,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,society ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,illu/ration ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,! ,,s*ool & ,,society ,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,revis$ ,,edition ,illu/ration ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago ,,ill9ois ,,copyright #aijj ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,copyright #aijj ,,& #aiae ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4 ,,publi%$ ,,novemb] #ahii ,,second ,,edition ,,augu/ #aiae ,,fifte5? ,,impression ,,july #aidb ,illu/ration ,,compos$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,emmons ,,bla9e ,,to ,,^: ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,educational ,,re=m ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,due ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,social ,,progress #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,*ild #ca ,,iii4 ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,education #ei ,,iv4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,education #hg ,v4 ,,froebel',s ,,educational ,,pr9ciples #aaa ,,vi4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,occupations #aca ,,vii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,att5tion #ada ,,viii4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,education #aee ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,cave ,,& ,,trees #dj ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,=e/ #db ,,draw+ ,,( ,,h&s ,,sp9n+ #dd ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,girl ,,sp9n+ #df ,,publi%]',s ,,note ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ?is book 7 deliv]$ z lectures be=e an audi5ce ( p>5ts & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 9 ! mon? ( ,april ( ! ye> #ahii4 ,mr4 ,dewey revis$ !m 9 "p f a /5ographic report1 & unimportant *anges & ! slight adaptations necess>y = ! press h be5 made 9 8 abs5ce4 ,! lectures reta9 !re=e ! un/udi$ "* z well z ! p[] ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,z !y imply m or less famili>ity ) ! "w ( ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 ,mr4 ,dewey's supplem5t>y /atem5t ( ?is has be5 add$4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,a second pr9t+ af=ds a grateful opportunity = recall+ t ?is little book is a sign ( ! co-op]at+ ?\ghts & sympa?ies ( _m p]sons4 ,its indebt$ness to ,mrs4 ,emmons ,bla9e is p>tly indicat$ 9 ! d$ication4 ,f my fri5ds ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,george ,h]b]t ,mead came t int]e/1 unflagg+ att5tion to detail1 & arti/ic ta/e :i*1 9 my abs5ce1 remade colloquial rem>ks until !y 7 fit to pr9t1 & !n saw ! results ?r\gh ! press ) ! pres5t attractive result--a mode ( au?or%ip made easy1 :i* ,i recomm5d to o!rs =tunate en\gh to possess su* fri5ds4 ,x w\ld be an ext5d$ p>agraph :i* %\ld li/ all ! fri5ds ^: timely & p]si/+ g5]osity has made possible ! s*ool :i* inspir$ & def9$ ! ideas ( ^! pages4 ,^! fri5ds1 ,i am sure1 w\ld be ! fir/ to recognize ! peculi> appropriat5ess ( especial m5tion ( ! names ( ,mrs4 ,*>les ,r4 ,crane & ,mrs4 ,william ,r4 ,l9n4 ,& ! s*ool itself 9 its educational "w is a jo9t und]tak+4 ,_m h engag$ 9 %ap+ x4 ,! cle> & exp]i5c$ intellig5ce ( my wife is wr\ght ev]y:]e into its texture4 ,! wisdom1 tact1 & devotion ( its in/ructors h br\ght ab\t a trans=mation ( its orig9al amorph\s plans into articulate =m & sub/ance ) life & movem5t ( _! own4 ,:atev] ! issue ( ! ideas pres5t$ 9 ?is book1 ! satisfaction com+ f ! co-op]ation ( ! div]se ?\ghts & de$s ( _m p]sons 9 und]tak+ to enl>ge ! life ( ! *ild w abide4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,! pres5t edition includes "s slight v]bal revisions ( ! ?ree lectures con/itut+ ! fir/ portion ( ! book4 ,! latt] portion is includ$ = ! fir/ "t1 conta9+ mat]ial borr[$1 ) "s *anges1 f ! au?or's contributions to ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 long out ( pr9t4 ,! writ] may p]haps be p]mitt$ a ^w to express 8 satisfaction t ! educational po9t ( view pres5t$ 9 ?is book is n s novel z x 0 fifte5 ye>s ago2 & 8 desire to believe t ! educational exp]im5t ( :i* ! book is an outgr[? has n be5 )\t influ5ce 9 ! *ange4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,july1 #aiae ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,social ,,progress ,i ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,social ,,progress ,we are apt to look at ! s*ool f an individuali/ic /&po9t1 z some?+ betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 or betwe5 tea*] & p>5t4 ,t :i* int]e/s u mo/ is naturally ! progress made by ! individual *ild ( our acqua9tance1 8 normal physical developm5t1 8 advance 9 ability to read1 write1 & figure1 8 gr[? 9 ! k ( geography & hi/ory1 improvem5t 9 mann]s1 habits ( promptness1 ord]1 & indu/ry--x is f su* /&>ds z ^! t we judge ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,& rightly s4 ,yet ! range ( ! outlook ne$s to be enl>g$4 ,:at ! be/ & wise/ p>5t wants = 8 own *ild1 t mu/ ! community want = all ( its *ildr54 ,any o!r ideal = our s*ools is n>r[ & unlovely2 act$ ^u1 x de/roys our democracy4 ,all t society has accompli%$ = itself is put1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! s*ool1 at ! disposal ( its future memb]s4 ,all its bett] ?\ghts ( itself x hopes to realize ?r\gh ! new possibilities ?us op5$ to its future self4 ,"h individualism & socialism are at "o4 ,only by be+ true to ! full gr[? ( all ! individuals :o make x up1 c society by any *ance be true to itself4 ,& 9 ! self-direction ?us giv51 no?+ c\nts z mu* z ! s*ool1 =1 z ,horace ,mann said1 8,:]e any?+ is gr[+1 "o =m] is wor? a ?\s& re-=m]s40 ,:5ev] we h 9 m9d ! discussion ( a new movem5t 9 education1 x is especially necess>y to take ! broad]1 or social1 view4 ,o!rwise1 *anges 9 ! s*ool in/itution & tradition w be look$ at z ! arbitr>y inv5tions ( p>ticul> tea*]s2 at ! wor/ transitory fads1 & at ! be/ m]ely improvem5ts 9 c]ta9 details--& ?is is ! plane ^u :i* x is too cu/om>y to consid] s*ool *anges4 ,x is z rational to conceive ( ! locomotive or ! telegraph z p]sonal devices4 ,! modification go+ on 9 ! me?od & curriculum ( education is z mu* a product ( ! *ang$ social situation1 & z mu* an ef=t to meet ! ne$s ( ! new society t is =m+1 z are *anges 9 modes ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,x is to ?is1 !n1 t ,i especially ask y\r att5tion3 ! ef=t to conceive :at r\ghly may be t]m$ ! 8,new ,education0 9 ! light ( l>g] *anges 9 society4 ,c we connect ?is 8,new ,education0 ) ! g5]al m>* ( ev5ts8 ,if we c1 x w lose its isolat$ "*2 x w cease to be an affair :i* proce$s only f ! ov]-+5i\s m9ds ( p$agogues deal+ ) p>ticul> pupils4 ,x w appe> z "p & p>cel ( ! :ole social evolution1 &1 9 its m g5]al features at lea/1 z inevitable4 ,let u !n ask aft] ! ma9 aspects ( ! social movem5t2 & aft]w>d turn to ! s*ool to f9d :at witness x gives ( ef=t to put itself 9 l9e4 ,& s9ce x is q impossible to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 ,i %all = ! mo/ "p conf9e myself to "o typical ?+ 9 ! mod]n s*ool movem5t--t :i* passes "u ! "n ( manual tra9+--hop+ if ! relation ( t to *ang$ social conditions appe>s1 we %all be ready to conc$e ! po9t z well reg>d+ o!r educational innovations4 ,i make no apology = n dwell+ at l5g? ^u ! social *anges 9 "q4 ,^? ,i %all m5tion are writ s l>ge t he :o runs may read4 ,! *ange t comes fir/ to m9d1 ! "o t ov]%ad[s & ev5 controls all o!rs1 is ! indu/rial "o--! application ( sci5ce result+ 9 ! great inv5tions t h utiliz$ ! =ces ( nature on a va/ & inexp5sive scale3 ! gr[? ( a _w-wide m>ket z ! object ( production1 ( va/ manufactur+ c5t]s to supply ?is m>ket1 ( *eap & rapid means ( communication & di/ribution betwe5 all its p>ts4 ,ev5 z to its feebl] beg9n+s1 ?is *ange is n mu* m ?an a c5tury old2 9 _m ( its mo/ important aspects x falls )9 ! %ort span ( ^? n[ liv+4 ,"o c h>dly believe !re has be5 a revolution 9 all hi/ory s rapid1 s ext5sive1 s complete4 ,?r\gh x ! face ( ! e>? is mak+ ov]1 ev5 z to its physical =ms2 political b\nd>ies are wip$ out & mov$ ab\t1 z if !y 7 inde$ only l9es on a pap] map2 population is hurri$ly ga!r$ into cities f ! ends ( ! e>?2 habits ( liv+ are alt]$ ) />tl+ abruptness & ?or\ghness2 ! se>* = ! tru?s ( nature is inf9itely /imulat$ & facilitat$1 & _! application to life made n only practicable1 b comm]cially necess>y4 ,ev5 our moral & religi\s ideas & int]e/s1 ! mo/ cons]vative because ! deepe/-ly+ ?+s 9 our nature1 are pr(\ndly affect$4 ,t ?is revolution %\ld n affect education 9 "s o!r ?an a =mal & sup]ficial fa%ion is inconceivable4 ,back ( ! factory sy/em lies ! h\sehold & neighborhood sy/em4 ,^? ( u :o are "h today ne$ g back only "o1 two1 or at mo/ ?ree g5]ations1 to f9d a "t :5 ! h\sehold 0 practically ! c5t] 9 :i* 7 c>ri$ on1 or ab\t :i* 7 clu/]$1 all ! typical =ms ( indu/rial occupation4 ,! clo?+ worn 0 = ! mo/ "p made 9 ! h\se2 ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold 7 usually famili> also ) ! %e>+ ( ! %eep1 ! c>d+ & sp9n+ ( ! wool1 & ! ply+ ( ! loom4 ,in/ead ( press+ a button & flood+ ! h\se ) electric light1 ! :ole process ( gett+ illum9ation 0 foll[$ 9 its toilsome l5g? f ! kill+ ( ! animal & ! try+ ( fat to ! mak+ ( wicks & dipp+ ( c&les4 ,! supply ( fl\r1 ( lumb]1 ( foods1 ( build+ mat]ials1 ( h\sehold furniture1 ev5 ( metal w>e1 ( nails1 h+es1 hamm]s1 etc41 0 produc$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 9 %ops :i* 7 con/antly op5 to inspection & (t5 c5t]s ( neighborhood congregation4 ,! entire indu/rial process /ood reveal$1 f ! production on ! f>m ( ! raw mat]ials till ! f9i%$ article 0 actually put to use4 ,n only ?is1 b practically e memb] ( ! h\sehold _h 8 own %>e 9 ! "w4 ,! *ildr51 z !y ga9$ 9 /r5g? & capacity1 7 gradually initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! sev]al processes4 ,x 0 a matt] ( imm$iate & p]sonal conc]n1 ev5 to ! po9t ( actual p>ticipation4 ,we _c ov]look ! factors ( discipl9e & ( "*-build+ involv$ 9 ?is k9d ( life3 tra9+ 9 habits ( ord] & ( indu/ry1 & 9 ! idea ( responsibility1 ( obligation to d some?+1 to produce some?+1 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 always some?+ :i* really ne$$ to be done1 & a real necessity t ea* memb] ( ! h\sehold %\ld d 8 own "p fai?fully & 9 co-op]ation ) o!rs4 ,p]sonalities :i* became effective 9 action 7 br$ & te/$ 9 ! m$ium ( action4 ,aga91 we _c ov]look ! importance = educational purposes ( ! close & intimate acqua9tance got ) nature at fir/ h&1 ) real ?+s & mat]ials1 ) ! actual processes ( _! manipulation1 & ! k ( _! social necessities & uses4 ,9 all ?is !re 0 cont9ual tra9+ ( obs]vation1 ( +5uity1 con/ructive imag9ation1 ( logical ?\ght1 & ( ! s5se ( reality acquir$ ?r\gh fir/-h& contact ) actualities4 ,! educative =ces ( ! dome/ic sp9n+ & weav+1 ( ! sawmill1 ! gri/mill1 ! coop] %op1 & ! blacksmi? =ge1 7 cont9u\sly op]ative4 ,no numb] ( object-lessons1 got up z object-lessons = ! sake ( giv+ in=mation1 c af=d ev5 ! %ad[ ( a sub/itute = acqua9tance ) ! plants & animals ( ! f>m & g>d5 acquir$ ?r\gh actual liv+ among !m & c>+ = !m4 ,no tra9+ ( s5se-organs 9 s*ool1 introduc$ = ! sake ( tra9+1 c beg9 to compete ) ! al]tness & fulness ( s5se-life t comes ?r\gh daily intimacy & int]e/ 9 famili> occupations4 ,v]bal memory c be tra9$ 9 committ+ tasks1 a c]ta9 discipl9e ( ! reason+ p[]s c be acquir$ ?r\gh lessons 9 sci5ce & ma!matics2 b1 aft] all1 ?is is some:at remote & %ad[y comp>$ ) ! tra9+ ( att5tion & ( judgm5t t is acquir$ 9 hav+ to d ?+s ) a real motive beh9d & a real outcome ahead4 ,at pres5t1 conc5tration ( indu/ry & division ( labor h practically elim9at$ h\sehold & neighborhood occupations--at lea/ = educational purposes4 ,b x is useless to bemoan ! dep>ture ( ! good old days ( *ildr5's mode/y1 rev]5ce1 & implicit ob$i5ce1 if we expect m]ely by bemoan+ & by exhortation to br+ !m back4 ,x is radical conditions :i* h *ang$1 & only an equally radical *ange 9 education suffices4 ,we mu/ recognize our comp5sations--! increase 9 tol]ation1 9 bread? ( social judgm5t1 ! l>g] acqua9tance ) human nature1 ! %>p5$ al]tness 9 read+ signs ( "* & int]pret+ social situations1 great] accuracy ( adaptation to diff]+ p]sonalities1 contact ) great] comm]cial activities4 ,^! consid]ations mean mu* to ! city-br$ *ild ( today4 ,yet !re is a real problem3 h[ %all we reta9 ^! advantages1 & yet introduce into ! s*ool some?+ repres5t+ ! o!r side ( life--occupations :i* exact p]sonal responsibilities & :i* tra9 ! *ild 9 relation to ! physical realities ( life8 ,:5 we turn to ! s*ool1 we f9d t "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ t5d5cies at pres5t is t[>d ! introduction ( s-call$ manual tra9+1 %opwork1 & ! h\sehold arts--sew+ & cook+4 ,?is has n be5 done 8on purpose10 ) a full consci\sness t ! s*ool mu/ n[ supply t factor ( tra9+ =m]ly tak5 c>e ( 9 ! home1 b r by in/9ct1 by exp]im5t+ & f9d+ t su* "w takes a vital hold ( pupils & gives !m some?+ :i* 0 n to be got 9 any o!r way4 ,consci\sness ( its real import is /ill s weak t ! "w is (t5 done 9 a half-he>t$1 confus$1 & unrelat$ way4 ,! reasons assign$ to ju/ify x are pa9fully inadequate or sometimes ev5 positively wrong4 ,if we 7 to cross-exam9e ev5 ^? :o are mo/ favorably dispos$ to ! introduction ( ?is "w into our s*ool sy/em1 we %\ld1 ,i imag9e1 g5]ally f9d ! ma9 reasons to be t su* "w engages ! full spontane\s int]e/ & att5tion ( ! *ildr54 ,x keeps !m al]t & active1 in/ead ( passive & receptive2 x makes !m m useful1 m capable1 & h5ce m incl9$ to be helpful at home2 x prep>es !m to "s ext5t = ! practical duties ( lat] life--! girls to be m effici5t h\se manag]s1 if n actually cooks & seam/resses2 ! boys 77 our educational sy/em only adequately r\nd$ out into trade s*ools7 = _! future vocations4 ,i d n und]e/imate ! wor? ( ^! reasons4 ,( ^? indicat$ by ! *ang$ attitude ( ! *ildr5 ,i %all inde$ h some?+ to say 9 my next talk1 :5 speak+ directly ( ! relation%ip ( ! s*ool to ! *ild4 ,b ! po9t ( view is1 ^u ! :ole1 unnecess>ily n>r[4 ,we mu/ conceive ( "w 9 wood & metal1 ( weav+1 sew+1 & cook+1 z me?ods ( liv+ & le>n+1 n z di/9ct /udies4 ,we mu/ conceive ( !m 9 _! social significance1 z types ( ! processes by :i* society keeps itself go+1 z ag5cies = br++ home to ! *ild "s ( ! primal necessities ( community life1 & z ways 9 :i* ^! ne$s h be5 met by ! gr[+ insight & +5uity ( man2 9 %ort1 z in/rum5talities ?r\gh :i* ! s*ool itself %all be made a g5u9e =m ( active community life1 in/ead ( a place set ap>t 9 :i* to le>n lessons4 ,a society is a numb] ( p held toge!r because !y are work+ along common l9es1 9 a common _s1 & ) ref]5ce to common aims4 ,! common ne$s & aims dem& a gr[+ int]*ange ( ?\ght & gr[+ unity ( sympa!tic feel+4 ,! radical reason t ! pres5t s*ool _c organize itself z a natural social unit is because j ?is elem5t ( common & productive activity is abs5t4 ,^u ! playgr\nd1 9 game & sport1 social organization takes place spontane\sly & inevitably4 ,!re is some?+ to d1 "s activity to be c>ri$ on1 requir+ natural divisions ( labor1 selection ( lead]s & foll[]s1 mutual co-op]ation & emulation4 ,9 ! s*oolroom ! motive & ! cem5t ( social organization are alike want+4 ,^u ! e?ical side1 ! tragic weakness ( ! pres5t s*ool is t x endeavors to prep>e future memb]s ( ! social ord] 9 a m$ium 9 :i* ! conditions ( ! social _s are em95tly want+4 ,! diff]5ce t appe>s :5 occupations are made ! articulat+ c5t]s ( s*ool life is n easy to describe 9 words2 x is a diff]5ce 9 motive1 ( _s & atmosph]e4 ,z "o ent]s a busy kit*5 9 :i* a gr\p ( *ildr5 are actively engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food1 ! psy*ological diff]5ce1 ! *ange f m or less passive & in]t recipi5cy & re/ra9t to "o ( buoyant outgo+ en]gy1 is s obvi\s z fairly to /rike "o 9 ! face4 ,inde$1 to ^? ^: image ( ! s*ool is rigidly set ! *ange is sure to give a %ock4 ,b ! *ange 9 ! social attitude is equally m>k$4 ,! m]e absorb+ ( facts & tru?s is s exclusively individual an affair t x t5ds v naturally to pass into selfi%ness4 ,!re is no obvi\s social motive = ! acquirem5t ( m]e le>n+1 !re is no cle> social ga9 9 success !reat4 ,inde$1 almo/ ! only measure = success is a competitive "o1 9 ! bad s5se ( t t]m--a comp>ison ( results 9 ! recitation or 9 ! exam9ation to see :i* *ild has succe$$ 9 gett+ ahead ( o!rs 9 /or+ up1 9 accumulat+1 ! maximum ( in=mation4 ,s ?or\ghly is ?is ! prevail+ atmosph]e t = "o *ild to help ano!r 9 8 task has become a s*ool crime4 ,:]e ! s*ool "w consi/s 9 simply le>n+ lessons1 mutual assi/ance1 in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ natural =m ( co-op]ation & association1 becomes a cl&e/9e ef=t to relieve "o's neighbor ( 8 prop] duties4 ,:]e active "w is go+ on1 all ?is is *ang$4 ,help+ o!rs1 in/ead ( be+ a =m ( *>ity :i* impov]i%es ! recipi5t1 is simply an aid 9 sett+ free ! p[]s & fur!r+ ! impulse ( ! "o help$4 ,a _s ( free communication1 ( int]*ange ( ideas1 sugge/ions1 results1 bo? successes & failures ( previ\s exp]i5ces1 becomes ! dom9at+ note ( ! recitation4 ,s f> z emulation ent]s 91 x is 9 ! comp>ison ( individuals1 n ) reg>d to ! quantity ( in=mation p]sonally absorb$1 b ) ref]5ce to ! quality ( "w done--! g5u9e community /&>d ( value4 ,9 an in=mal b all ! m p]vasive way1 ! s*ool life organizes itself on a social basis4 ,)9 ?is organization is f\nd ! pr9ciple ( s*ool discipl9e or ord]4 ,( c\rse1 ord] is simply a ?+ :i* is relative to an end4 ,if y h ! end 9 view ( =ty or fifty *ildr5 le>n+ c]ta9 set lessons1 to be recit$ to a tea*]1 y\r discipl9e mu/ be devot$ to secur+ t result4 ,b if ! end 9 view is ! developm5t ( a _s ( social co-op]ation & community life1 discipl9e mu/ gr[ out ( & be relative to su* an aim4 ,!re is little ( "o sort ( ord] :]e ?+s are 9 process ( con/ruction2 !re is a c]ta9 disord] 9 any busy work%op2 !re is n sil5ce2 p]sons are n engag$ 9 ma9ta9+ c]ta9 fix$ physical po/ures2 _! arms are n fold$2 !y are n hold+ _! books ?us & s4 ,!y are do+ a v>iety ( ?+s1 & !re is ! confusion1 ! bu/le1 t results f activity4 ,b out ( ! occupation1 out ( do+ ?+s t are to produce results1 & out ( do+ ^! 9 a social & co-op]ative way1 !re is born a discipl9e ( its own k9d & type4 ,our :ole conception ( s*ool discipl9e *anges :5 we get ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 critical mom5ts we all realize t ! only discipl9e t /&s by u1 ! only tra9+ t becomes intuition1 is t got ?r\gh life itself4 ,t we le>n f exp]i5ce1 & f books or ! say+s ( o!rs only z !y are relat$ to exp]i5ce1 are n m]e phrases4 ,b ! s*ool has be5 s set ap>t1 s isolat$ f ! ord9>y conditions & motives ( life1 t ! place :]e *ildr5 are s5t = discipl9e is ! "o place 9 ! _w :]e x is mo/ difficult to get exp]i5ce--! "m ( all discipl9e wor? ! "n4 ,x is only :5 a n>r[ & fix$ image ( traditional s*ool discipl9e dom9ates t "o is 9 any dang] ( ov]look+ t deep] & inf9itely wid] discipl9e t comes f hav+ a "p to d 9 con/ructive "w1 9 contribut+ to a result :i*1 social 9 _s1 is none ! less obvi\s & tangible 9 =m--& h5ce 9 a =m ) ref]5ce to :i* responsibility may be exact$ & accurate judgm5t pass$4 ,! great ?+ to keep 9 m9d1 !n1 reg>d+ ! introduction into ! s*ool ( v>i\s =ms ( active occupation1 is t ?r\gh !m ! entire _s ( ! s*ool is r5ew$4 ,x has a *ance to affiliate itself ) life1 to become ! *ild's habitat1 :]e he le>ns ?r\gh direct$ liv+1 in/ead ( be+ only a place to le>n lessons hav+ an ab/ract & remote ref]5ce to "s possible liv+ to be done 9 ! future4 ,x gets a *ance to be a m9iature community1 an embryonic society4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal fact1 & f ?is arise cont9u\s & ord]ly /reams ( in/ruction4 ,"u ! indu/rial rgime describ$1 ! *ild1 aft] all1 %>$ 9 ! "w1 n = ! sake ( ! %>+1 b = ! sake ( ! product4 ,! educational results secur$ 7 real1 yet incid5tal & dep5d5t4 ,b 9 ! s*ool ! typical occupations foll[$ are fre$ f all economic /ress4 ,! aim is n ! economic value ( ! products1 b ! developm5t ( social p[] & insight4 ,x is ?is lib]ation f n>r[ utilities1 ?is op5ness to ! possibilities ( ! human _s1 t makes ^! practical activities 9 ! s*ool allies ( art & c5t]s ( sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,! unity ( all ! sci5ces is f\nd 9 geography4 ,! significance ( geography is t x pres5ts ! e>? z ! endur+ home ( ! occupations ( man4 ,! _w )\t its relation%ip to human activity is less ?an a _w4 ,human indu/ry & a*ievem5t1 ap>t f _! roots 9 ! e>?1 are n ev5 a s5tim5t1 h>dly a "n4 ,! e>? is ! f9al s\rce ( all man's food4 ,x is 8 cont9ual %elt] & protection1 ! raw mat]ial ( all 8 activities1 & ! home to ^: humaniz+ & idealiz+ all 8 a*ievem5t returns4 ,x is ! great field1 ! great m9e1 ! great s\rce ( ! en]gies ( heat1 light1 & electricity2 ! great sc5e ( ocean1 /ream1 m\nta91 & pla91 ( :i* all our agriculture & m9+ & lumb]+1 all our manufactur+ & di/ribut+ ag5cies1 are b ! p>tial elem5ts & factors4 ,x is ?r\gh occupations det]m9$ by ?is environm5t t mank9d has made its hi/orical & political progress4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! occupations t ! intellectual & emotional int]pretation ( nature has be5 develop$4 ,x is ?r\gh :at we d 9 & ) ! _w t we read its mean+ & measure its value4 ,9 educational t]ms1 ?is means t ^! occupations 9 ! s*ool %all n be m]e practical devices or modes ( r\t9e employm5t1 ! ga9+ ( bett] te*nical skill z cooks1 seam/resses1 or c>p5t]s1 b active c5t]s ( sci5tific insight into natural mat]ials & processes1 po9ts ( dep>ture :5ce *ildr5 %all be l$ out into a realization ( ! hi/oric developm5t ( man4 ,! actual significance ( ?is c be told bett] ?r\gh "o illu/ration tak5 f actual s*ool "w ?an by g5]al disc\rse4 ,!re is no?+ :i* /rikes m oddly ^u ! av]age intellig5t visitor ?an to see boys z well z girls ( t51 twelve1 & ?irte5 ye>s ( age engag$ 9 sew+ & weav+4 ,if we look at ?is f ! /&po9t ( prep>ation ( ! boys = sew+ on buttons & mak+ pat*es1 we get a n>r[ & utilit>ian conception--a basis t h>dly ju/ifies giv+ prom95ce to ?is sort ( "w 9 ! s*ool4 ,b if we look at x f ano!r side1 we f9d t ?is "w gives ! po9t ( dep>ture f :i* ! *ild c trace & foll[ ! progress ( mank9d 9 hi/ory1 gett+ an insight also into ! mat]ials us$ & ! me*anical pr9ciples involv$4 ,9 connection ) ^! occupations ! hi/oric developm5t ( man is recapitulat$4 ,= example1 ! *ildr5 are fir/ giv5 ! raw mat]ial--! flax1 ! cotton plant1 ! wool z x comes f ! back ( ! %eep 7if we c\ld take !m to ! place :]e ! %eep are %e>$1 s mu* ! bett]74 ,!n a /udy is made ( ^! mat]ials f ! /&po9t ( _! adaptation to ! uses to :i* !y may be put4 ,= in/ance1 a comp>ison ( ! cotton fib] ) wool fib] is made4 ,i did n "k1 until ! *ildr5 told me1 t ! reason = ! late developm5t ( ! cotton indu/ry z comp>$ ) ! wool5 is t ! cotton fib] is s v difficult to free by h& f ! se$s4 ,! *ildr5 9 "o gr\p work$ ?irty m9utes free+ cotton fib]s f ! boll & se$s1 & succe$$ 9 gett+ out less ?an "o ounce4 ,!y c\ld easily believe t "o p]son c\ld g9 only "o p\nd a day by h&1 & c\ld und]/& :y _! ance/ors wore wool5 in/ead ( cotton clo?+4 ,among o!r ?+s discov]$ z affect+ _! relative utilities 0 ! %ortness ( ! cotton fib] z comp>$ ) t ( wool1 ! =m] av]ag+1 say1 "o-?ird ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :ile ! latt] run to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?2 also t ! fib]s ( cotton are smoo? & d n cl+ toge!r1 :ile ! wool has a c]ta9 r\ghness :i* makes ! fib]s /ick1 ?us assi/+ ! sp9n+4 ,! *ildr5 work$ ?is out = !mselves ) ! actual mat]ial1 aid$ by que/ions & sugge/ions f ! tea*]4 ,!y !n foll[$ ! processes necess>y = work+ ! fib]s up into clo?4 ,!y re9v5t$ ! fir/ frame = c>d+ ! wool--a c\ple ( bo>ds ) %>p p9s 9 !m = scrat*+ x out4 ,!y r$evis$ ! simple/ process = sp9n+ ! wool--a pi]c$ /one or "s o!r weight ?r\gh :i* ! wool is pass$1 & :i* z x is twirl$ draws out ! fib]2 next ! top1 :i* 0 spun on ! floor1 :ile ! *ildr5 kept ! wool 9 _! h&s until x 0 gradually drawn out & w\nd ^u x4 ,!n ! *ildr5 are introduc$ to ! inv5tion next 9 hi/oric ord]1 work+ x out exp]im5tally1 ?us see+ its necessity1 & trac+ its effects1 n only ^u t p>ticul> indu/ry1 b ^u modes ( social life--9 ?is way pass+ 9 review ! entire process up to ! pres5t complete loom1 & all t goes ) ! application ( sci5ce 9 ! use ( our pres5t available p[]s4 ,i ne$ n speak ( ! sci5ce involv$ 9 ?is--! /udy ( ! fib]s1 ( geographical features1 ! conditions "u :i* raw mat]ials are gr[n1 ! great c5t]s ( manufacture & di/ribution1 ! physics involv$ 9 ! ma*9]y ( production2 nor1 aga91 ( ! hi/orical side--! influ5ce :i* ^! inv5tions h _h ^u humanity4 ,y c conc5trate ! hi/ory ( all mank9d into ! evolution ( ! flax1 cotton1 & wool fib]s into clo?+4 ,i d n mean t ?is is ! only1 or ! be/1 c5t]4 ,b x is true t c]ta9 v real & important av5ues to ! consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! race are ?us op5$--t ! m9d is introduc$ to mu* m fundam5tal & controll+ influ5ces ?an appe> 9 ! political & *ronological records t usually pass = hi/ory4 ,n[1 :at is true ( ?is "o in/ance ( fib]s us$ 9 fabrics 7&1 ( c\rse1 ,i h only spok5 ( "o or two elem5t>y phases ( t7 is true 9 its measure ( e mat]ial us$ 9 e occupation1 & ( ! processes employ$4 ,! occupation supplies ! *ild ) a g5u9e motive2 x gives him exp]i5ce at fir/ h&2 x br+s him into contact ) realities4 ,x does all ?is1 b 9 addition x is lib]aliz$ ?r\gh\t by translation into its hi/oric & social values & sci5tific equival5cies4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! *ild's m9d 9 p[] & k x ceases to be a pleasant occupation m]ely & becomes m & m a m$ium1 an in/rum5t1 an organ ( und]/&+--& is !reby trans=m$4 ,?is1 9 turn1 has its be>+ ^u ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,"u pres5t conditions1 all activity1 to be successful1 has to be direct$ some:]e & someh[ by ! sci5tific exp]t--x is a case ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,?is connection %\ld det]m9e its place 9 education4 ,x is n only t ! occupations1 ! s-call$ manual or indu/rial "w 9 ! s*ool1 give ! opportunity = ! introduction ( sci5ce :i* illum9ates !m1 :i* makes !m mat]ial1 freight$ ) mean+1 in/ead ( be+ m]e devices ( h& & eye2 b t ! sci5tific insight ?us ga9$ becomes an indisp5sable in/rum5t ( free & active p>ticipation 9 mod]n social life4 ,plato some:]e speaks ( ! slave z "o :o 9 8 actions does n express 8 own ideas1 b ^? ( "s o!r man4 ,x is our social problem n[1 ev5 m urg5t ?an 9 ! "t ( ,plato1 t me?od1 purpose1 und]/&+1 %all exi/ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! "o :o does ! "w1 t 8 activity %all h mean+ to himself4 ,:5 occupations 9 ! s*ool are conceiv$ 9 ?is broad & g5]\s way1 ,i c only /& lo/ 9 wond] at ! objections s (t5 he>d1 t su* occupations are out ( place 9 ! s*ool because !y are mat]iali/ic1 utilit>ian1 or ev5 m5ial 9 _! t5d5cy4 ,x sometimes seems to me t ^? :o make ^! objections mu/ live 9 q ano!r _w4 ,! _w 9 :i* mo/ ( u live is a _w 9 :i* ev]yone has a call+ & occupation1 some?+ to d4 ,"s are manag]s & o!rs are subord9ates4 ,b ! great ?+ = "o z = ! o!r is t ea* %all h _h ! education :i* enables him to see )9 8 daily "w all !re is 9 x ( l>ge & human significance4 ,h[ _m ( ! employ$ are today m]e app5dages to ! ma*9es :i* !y op]ate6 ,?is may be due 9 "p to ! ma*9e itself or ! rgime :i* lays s mu* /ress ^u ! products ( ! ma*9e2 b x is c]ta9ly due 9 l>ge "p to ! fact t ! work] has _h no opportunity to develop 8 imag9ation & 8 sympa!tic insight z to ! social & sci5tific values f\nd 9 8 "w4 ,at pres5t1 ! impulses :i* lie at ! basis ( ! indu/rial sy/em are ei!r practically neglect$ or positively di/ort$ dur+ ! s*ool p]iod4 ,until ! in/9cts ( con/ruction & production are sy/ematically laid hold ( 9 ! ye>s ( *ildhood & y\?1 until !y are tra9$ 9 social directions1 enri*$ by hi/orical int]pretation1 controll$ & illum9at$ by sci5tific me?ods1 we c]ta9ly are 9 no position ev5 to locate ! s\rce ( our economic evils1 mu* less to deal ) !m effectively4 ,if we g back a few c5turies1 we f9d a practical monopoly ( le>n+4 ,! t]m possession ( le>n+ is1 inde$1 a happy "o4 ,le>n+ 0 a class matt]4 ,?is 0 a necess>y result ( social conditions4 ,!re 7 n 9 exi/5ce any means by :i* ! multitude c\ld possibly h access to intellectual res\rces4 ,^! 7 /or$ up & hidd5 away 9 manuscripts4 ,( ^! !re 7 at be/ only a few1 & x requir$ long & toilsome prep>ation to be able to d any?+ ) !m4 ,a high-prie/hood ( le>n+1 :i* gu>d$ ! treasury ( tru? & :i* dol$ x out to ! masses "u sev]e re/rictions1 0 ! inevitable expression ( ^! conditions4 ,b1 z a direct result ( ! indu/rial revolution ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ?is has be5 *ang$4 ,pr9t+ 0 inv5t$2 x 0 made comm]cial4 ,books1 magaz9es1 pap]s 7 multipli$ & *eap5$4 ,z a result ( ! locomotive & telegraph1 frequ5t1 rapid1 & *eap int]communication by mails & electricity 0 call$ into be+4 ,travel has be5 r5d]$ easy2 fre$om ( movem5t1 ) its accompany+ ex*ange ( ideas1 indef9itely facilitat$4 ,! result has be5 an intellectual revolution4 ,le>n+ has be5 put into circulation4 ,:ile !re /ill is1 & probably always w be1 a p>ticul> class hav+ ! special bus9ess ( inquiry 9 h&1 a di/9ctively le>n$ class is h5ce=? out ( ! "q4 ,x is an ana*ronism4 ,k is no long] an immobile solid2 x has be5 liquefi$4 ,x is actively mov+ 9 all ! curr5ts ( society itself4 ,x is easy to see t ?is revolution1 z reg>ds ! mat]ials ( k1 c>ries ) x a m>k$ *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! individual4 ,/imuli ( an intellectual sort p\r 9 ^u u 9 all k9ds ( ways4 ,! m]ely intellectual life1 ! life ( s*ol>%ip & ( le>n+1 ?us gets a v alt]$ value4 ,academic & s*ola/ic1 in/ead ( be+ titles ( honor1 are becom+ t]ms ( reproa*4 ,b all ?is means a necess>y *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! s*ool1 "o ( :i* we are z yet f> f realiz+ ! full =ce4 ,our s*ool me?ods1 & to a v consid]able ext5t our curriculum1 are inh]it$ f ! p]iod :5 le>n+ & comm& ( c]ta9 symbols1 af=d+ z !y did ! only access to le>n+1 7 all-important4 ,! ideals ( ?is p]iod are /ill l>gely 9 control1 ev5 :]e ! outw>d me?ods & /udies h be5 *ang$4 ,we sometimes he> ! introduction ( manual tra9+1 art1 & sci5ce into ! elem5t>y1 & ev5 ! second>y1 s*ools deprecat$ on ! gr\nd t !y t5d t[>d ! production ( speciali/s--t !y detract f our pres5t s*eme ( g5]\s1 lib]al culture4 ,! po9t ( ?is objection w\ld be ludicr\s if x 7 n (t5 s effective z to make x tragic4 ,x is our pres5t education :i* is highly specializ$1 "o-sid$1 & n>r[4 ,x is an education dom9at$ almo/ entirely by ! m$iaeval conception ( le>n+4 ,x is some?+ :i* appeals = ! mo/ "p simply to ! intellectual aspect ( our natures1 our desire to le>n1 to accumulate in=mation1 & to get control ( ! symbols ( le>n+2 n to our impulses & t5d5cies to make1 to d1 to create1 to produce1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( utility or ( art4 ,! v fact t manual tra9+1 art1 & sci5ce are object$ to z te*nical1 z t5d+ t[>d m]e specialism1 is ( itself z good te/imony z c\ld be (f]$ to ! specializ$ aim :i* controls curr5t education4 ,unless education _h be5 virtually id5tifi$ ) ! exclusively intellectual pursuits1 ) le>n+ z su*1 all ^! mat]ials & me?ods w\ld be welcome1 w\ld be greet$ ) ! utmo/ hospitality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,cave ,,& ,,trees ,:ile tra9+ = ! pr(ession ( le>n+ is reg>d$ z ! type ( culture1 or a lib]al education1 ! tra9+ ( a me*anic1 a musician1 a lawy]1 a doctor1 a f>m]1 a m]*ant1 or a railroad manag] is reg>d$ z purely te*nical & pr(essional4 ,! result is t :i* we see ab\t u ev]y:]e--! division into 8cultur$0 p & 8work]s10 ! sep>ation ( !ory & practice4 ,h>dly #a p] c5t ( ! entire s*ool population ev] atta9s to :at we call high] education2 only #e p] c5t to ! grade ( our high s*ool2 :ile mu* m ?an half leave on or be=e ! completion ( ! fif? ye> ( ! elem5t>y grade4 ,! simple facts ( ! case are t 9 ! great majority ( human be+s ! di/9ctively intellectual int]e/ is n dom9ant4 ,!y h ! s-call$ practical impulse & disposition4 ,9 _m ( ^? 9 :om by nature intellectual int]e/ is /rong1 social conditions prev5t its adequate realization4 ,consequ5tly by f> ! l>g] numb] ( pupils leave s*ool z soon z !y h acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( le>n+1 z soon z !y h en\gh ( ! symbols ( read+1 writ+1 & calculat+ to be ( practical use to !m 9 gett+ a liv+4 ,:ile our educational lead]s are talk+ ( culture1 ! developm5t ( p]sonality1 etc41 z ! end & aim ( education1 ! great majority ( ^? :o pass "u ! tuition ( ! s*ool reg>d x only z a n>r[ly practical tool ) :i* to get bread & butt] en\gh to eke out a re/rict$ life4 ,if we 7 to conceive our educational end & aim 9 a less exclusive way1 if we 7 to introduce into educational processes ! activities :i* appeal to ^? ^: dom9ant int]e/ is to d & to make1 we %\ld f9d ! hold ( ! s*ool ^u its memb]s to be m vital1 m prolong$1 conta9+ m ( culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,=e/ ,b :y %\ld ,i make ?is labor$ pres5tation8 ,! obvi\s fact is t our social life has und]gone a ?or\gh & radical *ange4 ,if our education is to h any mean+ = life1 x mu/ pass ?r\gh an equally complete trans=mation4 ,?is trans=mation is n some?+ to appe> sudd5ly1 to be execut$ 9 a day by consci\s purpose4 ,x is already 9 progress4 ,^? modifications ( our s*ool sy/em :i* (t5 appe> 7ev5 to ^? mo/ actively conc]n$ ) !m1 to say no?+ ( _! spectators7 to be m]e *anges ( detail1 m]e improvem5t )9 ! s*ool me*anism1 are 9 reality signs & evid5ces ( evolution4 ,! introduction ( active occupations1 ( nature-/udy1 ( elem5t>y sci5ce1 ( art1 ( hi/ory2 ! relegation ( ! m]ely symbolic & =mal to a second>y position2 ! *ange 9 ! moral s*ool atmosph]e1 9 ! relation ( pupils & tea*]s--( discipl9e2 ! introduction ( m active1 expressive1 & self-direct+ factors--all ^! are n m]e accid5ts1 !y are necessities ( ! l>g] social evolution4 ,x rema9s b to organize all ^! factors1 to appreciate !m 9 _! fulness ( mean+1 & to put ! ideas & ideals involv$ into complete1 uncompromis+ possession ( our s*ool sy/em4 ,to d ?is means to make ea* "o ( our s*ools an embryonic community life1 active ) types ( occupations t reflect ! life ( ! l>g] society & p]meat$ ?r\gh\t ) ! _s ( art1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce4 ,:5 ! s*ool introduces & tra9s ea* *ild ( society into memb]%ip )9 su* a little community1 saturat+ him ) ! _s ( s]vice1 & provid+ him ) ! in/rum5ts ( effective self-direction1 we %all h ! deepe/ & be/ gu>anty ( a l>g] society :i* is wor?y1 lovely1 & h>moni\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,,h&s ,,sp9n+ ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,girl ,,sp9n+ ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,,ii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,la/ week ,i tri$ to put be=e y ! relation%ip betwe5 ! s*ool & ! l>g] life ( ! community1 & ! necessity = c]ta9 *anges 9 ! me?ods & mat]ials ( s*ool "w1 t x might be bett] adapt$ to pres5t social ne$s4 ,today ,i wi% to look at ! matt] f ! o!r side & consid] ! relation%ip ( ! s*ool to ! life & developm5t ( ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool4 ,z x is difficult to connect g5]al pr9ciples ) su* ?or\ghly concrete ?+s z little *ildr51 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( introduc+ a great deal ( illu/rative matt] f ! "w ( ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 t 9 "s measure y may appreciate ! way 9 :i* ! ideas pres5t$ "w !mselves out 9 actual practice4 ,"s few ye>s ago ,i 0 look+ ab\t ! s*ool supply /ores 9 ! city1 try+ to f9d desks & *airs :i* seem$ ?or\ghly suitable f all po9ts ( view--arti/ic1 hygi5ic1 & educational--to ! ne$s ( ! *ildr54 ,we _h a great deal ( difficulty 9 f9d+ :at we ne$$1 & f9ally "o deal]1 m intellig5t ?an ! re/1 made ?is rem>k3 8,i am afraid we h n :at y want4 ,y want some?+ at :i* ! *ildr5 may "w2 ^! are all = li/5+40 ,t tells ! /ory ( ! traditional education4 ,j z ! biologi/ c take a bone or two & recon/ruct ! :ole animal1 s1 if we put be=e ! m9d's eye ! ord9>y s*oolroom1 ) its r[s ( ugly desks plac$ 9 geometrical ord]1 cr[d$ toge!r s t !re %all be z little mov+ room z possible1 desks almo/ all ( ! same size1 ) j space en\gh to hold books1 p5cils1 & pap]1 & add a table1 "s *airs1 ! b>e walls1 & possibly a few pictures1 we c recon/ruct ! only educational activity t c possibly g on 9 su* a place4 ,x is all made 8= li/5+0--because simply /udy+ lessons out ( a book is only ano!r k9d ( li/5+2 x m>ks ! dep5d5cy ( "o m9d ^u ano!r4 ,! attitude ( li/5+ means1 comp>atively speak+1 passivity1 absorption2 t !re are c]ta9 ready-made mat]ials :i* are !re1 :i* h be5 prep>$ by ! s*ool sup]9t5d5t1 ! bo>d1 ! tea*]1 & ( :i* ! *ild is to take 9 z mu* z possible 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,!re is v little place 9 ! traditional s*oolroom = ! *ild to "w4 ,! work%op1 ! laboratory1 ! mat]ials1 ! tools ) :i* ! *ild may con/ruct1 create1 & actively inquire1 & ev5 ! requisite space1 h be5 = ! mo/ "p lack+4 ,! ?+s t h to d ) ^! processes h n ev5 a def9itely recogniz$ place 9 education4 ,!y are :at ! educational au?orities :o write editorials 9 ! daily pap]s g5]ally t]m 8fads0 & 8frills40 ,a lady told me ye/]day t %e _h be5 visit+ diff]5t s*ools try+ to f9d "o :]e activity on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 prec$$ ! giv+ ( in=mation on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 or :]e ! *ildr5 _h "s motive = dem&+ ! in=mation4 ,%e visit$1 %e said1 tw5ty-f\r diff]5t s*ools be=e %e f\nd h] fir/ in/ance4 ,i may add t t 0 n 9 ?is city4 ,ano!r ?+ t is sugge/$ by ^! s*oolrooms1 ) _! set desks1 is t ev]y?+ is arrang$ = h&l+ z l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 z possible2 = deal+ ) *ildr5 en masse1 z an aggregate ( units2 involv+1 aga91 t !y be treat$ passively4 ,! mom5t *ildr5 act !y individualize !mselves2 !y cease to be a mass & become ! int5sely di/9ctive be+s t we are acqua9t$ ) out ( s*ool1 9 ! home1 ! family1 on ! playgr\nd1 & 9 ! neighborhood4 ,on ! same basis is explicable ! uni=mity ( me?od & curriculum4 ,if ev]y?+ is on a 8li/5+0 basis1 y c h uni=mity ( mat]ial & me?od4 ,! e>1 & ! book :i* reflects ! e>1 con/itute ! m$ium :i* is alike = all4 ,!re is next to no opportunity = adju/m5t to v>y+ capacities & dem&s4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt--a fix$ quantity--( ready-made results & accompli%m5ts to be acquir$ by all *ildr5 alike 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x is 9 response to ?is dem& t ! curriculum has be5 develop$ f ! elem5t>y s*ool up ?r\gh ! college4 ,!re is j s mu* desirable k1 & !re are j s _m ne$$ te*nical accompli%m5ts 9 ! _w4 ,!n comes ! ma!matical problem ( divid+ ?is by ! six1 twelve1 or sixte5 ye>s ( s*ool life4 ,n[ give ! *ildr5 e ye> j ! proportionate fraction ( ! total1 & by ! "t !y h f9i%$ !y w h ma/]$ ! :ole4 ,by cov]+ s mu* gr\nd dur+ ?is h\r or day or week or ye>1 ev]y?+ comes out ) p]fect ev5ness at ! end--provid$ ! *ildr5 h n =gott5 :at !y h previ\sly le>n$4 ,! outcome ( all ?is is ,mat!w ,arnold's report ( ! /atem5t1 pr\dly made to him by an educational au?ority 9 ,france1 t s _m ?\s&s ( *ildr5 7 /udy+ at a giv5 h\r1 say elev5 o'clock1 j su* a lesson 9 geography2 & 9 "o ( our own we/]n cities ?is pr\d boa/ us$ to be repeat$ to successive visitors by its sup]9t5d5t4 ,i may h exagg]at$ some:at 9 ord] to make pla9 ! typical po9ts ( ! old education3 its passivity ( attitude1 its me*anical mass+ ( *ildr51 its uni=mity ( curriculum & me?od4 ,x may be summ$ up by /at+ t ! c5t] ( gravity is outside ! *ild4 ,x is 9 ! tea*]1 ! textbook1 any:]e & ev]y:]e y please except 9 ! imm$iate in/9cts & activities ( ! *ild himself4 ,on t basis !re is n mu* to be said ab\t ! life ( ! *ild4 ,a good deal might be said ab\t ! /udy+ ( ! *ild1 b ! s*ool is n ! place :]e ! *ild lives4 ,n[ ! *ange :i* is com+ into our education is ! %ift+ ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,x is a *ange1 a revolution1 n unlike t introduc$ by ,cop]nicus :5 ! a/ronomical c5t] %ift$ f ! e>? to ! sun4 ,9 ?is case ! *ild becomes ! sun ab\t :i* ! appliances ( education revolve2 he is ! c5t] ab\t :i* !y are organiz$4 ,if we take an example f an ideal home1 :]e ! p>5t is intellig5t en\gh to recognize :at is be/ = ! *ild1 & is able to supply :at is ne$$1 we f9d ! *ild le>n+ ?r\gh ! social conv]se & con/itution ( ! family4 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts ( int]e/ & value to him 9 ! conv]sation c>ri$ on3 /atem5ts are made1 inquiries arise1 topics are discuss$1 & ! *ild cont9ually le>ns4 ,he /ates 8 exp]i5ces1 8 misconceptions are correct$4 ,aga9 ! *ild p>ticipates 9 ! h\sehold occupations1 & !reby gets habits ( indu/ry1 ord]1 & reg>d = ! rights & ideas ( o!rs1 & ! fundam5tal habit ( subord9at+ 8 activities to ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! h\sehold4 ,p>ticipation 9 ^! h\sehold tasks becomes an opportunity = ga9+ k4 ,! ideal home w\ld naturally h a work%op :]e ! *ild c\ld "w out 8 con/ructive in/9cts4 ,x w\ld h a m9iature laboratory 9 :i* 8 inquiries c\ld be direct$4 ,! life ( ! *ild w\ld ext5d out ( doors to ! g>d51 surr\nd+ fields1 & =e/s4 ,he w\ld h 8 excursions1 8 walks & talks1 9 :i* ! l>g] _w out ( doors w\ld op5 to him4 ,n[1 if we organize & g5]alize all ( ?is1 we h ! ideal s*ool4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t x1 no wond]ful discov]y ( p$agogy or educational !ory4 ,x is simply a "q ( do+ sy/ematically & 9 a l>ge1 intellig5t1 & compet5t way :at = v>i\s reasons c be done 9 mo/ h\seholds only 9 a comp>atively meag] & haphaz>d mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ideal home has to be enl>g$4 ,! *ild mu/ be br\ght into contact ) m gr[n p & ) m *ildr5 9 ord] t !re may be ! free/ & ri*e/ social life4 ,moreov]1 ! occupations & relation%ips ( ! home environm5t are n specially select$ = ! gr[? ( ! *ild2 ! ma9 object is some?+ else1 & :at ! *ild c get out ( !m is incid5tal4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( a s*ool4 ,9 ?is s*ool ! life ( ! *ild becomes ! all-controll+ aim4 ,all ! m$ia necess>y to fur!r ! gr[? ( ! *ild c5t] !re4 ,le>n+8 c]ta9ly1 b liv+ prim>ily1 & le>n+ ?r\gh & 9 relation to ?is liv+4 ,:5 we take ! life ( ! *ild c5t]$ & organiz$ 9 ?is way1 we d n f9d t he is fir/ ( all a li/5+ be+2 q ! contr>y4 ,! /atem5t s frequ5tly made t education means 8draw+ out0 is excell5t1 if we mean simply to contra/ x ) ! process ( p\r+ 94 ,b1 aft] all1 x is difficult to connect ! idea ( draw+ out ) ! ord9>y do+s ( ! *ild ( ?ree1 f\r1 sev51 or eight ye>s ( age4 ,he is already runn+ ov]1 spill+ ov]1 ) activities ( all k9ds4 ,he is n a purely lat5t be+ :om ! adult has to approa* ) great caution & skill 9 ord] gradually to draw out "s hidd5 g]m ( activity4 ,! *ild is already int5sely active1 & ! "q ( education is ! "q ( tak+ hold ( 8 activities1 ( giv+ !m direction4 ,?r\gh direction1 ?r\gh organiz$ use1 !y t5d t[>d valuable results1 in/ead ( scatt]+ or be+ left to m]ely impulsive expression4 ,if we keep ?is be=e u1 ! difficulty ,i f9d upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( _m p reg>d+ :at is t]m$ ! new education is n s mu* solv$ z dissolv$2 x disappe>s4 ,a "q (t5 ask$ is3 ,if y beg9 ) ! *ild's ideas1 impulses1 & int]e/s1 all s crude1 s r&om & scatt]+1 s little ref9$ or spiritualiz$1 h[ is he go+ to get ! necess>y discipl9e1 culture1 & in=mation8 ,if !re 7 no way op5 to u except to excite & indulge ^! impulses ( ! *ild1 ! "q might well be ask$4 ,we %\ld ei!r h to ignore & repress ! activities or else to humor !m4 ,b if we h organization ( equipm5t & ( mat]ials1 !re is ano!r pa? op5 to u4 ,we c direct ! *ild's activities1 giv+ !m ex]cise along c]ta9 l9es1 & c ?us lead up to ! goal :i* logically /&s at ! end ( ! pa?s foll[$4 8,if wi%es 7 horses1 begg>s w\ld ride40 ,s9ce !y are n1 s9ce really to satisfy an impulse or int]e/ means to "w x out1 & work+ x out involves runn+ up aga9/ ob/acles1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) mat]ials1 ex]cis+ +5uity1 pati5ce1 p]si/5ce1 al]tness1 x ( necessity involves discipl9e--ord]+ ( p[]--& supplies k4 ,take ! example ( ! little *ild :o wants to make a box4 ,if he /ops %ort ) ! imag9ation or wi%1 he c]ta9ly w n get discipl9e4 ,b :5 he attempts to realize 8 impulse1 x is a "q ( mak+ 8 idea def9ite1 mak+ x into a plan1 ( tak+ ! "r k9d ( wood1 measur+ ! p>ts ne$$1 giv+ !m ! necess>y proportions1 etc4 ,!re is involv$ ! prep>ation ( mat]ials1 ! saw+1 plan+1 ! s&pap]+1 mak+ all ! edges & corn]s to fit4 ,k ( tools & processes is inevitable4 ,if ! *ild realizes 8 in/9ct & makes ! box1 !re is pl5ty ( opportunity to ga9 discipl9e & p]sev]ance1 to ex]cise ef=t 9 ov]com+ ob/acles1 & to atta9 z well a great deal ( in=mation4 ,s und\bt$ly ! little *ild :o ?9ks he w\ld l to cook has little idea ( :at x means or co/s1 or :at x requires4 ,x is simply a desire to 8mess ar\nd10 p]haps to imitate ! activities ( old] p4 ,& x is d\btless possible to let ourselves d[n to t level & simply humor t int]e/4 ,b "h1 too1 if ! impulse is ex]cis$1 utiliz$1 x runs up aga9/ ! actual _w ( h>d conditions1 to :i* x mu/ accommodate itself2 & !re aga9 come 9 ! factors ( discipl9e & k4 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 became impati5t1 rec5tly1 at hav+ to "w ?+s out by a long me?od ( exp]im5tation1 & said3 8,:y d we bo!r ) ?is8 ,let's foll[ a recipe 9 a cook-book40 ,! tea*] ask$ ! *ildr5 :]e ! recipe came f1 & ! conv]sation %[$ t if !y simply foll[$ ?is !y w\ld n und]/& ! reasons = :at !y 7 do+4 ,!y 7 !n q will+ to g on ) ! exp]im5tal "w4 ,to foll[ t "w w1 inde$1 give an illu/ration ( j ! po9t 9 "q4 ,_! occupation happ5$ t day to be ! cook+ ( eggs1 z mak+ a transition f ! cook+ ( vegetables to t ( meats4 ,9 ord] to get a basis ( comp>ison !y fir/ summ>iz$ ! con/itu5t food elem5ts 9 ! vegetables & made a prelim9>y comp>ison ) ^? f\nd 9 meat4 ,?us !y f\nd t ! woody fib] or cellulose 9 vegetables correspond$ to ! connective tissue 9 meat1 giv+ ! elem5t ( =m & /ructure4 ,!y f\nd t />* & />*y products 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! vegetables1 t m9]al salts 7 f\nd 9 bo? alike1 & t !re 0 fat 9 bo?--a small quantity 9 vegetable food & a l>ge am\nt 9 animal4 ,!y 7 prep>$ !n to take up ! /udy ( album5 z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( animal food1 correspond+ to />* 9 ! vegetables1 & 7 ready to consid] ! conditions requisite = ! prop] treatm5t ( album5--! eggs s]v+ z ! mat]ial ( exp]im5t4 ,!y exp]im5t$ fir/ by tak+ wat] at v>i\s temp]atures1 f9d+ out :5 x 0 scald+1 simm]+1 & boil+ hot1 & asc]ta9$ ! effect ( ! v>i\s degrees ( temp]ature on ! :ite ( ! egg4 ,t work$ out1 !y 7 prep>$1 n simply to cook eggs1 b to und]/& ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! cook+ ( eggs4 ,i d n wi% to lose sight ( ! univ]sal 9 ! p>ticul> incid5t4 ,= ! *ild simply to desire to cook an egg1 & accord+ly drop x 9 wat] = ?ree m9utes1 & take x out :5 he is told1 is n educative4 ,b = ! *ild to realize 8 own impulse by recogniz+ ! facts1 mat]ials1 & conditions involv$1 & !n to regulate 8 impulse ?r\gh t recognition1 is educative4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce1 ^u :i* ,i wi% to insi/1 betwe5 excit+ or indulg+ an int]e/ & realiz+ x ?r\gh its direction4 ,ano!r in/9ct ( ! *ild is ! use ( p5cil & pap]4 ,all *ildr5 l to express !mselves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( =m & color4 ,if y simply indulge ?is int]e/ by lett+ ! *ild g on indef9itely1 !re is no gr[? t is m ?an accid5tal4 ,b let ! *ild fir/ express 8 impulse1 & !n ?r\gh criticism1 "q1 & sugge/ion br+ him to consci\sness ( :at he has done1 & :at he ne$s to d1 & ! result is q diff]5t4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! "w ( a sev5-ye>-old *ild4 ,x is n av]age "w1 x is ! be/ "w done among ! little *ildr51 b x illu/rates ! p>ticul> pr9ciple ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,!y _h be5 talk+ ab\t ! primitive conditions ( social life :5 p liv$ 9 caves4 ,! *ild's idea ( t f\nd expression 9 ?is way3 ! cave is neatly set up on ! hillside 9 an impossible way4 ,y see ! conv5tional tree ( *ildhood--a v]tical l9e ) horizontal bran*es on ea* side4 ,if ! *ild _h be5 all[$ to g on repeat+ ?is sort ( ?+ day by day1 he w\ld be indulg+ 8 in/9ct r ?an ex]cis+ x4 ,b ! *ild 0 n[ ask$ to look closely at trees1 to comp>e ^? se5 ) ! "o drawn1 to exam9e m closely & consci\sly into ! conditions ( 8 "w4 ,!n he drew trees f obs]vation4 ,f9ally he drew aga9 f comb9$ obs]vation1 memory1 & imag9ation4 ,he made aga9 a free illu/ration1 express+ 8 own imag9ative ?\ght1 b controll$ by detail$ /udy ( actual trees4 ,! result 0 a sc5e repres5t+ a bit ( =e/2 s f> z x goes1 x seems to me to h z mu* poetic feel+ z ! "w ( an adult1 :ile at ! same "t its trees are1 9 _! proportions1 possible ones1 n m]e symbols4 ,if we r\ghly classify ! impulses :i* are available 9 ! s*ool1 we may gr\p !m "u f\r heads4 ,!re is ! social in/9ct ( ! *ildr5 z %[n 9 conv]sation1 p]sonal int]c\rse1 & communication4 ,we all "k h[ self-c5t]$ ! little *ild is at ! age ( f\r or five4 ,if any new subject is br\ght up1 if he says any?+ at all1 x is3 8,i h se5 t20 or1 8,my papa or mamma told me ab\t t40 ,8 horizon is n l>ge2 an exp]i5ce mu/ come imm$iately home to him1 if he is to be suffici5tly int]e/$ to relate x to o!rs & seek !irs 9 return4 ,& yet ! egoi/ic & limit$ int]e/ ( little *ildr5 is 9 ?is mann] capable ( inf9ite expansion4 ,! language in/9ct is ! simple/ =m ( ! social expression ( ! *ild4 ,h5ce x is a great1 p]haps ! greate/ ( all educational res\rces4 ,!n !re is ! in/9ct ( mak+--! con/ructive impulse4 ,! *ild's impulse to d f9ds expression fir/ 9 play1 9 movem5t1 ge/ure1 & make-believe1 becomes m def9ite1 & seeks outlet 9 %ap+ mat]ials into tangible =ms & p]man5t embodim5t4 ,! *ild has n mu* in/9ct = ab/ract inquiry4 ,! in/9ct ( inve/igation seems to gr[ out ( ! comb9ation ( ! con/ructive impulse ) ! conv]sational4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 exp]im5tal sci5ce = little *ildr5 & ! "w done 9 ! c>p5t] %op4 ,su* "w z !y c d 9 physics or *emi/ry is n = ! purpose ( mak+ te*nical g5]alizations or ev5 arriv+ at ab/ract tru?s4 ,*ildr5 simply l to d ?+s & wat* to see :at w happ54 ,b ?is c be tak5 advantage (1 c be direct$ into ways :]e x gives results ( value1 z well z be all[$ to g on at r&om4 ,& s ! expressive impulse ( ! *ildr51 ! art in/9ct1 gr[s also out ( ! communicat+ & con/ructive in/9cts4 ,x is _! ref9em5t & full manife/ation4 ,make ! con/ruction adequate1 make x full1 free1 & flexible1 give x a social motive1 some?+ to tell1 & y h a "w ( art4 ,take "o illu/ration ( ?is 9 connection ) ! textile "w--sew+ & weav+4 ,! *ildr5 made a primitive loom 9 ! %op2 "h ! con/ructive in/9ct 0 appeal$ to4 ,!n !y wi%$ to d some?+ ) ?is loom1 to make some?+4 ,x 0 ! type ( ! ,indian loom1 & !y 7 %[n blankets wov5 by ! ,indians4 ,ea* *ild made a design k9dr$ 9 idea to ^? ( ! ,navajo blankets1 & ! "o :i* seem$ be/ adapt$ to ! "w 9 h& 0 select$4 ,! te*nical res\rces 7 limit$1 b ! color+ & =m 7 work$ out by ! *ildr54 ,! example %[n 0 made by ! twelve-ye>-old *ildr54 ,exam9ation %[s t x took pati5ce1 ?or\ghness1 & p]sev]ance to d ! "w4 ,x involv$ n m]ely discipl9e & in=mation ( bo? a hi/orical sort & ! elem5ts ( te*nical design1 b also some?+ ( ! _s ( art 9 adequately convey+ an idea4 ,"o m in/ance ( ! connection ( ! art side ) ! con/ructive side3 ,! *ildr5 _h be5 /udy+ primitive sp9n+ & c>d+1 :5 "o ( !m1 twelve ye>s ( age1 made a picture ( "o ( ! old] *ildr5 sp9n+4 ,"h is ano!r piece ( "w :i* is n q av]age2 x is bett] ?an ! av]age4 ,x is an illu/ration ( two h&s & ! draw+ out ( ! wool to get x ready = sp9n+4 ,?is 0 done by a *ild elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,b1 ^u ! :ole1 ) ! y\ng] *ildr5 especially1 ! art impulse is connect$ ma9ly ) ! social in/9ct--! desire to tell1 to repres5t4 ,n[1 keep+ 9 m9d ^! f\rfold int]e/s--! int]e/ 9 conv]sation1 or communication2 9 inquiry1 or f9d+ out ?+s2 9 mak+ ?+s1 or con/ruction2 & 9 arti/ic expression--we may say !y are ! natural res\rces1 ! un9ve/$ capital1 ^u ! ex]cise ( :i* dep5ds ! active gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,i wi% to give "o or two illu/rations1 ! fir/ f ! "w ( *ildr5 sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,x illu/rates 9 a way ! dom9ant desire ( ! *ildr5 to talk1 p>ticul>ly ab\t folks & ( ?+s 9 relation to folks4 ,if y obs]ve little *ildr51 y w f9d !y are int]e/$ 9 ! _w ( ?+s ma9ly 9 its connection ) p1 z a backgr\nd & m$ium ( human conc]ns4 ,_m an?ropologi/s h told u !re are c]ta9 id5tities 9 ! *ild int]e/s ) ^? ( primitive life4 ,!re is a sort ( natural recurr5ce ( ! *ild m9d to ! typical activities ( primitive peoples2 witness ! hut :i* ! boy likes to build 9 ! y>d1 play+ hunt1 ) b[s1 arr[s1 spe>s1 & s on4 ,aga9 ! "q comes3 ,:at are we to d ) ?is int]e/--are we to ignore x1 or j excite & draw x out8 ,or %all we get hold ( x & direct x to some?+ ahead1 some?+ bett]8 ,"s ( ! "w t has be5 plann$ = our sev5-ye>-old *ildr5 has ! latt] end 9 view--to utilize ?is int]e/ s t x %all become a means ( see+ ! progress ( ! human race4 ,! *ildr5 beg9 by imag9+ pres5t conditions tak5 away until !y are 9 contact ) nature at fir/ h&4 ,t takes !m back to a hunt+ p1 to a p liv+ 9 caves or trees & gett+ a prec>i\s subsi/5ce by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,!y imag9e z f> z possible ! v>i\s natural physical conditions adapt$ to t sort ( life2 say1 a hilly1 woody slope1 ne> m\nta9s1 & a riv] :]e fi% w\ld be abundant4 ,!n !y g on 9 imag9ation ?r\gh ! hunt+ to ! semi-agricultural /age1 & ?r\gh ! nomadic to ! settl$ agricultural /age4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t !re is abundant opportunity ?us giv5 = actual /udy1 = inquiry :i* results 9 ga9+ in=mation4 ,s1 :ile ! in/9ct prim>ily appeals to ! social side1 ! int]e/ ( ! *ild 9 p & _! do+s is c>ri$ on into ! l>g] _w ( reality4 ,= example1 ! *ildr5 _h "s idea ( primitive weapons1 ( ! /one arr[-head1 etc4 ,t provid$ occasion = ! te/+ ( mat]ials z reg>ds _! friability1 _! %ape1 texture1 etc41 result+ 9 a lesson 9 m9]alogy1 z !y exam9$ ! diff]5t /ones to f9d :i* 0 be/ suit$ to ! purpose4 ,! discussion ( ! iron age suppli$ a dem& = ! con/ruction ( a smelt+ ov5 made out ( clay & ( consid]able size4 ,z ! *ildr5 did n get _! drafts "r at fir/1 ! m\? ( ! furnace n be+ 9 prop] relation to ! v5t z to size & position1 in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion1 ! nature ( drafts & ( fuel1 0 requir$4 ,yet ! in/ruction 0 n giv5 ready-made2 x 0 fir/ ne$$1 & !n arriv$ at exp]im5tally4 ,!n ! *ildr5 took "s mat]ial1 su* z copp]1 & w5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 fus+ x1 work+ x into objects2 & ! same exp]im5ts 7 made ) lead & o!r metals4 ,?is "w has be5 also a cont9u\s c\rse 9 geography1 s9ce ! *ildr5 h _h to imag9e & "w out ! v>i\s physical conditions necess>y to ! diff]5t =ms ( social life impli$4 ,:at w\ld be ! physical conditions appropriate to pa/oral life8 to ! beg9n+ ( agriculture8 to fi%+8 ,:at w\ld be ! natural me?od ( ex*ange betwe5 ^! peoples8 ,hav+ work$ out su* po9ts 9 conv]sation1 !y h aft]w>d repres5t$ !m 9 maps & s&-mold+4 ,?us !y h ga9$ ideas ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! configuration ( ! e>?1 & at ! same "t h se5 !m 9 _! relation to human activity1 s t !y are n simply ext]nal facts1 b are fus$ & weld$ ) social conceptions reg>d+ ! life & progress ( humanity4 ,! result1 to my m9d1 ju/ifies completely ! conviction t *ildr51 9 a ye> ( su* "w 7( five h\rs a week altoge!r71 get inf9itely m acqua9tance ) facts ( sci5ce1 geography1 & an?ropology ?an !y get :]e in=mation is ! pr(ess$ end & object1 :]e !y are simply set to le>n+ facts 9 fix$ lessons4 ,z to discipl9e1 !y get m tra9+ ( att5tion1 m p[] ( int]pretation1 ( draw+ inf]5ces1 ( acute obs]vation & cont9u\s reflection1 ?an if !y 7 put to work+ out arbitr>y problems simply = ! sake ( discipl9e4 ,i %\ld l at ?is po9t to ref] to ! recitation4 ,we all "k :at x has be5--a place :]e ! *ild %[s (f to ! tea*] & ! o!r *ildr5 ! am\nt ( in=mation he has succe$$ 9 assimilat+ f ! textbook4 ,f ?is o!r /&po9t ! recitation becomes pre-em95tly a social meet+-place2 x is to ! s*ool :at ! spontane\s conv]sation is at home1 except+ t x is m organiz$1 foll[+ def9ite l9es4 ,! recitation becomes ! social cle>+-h\se1 :]e exp]i5ces & ideas are ex*ang$ & subject$ to criticism1 :]e misconceptions are correct$1 & new l9es ( ?\ght & inquiry are set up4 ,?is *ange ( ! recitation1 f an exam9ation ( k already acquir$ to ! free play ( ! *ildr5's communicative in/9ct1 affects & modifies all ! language "w ( ! s*ool4 ,"u ! old rgime x 0 unque/ionably a mo/ s]i\s problem to give ! *ildr5 a full & free use ( language4 ,! reason 0 obvi\s4 ,! natural motive = language 0 seldom (f]$4 ,9 ! p$agogical textbooks language is def9$ z ! m$ium ( express+ ?\ght4 ,x becomes t1 m or less1 to adults ) tra9$ m9ds1 b x h>dly ne$s to be said t language is prim>ily a social ?+1 a means by :i* we give our exp]i5ces to o!rs & get !irs aga9 9 return4 ,:5 x is tak5 away f its natural purpose1 x is no wond] t x becomes a complex & difficult problem to tea* language4 ,?9k ( ! absurdity ( hav+ to tea* language z a ?+ by itself4 ,if !re is any?+ ! *ild w d be=e he goes to s*ool1 x is to talk ( ! ?+s t int]e/ him4 ,b :5 !re are no vital int]e/s appeal$ to 9 ! s*ool1 :5 language is us$ simply = ! repetition ( lessons1 x is n surpris+ t "o ( ! *ief difficulties ( s*ool "w has come to be in/ruction 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,s9ce ! language taught is unnatural1 n gr[+ out ( ! real desire to communicate vital impressions & convictions1 ! fre$om ( *ildr5 9 its use gradually disappe>s1 until f9ally ! high-s*ool tea*] has to inv5t all k9ds ( devices to assi/ 9 gett+ any spontane\s & full use ( spee*4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! language in/9ct is appeal$ to 9 a social way1 !re is a cont9ual contact ) reality4 ,! result is t ! *ild always has some?+ 9 8 m9d to talk ab\t1 he has some?+ to say2 he has a ?\ght to express1 & a ?\ght is n a ?\ght unless x is "o's own4 ,on ! traditional me?od1 ! *ild mu/ say some?+ t he has m]ely le>n$4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 hav+ some?+ to say & hav+ to say some?+4 ,! *ild :o has a v>iety ( mat]ials & facts wants to talk ab\t !m1 & 8 language becomes m ref9$ & full1 because x is controll$ & in=m$ by realities4 ,read+ & writ+1 z well z ! oral use ( language1 may be taught on ?is basis4 ,x c be done 9 a relat$ way1 z ! outgr[? ( ! *ild's social desire to rec\nt 8 exp]i5ces & get 9 return ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs1 direct$ always ?r\gh contact ) ! facts & =ces :i* det]m9e ! tru? communicat$4 ,i %all n h "t to speak ( ! "w ( ! old] *ildr51 :]e ! orig9al crude in/9cts ( con/ruction & communication h be5 develop$ into some?+ l sci5tifically direct$ inquiry1 b ,i w give an illu/ration ( ! use ( language foll[+ ^u ?is exp]im5tal "w4 ,! "w 0 on ! basis ( a simple exp]im5t ( ! commone/ sort1 gradually lead+ ! *ildr5 out into geological & geographical /udy4 ,! s5t5ces t ,i am go+ to read seem to me poetic z well z 8sci5tific40 8,a long "t ago :5 ! e>? 0 new1 :5 x 0 lava1 !re 0 no wat] on ! e>?1 & !re 0 /eam all r\nd ! e>? up 9 ! air1 z !re 7 _m gases 9 ! air4 ,"o ( !m 0 c>bon dioxide4 ,! /eam became cl\ds1 because ! e>? began to cool (f1 & aft] a :ile x began to ra91 & ! wat] came d[n & dissolv$ ! c>bon dioxide f ! air40 ,!re is a good deal m sci5ce 9 t ?an probably w\ld be app>5t at ! outset4 ,x repres5ts "s ?ree mon?s ( "w on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,! *ildr5 kept daily & weekly records1 b ?is is "p ( ! summ+ up ( ! qu>t]'s "w4 ,i call ?is language poetic1 because ! *ild has a cle> image & has a p]sonal feel+ = ! realities imag$4 ,i extract s5t5ces f two o!r records to illu/rate fur!r ! vivid use ( language :5 !re is a vivid exp]i5ce back ( x4 8,:5 ! e>? 0 cold en\gh to cond5se1 ! wat]1 ) ! help ( c>bon dioxide1 pull$ ! calcium out ( ! rocks into a l>ge body ( wat] :]e ! little animals c\ld get x40 ,! o!r reads z foll[s3 8,:5 ! e>? cool$1 calcium 0 9 ! rocks4 ,!n ! c>bon dioxide & wat] unit$ & =m$ a solution1 &1 z x ran1 x tore out ! calcium & c>ri$ x on to ! sea1 :]e !re 7 little animals :o took x out ( solution40 ,! use ( su* words z 8pull$0 & 8tore0 9 connection ) ! process ( *emical comb9ation evid5ces a p]sonal realization :i* compels its own appropriate expression4 ,if ,i _h n tak5 s mu* "t 9 my o!r illu/rations1 ,i %\ld l to %[ h[1 beg9n+ ) v simple mat]ial ?+s1 ! *ildr5 are l$ on to l>g] fields ( inve/igation & to ! intellectual discipl9e t is ! accompanim5t ( su* rese>*4 ,i w simply m5tion ! exp]im5t 9 :i* ! "w began4 ,x consi/$ 9 mak+ precipitat$ *alk1 us$ = poli%+ metals4 ,! *ildr51 ) simple app>atus--a tumbl]1 lime wat]1 & a glass tube--precipitat$ ! calcium c>bonate out ( ! wat]2 & f ?is beg9n+ w5t on to a /udy ( ! processes by :i* rocks ( v>i\s sorts1 igne\s1 s$im5t>y1 etc41 _h be5 =m$ on ! surface ( ! e>? & ! places !y occupy2 !n to po9ts 9 ! geography ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,hawaii1 & ,porto ,rico2 to ! effects ( ^! v>i\s bodies ( rock1 9 _! v>i\s configurations1 ^u ! human occupations2 s t ?is geological record f9ally r\nd$ itself out into ! life ( man at ! pres5t "t4 ,! *ildr5 saw & felt ! connection betwe5 ^! geologic processes1 tak+ place ages & ages ago1 & ! physical conditions det]m9+ ! indu/rial occupations ( today4 ,( all ! possibilities involv$ 9 ! subject1 8,! ,s*ool & ! ,life ( ! ,*ild10 ,i h select$ b "o1 because ,i h f\nd t t "o gives p m difficulty1 is m ( a /umbl+-block1 ?an any o!r4 ,"o may be ready to admit t x w\ld be mo/ desirable = ! s*ool to be a place 9 :i* ! *ild %\ld really live1 & get a life-exp]i5ce 9 :i* he %\ld delight & f9d mean+ = its own sake4 ,b !n we he> ?is inquiry3 ,h[1 ^u ?is basis1 %all ! *ild get ! ne$$ in=mation2 h[ %all he und]go ! requir$ discipl9e8 ,yes1 x has come to ?is1 t ) _m1 if n mo/1 p ! normal processes ( life appe> to be incompatible ) gett+ in=mation & discipl9e4 ,s ,i h tri$ to indicate1 9 a highly g5]al & inadequate way 7= only ! s*ool itself1 9 its daily op]ation1 c\ld give a detail$ & wor?y repres5tation71 h[ ! problem works itself out--h[ x is possible to lay hold ^u ! rudim5t>y in/9cts ( human nature1 &1 by supply+ a prop] m$ium1 s to control _! expression z n only to facilitate & enri* ! gr[? ( ! individual *ild1 b also to supply ! same results1 & f> m1 ( te*nical in=mation & discipl9e t h be5 ! ideals ( education 9 ! pa/4 ,b al?\gh ,i h select$ ?is especial way ( approa* 7z a concession to ! "q almo/ univ]sally rais$71 ,i am n will+ to leave ! matt] 9 ?is m or less negative & explanatory condition4 ,life is ! great ?+ aft] all2 ! life ( ! *ild at its "t & 9 its measure no less ?an ! life ( ! adult4 ,/range w\ld x be1 inde$1 if intellig5t & s]i\s att5tion to :at ! *ild n[ ne$s & is capable ( 9 ! way ( a ri*1 valuable1 & exp&$ life %\ld someh[ conflict ) ! ne$s & possibilities ( lat]1 adult life4 8,let u live ) our *ildr50 c]ta9ly means1 fir/ ( all1 t our *ildr5 %all live--n t !y %all be hamp]$ & /unt$ by be+ =c$ into all k9ds ( conditions1 ! mo/ remote consid]ation ( :i* is relevancy to ! pres5t life ( ! *ild4 ,if we seek ! k+dom ( heav51 educationally1 all o!r ?+s %all be add$ unto u--:i*1 be+ int]pret$1 is t if we id5tify ourselves ) ! real in/9cts & ne$s ( *ildhood1 & ask only aft] its fulle/ ass]tion & gr[?1 ! discipl9e & in=mation & culture ( adult life %all all come 9 _! due season4 ,speak+ ( culture rem9ds me t 9 a way ,i h be5 speak+ only ( ! outside ( ! *ild's activity--only ( ! outw>d expression ( 8 impulses t[>d say+1 mak+1 f9d+ out1 & creat+4 ,! real *ild1 x h>dly ne$ be said1 lives 9 ! _w ( imag9ative values & ideas :i* f9d only imp]fect outw>d embodim5t4 ,we he> mu* n[adays ab\t ! cultivation ( ! *ild's 8imag9ation40 ,!n we undo mu* ( our own talk & "w by a belief t ! imag9ation is "s special "p ( ! *ild t f9ds its satisfaction 9 "s "o p>ticul> direction--g5]ally speak+1 t ( ! unreal & make-believe1 ( ! my? & made-up /ory4 ,:y are we s h>d ( he>t & s sl[ to believe8 ,! imag9ation is ! m$ium 9 :i* ! *ild lives4 ,to him !re is ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+ :i* occupies 8 m9d & activity at all a surplusage ( value & significance4 ,! "q ( ! relation ( ! s*ool to ! *ild's life is at bottom simply ?is3 ,%all we ignore ?is native sett+ & t5d5cy1 deal+1 n ) ! liv+ *ild at all1 b ) ! dead image we h erect$1 or %all we give x play & satisfaction8 ,if we once believe 9 life & 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 !n w all ! occupations & uses spok5 (1 !n w all hi/ory & sci5ce1 become in/rum5ts ( appeal & mat]ials ( culture to 8 imag9ation1 & ?r\gh t to ! ri*ness & ! ord]l9ess ( 8 life4 ,:]e we n[ see only ! outw>d do+ & ! outw>d product1 !re1 beh9d all visible results1 is ! readju/m5t ( m5tal attitude1 ! enl>g$ & sympa!tic vision1 ! s5se ( gr[+ p[]1 & ! will+ ability to id5tify bo? insight & capacity ) ! int]e/s ( ! _w & man4 ,unless culture be a sup]ficial poli%1 a v5e]+ ( mahogany ov] common wood1 x surely is ?is--! gr[? ( ! imag9ation 9 flexibility1 9 scope1 & 9 sympa?y1 till ! life :i* ! individual lives is in=m$ ) ! life ( nature & ( society4 ,:5 nature & society c live 9 ! s*oolroom1 :5 ! =ms & tools ( le>n+ are subord9at$ to ! sub/ance ( exp]i5ce1 !n %all !re be an opportunity = ?is id5tification1 & culture %all be ! democratic password4 ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,education ,,iii ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,education ,! subject ann\nc$ = today 0 8,wa/e 9 ,education40 ,i %\ld l fir/ to /ate briefly its relation to ! two prec$+ lectures4 ,! fir/ dealt ) ! s*ool 9 its social aspects1 & ! necess>y readju/m5ts t h to be made to r5d] x effective 9 pres5t social conditions4 ,! second dealt ) ! s*ool 9 relation to ! gr[? ( individual *ildr54 ,n[ ! ?ird deals ) ! s*ool z itself an in/itution1 9 relation bo? to society & to its own memb]s--! *ildr54 ,x deals ) ! "q ( organization1 because all wa/e is ! result ( ! lack ( x1 ! motive ly+ beh9d organization be+ promotion ( economy & effici5cy4 ,?is "q is n "o ( ! wa/e ( money or ! wa/e ( ?+s4 ,^! matt]s c\nt2 b ! prim>y wa/e is t ( human life1 ! life ( ! *ildr5 :ile !y are at s*ool1 & aft]w>d because ( inadequate & p]v]t$ prep>ation4 ,s1 :5 we speak ( organization1 we are n to ?9k simply ( ! ext]nals2 ( t :i* goes by ! "n 8s*ool sy/em0--! s*ool bo>d1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 & ! build+1 ! engag+ & promotion ( tea*]s1 etc4 ,^! ?+s ent] 91 b ! fundam5tal organization is t ( ! s*ool itself z a community ( individuals1 9 its relations to o!r =ms ( social life4 ,all wa/e is due to isolation4 ,organization is no?+ b gett+ ?+s into connection ) "o ano!r1 s t !y "w easily1 flexibly1 & fully4 ,!re=e 9 speak+ ( ?is "q ( wa/e 9 education ,i desire to call y\r att5tion to ! isolation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em1 to ! lack ( unity 9 ! aims ( education1 to ! lack ( coh]5ce 9 its /udies & me?ods4 ,i h made a *>t 7,i7 :i*1 :ile ,i speak ( ! isolations ( ! s*ool sy/em itself1 may p]haps appeal to ! eye & save a little "t 9 v]bal explanations4 ,a p>adoxical fri5d ( m9e says !re is no?+ s obscure z an illu/ration1 & x is q possible t my attempt to illu/rate my po9t w simply prove ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,i4 ,! blocks repres5t ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! s*ool sy/em & are int5d$ to indicate r\ghly ! l5g? ( "t giv5 to ea* division1 & also ! ov]lapp+1 bo? 9 "t & 9 subjects /udi$1 ( ! individual p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,) ea* block is giv5 ! hi/orical conditions 9 :i* x arose & its rul+ ideal4 ,! s*ool sy/em1 ^u ! :ole1 has gr[n f ! top d[n4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x 0 ess5tially a clu/] ( pr(essional s*ools--especially law & !ology4 ,our pres5t univ]sity comes d[n to u f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i w n say t at pres5t x is a m$iaeval in/itution1 b x _h its roots 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & x has n outliv$ all m$iaeval traditions reg>d+ le>n+4 ,! k9d]g>t51 ris+ ) ! pres5t c5tury1 0 a union ( ! nurs]y & ( ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+2 a w$d+ ( ! plays & games :i* ! "m c>ri$ on ) h] *ildr5 to ,s*ell+'s highly romantic & symbolic philosophy4 ,! elem5ts t came f ! actual /udy ( *ild life--! cont9uation ( ! nurs]y--h rema9$ a life-br++ =ce 9 all education2 ! ,s*ell+esque factors made an ob/ruction betwe5 x & ! re/ ( ! s*ool sy/em--br\ght ab\t isolations4 ,! l9e drawn ov] ! top indicates t !re is a c]ta9 int]action betwe5 ! k9d]g>t5 & ! prim>y s*ool2 =1 s f> z ! prim>y s*ool rema9$ 9 _s =eign to ! natural int]e/s ( *ild life1 x 0 isolat$ f ! k9d]g>t51 s t x is a problem1 at pres5t1 to introduce k9d]g>t5 me?ods into ! prim>y s*ool2 ! problem ( ! s-call$ connect+ class4 ,! difficulty is t ! two are n "o f ! />t4 ,to get a connection ! tea*] has _h to climb ov] ! wall in/ead ( ent]+ 9 at ! gate4 ,on ! side ( aims1 ! ideal ( ! k9d]g>t5 0 ! moral developm5t ( ! *ildr51 r ?an in/ruction or discipl9e2 an ideal sometimes emphasiz$ to ! po9t ( s5tim5tality4 ,! prim>y s*ool grew practically out ( ! popul> movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :51 along ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! gr[? ( comm]ce1 x became a bus9ess necessity to "k h[ to read1 write1 & figure4 ,! aim 0 di/9ctly a practical "o2 x 0 utility2 gett+ comm& ( ^! tools1 ! symbols ( le>n+1 n = ! sake ( le>n+1 b because !y gave access to c>e]s 9 life o!rwise clos$4 ,! division next to ! prim>y s*ool is ! gramm> s*ool4 ,! t]m is n mu* us$ 9 ! ,we/1 b is common 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,x goes back to ! "t ( ! revival ( le>n+--a little e>li] p]haps ?an ! conditions out ( :i* ! prim>y s*ool orig9at$1 &1 ev5 :5 contemporane\s1 hav+ a diff]5t ideal4 ,x _h to d ) ! /udy ( language 9 ! high] s5se2 because1 at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,lat9 & ,greek connect$ p ) ! culture ( ! pa/1 ) ! ,roman & ,greek _w4 ,! classic languages 7 ! only means ( escape f ! limitations ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?us !re sprang up ! prototype ( ! gramm> s*ool1 m lib]al ?an ! univ]sity 7s l>gely pr(essional 9 "*71 = ! purpose ( putt+ into ! h&s ( ! p ! key to ! old le>n+1 t m5 might see a _w ) a l>g] horizon4 ,! object 0 prim>ily culture1 second>ily discipl9e4 ,x repres5t$ mu* m ?an ! pres5t gramm> s*ool4 ,x 0 ! lib]al elem5t 9 ! college1 :i*1 ext5d+ d[nw>d1 grew into ! academy & ! high s*ool4 ,?us ! second>y s*ool is /ill 9 "p j a l[] college 7hav+ an ev5 high] curriculum ?an ! college ( a few c5turies ago7 or a prep>atory dep>tm5t to a college1 & 9 "p a r\nd+ up ( ! utilities ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,!re appe> !n two products ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! te*nical & normal s*ools4 ,! s*ools ( te*nology1 eng9e]+1 etc41 are1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly ! developm5t ( n9ete5?-c5tury bus9ess conditions1 z ! prim>y s*ool 0 ! developm5t ( bus9ess conditions ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! normal s*ool arose because ( ! necessity = tra9+ tea*]s1 ) ! idea p>tly ( pr(essional drill & p>tly t ( culture4 ,)\t go+ m into detail1 we h "s eight diff]5t p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em z repres5t$ on ! *>t1 all ( :i* arose hi/orically at diff]5t times1 hav+ diff]5t ideals 9 view1 & consequ5tly diff]5t me?ods4 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t all ( ! isolation1 all ( ! sep>ation1 t has exi/$ 9 ! pa/ betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em /ill p]si/s4 ,"o mu/1 h[ev]1 recognize t !y h nev] yet be5 weld$ into "o complete :ole4 ,! great problem 9 education on ! adm9i/rative side is h[ to unite ^! diff]5t p>ts4 ,consid] ! tra9+ s*ools = tea*]s--! normal s*ools4 ,^! occupy at pres5t a some:at anomal\s position1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! high s*ool & ! college1 requir+ ! high-s*ool prep>ation1 & cov]+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( college "w4 ,!y are isolat$ f ! high] subject-matt] ( s*ol>%ip1 s9ce1 ^u ! :ole1 _! object has be5 to tra9 p]sons h[ to tea*1 r ?an :at to tea*2 :ile1 if we g to ! college1 we f9d ! o!r half ( ?is isolation--le>n+ :at to tea*1 ) almo/ a contempt = me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! college is %ut (f f contact ) *ildr5 & y\?4 ,its memb]s1 to a great ext5t1 away f home & =gett+ _! own *ildhood1 become ev5tually tea*]s ) a l>ge am\nt ( subject-matt] at comm&1 & little k ( h[ ?is is relat$ to ! m9ds ( ^? to :om x is to be taught4 ,9 ?is division betwe5 :at to tea* & h[ to tea*1 ea* side suff]s f ! sep>ation4 ,x is int]e/+ to foll[ out ! int]relation betwe5 prim>y1 gramm>1 & high s*ools4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool has cr[d$ up & tak5 _m subjects previ\sly /udi$ 9 ! old ,new ,engl& gramm> s*ool4 ,! high s*ool has pu%$ its subjects d[n4 ,lat9 & algebra h be5 put 9 ! upp] grades1 s t ! sev5? & eigh? grades are1 aft] all1 ab\t all t is left ( ! old gramm> s*ool4 ,!y are a sort ( amorph\s composite1 be+ p>tly a place :]e *ildr5 g on le>n+ :at !y already h le>n$ 7to read1 write1 & figure71 & p>tly a place ( prep>ation = ! high s*ool4 ,! "n 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl& = ^! upp] grades 0 8,int]m$iate ,s*ool40 ,! t]m 0 a happy "o2 ! "w 0 simply int]m$iate betwe5 some?+ t _h be5 & some?+ t 0 go+ to be1 hav+ no special mean+ on its own acc\nt4 ,j z ! p>ts are sep>at$1 s d ! ideals diff]--moral developm5t1 practical utility1 g5]al culture1 discipl9e1 & pr(essional tra9+4 ,^! aims are ea* especially repres5t$ 9 "s di/9ct "p ( ! sy/em ( education2 &1 ) ! gr[+ int]action ( ! p>ts1 ea* is suppos$ to af=d a c]ta9 am\nt ( culture1 discipl9e1 & utility4 ,b ! lack ( fundam5tal unity is witness$ 9 ! fact t "o /udy is /ill consid]$ good = discipl9e1 & ano!r = culture2 "s p>ts ( ari?metic1 = example1 = discipl9e & o!rs = use2 lit]ature = culture2 gramm> = discipl9e2 geography p>tly = utility1 p>tly = culture2 & s on4 ,! unity ( education is dissipat$1 & ! /udies become c5trifugal2 s mu* ( ?is /udy to secure ?is end1 s mu* ( t to secure ano!r1 until ! :ole becomes a %e] compromise & pat*work betwe5 cont5d+ aims & disp>ate /udies4 ,! great problem 9 education on ! adm9i/rative side is to secure ! unity ( ! :ole1 9 ! place ( a sequ5ce ( m or less unrelat$ & ov]lapp+ p>ts1 & ?us to r$uce ! wa/e aris+ f friction1 r$uplication1 & transitions t are n prop]ly bridg$4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,,ii4 ,9 ?is second symbolic diagram 7,,ii7 ,i wi% to sugge/ t really ! only way to unite ! p>ts ( ! sy/em is to unite ea* to life4 ,we c get only an artificial unity s long z we conf9e our gaze to ! s*ool sy/em itself4 ,we mu/ look at x z "p ( ! l>g] :ole ( social life4 ,?is block 7,a7 9 ! c5t] repres5ts ! s*ool sy/em z a :ole4 7#a7 ,at "o side we h ! home1 & ! two arr[s repres5t ! free int]play ( influ5ces1 mat]ials1 & ideas betwe5 ! home life & t ( ! s*ool4 7#b7 ,bel[ we h ! relation to ! natural environm5t1 ! great field ( geography 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,! s*ool build+ has ab\t x a natural environm5t4 ,x ought to be 9 a g>d51 & ! *ildr5 f ! g>d5 w\ld be l$ on to surr\nd+ fields1 & !n into ! wid] c\ntry1 ) all its facts & =ces4 7#c7 ,above is repres5t$ bus9ess life1 & ! necessity = free play betwe5 ! s*ool & ! ne$s & =ces ( indu/ry4 7#d7 ,on ! o!r side is ! univ]sity prop]1 ) its v>i\s phases1 its laboratories1 its res\rces 9 ! way ( libr>ies1 museums1 & pr(essional s*ools4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! *ild1 ! great wa/e 9 ! s*ool comes f 8 inability to utilize ! exp]i5ces he gets outside ! s*ool 9 any complete & free way )9 ! s*ool itself2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he is unable to apply 9 daily life :at he is le>n+ at s*ool4 ,t is ! isolation ( ! s*ool--its isolation f life4 ,:5 ! *ild gets into ! s*oolroom he has to put out ( 8 m9d a l>ge "p ( ! ideas1 int]e/s1 & activities t pr$om9ate 9 8 home & neighborhood4 ,s ! s*ool1 be+ unable to utilize ?is ev]yday exp]i5ce1 sets pa9fully to "w1 on ano!r tack & by a v>iety ( means1 to ar\se 9 ! *ild an int]e/ 9 s*ool /udies4 ,:ile ,i 0 visit+ 9 ! city ( ,mol9e a few ye>s ago1 ! sup]9t5d5t told me t !y f\nd _m *ildr5 e ye> :o 7 surpris$ to le>n t ! ,mississippi riv] 9 ! textbook _h any?+ to d ) ! /ream ( wat] fl[+ pa/ _! homes4 ,! geography be+ simply a matt] ( ! s*oolroom1 x is m or less ( an awak5+ to _m *ildr5 to f9d t ! :ole ?+ is no?+ b a m =mal & def9ite /atem5t ( ! facts :i* !y see1 feel1 & t\* e day4 ,:5 we ?9k t we all live on ! e>?1 t we live 9 an atmosph]e1 t our lives are t\*$ at e po9t by ! influ5ces ( ! soil1 flora1 & fauna1 by consid]ations ( light & heat1 & !n ?9k ( :at ! s*ool /udy ( geography has be51 we h a typical idea ( ! gap exi/+ betwe5 ! ev]yday exp]i5ces ( ! *ild & ! isolat$ mat]ial suppli$ 9 su* l>ge measure 9 ! s*ool4 ,?is is b an in/ance1 & "o ^u :i* mo/ ( u may reflect long be=e we take ! pres5t artificiality ( ! s*ool z o!r ?an a matt] ( c\rse or necessity4 ,?\gh !re %\ld be organic connection betwe5 ! s*ool & bus9ess life1 x is n meant t ! s*ool is to prep>e ! *ild = any p>ticul> bus9ess1 b t !re %\ld be a natural connection ( ! ev]yday life ( ! *ild ) ! bus9ess environm5t ab\t him1 & t x is ! affair ( ! s*ool to cl>ify & lib]alize ?is connection1 to br+ x to consci\sness1 n by introduc+ special /udies1 l comm]cial geography & ari?metic1 b by keep+ alive ! ord9>y bonds ( relation4 ,! subject ( comp\nd-bus9ess-p>tn]%ip is probably n 9 _m ( ! ari?metics n[adays1 ?\gh x 0 !re n a g5]ation ago1 = ! mak]s ( textbooks said t if !y left out any?+ !y c\ld n sell _! books4 ,?is comp\nd-bus9ess-p>tn]%ip orig9at$ z f> back z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! jo9t-/ock company _h n be5 inv5t$1 & z l>ge comm]ce ) ! ,indies & ,am]icas grew up1 x 0 necess>y to h an accumulation ( capital ) :i* to h&le x4 ,"o man said1 8,i w put 9 ?is am\nt ( money = six mon?s10 & ano!r1 8,s mu* = two ye>s10 & s on4 ,?us by jo9+ toge!r !y got money en\gh to float _! comm]cial ent]prises4 ,naturally1 !n1 8comp\nd p>tn]%ip0 0 taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,! jo9t-/ock company 0 inv5t$2 comp\nd p>tn]%ip disappe>$1 b ! problems relat+ to x /ay$ 9 ! ari?metics = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,!y 7 kept aft] !y _h ceas$ to h practical utility1 = ! sake ( m5tal discipl9e--!y 7 8su* h>d problems1 y "k40 ,a great deal ( :at is n[ 9 ! ari?metics "u ! head ( p]c5tage is ( ! same nature4 ,*ildr5 ( twelve & ?irte5 ye>s ( age g ?r\gh ga9 & loss calculations1 & v>i\s =ms ( bank disc\nt s complicat$ t ! bank]s long ago disp5s$ ) !m4 ,& :5 x is po9t$ out t bus9ess is n done ?is way1 we he> aga9 ( 8m5tal discipl9e40 ,& yet !re are pl5ty ( real connections betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 & bus9ess conditions :i* ne$ to be utiliz$ & illum9at$4 ,! *ild %\ld /udy 8 comm]cial ari?metic & geography1 n z isolat$ ?+s by !mselves1 b 9 _! ref]5ce to 8 social environm5t4 ,! y\? ne$s to become acqua9t$ ) ! bank z a factor 9 mod]n life1 ) :at x does1 & h[ x does x2 & !n relevant ari?metical processes w\ld h "s mean+--q 9 contradi/9ction to ! "t-absorb+ & m9d-kill+ examples 9 p]c5tage1 p>tial paym5ts1 etc41 f\nd 9 all our ari?metics4 ,! connection ) ! univ]sity1 z indicat$ 9 ?is *>t1 ,i ne$ n dwell ^u4 ,i simply wi% to indicate t !re ought to be a free int]action betwe5 all ! p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,!re is mu* ( utt] triviality ( subject-matt] 9 elem5t>y & second>y education4 ,:5 we inve/igate x1 we f9d t x is full ( facts taught t are n facts1 :i* h to be unle>n$ lat] on4 ,n[1 ?is happ5s because ! 8l[]0 p>ts ( our sy/em are n1 9 vital connection ) ! 8high]40 ,! univ]sity or college1 9 its idea1 is a place ( rese>*1 :]e inve/igation is go+ on3 a place ( libr>ies & museums1 :]e ! be/ res\rces ( ! pa/ are ga!r$1 ma9ta9$1 & organiz$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z true 9 ! s*ool z 9 ! univ]sity t ! _s ( inquiry c be got only ?r\gh & ) ! attitude ( inquiry4 ,! pupil mu/ le>n :at has mean+1 :at enl>ges 8 horizon1 in/ead ( m]e trivialities4 ,he mu/ become acqua9t$ ) tru?s1 in/ead ( ?+s t 7 reg>d$ z su* fifty ye>s ago or t are tak5 z int]e/+ by ! misund]/&+ ( a p>tially educat$ tea*]4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ^! ends c be rea*$ except z ! mo/ advanc$ "p ( ! educational sy/em is 9 complete int]action ) ! mo/ rudim5t>y4 ,! next *>t 7,,iii7 is an enl>gem5t ( ! second4 ,! s*ool build+ has swell$ out1 s to speak1 ! surr\nd+ environm5t rema9+ ! same1 ! home1 ! g>d5 & c\ntry1 ! relation to bus9ess life & ! univ]sity4 ,! object is to %[ :at ! s*ool mu/ become to get out ( its isolation & secure ! organic connection ) social life ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,x is n our ar*itect's plan = ! s*ool build+ t we hope to h2 b x is a diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! idea :i* we want embodi$ 9 ! s*ool build+4 ,on ! l[] side y see ! d9+-room & ! kit*51 at ! top ! wood & metal %ops & ! textile room = sew+ & weav+4 ,! c5t] repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* all come toge!r 9 ! libr>y2 t is to say1 9 a collection ( ! intellectual res\rces ( all k9ds t ?r[ light ^u ! practical "w1 t give x mean+ & lib]al value4 ,if ! f\r corn]s repres5t practice1 ! int]ior repres5ts ! !ory ( ! practical activities4 ,9 o!r words1 ! object ( ^! =ms ( practice 9 ! s*ool is n f\nd *iefly 9 !mselves1 or 9 ! te*nical skill ( cooks1 seam/resses1 c>p5t]s1 & masons1 b 9 _! connection1 on ! social side1 ) ! life )\t2 :ile on ! individual side !y respond to ! *ild's ne$ ( action1 ( expression1 ( desire to d some?+1 to be con/ructive & creative1 in/ead ( simply passive & con=m+4 ,_! great significance is t !y keep ! balance betwe5 ! social & individual sides--! *>t symboliz+ p>ticul>ly ! connection ) ! social4 ,"h on "o side is ! home4 ,h[ naturally ! l9es ( connection play back & =? betwe5 ! home & ! kit*5 & ! textile room ( ! s*ool6 ,! *ild c c>ry ov] :at he le>ns 9 ! home & utilize x 9 ! s*ool2 & ! ?+s le>n$ 9 ! s*ool he applies at home4 ,^! are ! two great ?+s 9 break+ d[n isolation1 9 gett+ connection--to h ! *ild come to s*ool ) all ! exp]i5ce he has got outside ! s*ool1 & to leave x ) some?+ to be imm$iately us$ 9 8 ev]yday life4 ,! *ild comes to ! traditional s*ool ) a heal?y body & a m or less unwill+ m9d1 ?\gh1 9 fact1 he does n br+ bo? 8 body & m9d ) him2 he has to leave 8 m9d beh9d1 because !re is no way to use x 9 ! s*ool4 ,if he _h a purely ab/ract m9d1 he c\ld br+ x to s*ool ) him1 b 8 is a concrete "o1 int]e/$ 9 concrete ?+s1 & unless ^! ?+s get ov] into s*ool life he _c take 8 m9d ) him4 ,:at we want is to h ! *ild come to s*ool ) a :ole m9d & a :ole body1 & leave s*ool ) a full] m9d & an ev5 heal?i] body4 ,& speak+ ( ! body sugge/s t1 :ile !re is no gymnasium 9 ^! diagrams1 ! active life c>ri$ on 9 its f\r corn]s br+s ) x con/ant physical ex]cise1 :ile our gymnasium prop] w deal ) ! p>ticul> weaknesses ( *ildr5 & _! correction1 & w attempt m consci\sly to build up ! ?or\ghly s\nd body z ! abode ( ! s\nd m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,,iii4 ,t ! d9+-room & kit*5 connect ) ! c\ntry & its processes & products x is h>dly necess>y to say4 ,cook+ may be s taught t x has no connection ) c\ntry life & ) ! sci5ces t f9d _! unity 9 geography4 ,p]haps x g5]ally has be5 taught )\t ^! connections be+ really made4 ,b all ! mat]ials t come into ! kit*5 h _! orig9 9 ! c\ntry2 !y come f ! soil1 are nurtur$ ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( light & wat]1 & repres5t a great v>iety ( local environm5ts4 ,?r\gh ?is connection1 ext5d+ f ! g>d5 into ! l>g] _w1 ! *ild has 8 mo/ natural introduction to ! /udy ( ! sci5ces4 ,:]e did ^! ?+s gr[8 ,:at 0 necess>y to _! gr[?8 ,:at _! relation to ! soil8 ,:at ! effect ( diff]5t climatic conditions8 & s on4 ,we all "k :at ! old-fa%ion$ botany 03 p>tly collect+ fl[]s t 7 pretty1 press+ & m\nt+ !m2 p>tly pull+ ^! fl[]s to pieces & giv+ te*nical names to ! diff]5t p>ts1 f9d+ all ! diff]5t leaves1 nam+ all _! diff]5t %apes & =ms4 ,x 0 a /udy ( plants )\t any ref]5ce to ! soil1 to ! c\ntry1 or to gr[?4 ,9 contra/1 a real /udy ( plants takes !m 9 _! natural environm5t & 9 _! uses z well1 n simply z food1 b 9 all _! adaptations to ! social life ( man4 ,cook+ becomes z well a mo/ natural introduction to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 giv+ ! *ild "h also some?+ :i* he c at once br+ to be> ^u 8 daily exp]i5ce4 ,i once he>d a v intellig5t woman say t %e c\ld n und]/& h[ sci5ce c\ld be taught to little *ildr51 because %e did n see h[ !y c\ld und]/& atoms & molecules4 ,9 o!r words1 s9ce %e did n see h[ highly ab/ract facts c\ld be pres5t$ to ! *ild indep5d5tly ( daily exp]i5ce1 %e c\ld n und]/& h[ sci5ce c\ld be taught at all4 ,be=e we smile at ?is rem>k1 we ne$ to ask ourselves if %e is alone 9 h] assumption1 or :e!r x simply =mulates ! pr9ciple ( almo/ all our s*ool practice4 ,! same relations ) ! outside _w are f\nd 9 ! c>p5try & ! textile %ops4 ,!y connect ) ! c\ntry1 z ! s\rce ( _! mat]ials1 ) physics1 z ! sci5ce ( apply+ en]gy1 ) comm]ce & di/ribution1 ) art 9 ! developm5t ( ar*itecture & decoration4 ,!y h also an intimate connection ) ! univ]sity on ! side ( its te*nological & eng9e]+ s*ools2 ) ! laboratory & its sci5tific me?ods & results4 ,to g back to ! squ>e :i* is m>k$ ! libr>y 7,*>t ,,iii1 ,a73 if y imag9e rooms half 9 ! f\r corn]s & half 9 ! libr>y1 y w get ! idea ( ! recitation room4 ,t is ! place :]e ! *ildr5 br+ ! exp]i5ces1 ! problems1 ! que/ions1 ! p>ticul> facts :i* !y h f\nd1 & discuss !m s t new light may be ?r[n ^u !m1 p>ticul>ly new light f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ! _w--symboliz$ 9 ! libr>y4 ,"h is ! organic relation ( !ory & practice2 ! *ild n simply do+ ?+s1 b gett+ also ! idea ( :at he does2 gett+ f ! />t "s intellectual conception t ent]s into 8 practice & enri*es x2 :ile e idea f9ds1 directly or indirectly1 "s application 9 exp]i5ce & has "s effect ^u life4 ,?is1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 fixes ! position ( ! 8book0 or read+ 9 education4 ,h>mful z a sub/itute = exp]i5ce1 x is all-important 9 int]pret+ & exp&+ exp]i5ce4 ,! o!r *>t 7,,iv7 illu/rates precisely ! same idea4 ,x gives ! symbolic upp] /ory ( ?is ideal s*ool4 ,9 ! upp] corn]s are ! laboratories2 9 ! l[] corn]s are ! /udios = art "w1 bo? ! graphic & auditory arts4 ,! que/ions1 ! *emical & physical problems1 aris+ 9 ! kit*5 & %op1 are tak5 to ! laboratories to be work$ out4 ,= in/ance1 ?is pa/ week "o ( ! old] gr\ps ( *ildr5 do+ practical "w 9 weav+1 :i* involv$ ! use ( ! sp9n+ :eel1 work$ out ! diagrams ( ! direction ( =ces conc]n$ 9 treadle & :eel1 & ! ratio ( velocities betwe5 :eel & sp9dle4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! plants ) :i* ! *ild has to d 9 cook+ af=d ! basis = a concrete int]e/ 9 botany & may be tak5 & /udi$ by !mselves4 ,9 a c]ta9 s*ool 9 ,bo/on sci5ce "w = mon?s 0 c5t]$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! cotton plant1 & yet some?+ new 0 br\ght 9 e day4 ,we hope to d simil> "w ) all ! types ( plants t furni% mat]ials = sew+ & weav+4 ,^! examples w sugge/1 ,i hope1 ! relation :i* ! laboratories be> to ! re/ ( ! s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,,iv4 ,! draw+ & music1 or ! graphic & auditory arts1 repres5t ! culm9ation1 ! idealization1 ! highe/ po9t ( ref9em5t ( all ! "w c>ri$ on4 ,i ?9k ev]ybody :o has n a purely lit]>y view ( ! subject recognizes t g5u9e art gr[s out ( ! "w ( ! artisan4 ,! art ( ! ,r5aissance 0 great because x grew out ( ! manual arts ( life4 ,x did n spr+ up 9 a sep>ate atmosph]e1 h[ev] ideal1 b c>ri$ on to _! spiritual mean+ processes f\nd 9 homely & ev]yday =ms ( life4 ,! s*ool %\ld obs]ve ?is relation%ip4 ,! m]ely artisan side is n>r[1 b ! m]e art1 tak5 by itself1 & graft$ on f )\t1 t5ds to become =c$1 empty1 s5tim5tal4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t all art "w mu/ be correlat$ 9 detail to ! o!r "w ( ! s*ool1 b simply t a _s ( union gives vitality to ! art & dep? & ri*ness to ! o!r "w4 ,all art involves physical organs--! eye & h&1 ! e> & voice2 & yet x is some?+ m ?an ! m]e te*nical skill requir$ by ! organs ( expression4 ,x involves an idea1 a ?\ght1 a spiritual r5d]+ ( ?+s2 & yet x is o!r ?an any numb] ( ideas by !mselves4 ,x is a liv+ union ( ?\ght & ! in/rum5t ( expression4 ,?is union is symboliz$ by say+ t 9 ! ideal s*ool ! art "w might be consid]$ to be t ( ! %ops1 pass$ ?r\gh ! alembic ( libr>y & museum into action aga94 ,take ! textile room z an illu/ration ( su* a syn!sis4 ,i am talk+ ab\t a future s*ool1 ! "o we hope1 "s "t1 to h4 ,! basal fact 9 t room is t x is a work%op1 do+ actual ?+s 9 sew+1 sp9n+1 & weav+4 ,! *ildr5 come into imm$iate connection ) ! mat]ials1 ) v>i\s fabrics ( silk1 cotton1 l951 & wool4 ,in=mation at once appe>s 9 connection ) ^! mat]ials2 _! orig91 hi/ory1 _! adaptation to p>ticul> uses1 & ! ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds by :i* ! raw mat]ials are utiliz$4 ,discipl9e arises 9 deal+ ) ! problems involv$1 bo? !oretical & practical4 ,:5ce does ! culture arise8 ,p>tly f see+ all ^! ?+s reflect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! sci5tific & hi/oric conditions & associations1 :]eby ! *ild le>ns to appreciate !m z te*nical a*ievem5ts1 z ?\ghts precipitat$ 9 action2 & p>tly because ( ! introduction ( ! art idea into ! room itself4 ,9 ! ideal s*ool !re w\ld be some?+ ( ?is sort3 fir/1 a complete indu/rial museum1 giv+ samples ( mat]ials 9 v>i\s /ages ( manufacture1 & ! implem5ts1 f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex us$ 9 deal+ ) !m2 !n a collection ( photographs & pictures illu/rat+ ! l&scapes & ! sc5es f :i* ! mat]ials come1 _! native homes1 & _! places ( manufacture4 ,su* a collection w\ld be a vivid & cont9ual lesson 9 ! syn!sis ( art1 sci5ce1 & indu/ry4 ,!re w\ld be1 also1 samples ( ! m p]fect =ms ( textile "w1 z ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,japanese1 & ,ori5tal4 ,!re w\ld be objects illu/rat+ motives ( design & decoration :i* h ent]$ into production4 ,lit]ature w\ld contribute its "p 9 its idealiz$ repres5tation ( ! _w-indu/ries1 z ! ,p5elope 9 ! ,odyssey--a classic 9 lit]ature because ! "* is an adequate embodim5t ( a c]ta9 indu/rial phase ( social life4 ,s1 f ,hom] d[n to ! pres5t "t1 !re is a cont9u\s procession ( relat$ facts :i* h be5 translat$ into t]ms ( art4 ,music l5ds its %>e1 f ! ,scot* song at ! :eel to ! sp9n+ song ( ,m>gu]ite1 or ( ,wagn]'s ,s5ta4 ,! %op becomes a pictur$ museum1 appeal+ to ! eye4 ,x w\ld h n only mat]ials--beautiful woods & designs--b w\ld give a synopsis ( ! hi/orical evolution ( ar*itecture 9 its draw+s & pictures4 ,?us ,i h attempt$ to indicate h[ ! s*ool may be connect$ ) life s t ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by ! *ild 9 a famili>1 commonplace way is c>ri$ ov] & made use ( !re1 & :at ! *ild le>ns 9 ! s*ool is c>ri$ back & appli$ 9 ev]yday life1 mak+ ! s*ool an organic :ole1 in/ead ( a composite ( isolat$ p>ts4 ,! isolation ( /udies z well z ( p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em disappe>s4 ,exp]i5ce has its geographical aspect1 its arti/ic & its lit]>y1 its sci5tific & its hi/orical sides4 ,all /udies arise f aspects ( ! "o e>? & ! "o life liv$ ^u x4 ,we d n h a s]ies ( /ratifi$ e>?s1 "o ( :i* is ma!matical1 ano!r physical1 ano!r hi/orical1 & s on4 ,we %\ld n be able to live v long 9 any "o tak5 by itself4 ,we live 9 a _w :]e all sides are b\nd toge!r4 ,all /udies gr[ out ( relations 9 ! "o great common _w4 ,:5 ! *ild lives 9 v>i$ b concrete & active relation%ip to ?is common _w1 8 /udies are naturally unifi$4 ,x w no long] be a problem to correlate /udies4 ,! tea*] w n h to resort to all sorts ( devices to weave a little ari?metic into ! hi/ory lesson1 & ! l4 ,relate ! s*ool to life1 & all /udies are ( necessity correlat$4 ,moreov]1 if ! s*ool is relat$ z a :ole to life z a :ole1 its v>i\s aims & ideals--culture1 discipl9e1 in=mation1 utility--cease to be v>iants1 = "o ( :i* we mu/ select "o /udy & = ano!r ano!r4 ,! gr[? ( ! *ild 9 ! direction ( social capacity & s]vice1 8 l>g] & m vital union ) life1 becomes ! unify+ aim2 & discipl9e1 culture1 & in=mation fall into place z phases ( ?is gr[?4 ,i wi% to say "o ^w m ab\t ! relation%ip ( our p>ticul> s*ool to ! ,univ]sity4 ,! problem is to unify1 to organize1 education1 to br+ all its v>i\s factors toge!r1 ?r\gh putt+ x z a :ole into organic union ) ev]yday life4 ,t :i* lies back ( ! p$agogical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity is ! necessity ( work+ out some?+ to s]ve z a model = su* unification1 ext5d+ f "w beg9n+ ) ! f\r-ye>-old *ild up ?r\gh ! graduate "w ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,already we h mu* help f ! ,univ]sity 9 sci5tific "w plann$1 sometimes ev5 9 detail1 by heads ( ! dep>tm5ts4 ,! graduate /ud5t comes to u ) 8 rese>*es & me?ods1 sugge/+ ideas & problems4 ,! libr>y & museum are at h&4 ,we want to br+ all ?+s educational toge!r2 to break d[n ! b>ri]s t divide ! education ( ! little *ild f ! in/ruction ( ! matur+ y\?2 to id5tify ! l[] & ! high] education1 s t x %all be demon/rat$ to ! eye t !re is no l[] & high]1 b simply education4 ,speak+ m especially ) ref]5ce to ! p$agogical side ( ! "w3 ,i suppose ! olde/ univ]sity *air ( p$agogy 9 our c\ntry is ab\t tw5ty ye>s old--t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 f\nd$ 9 ! latt] sev5ties4 ,b !re are only "o or two t h tri$ to make a connection betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,!y tea* = ! mo/ "p by !ory1 by lectures1 by ref]5ce to books1 r ?an ?r\gh ! actual "w ( tea*+ itself4 ,at ,columbia1 ?r\gh ! ,tea*]s ,college1 !re is an ext5sive & close connection betwe5 ! ,univ]sity & ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,some?+ has be5 done 9 "o or two o!r places along ! same l9e4 ,we want an ev5 m intimate union "h1 s t ! ,univ]sity %all put all its res\rces at ! disposition ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 contribut+ to ! evolution ( valuable subject-matt] & "r me?od1 :ile ! s*ool 9 turn w be a laboratory 9 :i* ! /ud5t ( education sees !ories & ideas demon/rat$1 te/$1 criticiz$1 en=c$1 & ! evolution ( new tru?s4 ,we want ! s*ool 9 its relation to ! ,univ]sity to be a work+ model ( a unifi$ education4 ,a ^w z to ! relation ( ! s*ool to educational int]e/s g5]ally4 ,i he>d once t ! adoption ( a c]ta9 me?od 9 use 9 our s*ool 0 object$ to by a tea*] on ?is gr\nd3 8,y "k t x is an exp]im5tal s*ool4 ,!y d n "w "u ! same conditions t we are subject to40 ,n[1 ! purpose ( p]=m+ an exp]im5t is t o!r p ne$ n exp]im5t2 at lea/ ne$ n exp]im5t s mu*1 may h some?+ def9ite & positive to g by4 ,an exp]im5t dem&s p>ticul>ly favorable conditions 9 ord] t results may be rea*$ bo? freely & securely4 ,x has to "w unhamp]$1 ) all ! ne$$ res\rces at comm&4 ,laboratories lie back ( all ! great bus9ess ent]prises ( today1 back ( e great factory1 e railway & /eam%ip sy/em4 ,yet ! laboratory is n a bus9ess ent]prise2 x does n aim to secure = itself ! conditions ( bus9ess life1 nor does ! comm]cial und]tak+ repeat ! laboratory4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 work+ out & te/+ a new tru?1 or a new me?od1 & apply+ x on a wide scale1 mak+ x available = ! mass ( m51 mak+ x comm]cial4 ,b ! fir/ ?+ is to discov] ! tru?1 to af=d all necess>y facilities1 = ?is is ! mo/ practical ?+ 9 ! _w 9 ! long run4 ,we d n expect to h o!r s*ools lit]ally imitate :at we d4 ,a work+ model is n some?+ to be copi$2 x is to af=d a demon/ration ( ! feasibility ( ! pr9ciple1 & ( ! me?ods :i* make x feasible4 ,s 7to come back to our own po9t7 we want "h to "w out ! problem ( ! unity1 ! organization ( ! s*ool sy/em 9 itself1 & to d ?is by relat+ x s intimately to life z to demon/rate ! possibility & necessity ( su* organization = all education4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,,iv ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,naturally1 mo/ ( ! public is int]e/$ 9 :at goes on day by day 9 a s*ool 9 direct relation to ! *ildr5 !re4 ,?is is true ( p>5ts :o s5d _! boys & girls = ! sake ( ! p]sonal results !y wi% to secure1 n = ! sake ( contribut+ to educational !ory4 ,9 ! ma91 x is true ( visitors to a s*ool :o recognize1 9 v>y+ degrees1 :at is actually done ) ! *ildr5 be=e _! eyes1 b :o r>ely h ei!r ! int]e/ or ! "t to consid] ! "w 9 relation to und]ly+ problems4 ,a s*ool _c lose sight ( ?is aspect ( its "w1 s9ce only by att5d+ to x c ! s*ool reta9 ! confid5ce ( its patrons & ! pres5ce ( its pupils4 ,nev]!less a s*ool conduct$ by a dep>tm5t ( a univ]sity mu/ h ano!r aspect4 ,f ! univ]sity /&po9t1 ! mo/ important "p ( its "w is ! sci5tific--! contribution x makes to ! progress ( educational ?9k+4 ,! aim ( educat+ a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 w\ld h>dly ju/ify a univ]sity 9 dep>t+ f ! tradition :i* limits x to ^? :o h complet$ _! second>y in/ruction4 ,only ! sci5tific aim1 ! conduct ( a laboratory1 comp>able to o!r sci5tific laboratories1 c furni% a reason = ! ma9t5ance by a univ]sity ( an elem5t>y s*ool4 ,su* a s*ool is a laboratory ( appli$ psy*ology4 ,t is1 x has a place = ! /udy ( m9d z manife/$ & develop$ 9 ! *ild1 & = ! se>* aft] mat]ials & ag5cies t seem mo/ likely to fulfil & fur!r ! conditions ( normal gr[?4 ,x is n a normal s*ool or a dep>tm5t = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,x is n a model s*ool4 ,x is n int5d$ to demon/rate any "o special idea or doctr9e4 ,its task is ! problem ( view+ ! education ( ! *ild 9 ! light ( ! pr9ciples ( m5tal activity & processes ( gr[? made kn[n by mod]n psy*ology4 ,! problem by its nature is an inf9ite "o4 ,all t any s*ool c d is to make contributions "h & !re1 & to /& = ! necessity ( consid]+ education1 bo? !oretically & practically1 9 ?is light4 ,?is be+ ! end1 ! s*ool conditions mu/1 ( c\rse1 agree4 ,to endeavor to /udy ! process & laws ( gr[? "u su* artificial conditions z prev5t _m ( ! *ief facts ( *ild life f %[+ !mselves is an obvi\s absurdity4 ,9 its practical aspect1 ?is laboratory problem takes ! =m ( ! con/ruction ( a c\rse ( /udy :i* h>monizes ) ! natural hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! *ild 9 capacity & exp]i5ce4 ,! "q is ! selection ( ! k9d1 v>iety1 & due proportion ( subjects1 answ]+ mo/ def9itely to ! dom9ant ne$s & p[]s ( a giv5 p]iod ( gr[?1 & ( ^? modes ( pres5tation t w cause ! select$ mat]ial to ent] vitally into gr[?4 ,we _c admit too fully or too freely ! limits ( our k & ! dep?s ( our ignorance 9 ^! matt]s4 ,no "o has a complete hold sci5tifically ^u ! *ief psy*ological facts ( any "o ye> ( *ild life4 ,x w\ld be %e] presumption to claim t j ! mat]ial be/ fitt$ to promote ?is gr[? has z yet be5 discov]$4 ,! assumption ( an educational laboratory is r t en\gh is kn[n ( ! conditions & modes ( gr[? to make intellig5t inquiry possible2 & t x is only by act+ ^u :at is already kn[n t m c be f\nd out4 ,! *ief po9t is su* exp]im5tation z w add to our reasonable convictions4 ,! dem& is to secure arrangem5ts t w p]mit & enc\rage fre$om ( inve/igation2 t w give "s assurance t important facts w n be =c$ out ( sight2 conditions t w enable ! educational practice indicat$ by ! inquiry to be s9c]ely act$ ^u1 )\t ! di/ortion & suppression aris+ f undue dep5d5ce ^u tradition & preconceiv$ notions4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! s*ool w\ld be an exp]im5tal /ation 9 education4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! *ief work+ hypo!ses t h be5 adopt$ f psy*ology8 ,:at educational c\nt]p>ts h be5 hit ^u z 9 "s degree 9 l9e ) ! adopt$ psy*ology8 ,! discussion ( ^! que/ions may be approa*$ by po9t+ out a contra/ betwe5 contempor>y psy*ology & ! psy*ology ( =m] days4 ,! contra/ is a triple "o4 ,e>li] psy*ology reg>d$ m9d z a purely individual affair 9 direct & nak$ contact ) an ext]nal _w4 ,! only "q ask$ 0 ( ! ways 9 :i* ! _w & ! m9d act$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,! entire process recogniz$ w\ld h be5 9 !ory exactly ! same if !re 7 "o m9d liv+ alone 9 ! univ]se4 ,at pres5t ! t5d5cy is to conceive individual m9d z a function ( social life--z n capable ( op]at+ or develop+ by itself1 b z requir+ cont9ual /imulus f social ag5cies1 & f9d+ its nutrition 9 social supplies4 ,! idea ( h]$ity has made famili> ! notion t ! equipm5t ( ! individual1 m5tal z well z physical1 is an inh]itance f ! race3 a capital inh]it$ by ! individual f ! pa/ & held 9 tru/ by him = ! future4 ,! idea ( evolution has made famili> ! notion t m9d _c be reg>d$ z an individual1 monopoli/ic possession1 b repres5ts ! outwork+s ( ! endeavor & ?\ght ( humanity2 t x is develop$ 9 an environm5t :i* is social z well z physical1 & t social ne$s & aims h be5 mo/ pot5t 9 %ap+ x--& ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 savag]y & civilization is n 9 ! nak$ nature :i* ea* faces1 b ! social h]$ity & social m$ium4 ,/udies ( *ildhood h made x equally app>5t t ?is socially acquir$ inh]itance op]ates 9 ! individual only "u pres5t social /imuli4 ,nature mu/ inde$ furni% its physical /imuli ( light1 s\nd1 heat1 etc41 b ! significance atta*+ to ^!1 ! int]pretation made ( !m1 dep5ds ^u ! ways 9 :i* ! society 9 :i* ! *ild lives acts & reacts 9 ref]5ce to !m4 ,! b>e physical /imulus ( light is n ! entire reality2 ! int]pretation giv5 to x ?r\gh social activities & ?9k+ conf]s ^u x its weal? ( mean+4 ,x is ?r\gh imitation1 sugge/ion1 direct in/ruction1 & ev5 m indirect unconsci\s tuition1 t ! *ild le>ns to e/imate & treat ! b>e physical /imuli4 ,x is ?r\gh ! social ag5cies t he recapitulates 9 a few %ort ye>s ! progress :i* x has tak5 ! race sl[ c5turies to "w out4 ,educational practice has exhibit$ an unconsci\s adaptation to & h>mony ) ! prevail+ psy*ology2 bo? grew out ( ! same soil4 ,j z m9d 0 suppos$ to get its fill+ by direct contact ) ! _w1 s all ! ne$s ( in/ruction 7 ?\ght to be met by br++ ! *ild m9d into direct relation ) v>i\s bodies ( ext]nal fact label$ geography1 ari?metic1 gramm>1 etc4 ,t ^! classifi$ sets ( facts 7 simply selections f ! social life ( ! pa/ 0 ov]look$2 equally s t !y _h be5 g5]at$ out ( social situations & repres5t$ ! answ]s f\nd = social ne$s4 ,no social elem5t 0 f\nd 9 ! subject-matt] nor 9 ! intr9sic appeal :i* x made to ! *ild2 x 0 locat$ :olly outside 9 ! tea*]--9 ! enc\ragem5ts1 admonitions1 urg+s1 & devices ( ! in/ructor 9 gett+ ! *ild's m9d to "w ^u a mat]ial :i* 9 itself 0 only accid5tally light$ up by any social gleam4 ,x 0 =gott5 t ! maximum appeal1 & ! full mean+ 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 c\ld be secur$ only :5 ! /udies 7 pres5t$1 n z b>e ext]nal /udies1 b f ! /&po9t ( ! relation !y be> to ! life ( society4 ,x 0 =gott5 t to become integral p>ts ( ! *ild's conduct & "* !y mu/ be assimilat$1 n z m]e items ( in=mation1 b z organic p>ts ( 8 pres5t ne$s & aims--:i* 9 turn are social4 ,9 ! second place1 ! old] psy*ology 0 a psy*ology ( k1 ( intellect4 ,emotion & endeavor occupi$ b an incid5tal & d]ivative place4 ,mu* 0 said ab\t s5sations--next to no?+ ab\t movem5ts4 ,!re 0 discussion ( ideas & ( :e!r !y orig9at$ 9 s5sations or 9 "s innate m5tal faculty2 b ! possibility ( _! orig9 9 & f ! ne$s ( action 0 ignor$4 ,_! influ5ce ^u conduct1 ^u behavior1 0 reg>d$ z an ext]nal atta*m5t4 ,n[ we believe 7to use ! words ( ,mr4 ,james7 t ! intellect1 ! sph]e ( s5sations & ideas1 is b a 8middle dep>tm5t :i* we sometimes take to be f9al1 fail+ to see1 amid/ ! mon/r\s div]sity ( ! l5g? & complications ( ! cogitations :i* may fill x1 t x c h b "o ess5tial function--! function ( def9+ ! direction :i* our activity1 imm$iate or remote1 %all take40 ,"h also 0 a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 educational practice & psy*ological !ory4 ,k 9 ! s*ools 0 isolat$ & made an end 9 itself4 ,facts1 laws1 in=mation h be5 ! /aple ( ! curriculum4 ,! controv]sy 9 educational !ory & practice 0 betwe5 ^? :o reli$ m ^u ! s5se elem5t 9 k1 ^u contact ) ?+s1 ^u object-lessons1 etc41 & ^? :o emphasiz$ ab/ract ideas1 g5]alizations1 etc4--reason1 s call$1 b 9 reality o!r p's ideas z =mulat$ 9 books4 ,9 nei!r case 0 !re any attempt to connect ei!r ! s5se tra9+ or ! logical op]ations ) ! problems & int]e/s ( ! life ( practice4 ,"h aga9 an educational trans=mation is indicat$ if we are to suppose t our psy*ological !ories /& = any tru?s ( life4 ,! ?ird po9t ( contra/ lies 9 ! mod]n conception ( ! m9d z ess5tially a process--a process ( gr[?1 n a fix$ ?+4 ,accord+ to ! old] view m9d 0 m9d1 & t 0 ! :ole /ory4 ,m9d 0 ! same ?r\gh\t1 because fitt$ out ) ! same assortm5t ( faculties :e!r 9 *ild or adult4 ,if any diff]5ce 0 made x 0 simply t "s ( ^! ready-made faculties--su* z memory--came into play at an e>li] "t1 :ile o!rs1 su* z judg+ & inf]r+1 made _! appe>ance only aft] ! *ild1 ?r\gh memoriz+ drills1 _h be5 r$uc$ to complete dep5d5ce ^u ! ?\ght ( o!rs4 ,! only important diff]5ce t 0 recogniz$ 0 "o ( quantity1 ( am\nt4 ,! boy 0 a little man & 8 m9d 0 a little m9d--9 ev]y?+ b ! size ! same z t ( ! adult1 hav+ its own ready-furni%$ equipm5t ( faculties ( att5tion1 memory1 etc4 ,n[ we believe 9 ! m9d z a gr[+ affair1 & h5ce z ess5tially *ang+1 pres5t+ di/9ctive phases ( capacity & int]e/ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,^! are all "o & ! same 9 ! s5se ( cont9uity ( life1 b all diff]5t1 9 t ea* has its own di/9ctive claims & (fices4 8,fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 & !n ! full corn 9 ! e>40 ,x is h>dly possible to ov]/ate ! agreem5t ( education & psy*ology at ?is po9t4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 0 ?or\ghly1 ev5 if unconsci\sly1 controll$ by ! assumption t s9ce m9d & its faculties are ! same ?r\gh\t1 ! subject-matt] ( ! adult1 logically arrang$ facts & pr9ciples1 is ! natural 8/udy0 ( ! *ild--simplifi$ & made easi] ( c\rse1 s9ce ! w9d mu/ be temp]$ to ! %orn lamb4 ,! outcome 0 ! traditional c\rse ( /udy 9 :i* aga9 *ild & adult m9ds are absolutely id5tifi$1 except z reg>ds ! m]e matt] ( am\nt or quantity ( p[]4 ,! entire range ( ! univ]se is fir/ subdivid$ into sections call$ /udies2 !n ea* "o ( ^! /udies is brok5 up into bits1 & "s "o bit assign$ to a c]ta9 ye> ( ! c\rse4 ,no ord] ( developm5t 0 recogniz$--x 0 en\gh t ! e>li] p>ts 7 made easi] ?an ! lat]4 ,to use ! p]t95t illu/ration ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,jackman 9 /at+ ! absurdity ( ?is sort ( curriculum3 8,x mu/ seem to geography tea*]s t ,heav5 smil$ on !m :5 x orda9$ b f\r or five cont95ts1 because />t+ 9 f> en\gh along ! c\rse x 0 s easy1 t x really seem$ to be natural1 to give "o cont95t to ea* grade1 & !n come out "r 9 ! eight ye>s40 ,if once m we are 9 e>ne/ ) ! idea ( m9d z gr[?1 ?is gr[? c>ry+ ) x typical features di/9ctive ( its v>i\s /ages1 x is cle> t an educational trans=mation is aga9 indicat$4 ,x is cle> t ! selection & grad+ ( mat]ial 9 ! c\rse ( /udy mu/ be done ) ref]5ce to prop] nutrition ( ! dom9ant directions ( activity 9 a giv5 p]iod1 n ) ref]5ce to *opp$-up sections ( a ready-made univ]se ( k4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 comp>atively easy to lay d[n g5]al propositions l ! =ego+2 easy to use !m to criticize exi/+ s*ool conditions2 easy by means ( !m to urge ! necessity ( some?+ diff]5t4 ,b art is long4 ,! difficulty is 9 c>ry+ su* conceptions into effect--9 see+ j :at mat]ials & me?ods1 9 :at proportion & arrangem5t1 are available & helpful at a giv5 "t4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ fall back ^u ! idea ( ! laboratory4 ,!re is no answ] 9 advance to su* que/ions z ^!4 ,tradition does n give x because tradition is f\nd$ ^u a radically diff]5t psy*ology4 ,m]e reason+ _c give x because x is a "q ( fact4 ,x is only by try+ t su* ?+s c be f\nd out4 ,to refuse to try1 to /ick bl9dly to tradition1 because ! se>* = ! tru? involves exp]im5tation 9 ! region ( ! unkn[n1 is to refuse ! only /ep :i* c introduce rational conviction into education4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ /atem5t simply reports v>i\s l9es ( inquiry />t$ dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 ) "s ( ! results m rec5tly indicat$4 ,^! results c1 ( c\rse1 make no claim to be o!r ?an t5tative1 except+ 9 s f> z a m def9ite consci\sness ( :at ! problems are1 cle>+ ! way = m intellig5t action 9 ! future1 is a def9itive advance4 ,x %\ld also be /at$ t practically x has n z yet be5 possible1 9 _m cases1 to act adequately ^u ! be/ ideas obta9$1 because ( adm9i/rative difficulties1 due to lack ( funds--difficulties c5t]+ 9 ! lack ( a prop] build+ & appliances1 & 9 inability to pay ! am\nts necess>y to secure ! complete "t ( tea*]s 9 "s important l9es4 ,inde$1 ) ! gr[? ( ! s*ool 9 numb]s1 & 9 ! age & maturity ( pupils1 x is becom+ a grave "q h[ long x is fair to ! exp]im5t to c>ry x on )\t m adequate facilities4 ,9 com+ n[ to speak ( ! educational answ]s :i* h be5 s\ght = ! psy*ological hypo!ses1 x is conv5i5t to />t f ! matt] ( ! /ages ( gr[?4 ,! fir/ /age 7f\nd 9 ! *ild say ( f f\r to eight ye>s ( age7 is *>act]iz$ by directness ( social & p]sonal int]e/s1 & by directness & promptness ( relation%ip betwe5 impressions1 ideas1 & action4 ,! dem& = a motor outlet = expression is urg5t & imm$iate4 ,h5ce ! subject-matt] = ^! ye>s is select$ f phases ( life ent]+ into ! *ild's own social surr\nd+s1 &1 z f> z may be1 capable ( reproduction by him 9 some?+ approa*+ social =m--9 play1 games1 occupations1 or m9iature indu/rial arts1 /ories1 pictorial imag9ation1 & conv]sation4 ,at fir/ ! mat]ial is su* z lies ne>e/ ! *ild himself1 ! family life & its neighborhood sett+2 x !n goes on to some?+ slightly m remote1 social occupations 7especially ^? hav+ to d ) ! int]dep5d5ce ( city & c\ntry life71 & !n ext5ds itself to ! hi/orical evolution ( typical occupations & ( ! social =ms connect$ ) !m4 ,! mat]ial is n pres5t$ z lessons1 z some?+ to be le>n$1 b r z some?+ to be tak5 up into ! *ild's own exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh 8 own activities1 9 weav+1 cook+1 %opwork1 model+1 dramatic plays1 conv]sation1 discussion1 /ory-tell+1 etc4 ,^! 9 turn are direct ag5cies4 ,!y are =ms ( motor or expressive activity4 ,!y are emphasiz$ s z to dom9ate ! s*ool program1 9 ord] t ! intimate connection betwe5 kn[+ & do+1 s *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod ( *ild life1 may be ma9ta9$4 ,! aim1 !n1 is n = ! *ild to g to s*ool z a place ap>t1 b r 9 ! s*ool s to recapitulate typical phases ( 8 exp]i5ce outside ( s*ool1 z to enl>ge1 enri*1 & gradually =mulate x4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 ext5d+ f eight or n9e to elev5 or twelve1 ! aim is to recognize & respond to ! *ange :i* comes into ! *ild f 8 gr[+ s5se ( ! possibility ( m p]man5t & objective results & ( ! necessity = ! control ( ag5cies = ! skill necess>y to rea* ^! results4 ,:5 ! *ild recognizes di/9ct & endur+ ends :i* /& out & dem& att5tion on _! own acc\nt1 ! previ\s vague & fluid unity ( life is brok5 up4 ,! m]e play ( activity no long] directly satisfies4 ,x mu/ be felt to accompli% some?+--to lead up to a def9ite & abid+ outcome4 ,h5ce ! recognition ( rules ( action--t is1 ( regul> means appropriate to rea*+ p]man5t results--& ( ! value ( ma/]+ special processes s z to give skill 9 _! use4 ,h5ce1 on ! educational side1 ! problem is1 z reg>ds ! subject-matt]1 to diff]5tiate ! vague unity ( exp]i5ce into *>act]i/ic typical phases1 select+ su* z cle>ly illu/rate ! importance to mank9d ( comm& ov] specific ag5cies & me?ods ( ?\ght & action 9 realiz+ its highe/ aims4 ,! problem on ! side ( me?od is an analog\s "o3 to br+ ! *ild to recognize ! necessity ( a simil> developm5t )9 himself--! ne$ ( secur+ = himself practical & intellectual control ( su* me?ods ( "w & inquiry z w enable him to realize results = himself4 ,on ! m direct social side1 ,am]ican hi/ory 7especially t ( ! p]iod ( colonization7 is select$ z furni%+ a typical example ( pati5ce1 c\rage1 +5uity1 & cont9ual judgm5t 9 adapt+ means to ends1 ev5 9 ! face ( great haz>d & ob/acle2 :ile ! mat]ial itself is s def9ite1 vivid1 & human z to come directly )9 ! range ( ! *ild's repres5tative & con/ructive imag9ation & ?us becomes1 vic>i\sly at lea/1 a "p ( 8 own exp&+ consci\sness4 ,s9ce ! aim is n 8cov]+ ! gr\nd10 b k ( social processes us$ to secure social results1 no attempt is made to g ov] ! entire hi/ory1 9 *ronological ord]1 ( ,am]ica4 ,r a s]ies ( types is tak5 up3 ,*icago & ! nor?we/]n ,mississippi valley2 ,virg9ia1 ,new ,york1 & ! ,puritans & ,pilgrims 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! aim is to pres5t a v>iety ( climatic & local conditions1 to %[ ! diff]5t sorts ( ob/acles & helps t p f\nd1 & a v>iety ( hi/oric traditions & cu/oms & purposes ( diff]5t p4 ,! me?od involves pres5tation ( a l>ge am\nt ( detail1 ( m9utiae ( surr\nd+s1 tools1 clo?+1 h\sehold ut5sils1 foods1 modes ( liv+ day by day1 s t ! *ild c reproduce ! mat]ial z life1 n z m]e hi/oric in=mation4 ,9 ?is way1 social processes & results become realities4 ,moreov]1 to ! p]sonal & dramatic id5tification ( ! *ild ) ! social life /udi$1 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] p]iod1 !re n[ sup]v5es an intellectual id5tification--! *ild puts himself at ! /&po9t ( ! problems t h to be met & r$iscov]s1 s f> z may be1 ways ( meet+ !m4 ,! g5]al /&po9t--! adaptation ( means to ends--controls also ! "w 9 sci5ce4 ,= purposes ( conv5i5ce1 ?is may be reg>d$ z n[ diff]5tiat$ into two sides--! geographical & ! exp]im5tal4 ,s9ce1 z j /at$1 ! hi/ory "w dep5ds ^u an appreciation ( ! natural environm5t z af=d+ res\rces & pres5t+ urg5t problems1 consid]able att5tion is paid to ! physiography1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 pla9s1 & l9es ( natural travel & ex*ange1 flora & fauna ( ea* ( ! colonies4 ,?is is connect$ ) field excursions 9 ord] t ! *ild may be able to supply f obs]vation1 z f> z possible1 ! data to be us$ by con/ructive imag9ation1 9 reproduc+ m remote environm5ts4 ,! exp]im5tal side devotes itself to a /udy ( processes :i* yield typical results ( value to m54 ,! activity ( ! *ild 9 ! e>li] p]iod is directly productive1 r ?an inve/igative4 ,8 exp]im5ts are modes ( active do+--almo/ z mu* s z 8 play & games4 ,lat] he tries to f9d out h[ v>i\s mat]ials or ag5cies are manipulat$ 9 ord] to give c]ta9 results4 ,x is ?us cle>ly di/+ui%$ f exp]im5tation 9 ! sci5tific s5se--su* z is appropriate to ! second>y p]iod--:]e ! aim is ! discov]y ( facts & v]ification ( pr9ciples4 ,s9ce ! practical int]e/ pr$om9ates1 x is a /udy ( appli$ sci5ce r ?an ( pure sci5ce4 ,= in/ance1 processes are select$ f\nd to h be5 ( importance 9 colonial life--blea*+1 dye+1 soap & c&le-mak+1 manufacture ( pewt] di%es1 mak+ ( cid] & v9eg>1 lead+ to "s /udy ( *emical ag5cies1 ( oils1 fats1 elem5t>y metallurgy4 8,physics0 is comm5c$ f ! same appli$ /&po9t4 ,a /udy is made ( ! use & transf] ( en]gy 9 ! sp9n+-:eel & looms2 ev]yday uses ( me*anical pr9ciples are tak5 up--9 locks1 scales1 etc41 go+ on lat] to electric appliances & devices--bells1 ! telegraph1 etc4 ,! relation ( means to ends is emphasiz$ also 9 o!r l9es ( "w4 ,9 art att5tion is giv5 to practical que/ions ( p]spective1 ( proportion ( spaces & masses1 balance1 effect ( color comb9ations & contra/s1 etc4 ,9 cook+1 ! pr9ciples ( food-composition & ( effects ( v>i\s ag5cies ^u ^! elem5ts are tak5 up1 s t ! *ildr5 may d$uce1 z f> z possible1 _! own rules4 ,9 sew+1 me?ods ( cutt+1 fitt+ 7z appli$ to dolls' clo?+7 come up1 & lat] on ! te*nical sequ5ce ( /it*es1 etc4 ,x is cle> t ) ! increas+ diff]5tiation ( l9es ( "w & int]e/1 lead+ to great] individuality & indep5d5ce 9 v>i\s /udies1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to f9d ! balance betwe51 on "o side1 undue sep>ation & isolation1 &1 on ! o!r1 a miscellane\s & casual att5tion to a l>ge numb] ( topics1 )\t adequate emphasis & di/9ctiv5ess to any4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple makes "w me*anical & =mal1 divorces x f ! life-exp]i5ce ( ! *ild & f effective influ5ce ^u conduct4 ,! second makes x scrappy & vague & leaves ! *ild )\t def9ite comm& ( 8 own p[]s or cle> consci\sness ( purposes4 ,x is p]haps only 9 ! pres5t ye> t ! specific pr9ciple ( ! consci\s relation ( means to ends has em]g$ z ! unify+ pr9ciple ( ?is p]iod2 & x is hop$ t emphasis ( ?is 9 all l9es ( "w w h a decid$ly cumulative & unify+ effect ^u ! *ild's developm5t4 ,no?+ has be5 said1 z yet1 ( "o ( ! mo/ important ag5cies or means 9 ext5d+ & controll+ exp]i5ce--comm& ( ! social or conv5tional symbols--symbols ( language1 includ+ ^? ( quantity4 ,! importance ( ^! in/rum5talities is s great t ! traditional or ?ree ,r's curriculum is bas$ ^u !m--f #fj to #hj p] c5t ( ! "t program ( ! fir/ f\r or five ye>s ( elem5t>y s*ools be+ devot$ to !m1 ! small] figure repres5t+ select$ r ?an av]age s*ools4 ,^! subjects are social 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,!y repres5t ! tools :i* society has evolv$ 9 ! pa/ z ! in/rum5ts ( its intellectual pursuits4 ,!y repres5t ! keys :i* w unlock to ! *ild ! weal? ( social capital :i* lies beyond ! possible range ( 8 limit$ individual exp]i5ce4 ,:ile ^! two po9ts ( view mu/ always give ^! arts a highly important place 9 education1 !y also make x necess>y t c]ta9 conditions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 _! introduction & use4 ,9 a :olesale & direct application ( ! /udies no acc\nt is tak5 ( ^! conditions4 ,! *ief problem at pres5t relat+ to ! ?ree ,r's is recognition ( ^! conditions & ! adaptation ( "w to !m4 ,! conditions may be r$uc$ to two3 7#a7 ,! ne$ t ! *ild %all h 9 8 own p]sonal & vital exp]i5ce a v>i$ backgr\nd ( contact & acqua9tance ) realities1 social & physical4 ,?is is necess>y to prev5t symbols f becom+ a purely second-h& & conv5tional sub/itute = reality4 7#b7 ,! ne$ t ! m ord9>y1 direct1 & p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! *ild %all furni% problems1 motives1 & int]e/s t necessitate rec\rse to books = _! solution1 satisfaction1 & pursuit4 ,o!rwise1 ! *ild approa*es ! book )\t intellectual hung]1 )\t al]tness1 )\t a que/ion+ attitude1 & ! result is ! "o s deplorably common3 su* abject dep5d5ce ^u books z weak5s & cripples vigor ( ?\ght & inquiry1 comb9$ ) read+ = m]e r&om /imulation ( fancy1 emotional indulg5ce1 & flight f ! _w ( reality into a make-belief l&4 ,! problem "h is !n 7#a7 to furni% ! *ild ) a suffici5tly l>ge am\nt ( p]sonal activity 9 occupations1 expression1 conv]sation1 con/ruction1 & exp]im5tation1 s t 8 individuality1 moral & intellectual1 %all n be swamp$ by a disproportionate am\nt ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs to :i* books introduce him2 & 7#b7 s to conduct ?is m direct exp]i5ce z to make ! *ild feel ! ne$ ( resort to & comm& ( ! traditional social tools--furni% him ) motives & make 8 rec\rse to !m intellig5t1 an addition to 8 p[]s1 in/ead ( a s]vile dep5d5cy4 ,:5 ?is problem %all be solv$1 "w 9 language1 lit]ature1 & numb] w n be a comb9ation ( me*anical drill1 =mal analysis1 & appeal1 ev5 if unconsci\s1 to s5sational int]e/s2 & !re w n be ! slighte/ reason to fe> t books & all t relates to !m w n take ! important place to :i* !y are entitl$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! problem is n yet solv$4 ,! common compla9ts t *ildr5's progress 9 ^! traditional s*ool /udies is sacrific$ to ! new] subjects t h come into ! curriculum is suffici5t evid5ce t ! exact balance is n yet /ruck4 ,! exp]i5ce ?us f> 9 ! s*ool1 ev5 if n demon/rative1 indicates ! foll[+ probable results3 7#a7 ! m direct modes ( activity1 con/ructive & occupation "w1 sci5tific obs]vation1 exp]im5tation1 etc41 pres5t pl5ty ( opportunities & occasions = ! necess>y use ( read+1 writ+ 7& spell+71 & numb] "w4 ,^! ?+s may be introduc$1 !n1 n z isolat$ /udies1 b z organic outgr[?s ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce4 ,! problem is1 9 a sy/ematic & progressive way1 to take advantage ( ^! occasions4 7#b7 ,! additional vitality & mean+ :i* ^! /udies ?us secure make possible a v consid]able r$uction ( ! "t ord9>ily devot$ to !m4 7#c7 ,! f9al use ( ! symbols1 :e!r 9 read+1 calculation1 or composition1 is m intellig5t1 less me*anical2 m active1 less passively receptive2 m an increase ( p[]1 less a m]e mode ( enjoym5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 increas+ exp]i5ce seems to make cle> ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 t x is possible1 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 to appeal1 9 tea*+ ! recognition & use ( symbols1 to ! *ild's p[] ( production & creation2 z mu* s 9 pr9ciple z 9 o!r l9es ( "w seem+ly mu* m direct1 & t !re is ! advantage ( a limit$ & def9ite result by :i* ! *ild may measure 8 progress4 7#b7 ,failure suffici5tly to take acc\nt ( ?is fact result$ 9 an undue po/ponem5t ( "s phases ( ^! l9es ( "w1 ) ! effect t ! *ild1 hav+ progress$ to a m advanc$ plane intellectually1 feels :at e>li] might h be5 a =m ( p[] & creation to be an irksome task4 7#c7 ,!re is a dem& = p]iodic conc5tration & alt]nation 9 ! s*ool program ( ! "t devot$ to ^! /udies--& ( all /udies :]e ma/]y ( te*nique or special me?od is advisable4 ,t is to say1 in/ead ( c>ry+ all subjects simultane\sly & at an equal pace ^u ! program1 at times "o mu/ be br\ght to ! =egr\nd & o!rs relegat$ to ! backgr\nd1 until ! *ild is br\ght to ! po9t ( recogniz+ t he has a p[] or skill :i* he c n[ g ahead & use indep5d5tly4 ,! ?ird p]iod ( elem5t>y education is ^u ! bord]l& ( second>y4 ,x comes :5 ! *ild has a suffici5t acqua9tance ( a fairly direct sort ) v>i\s =ms ( reality & modes ( activity2 & :5 he has suffici5tly ma/]$ ! me?ods1 ! tools ( ?\ght1 inquiry1 & activity1 appropriate to v>i\s phases ( exp]i5ce1 to be able pr(itably to specialize ^u di/9ctive /udies & arts = te*nical & intellectual aims4 ,:ile ! s*ool has a numb] ( *ildr5 :o are 9 ?is p]iod1 ! s*ool has n1 ( c\rse1 be5 9 exi/5ce long en\gh s t any typical inf]5ces c be safely drawn4 ,!re c]ta9ly seems to be reason to hope1 h[ev]1 t ) ! consci\sness ( difficulties1 ne$s1 & res\rces ga9$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ five ye>s1 *ildr5 c be br\ght to & ?r\gh ?is p]iod )\t sacrifice ( ?or\ghness1 m5tal discipl9e1 or comm& ( te*nical tools ( le>n+1 & ) a positive enl>gem5t ( life1 & a wid]1 fre]1 & m op5 outlook ^u x4 ,,froebel',s ,,educational ,,pr9ciples ,v ,,froebel',s ,,educational ,,pr9ciples ,"o ( ! traditions ( ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago is ( a visitor :o1 9 its e>ly days1 call$ to see ! k9d]g>t54 ,on be+ told t ! s*ool _h n z yet e/abli%$ "o1 %e ask$ if !re 7 n s++1 draw+1 manual tra9+1 plays & dramatizations1 & att5tion to ! *ildr5's social relations4 ,:5 h] que/ions 7 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 %e rem>k$1 bo? triumphantly & indignantly1 t t 0 :at %e und]/ood by a k9d]g>t51 & t %e did n "k :at 0 meant by say+ t ! s*ool _h no k9d]g>t54 ,! rem>k 0 p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 _s1 if n 9 lett]4 ,at all ev5ts1 x sugge/s t 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! s*ool endeavors ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse--n[ includ+ *ildr5 betwe5 f\r & ?irte5--to c>ry into effect c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* ,froebel 0 p]haps ! fir/ consci\sly to set =?4 ,speak+ /ill 9 g5]al1 ^! pr9ciples are3 #a4 ,t ! prim>y bus9ess ( s*ool is to tra9 *ildr5 9 co-op]ative & mutually helpful liv+2 to fo/] 9 !m ! consci\sness ( mutual int]dep5d5ce2 & to help !m practically 9 mak+ ! adju/m5ts t w c>ry ?is _s into ov]t de$s4 #b4 ,t ! prim>y root ( all educative activity is 9 ! in/9ctive1 impulsive attitudes & activities ( ! *ild1 & n 9 ! pres5tation & application ( ext]nal mat]ial1 :e!r ?r\gh ! ideas ( o!rs or ?r\gh ! s5ses2 & t1 accord+ly1 numb]less spontane\s activities ( *ildr51 plays1 games1 mimic ef=ts1 ev5 ! app>5tly mean+less motions ( infants--exhibitions previ\sly ignor$ z trivial1 futile1 or ev5 condemn$ z positively evil--are capable ( educational use2 nay1 are ! f\ndation-/ones ( educational me?od4 #c4 ,t ^! individual t5d5cies & activities are organiz$ & direct$ ?r\gh ! uses made ( !m 9 keep+ up ! co-op]ative liv+ already spok5 (2 tak+ advantage ( !m to reproduce on ! *ild's plane ! typical do+s & occupations ( ! l>g]1 matur] society into :i* he is f9ally to g =?2 & t x is ?r\gh production & creative use t valuable k is secur$ & cl9*$4 ,s f> z ^! /atem5ts correctly repres5t ,froebel's educational philosophy1 ! ,s*ool %\ld be reg>d$ z its expon5t4 ,an attempt is mak+ to act ^u !m ) z mu* fai? & s9c]ity 9 _! application to *ildr5 ( twelve z to *ildr5 ( f\r4 ,?is attempt1 h[ev]1 to assume :at might be call$ ! k9d]g>t5 attitude ?r\gh\t ! :ole s*ool makes necess>y c]ta9 modifications ( ! "w done 9 :at is m te*nically kn[n z ! k9d]g>t5 p]iod--t is1 ) ! *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & six4 ,x is necess>y only to /ate reasons = believ+ t 9 spite ( ! app>5tly radical "* ( "s ( !m !y are true to ! _s ( ,froebel4 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,play ,,& ,,games ,play is n to be id5tifi$ ) any?+ :i* ! *ild ext]nally does4 ,x r designates 8 m5tal attitude 9 its entirety & 9 its unity4 ,x is ! free play1 ! int]play1 ( all ! *ild's p[]s1 ?\ghts1 & physical movem5ts1 9 embody+1 9 a satisfy+ =m1 8 own images & int]e/s4 ,negatively1 x is fre$om--f economic pressure--! necessities ( gett+ a liv+ & support+ o!rs--& f ! fix$ responsibilities atta*+ to ! special call+s ( ! adult4 ,positively1 x means t ! supreme end ( ! *ild is fulness ( gr[?--fulness ( realization ( 8 budd+ p[]s1 a realization :i* cont9ually c>ries him on f "o plane to ano!r4 ,?is is a v g5]al /atem5t1 & tak5 9 its g5]ality1 is s vague z to be innoc5t ( practical be>+4 ,its significance 9 detail1 9 application1 h[ev]1 means ! possibility1 & 9 _m respects ! necessity1 ( q a radical *ange ( k9d]g>t5 proc$ure4 ,to /ate x baldly1 ! fact t 8play0 d5otes ! psy*ological attitude ( ! *ild1 n 8 outw>d p]=mances1 means complete emancipation f ! necessity ( foll[+ any giv5 or prescrib$ sy/em1 or sequ5ce ( gifts1 plays1 or occupations4 ,! judici\s tea*] w c]ta9ly look = sugge/ions to ! activities m5tion$ by ,froebel 79 8 ,"m-,play & else:]e71 & to ^? set =? 9 su* m9ute detail by 8 disciples2 b %e w also rememb] t ! pr9ciple ( play requires h] c>efully to inve/igate & criticize ^! ?+s1 & decide :e!r !y are really activities = h] own *ildr51 or j ?+s :i* may h be5 vital 9 ! pa/ to *ildr5 liv+ 9 diff]5t social conditions4 ,s f> z occupations1 games1 etc41 simply p]petuate ^? ( ,froebel & 8 e>li] disciples1 x may fairly be said t 9 _m respects ! presumption is aga9/ !m--! presumption is t 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ext]nal do+s discuss$ by ,froebel we h ceas$ to be loyal to 8 pr9ciple4 ,! tea*] mu/ be absolutely free to get sugge/ions f any & f e s\rce1 ask+ h]self b ^! two que/ions3 ,w ! propos$ mode ( play appeal to ! *ild z 8 own8 ,is x some?+ ( :i* he has ! in/9ctive roots 9 himself1 & :i* w mature ! capacities t are /ruggl+ = manife/ation 9 him8 ,& aga93 ,w ! propos$ activity give t sort ( expression to ^! impulses t w c>ry ! *ild on to a high] plane ( consci\sness & action1 in/ead ( m]ely excit+ him & !n leav+ him j :]e he 0 be=e1 plus a c]ta9 am\nt ( n]v\s exhau/ion & appetite = m excitation 9 ! future8 ,!re is e evid5ce t ,froebel /udi$ c>efully--inductively we might n[ say--! *ildr5's plays ( 8 own "t1 & ! games :i* mo!rs play$ ) _! infants4 ,he also took great pa9s--z 9 8 ,"m-,play--to po9t out t c]ta9 pr9ciples ( l>ge import 7 involv$4 ,he _h to br+ 8 g5]ation to consci\sness ( ! fact t ^! ?+s 7 n m]ely trivial & *ildi% because done by *ildr51 b 7 ess5tial factors 9 _! gr[?4 ,b ,i d n see ! slighte/ evid5ce t he suppos$ t j ^! plays1 & only ^! plays1 _h mean+1 or t 8 philosophic explanation _h any motive beyond t j sugge/$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i believe t he expect$ 8 foll[]s to exhibit _! foll[+ by cont9u+ 8 own /udy ( contempor>y conditions & activities1 r ?an by lit]ally adh]+ to ! plays he _h collect$4 ,moreov]1 x is h>dly likely t ,froebel himself w\ld cont5d t 9 8 int]pretation ( ^! games he did m ?an take advantage ( ! be/ psy*ological & philosophical insight available to him at ! "t2 & we may suppose t he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to welcome ! gr[? ( a bett] & m ext5sive psy*ology 7:e!r g5]al1 exp]im5tal1 or z *ild /udy71 & w\ld avail himself ( its results to re9t]pret ! activities1 to discuss !m m critically1 go+ f ! new /&po9t into ! reasons t make !m educationally valuable4 ,,symbolism ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t mu* ( ,froebel's symbolism is ! product ( two peculi> conditions ( 8 own life & "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 on acc\nt ( inadequate k at t "t ( ! physiological & psy*ological facts & pr9ciples ( *ild gr[?1 he 0 (t5 =c$ to resort to /ra9$ & artificial explanations ( ! value atta*+ to ! plays1 etc4 ,to ! imp>tial obs]v] x is obvi\s t _m ( 8 /atem5ts are cumbr\s & f>-fet*$1 giv+ ab/ract philosophical reasons = matt]s t may n[ receive a simple1 ev]yday =mulation4 ,9 ! second place1 ! g5]al political & social conditions ( ,g]many 7 su* t x 0 impossible to conceive cont9uity betwe5 ! free1 co-op]ative social life ( ! k9d]g>t5 & t ( ! _w outside4 ,accord+ly1 he c\ld n reg>d ! 8occupations0 ( ! s*oolroom z lit]al reproductions ( ! e?ical pr9ciples involv$ 9 community life--! latt] 7 (t5 too re/rict$ & au?oritative to s]ve z wor?y models4 ,accord+ly he 0 compell$ to ?9k ( !m z symbolic ( ab/ract e?ical & philosophical pr9ciples4 ,!re c]ta9ly is *ange en\gh & progress en\gh 9 ! social conditions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( today1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,g]many ( 8 day1 to ju/ify mak+ k9d]g>t5 activities m natural1 m direct1 & m real repres5tations ( curr5t life ?an ,froebel's disciples h done4 ,ev5 z x is1 ! disp>ity ( ,froebel's philosophy ) ,g]man political ideals has made ! au?orities 9 ,g]many suspici\s ( ! k9d]g>t51 & has be5 und\bt$ly "o =ce op]at+ 9 trans=m+ its social simplicity into an involv$ intellectual te*nique4 ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,play ,an excessive emphasis on symbolism is sure to influ5ce ! treatm5t ( imag9ation4 ,x is ( c\rse true t a little *ild lives 9 a _w ( imag9ation4 ,9 "o s5se1 he c only 8make believe40 ,8 activities repres5t or /& = ! life t he sees go+ on ar\nd him4 ,because !y are ?us repres5tative !y may be t]m$ symbolic1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is make-believe or symbolism has ref]5ce to ! activities sugge/$4 ,unless !y are1 to ! *ild1 z real & def9ite z ! adult's activities are to him1 ! inevitable result is artificiality1 n]v\s /ra91 & ei!r physical & emotional excitem5t or else dead5+ ( p[]s4 ,!re has be5 a curi\s1 almo/ unacc\ntable1 t5d5cy 9 ! k9d]g>t5 to assume t because ! value ( ! activity lies 9 :at x /&s = to ! *ild1 !re=e ! mat]ials us$ mu/ be z artificial z possible1 & t "o mu/ keep c>efully away f real ?+s & real acts on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,?us "o he>s ( g>d5+ activities :i* are c>ri$ on by spr9kl+ gra9s ( s& = se$s2 ! *ild sweeps & du/s a make-believe room ) make-believe brooms & clo?s2 he sets a table us+ only pap] cut 9 ! flat 7& ev5 !n cut ) ref]5ce to geometric design1 r !n to di%es71 in/ead ( toy tea ?+s ) :i* ! *ild outside ( ! k9d]g>t5 plays4 ,dolls1 toy locomotives1 & tra9s or c>s1 etc41 are taboo$ z altoge!r too grossly real--& h5ce n cultivat+ ! *ild's imag9ation4 ,all ?is is surely m]e sup]/ition4 ,! imag9ative play ( ! *ild's m9d comes ?r\gh ! clu/] ( sugge/ions1 rem9isc5ces1 & anticipations t ga!r ab\t ! ?+s he uses4 ,! m natural & /raight=w>d ^! are1 ! m def9ite basis !re is = call+ up & hold+ toge!r all ! alli$ sugge/ions :i* make 8 imag9ative play really repres5tative4 ,! simple cook+1 di%wa%+1 du/+1 etc41 :i* *ildr5 d are no m prosaic or utilit>ian to !m ?an w\ld be1 say1 ! game ( ! ,five ,knights4 ,to ! *ildr5 ^! occupations are sur*>g$ ) a s5se ( ! my/]i\s values t atta* to :atev] _! eld]s are conc]n$ )4 ,! mat]ials1 !n1 mu/ be z 8real10 z direct & /raight=w>d1 z opportunity p]mits4 ,b ! pr9ciple does n end "h--! reality symboliz$ mu/ also lie )9 ! capacities ( ! *ild's own appreciation4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght ! use ( ! imag9ation is pr(itable 9 ! degree x /&s = v remote metaphysical & spiritual pr9ciples4 ,9 ! great majority ( su* cases x is safe to say t ! adult deceives himself4 ,he is consci\s ( bo? ! reality & ! symbol1 & h5ce ( ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,b s9ce ! tru? or reality repres5t$ is f> beyond ! rea* ( ! *ild1 ! suppos$ symbol is n a symbol to him at all4 ,x is simply a positive ?+ on its own acc\nt4 ,practically ab\t all he gets out ( x is its own physical & s5sational mean+1 plus1 v (t51 a glib facility 9 phrases & attitudes t he le>ns are expect$ ( him by ! tea*]--)\t1 h[ev]1 any m5tal c\nt]p>t4 ,we (t5 tea* ins9c]ity1 & in/il s5tim5talism1 & fo/] s5sationalism :5 we ?9k we are tea*+ spiritual tru?s by means ( symbols4 ,! realities reproduc$1 !re=e1 by ! *ild %\ld be ( z famili>1 direct1 & real a "* z possible4 ,x is l>gely = ?is reason t 9 ! k9d]g>t5 ( our ,s*ool ! "w c5t]s s mu* ab\t ! reproduction ( home & neighborhood life4 ,?is br+s u to ! topic ( ,,subject-,,matt] ,! home life 9 its sett+ ( h\se1 furniture1 ut5sils1 etc41 toge!r ) ! occupations c>ri$ on 9 ! home1 (f]s1 accord+ly1 mat]ial :i* is 9 a direct & real relation%ip to ! *ild1 & :i* he naturally t5ds to reproduce 9 imag9ative =m4 ,x is also suffici5tly full ( e?ical relations & sugge/ive ( moral duties to af=d pl5ty ( food = ! *ild on 8 moral side4 ,! program is comp>atively unambiti\s comp>$ ) t ( _m k9d]g>t5s1 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r !re are n c]ta9 positive advantages 9 ?is limitation ( ! subject-matt]4 ,:5 mu* gr\nd is cov]$ 7! "w go+ ov]1 say1 indu/rial society1 army1 *ur*1 /ate1 etc471 !re is a t5d5cy = ! "w to become ov]-symbolic4 ,s mu* ( ?is mat]ial lies beyond ! exp]i5ce & capacities ( ! *ild ( f\r & five t practically all he gets out ( x is ! physical & emotional reflex--he does n get any real p5etration into ! mat]ial itself4 ,moreov]1 !re is dang]1 9 ^! ambiti\s programs1 ( an unfavorable reaction ^u ! *ild's own intellectual attitude4 ,hav+ cov]$ pretty mu* ! :ole univ]se 9 a purely make-believe fa%ion1 he becomes blas1 loses 8 natural hung] = ! simple ?+s ( direct exp]i5ce1 & approa*es ! mat]ial ( ! fir/ grades ( ! prim>y s*ool ) a feel+ t he has _h all t already4 ,! lat] ye>s ( a *ild's life h _! own rights1 & a sup]ficial1 m]ely emotional anticipation is likely to d ! *ild s]i\s injury4 ,moreov]1 !re is dang] t a m5tal habit ( jump+ rapidly f "o topic to ano!r be induc$4 ,! little *ild has a good deal ( pati5ce & endurance ( a c]ta9 type4 ,x is true t he has a lik+ = novelty & v>iety2 t he soon we>ies ( an activity t does n lead out into new fields & op5 up new pa?s = exploration4 ,my plea1 h[ev]1 is n = monotony4 ,!re is suffici5t v>iety 9 ! activities1 furni%+s1 & in/rum5talities ( ! homes f :i* ! *ildr5 come to give cont9ual div]sity4 ,x t\*es ! civic & ! indu/rial life at ?is & t po9t2 ^! conc]ns c be br\ght 91 :5 desirable1 )\t go+ beyond ! unity ( ! ma9 topic4 ,?us !re is an opportunity to fo/] t s5se :i* is at ! basis ( att5tion & ( all intellectual gr[?--a s5se ( cont9uity4 ,?is cont9uity is (t5 int]f]$ ) by ! v me?ods t aim at secur+ x4 ,f ! *ild's /&po9t unity lies 9 ! subject-matt]--9 ! pres5t case1 9 ! fact t he is always deal+ ) "o ?+3 home life4 ,emphasis is cont9ually pass+ f "o phase ( ?is life to ano!r2 "o occupation aft] ano!r1 "o piece ( furniture aft] ano!r1 "o relation aft] ano!r1 etc41 receive att5tion2 b !y all fall into build+ up "o & ! same mode ( liv+1 al?\gh br++ n[ ?is feature1 n[ t1 into prom95ce4 ,! *ild is work+ all ! "t )9 a unity1 giv+ diff]5t phases ( its cle>ness & def9it5ess1 & br++ !m into coh]5t connection ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 !re is a great div]sity ( subject-matt]1 cont9uity is apt to be s\ght simply on ! =mal side2 t is1 9 s*emes ( sequ5ce1 8s*ools ( "w10 a rigid program ( developm5t foll[$ ) e topic1 a 8?\ght = ! day0 f :i* ! "w is n suppos$ to /ray4 ,z a rule su* sequ5ce is purely intellectual1 h5ce is grasp$ only by ! tea*]1 q pass+ ov] ! head ( ! *ild4 ,h5ce ! program = ! ye>1 t]m1 mon?1 week1 etc41 %\ld be made out on ! basis ( e/imat+ h[ mu* ( ! common subject-matt] c be cov]$ 9 t "t1 n on ! basis ( intellectual or e?ical pr9ciples4 ,?is w give bo? def9it5ess & ela/icity4 ,,me?od ,! peculi> problem ( ! e>ly grades is1 ( c\rse1 to get hold ( ! *ild's natural impulses & in/9cts1 & to utilize !m s t ! *ild is c>ri$ on to a high] plane ( p]ception & judgm5t1 & equipp$ ) m effici5t habits2 s t he has an enl>g$ & deep5$ consci\sness & increas$ control ( p[]s ( action4 ,:]ev] ?is result is n rea*$1 play results 9 m]e amusem5t & n 9 educative gr[?4 ,^u ! :ole1 con/ructive or 8built up0 "w 7)1 ( c\rse1 ! prop] alt]nation ( /ory1 song1 & game :i* may be connect$1 s f> z is desirable1 ) ! ideas involv$ 9 ! con/ruction7 seems bett] fitt$ ?an any?+ else to secure ^! two factors--initiation 9 ! *ild's own impulse & t]m9ation ^u a high] plane4 ,x br+s ! *ild 9 contact ) a great v>iety ( mat]ial3 wood1 t91 lea!r1 y>n1 etc42 x supplies a motive = us+ ^! mat]ials 9 real ways in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ex]cises hav+ no mean+ except a remote symbolic "o2 x calls into play al]tness ( ! s5ses & acut5ess ( obs]vation2 x dem&s cle>-cut imag]y ( ! ends to be accompli%$1 & requires +5uity & inv5tion 9 plann+2 x makes necess>y conc5trat$ att5tion & p]sonal responsibility 9 execution1 :ile ! results are 9 su* tangible =m t ! *ild may be l$ to judge 8 own "w & improve 8 /&>ds4 ,a ^w %\ld be said reg>d+ ! psy*ology ( imitation & sugge/ion 9 relation to k9d]g>t5 "w4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! little *ild is highly imitative & op5 to sugge/ions2 !re is no d\bt t 8 crude p[]s & immature consci\sness ne$ to be cont9ually enri*$ & direct$ ?r\gh ^! *annels4 ,b on ?is acc\nt x is imp]ative to discrim9ate betwe5 a use ( imitation & sugge/ion :i* is s ext]nal z to be ?or\ghly non-psy*ological1 & a use :i* is ju/ifi$ ?r\gh its organic relation to ! *ild's own activities4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple no activity %\ld be orig9at$ by imitation4 ,! />t mu/ come f ! *ild2 ! model or copy may !n be suppli$ 9 ord] to assi/ ! *ild 9 imag+ m def9itely :at x is t he really wants--9 br++ him to consci\sness4 ,its value is n z model to copy 9 action1 b z guide to cle>ness & adequacy ( conception4 ,unless ! *ild c get away f x to 8 own imag]y :5 x comes to execution1 he is r5d]$ s]vile & dep5d5t1 n develop$4 ,imitation comes 9 to re9=ce & help out1 n to initiate4 ,!re is no gr\nd = hold+ t ! tea*] %\ld n sugge/ any?+ to ! *ild until he has consci\sly express$ a want 9 t direction4 ,a sympa!tic tea*] is q likely to "k m cle>ly ?an ! *ild himself :at 8 own in/9cts are & mean4 ,b ! sugge/ion mu/ fit 9 ) ! dom9ant mode ( gr[? 9 ! *ild2 x mu/ s]ve simply z /imulus to br+ =? m adequately :at ! *ild is already bl9dly /riv+ to d4 ,only by wat*+ ! *ild & see+ ! attitude t he assumes t[>d sugge/ions c we tell :e!r !y are op]at+ z factors 9 fur!r+ ! *ild's gr[?1 or :e!r !y are ext]nal1 arbitr>y impositions int]f]+ ) normal gr[?4 ,! same pr9ciple applies ev5 m /rongly to s-call$ dictation "w4 ,no?+ is m absurd ?an to suppose t !re is no middle t]m betwe5 leav+ a *ild to 8 own unguid$ fancies & likes or controll+ 8 activities by a =mal succession ( dictat$ directions4 ,z j intimat$1 x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess to "k :at p[]s are /riv+ = utt]ance at a giv5 p]iod 9 ! *ild's developm5t1 & :at sorts ( activity w br+ ^! to helpful expression1 9 ord] !n to supply ! requisite /imuli & ne$$ mat]ials4 ,! sugge/ion1 = in/ance1 ( a playh\se1 ! sugge/ion t comes f see+ objects t h already be5 made to furni% x1 f see+ o!r *ildr5 at "w1 is q suffici5t def9itely to direct ! activities ( a normal *ild ( five4 ,imitation & sugge/ion come 9 naturally & inevitably1 b only z in/rum5ts to help him c>ry out 8 own wi%es & ideas4 ,!y s]ve to make him realize1 to br+ to consci\sness1 :at he already is /riv+ = 9 a vague1 confus$1 & !re=e ineffective way4 ,f ! psy*ological /&po9t x may safely be said t :5 a tea*] has to rely ^u a s]ies ( dictat$ directions1 x is j because ! *ild has no image ( 8 own ( :at is to be done or :y x is to be done4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ga9+ p[] ( control by con=m+ to directions1 he is really los+ x--made dep5d5t ^u an ext]nal s\rce4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be po9t$ out t su* subject-matt] & ! me?od connect directly ) ! "w ( ! six-ye>-old *ildr5 7correspond+ to ! fir/ grade ( prim>y "w74 ,! play reproduction ( ! home life passes naturally on into a m ext5d$ & s]i\s /udy ( ! l>g] social occupations ^u :i* ! home is dep5d5t2 :ile ! cont9ually increas+ dem&s made ^u ! *ild's own ability to plan & execute c>ry him ov] into m controll$ use ( att5tion ^u m di/9ctively intellectual topics4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! readju/m5t ne$$ to secure cont9uity betwe5 8k9d]g>t50 & 8fir/-grade0 "w _c be br\ght ab\t :olly f ! side ( ! latt]4 ,! s*ool *ange mu/ be z gradual & ins5sible z t 9 ! gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,?is is impossible unless ! subprim>y "w surr5d]s :atev] isolates x1 & hospitably welcomes :atev] mat]ials & res\rces w keep pace ) ! full developm5t ( ! *ild's p[]s1 & ?us keep him always prep>$1 ready1 = ! next "w he has to d4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,occupations ,,vi ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,occupations ,by occupation is n meant any k9d ( 8busy "w0 or ex]cises t may be giv5 to a *ild 9 ord] to keep him out ( mis*ief or idl5ess :5 seat$ at 8 desk4 ,by occupation ,i mean a mode ( activity on ! "p ( ! *ild :i* reproduces1 or runs p>allel to1 "s =m ( "w c>ri$ on 9 social life4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ^! occupations are repres5t$ by ! %opwork ) wood & tools2 by cook+1 sew+1 & by ! textile "w h]e) report$ ^u4 ,! fundam5tal po9t 9 ! psy*ology ( an occupation is t x ma9ta9s a balance betwe5 ! intellectual & ! practical phases ( exp]i5ce4 ,z an occupation x is active or motor2 x f9ds expression ?r\gh ! physical organs--! eyes1 h&s1 etc4 ,b x also involves cont9ual obs]vation ( mat]ials1 & cont9ual plann+ & reflection1 9 ord] t ! practical or executive side may be successfully c>ri$ on4 ,occupation z ?us conceiv$ mu/1 !re=e1 be c>efully di/+ui%$ f "w :i* educates prim>ily = a trade4 ,x diff]s because its end is 9 itself2 9 ! gr[? t comes f ! cont9ual int]play ( ideas & _! embodim5t 9 action1 n 9 ext]nal utility4 ,x is possible to c>ry on ?is type ( "w 9 o!r ?an trade s*ools1 s t ! entire emphasis falls ^u ! manual or physical side4 ,9 su* cases ! "w is r$uc$ to a m]e r\t9e or cu/om1 & its educational value is lo/4 ,?is is ! inevitable t5d5cy :]ev]1 9 manual tra9+ = in/ance1 ! ma/]y ( c]ta9 tools1 or ! production ( c]ta9 objects1 is made ! prim>y end1 & ! *ild is n giv51 :]ev] possible1 intellectual responsibility = select+ ! mat]ials & in/rum5ts t are mo/ fit1 & giv5 an opportunity to ?9k out 8 own model & plan ( "w1 l$ to p]ceive 8 own errors1 & f9d out h[ to correct !m--t is1 ( c\rse1 )9 ! range ( 8 capacities4 ,s f> z ! ext]nal result is held 9 view1 r ?an ! m5tal & moral /ates & gr[? involv$ 9 ! process ( rea*+ ! result1 ! "w may be call$ manual1 b _c rightly be t]m$ an occupation4 ,( c\rse ! t5d5cy ( all m]e habit1 r\t9e1 or cu/om is to result 9 :at is unconsci\s & me*anical4 ,t ( occupation is to put ! maximum ( consci\sness into :atev] is done4 ,?is enables u to int]pret ! /ress laid 7a7 ^u p]sonal exp]im5t+1 plann+1 & re9v5t+ 9 connection ) ! textile "w1 & 7b7 its p>allelism ) l9es ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,! fir/ requires ! *ild to be m5tally quick & al]t at e po9t 9 ord] t he may d ! outw>d "w prop]ly4 ,! second enri*es & deep5s ! "w p]=m$ by saturat+ x ) values sugge/$ f ! social life :i* x recapitulates4 ,occupations1 s consid]$1 furni% ! ideal occasions = bo? s5se-tra9+ & discipl9e 9 ?\ght4 ,! weakness ( ord9>y lessons 9 obs]vation1 calculat$ to tra9 ! s5ses1 is t !y h no outlet beyond !mselves1 & h5ce no necess>y motive4 ,n[1 9 ! natural life ( ! individual & ! race !re is always a reason = s5se-obs]vation4 ,!re is always "s ne$1 com+ f an end to be rea*$1 t makes "o look ab\t to discov] & discrim9ate :atev] w assi/ him4 ,normal s5sations op]ate z clues1 z aids1 z /imuli1 9 direct+ activity 9 :at has to be done2 !y are n ends 9 !mselves4 ,sep>at$ f real ne$s & motives1 s5se-tra9+ becomes a m]e gymna/ic & easily deg5]ates into acquir+ :at are h>dly m ?an m]e knacks or tricks 9 obs]vation1 or else m]e excitem5t ( ! s5se organs4 ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 normal ?9k+4 ,x also does n occur = its own sake1 nor end 9 itself4 ,x arises f ! ne$ ( meet+ "s difficulty1 9 reflect+ ^u ! be/ way ( ov]com+ x1 & ?us leads to plann+1 to project+ m5tally ! result to be rea*$1 & decid+ ^u ! /eps necess>y & _! s]ial ord]4 ,?is concrete logic ( action long prec$es ! logic ( pure speculation or ab/ract inve/igation1 & ?r\gh ! m5tal habits t x =ms is ! be/ ( prep>ations = ! latt]4 ,ano!r educational po9t ^u :i* ! psy*ology ( occupations ?r[s helpful light is ! place ( int]e/ 9 s*ool "w4 ,"o ( ! objections regul>ly br\ght aga9/ giv+ 9 s*ool "w any l>ge or positive place to ! *ild's int]e/ is ! impossibility on su* a basis ( prop] selection4 ,! *ild1 x is said1 has all k9ds ( int]e/s1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,x is necess>y to decide betwe5 ! int]e/s t are really important & ^? t are trivial2 betwe5 ^? t are helpful & ^? t are h>mful2 betwe5 ^? t are transitory or m>k imm$iate excitem5t1 & ^? :i* endure & are p]man5tly influ5tial4 ,x w\ld seem z if we _h to g beyond int]e/ to get any basis = us+ int]e/4 ,n[1 !re c be no d\bt t occupation "w possesses a /rong int]e/ = ! *ild4 ,a glance into any s*ool :]e su* "w is c>ri$ on w give suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,outside ( ! s*ool1 a l>ge portion ( ! *ildr5's plays are simply m or less m9iature & haphaz>d attempts at reproduc+ social occupations4 ,!re are c]ta9 reasons = believ+ t ! type ( int]e/ :i* spr+s up along ) ^! occupations is ( a ?or\ghly heal?y1 p]man5t1 & really educative sort2 & t by giv+ a l>g] place to occupations we %\ld secure an excell5t1 p]haps ! v be/1 way ( mak+ an appeal to ! *ild's spontane\s int]e/1 & yet h1 at ! same "t1 "s gu>anty t we are n deal+ ) :at is m]ely pleasure-giv+1 excit+1 or transi5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e int]e/ gr[s out ( "s in/9ct or "s habit t 9 turn is f9ally bas$ ^u an orig9al in/9ct4 ,x does n foll[ t all in/9cts are ( equal value1 or t we d n inh]it _m in/9cts :i* ne$ trans=mation1 r ?an satisfaction1 9 ord] to be useful 9 life4 ,b ! in/9cts :i* f9d _! consci\s outlet & expression 9 occupation are b\nd to be ( an exce$+ly fundam5tal & p]man5t type4 ,! activities ( life are ( necessity direct$ to br++ ! mat]ials & =ces ( nature "u ! control ( our purposes2 ( mak+ !m tribut>y to ends ( life4 ,m5 h _h to "w 9 ord] to live4 ,9 & ?r\gh _! "w !y h ma/]$ nature1 !y h protect$ & enri*$ ! conditions ( _! own life1 !y h be5 awak5$ to ! s5se ( _! own p[]s--h be5 l$ to inv5t1 to plan1 & to rejoice 9 ! acquisition ( skill4 ,9 a r\gh way1 all occupations may be classifi$ z ga!r+ ab\t man's fundam5tal relations to ! _w 9 :i* he lives ?r\gh gett+ food to ma9ta9 life2 secur+ clo?+ & %elt] to protect & ornam5t x1 & ?us1 f9ally1 to provide a p]man5t home 9 :i* all ! high] & m spiritual int]e/s may c5t]4 ,x is h>dly unreasonable to suppose t int]e/s :i* h su* a hi/ory beh9d !m mu/ be ( ! wor?y sort4 ,h[ev]1 ^! int]e/s z !y develop 9 ! *ild n only recapitulate pa/ important activities ( ! race1 b reproduce ^? ( ! *ild's pres5t environm5t4 ,he cont9ually sees 8 eld]s engag$ 9 su* pursuits4 ,he daily has to d ) ?+s :i* are ! results ( j su* occupations4 ,he comes 9 contact ) facts t h no mean+1 except 9 ref]5ce to !m4 ,take ^! ?+s out ( ! pres5t social life & see h[ little w\ld rema9--& ?is n only on ! mat]ial side1 b z reg>ds intellectual1 ae/hetic1 & moral activities1 = ^! are l>gely & necess>ily b\nd up ) occupations4 ,! *ild's in/9ctive int]e/s 9 ?is direction are1 !re=e1 con/antly re9=c$ by :at he sees1 feels1 & he>s go+ on ar\nd him4 ,sugge/ions along ?is l9e are cont9ually com+ to him2 motives are awak5$2 8 en]gies are /irr$ to action4 ,aga91 x is n unreasonable to suppose t int]e/s :i* are t\*$ s con/antly1 & on s _m sides1 belong to ! wor?y & endur+ type4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 "o ( ! objections made aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( int]e/ 9 education is t x t5ds to dis9tegration ( m5tal economy by con/antly /irr+ up ! *ild 9 ?is way or t1 de/roy+ cont9uity & ?or\ghness4 ,b an occupation 7su* z ! textile "o h]e) report$ on7 is ( necessity a cont9u\s ?+4 ,x la/s1 n only = days1 b = mon?s & ye>s4 ,x repres5ts1 n a /irr+ ( isolat$ & sup]ficial en]gies1 b r a /eady1 cont9u\s organization ( p[] along c]ta9 g5]al l9es4 ,! same is true1 ( c\rse1 ( any o!r =m ( occupation1 su* z %opwork ) tools1 or z cook+4 ,! occupations articulate a va/ v>iety ( impulses1 o!rwise sep>ate & spasmodic1 into a consi/5t skeleton ) a firm backbone4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r1 :olly ap>t f "s su* regul> & progressive modes ( action1 ext5d+ z cores ?r\gh\t ! entire s*ool1 x w\ld be p]man5tly safe to give ! pr9ciple ( 8int]e/0 any l>ge place 9 s*ool "w4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,att5tion ,,vii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,att5tion ,! subprim>y or k9d]g>t5 dep>tm5t is und]tak+ ! p$agogical problems gr[+ out ( an attempt to connect k9d]g>t5 "w intimately ) prim>y1 & to readapt traditional mat]ials & te*nique to meet pres5t social conditions & our pres5t physiological & psy*ological k4 ,a detail$ /atem5t ( ! "w w be publi%$ lat]4 ,little *ildr5 h _! obs]vations & ?\ghts ma9ly direct$ t[>d p3 :at !y d1 h[ !y behave1 :at !y are occupi$ )1 & :at comes ( x4 ,_! int]e/ is ( a p]sonal r ?an ( an objective or intellectual sort4 ,its intellectual c\nt]p>t is ! /ory-=m2 n ! task1 consci\sly def9$ end1 or problem--mean+ by /ory-=m some?+ psy*ical1 ! hold+ toge!r ( a v>iety ( p]sons1 ?+s1 & incid5ts ?r\gh a common idea t enli/s feel+2 n an outw>d relation or tale4 ,_! m9ds seek :oles1 v>i$ ?r\gh episode1 enliv5$ ) action & def9$ 9 sali5t features--!re mu/ be g1 movem5t1 ! s5se ( use & op]ation--inspection ( ?+s sep>at$ f ! idea by :i* !y are c>ri$4 ,analysis ( isolat$ detail ( =m & /ructure nei!r appeals nor satisfies4 ,mat]ial provid$ by exi/+ social occupations is calculat$ to meet & fe$ ?is attitude4 ,9 previ\s ye>s ! *ildr5 h be5 conc]n$ ) ! occupations ( ! home1 & ! contact ( homes ) "o ano!r & ) outside life4 ,n[ !y may take up typical occupations ( society at l>ge--a /ep f>!r remov$ f ! *ild's egoi/ic1 self-absorb$ int]e/1 & yet deal+ ) some?+ p]sonal & some?+ :i* t\*es him4 ,f ! /&po9t ( educational !ory1 ! foll[+ features may be not$3 #a4 ,! /udy ( natural objects1 processes1 & relations is plac$ 9 a human sett+4 ,dur+ ! ye>1 a consid]ably detail$ obs]vation ( se$s & _! gr[?1 ( plants1 woods1 /ones1 animals1 z to "s phases ( /ructure & habit1 ( geographical conditions ( l&scape1 climate1 arrangem5t ( l& & wat]1 is und]tak54 ,! p$agogical problem is to direct ! *ild's p[] ( obs]vation1 to nurture 8 sympa!tic int]e/ 9 *>act]i/ic traits ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 to af=d int]pret+ mat]ial = lat] m special /udies1 & yet to supply a c>ry+ m$ium = ! v>iety ( facts & ideas ?r\gh ! dom9ant spontane\s emotions & ?\ghts ( ! *ild4 ,h5ce _! association ) human life4 ,absolutely no sep>ation is made betwe5 ! 8social0 side ( ! "w1 its conc]n ) p's activities & _! mutual dep5d5cies1 & ! 8sci5ce10 reg>d = physical facts & =ces--because ! consci\s di/9ction betwe5 man & nature is ! result ( lat] reflection & ab/raction1 & to =ce x ^u ! *ild "h is n only to fail to engage 8 :ole m5tal en]gy1 b to confuse & di/ract him4 ,! environm5t is always t 9 :i* life is situat$ & ?r\gh :i* x is circum/anc$2 & to isolate x1 to make x ) little *ildr5 an object ( obs]vation & rem>k by itself1 is to treat human nature inconsid]ately4 ,at la/1 ! orig9al op5 & free attitude ( ! m9d to nature is de/roy$2 nature has be5 r$uc$ to a mass ( mean+less details4 ,9 its emphasis ^u ! 8concrete0 & 8individual10 mod]n p$agogical !ory (t5 loses sight ( ! fact t ! exi/5ce & pres5tation ( an individual physical ?+--a /one1 an orange1 a cat--is no gu>anty ( concret5ess2 t ?is is a psy*ological affair1 :atev] appeals to ! m9d z a :ole1 z a self-suffici5t c5t] ( int]e/ & att5tion4 ,! reaction f ?is ext]nal & some:at dead /&po9t (t5 assumes1 h[ev]1 t ! ne$$ clo?+ ) human significance c come only by direct p]sonification1 & we h t cont9u$ symbolization ( a plant1 cl\d1 or ra9 :i* makes only pseudo-sci5ce possible2 :i*1 in/ead ( g5]at+ love = nature itself1 swit*es int]e/ to c]ta9 s5sational & emotional accompanim5ts1 & leaves x1 at la/1 dissipat$ & burnt out4 ,& ev5 ! t5d5cy to approa* nature ?r\gh ! m$ium ( lit]ature1 ! p9e tree ?r\gh ! fable ( ! discont5t$ p9e1 etc41 :ile recogniz+ ! ne$ ( ! human association1 fails to note t !re is a m /raight=w>d road f m9d to ! object--direct ?r\gh connection ) life itself2 & t ! poem & /ory1 ! lit]>y /atem5t1 h _! place z re9=cem5ts & idealizations1 n z f\ndation /ones4 ,:at is want$1 9 o!r words1 is n to fix up a connection ( *ild m9d & nature1 b to give free & effective play to ! connection already op]at+4 #b4 ,?is sugge/s at once ! practical que/ions t are usually discuss$ "u ! "n ( 8correlation10 que/ions ( su* int]action ( ! v>i\s matt]s /udi$ & p[]s "u acquisition z w avoid wa/e & ma9ta9 unity ( m5tal gr[?4 ,f ! /&po9t adopt$ ! problem is "o ( diff]5tiation r ?an ( correlation z ord9>ily und]/ood4 ,! unity ( life1 z x pres5ts itself to ! *ild1 b9ds toge!r & c>ries along ! diff]5t occupations1 ! div]sity ( plants1 animals1 & geographic conditions2 draw+1 model+1 games1 con/ructive "w1 num]ical calculations are ways ( c>ry+ c]ta9 features ( x to m5tal & emotional satisfaction & complet5ess4 ,n mu* att5tion is paid 9 ?is ye> to read+ & writ+2 b x is obvi\s t if ?is 7 reg>d$ z desirable1 ! same pr9ciple w\ld apply4 ,x is ! community & cont9uity ( ! subject-matt] t organizes1 t correlates2 correlation is n ?r\gh devices ( in/ruction :i* ! tea*] employs 9 ty+ toge!r ?+s 9 !mselves disconnect$4 #c4 ,two recogniz$ dem&s ( prim>y education are (t51 at pres5t1 n unifi$ or are ev5 oppos$4 ,! ne$ ( ! famili>1 ! already exp]i5c$1 z a basis = mov+ ^u ! unkn[n & remote1 is a commonplace4 ,! claims ( ! *ild's imag9ation z a factor is at lea/ beg9n+ to be recogniz$4 ,! problem is to "w ^! two =ces toge!r1 in/ead ( sep>ately4 ,! *ild is too (t5 giv5 drill ^u famili> objects & ideas "u ! sanction ( ! fir/ pr9ciple1 :ile he is introduc$ ) equal directness to ! weird1 /range1 & impossible to satisfy ! claims ( ! second4 ,! result1 x is h>dly too mu* to say1 is a tw(old failure4 ,!re is no special connection betwe5 ! unreal1 ! my?1 ! fairy tale1 & ! play ( m5tal imag]y4 ,imag9ation is n a matt] ( an impossible subject-matt]1 b a con/ructive way ( deal+ ) any subject-matt] "u ! influ5ce ( a p]vad+ idea4 ,! po9t is n to dwell ) we>isome it]ation ^u ! famili> & "u ! guise ( object-lessons to keep ! s5ses direct$ at mat]ial :i* !y h already made acqua9tance )1 b to enliv5 & illum9e ! ord9>y1 commonplace1 & homely by us+ x to build up & appreciate situations previ\sly unrealiz$ & ali54 ,& ?is also is culture ( imag9ation4 ,"s writ]s appe> to h ! impression t ! *ild's imag9ation has outlet only 9 my? & fairy tale ( anci5t "t & di/ant place or 9 weav+ egregi\s fabrications reg>d+ sun1 moon1 & />s2 & h ev5 plead$ = a my?ical inve/iture ( all 8sci5ce0--z a way ( satisfy+ ! dom9at+ imag9ation ( ! *ild4 ,b =tunately ^! ?+s are exceptions1 are int5sifications1 are relaxations ( ! av]age *ild2 n 8 pursuits4 ,! ,john & ,jane t mo/ ( u "k let _! imag9ations play ab\t ! curr5t & famili> contacts & ev5ts ( life--ab\t fa!r & "m & fri5d1 ab\t /eamboats & locomotives1 & %eep & c[s1 ab\t ! romance ( f>m & =e/1 ( sea%ore & m\nta94 ,:at is ne$$1 9 a ^w1 is to af=d occasion by :i* ! *ild is mov$ to educe & ex*ange ) o!rs 8 /ore ( exp]i5ces1 8 range ( in=mation1 to make new obs]vations correct+ & ext5d+ !m 9 ord] to keep 8 images mov+1 9 ord] to f9d m5tal re/ & satisfaction 9 def9ite & vivid realization ( :at is new & enl>g+4 ,) ! developm5t ( reflective att5tion come ! ne$ & ! possibility ( a *ange 9 ! mode ( ! *ild's in/ruction4 ,9 ! previ\s p>agraphs we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! direct1 spontane\s attitude t m>ks ! *ild till into 8 sev5? ye>--8 dem& = new exp]i5ces & 8 desire to complete 8 p>tial exp]i5ces by build+ up images & express+ !m 9 play4 ,?is attitude is typical ( :at writ]s call spontane\s att5tion1 or1 z "s say1 non-volunt>y att5tion4 ,! *ild is simply absorb$ 9 :at he is do+2 ! occupation 9 :i* he is engag$ lays complete hold ^u him4 ,he gives himself )\t res]ve4 ,h5ce1 :ile !re is mu* en]gy sp5t1 !re is no consci\s ef=t2 :ile ! *ild is int5t to ! po9t ( engrossm5t1 !re is no consci\s int5tion4 ,) ! developm5t ( a s5se ( m remote ends1 & ( ! ne$ ( direct+ acts s z to make !m means = ^! ends 7a matt] discuss$ 9 ! second numb]71 we h ! transition to :at is t]m$ indirect1 or1 z "s writ]s pref] to say1 volunt>y1 att5tion4 ,a result is imag$1 & ! *ild att5ds to :at is be=e him or :at he is imm$iately do+ because x helps to secure ! result4 ,tak5 by itself1 ! object or ! act might be indiff]5t or ev5 repulsive4 ,b because x is felt to belong to some?+ desirable or valuable1 x borr[s ! latt]'s attract+ & hold+ p[]4 ,?is is ! transition to 8volunt>y0 att5tion1 b only ! transition4 ,! latt] comes fully into be+ only :5 ! *ild ent]ta9s results 9 ! =m ( problems or que/ions1 ! solution ( :i* he is to seek = himself4 ,9 ! int]v5+ /age 79 ! *ild f eight to1 say1 elev5 or twelve71 :ile ! *ild directs a s]ies ( int]v5+ activities on ! basis ( "s end he wi%es to rea*1 ?is end is some?+ to be done or made1 or "s tangible result to be rea*$2 ! problem is a practical difficulty1 r ?an an intellectual "q4 ,b ) gr[+ p[] ! *ild c conceive ( ! end z some?+ to be f\nd out1 discov]$2 & c control 8 acts & images s z to help 9 ! inquiry & solution4 ,?is is reflective att5tion prop]4 ,9 hi/ory "w !re is *ange f ! /ory & biography =m1 f discussion ( que/ions t arise1 to ! =mulation ( que/ions4 ,po9ts ab\t :i* diff]5ce ( op9ion is possible1 matt]s ^u :i* exp]i5ce1 reflection1 etc41 c be br\ght to be>1 are always com+ up 9 hi/ory4 ,b to use ! discussion to develop ?is matt] ( d\bt & diff]5ce into a def9ite problem1 to br+ ! *ild to feel j :at ! difficulty is1 & !n ?r[ him ^u 8 own res\rces 9 look+ up mat]ial be>+ ^u ! po9t1 & ^u 8 judgm5t 9 br++ x to be>1 or gett+ a solution1 is a m>k$ intellectual advance4 ,s 9 ! sci5ce !re is a *ange f ! practical attitude ( mak+ & us+ cam]as to ! consid]ation ( ! problems intellectually involv$ 9 ?is--to pr9ciples ( light1 angul> measurem5ts1 etc41 :i* give ! !ory or explanation ( ! practice4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is gr[? is a natural process4 ,b ! prop] recognition & use ( x is p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s problem 9 in/ruction ^u ! intellectual side4 ,a p]son :o has ga9$ ! p[] ( reflective att5tion1 ! p[] to hold problems1 que/ions1 be=e ! m9d1 is 9 s f>1 intellectually speak+1 educat$4 ,he has m5tal discipl9e--p[] ( ! m9d & = ! m9d4 ,)\t ?is ! m9d rema9s at ! m]cy ( cu/om & ext]nal sugge/ions4 ,"s ( ! difficulties may be b>ely indicat$ by ref]r+ to an error t almo/ dom9ates in/ruction ( ! usual type4 ,too (t5 x is assum$ t att5tion c be giv5 directly to any subject-matt]1 if only ! prop] w or disposition be at h&1 failure be+ reg>d$ z a sign ( unwill+ness or indocility4 ,lessons 9 ari?metic1 geography1 & gramm> are put be=e ! *ild1 & he is told to att5d 9 ord] to le>n4 ,b except+ z !re is "s "q1 "s d\bt1 pres5t 9 ! m9d z a basis = ?is att5tion1 reflective att5tion is impossible4 ,if !re is suffici5t intr9sic int]e/ 9 ! mat]ial1 !re w be direct or spontane\s att5tion1 :i* is excell5t s f> z x goes1 b :i* m]ely ( itself does n give p[] ( ?\ght or int]nal m5tal control4 ,if !re is n an inh]5t attract+ p[] 9 ! mat]ial1 !n 7accord+ to 8 temp]am5t & tra9+1 & ! prec$5ts & expectations ( ! s*ool7 ! tea*] w ei!r attempt to surr\nd ! mat]ial ) =eign attractiv5ess1 mak+ a bid or (f]+ a bribe = att5tion by 8mak+ ! lesson int]e/+02 or else w resort to c\nt]irritants 7l[ m>ks1 ?reats ( non-promotion1 /ay+ aft] s*ool1 p]sonal disapprobation1 express$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 nagg+s1 cont9u\s call+ ^u ! *ild to 8pay att5tion10 etc472 or1 probably1 w use "s ( bo? means4 ,b 7#a7 ! att5tion ?us ga9$ is nev] m ?an p>tial1 or divid$2 & 7#b7 x always rema9s dep5d5t ^u some?+ ext]nal--h5ce1 :5 ! attraction ceases or ! pressure lets up1 !re is little or no ga9 9 inn] or intellectual control4 ,& 7#c7 su* att5tion is always = ! sake ( 8le>n+10 i4e41 memoriz+ ready-made answ]s to possible que/ions to be put by ano!r4 ,true1 reflective att5tion1 on ! o!r h&1 always involves judg+1 reason+1 delib]ation2 x means t ! *ild has a "q ( 8 own & is actively engag$ 9 seek+ & select+ relevant mat]ial ) :i* to answ] x1 consid]+ ! be>+s & relations ( ?is mat]ial--! k9d ( solution x calls =4 ,! problem is "o's own2 h5ce also ! impetus1 ! /imulus to att5tion1 is "o's own2 h5ce also ! tra9+ secur$ is "o's own--x is discipl9e1 or ga9 9 p[] ( control2 t is1 a habit ( consid]+ problems4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t 9 ! traditional education s mu* /ress has be5 laid ^u ! pres5tation to ! *ild ( ready-made mat]ial 7books1 object-lessons1 tea*]'s talks1 etc471 & ! *ild has be5 s almo/ exclusively held to b>e responsibility = recit+ ^u ?is ready-made mat]ial1 t !re has be5 only accid5tal occasion & motive = develop+ reflective att5tion4 ,next to no consid]ation has be5 paid to ! fundam5tal necessity--lead+ ! *ild to realize a problem z 8 own1 s t he is self-induc$ to att5d 9 ord] to f9d out its answ]4 ,s completely h ! conditions = secur+ ?is self-putt+ ( problems be5 neglect$ t ! v idea ( volunt>y att5tion has be5 radically p]v]t$4 ,x is reg>d$ z measur$ by unwill+ ef=t--z activity call$ out by =eign1 & s repulsive1 mat]ial "u conditions ( /ra91 in/ead ( z self-initiat$ ef=t4 8,volunt>y0 is treat$ z mean+ ! reluctant & disagreeable in/ead ( ! free1 ! self-direct$1 ?r\gh p]sonal int]e/1 insight1 & p[]4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,,viii ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,if hi/ory be reg>d$ z j ! record ( ! pa/1 x is h>d to see any gr\nds = claim+ t x %\ld play any l>ge rle 9 ! curriculum ( elem5t>y education4 ,! pa/ is ! pa/1 & ! dead may be safely left to bury its dead4 ,!re are too _m urg5t dem&s 9 ! pres5t1 too _m calls ov] ! ?re%old ( ! future1 to p]mit ! *ild to become deeply imm]s$ 9 :at is =ev] gone by4 ,n s :5 hi/ory is consid]$ z an acc\nt ( ! =ces & =ms ( social life4 ,social life we h always ) u2 ! di/9ction ( pa/ & pres5t is indiff]5t to x4 ,:e!r x 0 liv$ j "h or j !re is a matt] ( slight mom5t4 ,x is life = all t2 x %[s ! motives :i* draw m5 toge!r & pu% !m ap>t1 & depicts :at is desirable & :at is hurtful4 ,:atev] hi/ory may be = ! sci5tific hi/orian1 = ! educator x mu/ be an indirect sociology--a /udy ( society :i* lays b>e its process ( becom+ & its modes ( organization4 ,exi/+ society is bo? too complex & too close to ! *ild to be /udi$4 ,he f9ds no clues into its labyr9? ( detail & c m\nt no em95ce :5ce to get a p]spective ( arrangem5t4 ,if ! aim ( hi/orical in/ruction is to enable ! *ild to appreciate ! values ( social life1 to see 9 imag9ation ! =ces :i* favor & let m5's effective co-op]ation ) "o ano!r1 to und]/& ! sorts ( "* t help on & t hold back1 ! ess5tial ?+ 9 its pres5tation is to make x mov+1 dynamic4 ,hi/ory mu/ be pres5t$1 n z an accumulation ( results or effects1 a m]e /atem5t ( :at happ5$1 b z a =ceful1 act+ ?+4 ,! motives--t is1 ! motors--mu/ /& out4 ,to /udy hi/ory is n to amass in=mation1 b to use in=mation 9 con/ruct+ a vivid picture ( h[ & :y m5 did ?us & s2 a*iev$ _! successes & came to _! failures4 ,:5 hi/ory is conceiv$ z dynamic1 z mov+1 its economic & indu/rial aspects are emphasiz$4 ,^! are b te*nical t]ms :i* express ! problem ) :i* humanity is unceas+ly engag$2 h[ to live1 h[ to ma/] & use nature s z to make x tribut>y to ! enri*m5t ( human life4 ,! great advances 9 civilization h come ?r\gh ^? manife/ations ( intellig5ce :i* h lift$ man f 8 prec>i\s subjection to nature1 & reveal$ to him h[ he may make its =ces co-op]ate ) 8 own purposes4 ,! social _w 9 :i* ! *ild n[ lives is s ri* & full t x is n easy to see h[ mu* x co/1 h[ mu* ef=t & ?\ght lie back ( x4 ,man has a trem5d\s equipm5t ready at h&4 ,! *ild may be l$ to translate ^! ready-made res\rces into fluid t]ms2 he may be l$ to see man face to face ) nature1 )\t inh]it$ capital1 )\t tools1 )\t manufactur$ mat]ials4 ,&1 /ep by /ep1 he may foll[ ! processes by :i* man recogniz$ ! ne$s ( 8 situation1 ?\ght out ! weapons & in/rum5ts t enable him to cope ) !m2 & may le>n h[ ^! new res\rces op5$ new horizons ( gr[? & creat$ new problems4 ,! indu/rial hi/ory ( man is n a mat]iali/ic or m]ely utilit>ian affair4 ,x is a matt] ( intellig5ce4 ,its record is ! record ( h[ man le>n$ to ?9k1 to ?9k to "s effect1 to trans=m ! conditions ( life s t life itself became a diff]5t ?+4 ,x is an e?ical record z well2 ! acc\nt ( ! conditions :i* m5 h pati5tly wr\ght out to s]ve _! ends4 ,! "q ( h[ human be+s live1 inde$1 repres5ts ! dom9ant int]e/ ) :i* ! *ild approa*es hi/oric mat]ial4 ,x is ?is po9t ( view :i* br+s ^? :o work$ 9 ! pa/ close to ! be+s ) :om he is daily associat$1 & conf]s ^u him ! gift ( sympa!tic p5etration4 ,! *ild :o is int]e/$ 9 ! way 9 :i* m5 liv$1 ! tools !y _h to d )1 ! new inv5tions !y made1 ! trans=mations ( life t arose f ! p[] & leisure ?us ga9$1 is eag] to repeat l processes 9 8 own action1 to remake ut5sils1 to reproduce processes1 to reh&le mat]ials4 ,s9ce he und]/&s _! problems & _! successes only by see+ :at ob/acles & :at res\rces !y _h f nature1 ! *ild is int]e/$ 9 field & =e/1 ocean & m\nta91 plant & animal4 ,by build+ up a conception ( ! natural environm5t 9 :i* liv$ ! p he is /udy+1 he gets 8 hold ^u _! lives4 ,?is reproduction he _c make except+ z he ga9s acqua9tance ) ! natural =ces & =ms ) :i* he is himself surr\nd$4 ,! int]e/ 9 hi/ory gives a m human color+1 a wid] significance1 to 8 own /udy ( nature4 ,8 k ( nature l5ds po9t & accuracy to 8 /udy ( hi/ory4 ,?is is ! natural 8correlation0 ( hi/ory & sci5ce4 ,?is same end1 a deep5+ appreciation ( social life1 decides ! place ( ! biographic elem5t 9 hi/orical in/ruction4 ,t hi/orical mat]ial appeals to ! *ild mo/ completely & vividly :5 pres5t$ 9 individual =m1 :5 summ$ up 9 ! lives & de$s ( "s h]oic "*1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,yet x is possible to use biographies s t !y become a collection ( m]e /ories1 int]e/+1 possibly1 to ! po9t ( s5sationalism1 b yet br++ ! *ild no ne>] to compreh5sion ( social life4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! individual :o is ! h]o ( ! tale is isolat$ f 8 social environm5t2 :5 ! *ild is n br\ght to feel ! social situations :i* evok$ 8 acts & ! social progress to :i* 8 de$s contribut$4 ,if biography is pres5t$ z a dramatic summ>y ( social ne$s & a*ievem5ts1 if ! *ild's imag9ation pictures ! social defects & problems t clamor$ = ! man & ! ways 9 :i* ! individual met ! em]g5cy1 !n ! biography is an organ ( social /udy4 ,a consci\sness ( ! social aim ( hi/ory prev5ts any t5d5cy to swamp hi/ory 9 my?1 fairy /ory1 & m]ely lit]>y r5d]+s4 ,i _c avoid ! feel+ t mu* z ! ,h]b>tian s*ool has done to enri* ! elem5t>y curriculum 9 ! direction ( hi/ory1 x has (t5 inv]t$ ! true relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! motif ( ,am]ican colonial hi/ory & ( ,de ,foe's ,rob9son ,crusoe are ! same4 ,bo? repres5t man :o has a*iev$ civilization1 :o has atta9$ a c]ta9 maturity ( ?\ght1 :o has develop$ ideals & means ( action1 b sudd5ly ?r[n back ^u 8 own res\rces1 hav+ to cope ) a raw & (t5 ho/ile nature1 & to rega9 success by %e] intellig5ce1 en]gy1 & p]si/5ce ( "*4 ,b :5 ,rob9son ,crusoe supplies ! mat]ial = ! curriculum ( ! ?ird- or f\r?-grade *ild1 are we n putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse8 ,:y n give ! *ild ! reality ) its mu* l>g] sweep1 its int5s] =ces1 its m vivid & la/+ value = life1 us+ ! ,rob9son ,crusoe z an imag9ative idealization 9 a p>ticul> case ( ! same sort ( problems & activities8 ,aga91 :atev] may be ! wor? ( ! /udy ( savage life 9 g5]al1 & ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 9 p>ticul>1 :y %\ld t be approa*$ circuit\sly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,hiawa?a1 in/ead ( at fir/ h&8 employ+ inde$ ! poem to furni% ! idealiz$ & culm9at+ t\*es to a s]ies ( conditions & /ruggles :i* ! *ild has previ\sly realiz$ 9 m specific =m4 ,ei!r ! life ( ! ,indian pres5ts "s p]man5t que/ions & factors 9 social life1 or x has next to no place 9 a s*eme ( in/ruction4 ,if x has su* a value1 ?is %\ld be made to /& out on its own acc\nt1 in/ead ( be+ lo/ 9 ! v ref9em5t & beauty ( a purely lit]>y pres5tation4 ,! same end1 ! und]/&+ ( "* & social relations 9 _! natural dep5d5ce1 enables u1 ,i ?9k1 to decide ^u ! importance to be atta*$ to *ronological ord] 9 hi/orical in/ruction4 ,consid]able /ress has ( late be5 laid ^u ! suppos$ necessity ( foll[+ ! developm5t ( civilization ?r\gh ! successive /eps 9 :i* x actually took place--beg9n+ ) ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile1 & com+ on d[n ?r\gh ,greece1 ,rome1 etc4 ,! po9t urg$ is t ! pres5t dep5ds ^u ! pa/ & ea* phase ( ! pa/ ^u a prior pa/4 ,we are "h introduc$ to a conflict betwe5 ! logical & psy*ological int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,if ! aim be an appreciation ( :at social life is & h[ x goes on1 !n1 c]ta9ly1 ! *ild mu/ deal ) :at is ne> 9 _s1 n ) ! remote4 ,! difficulty ) ! ,babylonian or ,egyptian life is n s mu* its remot5ess 9 "t1 z its remot5ess f ! pres5t int]e/s & aims ( social life4 ,x does n simplify en\gh & does n g5]alize en\gh2 or1 at lea/1 x does n d s 9 ! "r way4 ,x does x by omission ( :at is significant n[1 r ?an by pres5t+ ^! factors arrang$ on a l[] scale4 ,its sali5t features are h>d to get at & to und]/&1 ev5 by ! speciali/4 ,x und\bt$ly pres5ts factors :i* contribut$ to lat] life1 & :i* modifi$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! /ream ( "t4 ,b ! *ild has n arriv$ at a po9t :]e he c appreciate ab/ract causes & specializ$ contributions4 ,:at he ne$s is a picture ( typical relations1 conditions1 & activities4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re is mu* ( prehi/oric life :i* is mu* clos] to him ?an ! complicat$ & artificial life ( ,babylon or ( ,egypt4 ,:5 a *ild is capable ( appreciat+ in/itutions1 he is capable ( see+ :at special in/itutional idea ea* hi/oric nation /&s =1 & :at factor x has contribut$ to ! pres5t complex ( in/itutions4 ,b ?is p]iod arrives only :5 ! *ild is beg9n+ to be capable ( ab/ract+ causes 9 o!r realms z well2 9 o!r words1 :5 he is approa*+ ! "t ( second>y education4 ,9 ?is g5]al s*eme ?ree p]iods or phases are recogniz$3 fir/ comes ! g5]aliz$ & simplifi$ hi/ory--hi/ory :i* is h>dly hi/ory at all 9 ! local or *ronological s5se1 b :i* aims at giv+ ! *ild insight into1 & sympa?y )1 a v>iety ( social activities4 ,?is p]iod includes ! "w ( ! six-ye>-old *ildr5 9 /udy+ typical occupations ( p 9 ! c\ntry & city at pres5t2 ( ! sev5-ye>-old *ildr5 9 work+ out ! evolution ( inv5tions & _! effects ^u life1 & ( ! eight-ye>-old *ildr5 9 deal+ ) ! great movem5ts ( migration1 exploration1 & discov]y :i* h br\ght ! :ole r\nd _w into human k54 ,! "w ( ! fir/ two ye>s is evid5tly q indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> p or any p>ticul> p]son--t is1 ( hi/orical data 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,at ! same "t1 pl5ty ( scope is provid$ ?r\gh dramatization = ! introduction ( ! individual factor4 ,! acc\nt ( ! great explor]s & ! discov]]s s]ves to make ! transition to :at is local & specific1 t :i* dep5ds ^u c]ta9 specifi$ p]sons :o liv$ at c]ta9 specifi$ places & times4 ,?is introduces u to ! second p]iod :]e local conditions & ! def9ite activities ( p>ticul> bodies ( p become prom95t--correspond+ to ! *ild's gr[? 9 p[] ( deal+ ) limit$ & positive fact4 ,s9ce ,*icago1 s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are localities ) :i* ! *ild c1 by ! nature ( ! case1 mo/ effectively deal1 ! mat]ial ( ! next ?ree ye>s is d]iv$ directly & indirectly f ?is s\rce4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ?ird ye> is a transitional ye>1 tak+ up ! connections ( ,am]ican life ) ,european4 ,by ?is "t ! *ild %\ld be ready to deal1 n ) social life 9 g5]al1 or ev5 ) ! social life ) :i* he is mo/ famili>1 b ) c]ta9 ?or\ghly diff]5tiat$ &1 s to speak1 peculi> types ( social life2 ) ! special significance ( ea* & ! p>ticul> contribution x has made to ! :ole _w-hi/ory4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! next p]iod ! *ronological ord] is foll[$1 beg9n+ ) ! anci5t _w ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean & com+ d[n aga9 ?r\gh ,european hi/ory to ! peculi> & diff]5tiat+ factors ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! program is n pres5t$ z ! only "o meet+ ! problem1 b z a contribution2 ! outcome1 n ( ?\ght1 b ( consid]able exp]im5t+ & %ift+ ( subjects f ye> to ye>1 to ! problem ( giv+ mat]ial :i* takes vital hold ^u ! *ild & at ! same "t leads on1 /ep by /ep1 to m ?or\gh & accurate k ( bo? ! pr9ciples & facts ( social life1 & makes a prep>ation = lat] specializ$ hi/oric /udies4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4,s4,a4