,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,north ,,america ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,two grooved effigies and two celts1 from the ,bahama ,islands1 ,west ,indies4 ,reproduced in natural colors4 ,b4 ,w4 ,arnold's collection1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,north ,,america ,,an ,,arch,,ological ,,encyclopedia ,,of ,,the ,,implements1 ,,ornaments1 ,,weapons1 ,,utensils1 ,,etc41 ,,of ,,the ,,prehistoric ,,tribes ,,of ,,north ,,america1 ,,with ,,more ,,than ,,three ,,hundred ,,full-,,page ,,plates ,,and ,,four ,,hundred ,,figures ,,illustrating ,,over ,,four ,,thousand ,,different ,,objects ,,by ,,warren ,k4 ,,moorehead1 ,a4,m4 ,,curator ,,of ,,the ,,department ,,of ,,american ,,arch,,ology1 ,,phillips ,,academy1 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,board ,,of ,,indian ,,commissioners1 ,,etc4 ,,in ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii ,illustration3 ,logo ,,boston ,,and ,,new ,,york ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,the ,riverside ,press ,cambridge #aiaj ,,copyright1 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,warren ,k4 ,,moorehead ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,published ,december #aiaj ,,contents ,,xxv4 ,,ground ,,stone #a ,effigies in stone and wood--bird-stones #a ,animal and human effigies #bj ,,xxvi4 ,,ground ,,stone #bi ,stone pipes #bi ,the classification of pipes #cb ,,xxvii4 ,,ground ,,stone #ie ,mortars and pestles #ie ,,xxviii4 ,,objects ,,of ,,shell #aag ,,xxix4 ,,objects ,,of ,,bone #acd ,mandan bone implements #adi ,,xxx4 ,,objects ,,of ,,copper #afa ,the native copper implements of ,wisconsin #afa ,fabrication #agb ,distribution #agd ,classes and functions #agh ,axes #ahj ,chisels #ahd ,spuds #ahf ,gouges #ahh ,adzes #ahi ,spatulas #aib ,knives #aif ,arrow- and spear-points #aih ,harpoon-points #bad ,pikes and punches #baf ,awls and drills #bai ,spikes #bbj ,needles #bba ,fish-hooks--peculiar implements #bbb ,banner-stones--beads #bbd ,bangles #bbe ,finger-rings--ear-rings #bbf ,ear-spools or ear-plugs--gorgets and pendants #bbg ,crescents #bbh ,other ornaments #bcj ,,xxxi4 ,,textile ,,fabrics #bce ,,xxxii4 ,,pottery ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #bdg ,,xxxiii4 ,,hematite ,,objects #bie ,,xxxiv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,objects #cjh ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,eastern ,,canada1 ,,utah1 ,,and ,,dakota #ccj ,eastern ,canada #ccj ,the ,plains of western and central ,canada #ccc ,the stone age in ,utah #ccf ,objects made of wood #ccf ,textiles2 feather objects2 bone objects #ccg ,objects made from teeth2 shell objects2 stone objects2 pottery objects #cch ,the stone age in ,dakota #cci ,hide and bark #cci ,objects made from deer antlers2 bone objects2 shell objects #cdj ,stone objects #cda ,objects of copper2 of pottery2 of unbaked clay #cdb ,,xxxvi4 ,,conclusions #cdd ,the population in prehistoric times #cdd ,the stone age in historic times #cdh ,the antiquity of man in ,america #cej ,adaptation to conditions #ced ,art in ancient times and modern art #cee ,,xxxvii4 ,,conclusions #ceg ,the ancient culture-groups #ceg ,the stone-age point of view #cfc ,field study needed #cfe ,,bibliography #cfi ,,index #daa ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,north ,,america ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,ground ,,stone ,,effigies ,,in ,,stone ,,and ,,wood--,,bird-,,stones ,aboriginal man traced all sorts of figures on the rocks and occasionally on the surfaces of flat ornaments and ceremonials4 ,not only did he make pictures on shell gorgets and on birch bark1 but he also carved complete figures4 ,i have not made a special chapter for pictographs and picture writings1 but have dismissed them from this work1 save with here and there a reference4 ,however1 they represent stone-age pictorial art4 ,dr4 ,fewkes1 ,mr4 ,cushing1 ,dr4 ,garrick ,mallory and others have given us numerous papers on picture writings1 pictographs1 painted and sculptured symbols4 ,garrick ,mallory's report on the sign language among the ,american ,indians was published in the ,eleventh ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology and covers four hundred pages4 ,this treats extensively of picture writings and pictographs4 ,he portrayed the attempts of stone-age man at expressing his thoughts4 ,he had not arrived at a written language save in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,in ,north ,america he was in the advanced stone age4 ,but he was very skillful in his pictographs and in his carvings of human1 animal1 bird1 reptile1 and fish figures4 ,it has occurred to me that he first made rude scratches on flat surfaces1 on wigwam sides1 on trees1 on rocks near trails4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cii4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,unfinished bird-stones4 ,localities3 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,michigan4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,unfinished bird-stone4 ,collection of ,emily ,fletcher1 ,westford1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dja4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,unfinished bird-stone4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,it is significant that the ,plains tribes and all the natives who did not construct mounds or earthworks1 natives that had not reached the stage of barbarism but were still savages1 made no effigies of consequence4 ,the effigies carved in catlinite1 and observed among tribes west of the ,mississippi during the historic period1 seem to have been inspired by a knowledge of the superior arts of the white people4 ,we find that while the roving tribes of the ,plains painted various battle and hunting scenes on their tents and shields1 yet they were inferior in art as compared with the ,pueblo1 the ,cliff-,dweller1 or the ,mound-,building peoples4 ,it is also significant1 and ,i shall speak of it at greater length in my ,conclusions1 that the native ,american was so little influenced in his art by some life-forms4 ,i have never seen an effigy of a mountain1 a tree1 a plant1 or a flower4 ,the modern ,ojibwa ,indians design flowers in their bead-work4 ,the ancient ,ojibwa did not4 ,the native ,american did not seem to have been impressed by plant-life or inanimate objects4 ,occasionally1 he scratched a trail or a tipi on an ornament1 and some of the pictographs in various portions of the ,united ,states show wigwams1 trails1 etc4 ,but while there are numerous examples of carvings in stone1 shell1 and bone of animals1 birds1 fish1 and reptile life1 we search in vain for carvings of the other things ,i have mentioned4 ,the highest art is found where the largest villages1 or the most numerous mounds or cliff-houses1 were located4 ,in small mound groups1 or areas where the population was not sedentary1 the art is very crude4 ,throughout the areas where the culture is highest1 notably ,alabama1 ,georgia1 ,wisconsin1 ,tennessee1 ,arkansas1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 and ,illinois1 we find these large mound groups referred to1 all of which proves that the people lived long enough in one place to develop an art4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djb4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,central ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,provincial ,museum collection4 ,this art we see in the carved effigies4 ,to study them in detail requires more space than is available in this volume4 ,the ,nomenclature ,committee placed all effigies under one head--8,resemblances to known forms40 ,under that general head ,i have placed3 ,i4 ,the bird-stone in its various forms4 7,a7 ,plain bird-stones4 7,b7 ,with ears or eyes1 or with expanding wings4 ,,ii4 ,effigies in stone other than pipes4 ,,iii4 ,human effigies in stone and wood1 including idols4 ,the classification made is rendered difficult because there are effigies in bone1 shell1 clay1 and stone1 not to omit copper4 ,such effigies as were drilled and used as pipes are described under the chapter devoted to pipes4 ,the bone effigies are included in the chapter devoted to shell and bone1 while copper is separately treated4 ,yet there remains1 after treating more or less completely of these various divisions1 a large class of stone objects which are not pipes1 or tools1 or dishes1 and which ,i have thought best to include by themselves4 ,the largest division in effigies is the so-called bird- or saddle-stone which is found between the following lines3 ,davenport1 ,iowa1 to central ,minnesota1 east to ,new ,brunswick1 south to the ,atlantic ,coast1 and thence south down the coast to ,washington1 thence west to ,davenport4 ,few bird-stones occur south of ,kentucky1 west of ,davenport1 or north of ,st4 ,paul4 ,the other effigies are of multitudinous kinds and are widely scattered throughout the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djc4 7,s4 #a-a and #a-b47 ,these three problematical forms are from the ,provincial ,museum collection1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,the upper one is from central ,ontario4 ,the base view of the lower specimen is also shown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djd4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,andover collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dje4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,w4 ,a4 ,holmes's collection1 ,chicago4 ,figs4 #cii1 #djj1 #dja1 and the central object in ,fig4 #bfi are all unfinished bird-stones4 ,it was difficult for me to procure these1 but after some years of correspondence they were obtained4 ,the specimens clearly show the work of the hand-hammer4 ,fig4 #dja and the upper right-hand specimen in ,fig4 #cii have been pecked into shape and the grinding-polishing process was well under way when the specimen was set aside1 or lost4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djf4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,in collecting numbers of these unfinished bird-stones1 my object was to prove that these slender1 delicate objects did not indicate ,european knowledge or influence1 but were wrought after much labor from ordinary stone by prehistoric man4 ,none of them show the marks of steel cutting-tools4 ,fig4 #djj is the roughest one and yet the ears or eyes stand out in relief4 ,fig4 #cii is interesting in that it shows three on which the result of pecking and battering is in evidence4 ,the one to the left1 lower row1 has been pecked1 and ground1 and was in process of being polished when the work ceased4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djg4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,fig4 #dja1 ,andover collection1 found in ,ohio1 is a large bird-stone about five inches in length4 ,the marks of the flint cutting-tool or of the hard grained rubbing-stone1 which cut the softer surface of the slate1 are still apparent4 ,fig4 #djd presents various bird-stones1 both rare and common forms1 with and without ears4 ,these are found long and slender1 short and thick1 almost as low as the bar-amulet1 and also so high that they merge into other effigies4 ,six bird-stones from the collection of ,mr4 ,leslie ,w4 ,hills of ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana1 are shown in ,fig4 #djg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djh4 7,s4 #c-e47 8,this specimen is from western ,new ,york4 ,it is made in the form of a bird which from the number of similar specimens have given the name to this class4 ,the eyes are represented by great protuberances1 which must have greatly increased the difficulty of manufacture4 ,it is made from a boulder or large piece1 and while the material is hard1 it is not rough but rather fragile4 ,it could not be chipped like flint nor whittled like soapstone1 but must have been hammered or pecked into shape and afterwards ground to its present form1 then polished until it is as smooth as glass4 ,a consideration of the conditions demonstrates the difficulty of making this object and the dexterity and the experienced working required40#a ,material3 diorite with feldspar crystals4 ,smithsonian collection4 ,otis ,m4 ,bigelow's collection1 ,baldwinsville4 ,the bird-stones with projection on either side1 which by some are called ears1 and by others eyes1 are quite frequently found in the eastern ,united ,states1 and ,canada4 ,an unusual one is illustrated in ,fig4 #djb1 this having one button-shaped knob on the top of the head4 ,figs4 #djf and #dji from the collection of ,mr4 ,hills illustrate bird-stones about one third size1 from various portions of ,indiana1 ,ohio1 and ,canada2 an unfinished one in ,fig4 #dji 7number on its side #efa7 is interesting in that the bill or nose is unusually long1 the head high1 and the body quite short4 ,one beautiful specimen owned by ,mr4 ,george ,little of ,xenia1 ,ohio1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #daj1 and the specimen is turned in ,fig4 #daa so that the perforations are visible4 ,the neck of this is unusually long4 ,it will be observed that all of these bird-stones have flat bases2 none of the bases are round4 ,in ,figs4 #djd to #daa are presented bird-stones1 ,class ,i1 divisions ,a and ,b4 ,naturally1 there are more of plain bird-stones 7,a7 than those with large projecting ears1 or elaborate heads4 ,it will be observed that the width of the tail varies1 being long and narrow in some1 short and slightly flaring in others1 and in still others broad1 or fan-shaped4 ,sometimes the eye is very small1 as in the lower left-hand specimen1 ,fig4 #dje4 ,or it may be sunken1 several of which are shown in ,fig4 #dji4 ,but usually it is worked in high relief4 ,there are presented1 all told1 in this chapter1 sixty bird-stones4 ,it would be possible for me to present ten times this number4 ,there are included in the series numbers of effigy-like objects that might not be classed by other observers as bird-stones4 ,for instance1 the central specimen1 top row1 of ,fig4 #dje4 ,the bird-stones are very interesting and unique objects and the range in them is considerable4 ,sometimes they are almost square1 as is seen in the central specimen1 lower row1 ,fig4 #dje4 ,again1 the head is a prominent feature1 as is observed in the lower one in ,fig4 #dji1 and the body is of secondary consideration4 ,a group of these stones from the ,andover collection is shown in ,fig4 #djd4 ,the very small bird-stone in the upper row to the left is half size of the original1 as are the others4 ,this is the smallest bird-stone1 the genuineness of which is beyond question1 brought to my attention4 ,just below it is a peculiarly straight effigy from ,tennessee1 which is almost bar-amulet in shape1 and marks the merging of the bird-stone into the bar-amulet4 ,fig4 #djh is an expanded-wing type of unusual beauty4 ,fig4 #dje1 from the collection of ,w4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,chicago1 shows typical bird-stones1 with an unusual one1 almost like a frog1 and shown in the centre at the top4 ,next to it to the left is a short stone1 hardly bird-like in character1 of which a few have been found in the ,united ,states4 ,fig4 #djc1 from the collection in the ,provincial ,museum1 ,toronto1 ,ontario1 ,canada1 presents at the top a stone as much bar-amulet as bird in character1 and also a stone at the bottom in the centre of which is worked a projection or knob4 ,fig4 #dab1 from the ,reverend ,william ,beauchamp's collection1 is somewhat different from ordinary bird-stones1 although it is included under that class4 ,in #ahii ,i issued a bulletin1 8,the ,bird-,stone ,ceremonial10 which is now out of print4 ,it illustrated fifty-three bird-stones4 ,since that time ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,brown has published a study of bird-stones4#b ,this is an excellent review4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,wilson once made a statement#c concerning bird-stones1 and ,i quote one of his paragraphs3 8,the ,united ,states ,national ,museum possesses many of these specimens4 ,while they bear a greater resemblance to birds than anything else1 yet scarcely any two of them are alike and they change in form through the whole gamut until it is difficult to determine whether it is a bird1 a lizard1 or a turtle1 and finally the series ends in a straight bar without pretense of presenting any animal40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dji4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,collection of ,mr4 ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,the range of material is from ,huronian slate or shale to red sandstone1 granite1 and porphyry4 ,usually the stone from which they are made is banded or contains spots of color4 ,they are either red1 gray1 or brown1 with variations4 ,sometimes feldspathic granite1 diorite1 and porphyritic-feldspar are made use of4 ,dr4 ,william ,beauchamp gives a very good description of some fifteen bird-stones4#d ,i have reproduced none of the illustrations he gives1 but as his text is timely1 ,i quote at length from his paper3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #daj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,george ,little1 ,xenia1 ,ohio4 8,the theories about their use seem fanciful1 as some certainly are4 ,two writers assert that they were worn by married or pregnant women only1 and many have accepted this statement4 ,others think they were worn by conjurors1 or fixed on the prows of canoes4 ,it is enough to say that some of the perforations are not adapted to any of these uses4 ,it seems better to class them with the war and prey or hunting gods of the ,zuis1 some of which they resemble4 ,in that case the holes1 of whatever kind1 would have given a firm hold on the thongs which bound the arrows to the amulet1 a matter of importance in an irregular figure4 8,these perforations form the most important feature4 ,the amulet may be but a simple bar1 but to each end of the base is a sloping hole1 bored from the end and base and meeting4 ,to this necessary feature may be added a simple head or tail1 and there may also be projecting ears4 ,none of these are essential4 ,they are but appropriate or tasteful accessories4 8,two notable collections contain a large number of amulets4 ,in the ,canadian collection at ,toronto there are about fifty bird-amulets40 ,dr4 ,beauchamp mentions ,mr4 ,douglass's seventy specimens in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history collection1 and also refers to the rarity of bar-amulets in ,western ,new ,york3-- 8,they were variable in material as well as form1 although most commonly made of striped slate4 ,perhaps full half have projecting ears1 when of the bird-form4 ,in the wider forms1 usually of harder materials1 there are often cross-bars on the under side1 in which the perforations are made4 ,occasionally these are not entirely enclosed1 yet are without signs of breakage4 ,this seems to prove that these were not intended as means of attaching them to any larger object1 on which they would rest1 but rather for fastening articles upon them1 as in the ,zui amulets already mentioned1 and which were illustrated by ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing1 in the ,second ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology4 ,on comparison a general resemblance to these will be seen1 and in a few cases it is quite striking4 ,that they were used in this way1 rather than in those suggested by others1 is a reasonable conclusion which gains strength with fuller study4 ,as a class they belong to the ,st4 ,lawrence basin40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #daa4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,side view of ,fig4 #daj4 ,mr4 ,gerard ,fowke and ,professor ,david ,boyle should be quoted upon this subject4 ,mr4 ,fowke says3#e ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dab4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,rev4 ,william ,beauchamp's collection4 ,from ,michigan4 8,stone relics of bird-form are quite common north of the ,ohio ,river1 but are exceedingly rare south of that stream4 ,he illustrates the same specimen figured by ,dr4 ,wilson4 8,according to ,gilman1#f the bird-shape stones were worn on the head by the ,indian women1 but only after marriage4 ,abbott quotes ,colonel ,whittlesey to the effect that they were worn by ,indian women to denote pregnancy1 and from ,william ,penn that when the squaws were ready to marry they wore something on their heads to indicate the fact4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dac4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge4 8,jones#g quotes from ,de ,bry that the conjurors among the ,virginia ,indians wore a small black bird above one of their ears as a badge of office40 ,professor ,boyle#h says3 8,although for convenience known as bird-amulets--most of them being apparently highly conventionalized bird-forms--now and again one sees specimens that are not suggestive of birds1 whatever else they may have been intended to symbolize4 ,in some instances there has not been any attempt to imitate eyes even by means of a depression1 but in the majority of cases the eyes are enormously exaggerated1 and stand out like buttons on a short stalk1 fully half an inch beyond the side of the head4 ,in every finished specimen the hole is bored diagonally through the middle of each end of the base1 upwards and downwards4 ,if merely for suspension when being carried1 one hole would be sufficient1 but the probability is that these were intended for fastening the #8amulets' to some other object1 but what1 or for what purpose1 is not known4 8,it has been suggested that these articles 444 were employed in playing a game2 that they are totems of tribes or clans2 and that they were talismans in some way connected with the hunt for waterfowl4 ,they are1 at all events1 among the most curious and highly finished specimens of ,indian handicraft in stone found in this part of ,america1 and the collection of them in the ,provincial ,archological ,museum is said to be the best that has been made40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dad4 7,s4 #c-h47 ,effigy of a whale4 ,andover collection4 ,this stone was found near ,fall ,river1 ,massachusetts4 ,it appears to be an effigy of a whale4 ,numbers of rude effigies1 more or less whale-like in character1 are found along the ,atlantic seaboard in ,connecticut and ,massachusetts4 ,doubtless the whale would excite wonder in the minds of aborigines--hence the effigies4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dae4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,bear effigy4 ,found near the corner of ,essex and ,boston ,streets1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 in #ahcj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #daf4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,group of various objects from ruins near ,phnix1 ,arizona4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,professor ,boyle speaks of the bar-amulet after treating of bird-stones1 but he does not class them as the same kind of ceremonials4 ,frank ,hamilton ,cushing illustrated bird-stones and flat tablets1 and he thought the bird-stones were tied on flat tablets and these worn on the head4 ,i inclined to that opinion when ,i published 8,the ,bird-,stone ,ceremonial10 but now ,i do not believe this1 for the reason that most bird-stones could not be conveniently tied to flat tablets4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dag4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,that they are found in regions where there are many mounds used to be stated1 but this is hardly correct4 ,they have never been found in a mound1 and ,i do not know of an instance where they have been found in graves4 ,they occur more in northern ,ohio1 ,canada1 and ,new ,york ,state than elsewhere except ,michigan and ,wisconsin4 ,i firmly believe that they were not made and used by mound-building tribes but antedate the mound-building period4 ,as to the exact purpose of these things ,i leave others to judge4 ,,animal ,,and ,,human ,,effigies ,there are many crude effigies1 many grotesque sculptures found in this country4 ,there are also stones that are in the border-lands between highly developed problematical forms and effigies4 ,fig4 #dac presents a group of these from the ,peabody ,museum at ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,the upper row appears to be whale effigies4 ,in the lower row are small stone bowls or paint-cups4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dah4 7,s4 #a-b47 shows four peculiar stones from the ,salt ,river ,valley1 ,arizona4 ,the one in the lower left-hand corner illustrates an armadillo2 in the upper right-hand corner1 an owl4 ,the others are unknown effigies4 ,these ,arizona specimens are all of volcanic tufa1 and are typical of the region4 ,large numbers were found by ,mr4 ,cushing during his explorations of the ruins of the ,salt ,river ,valley1 and something like a hundred were dug up by me for ,mr4 ,peabody when ,i visited the region4 ,the purpose of these is unknown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dai4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,front view of the 8,owl ,ornament10 found in a grave at ,fort ,ancient1 ,ohio1 #ahhb4 ,collection of the ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,one of the first specimens collected by ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead at ,fort ,ancient4 ,material1 graphite slate4 ,few finer problematical forms have been found4 ,there are two grooves on the face and back of this object4 ,one runs from the top down about an inch and one half1 intersecting the other4 ,in the angles formed by these two grooves are two perforations extending through the stone and drilled from each side4 ,at the bottom is an oval-shaped hole on the face extending through4 ,this latter perforation does not exhibit an oval shape from the rear1 but presents a round appearance4 ,around this oval-shaped depression are fourteen holes1 each drilled about one eighth of an inch deep4 ,they present the form of an arrow-head1 or a heart4 ,on the reverse side are two holes above the oval perforations which are not drilled through the stone1 and which lie just under the horizontal groove4 ,the remarkable part of this stone is that the symbol1 three1 occurs on it in three places--on the face twice and on the reverse once4 ,quite a number of these whale and other effigies have been found in ,new ,england2 but effigy-work in stone1 the making of art-forms from life1 was more general in the ,south and ,southwest than in ,new ,england1 where1 indeed1 effigy animals are exceedingly rare4 ,fig4 #dae illustrates an effigy of a bear4 ,this was found in ,salem during excavations for a cellar and is in the ,peabody ,museum of that city4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,ft4 ,wayne1 ,indiana1 owns a peculiar effigy in stone about six inches in height4 ,just what it represents ,i am unable to state1 as the ancient workman's sculpture is crude4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,the 8,owl ,ornament10 rear view4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dba4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,salem collection4 ,this shows a grooved bar-like object at the bottom1 and a curious effigy pendant above4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbb4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,w4 ,e4 ,bryan's collection1 ,elmira1 ,new ,york4 ,fig4 #daf shows a number of spindle-whorls to which reference has been made elsewhere4 ,these are made of clay1 hard baked4 ,in the lower centre is a stone idol found in a large ruin at ,mesa1 ,arizona4 ,it is made of hard redstone4 ,there is a little depression in the top of the head half an inch in depth4 ,near the top is a curious animal effigy with eight legs4 ,this is made of fine-grained lava and has a depression in the centre about one and one half inches in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbc4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,from a mound near ,south ,carrollton1 ,kentucky4 ,presented to the ,phillips ,academy ,museum1 by ,f4 ,g4 ,hilman1 ,new ,bedford1 ,massachusetts4 ,fig4 #dag illustrates two effigies1 full size1 of black onyx1 each typifying a bird4 ,these are very finely carved and were found in southern ,arizona in a ruin1 by the expedition sent there by ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,peabody1 #ahig-ih4 ,the human form was frequently indicated in stone by the ,indians4 ,these sculptures range from very crude delineations1 which ,i have not shown1 to the first steps in more ambitious work1 such as is exhibited in ,fig4 #dbb4 ,this stone head was found near ,elmira1 ,new ,york1 by ,mr4 ,ward ,e4 ,bryan4 ,the original was seven or eight inches in length4 ,it is cut out of fine-grained sandstone4 ,on the back are curious lines and dots as shown in the figure4 ,the face shown is much cruder than that in ,fig4 #dbc4 ,that face is of the peculiar type known as 8,mound-,builder40 ,i have referred to this resemblance elsewhere4 ,inspection of ,fig4 #dii in the pipe series1 found by ,professor ,mills at ,adena1 in the ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio1 and of the idol1 ,fig4 #dbf1 and some of the effigy pottery1 will acquaint readers with this curious1 strongly marked1 ,mound-,builder type of feature4 ,other examples are to be seen in books treating of ,american archology4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbd4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,an idol and three flutes4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection4 ,the long flute at the top is made of slate4 ,the head is an imitation of a serpent's head4 ,it has five holes regularly spaced4 ,it is evident that a small block of wood was placed in the mouth to lessen the wind space4 ,the central one is of stone1 open at both ends1 with four holes4 ,the smallest one1 of bone1 is open at both ends4 ,on each of these instruments from seven to nine different sounds can be made4 ,the idol was found in ,tennessee1 near the ,kentucky line4 ,it is made of dark steatite1 and is unique in representing the full human form4 ,the idol presented in ,fig4 #dbf is a remarkable effigy4 ,not a few of these have been found near the ,etowah ,group of mounds in ,georgia4 ,all such idols have either been found in graves or on the sites of ,southern villages1 where population was considerable4 ,i never knew of them being found in a mound1 although there may have been such discoveries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbe4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection4 ,wooden image found many years ago in ,bell ,county1 ,kentucky1 near ,middlesboro1 in a cave by a turkey-hunter4 ,it is made of yellow pine1 and is of form similar to the stone effigies found in ,kentucky4 ,the ears are pierced for ear-rings1 and the wrists grooved for bracelets4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbf4 7,s4 about #a-f47 ,found in #ahhf near the ,etowah ,group of mounds1 ,cartersville1 ,georgia4 ,material1 steatite4 ,height1 #ba inches4 ,weight1 #ef pounds4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,ground ,,stone ,,stone ,,pipes ,previous to the discovery of ,america1 that strange custom of smoking was confined to the ,new ,world natives4 ,there have been some vague references to inhaling of smoke by other ancient peoples elsewhere in the world4 ,but these are still in the realm of doubt4 ,certain it is that the burning of tobacco1 dried leaves1 bark1 etc41 in stone1 bone1 clay1 or copper receptacles was not known to any considerable number of men before ,columbus set out upon his uncertain voyage1 on an unknown sea4 ,there is an extensive literature dealing with pipes and smoking customs of ,america1 and it is unfortunate that ,i am unable to produce more than a portion of what has been said by the early travelers1 and later scholars and others1 regarding this peculiar custom4 ,however1 there are two important publications accessible to all readers4 ,the first was published by ,mr4 ,joseph ,d4 ,mc,guire4#i ,mr4 ,mc,guire illustrates his paper with two hundred and thirty-one figures and five plates4 ,the other paper was written by ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,west and contains seventeen plates and two hundred and three figures4#aj ,mr4 ,mc,guire made a study of pipes and smoking customs throughout the ,united ,states2 ,mr4 ,west1 of the ,st4 ,lawrence basin and particularly ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 and ,canada4 ,these two publications will give readers abundant material for consideration1 and because of their excellence1 ,i have made this somewhat lengthy reference to them4 ,in addition to the monographs cited1 there are numerous shorter articles scattered throughout various publications and reports4 ,these will be found if readers refer to the ,bibliography4 ,in the following pages1 ,i follow the classifications made by ,messrs4 ,mc,guire and ,west with very few changes4 ,these must both stand as the best that have appeared on the subject up to the present time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,stone pipe-bowl made of catlinite4 ,collection of the ,university of ,toronto1 ,ontario4 ,found by ,henry ,montgomery in a mound in western ,manitoba4 ,since ,mr4 ,mc,guire's paper was published there have been large additions to pipe collections in the museums and private collections4 ,as to the number of pipes in the ,smithsonian1 ,american ,museum1 ,peabody ,museum1 and others1 ,i do not know1 but one might venture the opinion that each of these three institutions have at the least fifteen hundred or two thousand pipes scattered throughout the collections2 and the smaller museums in proportion4 ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills informs me that there are two hundred and forty pipes in the exhibit under his charge at ,columbus1 comprising collections owned by the ,ohio ,state ,university and the ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,society4 ,they are divided as follows3 ,monitor1 twenty-eight2 effigy1 forty2 tubular1 twenty-four2 miscellaneous1 one hundred and forty-eight4 ,in the ,andover collection there are about one hundred and seventy pipes4 ,there are two large private collections of pipes in ,america4 ,mr4 ,john ,a4 ,beck of ,pittsburg owns about eighteen hundred pipes of various kinds from the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,west reports that there are six hundred in his possession4 ,pipes1 from their very nature1 were probably more highly prized among our aborigines than any other articles4 ,the pipe was sacred1 and it was not until ,europeans1 with their superior civilization1 took up the smoking custom1 that it became a habit and totally lost its original significance4 ,it is quite likely that pipes were more generally exchanged among tribes than other artifacts4 ,possibly1 one should except copper1 but ,i am not even sure of that4 ,we find ,northern forms ,south1 ,eastern types ,west1 and a general indication that aboriginal barter or trade in pipes was extensive4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbh4 7,s4 about #a-b47 ,pipes from ,north ,dakota mounds4 ,explorations of ,henry ,montgomery4 7a7 ,pipe-bowl of catlinite4 7b7 ,piece of catlinite pipe-bowl which had been cut off before burial4 7c7 ,catlinite pipe1 #b inches in length4 7d7 ,large bowl of catlinite pipe1 #aj inches long2 from ,ramsey ,county4 7e7 ,catlinite pipe-bowl found with the piece of pipe shown in 7b74 7f7 ,pipe-bowl made from deer antler2 length1 about #d inches4 7g7 ,clay pipe1 bent2 length1 #e inches2 found in burial-pit in ,benson ,county4 7h7 ,catlinite pipe-bowl1 #a inches long4 7i7 ,straight bowl of clay pipe2 length1 #b inches2 found in burial-pit in ,ramsey ,county4 7,see ,fig4 #dbi47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbi4 7,s4 about #a-b47 ,pipes from ,north ,dakota mounds4 ,described under ,fig4 #dbh4 7,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 no4 #d1 plate #cc47 ,the ,classification of ,pipes ,no one save ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,mc,guire has attempted to group these objects4 ,in his classification1 ,mr4 ,mc,guire presented four plates in which he showed the distribution of fifteen types of pipes4 ,i have followed his numbers1 but instead of presenting a map1 have named states or localities1 from which these were taken4 #a4 ,curved-base mound pipe4 ,mississippi ,valley1 north of the ,ohio and west of ,pennsylvania4 ,also the ,great ,lakes basin4 #b4 ,heavy bird or animal pipe4 ,south of the ,ohio and east of the ,mississippi4 #c4 ,tubular pipe4 ,east of the ,mississippi1 and from central ,ohio east4 ,throughout the ,rocky ,mountains and the ,pacific ,coast4 #d4 ,iroquoian clay pipe4 ,new ,england to ,new ,york2 ,ohio1 ,michigan1 and ,west ,virginia4 #e4 ,iroquoian grotesque bird-pipe4 ,the same region4 ,also eastern ,canada4 #f4 ,iroquoian rectangular pipe4 ,eastern ,canada and ,new ,york4 #g4 ,disc or jewsharp pipe4 ,mississippi ,valley1 central portion4 #h4 ,biconical pipe4 ,southern ,mississippi ,valley1 east of the ,mississippi and south of the ,ohio4 ,also ,ohio and ,michigan4 #i4 ,micmac1 keel-base pipes4 ,the ,st4 ,lawrence basin4 #aj4 ,siouan and catlinite type4 ,the ,great ,plains4 #aa4 ,southern mound type4 ,the ,south1 east of the ,mississippi1 and north of ,florida4 #ab4 ,pueblo pipes4 ,southwest4 #ac4 ,rectangular pipes1 birds1 and animals on bowls4 ,pennsylvania and ,ohio4 #ad4 ,monitor pipe4 ,ohio and ,mississippi ,valley1 north of the mouth of the ,ohio1 and ,wisconsin4 #ae4 ,bowl and vase-shaped pipes4 ,kansas and entire eastern ,united ,states1 north of ,alabama and ,georgia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,earthenware pipe4 ,found near ,lake ,champlain4 ,collection of the ,university of ,vermont4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dca4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,conoidal tube pipe4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,sheboygan ,county1 red catlinite4 ,this table will serve as a beginning1 but it is incomplete4 ,many pipes of the types mentioned by ,mr4 ,mc,guire are found in other sections than those named by him4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcb4 7,s4 a little over #a-c47 ,found in a mound on ,long ,island1 ,tennessee ,river1 ,jackson ,county1 ,alabama4 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,michigan4 ,the names of some pipes may not be familiar to all of my readers4 ,i therefore repeat ,mr4 ,mc,guire's list of fifteen pipe-types1 and state opposite each1 the numbers of figures illustrating that particular type4 ,the fifteen types of pipes described by ,mr4 ,mc,guire are illustrated in this chapter under the following figure numbers3-- #a4 ,curved-base mound pipe4 ,fig4 #deb4 #b4 ,heavy bird or animal pipe4 ,figs4 #dgg and #dha4 #c4 ,tubular pipe4 ,figs4 #dbh and #ddf4 #d4 ,iroquoian clay pipe4 ,upper specimen1 ,fig4 #dfe4 #e4 ,iroquoian grotesque bird-pipe4 ,fig4 #dgj4 #f4 ,iroquoian rectangular pipe4 ,central specimen1 ,fig4 #dfe4 #g4 ,disc or jewsharp pipe4 ,fig4 #ddg4 #h4 ,biconical pipe4 ,right specimen1 ,fig4 #dhi4 #i4 ,micmacs1 keel-base pipes4 ,one in ,fig4 #dec2 left specimen in ,fig4 #dfd4 #aj4 ,siouan and catlinite type4 ,fig4 #dcg4 #aa4 ,southern mound type4 ,specimen ,k in ,fig4 #dfc4 #ab4 ,pueblo pipes4 7,no figures presented1 but they resemble those in ,figs4 #dbh1 #ddf47 #ac4 ,rectangular pipes1 birds and animals on bowls4 ,fig4 #dif1 specimen in the lower left-hand corner4 #ad4 ,monitor pipe4 ,figs4 #dea1 #ddi4 #ae4 ,bowl and vase-shaped pipes4 ,fig4 #deh1 central specimen1 ,fig4 #dfd4 ,certain areas are characterized by particular forms of pipes1 and in regions where the population was more dense1 several types of pipes are usually found1 thus indicating that they were taken from one region to another4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcc4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,collection of ,s4 ,van ,rensselaer1 ,newark1 ,new ,jersey4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcd4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,pottery pipes from ,simcoe and ,durham counties1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,toronto ,university collection4 ,characteristic of northern central ,ontario4 ,one fact stands out prominently with reference to these pipes1 and it is that any one who is familiar with conditions under which pipes are found can distinguish the prehistoric from the modern in most instances4 ,of course there are exceptions4 ,many modern pipes show the marks of steel tools1 whereas the ancient forms do not4 ,certain specimens appear to those who have done a great deal of field work as ancient1 whereas others do not4 ,this is not merely a matter of opinion4 ,i have found it very difficult1 during my lifetime1 to make those observers who have no intimate knowledge of field conditions realize the importance of this statement4 ,there is no convenient formula whereby one may explain to a skeptic1 how one specimen appears old and another does not4 ,i shall consider this subject at greater length in the ,conclusions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dce4 ,peculiar tube pipes4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,tubular and trumpet-like pipes are shown in ,figs4 #dbg-bh1 and #dcj4 ,these are considered to be earliest forms4 ,more complicated tubes are observed in ,fig4 #dce4 ,mr4 ,west described these in his paper1 previously cited4 ,various remarks offered here and there on the pages of this chapter may be taken to represent my conclusions as to pipes4 ,i have not offered a summary at the end of the chapter1 preferring to state pertinent observations1 suggested by the figures illustrating pipes1 as they occur4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcf4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,onyx pipe-bowl with wooden stem4 ,from cave-house ruins in ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah1 ,february1 #ahid4 ,the pipe lies against a fragmentary skin covering or robe4 ,henry ,montgomery1 ,toronto1 ,ontario4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcg4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,diminutive ,siouan pipes4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,of the fifteen types named by ,mr4 ,mc,guire1 the tubular1 rectangular1 and slightly curved pipe 7of the forms shown in ,fig4 #dcc71 are most common and widespread in the ,united ,states4 ,as some years have elapsed since ,mr4 ,mc,guire's paper was written1 monitor pipes in numbers have been reported from ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 and ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dch4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,peculiar stone pipe4 ,collection of ,h4 ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dci4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,vase-shaped pipe4 ,john ,weber's collection4 8,found by ,mr4 ,john ,weber1 in ,killare1 ,juneau ,county1 ,wisconsin1 in #ahie1 is of a pinkish-colored stone1 and exhibits on its two opposite faces etched figures of some animal1 possibly a lizard4 ,the figure is after a sketch furnished by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,elkey40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddj4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,double conoidal pipe4 ,j4 ,p4 ,schumacher's collection4 8,a very attractive example1 from ,brown ,county1 ,wisconsin1 is of dark sandstone1 nearly #d inches long1 #b inches high1 #c inches wide1 and oval in shape with a flat base4 ,its stem and bowl cavities are each fully an inch in diameter at the surface1 and are placed at right angles to each other4 ,this pipe was evidently pecked into shape1 both bowl and stem holes being made by the same process40 ,the modern ,sioux1 ,ojibwa1 and ,winnebago and other pipes between the years #agjj and #ahej are interesting by way of comparison4 ,mr4 ,west#aa wrote a few paragraphs concerning them1 which ,i quote4 8,no pipe was ever regarded by the ,american aborigine with greater reverence and respect than the calumet4 ,it was used in the ratification of treaties and alliances2 in the friendly reception of strangers2 as a symbol in declaring war or peace1 and afforded its bearer safe transport among savage tribes4 ,its acceptance sacredly sealed the terms of peace1 and its refusal was regarded as a rejection of them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dda4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,black pottery pipe4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 8,this is a type of ,southern mound pipe taken from a mound in ,pepin ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,it is well tempered with shell1 contains eight knobs or coffee-bean protuberances about the bowl1 and the stem is ornamented on one side by a zigzag line1 probably intended to represent the emblem of lightning4 ,this pipe is #c inches long1 and the only one of its kind so far found in this state40 8,calumets made of steatite1 limestone1 sandstone1 and granite1 are often found1 but a large majority of them are made of catlinite1 a compact clay slate1 named after ,mr4 ,george ,catlin1 who lived for many years among the ,indians1 and to whom great credit is due for his many portraits and other paintings true to aboriginal life4 ,the color of catlinite is usually cherry red1 often mottled and shading into ash1 grey1 or black4 ,this material was quarried by the ,indians in several places in ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 ,south ,dakota1 ,missouri1 and in ,barron ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,specimens of #8pipestone' are sometimes secured from the glacial drift4 ,pipes of catlinite are not necessarily of modern make4 ,examples have been found1 over a wide area1 in ,indian mounds and graves4 ,in #ahhj a broken pipe of this material was found by ,ole ,rasmussen1 in the town of ,farmington1 ,waupaca ,county1 while digging a well1 eighteen or twenty feet below the surface4 ,the material has been known1 under different names1 ever since the ,discovery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddb4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,a pipe of banded slate from the collection of ,albert ,l4 ,addis1 ,albion1 ,indiana4 ,pipes of slate are not wanting1 and they are usually either rounded or angular4 ,it is seldom that the banded slate is worked into pipe effigies4 8,catlin1 who in #ahce visited the pipestone quarries of ,minnesota1 had previously found catlinite #8in the hands of the savages of every tribe1 and nearly every individual in the tribe has his pipe made of it4' ,after a visit to the famous quarries1 ,catlin concludes as follows3 #8,from the very numerous marks of ancient and modern diggings or excavations1 it would appear that this place has been for many centuries resorted to for the redstone2 and from the great number of graves and remains of ancient fortifications in its vicinity1 it would seem1 as well as from their actual traditions1 that the ,indians have long held this place in high superstitious estimation2 also it has been the resort of different tribes who have made their regular pilgrimages here to renew their pipes4'0#ab ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddc4 7,s4 #d-e47 ,handled disc pipe4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,a rare old specimen found in a mound near ,delavan1 ,walworth ,county1 ,wisconsin1 of greenish-colored limestone1 the color probably due to copper stains4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddd4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,type of monitor pipe4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 8,found near ,buffalo ,creek1 ,nelson ,county1 ,virginia2 of dark schist1 is #e inches long4 ,it has an alate stem1 running the length of the centre of which is a pronounced ridge4 ,the largest specimen of this type so far encountered is probably a #8,great ,pipe1' having a bowl #h inches long1 being upward of #ag inches in total length1 which was found in a mound in ,marion ,county1 ,kentucky40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dde4 7,s4 #d-e47 ,short-base monitor pipe4 ,collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell4 ,this specimen was 8found in the town of ,aurora1 ,marquette ,county1 ,wisconsin1 is of drab slate1 #b inches long1 the end broken away1 base rounded1 and is ornamented near the stem end on each side by three deep grooves4 ,a second example of the same shape in ,g4 ,a4 ,west's collection1 found by ,mr4 ,august ,bartle1 in the town of ,scott1 ,sheboygan ,county1 ,wisconsin1 in #aija1 is of drab steatite4 ,the top of its bowl is ornamented by four sets of cross-lines1 of three lines each4 ,the bowl cavities in each pipe are irregularly conical in shape40 ,in ,kentucky and ,tennessee1 as well as southern ,ohio1 where the population was dense1 there are examples of nearly all the pipes except the ,iroquois and the catlinite4 ,the few of these found in that region must be set down as strays4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,five tubular pipes1 from the collection of ,james ,a4 ,barr1 ,stockton1 ,california4 ,the study of several specimens illustrated by both ,mc,guire and ,west and the comparison of the fifteen figures presented in 8,the ,stone ,age0 will acquaint readers with the distribution of forms and types4 ,the striking thing in all this1 and it may be verified by inspection of any large mound collection1 is that the types shown in ,figs4 #dce1 #dcg1 #dci1 and #dfe are usually surface finds and may be distinguished from specimens found in mounds and from various village-sites4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,handled disc pipe4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton's collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,from ,kosciusko ,county1 ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddi4 7,s4 #b-e47 ,straight-base monitor pipe1 ,logan collection1 ,beloit ,college4 8,it was ploughed up in an early day by ,mr4 ,l4 ,craigs1 on ,section #cj1 ,eagle ,township1 ,richland ,county1 is of drab steatite and finely polished4 ,it is #i inches long1 #b inches wide at the base1 #c inches across the flange of the bowl1 with the bowl cavity inch in its greatest diameter1 and made with a tubular drill4 ,this is certainly one of the finest examples of the straight-base monitor pipe as yet found in ,wisconsin40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dej4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,this figure shows the top view of pipe shown in ,fig4 #dea1 and is from the collection of ,albert ,l4 ,addis1 ,albion1 ,indiana4 ,found in northern ,indiana4 ,mr4 ,west has kindly permitted me to reproduce portions of his valuable paper on pipes1 and ,i am sorry that space is insufficient to quote his descriptions of the numerous figures he has loaned me4 ,referring again to the ,siouan pipes 7,fig4 #dcg71 it requires no skill to distinguish these modern forms from the more ancient4 ,many of the pipes shown in that figure will apply to other living tribes as well as the ,sioux4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dea4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,a4 ,l4 ,addis1 ,albion1 ,indiana4 ,one may suppose that the tubular pipe soon developed into other forms4 ,that is1 of course1 taking it for granted that the tubular pipe is the first form4 ,modifications of the tube tending toward the rectangular are often met with1 which seems to bear out this theory4 ,be that as it may1 we have in ,fig4 #dch a pipe from ,dr4 ,whelpley's collection1 oval in outline1 curiously ornamented with circular depressions1 and which is hardly of the tubular class1 but seems to be a modification of the same4 ,instead of being perforated through its long diameter1 the bowl is about an inch from the broad end4 ,such a pipe as this is of rare occurrence4 ,it will be seen from an inspection of either ,mr4 ,west's or ,mr4 ,mc,guire's papers1 as well as through a study of any museum collection1 or of the various figures presented in this section1 that pipes on which there are carvings or decorations1 or pipes made in imitation of life-figures1 are quite as frequently found as plain and unornamented pipes4 ,why so much skill should be employed on these pipes1 whereas the flat surfaces of slate gorgets and ornaments could have been more easily decorated1 is a problem4 ,this may1 however1 be accounted for by the sacred significance accorded to the pipe by the savage1 for it was used in all ceremonial performances1 in the declaration of war and peace1 and was among his most treasured possessions4 ,it is very seldom that we find markings or tracings on any of these stone gorgets or ceremonial forms1 yet on the pipes1 as remarked above1 ornamentation is the rule4 ,all of this is significant to me1 and ,i think that subsequently we shall be able to draw some valuable lessons from this peculiarity4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #deb4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,large1 platform pipe from a burial4 ,length1 #e inches4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills's explorations4 ,the ,northern pipes1 the pipes from the country west of the ,mississippi1 excepting of course the calumets1 appear to be smaller as a rule than the ,southern pipes1 or the mound pipes4 ,one might say that many of these were individual and sometimes emblematic pipes rather than council pipes4 ,it must1 however1 not be forgotten that with the ,indians of the ,great ,lakes region especially1 all significance was attached to the stem and its ornamentation rather than to the bowl4 ,fig4 #dcg shows the well-known ,siouan types of pipes of that people from the time of their migration to what is now known as ,wisconsin4 ,it is therefore possible that some of the pipes of this place are several centuries old1 while others are distinctly of modern make4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dec4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ded4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,this is a straight-base monitor pipe from the collection of ,george ,a4 ,west4 ,it is made of greenish steatite and was found in ,milwaukee ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,it is a beautiful specimen4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dee4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,george ,little1 ,xenia1 ,ohio4 ,there has been some discussion as to the part played by catlinite in aboriginal trade or exchange4 ,catlinite does not appear to be as old as other stones4 ,it has been my theory that the catlinite quarry was of recent discovery4 ,by recent1 ,i mean within two or three thousand years or less4 ,catlinite pipes are frequently found in the mounds and graves of ,wisconsin1 but not in those of the ,south in any considerable numbers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #def4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,h4 ,e4 ,towns1 ,fond du ,lac1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #deg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,this pipe was ploughed up five miles east of ,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,collection of ,frank ,l4 ,grove1 ,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,in fact their occurrence there is very rare1 yet they are found in great numbers in modern graves1 in village-sites where tribes have lived in the historic period4 ,this in itself is significant4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #deh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,found about four miles north of ,pierceton1 ,indiana4 ,collection of ,w4 ,f4 ,matchett1 ,pierceton1 ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dei4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,university of ,vermont collection4 ,fig4 #ddf shows five tubular pipes from ,california1 collection of ,professor ,james ,a4 ,barr4 ,these are all specialized forms1 and somewhat different in the method of treatment1 being highly polished and ornamented by rings carved in relief4 ,the disc pipe is placed in a class by itself by ,mr4 ,mc,guire4 ,we have six of these at ,andover1 all from graves at the mouth of the ,wabash1 southern ,indiana4 ,one of these is shown in ,fig4 #ddg4 ,mr4 ,west remarks as follows regarding this type of pipe3-- 8,the disc pipe1 in the writer's opinion1 is an old type1 and was in use by the aborigines of this country long before the coming of the whites4 ,authorities1 however1 differ as to this conclusion4 ,general ,gates ,p4 ,thruston suggests that the stem holes of the disc pipe being funnel-shaped1 it may safely be regarded as an old type4 8,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,mc,guire writes3 #8,the shape is so suggestive of the jewsharp1 an instrument used extensively in trade with the ,indians1 as to indicate that the pipe itself is modeled after the form of this primitive musical instrument1 even though the file marks1 so common on many of the pipes1 are absent from those coming under the writer's observation4' ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfj4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,collection of ,l4 ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 8,a careful study of the several forms of this type convinces the author that it was not modeled after the jewsharp4 ,of the twenty-eight examples in the author's collection1 when examined with a powerful glass1 all exhibited innumerable marks and scratches1 that could have been made by the use of a piece of sandstone or flake of flint4 ,in no case were file marks found4 8,mr4 ,mc,guire states3 #8,finding them of catlinite so far from the quarries would indicate that they are of no great age4' ,if ,mr4 ,mc,guire's conclusion is correct1 aboriginal barter and trade could not have been carried on between distant tribes until within a comparatively recent date1 an abundance of evidence to the contrary notwithstanding40#ac ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfa4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,turtle pipe found at ,pierceton1 ,indiana4 ,front view4 ,collection of ,w4 ,d4 ,matchett1 ,peirceton1 ,indiana4 8,fig4 #ddg1 found at ,baldwin's ,mills1 ,waupaca ,county1 the largest handled disc pipe so far found in ,wisconsin1 is of beautiful dark red catlinite with pink flecks4 ,its bowl is five inches long1 terminating in a handle shaped like the blade of a hatchet1 with what would be the cutting edge ornamented with three notches4 ,the disc is #c inches wide and so thin that the distance through from the face of the disk to the outer side of the bowl is but three fourths of an inch4 ,the stem hole has the characteristic curve and its interior is nicely polished4 ,both stem and bowl holes appear to have been started with a stone drill and enlarged with a wooden drill used in conjunction with sand4 ,under a glass this specimen shows innumerable scratches1 but none of these appear to have been made by the use of metal tools4 ,the same can be said of eleven handled disc pipes in the author's collection40 ,mr4 ,west has a record of one hundred and four disc pipes found in ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfb4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,rear view of ,fig4 #dfa4 ,the fact that these disc pipes are frequently made of catlinite leads me to believe that they are not as old as other forms2 yet there seems to be no evidence of their use after the advent of white man4 ,the pipe with the curved base and monitor pipes are closely related4 ,these are found throughout the entire ,mississippi ,valley1 and are especially numerous in ,illinois1 to ,west ,virginia and from southern ,wisconsin to southern ,tennessee4 ,many beautiful specimens have been taken from mounds and graves1 particularly from the mounds4 ,in ,figs4 #ddi-ec1 ,i show five of these4 ,perhaps the most beautiful ones have been found in the mounds of the ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfc4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,group of pipes from various localities in the ,mississippi ,valley4 7a7 ,scioto ,county1 ,ohio4 7b7 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio4 7c7 ,pipe made from a whale's tooth1 ,alaska4 7d7 ,scioto ,county1 ,ohio4 7e7 ,miami ,county1 ,ohio4 7f7 ,scioto ,county1 ,ohio4 7g7 ,scioto ,county1 ,ohio4 7h7 ,wabash ,cemetery1 ,indiana4 7i7 ,hancock ,county1 ,ohio4 7j7 ,silver ,creek1 ,morgantown1 ,north ,carolina4 7k7 ,grovetown1 ,georgia4 ,just how this peculiar form originated1 no man may know4 ,it was the favorite among the prehistoric peoples4 ,a few examples found in use among historic tribes are very poor imitations of the old forms1 and cannot compare in workmanship and beauty of finish with such as are removed from the mounds of the ,middle ,west and the ,south4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfd4 ,three pipe-bowls4 ,collection of ,henry ,montgomery1 ,toronto1 ,ontario4 ,left4 ,pipe-bowl made of sandstone4 ,from near ,toronto1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,length1 #b inches4 ,centre4 ,pipe-bowl made of limestone4 ,from ,markham1 ,ontario4 ,length1 #c inches4 ,right4 ,pipe-bowl made of white quartzite4 ,found by ,henry ,montgomery in ,simcoe ,county1 ,ontario4 ,about one third actual size4 ,beginning with ,fig4 #ddi and continuing to ,fig4 #dec1 and from ,fig4 #dga through ,fig4 #ejj1 ,i present a series of pipes1 all of which are decorated either by incised lines or by likenesses of animals1 birds1 or human beings1 carved in relief4 ,these may be taken as typical of any large series of pipes in a public museum1 and represent the height of pipe-making art4 ,as previously remarked1 the decoration seems to be the essential thing in pipes4 ,the idea of the maker was to portray something on the pipe or to have the pipe stand for more than a mere receptacle in which tobacco was smoked4 ,no other conclusion is possible when we consider the high percentage of decorated and ornamented pipes1 and the surprising number of pipes worked into effigies4 ,fig4 #dfi is a very clumsy pipe at best1 and the decorations on it may not indicate age4 ,examples such as this are not wanting1 and there are a great many in collections4 ,contrasted with this rough specimen is ,fig4 #dee1 which is also decorated but is worked less crudely4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfe4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,sciences1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,typical ,iroquois pipes4 ,these are fine examples of ,iroquois art and were found in western ,new ,york1 where the ,iroquois culture was high4 ,from graves at ,grand ,island1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dff4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,from a stone grave1 ,wofford ,farm1 ,hurricane ,mills1 ,humphrey ,county1 ,tennessee4 ,material3 red and brown clay4 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,greenstone pipe found in ,tennessee4 ,apparently an ,iroquois type of pipe4 ,this is a rare form4 ,from the collection of ,w4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,danville1 ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfh4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,new ,york ,state ,museum collection1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,human effigy and human bird-pipes from ,iroquois sites in northwestern ,new ,york4 ,both of these sculptures are unusually fine examples of art in pipe-working1 for the greater part of ,iroquois pipes are plainer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfi4 ,pottery pipe with human face2 the stem part broken off4 ,simcoe ,county1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,toronto ,university ,museum4 ,the human sculpture of the priest on the altar at ,palenque1 so frequently illustrated1 illustrates an individual either blowing or drawing smoke through a tube4 ,the tube is ornamented with bands1 and appears to be larger at one end4 ,it is a straight and not a curved pipe4 ,i have always thought that this interesting figure from ancient ,palenque typified what the pipe meant to the more cultured ,american tribes4 ,there is a vast difference between the use of the pipe as portrayed in that sculpture1 and the degeneration of the smoking ceremony as it appears to-day among modern tribes4 ,we have in this figure the ancient shaman in full regalia2 the elaboration with which the slab is wrought1 and the fact that it was part of the sacred altar at ,palenque1 are significant4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgj4 ,new ,york ,state ,museum collection1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,new ,york ,state ,museum contains many fine specimens of early ,iroquois make4 ,the upper figure to the right1 with long stem1 is gracefully curved4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dga4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,this is the form of bird effigy most frequently found4 ,that is1 it is not common1 but more of this type are found in the ,mound-,builder country than other bird-forms4 ,we have no such sculptures in the ,mississippi ,valley1 but we have altar mounds in which effigy and monitor pipes were buried4 ,i have never found a crude pipe in an altar mound and ,i do not think that either ,squier and ,davis or ,professor ,mills ever found an example of crude art in an altar mound4 ,this refers to original interments1 on the base-line--not to intrusive burials4 ,everything indicates that the pipes in use in pre-,columbian times were of two kinds1 the small1 individual pipes1 and the large council pipes1 or those made use of at important functions either religious or tribal1 being characteristic4 ,i have never observed the mark of any steel or iron tool on a mound pipe in the ,ohio ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgb4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,this form of pipe is rare in ,wisconsin4 ,but a few mouth-pipes with curved bases have been found in the ,st4 ,lawrence region4 ,it may have been obtained by trade in the ,south4 ,collection of ,j4 ,g4 ,pickett4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgc4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,collection of ,a4 ,j4 ,powers1 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,iowa4 ,eagle pipe1 ,georgia4 ,this remarkable pipe has been described several times in various publications4 ,it is a beautiful specimen4 ,whether smoking was discovered through accident1 or developed from the use of the straight tube in the hands of the priests1 is something we may never be able to determine with accuracy4 ,while the effigy pipes required particular skill in their manufacture1 yet some of the tubular1 rectangular1 and disc pipes1 although unornamented1 are wrought skillfully and brought to a high finish1 and the surfaces polished until almost as smooth as glass4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgd4 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,a group of beautiful mound pipes from ,indiana1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee4 ,none of these can be considered modern4 ,i have often thought that a careful catalogue of all pipes in our large museums1 with a detailed statement as to where each was found1 would be of great value1 and enable us to prepare accurate tables as to these and their significance and age4 ,in this connection it is to be regretted that greater care has not been at all times exercised in securing complete data relative to aboriginal pipes and other artifacts deposited in museums and private collections1 for without this a specimen however interesting is of little value in solving archological problems4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgd ,a4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,front and rear view of pipe from ,trigg ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,hard1 compact1 dark reddish stone4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection4 ,the bird seems to have been the favorite sculpture1 yet there are frequent portrayals of the frog4 ,i present three of them1 all of sandstone1 in ,figs4 #dhe and #dhf1 and a beautiful one1 full size1 in a photogravure plate1 ,fig4 #ejj1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,graves1 ,doe ,run1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dge4 7,s4 about #a-a47 ,slate pipe1 bird effigy4 ,collection of ,mrs4 ,nellie ,gowthrop1 ,camden1 ,michigan4 ,among the ,ojibwa ,indians1 during the summer of #aiji1 ,i observed a number of stone pipes in use4 ,an excellent opportunity was afforded to study such among these ,indians1 as ,i was on ,white ,earth ,reservation1 ,minnesota1 for seventeen weeks1 and came in contact with all the full blood ,indians and many of the mixed bloods4 ,being frequently in council with these ,indians1 ,i observed their pipes with some care4 ,except rectangular pipes of ,siouan types1 which were inlaid with lead or silver1 most of the pipes were exceedingly crude and far inferior in every way to the ancient forms4 ,few ,indians owned inlaid pipes4 ,the major part of all the pipes ,i observed were common egg-shaped bowls without stem which were fitted with the common cane or wooden stem1 such as are sold in stores at a penny each4 ,others were rectangular and unornamented4 ,two in use by old medicine-men1 one smoked by a ,cree woman1 and several others were purchased by me and placed in the ,andover collection4 ,as these ,ojibwa are all in possession of steel tools1 one would suppose that their pipes would be well made4 ,but on the contrary1 the art of making pipes has degenerated among them4 ,while there are tubular pipes in ,california1 they do not occur in great numbers1 and1 as has been remarked1 other types of pipes are either very scarce or entirely absent4 ,it seems to me that among our ,american aborigines the finest art existed previous to contact with ,european civilization4 ,the finest sculptures on exhibition in our museums come from sites which appear to be prehistoric4 ,to him who is skeptical and does not believe these statements1 ,i suggest that he inspect modern ,iroquoian1 ,siouan1 ,ojibwa1 and ,cherokee pipes1 and compare them with the ancient forms such as have been taken from mounds and graves in southern ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgf4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,locality1 ,tennessee4 ,materials3 soapstone1 slate1 and quartz4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgf ,a4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,locality1 ,north ,carolina4 ,material1 soapstone4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgf ,b4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,steatite1 ,barbour ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,from a mound on ,stoner's ,creek4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgf ,c4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,this beautiful little pipe is of a type occasionally found in ,pennsylvania and the ,carolinas4 ,it may not be prehistoric4 ,at any rate1 it is an interesting specimen4 ,collection of ,dudley ,a4 ,martin1 ,duboistown1 ,pennsylvania4 ,most of these tubular pipes are much larger at one end than the other1 corresponding to the bowl1 which is more highly developed in later forms4 ,there is one in the ,andover collection that was obtained from the ,hupa ,indians of ,california about fifty years ago by an early settler4 ,the stem is round1 made of redwood1 and a stone ring surrounds the bowl4 ,the tobacco would of necessity have to be packed tightly when one smoked such a pipe1 unless1 as has been reported1 the smoker lay upon his back4 ,fig4 #deg is a roughly outlined and unfinished effigy pipe1 which when complete was intended to represent the head of some animal4 ,in this we have evidence of the method of work on the part of the maker4 ,instead of the hand-hammer it would appear that a cutting-tool had been used4 ,he had begun to rim out the bowl on the top of the head1 but the stem hole is not yet in evidence4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,eagle pipe4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore4 ,a superb pipe of limestone representing an eagle4 8,this pipe1 #d4f inches in length1 carved with great spirit1 is a worthy exemplar of the prehistoric art of ,moundville4 ,the bird is represented on its back1 the head swung around to one side with the beak open and tongue extended4 ,incidentally1 it may be said that the #8hump' shown on the tongue by the native artist1 though somewhat exaggerated1 is not imaginary1 as may be proved upon examination of an eagle4 ,it may be that this pipe1 showing as it does the eagle lying on its back1 its legs and claws on the belly1 represents the dead bird4 ,by pulling out the tongue of a dead eagle one would be certain to notice the #8hump'2 hence the examination of a dead bird would have sufficed so far as correct rendering on the pipe was concerned4 ,on the other hand1 the #8hump' on the tongue is plainly shown on pottery from ,moundville1 where the eagle's head is erect and the bird is evidently represented as alive40 ,it is in the effigy pipes themselves as a class that we see the greatest skill and care manifested in the manufacture of these strange objects4 ,this does not1 however1 mean that all effigy pipes are models of the carver's art1 as many of them show poor workmanship4 ,in other words1 the art in pipes is no exception to the rule of art elsewhere4 ,there were those who understood their business and produced masterpieces1 and there were those who produced just the opposite4 ,there may be a totally different method of treatment in representing the same creature1 as for instance ,figs4 #dfh and #dgj showing the ,iroquois treatment of human and bird forms in life2 and the ,southern ,mound-,builder1 ,figs4 #dgc1 #dgd ,a1 #dii1 illustrating birds and men4 ,the ,iroquois and the ,plains tribes made pipes more nearly like our modern pipes of to-day4 ,the bowl was round or angular1 and the stem long and tapering1 or angular4 ,excellent examples from the ,buffalo collection are shown in ,fig4 #dfe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgg ,a4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,eagle pipe4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore4 8,several experts who have charge of eagles in captivity inform us that under certain circumstances the #8hump' on the tongue is visible on the living bird4 ,possibly the aboriginal artist at ,moundville was familiar with the characteristics on eagles through the possession there of captive birds--a custom observed among the ,zui of ,new ,mexico at the present time4 8,owing to slight disintegration of the stone at that part of the pipe where the head is1 the details of the carving are somewhat indistinct1 but by holding the pipe in a suitable light all the details of the head are still distinguishable4 ,a wing is represented on each side4 ,the legs1 beginning at the tail1 which extends outward1 rise upward and forward1 the feet and talons resting on the belly and embracing the orifice of the bowl4 ,the opening for the stem is immediately above the tail40#ad ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,handled pipe4 ,this figure 8represents one of the oldest handled pipes that has come under the writer's observation4 ,this interesting specimen was taken from a burial-mound1 on the ,nicholai farm1 ,big ,bend1 ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin1 in ,july1 #aijb1 by ,mr4 ,la ,fayette ,ellerson4 ,with it was found a curved-base mound pipe40 ,from the collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgh ,a4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,handled pipe4 8,found by ,mr4 ,o4 ,s4 ,ludington1 near ,prairie du ,chien1 of red sandstone1 formed1 mainly by the pecking process1 into the shape of a fish1 and is #e inches long1 #b inches wide1 and #a inch thick4 ,its bowl cavity is three fourths of an inch across1 the stem hole nearly as large1 and both are cone-shaped1 having been made with a stone drill4 ,this specimen is not worked down smooth1 nor does it exhibit file marks40 ,from the collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgi4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,six interesting effigy pipes from the collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgi ,a4 ,turtle pipe4 ,milwaukee ,museum collection4 ,this figure 8is of grayish-brown steatite1 #c inches long1 #b inches in its greatest width1 and with a finely carved upper surface representing a turtle4 ,the bowl is in the centre of the turtle's back1 the stem hole is small1 and was doubtless used without the addition of a detachable mouthpiece4 ,the lower part of the body is flat1 with no attempt to form either legs or tail40 ,this specimen was discovered within the southern limits of the city of ,milwaukee1 and is believed to be one of two ceremonial pipes of turtle-form1 so far found in ,wisconsin4 8,the turtle was an emblem of the ,sioux1 and from the frequent occurrence of its shell in graves must have been held in high esteem by the ,indians2 yet representations of it in stone are exceedingly rare40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,effigy pipe1 ,hopewell ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dha4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,turtle pipe found near ,burnett1 ,dodge ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dha ,a4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,another view of ,fig4 #dha4 ,the ,iroquois pipes and pipes characteristic of the ,plains1 pipes classified by ,mr4 ,mc,guire and ,mr4 ,west as ,micmacs1 and other modern pipes1 are scattered quite generally throughout north1 central1 and eastern ,united ,states4 ,it is good that ,mr4 ,mc,guire has given us so careful a distribution of pipes as is set forth in his fifteen divisions4 ,the student of archology must distinguish between the pipes from the old burial-places and those that are apparently modern4 ,the prehistoric cultures and the modern cultures of our ,american aborigines here in the ,united ,states may be compared with those of ,europe2 where on one site we might find ,roman weapons or implements1 those of early ,germanic tribes associated with the ,roman1 and beneath all of these1 those of the stone-age type4 ,but if the soil had been disturbed1 through digging on the part of people subsequent to these epochs1 stone-age objects1 together with those of ,roman and ,germanic occupations1 might be found associated together4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that here in ,america1 when we find modern catlinite pipes and rectangular stone pipes on a village-site or beneath the surface1 these may represent different epochs or cultures4 ,these cultures may or may not be separated by hundreds of years4 ,there are many complications to be taken into consideration1 in our study of the distribution of pipes4 ,as has been pointed out1 rude pipes are quite as likely to have been made by modern ,indians as by prehistoric people4 ,it does not follow1 because the type of pipes recognized as ,iroquoian in character is widespread north of the ,ohio ,valley and ,canada1 that all pipes in that region were made by the tribes of this stock4 ,the ,iroquois overran the entire territory north of the ,ohio and east of the ,scioto4 ,we know that they overwhelmed the ,eries1 ,hurons1 and others1 whose art was quite different4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhb4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,oolitic limestone pipe1 ,hart ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,highly polished1 a beautiful specimen4 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young4 ,these long effigy pipes of this type are to be found in the ,smithsonian and ,american ,museum collections4 ,an example in the ,g4 ,a4 ,west collection1 found in ,ohio1 is #ad inches long4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhc4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,from ossuary in the ,township of ,manvers1 ,county of ,durham1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,collection of ,j4 ,g4 ,ogle ,d',olier1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhd4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,from ossuary in the ,township of ,manvers1 ,county of ,durham1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,collection of ,j4 ,g4 ,ogle ,d',olier1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhe4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,beautiful effigy pipe of a frog found in a grave at ,waynesville1 ,ohio1 overlooking the ,miami ,river4 ,secured by ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead1 #ahhi4 ,now in the ,ohio ,state ,university ,museum1 ,columbus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,frog pipe4 ,from village-site at the mouth of ,bush ,creek1 ,adams ,county1 ,ohio4 ,as ,i have remarked1 these ,iroquoian pipes are easily distinguished from other forms2 they are not found in the ancient burial-places of the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,the beautiful mound and grave pipes from the ,ohio ,valley1 the middle ,south1 and the far ,south1 shown in ,figs4 #dgd1 #dgg ,a1 #dhe to #dia1 #did1 #dif1 and #dii1 are not only of ancient lineage1 but show no mark of steel tools1 and do not appear to have been inspired by ,european civilization4 ,on the other hand1 many of the pipes referred to do appear to have been suggested by a knowledge of ,european art4 ,some of the best effigy pipes1 the monitor or platform pipes1 were not made of stone1 but of a fine grade of fire-clay4 ,there are also effigies in pipes of terra-cotta4 ,in answering a letter requesting information1 ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 under date of ,april #bg1 #aiaj1 said concerning the pipes in his collection3 8,of the platform pipes1 ten are fire-clay1 of the effigy pipes1 fifteen are fire-clay1 and of the tubular pipes1 twenty are fire-clay4 ,the fire-clay pipes were never burned1 but were cut from original pieces of clay4 ,twenty of the miscellaneous pipes are made of potter's clay40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhg4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,an interesting human effigy found in northern ,ohio1 now in the collection of the ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,columbus4 ,the bird is much in evidence as a prehistoric sculpture4 ,in fact1 there are more bird-pipes than any other life-form4 ,this at once suggests the famous 8,thunder ,bird10 so famous in ,indian mythology in ,america4 ,yet if it is true that these effigies are not totemic1 as relating to tribes1 but stand for 8,thunder ,birds10 it is curious that so many different kinds of birds should have been represented4 ,there are the hawk1 eagle1 crow1 woodcock1 duck1 woodpecker1 paroquet1 and others4 ,examine ,fig4 #dgd ,a4 ,it is one of the best sculptures presented in this chapter4 ,compare this beautiful carving with the following bird-pipes1 ,figs4 #dgj1 #dga1 #dgc1 #dgf1 #dgg1 #dhj1 where possible readers are advised to visit some public museum or consult a library and study the illustrations of bird-pipes4 ,the range is considerable4 ,even in so brief space as is afforded in this chapter1 it will be observed that it was the intention of the ancient people to represent not one kind of bird but many4 ,the statement frequently made1 that it is impossible in some instances to determine just what species of bird was intended1 is true4 ,but we have no difficulty in distinguishing between the duck1 the eagle1 the owl1 or the crow1 although the different kinds of ducks1 or of hawks1 might not be differentiated accurately4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,effigy pipe of limestone4 ,a remarkable effigy pipe found by ,mr4 ,moore in one of the mounds at ,moundville1 ,alabama4 ,this group of mounds has furnished some remarkable specimens in stone and clay4 ,mr4 ,west says of the so-called handled pipes3-- 8,in this class the author has placed a small number of very interesting pipes which are provided with an elongated base or handle1 by which they were held or supported2 and in most examples with a short mouthpiece also4 ,some are without the latter feature1 and were probably furnished with a short stem of wood or bone4 ,they differ considerably as to general shape and manner of ornamentation4 ,a few have the bowls artistically carved to represent the head of a human being1 a fish1 or an animal4 8,a small number of similar pipes have been described from other sections of the ,united ,states4 ,twenty-two examples have been found in ,wisconsin1 no two of which are of exactly the same pattern4 ,no theory of their authorship among the ,wisconsin or other ,indians has as yet been advanced4 ,even though originally limited to one tribe1 so convenient a form of pipe is sure to have been copied by individuals belonging to others4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhi4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,these pipes were found together in a small mound1 a short distance south of ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,collection of ,h4 ,m4 ,braun1 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dij4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,human effigy pipe1 from a grave in the ,willis ,cemetery1 ,hopkinsville1 ,kentucky4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 8,authorities who have written on the subject1 seem to regard this type of pipe as modern4 ,some of the ,wisconsin finds contain no marks of metal tools1 are unpolished1 and have all indications of being prehistoric1 while others are new in appearance1 finely polished and show evidence of the use of metal tools in their manufacture40#ae ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dia4 7,s4 #c-e47 ,the discs and the effigy pipes were found in #aijd by ,w4 ,w4 ,almond while ploughing on a farm near ,menard's ,mound1 about eight miles from ,arkansas ,post4 ,it would appear that these were buried together in a cache1 and covered with a layer of pottery4 ,these will be described more fully under ,conclusions1 chapters ,,xxxvi1 ,,xxxvii4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dib4 7,s4 #d-e47 ,collection of ,w4 ,c4 ,herriman1 ,toronto1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,figs4 #dib and #dic present two views of a pipe of the ordinary clay material4 ,the bowl is behind the head1 passing down the region of the back4 ,the unique feature of this pipe is that when shaken it gives evidence of a hollow sound in the head with several small1 hard particles which distinctly rattle4 ,these have never been investigated and their nature is not known4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dic4 7,s4 #d-e47 ,side view of ,fig4 #dib4 ,fig4 #dhj is a remarkable carving in graphite slate4 ,this was found by me on the altar of the effigy mound1 ,hopewell ,group1 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio1 during the course of explorations1 ,august #aija-,march #aijb4 ,the pipe represents a woodcock resting on the back of a grotesque fish4 ,the bird is true to life1 the fish is not4 ,no pipe found by ,squier and ,davis in the famous ,mound ,city ,group exceeded this in its beautiful artistic lines and skill evinced in manufacture4 ,with this pipe were thousands of pearl beads1 copper ear ornaments1 obsidian blades1 and other remarkable objects1 all of which are foreign to ,ohio4 ,the pipe1 together with the other objects1 is exhibited in the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #did4 7,s4 about #b-g47 ,collection of ,h4 ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,found near ,muskogee1 ,ind4 ,ter4 ,color1 terra-cotta2 size1 eight and one half inches high by five and one half inches anterio-posterior1 by four and one eighth inches wide2 weight1 five pounds4 ,the discoidal in the right hand measures one and three fourths by five eighths inches4 ,each of the two sticks in the left hand are four and one eighth inches long4 ,earrings1 one by three eighths inch2 bead under chin1 three fourths by three eighths inch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #die4 7,s4 #a-f47 ,collection of ,w4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,in ,figs4 #dha and #dha ,a1 ,i present front and rear views of an effigy pipe from ,wisconsin1 now in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum4 ,this is one of the finest examples of mound pipe found in the ,north4 ,an inspection of the two figures will acquaint readers with the fact that the top and bottom of the pipe represent two kinds of reptilia4 ,prof4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barrett1 who kindly furnished this and some other photographs for me1 explains this peculiarity as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dif4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,collection of ,leslie ,w4 ,hills1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,the effigy to the left is a remarkable and interesting pipe1 of hard black stone1 and was found in ,ohio4 8,in sending you the information concerning specimens1 there is one point that ,i overlooked1 and that is the difference between the carapace and the plastron of the turtle pipe4 ,it is an interesting fact that the carapace of this specimen is that of a terrapin1 while the plastron is carved after the fashion of the snapping turtle40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dig4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,portrait pipe4 ,collection of ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,this figure was dug from a grave at ,east ,jacksonport1 ,door ,county1 ,wisconsin1 over which was an old pine stump #cj inches in diameter1 by ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,erkskin1 from whom it was secured by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,elkey1 for ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,west4 ,this pipe is of compact flinty limestone and most skillfully carved into a resemblance of the head and face of a frowning ,indian4 ,both bowl and stem excavations are conical in shape1 and were evidently made with stone drills4 ,i have referred in a number of places to smoking as a ceremony4 ,in addition to being a rite1 it was always practiced for medicinal purposes4 ,not only did the ,indians in ancient times inhale fumes in order to alleviate distress1 but the white people did likewise4 ,mr4 ,mc,guire1 in his work which ,i have previously quoted1 makes this perfectly clear and cites numerous instances as to the supposed curative property of tobacco4 ,i quote one of his paragraphs#af concerning the truly remarkable material gathered by ,mr4 ,bragg3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dih4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,portrait pipe4 ,described by ,g4 ,a4 ,west1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,this figure 8is of dark sandstone1 #aj inches long1 with a portion of its bowl broken away4 ,this remarkable pipe was found many years ago near ,fort ,atkinson1 ,jefferson ,county1 ,wisconsin1 and is now in a private collection in the ,state of ,new ,hampshire4 ,it is a calumet but not of the ,siouan type4 ,the writer is informed that this specimen is unpolished1 but has the appearance of great age1 contains no metal tool-marks1 and shows much use40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dii4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,collection of ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 8,bragg's collection of pipes1 now in the ,british ,museum1 made from all parts of the world1 and his books relating to tobacco1 the former consisting of #ac1jjj specimens and the latter of #ejj volumes1 was as rich as it was curious1 and has probably never been equaled4 ,the medicinal and imaginary properties attaching to tobacco have been marked among the ,american ,indians to no greater extent than in ,europe4 ,rembert ,dodoens in #aegh said #8the perfume of dryed leaves1 he sayd he layde upon quick coles taken in the mouth through the pipe of a funnel or tunnel1 helpeth such as are troubled with shortness of winde and fetch their breath thicke and often4'0#ag ,in #aija ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills explored the ,adena ,mound near ,chillicothe for the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society4 ,one of the skeletons1 aside from having arrow-heads1 knives1 pearl and bone beads and other relics1 had near the left hand the beautiful effigy pipe shown in ,fig4 #dii4 ,i present front and side views of this pipe1 and quote from ,professor ,mills's ,report as follows3-- 8,this pipe is eight inches in length1 and is composed of clay1 resembling the fire-clay found in ,scioto ,county1 which is further south but in the same valley4 ,the pipe is tubular in form1 the hole extending the entire length of the body2 the large opening is between the feet1 having a hole five eighths inch in diameter4 ,within an inch of the top of the head it begins to narrow down to a very small aperture one eighth inch in diameter4 ,the mouthpiece formed a part of the head-dress of the image4 ,the front part of the pipe is of a light gray in color while the back part is of a brick red4 ,the specimen is covered with a deposit of iron ore2 this appears in small blotches over the entire surface of the specimen1 the one side of the face and body being more densely covered with it than the other parts of the pipe4 8,the effigy represents the human form in the nude state with the exception of the covering around the loins2 this covering extends round the body and is tied in the back2 the ends of the covering hang down and serve as ornaments4 ,on the front of this covering is a serpentine or scroll-like ornamentation4 ,from the lobe of each ear is hung an ear ornament which is quite large in proportion to the ear1 and resembles very much the button-shaped copper ornaments which are so frequently found in the mounds of the ,scioto ,valley40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,frog pipe1 from ,tennessee1 and rectangular pipe1 from ,georgia4 ,both of fine sandstone4 ,from the collection of ,f4 ,p4 ,graves1 ,doe ,run1 ,saint ,francois ,county1 ,missouri4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,ground ,,stone ,,mortars ,,and ,,pestles ,classification of mortars and pestles4 ,mortars4 7a7 ,oval or circular4 7,figs4 #eja-jb47 7b7 ,angular or squared 7metates74 7,figs4 #dae-af47 7c7 ,pointed4 7,fig4 #eaa1 top row47 ,pestles4 7a7 ,elongated1 plain4 7,fig4 #eag47 7b7 ,elongated1 ridged or ornamented4 7,figs4 #eac-ad47 7c7 ,bell-shaped4 7,fig4 #ejc47 7d7 ,with flat surfaces 7mano-stones74 7,fig4 #eae47 ,there grew in ,north ,america1 at the time of its discovery by ,columbus1 a profusion of seeds1 nuts1 and roots of various kinds1 developing according to climate from northern ,canada to southern ,arizona4 ,man found these a valuable addition to his food-supply1 and he made use of many of them that we of to-day should consider unpalatable4 ,he procured shell-fish of various kinds both salt and fresh water2 he knew the properties of many roots1 bulbs1 barks1 and other plants4 ,with the exception of such molluscs as he ate1 and his fresh meat1 the greater bulk of his food-supply was in the form of kernels1 or grains1 or bulbs1 or nuts1 which must needs be reduced to meal1 or stripped of husks1 or cracked and broken4 ,to convert the raw food into palatable flour1 he used both wooden and stone pestles in flat1 oval1 or round mortars1 the form varying in different parts of the country4 ,in #ahie1 the ,american ,antiquarian ,society published 8,the ,food of ,certain ,american ,indians and ,their ,method of ,preparing ,it10 by ,professor ,lucien ,carr4 ,mr4 ,carr was long ,assistant ,curator of the ,peabody ,museum at ,cambridge1 and his research into historic ,indian affairs is well known4 ,i quote a few paragraphs from ,mr4 ,carr3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eja4 7,s4 #a-h47 ,from the collection of ,solon ,mc,coy1 ,mountain ,home1 ,idaho4 8,speaking in a general way1 the old chronicler was not far wrong when he told us that the ,indian #8lived on what he got by hunting1 fishing1 and cultivating the soil4' ,unquestionably1 he derived the bulk of his food from these sources1 though there were times1 and unfortunately they were somewhat frequent1 when he was glad to fill out his bill of fare with the fruits1 nuts1 and edible roots and grasses with which a bountiful ,nature supplied him4 ,dividing all these different articles according to their nature and origin1 and beginning with those the production of which is believed to indicate racial progress1 we find that corn1 beans1 and pumpkins were cultivated wherever1 within the limits of the ,united ,states1 they could be grown to advantage4 ,of these corn was by far the most important2 and as it seems to have been the main dependence of all the tribes that lived south of the ,st4 ,lawrence and east of the tier of states that line the west bank of the ,mississippi1 and as the manner of cultivating it and the different ways of cooking it were practically the same everywhere and at all times1 we shall confine our remarks to it and to the ,indians living within these limits1 merely premising that much of what is said about it will apply to #8its sisters1' as beans and squashes were lovingly termed by the ,iroquois4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejb4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,ordinary mortar4 ,collection of ,frank ,l4 ,grove1 ,delaware1 ,ohio4 8,and here1 at the outset of our investigation1 we are met by the fact that modern research has failed to throw a positive light upon the question of its origin4 ,that it was indigenous to ,america is generally believed1 and so1 also1 the statement that it was first cultivated at some point between the tropics is accepted4 ,beyond this we have not been able to go2 and without entering into a discussion of the subject1 it is probably safe to assume that this is as near the truth as we can hope to get4 ,however1 be this as it may1 there seems to be no doubt that its domestication took place ages ago1 for in no other way is it thought possible to account for the vast extent of country over which its use had spread1 and for the number of varieties to which it had given rise4 ,take our own country1 for example1 and when the whites first landed here1 there were found growing1 within certain limited areas1 a number of different kinds1 distinguished one from another1 by the length of time they took to ripen1 by the size of the ear1 by the shape and hardness of the grain1 and by the color1 though this is said to be accidental4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejc4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,pestles1 ,class 8,c40 ,collection of ,j4 ,a4 ,rayner1 ,piqua1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejd4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,collection of ,w4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 8,in addition to these1 which were known to the whites as hominy corn1 bread corn1 and six-weeks corn1 there was still another sort1 called by the ,french bl fleuri1 and by ourselves popcorn1 of which the ,indians were very fond1 and which they served up to those of their guests whom they wished to honor4 ,with so many kinds1 and planting them at different times during the spring and early summer1 they not only had successive crops1 which they ate green as long as the season lasted1 but they also raised enough for winter use1 and1 not unfrequently1 had some to spare to their needy neighbors1 white as well as red4 ,indeed1 their pedlers made long trips for the purpose of exchanging their surplus corn for skins and anything else that they needed2 and but for the supplies which the ,pilgrim fathers1 and we may add the settlers at ,jamestown and ,new ,orleans1 #8obtained from the ,indians willingly or through force1' it is probable1 as a recent writer suggests1'that there would have been but few if any of their descendants left to write their histories and sing their praises4'0 ,the cultivation of corn in the ,united ,states was widespread4 ,de ,soto1 ,coronado1 and other early explorers in their wanderings1 as well as our military expeditions of the ,french and ,indian ,war1 the wars of the ,revolution and of #ahab1 found large corn-fields wherever the ,indian population was thickest4 ,in addition to corn1 which is placed first1 the ,indians gathered wild rice in the ,north and koonti and tuckahoe in the ,south4 ,of these roots1 it is stated3 8,it grew like a flagge1 in the marshes1 and when made into bread had the #8taste of potatoes4'0 ,there were also great stores of dried meat and fish put up in every village1 quantities of maple sugar1 squashes1 beans1 pumpkins1 and an endless variety of roots and nuts4 ,we now know that there are seventeen separate foods for which civilization is indebted to the ,indian4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejd ,a4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,from the collection of ,b4 ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,rare forms of pestles from the ,cumberland and ,tennessee valleys4 ,what we should consider the simplest form of mortar is a question4 ,of course1 the mortar1 rather than the pestle1 is the essential thing4 ,man must have something in which to grind or crush his food1 and it did not matter to him whether the receptacle was wood1 stone1 or leather so long as it served the purpose1 and it was of no consequence to him whether his pestle was a round stone1 an oval1 an elongated pestle or bell-shaped1 or a flat mano stone4 ,what he wished to accomplish1 the reduction of grains or nuts or chunks of dried beef to flour1 was of primary importance1 and the agencies employed to obtain this result were secondary4 ,of course1 he may have used elaborately ornamented and artistically worked pestles and mortars in the preparation of sacred meal2 as to that ,i do not know4 ,what ,i am talking about now is the common form of mortar and pestle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eje4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,cast of a steatite bowl4 ,found near ,lynn4 ,collection of ,salem ,museum4 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,wooden mortars1 as well as wooden bowls1 existed in many portions of the country4 ,there are abundant historical references to these1 and readers are referred to the ,bibliography in this instance as in others4 ,the natives smoothed the surface of a fallen tree-trunk1 or the top of a stump1 and1 by constant friction of either stone or wooden pestle1 soon wore out a mortar cavity4 ,they also selected glacial boulders1 convenient points of bluffs1 ledges1 etc41 in various parts of the country1 and worked out stationary mortars4 ,these have been found in at least a hundred places in the ,united ,states4 ,aside from the stationary mortars1 there were many small flat stones1 and some large stones of convenient size on which grinding is evident for a considerable length of time1 and as a result a depression varying from a few inches to a foot or more in depth occurs4 ,paint stones are simply small mortars4 ,sometimes they are highly polished and well worked out1 but usually they are rude and may be classed as small mortars1 as they are receptacles for grinding4 ,fig4 #eja1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,solon ,mc,coy of ,mountain ,home1 ,idaho1 illustrates seven short pestles and seven small mortars1 size one eighth1 such as are common in the ,southwest and not infrequent in most portions of the ,east4 ,this illustration may stand as typical for all such forms in the ,united ,states4 ,the pestles used in them were more properly rubbing-stones2 the end is slightly flattened1 more often they are round at either end4 ,great numbers of short oval pestles occur in the ,new ,england ,states1 and the ,south4 ,fig4 #ejd1 from ,mr4 ,holmes's collection1 illustrates three stone pestles2 the one to the left may have come from any one of a dozen states1 as the form is the same everywhere2 to the right1 the typical bell-shaped pestles of the ,ohio ,valley4 ,in the centre1 the pestle is bell-shaped1 short1 and has been highly polished1 and there is a prominent depression in the centre4 ,fig4 #ejc1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,rayner1 pictures fifteen pestles2 all save four of the bell-shaped variety4 ,the one at the top1 the centre1 is an ordinary cone1 to the right of that1 a pestle with two grinding surfaces1 one at either end1 which is rare4 ,in the centre are two long1 slightly curved objects which may be pestles or rollers used in preparing clay for the making of pottery4 ,the variation in the bell pestle is from an ordinary plain form to that having a narrow top and an unusually broad1 flat base4 ,the pestles shown at the right in ,fig4 #ead are highly specialized forms from the ,northwest4 ,there are similar types in the ,ohio ,valley1 as shown in ,fig4 #ejd ,a1 ,colonel ,young's collection4 ,but as a rule the natives of the ,mississippi ,valley paid little attention to artistic development of domestic tools1 such as pestles and mortars4 ,fig4 #ejb is the ordinary large stone mortar common in the eastern ,united ,states4 ,it ranges from a small paint-cup in which a muller no larger than one's thumb was worked1 to stationary mortars in glacial boulders1 so large that they cannot be moved4 ,fig4 #ejg presents three mortars of lava1 and some flat mortars of trap rock4 ,these are from ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,abbott's collection1 ,corning1 ,california4 ,the stones used on these are flat1 or oval water-worn stones and not finished1 like mano stones common to the ,cliff-,dweller country4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejf4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,soapstone dish4 ,from the ,peabody ,museum collection1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejg4 7,s4 #a-i47 ,from the collection of ,g4 ,b4 ,abbott1 ,corning1 ,california4 ,in the ,east and the ,south we have steatite or soapstone mortars1 cooking-pots1 dishes1 bowls1 and sometimes dippers4 ,most of the larger museums have examples of these and particularly in highly finished stone dishes4 ,fig4 #eje is a large1 thin stone dish from the ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 which was found near ,lynn4 ,fig4 #ejh presents four soapstone dishes1 two of them dipper-like in form4 ,the three upper ones are finished and polished1 while the lower specimen has been pecked into shape but not polished4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejh4 7,s4 about #a-e47 ,soapstone bowls4 ,collection of ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,the quarries from which these dishes are obtained are found in ,new ,england1 in the ,potomac region1 and in the ,south4 ,professor ,holmes made them the subject of study4 ,it seems that the natives worked around the mass they wished to remove and shaped it in situ1 cutting a deep trench entirely around it1 and when the dish had been brought into high relief1 they cut away the narrow base and removed it4 ,numbers of unfinished dishes in position in the original ledge have been reported4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eji4 7,s4 #a-f47 ,a portion of the collection of ,j4 ,g4 ,crawford1 ,albany1 ,oregon4 ,the peculiar objects above the central mortar are interesting4 ,similar ones have been found in the far ,northwest4 ,the purpose of such is at present a mystery4 ,these were found in various portions of ,oregon1 not far above the mouth of the ,columbia ,river4 ,widespread as was the use of steatite in the ,east for mortars and dishes and of harder materials for mortars in which heavy grinding was to be done1 it is in the ,southwest1 ,california1 and the ,rocky ,mountains where more millstones are found than elsewhere in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,southwestern metate 7see ,fig4 #eae7 is well known to students of archology4 ,all the museums have on exhibition hundreds of these1 and we have in our museum at ,andover1 a hundred or more of them4 ,they vary from small slabs1 presenting a flat surface1 to deeply worn rectangular and square specimens1 some of which are two feet in breadth and will weigh a hundred pounds4 ,these were in common use about the pueblos and cliff-houses4 ,in our museum and elsewhere there are metates that have seen service for so many years that they are worn entirely through4 ,on these metates a flat stone1 known as a mano stone1 was used1 taking the place of the ,eastern roller or bell-pestle4 ,it was pushed back and forth with the hand4 ,in the ,southwest1 ,california1 and ,mexico some of the metates are highly ornamented1 and have legs1 which raised the body of the stone several inches from the ground4 ,when ,i visited the ,chaco ,group1 in #ahig1 ,i saw several hundred metates scattered about on the surface near the ruins4 ,in explorations near ,phnix1 ,arizona1 in ,november1 #ahig1 to ,june1 #ahih1 ,i collected more than ninety good metates4 ,in ,kelley ,cavern1 the ,ozark ,mountains1 which was explored by ,dr4 ,charles ,peabody and myself in ,may1 #aijh1 we found thirty-seven stone mills in one cave alone1 and that cavern was no more than two hundred feet across the front and about a hundred feet deep4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lewis of ,petaluma1 ,california1 now deceased1 sent me the photograph of a remarkable collection of ,california mortars4 ,after shipping generous quantities to various scientific institutions in the ,east1 ,mr4 ,lewis still had several hundred in his possession4 ,he constructed an outdoor cabinet of plank and placed thereon a portion of his collection4 ,fig4 #eaa illustrates a number of his specimens4 ,it will be observed1 by comparison with the figure of ,mr4 ,lewis who is standing at the right of his cabinet1 that the largest mortars at the bottom are not upright but are placed at an angle4 ,these mortars range from two feet in diameter to those about a foot high4 ,many of these weigh as much as seventy-five or a hundred pounds each4 ,the smaller mortars are on the upper rows4 ,mr4 ,lewis1 during the last two years of his life1 wrote me many interesting letters regarding the character of the various stone objects found in his region4 ,he was a keen observer1 and during his fifty years of residence at ,petaluma he became thoroughly familiar with the various prehistoric sites in that part of ,california4 ,while ,i make substantial quotations from these letters1 ,i change his language slightly3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eaj4 7,s4 varying47 ,stone bowls from a cache near ,san ,fernando1 ,california4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eaa4 ,collection of ,j4 ,b4 ,lewis1 ,petaluma1 ,california4 ,mr4 ,lewis1 who stands at the right1 was fifty years in making this collection4 8,on ,sonoma ,mountain1 seven miles from ,petaluma1 is a depression in the hills in which the winter rains are collected1 forming a large lake or lagoon of two hundred acres1 called by the ,indians ,lagoon ,la ,jara1 formerly covered with a tall growth of tules1 the home of geese and ducks and blackbirds in their season4 ,some forty years since1 it was drained and brought under cultivation4 ,on ploughing1 stones were brought to light called #8ceremonial sinkers1' plumbs1 etc4 ,as time passes fewer are found1 until now only three or four a year40 ,mr4 ,lewis1 who lived within two miles of the lake1 procured half of the objects thus discovered4 ,many of them are shown in ,fig4 #chc4 ,another collector has secured four hundred4 ,in the summer the lagoon was dry or nearly so4 ,there was neither inlet nor outlet and no fish lived in its waters4 ,therefore the stones were not made use of as sinkers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eab4 7,s4 #a-aj47 ,from the collection of ,h4 ,k4 ,deisher1 ,kutztown1 ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eac4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,long effigy pestle4 ,butler farm1 northwest part of ,turkey ,hill1 ,ipswich4 ,from the collection of ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 8,when ,i came here in the early fifties1 there used large numbers of ,indians go by my ranch in the fall1 down to the creek to catch sturgeon and dry them1 and they always went back by the way of the lagoon and stayed a day or two and had some kind of a pow-wow4 ,after the lagoon was drained1 they never came back40 ,mr4 ,lewis1 on arrival in ,california1 heard that a numerous tribe living near ,petaluma was practically exterminated by some contagious disease4 ,he believed that the ,indians returning annually to hold ceremonies at the lagoon belonged to this tribe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ead4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,from the collection of ,beloit ,college1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eae4 7,s4 #a-f47 ,from the collection of ,w4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,it is interesting to note that during the years of ,mr4 ,lewis's observations he found that the mortars with straight sides and flat bottoms occurred near ,sonoma ,mountain1 where boulders of basalt are common4 ,but in the sandy hills west of ,petaluma pointed or urn-shaped mortars1 such as are shown on the top shelf of ,fig4 #eaa1 are found in some numbers4 ,it is clear1 he states1 that the various types of mortars were confined to certain regions4 ,he knew of only two mortars found in ,indian graves4 ,in one instance1 where a mortar was buried with an ,indian1 the skull was pierced by a flint point4 ,near ,santa ,rosa1 twenty miles from his home1 a large spring was cleaned out1 and in it were found numerous objects of stone4 ,mr4 ,lewis states that he never found a mortar and pestle placed together4 ,they were usually found separate4 ,while the plummets and so-called sinkers are found scattered throughout this region1 yet nine tenths of his collection came from the lagoon previously mentioned4 ,not only has he found mortars upon the surface1 but specimens have been dug up from a depth of twelve feet in the ground4 ,the cavities may be large or small1 independent of size of mortar4 ,of his entire collection of two hundred and fifty mortars he states that seventy-five had holes in the bottom1 seventy-five were more or less broken1 fifty were considered fair specimens1 and about fifty were perfect4 ,the late ,mr4 ,horatio ,n4 ,rust1 an observer of much experience in ,california archology1 described an interesting cache of stone bowls some years ago4#ah ,i quote his article3-- 8,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,hunt1 of ,san ,fernando1 ,california1 has been tilling for several years the site of an old ,indian village1 and in doing so has unearthed fragments of not fewer than thirty ,indian bowls1 but no whole specimen4 ,a short time ago1 while ploughing1 he encountered a stone1 and in digging it out discovered a cache of twenty-one sandstone bowls 7see ,fig4 #eaj7 carefully packed together in a space not exceeding four or five feet4 ,on ,mr4 ,hunt's invitation ,i personally examined the contents of this interesting cache1 finding the bowls quite symmetrical and all except one in perfect condition4 8,these utensils measure about ten inches in greatest diameter1 and from seven to ten inches across the bottom2 they are about one and one fourth inches in thickness at the rim4 ,a shallow groove is cut in the edge of the rim of each vessel1 in which shell beads are set in asphaltum4 ,about midway in the inside of one of the bowls a series of holes1 about one fourth of an inch in depth and diameter1 is cut1 and in each of these holes a shell bead is set in asphaltum4 ,these inset beads represent the only attempt at ornamentation4 8,after carefully examining the field in which these vessels were found ,i reached the conclusion that the thirty broken bowls indicated the former occupancy of the site by a village of considerable size1 and that they had been broken by an enemy rather than through use4 ,i was led also to the belief that the villagers had been killed and many of their vessels destroyed1 but that the predatory enemy had failed to find the cache of bowls1 which had been secreted by their owners in fear of such an attack4 8,this conclusion was reached in view of the experience gained from the examination of many village-sites in ,california4 ,on one occasion1 at a site south of ,san ,jacinto ,mountain1 ,i discovered twenty-five stone mortars1 within the radius of a mile1 all of which had been broken by violence1 evidently by an enemy for the purpose of depriving the villagers of an important means of preparing food4 ,beside these mortars1 ,i found a slab of green talc1 about eight by fifteen inches1 and three slabs of sandstone of about the same width and length and one and one fourth inches in thickness4 ,fragments of similar sandstone slabs have been found near the same site1 but no pestles or other artifacts that had not been broken1 a circumstance that would seem to indicate that everything had been either stolen or deliberately destroyed40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eaf4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,from the collection of ,james ,a4 ,barr1 ,stockton1 ,california4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eag4 7,s4 about #a-f47 ,found at ,riverside1 ,rhode ,island4 ,material3 greenish black slate4 ,collection of ,s4 ,r4 ,turner1 ,riverside1 ,rhode ,island4 ,on the top shelf of ,mr4 ,lewis's exhibit in ,fig4 #eaa are pointed mortars such as ,i have placed under classification 8,c40 ,usually these are of volcanic rock1 worked down light and rather thin4 ,they were pointed in order that they might be thrust into soft earth1 or swampy places where certain reeds and roots abounded1 they being held in position by the nature of the soil1 while the women ground grain4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eah4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,stone bowl from the collection of ,h4 ,s4 ,hurlbutt1 ,libertyville1 ,illinois4 ,fig4 #eag is a long1 beautifully polished1 roller pestle1 about twenty-six inches in length and owned by ,mr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,turner1 ,riverside1 ,rhode ,island1 and ,fig4 #eac is a roller pestle with an effigy head carved at one end4 ,it is impossible to determine what this effigy represents4 ,this is from the ,salem collection1 was found near ,ipswich1 and is about thirty inches in length4 ,doubtless there are not a few objects classed as mortars which were food receptacles4 ,i have included several in this chapter4 ,the conditions under which some of these more highly finished bowls are found leads us to admit ignorance of their true meaning4 ,fig4 #eah is a delicate stone bowl from ,illinois2 ,fig4 #eai is a limestone bowl1 shown one third size4 ,this was found in the oblong mound of the ,hopewell ,group in #aija1 by our survey4 ,neither of these specimens is to be classed as a mortar4 ,both are highly finished1 and the limestone bowl is an unusual specimen1 nothing just like it having been found in ,america4 ,we cannot imagine that these were made use of to contain ordinary food4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eai4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,stone bowl of twelve or thirteen pounds weight4 ,cut from solid limestone4 ,it is somewhat like the type of bowls found on the ,pacific ,coast1 and nothing comparable to it has been discovered in our ,ohio ,valley mounds4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,brown writes of his region3-- 8,a small number of stone pestles have been found in ,wisconsin1 and a few hollowed-out stones which appear to have been employed as mortars4 ,the ,wisconsin savages employed wooden mortars for crushing their corn and wild rice4 ,these were hollows cut into the side of logs or made of sections of logs hollowed out4 ,wooden pestles were employed with these4 ,at ,lake ,winnebago and elsewhere in the ,fox ,river ,valley are large boulders upon the tops of which are shallow depressions in which the ,indians of recent times are known to have ground corn40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eai ,a4 7,s4 #a-g47 ,two are of steatite1 and one of limestone4 ,they were found in eastern ,kentucky4 ,from the collection of ,b4 ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,there are no special conclusions to be reached with reference to mortars and pestles4 ,an inspection1 in any public museum1 of collections from the ,northwest ,coast1 ,pacific ,coast1 and ,new ,england will acquaint the readers with the fact that both the mortar and the pestle were sometimes highly ornamented and worked into fanciful forms4 ,fig4 #eaf1 a remarkable metate from ,professor ,barr's collection1 is an illustration of the point ,i have in mind4 ,metates of this character are common in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,those who have studied symbolism see evidences of phallic worship in many of the pestles from ,california and the ,northwest4 ,the range in all tools and receptacles needed in the ,indian's domestic science1 is considerable1 and covers the entire field from the rough pebble to the effigy pestle1 or the metate1 almost table-like in character4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,objects ,,of ,,shell ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,shell hoe from the village-site at ,fort ,ancient1 ,ohio4 ,aboriginal man used shell and bone for a variety of purposes4 ,he frequently made of these substances the same forms that he did in flint or stone1 and if one were classifying under use1 one would include1 under arrow-points1 not only those of flint1 but of bone and shell as well4 ,the same is true of the beads and of flat ornaments1 which may be of shell1 or bone1 quite as often as of stone4 ,but since we have begun to classify these objects according to material1 it is necessary to place under the above head many artifacts that would naturally fall into another subdivision1 were we to ignore materials4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eba4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,collection of ,b4 ,beasley1 ,montgomery1 ,alabama4 ,generally throughout ,north ,america shells were made use of for ornamentation4 ,shell beads are as widely distributed as chipped implements and more generally found throughout the ,united ,states than pottery4 ,in fact1 in most cemeteries1 mounds1 and cliff-houses where human burials occur1 are strings of beads of various kinds and sizes4 ,i might enumerate all the shells found in both fresh water and salt1 and made use of by the natives in ,america1 but this is hardly required4 ,however1 were ,i writing more extendedly upon shell objects1 it would be necessary to give all the names4 ,these are purposely omitted4 ,the classification of shell objects is as follows3-- #a4 ,for domestic service4 #b4 ,for ornamentation4 ,under ,no4 #a there are the following subdivisions3-- a4 ,shells used as hoes4 7,fig4 #ebj47 b4 ,as club-heads4 7,none shown47 c4 ,as cups and bowls4 7,fig4 #ebb47 ,under ,no4 #b3 a4 ,as small beads1 round or cylindrical4 7,figs4 #eba1 #eba ,a47 b4 ,ear and nose ornaments1 circular or oval4 7,fig4 #ebc47 c4 ,hairpins4 7,fig4 #ebe47 d4 ,bracelets and finger-rings4 7,none shown47 e4 ,engraved shell gorgets4 7,figs4 #ecj to #ece47 f4 ,pendants and unknown forms4 7,figs4 #ebd1 #ebi47 g4 ,effigies4 7,fig4 #ecg47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eba ,a4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,beads from ,trigg ,county1 at mouth of ,little ,river1 where it enters the ,cumberland ,river1 ,kentucky4 ,bennett ,h4 ,young's collection4 ,the larger shells of the ,atlantic ,coast between the mouth of the ,potomac and the ,mississippi were employed by the ,florida1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,louisiana ,indians as digging-tools1 heads to clubs1 etc4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore1 during the course of his extensive explorations in ,florida and ,alabama1 found great quantities of large shells which had been used as domestic tools4 ,it is well known that the shell mounds of ,florida equal in size many mounds of earth or stone1 farther north4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebb4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,large shells1 ,hopewell ,mounds1 ,ohio4 ,in the ,north1 the fresh-water unio shells were made general use of as hoes1 such as is shown in ,fig4 #ebj1 which was found at ,fort ,ancient1 ,ohio1 on the village-site along the banks of the ,miami ,river4 ,it was much easier to perforate these shells and use them as hoes than to work out flint or wooden hoes4 ,persons who explore ancient sites find them in the ash-pits4 ,the edges are always battered1 or worn smooth1 proving that they were of importance as agricultural implements4 ,short1 heavy shells were perforated and fastened to clubs for weapons and digging-tools4 ,moore describes and illustrates many of these4#ai ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebc4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,the typical shell nose and ear ornaments are shown in this illustration4 ,these six were found by ,w4 ,c4 ,mills on the ,baum ,village-,site1 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio4 ,bits of shell may have been set in handles1 for use as 8swords10 after the manner of ,south ,sea natives4 ,however1 while shells were useful for other purposes1 yet it was for ornamentation that most of them were used4 ,fig4 #eba1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,b4 ,beasley1 ,montgomery1 ,alabama1 is an illustration of small disc beads in the centre1 larger beads about the margin and the string of rude and irregular shell beads enclosing the rectangular exhibit referred to4 ,this is about one fourth size4 ,shell beads range in size from minute ones as small as those on the black background in the centre of the picture1 to others three inches in diameter4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore found shell beads as large as walnuts in his ,florida and ,alabama explorations4 ,fig4 #eba ,a shows a number of various shell beads1 together with a few stone beads from mounds and graves at the mouth of ,little ,river1 ,kentucky4 ,large numbers of pearl beads1 have been found in the altar mounds of the ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio1 and in the ,south4 ,de ,soto's narrative states that the ,indians1 in #aedj-db1 possessed many bushels of these pearls4 ,some were of beautiful form and high lustre4 ,all of these would have been very valuable1 but for the fact that the natives drilled a hole through each one1 thus1 from our point of view1 ruining them4 ,it has been estimated that the pearl beads found in the altars of the ,hopewell ,group1 when new and undrilled1 were worth upwards of a million dollars4 ,practically all shell ornaments were made from the larger unio shells and also from the busycon and pyrula shells of ,florida and the ,carolinas4 ,fig4 #ebb presents one of these shells as yet uncut which was found in a mound at the ,hopewell ,group and another which has been cut down into the form of a large dipper or drinking-vessel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebd4 7,s4 varying47 ,shell ornaments from ,california4 ,peabody ,museum collection1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebe4 7,s4 #c-g47 ,this figure illustrates some of the shell hairpins1 rather rare in ,ohio1 but frequently found in the ,south4 ,these are from the collection of ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan1 and were found in ,alabama and ,tennessee4 ,it would be impossible to drill with these1 and by common consent they are called hairpins4 ,the ornamentation on large shell gorgets is complicated and characteristic4 ,i am not sufficiently familiar with ,california shell gorgets to state whether they are ever engraved4 ,fig4 #ebi1 from ,professor ,barr's collection1 presents as highly developed gorgets as ,i have seen from the ,pacific ,coast4 ,it is in the mounds and stone graves of the ,cumberland and ,tennessee valleys that the art in engraving or decorating gorgets seems to have reached its height4 ,in ,figs4 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ecc4 #ecd1 and #ece are presented beautiful specimens from the collections of ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,reeder1 ,colonel ,young1 and the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,an engraved shell gorget found in the glacial kame burials in northern ,ohio4 ,this is shown half size and is a remarkable specimen4 ,the material is from a large fresh-water unio4 ,professor ,william ,h4 ,holmes of the ,smithsonian ,institution has studied shell objects more than any one else in this country4 ,i quote from his description of ,fig4 #ecd3bj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebg4 7#a-b47 ,two small shell ornaments from the collection of ,john ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,these were found in a mound on ,long ,island1 ,tennessee4 ,the one to the right is especially interesting in that the body of the shell is cut out1 forming the bars of the cross4 ,such gorgets are exceedingly rare4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebh4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,four flat pendants found in ,pilot ,mound1 ,manitoba1 by ,henry ,montgomery4 ,two copper beads and one shell bead1 ,pilot ,mound1 ,manitoba4 ,two bone whistles1 respectively nine and ten inches long1 from mound near ,sourisford1 ,manitoba4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ebi4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,james ,a4 ,barr collection1 ,stockton1 ,california4 8,among the many interesting relics obtained from mounds and burial-places in the ,mississippi ,valley are the engraved shell gorgets1 a number of which are now preserved in our museums4 ,the most recent addition to this class of objects was obtained by the ,national ,museum from ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,nelson of ,eddyville1 ,lyon ,county1 ,kentucky1 and comes from a burial-place encountered in opening a stone-quarry near ,eddyville4 ,it is a symmetric saucer-shaped gorget1 ,fig4 #ecd1 five inches in diameter and made apparently from the expanded lip of a conch shell 7,busycon perversum74 ,it is unusually well preserved1 both faces retaining something of the original high polish of the ornament4 ,two perforations placed near the margin served as a means of suspension4 ,the back or convex side is quite plain1 while the face is occupied by the engraving of a human figure which extends entirely across the disc4 ,it will be seen by reference to the illustration that this figure is practically identical in many respects with others already published4#ba ,it is executed in firmly incised lines and is partially inclosed by a border of nine concentric lines4 ,the position of the figure is that of a discus-thrower4 ,the right hand holds a discoidal object1 the arm being thrown back as if in the act of casting the disc4 ,the left hand extends outward to the margin of the shell and firmly grasps a wand-like object having plumes attached at the upper end1 the lower end being peculiarly marked1 and bent inward across the border lines4 ,the face is turned to the left2 the right knee is bent and rests on the ground1 while the left foot is set forward as it would be in the act of casting the disc4 ,the features are boldly outlined2 the eye is diamond-shaped1 as is usual in the delineations of this character in the mound region4 ,a crest or crown representing the hair surmounts the head2 the lower lobe of the ear contains a disc from which falls a long pendant ornament1 and three lines representing paint or tattoo marks extend across the cheek from the ear to the mouth4 ,a bead necklace hangs down over the chest and the legs and arms have encircling ornaments4 ,the lower part of the body is covered with an apron-like garment attached to the waistband1 and over this hangs what appears to be a pouch with pendant ornaments4 ,the moccasins are of the usual ,indian type and are well delineated4 ,a study of this figure strongly suggests the idea that it must represent a disc-thrower engaged1 possibly1 in playing the well-known game of chunky40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecj4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,regarding ,fig4 #ece of ,colonel ,young's collection1 ,professor ,holmes writes me1 under date of ,march #bh1 #aiaj1 as follows3-- 8,the shell gorget from ,lincoln ,county1 ,kentucky1 is exceptionally large1 being six inches in diameter4 ,the design is engraved on the concave surface and represents a double-headed eagle treated in a very conventional manner4 ,the heads are well drawn1 but the bodies are simplified so that two legs only with characteristic talons are shown4 ,the tail is single4 ,the work corresponds in style to similar delineations on clay and other materials throughout a large part of the ,gulf ,states1 as shown fully in the works of ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore4 ,it is not possible to say whether or not the duplication of the heads had any significance1 or whether it is the result simply of the common practice in primitive art of employing modified natural forms to accommodate the spaces to be embellished4 ,that the eagle1 however1 had some special significance with the peoples concerned1 may be taken for granted40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eca4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,the upper figure is from a mound on ,long ,island1 ,tennessee ,river1 ,jackson ,county1 ,alabama4 ,the lower figure is from a mound at the mouth of ,chickamauga ,creek1 ,hamilton ,county1 ,tennessee4 ,,fig4 #ecb4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,the upper figure is from a mound at ,citico ,furnace1 ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee4 ,the lower figure is from a mound at ,long ,island1 near ,bridgeport1 ,jackson ,county1 ,alabama4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecc4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,shell gorgets from ,kentucky4 ,bennett ,h4 ,young's collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecd4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,shell gorget from ,lyon ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,united ,states ,national ,museum collection4 ,fig4 #ecc presents six beautiful engraved gorgets from ,colonel ,young's collection1 who has in his exhibit as many engraved shells as any other collector in this country4 ,for many years he has interested himself in the archology of ,kentucky and has preserved thousands of specimens4 ,no4 #c in this plate is shown in a larger form in ,fig4 #ece4 ,no4 #d is one of the rare gorgets with the design of the cross worked out by cutting entirely through the shell4 ,no4 #f is practically the same as the right-hand specimen in ,fig4 #ecj1 only that it is worked in higher relief4 ,the exact meaning of these carvings is unknown at the present time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ece4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecf4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,shell frog1 two shell effigies1 onyx bead1 and effigy fish 7jade874 ,from the large ruin near ,mesa1 ,arizona4 ,the natives living in the great pueblos of the ,salado ,valley1 southern ,arizona1 and in fact throughout that entire region1 made use of a great many shells found along the shores of the ,gulf of ,california4 ,not only did they make ordinary beads1 after the manner of the ,northern ,indians1 but they also made finger-rings and bracelets4 ,these have been so frequently illustrated1 ,i have purposely left them out4 ,they worked all manner of effigies out of shell1 as is shown in ,figs4 #ecf-cg1 from the collection at ,andover4 ,these specimens were obtained by me while exploring in #ahig and #ahih for ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,peabody1 founder of the ,department at ,andover4 ,there are also shell frogs inlaid with turquoise--real mosaic work4 ,dr4 ,fewkes has illustrated some effigies of this nature1 in his reports1 and ,dr4 ,pepper found numbers of them at the great ,chaco ,group of ruins1 northern ,new ,mexico4 ,when the first shell frogs were discovered by the late ,frank ,hamilton ,cushing1 some of the archologists went so far as to say that ,cushing had made these1 but now so many of them have been found that ,cushing's original contentions are verified4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecg4 7,s4 #a-b to #a-c47 ,shell objects from ,arizona4 ,it is surprising1 the skill of prehistoric man in carving4 ,when ,squier and ,davis made their exploration of the mounds of the ,mississippi ,valley1 they found many highly carved and ornamented pipes4 ,years afterwards1 observers who were unjustly skeptical endeavored to prove that these were made with rat-tail files or were the work of white traders4 ,since the time of ,squier and ,davis1 even more remarkable carvings1 work in copper1 intricate designs on shell1 and various tablets have been unearthed1 in numbers1 and by men against whom no charge could be made4 ,it will be seen by an inspection of the few shell objects that ,i have illustrated that1 notwithstanding the lack of iron tools1 aboriginal man in ,america was no mean artist4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,objects ,,of ,,bone ,bone objects served practical purposes more than they did ornamental uses4 ,of course some bones were worked into ornaments1 but more of them were in use as utility tools than otherwise4 ,the classification of bone tools is a subject to which one must give no little thought1 for the material ranges from ordinary beads to highly decorated and grooved cylinders1 or tubes4 ,therefore1 ,i am not fully satisfied with the classification ,i herewith present1 and hope at a future date to improve upon it4 #a4 ,utility and domestic purposes4 7a7 ,bone awls4 7,figs4 #ech-ci47 7b7 ,harpoons4 7,figs4 #eda-db47 7c7 ,ladles1 spoons1 etc4 7,figs4 #edd-de47 7d7 ,bone fish-hooks4 7,figs4 #edf-dh47 7e7 ,tool-handles4 7,figs4 #edi-ej47 7f7 ,bone scrapers and celts4 7,fig4 #eea47 7g7 ,arrow-shaft reducers4 7,fig4 #eed47 7h7 ,bone chipping-tools4 7,fig4 #da47 #b4 ,bone objects for decorative purposes4 7a7 ,bone beads4 7,fig4 #edf47 7b7 ,bone pendants4 7,fig4 #eef47 7c7 ,bones used in head-dresses4 7,figs4 #eeb-ec47 7d7 ,tracings on bone4 7,figs4 #efd-fe47 7e7 ,bone effigies4 7,figs4 #eeg1 #efg47 ,bone objects in the ,united ,states were in widespread use1 and they served many purposes4 ,in the ,mississippi ,valley more of them were worked into beads and awls than into anything else1 but on the ,great ,plains they were made use of for many purposes4 ,the tips of antlers were sharpened and fastened on arrows4 ,in the ,mandan country1 ,north ,dakota1 and elsewhere in the ,west where stone was scarce1 the bones of the buffalo served as clubs1 the shoulder blades as digging-tools1 and the ribs were polished and ground to an edge and used as knives and scraping-tools4 ,the teeth of carnivorous animals were mounted as ornaments1 and long slender bones of the smaller animals were cut into beads4 ,bone and horn spoons were doubtless common in all parts of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ech4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,typical bone awls from the collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eci4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,blunt-pointed awls found with burials4 ,baum ,village-,site1 ,ohio4 ,william ,c4 ,mills's collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edj4 7,s4 about #c-d47 ,to the left1 bone awls made from the tarsometatarsus of the wild turkey4 ,to the right1 bone needles4 ,all from the ,harness ,mound1 ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio4 ,a larger percentage of bone awls have been recovered from village-sites than of other objects in bone1 excepting beads4 ,the ash-pits of village-sites preserved practically everything encompassed by them because of the preservative quality of ashes4 ,therefore1 ,i have always believed that the proportion of bone awls to other things is no criterion as to the use of bone among the aborigines4 ,in the caves of the ,ozarks1 during three seasons of exploration1 we recovered upwards of a hundred bone awls4 ,more than fifty were taken from the ashes of ,kelley ,cavern alone4 ,it must be remembered that these caves1 as is also true of the village-sites of central ,united ,states and the ,south1 mark the residence place of natives where1 perhaps1 women predominated4 ,assuming that because of wars there were usually more women than men1--and ,i think that the early ,american history will bear out this statement1--the domestic arts were in excess of the other arts2 and even if the persons engaged in domestic science were in the minority there would naturally be more cooking1 garment-making1 weaving1 and general domestic science in vogue in a village or a cave or a cliff-dwelling than elsewhere4 ,it is not surprising1 therefore1 that awls and hammer-stones1 pestles and mortars1 rough axes and hoes should predominate in such places4 ,an unknown number of bone effigies and bone tools that must have been made and used by the ancient people have disappeared1 because as in the case of textile fabrics they were not preserved unless buried in ashes4 ,aboriginal man was very saving4 ,when he killed a deer or a bear he not only made use of the meat and the hide1 but also of the bones and sinews4 ,the proof of such economy lies in any large village-site1 where one finds in the ashes bones of practically every bird1 animal1 and fish formerly in the neighborhood4 ,and these bones have been broken1 or cut1 or sawed4 ,some of them indicate the beginning of workmanship1 many of them are broken to extract the marrow1 and others are perfect4 ,the exhibit is just such as one would expect from the camp-site of savages4 ,after the feast was over and the bones cast out1 in the ensuing days1 when these bones had become more or less dry1 the man1 the woman1 or perhaps the boy1 gathered them up and worked them into the forms presented in this chapter4 ,the use of bones for harpoons was widespread4 ,in fact no substance is more convenient4 ,the skeletal remains of numerous animals1 birds1 and fish furnished the ,indians with bones of various sizes and shapes1 and it is quite likely that such bones as could be made use of were stored away1 and that the aborigines selected the bone suited to their purpose and went to work on it to manufacture the harpoon1 or the awl1 or the ornament4 ,harpoons seem to have been more in use in the ,north than in the ,south1 and more are found in the ,st4 ,lawrence basin1 ,canada1 and northern ,new ,england1 and ,new ,york ,state1 than elsewhere in the ,united ,states4 ,the same is true of the ,eskimo country1 where bone harpoon-points are very common4 ,illustrations #ech1 #eda1 #edb1 present four different bone harpoons4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eda4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,bone harpoon4 ,p4 ,d4 ,winship's collection1 ,park ,rapids1 ,minnesota4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edb4 7,s4 #a-b47 7,see ,fig4 #edc for description47 ,illustration3 ,description of ,figs4 #edb and #edc4 ,objects of antler1 bone1 shell1 and copper from ,north ,dakota mounds3 a4 ,deer antler tines1 showing perforations and notches4 b4 ,bone anklet1 somewhat broken1 but showing entire length in front4 c4 ,carved tine of a deer's antler4 d4 ,bead made from the columella of a marine shell4 e4 ,pearly shell buttons or ornaments1 perforated or notched2 found with the anklet shown in b4 f4 ,flat piece of copper coiled into a bead4 g4 ,small marine shells perforated by grinding4 h4 ,pearly shell rings1 probably a portion of a necklace4 i4 ,bone fishing-spear4 ,from ,henry ,montgomery's collection1 ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edc4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edd4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,elk-horn spoons1 from ,humboldt ,county1 ,california4 ,h4 ,k4 ,deisher's collection4 ,it is not difficult to explain the preponderance of harpoons in the ,north and the scarcity of them in the ,south4 ,they are essentially a cold-climate implement4 ,in the ,st4 ,lawrence region1 where they abound1 nets and traps cannot be used save during summer and fall4 ,the winter sets in early1 and the spring is late4 ,while fish were harpooned when on the spawning-beds1 yet most of the harpooning was done in the winter4 ,even to this late date the ,ojibwa ,indians spear great quantities of fish in the winter season4 ,pickerel1 pike1 muscalonge are attracted by a moving bait4 ,the ,indian cuts a hole through the ice1 and erects a small structure to shield himself from the wind4 ,an effigy of a fish made of wood or bone1 or in these modern times of tin1 is dangled about four or five feet beneath the ice4 ,large fish approach this decoy1 and as they are more sluggish in their movements in the winter1 the ,indian has no difficulty in driving the spear into such one as he wishes1 before it is able to draw out of range4 ,i suppose that the method did not vary in ancient times4 ,naturally1 where possible1 the ,indians preferred to set nets or build fish-weirs4 ,but practically all the nets and weirs of ancient times have long since disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ede4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,this is a long spoon1 badly decayed1 but sufficiently preserved for us to determine its character4 ,it is about six inches in length4 ,it was found under an old building in ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 and is in the ,peabody ,museum4 ,very few bone or horn spoons1 ladles1 and dishes of the ,indians remain1 and yet we know that a great many were made and used by primitive man in the ,united ,states4 ,fig4 #eda illustrates a large1 strong harpoon of bone4 ,this spear has several prominent barbs4 ,the muscalonge and sturgeon of the far ,north were large1 strong fish and required a heavy spear to hold them4 ,whether the ,indians of the ,lake ,superior region in ancient times made use of the spear with a detachable point1 to which was attached a cord and float1 ,i am unable to state4 ,possibly they made use of devices of that sort4 ,in the ,east and the ,north the harder and heavier bones1 such as the horns of elk1 deer1 and moose1 were made use of as gouges1 celts1 and scrapers4 ,numbers of these have been found at ,madisonville cemetery1 in the ,little ,miami ,valley1 ten miles north of ,cincinnati1 and also in the ,iroquois sites along the ,mohawk ,river in western ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,david ,boyle1 ,curator of the ,provincial ,museum1 ,toronto1 presents descriptions of a number of horn implements in his publications4#bb ,bones were made use of as spoons1 and ladles4 ,numerous examples of these are not wanting in the museums4 ,the longer1 slender bones were ground and polished and pointed1 and may have served as hairpins and cloak-fasteners4 ,a splendid example of what we have considered bone hairpins was taken from the ashes in ,kelley ,cavern1 ,arkansas4 ,this bone was found at a depth of five feet1 and is nine inches long4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edf4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,beads1 arrow-points1 and bone fish-hooks1 from the ,mandan ,village-,site1 ,north ,dakota4 ,the slender bones of turkeys and geese were often made into whistles1 the medicine-men used them1 and bone tubes were frequently employed by shamans in drawing the evil spirit from the bodies of the sick4 ,small digits were worked into necklaces4 ,special bones of certain animals1 it is supposed1 were the property of the medicine-men and were used in their incantations4 ,the skull of the buffalo played an important part in the mythology except among ,plains tribes4 ,i shall not treat of that phase of the subject in this volume1 but refer readers to the list of titles in the ,bibliography1 under ,buffalo2 which will be found to contain full descriptions of the ceremonies connected with the buffalo4 ,in another part of this work 7,volume ,i1 pages #bjh-ji7 ,i refer to the importance of the buffalo to ,indians through an extent of territory fifteen hundred by one thousand miles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edg4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,stages of fish-hook manufacture4 ,gartner ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,typical fish-hooks found in the ,baum ,village-,site1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edi4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,andover collection4 ,the long bones of large animals were cut or sawed into proper lengths1 the openings in the ends enlarged and flint knives inserted4 ,this figure presents eight such tool-handles4 ,the two at the top were found in a gravel-pit in central ,ohio1 together with human skeletons4 ,flint knives lay at the end of each of these two bones4 ,the decayed bone shown in the lower part of the picture was also found in a gravel burial and a slender flint knife rested against it4 ,the position of the knives and the bones leaves me to conclude that these bones were knife-handles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eej4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,bone tool-handles from the villages along the ,upper ,missouri ,river4 ,andover collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eea4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,a series of bone celts from the ,mandan ,site1 ,north ,dakota4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeb4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,bone objects from ,mandan ,sites4 ,portions of head-dresses4 7,see page #aed47 ,fig4 #edf is interesting in that it shows not only bone beads to the left1 but also three bone arrow-points 7top row in the centre7 and fish-hooks in process of manufacture4 ,professor ,william ,c4 ,mills published a valuable paper on the manufacture of fish-hooks4#bc ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeb ,a4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,how the ,mandans made bracelets and head-dresses4 7,see pages #aed1 #aee47 ,professor ,mills found in the ash-beds of the ,baum ,village-,site bones which had been cut down until a narrow rim on both sides remained4 ,i show ,professor ,mills's finds in ,figs4 #edg-dh4 ,professor ,mills's finds of unfinished as well as completed fish-hooks enabled his museum to secure the best series of such objects in the ,united ,states4 ,having split the bones and ground them down until they were thin1 the ,indians would cut through the objects near either end1 thus producing from a split bone two fish-hooks4 ,or1 the entire bone yielded four fish-hooks4 ,one side is cut long1 the other short1 thus forming the shank and bar4 ,in ,fig4 #edf the entire process is shown4 ,the split bone1 to the right1 the broken bone above the perfect fish-hook4 ,to complete fish-hooks it was necessary to round the base1 sharpen the point1 cut out a little more space between the shank and the point1 and notch the shank in order that the line might be attached4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eec4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,mandan bone ornaments4 ,mandan ,bone ,implements ,something over twenty years ago1 when ,i was living in ,ohio1 ,i received a communication from ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,steinbrueck of ,mandan1 ,north ,dakota4 ,he wished to begin the study of ,american archology1 to devote special attention to the ancient village-site of the ,mandan ,indians1 made famous by ,george ,catlin's paintings and descriptions4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,steinbrueck a number of letters advising him4 ,during the ensuing years1 ,mr4 ,steinbrueck spent many seasons in the exploration of the ,mandan and other sites4 ,his collection of bone and stone implements1 amounted to about #hjjj specimens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eed4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,mandan bone objects4 ,this figure represents some perforated bones from ,mandan sites4 ,many similar to these have been found at ,madisonville4 ,the holes are polished on the edges1 and aside from the theory that they were used to straighten arrow-shafts1 no one seems to know the exact purpose of them4 ,a few are shown in ,fig4 #eee4 ,peabody ,museum collection1 from ,madisonville1 ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,steinbrueck wished to have his collection preserved in a fireproof building1 and as it was through me he began collecting1 he wished ,phillips ,academy to purchase his exhibit4 ,through the kindness of ,professor ,edward ,h4 ,williams1 ,jr41 of ,woodstock1 ,vermont1 this disposition of the collection was brought about1 and the collection is to-day on exhibition in our museum4 ,i call particular attention to this ,mandan exhibit1 for the reason that it is1 so far as ,i am aware1 the best and largest collection of bone implements exhumed from one site1 in ,america4 ,suitable stone seems to have been scarce in the ,mandan country1 and the natives made use of the shoulder blades1 ribs1 and other heavy bones of buffalo1 elk1 and deer for various purposes1 and these strong bones served them quite as well as would stone4 ,an inspection of the illustrations of various ,mandan objects will acquaint readers with the wealth of material secured by ,mr4 ,steinbrueck4 ,i call particular attention to ,figs4 #eej to #eee4 ,in ,fig4 #eej are shown heavy bone handles in which were inserted small stone celts employed as scraping- and cutting-tools4 ,this type was common on the ,plains and has been described by ,professor ,mason and others4 ,the handle is so strong that it would last almost a lifetime1 and the ,indian women needed but to sharpen the inserted celt1 rather than to make a new handle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eee4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,this presents a bone hairpin1 a fish-hook1 a flute and harpoon1 two bone celts1 a perforated antler of an elk1 and a long bone partially cut into bits1 all of which were found in the graves at ,madisonville1 ,ohio4 ,peabody ,museum collection1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,the figure of the bone celts 7#eea7 shows that nearly all of them were hollowed after the manner of ,eastern stone gouges4 ,the second specimen from the top is highly polished on the edge and there are eight places where notches have been worn into the bone4 ,similar wearing is noticed on the lower specimens4 ,the ,mandans raised much corn1 beans1 and squashes1 and the large shoulder blades of the buffalo and elk were made use of by these ,indians as spades and hoes4 ,there are more than one hundred of them in our collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eef4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,mandan bone ornaments4 ,mr4 ,steinbrueck1 at my request1 wrote me at considerable length and sent me several books of field-notes4 ,particularly interesting are his descriptions of objects shown in ,figs4 #eeb1 #eeb ,a1 and #eec4 ,i quote from his letter3-- 8,after a number of years of continuous researches in the ancient ,indian village-sites on or about the ,heart ,river and along the ,missouri ,river1 ,i have gradually learned to read the purpose1 the use1 and also1 in some instances1 the manufacture of certain horn and bone implements and ornaments of the ,mandan ,indians40 ,it would appear that the late ,j4 ,v4 ,brower and ,rev4 ,g4 ,l4 ,wilson and ,mr4 ,steinbrueck made explorations in common during several seasons4 8444 ,on our sociable excursions1 we used to find three-cornered pieces of elk-horn 7,fig4 #eeb7 which showed considerable work4 ,they were long and pointed1 had a round base1 showed the incision of a sharp instrument along the edges1 were scraped at both sides2 in short1 seemed to be shaped for some purpose1 which we could not guess4 ,probably they were intended for some kind of an awl1 or some other object of use or ornament4 ,it was strange1 though1 that we found such quantities of them and all in the same state of more or less finish1 and still we never found an implement of a shape similar to these peculiar triangular pieces of horn4 ,we called them #8unfinished implements of horn1 purpose unknown4'0 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeg4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,bone ornaments and effigies4 ,three of these may represent goose heads4 ,the bone to the right is ridged1 and on the elevation are notches4 ,after ,mr4 ,brower returned ,east1 and ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson moved away from ,mandan1 ,mr4 ,steinbrueck continued investigations1 and after several years had passed1 came to the conclusion that the triangular pieces were discarded objects1 obtained during the process of manufacture of other forms4 ,mr4 ,steinbrueck has drawn a series of outlines conveying his ideas as to the manufacture of these objects1 which ,i reproduce in ,fig4 #eeb ,a4 ,reference to the letters in ,fig4 #eeb ,a will make clear ,mr4 ,steinbrueck's contentions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeh4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,teeth of the opossum and raccoon4 ,harness ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eei4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,to the left in ,fig4 #eei is an arrowpoint made of deer-horn1 with a perforation for attachment to the shaft4 ,the other two are pendants made of ocean shell4 ,these are from the ,baum ,village-,site1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efj4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,shell crescent4 ,gartner ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,these three figures are from the collection of ,w4 ,c4 ,mills4 8,the part of the elk-horn for the bracelets was chosen just above the first prong 7a74 ,the horn was scraped all around to a smooth surface4 ,next1 incisions were made with a flint knife1 parallel to each other1 up and down the horn1 to the soft inside of the horn4 ,thus long narrow strips 7b7 were formed1 which were easily 7c7 loosened from the stem4 ,next1 the inside was smoothed down and the edges rounded off4 ,then1 on the inside generally1 not always1 a groove was cut for the easier bending 7a74 ,the measure of the arm or wrist was taken and a hole bored at each end according to size of arm or wrist1 and above the holes the bracelet was cut 7e74 ,we found an abundance of those short pieces 7f74 ,then finally1 there remained nothing to be done but soak the straight bracelet piece1 maybe in hot bear-grease1 and bend it4 ,most of the bracelets 7g7 are made in that shape and manner4 ,there are also thinner1 narrower ones1 without a groove and ornamented at the ends or incised 7i-i71 maybe for the purpose of tying together4 ,one of the necklaces ,i found1 and which is among the specimens at ,phillips ,academy1 represents a snake1 one end showing the head1 the other end the tail4 ,perfect horn bracelets are very scarce1 owing to their fragility4 ,the first ,i found was broken in many pieces4 ,i gave it to ,mr4 ,brower1 who was much exalted over it1 saying that that was the first complete bracelet he ever saw2 and although broken1 it is now restored4 ,it is erroneous and was a mistake to state that bracelets were made from ribs of small animals4 ,a test will prove the truth of my statement1 that they all are made from horn and particularly from the elk-horn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efa4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,bear-tusks in which pearl beads were inserted as ornaments4 ,these are cut and polished1 the bases being cut squarely off or diagonally1 for what purpose is unknown4 ,these specimens were found in various mounds1 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio1 as were several other objects illustrated in this chapter4 8,the manufacture of headgear from the buffalo1 or the elk-horn1 was brought about in the same manner4 ,the buffalo-horn or the elk-horn was incised1 after shaving smooth1 from top to bottom1 or vice versa1 one incision opposite the other1 thus forming two exact counterparts4 ,then they were cut or ornamented to fit the head and the taste of the wearer4 ,the pieces were scraped thin and smooth from both sides1 and then polished40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efb4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,dug up by ,w4 ,c4 ,mills from ,ohio mounds1 as were the specimens shown in ,figs4 #eeh to #efe4 ,i shall conclude the chapter on bone objects with some remarks from ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,brown1 concerning the distribution of bone implements in the ,wisconsin-,michigan region3-- 8,the largest local collection of bone implements is that of ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell of ,green ,lake4 ,it includes harpoon-heads1 awls1 tubes1 and other articles obtained from a so-called #8sacred spring' into which it is thought that these and other objects were cast by early savages1 probably for the purpose of propitiating some evil spirit supposed to dwell therein4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efc4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,cut bear-tusks1 and tusks in which pearl beads are inserted4 ,from ,ohio mounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efd4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,engraved bone1 ,harness ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efe4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,engraved bone1 ,hopewell ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eff4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,engraved bone1 ,hopewell ,mound4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,bone effigy1 ,hopewell ,mound1 ,ohio4 8,bone implements and ornaments of these and other classes have also been recovered from various village-sites1 refuse-heaps1 and mounds4 ,bone awls are the most numerous4 ,among these are a few bone beads1 scrapers1 and needles4 ,two ribbons1 probably those of the moose1 were obtained from a mound at ,eagle ,corners4 ,both are transversely notched by cuts along one edge4 ,one bears thirty-four cuts1 the other thirty-three4 ,the most casual examination 444 reveals the evidence of rubbing over the projections between the notches4 ,dr4 ,frederick ,starr1 who has described these specimens1 refers to them as #8rattles1' and states that #8they not only might have been used for dance-timing1 but were certainly so used4'#bd ,it is probable that some of our native copper perforators were once mounted in bone or antler handles4 ,the ,winnebago ,indians still occasionally mount wire nails in handles of bone for use as perforators in sewing buckskin4 ,bone awls are also occasionally found in use among these ,indians and the local ,chippewa4 ,medicine-tubes made of sections of bone or horn were formerly employed4 ,pendants made of the perforated canine teeth of the bear are occasionally found in graves and on camp-sites4 ,mr4 ,richard ,herrmann of ,dubuque has reported the finding of two combination bone knives and spoons1 several awls and arrow-points1 two eagle claw ornaments1 a bone needle with part of the eye intact1 and a musical instrument from a mound near ,garner1 in ,grant ,county40 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffmann mentions the former use of bone fish-hooks and notched bone arrow-shaft smoothers among the ,wisconsin ,menomini4 ,for evening strands of basswood fibre in cord-making1 these ,indians use the perforated shoulder blade of a deer or other animal4#be 8,radisson found that the early ,buf ,sioux of the upper ,mississippi ,valley tipped their arrows with antler points4 ,a few antler arrow-points have been found in ,wisconsin4 ,these are similar to those recovered in ,ohio during the recent explorations of ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills4 ,in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection is a portion of an antler which is ornamented with incised designs4 ,it was found in the city of ,manitowoc4 ,in the same collection is a small human effigy carved from a piece of antler4 ,other antler objects found in ,wisconsin include awls1 a pendant1 a tube1 and several articles the exact function of which is still undetermined4 ,cut sections of antler are occasionally found on local village-sites4 ,in the collection of ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,schumacher1 at ,green ,bay1 is a pipe made of the tip of a buffalo-horn4 ,on its surface are several incised figures4 ,pieces of the tusk of a mammoth were obtained with other articles in a ,grant ,county mound4 ,doubtless a much larger number of both bone and antler implements will yet be found in ,wisconsin4 ,local archologists have but recently turned their attention to these40 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,objects ,,of ,,copper ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,brown1 ,dean of the ,museum of the ,wisconsin ,historical ,society1 ,madison1 has prepared for me this chapter on copper objects4 ,mr4 ,brown's long association with the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 and his knowledge of copper collections throughout the ,united ,states1 have made him an authority on this subject4 ,i have added a few concluding paragraphs to ,mr4 ,brown's able paper4 ,the ,native ,copper ,implements of ,wisconsin ,the number of native copper articles already recovered from ,wisconsin fields1 village-sites1 mounds1 and graves is very large1 possibly exceeding that already obtained from the balance of the ,united ,states4 ,a careful estimate places the total number of such articles collected in the state up to the present time at not less than twenty thousand4 ,although the collecting of these implements in ,wisconsin has already continued for nearly forty years the supply has not yet become exhausted4 ,the opening to cultivation of new lands in the central and northern portions of the state1 the increase in the number of collectors1 and the more careful examination of old sites1 cause each passing year to add its large number to the total already in collections4 ,in an address delivered in #ahgf before the ,wisconsin ,historical ,society1 ,professor ,james ,d4 ,butler made the statement that the ,society was then the proud possessor of #aji native copper implements4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution then owned #cj specimens2 the ,wisconsin ,natural ,history ,society of ,milwaukee1 #ad2 ,dr4 ,increase ,a4 ,lapham1 #aa2 ,milton ,college1 #d2 and ,beloit ,college1 #a4 ,at the present day there are in the combined collections of the ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,logan ,museum at ,beloit1 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 and of ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton and of ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell nearly four thousand specimens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efh4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,a group of copper nuggets and implements owned by ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efi4 7,s4 #e-h47 ,copper beads and small cylinders4 ,collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,a very large number of other specimens are in other public and private collections in ,wisconsin and other states4 ,to the activity of the ,wisconsin ,archological ,society and of its members is due the very great increase in recent years of the number of copper implements in local educational institutions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egj4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper gorget1 ,w4 ,h4 ,ellsworth's collection4 ,copper beads1 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton's collection4 ,the gorget came from the banks of ,silver ,lake1 ,kenosha ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,there is evidence to show that in pioneer days a very considerable number of such implements1 their value being unappreciated1 found their way into the hands of roving pedlers and junk dealers and afterwards into the founder's crucible4 ,in several institutions are implements which have been rescued from such a fate4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ega4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,copper and stone pendants from the cemetery at the mouth of the ,wabash4 ,andover collection4 ,others have been found useful by their original finders and wholly or partially destroyed4 ,i continue3 ,the conclusion now universally accepted among archologists is that there is no reason for attributing the working of the copper deposits or fabrication of the implements to any other people than the ,indians4 ,the early explorers found both the northern and southern tribes in this country using implements and ornaments of native copper often in common with those of stone4 ,from ,south ,america almost to ,canada various travellers refer to this metal being in the possession of or employed by the natives4 ,many of these accounts have been so often quoted by writers on ,north ,american archology that they are entirely familiar to the student1 and there is therefore no necessity of repeating them here4 ,there is no doubt that some of these accounts refer to ,european metal obtained from earlier visitors or traders1 or possibly from shipwrecks along the coast4 ,thus the natives soon became quite proficient in fashioning it into articles adapted or better adapted to their needs than the ruder articles which they then employed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egb4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,copper ornament and discs from the ,hopewell ,group1 ,ohio4 ,it is equally certain that other accounts refer to the native metal or to objects fashioned therefrom4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egc4 7,s4 #g-h47 ,copper axe1 ,harness ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,professor ,mills states3 8,this axe was taken from a mound belonging to a group eight miles south of ,chillicothe4 ,both sides of the object are greatly corroded and covered with a finely woven fabric4 ,beneath the fabric there seems to have been the skin of some short-haired animal4 ,the axe was found near the left knee of an uncremated skeleton40 ,whether the working of the copper deposits or the fabrication of copper implements in this section of the country1 thought to have been begun at least several centuries before1 was discontinued before the coming of the white man1 or whether the industry was continued or at least to some extent resumed by the descendants of the pre-,columbian miners and artificers during and after his intrusion1 is still in dispute4 ,it is doubtful whether this matter will ever be satisfactorily settled4 ,the accounts of the ,jesuits1 as given in the 8,relations10 give the impression that while the ,wisconsin ,indians of that period were evidently familiar with the sources of the metal1 they regarded it with superstition and employed it only in a reverential way4 ,radisson1 however1 found native copper ornaments in use among the ,buf 7or ,buffalo7 band of ,dakota1 in ,minnesota in #affa-fb4 ,alexander ,henry1 as a result of his visit to ,lake ,superior in a later day1 stated that the ,indians there obtained copper for the manufacture of implements and ornaments4 ,in recent times1 ,indian agents testified to the use of copper implements among the ,wisconsin ,winnebago and ,chippewa4 ,native copper implements have also occasionally been recovered from local mounds1 where they were found in association with metal kettles1 glass beads1 and other articles of ,european manufacture4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egd4 7,s4 about #a-a47 ,from a mound on the banks of ,black ,snake ,river1 ,utah4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,the evidence of the mounds and of the earlier village-sites is to the effect that before the coming of white man the use of copper had become quite general among the ,indian tribes of the upper ,mississippi ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ege4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,copper spuds or axes4 ,collection of ,logan ,museum1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egf4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,it is very probable that the native metal first became known to them through the accidental discovery of small nuggets among the debris of the glaciers1 and as it quickly came into demand1 was traced to its source in the ,lake ,superior region4 ,these deposits they mined1 cutting it into shapes convenient for transportation to their villages1 where it was fashioned into articles for their own use1 or for the purpose of trade with distant tribes4 ,nowhere in this entire valley do copper implements1 however1 appear to have entirely replaced those of stone1 the use of which was continued until quite recent times4 ,the manufacture of copper implements doubtless extended through several centuries4 ,the ,siouan ,winnebago and ,dakota of ,wisconsin1 being nearest the source of supply1 possessed of course the greatest quantity4 ,even among them the use of copper artifacts did not in prehistoric times equal the use of others4 ,among the outlying tribes in other states copper implements were yet probably somewhat of a luxury1 when the intrusion of the ,algonquian tribes into ,wisconsin made more and more difficult1 and finally altogether shut out access to the ,lake ,superior mines4 ,it appears certain that the ,chippewa after their occupation of the copper region1 did do at least a small amount of digging for the metal which for purposes of trade1 or for other uses1 they found of value4 ,this continued until the arrival of the traders laden with desirable articles caused a suspension of mining operations1 and diverted the attention of the ,indian from mining to other pursuits4444 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egg4 7,s4 #e-aa47 ,copper awls and chisels4 ,collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egh4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,copper axes4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton's collection1 ,two ,rivers1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egi4 7,s4 about #a-b47 ,copper chisels2 the left and central ones were found near ,clintonville1 ,waupaca ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,the right-hand one1 near ,chilton1 ,calumet ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,fabrication ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehj4 7,s4 about #a-d47 ,three copper punches and seven chisels4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton's collection1 ,two ,rivers1 ,wisconsin4 ,our native copper implements were fashioned by being hammered into shape while the metal was in a cold or heated state with such rude implements as were at the command of the natives1 the finishing touches being given by cutting and trimming the uneven edges with sharp flints and smoothing the surfaces by rubbing or grinding with stones4 ,successful experiments in reproducing the various forms of implements from the native or nodular copper by these primitive processes have been made by the late ,frank ,h4 ,cushing1 and by other archologists4 ,mr4 ,gerard ,fowke is authority for the following statement3-- 8,so far as its working qualities are concerned1 copper at ordinary temperature is much more malleable than pure soft iron2 and it is much more easily worked into shape when at a red heat than when cold4 ,if hammered cold it must be annealed occasionally1 otherwise it becomes brittle4 ,it is somewhat hardened by pounding1 which will account for the harder edge of celts and other aboriginal specimens beaten out thin40#bf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eha4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,collection of ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 #ac copper spuds1 #d pick-pointed knives1 #d knives4 ,all except one from ,michigan4 ,the theory that any of these implements may have been cast is now discarded by archologists4 ,there is no evidence to show that our local aborigines possessed any knowledge of the working of this metal in the broad sense4 8,even if copper could be melted in an open fire1 which is very doubtful1 it must not be overlooked that ,indians had no materials of which to make crucibles or moulds capable of withstanding such heat4 ,admitting they had clay receptacles which would have answered these purposes1 there is no way of handling the molten metal with safety40#bg ,while it is probable that many copper implements were fabricated in the vicinity of the workings1 it is now perfectly clear that fragments of the native ore were also carried away to be cut up and fashioned into implements elsewhere4 ,the possession of such masses by the aborigines was noted by the early explorers and missionaries4 ,on the extensive village-sites at ,two ,rivers1 ,sheboygan1 ,green ,lake1 and elsewhere have been obtained numerous small chips1 scales1 and fragments of copper1 plainly indicating that the manufacture of implements was carried on there4 ,elsewhere in the state have been found lumps of the metal exhibiting tool-marks1 and other indications of working4 ,distribution ,to fully discuss this phase of the subject would require many pages4 ,the student must therefore content himself with such information as can be condensed into a comparatively limited space4 ,implements and ornaments of native copper are distributed commonly or sparingly throughout a large portion of the eastern half of the ,united ,states and in some states west of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,outside of our own state1 numbers of them have been recovered in ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,ohio1 and ,west ,virginia1 and also from the mounds and stone graves and village-sites in the states of ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,north ,carolina1 and ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore1 whose explorations have been very extensive1 has reported their existence in the mounds of ,florida and elsewhere in the extreme ,south4 ,from five mounds on the ,st4 ,john's ,river in ,florida he obtained ornaments of sheet-copper with repouss designs1 beads of sheet-copper1 beads of wood1 shell1 and limestone copper coated1 copper effigies of the turtle and the serpent1 and piercing implements of copper4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott long ago recorded the existence of copper implements in the ,delaware ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehb4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,copper gouges4 ,the one to the left was found near ,westford1 ,dodge ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,the one to the right was found near ,chilton1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehc4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,copper spud from ,mercer1 ,iron ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,loaned to the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,ball4 ,as a result of his researches1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beauchamp recently issued under the auspices of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york1 at ,albany1 two finely illustrated bulletins1 one descriptive of the metallic implements and the other of the metallic ornaments of the ,new ,york ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehd4 7,s4 #e-f47 ,copper axe4 ,found in a mound on ,green ,bay ,road1 one mile north of ,milwaukee4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins states that objects of this metal are far more numerous in ,new ,england than those of bone or shell4 ,they are found not only on the surface1 but in the graves as well4 ,they are similar in form to ,wisconsin artifacts1 and he believes it probable that all are made of metal obtained from the ,lake ,superior district4 ,dr4 ,david ,boyle and others have called our attention to the presence of native copper implements in both eastern and western ,canada4 ,there is no longer any doubt that much of this metal was thus distributed1 either in the unworked state or as finished artifacts1 in the course of the trades or regular exchanges known to have been carried on between the aborigines holding possession of the copper district and those of other regions4 ,a description of the ,wisconsin districts from which the greatest number of such artifacts have been recovered up to the present time may be given as extending from about the middle of ,milwaukee ,county1 northward along the west shore of ,lake ,michigan to ,door ,county1 thence westward to the ,wisconsin ,river or slightly beyond1 thence southward along this stream to ,dane ,county and eastward to ,milwaukee ,county1 the starting-point4 ,embraced within this territory are the extensive lake shore village-sites1 from which thousands of articles have already been recovered1 and certain well-known sites in ,green ,lake and adjoining counties1 the ,rush ,lake1 ,lake ,chetek1 and similarly productive regions4 ,the amount of copper implements obtained from the mounds and graves of ,wisconsin is very small when compared with the quantity obtained from the village-sites and fields4 ,classes and ,functions ,the native copper artifacts of ,wisconsin admit of separation into two principal classes1 designated as implements and ornaments4 ,of these the former class is by far the more numerous4 ,mr4 ,henry ,p4 ,hamilton estimates that articles of utility constitute fully #ie per cent of the copper artifacts found in ,wisconsin4 ,it is but natural that on account of its proximity to the source of supply we should find in our own state not only a more bountiful supply of implements1 but a greater range of classes1 types1 and varieties as well4 ,the correctness of this conclusion is proven beyond doubt4 ,in the matter of the number and artistic excellence of its copper ornaments and objects of a ceremonial nature1 ,wisconsin1 while possessing some types apparently peculiar to itself1 cannot properly be said to lead4 ,the artistically cut or embossed sheet-copper discs1 gorgets1 and plates1 the spool-shaped objects and copper-sheathed stone and wooden ornaments of ,ohio1 ,illinois1 and the ,south1 are here conspicuous by their almost total absence4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehe4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,copper spud with incised zigzag decoration4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,no one ,wisconsin collection contains all of the classes and types of the implements described in this bulletin4 ,an examination of almost any local copper cabinet1 however small1 is almost certain to reveal the presence of some object that is original or peculiar2 or some variation of a well-known type not elsewhere to be seen4 ,the difficulties attending the making of a proper classification are therefore apparent4 ,especially among the objects classed as arrow- and spear-points the number of well-established types1 of varieties and infrequent forms1 is particularly numerous4 ,in a somewhat lesser degree this is also true of other classes of implements4 ,among spear- and arrow-points especially1 there appears to be a gradual development from the primitive leaf-shaped1 through the stemmed1 to the numerous and well-executed socketed forms4 ,in this case the important element in the transition from one form to another is in the manner of hafting4 ,a gradual transition in some instances from well-marked types of one class into those of another may also be noted4 ,the uses of many of these implements1 because of their close resemblance to modern articles1 are readily understood4 ,the precise function of others is not so readily ascertained4 ,an examination of a large series of any of these should convince us that each had its special function1 although probably also employed for such other exigencies as might arise4 ,in the following pages the various classes of local copper implements and ornaments are described and such information and suggestions concerning their workmanship1 purposes1 frequency1 and distribution given as is now obtainable4 ,axes ,large numbers of these implements have been recovered from ,wisconsin soil and are to-day represented by one or several examples in nearly every local copper collection4 ,they vary in weight from half a pound to three pounds1 rarely more1 and in size from three to ten inches4 ,so far as is known no hafted copper axe has yet been recovered4 ,probably the usual and most satisfactory method of hafting one of these implements was to insert it between the parts of a cleft stick1 to which it was afterwards secured by winding the stick above and below it with strips of hide1 a number of turns being also taken around or across it4 ,there are at least three well-established types of these implements1 which may be briefly described as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehf4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper axe1 ,washington ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,copper chisel1 near ,charleston1 ,calumet ,county1 ,wisconsin4 #a4 ,those which are oblong or nearly oblong in outline1 having the edges parallel or nearly so1 and whose breadth is such as to exclude them from the class of implements known as chisels4 ,specimens range from less than four up to seven or more inches in length4 ,they are generally of nearly uniform thickness throughout4 7,see ,figs4 #egf1 #egh47 ,a variety of the above type has the margin at the edges slightly elevated1 thus giving a depressed or concave surface in the centre1 and from end to end1 on one or both broad faces of the axe4 ,in some examples this margin is fully one half inch in width at or near the middle of the axe4 ,a curious feature of some examples of this uncommon form is the concave cutting edge4 ,such implements are to be seen in a number of the larger public and private collections in ,wisconsin4 ,so far as can be ascertained no examples of these curious axes have been obtained in surrounding states1 where the normal form also occurs4 #b4 ,axes with straight1 tapering edges4 ,they are widest at the cutting edge and become gradually narrower towards the head1 which is either square1 rounded1 or pointed4 ,the cutting edge is straight or convex4 ,this appears to be the most common type of copper axe4 ,the largest example known is fourteen inches in length and the smallest only two inches4 ,the large specimen comes from ,neillsville1 ,clark ,county1 and is in the ,state ,historical ,museum4 7,see ,fig4 #egh47 #c4 ,a third and less frequent type has the edges curving equally from the cutting edge to the head4 ,most examples are quite thin1 broad and flat4 ,the head is square and sometimes nearly as broad as the cutting edge4 ,by reason of their broad1 expanding cutting edges1 some of these axes may be appropriately described as bell-shaped4 ,fine specimens of this type are to be seen in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 and in other collections4 ,these axes approach the modern axes in form4 ,in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection is a notched copper axe which comes from the vicinity of ,horicon4 ,it is rather rude and is irregularly oval in outline4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,long has in his ,kansas ,city collection the only grooved copper axe known4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,copper spud1 ,island ,lake1 near ,gagan1 ,oneida ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,copper axes were well adapted alike for peaceful and warlike pursuits4 ,in the hands of the ,wisconsin aborigines they were undoubtedly useful implements1 superseding at best the clumsy stone axe or hatchet1 and possibly being in their turn laid aside for the more serviceable iron axe of the fur-trader4 ,employed in warfare or the chase they would be terrible weapons4 ,as tools they were probably especially useful in the felling of trees1 the shaping of log canoes1 the erection of dwellings1 barricades1 and stockades4 ,they may have been employed in connection with or without fire4 ,it has been suggested that some of the smaller implements may have served as wedges4 ,chisels4 7,see ,figs4 #egg1 #egi1 #ehj47 ,the aboriginal copper implements known as chisels are of nearly as frequent occurrence in local cabinets as the implements of the foregoing class4 ,in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection there is to be seen an especially fine series of at least a dozen or more examples1 ranging in size from five to fifteen inches and in weight from five ounces to five and three fourths pounds4 ,an equally fine series is in the ,field ,museum4 ,the office of these fine implements probably included the excavating of wooden canoes1 mortars1 and other vessels4 ,their employment in connection with the mining operations of the ,indians has been mentioned4 ,some specimens exhibit upon their heads the flattening which would result from their being used in conjunction with a wooden mallet1 club1 stone1 or other weighty object4 ,others show no such marks and were probably employed without such agencies4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beauchamp states that a large proportion of the copper articles found in ,new ,york are of the celt 7axe7 or chisel form4 ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins has described similar implements from ,new ,england4 ,at least three distinct types of these implements are known to occur in ,wisconsin3-- #a4 ,the first of these is broadest at the cutting edge4 ,the edges taper gradually upward from the cutting edge to a pointed1 rounded1 or squared head4 ,they are usually thickest at or below the middle1 the flat or convex surface sloping toward the narrow extremity4 ,some of these have the upper surface convex and the lower surface flat4 ,the broad or narrow sides may be either convex or flat4 ,fine implements of this form are to be seen in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 ,state ,historical ,museum1 and other local collections4 ,a few approach fourteen inches in length4 7,see ,fig4 #egi47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,back view of ,fig4 #ehg4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 #b4 ,a second type is of nearly uniform width throughout1 with straight1 parallel edges4 ,a specimen in the ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell collection has a cutting edge at either extremity4 ,implements of this type are to be seen in various ,wisconsin cabinets4 ,they range from about five to ten or more inches in length1 and from one and one half to two inches in width4 7,see ,fig4 #ehj47 #c4 ,a third and less frequent type is characterized by a more or less prominent median ridge1 which traverses its upper surface from within an inch or more of the cutting edge to the opposite extremity4 ,from this ridge the surface bevels off evenly on either side toward the edge4 ,the lower surface is usually flat1 thus giving a triangular section4 ,the edges are generally parallel for at least three quarters of the distance back from the cutting edge1 whence they taper or curve gradually to the rounded head4 ,a few are of nearly uniform width throughout1 with an angular or squared head4 ,several of these implements have the upper extremity abruptly narrowed and prolonged into a short tang1 as if intended to be set into a wooden handle4 ,a few are curved or bowed from extremity to extremity4 ,some specimens have an expanded1 curved cutting edge4 ,one of the largest of these ridged chisels is fourteen and three fourths inches in length4 ,it is in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection and comes from the town of ,oshkosh1 ,winnebago ,county4 7,see specimen to the left1 ,fig4 #egi47 ,spuds4 7,see ,figs4 #eha1 #ehc47 ,in northwestern ,wisconsin have been obtained a limited number of copper implements bearing a close resemblance in form to some of the so-called stone spuds or spade-shaped implements1 after which they were probably patterned4 ,they are rather broad1 flat implements1 of nearly uniform thickness throughout1 and from six to eight or more inches in length4 ,the broad1 narrow blades are semicircular or crescentic in outline4 ,from them the handle tapers backward to a squared or slightly rounded extremity4 ,the narrow sides are flattened4 ,the author is indebted to ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,lewis for sketches and information in regard to some of these1 which were obtained by him at ,lake ,chetek1 ,barron ,county1 ,wisconsin2 at ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 and at ,ontonagon1 ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehi4 7,s4 #f-g47 ,copper spud from near ,pewaukee ,lake1 ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eij4 7,s4 #c-e47 ,copper spear4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell's collection1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,the conclusion1 probably correct1 in regard to these implements is that they were employed1 like the stone and modern iron implements which they resemble1 in stripping bark from trees and for similar purposes4 ,gouges4 7,see ,figs4 #ehb1 #ehe47 ,these implements are closely allied to the chisels1 from which they are distinguished by the presence on their lower surface of a concavity sometimes reaching quite to the middle4 ,they are well adapted for working out rounded or oval holes or hollows1 and in ,wisconsin are generally considered to have been wood-working tools4 ,elsewhere they were probably also employed like the more common stone gouges in quarrying and working steatite1 catlinite1 and similar deposits useful to the aborigines4 ,such implements are to be seen in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 ,field ,museum1 and one or two other collections4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eia4 7,s4 about #a-a47 ,copper spears4 ,found on ,bluff ,point1 near ,penn ,yan1 ,new ,york4 ,collection of ,l4 ,g4 ,ogden1 ,penn ,yan1 ,new ,york4 ,several specimens known to the author approach seven inches in length4 ,professor ,perkins mentions copper gouges as being rare in ,new ,england1 where stone gouges are a common and characteristic implement4 ,neither stone nor metal gouges are of frequent occurrence in ,wisconsin4 ,adzes ,these implements have also been called spuds1 winged chisels1 and hoes4 ,of these the term 8spud10 though unsatisfactory1 appears to be that in most general use at the present time4 ,this name1 as has already been shown1 is likewise applied to a rather numerous class of stone implements of quite different pattern and use4 ,several theories as to the possible function of these implements have been advanced4 ,it has been suggested that they were ice-cutting tools1 or agricultural implements4 ,an examination of a large series of them suggests the correctness of the now prevailing opinion that they were employed in shaping wooden canoes and executing tasks of a like nature4 ,properly hafted1 their general adaptability to such service is plain4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eib4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,various copper implements4 ,university of ,vermont collection4 ,a somewhat similar tool is also employed by modern woodworkers4 #a4 ,there are at least two well-marked types of these implements4 ,the first of these is generally nearly square1 less frequently oblong in outline4 ,the flanges of the implement are turned inward to form a socket1 at the base of which is a hip or shoulder1 against which the tip of the wooden handle abuts4 ,the blade is elevated above the socket and is provided with a straight or slightly curved cutting edge4 ,the back of the implement1 opposite the socket1 is flat or transversely convex1 and slopes or curves downward to the cutting edge4 ,this is certainly the most common type1 and has been obtained in many parts of ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 and ,minnesota4 ,examples have also been collected in ,ohio1 ,illinois1 and ,iowa4 ,the average specimen appears to be about three inches in length by two and a half inches in width4 ,the smallest known is only one and a fourth inches and the largest six and a fourth inches in length4 ,fine series of these implements are to be seen in the ,logan ,museum1 ,field ,museum1 ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,milwaukee ,museum1 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 and other collections4 ,in weight adzes of this type vary from a few ounces to one and a half or more pounds4 7,fig4 #eha47 #b4 ,a second type differs from the preceding mainly in the fact that the extremity of the socket is angular in outline and that the flanges are bent straight upward or inward1 instead of curved4 ,the hip at the base of the socket is also often absent4 ,the back is generally flat or transversely rounded1 and in some specimens traversed from the top to the cutting edge by a pronounced median ridge4 ,a specimen in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum has the middle of its back ornamented with a double row of zigzag incisions4 ,its blade is also ornamented4 7,fig4 #ehc47 ,these implements are as a class larger than the foregoing4 ,of a dozen or more examples which the writer has examined in the ,hamilton and other local cabinets1 none are below five inches in length and two and a fourth inches in breadth1 the largest known being six inches in length and three inches in breadth4 ,the weight of these specimens ranges from twelve ounces to nearly two pounds4 ,there are also a small number of peculiar forms1 each represented by a single example4 ,these vary in the length and breadth of the flanges and the shape of the blade4 ,when a sufficient number of these shall have been recovered1 it may be advisable to expand the present classification to include them4 ,many of the implements included in the adze class are admirable for their symmetry and perfection4 ,a specimen secured in the ,lake ,superior region has a portion of the wooden handle still fitted in the socket4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eic4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper chisel and awls4 ,logan ,museum collection1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eid4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper spears4 ,collection of the ,logan ,museum1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,spatulas ,of the copper implements known as spatulas only a small number of examples have as yet been recovered in ,wisconsin4 ,the blade of these artifacts is usually broad and thin and irregularly rounded or somewhat triangular in outline4 ,the handle is short1 seldom more than three eighths of an inch in thickness1 and nearly square or somewhat rectangular in section4 ,specimens are to be seen in the ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 and other local collections4 ,they range from four to nearly six inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eie4 7,s4 about #c-d47 ,copper ridged spear-point1 socket tang4 ,from ,coloma1 ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eif4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,copper spears4 ,collection of ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 ,two ,rivers1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eig4 7,s4 about #c-e47 ,copper knives4 ,left to right3 ,hartford1 ,washington ,county1 ,wisconsin2 ,merton1 ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin2 ,wayne1 ,washington ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,the ,reverend ,w4 ,h4 ,beauchamp has described and figured both an iron and a copper implement of this class from ,new ,york4 ,the possible employment of these implements in the shaping of aboriginal earthenware1 the removing of the flesh from skins and bones1 and of the scales from fish1 has been suggested4 ,they are but poorly adapted for use as spoons4 ,the small number of specimens on hand at present makes it undesirable to venture an opinion of their utility4 ,knives4 7,figs4 #eig1 #eih47 ,in point of numbers these easily rank second to the numerous class of socketed spear-points4 ,they have been recovered in considerable numbers in many parts of the state4 ,at least four distinct types and some intermediate and peculiar forms are recognized4 ,the close resemblance of some of these to the white man's knife has frequently been remarked upon4 #a4 ,the most frequent form has a usually straight back and oblique curved or straight cutting edge4 ,it is provided with a generally short1 tapering1 pointed tang1 suitable for insertion into a wooden1 bone1 or horn handle4 ,such knives1 ranging in size from diminutive specimens one inch in length up to twelve inches1 are not uncommon in local collections4 7,left specimen1 ,fig4 #eig47 ,an exceptionally large and fine example in the ,oshkosh ,library collection measures seventeen and a half inches in length and weighs eleven ounces4 ,the blade is one and a half inches in breadth at its base1 and the tang is six inches in length4 ,a few have the cutting edge of the blade beveled4 ,in the ,r4 ,kuehne collection is a small hammered native silver knife of this type which was obtained from the vicinity of ,sheboygan4 ,a small number of these knives have their blades ornamented with incisions and indentations4 ,specimens of these are to be seen in the ,h4 ,george ,schuette1 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 and other collections4 #b4 ,a second type is distinguished from the preceding by the greater breadth of its broad curved blade1 which terminates in a broadly rounded point4 ,in this style of knife the blade on one or both sides is frequently traversed from point to tang by a pronounced median ridge4 ,the broad1 flat tang also terminates in a blunt point4 ,such implements are to be seen in the ,field ,museum1 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 and other collections4 ,these vary in size from six to twelve and three fourths inches in length and from one and a fourth to two and an eighth inches in the extreme breadth of the blade4 7,one in ,fig4 #efh47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eih4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper spears1 knives1 and arrow-points4 ,collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 #c4 ,a third type1 locally known as the 8handled copper knife10 differs from the preceding styles mainly in having the tang so uniformly broad as to obviate the necessity of a wooden or other handle4 ,only a small number of these are in collections4 ,a fine specimen is seven inches in length4 ,the handle is two and a half inches in length1 and of a nearly uniform breadth of three fourths of an inch4 ,it comes from ,pardeeville1 ,columbia ,county1 and is in the ,logan ,museum at ,beloit4 ,a knife in the ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder collection1 at ,houghton1 ,michigan1 has a broad copper ferule still encircling its tang4 ,the tip of the tang is bent over1 meeting the ferule4 7,fig4 #eha1 left specimen1 near centre47 #d4 ,socketed knives4 ,these resemble the knives of the type first described in the shape of their blades4 ,they are provided with a socket similar to those of the socketed spears4 ,a small number of these have been found and are to be seen in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 ,h4 ,george ,schuette1 and other ,wisconsin collections4 ,they range from two to nine inches in size4 ,in these knives the cutting edge is usually along the right1 rarely along the left side of the blade4 ,a specimen in a ,milwaukee collection has its blade ornamented with indentations4 ,a small number of knives of peculiar forms are also to be seen in local cabinets4 7,see ,fig4 #eig47 ,arrow- and ,spear-,points #a4 ,leaf-shaped points4 7,fig4 #eih1 upper right-hand specimen47 ,these vary considerably in form and size1 measuring from two to six or more inches in length4 ,the average size appears to be about four inches4 ,some are oval in outline1 others elliptical1 lanceolate1 or almond-shaped1 the elliptical forms appearing to predominate4 ,the points are not numerous4 ,one or more specimens are to be seen in all of the larger ,wisconsin collections4 ,a small number of lanceolate forms in the ,hamilton collection have the added feature of a median ridge which traverses either side of the blade from end to end4 ,these range from two and three fourths to nine inches in length4 #b4 ,stemmed1 flat points4 7,fig4 #fjc--to the right4 ,fig4 #eih--lower central specimen47 ,these are of quite common occurrence in ,wisconsin collections4 ,these points are generally quite flat and of nearly uniform thickness throughout4 ,the stem is of uniform breadth or tapers slightly toward its extremity4 ,in the former form it sometimes expands at the base4 ,the base is sometimes indented4 ,in the ,field ,museum there is a fine specimen of this variety from ,montello1 ,marquette ,county4 ,it is nearly seven inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eii4 7,s4 #d-e47 ,copper spear-points4 ,left to right3 ,merton1 ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin2 ,colgate1 ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin2 ,wayne1 ,barton ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,the blade varies considerably in shape and size4 ,the smallest example known is one and three fourths and the largest about eight inches in length4 ,the average size appears to be about three inches4 ,a very small number have the face of the blade ornamented with indentations1 usually arranged in two parallel rows4 #b a4 ,ridged points4 7,fig4 #eie47 ,these and several of the succeeding forms are1 strictly speaking1 only well-established varieties of the preceding type4 ,in the present instance they are distinguished by the presence of a median ridge which traverses both faces of the point1 usually from tip to tip4 ,this is not a frequent form4 ,the largest specimen now known measures six inches in length4 ,it is in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton cabinet and was found at ,two ,rivers4 ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,lewis obtained a specimen from a mound in ,pepin ,county4 ,other specimens are in the ,field ,museum and ,milwaukee ,public ,museum and several private collections4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjj4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,copper spear-heads4 ,rat-tail type4 ,logan ,museum collection1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fja4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,copper spears and knives4 ,collection of ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjb4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper punch1 hooked end1 to right2 from ,barton1 ,wisconsin4 ,copper punch to left2 from ,waukesha ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,copper punch in the centre1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 #b b4 ,beveled points4 ,of these only a small number of examples have been recovered4 ,they are distinguished from the most frequent flat1 stemmed form by a distinct bevel of generally uniform width which extends along the edges on both faces of the blade4 ,sometimes this bevel is nearly one half inch in breadth4 ,the shape of the blade varies considerably4 ,the known specimens range from two and a half to five inches in size4 ,examples are to be seen in the ,field ,museum1 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 and other collections4 #b c4 ,eyed points4 ,the base of the stem in this rare form is provided with an eye1 opening outward and probably intended for the reception of a rivet4 ,otherwise these points do not differ from the flat1 stemmed types4 ,only a very small number of specimens have been found4 #b d4 ,notched points4 ,these bear a close resemblance to a numerous class of flint arrow- and spear-points1 after which they are probably patterned4 ,no two of them are exactly alike4 ,they differ from each other in the shape of the blade and shape and position of the notch4 ,a few are traversed by a median ridge4 ,some have indented bases4 ,they vary in size from less than two and up to six inches in length4 ,such points are of infrequent occurrence4 ,specimens are in existence in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 ,field ,museum1 ,logan ,museum1 and other collections4 #b e4 ,toothed points4 ,these are rather remarkable and interesting implements1 and are distinguished from all others by the peculiar angular toothing or serration of the edges of the stem1 the purpose of which is evidently to facilitate the fastening of the point to the wooden shaft or handle1 into which it was inserted1 by means of sinews or strips of hide4 ,a greater solidity of attachment was thus secured4 ,the number of opposite notches on the stem varies in different examples1 from two to as many as six or seven4 ,the usual number appears to be two or three4 ,most examples of this type are long and narrow4 ,a few1 however1 are short and broad1 and elliptical in outline4 ,the largest known example of this form is about nine and a half inches and the smallest about two inches in length4 ,the average size appears to be about three and a half inches4 ,in many specimens a central ridge or elevation extends along either side from extremity to extremity1 or only from the base of the stem to the point of the blade4 7,fig4 #eii47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjc4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,copper knives1 awls1 fish-hooks1 and other objects4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell's collection1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,in both the ,f4 ,m4 ,benedict and ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collections are large and fine series of these points4 ,upon a specimen in the latter collection indications of cloth wrappings are to be seen4 ,other collections also possess one or a number of examples4 ,the greater part of the known specimens are from the ,fox and ,wolf river valleys in northeastern ,wisconsin4 ,now and then flint spear-points of somewhat similar pattern have been found in and about the same district4 ,michigan has furnished a few specimens of the copper points4 ,slate points of very similar form occur in ,new ,england1 where they are regarded as knives4 ,a small number of copper points of this pattern are also reported to have been found there4 #c4 ,spatula-shaped points4 7,fig4 #eif1 central ones1 and ,fig4 #fjj47 ,these peculiar points have obtained their name from the resemblance which the typical form bears to a chemist's spatula4 ,they are also locally known as 8rat-tailed points40 ,in the most frequent form the blade is rather flat and somewhat elliptical in outline4 ,it does not generally exceed three inches in length1 being usually less than one half the total length of the implement4 ,a small number have an elliptical1 lanceolate or very rarely elongated lozenge-shaped blade4 ,the usually long1 tapering stem is generally circular or nearly circular in section1 and is well adapted for insertion into a perforation or socket in a wooden shaft or handle4 ,several specimens have near the tips of their pointed stems a succession of rudely cut opposite notches1 probably intended to prevent the easy withdrawal of the point from the shaft4 ,a very small number have the blade traversed by a median ridge4 ,the smallest specimen of this type of copper point now known is four inches and the largest nine and a half inches in length4 ,a large number attain the size of eight inches4 ,fine specimens are to be seen in the ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,logan ,museum1 ,field ,museum1 ,hamilton1 and other collections4 ,the ,reverend ,mr4 ,beauchamp has noted the occurrence of a limited number of specimens in ,new ,york4 ,a small number of iron trade points of similar shape have been found4 #d4 ,short-stemmed points4 ,the blade is generally long and triangular in shape1 the stem short1 cylindrical1 and pointed at the end4 ,the average size of these points appears to be about six inches4 7,fig4 #eif47 ,the largest example now known is twelve inches in length1 the stem measuring only about three inches4 ,this is not a frequent form of copper point4 ,fine specimens are to be seen in the ,field ,museum1 ,hamilton1 and other collections4 ,a cache of four of these singular points found at ,chilton1 ,calumet ,county1 is to be seen in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum4 ,the ,reverend ,w4 ,m4 ,beauchamp has described similar spear-points from ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjd4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,copper harpoons4 ,logan ,museum collection1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 #d a4 ,barbed or pronged points4 ,this type of copper point is of rather infrequent occurrence4 ,the blade is usually of an oval or somewhat triangular shape4 ,a few specimens have long narrow blades4 ,situated just below the base of the blade on either side is a single barb or prong4 ,these prongs are sharply or obtusely pointed and as a general thing do not extend out to a point in line with the outer edge of the base of the blade4 ,the stem is short1 flat1 or cylindrical1 and usually tapers to a sharp point4 7,upper left-hand specimen1 ,fig4 #eib47 ,in some examples the blade is traversed on one or both faces by a well-defined median ridge4 ,the prongs probably served the double purpose of barbs and of projections1 by means of which the point could be more firmly secured to the wooden shaft into which it was inserted4 ,such points are to be seen in the ,hamilton1 ,field ,museum1 and other collections4 ,the smallest specimen known is three inches and the largest about seven and one half inches in length4 ,the average size appears to be about four inches4 ,this interesting form of spear-point also occurs sparingly in surrounding states1 and has been recorded from as far east as ,new ,york and ,new ,england1 where a few specimens have been found4 ,large iron spear-points of somewhat similar form1 but with the projections squared at the ends1 have been found in ,wisconsin4 ,some of these have hearts and other devices cut or punched through the face of their blades4 ,these were probably introduced among the ,indians by the early fur-traders4 #e4 ,conical points4 ,a very large number of these have been collected from the extensive ,lake ,michigan shore village-sites in ,wisconsin1 of which locations they appear to be more or less characteristic1 replacing to a large extent all other types of copper points4 ,some fine examples have also been obtained from other sites in counties farther inland2 from the ,lake ,superior shore1 and from the ,lake of the ,woods region in ,minnesota4 ,fine series of these points are to be seen in the ,a4 ,gerend1 ,hamilton1 ,kuehne1 and other collections4 7,fig4 #eih1 three lower figures47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fje4 7,s4 about #c-d47 ,copper harpoons4 ,left to right3 ,hartford1 ,washington ,county1 ,wisconsin2 ,wisconsin2 ,wauwatosa1 ,milwaukee ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,copper harpoon4 ,collection of ,s4 ,g4 ,crump1 ,pittsford1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjg4 7,s4 #a-h47 ,front and reverse of a copper war-club4 ,dug out of a prehistoric grave at ,spuzzum1 ,british ,columbia4 ,obtained by ,mr4 ,james ,teit4 ,these points vary in length from less than one inch up to six inches or more4 ,the majority1 however1 are of small size and do not exceed two inches in length4 ,the most prevalent form is fashioned in the shape of an attenuated hollow cone of small diameter4 ,other specimens have the point solid for an inch or more back from the tip4 ,less frequently they are furnished with an open angular socket and hip like that of the ordinary socketed copper spear4 ,in a few examples the flanges of the socket are pierced with a square or round hole1 as if for the reception of a rivet1 or possibly for the attachment of a light line4 ,a few have a rivet-hole also at the base of the socket4 ,it has been stated that these points have occasionally been found with fragments of the wooden shaft filling or extending beyond the socket4 ,their presence in numbers upon the sandy lake shore sites where the aboriginal residents appear to have depended largely upon the fishing industry for subsistence1 appears to indicate their employment in such a connection4 ,possibly in the shooting or spearing of fish4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjh4 ,the base of the ,effigy ,mound1 ,hopewell ,group4 ,explored in #ahia-ib4 ,copper axes and plates in the foreground1 lying as found4 ,teams1 thirty to forty feet distant1 and two feet higher than the deposit4 #f4 ,ridged socketed points4 ,if we except from consideration the very numerous small awls and fish-hooks1 we may truthfully state that this is by far the most common type of copper implement occurring in ,wisconsin4 ,thousands of these points have been collected in ,wisconsin1 and probably as many or an even greater number are yet to be recovered from the soil4 ,they are represented in greater or less numbers in every ,wisconsin and in many other collections4 ,this type and its varieties are too well and widely known to require much of a description4 ,they are frequently symmetrically and beautifully wrought1 indicating a degree of skill on the part of their aboriginal makers that is unsurpassed4 ,the blade varies considerably in length and breadth4 ,the stem is provided with flanges which are bent straight upward or inward1 thus forming an angular socket for the reception of the wooden shaft4 ,some points having fragments of this shaft still in place have been found4 ,this form is rarely if ever provided with a rivet-hole4 ,in most examples there is a dip or shoulder in the socket at the connection of the stem and blade1 against which the head of the wooden shaft abutted4 ,a distinctive feature of these points is the pronounced central ridge which traverses the back of the implement from end to end4 ,it is this feature which has gained for this style of point the local name of 8bayonet-backed spear-point40 ,the tip of the stem is also usually angularly pointed4 ,a small number of these points have the upper surface of their blades ornamented with indentations variously arranged in double rows or lines4 ,this type of copper point has been found as far to the south as the ,gulf1 as far east as ,new ,england1 westward to the ,missouri1 and northward into ,canada4 ,the largest example known to have been found in ,wisconsin measures thirteen inches in length4 ,it is in the ,e4 ,c4 ,perkins collection4 ,the average size is between three and five inches4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fji4 7,s4 #c-e47 ,large copper plate covered with shell beads1 ,seip ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills's collection4 #f a4 ,rolled socketed points4 7,fig4 #fja47 ,this form is almost if not quite as common as the preceding1 from which it is distinguished mainly by the fact that the back of the blade and stem are not usually upon the same plane4 ,the central ridge also is absent4 ,many examples are provided with a rivet-hole 7very rarely with two1 one above the other7 within the socket near the base of the stem4 ,specimens with a small copper rivet or nail still in place in the socket are of not infrequent occurrence in ,wisconsin collections4 ,at least two well-defined varieties of these points may be recognized3-- #a4 ,the first of these is provided with a short1 broad1 oval1 or almond-shaped blade4 ,the stem and socket in this form is usually broadest at the base1 tapering or narrowing toward the blade4 ,the average length of these specimens is about four inches4 ,a large specimen found at ,ripon1 ,fond du ,lac ,county1 measures seven inches in length1 and two inches in breadth near the base of the blade4 ,specimens of this type may be seen in the ,hamilton1 ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,logan ,museum1 and other collections4 #b4 ,the second form is furnished with a long1 narrow1 lanceolate blade1 often twice or more than twice as long as the stem4 ,the socket and stem rarely taper upward and are of more nearly equal width throughout4 ,in both this and the preceding form the flanges of the socket are rolled inward1 in some instances nearly meeting4 ,the average length of these points appears to be about five inches4 ,the largest specimen known measures eleven and one half inches in length4 ,such specimens are to be seen in nearly every ,wisconsin cabinet4 ,in the very limited number of the smaller specimens the face of the blade1 rarely the back1 is ornamented with indentations4 ,the edges of the blade are also sometimes beveled4 ,among the smaller specimens is observed a variety in which the length of the stem equals or exceeds that of the blade4 ,in some specimens the socket has the appearance of having been formed by excavating the stem1 the narrow flanges being continuous with the blade instead of cut and turned inward as in the ordinary form4 ,a small number of iron socketed spear-points1 not differing greatly from the ordinary socketed copper point1 have been found4 ,peculiar points4 ,in several ,wisconsin collections are several spear-points of curious form not included under any of the foregoing descriptions or represented1 so far as can be learned1 in other ,wisconsin cabinets4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #faj4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,ornamented copper plate1 ,seip ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills's collection4 ,one of these in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection has a long slender blade and a very short socket4 ,it is seven and one quarter inches in length and comes from ,two ,rivers1 ,manitowoc ,county4 ,its blade is ornamented with a row of nine indentations4 ,in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum is a series of three peculiar socketed spear-points of an average length of about eight and one half inches4 ,the blade of each of these is very long and narrow1 with straight edges1 and terminates in a sharp point4 ,the stem is very short and narrow in comparison with the blade and broadens into a short socket at its base4 ,one specimen has the middle of its blade1 from near the base toward the middle1 ornamented with a continuous zigzag indentation4 ,another has upon its blade a series of dots arranged in a triangular form4 ,two of these points come from ,fond du ,lac ,county1 and the other from ,sheboygan ,county4 ,harpoon-,points ,the purpose of these implements is too plain to make any explanation necessary4 ,four distinct types of harpoon-points1 none of which are as yet known to be of other than very infrequent occurrence1 have been obtained in ,wisconsin4 ,what special application any of these several patterns may have had is not yet clear4 ,the following is a brief description of them3-- #a4 ,the first are short1 flattish points seldom exceeding two and a half inches in length4 7,fig4 #fje1 to the left47 ,one edge of these implements is either straight or presents a continuous curve from extremity to extremity4 ,the other edge is curved or straight from the point downward to about opposite the middle of the implement1 where it terminates in a barb4 ,from thence it narrows to the other extremity1 thus forming a stem4 ,occasionally this is notched on either side near its base4 ,small numbers of these points have been recovered from the village-sites along the ,lake ,michigan shore4 #b4 ,a second and less frequent form is cylindrical in section and tapers to a sharp point at each extremity4 7,fig4 #fjd1 second from right47 ,removed from one extremity by several inches1 more or less1 is a stout and very pronounced barb4 ,all are of large size4 ,a particularly large specimen measures ten and three fourths inches in length and about one half inch in diameter at the middle4 ,others are to be seen in the ,state ,historical ,museum and ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collections4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore has figured and described a large example obtained by him in ,florida4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #faa4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper crescents4 ,collection of ,logan ,museum1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,iron harpoons of similar form1 but frequently possessing from two to three barbs1 sometimes alternating on opposite sides of the implement are still in use by ,wisconsin ,indians for spearing large fish4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fab4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,ear ornaments from the ,hopewell ,group1 ,ohio4 #c4 ,another form of harpoon is represented by a specimen in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum4 ,this implement is somewhat triangular in section1 about eight and a half inches in length and about three fourths of an inch in breadth at the middle4 ,the ends taper to a blunted point4 ,the thinner edge of the implement is furnished with four stout1 broad barbs1 separated from each other by a distance of about one and a half inches4 ,bone harpoon-points of this pattern occur in ,new ,york and ,ontario4 7,like ,fig4 #fjf47 #d4 ,a fourth type1 the so-called 8socketed harpoon-point0 7,fig4 #fjd71 has one edge of its blade prolonged into a barb at the base4 ,this barb may be on either the right or left side4 ,otherwise this type does not differ in shape from some of the flat-backed1 socketed spear-points4 ,only a small number of these points have been found4 ,all these are provided with a rivet-hole in the socket4 ,an example in the ,logan ,museum is about four inches in length1 and comes from ,mequon1 ,ozaukee ,county4 ,pikes and ,punches4 7,see ,fig4 #fjb47 ,in this class of objects1 which are as yet alluded to by students and collectors by either of the above or other names1 are included the largest copper implements found in ,wisconsin4 ,they are rod-like in form1 usually circular or square1 less frequently rectangular in section1 and taper to a point at one or both ends4 ,large specimens of each of these several patterns have been found4 ,the largest is in the ,field ,museum4 ,it is about forty inches in length1 one inch in diameter at the middle1 and tapers to a point at either extremity4 ,it weighs five and a quarter pounds and was obtained from a burial-mound on the ,abraham place1 at ,peshtigo1 ,marinette ,county4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fac4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,copper crescent-shaped object obtained near ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fad4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,copper crescents4 ,collection of ,wisconsin ,archological ,society4 ,a specimen in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection is twenty-nine inches in length1 seven eighths of an inch in diameter1 and weighs two and three fourths pounds4 ,about one inch from the pointed extremity there is a broken projection which ,mr4 ,hamilton believes to have been a barb4 ,the other end terminates in a small claw or broken out eye4 ,it comes from ,maple ,creek1 ,outagamie ,county4 ,in the ,t4 ,w4 ,hamilton collection there is another fine specimen which is eighteen and a half inches in length and weighs one and a half pounds4 ,a specimen found at ,new ,haven1 ,adams ,county1 is fourteen and a half inches in length and weighs one and three eighths pounds4 ,other large specimens are to be seen in the ,logan ,museum1 ,state ,historical ,museum1 and ,milwaukee ,museum collections4 ,some of these are rather flat1 rectangular in section and one inch in width and less than three eighths of an inch in thickness4 ,they are pointed at one extremity and rounded or blunted at the other4 ,some other large specimens are known to have been cut in two and otherwise maltreated by the persons who found them4 ,in the ,field ,museum collections implements of this pattern ranging from eight inches or less up to the largest size are classed as 8pikes40 ,that they were employed as weapons is extremely doubtful4 ,it has been suggested that they may have been heated and employed in the burning-out of wooden canoes or wooden vessels4 ,there is reason to believe that some of the lighter forms were mounted in wooden handles1 at least one example with an accompanying copper ferule having been found at ,milwaukee4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fae4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,copper saucer-shaped object4 ,hopewell ,group1 ,ohio4 ,awls and ,drills4 7,see ,figs4 #eic and #fjc47 ,these have been obtained nowhere in greater numbers than in the ,lake ,michigan coastal region in ,wisconsin4 ,they vary in size from about one to six inches or more1 and in thickness from one sixteenth to one half an inch4 ,the greater number are of very small size4 ,the simplest and most frequent form is a slender cylindrical piece of metal pointed at one or both extremities4 ,a second and usually stouter form is either round or square in section and tapers from a well-marked shoulder at or near the middle to both extremities4 ,sometimes one end only is pointed4 ,occasionally also the upper half of the implement is straight and the lower half tapers to a point4 ,many of these small implements were probably mounted in handles of wood1 bone1 or antler1 the object of the shoulder being to prevent their passing too far into the handle4 ,several specimens mounted in antler handles have been found4 ,similar implements of bone and stone have been found in ,wisconsin4 ,most of them were probably employed in drilling holes in wood1 bone1 or stone1 in piercing skins1 and for similar purposes4 ,the ,eskimo are said to employ somewhat similar implements of bone for catching waterfowl4 ,they are used by attaching a line to the centre1 the bone spindle being baited with a small fish into which the implement is inserted lengthwise4 ,large fish are captured by them in the same manner4 ,we have no record of the employment of such methods by ,wisconsin ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #faf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,possibly this was the crown of a head-mask4 ,it seems to indicate growing antlers1 or those of a young buck4 ,when found the horns or projections were downward and the raised surface uppermost4 ,hopewell ,group1 ,ohio4 ,spikes4 7,see ,fig4 #ehj1 lower left-hand specimen47 ,in a number of ,wisconsin cabinets are to be seen copper implements locally known as 8spikes10 taking their names from the close resemblance which they bear to the modern articles4 ,these vary somewhat in shape and size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fag4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,pendant of sheet-copper4 ,c4 ,b4 ,moore's explorations4 ,one specimen is four and a half inches in length1 one fourth of an inch in thickness1 with one extremity pointed and the other enlarged and blunted to form a head4 ,another is seven inches in length and tapers gradually downward from the head1 where it is three fourths of an inch in diameter1 to the point4 ,a few specimens are decidedly square in section4 ,an examination of the heads indicates that they are not the result of pounding while in use1 but constitute an intentional feature of these implements4 ,no suggestion has been offered as to their function4 ,they may be simply perforators or drills4 ,some of the stouter implements1 with broad1 flattish points1 may have been employed as chisels4 ,needles ,these are obtained from the same sites as the foregoing and are frequently associated with them1 though not nearly as numerous4 ,all are provided with eyes1 and except in their somewhat ruder fashioning do not differ from the needles in ordinary domestic use at the present day4 ,their purpose requires no explanation4 ,these implements range in size from less than two to as much as eight and an eighth inches4 ,the average size appears to be between two and three inches4 ,such implements are to be seen in many of the eastern ,wisconsin collections4 ,in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum is a small series of copper needles from ,mexico4 ,fish-,hooks4 7,see ,fig4 #fjc47 ,hundreds of these and fragments of many others have been collected from the aboriginal village- and camp-sites on the west shore of ,lake ,michigan in ,wisconsin4 ,they have also been obtained in numbers from the village-sites at ,green ,lake and at various other localities along the upper ,wisconsin1 ,fox1 ,wolf1 and ,little ,wolf rivers1 and elsewhere in this part of the state where good fishing was to be had4 ,some have also been found far to the north along the ,lake ,superior shore4 ,most specimens are of small size1 from less than an inch up to two inches in length4 ,the largest known example is four inches in length4 ,they are generally circular1 though sometimes decidedly square in section4 ,the points curve and slant outward and inward at all angles and degrees of curvature4 ,none possess any indication of a barb4 ,the shank at the point of attachment to the line is most frequently straight4 ,sometimes1 however1 it is notched1 flattened1 bent over and flattened1 or bent over to form an eye4 ,a few specimens have been collected which have bits of sinew or twisted fibre still attached to the shank4 ,fine series of these useful articles are to be seen in many local collections4 ,in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection there is a series of ten fish-hooks obtained from the bank of the ,little ,wolf ,river1 in the township of ,muckwa1 in ,waupaca ,county4 ,these are from two and a half to two and three fourths inches in length1 the strongly and broadly curved hook reaching up to about opposite the middle of the shank4 ,some are circular and others square in section1 and all are of a nearly uniform thickness of one fourth of an inch4 ,several have the tips of the shank flattened1 and all are heavily incrusted with soil and verdigris1 plainly indicating the manner in which they had lain upon and across each other4 ,peculiar ,implements ,in a few of the large ,wisconsin cabinets are to be seen a very small number of implements whose exact functions are unknown and which cannot be placed in any of the various classes here described4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fah4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,remarkable effigy in copper4 ,collection of ,j4 ,m4 ,wolfing1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,one of these1 in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection1 is eight and one quarter inches in length4 ,it is circular in section and tapers to a point at either extremity4 ,it is seven eighths of an inch in diameter near the thicker extremity and is knotty all over the surface4 ,mr4 ,hamilton suggests that it may have been employed as a club or bludgeon4 ,it weighs eight and one half ounces and comes from ,little ,chute1 ,outagamie ,county4 ,in the same collection there is also to be seen a long1 curved1 flattish implement which1 it has been suggested1 may have served as a sword4 ,it is about twenty inches in length and about one inch in width near the middle4 ,it was obtained with a cache of six other copper implements at ,oconto1 ,oconto ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,banner-,stones ,the only specimens in native copper of this interesting and widely distributed class of ceremonial objects are in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection4 ,one is of the ordinary butterfly pattern with expanding wings4 ,both specimens were found at ,oconto1 ,oconto ,county1 and were included in a remarkable cache of copper implements and ornaments1 consisting of a crescent1 sword1 chisel1 leaf-shaped blade1 and two arrow-points4 ,this specimen1 weighing five ounces1 is three and one half inches in length1 and one and one fourth inches in width across the elevated part at the middle4 ,the broad wings are one and one fourth inches in length and one and one half inches in width across their outer edges4 ,the perforation at the middle is of one inch in length and has a short diameter of half an inch4 ,a second specimen in the same cabinet is of the so-called 8pick0 shape4 ,it weighs two and one fourth ounces4 ,it is five inches in length and only one inch in width across the widest part1 near the middle4 ,the narrow wings are two and one fourth inches in length and taper to a rounded point1 the perforation at the middle being half an inch in diameter4 ,beads4 7,see ,figs4 #efi1 #egj47 ,the most common local form of copper bead is somewhat spherical in shape and was fashioned by rolling together a small1 narrow strip or welt of native metal1 varying in thickness from less than one eighth to one fourth of an inch or more1 only one or two turns of which were necessary to make a rude bead of quite large size4 ,beads of this kind have been obtained in large numbers from ,wisconsin village-sites1 graves1 and1 sometimes1 from the mounds4 ,quantities of them1 as many as one hundred or more1 have occasionally been taken from a single grave4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fai4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,unknown symbols in sheet-copper1 ,hopewell ,group4 ,in several ,wisconsin collections fine strings or necklaces of such beads may be seen4 ,beads of this form have also been obtained in ,ohio1 northern ,illinois1 ,michigan1 and ,minnesota4 ,the ,reverend ,w4 ,m4 ,beauchamp has mentioned their occurrence in ,new ,york4 ,a second and quite common form of copper bead is made of a thin sheet of metal rolled into the form of a cylinder4 ,they vary in diameter from one eighth to one quarter of an inch or more1 sometimes exceed two inches in length4 ,they are of quite common occurrence on the ,lake ,michigan shore and on some inland village-sites4 ,from aboriginal village-sites at ,two ,rivers and on the shores of ,green ,bay small cylinders formed by twisting thin sheets of native copper between the fingers in a spiral shape are found4 ,bangles4 7,see ,fig4 #efi47 ,these are also made of thin sheets of native copper4 ,they are of small size1 conical or somewhat conical in shape1 and open at both extremities4 ,it is believed that these served as bangles1 probably taking the place1 in the past1 of the small metal discs1 brass or tin cones1 brass thimbles or bells with which it was the custom1 among the later ,indians1 to ornament dress fringes or other articles of wearing apparel4 ,they occur on aboriginal village-sites in the ,fox ,river ,valley and in the ,lake ,michigan shore region4 ,finger-,rings ,these consist of small1 narrow rods or strips of metal bent into the form of a simple circlet1 the ends abutting or nearly meeting4 ,occasionally the rods are thickest at the middle and taper to a point at the extremities4 ,some may have served equally well as ear-rings4 ,specimens are occasionally found in the ,lake ,michigan shore region1 as well as elsewhere in the state4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbj4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,copper fish4 ,hopewell ,group4 ,field ,museum collection1 ,chicago4 ,ear-,rings ,the fondness of the later ,indians for such ornaments is well known1 and it is quite probable that they were also in rather general use among the earlier aborigines4 ,in the ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell collection is a small crescent-shaped copper ornament which may have served as an ear-ring or nose-ring1 being well adapted for such use4 ,it measures one and three eighths inches in extreme width1 and was obtained from an ,indian village-site in ,green ,lake ,county4 ,similar specimens are in several other local collections4 ,the ,reverend ,w4 ,m4 ,beauchamp states that the earliest metallic ear-rings in use among ,new ,york aborigines were probably those of copper wire coiled and flattened1 and believes it possible that perforated discs and coins may have served the same purpose in early historic times1 but that they were more likely to have been employed in some other way4 ,glass and shell beads1 and probably many other things1 were so utilized4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fba4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,copper eagle4 ,hopewell ,group4 ,field ,museum collection1 ,chicago4 ,ear-,spools or ,ear-,plugs4 7,see ,fig4 #fab47 ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,lewis has obtained ornaments of this class during mound explorations conducted by him at ,prairie du ,chien1 ,crawford ,county1 and ,wyalusing1 ,grant ,county1 in ,wisconsin4 ,ear-spools have been obtained from various localities in ,ohio1 ,illinois1 and the ,south4 ,some of these are rather elaborately ornamented with embossed figures4 ,in the ,field ,museum collections are specimens which were taken from the mounds of the celebrated ,hopewell ,group in ,ohio4 ,a specimen in the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society's collections has still attached to it a fragment of the string or cord by means of which it was probably attached to the ear of its aboriginal owner4 ,similar objects of stone overlaid with sheet-copper have been described by various authors4 ,gorgets and ,pendants4 7,see ,figs4 #egj and #fag47 ,careful inquiry has shown the existence of only a small number of these in ,wisconsin collections4 ,it is quite possible1 however1 that such ornaments were in more common use among ,wisconsin aborigines than the present limited number would indicate4 ,being fashioned of sheet-copper1 they would even under ordinary conditions be more likely to suffer destruction1 through decomposition1 than many other less fragile artifacts1 which show very plainly the effects of chemical action during their interment4 ,one form of pendant is triangular in shape and is provided at the broad upper extremity with two perforations1 by which means it could be attached1 by a cord1 to the person of its aboriginal owner4 ,such pendants have been found in ,winnebago1 ,jefferson1 ,crawford1 and ,barron counties4 ,one of the largest measures three and one eighth inches in length1 and one and one fourth inches in width at the upper edge4 ,sheet-copper pendants of circular shape have also been obtained4 ,these have perforations near the edge or at the middle4 ,the largest specimen known is about three and one quarter inches in diameter4 ,pendants of this form have been obtained in ,kenosha1 ,jefferson1 ,dane1 ,columbia1 ,grant1 ,crawford1 ,barron1 ,burnett1 ,winnebago1 and ,brown counties4 ,a few specimens of other forms have also been recovered4 ,crescents4 7,see ,figs4 #faa1 #fac1 #fad47 ,in this class of copper ornaments are at present included a number of thin1 flattish objects1 the basis of all of which appears to be the crescent1 either plain or variously modified by the addition of prongs or other prolongations arising from the inner or upper edge1 near the middle or extremities4 ,there is probably little doubt that the greater number of the objects included in this class were worn by our primitive ,indians as breast ornaments1 being fastened to the neck by means of cords4 ,in this way several of them may have been worn1 one below the other4 ,the adaptability of certain of the pronged forms for use as hair ornaments is noticeable4 ,large numbers have been collected in ,wisconsin1 and others will probably be found as old sites are more thoroughly explored1 and new lands opened to cultivation4 ,the existing examples appear to have been obtained1 for the most part1 from the village-sites and graves1 where they sometimes occur in association with copper beads and other articles of personal adornment4 ,but very few have been recovered from the burial-mounds of the state4 ,a few have also been found in ,minnesota1 northern ,michigan1 and ,illinois4 ,the finest series of these copper crescents1 representing nearly all of the known types1 is in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection4 ,the following is a brief description of the ,wisconsin types of copper crescents3-- #a4 ,one of the simplest1 although uncommon forms1 has the upper edge quite straight and the lower ones broadly curved4 ,specimens have been found in ,manitowoc ,county1 and in ,houghton ,county1 ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbb4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,mica ornament4 ,hopewell ,group4 #b4 ,a closely allied type has both edges curved1 approaching more nearly the true crescent form4 ,the degree of curvature varies considerably in the small number of specimens known4 ,specimens have been found in ,washington1 ,sheboygan1 ,marquette1 ,crawford1 and ,barron counties4 ,minnesota has produced several specimens3 one from ,monroe ,county1 having both extremities notched to allow for suspension4 7,fig4 #faa47 #c4 ,a third type1 the so-called 8canoe-shaped0 crescent1 usually has its lower and upper edges curving equally and formed at the extremities into a short point or embryo prong1 directed inward4 ,this is the most frequent ,wisconsin type1 and examples of it are to be seen in many collections4 ,the largest and finest example now known 7#aj #b inches1 weight #bj ounces7 is in the ,hamilton collection1 and was found in the city of ,oconto1 ,oconto ,county4 ,michigan and ,minnesota have also yielded a number of specimens4 7,see ,fig4 #faa47 #d4 ,a fourth type has the prongs or points at the extremities of greater length and directed upward or inward4 ,specimens have been found in ,calumet1 ,door1 ,sheboygan1 and ,marquette counties4 ,they vary in length from five to seven and one half inches4 7,one in ,fig4 #efh47 #e4 ,in a fifth type the prolongations1 arising from the extremities of the upper edge of the curved base1 approach each other and unite to form a central spike1 which is usually circular in section and formed by the prolongations being twisted about each other4 ,specimens have been obtained in ,price1 ,manitowoc1 ,green ,lake1 ,waukesha1 ,washington1 and ,columbia counties4 ,one has been found in ,minnesota4 7,fig4 #fad1 specimen ,d47 #f4 ,another peculiar type is furnished with a pair of spikes or prongs1 usually rather long1 and either flat or cylindrical in section1 which arise on either side of the middle of the curved top 7or base74 7,fig4 #fac47 ,specimens have been obtained in ,columbia1 ,pierce1 ,washington1 and ,vernon counties4 ,one has been found in ,ottertail ,county1 ,minnesota4 ,these specimens range from four to eight inches in length1 the prongs being from three to four inches long4 ,a modification of this type has the prongs united at their points by a short cross-bar4 7,specimen ,g in ,fig4 #fad47 ,other ,ornaments ,in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum are two broad1 flat strips of native copper which may have been worn as headbands4 ,both of these fragments1 originally curved1 have the appearance of having been straightened1 by the finders1 and may have formed a part of the same band4 ,the larger 7six inches by one inch7 and the smaller 7three and five eighths inches by one inch71 and less than one fourth of an inch in thickness1 are ornamented along either edge and down the middle with a row of deep indentations4 ,the locality is ,sheboygan ,county4 ,on the skulls of two skeletons in a mound in ,crawford ,county were found thick copper plates4 ,the larger of these was ornamented along two edges with a double row of indentations1 and measured eight inches long by four inches wide4 ,the other plate was about four and one half inches square4 ,mr4 ,brown has called attention to the distribution of copper and has described these objects so thoroughly that no remarks on my part are necessary4 ,however1 ,i wish to offer1 briefly1 one or two suggestions4 ,copper seems to have played an important part in aboriginal life in this country4 ,as the natives possessed neither gold nor silver and because silver ornaments are extremely rare1 one may say that silver was not in use2 copper appealed to them as being something beyond the ordinary1 if not possessing supernatural powers4 ,there was no other substance which they could hammer into shape1 or slightly anneal and work more easily4 ,no other malleable material possessed that bright1 beautiful color and was capable of such polish4 ,therefore1 copper appealed to the aborigines1 and they made general use of it more as an ornament1 or a totem1 than for ordinary utility2 that is1 save in the 8copper belt10 where it was so common that tools were made of it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbc4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,mica ornaments4 ,ohio mounds4 ,collection of ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,what the ,northern ,indians received in exchange for the copper has always been a mystery to me4 ,in ,wisconsin and ,michigan where drift copper occurred in large quantities1 and where it still may be found1 it is likely that the natives carried on an extensive trade in copper and that the peoples of ,ohio passed it on1 one may suppose1 to the ,south4 ,this trade was extensive because not only in our museums are there thousands of copper objects1 but there are many more in the hands of private collectors1 and in the mounds of the ,mississippi ,valley where there has been much digging1 great quantities of hatchets1 plates1 nose-rings1 and spools are dug up from time to time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbd4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,mica ornaments from mounds of the ,hopewell ,group4 ,field ,museum collection1 ,chicago4 ,one may question whether the presence of copper in the ,ohio ,valley really means extensive aboriginal commerce or trade4 ,i say ,ohio ,valley because more mound copper is found there than elsewhere1 although the ,south should by no means be excluded4 ,copper and other foreign materials abound in the middle and lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,yet upon the shores of ,lake ,superior1 about the copper range1 on the streams and lakes of ,wisconsin and ,michigan where lived the ,indians who possessed so much copper that they made of it hatchets1 fish-hooks1 knives1 spear-points1 etc41 usually are to be found no ,southern types save a few pipes and problematical forms in slate4 ,what did these ,northern natives receive in return for the quantities of copper which they must have bartered8 ,did they receive bird-stones1 gorgets1 pipes1 etc48 ,their bird-stones are very like those of ,indiana and ,ohio1 yet they have a broad bird effigy usually with ears on both sides of the head which is not found save occasionally in southern ,ohio and ,indiana1 and seldom in the ,south where mound copper is common4 ,their gorgets and pipes appear to be local4 ,it has occurred to me that the peoples of ,indiana and ,ohio1 and possibly the ,south1 made raids in the copper country1 or found copper nuggets in the drift1 or mined their own copper1 or robbed the ,northern peoples of such copper as they wanted4 ,if there had been any extensive aboriginal trade1 we should surely find more evidence of it4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore#bh has conclusively proved that the copper taken from the ,southern mounds and ,ohio mounds is prehistoric and not of ,european origin4 ,some of the gentlemen connected with the ,smithsonian ,institution and affiliated museums contend that the fine repouss work1 on sheet-copper1 could not have been made by aborigines working with stone tools4 ,a few words regarding the illustrations4 ,an inspection of all the figures in this chapter1 marked from the ,hopewell ,group1 give some idea of the remarkable copper effigies1 ornaments1 cut designs1 etc41 comprising the ,hopewell collection4 ,this is now on exhibition in the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago1 and can be seen by any person who will take the pains to visit that institution4 ,it is justly considered the greatest prehistoric copper collection in the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,hopewell ,group altars hundreds and hundreds of copper ear ornaments were found1 all more or less affected by heat4 ,professor ,mills has dug up many ornaments of these same kinds and says of them3-- 8,copper ear ornaments were frequently met with in the graves1 and twenty specimens were secured4 ,they were invariably found in pairs4 ,the manufacture of these ornaments required skill1 as well as a high degree of advancement in ornamental art4 ,the mode of manufacture of the ear ornaments1 although two different types were found1 was similar4 ,one type was made of two concavo-convex plates1 and were connected by a cylindrical column2 but only a few pairs of this type were found4 ,the other type1 which was most common1 was made of four plates of copper1 two of which are circular1 and two concavo-convex4 ,the concavo-convex plates are attached to the circular pieces1 which form the inside of the ornament4 ,the discs are connected with a small cylinder of copper4 ,this figure is a good illustration showing two views of the second type of ear ornaments4 ,other copper ornaments were found sparingly in the burial cists4 ,from one grave a large copper crescent was removed1 and from another1 six large copper balls40 ,sometimes the copper plates were highly ornamented and cut or trimmed4 ,fig4 #faj is thus described by ,professor ,mills3-- 8,the plate shown in this figure is perhaps the heaviest and smoothest of all the plates taken from ,seip ,mound4 ,the scroll pattern cut upon one side of the plate represents the first specimen of the kind taken from the mounds of ,ohio1 as far as known4 ,the plate was wrapped in leather when it was placed in the grave1 and portions still adhere to the plate1 as shown in the cut40 ,of the interesting pendants in sheet-copper1 ,fig4 #fag1 exhumed from a mound in ,moundville1 ,alabama1 ,mr4 ,moore has to say3-- 8,the upper part of the pendant has parts excised to form a six-pointed star within a circle4 ,on the body of the star1 repouss1 is a symbol to which we shall revert later4 ,below is an excised triangle2 beneath which is part of an arm encircled by a string of beads and an extended hand bearing on it the open eye1 all repouss40 ,the decayed cloth1 the fragments of skins and the curious1 fine silt1 usually about a handful1 lying around copper objects1 indicate that they were at one time carefully wrapped up4 ,if we had preserved to us some of these wrappings1 not a little light might be shed on the use of the more highly developed copper problematical forms in the ,united ,states4 ,i am indebted to the directors of the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum for making illustrations of the finest copper objects in their collections3 ,figs4 #egd1 #egi1 #ehb-hi1 #eie1 #eig1 #eii1 #fjb1 #fje1 #fac4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,textile ,,fabrics ,it would be comparatively easy for one to write a lengthy chapter upon textile fabrics4 ,but because of the limited space now at my disposal and for the further reason that 8,the ,stone ,age0 is purposely restricted chiefly to descriptions of art in stone rather than in fabrics1 this chapter must necessarily be brief4 ,it is unfortunate that almost none of the fabrics of prehistoric times1 made use of by the natives of that period1 are in existence to-day1 and aside from pieces of mats and here and there a bit of cloth from the dry caves of ,kentucky and the ,ozark ,mountains1 there is nothing in our museums to give a clue as to the nature and material of the garments1 robes1 blankets1 etc4 ,we are dependent chiefly on history for our knowledge of the use of textile fabrics4 ,but in the ,southwest the aridity of the climate1 together with the fact that the walls of the cliff-houses kept out the occasional rains1 and that the sands of the desert drifting over the ruined pueblos1 worked in harmony to preserve a goodly number of fragments of textile fabrics4 ,some of these are in the ,american ,museum1 ,new ,york ,city1 others in ,washington1 ,denver1 and ,philadelphia museums4 ,all are of great interest and were made use of by stone-age man4 ,the copper plates found in the mounds of the ,mississippi ,valley sometimes contain impressions of cloth and other fabrics4 ,there are occasionally bits of charred cloth1 found in altars or ash-pits or between copper plates4 ,professors ,holmes1 ,mills1 ,putnam1 and others have described these in various reports4 ,an inspection of the material illustrated in this chapter will acquaint readers with the fact that the natives of ,kentucky made use of various plants1 the favorite of which is the ordinary flag1 for the manufacture of baskets1 sandals1 etc4 ,in the ,southwest1 desert plants1 such as the yucca1 possessing elasticity and strength1 were employed for a multitude of purposes4 ,could we have preserved for our inspection the textile fabrics made use of in the ,mississippi ,valley1 we doubtless should observe that primitive man in this great region employed utensils1 garments1 weapons1 tools1 and other things made of perishable material4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbe4 7,s4 #a-d to #a-e47 ,sandals from ,salts ,cave1 made of bark and wild hemp4 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbf4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,andover collection4 ,three sandals and an unfinished object from ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,chaco ,group1 ,new ,mexico4 ,found by ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbg4 7,s4 #b-e47 ,moccasin worn through at toe and heel1 from ,salts ,cave4 ,material1 leaves of cat-tail4 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,salts ,cave1 near ,mammoth ,cave in ,kentucky1 has been recently explored by ,colonel ,young1 and ,i am indebted to him for proof-sheets of his work1 8,discoveries in ,kentucky ,caves40 ,colonel ,young states that the cave has been known for a hundred years and is an extremely interesting place4 ,upon examination he ascertained that many holes had been dug in the cave floor 7for it is covered with debris and cave earth71 apparently by the ancient people who had at some time lived there4 ,contrary to the caverns in the ,ozarks1 this cave has been visited and explored in prehistoric times1 and the remains of man are not confined to the openings1 where it is light1 but extend for several miles through the various labyrinths4 ,colonel ,young writes3-- 8,along the main cavern for several miles are numerous fireplaces and ash-heaps2 small piles of stone1 evidently placed to hold fagots used in lighting2 innumerable partly burned torches of cane-reed1 and even the footprints of the men who1 hundreds of years ago1 walked along these majestic avenues4 ,the cave contains a large amount of saltpeter1 and has a mean temperature of fifty-four degrees4 ,the atmosphere of the interior is dry and pure1 and this1 together with the nitrous matter in the earth1 has produced conditions favorable to the preservation of all kinds of materials4 ,about the hearths and fireplaces were found hundreds of fragments of gourds1 and also some shells of the aboriginal squash1 both of which were in an excellent state of preservation4 ,torches of reed1 to be counted by the thousands1 which had been filled with grease or soaked in oil1 traces of which may still be seen on some specimens1 appeared as if they had been cast aside but yesterday4 ,along the main avenues and the second or lower layer of caves1 as well as in many side avenues1 these torches were found4 ,those who have spent much time in this cavern say that they have discovered no places where these and other traces of aboriginal man are absent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbh4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,moccasins and pieces of cloth from ,salts ,cave4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbi4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,flags1 wild hemp1 and other materials used in making cloth4 ,from ,salts ,cave4 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcj4 7,s4 varying47 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,bag of woven cloth from ,salts ,cave--nine by seven inches2 plaited rope2 fragments of cloth4 8,among the most interesting discoveries were a number of neatly braided slippers or sandals1 and fragments of textile art4 ,several materials seem to have been used in the manufacture of these4 ,some were made of the fibre of the cat-tail1 or ,typha1 a plant which grows abundantly in the ponds in the southern part of the state4 ,others were woven of the inner bark of trees1 probably the pawpaw and linn4 ,still others were made of what appears to be the fibre of wild hemp1 and yet others from a species of grass which grew in great abundance on the ,barrens of ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fca4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,pair of leggings1 with the bone needles used in making them4 ,from cave-house ruins in eastern ,utah1 #ahie4 ,collection of ,henry ,montgomery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcb4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,wooden pail or tub from cave-house ruins1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah1 #ahid4 ,h4 ,montgomery's collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcc4 7,s4 reduced #b-c47 ,vase1 turkey form4 ,feathers are indicated by marks made with black paint4 ,collection of ,b4 ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcd4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,birch bark from a burial-pit in ,north ,dakota4 ,henry ,montgomery's collection1 ,toronto4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fce4 7,s4 #a-g47 ,old wicker and twined baskets from the ,pueblo of ,zui1 ,new ,mexico4 ,this figure shows some old so-called ,zui-ware1 collected for the ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology by ,james ,stevenson1 in ,new ,mexico1 long ago4 8,the sandals show several distinct forms of braiding2 the material of the more delicate and graceful appears to be the wild hemp1 and the plait on the outer side exhibits a beautiful triangular figure4 ,they have raised sides from the heel to the toe1 the braids being worked forward1 uniting in a seam in the middle line above the toes4 ,over the instep many were laced with cords1 the lacing still being preserved in some of the specimens4 ,frequently long ornamental tassels were placed above the instep4 ,these slippers are found in the crevices of the rock and on the ledges in out-of-the-way places where they evidently had been cast aside by these people4 ,all show signs of wear at toe and heel4 ,several display a more or less skillful attempt on the part of the owner at mending or darning4 ,this was done sometimes with cord1 but frequently with bark4 ,in size they vary from small ones1 made for children1 to specimens corresponding to a number seven shoe40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcf4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,coiled bowl-tray of the ancient basket-makers1 cliffs of southeastern ,utah4 ,ornamented by two sinuous rings in black4 ,collection of ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,while we have some numbers of textiles preserved for our inspection1 yet our study of the subject is somewhat narrowed4 ,as has been previously stated1 the bulk of prehistoric artifacts are composed of more lasting materials4 ,it is unfortunate that we have so few of the garments1 robes1 head-dresses1 baskets1 wooden and other things once in use in ,america4 ,thorough exploration of the caves and caverns1 the cliff-houses and ruined pueblos may bring to light quantities of this textile and wooden material1 and ,i would urge that such investigations be carried on4 ,many of the caverns are ransacked by curiosity-seekers1 and soon all the objects buried therein will have disappeared4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,pottery ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,in ,volume #a1 of this work1 on page #bf1 is presented the classification of the ,nomenclature ,committee with reference to pottery1 which covers1 as a matter of course1 all the specimens illustrated in this chapter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcg4 7,s4 varying47 ,outlines showing range of form of vases4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,while it is true that a great deal of pottery has been taken from mounds1 graves1 cliff-houses and ruined pueblos by expeditions under my direction1 yet ,i have never made a detailed study of ceramic art in ,america1 although in a certain sense familiar with the forms found throughout this country4 ,it would be presumptuous for one to write of a certain phase of archology that has been more ably and exhaustively treated by some one who is a recognized authority4 ,and in pottery we have two scholars1 whose explorations and studies place them first1 ,professor ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes and ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore4 ,professor ,holmes's 8,aboriginal ,pottery of the ,eastern ,united ,states0#bi will be taken as the last word on the subject4 ,and ,mr4 ,moore's eighteen reports of explorations in ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 and ,mississippi illustrate all the forms in clay found in that extensive region4 ,there is in the ,united ,states no collection of ,southern mound pottery equal in extent to that obtained by ,mr4 ,moore4 ,his explorations have been of great benefit to science1 and it is no exaggeration to state that his works shed very great light on prehistoric art as well in pottery as in other materials4 ,therefore1 ,i have quoted by permission from both ,professor ,holmes and ,mr4 ,moore1 and made use of numerous illustrations from their reports1 including the outlines of types prepared by the former4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fch4 ,outlines showing range of form of vases4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,pottery may be said to be the barometer indicating the culture stage of any people4 ,in the far ,north there is no pottery4 ,in the ,st4 ,lawrence basin pottery is insignificant4 ,in ,new ,england the few artistic specimens of decorative pottery have been made much of by observers1 but these rare examples of the ceramic art indicate progress on the part of a few individuals4 ,there was no real potters' art north of the ,ohio ,river or east of the ,wabash4 ,true1 there are some good examples of fine pottery from the ,ohio mounds1 but the ancient ,northern peoples made but little progress in ceramic art save on the part of a few individuals living in the ,scioto ,valley1 southern ,ohio4 ,in the ,iroquois country it appears that the natives were on the verge of developing art in pottery1 and had they remained in their barbaric splendor two centuries longer1 it is quite likely that they would have made remarkable advance in the potters' art4 ,much of their pottery is decorated1 but it is crudely so4 ,their pipes of pottery were highly developed1 ornate1 and interesting4 ,but these have been considered under the chapter devoted to pipes and smoking customs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fci4 ,vases of compound form4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdj4 ,vases of compound form4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,so far as ,i am aware1 the ,wabash ,river in ,indiana marks the farthest north1 of ,southern types of pottery4 ,there may be a few strays now and then1 but the cemetery explored by ,mr4 ,anderson for ,mr4 ,peabody1 at that place1 brought to light more than one hundred jars1 bowls1 and effigies1 all of distinct types4 7,a few are shown in ,fig4 #fha47 ,elsewhere north of the ,ohio and east of the ,wabash1 ,i have not known of effigy pottery being found4#cj ,throughout the ,ohio ,valley there are some fine specimens of ceramic art found in the mounds4 ,but the pottery1 as a rule1 between the ,wabash and the ,alleghenies is of the ,fort ,ancient culture4 ,some of it is shown in ,figs4 #fdh1 #fdi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fda4 7,s4 ,,about #a-aj47 ,collection of pottery1 from mounds and graves in southeastern ,missouri4 ,from ,f4 ,p4 ,graves's collection1 ,doe ,run1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdb4 ,outlines showing various features of vase elaboration4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdc4 ,outlines showing various features of vase elaboration4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdd4 ,vases from a mound on ,perdido ,bay4 ,gulf ,coast ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fde4 ,vases from a mound on ,perdido ,bay4 ,gulf ,coast ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdf4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,wisconsin bowls4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mitchell's collection1 ,ripon1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdg4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,urn of pottery4 ,from mound in western ,ontario4 ,collection of ,henry ,montgomery4 ,at the great cemetery at ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 the pottery does not exhibit skill in modeling or high finish4 ,all the pottery of this great region appears to be crudely made1 of inferior materials1 tempered with pulverized unio shells or sand4 ,in ,indiana and ,illinois there are occasional effigies found in the mounds1 but one must pass to the ,cumberland and ,tennessee valleys1 and to the ,st4 ,francis basin of ,arkansas1 to southeastern ,missouri1 and to the region about ,memphis and ,nashville for the highest ceramic art of the ,southern ,mound-,builders4 ,these people were peculiarly skilled in the potter's art1 and all the museums of the country are filled with their handiwork4 ,professor ,holmes has commented on it at great length in the publication cited4 ,the potters' art was highly developed in regions explored by ,mr4 ,moore1 as is attested by the specimens presented in ,figs4 #fgh1 #fgj-fgc4 ,but effigy pottery in ,florida1 ,georgia1 and ,alabama is rarer than in ,arkansas and ,missouri4 ,on the contrary1 there is more decorative pottery 7with incised lines1 tracings of snakes and birds7 in the region explored by ,mr4 ,moore than in the middle ,mississippi ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdh4 7,s4 about #a-f47 ,the two central ones in the upper row and the left-hand specimen in the lower row are corrugated2 from northeastern ,kentucky4 ,the others are from southern ,kentucky4 ,collection of ,bennett ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,through the ,great ,plains there is a dearth of pottery4 ,the buffalo hunters had little need of it4 ,the cemeteries and mounds of the ,indian ,territory and ,oklahoma1 and of that long stretch of country flanking the ,arkansas ,river1 produce good pottery1 but not comparable with that of the stone graves and mounds of the central ,south4 ,northwestern ,california1 the entire ,rocky ,mountains present an anomaly in archology in that no pottery--save here and there a stray--is found4 ,the ,cliff-,dweller country1 by which ,i mean the ,colorado ,river ,valley1 including its tributaries1 abounds in pottery of the highest type found on the ,american continent4 ,but while admitting that the ,cliff-,dweller pottery was superior in finish1 material1 and form of bowls1 bottles1 and dishes1 yet the effigies of the ,south and the middle ,mississippi ,valley are superior to effigies found in the ,cliff-,dweller country4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdi4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,perfect pottery found with a skeleton1 ,gartner ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills's collection1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,the uses of pottery are primarily domestic4 ,whether bowls1 jars1 and other forms were used as receptacles in which to boil or stew or bake matters not4 ,man invented pottery because it was more convenient for him to make a receptacle out of clay and bake the clay than to hollow a bowl out of stone4 ,he moved in the line of least resistance1 and it was easier to make a bowl or a dish from clay than to carve such a utensil from stone4 ,while ,indians roasted much of their meat on the end of sticks1 or baked the food in the ashes1 yet they preferred to boil and stew their foods4 ,this is especially true of the established villages where a profusion of pottery fragments abounds4 ,it is natural to suppose that as the ceramic art developed1 to the variety of forms in clay1 man added the dish1 the waterbottle1 the effigy1 and more or less complicated forms of the jar or the bowl4 ,and because nothing but true cooking-pots are found in the ,lake ,superior region1 ,new ,england1 the ,delaware and ,susquehanna valleys1 ,i claim that the pottery art was not developed in those regions beyond the manufacture of rough utensils to be used about the fire4 ,and although there is some mound pottery in ,ohio of such finish and character as to designate it as above1 and pottery was made use of in the culinary arts1 yet these examples are rare and denote rather a high culture in a certain locality than proficiency in ceramic art4 ,it is only in the central and southern portions of the ,mississippi ,valley and in the ,cliff-,dweller country that pottery-making became an art4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fej4 7,s4 about #a-aj47 ,various jars1 bottles1 and bowls1 from graves and mounds in southeastern ,missouri4 ,collection of ,f4 ,p4 ,graves1 ,doe ,run1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fea4 7,s4 about #a-e47 ,the small vessel is just the size of a teacup4 ,the restored vessel has a diameter of eleven inches at the top4 ,found at ,two ,rivers1 ,wisconsin4 ,collection of ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 ,two ,rivers1 ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #feb4 7,s4 about #a-e47 ,this pottery has been carefully restored4 ,it was found in ,warehouse ,point1 ,connecticut1 and is thirty-eight and one half inches in circumference and fifteen inches high4 ,collection of ,a4 ,e4 ,kilbourne1 ,east ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,indeed in the ,tennessee stone graves1 and at the village at the mouth of the ,wabash ,river in ,indiana1 there have been found numerous clay rattles and clay toys4 ,the latter take the form of small bowls and dishes4 ,with them are frequently small clay pebbles4 ,these little clay toys are buried with skeletons of children ranging from two to six years of age4 ,it is remarkable that these people1 whom we have considered as in the middle stage of barbarism1 should have invented the toy4 ,it is quite probable that the women who made these clay dishes were not influenced by knowledge of similar things in use among ,europeans1 for the ,tennessee graves and the ,wabash cemetery appear to be prehistoric4 ,such discoveries as the presence of these dishes alongside of little children suggest that we should go slowly in our statements that most of the time of the aborigines was given up to warfare and barbaric ceremonies4 ,we know not the whole story of their daily life1 but every year there are additions to the sum of human knowledge1 and such finds as ,i have enumerated emphasize the human side of these people4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fec4 ,university of ,vermont collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fed4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,university of ,vermont collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fee4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,university of ,vermont collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fef4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,broken pottery from ,ohio and ,pennsylvania sites4 ,andover collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #feg4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,bowls from ,kentucky graves and mounds4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #feh4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,florida pottery4 ,andover collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fei4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vessel1 from ,arkansas4 ,davenport ,academy collection4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffj4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,vase with incised design4 ,from ,louisiana4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffa4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,florida pottery4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,the ceramic arts among the aborigines embrace not only clay forms used in cooking and ollas for cooling1 rather common in hot countries2 but also effigies were made of clay1 there were clay spindle-whorls1 also clay rings1 discs1 and objects we know not the use of4 ,clay beads have been found in a number of places4 ,illustrations1 with brief descriptions1 are presented of all these clay things4 ,it is quite likely that on the large village-sites in the ,tennessee and ,cumberland valleys1 extending from central ,kentucky to central ,tennessee and northern ,alabama1 many sun-dried clay objects1 or objects imperfectly burned1 have disappeared through climatic agencies4 ,i have remarked on the importance of comparing historic sites with prehistoric sites and have insisted that this should be done4 ,i shall show1 in the chapter cited above1 that the prehistoric as well as the modern ,indians selected the most favorable localities for villages2 therefore modern villages were often built on the site occupied by a prehistoric building4 ,the presence of stone1 clay1 bone1 and shell objects on these sites indicates that the population was greater in prehistoric times than in modern4 ,the fabrics and the wooden objects of ancient times have long since disappeared1 as have most such things of even two centuries ago4 ,it is observed on many sites that there are no shell objects even in the ash-pits1 and few bone objects4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffb4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vase from ,madisonville1 ,ohio4 ,ohio ,valley ,group4 ,i take this to mean that such sites are the oldest of all4 ,the things that are preserved are only those of such substances as resist atmospheric agencies4 ,if one will study a village-site1 walking back and forth across the ploughed field for hours1--as ,i have done1--one will observe that there are pieces of pottery of firm texture4 ,there are other pieces of pottery ready to disintegrate4 ,the same is true of shells4 ,while one's conclusions as to pottery are based upon the specimens he finds1 yet ,i do not consider it at all visionary to assume that forms in clay1 other than pottery1 were in use among the ,indians4 ,i1 myself1 have picked up fragments of pottery in such disintegrated condition that they could be crumbled up between the thumb and index finger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffc4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,vase from a mound at ,madisonville1 ,ohio4 ,ohio ,valley ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffd4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,vase from a mound at ,madisonville1 ,ohio ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffe4 7,s4 a little over #a-c47 ,vessel1 from ,arkansas4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffg4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vessel1 from ,arkansas4 ,davenport ,academy collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fff4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vase with incised design4 ,lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffh4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,from a mound near ,west ,bay ,p4 ,o4 8,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,northwest ,florida ,coast10 p4 #aca1 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffi4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,clay vessels from ,iroquoian sites1 ,new ,york4 ,collection of the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,sciences1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgj4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,peculiar jar found during ,c4 ,b4 ,moore's explorations4 ,a vase1 probably unique1 of compound form1 representing a short-necked bottle imposed upon a vessel of eccentric shape1 having a series of four projecting lobes1 above and below4 ,the ware is most inferior4 ,the decoration1 faintly and rudely executed1 consists partly of the scroll and partly of parallel lines and punctate markings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fga4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,mound place4 ,a bottle of gray ware1 having a flat base and a most unusual shape of body--possibly a compound form4 ,the decoration consists of series of curved trailed lines above the spaces in the lower part of the body4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgb4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,mound below ,hare's ,landing4 8,mounds2 ,moundville ,revisited2 ,mounds of ,chattahoochee and ,flint ,river40 ,moore1 p4 #dca1 ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgc4 7,s4 #c-d47 ,this jar was badly crushed1 and lay apart from human remains4 ,put together1 it proved to be a beautiful jar of highly polished ware4 ,the decoration is made of scrolls1 depressions1 and incised encircling lines4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgd4 7,s4 #b-i47 ,three fine decorated jars from graves in southwestern ,kentucky4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection1 ,louisville4 ,the range of pottery in ,america both north and south is from the rudest1 thick1 clumsy bowl1 such as has been found in ,kansas or ,nebraska or in certain parts of ,new ,england1 to the highest art of the ancient ,cliff-,dwellers4 ,i do not say highest art of the ,pueblo people1 for the modern ,pueblo art does not equal that of the ancient ,pueblos or ,cliff-,dwellers4 ,it must be remembered1 when studying ,american pottery1 that although a bowl from ,arkansas1 a bottle from ,mississippi1 a dish from ,tennessee1 or a pitcher from ,new ,mexico may be of similar form and like pottery found in ,greece1 ,egypt1 or ,europe1 yet this ,american pottery has such an individuality of its own that the museum curator can at once distinguish the one from the other4 ,truly ,american pottery is different from that found elsewhere in the world4 ,it may seem a paradox and yet it is true that while the bowl from ,missouri and the bowl from ancient ,rome may be of the same form and size1 there is a peculiarity observed in the ,american specimen that enables one to set it aside as distinct and peculiar to the ,american aborigines4 ,one could assemble and mingle in a museum a thousand vessels1 jars1 and bowls from all over the world1 remove all the labels1 and yet the students of ,american ceramics would at once pick out those that represent ,american art4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fge4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vase with incised design4 ,from ,mississippi4 ,davenport ,academy collection4 ,professor ,holmes1 in his publication previously cited1 divides the pottery of the ,united ,states into seven groups3-- ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,upper ,mississippi ,valley1 or ,northwest ,group4 ,ohio ,valley ,group4 ,iroquoian ,group4 ,atlantic ,algonquin ,group4 ,south ,appalachian ,group4 ,gulf ,coast ,group4 ,about the pottery of ,new ,england he states3-- 8,the vessels were mere pots1 and the pipes1 although sometimes ornamented with incised lines and indentations1 are mainly the simple bent trumpet of the more southern areas4 ,the clay is tempered usually with a large percentage of coarse sand1 the finish is comparatively rude1 and the ornament1 though varied1 is always elementary4 ,the surfaces have1 in many cases1 been textured with cord-covered paddles1 and over these1 or on spaces smoothed down for the purpose1 are various crude patterns made with cords1 bits of fabric1 roulettes1 and pointed tools of many varieties4 ,the use of the roulette would seem to link the art of this ,abnaki region very closely with that of the middle ,atlantic ,states and portions of the upper ,mississippi region40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgf4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vessel imitating animal form2 from ,arkansas4 ,middle ,mississippi ,valley ,group4 ,davenport ,academy collection4 ,in ,new ,jersey1 in the ,chesapeake region1 the pottery-ware is to a large extent of ,algonquin type1 although some ,iroquoian wares are found4 ,as in the case of ,new ,england1 the forms are simple1 the pottery crudely made4 ,but of course there are found fragments exhibiting considerable skill in manufacture4 ,these may be exotic types1 and their presence due to knowledge of the art of more advanced tribes1 or to barter or exchange4 ,the lower ,mississippi mounds furnish some very superior pottery1 though many of the bowls1 dishes1 and jars taken from the mounds of that region are no more skillfully made than those of the ,st4 ,francis and ,cumberland valleys4 ,there are some examples of black pottery1 very highly finished1 found along the ,red ,river4 ,professor ,holmes says of these3-- 8,the most striking characteristics of the better examples of this ware are the black color and the mechanical perfection of construction1 surface finish1 and decoration4 ,the forms are varied and symmetric4 ,the black surface is highly polished and is usually decorated with incised patterns4 ,the scroll was the favorite decorative design1 and it will be difficult to find in any part of the world a more chaste and elaborate treatment of this motive40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgg4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,vessel imitating animal form2 from ,arkansas4 ,professor ,holmes devotes special attention to the southern ,appalachian stamped ware4 ,most of the specimens in the ,smithsonian came from the ,savannah ,river ,valley4 ,mr4 ,moore has dug up a great deal of this pottery along the ,atlantic seaboard4 ,the designs are stamped by means of a paddle4 ,professor ,holmes gives us the following description3-- 8,although some of the peculiar designs with which the paddle stamps were embellished may have come1 as has been suggested1 from neighboring ,antillean peoples1 it is probable that the implement is of ,continental origin4 ,it is easy to see how the use of figured modeling-tools could arise with any people out of the simple primitive processes of vessel-modeling4 ,as the walls were built up by means of flattish strips of clay1 added one upon another1 the fingers and hand were used to weld the parts together and to smooth down the uneven surfaces4 ,in time various improvised implements would come into use--shells for scraping1 smooth stones for rubbing1 and paddle-like tools for malleating4 ,some of the latter1 having textured surfaces1 would leave figured imprints on the plastic surface1 and these1 producing a pleasing effect on the primitive mind1 would lead to extension of use1 and1 finally1 to the invention of special tools and the adding of elaborate designs4 ,but the use of figured surfaces seems to have had other than purely decorative functions1 and1 indeed1 in most cases1 the decorative idea may have been secondary4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgh4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,effigy bottle4 ,collection of ,e4 ,e4 ,baird1 ,poplar ,bluff1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgi4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,effigy pottery from southwestern ,kentucky4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection1 ,louisville4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhj4 7,s4 about #a-h47 ,decorated and painted bowls and jars typical of the best pottery1 from the ,middle ,mississippi ,valley4 ,taken from mounds and graves of ,arkansas and ,missouri4 ,from the collection of ,f4 ,p4 ,graves1 ,doe ,run1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fha4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,three effigy bowls4 ,from the ,wabash ,cemetery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhb4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,remarkable effigy bowl in clay4 ,supposed to be a life-mask4 ,found near ,blythesville1 ,mississippi ,county1 ,arkansas4 ,from burial-site which was being washed away by river4 ,side view4 ,collection of ,h4 ,m4 ,braun1 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhc4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,front view of ,fig4 #fhb4 8,it will be observed by one who attempts the manipulation of clay that striking or paddling with a smooth surface has often the tendency to extend flaws and to start new ones1 thus weakening the wall of the vessel1 but a ribbed or deeply figured surface properly applied has the effect of welding the clay together1 of kneading the plastic surface1 producing numberless minute dovetailings of the clay which connect across weak lines and incipient cracks1 adding greatly to the strength of the vessel4 8,that the figured stamp had a dual function1 a technic and an esthetic one1 is fully apparent4 ,when it was applied to the surface it removed unevenness and welded the plastic clay into a firm1 tenacious mass4 ,scarifying with a rude comb-like tool was employed in some sections for the same purpose1 and was so used more generally on the inner surface1 where a paddle or stamp could not be employed4 ,that this was recognized as one of the functions of the stamp is shown by the fact that in many neatly finished vessels1 where certain portions received a smooth finish1 the paddle had first been used over the entire vessel1 the pattern being afterward worked down with a polishing-stone4 ,however1 the beauty of the designs employed and the care and taste with which they were applied to the vases bear ample testimony to the fact that the function of the stamp as used in this province was largely esthetic40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhd4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,three typical bowls from the ,chaco ,group of ruins1 ,new ,mexico4 ,dug up from debris in a lower room1 ,pueblo ,bonito1 in #ahig1 by ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead4 ,of the life element in decoration on pottery1 ,professor ,holmes writes at some length4 ,he assembled a number of vessels on which were various decorations representing man1 quadrupeds1 birds1 reptiles1 batrachians1 and fishes4 8,the conclusion reached is that there is at least a large degree of consistency1 and that particular forms of creatures may be recognized far down the scale toward the geometric4 ,exceptions were noted1 however4 ,the symbols are occasionally intermingled1 as if the significance of the particular forms had been lost sight of1 the potter using them as symbols of the life idea in general1 or as mere decorations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhe4 7,s4 about #a-d47 ,four typical ,chaco pitchers4 ,andover collection4 8,as a rule1 the incised designs are more highly conventional than the plastic1 the eagle and the serpent being the only incised forms1 so far as has been observed1 realistically treated2 but it was possible to recognize others through their association with the modeled forms4 ,in vessels furnished with the head of a bird in relief1 for example1 the same kind of incised figures were generally found around the vessel1 and these are recognized as being more or less fully conventionalized representations of wings4 ,the same is true of the fish and its gills1 fins1 and tail2 of the serpent and its spots and rattles1 and of the frog and its legs4 ,the relieved figures1 realistically treated1 become thus a key to the formal incised designs1 enabling us to identify them when separately used4 ,it will be seen1 however1 that since all forms shade off into the purely geometric1 there comes a stage when all must be practically alike2 and in independent positions1 since we have no key1 we fail to distinguish them1 and can only say that whatever they represented to the potter they cannot be to us more than mere suggestions of the life idea4 ,to the native potter the life concept was probably an essential association with every vessel40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhf4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,double jar from the ,chaco ,group4 ,found in a lower room in ,pueblo ,bonito4 ,all writers on pottery observe a great difference between the ware of the ,north and that of the ,south4 ,professor ,holmes points to this in more than one place in his writings1 and he asks this question3 8,is it due to differences in race8 ,were the ,southern tribes as a body more highly endowed than the ,northern1 or did the currents of migration1 representing distinct centres of culture1 come from opposite quarters to meet along this line4 ,or does the difference result from the unlike environments of the two sections1 the one fertile and salubrious1 encouraging progress in art1 and the other rigorous and exacting1 checking tendencies in that direction8 ,or does the weakening art impulse indicate increasing distance from the great art centres in the far ,south1 in ,mexico1 and ,yucatan80 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhg4 7,s4 #a-h47 ,a beautiful collection of ceramics from cliff-houses in ,utah and ,new ,mexico4 ,m4 ,c4 ,long's collection1 ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhh4 7,s4 indicated47 ,a jar of 8coiled ware10 from a cliff-house in ,new ,mexico4 ,collection of ,m4 ,c4 ,long1 ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fhi4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,stones used in smoothing pottery1 kneading clay1 etc4 ,the antiquity of pottery in this country is a question of absorbing interest4 ,perhaps the shell mounds of ,florida shed more light on this question than do other remains4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore1 who has explored for several seasons1 and thoroughly opened numbers of shell mounds1 states that sometimes there was no pottery in the lower layers of some of these mounds4 ,this would indicate that some of the shell mounds are very old1 and had been in use before the discovery and utilization of pottery by our aborigines4 ,i regret that ,i have not space to quote ,mr4 ,moore's remarks at length1 but must refer readers to his reports1 which take up this important question in detail4 ,mr4 ,brown reports on the pottery of his region as follows3-- 8,about thirty-five specimens of the earthenware vessels of the ,wisconsin ,indians are now in existence4 ,most of these have been described and figured in the ,wisconsin ,archeologist4 ,the largest of these vessels in the ,j4 ,p4 ,schumacher collection at ,green ,bay is twenty inches in height and twenty-two inches in diameter at the widest part4 ,it has the great capacity of two and one fourth bushels4 ,the smallest specimen is in the ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton collection and is of about the size of an ordinary cup4 8,other pottery objects found in ,wisconsin include pipes1 a few beads1 and perforated discs made of potsherds40 ,i am indebted to ,professor ,holmes for ,figures #fcg to #fdf1 #fei1 #ffj1 #ffb to #ffg1 #fge1 #fgg1 and to ,mr4 ,moore for ,figures #ffh to #fgd4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,hematite ,,objects ,the hematite beds in various portions of the ,united ,states furnished the ,indians with paint and with implements4 ,hematite1 like copper1 being different from other materials with which he was familiar appealed to the aborigine4 ,its bright red color attracted him1 and although he found most of it very hard1 yet he made use of it to a remarkable extent when one considers how refractory it was for him to work4 ,hematite is found on the surface in large quantities in portions of ,missouri and ,arkansas1 in western ,virginia1 ,ohio1 and elsewhere4 ,most of the hematite seems to come from ,missouri4 ,it was common there1 and therefore the native made of it grooved hematite axes1 which he did not do elsewhere in this country4 ,one supposes that hematite was exchanged and bartered with remote tribes4 ,just as in the case of copper1 the natives of ,louisiana1 ,mississippi1 ,indiana1 and ,michigan prized their hematite highly and made of it their most perfect plummet-shaped ornaments1 hematite celts1 and such other objects as it was possible for them to manufacture4 ,the softer kinds of hematite were ground into paint1 and there are frequently found on the village-sites along the ,ohio ,river small blocks of hematite worn to flat surfaces4 ,there is in the ,arkansas region a very hard blue-red or blue-gray hematite4 ,how the ,indians cut this into symmetrical oval plummets has always been a mystery to me4 ,if the rough nugget was ground by means of other stones or sand1 one is scarcely able to conceive how the finished article was produced4 ,the process must have been long and laborious1 much more so than the manufacture of an effigy pipe1 or the making of a problematical form4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fij4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,eight hematite objects from the ,andover collection4 ,in the upper right-hand corner is a hematite pebble1 polished on two of its angles and rough on the other side4 ,this illustrates how hematite was cut and ground until reduced to the desired shape4 ,flint scratchings are still plain on the surface4 ,just beneath it is a triangular bit of hematite4 ,this is of soft hematite4 ,the flat surface may be due to grinding in order to obtain paint4 ,beneath are two hematite cones4 ,the four specimens to the left represent hematite objects in various stages of manufacture4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fia4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,these are from the collection of ,george ,y4 ,hull1 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,missouri4 #a4 ,celt from mound1 ,andrew ,county1 ,missouri4 ,smooth and well made but not polished4 #b4 ,plumb much pitted by age1 surface find1 ,callaway ,county1 ,missouri4 #c4 ,a fine truncated cone used as a paint-grinder4 ,top of cone is worn and depressed from use4 ,surface find1 ,callaway ,county1 ,missouri4 #d4 ,finely polished celt1 surface find1 ,doniphan ,county1 ,kansas4 #e4 ,from an old grave near the village-site at ,wathena1 ,kansas4 #f4 ,axe with flat top and flat side1--a surface find1 ,callaway ,county1 ,missouri4 #g4 ,from an old village-site at ,king ,hill1 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,buchanan ,county1 ,missouri4 ,the difference between the celts is self-evident1 numbers #a and #d being square1 and #e and #g oval4 ,the hard gray hematite referred to resists the knife and will wear an ordinary file in a short time1 yet in the altar mounds of the ,ohio ,valley1 and in the older graves 7not graves of the historic period7 are found numbers of these slender hematite plummets 7see ,fig4 #gjj7 worked from the hardest and most refractory iron ore4 ,it is unfortunate that the earliest tribes known to the voyagers and explorers in this country had no hematite objects in use among them4 ,if so1 ,i fail to find references to such objects4 ,this is unfortunate because hematite certainly was considered as more than of passing importance4 ,it is quite likely that because it was so difficult to deduce it to the desired shape the so-called plummets were made use of1 as ,dr4 ,yates suggests1 as stones used in certain ceremonies1 or by shamans1 or as charm-stones4 ,i have seen unfinished hematite plummets1 but cannot work out a satisfactory theory as to their manufacture4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fib4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,this figure illustrates three grooved axes in the lower row2 an unfinished hematite implement of unknown purpose and a hematite nodule above4 ,hematite axes are frequently found in ,missouri1 but seem rare elsewhere in the country4 ,the groove may entirely encircle them1 or be faintly indicated on the back4 ,but usually they are grooved entirely around4 ,the one in the lower left-hand corner has a broad1 sharp1 cutting edge4 ,naturally1 because of its hardness1 hematite made excellent axes4 ,they retained their edges longer and more nearly approached the modern iron axe than any other aboriginal tool4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fic4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,hematite objects from the collection of ,dr4 ,henry ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,hematite plummet to the left1 grooved axe in the centre1 a hematite cone to the right1 a celt in the lower right-hand corner4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fid4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,group of nine grooved hematite axes1 from eastern and central ,missouri4 ,collection of ,f4 ,p4 ,graves1 ,doe ,run1 ,missouri4 ,i have presented a series of figures covering all the known forms of hematites4 ,no classification was attempted by the ,nomenclature ,committee1 and the following is of my own make3-- ,elongated or oval ,plummet-shaped4 7,fig4 #gjj47 hematites4 ,egg-shaped4 7,fig4 #fii47 ,egg-shaped1 flattened4 7,fig4 #fig1 lower row47 ,cone-shaped4 7,fig4 #fig1 upper part47 ,edged hematites4 ,celt form1 oval4 7,fig4 #fia1 specimens #e and #g47 ,celt form1 beveled edge4 7,fig4 #fic1 lower right47 ,axe form4 7,figs4 #fid1 #fie47 ,irregular forms4 7,fig4 #gja47 ,paint-stone hematite4 7,fig4 #fij1 second from the top47 ,hematite being valuable1 may have served several purposes and doubtless did4 ,the small celts might have been set in the heads of war-clubs and securely gummed in place4 ,i have no particular evidence as to this1 but have always believed that some of them were so used4 ,occasionally1 one finds hematite ornaments and hematite bicaves4 ,the information one is able to impart with reference to hematite implements and their use is an illustration of the disadvantages under which we labor in dealing with some of our archological problems4 ,there are certain phases of prehistoric life with ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fie4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,two of the best grooved axes ,i have ever seen are shown in this figure1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,braun1 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,illinois4 ,there is one in the ,national ,museum1 and one in the ,new ,york ,museum1 each of which weighs over ten pounds1 and they are nearly as symmetrical as ,mr4 ,braun's largest axe4 which we are familiar4 ,others we know nothing of save as we learn by continuous study1 by gleaning a fact here and there from the specimens themselves1 and from exploration4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fif4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,a beautiful hematite axe from the collection of ,henry ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,this was found in central ,missouri4 ,in the collection at ,andover there are about four hundred hematite objects4 ,the collections in the ,smithsonian and ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history are much larger4 ,doubtless we should be quite surprised if we were able to reconstruct the past and see to what use these strange iron ore specimens were put by the natives who worked so long and laboriously to bring them into a state of perfection4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,brown1 reporting on the hematites of his region1 states3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fig4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,hematite cones4 ,collection of ,h4 ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,localities3 ,missouri1 ,illinois1 and ,arkansas4 8,a small number of implements made of this material have been obtained in ,wisconsin4 ,these include a grooved axe1 a number of celts1 several cones and plummets1 a gorget1 and a pipe4 ,the total number of specimens of all classes at present known to exist in local collections does not exceed thirty specimens4 ,nearly all come from southern ,wisconsin counties4 ,several specimens have been obtained as far north in the state as ,winnebago ,county4 ,it is likely that some of these hematite implements were introduced into the state through early trades with middle ,mississippi ,valley tribes40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fih4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,hematite cones4 ,collection of ,henry ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,from ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,arkansas4 ,hematite objects do not seem to have served as tools--save perhaps as celts and axes--but on the contrary they are of the problematical class4 ,the bright color of the stone and its peculiar properties doubtless appealed to stone-age man4 ,the fact that hematite celts are found in graves and mounds and also hematite plummets1 whereas ordinary stone axes are seldom1 if ever1 found in mounds or graves1 would strengthen the hypothesis that objects made of this peculiar stone were considered apart from the ordinary run of artifacts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fii4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,hematite plummets1 grooved in the centre4 ,collection of ,henry ,m4 ,whelpley1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjj4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,these objects are also from the ,andover collection and show the various types of plummets4 ,in the centre is a fine plummet of steel gray hematite1 very hard4 ,beneath it1 a hematite a trifle softer in which there are some flaws4 ,at the top1 an unfinished hematite pecked and ground into shape1 but not polished or grooved4 ,on either side of the centre1 ruder hematite plummets1 and at the top1 to the left1 a grooved hematite object1 the groove extending around the longest periphery of the object4 ,to the right is a small plummet1 grooved in the centre4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gja4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,this ornament is made of hematite4 ,it is remarkable in that both ends are decorated by notches4 ,on the upper end there are eleven notches or incised lines2 on the lower or broad end there are fourteen lines4 ,this specimen is not a type but an anomaly4 ,it is of heavy1 pure hematite and not of stone discolored by iron oxide as are many of the ornaments4 ,it was extremely difficult to work because of the density and hardness of the material4 ,aside from these facts this form is peculiar4 ,the edges are slightly beveled4 ,the specimen shows unmistakable evidence of antiquity because of the patina1 and the cuttings 7stri7 are irregular and have been made with flint and not with steel4 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio4 ,andover collection4 ,the reduction of the harder hematites to symmetrical plummets and cones must have been a severe task for workmen possessed of no metallic tools4 ,truly the ancient artisan who had the patience to cut and grind gray hematite 7the hardest of all7 8worked at his task with a resolute will40 ,it must be remembered that there are not a few but hundreds of these hematite problematical forms worked from most refractory iron ore4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,miscellaneous ,,objects ,after one has attempted to describe and illustrate most of the types of ancient artifacts occurring in ,america1 one discovers that there are numerous objects which scarcely fall under any of the classifications4 ,these ,i have placed under this chapter devoted to miscellaneous objects4 ,at some future time ,i hope to consider these at greater length1 for it will be quite possible to devote an entire chapter to the club and paddle-like implements of the ,pacific ,coast1 another to the slate knives of ,new ,england1 and additional ones to the arrow-shaft straighteners1 or the cup-stones--all of which are illustrated in the ensuing pages4 ,in ,figs4 #gjb1 #gjc1 and #gjc ,a are shown some of the curious stone club and paddle-like implements of the ,pacific ,coast4 ,reverend ,h4 ,c4 ,meredith1 a collector of some experience in ,california1 called these 8stone ceremonial swords10 and described those shown in ,fig4 #gjb as follows3-- 8,this figure shows two rare ceremonial knives4 ,no4 #b is of fine sandstone1 about sixteen inches long1 with a broad blade that is reduced to a sharp edge4 ,it was found on a village-site near ,vacaville1 and would make a formidable weapon4 8,no4 #c is a double-edged and beautiful specimen4 ,the material is mottled green and white serpentine4 ,it is finely polished1 and not much less than eighteen inches long4 ,it is in the collection of ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,carr1 ,etna ,mills4 ,two specimens similar to this one1 but not nearly so fine1 are in the ,jewett collection4 ,all three specimens are from ,siskiyou4 ,like the chipped ceremonials1 these knives are of extreme age1 if not prehistoric4 ,work of this class is not done by the ,indians of to-day40 ,whether the paddle-shaped implements in the two following figures are to be considered as 8ceremonial swords10 ,i am not sufficiently familiar with ,california archology to state4 ,fig4 #gjc presents three remarkable specimens from ,oregon and ,colorado2 collection of ,e4 ,d4 ,zimmerman1 ,kutztown1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the purpose of these strange objects is unknown to me4 ,they are wrought with considerable skill and evidently performed some function in ancient times4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjb4 7,s4 #b-g47 ,stone ceremonial knives4 ,california4 ,collection of ,a4 ,b4 ,carr and ,h4 ,c4 ,meredith4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjc4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,stone clubs1 from ,oregon and ,washington4 ,collection of ,e4 ,d4 ,zimmerman4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjc ,a4 7,s4 about #a-e47 ,stone club from near ,florence1 ,lane ,county1 ,oregon2 found on a village-site about three miles from the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,a duplicate club was found at the same place later4 ,collection of ,a4 ,f4 ,barrott1 ,owego1 ,new ,york4 ,fig4 #gjd ,a illustrates four of the curious club-heads1 or perforated stones1 common in ,california and ,arizona4 ,various theories have been advanced as to these2 the most sensible of which appears to me to be the statement that they were made use of as weights1 to facilitate the use of digging-tools or sticks4 ,there is some reason for the acceptance of this theory1 as the discs are found in regions where the raising of crops by means of irrigation was known to the natives4 ,fig4 #gje is an illustration of a singular tool-handle1 somewhat common near the ,columbia ,river and farther north along the ,pacific ,coast4 ,a fine one is in the possession of ,dr4 ,john ,fargo of ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 and it is identical with this one4 ,slate was made use of by the ,new ,england ,indians not only for arrow- and spear-points but knives as well4 ,fig4 #gjg1 reproduced from ,dr4 ,william ,beauchamp's article1#ca shows nine slate knives from sites along the ,seneca and ,oneida rivers and ,oneida ,lake1 western ,new ,york4 ,in ,fig4 #gaj are figured two beautiful slate knives from the ,peabody ,museum collection1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,i was very fortunate in procuring for examination the remarkable specimen shown in ,fig4 #gaa4 ,it presents a woman's knife of black slate in the original handle4 ,when ,mr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,arnold of ,albany went north to ,alaska some years ago1 he found this knife in the hands of a woman who was using it in cutting open fish4 ,he purchased it from her and placed it in his collection4 ,it illustrates the method of mounting4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjd4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,three remarkable specimens from ,oregon and ,colorado4 ,e4 ,d4 ,zimmerman's collection4 ,the handle is crudely cut out of wood1 and the only things modern about it are the strings which hold it in place1 they being ordinary twine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjd ,a4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,four curious club-heads or perforated stones1 common in ,california4 ,beloit ,college collection4 ,but perhaps as interesting as any other of the objects are the oval and flat stones with creases or depressions across them1 which are supposed to be the result of straightening or reducing arrow-shafts1 lance-handles1 and other long1 slender objects4 ,all of those shown in ,figs4 #gjf1 #gjh1 and #gji exhibit differences4 ,those in ,fig4 #gjf1 collected by ,professor ,montgomery1 are neatly made and ornament-like in shape4 ,mr4 ,bardwell's specimen1 ,fig4 #gjh1 is an ordinary bit of sandstone on which there are two deep grooves at right angles4 ,we have a number of them in our ,andover collection1 and ,i have shown five in ,fig4 #gji4 ,most archologists agree that the stones were used for the purpose named4 ,near caverns1 rock-shelters1 and along bluffs we find that the surface of gritty stones or ledges exhibit such grooves4 ,fig4 #gab is a sinew stone1 or an oval stone much creased and worn1 not by friction caused by arrow-shafts1 but because sinews or cords have been drawn back and forth against the edge of it4 ,there is another singular grooved stone in the ,state ,museum of ,iowa4 ,the curator calls it a stone 8corn-sheller10 and if one will draw an ear of corn back and forth over the surface of this stone1 one is surprised at the ease with which the kernels are removed4 ,fig4 #gae illustrates three unknown objects found in ,pueblo ,bonito4 ,fig4 #gaf is interesting in that it may or may not be a natural formation4 ,it was found on the site of an old encampment and may have been considered by the ,indians a medicine-stone4 ,figs4 #gag1 to and including #gba1 ,i shall refer to in the ,conclusions of 8,the ,stone ,age40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gje4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,stone tool-handle4 ,collection of ,frank ,o4 ,putnam1 ,campbell1 ,california4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,grooved sandstone arrow- and needle-sharpeners found near the surface of a mound1 ,north ,dakota4 ,collection of ,henry ,montgomery4 ,i wish to speak at some length on ,fig4 #gac4 ,this specimen is one of the cup-stones about which there has been so much discussion4 ,it is something over ten by seven and a half inches in diameter1 and on the upper surface are fifteen distinct cup-shaped depressions4 ,it is of sandstone and about two inches thick4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjg4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,slate knives4 ,new ,york ,state ,museum collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gjh4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,grooved stone found on the island of ,martha's ,vineyard by ,ralph ,d4 ,bardwell4 ,collection of ,robert ,d4 ,bardwell1 ,pittsfield1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gji4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,grooved stones found in various parts of the ,united ,states4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gaj4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,slate knives4 ,peabody ,museum collection1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,a great deal has been written about cup-stones1 as reference to the ,bibliography will attest4 ,the pitted hammer-stone1 the cup-stone1 and the crude discoidal are more or less related4 ,cup-stones themselves have never been satisfactorily explained1 and it is my opinion that such ones as are shown in ,fig4 #gac mean more than that they were ordinary depressions in which nuts were cracked4 ,however1 one must do justice to those who believe that they were used for that purpose4 ,there is a suggestion along the lines of that theory which ,i would wish to make4 ,the ,indians used large quantities of hickory-nuts1 walnuts1 and butternuts4 ,the early historians tell us that they threw these into kettles of hot water2 the oil rising to the top1 they skimmed it off for future use4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gaa4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,slate knife in handle4 ,b4 ,w4 ,arnold's collection1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gab4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,sinew stone found near ,new ,berlin1 ,new ,york1 on the surface4 ,collection of ,henry ,w4 ,bagg1 ,new ,berlin1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gac4 7,s4 #a-c47 ,cup-stone from the ,mohawk ,valley1 western ,new ,york4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gad4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,stone corn-sheller7872 made of gray quartzite4 ,the plane surface is eight by fifteen inches4 ,shows fractures on nearly all sides1 as though it had been much larger4 ,the corrugations have a sharp1 cutting-like edge4 ,found in a creek in ,kansas4 ,collection of the ,historical ,department of ,iowa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gae4 7,s4 #a-f47 ,a stone1 with square hole 7for unknown purpose71 a sandal last1 and a stone sword from the ,chaco ,group4 ,phillips ,academy collection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gaf4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,cup-stone4 ,collection of ,logan ,museum1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,on such a stone as is illustrated fifteen nuts could be placed at one time and crushed by a single blow of a heavy1 flat slab4 ,if they used cup-stones for this purpose1 they would naturally employ stones in which there were many cups rather than the average stones containing one or two cups4 ,if so used1 the work proceeded rapidly2 one person crushing and two others placing the nuts in position4 ,as the stone weighs no more than six or seven pounds1 it could be quickly raised and the contents dumped into a receptacle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gag4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,skull from a ,florida shell heap4 7,see page #cea47 ,peabody ,museum collection1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gah4 7,s4 #a-a47 ,grooved stone axe from ,allington1 ,washington ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,collection of the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gai4 7,s4 #a-e47 ,a group of bird-stones1 boat-shaped objects and other problematical forms4 ,j4 ,t4 ,reeder's collection1 ,houghton1 ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gbj4 7,s4 #b-c47 ,problematical forms from near ,burlington1 ,vermont4 ,collection of ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gbj ,a4 7,s4 #a-d47 ,a group of mound pipes4 ,l4 ,w4 ,hills collection1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,but while this may be true1 it has always seemed to me that the pitted stones may be made use of in some way as controlling or regulating the apparatus used in drilling4 ,while all the details of such an explanation were never clear1 yet it seemed more plausible than the statement that the stone was used as a common nut-cracker4 ,there is another observation to be made which1 it seems to me2 militates against the theory that it was necessary to work out circular depressions in order to make a nut-cracker4 ,if one will select a flat1 smooth slab and place a dozen walnuts upon it1 and strike with another flat slab evenly upon these nuts1 one finds that they are crushed quite as completely as if placed in the cup-stones proper4 ,the ,indians wished the oil rather than the kernels2 and preferred the nuts completely crushed4 ,and for all practical purposes in nut-cracking1 two flat surfaces are fully as good as a surface which has been cupped4 ,again1 stones having deep pits on their surfaces prevent the crushing of more than half of each nut4 ,if one studies the cup-stones carefully1 one will observe that some of the pitted stones are very smooth1 others may be rough4 ,in the exact centre of the pits is a small depression4 ,in some instances this depression appears as if it was the result of a revolving object2 in other words1 a drill4 ,i cannot believe that the cracking of nuts in these depressions would produce the effect just described4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gba4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,front and side view of an effigy in stone4 ,collection of ,edward ,beatty1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,california4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,eastern ,,canada1 ,,utah1 ,,and ,,dakota 7,written for 8,the ,stone ,age0 by ,henry ,montgomery1 ,ph4,d41 ,university of ,toronto7 ,,eastern ,,canada ,for the most part throughout ,ontario1 ,quebec1 and the more eastern provinces of the ,dominion of ,canada1 the ancient stone and bone and other objects of handiwork of the aborigines are similar or nearly similar to those found in the ,new ,england ,states of the ,union4 ,there are1 however1 some exceptions more or less marked4 ,the history of the seventeenth century tells some interesting things about the aboriginal peoples of this part of ,canada4 ,to some extent the location and movements of the ,algonquins1 ,hurons1 and ,iroquois 78,five ,nations07 have become known4 ,but the knowledge of these and of their predecessors in that region is far too limited4 ,much remains to be learned about the occupation of the country during the preceding centuries4 ,archological work appears to have revealed several occupations1 and the implements1 utensils1 and ornaments of different tribes have probably been mixed4 ,hence1 it is often difficult to distinguish them with certainty4 ,some of these objects of manufacture have been found uncovered upon the surface of the ground1 or partially covered by the soil2 others have been dug or ploughed out by the farmer and road-maker in their operations2 and other artifacts as well as human skeletons have been taken from pits or excavations six to eight feet in depth4 ,in only a few localities of eastern ,canada have mounds been discovered containing specimens of the work of ancient or prehistoric man4 ,there have been found1 however1 numerous aboriginal village-sites with many bits of pottery1 caches of charred corn1 and various sorts of kitchen refuse and primitive domestic tools and ornaments4 ,the following are the principal kinds of ancient artifacts found in this part of the ,dominion3-- ,bone articles1 such as needles1 awls1 knives1 scrapers1 and harpoons4 ,shell objects1 mostly made from marine shells which had been obtained in tropical or sub-tropical seas4 ,rude chert1 quartzite1 and flint objects1 some of which are ovate-leaf-shaped1 much like the form of certain paloliths of ,dordogne1 ,france4 ,drills or borers made of chert and quartzite4 ,arrow-heads of chert1 quartzite1 and flint1 barbed and unbarbed1 and of various forms4 ,spears of slate1 often having the tang laterally serrated4 ,stone knives and scrapers1 rude or well-finished2 generally made of limestone or of chert4 ,the chert used in the manufacture of scrapers1 drills1 and arrow-heads was doubtless procured from the ,devonian rocks in southwestern ,ontario1 where it occurs in abundance near ,lakes ,erie and ,huron4 ,stone axes and adzes1 often called 8celts40 ,these are usually made of amphibole and hornblende1 related minerals1 one a light-green and the latter dark-green in color1 and both being hard1 tenacious1 and durable4 ,occasionally1 however1 celts of gneissoid material are found4 ,in nearly all cases these wedge-shaped axes or celts have good form and are highly polished4 ,no doubt they were sometimes used as spades or digging-tools4 ,well-made gouges1 of the same minerals as those in the 8celts10 also occur in many localities4 ,pipes of sandstone1 limestone1 and quartzite4 ,usually these exhibit good workmanship4 ,examples from ,ontario are not wanting in which the bowl alone consists of stone1 each having a horizontal opening for the insertion of a bone or wooden stem4 ,some have a perforation at the bottom bored diagonally1 probably for the suspension of an ornament4 ,occasionally one is found having stem and bowl in one piece1 and these are chiefly made from a comparatively hard variety of steatite or soapstone4 ,such are more frequently found northwards toward ,hudson ,bay1 and they may perhaps be referred to the ,eskimo1 as steatite is used by this people in the manufacture of pipes as well as of culinary utensils4 ,a pipe made from ,mexican or ,utah onyx1 and having a human face-mask carved upon it1 has been found in southwestern ,ontario4 ,gorgets4 ,these are of many kinds as to their form and also the stone from which they are made4 ,circular1 oval1 cylindrical1 tubular1 and elongate flattened forms occur4 ,the last-named are often nearly rectangular1 flat1 polished pieces of stone1 perforated by one1 two1 or three holes4 ,these are sometimes known as banner-stones4 ,the smaller ones may have been used as ornaments in the head-dress1 a cord of the hair of the head being fastened through one of the perforations1 and feathers inserted in the others4 ,the banner-stone with a single central perforation is somewhat rare1 those with two or three perforations being more numerous4 ,banner-stones of reddish hematitic slate have recently been found here2 but striped ,huronian slate from the rocks of northern ,ontario is the usual material from which they have been fashioned4 ,amulets1 charms1 or ceremonial stones4 ,these are bird-like or animal-like in shape1 or rather they have the form of some imaginary animal partly avian and partly mammalian4 ,there are holes bored diagonally through portions of the lower side1 apparently for suspension of these stones by strings4 ,amulets are usually three or four inches long4 ,most of them are regularly formed and beautifully polished4 ,the material is ,huronian slate4 ,but one recently obtained by the writer is of limestone1 and has a length of nineteen inches1 a height of six inches1 and a thickness of five inches4 ,the holes are large and extend from side to side in the upper part of what represents the neck and back of the bird4 ,copper artifacts are not uncommon in ,ontario and some other eastern localities1 although they are not at all plentiful4 ,the material is native copper from ,michigan in the vicinity of ,lake ,superior4 ,occasionally native silver occurs in spots throughout the article4 ,well-formed celts or axes1 and spears are found4 ,knives and beads also occur4 ,the copper celt often has a flat side and a sloping raised side1 the latter consisting of two flat faces sloping laterally from a central longitudinal elevation4 ,both sides of the spear slope toward the edge in a similar manner2 there is a tang for insertion into a wooden or other handle1 and there are usually two lateral projections at the base of the blade4 ,the beads are of two kinds1 namely1 small1 circular beads rudely fashioned1 yet in shape somewhat like the ordinary modern beads of white people2 and the long1 thin leaf of copper loosely rolled1 to constitute a small tube through which the string had to pass4 ,pottery or earthenware objects4 ,the pottery of this region is greatly broken4 ,it consists principally of sherds or fragments of vessels of different sizes and designs4 ,there are1 however1 a few perfect vessels of pottery1 and there are many unbroken pottery tobacco-pipes here4 ,the forms of the pipes and their decorative designs are numerous4 ,some of these are shown in ,fig4 #dcd1 ,toronto ,university collection4 ,with regard to the date of the aforesaid objects of man's handiwork1 it may here be stated that none of them are very recent1 and that only the simpler forms1 such as some of the arrow-heads1 scrapers1 and skewers1 were made within the last four or five hundred years4 ,there can be little doubt that most of them were made many centuries ago2 although1 of course1 many of them may have been used in more recent times by the aboriginal successors of their manufacturers4 ,,the ,,plains ,,of ,,western ,,and ,,central ,,canada ,in the region of the great plains between ,lake ,superior and the ,rocky ,mountains the prehistoric artifacts differ greatly from those of eastern ,canada4 ,here are many earthworks of the ancient mound-builders1 some of which have yielded characteristic mound products1 differing considerably from the stone-age relics of the ,east2 and in this region also are found large numbers of grooved hammers and mauls rarely found in ,ontario and ,quebec4 ,in ,ontario the stone 8celt0 or wedge is very common2 but in ,manitoba1 with the exception of the extreme eastern part of the province1 the celt is practically absent4 ,with its decline and disappearance farther west1 and especially towards the borders of ,saskatchewan1 the grooved hammers appear in great numbers1 and in a great variety of forms and sizes4 ,stone discs and grooved axes likewise occur on the plains4 ,another stone tool absent from ,manitoba is the amphibole gouge1 of which well-formed1 beautiful specimens occur in ,ontario and farther east4 ,stone hammers and mauls4 ,the hammers and mauls are long and short1 broad or thick1 and narrow1 nearly uniform in thickness1 or else tapering more or less toward one end4 ,most of them are between four and six inches in length1 but some have been found almost a foot in length and six inches in thickness4 ,these latter are1 of course1 very heavy1 and must have been used in pounding or splitting hard or tough1 heavy substances4 ,the correct name for such is beetle1 maul1 or mallet4 ,one specimen of a grooved hammer found in the region is made from a true hematite nodule and is only three fourths of an inch in length4 ,some mauls and hammers have a complete continuous groove near the middle of the stone2 but in most cases there is half an inch or more ungrooved1 the furrow ceasing at the point from which the handle of the implement is directed4 ,the usual rocks employed in their manufacture are gneiss and granite2 but limestone and amphibole sometimes occur4 ,ungrooved mauls and hammers have been found1 and occasionally one almost spherical in shape4 ,no fluted specimens have been reported4 ,stone discs4 ,circular stone plates or discs are not of frequent occurrence in this region2 yet quite a number have been found4 ,like the beetles and hammers1 they are generally turned up by the farmer's plough in the cultivation of his farm4 ,these discs are made of fine-grained sandstone and gneissoid rocks1 and a few have been found bearing carvings upon them4 ,in a measure these ,manitoba discs remind one of the interesting stone discs and plates of ,alabama described by ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore1 but they are usually of a simpler type than those of the ,south4 ,stone spade or shovel4 ,in a mound in #aijg the writer found a stone implement which strongly resembles the modern shovel in form and size4 ,stone axes4 ,only a few axes are known here1 and they have prominent ridges bounding the central encircling groove4 ,arrow-heads of quartzite and flint are tolerably numerous4 ,very few examples have been taken from the earthworks1 nearly all having been discovered by digging or ploughing the soil4 ,most of the latter are rudely finished1 while those discovered in the older mounds usually exhibit superior workmanship4 ,one specimen of blade or unbarbed arrow-head in the possession of the writer has a well-marked patina over its entire surface4 ,it is about three inches in length1 and an inch and three quarters wide at its base4 ,its material is translucent flint or agate4 ,the patination of this flint artifact must have required a long period of time1 perhaps one thousand years or more4 ,it was ploughed out of the prairie at a depth of five or six inches4 ,a few flint scrapers have been collected4 ,pipes of stone4 ,these are straight tubular bowls made of catlinite or red 8pipestone0 from ,minnesota1 beautifully formed and polished4 ,they have been found only in the burial-mounds1 and they do not at all resemble the modern ,indian pipes4 ,objects made from bone4 ,these are not numerous in this district4 ,they consist chiefly of bone skewers and awls1 whistles made from the ulna of the wing of the eagle or other large bird of flight 7see ,fig4 #ebh71 bone armlets and beads4 ,the armlets have holes by which they were evidently laced or fastened upon the arms1 and they are usually decorated by grooves and notches4 ,they are made from broad1 flat bones1 generally the scapul of the larger animals4 ,a bone blade or knife is sometimes found4 ,a comb-like hide-dressing bone tool1 an arrow-nock1 and primitive bone beads have been recently taken from mounds by the writer4 ,only a very few simple ornaments of deer antler have been found4 ,shell objects4 ,there is a variety of articles here made from sea-shells and river-shells4 ,a large spoon is made from one of the valves of the shell of the fresh-water mollusc ,unio4 ,but the majority are ornaments1 and are made out of univalve shells from the ocean4 ,oblong1 flat pendants1 large circular rings1 oval1 circular1 and tubular beads of shell occur4 ,objects of copper consist chiefly of thin sheets of native copper rolled in such a way as to form tubular beads4 ,sometimes larger pieces of rude sheets of copper have been found4 ,this copper must have been brought from some locality near ,lake ,superior1 where copper-mining was carried on in prehistoric times4 ,pottery or earthenware objects4 ,numerous fragments of pottery bowls1 dishes1 cups1 and other vessels occur in some localities1 usually in fields where the sod has been ploughed for the first time1 and where the location is convenient to a stream or lake4 ,occasionally pottery sherds have been found at greater depths1 even to two or three feet4 ,in such cases they were evidently covered by olay and sands deposited from the overflow of the waters in some former period of time1 no doubt many centuries ago4 ,in some of the most ancient burial-mounds a few perfect vessels of pottery have been discovered4 ,these are small urns with flaring rims and more or less decoration1 the principal part of which consists in most instances of a continuous1 deep groove running spirally around the entire body of the vessel4 ,only one example of a pipe made of pottery has yet been reported from this region4 ,this is a large pipe1 having bowl and stem in one piece1 found by the writer in a burial-mound in #aijh4 ,both the stem and bowl are decorated with grooves4 ,the urns here referred to and the straight tubular stone pipes previously mentioned are precisely similar to most of those found by the writer in numerous mounds in ,dakota some years ago4 ,the shell articles1 pendants1 rings1 and beads also afford strong evidence in support of the view that they who reared most1 if not all1 of the mounds of ,manitoba and ,north ,dakota were one and the same people4 ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,utah ,the remains of prehistoric and ancient people hitherto discovered in ,utah consist principally of the ruins of various houses in the cliffs and valleys1 and the contents thereof4 ,besides these there are ancient irrigation ditches of some size and importance in the southern part of ,utah4 ,there are also petroglyphs or rock carvings of various kinds upon the vertical faces of many of the rock cliffs2 and what appear to be tracks or prints of the human foot in volcanic rock have been found in one or two places4 ,while the houses whose ruins occur in the broad valleys of ,utah vary in size and in the number of rooms1 and also in the structure of their floors and the interior finish of their walls1 they may all be regarded as belonging to the same class of mud or adobe structures4 ,the cliff-houses1 however1 differ in so far as some are stone buildings1 others mostly adobe1 and others small caves just large enough for occupation as dwellings or for use as storage-bins4 ,the more important artifacts obtained from the ruins of ,utah are here enumerated and described3-- ,objects made of ,wood ,wooden pail or bucket1 from a cave 7see ,fig4 #fcb74 ,this is formed by digging out a piece of the trunk of a tree4 ,flails of several shapes are found4 ,these are from three to four feet long1 and have one end wide and flat for a length of fifteen to eighteen inches4 ,they were used for beating the yucca plant and cedar bark in making yarn or thread4 ,doubtless some of these wooden articles may have been used also for digging in the earth4 ,two atlatls from this region have been described1 one by ,professor ,otis ,t4 ,mason in #ahib1 and the second by the present writer in #ahid4 7,see ,the ,archologist for ,november1 #ahid1 8,prehistoric ,man in ,utah10 by ,henry ,montgomery47 ,the latter atlatl or throwing-stick had two loops of rawhide and a shallow groove upon it4 ,there had been a piece broken off the upper part4 ,wooden pipes were discovered in #ahid1 along with mummies and relics1 in cave-house ruins in eastern ,utah4 ,these are nearly ovoid in shape2 the passage is not curved or bent2 and they have short bone stems cemented in position for use4 ,textiles ,knitted and plaited articles occur4 ,corn-sacks made of the fibre of the bark of the cedar tree have been obtained by me in the caves of some of the canyon ,cliff-,dwellers4 ,baskets1 mats1 and sandals1 chiefly of yucca fibre1 have been found with the bodies of half a dozen mummies and elsewhere in caves in eastern ,utah4 ,these show artistic skill in their manufacture4 ,in ,january1 ,february1 and ,march1 #ahid1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,lang made an important collection in three caves of ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah1 which he asked the writer to examine at that time and to make report thereon to the scientific and other journals4 ,with that end in view ,i made an examination and had a number of photographs of the collection made4 ,only a few of these were used in publication4 ,some of the remaining unpublished photographs are herein reproduced for the edification of our readers4 7,see ,fig4 #fca1 pair of leggings1 and ,fig4 #fcd1 birch bark47 ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,pepper described a number of similar articles from other localities in ,utah1 and referred them to a distinct race or tribe to which he gave the name 8basket-makers40 ,as sacks and mats of much the same character have been found by the writer in other caves along with the ordinary ,cliff-,dweller's artifacts and skeletons1 the propriety of separating these people from the ,cliff-,dwellers proper seems1 for the present at least1 somewhat doubtful4 ,feather ,objects ,robes and mantles or shawls made of the feathers of wild turkeys were also taken from cave-house ruins in eastern ,utah4 ,several mummies were found clothed with such feather robes1 and some wearing sandals of yucca fibre1 and others having deerskin coverings upon their feet4 ,bone ,objects ,pipe-stems1 pieces of hollow bone of suitable length1 cut from the hollow wing-bones of birds4 ,skewers and awls of bone are numerous4 ,circular and oblong pieces of bone4 ,no doubt some of these were used in playing games4 ,beads of bone of various sizes4 ,objects made from ,teeth ,beads made out of teeth1 probably of the mountain lion1 an animal which is present in considerable numbers in the ,wahsatch and ,uintah ,mountains4 ,shell ,objects ,beads made out of shells from the ocean4 ,stone ,objects ,metates and rubbing-stones1 for grinding maize4 ,these corn-grinding mills are often quite large1 and sometimes weigh as much as a hundred pounds4 ,in the year #ahib the writer found a heavy metate in a cliff-house in a place one thousand feet above the stream in the bottom of the canyon1 and in a spot very difficult of access4 ,arrow-heads of obsidian1 chalcedony1 and quartz4 ,they are mostly small1 barbed1 and well-formed4 ,many of them are translucent1 and some are transparent4 ,both obsidian and chalcedony occur in nature in southern ,utah4 ,one straight pipe-bowl of catlinite was found in a cave-house in ,san ,juan ,county4 ,this may perhaps indicate intercourse with the tribes of ,dakota or ,minnesota4 ,a nearly pear-shaped pipe-bowl of beautifully polished onyx was found with mummified human bodies and wooden flails and fibre mats in a cave in eastern ,utah 7see ,fig4 #dcf74 ,it had a stem of bone in position1 fastened in place by some sort of black cement or fireproof substance1 which also lined the inside of the pipe-bowl4 ,stone mauls and hammers are to be mentioned as occurring in ,utah4 ,they are generally provided with a groove in which the pliant1 tough1 wooden handle is fastened4 ,grooved stone axes likewise occur4 ,oblong and other-shaped pendants and ornaments of turquoise and green variscite have been found in the valley houses4 ,pottery ,objects ,pipe-bowls of several kinds1 straight and curved4 ,some well-formed pottery pipes were found by the writer in #ahij in valley-house ruins4 ,balls an inch or two in diameter made of partially baked clay4 ,probably used for games of some sort4 ,vessels in the form of bowls and jugs4 ,the bowls are of regular form1 well glazed and tastefully decorated with painted designs1 mostly on the inside4 ,the jars have one or two handles1 and are of many sizes1 some being very large4 ,occasionally the jars are highly embellished externally by painted designs of various and interesting kinds4 ,similar bowls1 jars1 and pipes of pottery are found in both the valley- and the cliff-house ruins4 ,that the people who built and inhabited the cave- and cliff-houses and the valley houses were one and the same race of people can hardly be doubted4 ,this was pointed out by the writer in #ahid4 ,the stone corn-mills1 the pipes1 the arrow-points1 the bowls and jars of pottery1 are similar4 ,the house structures were1 of course1 slightly different1 owing to the difference in their environment4 ,but both peoples were agriculturists1 both built small rooms or houses for storing corn1 gourds1 water1 and implements1 both had arrows for defense and the chase1 and both manufactured superior pottery similar in the quality of the material and also in decoration4 ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,dakota ,the former ,territory of ,dakota included that portion of the country now forming the ,states of ,north and ,south ,dakota4 ,the ancient specimens of handiwork in the ,dakota ,territory of the early 8eighties0 comprised surface 8finds10 which were mostly stone mauls1 hammers1 and axes1 rude bone and pottery articles of old village-sites1 and also various kinds of mound products4 ,the principal artifacts are here enumerated3-- ,hide and ,bark ,leather or tanned hide1 found occasionally in mound burial-pits4 ,although evidently very old1 it appears to have been carefully tanned1 and to have been part of the hide of a buffalo4 ,baskets made from the bark of the birch tree4 ,these are small and are nearly all of similar pattern4 ,usually the basket consists of but one piece of bark cut in such a manner that it could be bent and fashioned into a neat basket and stitched together where the parts overlapped4 ,sometimes two and even three rows of holes are present1 showing great regularity1 and that a small needle and thread must have been used in the work4 ,objects made from ,deer ,antlers ,pear-shaped deer antler pipe-bowls1 three and one half inches long1 and two and one fourth inches wide at the top1 have been found by the writer4 7,see ,fig4 #dbh1 ,f47 ,deer antler1 perforated near one end4 ,deer antler tyne1 perforated and notched4 ,perhaps this served as a message stick4 ,deer antler tyne1 peculiarly cut and furrowed4 ,probably a tool4 7,see ,fig4 #edb47 ,bone ,objects ,bone harpoons for spearing or catching large fishes such as the ,great ,lake pike of ,devils ,lake4 ,bone anklet1 with ornamental carving1 and having holes near two opposing margins for lace-strings1 and other holes perhaps for the attachment of ornaments4 ,bone tubes or pipe-stems1 cut from the hollow bones of birds' wings4 ,bone awls1 needles1 and knife-blades4 ,shell ,objects ,these comprise objects made from fresh-water shells as well as those made from ocean shells4 ,among these are the following3-- ,circular pearly ornaments like buttons1 with a central aperture and four marginal notches at regular intervals4 ,large pearly shell rings thicker and wider on one side4 7,see ,fig4 #edc1 ,e47 ,usually more than twenty of these rings have been found together near a human skull and in such a position that there seems no doubt they had formed the principal part of a necklace4 ,oblong pearly pendants1 notched near one end for the cord of attachment1 and decorated with four or five notches on the other extremity4 7,see ,fig4 #ebh47 ,long beads made from the columella of shells of the ocean gasteropod1 ,fulgur perversa1 of frequent occurrence also in the mounds of the ,mississippi ,valley4 7,see ,fig4 #edc1 ,d47 ,small shell beads made by grinding the ocean shells ,nerita1 ,natica1 and ,marginella on the shoulder of the spire4 7,see ,fig4 #edc1 ,g47 ,scoop or spoon1 made from a valve of the bivalve mollusc ,unio1 the common fresh-water mussel4 ,this has a very short handle cut on it1 and it is ornamented with a few notches on the margin4 ,stone ,objects ,sharpening-stones4 ,ovoid objects made of coarse sandstone and having a groove in the centre of one side4 ,these were for sharpening bone awls and needles and probably for grinding shells and other articles into the desired shapes4 ,the stone mauls and hammers were plentiful in the southern portions of ,dakota2 but were absent from a large part of the ,territory near the forty-ninth parallel4 ,most were grooved near the middle1 and they varied considerably in size and shape4 ,there were also some grooved stone axes1 some of which possess a prominent ridge beside the furrow and upon the side between the furrow and the edge end of the axe4 ,barbed flint and agate spears4 ,some are very large4 ,all are translucent and exhibit workmanship of a high order4 ,they are found in the burial-mounds1 and are very rare4 7,see ,fig4 #bad ,a47 ,flint and agate arrow-heads4 ,only a very few of these occur4 ,they are also well made4 ,effigy stones4 ,two slender stone serpents have been reported from ,south ,dakota4 ,one of these is said to have six curves or convolutions4 ,stone pipes4 7,see ,fig4 #dbh47 ,these are made of catlinite or red pipestone1 and are regularly formed and beautifully polished4 ,they are all straight tubes constituting bowls1 and vary in length from two to ten inches4 ,one taken out of a mound by the writer was ten and one quarter inches long 7twenty-six cm474 ,the stem was at least in some cases made from the hollow ulnar bone of the wing of a large bird2 for bone stems of this character were found with several of the pipes4 ,hollow pieces of wood may perhaps also have been used as pipe-stems4 ,this straight tubular pipe is very characteristic of the mounds of ,north ,dakota1 ,manitoba1 and ,saskatchewan1 very few of other kinds having as yet been reported from this prairie region4 ,stone tablets4 ,flat pieces of stone are sometimes found2 but they are very rare4 ,one of these found by ,montgomery in #ahhi is made from pipestone or catlinite and has the figure of an animal carved upon each side4 7,see ,fig4 #caj47 ,one of the carvings is probably meant to represent a beaver1 and the figure upon the other side of the tablet is a representation of a buffalo cow with open mouth1 and the figure of a stone spear-head with shaft attached1 pointing to the heart4 ,it would seem to indicate that the buffalo had been shot in the heart by the spear or large arrow1 and in consequence the mouth is represented as being wide open4 ,some1 however1 interpret the position of the spear and shaft to mean the 8line of life10 which may possibly be the correct interpretation4 ,another tablet found by ,montgomery in a burial-mound has the figure of a beaver carved upon each side1 one representing the upper surface of the animal1 and the other being a side view4 ,objects of ,copper ,the articles made of copper are few in kind and number4 ,they are chiefly simple cylindrical tubular beads and rudely formed spear-heads of native copper4 ,objects of ,pottery ,the writer has found a number of vessels of pottery in the burial-mounds of northern ,dakota4 ,all of them are small urn-shaped vessels of coiled ware1 and almost all of them were found in a perfect condition4 ,in most cases their decoration is a continuous spiral groove around the body of the urn1 terminating near the centre of the bottom of the vessel4 ,in a few instances the decorative design is different2 and some are provided with four holes in the rim for suspension by cords4 ,on the ,mandan village-sites and in the more southern parts of ,dakota many fragments of pottery jars and vessels are found4 ,these have various incised decorative designs1 and in some cases ears or small handles are present4 ,much of this pottery closely resembles the pottery of the eastern part of the continent4 ,objects of ,unbaked ,clay ,there have been tobacco-pipes of unbaked clay found by the writer in the burial-mounds of this region4 ,one form of these consists simply of a bowl with a straight tubular passage4 7,see ,fig4 #dbi47 ,it is nearly of the same design as that of the catlinite pipe4 ,a second kind 7see ,fig4 #dbi7 has stem and bowl in one piece and is bent or curved so that the stem is at right angles with the bowl as in modern pipes4 ,these pipes1 like some of the catlinite pipes taken from the ancient mounds1 showed evidence of much usage1 there being a considerable incrustation or deposit within the bowl from the burning of kinni-kinnic of some kind4 ,while some of the artifacts herein enumerated and described were undoubtedly made by ,sioux and ,mandan ,indians1 it appears quite certain that the products of the mound burial-pits1 that is1 the spirally grooved urns1 the tubular pipes1 antler tynes1 and sea-shell ornaments1 belonged to some other ancient tribe1 possibly to the ancient ,arikaras1 or to a yet earlier tribe4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,conclusions ,naturally1 the ,conclusions to 8,the ,stone ,age0 are somewhat long1 and while ,i have embodied them all under two chapters1 yet they have been grouped under subdivisions1 as will be observed by readers4 ,,the ,,population ,,in ,,prehistoric ,,times ,we should first consider a subject which has been given1 it would seem1 scant attention4 ,i refer to the fact that generally throughout the ,american continent are unmistakable evidences of a considerable population in ancient times4 ,at present there are about three hundred and sixty thousand ,indians in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,perhaps more than half of these show the effects of marriage with whites or negroes4 ,the population of to-day is no criterion of that in ancient times4 ,in studying field evidence of population1 we must bear in mind that the ,indian of both periods made use of perishable materials4 ,this is an essential fact to be noted during the course of our studies4 ,much that both the historic and prehistoric ,indian made use of was composed of cloth1 iron1 wood1 brass1 leather1 etc4 ,it is quite true that the wood1 leather1 cloth1 etc41 of prehistoric times would disappear1 but the stone1 bone1 shell1 clay1 and copper objects remained4 ,iron rusts quickly1 and the use of iron was widespread from the time of the settlement on the ,new ,england coast 7#afbj7 down to the present4 ,a great deal of iron was introduced by ,de ,soto in ,florida1 ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,arkansas2 and by ,coronado in the ,southwest4 ,both of these expeditions were in the years #aedj-aedc1 and on them hundreds of ,spaniards penetrated into the interior carrying thousands of objects1 chiefly of iron4 ,all of this must have had an effect on the natives throughout a considerable portion of ,north ,america4 ,i have elsewhere referred to the difference between historic and modern sites1 but the subject is important and has been1 it seems to me1 passed over or not appreciated by others1 and it is necessary to emphasize the difference between the ancient and the modern again4 ,the significant fact is that all of this iron has disappeared leaving here and there a streak of rust1 and that upon the modern sites were left quantities of glass beads and other objects that are not perishable4 ,these were in use among the natives1 yet few of these things remain2 the only exception being noted in the sites of the ,iroquois of western ,new ,york1 where the modern artifacts predominate4 ,in previous articles ,i have called attention to the fact that on the four or five ,shawano sites in the ,state of ,ohio1 there were large bodies of ,indians assembled during the period embraced between 7roughly7 #agjj and #ahab4 ,these ,indians helped to make ,american history4 ,they were fairly numerous1 of unquestioned ability1 and produced such men as ,tecumseh and his brother the ,prophet4 ,their leaders1 ,tecumseh and ,cornstalk1 were engaged in twenty-two actions with our troops2 numerous traders were among them1 and they sent many expeditions against the frontiers4 ,yet1 if one walks over these populous sites of historic times1 one finds practically nothing save here and there a glass bead or a broken tomahawk4 ,in any one of perhaps two or three hundred places where prehistoric villages occurred1 an observer may find great quantities of chips1 spawls1 broken implements1 broken pottery1 etc4 ,the needs of ancient man were few1 his implements simple and confined to the types illustrated in this work4 ,therefore1 the presence of the unnumbered evidences of human residence indicates either a great length of occupation1 or large numbers of ,indians for a short period of time4 ,i never believed that the population in ,america exceeded one million 7north of ,mexico7 at any time1 assuming that the field evidence is against the statement so often made that there are as many ,indians in ,america to-day as at the time of the discovery4 ,if the ,ohio ,valley had been occupied by mound-building people when ,la ,salle and ,hennepin made their voyages of discovery1 these worthy and zealous explorers would have made reference to it in their reports4 ,but ,la ,salle and ,hennepin heard of the great ,illinois towns on the river of the same name in that state and journeyed from ,quebec to visit those towns4 ,there were thousands of ,indians living in the ,illinois country1 but ,ohio appears to have had little population--that is of ,indians1 and none whatsoever of mound-building people4 ,between ,aurora and ,lawrenceburg1 ,indiana1 if the ,ohio ,river has not during a recent flood covered the bottoms with silt1 there may be seen a village-site nearly three miles in extent4 ,i visited it in #ahih and collected upwards of three thousand specimens from the surface in a week's time4 ,the ,indian population was most numerous on that great artery1 the ,mississippi ,river and its tributaries4 ,perhaps we have not fully recognized the importance played by this 8,father of ,waters0 in prehistoric times4 ,throughout the ,mississippi ,valley are several climates varying from extreme cold in northern ,minnesota to the semi-tropical of ,louisiana2 from the aridity of the foothills of the ,rocky ,mountains to the salubrious climate of ,tennessee2 from the cold of the extreme ,northwest to that of ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,mississippi ,valley comprises altitude and sea level1 mountains and plains1 every kind of soil and every specimen of plant and animal life found in ,north ,america above the ,city of ,mexico4 ,it would appear that man had penetrated to the heads of every stream tributary to the ,mississippi4 ,through the ,colorado basin1 throughout the length and breadth of all the ,southern rivers2 to the rivers of ,new ,england1 the great ,st4 ,lawrence basin1 and the ,red ,river of the ,north1 and even far ,yukon in ,alaska1--these primitive stone-age people carried their simple arts and established their villages4 ,in the ,cumberland and ,tennessee valleys such multitudes of them lived that even after a hundred years of ruthless destruction of the stone grave cemeteries1 there still remain thousands of unopened sepulchres4 ,apropos of these stone graves1 ,general ,gates ,p4 ,thruston1 of ,nashville1 who has studied ancient man in ,tennessee more than forty years1 reports by letter to me as follows3 8,i think that there must have been forty thousand graves within twenty-five miles of ,nashville4 ,i should think there were probably at one time as many as one hundred thousand prehistoric inhabitants in the two valleys4 ,the village-sites and cemeteries cannot be numbered40 ,the officials at ,washington have underestimated1 it seems to me1 the number of ,indians in the ,united ,states1 because they have recorded the ,indian of the historic period rather than the ,indian of the past4 ,de ,soto and ,coronado both reported continuous population throughout the regions traversed by them4 ,yet shortly after the year #agjj small-pox1 measles1 cholera1 and other diseases destroyed entire tribes4 ,untold thousands of our ,indians perished during these epidemics4 ,the case of the ,mandans is well known4 ,the early colonists made frequent reference to the spread of these plagues throughout the country4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gbb4 7,s4 #a-b47 ,views of an unknown object of stone1 found in #ahhe on a ranch on the ,columbia ,river1 ,oregon4 ,w4 ,f4 ,parker's collection1 ,omaha4 ,fourteen years ago ,i compiled an archologic map for the ,state of ,ohio2 the last entry being made in #ahig4 ,at that time there were #cbib various monuments and village-sites recorded4 ,since then ,professor ,mills has continued the work and added to the total4 ,constant travel over the ,state of ,ohio in the past years leads me to believe that there were in ancient times at least twenty thousand monuments great and small in that state4 ,all considered1 the population in ,north ,america in pre-,columbian times must have been considerable during two or three thousand years1 if not for a longer period4 ,,the ,,stone ,,age ,,in ,,historic ,,times ,it is unfortunate that ,coronado1 ,de ,soto1 ,captain ,smith1 ,hennepin1 ,marquette1 and the ,pilgrim ,fathers did not give us more detail about stone-age times4 ,when these explorers1 or adventurers1 or colonists came here1 many of the ,indians were still in the stone age4 ,one of the best references that ,i have seen is that by ,coronado's historian1 who states that in the mountain region along the ,colorado ,river there lived many wild tribes who were barbarous2 8eat human flesh1 worship painted and sculptured stones1 and are much given to witchcraft and sorcery40 ,these men represented savage and not barbaric stone-age times4 ,they appear to have been exceedingly fleet of foot1 great hunters1 very courageous1 and quite different from later ,indians4 ,the historian1 speaking of one of these tribes1 says3 8,the third language is that of the ,acaxes1 who are in possession of a large part of the hilly country and all of the mountains4 ,they go hunting for men just as they hunt animals4 ,they all eat human flesh1 and he who has the most human bones and skulls hung up around his house is most feared and respected4 ,they live in settlements and in very rough country1 avoiding the plains4 ,in passing from one settlement to another1 there is always a ravine in the way which they cannot cross1 although they can talk together across it4 ,at the slightest call five hundred men collect1 and on any pretext kill and eat one another4 ,thus it has been very hard to subdue these people1 on account of the roughness of the country1 which is very great40 ,it has been known for many years that the ,seri ,indians living on an island in the ,gulf of ,california are still in the stone age4 ,professor ,w ,j ,mc,gee1 of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 visited these ,indians and wrote a long report concerning them4#cb ,this book should be read by students1 as it gives an insight into what prehistoric times must have been4 ,mc,gee states a number of interesting facts which ,i repeat1 with some changes1 in condensed form4 ,the ,seris are bitterly opposed to foreigners1 and he considers 8their race sense is perhaps the strongest ever known40 ,this is due to their living alone and apart on this small island away from other tribes4 ,they had bitter experiences with the cruel ,spaniards nearly three centuries ago1 which was a contributing factor in bringing about this condition4 ,they use shells1 with which the sea-front abounds1 for knives1 cups1 dishes1 dippers1 and other utensils4 ,the natural1 water-worn pebbles need no chipping or fashioning to make of them hammers and crushers4 ,occasionally some of these implements exhibit a little work to bring them into better shape4 ,the seacoast abounded in thousands of water-worn stone objects1 of such forms as made them convenient for use by the ,seri ,indians4 ,practically no chipped implements occurred4 ,mc,gee searched patiently but found only two1 both of which were arrow-points4 ,the water-worn stones were used in the hand and not hafted1 the aim serving as the handle4 8,the ,seri are wonderfully quick in using these stones0--the motions being faster than if one held the end of the handle in which the stone was fashioned4 ,the social organization of these people is very peculiar4 ,the oldest women are matrons who seem to dominate each community4 ,in the case of the best-looking young woman of the tribe1 who would not be photographed1 the matron commanded that she permit a picture to be taken1 and she1 who had strenuously objected1 at once consented4 ,when any of these people marry with aliens1 they are outlawed or driven away from the other ,seri4 ,the graves of the ,seri are simple pits in which the body is placed with accompaniment of objects belonging to the deceased in life4 ,if such burials--near the surface--were made in very ancient times in more moist or humid climates1 it is certain that all bone and other perishable objects would have disappeared and only the stone things remained4 ,we would then be unable to determine that a grave once there existed1 and it is possible--,i do not say probable--that such graves may have been made in times of extreme antiquity in the ,north or ,south1 and that all of the softer substances and bones have disappeared4 ,in that event1 these graves of an early culture would not appear to us as graves1 but as a small cache of rude implements4 ,aside from these two references ,i have found a few others1 but because of limited space1 ,i am unable to present them here4 ,dr4 ,charles ,peabody kindly furnished me with an interesting statement regarding the use of the bicaves or discoidals1 which is herewith submitted3-- 8,at the ,village of the ,houmas4 ,there are eighty cabins1 and in the middle of the village a fine level square1 where from morning to night there are young men who exercise themselves in running after a flat stone which they throw in the air from one end of the square to the other1 and which they try to have fall on two cylinders that they roll where they think that the stone will fall40#cc ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,man ,,in ,,america ,we should consider quite briefly this subject4 ,as was remarked on pages #cb-d1 man may have occupied ,america in times of great antiquity4 ,personally1 ,i cannot understand how all the different ,indian dialects developed in comparatively recent times4 ,it would seem that several thousand years at least were required for so many and diversified tongues to have developed among our aborigines4 ,not being a geologist1 it would be presumptuous for me to pass opinion on questions in which geology played prominent part4 ,what little is offered1 therefore1 is based upon study of man's handiwork and distribution of his implements rather than upon geologic evidence4 ,there has been not a little said concerning the observations of ,mr4 ,ernest ,volk and ,dr4 ,charles ,c4 ,abbott in ,new ,jersey1 as both of these men have labored for many years near ,trenton1 upon fields and in the sands and gravels4 ,recently ,dr4 ,abbott published three pamphlets4#cd ,there are some personalities in these pamphlets which might have been omitted1 and one or two statements to which some persons might object4 ,but on the whole these three pamphlets sum up all of ,dr4 ,abbott's observations during the past thirty years1 with reference to ,new ,jersey archology and the antiquity of man in the ,delaware ,valley4 ,waiving these minor considerations1 which no broad-minded man would treasure up against ,dr4 ,abbott1 we may safely assume that both he and ,mr4 ,volk are real archologists4 ,that is1 they understand conditions as they existed in ancient times1 and that is something that few men of to-day grasp4 ,it cannot be learned from reading the reports1 from studying in museums1 or through obtaining a degree from one of our universities4 ,both ,volk and ,abbott have worked hard4 ,there was no fuss made about it4 ,it was a continuous grind day after day1 week in and week out1 year upon year4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gbc4 7,s4 about #a-c47 ,a remarkably well-preserved gourd water-jug4 ,found in the ashes of ,salts ,cave1 ,kentucky4 ,b4 ,h4 ,young's collection1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,no man can dig a pit in the ground and fill it up so that it conforms to the surrounding natural strata4 ,such a place always shows disturbed soil or clay4 ,walk along the riverbank1 where the water has washed out a line of fence and left the marks of the post-holes1 and observe2 note gravel-banks anywhere in this country where aborigines buried in graves1 and as white men haul away the gravel and expose the bank1 one is able to see clearly defined the outlines of the graves4 ,the same is true of the holes of burrowing animals and of tree-roots1 etc4 ,the beds of streams mentioned by ,dr4 ,abbott in his work play an important part in archology4 ,when the implements found in them were lost1 the streams were active4 ,since then they have filled up4 ,the character of one deposit in the ,delaware ,valley investigated by ,abbott and ,volk differs from that of another1 and the differences are so striking1 the deposits being in the one place sand1 and in another place glacial clay1 in another place river gravel1 that one cannot but believe that a considerable period of time elapsed between these various cultures4 ,in many sections of the country are found not only chipped implements1 but other implements heavily coated with patina1 which is an incrustation accruing by time alone4 ,there are other worn specimens which appear very old4 ,select some of these and compare them with objects from the ,mandan or ,iroquois sites1 or even from the mounds in the ,ohio ,valley1 and one will observe the apparent difference in the age of these specimens4 ,the ,mandan pottery and some of the ,iroquois pottery are even at this late date coated with soot4 ,there is no soot on the mound pottery4 ,along the ,atlantic ,coast1 and in the ,south1 flint implements are sometimes coated with patina4 ,in ,florida shell heaps are occasionally found skeletons at great depth4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,b4 ,moore considered the lower strata of the larger shell heaps to be very old4 ,there was a skull found by ,dr4 ,wyman during the course of his exploration many years ago in the base of a shell mound in ,florida4#ce ,i present a picture of it in ,fig4 #gag4 ,the cranium is heavily incrusted by cemented shells4 ,such a burial must be of great age4 ,these shell heaps accumulate very slowly during the occupancy of the sites by many generations of ,indians4 ,this skull1 and the skull found at ,lansing1 ,kansas1 at a depth of twenty-five or thirty feet1 and other finds1 are evidences of considerable antiquity4 ,dr4 ,hrdlika has said that the ,lansing man was of the same type as the modern ,indian4 ,this does not mean that it is modern1 for ,assyrian and ,egyptian crania five or more thousand years old have been taken from the tombs1 and it would require experts to distinguish them from crania of living people4 ,prof4 ,edward ,h4 ,williams1 ,jr41 of ,woodstock1 ,vt41 suggested to me that an expert analysis be made of the surface of certain problematic forms and ornaments finished and unfinished4 ,therefore1 ,i gave to ,prof4 ,williams some forty objects from our ,andover collection1 and he made a careful examination1 as did his friend ,prof4 ,john ,d4 ,irving of ,lehigh ,university1 who is secretary of the ,geological ,society of ,america1 and an expert in such matters4 ,some of these specimens are found to be old1 a few very old1 and others more or less recent4 ,i shall quote a few of his observations4 ,the numbers refer to catalogue numbers in our books3-- 8#bbeag--;,from ,georgia4 ,this is a fine-grained diabase4 ,prof4 ,irving reports that the ophitic structure is very well marked4 ,this object has been buried for some time1 and the surface is weathered1 and has been pitted since it was worked4 8#bcddi--,syenitic ,gneiss4 ,the feldspar had begun to kaolinize before the pebble was worked4 ,since working the surface has been considerably etched1 and the hornblende is left rising above the surface4 ,this black mineral has also been decomposed since working1 and the iron component has rusted and stained the horn4 8#cdggb--;,extremely fine-grained muscovite schist with grains of magnetite4 ,this was weathered before working1 and the magnetite has almost wholly rotted to soft dark spots4 ,there was some etching of the surface since working4 8#dacg--;,foliated greenish talc4 ,the lighter pits and scratches are recent4 ,the surface is darker than the fresh fracture1 and shows age and handling4 8#ahdad--,this is a much decomposed rock of the trap variety1 which has become so weathered and softened that it has become almost entirely chlorite4 ,it looks very much like an argillite4 ,it belongs to one of the #8greenstone' rocks40 ,as to the exact number of years required for this weathering1 it is impossible to state1 but since these specimens were considered from a geological and mineralogical point of view1 and critically analyzed by two entirely competent men1 it is safe to assume that a few hundred years would not account for the disintegration4 ,i do not know whether these things are a few hundred or several thousand years old1 but the analysis shows that the stone weathered to some considerable extent1 and this would be indication of age4 ,it would be interesting to analyze some of the ,iroquois objects and to compare4 ,the different cultures in ,america would appear to be evidence of the antiquity of man4 ,one cannot imagine that the ,cliff-,dwellers and mound-building tribes1 that the stone-grave people1 or the cave people in the ,ozarks1 or the shell-heap people of ,florida1 or the ,plains tribes1 and finally1 the woods and mountain ,indians1 who never made any monuments of any description--that all these cultures developed in a few hundred years4 ,they are so totally different1 and are so influenced and modified by climate and local conditions1 that it would appear plausible that several thousand years must have elapsed before these sharp lines of distinction developed4 ,again1 while all ,indians have skins more or less red1 the variation in physical appearance among our aborigines is surprising4 ,no one could fail to distinguish an ,ojibwa from an ,iroquois1 or a ,sioux from an ,apache1 or an ,osage from a ,seminole1 even if one had no knowledge of ,indian language or customs4 ,environment and habitat must have influenced these tribes and affected their stature and physical conditions4 ,,adaptation ,,to ,,conditions ,among our ,american aborigines one trait stands out prominently1 and that is the art of adapting themselves to existing and local conditions and environments4 ,perhaps no race so readily appreciated that it must depend entirely upon its own resources4 ,we find1 therefore1 that it is immaterial whether the native ,americans live in ,maine or in ,florida1 in ,north ,dakota1 or ,texas2 they selected the most available materials4 ,if the stone was easily chipped or of such consistency that it could be made use of1 they adopted that stone for certain implements4 ,if the stone was refractory and not easily chipped or worked1 they did the best that they could with it4 ,therefore it is not always a criterion of poor workmanship nor does it indicate low degree of culture if the implements are crude and roughly and imperfectly made4 ,it even means that there is no good material at hand and that the ,indians selected the best they were able to secure and worked it out as well as they were able4 ,again1 in certain sections implements made of good material are to be found1 also of poor1 coarse1 local materials4 ,frequently the good material was transported from a distance4 ,it may have come through trade or by means of conquest4 ,that is immaterial4 ,the point is that the natives naturally preferred materials more easily worked1 but that they were not always able to obtain them4 ,it is quite likely that few of the tribes were friendly in prehistoric times4 ,the natives of a given river valley may have desired the better material to be found two or three hundred miles distant from their habitat1 but because of the hostility of the nation living in that section where better material could be obtained1 they were unable by either trade or conquest to obtain it1 and had to be content with such unsatisfactory chert or other stone as occurred in their immediate locality4 ,i think that this factor entered largely into prehistoric life4 ,but if no suitable stone could be obtained1 the ,indians made use of bone or other substances4 ,in several references to the ,mandan village-sites in this work1 the point was made that the ,mandans used the large bones of the buffalo for a multitude of purposes4 ,this was because suitable stone was scarce1 and for the further reason that the bones were more easily worked and shaped than stone4 ,in certain sections of the ,mississippi ,valley where materials of all kinds were in abundance many varieties of stone1 shell1 etc41 were employed4 ,the readiness with which the native adapted himself to conditions is shown in the house structure of the ,indians4 ,those of cold climates lived in very different structures from those of the ,south4 ,and the ,plains ,indians employed skin coverings1 whereas the woods ,indians made use of bark or of logs1 and the ,pacific ,coast ,indians used quantities of hewn boards4 ,this is an interesting subject1 and could be followed at considerable length did space permit4 ,,art ,,in ,,ancient ,,times ,,and ,,modern ,,art ,too much has been made of the presence of stone and bone tools among modern tribes4 ,while there have been numerous instances of such clinging to old forms1 yet students of modern ,indian life1 by their constant reference to these recurrences1 have given a wrong impression to the world4 ,it is generally known and accepted that art passes through periods of transition4 ,as an example one might cite the ,renaissance4 ,no student of art would confuse the ,renaissance with an earlier or later period4 ,examples of earlier art still persisting during the early ,renaissance are in evidence4 ,but as the influence of the ,renaissance broadened1 all art of that period was affected1 or leavened by it1 and presently practically all art was ,renaissance4 ,this is precisely true of ,indian art4 ,we search diligently to find an old1 really old ,navajo blanket to-day1 and we pay a fabulous price for it4 ,likewise we search--but in vain--for old wooden bowls1 painted buffalo robes1 and feather mantles4 ,the utmost corners of remote ,south ,america are visited by explorers from ,harvard1 the ,american ,museum1 and ,berlin and ,london museums4 ,why8 ,to discover primitive man untouched by civilization in order to record his arts and folk-lore1 religion1 and daily life1 undefiled by contact with our civilization4 ,is it found8 ,scarcely an example remains--all is tinged and influenced even as the ,renaissance changed the pre,renaissance4 ,if one will reflect a moment1 one will agree that this is all true4 ,examples of sculptures in stone1 carving of shell1 effigies in copper1 ceramic art in the ,cliff-,dweller country are in our leading museums4 ,i would recommend readers to go to these museums and compare that real art with the wretched examples in vogue among the ,indians at the present time4 ,i have said so much regarding ancient arts in various places in this book that now ,i wish to speak more particularly regarding certain tribes of ,indians1 among whom ,i spent the spring and summer of the year #aiji1 and contrast their art with stone-age art4 ,in ,march1 #aiji1 ,i was sent by the ,department of the ,interior to investigate the condition of the ,ojibwa ,indians4 ,i returned several weeks later and was again sent out the first of ,july and remained on the ,white ,earth ,reservation until in ,october4 ,because our work was to establish who were the full bloods1 we came in contact with all the ,indians of the ,ojibwa tribe who claim to have no white or negro blood in their veins4 ,among our eighteen or twenty witnesses1 who were chiefs and persons ranging from seventy to eighty-five years of age1 and who were familiar with the history of the ,ojibwa1 with the parents and grandparents of those whom we established to be full bloods1 were several members of the grand medicine society1 the ,midiwewin4 ,these persons were frequently examined by me through our interpreters--all of whom were the most competent we were able to procure and the best on the reservation--as to the past history of the ,ojibwa tribe4 ,the old record-keeper1 commonly called ,daydodge1 but whose real name is ,bay-bah-dwung-gay-aush1 aged eighty-two1 had a remarkable memory4 ,to him had been related all the ,hiawatha traditions by the ,indians1 and he was able to carry back history about one hundred and twenty years4 ,this man told me that there were few1 if any1 stone implements in use among his people when he was a boy1 and he did not think that stone objects were in use to any extent when his grandparents were children4 ,he said that occasionally a woman hafted a stone celt and used it in scraping or cutting1 that some stone mallets were to be found when his grandparents were young1 but he thought that the ,french and ,english traders' goods had displaced all stone articles in use among the ,ojibwa4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,,conclusions ,,the ,,ancient ,,culture-,,groups ,as ,major ,powell found many linguistic stocks in ,north ,america in recent times1 so we find quite as many cultures in ancient times4 ,but the language of these people being unknown to us1 we must study them through their implements4 ,some of these are widespread1 while others are local4 ,consider1 for instance1 the saddle-shaped or bird-shaped stones1 of which numbers are illustrated in chapter ,,xxv4 ,these1 after great study1 one must conclude originated in a certain tribe long ago4 ,it is not proper to call them ,iroquois1 or ,delaware2 if they existed in historic times one might be more correct in stating that the ,eries1 or the ,snake ,people1 referred to by the ,delawares in their ,lenni-,lenape tradition1 made and used them4 ,certainly they are not ,iroquoian in character4 ,their very distribution would indicate that they are a product of ,northern people of stone-age culture4 ,as against this the bicave and discoidal stone is of central ,south culture and not of ,new ,england1 the ,north1 or ,west4 ,under other chapters ,i have presented some conclusions1 and these will not be repeated here4 ,axes1 flint implements1 copper 7by ,mr4 ,brown71 and several other divisions of artifacts have been already separated into their culture-groups4 ,at the present writing there are so many new types on exhibition in public and private collections which formerly were considered products of individual fancy1 that it is quite difficult for one to determine the number and extent of the prehistoric cultures in the ,united ,states4 ,however1 one must make a beginning4 ,in presenting what appears to me to establish various local cultures1 ,i am quite aware that future observers--when the knowledge of this intricate subject is more widespread--may add or detract from my observations4 ,the cultures mentioned1 therefore1 must be considered in the nature of pioneer observations1 subject to development or change as archologic knowledge expands and becomes more perfect4 ,in ,new ,brunswick and ,maine and about the mouth of the ,st4 ,lawrence there are the ever-present flint implements and chipped objects1 and also numbers of slate points1 which may be either problematical forms or winged spear-points and arrow-heads4 ,many of the slate points found by ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,willoughby in graves at ,oldtown1 ,maine1 appear to me to be too long and slender to have made effective weapons4 ,yet they may have served as such4 ,the adze and gouge and the adze-blade celt are numerous in ,new ,england4 ,i have commented on the types of chipped objects and how they differ in various sections of the country1 so that it is not necessary to re-enter upon a lengthy dissertation on this question4 ,in ,new ,england proper1 the region east of the ,hudson ,river1 the slate points are not common1 and gradually disappear west of the ,connecticut ,valley4 ,but the adze and the gouge and the long roller pestle abound in numbers4 ,there are also strange effigies of whale1 and rude effigies so rough that one does not know what the maker intended to represent4 ,plummet-shaped stones are also common4 ,but the slate gorget and ornament1 and the bell-shaped pestle1 the discoidal and bicave1 and many other forms1 are almost wanting4 ,the pipes are not common and far inferior to those of the ,ohio ,valley and ,middle ,south and the ,south4 ,new ,england1 then1 may be divided into two culture-groups1 that east of the ,merrimack ,river and that lying between the ,merrimack and the ,hudson4 ,these are related to each other1 but differences may be observed4 ,the next culture-group is that of eastern ,canada1 north of ,lake ,erie and ,lake ,ontario4 ,all of this region is marked by ,iroquois influence1 and the tribes preceding the ,iroquois left exceedingly crude and rude handiwork in stone4 ,the forms which may be considered to be pre-,iroquoian are very like those of the ,lake ,champlain district4 ,a splendid collection of them is on exhibition in the ,provincial ,museum1 ,toronto1 where ,mr4 ,david ,boyle labored for many years to bring about the preservation of ,canadian antiquities4 ,between the ,hudson and the line drawn between ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 and ,baltimore1 there are at least two cultures and indications of one or two more4 ,in northern ,new ,york is the famous ,iroquoian culture of which so much has been written--and by more competent observers--that ,i would not dare describe it here4 ,suffice it to say that an inspection of the pipes1 pottery1 bone implements1 etc41 from ,iroquoian graves and village-sites will acquaint one even superficially interested in archology with the fact that the ,iroquoian culture is plainly different from anything else on the ,american continent4 ,whether the ,iroquois1 previous to their famous ,hiawatha1 were organized and had developed this peculiar art is a question for others to decide4 ,but the freshness of the ,iroquoian pipes and pottery and the general tone of the objects--and by tone ,i mean that appearance which most of them possess--indicate that they show ,european influence--lead the archologist to conclude that as to antiquity they are not in the class with the other objects found in ,america4 ,it has always been my opinion that five or six centuries of time are sufficient to account for their production4 ,none of them look old in the sense that objects from other sites appear old4 ,in southern ,new ,york and throughout ,new ,jersey and ,delaware we have chipped and polished implements which are supposed to stand for the prehistoric ,delawares1 and these types appear1 in the main1 very old4 ,they are more than weather-beaten1 many of them were on the verge of disintegration4 ,time alone can account for such condition4 ,the ,delaware ,valley and the ,susquehanna must have been ideal places for prehistoric man4 ,in both the climate was not severe2 game1 nuts1 herbs1 fish1 and other necessities of life abounded4 ,a careful inspection of the work done by ,dr4 ,charles ,c4 ,abbott and ,mr4 ,ernest ,volk leads me to believe that these men have1 beyond question1 established that man lived in the ,delaware ,valley three or four thousands of years ago4 ,rude axes and peculiar ornaments also abound4 ,the gouge is rare4 ,the adze is scarcely ever found1 while the problematical forms are totally different from those of the ,middle ,west and the ,middle ,south4 ,the roller pestle occurs1 but it may not be considered a local type4 ,copper is found in limited quantities1 hematite is almost entirely wanting1 and effigy pipes are very rare4 ,the ,weaves1 now and then discovered1 may be considered as strays brought in by means of barter or exchange4 ,the projectile points are as a rule slender1 and are easily distinguished from those of ,new ,england1 ,new ,york ,state1 or ,canada4 ,jasper1 argillite1 quartzite1 and rhyolite predominate4 ,the next culture-group is that of central and western ,pennsylvania1 wherein many ,new ,jersey and ,new ,york ,state types occur4 ,the problematical forms1 the black chert1 arrow-points1 the jasper knives1 and the notched hoes or axes may be said to enable one to distinguish this region from other culture-groups of the ,east1 even if they are more or less related4 ,west ,virginia may be said to lie on the border-line between ,pennsylvania1 ,kentucky1 and ,ohio4 ,hematite appears in the valleys of the ,kanawha and other streams in ,west ,virginia4 ,the monitor pipes also appear1 together with certain forms of axes1 spear-heads1 and knives which are found in greater numbers in ,kentucky and ,ohio4 ,ohio and ,kentucky stand as two separate cultures separated by the ,ohio ,river4 ,yet the ,ohio ,river was made use of by prehistoric man from above ,pittsburg to its mouth at ,cairo4 ,along the stream itself one may discern1 on both north and south bank sites1 all kinds of cultures1 thus proving that the ,ohio ,river was not only a thoroughfare but the thoroughfare in prehistoric times4 ,it is only when one proceeds up the streams from the ,ohio back fifty or a hundred miles in ,illinois1 ,kentucky1 ,indiana1 and ,ohio that one observes how the local cultures have developed4 ,the culture of the ,muskingum and ,scioto in ,ohio are practically the same2 the ,miami is different4 ,the ,wabash in ,indiana is yet another culture and the ,illinois yet a third4 ,in ,kentucky the ,cumberland and ,tennessee are in a class by themselves1 separate from the others mentioned4 ,these two latter rivers are so long1 and as each is navigable far into the ,state of ,tennessee1 ,i feel certain that five or six cultures may be clearly differentiated within their valleys4 ,i have referred to the stone-grave culture of this region elsewhere4 ,it merits further detailed study on the part of archologists4 ,in the ,state of ,illinois are long yellow chert spear-heads and lance-heads and knives1 some of which have slightly turned points4 ,many of these are not unlike the ,scandinavian daggers4 ,in ,michigan and ,wisconsin there is a wealth of copper1 many of the sugar quartz spears and knives1 large numbers of peculiar winged problematical forms which have been quite fully illustrated in this work4 ,the ,illinois and ,wisconsin cultures are separate and distinct4 ,northern ,illinois contains types of ,wisconsin and ,michigan as well as numbers of central ,illinois forms4 ,at ,sandwich in ,de,kalb ,county there is a large collection owned by ,mr4 ,henry ,w4 ,franck1 who sent me numerous photographs of his exhibit4 ,this collection illustrates the mingling of types of three cultures and is of great archological importance4 ,passing west to the ,mississippi in ,missouri we have the so-called hematite belt4 ,along the ,missouri ,river occur great quantities of iron ore1 and the natives worked this into hematite axes1 celts1 plummets1 etc4 ,this region of central ,missouri appears to be different from southwestern ,missouri4 ,central and western ,missouri 7outside of the ,ozarks7 are also different from the cultures bordering along the ,mississippi ,river1 or eastern ,missouri4 ,in ,kansas and ,iowa we have the large notched hatchets which are peculiar to that section of the country1 the white flint of ,iowa1 the dark chert of ,kansas1 and the minute arrow-heads1 the small almost square hand-axes1 the profusion of yellow chert and poor jasper hide-scrapers4 ,these are always typical of the buffalo country4 ,but the strangest culture1 it seems to me1 in ,america is that of the cave region of the ,ozark ,mountains1 where ,dr4 ,peabody and myself made several investigations4 ,in southwestern ,missouri1 northwestern ,arkansas1 and ,indian ,territory1 in both limestone and sandstone formation1 are some thirty-five or more natural caverns which had been inhabited by man4 ,in these are great quantities of ashes and debris4 ,our inspection of four or five of these caves1 the study of local collections1 and an examination of village-sites in the region revealed the fact that chipped implements of the village-sites are of different stone from those from the ashes in the caverns4 ,that man in the ,ozark region had no pipes1 no slate articles1 no problematical forms1 no roller or bell-shaped pestles1 no shell ornaments1 no copper1 no hematite1 no celts1 no grooved axes1 etc4 ,i say none1 although in the entire region one slate article1 one pipe1 and two axes have been found4 ,these may be considered as brought in by later ,indians4 ,the chipped implements are rough--save here and there a long1 slender1 well-chipped object2 they are seldom well made4 ,there is a profusion of sandstone mano-stones and mortars4 ,there is every indication that the culture is extremely old and very primitive1 as stalagmites have formed 7notably in ,jacob's ,cavern7 over some of the human remains4 ,this ,ozark culture1 as stated above1 was carefully worked out by ,peabody and myself1 and was found to be an anomaly in ,american archology4 ,i am persuaded that there are other and equally peculiar local cultures to be found if one searches diligently4 ,the ,southern culture shows local developments4 ,it is chiefly distinguished by its pottery1 which is different in ,florida from that of ,missouri and from ,louisiana4 ,the flint implements also differ1 as do many of the types in stone4 ,in ,florida stone celts occur1 but axes are extremely rare4 ,in ,texas there is peculiar culture1 chiefly of chipped implements of a rough sort and small minute arrow-points well made1 with little or no pottery1 with almost an entire absence of problematical forms1 and of copper1 little hematite1 etc4 ,throughout the entire ,rocky ,mountain chain1 from northern ,british ,columbia to the ,colorado's headwaters1 is a peculiar 8mountain culture40 ,from this is excepted the ,columbia ,valley proper1 where large pestles occur1 also polished paddle-shaped stones1 minute chipped objects1 and various problematical forms4 ,the mountain chain proper 7back from the ,coast7 is different as to culture1 and large chipped discs abound1 also short1 round pestles1 rubbing-stones1 hand-hammers1 large grooved hammers4 ,eastern types are entirely wanting1 and many of the chipped objects may be distinguished from those of the ,coast or the ,columbia ,valley4 ,stone objects in the ,rocky ,mountains are not very numerous4 ,this is explained on the ground that before the coming of the whites it was not necessary for the ,indians to live in the mountains to any appreciable extent4 ,naturally1 they preferred the valleys in the foothills where there was more game4 ,the tribes were driven to the mountains by their enemies4 ,the oldest ,sioux have told me 7at ,pine ,ridge7 that they never liked to go into the main range of the ,black ,hills because evil spirits dwelt there4 ,the cultures in the ,colorado basin might be divided into several groups--the ,cliff-,dwellers1 the ,pueblo culture1 the ,cave-,dwellers1 and the boulder ruin people4 ,these might be classified by ,dr4 ,fewkes as all belonging to the same class4 ,i do not know with reference to that1 but the implements1 the surface indications1 and the character of the burials lead me to suppose that the cave people of southern ,utah and the boulder ruin people of ,san ,juan ,valley were to be considered as distinct from those of the great cliff-houses and of the modern pueblo towns4 ,there is a wealth of material in this region in the way of fine pottery1 turquoise beads1 delicate chipped implements1 shell ornaments and bracelets1 etc4 ,we learn much of prehistoric times by exploration in the cliff-houses1 for the reason that the climate is exceedingly arid and that the objects are placed back in the rooms where no moisture can penetrate to them1 even when it occasionally rains4 ,therefore1 axes are found in their original handles2 wooden tools1 throwing-sticks1 and baskets1 sandals1 knives in wooden handles1 mats1 ropes1 and other things that would perish in the ,north or the ,south1 are preserved4 ,thus we have splendid opportunity to study how the ancient man mounted and used these various tools1 etc4 ,dr4 ,yates and the late ,reverend ,mr4 ,meredith have shown in their articles#cf that two separate cultures existed on the ,pacific ,coast1 one in northern1 and the other in southern ,california4 ,in addition to these there is the famous culture of the ,columbia ,valley1 which is somewhat different from others4 ,numerous figures and the delicate arrow-points in that region have been presented in the foregoing pages4 ,along the ,northwest ,coast there is yet another culture4 ,the ,canadian and ,utah and ,dakota cultures have been described by ,professor ,montgomery in ,chapter ,,xxxv4 ,i have run over these various cultures very rapidly4 ,much more could be said regarding each one4 ,the finding of different kinds of implements on a given site may indicate different cultures1 for it is probable that a favorable site was selected by subsequent tribes after it had been abandoned by the first occupants4 ,this should be borne in mind by students4 ,,the ,,stone-,,age ,,point ,,of ,,view ,during the ,boston meeting of the ,anthropological ,association1 ,december #bg1 #aiji1 at the conclusion of a paper on 8,myths of the ,cayapa ,indians of ,south ,america10 by ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barrett1 remarks were offered by several gentlemen1 including ,dr4 ,franz ,boas4 ,he took occasion to emphasize how important was ,dr4 ,barrett's work among a people as yet untouched by civilization1 and as the point of view of these ,cayapa ,indians was so different from ours1 it was difficult for us to understand their motives and conceptions4 ,all truly primitive people live in a world so apart and removed from our own that one should be able by long study to place himself mentally in that world4 ,because many observers were not in sympathy with the thoughts of these primitive peoples1 and could not forget that they 7the observers7 were the product of a higher culture1 therefore1 much misinformation has been disseminated regarding primitive beliefs and customs4 ,other ethnologists spoke along similar lines4 ,the above is a truism that every student of prehistoric times should realize1 and at the risk of wearying my readers ,i repeat--and ,i trust these are not vain repetitions--that we must realize what the term stone age conveys4 ,nothing that we have in use to-day was known to stone-age man--even so common a thing as fire is confined and changed to suit our will4 ,various effigies1 polished problematical forms1 bright copper1 shell or mica1 pottery1 textile fabrics1 and forms in wood--these were the extent of his art4 ,he knew no horizon beyond the stone effigy1 the ornamented gorget1 etc4 ,a colored stone1 piece of copper1 or anything in stone unusual attracted his eye4 ,i believe that these appeared to him different from ordinary stones4 ,for the same reason he must have considered hematite as more or less of a mystery4 ,it is very hard to work1 and because of its heaviness and the difficulty of reduction to desired shape1 one may surmise it appealed to him as a 8mystery stone40 ,it is clear1 from the amount of hematite and copper in public and private collections1 that both were highly prized4 ,that hematite was far harder to work than common stone did not deter the ancient man from digging1 grinding1 cutting1 and polishing the steel gray hematites 7as hard as any stone7 to the desired size4 ,truly he worked 8at his task with a resolute will1 over and over again40 ,i should like to propose to any person who has lightly waved aside the skill or patience of the ancient worker1 that that person select a chunk of the hard gray iron ore 7not the soft kind7 and set to work with a stone hammer and some flint flakes and a block of sandstone to make a hematite plummet4 ,a week's labor on the specimen will increase the respect of the sceptic for the stone-age artist4 ,we are just beginning to appreciate the point of view of the stone-age man4 ,at present our knowledge is imperfect4 ,particularly1 do ,i feel this personally and realize the responsibility resting on one's shoulders when one attempts to describe and classify1 in a large sense1 the stone implements1 etc41 of ancient times4 ,even if one does one's best1 such a work must1 for the present at least1 remain a pioneer undertaking1 and those who come afterwards will make of the faintly marked pioneer trail a broad and substantial highway along which others may travel and find1 ,i trust1 guide-posts unnecessary4 ,when we realize the point of view1 the mind1 and the concept of the stone-age man fully1 we shall1 quite likely1 understand the true import of the strange problematical polished stones so common in the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,these stand for more than mere ornaments4 ,the very name 8ceremonial10 which was afterwards changed by that able archologist ,professor ,holmes to problematical1 is a confession of ignorance4 ,these problematical forms are found in ,wisconsin1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,england1 ,louisiana1 ,ohio1 and ,arkansas1 and although varying through a multitude of shapes1 yet apparently convey substantially the same idea4 ,to the people who lived entirely in the stone-age times1 these must have represented certain 8sacred mysteries10 to white men and later ,indians entirely unknown4 ,the same is true of the abnormally large axes in copper or in stone1 of the large chipped implements in ,tennessee and on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,none of these things could have served a real purpose4 ,one cannot strike or cut with the 8ceremonial swords0 shown in ,fig4 #afa1 neither can the axe illustrated in ,fig4 #bfc ,a be made use of for cutting4 ,such things as these illustrate the height or perfection of stone-age art1 and we must seek their explanation and purposes along other lines than those suggested by common every-day usage1 to which the smaller and more easily made objects were put4 ,,field ,,study ,,needed ,before concluding my remarks on the stone age in ,north ,america1 ,i would call attention to the necessity of more and careful field work1 and an understanding of the difference between various sites rather than continued museum work1 or the reading of reports and publications4 ,that man who considers arts and crafts of tribes to have been pretty much the same in ,america is very ignorant concerning real archology4 ,it has been the purpose of this volume to emphasize differences in the arts and crafts among prehistoric tribes4 ,archology is like any other comprehensive subject2 it requires study1 discriminating care1 and enthusiasm4 ,one should further add1 it requires inspiration4 ,a man who does not love to hunt specimens for the sake of hunting them has not his heart in the work4 ,we have had many mounds examined1 plans have been drawn1 the skeletons carefully set down as so many feet from each other4 ,a report is published in regard to that mound1 and instead of intelligent observations on the meaning of the evidence ascertained1 there is usually nothing but a dry and statistical statement of the distances of the skeletons from a given point4 ,of course it is necessary to make a survey of mounds and other remains4 ,and it is equally important to have reports1 but ,i do not think that it is necessary to publish field notes--which are no more than survey notes--and call them a report4 ,many of the reports published in recent years have missed the essential thing in ,american archology4 ,they have emphasized the mathematical features of our explorations4 ,they are as if one published tabulated census reports1 but offered no explanations as to what the number and assembling of the people in the ,united ,states meant4 ,if no conclusions of value are to be drawn from the exploration of a given site1 then it seems to me that wealthy people who send out expeditions are wasting their money1 and the scientists their time4 ,we are training young men in our universities and museums to measure mounds and village-sites very carefully4 ,all this is eminent and proper1 but we are losing sight of the meaning of those same village-sites and mounds and their relation to others and to prehistoric culture in general4 ,the explorer ,stanley made a statement in his work 8,darkest ,africa10 which ,i have never forgotten4 ,the scientist ,emin ,bey was much interested in examining a human skull and measuring it very carefully and setting down the measurements4 ,stanley was not interested in the skull4 ,he wished to know something regarding the life of the man to whom it once belonged4 ,if some of our students would1 for a few years1 lay aside cameras1 ground-plans1 tape-lines1 and get down to real field work1 much more progress would ensue4 ,the study of sites1 collections1 types1 and local conditions should be placed first1 it seems to me4 ,in ,science1 ,april #ae1 #aiaj1 there appeared an open letter written by ,professor ,b4 ,c4 ,gruenberg of ,de ,witt ,clinton ,school1 ,new ,york1 along the very lines ,i have indicated4 ,i quote a paragraph3-- 8,we all know that there can be no true science that does not rest solidly upon facts4 ,but the thought must often occur to many of us that there is some danger1 especially among the younger scientists1 that we may become obsessed with an exaggerated sense of the value of facts as such4 ,is there not too much emphasis laid by many professors in charge of research students on the mere accumulation of observational1 statistical1 or experimental facts1 with too little attention to that side of science which concerns itself with those analytical and synthetic processes that convert facts into valuable ideas8 ,it seems to me that this latter kind of work needs at the present time at least as much encouragement as the other4 ,of course1 there is the possibility for #8thinking' to degenerate into profitless speculation2 but we are certainly as much in need of the results of thinking about the facts already accumulated as we are of more facts40 ,such studies as those of ,professor ,holmes on pottery and quarries2 such explorations as ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,moore's in the ,south2 the work done by ,volk and ,abbott in ,new ,jersey1 where they very carefully set aside the argillite and the quartzite and chipped implements as found in different places under different conditions2 such work as ,professor ,mills has done in ,ohio in differentiating the ,hopewell and the ,fort ,ancient culture1 are things that will count1 and works that will stand4 ,a surveyor should measure mounds1 number skeletons1 and draw plans4 ,the librarian should read reports and compile statistics1 but it requires a real archologist to do the work that ,i have referred to above4 ,squier and ,davis1 whose 8,ancient ,monuments of the ,mississippi ,valley0 may be justly considered our standard work upon the mounds1 not only explored1 but they drew conclusions which1 with here and there an exception1 or a slight change1 will stand at the present time4 ,for many years ,dr4 ,cyrus ,thomas used all the tremendous energies of the ,bureau of ,ethnology to dispute the statements of those hard-working1 painstaking1 philosophical pioneers ,squier and ,davis4 ,to-day we know that the culture they described is different from the ,shawano1 ,cherokee1 or other cultures which ,thomas wished to establish in the ,ohio ,valley4 ,the work of that distinguished citizen of ,illinois1 ,george ,sellars1 will bear comparison with the work of any other man since his day in the study of chipped flint objects1 and if any one doubts the statement let him read and ponder upon ,sellars's complete narrative in the ,smithsonian ,report for #ahhe1 and then read what has been said since by others4 ,aside from the technical study of ,american archology1 there is a certain charm and fascination in investigation of these ancient remains4 ,although it has been thirty years since ,i found my first arrow-head1 ,i never cease to feel a thrill of pleasure when1 walking about the shores of lakes or streams1 ,i happen to find one of these evidences of the real and the simple life4 ,one's mind1 if he is inclined to dwell upon prehistoric times in ,america1 naturally reverts to the past under such circumstances1 and ,i close this work with a quotation from ,dr4 ,abbott's recent publication1 8,when as many a day has drawn to its close1 while yet ,i lingered in the field and every sign of white man's industry faded from view1 the scattered trees became again a forest1 the cry of the cougar and bleat of the fawn were heard1 the bark of the fox and howling of the wolf filled the air1 a lurid light of a camp-fire lit the sky2 the days of the ,indian had returned1 nor did the illusion pass away until homeward bound1 my hand was on the latch40 ,,bibliography ,for obvious reasons this bibliography is not complete2 to make an exhaustive catalogue of the titles dealing with the stone age in ,america would require the inclusion of many articles in out-of-the-way periodicals and newspapers that are now lost or out of print2 in the next place1 if made complete1 even within the limits of possibility1 such a list would require a separate volume out of all proportion to the dimensions of the present work4 ,in view of these facts1 therefore1 the attempt has been made1 first1 to give the publications to which reference has been made in the text2 second1 to present a list of general works of standard reputation1 most of which are provided either with indexes or tables of contents raisonns2 third1 to give some of the more important series of publications of individual authors dealing especially with excavations whose results are germane to the matter of the volumes2 and fourth1 to set forth a classified list of references by the use of which a student can at least learn something about the desired subject and at the same time may receive suggestions as to the methods and the literature necessary to further research4 ,in view of the change in archological processes and opinions that has often occurred in a comparatively short space of time1 the arrangement of the titles is made as a whole in chronological order4 ,,general ,,works ,catlin1 ,g4 ,north ,american ,indians4 ,new ,york4 #ahda4 ,squier1 ,e4 ,g41 and ,davis1 ,e4 ,h4 ,ancient ,monuments of the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge1 ,i4 #ahdg4 ,squier1 ,e4 ,g4 ,the ,serpent ,symbol4 ,new ,york4 #ahea4 ,baldwin1 ,j4 ,d4 ,ancient ,america4 ,new ,york4 7#ahga47 ,foster1 ,j4 ,w4 ,prehistoric ,races of the ,united ,states4 ,chicago4 #ahgc4 ,jones1 ,c4 ,c4 ,antiquities of the ,southern ,indians4 ,new ,york4 #ahgc4 ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,the ,stone ,age in ,new ,jersey4 ,report of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 #ahge1 pp4 #bdf-chj4 #ahge4 ,wyman1 ,j4 ,fresh-,water ,shell ,mounds of the ,st4 ,john's ,river1 ,florida4 ,peabody ,academy of ,science1 ,fourth ,memoir4 ,salem4 #ahge4 ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,palolithic ,implements in the ,valley of the ,delaware ,river4 ,peabody ,museum ,report1 #aj1 pp4 #cj ff4 #ahgg4 ,peabody ,museum ,report1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbe ff4 #ahgh4 ,conant1 ,a4 ,j4 ,footprints of ,vanished ,races4 ,st4 ,louis4 #ahgi4 ,mac,lean1 ,j4 ,p4 ,the ,mound ,builders4 ,cincinnati4 #ahgi4 ,evers1 ,e4 ,ancient ,pottery of ,south ,eastern ,missouri4 ,st4 ,louis ,academy of ,science4 #ahhj4 ,short1 ,j4 ,t4 ,the ,north ,americans of ,antiquity4 ,new ,york4 #ahhj4 ,whitney1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,auriferous ,gravels of the ,sierra ,nevada of ,california4 ,contributions to ,american ,geology1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,cambridge4 #ahhj4 de ,nadaillec1 ,marquis4 ,pre-,historic ,america4 ,translated by ,n4 ,d',anvers4 ,new ,york4 #ahhd4 ,mercer1 ,h4 ,c4 ,the ,lenape ,stone4 ,new ,york4 #ahhe4 ,mc,adams4 ,records of ,ancient ,races4 ,st4 ,louis4 #ahhg4 ,shepherd1 ,h4 ,a4 ,antiquities of the ,state of ,ohio4 ,cincinnati4 #ahhg4 ,read1 ,m4 ,c4 ,archology of ,ohio4 ,cleveland4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,palolithic ,period of the ,stone ,age4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahhh1 pp4 #fgg ff4 #ahhh4 ,thruston1 ,g4 ,p4 ,antiquities of ,tennessee4 ,cincinnati4 #ahij4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,stone ,art4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ac1 pp4 #eg ff4 #ahia-ib4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,primitive ,industry4 ,report of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 #ahib1 pp4 #eba ff4 #ahib4 ,berlin1 ,a4 ,f4 ,lehigh ,island and its ,relics4 ,the ,archologist1 #a1 ,jan41 #ahic1 pp4 #ac ff4 #ahic4 ,nordenskild1 ,g4 ,the ,cliff-,dwellers of the ,mesa ,verde4 ,stockholm4 #ahic4 ,schmidt1 ,e4 ,vorgeschichte ,nordamerikas4 ,braunschweig4 #ahid4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,the ,swastika4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahid1 pp4 #gfc ff4 #ahid4 ,prehistoric ,art4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahif1 pp4 #cbe ff4 #ahif4 ,arrow-,points1 ,spear-,points1 and ,knives4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahig1 ,i1 pp4 #haa ff4 #ahig4 ,thomas1 ,c4 ,introduction to the ,study of ,north ,american ,archology4 ,cincinnati4 #ahih4 ,dellenbaugh1 ,f4 ,s4 ,the ,north ,americans of ,yesterday4 ,new ,york4 #aija4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,archological ,history of ,ohio4 ,columbus4 #aijb4 ,lewis1 ,a4 ,b4 ,tribes of the ,columbia ,valley and the ,coast of ,washington and ,oregon4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,anthropological ,association1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adg ff4 ,index and ,bibliography4 #aije-aijg4 ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,archologia ,nova ,csarea4 ,three ,pamphlets4 ,trenton4 #aijg-h4 ,mills1 ,w4 ,c4 ,certain ,mounds and ,village ,sites in ,ohio4 ,vol4 ,i1 #aijg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,part #a1 #aiji4 ,barrett1 ,s4 ,a4 ,the ,ethno-,geography of the ,pomo and ,neighboring ,indians4 ,university of ,california ,publications in ,american ,archology and ,ethnology1 vol4 #f1 no4 #a4 ,bibliography and ,map4 #aijh4 ,randall1 ,e4 ,o4 ,the ,masterpieces of the ,ohio ,mound ,builders4 ,columbus4 ,boas ,anniversary ,volume4 ,new ,york4 #aijf4 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume4 ,new ,york4 #aiji4 ,moorehead1 ,w4 ,k4 ,see last pages of ,bibliography for titles4 ,,works ,,more ,,purely ,,of ,,general ,,reference de ,mortillet1 ,g4 and ,a4 ,muse ,prhistorique4 ,paris4 #ahha4 ,evans1 ,sir ,john4 ,ancient ,stone ,implements of ,great ,britain4 ,london4 #ahig4 ,hodge1 ,f4 ,w4 ,handbook of ,american ,indians ,north of ,mexico4 ,part ,i4 ,bulletin of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 no4 #cj1 part ,i4 #aijg4 ,forrer1 ,r4 ,reallexikon der ,prhistorischen1 ,klassischen und ,frhchristlichen ,altertmer4 ,berlin and ,stuttgart4 #aijg4 ,schlemm1 ,j4 ,wrterbuch zur ,vorgeschichte4 ,berlin4 #aijh4 ,dchelette1 ,j4 ,manuel d',archologie1 ,i4 ,paris4 #aijh4 ,,serial ,,references ,,to ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,individuals ,boyle1 ,d4 ,compare the ,archological ,reports of the ,province of ,ontario1 being parts of the ,appendices of the ,reports of the ,minister of ,education of ,ontario4 ,toronto1 from #ahhg4 ,beauchamp1 ,w4 ,m4 ,aboriginal ,chipped ,stone ,implements of ,new ,york4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 vol4 #d1 no4 #af4 #ahig4 ,polished ,stone ,articles used by the ,new ,york ,aborigines4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 vol4 #d1 no4 #ah4 #ahig4 ,earthenware of the ,new ,york ,aborigines4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 vol4 #e1 no4 #bb4 #ahih4 ,aboriginal ,occupation of ,new ,york4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 vol4 #g1 no4 #cb4 #aijj4 ,wampum and ,shell ,articles used by the ,new ,york ,indians4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 vol4 #h1 no4 #da4 #aija4 ,horn and ,bone ,implements of the ,new ,york ,indians4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #ej4 #aijb4 ,metallic ,implements of the ,new ,york ,indians4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #ee4 #aijb4 ,metallic ,ornaments of the ,new ,york ,indians4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #gc1 ,archology #h4 #aijc4 ,perch ,lake ,mounds4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #hg1 ,archology #aj4 #aije4 ,aboriginal ,use of ,wood in ,new ,york4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #hi1 ,archology #aa4 #aije4 ,aboriginal ,place ,names of ,new ,york4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #ajh1 ,archology #ab4 #aijg4 ,civil1 ,religious1 and ,mourning ,councils1 and the ,ceremonies of ,adoption of the ,new ,york ,indians4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #aac1 ,archology #ac4 #aijg4 ,erie ,village and ,burial ,sites4 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 no4 #aag1 ,archology #ad4 #aijg4 ,mills1 ,w4 ,c4 ,compare the following references to the ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,quarterly3 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cji ff4 ,field-,work4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #abi ff4 ,gartner ,mound and ,site4 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #de ff4 ,baum ,site4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #aac ff4 ,harness ,mound4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bfi ff4 ,seip ,mound4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,b4 ,compare the following references to the ,journal of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia3 ,certain ,sand ,mounds of the ,st4 ,john's ,river1 ,fla4 ,part ,i4 #ahid4 ,certain ,sand ,mounds of the ,st4 ,john's ,river1 ,florida4 ,part ,,ii4 #ahid4 ,certain ,river ,mounds of ,duval ,county1 ,fla4 ,two ,sand ,mounds on ,murphy ,island1 ,fla4 ,certain ,sand ,mounds of the ,ocklawaha ,river1 ,fla4 #ahie4 ,certain ,sand ,mounds of the ,georgia ,coast4 #ahig4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,mounds of the ,coast of ,south ,carolina4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,mounds of the ,savannah ,river4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,mounds of the ,altamaha ,river4 ,recent ,acquisitions4 ,a ,cache of ,pendant ,ornaments4 #ahih4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,alabama ,river4 #ahii4 ,certain ,antiquities of the ,florida ,west ,coast4 #aijj4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,north ,west ,florida ,coast4 ,part ,i4 #aija4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,north ,west ,florida ,coast4 ,part ,,ii4 #aijb4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,tombigbee ,river4 #aija4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,mounds of ,florida ,central ,west ,coast4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,mounds of the ,apalachicola ,river4 #aijc4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,black ,warrior ,river4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of the ,lower ,tombigbee ,river4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,remains of ,mobile ,bay and ,mississippi ,sound4 ,miscellaneous ,investigations in ,florida4 #aije4 ,moundville ,revisited4 ,crystal ,river ,revisited4 ,mounds of the ,lower ,chattahoochee and ,lower ,flint ,rivers4 ,notes of the ,ten ,thousand ,islands1 ,florida4 #aijg4 ,certain ,mounds of ,arkansas and ,mississippi4 #aijh4 ,antiquities of the ,ouachita ,valley4 #aiji4 ,,bibliography ,,by ,,subjects ,,adobe4 ,hodge1 ,f4 ,w4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfe4 #ahie4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #cjb4 #ahig4 7,adobe balls47 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #g1 n4 s41 p4 #bje4 #aije4 ,,adzes4 ,crosby1 ,h4 ,a4 ,wisconsin ,archologist1 ,july1 #aijc1 pp4 #ia ff4 8,the ,triangular ,stone ,adze40 #aijc4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 n4 s41 pp4 #bih ff4 #aijf4 ,willoughby1 ,c4 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #i1 n4 s41 pp4 #bif ff4 8,new ,england40 #aijg4 ,,agricultural ,,implements4 ,rau1 ,c4 ,arch4 fr ,anthropologie1 vol4 #ad1 pp4 #a-i4 ,a general paper4 #ahgj4 ,williams1 ,f4 ,h4 ,american ,archologist1 ,july1 #ahih1 pp4 #agg-h4 #ahih4 ,willoughby1 ,c4 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 n4 s41 pp4 #abi-acj4 8,new ,england40 #aijf4 ,,altars4 ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w4 ,kansas ,city ,review1 vol4 ,,vii1 no4 #a1 pp4 #cb ff4 ,ohio4 #ahhc4 ,gordon1 ,g4 ,b4 ,memoirs of the ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,i1 #a1 p4 #ae4 ,copan1 ,honduras4 #ahif4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #abi4 ,tusayan1 #ahig4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 n4 s41 p4 #bae4 #aija4 ,maler1 ,t4 ,memoirs of the ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iv1 nos4 #a and #b4 ,guatemala4 #aijh4 ,,amulets4 ,bourke1 ,j4 ,g4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #fa4 #ahij4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore1 #ahia1 pp4 #add-f4 #ahia4 ,bellucci ,collection4 ,farrington1 ,o4 ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore1 #aijj1 pp4 #aii ff4 #aijj4 ,hough1 ,w4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #aija1 p4 #cdd4 ,arizona4 #aija4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 n4 s41 p4 #fgi4 ,west ,indies4 #aijc4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 vol4 #be1 p4 #ach4 ,porto ,rico4 #aijc-d4 ,hamy1 ,e4 ,t4 ,journal de la ,socit des ,amricanistes de ,paris1 n4 s4 #b1 pp4 #cbc ff4 #aije4 ,montgomery1 ,h4 ,see ,science1 ,oct4 #bi1 #aiji1 pp4 #fac1 ff4 ,ontario4 #aiji4 ,see ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aa1 n4 s41 p4 #dgj4 #aiji4 ,,anchor ,,stones4 ,rau1 ,c4 ,prehistoric ,fishing1 pp4 #id and #aib4 #ahhd4 ,,anklets4 ,moorehead1 ,w4 ,k4 ,primitive ,man in ,ohio1 p4 #aaj4 #ahib4 ,montgomery1 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 pl4 ,,xxxiv4 ,north ,dakota4 #aijf4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 n4 s41 p4 #cg4 ,manitoba4 #aijh4 ,,argillite4 ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,archologia ,nova ,csarea1 etc4 7,often47 ,,arrows4 ,van ,epps1 ,p4 ,m4 ,american ,antiquarian1 #ahhj1 p4 #eg4 ,new ,york4 #ahhj4 ,rau1 ,c4 ,prehistoric ,fishing1 pp4 #ef1 #hc1 and #bic4 #ahhd4 ,nissley1 ,j4 ,r4 ,american ,antiquarian1 #ahhf1 p4 #cja4 ,ohio and ,illinois4 #ahhf4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,american ,antiquarian1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bdi ff4 ,michigan4 #ahhi4 ,murdoch4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #fd4 ,glass ,arrows4 #ahij4 ,bourke1 ,j4 ,g4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ef4 ,apache4 #ahij4 ,mason1 ,holmes1 ,hoffman1 ,hough1 ,wilson1 ,flint1 ,bourke4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #de ff4 ,a symposium4 #ahia4 ,dorsey1 ,j4 ,o4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ac1 p4 #bhf4 ,omaha4 #ahia-b4 ,hoffman4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ad1 pp4 #bge ff4 ,menominee4 #ahib-ic4 ,hoffman4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ci4 ,poisoned ,arrows4 #ahic4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ae1 plates ,,xxxii-,,xlvii4 #ahic-id4 ,waddell1 ,l4 ,a4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 p4 #id4 #ahie4 ,cushing1 ,f4 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 pp4 #cjg ff4 ,bows and ,arrows4 #ahie4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahif1 pp4 #cbe ff4 8,prehistoric ,art40 #ahif4 ,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ah1 p4 #afa4 ,eskimo4 #ahif-ig4 ,snyder1 ,j4 ,f4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #bca4 #ahig4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ai1 p4 #bf4 ,distribution4 #ahig4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahig1 ,i1 pp4 #haa ff4 ,a general discussion4 #ahig4 ,poole1 ,w4 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #de4 #ahih4 ,willoughby1 ,c4 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 n4 s41 p4 #dca4 ,antler-pointed ,arrows4 #aija4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 n4 s41 pp4 #eac ff4 #aija4 ,l',anthropologie1 #ab1 pp4 #efh ff4 ,a classification4 #aija4 ,williston4 ,international ,congress of ,americanists1 p4 #cce4 ,kansas4 #aijb4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,b4 ,international ,congress of ,americanists1 p4 #dj4 ,florida4 #aijb4 ,dorsey1 ,g4 ,a4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 n4 s41 p4 #fdd4 #aijc4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #adb4 ,british ,columbia4 #aijc4 ,dorsey1 ,g4 ,a4 ,publications1 #ii4 ,field ,columbian ,museum1 pp4 #a ff4 ,cheyenne4 #aije4 ,note4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #bi1 p4 #aad4 #aijg4 ,herrmann1 ,r4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijg1 pp4 #gi ff4 ,upper ,mississippi ,valley4 #aijg4 ,winchell1 ,n4 ,h4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijg1 p4 #aej4 #aijg4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 ,,ix1 n4 s41 p4 #abe4 #aijg4 ,brown1 ,c4 ,e4 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 #aijg1 pp4 #fe ff4 #aijg4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #cj1 pp4 #bei ff4 #aijh4 ,spinden1 ,h4 ,j4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,anthropological ,association1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #bbg4 ,nez ,perc4 #aijh4 ,straley1 ,w4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijh1 p4 #bfc4 ,nebraska4 #aijh4 ,,arrow-,,shaft ,,straighteners4 ,ehrenreich1 ,p4 ,zeitschrift fr ,ethnologie1 #aijj1 ,i1 pp4 #ae and #bd4 ,ohio and ,california4 #aijj4 ,dixon1 ,r4 ,b4 ,bulletin of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 #ag1 #c4 p4 #acd4 ,california4 #aije4 ,,art4 ,whittlesey1 ,c4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ac4 ,ethnography4 #ahhj4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #b1 pp4 #agi ff4 ,art in ,shell4 #ahhj-ha4 ,report of ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #d1 pp4 #dcg ff4 ,ceramics4 #ahhb-hc4 ,transactions of the ,anthropological ,society1 ,washington1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #id ff4 ,shell4 #ahhc4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #f1 pp4 #aie ff4 ,textile ,art4 #ahhd-he4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #f1 pp4 #ac ff4 ,chiriqui4 #ahhd-he4 ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w4 ,bulletins of the ,essex ,institute1 vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #aee ff4 ,conventionalization4 #ahhg4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ac1 pp4 #i ff4 ,textile ,art4 #ahia-ib4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ac1 pp4 #di ff4 ,stone ,art4 #ahia-ib4 ,mc,guire1 ,j4 ,d4 ,american ,anthropologist1 #ahic1 p4 #cjg4 ,stone ,art4 #ahic4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 #ahic1 pp4 #bia ff4 ,the ,processes4 #ahic4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ae1 pp4 #a ff4 ,the ,potomac ,region4 #ahic-id4 ,putnam and ,willoughby4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 vol4 ,,xliv1 pp4 #cjb ff4 #ahif4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahif1 pp4 #cbe ff4 #ahif4 ,boas1 ,f4 ,bulletin of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,,ix1 pp4 #abc ff4 ,north ,pacific ,indians4 #ahig4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 pp4 #bha ff4 #ahih4 ,wissler1 ,c4 ,international ,congress of ,americanists1 p4 #cdj4 #aijb4 ,boas1 ,f4 ,popular ,science ,monthly1 vol4 ,,lxiii1 p4 #dha ff4 #aijc4 ,wissler1 ,c4 ,bulletin of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 #aijd1 pp4 #bca ff4 ,sioux4 #aijd4 ,kroeber1 ,a4 ,l4 ,publications of the ,university of ,california1 vol4 #b1 #c1 p4 #aei4 ,california4 #aijd-jg4 ,gordon1 ,g4 ,b4 ,transactions of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 vol4 #a1 #c1 pp4 #acb ff4 ,serpent ,motive4 #aije4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,boas ,anniversary ,volume1 pp4 #agi ff4 #aijf4 ,spinden1 ,h4 ,j4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,anthropological ,association1 vol4 #b1 #c1 p4 #bcc4 ,nez ,perc4 #aijh4 ,,atlatls4 ,bahnson1 ,k4 ,archiv fr ,ethnographie1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bag ff4 ,south ,america4 #ahhi4 ,seler1 ,e4 ,archiv fr ,ethnographie1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #acg ff4 ,mexico4 #ahij4 ,rink1 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bgd4 ,alaska4 #ahia4 ,nuttall1 ,z4 ,archological and ,ethnological ,papers of the ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 #a1 no4 #c1 pp4 #afi ff4 #ahia4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 p4 #ff4 ,california4 #ahib4 ,montgomery1 ,h4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bcj ff4 ,utah4 #ahid4 ,peabody1 ,c4 ,papers of the ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 #c1 no4 #b1 p4 #ej4 ,mississippi4 #aijd4 ,bushnell1 ,d4 ,i4 ,jr4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #g1 n4 s41 p4 #bah4 #aije4 ,,axes4 ,stevenson1 ,j4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #b1 pp4 #cge ff4 ,walpi4 #ahhj-ha4 ,douglass1 ,a4 ,e4 ,american ,antiquarian1 #ahhj-ha1 pp4 #ajj ff4 ,florida4 #ahhj-ha4 ,mc,guire1 ,j4 ,d4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #aff ff4 #ahib4 ,fisher1 ,a4 ,w4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ge4 #ahie4 ,laidlaw1 ,g4 ,e4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #fh ff4 ,ontario4 #ahig4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #ajj4 ,cliff-,dweller4 #ahii4 ,peterson1 ,c4 ,a4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijc1 p4 #bg4 ,missouri4 #aijc4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijc1 p4 #cea4 ,iowa4 #aijc4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #bbg4 #aijf4 ,winchell1 ,n4 ,h4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijg1 p4 #ade4 #aijg4 ,gesner1 ,a4 ,t4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijh1 p4 #bdc4 ,minnesota4 #aijh4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 n4 s41 p4 #fcc4 #aijh4 ,,banner-,,stones4 ,fountain1 ,g4 ,h4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #ahf4 #ahih4 ,williams1 ,f4 ,h4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 pp4 #bja ff4 #ahih4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ai1 p4 #bf4 ,distribution4 #ahig4 ,robinson1 ,c4 ,h4 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 #aijh1 p4 #acd4 #aijh4 ,,basalt4 ,mc,guire1 ,j4 ,d4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 p4 #afi4 #ahib4 ,,basketry4 ,swan1 ,j4 ,g4 ,smithsonian ,contributions1 ,,xvi1 p4 #de4 ,cape ,flattery4 #ahgj4 ,montgomery1 ,h4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 #ahhi1 p4 #cdc4 ,north ,dakota4 #ahhi4 ,matthews1 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #g1 p4 #bjb4 ,navajo4 #ahid4 ,dixon1 ,r4 ,b4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #b1 n4 s41 pp4 #bff ff4 #aijj4 ,farrand1 ,l4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 pp4 #cia ff4 ,salishan4 #aijj4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,anthropological ,studies in ,california1 pp4 #aee ff4 #aijj4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #bb1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ih4 ,pueblo4 #aijj-ja4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 n4 s41 pp4 #aji ff4 #aija4 ,stevenson1 ,m4 ,c4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #bc1 p4 #cgc4 ,zui4 #aija-jb4 ,pepper1 ,g4 ,h4 ,journal of ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 ,,ii1 no4 #d1 ,suppl4 p4 #bb4 ,utah4 #aijb4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #aijb1 pp4 #aga-edh4 ,a general paper4 #aijb4 ,emmons1 ,g4 ,t4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 ,,iii1 ,anthropology ,,ii1 pp4 #bbi4 #aijc4 ,goddard1 ,p4 ,l4 ,publications of the ,university of ,california1 vol4 #a1 no4 #a1 p4 #ch4 ,hupa4 #aijc-jd4 ,kroeber1 ,a4 ,l4 ,publications of the ,university of ,california1 vol4 #b1 no4 #d1 pp4 #ajf ff4 #aijd-jg4 ,dixon1 ,r4 ,b4 ,bulletin of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 #ag1 ,pt4 #c1 pp4 #ade ff4 #aije4 ,montgomery1 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 pp4 #fdd ff4 ,dakota4 #aijf4 ,note4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #bi1 pp4 #afh ff4 #aijg4 ,speck1 ,f4 ,d4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,anthropological ,association1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #b1 p4 #aji4 ,creek4 #aijg4 ,transactions of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #b1 p4 #afj4 ,osage4 ,hough1 ,w4 ,bulletin of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ce1 p4 #bd4 ,south-,western ,culture4 #aijg4 ,note4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #cj1 p4 #cec4 #aijh4 ,harrington1 ,m4 ,r4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #daj4 ,lenape4 #aijh4 ,barrett1 ,s4 ,a4 ,publications of the ,university of ,california1 vol4 #g1 no4 #c1 pp4 #acf ff4 ,pomo4 #aijh4 ,kissell1 ,m4 ,l4 ,science1 ,dec4 #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #icc4 ,classification4 #aiji4 ,speck1 ,f4 ,g4 ,anthropological ,publications1 ,university of ,pennsylvania1 vol4 #a1 no4 #a1 p4 #ca4 ,yuchi4 #aiji4 ,,beads4 ,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajd4 #ahij4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #fa4 #ahib4 ,hoffman1 ,w4 ,j4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ad1 p4 #bfg4 #ahib-ic4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #a1 p4 #eb4 ,michigan4 #ahic4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #be1 p4 #ajh4 ,porto ,rico4 #aijc-jd4 ,richmond1 ,j4 ,f4 ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,quarterly1 #aijg1 p4 #ddh4 ,florida4 #aijg4 ,kroeber1 ,a4 ,l4 ,publications of the ,university of ,california1 vol4 ,,viii1 #b1 p4 #fc4 ,cahuilla ,indians4 #aijh4 ,,bird-,,stones4 ,moorehead1 ,w4 ,k4 ,the ,birdstone ,ceremonial4 ,a general discussion4 ,brown1 ,c4 ,e4 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 vol4 #h1 i1 pp4 #e ff4 ,wisconsin4 #aiji4 ,,blankets4 ,pepper1 ,g4 ,h4 ,the ,making of a ,navajo ,blanket4 ,new ,york4 #aijb4 ,,bobbins4 ,berlin1 ,a4 ,f4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #agb4 #ahig4 ,,bodkins4 ,mc,guire1 ,j4 ,g4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahid1 pp4 #fbc ff4 ,primitive ,drilling4 #ahid4 ,,bone ,,and ,,bone ,,implements4 ,rau1 ,c4 ,prehistoric ,fishing1 pp4 #g1 #ac1 #df1 #abj1 etc4 #ahhd4 ,moorehead1 ,w4 ,k4 ,fort ,ancient1 p4 #dc4 #ahij4 ,howe1 ,g4 ,l4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bed4 ,california4 #ahid4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,international ,congress of ,anthropology4 ,chicago1 p4 #gc1 #ahid4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,,ii1 ,anthropology1 ,i1 no4 ,,iii1 p4 #acd4 #ahii4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #bb1 ,i1 p4 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general discussion4 #ahib4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #a ff4 ,a general discussion4 #ahic4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,quarterly1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ead4 #ahic4 ,mercer1 ,h4 ,c4 ,american ,naturalist1 #ahic1 pp4 #ifb ff4 #ahic4 ,berlin1 ,a4 ,f4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ec4 ,indiana4 #ahic4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ae1 pp4 #c ff4 ,potomac-,chesapeake ,province4 #ahic-id4 ,newton1 ,w4 ,s4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aib4 #ahid4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cbh4 #ahid4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,international ,congress of ,anthropology1 pp4 #abj ff4 #ahid4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #aig4 #ahie4 ,crawford4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bbj4 ,nicaragua4 #ahie4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #agi4 #ahie4 ,fowke1 ,g4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cjj4 #ahie4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ag1 #b1 p4 #gbi4 ,arizona4 #ahie-if4 ,mc,guire1 ,j4 ,d4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #i1 p4 #bbg4 #ahif4 ,thomas1 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #i1 p4 #dje4 #ahif4 ,thomas1 ,c4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #fc4 7,cf4 preceding article47 ,leeper1 ,d4 ,r4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #aig4 #ahig4 ,laubach1 ,c4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #abf4 ,delaware ,river4 #ahig4 ,seever1 ,w4 ,j4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #ada4 ,tennessee4 #ahig4 ,coover1 ,a4 ,b4 ,the ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #cjd4 ,ohio4 #ahig4 ,starr1 ,f4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #de4 ,mexico4 #ahig4 ,thomas1 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #cgf4 ,washington 7,state74 #ahig4 ,powers1 ,a4 ,j4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #ab4 ,georgia4 #ahih4 ,thruston1 ,g4 ,p4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #bbe4 #ahih4 ,thacker1 ,w4 ,h4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #ahi4 ,san ,juan ,archipelago4 #ahih4 ,ivey1 ,h4 ,j4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #bhi4 #ahih4 ,laubach1 ,c4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #bif4 #ahih4 ,williams1 ,f4 ,h4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #ajb4 #ahih4 ,eisen1 ,d4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahih1 p4 #acf4 #ahih4 ,phillips1 ,w4 ,a4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #b1 n4 s41 p4 #cg4 ,illinois4 #aijj4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #aijj1 p4 #agg4 ,california4 #aijj4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #c1 n4 s41 pp4 #bhi1 #eja1 #gbf4 ,michigan4 #aija4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #d1 p4 #dhg1 n4 s4 ,hopi4 #aijb4 ,wren1 ,c4 ,proceedings of the ,wyoming ,historical and ,geological ,society1 #aijb-jc1 pp4 #ic ff4 p4 #ag1 ,pennsylvania4 #aijb-jc4 ,culin1 ,s4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 n4 s41 p4 #fb4 #aijc4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #be1 pp4 #aaj and #afg4 ,porto ,rico4 #aijb-jc4 ,peabody1 ,c4 ,papers of the ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 #c1 no4 #b1 p4 #dj4 ,mississippi4 #aijd4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #f1 p4 #eic1 n4 s4 ,cuba4 #aijd4 ,will1 ,g4 ,f41 and ,spinden1 ,h4 ,j4 ,papers of the ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 #c1 no4 #d1 p4 #afc4 ,the ,mandans4 #aijf4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,i4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 n4 s41 p4 #cje4 ,lower ,columbia ,valley4 #aijf4 ,rust1 ,h4 ,n4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 n4 s41 p4 #fhf4 #aijf4 ,moorehead1 ,w4 ,k4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #beg4 ,new ,mexico4 #aijh4 ,coover1 ,a4 ,b4 ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,quarterly1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #ch4 ,ohio4 #aijh4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aj1 n4 s41 p4 #fbe4 ,porto ,rico4 #aijh4 ,lowie1 ,r4 ,h4 ,anthropological ,papers of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #b1 p4 #agc4 ,shoshone4 #aiji4 ,,stone ,,graves4 ,peet1 ,s4 ,d4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #cbi4 #ahij4 ,thruston1 ,g4 ,p4 ,the ,archologist1 #ahic1 p4 #adf4 ,tennessee4 #ahic4 ,thompson1 ,a4 ,h4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #daa4 ,tennessee4 #aija4 ,,stone ,,monuments4 ,simms1 ,s4 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #e1 n4 s41 pp4 #ajg and #cgd4 #aijc4 ,,swastika4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 pp4 #geg ff4 ,a general discussion4 #ahid4 ,brower1 ,c4 de ,w4 ,records of the ,past1 #aijg1 pp4 #bcf ff4 #aijg4 ,,tablets4 ,rau1 ,c4 ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cca4 ,palenque4 #ahgi4 ,campbell1 ,j4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #d1 p4 #ade4 ,davenport4 #ahhb4 ,brinton1 ,d4 ,g4 ,the ,archologist1 #ahic1 p4 #bja4 ,long ,island4 #ahic4 ,montgomery1 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #h1 p4 #fde4 ,dakota4 #aijf4 ,moorehead1 ,w4 ,k4 ,bulletin #d of the ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 p4 #ace4 8,guest40 #aijh4 ,,tattooing4 ,sinclair1 ,a4 ,t4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aa1 n4 s41 p4 #cfb4 ,a general discussion4 #aiji4 ,,textiles4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #c1 pp4 #cic ff4 #ahha-hb4 ,dixon1 ,r4 ,b4 ,bulletin of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 #ag1 #c1 p4 #adi4 ,california4 #aije4 ,,throwing-,,stick4 ,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ah1 p4 #aeb4 ,eskimo4 #ahif-ig4 ,note4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #bi1 p4 #aai4 #aijg4 ,pepper1 ,g4 ,h4 8,the ,throwing-,stick of a ,prehistoric ,people40 7,southwest47 ,,traps4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,american ,anthropologist1 #aijj1 pp4 #feg ff4 ,a general discussion4 #aijj4 ,,tubes4 ,read1 ,m4 ,c4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ec4 #ahgi4 ,,turquoise4 ,pepper1 ,g4 ,h4 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #g1 n4 s41 pp4 #aid ff4 ,pueblo ,bonito4 #aije4 ,,wampum4 ,parkman1 ,f4 ,the ,jesuits in ,north ,america1 p4 xxxi4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #b1 pp4 #bce ff4 #ahhj-ha4 ,adams1 ,w4 ,w4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #a1 p4 #hc4 #ahic4 ,beauchamp1 ,w4 ,m4 ,the ,archologist1 vol4 #b1 p4 #id4 #ahid4 ,calver1 ,w4 ,l4 ,american ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #hi4 ,new ,york4 #ahig4 ,beauchamp1 ,w4 ,m4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #bj1 p4 #a4 #ahih4 ,,war-,,clubs4 ,wickersham1 ,j4 ,american ,antiquarian1 vol4 #ag1 p4 #gb4 ,a general discussion4 #ahie4 ,,wedges4 ,gilder1 ,r4 ,records of the ,past1 #aiji1 p4 #f4 #aiji4 ,,wood4 ,hough1 ,w4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahhh1 pp4 #eca ff4 #ahhh4 ,hale1 ,j4 ,p4 ,american ,antiquarian1 #ahig1 p4 #abb4 ,west ,virginia and ,kentucky4 #ahig4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #be1 p4 #aid4 ,porto ,rico4 #aijc-jd4 ,russell1 ,f4 ,report of ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #bf1 p4 #ig4 ,pima4 #aijd-je4 ,,zo,,techny4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,american ,anthropologist1 #ahii1 p4 #de4 #ahii4 ,,bibliography ,,of ,,the ,,writings ,,of ,,warren ,k4 ,,moorehead ,as nearly all of my own articles1 reports1 and books deal with archological subjects1 ,i have thought best to include a bibliography of these1 placed separately1 although a few are referred to in various places in the preceding pages of the ,bibliography4 ,american ,antiquarian1 ,the1 #ahhg-aija4 ,numerous articles4 ,american ,archologist1 #ahig-ahii4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,numerous articles4 ,archologist1 ,the1 #ahic-ahie4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,numerous articles4 ,are the ,hopewell ,copper ,objects ,prehistoric8 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,january-,march1 #aijc4 ,bird ,stone ,ceremonial1 ,the4 #ca pp4 #db figures4 ,large pamphlet4 ,saranac ,lake1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahii4 ,bird ,stone ,ceremonial and ,suggestion of ,archologic ,nomenclature4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,report4 #aijj4 ,cincinnati ,society1 ,natural ,history4 ,various papers in ,reports1 #ahhh-aijj4 ,commercial vs4 ,scientific ,collecting4 ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,quarterly1 ,january1 #aijd4 ,exhibit from ,m4 ,c4 ,hopewell's ,farm1 ,description of the4 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio4 #bj pp4 #i full-page plates4 ,chicago1 #ahic4 ,expedition to the ,southwest4 ,a score of illustrated articles in the ,illustrated ,american1 #ahib4 ,new ,york4 ,exploration of ,jacobs ,cavern1 ,the4 ,bulletin #a1 ,department of ,archology1 ,phillips ,academy4 #bi pp4 #aa full-page plates2 large foldingmap4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,january1 #aijd4 ,co-author with ,dr4 ,c4 ,peabody4 ,field ,diary of an ,archological ,collector1 ,the4 #ga large pp41 #db figures4 ,american ,inventor1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,march1 #aijc-;,april1 #aijd4 ,field ,work1 ,report of4 #ajh pp4 #de figs4 ,vol4 ,v 7#ahig7 of the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society ,report4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,field ,work1 ,report of4 #if pp4 #bb figures4 ,vol4 ,,vii 7#ahih7 of the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society ,report4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,first ,report of the ,curator of the ,archological ,museum of the ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,also ,preliminary ,exploration of ,ohio ,caves4 #ag pp42 a table4 ,columbus1 #ahie4 ,fort ,ancient4 #abi pp4 #cg full-page plates2 large folding map4 ,cincinnati1 #ahhi4 ,robert ,clarke ,co4 ,fort ,ancient1 ,description of4 #af pp4 #ab figures and large map4 ,vol4 ,,iv 7#ahif7 of the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society ,report4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,fort ,ancient1 the ,great ,prehistoric ,earth ,work of ,warren ,county1 ,ohio4 #aff pp4 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,bulletin ,,iv1 ,department of ,archology1 ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,mass4 #aijh4 ,ghost ,dance1 ,the4 #f illustrated articles appearing in the ,illustrated ,american4 ,new ,york1 ,january-,march1 #ahia4 ,gravel ,kame ,burials in ,ohio4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,report4 #aijb4 ,hopewell ,group1 ,the4 ,about #fj pages4 #gj figures4 ,continued from ,may1 #ahig1 to ,february1 #ahih1 in the ,american ,archologist4 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,indian ,tribes of ,ohio1 ,the4 #aji pp4 ,vol4 ,,vii 7#ahih7 of the ,ohio ,archological and ,historical ,society ,report4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,metzger ,mound1 ,the4 #aj pp4 #d figures4 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia4 #ahid4 ,modern and ,prehistoric ,village ,sites in ,ohio1 compared4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,report4 #ahid4 ,narrative of ,explorations in ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 etc4 ,bulletin ,,iii1 ,department of ,archology1 ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,mass4 #bjj pp4 #hb figures4 #aijf4 ,new ,science1 ,a1 at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,north ,american ,review1 #aijc4 ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,reports1 ,the4 ,numerous articles4 #ahid-ahie4 ,popular ,science ,news4 #ahie-aijj4 ,new ,york4 ,numerous articles4 ,prehistoric ,implements4 #fba figures4 #dca pp4 ,saranac ,lake1 ,new ,york4 ,june1 #aijj4 ,prehistoric ,relics4 #agf pp4 #ahj figures4 ,andover1 ,mass4 #aijd4 ,primitive ,man in ,ohio4 #bdf pp4 #ed figures4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 ,primitive ,cultures in ,ohio1 ,a ,study of4 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume1 p4 #acg4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aiji4 ,recent ,archological ,discoveries in ,ohio4 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 ,august1 #ahib4 ,red ,cloud1 ,a ,sketch of ,his ,life4 ,boston ,transcript1 ,december #bb1 #aiji4 ,remarks upon the ,sheet ,copper ,designs of the ,hopewell ,group1 ,ohio4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,report4 #ahic4 ,report of the ,committee on ,archological ,nomenclature4 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,march1 #aiji4 ,ruins at ,aztec on the ,rio ,la ,plata1 ,new ,mexico4 ,explored #ahib4 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,june1 #aijh4 ,ruins of ,southern ,utah1 ,the4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,report4 #ahib4 ,science4 #ahij-aijc4 ,numerous articles4 ,singular ,copper ,implements and ,ornaments from the ,hopewell ,group1 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,report4 #ahib4 ,so-called 8,gorgets10 ,the4 ,bulletin ,,ii1 ,department of ,archology1 ,phillips ,academy4 #ajj pp4 #ah plates4 ,andover1 ,mass41 #aijf4 ,co-author with ,dr4 ,c4 ,peabody4 ,unknown ,forms of ,stone ,objects4 ,some #f pp4 #i figures4 ,records of the ,past1 ,september1 #aijd4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wilson1 ,the ,late ,dr4 ,thomas4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science4 ,meeting at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 #aijb4 ,,index ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c41 ,i1 #cd2 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,abbott1 ,g4 ,b41 ,corning1 ,california1 ,,ii1 #ajc4 ,acaxes1 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,adaptation1 ,,ii1 #ced ff4 ,adzes1 ,i1 #bed1 #bgc ff42 conclusions1 ,i1 #cbb ff42 copper1 ,,ii1 #ahi4 ,adze1 triangular1 ,i1 #bgd4 ,afton1 ,indian ,territory 7,oklahoma71 ,i1 #bae4 ,agricultural implements1 chapter ,,ix1 #age ff4 ,agua ,caliente1 axes1 ,i1 #caf4 ,alaska1 woman's knife1 ,,ii1 #caa4 ,algonquian pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgh4 ,algonquins1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,allentown1 ,pennsylvania1 ,i1 #ce2 knives1 ,i1 #hf4 ,altar mounds1 containing finer specimens1 ,,ii1 #fc2 hematites1 ,,ii1 #bie4 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #dbg2 ,,ii1 #cjb4 ,amulets in ,eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccb4 ,analyses of specimens1 ,,ii1 #cec4 ,ancient vs4 modern art1 ,,ii1 #cee4 ,anderson1 ,clifford1 ,,ii1 #bej4 ,animal effigies1 ,,ii1 #bj4 ,antiquity of pottery-making1 ,,ii1 #bid4 ,antler in ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdj4 ,antler-tips1 as arrow-points1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,apaches1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,appalachian pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgh4 8,archologia ,nova ,csarea10 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,archological map of ,ohio1 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,arizona1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdd2 rings1 ,i1 #ddb4 ,arkansas1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch2 engraved disc1 ,i1 #deb4 ,armlets1 ,,ii1 #cce4 ,army and ,medical ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,i1 #aba4 ,arnold1 ,b4 ,w41 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #caa4 ,arrow-heads in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca2 ,canadian ,plains1 ,,ii1 #ccd2 ,utah1 ,,ii1 #cch2 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,arrow-point1 analyzed1 ,i1 #ajj4 ,arrow-points embedded in bone1 ,i1 #ajh4 ,arrow-points1 manufacture1 ,i1 #eh4 ,arrow-points1 8rotary10 ,i1 #fh4 ,arrow-shaft reducers1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,arrow-wounds1 ,i1 #aab4 ,art at its best before ,european contact1 ,,ii1 #fg4 ,art in flint-chipping1 ,i1 #ace4 ,artifacts1 number available for study1 ,i1 #aj4 ,ash-pits as preservatives1 ,,ii1 #acf4 ,atlantic ,coast1 shells1 ,,ii1 #aah1 #abj4 ,atlatls1 ,utah1 ,,ii1 #ccf4 ,awls of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,axes1 ,i1 #ahf ff42 cached1 ,i1 #bba2 manufacture1 ,i1 #bbf ff42 conclusions1 ,i1 #cbb ff42 copper1 ,,ii1 #ahj4 ,bainbridge1 ,ohio1 large blade1 ,i1 #bcc4 ,banded slate1 material for problematical forms1 ,i1 #cdc4 ,bangles of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbe4 8,banner0 stones1 ,i1 #cdf2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbd2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccb4 ,bar-amulets1 ,i1 #djb4 ,barbed axes1 ,i1 #cab4 ,bark1 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cci4 ,barnard1 ,w4 ,c41 ,i1 #dc4 ,barr1 ,james ,a41 ,i1 #aed4 ,barrett1 ,professor ,s4 ,a41 pipes1 ,,ii1 #hh2 ,cayapa ,indians1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,basalt1 ,,ii1 #aaa4 ,baskets1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,batrachians1 represented in pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,bay-bah-dwung-gay-aush 78,daydodge071 ,,ii1 #cef4 8,bayonet-backed spear-points10 of copper1 ,,ii1 #baj4 ,beads1 ,i1 #cee1 #dec2 of shell1 ,,ii1 #aah2 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbd2 of glass1 ,,ii1 #bbg4 ,beasley1 ,b41 ,montgomery1 ,alabama1 ,,ii1 #aba4 ,beauchamp1 ,dr4 ,wm41 ,i1 #bfj1 #chj2 ,,ii1 #ad4 ,bell-shaped pestles1 ,,ii1 #ajb4 ,benedict1 ,f4 ,m41 ,,ii1 #bjb4 ,beveled points1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bjb4 ,bicaves1 ,i1 #ddc ff42 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,bird1 much in evidence in prehistoric sculpture1 ,,ii1 #hj2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,bird-stones in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccb4 ,bird-stones1 ,,ii1 #d ff42 unfinished1 ,,ii1 #h4 ,black ,hills1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,bludgeon1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbd4 ,bluffs1 worked into mortars1 ,,ii1 #ajb4 ,boas1 ,professor ,franz1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,boat-shaped objects1 ,i1 #cda1 #djb4 ,bone1 in general1 ,,ii1 #acd ff42 as material for ornaments1 ,i1 #ceh4 ,borers1 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,boulders1 as mortars1 ,,ii1 #ajb4 ,boulder ruin culture1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,bows1 classified1 ,i1 #aje4 ,bows and arrows1 ,i1 #ajj ff4 ,bowls from tree-knots1 ,i1 #bhh4 ,boyle1 ,professor ,david1 ,,ii1 #ag4 ,bracelets1 ,i1 #cef2 of shell1 ,,ii1 #acb2 of horn1 ,,ii1 #aed4 ,bragg's collection of pipes1 ,,ii1 #hi4 ,braiding1 methods1 ,,ii1 #bdb4 ,brewerton1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #bgj4 ,british ,museum1 ,,ii1 #hi4 ,broken winged forms1 ,i1 #cgi4 ,brower1 ,j4 ,v41 ,,ii1 #aec4 ,brown1 ,c4 ,e41 ,wisconsin1 etc41 ,i1 #aa1 #ahj1 #bci1 #cjf1 #cgd1 #chf1 #dah2 ,,ii1 #aae1 #aef1 #afa1 #bid1 #cjd4 ,buffalo1 classification of uses1 ,i1 #bjg2 extermination1 ,i1 #bjh-bji2 bones1 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,buffalo hides1 preparation1 ,i1 #bjh4 ,bull-roarers1 ,i1 #daf4 ,burial of problematical forms1 ,i1 #cdg4 ,busycon shells1 ,,ii1 #abb4 8,butterfly0 stones1 ,i1 #cda4 ,cabeza de ,vaca1 ,i1 #ib4 ,caches1 flakes1 etc41 ,i1 #eg1 #aff2 leaf-shaped implements1 ,i1 #ach2 flint objects1 ,i1 #baf2 bowls1 ,,ii1 #aab4 ,california1 quarries1 ,i1 #ce2 obsidian blades1 ,i1 #bcb2 rings1 ,i1 #ddb2 pestles1 ,,ii1 #ajc4 ,calumet pipe1 ,,ii1 #da4 ,canada1 northeastern1 celts1 adzes1 and gouges1 ,i1 #bgc2 harpoons1 ,,ii1 #acg4 ,canadian culture areas1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,cannel-coal1 gorget1 ,i1 #cgc4 ,cannibals1 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,canoes1 manufacture1 ,i1 #bhj4 ,carolina1 ear-bobs1 ,i1 #cef2 shells1 ,,ii1 #abb4 ,carr1 ,a4 ,b41 ,etna ,mills1 ,,ii1 #cjh4 ,carr1 ,lucien1 ,i1 #cej4 ,carvings on pipes1 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,catlin1 collection of ,indian portraits1 ,i1 #eb4 ,catlinite1 ,,ii1 #da2 a comparatively recent mineral1 ,,ii1 #ea4 ,catlinite quarries1 ,,ii1 #db4 ,caves1 of ,kentucky and the ,ozarks1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,cave-,dweller culture1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,cayapa ,indians1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,celts1 ,i1 #ahf ff42 7ground71 ,i1 #beb ff42 conclusions1 ,i1 #cbb ff42 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,celts in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,cemeteries1 ,tennessee1 ,i1 #afd4 ,central ,america1 metates1 ,,ii1 #aaf4 ,central and western ,pennsylvania culture-group1 ,,ii1 #cei4 8,ceremonials10 ,i1 #cdf4 ,ceremonial pipes1 ,,ii1 #eg4 8,ceremonial swords10 ,i1 #afb4 ,chaco ,group1 ,,ii1 #acc4 ,chamberlin1 ,t4 ,c41 ,i1 #cd4 ,champlain1 ,lake1 ,i1 #bcf4 ,chandler1 ,g4 ,p41 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee1 ,i1 #dee4 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 ,museum1 ,i1 #aj4 8,charms10 ,i1 #cdf4 ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee1 discoidals1 ,i1 #dea4 ,chesapeake region1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bcf4 ,chipped implements1 ,sellars's remarks1 ,i1 #dh ff42 types3 knives1 chapter ,v1 p4 #hj ff42 projectile points1 chapter ,,vi1 p4 #ii ff42 chapter ,,vii1 p4 #abg ff42 unusual forms1 chapter ,,viii1 p4 #aed ff42 conclusions1 ,i1 #bcb ff4 ,chippewa ,indians1 ,,ii1 #aei1 #afg4 ,chipping-tools of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,chisels1 copper1 ,,ii1 #ahd4 ,choice of materials1 ,i1 #bid ff4 ,chunky stones1 ,i1 #ddd4 ,cincinnati 7,ohio71 ,art ,museum1 ,i1 #ccd4 ,classification1 by ,committee on ,nomenclature1 ,i1 #bc ff4 ,classification1 need of1 ,i1 #i2 presented1 #ca ff42 of pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgh2 of hematites1 ,,ii1 #cja4 ,classification1 plans for1 ,i1 #aj ff4 ,claws1 as ornaments1 ,i1 #cef4 ,cliff-,dwellers1 axes1 ,i1 #cab1 #caf2 mano-stones1 ,,ii1 #ajc4 ,cliff-,dweller country1 pottery1 ,,ii1 #beg4 ,cliff-,dweller culture1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,cliff ruins in ,utah1 ,,ii1 #ccf4 ,cloth1 as wrapping for copper objects1 ,,ii1 #bcd4 ,coffin-shaped gorgets1 ,i1 #cda4 ,collie1 ,professor ,g4 ,l41 ,i1 #bhi4 ,columbia ,valley1 ,i1 #bcc4 ,columbia ,valley culture area1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,conclusions of 8,stone ,age10 ,,ii1 #cdd ff4 ,conical projectile points of copper1 ,,ii1 #bjf4 ,conventional design1 ,,ii1 #bhh4 ,conventionalization1 ,,ii1 #bhh4 ,copper1 discovery of1 ,,ii1 #afh2 distribution of1 ,,ii1 #agd2 fabrication of1 ,,ii1 #agb ff42 in general1 ,,ii1 #afa ff42 manufacture of1 aboriginal1 ,,ii1 #afe2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccb2 in ,plains of ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cce2 in ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdb4 ,copper-casting1 not aboriginal1 ,,ii1 #agc1 #agd4 ,cord for attaching ear-rings1 ,,ii1 #bbg4 ,cores 7,flint ,ridge1 ,o471 ,fig4 #bg1 ,i1 p4 #cc4 ,corn 7maize71 ,,ii1 #if4 8,corn-shellers10 ,,ii1 #cad4 ,cornstalk1 ,,ii1 #cde4 ,coronado's historian1 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,coshocton1 ,ohio1 ,i1 #ce4 ,crescents1 ,i1 #cda1 #djb2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbh4 ,crosby1 ,h4 ,a41 ,i1 #bgd4 ,crosses1 as decoration1 ,i1 #djd2 on shell1 ,,ii1 #aca4 ,crow ,indians1 necklaces1 ,i1 #baf4 ,culture-groups1 ,,ii1 #ceg ff4 ,cumberland ,valley 7,tennessee and ,kentucky71 ,,ii1 #abc2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bef4 ,cup-stones1 ,,ii1 #cad ff4 ,cushing1 ,f4 ,h41 ,i1 ,,ii2 8gorgets as bases10 ,i1 #dab2 ,piney ,branch1 ,i1 #ci2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agc4 ,cylinders of copper 7beads71 ,,ii1 #bbe4 ,dakota1 culture area1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,dakota ,indians1 ,,ii1 #aff1 #afg4 ,deer1 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,degeneration1 of forms1 ,i1 #cb2 of ceremonial1 ,,ii1 #fa4 ,delaware ,river1 ,i1 #ce2 axes1 ,i1 #cbc2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,delaware ,valley and region 7culture-group71 ,,ii1 #cei4 ,denver ,museum1 ,colorado1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,digging-tools 7see also ,agricultural implements71 of shell1 ,,ii1 #abj4 ,discs1 ,i1 #ih2 cached1 ,i1 #baf2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #ahj2 of clay1 ,,ii1 #bfd4 ,discoidal stones1 ,i1 #ddc ff4 ,discus-thrower1 figure in resemblance on shell gorget1 ,,ii1 #abe4 ,disease among aborigines1 ,,ii1 #cdf4 ,diversity of cultures as an argument for antiquity1 ,,ii1 #cec4 ,division of labor1 ,i1 #ed4 ,domestic science1 ,,ii1 #acg4 ,dominion ,museum1 ,toronto1 ,ontario1 ,i1 #ccd4 ,dorsey1 ,g4 ,a41 ,i1 #f4 8,double-bitted0 axes1 ,i1 #cjg4 ,douglas1 ,a4 ,e41 ,i1 #djb4 ,dress of ,american ,indians1 ,i1 #cej4 ,drift-copper1 in ,wisconsin and ,michigan1 ,,ii1 #bca4 ,drills1 as war-points1 ,i1 #abb4 ,eastern ,canada1 in stone age1 ,h4 ,montgomery1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,eastman1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a41 ,i1 #bdi4 ,eddyville1 ,kentucky1 shell gorget1 ,,ii1 #abe4 ,etowah ,group1 ,georgia1 ,,ii1 #bf4 ,evolution of ornaments1 ,i1 #ccb4 ,extreme ,north1 absence of pottery1 ,,ii1 #bdh4 ,folk-lore1 value of1 ,i1 #f4 ,eagle1 realistically treated1 ,,ii1 #bhh4 ,ear-piercing1 ,i1 #cec-ced4 ,ear-plugs1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbg4 ,earrings1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbf4 ,eastern ,canada culture-group1 ,,ii1 #ceh4 ,effigies1 ,,ii1 #a ff42 of shell1 ,,ii1 #acb2 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd2 of clay1 ,,ii1 #bfd4 ,effigy pestles1 ,,ii1 #aad2 pipes1 ,,ii1 #eg4 ,egyptian pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgh4 ,elk1 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,ellsworth1 ,w4 ,h41 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 ,i1 #bdj4 ,eskimo harpoons1 ,,ii1 #acg4 ,eyed projectile points of copper1 ,,ii1 #bjb4 ,feather objects in ,utah1 ,,ii1 #ccg4 ,fewkes1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w41 shell effigies1 ,,ii1 #acc4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 ,i1 #bcb1 #ccd4 ,field study1 ,,ii1 #cfe ff4 ,figured stamp1 ,,ii1 #bhf4 ,finger-rings1 ,i1 #ddb2 of shell1 ,,ii1 #acb2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbf4 ,finishing-shops1 ,i1 #cg-ch4 ,fishes represented in pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,fish-bladders as ornaments1 ,i1 #cef4 ,fish-hooks1 ,,ii1 #acd2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbb4 ,fishing by harpoons1 ,,ii1 #adj4 ,fish-nets1 ,,ii1 #ada4 ,five ,nations1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,flint celts1 classified1 ,i1 #aia2 rare at ,flint ,ridge1 ,ohio1 ,i1 #aif4 ,flint ,ridge1 ,ohio1 ,i1 #ce4 ,florida1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bci2 shells1 ,,ii1 #abb2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,fluted celts1 ,i1 #bgb4 ,fluted stone axes1 ,i1 #caf ff4 ,fort ,ancient1 ,ohio1 ,i1 #cgc4 ,fort ,ancient culture1 ,,ii1 #bej4 ,fowke1 ,g41 ,i1 #aj2 on quarrying1 ,i1 #cf2 on discoidal stones1 ,i1 #ddg2 on copper1 ,,ii1 #agc4 ,franck1 ,h4 ,w41 ,,ii1 #cfj4 ,frankfort1 ,ohio1 gorget1 ,i1 #cgc4 ,game-bones1 as 8good medicine10 ,i1 #dci4 ,georgia1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,gerend1 ,a41 ,,ii1 #bjf4 ,glacial man1 ,i1 #cd4 ,gorgets1 ,i1 #cda and passim2 in general1 ,i1 #cfb ff42 remade1 ,i1 #cfb1 #cgd2 re-perforated1 ,i1 #cfg2 on skeletons1 ,i1 #cgb2 of shell1 ,,ii1 #abb ff42 of copper1 ,,ii1 #ahj1 #bbg2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,gouges1 ,i1 #bed2 conclusions1 ,i1 #cbb ff42 copper1 ,,ii1 #ahh2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,gourds1 ,,ii1 #bch4 ,graves1 occurrence of copper in1 ,,ii1 #bcc4 ,great ,plains1 large proportion of scrapers on1 ,i1 #bje4 ,greece1 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgh4 ,greenstone1 ,i1 #cjj4 ,grooves1 variety1 ,i1 #cbf4 ,grooved stone axes1 ,i1 #bhg ff42 classified1 ,i1 #cjf-cjg1 #cab4 ,ground stone1 ,i1 #bea ff4 ,gruenberg1 ,professor ,b4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #cfg4 ,gulf of ,california1 shells1 ,,ii1 #acb4 ,gulf ,states1 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bdg4 ,gums for fastening the hafting1 ,i1 #bhf4 ,hafting1 scrapers1 ,i1 #bje2 celts1 ,i1 #bhd2 8spuds10 ,i1 #dcj2 bone1 ,,ii1 #aea4 ,hair-dressing1 ,i1 #cef4 ,hairpins1 ,i1 #baj4 ,hamilton1 ,h4 ,p41 ,i1 #bdb2 ,,ii1 #afa4 ,hammers1 ,canadian ,plains1 ,,ii1 #ccc2 ,utah1 ,,ii1 #cch2 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,hammer-stones1 ,i1 #cf1 #bbd ff42 types1 ,i1 #bcj4 8,handbook of ,american ,indians10 compared with 8,the ,stone ,age10 ,i1 #a2 problematical forms1 ,i1 #cdc4 ,hand-hatchet1 ,i1 #aig1 #bgj4 ,handles1 fastened with sinews and gum1 ,i1 #bhf2 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,harpoons1 ,,ii1 #acd2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bad2 of bone in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,hatchets1 ,i1 #beb4 ,head-dresses1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,hematite1 where found1 ,,ii1 #bie2 plummets1 ,,ii1 #bie4 ,hematite objects1 cached1 ,i1 #bba2 in general1 ,,ii1 #bie ff4 ,herrmann1 ,r41 ,dubuque1 ,iowa1 ,,ii1 #aei4 ,hiawatha traditions1 ,,ii1 #cef4 ,hodge1 ,f4 ,w41 ,i1 #aa4 ,hoes1 of shell1 ,,ii1 #abj4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h41 ,i1 #aj1 #cd1 #bhi2 ,potomac-,chesapeake ,province1 ,i1 #ch2 ,afton1 ,indian ,territory 7,oklahoma71 ,i1 #bae2 problematical forms1 ,i1 #cdf2 quarries1 ,,ii1 #ajd2 shell objects1 ,,ii1 #abd2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bdg4 ,hopewell ,group1 cache of discs1 ,i1 #bah2 value of beads1 ,,ii1 #abb4 ,horses1 unknown to aborigines1 ,,ii1 #cff4 ,hostility of ,indians to whites1 ,,ii1 #cff4 ,houmas1 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,hrdlika1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,human effigies1 ,,ii1 #be4 ,human features in flint1 ,i1 #afb2 on pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,hupa ,indians1 ,,ii1 #fi4 ,hurons1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,ice1 celts used for chopping1 ,i1 #bgj4 ,illinois1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdb2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd2 culture1 ,,ii1 #cfj4 ,impressions of fabrics1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,incised vs4 plastic designs1 ,,ii1 #bhh4 ,indians1 compared with ,australians and ,africans1 ,i1 #cca4 ,indian ,territory 7,oklahoma71 ,i1 #hf2 quarries1 #ace4 ,insertion1 inlaying1 ,,ii1 #aee4 ,invention of specialized tools1 ,,ii1 #bhf4 ,iowa1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdb2 bird-stones1 ,,ii1 #e2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd2 ,state ,museum1 ,,ii1 #cad4 ,iron1 use of1 ,,ii1 #cdd2 arrow-points of1 used for trade1 ,i1 #eb4 ,iroquoian culture-group1 ,,ii1 #ceh-cei4 ,iroquois pottery1 ,,ii1 #bdh4 ,irving1 ,professor ,j4 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ceb4 8,jesuit ,relations10 ,i1 #d2 ,,ii1 #aff4 ,jesup ,north ,pacific ,expedition1 ,i1 #cjb4 ,jewsharp pipe1 ,,ii1 #cb2 origin1 ,,ii1 #eb1 #ec4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,j41 ,i1 #dbb4 ,kansas pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgj4 ,kansas-,iowa buffalo culture1 ,,ii1 #cfa4 ,kelley ,cavern1 ,arkansas1 ,,ii1 #ajf1 #acf4 ,kentucky1 types of chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd2 culture1 ,,ii1 #cfj4 ,kern1 ,d4 ,n41 ,i1 #ch4 ,knives1 of bone1 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccj2 chipped1 passim2 see also1 ,points2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #aif2 of stone in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,kroeber1 ,professor ,a4 ,l41 ,i1 #bdf4 ,kuehne1 ,r41 ,,ii1 #aif4 ,l-shaped stones1 ,i1 #djb4 ,labrador1 material and its distribution1 ,i1 #bdi4 ,labrets1 ,i1 #ceb4 ,lacing of sandals1 ,,ii1 #bde4 ,ladles1 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,lagoon ,la ,jara1 ,california1 ,,ii1 #ajh4 ,lamin1 ,i1 #ccf4 ,lansing man1 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,lapidary1 aboriginal1 ,i1 #ade4 ,lawson1 ,p4 ,v41 ,i1 #bdj4 ,leather1 in ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cci4 ,lehigh ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 knives1 ,i1 #hf4 ,lenni-,lenape1 ,,ii1 #ceg4 ,lewis1 ,j4 ,b41 ,california1 ,i1 #dcf2 ,,ii1 #ajf4 ,lewis1 ,professor ,t4 ,h41 ,,ii1 #ahf4 ,linguistic stocks1 ,,ii1 #ceg4 ,little ,river1 ,tennessee1 ,i1 #ce2 flint1 ,i1 #bah4 ,living forms1 influence on ,american art1 ,,ii1 #c2 in pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,logan ,museum1 ,beloit1 ,wisconsin1 ,i1 #bda1 #cjh2 ,,ii1 #afa4 ,long1 ,major ,s4 ,h41 ,i1 #ej4 8,long-bitted0 axes1 ,i1 #cjf4 ,louisiana1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch4 ,maces1 ,i1 #dbb4 ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 bone handles1 ,i1 #bje2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bej4 ,mah-een-gonce1 ,ojibwa1 ,i1 #baf4 ,malleating pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,mallery1 ,g41 ,,ii1 #a4 ,mammoth1 ,,ii1 #afj4 ,mandans1 scrapers1 ,i1 #aih2 necklaces1 ,i1 #baf2 bone implements1 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,manitoba1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,mano-stones1 ,,ii1 #ajc4 ,marriage tokens 7bird-stones71 ,,ii1 #af4 ,martin's ,creek1 ,pennsylvania1 problematical forms1 ,i1 #cgf4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t41 industries1 ,i1 #af ff4 ,mats1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,mauls1 ,i1 #bfj2 on ,canadian ,plains1 ,,ii1 #ccc4 ,mc,coy1 ,solon1 ,mountain ,home1 ,idaho1 ,,ii1 #ajb4 ,mc,gee1 ,w ,j1 ,i1 #ccj2 ,seris1 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,mc,guire1 ,j4 ,d4 7pipes71 ,i1 #aa2 ,,ii1 #bi2 nephrite axe1 ,i1 #bbf ff4 ,medicine-man1 8,badthing10 ,i1 #id4 ,meredith1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,c41 ,i1 #aed1 #dcg2 ,,ii1 #cjh4 ,metates1 ,,ii1 #ie ff4 ,see also ,mortars4 ,mexico1 metates1 ,,ii1 #aae4 ,michigan1 ,,ii1 #ahf1 and passim4 ,see also under ,wisconsin4 ,michigan1 barbed axes1 ,i1 #cab4 ,midiwewin ,society1 ,,ii1 #cef4 ,migration1 ,i1 #bdi4 ,mills1 ,w4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #gi1 #adh4 ,mill-stones1 ,,ii1 #ajf4 ,milton ,college1 ,,ii1 #afa4 ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 ,i1 #bda1 #cjh4 ,minnesota1 bird-stones1 ,,ii1 #e2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,mississippi1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgj4 ,mississippi ,valley1 axes1 ,i1 #cbc2 importance of1 ,,ii1 #cdf4 ,missouri1 quarries1 ,i1 #ce2 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdb2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bef2 hematite1 ,,ii1 #bie2 culture area1 hematite belt1 ,,ii1 #cfj4 ,missouri ,historical ,society1 ,i1 #bcb4 ,mitchell1 ,s4 ,d41 ,,ii1 #afa4 ,mixed cultures1 may be found together1 ,,ii1 #gg4 ,moccasin ,bend1 ,tennessee1 ,i1 #bcb4 ,monitor pipes1 ,,ii1 #cc2 ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 and ,indiana1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,montgomery1 ,alabama1 ,i1 #dcj4 ,montgomery1 ,henry1 ,,ii1 #bdb2 reducing stone1 ,,ii1 #cac2 eastern ,canada1 ,utah1 and ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #ccj ff4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,b41 ,i1 #cbh1 #dbb1 #dcj2 shells1 ,,ii1 #abj2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bdg4 ,moose-antler2 imitated in flint1 ,i1 #afj4 ,mortars1 ,,ii1 #ie ff4 ,mortars and pestles1 not always found together1 ,,ii1 #aaa4 ,mounds1 eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccj4 ,mounting4 ,see ,hafting4 8,mullers10 ,i1 #dcd4 ,musical instruments1 ,,ii1 #afj4 ,mutilation1 for purposes of ornament1 ,i1 #ceb-cec4 8,mystery10 ,indian1 ,i1 #bae4 8,mystery stones10 ,i1 #bdi4 ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #ab4 ,navajo blankets1 ,,ii1 #cee4 ,nebraska pottery1 ,,ii1 #bgj4 ,necklaces1 of bone1 ,,ii1 #adb4 ,needles1 of bone1 ,,ii1 #aeg2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccj2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bba4 ,nelson1 ,c4 ,a41 ,,ii1 #abe4 ,net-sinkers1 ,i1 #dcb4 ,new ,brunswick1 limit of bird-stones1 ,,ii1 #e4 ,new ,england1 slate spear-heads1 ,i1 #bcd1 #bcf2 celts1 adzes1 and gouges1 ,i1 #bgc2 winged forms1 ,i1 #chf2 pestles1 ,,ii1 #ajb2 harpoons1 ,,ii1 #acg2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agh2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bdh2 culture-group1 ,,ii1 #ceh4 ,new ,hampshire1 quartzite1 etc41 ,i1 #bcd4 ,new ,jersey1 long slender chipped forms1 ,i1 #bcf4 ,new ,mexico1 quarries1 ,i1 #ce2 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdd4 ,new ,york ,state1 harpoons1 ,,ii1 #acg4 ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 ,i1 #bfj4 ,nomenclature committee1 membership1 ,i1 #aa4 ,northern ,california culture1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,north ,carolina1 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,northwest ,pacific ,coast culture1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,nose-piercing1 ,i1 #cec-ced4 ,nose rings1 ,i1 #cee4 ,notched implements1 ,i1 #dbf4 ,notched projectile points of copper1 ,,ii1 #bjb4 ,notched rattles1 ,,ii1 #aei4 ,nut-cracking by ,indians1 ,,ii1 #cbb4 ,objects of bone1 ,canadian ,plains1 ,,ii1 #ccd2 ,utah1 ,,ii1 #ccg2 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdj2 of shell1 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca2 ,canadian ,plains1 ,,ii1 #cce2 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdj2 of wood1 in ,utah1 ,,ii1 #ccf4 ,observation necessary to an archologist1 ,,ii1 #cea4 ,obsidian blades1 their value1 ,i1 #bdf4 ,ohio1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch2 gorgets1 ,i1 #cgc2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd2 culture1 ,,ii1 #cfj4 ,ohio ,river between ,aurora and ,lawrenceburg1 ,indiana1 ,,ii1 #cde4 ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society1 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,i1 #ccd4 ,ohio ,valley1 chisel celts1 ,i1 #cbd4 ,ojibwa1 ,i1 #dcb2 ,,ii1 #dj1 #fg1 #cef4 ,ollas1 for cooking1 ,,ii1 #bfd4 ,ornaments1 ,i1 #cbi ff42 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bcj ff42 of silver1 ,,ii1 #bcj4 ,osages1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,oshkosh ,library ,collection1 ,,ii1 #aif4 ,ozark culture area1 ,,ii1 #cfa4 ,ozark region1 axes1 ,i1 #bcd4 ,pacific ,coast1 knives1 ,i1 #if2 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdd4 ,paddles1 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,paducah1 ,kentucky1 pebbles1 ,i1 #gj1 #abf4 ,painting1 or tattoo-marks1 ,,ii1 #abf4 ,paint-pestles1 ,i1 #dcd4 ,paint-stones1 as mortars1 ,,ii1 #ajb4 ,paint-stone hematite1 ,,ii1 #cja4 ,palolithic forms with resemblances in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,palolithic implements1 ,i1 #ha4 ,palenque1 ,mexico1 ,,ii1 #fa4 ,parker1 ,w4 ,thornton1 ,m4 ,d41 ,i1 #abb4 ,patination1 ,i1 #agh2 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,peabody1 ,c41 ,i1 #aa1 #cfb1 #dca4 ,peabody1 ,r4 ,s41 ,,ii1 #be4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 ,i1 #bcb1 #ccd1 #cfb4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 ,,ii1 #ajd4 ,peale1 ,c4 ,w41 of the ,philadelphia ,museum1 ,i1 #ej4 ,pearls1 ,i1 #cfj4 ,pebbles1 drilled and used as ornaments1 ,i1 #cbi4 ,pendants1 ,i1 #cbi ff42 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbg4 ,pennsylvania1 large range of chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch4 ,pepper1 ,g4 ,h41 shell effigies1 ,,ii1 #acc4 ,perforated clubs1 ,,ii1 #caa4 ,perforations1 in problematical forms1 ,i1 #cdg2 in shell gorgets1 ,,ii1 #abe4 ,perforators 7see also ,awls1 ,drills71 in general1 ,i1 #baj ff42 classification1 ,i1 #baj2 use as pins1 ,i1 #baj2 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bai4 ,perishable materials1 ,i1 #cb2 ,,ii1 #cdd4 ,perkins1 ,e4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #baj4 ,perkins1 ,professor ,g4 ,h41 ,i1 #bcf1 #bgg4 ,pestles1 ,,ii1 #ie ff4 ,petaluma1 ,california1 plummets1 ,i1 #dcf4 ,phallic pestles1 ,,ii1 #aaf4 ,philadelphia ,museum1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,phillips ,academy collection1 ,andover1 ,massachusetts1 ,i1 #cfb1 and passim4 ,phnix1 ,arizona1 ,i1 #ach4 ,pick-shaped forms1 ,i1 #cda1 #djb4 ,pictographs on gorget1 ,i1 #chj2 in general1 ,,ii1 #a4 ,pikes1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #baf4 ,piney ,branch 7,d4 ,c471 ,i1 #ce4 ,pipes1 ,,ii1 #bi ff42 eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca2 ,canadian ,plains1 ,,ii1 #ccd2 ,utah1 ,,ii1 #cch2 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,pitted stones1 ,,ii1 #cad ff4 ,plastic vs4 incised designs1 ,,ii1 #bhh4 ,plummet-shaped forms1 ,i1 #dca ff4 ,pointed bowls for insertion in the ground1 ,,ii1 #aad4 ,point of view of the peoples of the stone age1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,population in ancient times1 ,,ii1 #cdd4 ,pottery1 in general1 ,,ii1 #bdg2 invention1 ,,ii1 #beh2 classified1 ,,ii1 #bgh2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccb2 ,plains of ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cce2 ,utah1 #cch2 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdb4 ,powell1 ,major ,j4 ,w41 ,,ii1 #ceg4 ,precious minerals1 ,,ii1 #cfd4 ,problematical forms1 in general1 ,i1 #cbi ff42 peculiar to ,america1 ,i1 #dad4 ,processes of stone-shaping1 ,i1 #bhi4 ,progression of types1 ,i1 #bfj4 ,projectile points1 copper1 ,,ii1 #ahj1 #aih4 ,provincial ,museum1 ,toronto1 ,ontario1 ,,ii1 #aa4 ,pueblo culture1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,punches1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #baf4 ,putnam1 ,professor ,f4 ,w41 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,pyrula shells1 ,,ii1 #abb4 ,quadrupeds in or on pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,quarries1 ,i1 #cd ff42 soapstone1 ,,ii1 #ajd4 ,quarrying materials1 ,i1 #ca ff4 ,question of antiquity of man in ,america1 ,,ii1 #cej ff4 ,rat-tail files1 discussion1 ,,ii1 #acc4 ,rattles1 ,i1 #ceg2 of clay1 ,,ii1 #bfa4 ,rau1 ,dr4 ,charles1 ,i1 #dba4 ,reeder1 ,j4 ,t41 ,,ii1 #abd4 ,reamers1 ,i1 #bab4 ,re-chipped specimens1 ,i1 #abd4 ,rejects1 ,i1 #dc1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,re-made specimens1 axes as hammers1 ,i1 #bca2 problematical forms1 ,i1 #cdg4 ,renaissance art1 ,,ii1 #cee4 ,repouss work1 copper1 ,,ii1 #bcd4 ,rhode ,island1 pestle1 ,,ii1 #aad4 ,ribbons of 7the moose71 ,,ii1 #aei4 ,ribs of animals1 as knives1 etc41 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,ridged gorgets1 ,i1 #cda2 developing into bars1 ,i1 #djc4 ,rings1 ,i1 #ddj2 of clay1 ,,ii1 #bfd4 ,rivet-holes in sockets1 ,,ii1 #baj4 ,rocky ,mountain culture1 ,,ii1 #cfa-cfb4 ,rocky ,mountain region1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdb4 ,rolled socketed points1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bab4 ,roller pestles1 ,,ii1 #aad4 ,rubbing pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,rudeness of object no evidence of antiquity1 ,i1 #hb4 ,rust1 ,h4 ,n41 ,i1 #bde4 8,saddle-stones10 ,,ii1 #e4 ,st4 ,francis ,basin1 ,arkansas1 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bef4 ,st4 ,lawrence ,basin1 celts1 ,i1 #bfg2 harpoons1 ,,ii1 #acg4 ,salado ,valley1 ,arizona1 ,,ii1 #aca1 #acb4 ,salts ,cave1 ,kentucky1 ,,ii1 #bch4 ,saltpeter1 as preservative1 ,,ii1 #bch4 ,sandals1 ,,ii1 #bce4 ,santo ,domingo1 celts1 ,i1 #cbh4 ,saskatchewan1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,savage1 ,father ,james1 ,i1 #cab4 ,savage vs4 barbaric cultures1 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,savannah ,river1 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,scarifying of pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,secondary uses of forms1 ,i1 #cid ff4 ,scandinavian daggers1 ,i1 #fb4 ,sceptres1 ,i1 #aff4 ,schumacher1 ,j4 ,p41 ,i1 #bdb4 ,schuette1 ,g41 ,,ii1 #aif4 ,scrapers1 compared with ,eskimo1 ,i1 #fg2 in general1 ,i1 #aih ff42 classified1 ,i1 #aih2 mounting1 ,i1 #bje2 of bone1 ,,ii1 #acd2 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,scraping pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,screw-pressure1 ,i1 #ga4 ,seever1 ,w4 ,j41 ,i1 #afd4 ,sellars1 ,g41 ,i1 #dj1 #dh4 ,seminoles1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,seris1 ,i1 #ccj2 ,,ii1 #cdh4 ,serpent1 realistically treated1 ,,ii1 #bhh4 ,sharpening-stones1 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,shawano sites1 ,,ii1 #cde4 ,shell1 ,,ii1 #aag ff42 in ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdj4 ,shell gorgets1 ,,ii1 #abb ff4 ,shoulder blades of animals1 as digging-tools1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,shuttles1 ,i1 #daj4 ,sinew1 for hafting1 ,i1 #bhf4 ,sinew-smoother1 ,i1 #cfi4 8,sinew stone10 ,,ii1 #cad4 ,sioux1 necklaces1 ,i1 #baf2 pipes1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,sites1 prehistoric1 historic1 modern1 ,,ii1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,skull1 incrusted with shells1 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,slate spears1 in eastern ,canada1 ,,ii1 #cca4 ,smith1 ,captain ,john1 ,i1 #di4 ,smith1 ,harlan ,i41 ,i1 #cjb4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bcb1 #ccd2 copper1 ,,ii1 #afa2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhj2 hematites1 ,,ii1 #cjb4 ,snake-form in necklaces1 ,,ii1 #aee4 ,snyder1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f41 ,virginia1 ,illinois1 ,i1 #bah1 #dbg4 ,sockets1 copper1 ,,ii1 #aij4 ,socketed points1 ,,ii1 #ahj4 ,soapstone1 ,,ii1 #ajd4 ,south ,america1 copper1 ,,ii1 #afe4 ,south ,carolina1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bci4 ,southern ,california culture1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,southern culture areas1 ,,ii1 #cfa4 ,southwest1 numerous effigies1 ,,ii1 #bc4 ,spades1 manufacture1 ,i1 #fd4 ,spatulas1 copper1 ,,ii1 #aib4 ,specialization in work1 ,i1 #ade ff4 ,spikes1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bbj4 ,spindle-whorls1 ,,ii1 #bc4 ,split stick for hafting1 ,i1 #cje4 ,spool-shaped forms1 ,i1 #djc4 ,spoons1 of bone1 ,,ii1 #ada4 ,springfield1 ,illinois1 ,i1 #ahj4 ,spuds1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #ahf4 ,spud-shaped forms1 ,i1 #dah ff42 habitat1 ,i1 #dba4 ,squash1 ,,ii1 #bch4 ,squier and ,davis1 ,,ii1 #acc4 ,stamping pottery1 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,stanley1 ,h4 ,m41 ,,ii1 #cfg4 ,starr1 ,professor ,frederick1 ,,ii1 #aei4 ,steatite1 ,,ii1 #ajd4 ,steinbrueck1 ,e4 ,r41 ,mandan collection1 ,i1 #aih2 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,stems1 classified1 ,i1 #ii4 ,stockton1 ,california1 ,i1 #aed4 ,stoddard1 ,h4 ,l41 ,i1 #deb4 8,stone ceremonial swords10 ,,ii1 #cjh4 ,stone graves1 ,tennessee1 ,,ii1 #bfa2 number1 ,,ii1 #cdf4 8,stone swords10 ,i1 #afd4 ,sun-dance1 ,mandan and ,kiowa1 ,i1 #f1 #g4 ,sun-dried clay1 liable to disappear1 ,,ii1 #bfi4 8,sun-fish spears10 ,greene ,county1 ,ohio1 ,i1 #bcc4 ,superior-,michigan region1 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bci4 ,susquehanna ,river1 ,i1 #ce2 axes1 ,i1 #cbc4 8,swords0 of shell1 ,,ii1 #aba4 ,symbolic decoration1 ,,ii1 #bhg4 ,symposium on copper1 ,,ii1 #bcc4 ,tablets1 ,i1 #cdg ff42 of stone in ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cda4 ,tattoo-marks1 or painting1 ,,ii1 #abf4 ,technology of flint implements1 ,i1 #bcd4 ,tecumseh1 ,,ii1 #cde4 ,teeth as ornaments1 ,,ii1 #acd4 8,telescopes10 ,i1 #dee4 ,tempering1 of pottery1 ,,ii1 #bef4 ,tennessee1 types of chipped implements1 ,i1 #bch2 bicaves1 ,i1 #ddf2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,tennessee ,historical ,society1 ,i1 #bcb4 ,tennessee ,valley1 shell gorgets1 ,,ii1 #abc2 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bef4 ,texas1 ,i1 #dj2 chipped implements1 ,i1 #bdd4 ,texas culture area1 ,,ii1 #cfa4 ,textile fabrics1 in general1 ,,ii1 #bce ff4 ,textiles in ,utah1 ,,ii1 #ccg4 ,thomas1 ,dr4 ,cyrus1 ,,ii1 #cfg4 ,thruston1 ,general ,g4 ,p41 ,i1 #dbb4 ,thunder-bird1 as represented by winged forms1 ,i1 #chj4 ,tobacco and tobacco-smoking1 ,,ii1 #bi4 ,tomahawks1 ,i1 #bgj4 ,tooker1 ,paul ,s41 ,westfield1 ,new ,jersey1 ,i1 #chj4 ,toothed points1 of copper1 ,,ii1 #bjb4 ,torches1 of reed1 ,,ii1 #bch4 ,totems1 ,,ii1 #ag4 ,toys1 of pottery1 ,,ii1 #bfa4 ,trade1 aboriginal1 ,i1 #bba2 in copper1 ,,ii1 #bc1 #bca4 ,transportation of material1 ,i1 #dj ff2 ,i1 #bah-bbj4 ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,triangular pieces of horn1 ,,ii1 #aec1 #aed4 ,tubular forms1 ,i1 #dec ff4 ,turtlebacks1 ,,ii1 #dj1 #aia1 #cdh4 ,typha 7cat-tail71 fibres for braiding1 ,,ii1 #bdj4 ,unbaked clay1 ,dakota1 ,,ii1 #cdb4 ,unfinished fish-hooks1 process of manufacture1 ,,ii1 #adh4 ,unfinished winged forms1 ,i1 #cgi4 ,unio shells1 ,,ii1 #abb4 ,university of ,vermont1 ,,ii1 #ahi4 ,utah1 in general 7,montgomery71 ,,ii1 #ccf ff42 culture area1 ,,ii1 #cfc4 ,valuation of chipped implements1 ,i1 #bde4 ,variety in ceramics1 ,,ii1 #bhi4 ,village-site of antiquity1 ,,ii1 #bfi4 ,volk1 ,e41 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,wabash ,river1 limit of effigy pottery1 ,,ii1 #bej4 ,wagon-pressure1 ,i1 #ga4 ,war points1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,mississippi1 ,texas1 ,georgia1 ,virginia1 ,massachusetts1 ,oregon1 ,illinois1 ,i1 #hf1 #hh4 ,wearing of perforations1 ,i1 #cgb4 ,weathering1 ,,ii1 #cec4 ,wedges1 copper1 ,,ii1 #ahd4 ,weirs1 ,,ii1 #ada4 ,west1 ,g4 ,a41 pipes1 ,,ii1 #bi4 ,west ,virginia1 plummets1 ,i1 #dcf2 copper1 ,,ii1 #agd4 ,whistles1 ,,ii1 #adb4 ,wild hemp1 ,,ii1 #bdb4 ,willamette ,valley1 ,oregon1 small points1 ,i1 #bcc4 ,williams1 ,professor ,e4 ,h41 ,jr41 ,i1 #bje1 #dac2 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,willoughby1 ,c4 ,c41 ,i1 #bea4 ,wilson1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,l41 ,,ii1 #aec4 ,wilson1 ,dr4 ,t41 ,i1 #aj1 #cd1 #bea4 ,winged forms of greater age than the mounds1 ,i1 #daa4 ,winged problematical forms1 ,i1 #cgf ff4 ,winnebago ,indians1 ,,ii1 #dj2 ,,ii1 #aei1 #afg4 ,wintuns1 ,i1 #gd4 ,wisconsin1 knives1 ,i1 #ib2 spades1 ,i1 #ahd2 grooved hammers1 ,i1 #bca2 celts1 ,i1 #bgb2 grooved axes1 ,i1 #cjf2 fluted axes1 ,i1 #caf2 gorgets1 ,i1 #cgd2 winged forms1 ,i1 #chf2 spuds1 ,i1 #dbg2 pestles1 ,,ii1 #aae2 bone1 ,,ii1 #aef2 copper1 ,,ii1 #afa ff42 pottery1 ,,ii1 #bid2 hematite1 ,,ii1 #cjd4 ,wisconsin ,archological ,society1 ,,ii1 #afd4 ,wisconsin ,natural ,history ,society1 ,,ii1 #afa4 ,wisconsin ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,i1 #bda-bdb1 #cjh2 ,,ii1 #afa4 ,woman's knife1 ,,ii1 #caa4 ,women1 compared with men in population1 ,,ii1 #acg4 ,wooden bowls1 ,,ii1 #ajb4 ,workmanship1 depending on material1 ,i1 #bcc4 ,wrappings of cloth1 ,,ii1 #bjd4 ,wright1 ,professor ,g4 ,frederick1 ,i1 #cd4 ,wright1 ,professor ,john ,h41 ,i1 #aa4 ,wyman1 ,dr4 ,jeffries1 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,wyoming1 quarries1 ,i1 #ce4 ,yale1 ,british ,columbia1 ,i1 #cjd4 ,yellowstone ,park1 ,i1 #ce4 ,young1 ,colonel ,b4 ,h41 ,,ii1 #abd2 shell gorgets1 ,,ii1 #acj2 ,salts ,cave1 ,,ii1 #bch4 ,zigzag ornamentation1 or pattern1 ,,ii1 #bad4 ,zimmerman1 ,e4 ,d41 ,kutztown1 ,pennsylvania1 ,,ii1 #cjh4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,smithsonian ,report for #ahif1 p4 #dea1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,wilson4 ,footnote #b3 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 no4 #a1 vol4 #h1 #aijh4 ,footnote #c3 ,smithsonian ,report for #ahif1 p4 #dea4 ,footnote #d3 ,polished ,stone ,articles used by the ,new ,york ,aborigines1 p4 #ef4 ,albany1 #ahig4 ,footnote #e3 ,stone ,art1 ,bureau of ,ethnology ,report for #ahia-ib1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #f3 ,gilman1 ,g41 in ,smithsonian ,report for #ahgc1 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #g3 ,antiquities of the ,southern ,indians1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #h3 ,notes on ,primitive ,man in ,ontario1 by ,david ,boyle4 ,toronto1 #ahie1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #i3 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahig1 pages #cfa-fde4 ,footnote #aj3 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 ,april-,august1 #aije1 pages #dj-aga4 ,footnote #aa3 8,the ,aboriginal ,pipes of ,wisconsin10 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 vol4 ,,iv1 nos4 #c and #d1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,north ,american ,indian4 ,footnote #ac3 8,the ,aboriginal ,pipes of ,wisconsin10 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 vol4 ,,iv1 nos4 #c and #d1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,moundville ,revisited1 pp4 #chd-cij4 ,footnote #ae3 8,the ,aboriginal ,pipes of ,wisconsin10 ,wisconsin ,archeologist1 vol4 ,,iv1 nos4 #c and #d1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #af3 ,report of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ahig1 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #ag3 ,e4 ,a4 ,barber1 ,the ,antiquity of the ,tobacco ,pipe in ,europe1 quoting ,rembert ,dodoens on the virtues of colefoot in the 8historie of plantes10 ,american ,antiquarian1 ,,ii1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ah3 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,october-,december1 #aijf1 p4 #fhf4 ,footnote #ai3 8,antiquities of the ,florida ,west ,coast10 ,journal of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia1 #aijj4 ,footnote #bj3 8,shell ,ornaments from ,kentucky and ,mexico10 ,smithsonian ,miscellaneous ,collections 7quarterly issue71 vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #ig4 ,published ,dec4 #i1 #aijc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,holmes1 in ,second ,annual ,report1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 pl4 ,,lxxiii4 ,footnote #bb3 ,notes on ,primitive ,man in ,ontario4 ,report of the ,minister of ,education for ,ontario4 ,toronto1 #ahie1 pp4 #gc-ha4 ,footnote #bc3 ,report for the year #aijf1 of the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society4 ,footnote #bd3 ,proceedings of the ,davenport ,academy of ,science1 vol4 ix1 pp4 #aha-ahc4 ,footnote #be3 ,fourteenth ,annual ,report1 ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology4 ,footnote #bf3 ,archological ,history of ,ohio1 p4 #gab4 ,footnote #bg3 ,archological ,history1 p4 #gac4 ,footnote #bh3 8,discussion as to ,copper from the ,mounds10 ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 v1 no4 #a1 ,january-,march1 #aijc4 ,footnote #bi3 ,twentieth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ahih-ii4 ,footnote #cj3 8,explorations of the ,wabash ,cemetery10 ,bulletin no4 #c1 ,phillips ,academy ,publications1 #aijf4 ,footnote #ca3 8,polished ,stone ,articles used by the ,new ,york ,aborigines10 ,bulletin of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 vol4 ,,iv4 no4 #ah4 ,footnote #cb3 ,seventeenth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ahie-if--,the ,seri ,indians4 ,footnote #cc3 8,father ,gravier's ,voyage down and up the ,mississippi10 pp4 #adc1 #add4 ,dated ,feb4 #af1 #agja4 ,from ,early ,voyages up and down the ,mississippi4 ,albany1 ,joel ,nunsell1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #cd3 ,archologica ,nova ,csarea1 nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ,m4 ,d4 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,footnote #ce3 ,jeffries ,wyman1 ,fresh-,water ,shell ,mounds of the ,st4 ,john's ,river1 ,florida1 pp4 #cc1 #fd4 ,peabody ,academy of ,science1 ,fourth ,memoir4 ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 #ahge4 ,footnote #cf3 ,prehistoric ,implements1 sections #g and #i4 ,the ,riverside ,press ,,cambridge ,,massachusetts ,u ,s ,a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,typos fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect retained4 ,used numbers for footnotes1 placing them all at the end of the last chapter4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 ,enclosed bold or blackletter font in equals4