,amalgamated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bag4 #age4 ,,hydrargyrum 7quickilver71 mineralized by muriatic and vitriolic acids4 ,hornlike4 ,mineralogy owes the dicovery of this to ,mr4 ,,woulfe4 ,phil4 ,tran4 #agf4 ,,hydrargyrum 7quickilver71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,cinnabarine4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bah4 ,cinnabaris4 #agg4 ,,hydrargyrum 7quickilver71 mineralized by ulphur and iron4 ,martial4 ,i am doubtful whether this be a ditinct pecies4 ,the iron perhaps is only mechanically diffued4 #agh4 ,,hydrargyrum 7quickilver71 mineralized by ulphur and copper4 ,cuprous4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bai4 ,,plumbum1 ,,or ,,lead4 #agi4 ,its pecific gravity is #aa1ceb1 greater than that of any other of the bae metals4 ,the nitrous acid perfectly diolves it2 the muriatic more difficultly2 the vitriolic hardly at all1 for the vitriol of lead being inoluble in water incruts the metal1 and prevents its olution4 ,after calcination the weaket vegetable acids diolves it1 and acquire a weet tate4 ,the phlogiton neceary to be taken away in order that it may diolve may be called #dc1 which is les than that of any other metal4 ,hence we undertand why the calx of lead may be reduced with a very minute quantity of inflammable matter4 ,with repect to the force wherewith it retains this phlogiton it occupies the tenth place4 ,it melts at #eie degrees of heat4 #ahj4 ,,plumbum nativum 7lead71 though many mineralogits doubt whether it has ever yet been found4 ,native4 #aha4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by vitriolic acid4 ,vitriol of4 ,originating from the decompoition of ,galena4 ,it is rarely met with4 ,it was firt oberved by ,mr4 ,,monnet4 ,it does not effervece with acids4 ,it may be reduced by the blowpipe upon charcoal4 #aha994 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by vitriolic acid and iron4 ,exiting in immene quantity in the iland of ,angleea4 ,it does not reduce with the blowpipe upon charcoal1 but melts to a black glas#ff4 ,w4 #ahb4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by the acid of phophorus4 ,phophorated4 ,this was dicovered by ,mr4 ,,gahn4 ,it does not effervece with acids4 ,it melts upon charcoal with the blowpipe1 but is not perfectly reduced4 #ahc4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by the aerial acid4 ,aerated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ahe4 ,it efferveces with acids1 and is readily reduced upon charcoal#fg4 #ahd4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,sulphurated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ahg4 #ahe4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by ulphur and ilver4 ,galena4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ahh4 #ahf4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized ulphur1 with ilver and iron4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #ahi4 #ahg4 ,,plumbum 7lead71 mineralized by ulphur1 with ilver and antimony4 ,radiated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aij4 ,,cuprum1 ,,or ,,copper4 #ahh4 ,its pecific gravity is #h1hgf4 ,nitrous acid diolve it readily1 muriatic acid lowly1 and the vitriolic requires intene boiling4 ,the phlogiton1 eparated in the olution of #ajj parts1 may be expreed by #cab4 ,the weaket vegetable acids act upon it1 epecially after calcination1 and o do alkalies1 the volatile alkaly epecially4 ,with repect to the power with which it retains the phlogiton1 copper holds the eighth place4 ,it melts with #adej degrees of heat4 #ahi4 ,,cuprum nativum 7copper native74 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aic4 ,it's rarely found without ome alloy of gold1 ilver or iron2 but ,i have not yet fully examined it4 #aij4 ,,cuprum calciforme 7copper71 imply deprived of its phlogiton4 ,calciform4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aie4 #aia4 ,,cuprum 7copper71 mineralized by muriatic acid and argillaceous earth4 ,micaceous4 ,mr4 ,,werner1 in his tranlation of ,crontedt's ,mineralogy1 part #a1 page #bag1 has decribed it accurately1 and kindly ent me a pecimen of it1 which ,i analyed#fh4 #aib4 ,,cuprum 7copper71 mineralized by the aerial acid4 ,aerated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aid1 #aif4 b4 #c4 ,mr4 ,,fontana firt pointed out its true compoition4 ,it contains about of copper1 or of aerial acid1 and a little water#fi4 #aic4 ,,cuprum 7copper71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,vitreous4 ,,cronstedt1 ,min4 #aig4 ,minera cupri vitrea2 a common1 but improper name4 ,it generally contains ome alloy of iron4 #aid4 ,,cuprum 7copper71 mineralized by ulphur1 and a mall proportion of iron4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aih1 b4 ,minera cupri lazurea4 ,by a mall proportion of iron1 ,i mean les than the weight of the copper2 by a large proportion1 more4 ,this contains from #dj to #ej per cent4 of copper4 #aie4 ,,cuprum 7copper71 mineralized by ulphur1 and a large proportion of iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aih4 ,pyrites ,cupri4 ,the quantity of copper varies greatly1 but eldom exceeds 4 #aif4 ,,cuprum 7copper71 mineralized by ulphur1 iron and arenic4 ,grey4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aih4 a4 ,pyrites cupri grieus4 ,this frequently contains an alloy of ilver4 ,the copper rarely exceeds 4 ,,ferrum1 ,,or ,,iron4 #aig4 ,its pecific gravity is #g1hjj4 ,all the acids readily diolve it2 but the vitriolic mut be diluted1 otherwie it may be boiled almot to drynes1 without effecting it4 ,the phlogiton1 dilodged from centenary of ductile iron1 may1 as experiments now tand1 be called #cdb2 and this is o feebly retained1 that this metal1 with a few others1 holds the eleventh1 or lowet place in the eries4 ,it requires an intene degree of heat to fue it1 viz4 #afja1 if the uual comparion betwixt the mercurial thermometer1 and the metallic one of ,,mortimer1 be true4 ,iron is red hot at #ajej degrees of heat4 #aih4 ,,ferrum nativum 7iron7 native4 ,native4 ,it can hardly be doubted1 but that the great mas of iron1 brought by ,,pallas1 from ,siberia1 into ,europe1 is the product of nature4 ,its compoition reembles that of forged iron2 for #ajj parts of it yield1 by means of the muriatic acid1 #di cubic inches of inflammable air2 and from many experiments upon ductile iron1 that is found to yield from #dh to #eagj4 #aii4 ,,ferrum nativum 7iron7 native1 united to arenic4 ,arenical4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bdc4 ,b4 ,mispickel4 #bjj4 ,,ferrum 7iron71 with the power of attracting other iron4 ,loadtone4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #baa4 b4 ,magnes4 ,the caue of this property is yet unknown4 #bja4 ,,ferrum 7iron71 with phlogiton enough to render it magnetic4 ,magnetic4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bab1 #bac4 ,but the quantity of phlogiton is far hort of that which is neceary to render it ductile1 for a centenary hardly contains more than three cubic inches of inflammable air4 #bjb4 ,,ferrum calciforme 7iron calciform71 imply deprived of phlogiton4 ,ochrous4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bjb-bjf4 ,bloodtone4 #bjc4 ,,ferrum 7iron71 mineralized by aerial acid1 calcareous earth1 and manganee4 ,white4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bj4 ,minera ferri alba4 #bjd4 ,,ferrum 7iron71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,pyritical4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aeb4 ,pyrites4 #bje4 ,,ferrum 7iron7 intimately united to a new brittle metal#ga1 or to a peculiar modification of iron1 rendering it brittle when cold4 ,cold-hort4 ,in cold-hort iron1 a brittle metal exits1 readily uniting to ductile iron1 by the aitance of heat1 but rendering it brittle when cold4 ,this ubtance1 diolved in acids1 forms ,pruian blue with phlogiticated alkaly1 but it is not magnetic3 it affords a white calx1 richer in phlogiton than the yellow calx of good iron4 ,i hope1 by more experiments1 oon to become better acquainted with it4 #bjf4 ,,ferrum calciforme 7iron calciform71 phlogiticated in a peculiar manner4 ,blue4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bjh4 ,cruleum ,berolinene nativum4 ,clay and mould are sometimes coloured uperficially by a dilute blue1 and ometimes the former1 when newly dug up1 is found to acquire this colour upon expoure to the air4 ,it is evident that the bais of this colour is an irony matter1 full of phlogiton2 for1 by ignition upon a charcoal fire1 it flames1 turns red1 and becomes magnetic4 ,with a gentle heat it becomes green1 but when melted gives black cori4 ,alkalies1 as well as acids1 diolve it1 and the colour vanihes1 but appears again1 if precipitated from the former by acids1 and from the latter by alkalies2 but it has then a greenish cat1 and oon becomes white4 ,this white ediment1 immered in an infuion of galls1 or of tea1 recovers its former colour4 ,from what has been aid1 it appears that this colour1 although analogous to the artificial ,pruian blue1 differs from it in its intensity1 in the mode of its production1 and in various properties4 ,it keeps its colour in water1 but turns black with oil4 ,,stannum1 ,,or ,,tin4 #bjg4 ,its pecific gravity is #g1bfd4 ,vitriolic1 muriatic1 acetous acids1 and aqua regia1 diolve it1 but the nitrous1 epecially when trong1 attacks it o violently1 that it oon reduces it to the tate of an inoluble calx4 ,the quantity of phlogiton it loes by olution1 may be called #aad2 and this it retains with a force that gives it the ninth place in the eries4 ,it melts eaier than any metal1 except quickilver1 viz4 at #dae degrees4 #bjh4 ,,stannum nativum 7tin74 ,native4 ,this ,i have not een4 ,some doubts are entertained of its true nature1 and1 perhaps1 not without reaon4 #bjh994 ,,stannum ulphuratum 7tin71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,sulphurated4 ,see the ,preface4 #bji4 ,,stannum calciforme 7tin7 calciform1 contaminated by iron4 ,calciform4 ,,vismutum1 ,,or ,,bismuth4 #baj4 ,the heaviest of all the brittle metals that follow it1 its pecific gravity being #i1fgj4 ,nitrous acid1 and aqua regia diolve it perfectly4 ,the vitriolic acid mut be boiled nearly to drynes before it acts upon it1 and the muriatic acid only attacks its calx4 ,the quantity of phlogiton which reists the action of mentrua1 is expreed by #eg2 and its power of retaining it ranks it in the eventh place4 ,it melts at the heat of #did degrees4 #baa4 ,,vismutum nativum 7bimuth74 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbb4 #bab4 ,,vismutum calciforme 7bimuth74 ,calciform4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbc4 ,i am not able to ay whether this is merely deprived of its phlogiton1 or whether it is not alo mineralized by aerial acid4 #bac4 ,,vismutum 7bimuth7 mineralized by ulphur4 ,sulphurated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbd4 #bad4 ,,vismutum 7bimuth7 mineralized by ulphur and iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbe4 ,,niccolum1 ,,or ,,nickel4 #bae4 ,the regulus1 when depurated1 has a pecific gravity of #i1jjj1 or more2 but the common regulus1 obtained by the firt reduction1 little exceeds #g1jjj4 ,aqua regia1 and nitrous acid1 diolve it perfectly2 muriatic acid1 lowly2 vitriolic acid1 not without boiling almot to drynes and the acetous acid does not act upon it1 unles in a calciform tate4 ,the quantity of phlogiton eparated by olution1 may be called #aef2 and this it retains with a force about equal to that with which iron retains its phlogiton 7 #aig74 ,the heat neceary to melt it1 is about equal to that which gold requires2 but when depurated1 it is almot as difficult to melt as iron4 ,the properties of it are more fully examined elewhere#gb4 #baf4 ,,niccolum nativum 7nickel7 native1 united to iron and arenic4 ,native4 ,it ometimes1 perhaps1 contains cobalt4 ,as it contains neither ulphur nor mineralizing acid1 and is perfectly in its metallic form1 it mut be called native1 although joined to other metals4 #bag4 ,,niccolum aeratum 7nickel7 mineralized by aerial acid4 ,aerated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bee4 #bah4 ,,niccolum 7nickel7 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 cobalt1 and iron4 ,mineralized4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bef4 ,cuprum ,nicolai4 ,kupfer nickel4 ,,arsenicum1 ,,or ,,arsenic4 #bai4 ,the pecific gravity of the radical acid1 is #c1cia2 of white arenic1 #c1gjf2 of its glay tate1 #e1jjj2 and its regulus1 #h1cjh4 ,aqua regia1 and muriatic acid1 diolve it perfectly2 the vitriolic acid requires boiling2 the acetous acts only upon its calx3 the nitrous acid not only takes away as much phlogiton as may be expreed by #aji1 deprived of which the regulus is reduced to the tate of a calx1 but in a large quantity1 aited by a proper degree of heat1 it at length so far dephlogiticates this calx1 as to leave the acid of arenic alone4 ,thee phnomena are well worthy of obervation1 as they eem to lay open the nature of metals in general4 ,from analogy1 it is probable that every metal contains a radical acid of a peculiar nature1 which1 with a certain quantity of phlogiton1 is coagulated into a metallic calx2 but with a larger quantity1 ufficient to aturate it1 forms a compleat metal4 ,the radical acid retains the coagulating phlogiton much more trongly than that which is neceary to the aturation4 ,but different metallic acids retain both with different degrees of attraction4 ,hence the noble metals cannot be calcined in the dry way2 it is only by acid mentrua that they can be brought into that form2 but all the others loe their aturating phlogiton in the fire1 though with more or les difficulty4 ,i have ditinctly oberved eleven different degrees of reitance3 thus1 gold may be precipitated by all the other metals1 except perhaps platina1 which ,i think may thus be explained4 ,the calx of gold having the greatet attraction for phlogiton1 takes it from all other metals1 and thus loing its olubility falls down in a metallic tate4 ,therefore gold in the eries of metals1 occupies at leat the econd place4 ,platina is precipitated by all1 but les evidently than gold4 ,to this therefore1 ,i think we mut give the firt place1 and so on of the others as ,i have remarked in the character of each metal4 ,as nickel1 cobalt1 iron1 manganee and zinc1 do not precipitate one another1 they are put together in the lat and eleventh place#gc4 ,in order to obtain the radical acids we mut eparate them from the coagulating phlogiton4 ,if the indutry of chemits ever effects this1 ,i am confident that metallurgy will be wonderfully elucidated4 ,this therefore is a tak to which our labours mut be directed4 ,i know that analogy mut be cautiously trusted1 but it at leat leads us to new experiments4 ,hitherto this operation has only ucceeded with arenic2 and it is worth notice1 that this metal which holds the fifth place with repect to its quantity of phlogiton1 hould be inferior to all others with regard to the attraction by which the coagulating quantity is retained4 ,arenic melts1 but the moment it uffers heat enough to melt it1 it volatilizes1 unles it be firt calcined4 ,the regulus thrown upon a plate of iron properly heated1 preently takes fire and calcines1 diffuing a mell like garlic#gd4 #bbj4 ,,arsenicum nativum 7arenic71 native1 united to iron4 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bci4 ,i have never found it free from martial impregnation4 #bba4 ,,arsenicum nativum 7arenic71 native1 united to ilver4 #bbb4 ,,arsenicum calciforme 7arenic71 deprived of phlogiton4 ,calciform4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bdj4 #bbc4 ,,arsenicum 7arenic71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,yellow4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bda4 ,auripigmentum4 ,riigallum4 #bbd4 ,,arsenicum 7arenic71 mineralized by ulphur and iron4 ,pyritical4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bdc4 ,a4 ,pyrites arenicalis4 ,,cobaltum1 ,,or ,,cobalt4 #bbe4 ,its pecific gravity is #g1gjj4 ,nitrous acid and aqua regia readily diolve it4 ,the vitriolic acid requires to be boiled nearly to drynes4 ,the muriatic and acetous acids do not act upon it unles previouly calcined4 #bgj exprees the quantity of aturating phlogiton1 which it retains with the ame force that iron does4 ,common regulus melts in the ame heat that copper does1 but when well purified it is hardly eaier to melt than iron4 #bbf4 ,,cobaltum nativum 7cobalt71 native and united to arenic4 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bdi4 #bbg4 ,,cobaltum calciforme 7cobalt74 ,calciform4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bdg4 ,it is found variouly mixed1 principally with arenic1 iron and copper1 but whether mechanically or by a more intimate union ,i know not4 #bbh4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 mineralized by acid of arenic4 ,red4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bdh4 ,the mall pecimens that ,i have been able to examine point out uch a compoition#ge4 #bbi4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 contaminated by iron and vitriolic acid4 ,vitriolic4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bej4 #bcj4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic and iron4 ,glanz-cobalt4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bea4 #bca4 ,,cobaltum 7cobalt71 mineralized by ulphur1 arenic1 iron and nickel4 ,kupfernickel4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #beb4 ,,zincum ,,or ,,zinc4 #bcb4 ,its pecific gravity is #f1hfb4 ,all the acids diolve it readily and with effervecence1 which denotes its very lax union with the inflammable principle1 as was remarked before 7 #bai74 #ahb exprees the quantity of phlogiton it loes in olution4 ,it melts in a heat of #fii degrees2 and if the heat be a little increaed it takes fire2 and diipates in white flowers#gf4 #bcc4 ,,zincum calciforme 7zinc71 calciform imply deprived of its phlogiton4 ,calciform4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbh4 ,a4 ,lapis calaminaris4 ,it is almost always mixed with clay or calciform iron4 #bcd4 ,,zincum 7zinc71 mineralized by aerial acid4 ,aerated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbh4 ,a4 #a4 #bce4 ,,zincum 7zinc7 with aerial acid and mixed with iliceous matter4 ,siliceous4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,born ent me chrytals of this pecies1 which expoed to the fire gave out aerial acid1 but they were not wholly oluble in acids4 #bcf4 ,,zincum 7zinc71 mineralized by ulphur and iron4 ,black jack4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bbi4 #bcj4 ,peudogalena4 ,,antimonium ,,or ,,antimony4 #bcg4 ,its pecific gravity is #f1hfj4 ,aqua regia diolves it well2 vitriolic acid requires boiling2 muriatic and acetous acids act hardly at all upon it1 unles previouly calcined4 ,the nitrous acid corrodes it o as to prevent the olution4 ,the phlogiton it loes in olution is expreed by #abj1 and with repect to the force wherewith it retains this1 it tands in the ixth place4 ,it melts at a heat of #hji degrees4 #bch4 ,,antimonium nativum 7antimony74 ,native4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bch4 #bci4 ,,antimonium 7antimony71 mineralized by ulphur4 ,sulphurated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bcd4 #bdj4 ,,antimonium 7antimony7 mineralized by ulphur and arenic4 ,red4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #bce4 ,,manganesium1 ,,or ,,manganese4 #bda4 ,its pecific gravity is #f1hej4 ,this new metal is oluble in all the acids1 and is o readily deprived of its aturating phlogiton that with iron and ome others it tands the lowet in the eries4 #bbg exprees the quantity of phlogiton it loes in olution4 ,it is very difficult to melt1 more o than iron4 #bdb4 ,,manganesium calciforme 7manganee7 imply deprived of phlogiton4 ,calciform4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aad4 #bdc4 ,,manganesium 7manganee7 mineralized by aerial acid4 ,aerated4 ,,cronstedt ,min4 #aae4 #a4 a4 ,,appendix ,,the ,,first4 #bdd4 ,in the preceding pages only the more imple combinations occur1 whoe principles are either chemically united or at leat o ubtly interwoven that the texture appears perfectly homogeneous4 ,but if two or more of thee pecies1 forming little ditinct maes are cemented together1 thee mechanical mixtures1 dicernible by the eye ought to contitute a new eries1 to be ditinguihed by their component parts as the others were by their firt principles or chemical elements4 ,such compoitions may well be excluded from the preent work1 but upon account of their extenive phyical1 conomical and metallurgical ues1 ,i propoe to give a light ketch of them here1 enumerating the more remarkable ,genera4 #bde4 ,in a general view it appears that not only everal pecies cemented together may be referred to this place1 but likewie thoe which are mechanically diffued in a powdery or an earthy form4 #bdf4 ,from the laws of combination it is evident1 that according to the arrangement of foils into four claes1 there can be only ,,ten ,genera compoed of two1 ,,four of three1 and ,,one of four contituent parts4 ,and although o many have not yet been detected1 yet it is better to mention them here as the indutry of a future age will probably dicover more4 ,the pecies are formed from the differences of the more imple pecies and their component parts4 ,salts with ,salts4 #bdg4 ,this compoition can hardly ever contitute a genus1 if it mut be made in a dry and concrete form2 for excepting gypum1 the other native alts readily diolve in water1 and by evaporation are o mixed together as not readily to be dicerned by the eye4 ,yet the foil alkaly mixed with common alt will perhaps find a place here4 ,the contents of mineral waters may likewie be referred here1 ince every material difference in them depends upon the particles diolved4 ,salts with ,earths4 #bdh4 ,this mixture is hardly to be found but where bits of gypum are concreted to matters of an earthy nature4 ,salts with ,inflammables4 #bdi4 ,may perhaps be found in volcanoes4 ,salts with ,metals4 #bej4 ,if gypum forms the matrix of any metal1 it mut be placed here4 ,earths with ,earths4 #bea4 ,to this head belong mot of the axa 7tones71 enumerated by ,mr4 ,crontedt1 which form the immene bulk of mountains1 and deerve our particular attention1 in order that1 being better acquainted with the nature and tructure of the hell of the earth1 we may be able to point out the coverings of minerals1 and convert them all to our ue4 ,earths with ,inflammables4 #beb4 ,lumps of mountain pitch are frequently connected with tones1 and ulphureous matters are found diffued through earthy materials4 ,earths with ,metals4 #bec4 ,this genus contains the peculiar matrices of metals1 a judicious conideration of which would be particularly ueful to miners4 ,inflammables with ,inflammables4 #bed4 ,perhaps1 in ome places1 ulphureous matters are found mixed with mountain pitch4 ,inflammables with ,metals4 #bee4 ,if plumbago 7black-lead7 or common ulphur1 hall ever be found mixed with metallic ubtances1 uch pecies mut tand under this genus4 ,metals with ,metals4 #bef4 ,we know that ome metals1 in the boom of the earth1 are almot always mixed1 whilt others are rarely1 or never1 found together4 ,a more accurate knowledge of thee things1 would illutrate phyical geography1 as well as metallurgy4 ,we now proceed to the more compound genera4 ,salts with ,earths and ,inflammables4 #beg4 ,this genus can hardly ever occur but in countries formerly expoed to ubterranean fires4#gg ,salts with ,earths and ,metals4 #beh4 ,to be expected amongt volcanic productions4 ,salts with ,inflammables and ,metals4 #bei4 ,to be ought for in the productions of volcanoes4 ,earths with ,inflammables and ,metals4 #bfj4 ,obvious amongt the productions of volcanoes1 otherwie extremely rare4 ,salts with ,earths1 ,inflammables1 and ,metals4 #bfa4 ,hardly to be expected but in volcanic mountains4 ,,appendix ,,the ,,second4 #bfb4 ,foils externally reembling animals or vegetables1 originate from foreign matters1 which by ome peculiar proces are changed in the boom of the earth1 or are o impregnated by mineral particles gradually occupying the place of thoe which have putrified1 that they no longer reemble organic ubtances1 except in figure4--,thee are commonly called ,,petrefactions4 #bfc4 ,the harder hells of animals expoed to the weather1 are not always exempt from detruction2 for their gelatinous matter being gradually detroyed by putrefaction1 they become brittle1 and in a manner calcined4 ,in les expoed ituations1 ome of them preerve the nature of their materials1 but acquire a par-like texture4 #bfd4 ,we mut carefully ditinguih betwixt the foreign bodies themelves1 changed or petrified1 and their impreions upon the urrounding matrices4 ,sometimes the body is entirely detroyed1 forming a cavity in the urrounding matter1 and this cavity afterwards is filled with other materials4 ,nuclei1 or kernels1 are likewie found1 formed within the cavities of the harder hells1 and bearing the form of their internal urface4 #bfe4 ,i am far from thinking the knowledge of petrefactions is barren and ueles4 ,we may1 and ought1 to conider them as medals depoited by the hand of nature1 in memory of the more remarkable changes on the urface of the earth1 and from which the time and order of the work may1 in ome meaure1 be judged of1 whilt other monuments are ilent4 ,thee1 being properly interpreted1 hew us their native ituations in the former tate of the urface of the earth1 and teach us the unbounded empire of the ea1 and the conequent changes4 ,by them we learn to ditinguih the ancient and modern foundations of the mineral kingdom2 for thoe which are not formed of petrefactions1 and never contain them1 are doubtles of greater antiquity than animals or vegetables2 and1 latly1 by their figure they hew us the inhabitants of our globe1 epecially thoe of the greatet depths of the ocean4 #bff4 ,mr4 ,,cronstedt has admirably arranged the petrefactions2 we think it right1 therefore1 to retain his method4 ,the ,genera are built upon the ,genera of foils1 and arranged like the four claes thereof2 the pecies upon their pecies1 and the varieties upon the organic ubtances that have been changed4 ,the following are the ,genera hitherto dicovered4 ,saline ,calcareous ,earth with an organic ,form4 #bfg4 ,gypeous petrefactions are very rare4 ,saline ,iron with an organic ,form4 #bfh4 ,human bodies have ometimes been found indurated and penetrated by vitriol of iron2 so likewie have plants1 their roots epecially4 ,in the open air they moulder away4 ,mild ,calcareous ,earth with an organic ,form4 #bfi4 ,this contitutes the ubtance of mot petrefactions4 ,clay with an organic ,form4 #bgj4 ,it is remarkable1 that petrefactions found in clay are compreed1 although1 in ubjacent calcareous trata1 they preerve their natural figure4 ,similar compreed petrefactions are alo found in the marly chitus4 ,siliceous ,earth with an organic ,form4 #bga4 ,siliceous petrefactions are ometimes met with1 but1 in general1 this material forms only nuclei 7 #bfd74 ,trunks of trees are ometimes found changed into agate4 ,the celebrated ,,ferber has een petrefactions in chert and japer1 and the illutrious ,,born mentions corallines 7porpit7 in inople or martial japer4 ,earth organic4 #bgb4 ,animals and vegetables are reolved by putrefaction into an earth1 which may be regarded as forming a peculiar genus1 until every appearance of organization being obliterated1 at length it comes to be conidered as common earth4 ,petroleum impregnating organic ,bodies4 #bgc4 ,wood1 penetrated by indurated petroleum1 forms a remarkable variety of coal4 ,silver with an organic ,form4 #bgd4 ,native ilver is ometimes inherent in petrefactions1 but never1 to my knowledge1 contitutes the ubtance of them1 unles mineralized with copper and ulphur4 ,quickilver in an organic ,form4 #bge4 ,when mineralized by ulphur1 it ometimes1 though very rarely1 contitutes petrefactions4 ,copper with an organic ,form4 #bgf4 ,bones and teeth are ometimes found replete with the blue calx of copper4 ,bits of copper pyrites often tick in petrefactions1 but eldom contitute their whole ubtance4 ,i have some such from ,norway1 in a matrix of magnetical iron ore4 ,iron with an organic ,form4 #bgg4 ,calciform iron ometimes is found in the hape of roots and branches of trees4 ,when mineralized by ulphur1 it frequently exits in petrefactions1 but eldom contitutes the whole mas4 ,zinc with an organic ,form4 #bgh4 ,i have een peudo-galena 7black jack71 in the form of coral4 #bgi4 ,some modern writers1 as well as ,mr4 ,,cronstedt1 place the productions of volcanoes in an appendix by themelves2 but1 ,i think1 to no good purpoe4 ,things formed by the hand of nature1 whether by a liquid or a dry proces1 mut not be dijoined2 for he frequently avails herelf of both methods in one and the ame intance4 ,and1 indeed1 the origin of many things is o very doubtful1 every vetige thereof being obliterated1 that even an dipus could not with certainty determine how they were produced4 ,and1 on the other hand1 many aert1 that almot the whole of the mineral kingdom is the product of fire4 ,to avoid error1 therefore1 it is better to clas foil ubtances according to their contituent parts1 which proper experiments will lay open to us2 for we can seldom know their origin or formation4 ,homogeneous ubtances joined together1 but not primitive1 will find a place among the tones1 or elewhere1 in the firt appendix4 ,,finis4 ,,index4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the ,numbers refer to the ,sections4 ,acids1 how known #be ,aerial acid #cg ,alkali minerale aeratum #ee ---- ---- nitratum #dh ---- ---- alitum #di1 #gf ---- ---- vitriolatum #dg ---- vegetabile aeratum #ed ---- ---- nitratum #de ---- ---- alitum #df ---- ---- vitriolatum #dd ---- volatile aeratum #ef ---- ---- nitratum #ea ---- ---- alitum #eb ---- ---- vitriolatum #ej ,alkalies1 how known #ch ,alkaly fixed foil #da ---- ---- vegetable #dj ---- mild foil #ee ---- ---- vegetable #ed ---- volatile #db ---- ---- mild #ef ,alum #fg1 #gh1 #gi ---- ore #aag ---- late #aah ,amber #adj ---- acid of #cf ,ambergrie #ada ,ammoniac1 fixed #fb ,antimonium 7see antimony7 ,antimony1 properties of #bcg ---- pecies of #bch-bdj ,argentum 7ee ilver7 ,argilla1 what #aaa ---- properties of #aab ---- pecies of #aac1 #abb ---- porcellana #aac ,argilla vitriolata #fg1 #gh1 #gi ,argillaceous earth1 what #aaa ---- properties of #aab ---- pecies of #aac1 #abb ,arsenic1 properties of #bai ---- pecies of #bbj-bbd ,auripigmentum1 #bbc ,aurum 7ee gold7 ,baaltes #abj ,bimuth1 properties of #baj ---- pecies of #baa-bad ,bitumina 7see inflammables7 ,black jack #bcf ,black-lead #ace ,bloodtone #bjb ,blue ,john #if1 n4 #cj ,blue vitriol #fi ,bole #aad ,boracic acid #ce ,borax #ec ,brimtone #acd ,cruleum ,berolinene nativum #bjf ,calcareous earth pure #ib ---- its properties #ic ---- pecies of #id-ajb ,calcedonius #abf ,calk #eh ,calx #ib1 #ic ---- aerata #fc1 #id1 #ie ---- fluorata #if ---- nitrata #fj ---- ponderoa #cc ---- alita #fa ---- vitriolata #ei ,carnelian #abf ,chalcedony #abf ,chalk #fc1 #id1 #ie ,chert #abi ,choak-damp n4 #cg ,chryopraius #aca ,cinnaber #agf ,clay #aad ,coal #aci ---- yields vol4 alkaly n4 #ej ,cobalt properties of #bbe ---- pecies of #bbf-bca ,cobaltum 7ee cobalt7 ,common ammoniac #eb ---- alt #di1 #gf ,copper1 its properties #ahh ---- pecies of #ahi-aif ,cornih fluor1 n4 #cj ,cubic nitre #dh ,cuprum 7ee copper7 ---- nicolai #bah ---- vitriolatum #fi1 #hj1 #hb ,derbyhire fluor1 n4 #cj ,diamond #adb ,digetive alt #df ,dyer's earth #aad ,earths properties of #ba ---- have an attraction for each other #ajc ---- primitive and derivative #hc-hf ---- aline #he ,earthy compounds #bea-bec1 #bfj ,emerald #aai ,epom alt #fc1 #gg1 #ajd1 #aje ,federertz #aga ,ftid tone #ie ,feldpath #acj ,feldpathum #acj ,ferrum 7ee iron7 ---- aeratum #ga ---- nitratum #ga ---- alitum #ga ---- vitriolatum #gj1 #ha1 #hb ,fixed air #cg ---- ammoniac #fb ,fluor acid #cj ,fluor par #if ---- ,cornih1 n4 #cj ---- ,derbyhire1 n4 #cj ,galena #afe1 #ahe ,garnet #abj ,gemma #aai ,gems #aai ,glanz-cobalt #bcj ,glauber's alt #dg ,glimmer #abb ,gold1 properties of #add ---- pecies of #ade-aej ,granatus #abj ,gypum #ei ,hmatites #ajb ,heavy earth 7ee the preface7 ---- ---- how obtained pure #hg ---- ---- properties of #hh ---- ---- par #eh1 #hi1 #ij ,heliotropium1 n4 #be ,horn-ilver #afa ,hydrargyrum 7ee quickilver7 ,hydrophanus #abf ,japer #abg ,japis #abg ,inflammables1 definition of1 #bb1 #acb ---- pecies of #acc-acf ,inflammable compounds #bed1 #bee ,iron1 properties of1 #aig ---- pecies of1 #aih-bjf ,kupfernickel #bah1 #bca ,lapis calaminaris #bcc ---- hepaticus #ij ---- ponderous #ig ---- uillus #ie ,lead1 its properties #agi ---- pecies of1 #ahj-ahg ---- vitriol of1 #aha ,limetone #fc1 #id1 #ie ,lithantrax #aci ,lithomarga #aaf1 and n4 ,litmus1 n4 #be ,liver tone #ij ,loadtone #bjj ,magnes #bjj ,magneia1 how got pure1 #ajd ---- properties of1 #aje ---- pecies of #aje-aji ---- aerata #ff ---- common #ff ---- nitrata #fd ---- alita #fe ---- vitriolata1 #fc1 #gg ,manganee1 properties of1 #bda ---- pecies of1 #bdb1 #bdc ,manganeium 7ee manganee7 ---- alitum #gd ,marle #aae ---- calcareous #aja4 ,marble #fc1 #id1 #ie ,marmor metallicum #eh1 #hi ,metals1 definition of1 #bc ---- properties of1 #adc ---- table of1 #adc1 page #ga ,metallic compounds1 #bef ---- alts1 how known1 #fh ,mica #abb ,minera argenti alba1 #afi ---- ---- cornea #afa ---- ---- griea #agj ---- ---- rubra #aff ---- ---- vitrea #afc1 #aic ---- cupri vitrea #aic ---- ---- lazurea #aid ---- ferri alba #bjc ,mispickel #aii ,molybdna #acf ---- acid of1 #cb ,muriatic acid #bi ,naptha #ach ,natron #ee ,neutral alts1 what #dc ---- ---- perfect #dc ---- ---- imperfect #dc ,nevilholt water1 n4 #bi1 n4 #fg ,niccolum 7ee nickel7 ---- vitriolatum #gb ,nickel1 properties of #bae ---- pecies of #baf-bah ,nitre1 common #de ,nitre of lime #fj ---- of the ancients #ee ,nitrous acid #bh ---- ammoniac #ea ,opal #abf ,petrefactions1 what1 #bfb-bfe ---- genera of #bff-bgj ---- calcareous #bfi ---- cinnabarine #bge ---- cupreous #bgf ---- gypeous #bfg ---- inflammable #bgc ---- irony #bgg ---- iliceous #bga ---- ilvery #bgd ---- vitriolic #bfh ---- peudo-galena #bgh ,petroleum #acg ---- pecies of1 #ach-ada ,petroilex #abi ,phophoric acid #cd ,pipe clay #aac ,pit coal #aci ,platina1 properties of1 #aea ---- how made malleable1 n4 #aea ---- pecies of1 #aeb ,platinum 7ee platina7 ,plumbago #ace ,plumbum 7ee lead7 ,porcelain clay #aac1 and n4 ,pruian blue1 native #bjf ,peudogalena #bcf ,pyrites #bjd ---- argenteus #afd ---- arenicalis #bbd ---- aureus #adi ---- cupri #aie1 #aif ,quartz #abe ,quartzum #abe ,quickilver1 properties of #agb ---- pecies of #agc-agh ,riigallum #bbc ,rock ,oil #ach ,rubinus #aai ,ruby #aai ,sal ammoniac #eb ---- gem #gf ,saline compounds #bdg-bej1 #beg-bfa ,salt common #di ,salts definition of #bj ---- metallic how ditinguihed #fh ,salts native #bd ---- triple1 quadruple1 c4 #ge ,sapphire #aai ,saphirus #aai ,saxa #bea ,scherle #abj ,schitus aluminaris #aah ,sedative alt #ce ,selenite #ei ,serpentine #ajg ,sideritis #bje ,siliceous earth #abc ---- properties of1 #abd ---- pecies of1 #abe-aca ,silver1 properties of1 #aec ---- pecies of #aed-aga ,smaragdus #aai ,soaprock #ajg ,spar #fc ---- ponderous #hi ,sparry fluor1 #cj1 #if ,stannum 7ee tin7 ---- ulphuratum1 7ee preface7 ,stones #bea ,stone marrow #aaf ,succinum #adj ,sulphur #acc1 #acd ,talc #abb ,tartar of vitriol1 #dd ,terra ,lemnia #aaf ---- ponderoa1 7ee preface7 ---- ---- #hg ---- properties of1 #hg ---- aerata #eh ---- native1 n4 #hh ---- nitrata #eh ---- alita #eh ---- vitriolata #eh1 #hi1 #ij ,terra ,silicea #abc ---- properties of1 #abd ---- pecies of1 #abe-aca ,terrene nitre #fj ,tin1 properties of1 #bjg ---- pecies of #bjh1 #bji ,tinkal #ec ,topaz #aai ,tourmaline #aai ,trichites #gi ,tungten #ig ,vimutum 7ee ,bimuth7 ,vitriol blue #fi ---- green #gj ---- white #gc ---- of copper #fi1 #hj1 #hb ---- ---- iron #gj1 #ha1 #hb ---- ---- nickel #gb ---- ---- zinc #gc ,vitriolic acid #bg ---- ---- phlogiticated #bg ---- ammoniac #ej ,volatile alkaly1 mild #ef ,volcanic productions #bgi ,zeolite #aba ,zinc1 properties of1 #bcb ---- pecies of1 #bcc-bcf ,zincum vitriolatum #gc4 ,,errata4 ,page #i1 n4 for ,dr4 ,,werner1 read ,profeor ,,werner4 #ae1 line #bc1 for ,,vandell1 read ,,vandelli4 #ba1 line #aj1 for red1 read green4 #da1 line #i1 for acidor1 read acid or4 #ga1 line #e1 for #bg1ejj1 read #ba1jjj4 #ge1 note ---- #bg1ejj1 read #ba1jjj4 #ie1 line #a1 for #ajj parts1 read centenary4 #ig1 line #g1 for berolineue read1 ,berolinene4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,in this tranlation they are introduced in their proper places4 ,w4 ,footnote #b3 ,there is no difficulty in doing this3 either the foil1 or the vegetable fixed alkaly phlogiticated1 precipitate the terra ponderoa1 intantly and entirely1 out of the nitrous1 muriatic1 or vegetable acids4 ,w4 ,footnote #c3 ,opuc4 chemica1 vol4 ,,ii4 page #b-aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,conult particularly ,profeor ,,werner',s treatie on the external characters of foils printed in ,german in the year #aggd4 ,footnote #e3 ,the latter part of this definition does not apply perfectly well to ome of the imple alts4 ,i hall therefore offer another1 given by ,dr4 ,cullen1 viz4 8,saline bodies are apid1 micible with water1 and not inflammable40 ,i am enible too that this definition is not perfectly unexceptionable1 ince it has been found that vol4 alkaly in an aerial tate is in a certain degree inflammable4 ,w4 ,footnote #f3 ,as the tincture of heliotropium is the nicet known tet of the preence of an acid1 it may not be amis to mention that it may be had from dyers under the name of litmus4 ,it is very cheap1 and generally requires to be greatly diluted with ditilled water before it can be ued4 ,w4 ,footnote #g3 ,de thermis pativinis4 ,footnote #h3 ,the mot highly coloured and fuming nitrous acid may readily be rendered colourles by boiling it hatily in an open veel4 ,part of the acid flies off1 carrying the uperabundant phlogiton along with it1 in the form of nitrous air4 ,w4 ,footnote #i3 ,n4 ,acta ,up4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,m4 ,margraaf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,i have ome reaon to believe that the ,nevil ,holt water does contain ome of this acid in an uncombined tate4 ,w4 ,footnote #ab3 ,opucul3 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,called ,derbyhire fluor2 ,cornih fluor1 blue ,john4 ,w4 ,footnote #ad3 ,d4 ,,scheele ,act4 ,stockh4 #aggh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,it has been lately obtained in great abundance from bones4 ,w4 ,footnote #af3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,de ,sale edativo naturali1 #aggh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,it is found in a eparate tate in large quantities in ome of our mines and wells1 and is called the choak damp4 ,in the famous ,grotto del ,cano too it exits tolerably pure4 ,w4 ,footnote #ai3 ,d4 ,d4 ,,margraaf1 ,,weigleb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,,margraaf ,opuc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,,cavendish ,phil4 ,trans4 #agfg4 ,footnote #bc3 ,dr4 ,home1 in his eay on bleaching1 ays it is found in coal mines in this iland1 and a friend aures me that he has obtained it from the water iuing out of coal pits4 ,w4 ,footnote #bd3 ,as volatile alkaly may be obtained in large quantities from pit coal1 and produced by procees not dependant upon putrefaction1 there is reaon to believe that the vitriolic ammoniac may be formed in everal ways not noticed by the author4 ,w4 ,footnote #be3 ,acta ,stockh4 #aggb4 ,footnote #bf3 ,from ome experiments lately made ,i found that both tinkal and purified borax1 required twice their weight of edative alt1 to neutralize them perfectly o that they would no longer change vegetable blues to a green4 ,w4 ,footnote #bg3 ,baum mem4 des c4 etr4 tom4 iv4 ,footnote #bh3 ,phil4 ,tran4 #agfg4 ,footnote #bi3 ,,henchel ,betheda port4 ,footnote #cj3 ,,bomare ,dictionaire4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i have lately dicovered a pecimen of ,,terra ,,ponderosa aerata got out of a mine in this kingdom4 ,it is very pure1 and in a large mas4 ,as this ubtance is a new acquiition to mineralogy1 and may be turned to ueful purpoes in ,chemitry1 ,i intend hortly to preent a more particular account of it to the ,royal ,society4 ,w4 ,footnote #cb3 ,conf4 ,prl4 ,,schefferi1 #ahh1 not4 #b4 ,footnote #cc3 ,margraaf ,kl4 ,schrift4 tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #cd3 ,i found it in coniderable quantity in the ,nevil ,holt water1 when ,i analyzed it ix years ago2 and it is probable that the ,ballycatle water in ,ireland1 likewie contains it4 ,w4 ,footnote #ce3 ,in the original the word is ,,magnesium1 but it is here changed1 by the advice of ,dr4 ,swediar and the concurrence of profeor ,bergman to ,,manganesium1 in order to prevent confuion from its imilarity to ,magneia4 ,w4 ,footnote #cf3 ,mr4 ,,monnet de aquis mineralibus4 ,footnote #cg3 ,opusc4 chem4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #cid-cii4 ,footnote #ch3 ,the author peaks here of uch as he obtained by precipitation from acids1 but the native ,,terra ,,ponderosa aerata 7ee note at page #bh7 has a pecific gravity of nearly #d1 #cch4 ,w4 ,footnote #ci3 ,opuc4 vol4 i4 p4 #ba1 #cih4 ,footnote #dj3 ,n4 ,acta ,up4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #aih4 ,footnote #da3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,i1 page #bc4 ,footnote #db3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,i1 page #cih4 ,footnote #dc3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi1 #cgc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,profeor ,bergman does not here eem to be ufficiently aware of the difference between our ,devonhire pipe clay1 and that which is ued in the manufacture of porcelain4 ,the former1 in an open fire1 burns to a blueih grey1 or pidgeon colour2 the latter remains white4 ,the former eems to be the ame as the ,cologne and ,maetricht pipe clay1 of ,crontedt1 #gh2 the latter is a decayed ,feldpath1 and conequently1 according to our author1 7 #acj7 contains magneia4 ,our porcelain clay1 likewie1 has quartz1 chrytals1 and mica mixed with it1 parts of the granite which it originally compoed4 ,before it is ued the quartz is eparated1 but the mica remains4 ,i am indebted to my friend ,mr4 ,watt for thee obervations4 ,w4 ,footnote #de3 ,i have taken the liberty to add this pecies upon our author's own authority4 ,see ,,bergman ,diff4 de ,lithomarga1 page #ac4 ,footnote #df3 ,n4 ,acta ,upal4 vol4 ,,iii1 page #aba4 ,footnote #dg3 ,opuc4 vol4 ,i1 page #bia1 #bib4 ,footnote #dh3 ,it is probable1 that in another edition1 the author may ee reaon to eparate the mica from the talc2 as ome experiments ,i have made1 though yet too imperfect for publication1 eem to indicate the neceity of uch a meaure4 ,w4 ,footnote #di3 ,opuc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hit4 des ,plantes de la ,gujane4 #aggd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,dr4 ,,swediar lately preented a paper to the ,royal ,society1 from which it appears highly probable that ,ambergrie is nothing but the indurated fces of the ,sperma ,ceti whale1 who feeds upon the cuttle fih4 ,he has found the beaks of that fih intermixed with the ambergrie1 in the form of black pots4 ,w4 ,footnote #eb3 ,opuc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #aab4 ,footnote #ec3 ,lavoiier1 ,mem4 de l',acad4 de ,paris4 ,footnote #ed3 ,opusc4 vol4 ,,ii4 page #bge4 ,footnote #ee3 ,the degrees of heat here expreed1 are according to ,farenheit's cale4 ,by aturating phlogiton1 ,profeor ,bergman means to expres the proportionate quantities taken away from each metallic ubtance1 when diolved by means of acids1 and of coure reduced to a calciform tate4 ,the lat column only exprees their attractions to this part of their phlogiton1 not to that which till remains united to them in a calciform tate4 ,w4 ,footnote #ef3 ,opuc4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cgd-cgf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,diertatio de quantitate ,phlogiti in diveris metallis4 ,footnote #eh3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #daa4 ,footnote #ei3 ,opuc4 chem4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #dac4 ,footnote #fj3 ,from ome late experiments made upon platina by the ,count de ,,sikengen1 and publihed in ,german by profeor ,succow1 it appears that the pecific gravity of pure platina is #ba1jjj4 ,when perfectly pure and in its metallic tate it was not calcined by deflagration with nitre1 it did not admit of being hardened or oftened by tempering1 like teel or other metals2 it was drawn into a wire of a line in diameter2 this wire admitted of being flattened1 and had more trength than a wire of gold or ilver of the ame ize4 ,this platina is not fuible by the tronget fire1 but melts in the focus of a burning glas2 its colour white1 hining like fine ilver4 ,from conidering the very intereting experiments of the ,count de ,sikengen1 ,i apprehend the following method to obtain pure and malleable platina will be found a good one4 ,diolve the grains of native platina that are leat magnetic1 in aqua regia4 ,precipitate the iron by means of phlogiticated fixed alkaly4 ,then precipitate whatever ele will fall1 by cautic vegetable alkaly4 ,saturate the liquor with cautic foil alkaly1 and et it by to chrytallize4 ,the yellow chrytals thus obtained are to be hammered together at a welding heat1 and the metallic parts will unite4 ,w4 ,footnote #fa3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #aha4 ,footnote #fb3 ,phil4 ,tran4 ,footnote #fc3 ,this reference is not to be found in the ,englih edition of ,crontedt4 ,i imagine it hould be #agd4 #f4 where it is called the ,dal ,falertz4 ,w4 ,footnote #fd3 ,in this reference too ,i upect a mitake4 ,it ought ,i believe to be #agc1 #f4 ,w4 ,footnote #fe3 ,some late experiments made at ,hudon's ,bay eem to prove that ,quickilver congeals and becomes malleable at #ci degrees below #j4 ,see ,lond4 ,med4 ,journal1 page #bje1 for the year #aghc4 ,w4 ,footnote #ff3 ,when ,i introduce a new pecies ,i repeat the preceding number1 with the addition of an aterik1 rather than break in upon the order of the author's numbers4 ,i intend hortly to publih an exact analyis of this ubtance4 ,w4 ,footnote #fg3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #dbf4 ,footnote #fh3 ,opuc4 vol4 ,,ii4 page #dca4 ,footnote #fi3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #gj3 ,di4 de ,analyi4 ferri4 ,footnote #ga3 ,called ,sideritis1 from its reemblance to iron4 ,w4 ,footnote #gb3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #gc3 ,di4 de quantitate phlogiti in metallis4 ,footnote #gd3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,opuc4 chem4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ddf4 ,footnote #gf3 ,opuc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cji4 ,footnote #gg3 ,some of the ulphur and alum1 ublimed by the ubterranean fires near ,bilton1 contain iliceous earth4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,page ,changed from ,changed to #ej of #b1aee4 #ajj parts of contain of #b1aee4 #ajj parts of it about #be of contain about #be of ,typos fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect retained4 ,corrected ,errata4 ,used numbers for footnotes1 placing them all at the end of the last chapter4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4