,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,9 ! pla9 text v]sion ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,small ,caps are repres5t$ 9 ,,upp] ,,case4 ,! text 9 bold is repres5t$ l ?is4 ,! musical files = ! musical examples discuss$ 9 ! book h be5 provid$ by ,jude ,eyl&]4 ,^? examples c be he>d by click+ on ! ,li/5 tab4 ,?is is only possible 9 ! ,,html v]sion ( ! book4 ,! scores t appe> 9 ! orig9al book h be5 includ$ z 8jpg0 images4 ,9 "s cases ! scores t 7 us$ to g5]ate ! music files diff] slightly f ! orig9al scores4 ,^? diff]5ces are due to modifications t 7 made by ! ,music ,transcrib] dur+ ! process ( creat+ ! musical ar*ives4 ,!y 7 made to make ! music play accurately on mod]n musical transcrib+ programs4 ,^! scores are includ$ z ,,png images1 & c be se5 by click+ on ! ,,png tag 9 ! ,,html v]sion ( ! book4 ,obvi\s punctuation & o!r pr9t+ errors h be5 correct$4 ,! cov] art includ$ ) ?is e,book has be5 modifi$ f ! orig9al by ! ,transcrib] & is grant$ to ! public doma94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,music ,! ,art ( ,music ,a ,compreh5sive ,libr>y ( ,in=mation = ,music ,lov]s & ,musicians ,editor-9-,*ief ,,daniel ,,gregory ,,mason ,columbia ,univ]sity ,associate ,editors ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,hill ,,lel& ,,hall ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,pa/ ,pr(essor1 ,univ4 ( ,wiscons9 ,manag+ ,editor ,c,,s> ,,sa]*+] ,mod]n ,music ,society ( ,new ,york ,9 ,f\rte5 ,volumes ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,national ,,society ,,( ,,music ,illu/ration3 ,sa9t ,cecilia ,aft] ! pa9t+ by ,rub5s 7,kais]-,fri$ri* ,museum1 ,b]l97 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,music3 ,,volume ,,five ,! ,voice & ,vocal ,music ,dep>tm5t ,editors3 ,,david ,c4 ,,taylor ,au?or ( #8,! ,psy*ology ( ,s++1' etc4 ,,& ,,hiram ,,kelly ,,mod]well ,musical ,correspond5t1 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,transcript1 etc4 ,au?or ( #8,! ,!atre ( ,today1' etc4 ,introduction by ,,david ,,bispham1 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,national ,,society ,,( ,,music ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,,! ,,national ,,society ,,( ,,music1 ,inc4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,! ,,voice ,,& ,,vocal ,,music ,,introduction ,all ! ,arts1 be+ emanations f ! sup]man1 are ( ! highe/ significance to ! human race !rapeutically--! ^w be+ us$ 9 its broade/ possible significance4 ,!y are curative1 !y d u good4 ,!re is happily no long] a ban put ^u any "o ( !m 9 ! mod]n _w1 except by an occasional religi\s sect1 & ev5 ^? survivors ( a prohibitory pa/ are rapidly disappe>+4 ,en\gh c sc>cely be said ( ! value ( ! lit]ature ( song z x exi/s to-day4 ,:atev] has be5 writt5 or is yet to appe>1 is a natural gr[?1 & %\ld be recogniz$ z well+ up f ! uns\nd$ dep?s ( ! human m9d1 z some?+ to be us$ = ! b5efit1 "h & n[1 ( "y & old1 male & female1 ri* & poor1 well & ill--z a fruit #8= ! heal+ ( ! nations4' ,:5 p]=m$ "u prop] circum/ances1 music--& p>ticul>ly song1 because x is s individual--has a p[] = good t is amaz+4 ,b ?is is n g5]ally recogniz$2 only by poets & dream]s has x be5 /at$4 ,! words ( su* are accept$ by ! _w at l>ge z beautiful g5]alizations1 hav+ no imm$iate or p]sonal significance1 applicable to "s realm ( fancy1 "s ,celtic fairyl&1 z impossible z an ,ori5tal heav51 b n to ! sombre facts ( exi/5ce ^u ?is e>?--facts s discordant t none b a prophet c\ld by any /ret* ( ! imag9ation reconcile !m ) a life ( h>mony "h4 ,p]sonally ,i believe 9 ! =esight ( ! prophets & poets1 & hope t ,sci5ce w ere long come =w>d to set ! seal ( au?ority ^u _! utt]ances4 ,:5 ?is is done1 song w be accord$ ! position t s ju/ly belongs to x1 & its place w n be an inf]ior "o 9 ! s*eme ( man's developm5t ?r\gh savag]y into civilization1 & beyond4 ,! se]s spoke bett] ?an we "k2 !y saw1 & d see1 ?r\gh ! veil ( ! pres5t into ! beyond1 ?r\gh ! p>adoxical ,p>adise ( p>able into ! !oretical p]fection 9 :i* ! ef=t to atta9 practical results w be "o ( ! *iefe/ ( joys4 ,is x n wond]ful to realize t music & song are s prom95t 9 ! utt]ances ( ^! hi!rto misund]/ood soo?say]s8 ,tru?-say]s are !y 9 soo?6 ,!re is a noble "w to be done 9 ! endeavor to br+ ab\t s5sibly1 sy/ematically & sci5tifically1 ! realization ( _! visions z !y p]ta9 to music1 & a recognition ( ! value ( song & s++ & ! application ( ?is beautiful & all b univ]sal gift to ! bett]m5t ( conditions bo? p]sonal & social4 ,to ! musical en?usia/ society seems to be divid$ into two classes3 ^? :o are musical & ^? :o are n4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t e normal p]son is musical to a c]ta9 degree1 ?\gh "s may believe x ( !mselves m readily ?an o!rs believe x ( !m4 ,to p>aphrase ,%akespe>e1 "s are born musical1 "s a*ieve music1 b all %\ld h music ?ru/ ^u !m4 ,9 "o way or ano!r1 ev]yone %\ld be educat$ 9 music1 to ! degree at lea/ ( kn[+ f *ildhood ab\t x & its mak]s1 be+ able to p>ticipate 9 musical p]=mance1 or at lea/ to appreciate ! p]=mance ( o!rs1 = ! musical gift is a fundam5tal "p ( human nature2 b un=tunately ! va/ majority ( p seem to be unaw>e ( ! importance & value ( ?is preci\s possession1 :i* has inde$ by too _m come to be consid]$ z a m]e s\rce ( amusem5t1 & n z a ?+ to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a p]iod :5 all music1 & p>ticul>ly s++1 %\ld receive mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,! voice is s intimate a ?+ t no "o c avoid x 9 himself or escape x 9 o!rs1 & s great is its p[] :5 prop]ly us$1 :e!r 9 spee* or song1 t x is amaz+ t its qualities are n m fully realiz$ by all educators & treat$ accord+ly4 ,b up to ! pres5t "t x seems t ^? :o h influ5ce 9 educational matt]s h n _h _! eyes op5$ to ! fact t e human be+ %\ld be taught to speak prop]ly & to s+ z well z may be1 & t ^! ?+s are p]fectly easy ( accompli%m5t1 if only correct models are put be=e *ildr5 z !y gr[ up4 ,languages1 ! mo/ difficult to acquire by adults1 are le>n$ by *ildr5 ) p]fect ease f ^? ) :om !y come into contact2 !y w speak !m well or ill1 accord+ z !y h he>d o!rs speak4 ,9 %ort1 example is1 :]e voice is conc]n$1 bett] ?an precept2 & ! e>1 s intimately associat$ ) ev]y?+ vocal1 %\ld be giv5 m to d ?an has hi!rto be5 consid]$ necess>y ei!r 9 s*ools or by private tea*]s4 ,:ile mo/ "y p d n beg9 to take s++ lessons until _! voices are reasonably settl$ & c be> ! /ra9 ( /udy1 x does n seem incompatible ) ! dictates ( common s5se to say t ! tra9+ ( voices1 z ( bodies & m9ds1 may be und]tak5 mu* e>li] ?an has g5]ally be5 ?\ght advisable4 #8,! preci\s morn+ h\rs' ( y\? are too (t5 %amefully wa/$2 9 !m ?is natural & beautiful gift %\ld be br\ght out4 ,vocal music %\ld be le>n$ by e> z well z by eye1 pieces suit$ to v>y+ vocal capacities & wisely select$ by ^? compet5t to *oose %\ld be taught1 :ile c]ta9 ( ! musical ma/]pieces %\ld be made famili> to all4 ,?is seems s obvi\s z to be h>dly wor? say+1 b z a matt] ( fact1 song is by too _m look$ ^u m]ely z a luxury to be enjoy$ by ! few1 :]eas x is 9 reality a necessity t %\ld be us$ by all1 = all h n only a lat5t impulse t[>d vocal expression1 b mu* m ( a natural gift ?an is usually grant$4 ,p]sons select$ = ! purity ( _! enunciation & beauty ( _! voices %\ld e day1 9 all s*ools1 speak & s+ to ! pupils1 :o 9 turn w\ld unconsci\sly imitate :at !y he>d2 & s !re w\ld gr[ a reg>d = purity & beauty ( tone1 bo? 9 spee* & 9 song1 :i* lat] w\ld f9d expression 9 ! /udy ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( vocal music--f folk-song to ! art-song1 f sacr$ music & oratorio to op]a4 ,only ^? especially gift$ %\ld be p]mitt$ by _! ma/]s to take up ! pr(ession ( s+] or tea*] ( s++1 & ?us !re w\ld be select$ f ! great field ( ^? :o "k mu* ! few speciali/s 9 ?is or t phase ( ! art :o "k m1 & :o are by nature bett] fitt$ to ex]cise _! tal5ts 9 public4 ,s _m p are able to s+ aft] a fa%ion t suffici5t c>e is n always tak5 to sep>ate ^? :o are entitl$ to ent] ) joy into ! ranks ( ! int]pret]s ( song f ^? :o are fit only = ! comp>ative out] d>kness ( ! auditor4 ,b if t be d>kness1 h[ great is ! light ( ^? :o1 by common cons5t1 are adjudg$ compet5t to be> s glori\s a lamp be=e ! foot/eps ( ! _w6 ,! desire to s+ is s univ]sal t _m en?usia/s ov]look ! fact t !y h neglect$ to tra9 _! vocal app>atus until x is too late to make s]i\s /udy wor? :ile4 ,little c !n be done beyond :at w give pleasure to ! individual himself4 ,b ?is univ]sal desire to s+ %\ld be univ]sally recogniz$4 ,:5 9 future x %all be n only s recogniz$ b s5sibly & sci5tifically satisfi$1 !n x w no d\bt be f\nd t v great b5efit w result to musical art &1 ?r\gh x1 to ! daily lives ( well-nigh ev]yone on e>?4 ,:5 ! sci5ce ( education %all h advanc$ fur!r1 music1 & especially s++1 w hold a v important place 9 ! s*eme1 & ! diff]5ce w become cle>ly app>5t betwe5 ! av]age normal be+ ) ! av]age vocal equipm5t & ! arti/ to ! mann] born4 ,z ) ^? ^: tr5d t[>d ma!matics or languages is unmi/akable1 s ! truly musical are to be di/+ui%$ ) ease f _! fell[s2 b all su*1 & especially s+]s1 %\ld be educat$ ) great c>e & 9 a broad & compreh5sive mann]4 ,great g5iuses h writt5 music to ! words ( great poets because !y 7 compell$ by ! inmo/ ne$s ( _! natures to supplem5t ! message ( poetry by t ( music4 ,:at does ! _w at l>ge c>e = ^! ?+s8 ,only ! educat$ 9 musical art "k t !y exi/1 b ! "t is n[ at h& :5 ! /oreh\ses ( music w be op5$1 & _! treasures dissem9at$ among ! g5]al public ?r\gh ! s*ools4 ,in/rum5tal music is s co/ly 9 comp>ison to vocal music t ! obvi\s c\rse to pursue is to tra9 t wond]ful in/rum5t1 ! voice1 :i* all c>ry ab\t ) !m1 b ! value ( :i* is realiz$ by only a few4 ,! _m-sid$ occupation ( ! s+] %\ld be z c>efully /udi$ z t ( ! piani/1 ! viol9i/1 or ! organi/4 ,! vocali/ requires a te*nique comp>able to t ( any ( ^! virtuosi1 a memory tra9$ to answ] ! dem&s n only ( music b ( words1 a k n m]ely ( "o's own b ( sev]al o!r languages1 a tra9+ 9 ! mann] ( speak+ & s++ intelligibly 9 ^! tongues1 a ma/]y ( ! actor's art ) all t x means 9 ge/ure1 deportm5t & expression1 &1 f9ally1 a compreh5sion ( ! :ole ( vocal lit]ature4 ,w\ld-be s+]s %\ld be well educat$ m5 & wom51 subject$ to rigor\s exam9ation 9 all bran*es ( _! art at e /age ( progress2 = only ?us may vocal arti/s be prep>$ = _! exact+ & important c>e] & be made wor?y to tread 9 future our conc]t plat=ms & op]atic /ages4 ,= ?is way s++ w become a dignifi$ pr(ession in/ead ( a spuri\s & unc]ta9 c>e]1 at :i* ! va/ majority ( ^? :o foll[ x c expect to e>n b a pittance4 ,! fact %\ld be v cle>ly =c$ home ^u /ud5ts t voice alone does n make a public s+] any m ?an ! possession ( a ,/radiv>ius makes a viol9i/1 b if ei!r has a good in/rum5t ! possessor ( s valuable a ?+ %\ld tra9 himself to play ^u x ) m ?an ord9>y c>e1 & intellig5tly /udy n only ! classics ( 8 bran* ( ! pr(ession1 b1 9 ! case ( a s+] especially1 enl>ge 8 k ( poetry1 lit]ature1 ! drama1 & ! f9e arts 9 g5]al4 ,?us equipp$ he may ) safety & ) reasonable expectations ( success take ! haz>d\s pa? t leads to ! supreme honor ( la/+ public e/eem4 ,e /ud5t %\ld recognize ?is necessity & "w ) ?is end 9 view4 ,! way is long & ! task is h>d1 b x is n impossible4 ,ignorance & d>+ h long gone h& 9 h& ) an assurance :i* is at times amaz+1 b ! ris+ g5]ation %\ld be oblig$ to le>n n only h[ to s+1 b :at to s+--bo? equally important4 ,& !n1 ) intellig5ce awak5$1 & ! dawn ( a new day break+ 9 ?r\gh ! w9d[s ( ! m9d1 we may look = ! beg9n+s ( an int]e/ 9 ! advancem5t ( a vocal art t has too long be5 h>ness$ to ! c> ( ,fa%ion1 & "u ! yoke ( ,comm]cialism4 ,z be=e ! ,r5aissance ( pla/ic art all _h be5 said 9 pa9t+ & sculpture t c\ld be said 9 ! old =mul1 s 9 music ! few notes ( ! scale _h 9 ! h&s ( ! old] ma/]s be5 work$ to _! ultimate possibilities ( expression1 :5 lo6 a new light 0 %$ ^u ! situation1 & pres5tly ! flood-gates ( s\nd 7 op5$1 & undream$-( works appe>$ 9 rapid succession to amaze & affright ! s5ses4 ,song reflects ?is1 & ! limits ( vocal capacity h seem+ly be5 rea*$4 ,x is n to be believ$1 h[ev]1 t1 to :atev] l5g?s ?is new musical ,r5aissance may g1 ! appeal ( simple melody w ev] want = an audi5ce4 ,! pa/ has en\gh & to sp>e ( song t we h n ev5 ta/$1 mu* less dige/$4 ,let u set ourselves to tea* ! multitudes ( ! un9itiat$ ris+ g5]ation all ! beauties ( ! classics ( song4 ,!y are z full z ev] ( wor? & lovel9ess1 & mu/ =m a "p ( ! h]itage ( ! g5]ations yet unborn4 ,! peasant f af> has 9 him ! blood ( ! peoples f :i* sprang ! great arti/s & musicians ( ! pa/1 & x is n = a mom5t to be suppos$ t "u ! fre] circum/ances ( life 9 ,am]ica works ( orig9ality & *>m w soon be =?com+4 ,?is is no place nor "t = ! sadness ( a conqu]$ race t by ! wat]s ( ano!r l& hung up its h>ps1 & refus$ to s+ ! songs ( home4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 may all ! accumulat$ weal? ( ! beauty ( song be joy\sly reveal$ to ! p by ! p1 & = ! p's good4 ,no words c describe music4 ,talk ( x z we may1 only music c tell u ( itself4 ,h[ pr(\nd its appeal to ! v ess5ce ( human nature6 ,9 ! works t h be5 left to u we h a m>vell\s h]itage4 ,let x n be neglect$1 b pres]v$1 honor$1 & taught to all1 f ! lea/ ev5 unto ! greate/2 = :5 s\nd has be5 w$d$ to words by "o ( ! ano9t$ hi]>*y ( ! prie/s ( music1 :at a my/ic union is !re4 ,h[ pot5t ! spell ( a voice lift$ 9 song in=m$ by ! _s ( poetry6 ,we h "h at h& t :i* makes our ,p>adise--! gift ( song4 ,let u no long] disreg>d ?is fundam5tal possession1 b use x well1 & ) x ent] into ! peace t song c give to all :o h e>s to he> its wondr\s message4 ,x is ! ,evangel t has = s long be5 knock+ at our doors4 ,let u op5 wide & welcome ?is fri5d & comrade ^: voice goes ?robb+ ?r\gh ! aisles ( ! va/ ,temple ( ,music--t /ructure n made ) h&s2 he>d1 n se51 pres5t only to ! _s ( mortals1 place ( wor%ip & refre%m5t = all g5]ations4 ,,david ,,bispham4 ,augu/1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,five ,,page ,,introduction ,,by ,,david ,,bispham vii ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,vocal ,,me*anism ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,vocal ,,organs1 ,,_! ,,op]ation ,,& ,,hygi5e #a ,! vocal in/rum5t2 anatomy ( ! vocal organs2 ! heal?y me*anism--,! l>ynx2 ! l>yngoscope2 op]ations ( ! l>yngeal muscles--,tone production2 ! resonat+ cavities2 v[el =mation2 articulation--,vocal hygi5e2 incorrect tone production2 ?roat /iffness & its cure4 ,,ii4 ,,vocal ,,cultivation ,,& ,,! ,,old ,,italian ,,me?od #bd ,hi/orical aspect ( vocal cultivation--,! mod]n conception ( voice culture2 ! me*anical & psy*ological me?ods--,anci5t sy/ems--,m$ival ,europe--,! revival ( solo s++2 ! rise ( coloratura--,! old ,italian me?od--,! bel canto tea*]s3 ,cacc9i2 ,tosi & ,manc9i2 ! ,cons]vatoire me?od2 ! ,italian c\rse ( in/ruction2 !oretical basis ( ! ,italian me?od4 ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,sci5tific ,,me?ods ,,( ,,voice ,,culture #ee ,! transition f ! old to ! mod]n sy/em2 hi/orical review ( sci5tific inve/igation2 ,manuel ,g>ca2 progress ( ! sci5tific idea2 ,helmholtz1 ,m&l1 & ,m]kel--,div]sity ( practices 9 mod]n me?ods2 ! sci5tific sy/em2 brea?+2 l>yngeal action2 regi/]s2 resonance2 emission ( tone2 ! s+]'s s5sations2 correction ( faults2 articulation--,g5]al view ( mod]n voice culture4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,song ,,iv4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,song #gj ,! orig9 ( song--,! practical value ( primitive song--,! cultural value ( primitive song--,biography ( primitive song--,! lyric impulse--,folk-song & art-song--,*>act]i/ics ( ! art-song2 /yle1 ! s+] & ! song4 ,v4 ,,folk-,,songs #ajj ,! nature & value ( folk-songs--,folk-songs ( ! ,briti% ,isles--,folk-song 9 ! ,lat9 l&s--,g]man & ,sc&9avian folk-song--,hung>ian folk-song--,folk-songs ( ! ,slavic c\ntries2 folk-song 9 ,am]ica4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,developm5t ,,( ,,song #acj ,song 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times--,! age ( *ivalry--,! tr\bad\rs & tr\vres--,! m9nes+]s--,! ma/]s+]s2 ! ,lu!ran revival--,polyphonic eclipse ( song4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,classic ,,song ,,& ,,! ,,aria #aea ,italy & ! monodic /yle--,song 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ,g]many2 ,france--,song 9 ,engl&--,! aria--,g]man song 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 ,fr5* song 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 =]unn]s ( ,s*ub]t4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,romantic ,,song ,,viii4 ,,franz ,,s*ub]t #ahf ,art-song & ! romantic _s--,precursors ( ,s*ub]t--,s*ub]t's contribution to song2 ,s*ub]t's poets--,classification ( ,s*ub]t's songs--,faults & virtues--,! songs 9 detail2 ! cycles--,s*ub]t's contempor>ies4 ,,ix4 ,,rob]t ,,s*umann #bca ,romantic music & romantic poetry--,s*umann z a song-writ]--,! e>li] songs--,! #8,woman's ,life' cycle2 ! #8,poet's ,love' cycle2 ! lat] songs--,s*umann's contempor>ies4 ,x4 ,,! ,,contempor>ies ,,( ,,s*ub]t ,,& ,,s*umann #beh ,! _s ( ! #8?irties' 9 ,france2 ! lyric poets ( ! ,fr5* romantic p]iod--,monp\ & ,b]lioz--,song-writ]s ( ,italy2 ,engli% song-writ]s--,rob]t ,franz--,lwe & ! art-ballad4 ,,xi4 ,,brahms1 ,,wagn] ,,& ,,liszt #bgf ,brahms z a song-writ]--,classification ( ,brahms' songs2 ! #8folk-songs'2 analysis ( ,brahms' songs--,wagn]'s songs2 ,liszt z a song-writ]4 ,,xii4 ,,late ,,romantics ,,9 ,,g]many ,,& ,,else:]e #bif ,! dilution ( ! romantic _s--,grieg & 8 songs--,m9or romantic lyrici/s3 ,pet] ,cornelius1 ,adolph ,j5s51 ,edu>d ,lass51 ,george ,h5s*el1 & ,halfdan ,kj]ulf2 ,dvok's songs--,fr5* song-writ]s3 ,g\nod & o!rs2 ,sa9t-,sans & ,mass5et2 m9or ,fr5* lyrici/s--,edw>d ,mac,dowell z song-writ]2 ,nev9 & o!rs--,rub9/e9 & ,ts*aik[sky--,engli% song4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,mod]n ,,song ,,lit]ature ,,xiii4 ,,hugo ,,wolf ,,& ,,aft] #ccj ,wolf & ! poets ( 8 "t2 ,hugo ,wolfs songs2 ,gu/av ,mahl]2 ,ri*>d ,/rauss z song-writ]2 ,max ,reg]'s songs--,s*nb]g & ! mod]n radicals4 ,,xiv4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lyricism #cdf ,faur & ! beg9n+ ( ! new--,*abri]1 ,cs> ,franck1 & o!rs--,bruneau1 ,vidal1 & ,*>p5ti]--,debussy & ,ravel4 ,,xv4 ,,mod]n ,,lyrici/s ,,outside ,,( ,,g]many ,,& ,,france #cfd ,! new ,russian s*ool3 ,balakireff1 etc42 ,m\ssorgsky & o!rs--,! ,sc&9avians & ,f9ns--,rec5t ,engli% song-writ]s4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,fr5*-,,canadian ,,folk-,,song #cge ,,index #chj ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,volume ,,five #8,sa9t ,cecilia'2 pa9t+ by ,rub5s ,frontispiece ,! ,l>ynx 7,l9e-cuts 9 text7 #f-ac ,,fac+ ,,page ,apo!osis to ,f>9elli #dd ,manuel ,g>ca #eh ,illu/ration = ! #8,roman de ,fauvel'2 fifte5? c5tury pr9t #gd ,fam\s ,s+]s ( ! ,pa/ 7,malibran1 ,rub9i1 ,labla*e7 #ih ,fam\s ,s+]s ( ! ,pa/ 7,j5ny ,l9d1 ,patti1 ,s*ro$]-,devri5t1 ,vi>dot-,g>ca7 #aeb #8,das ,veil*5'2 ,fac-simile ( ,moz>t's manuscript #agh ,precursors ( ,s*ub]t 7,hill]1 ,rei*>dt1 ,zelt]1 ,zum/eeg7 #aib ,poets ( ! ,romantic ,p]iod 7,hugo1 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,he9e7 #bjj ,rob]t & ,cl>a ,s*umann #bch ,rob]t ,franz #bfh ,fam\s ,s+]s 7,lilli ,lehmann1 ,m>cella ,sembri*1 ,melba1 ,s*umann-,he9k7 #bhf ,m9or ,romantici/s 7,lwe1 ,j5s51 ,lass57 #cjf ,hugo ,wolf #ccb ,fr5* & ,sc&9avian ,song-,writ]s 7,faur1 ,pi]n1 ,sjgr51 ,s9d+7 #cdf ,li$] ,s+]s ( ,today 7,julia ,culp1 ,ludwig ,wlln]1 ,david ,bispham1 ,el5a ,g]h>dt7 #cfd ,,! ,,voice ,,& ,,vocal ,,music ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,vocal ,,organs1 ,,_! ,,op]ation ,,& ,,hygi5e ,! vocal in/rum5t2 anatomy ( ! vocal organs2 ! heal?y me*anism--,! l>ynx2 ! l>yngoscope2 op]ations ( ! l>yngeal muscles--,tone production2 ! resonat+ cavities2 v[el =mation2 articulation--,vocal hygi5e2 incorrect tone production2 ?roat /iffness & its cure4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! anatomical /ructure ( ! vocal organs1 toge!r ) an und]/&+ ( ! ac\/ic laws be>+ on _! op]ations1 is usually held necess>y to a compet5t k ( ! pr9ciples ( voice culture4 ,a r t$i\s c\rse ( /udy is inde$ dem&$ = ?is purpose4 ,b x w be our aim to pres5t ?is portion ( our subject briefly1 t\*+ only on ^? po9ts :i* are ess5tial to a practical grasp ( vocal me?ods4 ,= a m ext5d$ treatm5t ( ! anatomy ( ! organs ( voice & brea?+ any /&>d text-book ( anatomy may be consult$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 hop$ t our outl9e ( ! subject w suffice = ! purposes ( ! g5]al read]4 ,z ! subject ( ac\/ics is dealt ) 9 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ! pres5t *apt] does n cov] ?is topic4 ,a suffici5t und]/&+ ( ! laws ( vibration & resonance is also assum$ on ! "p ( ! read]4 ,no man-made musical in/rum5t c comp>e ) ! human voice 9 complexity & delicacy ( /ructure4 ,yet1 s f> z ! g5]al pr9ciples ( its con/ruction are conc]n$1 x does n diff] mat]ially f ! voices ( air-brea?+ mammals & birds 9 g5]al4 ,9 ea* case ! vocal organs =m a complex w9d in/rum5t1 consi/+ ( an air *amb] 7! lungs71 a vibrat+ me*anism 7! vocal cords71 & a set ( re9=c+ resonance cavities4 ,! human voice diff]s f ! voices ( o!r air-brea?+ animals only 9 its va/ly high] developm5t & complexity4 ,! vocal organs ( all ! v>i\s species ( animal life we are n[ consid]+ 7 develop$ z a "p ( ! respiratory sy/em4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! evolution ( air-brea?+ animal =ms ! lungs _h only "o function1 t ( supply+ air = ! oxidiz+ ( ! r$ corpuscles ( ! blood4 ,no o!r use 0 made ( ! respiratory organs2 ! brea? s]v$ no purpose beyond t ( furni%+ oxyg5 = ! ne$s ( ! circulatory sy/em4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ^? =ms :i* 7 ! =]unn]s ( pres5t mammal & bird life4 ,9 ! c\rse ( evolution a gradual *ange took place 9 a "p ( ! respiratory tract4 ,?is modification 0 an example ( :at is call$ 9 evolution>y sci5ce #8adaptive *ange4' ,! organs ( respiration 7 modifi$ & develop$ 9 su* a way t ! pressure ( ! expir$ air c\ld be utiliz$ 9 ! production ( s\nd4 ,z evolution progress$ ! organs ( voice :i* ?us _h _! orig9 took on an ev]-increas+ complexity ( /ructure4 ,?is process ( evolution has rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 man4 ,z a musical in/rum5t ! human vocal organs may fairly be said to h rea*$ ! po9t ( p]fection4 ,i ,f ! anatomi/'s /&po9t ! vocal organs consi/ ( f\r p>ts3 #a4 ,! lungs1 toge!r ) ! bones by :i* !y are inclos$ & ! muscles :i* fill & empty !m4 #b4 ,! l>ynx & its app5dages4 #c4 ,! resonat+ cavities--tra*ea1 ph>ynx1 m\?1 & ! cavities ( ! nose & head4 #d4 ,! organs ( articulation--! tongue1 lips1 tee?1 etc4 ,ea* ( ^! organs p]=ms a diff]5t function 9 ! production ( useful & beautiful s\nds4 ,x is ! g5]ally accept$ view among vocal sci5ti/s t ea* portion ( ! vocal me*anism has "o & only "o correct mode ( op]ation4 ,_m =ms ( incorrect action are also possible2 inde$1 ! untra9$ voice is believ$ to be liable 9 almo/ e case to faulty op]ation 9 "s respect4 ,sci5tific inve/igation ( ! voice has = its purpose ! det]m9+ ( ! correct muscul> actions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! vocal me*anism1 & ! =mulation ( ex]cises :]eby ! /ud5t is enabl$ to acquire comm& ( ^! actions4 ,mod]n me?ods ( voice culture embody ! results ( sci5tific /udy ( ! vocal me*anism4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t n all inve/igators are agre$ ^u :at con/itutes ! correct vocal action4 ,sev]al conflict+ !ories h be5 urg$ conc]n+ ! prop] movem5ts ( ! brea?+ & l>yngeal muscles & ! op]ations ( ! resonat+ cavities4 ,an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ^! v>i\s !ories is1 h[ev]1 n call$ = "h4 ,"s ( !m h be5 disc>d$1 o!rs h b few foll[]s4 ,! majority ( au?orities are 9 fair agreem5t conc]n+ ! !oretical basis ( voice culture4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] only ! !oretical aspect ( ! subject w be consid]$2 ! ?ird *apt] w be devot$ to ! practical me?ods :i* embody ! doctr9es ( vocal sci5ce4 ,two oppos$ sets ( muscles are conc]n$ 9 ! op]ations ( brea?+1 ^? :i*1 respectively1 fill & empty ! lungs4 ,! action ( inspiration consi/s ( an expansion ( ! *e/ cavity1 :i* by increas+ its cubical capacity draws 9 air f ! outside to fill :at w\ld o!rwise be a vacuum4 ,! *e/ cavity is conical 9 %ape1 its base be+ =m$ by ! diaphragm1 & its sides & apex by ! ribs1 ! brea/-bone1 & ! int]co/al muscles4 ,broadly speak+1 !re are two di/9ct =ms ( muscul> action by :i* ! *e/ cavity c be exp&$ 9 inspiration3 "o is ! s9k+ ( ! base ( ! *e/ cavity1 ! o!r ! broad5+ ( ! *e/ by rais+ ! ribs4 ,ei!r ( ^! c ) "s little practice be p]=m$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,! s9k+ ( ! base ( ! cavity is accompli%$ by ! contraction ( ! diaphragm4 ,?is muscle is r\ghly circul> 9 outl9e4 ,9 its relax$ /ate x rises to a dome 9 ! middle & might be comp>$ 9 %ape to an inv]t$ b[l4 ,z x contracts ! diaphragm flatt5s out & increases ! l5g? ( ! v]tical axis ( ! *e/ cavity4 ,9 its desc5t x pu%es ! visc]a d[nw>d & =ces ! abdom5 to protrude slightly4 ,?is mann] ( brea?+ is commonly call$ abdom9al1 al?\gh ! muscles ( ! abdom5 are n directly conc]n$ 9 ! fill+ ( ! lungs4 ,! expansion ( ! *e/ cavity may be accompli%$ by ! rais+ ( ! ribs4 ,ow+ to _! curv$ %ape & slop+ position1 a slight elevation ( ! ribs causes !m to rotate outw>d f ! c5tral axis ( ! *e/ cavity4 ,?is increases ! horizontal diamet] ( ! cavity 9 e direction--=w>d1 backw>d1 & sidewise4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! mo/ compet5t inve/igators ! be/ =m ( brea?+ comb9es ! two muscul> actions j describ$4 ,at ! />t ( ! inspiration ! diaphragm desc5ds1 b ! protrud+ ( ! abdom5 is *eck$ almo/ in/antly by a contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles4 ,! inspiration is !n complet$ by ! lat]al expansion ( ! *e/4 ,9 ?is mann] ! lungs are fill$ to _! greate/ capacity 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,ano!r great advantage ( ?is type ( brea?+ is t x imp>ts a peculi>ly erect & graceful c>riage1 a matt] ( mu* importance to ! s+] & public speak]4 ,9 ! action ( expiration foll[+ ! tak+ ( a full brea? 9 ! mann] j describ$ two sets ( muscles are involv$4 ,^! are3 fir/1 ! abdom9al muscles1 :i* pu% ! diaphragm back to its orig9al position2 second1 ! muscles :i* l[] ! ribs 7! int]nal int]co/als & "s ( ! ext]nal abdom9al muscles74 ,! actions ( bo? ^! sets ( muscles c easily be obs]v$4 ,:5 correctly p]=m$ ! two actions are simultane\s1 ! :ole *e/ cavity be+ gradually & uni=mly contract$4 ,a highly important feature ( correct brea?+1 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ au?orities1 is ! control ( ! expiration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! expir$ air mu/ be conv]t$ into tone & none ( x all[$ to escape unus$4 ,fur!r1 ! vocal cords mu/ n be expos$ to ! full =ce ( a p[]ful expiratory bla/1 z !y are too small & weak to )/& ?is pressure )\t /ra9 & injury4 ,! air mu/ be f$ to ! vocal cords 9 j suffici5t quantity to s]ve ! purposes ( tone production4 ,x is g5]ally held t ?is economy ( brea? c be secur$1 )\t /ra9 on ! vocal cords1 only by oppos+ ! action ( ! inspiratory muscles to ! action ( ! muscles ( expiration4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ! inspiratory muscles to relax completely at ! beg9n+ ( ! expiration ^! muscles are to be held on t5sion ?r\gh\t ! expiration4 ,by ?is means bo? ! =ce & ! spe$ ( ! expiration c be regulat$ at w2 no undue pressure is ex]t$ on ! vocal cords1 & ! tone is prolong$ /eadily & ev5ly s long z ! expiration la/s4 ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,i ,! ma9 passage f ! lungs to ! out] air is ! tra*ea or w9dpipe1 a tube =m$ ( f sixte5 to tw5ty r+s ( c>tilage1 unit$ by t5dons & muscul> fibres1 & l9$ ) muc\s membrane4 ,at ! top ( ! tra*ea is situat$ ! l>ynx1 ! organ ( phonation1 /rictly speak+4 ,! l>ynx is built up ( two c>tilages1 ! ?yroid & cricoid1 :i* repres5t developm5ts ( :at once 7 ! upp]mo/ two r+s ( ! tra*ea4 ,! cricoid c>tilage1 =m+ ! base ( ! l>ynx1 is %ap$ l a seal r+1 ) ! bezel to ! back4 ,! ?yroid c>tilage1 j above ! cricoid1 has ! =m ( an op5 book1 ,v-%ap$ 9 horizontal section4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! l>ynx are two t9y c>tilages1 ! "r & left aryt5oids4 ,^! re/ on top ( ! re> portion ( ! cricoid1 on :i* !y rotate freely4 ,figure ,i %[s two views1 front & re>1 ( ! c>tilages ( ! tra*ea & l>ynx4 ,imm$iately above & connect$ ) ! ?yroid c>tilage is ! hyoid bone1 :i* s]ves z ! atta*m5t ( ! base ( ! tongue4 ,x is %ap$ l a horse%oe1 ! ends po9t+ to ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,ii ,figure ,,ii pres5ts a section ( ! int]ior ( ! l>ynx1 all ! muscul> tissues hav+ be5 remov$4 ,9 ?is cut ! position ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages is pla9ly %[n4 ,by feel+ ! outside ( ! ?roat ) ! ?umb on "o side & ! =ef+] on ! o!r1 ! hyoid bone & ! ?yroid & cricoid c>tilages c easily be locat$4 ,! space betwe5 ! two c>tilages 9 front is cov]$ by ! crico-?yroid membrane4 ,! muscles ( ! l>ynx are consid]$ 9 two gr\ps1 ! extr9sic1 ^? :i* connect ! l>ynx ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 & ! intr9sic1 ^? :i* belong to ! l>ynx /rictly speak+4 ,by ! extr9sic muscles ! l>ynx is held 9 its place 9 ! ?roat4 ,^! muscles are usually held to h no direct (fice 9 phonation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,iii ,! intr9sic muscles ( ! l>ynx are n9e 9 numb]1 z foll[s3 #b ,?yro-aryt5oids1 "r & left4 #b ,crico-?yroids1 "r & left4 #b ,lat]al crico-aryt5oids1 "r & left4 #b ,po/]ior crico-aryt5oids1 "r & left4 #a ,aryt5oideus4 ,9 ,figure ,,iii ^! muscles are pla9ly %[n4 ,?is cut pres5ts a view ( ! int]ior ( ! left half ( ! l>ynx2 ! "r half ( ! ?yroid c>tilage has be5 remov$1 toge!r ) ! muscles :i* lie to ! "r ( ! middle l9e ( ! l>ynx4 ,we see ! muscles ( ! left side ( ! int]ior ( ! l>ynx & also ! "r po/]ior crico-aryt5oideus & ! "r crico-?yroid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,iv ,! ?yro-aryt5oideus muscles are atta*$ 9 front to ! int]ior angle ( ! ?yroid c>tilage1 & at ! back to ! aryt5oid c>tilages4 ,to _! out] edges ! vocal cords are atta*$ & ! space betwe5 !m is call$ ! glottis4 ,! crico-?yroids are atta*$ to ! out] surfaces ( ! c>tilages4 ,! lat]al & po/]ior crico-aryt5oids h v complex atta*m5ts1 :i* c be se5 9 ,figure ,,iii4 ,! aryt5oideus connects ! re> surfaces ( ! two aryt5oid c>tilages4 ,9 ,figure ,,iv a draw+ ( ! l>ynx is pres5t$1 look$ at f above1 ! surr\nd+ p>ts hav+ be5 dissect$ away to all[ a cle> view ( ! muscles j consid]$4 ,x is impossible to /ate ) absolute c]ta9ty j :at (fice ! v>i\s intr9sic l>yngeal muscles h 9 ! production ( tones ( diff]5t pit*es & qualities4 ,mo/ ( our in=mation reg>d+ ?is subject has be5 obta9$ by means ( ! l>yngoscope4 ,p int]e/$ 9 s++ are n[ v g5]ally acqua9t$ ) ?is little in/rum5t1 al?\gh x 0 inv5t$ by ,manuel ,g>ca s rec5tly z #ahee4 ,:ile x is g5]ally us$ only by physicians1 anyone :o wi%es to c easily procure "o & by its means obs]ve ! actions ( 8 own vocal cords4 ,! l>yngoscope consi/s ( a little mirror fitt$ to a h&le at an angle ( ab\t #ajj degrees4 ,:5 us$ by a physician1 x is held 9 ! back ( ! subject's ?roat1 ! tongue be+ pull$ =w>d & to "o side4 ,a ray ( /rong light is reflect$ into x f ano!r mirror1 :i* ! obs]v] /raps to 8 =ehead4 ,?is ray ( light is aga9 reflect$ by ! l>yngeal mirror s z to illum9ate ! vocal cords4 ,at ! same "t ! obs]v] sees 9 ! l>yngeal mirror ! image ( ! vocal cords & s /udies _! movem5ts4 ,:ile l>yngoscopic obs]vation has ?r[n mu* valuable light on ! op]ations ( ! l>yngeal muscles1 x has n by any means cle>$ up all ! my/]ies p]ta9+ to ?is peculi>ly intricate subject4 ,all ! muscles conc]n$ are v small4 ,ea* "o conta9s a va/ & intricate numb] ( t9y fibres1 ext5d+ 9 widely v>y+ directions4 ,z ea* "o ( ^! sets ( fibres c be contract$ ) a great] or less degree ( /r5g? ?an ^? mo/ intimately connect$ ) x1 ! possibility ( v>iety 9 ! comb9$ actions ( ! l>yngeal musculature is se5 to be almo/ unlimit$4 ,_m conflict+ !ories h be5 (f]$ to expla9 ! details ( ! l>yngeal action1 b a compreh5sive review ( ! subject is n call$ = "h4 ,our purpose w be s]v$ by /at+ ! mo/ g5]ally accept$ !ory1 )\t committ+ ourselves z to its accuracy or suffici5cy4 ,?is !ory is z foll[s3 ,9 quiet brea?+ all ! l>yngeal muscles are 9 a /ate ( relaxation1 ) ! possible exception ( ! po/]ior crico-aryt5oids4 ,^! muscles draw ! aryt5oid c>tilages ap>t1 & s op5 ! glottis4 ,= ! production ( a tone ! glottis is clos$ by ! contraction ( ! aryt5oideus1 :i* pulls ! aryt5oid c>tilages toge!r4 ,! t5sion ( ! vocal cords is regulat$ by two sets ( muscles3 fir/1 ! ?yro-aryt5oids1 to :i* ! cords are directly atta*$2 second1 ! lat]al crico-aryt5oids1 :i* rotate ! aryt5oid c>tilages1 br++ _! =w>d spurs toge!r4 ,! pit* ( ! tone is det]m9$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 by ! t5sion ( ! vocal cords2 second1 by _! effective l5g?4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! vocal range ! mann] ( adju/m5t = pit* v>ies4 ,= ! l[e/ notes ( ! voice1 ! *e/ regi/]1 ! cords vibrate 9 _! full l5g?4 ,z ! pit* rises 9 s++ an asc5d+ scale passage 9 ?is "p ( ! voice1 ! t5sion ( ! vocal cords is gradually increas$ by a correspond+ increase 9 ! /r5g? ( ! contraction ( ! ?yro-aryt5oids4 ,:5 ! limit ( ! *e/ regi/] has be5 rea*$1 a fur!r asc5t 9 pit* is br\ght ab\t by ! gradual %ort5+ ( ! vocal cords4 ,?is is effect$ by ! contraction ( ! lat]al crico-aryt5oids1 :i* rotate ! aryt5oid c>tilages inw>d1 z has j be5 describ$4 ,! =w>d spurs ( ^! c>tilages are slightly curv$ 9 %ape1 s t1 z !y cont9ue to rotate1 _! po9t ( contact is gradually br\ght fur!r & fur!r =w>d4 ,z ! vocal cords are held tightly toge!r beh9d ?is po9t1 ! portion ( ! cords left free to vibrate is %ort5$ ) ea* mat]ial increase 9 ! t5sion ( ! lat]al crico-aryt5oids4 ,) ea* %ort5+ ( ! vibrat+ p>ts ( ! cords ! pit* is correspond+ly rais$4 ,! portion ( ! vocal range ?us produc$ is call$ ! m$ium regi/]4 ,! highe/ note ( ! m$ium regi/] is rea*$ :5 ! =w>d spurs ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages are 9 contact at _! tips4 ,beyond ?is po9t !re c be no fur!r %ort5+ ( ! vocal cords 9 ?is way4 ,! rema9+ notes ( ! compass1 kn[n z ! head regi/]1 are secur$ ?r\gh a %ort5+ ( ! effective l5g? ( ! vocal cords at _! =w>d ends1 z well z by a fur!r increase 9 _! t5sion4 ,bo? ^! actions are accompli%$ by ! contraction ( ! ?yro-aryt5oids4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,v ,figure ,v %[s a l>yngoscopic view ( ! l>ynx1 z x appe>s 9 quiet brea?+4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! vocal cords are widely sep>at$1 & ! glottis is op5$ to its full ext5t4 ,a simil> view ( ! l>ynx dur+ ! production ( tone is giv5 9 ,figure ,,vi4 ,! vocal cords are closely approximat$ & ! glottis is n>r[$ to a t9y slit-l op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,vi ,,iii ,:at 0 said ab\t ! unc]ta9ty ( our pres5t k conc]n+ ! l>yngeal action applies ) almo/ equal =ce to ! o!r op]ations ( tone production4 ,beyond ! basic facts t ! tones ( ! voice are produc$ by ! vibration ( ! vocal cords & are re9=c$ & modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ! resonance cavities1 little c be /at$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no "q z to ! def9it5ess ( our k ( ! anatomical /ructure ( ! p>ts involv$4 ,b1 ) reg>d to ! muscul> op]ations ( ! resonance cavities & ! application ( ac\/ic & me*anical pr9ciples 9 ^! op]ations1 ! same unc]ta9ty is enc\nt]$ z 9 ! l>yngeal actions4 ,we %all cont9ue !re=e to outl9e ! mo/ widely accept$ !ories1 )\t ent]+ into a discussion z to _! s\ndness4 ,consid]$ ac\/ically1 ! voice is a w9d in/rum5t ( ! re$ class4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f all o!r re$ in/rum5ts 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,x is capable ( produc+ a wide range ( pit*es1 cov]+ m ?an ?ree octaves 9 _m cases1 by ! op]ation ( a s+le pair ( re$s4 ,fur!r1 x has comm& ( an imm5se range ( tone qualities1 ?r\gh ! comb9$ action ( its re$ me*anism & its resonat+ cavities4 ,= ! production ( tone ! vocal cords are br\ght toge!r & held on t5sion ) suffici5t /r5g? mom5t>ily to close ! glottis & *eck ! outfl[ ( ! expir$ brea?4 ,z a slight degree ( cond5sation takes place 9 ! air beh9d ! cords1 !y are =c$ ap>t & a t9y puff ( air is all[$ to escape4 ,imm$iately ! cords spr+ back1 once m close ! glottis1 & aga9 *eck ! outfl[ ( ! brea?4 ,?is is repeat$ a v>y+ numb] ( times p] second1 ! rate ( rapidity ( ! succession ( puffs be+ regulat$ by ! degree ( t5sion ( ! vocal cords1 & by _! effective vibrat+ l5g?4 ,! pit* ( ! tone ?us produc$ is det]m9$ by ! rate ( ! air puffs2 ^! range f #ge p] second = ! l[e/ usual bass note1 ,illu/ration3 ,music score to #a1dag p] second = ! highe/ usual soprano note1 ,illu/ration3 ,music score4 ,! tone produc$ by ! vibration ( ! vocal cords is complex 9 its ac\/ic "*1 conta9+ ! fundam5tal note & a l>ge numb] ( its ov]tones4 ,yet z x leaves ! cords ! tone is weak 9 p[] & ( r *>act]less quality4 ,9 ord] to be ( musical quality1 volume1 & c>ry+ p[]1 ! prim>y or vocal cord tone requires to be modifi$ & re9=c$ by ! resonance cavities4 ,! resonat+ cavities ( ! voice1 ma/]y ( :i* is consid]$ ess5tial to ! sci5tific managem5t ( ! voice1 are ! *e/1 ! m\?-ph>ynx1 ! nasal passages1 & ! sph5oid1 e?noid1 & frontal s9uses4 ,ea* ( ^! is adapt$ by its size & %ape to re9=ce ei!r ! fundam5tal note or c]ta9 ( its ov]tones ) especial prom95ce4 ,9 ord] to produce a satisfactory tone ea* resonance cavity mu/ ex]cise its p>ticul> influ5ce 9 ! prop] way1 _! comb9$ effect be+ necess>y to a correct use ( ! voice4 ,mu* importance is atta*$ by mo/ vocal au?orities to ! subject ( *e/ resonance4 ,x is believ$ t ! size ( ! *e/ cavity1#a mu* great] ?an t ( ! o!r resonat+ spaces1 adapts x especially to ! re9=cem5t ( ! fundam5tal note & its l[] ov]tones4#b ,! m\?-ph>ynx cavity is capable ( extreme v>iability 9 bo? size & %ape4 ,?is mobility enables x to re9=ce a wide v>iety ( ov]tones1 & s to ex]cise a mo/ important influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! quality ( ! tone4 ,ano!r function ( ?is cavity is to increase ! p[] ( ! prim>y or vocal cord tone4 ,to secure ! effect ( cresc5do 9 a s+le tone1 ! =ce ( ! expiratory bla/ is gradually increas$4 ,9 ord] t ! tone may be ( uni=m musical quality z x swells f s(t to l\d1 a correspond+ increase mu/ take place 9 ! size ( ! m\?-ph>ynx cavity4 ,?is is effect$ by ! gradual op5+ ( ! m\? by a lat]al expansion ( ! ph>ynx & by a l[]+ ( ! base ( ! tongue4 ,a slight elevation ( ! s(t palate may also contribute to ! expansion ( ! cavity4 ,a highly important feature ( m\?-ph>ynx resonance is ! =m+ ( ! v>i\s v[el s\nds4 ,ea* v[el is simply a di/9ct quality ( s\nd1 caus$ by ! special prom95ce ( "s "o or two ov]tones4 ,helmholtz inve/igat$ ?is aspect ( voice production exhau/ively4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 x seems /range t a tone on "s "o pit* gives ! effect ( a p>ticul> v[el4 ,yet we c readily he> ?is 9 ! /eam sir5 :i/le commonly us$ = al>ms ( fire4 ,?is produces a scream+ s\nd1 caus$ by a gradual rise & fall ( pit* ?r\gh a range ( sev]al octaves4 ,its almo/ vocal effect ( #8,ooh-oh-ah-eh-ee' gives u a cle> idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! v[els are ea* ! s\nd ( a note some:at high] ?an ! "o prec$+4 ,helmholtz gives z ! det]m9+ notes = c]ta9 ( ! ,g]man v[els ! foll[+ table3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,= ea* v[el ! m\?-ph>ynx mu/ assume a %ape & size adapt$ to re9=ce ) special prom95ce its p>ticul> note or notes4 ,anyone c readily obs]ve = himself :at ! positions ( ! tongue & lips are = ! v>i\s v[els4 ,= ee ! tongue is ar*$ high 9 ! m\? & ! lips are only slightly p>t$4 ,= ah ! m\? is op5$ slightly wid]1 :ile ! tongue lies flat1 etc4 ,no v>iation c be made 9 ! size or %ape ( ! nasal & head cavities4 ,z ^! holl[ spaces are small & v v>i\s 9 =m1 !y re9=ce only ! high] ov]tones4 ,special prom95ce giv5 to ! high] upp] p>tials#c has ! effect ( mak+ ! tone brilliant & some:at metallic 9 quality1 & x is "h t ! special function ( nasal resonance is se54 ,a c]ta9 degree ( nasal resonance is !re=e ess5tial to ! correctly us$ voice1 b ?is mu/ be kept )9 well-def9$ b\nds4 ,excessive prom95ce ( ?is resonance is ! cause ( ! unpleasantly nasal s\nd :i* is absolutely out ( place 9 correct tone production4 ,!re rema9s to be treat$ "u ?is head ! production ( consonant s\nds4 ,consonant s\nds are ( v>i\s ac\/ic *>act]s & are =m$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,!y may be/ be consid]$ z ( two classes3 ^? into :i* a tone produc$ by ! vocal cords ent]s & ^? devoid ( ?is elem5t4 ,! o!r det]m9+ factor 9 consonant =mation is ! po9t at :i* an int]ruption takes place 9 ! outfl[ ( ! brea?4 ,!re are a numb] ( alli$ pairs ( consonants1 "o ) & ! o!r )\t an accompany+ vocal s\nd4 ,^! are3 v & f b & p z & s d & t j & * ? 7z 9 t7 & ? 7z 9 ?9k7 z 7z 9 azure7 & % g & k ,9 ea* ( ^! pairs ! int]ruption takes place at ! same po9t--v & f betwe5 ! l[] lip & ! upp] tee?1 b & p at ! lips1 etc4 ,ano!r class ( consonants are ! s-call$ sonants or liquids1 l1 m1 n1 & ng4 ,9 ^! ! vocal tone may h appreciable duration2 we c hum a tune on any "o ( !m2 m1 n1 & ng are emitt$ solely ?r\gh ! no/rils1 ! orifice ( ! m\? be+ completely clos$4 ,r may be pron\nc$ 9 two ways1 ! trill$ or roll$ r be+ be/ = ! purposes ( s++4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is consonant1 made by ! vibration ( ! uvula 9 contact ) ! back ( ! tongue1 is ess5tial to a correct 7conv]sational7 pronunciation ( bo? ,fr5* & ,g]man1 al?\gh x has no place 9 ,engli%4 ,! roll$ r1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally us$ 9 s++ by bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]mans4 ,,iv ,a highly b5eficial =m ( physical ex]cise is f\nd 9 ! regul> daily practice ( s++4 ,all ! muscles ( ! abdom5 & ?orax are /r5g!n$ by ?is ex]cise2 ! lungs are develop$ to _! greate/ normal capacity1 & ! habit is =m$ ( brea?+ at all times 9 ! mo/ heal?ful mann]4 ,bo? ! circulation & ! dige/ion %>e 9 ! b5efits d]iv$ f regul> vocal practice1 & ! g5]al heal? inevitably reflects ! advantages incid5t to a prop] p]=mance ( ^! mo/ important bodily functions4 ,an erect & graceful be>+1 ) well pois$ head & %\ld]s & firm1 ela/ic /ep1 c be secur$ ?r\gh ! correct practice ( s++ m readily ?an 9 almo/ any o!r way4 ,yet ! pr(essional use ( ! voice imposes consid]able re/rictions on ! s+]'s habits ( daily life4 ,z ,sir ,morell ,mack5zie has said1 ! s+] is an a?lete :o mu/ always be 9 tra9+4 ,a p]fect condition ( ! voice dem&s a p]fect /ate ( g5]al heal?4 ,! s+] mu/ plan 8 :ole life 9 con=mity ) ! dem&s impos$ on him by 8 art4 ,! slighte/ indisposition ( any k9d is almo/ inv>iably reflect$ 9 ! voice4 ,"u ! conditions 9 :i* p 9 ! usual walks ( life are plac$1 slight colds & trifl+ upset /ates ( ! dige/ive organs are a matt] ( almo/ no conc]n4 ,b ) ! pr(essional s+] conditions are entirely diff]5t4 ,s delicate & f9ely adju/$ are ! l>yngeal muscles ( ! cultivat$ voice t _! #8tone' may be upset by app>5tly insignificant causes4 ,! muc\s membranes ( ! l>ynx & ?roat are also highly s5sitive to sev]e & unfavorable conditions4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! s+] to /udy himself1 to le>n by exp]i5ce :at is good & :at is bad = him4 ,?is is a matt] 9 :i* individual peculi>ities play s great a "p t only v g5]al rules c safely be laid d[n4 ,s++ )9 less ?an two h\rs aft] ! eat+ ( a he>ty meal is almo/ c]ta9 to h an injuri\s effect on ! voice4 ,exposure & ov]-fatigue mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,/imulants1 especially alcohol & tobacco1 h a m>k$ly bad influ5ce on ! muc\s membranes ( ! ?roat4 ,b beyond g5]al /atem5ts ( ?is k9d1 s obvi\s inde$ t _! tru? is fairly well kn[n1 little c ) safety be said z to ! regim5 impos$ on ! s+]4 ,t "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison is mo/ /rik+ly true 9 its application to ! voice4 ,_m fam\s s+]s h be5 excessive smok]s )\t seem+ to suff] any ill results f ! habit4 ,yet ) mo/ vocali/s tobacco has a v irritat+ effect on ! muc\s membranes4 ,s1 also1 ) reg>d to eat+ & dr9k+1 ! wide/ diff]5ces ( individual con/itution are se54 ,hot dr9ks are b5eficial to "s voices1 injuri\s to o!rs2 cold dr9ks & ices are equally contradictory 9 _! influ5ce on ! voice4 ,all ^! que/ions ( daily habit mu/ be decid$ by ea* s+] = himself & exp]i5ce is ! only safe guide4 ,!re is a class ( dang]s to :i* ! voice is expos$1 entirely di/9ct f ! influ5ce ( unfavorable conditions ( ! g5]al heal?4 ,mo/ ( ! ?roat tr\bles to :i* s+]s & public speak]s are liable are directly traceable to a wrong use ( ! vocal organs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ facts reg>d+ ! voice is ?is3 ,if ! voice is correctly produc$ x is b5efit$ by ex]cise & improves /eadily1 ye> aft] ye>1 9 p[]1 beauty1 & facility ( execution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! voice is wrongly or imp]fectly us$ ex]cise has exactly ! opposite effect4 ,badly produc$ voices con/antly det]iorate2 _! use results 9 c\rse ( "t 9 ?roat tr\bles1 ( :i* ! numb] & v>iety seem almo/ inconceivably great4 ,"o g5]al tr\ble lies at ! bottom ( all ! ?roat ailm5ts :i* foll[ on a wrong use ( ! vocal organs4 ,?is is a /ate ( muscul> /ra9 suff]$ by ! delicate muscles ( ! l>ynx4 ,e incorrect mann] ( produc+ vocal tone imposes an excessive degree ( ef=t on ^! muscles4 ,on ! practical side ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! correct production ( tone & any wrong use ( ! voice may be /at$ ?us3 ,:5 ! voice is correctly us$ ea* t9y muscle ( ! l>ynx ex]ts exactly ! "r degree ( ef=t 9 its contraction4 ,to j ?is am\nt ( ex]tion ! muscles are fitt$ by ,nature & 9 x !y f9d _! normal & heal?ful ex]cise4 ,incorrect tone production1 on ! o!r h&1 always involves an excessive exp5diture ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! l>yngeal muscles4 ,! ?roat is 9 a /ate ( muscul> /iffness1 9 :i* all ! muscles are contract$ ) m ?an _! normal & appropriate degree ( ef=t4 ,muscul> /iffness is inde$ possible 9 any "p ( ! body4 ,x c be well illu/rat$ z foll[s3 ,take a p5cil & a %eet ( pap] & copy a few l9es ( :at y are read+2 grasp ! p5cil ) all ! /r5g? ( y\r f+]s & ex]t all ! p[] ( y\r h& & arm 9 =m+ ! lett]s4 ,y w f9d t y\r arm & h& tire aft] a few m9utes ( writ+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is foll[s f ! exp5diture ( va/ly m ef=t ?an is requir$ = ! purpose ( writ+4 ,all ! muscles ( ! body are arrang$ 9 oppos$ pairs & gr\ps4 ,z y\r h& re/s on ! table1 ! contraction ( "o set ( muscles br+s ! ?umb & ! fir/ two f+]s toge!r s z to grasp ! p5cil4 ,an oppos$ set w1 by _! contraction1 spread ^! f+]s ap>t1 & ! p5cil w be releas$4 ,if1 n[1 bo? ^! sets ( muscles are contract$ at ! same "t ! p5cil is held /iffly1 & ! h& moves to =m ! lett]s only by ! ex]tion ( consid]able ef=t4 ,! muscles !mselves are /iff5$ by ?is simultane\s contraction ( oppos$ pairs & gr\ps4 ,?roat /iffness1 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( all incorrect vocal actions1 is exactly simil> 9 its nature to ! /iffness ( ! h& & arm j consid]$4 ,! l>yngeal muscles are also arrang$ 9 sets :i* oppose _! action "o to ano!r4 ,"o set 7! po/]ior crico-aryt5oids7 op5s ! glottis1 ano!r set 7! aryt5oideus & ! lat]al crico-aryt5oids7 closes ! glottis & br+s ! vocal cords on t5sion4 ,n[1 if ! glottis op5+ muscles are contract$ dur+ tone production1 ! oppos$ muscles mu/ put =? en\gh /r5g? to ov]come ! effects ( ?is contraction 9 addition to t :i* !y are normally call$ ^u to ex]t4 ,?is applies also to all ! o!r sets ( l>yngeal muscles4 ,?r\gh ?is excessive t5sion ! delicate l>yngeal muscles are /ra9$ & weak5$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! voice is p]man5tly injur$4 ,?is condition ( ?roat /iffness is by no means uncommon1 a matt] = :i* mod]n me?ods ( voice culture are to a c]ta9 degree responsible4 ,! attempt to manage ! vocal organs directly is v apt to lead to excessive t5sion ( ! muscles4 ,?roat /iffness is v insidi\s 9 its work+s4 ,x t5ds always to become m pron\nc$ & to impose a con/antly great] /ra9 on ! voice4 ,yet 9 its beg9n+s ! s+] may be completely unaw>e ( any tr\ble4 ,! muscles ( ! l>ynx are v poorly suppli$ ) s5sory n]ves1 s poorly1 inde$1 t "u ord9>y circum/ances we are utt]ly unconsci\s ( _! movem5ts4 ,ow+ to ?is fact1 a condition ( /ra9 may exi/ )\t mak+ itself manife/ by any pa9ful s5sation4 ,x ?us comes ab\t t a s+] may suff] f ! con/antly progress+ effects ( ?roat /iffness be=e its results are s pron\nc$ z to be pa9ful4 ,yet !re is "o infallible way ( det]m9+ :e!r a voice is correctly us$1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 its production is *>act]iz$ by excessive muscul> t5sion4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! s\nd ( ! tones4 ,any degree ( ?roat /iffness is inv>iably reflect$ 9 ! s\nd ( ! voice4 ,a ?roaty quality ( tone always results f an incorrect mann] ( production1 & ?is quality c result 9 no o!r way4 ,:ile a ke5 & highly exp]i5c$ e> is ne$$ to detect a slight degree ( ?roat9ess1 any ord9>y obs]v] c he> ?is condition :5 x is v pron\nc$4 ,true1 x is v mu* easi] to detect a ?roaty quality 9 ! voice ( "s "o else ?an 9 "o's own voice4 ,! s+] labors "u ?is disadvantage1 t he c nev] he> 8 own voice z cle>ly & ) ! same discrim9ation z c ! p :o li/5 to him4 ,yet by practice & c>eful att5tion ?is difficulty c 9 great measure be ov]come4 ,= ! cure ( ?roat /iffness & its att5dant ills ! physician c d b little4 ,ev5 ! diagnosis ( ! condition c h>dly be said to lie )9 8 prov9ce4 ,9 v bad cases a swell+ ( ! muscles inside ! l>ynx c be detect$1 z well z a sympa!tic conge/ion ( ! muc\s membranes4 ,! exi/5ce ( nodes on ! vocal cords1 r a r>e condition result+ f long-cont9u$ vocal /ra91 c also be det]m9$ by l>yngoscopic exam9ation4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! great majority ( s+]s suff]+ f ! effects ( ?roat /iffness ! only compet5t diagnosis is made by ! vocal tea*]1 ^: e> is suffici5tly tra9$ & exp]i5c$ to he> ! exact nature ( ! tr\ble4 ,fur!r1 x is ! vocal tea*] alone :o c relieve & p]man5tly cure ! condition4 ,! physician c allay ! inflammation ( ! muc\s membranes & c tempor>ily /imulate ! vocal muscles4 ,b no la/+ relief c be giv5 9 ?is way4 ,only "o real cure is possible4 ,t is ! ab&onm5t ( ! incorrect habits ( tone production & ! adoption ( ! correct mann] ( us+ ! voice4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a c]ta9 all[ance mu/ be made = popul> =ms ( spee* 9 deal+ ) ! subject ( *e/ resonance4 ,x is pla9 t ! air 9 ! *e/ cavity c\ld n possibly be ?r[n into regul> vibrations4 ,9 ! ac\/ic s5se ! *e/ is n a holl[ space1 b a solid body4 ,fill$ z x is ) ! spongy tissue ( ! lungs1 z well z ! he>t & ! great blood vessels1 !re is no room = ! =mation ( air waves or ! oscillation ( air p>ticles4 ,ano!r =m ( resonance is involv$ "h1 :at is kn[n 9 ac\/ics z s\nd+-bo>d resonance4 ,! re9=c+ vibrations ( ! *e/ are ^? ( its bony /ructure1 :i* vibrates accord+ to ! same pr9ciple z ! s\nd+-bo>d ( a piano4 #b ,ov]tones1 or h>monics1 are ! tones produc$ by ! vibrations ( ! individual p>ts ( a resonat+ body1 into :i* x automatically divides itself4 ,see ,vol4 ,,xii4 #c ,ov]tones4 ,cf4 note above4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,vocal ,,cultivation ,,& ,,! ,,old ,,italian ,,me?od ,hi/orical aspect ( vocal cultivation--,! mod]n conception ( voice culture2 ! me*anical & psy*ological me?ods--,anci5t sy/ems--,m$ival ,europe--,! revival ( solo s++2 ! rise ( coloratura--,! old ,italian me?od--,! bel canto tea*]s3 ,cacc9i2 ,tosi & ,manc9i2 ! ,cons]vatoire me?od2 ! ,italian c\rse ( in/ruction2 !oretical basis ( ! ,italian me?od4 ,musical hi/orians g5]ally agree t ! tra9+ ( voices = ! purposes ( arti/ic s++ _h its beg9n+s ab\t ! ye> #afjj4 ,voice culture z a di/9ct dep>tm5t ( musical education is held to date no fur!r back ?an ! "t :5 solo s++ fir/ began to attract ! att5tion ( educat$ musicians4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is altoge!r mislead+4 ,f its v beg9n+s ! art ( music 9 ,europe 0 built ^u ! f\ndation ( s++2 no o!r type ( music 01 inde$1 recogniz$ z a legitimate bran* ( ! art until music _h progress$ ?r\gh sev]al c5turies ( developm5t4 ,music 0 br\ght up to ! beg9n+ ( its pres5t /age ( evolution ?r\gh ! work+ out ( !ories :i* 7 exemplifi$ 9 practice only by ! use ( voices4 ,c\nt]po9t1 ! basis ( musical composition until well along 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h its orig9 9 vocal music2 ?r\gh\t its entire hi/ory1 up to its highe/ expression 9 ! music ( ,pale/r9a & 8 s*ool1 contrapuntal writ+ 0 appli$ only to works compos$ = voices4 ,ev5 if no records 7 to be f\nd ( any means us$ = tra9+ ! voice1 ! conclusion w\ld be inevitable t1 ?r\gh\t all ^! c5turies 7r\ghly speak+1 f ! six? to ! sev5te5?71 "s att5tion mu/ h be5 paid to vocal developm5t & te*nique4 ,x is true t anyone end[$ ) a good voice c s+1 ) "s degree ( facility1 any simple music :i* he has ! ability to memorize4 ,no te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice is ne$$ to enable "o to s+ simple songs4 ,folk-music 0 ! possession ( ! great mass ( ! p to :om any ideas ( vocal managem5t 7 utt]ly unkn[n4 ,?is 0 also true ( ! v>i\s classes ( m9/rels1 tr\bad\rs1 etc4 ,al?\gh !irs 0 purely a vocal art1 ! only tra9+ _! voices ev] receiv$ 0 t incid5tal to ! actual s++ ( _! music4 ,b = ! p]=mance ( ! music incorporat$ 9 ! ,roman ritual ?r\gh\t all its hi/ory ?is untutor$ /yle ( s++ w\ld n h suffic$4 ,a mu* bett] comm& ( ! voice 0 ne$$ ?an c be acquir$ m]ely ?r\gh ! unguid$ s++ ( simple folk-songs & lays4 ,precision1 p[]1 & facility ( voice 7 dem&$ 9 ! music ( ! *ur* & ^! c\ld n h be5 hit ^u by accid5t4 ,! *ances are all aga9/ a voice fall+ into ! correct mann] ( production if call$ ^u to s+ music ( any difficulty )\t "s def9ite in/ruction4 ,?is w be made cle>] by a consid]ation ( ! peculi> problem involv$ 9 any ext5d$ use ( ! voice4 ,i ,mod]n ?\ght on ! subject ( vocal cultivation has cry/alliz$ along well-def9$ l9es4 ,= "o ?+1 x has emphasiz$ 9 a /rik+ way ! problem ( ! managem5t ( ! vocal organs4 ,! fact is n[ cle>ly recogniz$ t ! voice has "o correct mode ( op]at+1 z well z an almo/ limitless possibility ( wrong or incorrect =ms ( activity4 ,:5 ! voice is correctly produc$ x c be us$ daily 9 l>ge halls & *ur*es )\t /ra9 or undue fatigue4 ,by judici\s ex]cise1 :5 rightly produc$1 ! voice is greatly increas$ 9 volume & p[]2 x acquires facility 9 ! s++ ( difficult & elaborate music2 its compass is increas$1 giv+ x comm& ( a wid] range ( notes ?an is possess$ by ! untra9$ voice4 ,yet vocal cultivation dem&s ! adoption ( ! correct managem5t ( ! vocal organs4 ,:5 ! voice is correctly produc$ no?+ m ?an judici\s ex]cise is ne$$ to br+ x to ! condition ( te*nical ma/]y4 ,b if ! prop] mann] ( produc+ tone is n acquir$1 !n ! ex]cise ( ! voice is fraught ) p]il to ! vocal organs4 ,in/ead ( ! voice be+ b5efit$ by practice ! contr>y result is almo/ inevitable4 ,! use ( a wrongly produc$ voice on an ext5d$ scale1 involv+1 z x mu/1 ! daily attempt to produce tones p[]ful en\gh to fill a l>ge space1 /ra9s & injures ! vocal organs4 ,?is results 9 a weak5+ ( ! voice1 9 loss ( control1 9 discom=t & pa9 to ! s+]1 9 a /ra9$1 h>% quality ( tone1 & f9ally1 if p]si/$ 9 long en\gh1 9 complete loss ( voice4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! correct use ( ! voice & any incorrect mann] ( produc+ tone is inh]5t 9 ! organ itself4 ,no "o :o wi%es to s+ c elude ! problem :i* ,nature ?us prop\nds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! problem ( vocal managem5t mu/ be solv$ "s "t 9 ! c\rse ( a s+]'s vocal /udies or ! te*nical comm& ( ! voice c nev] be atta9$4 ,vocal cultivation is t =m ( ex]cise ( ! voice :i* leads1 ?r\gh ! correct managem5t ( ! organ1 to a comm& ( all ! voice's res\rces ( beauty1 range1 p[]1 & flexibility4 ,ev5 on ! e>lie/ s+]s ( ! *ur* a solution ( ! vocal problem 0 impos$4 ,^! s+]s _h to p]=m daily 9 l>ge ca!drals & *ur*es2 !y _h to s+ _! music 9 "t & 9 tune4 ,"s measure ( vocal cultivation 0 ( necessity involv$ 9 _! tra9+4 ,we are1 =tunately1 n left 9 ignorance ( ! me?ods appli$ 9 vocal tra9+ 9 ! c5turies :i* prec$$ ! rise ( solo s++4 ,_m ref]5ces to ?is subject f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( e>ly musical hi/orians h be5 ga!r$ toge!r by ,h4 ,f4 ,mann/e9 9 8 ,ges*i*te1 ,gei/1 und ,ausbung des ,gesanges von ,gregor dem ,gross5 bis auf uns]e ,zeit 7,leipzig1 #ahde74 ,ftis also conta9s _m passages :i* ?r[ valuable light on ! subject ,x is true t ! subject has be5 consid]$ r obscure1 ow+ to ! fact t /ud5ts h look$ = some?+ n to be f\nd1 t is1 = rules be>+ on ! me*anical managem5t ( ! vocal organs4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is subject fully ! mod]n conception ( voice culture mu/ fir/ be briefly consid]$4 ,mod]n me?ods ( voice culture are bas$ ^u ! doctr9e t ! vocal organs mu/ be consci\sly guid$ by ! s+] 9 ! correct p]=mance ( _! functions4 ,! idea is t ! voice mu/ be l$ to adopt ! correct mann] ( action by direct att5tion to its me*anical processes4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t conception1 ! s+] mu/ see to x t 8 vocal cords act 9 a c]ta9 way2 t 8 brea? is controll$ at ! prop] po9t2 t ! tones h ! correct orig9 & receive ! influ5ce ( resonance 9 ! correct mann]4 ,ev5 back ( ?is conception lies a belief 9 ! helplessness ( ! vocal organs to hit ^u ! prop] mode ( act+ )\t ! consci\s direction ( ! s+]4 ,! s+] mu/ impose a c]ta9 mann] ( op]at+ on ! voice & c>efully sup]vise all ! processes ( tone production4 ,?is is ! sci5tific view ( voice culture2 until q rec5tly x 0 almo/ univ]sally held4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t ?is view is ?or\ghly mod]n & t its orig9 _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an ! inv5tion ( ! l>yngoscope 9 #ahee4 ,n until #ahhc did ! sci5tific view ( vocal cultivation f9d def9ite expression 9 ! writ+s ( any au?ority on ! voice2 9 t ye> ,br[ne & ,behnke1 9 _! book entitl$ #8,voice1 ,song1 & ,spee*1' /at$ ! sci5tific doctr9e 9 pla9 t]ms1 & ass]t$ t ! voice _c be controll$ 9 any o!r way ?an by att5tion to ! me*anical processes ( ! vocal organs4 ,= _m ye>s !reaft] ?is doctr9e w5t un*all5g$1 & me?ods ( voice culture treat$ z ! mo/ important mat]ials ( in/ruction ! means !y embodi$ = enabl+ /ud5ts ( s++ to acquire direct consci\s control ov] _! vocal organs4 ,an entirely diff]5t conception ( voice culture has rec5tly be5 advanc$ & has inde$ made great headway4 ,f ! fact t ! new doctr9e f\nd its fir/ complete /atem5t 9 ! writ]'s #8,psy*ology ( ,s++' 7,new ,york1 #aijh71 x has come to be kn[n z ! psy*ological !ory1 9 contradi/9ction to ! me*anical !ory embodi$ 9 ! sci5tific sy/em4 ,briefly /at$1 ! psy*ological !ory ( voice production is z foll[s3 ,to ! vocal problem prop\nd$ by nature ! solution has also be5 furni%$ by nature h]self4 ,nature has end[$ ! voice ) a suffici5t guide & monitor--! s5se ( he>+4 ,!re is a direct connection betwe5 ! c]ebral c5tres ( he>+ & ! c5tres gov]n+ ! muscles ( ! vocal organs4 ,! volitional impulse to produce a c]ta9 s\nd involves ! he>+ ( ! s\nd 9 imag9ation2 ?r\gh ! n]ve fibres connect+ ! c5tres ( he>+ & ( voice1 ! n]ve impulse is s5t to ! vocal organs :i* causes !m to assume ! positions & p]=m ! muscul> contractions necess>y = ! production ( ! desir$ tone4 ,?us ! voice is controll$ by ! e>1 & x ne$s no o!r =m ( control ?an t furni%$ by ! e>4 ,a correct managem5t ( ! voice 9 s++ results 9 ! production ( tones ( a di/9ct *>act]i/ic s\nd1 :ile any incorrect use ( ! voice produces tones :i* diff] f ! correct type1 m or less1 accord+ to ! degree ( fault9ess 9 ! vocal managem5t4 ,! e> is ! only reliable judge ( ! voice4 ,only by li/5+ to ! tones x produces c x be det]m9$ :e!r a voice is correctly us$ or n4 ,! object ( vocal cultivation is fir/ ( all to enable ! voice to produce ! correct type ( tone4 ,?is is accompli%$ by practice1 :i* consi/s ( repeat$ ef=ts to s+ tones ( ! type recogniz$ by ! e> z correct4 ,if ! e> has ! "r conception ( pure tone1 ! vocal organs gradually fall into ! way ( produc+ correct tones1 t is1 ( op]at+ 9 ! correct mann]4 ,9 ?is ! voice is guid$ by its own in/9cts1 :i* (f] a saf] & m effici5t guidance ?an t provid$ by ! consci\s managem5t ( ! vocal organs4 ,no att5tion :atev] ne$ be paid to ! me*anical op]ations ( tone production4 ,! vocal organs are in=m$ by ! m5tal e> :at is expect$ ( !m1 & p]=m _! functions in/9ctively )\t any help f ! intellect4 ,"o advantage ( ! psy*ological doctr9e is t x at once dispels all ! my/]y :i* has seem$ to surr\nd ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! subject1 & :i* has ext5d$ ev5 to ! me?od ( ! ,italian tea*]s ( bel canto4 ,little notice has inde$ be5 tak5 ( ! sy/ems ( vocal cultivation :i* fl\ri%$ be=e ! rise ( ! ,italian s*ool ( vocal tea*]s4 ,b s9ce ! univ]sal adoption ( ! sci5tific doctr9e1 repeat$ ef=ts h be5 made to p5etrate ! secret ( ! old me?od4 ,^! ef=ts h always result$ 9 failure1 = ! reason already m5tion$4 ,inve/igators h s\ght to re-discov] ! =m ( in/ruction us$ = ! purpose ( imp>t+ a direct consci\s control ( ! vocal organs2 _! conviction t no o!r means ( vocal comm& is possible has bl9d$ /ud5ts ( ! subject to ! in/9ctive processes actually foll[$4 ,z our ma9 purpose 9 ! pres5t *apt] is to describe ! sy/em n[ kn[n z ! old ,italian me?od1 a full] treatm5t ( its records1 bo? lit]>y & traditional1 w be res]v$ = a lat] section4 ,a review ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( voice culture w lead mo/ readily to ! consid]ation ( ! old ,italian me?od4 ,,ii ,anci5t sy/ems ( vocal culture call = only pass+ m5tion4 ,9 ! e>ly civilizations ( ,egypt1 ,*aldea & ,assyria ! art ( s++ 0 cultivat$ assidu\sly4 ,9 ! s]vices ( ! temples ?is anci5t art f\nd its mo/ s]i\s & dignifi$ employm5t4 ,ea* ( ! c\ntries nam$ possess$1 at ! "t ( its highe/ civilization1 a highly elaborate ritual ( wor%ip1 9 :i* s++ play$ a mo/ important "p4 ,e temple _h its corps ( tra9$ s+]s1 :o 7 especially educat$ = ?is (fice4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ! education ( ! temple s+]s 0 ! memoriz+ ( ! musical sett+s to :i* ! v>i\s poems & *ronicles ( ! ritual 7 sung & *ant$4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction consi/$ ( ! actual s++ ( ! music1 "u ! tuition ( a ma/] ^: memory 0 /or$ ) ! entire devotional rep]toire ( ! cult4 ,a prop] p]=mance ( ! music 0 ! object s\ght1 & to ?is ! mo/ e>ne/ att5tion 0 paid4 ,b incid5t to ?is 0 ! production ( ! quality & type ( tones :i* exp]i5ce _h %[n to be be/ adapt$ to ! use ( ! voice 9 ! massive temples & 9 ! op5-air s]vices4 ,! temple music s*ools 7 "u ! con/ant sup]vision ( ! prie/s & o!r (ficials 9 *>ge & ! classes met regul>ly = in/ruction & practice4 ,v mu* ! same sy/em 0 foll[$ 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,( ! musical sy/em develop$ !re we h a highly complete & satisfactory record4 ,"h ! art ( s++ 0 c>ri$ to a v high pit* ( developm5t4 ,at ! "t ( ,solomon !re 7 #d1jjj ,levites atta*$ to ! ,temple1 ^: (fice x 0 to s+ & intone ! v>i\s s]vices4 ,! elaborate ritual conta9$ musical sett+s = ! ,psalms & c]ta9 ( ! hi/orical & prophetic books1 :i* dem&$ a high degree ( vocal ability = _! r5dition4 ,bo? ! prie/s & ! ,levites receiv$ a l5g?y tra9+ 9 ! s++ ( ! music allott$ to !m4 ,! music ( ! ,temple is especially int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( s++1 = ! reason t x includ$ a rem>kably develop$ sy/em ( vocal ornam5tation4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to s+ ?is music )\t a ?or\gh comm& ( ! voice1 & ! education ( ! prie/s & ,levites !re=e includ$ a compreh5sive sy/em ( vocal cultivation4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! e>ly ma/]s ( ! old ,italian s*ool taught !m t ! be/ means = tra9+ ! voice 9 facility & flexibility is ! actual s++ ( ornam5tal florid music4 ,?is 0 also ! plan foll[$ 9 ! s*ool atta*$ to ! ,temple4 ,a sy/em ( notation 0 9 use1 some:at simil> to t ( ! neumes us$ 9 ,europe f ! n9? to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,e /&>d ornam5t & melodic phrase 0 repres5t$ by a lett]1 accord+ to a /rictly arbitr>y sy/em4 ,a mo/ important "p ( ! ,temple me?od ( musical in/ruction 0 ! memoriz+ ( ! v>i\s phrases1 gr\ps1 runs1 etc41 repres5t$ by ! significant lett]s4 ,?is 0 purely a matt] ( conv5tion1 t is1 ! mean+ ( ! lett]s 0 record$ only 9 ! memories ( ! in/ructors & ! graduate /ud5ts4 ,! in/ructor taught ! phrase = :i* a lett] /ood by s++ x = 8 /ud5ts & hav+ !m s+ x aft] him until !y _h committ$ x to memory & le>n$ to associate x ) ! lett]4 ,z ! musical phrases 7 all melodi\s & 9 mo/ cases ornam5tal1 ! voice ?us receiv$ an effective tra9+4 ,"o ( ! puzzl+ aspects ( ! fir/ solo s++ 9 ,european music is ! difficulty f\nd 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( ! vocal embelli%m5ts ( :i* x s l>gely consi/$4 ,a possible explanation ( ?is my/]y may be f\nd 9 ! music ( ! ,temple4 ,h[ ! traditions s c>efully treasur$ !re c\ld h f\nd _! way into ,italy aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s w be consid]$ 9 a lat] section ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 classic ,a!ns ! voice 0 tra9$ = ! purposes ( bo? oratory & s++4 ,a specially recogniz$ pr(ession 0 t ( ! vocal tra9] or phonascus1 ^: duties embrac$ ! vocal cultivation ( bo? s+]s & public speak]s4 ,a well-develop$ sy/em ( voice culture 0 foll[$ by ^! tea*]s1 :o sup]9t5d$ classes 9 ! daily practice ( sy/ematic ex]cises4 ,= ! tra9+ ( ! speak+ voice a pupil began 8 daily practice by repeat+ deta*$ s5t5ces at %ort int]vals4 ,f ?is he pass$ to ! declamation ( long phrases1 beg9n+ on ! l[e/ notes ( ! voice1 rais+ ! pit* gradually until ! highe/ notes 7 rea*$1 & !n aga9 desc5d+ to ! l[e/ range4 ,! ex]cises 9 s++ 7 v simil>1 al?\gh great] att5tion 0 paid to ! su/a9+ ( high notes4 ,ow+ to ! imm5se size ( ! ,greek op5-air !atres1 & to ! masks t 7 always worn by ! actors1 volume & p[] ( voice 7 ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,! actors might ju/ly be describ$ z s+]s1 z all _! spee*es 7 deliv]$ 9 a /yle ( vocal declamation n unlike our mod]n recitative4 ,v mu* ! same me?ods ( vocal cultivation 7 foll[$ 9 anci5t ,rome1 al?\gh mu* m att5tion 0 paid to oratory ?an to s++4 ,!re is no reason to believe t voice culture 9 ,europe 0 influ5c$ 9 any way by ! classic sy/ems ( ei!r ,greece or ,rome4 ,,iii ,vocal cultivation 9 ,europe _h an indep5d5t beg9n+4 ,x may be t "s ( ! musical traditions ( ! ,hebrew ,temple _h be5 c>ri$ ov] into ! e>li] *ur*es :i* 7 f\nd$ 9 ,italy1 z !re is no d\bt t ! same traditions 7 adopt$ z ! basis ( ! ,ea/]n *ur* ritual at ,con/ant9ople4 ,c]ta9 x is t prior to ! re=m ( ,/4 ,ambrose mu* ( ! music ( ! e>ly ,roman *ur* 0 highly ornam5tal 9 "*4 ,at any rate1 ) ! f\nd+ ( ! *oir s*ool atta*$ to ! ,pontifical *apel at ,rome 9 ! ye> #eij voice culture made a new />t2 x und]w5t a /eady developm5t1 & cont9u$ to progress )\t int]ruption until x rea*$ its fulle/ fruition 9 ! ,italian s*ool ( s++ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! *oir s*ool at ,rome 0 int5d$ to s]ve z a model = ! entire ,we/]n *ur*2 x suppli$ s+]s = ! papal *oir1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ to illu/rate ! prop] r5dition ( ,gregorian music4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! c\rse ( in/ruction foll[$ 9 ! ,roman *oir s*ool 0 extremely rudim5t>y1 & s x cont9u$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,! mae/ro di cappella _h z "p ( 8 duties ! tra9+ ( ! s+]s' voices4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ accord+ to ! purely in/9ctive sy/em foll[$ 9 ! simil> s*ools ( ! anci5t temples4 ,! /ud5ts committ$ to memory ! music z x 0 sung by ! *oir ma/]2 9 ! c\rse ( _! con/ant repetition ( ! v>i\s musical numb]s _! voices receiv$ ! necess>y tra9+ & developm5t4 ,s*ools simil> to t at ,rome 7 e/abli%$ at all ! great ca!drals & ! ,roman sy/em ( musical in/ruction 0 ?us spread ov] ! entire *ur*4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages musical le>n+ & culture--:at little !re 0 ( !m--7 ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! *ur*1 & ! only c5tres ( musical in/ruction 7 ! *oir s*ools4 ,e advance :i* music made dur+ ^! c5turies involv$ an ext5sion ( ! art ( s++1 & ?is necessitat$ ( c\rse a correspond+ progress ( ! art ( vocal tra9+4 ,progress 0 pa9fully sl[2 inde$ little c be po9t$ out z m>k+ any di/9ct advance until ! inv5tion ( ! sol-fa sy/em ( in/ruction by ,guido d',arezzo ab\t ! ye> #aajj4d ,on ! basis ( ?is sy/em an entirely new =m ( musical education 0 erect$1 :i* cont9u$ to fl\ri% until well along 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! new sy/em ( musical in/ruction consi/$ ( :at we %\ld n[ call a tra9+ 9 sight s++4 ,! fir/ me?od ( vocal culture wor?y ! "n 0 a natural outgr[? ( ! sol-fa sy/em4 ,/ud5ts 7 tra9$ 9 a k ( ! int]vals by s++ ! ut1 re1 mi syllables 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,*oir ma/]s 7 n sl[ to obs]ve t ?is =m ( /udy (f]$ excell5t means = acquir+ a comm& ( ! voice4 ,) ! exception ( ! fir/ "o1 ut1 all ! sol-fa syllables are sonor\s & easily sung4 ,! difficulty atta*$ to ! s++ ( ut 0 obviat$ by sub/itut+ = x ! syllable d4 ,con/ant s++ ( ! syllables 0 f\nd to h an admirable effect on ! voice1 & !y 7 soon adopt$ z ! basis ( vocal in/ruction4 ,sol-fa practice 0 made to s]ve a d\ble purpose2 bo? ! e> & ! voice receiv$ ! due measure ( att5tion4 ,vocal tra9+ 0 n at ?is "t1 nor inde$ = sev]al c5turies lat]1 ?\ght to require any v close att5tion4 ,x 0 simply an incid5t 9 ! g5]al musical education4 ,! dem&s made on ! voice 7 slight 9 comp>ison ) ! requirem5ts ( ! music ( a few c5turies lat]4 ,music _h long be5 /rictly unisonic 9 "*1 b ab\t ! "t ( ,guido ! ne$ ( "s addition to a s+le melody began to be not$4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! s+le voice is ! fact t :ile capable ( s++ melodies ( an almo/ inf9ite v>iety x seems to ! cultur$ e> to ne$ support ( "s k9d4 ,:ile untutor$ p are cont5t to li/5 to ! s++ ( a voice )\t any accompanim5t1 a c]ta9 degree ( culture br+s ) x a s5se ( b>5ess convey$ by a p]=mance ( ?is k9d4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! d>k ages ?is feature ( ! voice attract$ ! att5tion ( ! *ur* musicians4 ,!y hit ^u ! device ( hav+ a second voice accompany ! fir/1 s++ ano!r melody :i* %\ld h a pleas+ effect 9 conjunction ) ! orig9al "o4 ,?is m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( c\nt]po9t1 & x gave a direction to ! art ( music f :i* x did n dep>t = _m c5turies4 ,) ! gradual ext5sion ( polyphonic writ+ ! education ( s+]s became con/antly a m complex & exact+ matt]4 ,great] dem&s 7 made on bo? ! voice & ! musician%ip ( ! *oral s+]4 ,no great modification 01 h[ev]1 made 9 ! sy/em ( in/ruction2 ?is develop$ along ! l9es already m>k$ out = x4 ,sight s++ cont9u$ to be ! basis ( musical education4 ,z "t w5t on x became necess>y = ! s+]s to ma/] ! sy/em ( musical notation1 & ?is 0 accompli%$ by a f>!r ext5sion ( ! c\rse 9 sight s++4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! rules ( c\nt]po9t 0 n obligatory on ! "p ( ! *ori/]s1 b _m ( !m receiv$ suffici5t in/ruction to fit !m = bo? composition & tea*+4 ,compos]s & tea*]s 7 )\t exception graduates ( ! *oir s*ools2 a musical education c\ld n be obta9$ else:]e4 ,music /udy _h inde$ no o!r purpose ?an to tra9 /ud5ts 9 ! music ( ! *ur*4 ,in/ruction 9 c\nt]po9t & composition 0 n und]tak5 until ! /ud5ts _h ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( music & _h also receiv$ _! vocal tra9+ 9 ! sight s++ classes4 ,e musician 0 a s+] z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,musical culture gradually spread f ! *ur* & began to embrace a wid] field4 ,dur+ ! #ae? & ! #af? c5turies !re 0 a /eady approximation ( ! two ord]s ( music1 s*ol>ly & popul>4 ,e little royal & pr9cely c\rt _h its ret9ue ( musicians4 ,polyphonic music _h rea*$ a degree ( developm5t :]e its beauty br\ght x )9 ! rea* ( ! enjoym5t ( ! great mass ( ! p4 ,compos]s _h1 inde$1 begun to write secul> #8art' music z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,z civilization & culture advanc$1 & secul> music receiv$ a con/antly great] measure ( att5tion1 ! dem&s made on lay musicians became m exact+4 ,! old fa%ion ( s++ & play+ entirely by e> no long] suffic$ = ! requirem5ts ( cultur$ p4 ,musicians 7 oblig$ to fit !mselves = _! pr(ession by obta9+ a fair degree ( te*nical k4 ,_m :o _h enjoy$ ! tra9+ ( ! *oir s*ools =sook _! employm5t 9 ! *ur* & devot$ !mselves to ! practice ( secul> music4 ,! field ( musical education also broad5$4 ,p :o look$ =w>d to embrac+ ! musical pr(ession began to seek in/ruction f graduates ( ! *oir s*ools4 ,b ! idea ( private in/ruction did n become popul> = a long "t4 ,music _h always be5 taught 9 special s*ools1 & ! ne$ ( su* s*ools ( a secul> "* soon became manife/4 ,! fir/ in/itution ( ?is type to atta9 any degree ( prom95ce 0 t f\nd$ 9 ,bologna 9 #adhb by a ,spani% musician1 ,ramis di ,p>eja4 ,x adopt$ ! sy/em ( in/ruction foll[$ 9 ! *oir s*ools4 ,! c5tury foll[+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bologna s*ool 0 "o ( great activity 9 secul> musical in/ruction4 ,cons]vatories 7 f\nd$ 9 mo/ ( ! great ,european cities1 al?\gh ,italy 0 ! *ief c5tre ( education 9 music4 ,polyphonic music _h be5 /eadily progress+ &1 at ! p]iod we h n[ rea*$ 7! sixte5? c5tury71 its prop] p]=mance call$ = s+]s ( no mean ability4 ,! traditional sy/em ( musical education _h /eadily exp&$ & _h )\t difficulty kept abrea/ ( ! dem&s made on x4 ,! /rictly musical education ( ! s+] requir$ a long] & m exact+ c\rse ( /udy1 & s also did ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice4 ,compos]s ( ?is p]iod %[$ a m>k$ fondness = florid c\nt]po9t & voices _h to be cultivat$ to a high po9t ( flexibility to s+ _! works satisfactorily4 ,yet no sweep+ alt]ation 0 made 9 ! sy/em ( vocal cultivation4 ,flexibility ( voice 0 acquir$ ?r\gh practice 9 ! s++ ( individual p>ts ( contrapuntal works1 ^? be+ *os5 :i* pres5t$ te*nical difficulties 9 a conv5i5t =m4 ,?is advanc$ /age ( vocal tra9+ 0 und]tak5 only aft] ! rudim5t>y pr9ciples ( s++ _h be5 ma/]$ 9 ! sight-s++ classes4 ,9 spite ( ! great] te*nical dem&s made on ! voice1 ! prop] managem5t ( ! vocal organs 0 n se5 to involve a problem ( any difficulty4 ,sight s++ classes numb]$ sometimes z _m z =ty pupils4 ,! in/ructor 9 ?is prim>y grade 0 expect$ to see t ! /ud5ts sang cle>ly & 9 tune1 & t !y avoid$ ! faults ( nasality & ?roat9ess4 ,to ! matt] ( tone production ! tea*] c\ld ( c\rse pay v little att5tion1 z ! rudim5ts ( music 7 ! ma9 subject ( /udy4 ,yet ! few h9ts & corrections occasionally giv5 by ! sight-s++ tea*] 7 all ! in/ruction t ! /ud5ts receiv$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! voice4 ,on ! completion ( ! c\rse 9 sight s++ ! /ud5ts 7 expect$ to produce _! voices prop]ly1 z well z to s+ difficult music at sight4 ,no pupil c\ld be admitt$ to ! classes = advanc$ in/ruction 9 s++ ^: voice 0 n prop]ly controll$4 ,,iv ,up to ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 0 no?+ to give promise ( a sudd5 developm5t ( solo s++4 ,popul> music _h z a matt] ( fact consi/$ f "t immemorial l>gely ( s++ by a s+le voice4 ,! musical in/9cts ( ! great mass ( ! p _h f\nd expression 9 ! folk-song1 :ile ! semi-cultur$ classes _h long cultivat$ ! arts ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( ,tr\bad\rs & ,m9nes+]s4 ,b ^! popul> =ms ( music 7 look$ ^u by ! tra9$ musicians ) a c]ta9 contempt4 ,music _h to be sung 9 p>ts by sev]al voices 9 ord] to be wor?y ( recognition z s]i\s art4 ,polyphonic music utt]ly ignores ! capabilities ( beauty & expressiv5ess inh]5t 9 ! s+le voice4 ,:5 sev]al melodies are sung at once1 ea* "o ( equal importance ) all ! o!rs1 x is impossible = "o voice to receive m att5tion ?an ano!r4 ,yet a "t came :5 music 0 =c$ to break ! bonds ( polyphony & free itself f ! re/ra9ts impos$ ^u x by multiple "p-writ+4 ,great] comm& ( beauty & expressiv5ess 0 precisely ! end s\ght by ^? compos]s1 notably ,pale/r9a1 ^: "w m>ks ! culm9ation ( ! polyphonic s*ool4 ,! _s ( ! "t 0 seek+ = great] fre$om 9 ! expression ( ! musical in/9ct & s+]s & musicians alike 7 mov$ by ?is _s4 ,solo s++ 0 ! inevitable result ( a press+ dem&4 ,two entirely di/9ct sets ( influ5ces 7 in/rum5tal 9 lead+ musicians to exp]im5t ) ! solo voice4 ,! fir/ ( ^! c be trac$ back to ! practis+ ( individual p>ts 9 *oral works z a m$ium ( vocal cultivation4 ,a s+] practis+ a "p ( ?is k9d by himself c\ld n fail to notice t he us$ 8 voice ) great] fre$om & satisfaction ?an :5 oblig$ to consid] only ! effect ( 8 voice 9 conjunction ) o!r s+]s4 ,s also w\ld ! ma/] :o 0 in/ruct+ him 9 8 "p4 ,highly significant is ! fact t ?is discov]y 0 made 9 ! s++ ( florid music4 ,r elaborate passages ( ! florid type 7 select$ = vocal practice & ^! w\ld naturally be adapt$ = br++ out ! purely s5su\s beauty ( ! voice4 ,florid c\nt]po9t ?us conta9$ )9 itself ! g]ms ( coloratura s++4 ,z s+]s began to recognize ! beauties ( _! own individual voices1 ! desire naturally arose to display ^! beauties to o!rs4 ,opportunity = vocal display 01 h[ev]1 lack+1 z no music _h ev] be5 writt5 = ! solo voice4 ,?is difficulty 0 f9ally ov]come by a s+] p]=m+ only "o "p ( a contrapuntal "w & hav+ ! o!r p>ts play$ z an accompanim5t by in/rum5tal p]=m]s4 ,! fir/ solos sung 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european musical art 7 ( ?is type4 ,z e>ly z #aeci a f\r-"p madrigal 0 produc$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! highe/ soprano "p be+ sung z a solo4 ,! fa%ion spread rapidly & solo s++ soon began to attract ! s]i\s att5tion ( musicians4#e ,s+]s 7 ( c\rse anxi\s to exhibit _! voices4 ,polyphonic music (f]$ !m little scope 9 ?is reg>d1 = florid writ+ 0 di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s p>ts & x 0 impossible = ! arti/s to f9d works :i* conta9$ m ?an an occasional ornam5tal passage = any "o voice4 ,!y hit naturally ^u ! device ( add+ ornam5ts accord+ to _! own ta/e & fancy to ! "p select$ = solo p]=mance4 ,kiesewett] reproduces a madrigal sung 9 ?is mann] by a not$ soprano s+]1 ,vittoria ,ar*ilei1 9 #aehi4 ,bo? ! orig9al soprano "p & ! same "p z embelli%$ by ,ar*ilei are reproduc$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,simple melody ( treble "p ,dalle pi alte sf]e dalle pi alte sf]e di cele/i ,sir5e di cele/i ,sir5e ,illu/ration3 b4 ,melody z sung by ,vittoria ,ar*ilei ,dalle pi alte sf]e dalle pi alte sf]e di cele/i ,sir5e di cele/i ,sir5e ,vocal ornam5tation _h by ?is "t become a recogniz$ fa%ion among ! s+]s4 ,consid]able my/]y surr\nds ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s ornam5ts & fiorituri :i* 7 adopt$ by ! s+]s at ?is e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( solo s++4 ,a possible s\rce f :i* !y may h be5 drawn 0 m5tion$ 9 our rem>ks on ! music ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,mu* ( ?is music 0 pres]v$ by tradition & 0 incorporat$1 ) modifications ( c\rse1 9 ! ritual ( ! ,greek ,ca?olic *ur* at ,con/ant9ople4 ,highly ornam5tal 9 "*1 x 0 p]=m$ regul>ly 9 ! ,greek *ur* = _m c5turies4 ,at ! disp]sal ( ! cultur$ ,greeks foll[+ ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 9 #adeb1 _m musicians tra9$ 9 ! music ( ! ,greek *ur* f\nd _! way into ,italy4 ,?is gradual exodus cont9u$ inde$ = _m ye>s1 & x is probable t ! traditions ( ornam5tal music ?us came to ! k ( ! ,italian s+]s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! e>ly s+]s adopt$ ! same type ( ornam5tation :i* _h be5 p]fect$ at ,j]usalem ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s previ\sly4 ,exactly ! same v>iety ( turns1 trills1 runs1 gruppetti1 etc41 are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ examples ( ,hebrew & ,greek music z 7 employ$ by ! solo s+]s at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,hebrew 7transcrib$ by ,ftis7 ,horu* attoh adono elohemi mele* hoolom joz] or uvore *os*eh s* s*olom uvore es haccol or olom h'jotz] *ajim oros me(el om> vajehi4 ,illu/ration3 ,byzant9e 7transcrib$ by ,ftis7 ,erra nan myra mtadakry on ,epitomn mas\ ai gynaikes kai ,epl! *>as to/oma aut\4 ,entolege94 ,an/o kyrios4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to speculate on ! causes :i* l$ ! fir/ solo s+]s to adorn _! songs ) fiorituri4 ,ornam5tal s++ has always be5 a natural & in/9ctive =m ( expression4 ,! fondness ( primitive peoples = vocal embelli%m5ts has be5 not$ by _m obs]v]s1 prom95t among :om is ,fr$]ick ,r4 ,burton 7#8,am]ican ,primitive ,music1' ,new ,york1 #aiji74 ,9 ! ,ori5t s++ ( ! florid type has always _h its home4 ,return+ ,crusad]s br\ght back ) !m _m songs & melodies f ,pale/9e1 all *>act]iz$ by runs1 turns1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,! fa%ion 0 tak5 up by ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres1 :o famili>iz$ _! he>]s ) ! idea ( melodic elaboration by means ( florid passages4 ,ev5 9 ! *ur* ! (ficiat+ prie/s = _m c5turies _h a fondness = introduc+ ornam5ts 9 _! s++ ( ! masses4 ,ornam5tal s++ seems to be prompt$ by "s deep-seat$ in/9ct & its univ]sal popul> appeal mu/ be attribut$ to ! same in/9ct4 ,coloratura s++ 0 ?us ! f\ndation ( ! new art ( vocal solo p]=mance4 ,musical hi/orians g5]ally atta* m importance 9 ?is connection to ! inv5tion ( dramatic recitative4 ,?is is due 9 great measure to ! fact t ! records deal mu* m fully ) ! latt] subject1 & also to ! adoption ( declamatory recitative z ! basis ( ! art =m ( op]a4#f ,solo s++ ow$ its sudd5 & unprec$5t$ b\nd into popul>ity to ! delight :i* p took 9 vocal ornam5tation4 ,ev5 ! op]a itself 0 indebt$ = its rapid advance to ! public dem& = coloratura s++4 ,inde$ x seems h>dly too mu* to say t coloratura s++ 0 ! fir/ type ( art music to f9d its way to ! affections ( ! g5]al public4 ,up to ab\t #afjj1 arti/ic music1 despite its rapid developm5t 9 ! hundr$ ye>s prec$+1 _h be5 ! possession only ( ! cultur$ & weal?y classes4 ,b ) ! op5+ ( ! op]a h\ses ! new art =m 0 br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! great body ( ! p4 ,t ! public respond$ s en?usia/ically to ! new =m ( ent]ta9m5t ?us (f]$ !m 0 due 9 great measure to ! delight p took 9 coloratura s++4 ,compos]s soon f\nd t 9 ord] to please ! public !y mu/ provide ornam5tal solos = ! s+]s4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse oppos$ to ! views ( ! little gr\p ( ,flor5t9e g5tlem5 :o project$ ! fir/ p]=mances ( op]a2 !y consid]$ musical declamation to be suffici5t = all ! purposes ( a truly dramatic art4 ,b ! public ?\ght o!rwise & dem&$ to he> ! s+]s 9 solos :i* display$ ! full beauties ( _! voices4 ,montev]di's ,orfeo1 produc$ 9 #afjg1 conta9s a numb] ( elaborate coloratura songs4 ,a /rik+ fact reg>d+ ! sy/em ( vocal in/ruction 9 vogue dur+ ! lat] decades ( ! sixte5? c5tury is t x suffic$ = ! tra9+ ( ! fir/ solo s+]s4 ,arti/s ^: education _h n be5 design$ to fit !m = ! p]=mance ( solo music 7 yet able to take up ?is music & to s+ x satisfactorily aft] !y _h left _! tea*]s4 ,ev5 ?\gh x 0 int5d$ only = ! p]=mance ( *oral works1 ! sy/em ( vocal tra9+ !n 9 vogue enabl$ s+]s to ma/] ! new art ( solo s++ = !mselves4 ,! advance ( solo s++ did n lead to ! ab&onm5t ( ! traditional c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! same sy/em cont9u$ to be appli$1 ext5d$ only to meet ! new requirem5ts impos$ on x by ! great elaboration ( vocal te*nique4 ,by #afej coloratura s++ 0 firmly e/abli%$ z ! favorite bran* ( music1 & = m ?an #bjj ye>s foll[+ x 0 "o ( ! *ief glories ( ! art4 ,an abundance ( s+]s ( a high degree ( excell5ce 7 provid$ by ! cons]vatories & by ! _m private tea*]s :o practis$ _! pr(ession 9 ! *ief cities ( ,italy4 ,! mo/ fam\s musicians did n disda9 to embrace ! new pr(ession ( voice culture4 ,a s9c]e devotion to ! art ( bel canto 0 display$ by ! tea*]s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ea* "o /rove to advance ! /&>ds ( s++1 to discov] new possibilities ( beauty1 range1 & flexibility 9 ! voice1 to inv5t new & delightful ornam5ts4 ,! compos]s vi$ ) ! vocal tea*]s 9 seek+ always = great] beauty & expressiv5ess4 ,h[ successful !y 7 is prov$ by ! rapid expansion ( ! op]a4 ,a m>k$ influ5ce 9 ! elevation ( ! /&>ds ( s++ 0 ex]t$ ?r\gh ! introduction ( ! male soprano voice4 ,:e!r ! voices ( ! ca/rati possess$ all ! wond]ful *>m & beauty ( quality attribut$ to !m by musical writ]s ( ! "t we _c n[ det]m9e4 ,b !re is no "q t voices ( ?is type are specially favor$ 9 _! ability to ma/] ! mo/ a/\nd+ te*nical difficulties4 ,! ca/rati enjoy$ an almo/ incr$ible popul>ity4 ,m has be5 writt5 ab\t ,f>9elli & ,caff>elli ?an ab\t any o!r arti/s ( ! old bel canto p]iod4 ,hi/orically consid]$1 ! s+]s ( ?is type are highly important because ( ! contribution !y made to ! elevation ( ! vocal art4 ,_! a*ievem5ts became ! /&>d t[>d :i* all o!r arti/s 7 call$ ^u to /rive4 ,:ile we ne$ h no regret ov] ! disappe>ance ( ! male soprano1 8 value 9 ! developm5t ( bel canto _c be ignor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,apo!osis ( ,f>9elli ,f an engrav+ by ,wagn] aft] ! contemporane\s pa9t+ by ,amicorni4 ,a l9eal succession ( vocal tea*]s 0 well e/abli%$ by #afcj4 ,sev]al ma/]s ( ! art _h acquir$ excell5t reputations ev5 s e>ly z #afjj4 ,ea* fam\s tea*] _h _m pupils :o 9 _! turn took up ! pr(ession ( tea*+ & :o almo/ inv>iably bas$ _! claims to recognition on ! reputation ( ! ma/]1 z well z on _! own excell5ce z s+]s4 ,?is mae/ral succession1 or r _m ( !m1 cont9u$ d[n to comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! *ang$ conditions :i* came ab\t 9 ! tw5ty ye>s foll[+ ! inv5tion ( ! l>yngoscope 7#ahee7 f9ally broke d[n ! influ5ce ( ! tea*]s :o _h inh]it$ ! old ma/]s' sy/em1 & ! au?ority ( ! old me?od 0 = a "t almo/ de/roy$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a great revival ( int]e/ 9 ! me?ods ( in/ruction foll[$ by ! old ma/]s4 ,!re is a gr[+ feel+ t sci5tific me?ods h n fulfill$ _! promise1 & vocali/s look back ^u ! e>li] c5turies ( voice culture z a gold5 age :i* has pass$ away4 ,v ,! old ,italian me?od is n[ consid]$ to h possess$ "s m]its :i* are n %>$ by mod]n sci5tific sy/ems4 ,yet a c]ta9 degree ( my/]y /ill surr\nds ! old me?od4 ,welcome z its revival w\ld be to _m tea*]s & /ud5ts1 great difficulty is met ) 9 det]m9+ ( j :at x consi/$4 ,_m analyses & explanations ( ! old me?od h inde$ be5 sugge/$4 ,b z ^! consi/ almo/ entirely ( attempts to f9d 9 x "s means = ! direct consci\s managem5t ( ! vocal organs1 !y h necess>ily br\ght =? little t is ( value4 ,all ! my/]y surr\nd+ ! old me?od is dispell$ by ! und]/&+ t x did n treat ! vocal problem z capable ( solution by me*anical means4 ,! old ,italian me?od 0 simply an amplification ( ! sy/em ( vocal education :i* _h be5 9 c\rse ( developm5t = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x embodi$ no new conception ( vocal managem5t1 b cont9u$ to treat ! control ( ! voice z a purely in/9ctive matt]4 ,its *ief contribution to ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice 0 ! adoption ( vocalises & ex]cises specially design$ = ?is purpose4 ,ev5 t 0 a matt] ( r sl[ developm5t4 ,dur+ ! e>ly decades ( ! sev5te5? c5tury vocal tea*]s cont9u$ to select passages f /&>d musical works :i* l5t !mselves readily to ! te*nical ex]cise ( ! voice1 j z ! tea*]s ( ! prec$+ c5tury _h done4 ,gradually x came to be se5 t great] satisfaction c\ld be obta9$ f ! use ( compositions arrang$ to br+ 9 ! v>i\s te*nical po9ts & vocal embelli%m5ts "o or two at a "t4 ,?us ! voice c\ld be l$ by an easy gradation to ! ma/]y ( e te*nical difficulty & its tra9+ 0 r5d]$ easi] & m exp$iti\s4 ,b ! g5]al s*eme ( in/ruction cont9u$ to be patt]n$ aft] ! traditional model4 ,a complete musical education1 n only ! special cultivation ( ! voice1 0 ! goal4 ,! plan ( comb9+ ! prelim9>y tra9+ 9 vocal managem5t ) in/ruction 9 ! rudim5ts ( music cont9u$ to be foll[$ z late z #agej4 ,_m fam\s ma/]s employ$ assi/ant tea*]s to p]=m ! drudg]y ( ! initial /ages ( in/ruction1 consid]+ t _! own high degree ( culture entitl$ !m to deal only ) advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,?is cu/om cont9u$ = at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 & ,tosi 7#agbc7 speaks ( x z a sy/em s well e/abli%$ z to ne$ no comm5t4 ,x is sometimes said t a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 s++ accord+ to ! old ,italian me?od requir$ f five to sev5 ye>s ( /udy4 ,?is is 9 "o s5se true4 ,yet x is by no means ! case t s long a "t 0 devot$ to ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice4 ,a ?or\gh musical education 0 includ$ 9 ?is c\rse1 ( :i* ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s 7 sp5t entirely on ! rudim5ts ( music4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction includ$ also a complete tra9+ = ! op]atic /age1 z well z a rep]toire ( p>ts suffici5t to enable ! graduat+ /ud5t to secure an engagem5t at "o ( ! op]a h\ses4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury specialization 9 vocal education began to be ! rule4 ,/ud5ts ^: p>5ts =esaw = !m ! possibilities ( a vocal c>e] 7 prep>$ by a ?or\gh musical education be=e be+ s5t to a vocal tea*]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice 0 frequ5tly accompli%$ 9 less ?an two ye>s4 ,,vi ,x is to be regrett$ t s little m5tion is made by musical hi/orians ( ! me?ods ( in/ruction foll[$ by ! old ma/]s4 ,vocal tea*]s ( ! old s*ool seem to h be5 s absorb$ 9 _! "w t ! idea ( writ+ books seldom occurr$ to !m4 ,a va/ quantity ( vocalises compos$ by tea*]s = _! /ud5ts has be5 pres]v$ & _m ( ^! are incorporat$ 9 books ( ex]cises n[ available4 ,a few ma/]s 71 h[ev]1 ?\ghtful en\gh to provide po/]ity ) "s k ( _! sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,cacc9i1 ^: importance z a vocal tea*] %\ld n be ov]look$ on acc\nt ( 8 especial em95ce z ! fir/ compos] to write music = ! solo voice4 ,9 #afja ,cacc9i publi%$ a l>ge numb] ( 8 compositions = ! solo voice "u ! title ( ,le ,nuove ,musi*e1 a book :i* is n[ ( almo/ ine/imable value4 ,x conta9s vocal pieces 9 bo? ! /yles !n 9 vogue4 ,x is surpris+ to see f "s ( ^! florid songs ! high degree ( vocal virtuosity possess$ by ! s+]s ( t e>ly "t4 ,9 8 preface ,cacc9i gives an outl9e ( 8 sy/em ( vocal tra9+4 ,?is consi/s entirely ( rules & directions = ! execution ( ! v>i\s ornam5ts ( s++4 ,"h he %[s himself to h possess$ a pure & ref9$ ta/e1 z well z a mo/ pr(\nd love = ! beauties ( ! voice4 ,yet he does n t\* on ! subject ( vocal managem5t1 prov+ t he _h n _h occasion to dep>t f ! in/9ctive me?ods 9 :i* he himself _h be5 tra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,muove si dolce e si soave gu]ra lu s+&o i p5si] bel t mortale1 *'a volo un cor non spiegh]ia mai l'ale p] sollev>si p]egr9 da t]ra1 se non sc5desse a risvegli>lo ,amore1 p] sollev>si pellegr9 da t]ra se non sc5desse a risvegli>lo ,amore4 ,two o!r int]e/+ works by tea*]s ( ! old s*ool are #8,obs]vations on ! ,florid ,song' 7#agbc71 by ,pietro ,francesco ,tosi1 & ,riflessioni ,prati*e sul ,canto ,figurato 7#aggf71 by ,giovanni ,batti/a ,manc9i4 ,bo? ^! writ]s devote !mselves ma9ly to a discussion ( vocal embelli%m5ts & fiorituri1 j z did ,cacc9i s _m ye>s e>li]4 ,:at little !y say ab\t ! managem5t ( ! voice %[s t ! old idea ( reliance on in/9ctive vocal guidance _h n weak5$ 9 _! day4 ,ano!r highly valuable "w1 ! late/ :i* c be consid]$ ( orig9al value 9 ?r[+ light on ! old ,italian me?od1 is ! ,m?ode de ,*ant du ,cons]vatoire de ,musique 7,p>is1 #ahjc74 ,?is me?od 0 drawn up by ! mo/ em95t musicians 9 ,p>is at t "t1 includ+ ev5 ,*]ub9i & ,mhul4 ,!y & sev]al o!rs ( almo/ equal rank 7 commission$ by ! revolution>y gov]nm5t to devise an (ficial sy/em ( vocal education4 ,yet !re is no?+ revolution>y ab\t ! me?od1 = x does n dep>t 9 any important p>ticul> f ! sy/em ( in/ruction describ$ by ,tosi & ,manc9i4 ,p>ticul> int]e/ atta*es to ! ,m?ode because x 0 ! fir/ complete practical "w on its subject ev] publi%$4 ,tosi & ,manc9i did n include a s+le ex]cise or musical illu/ration 9 _! books1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) v]bal descriptions ( ! portam5to1 messa di voce1 appoggiatura1 etc4 ,! ,m?ode on ! o!r h& consi/s almo/ entirely ( a collection ( ex]cises1 scales1 vocalises1 & arias1 c>efully grad$ accord+ to difficulty4 ,^! 7 collect$ f _m s\rces by ! mo/ celebrat$ vocal tea*] 9 ,p>is at t "t1 ,b]n>do ,m5gozzi1 ! head ( ! vocal dep>tm5t at ! ,cons]vatoire4 ,ev]y?+ necess>y = ! ?or\gh cultivation ( ! voice accord+ to ,m5gozzi's conception ( ! subject 0 includ$ 9 ! ,m?ode4 ,a /ud5t 0 expect$ to />t ) ! fir/ ex]cise & /udy ea* "o consecutively1 ! voice /eadily progress+ until te*nical p]fection 0 assur$ ) ! ma/]y ( ! la/ aria4 ,no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 voices1 high & l[1 male & female1 = all 7 put ?r\gh ! same c\rse ( /udy4 ,*]ub9i ?\ght s highly ( ! ,m?ode t he took a copy ) him on 8 visit to ,vi5na 9 #ahje = ! purpose ( himself pres5t+ x to ,bee?ov54 ,all t has come d[n to u ( ! oral traditions ( ! old s*ool is summ$ up 9 a set ( cog5t phrases :i* are commonly kn[n z ! traditional precepts4 ,^! are1 #8op5 ! ?roat1' #8s+ on ! brea?1' #8s+ ! tone =w>d1' & #8support ! tone4' ,no lit]>y au?ority c be giv5 = ! precepts1 z !y are n m5tion$ 9 any works publi%$ e>li] ?an ab\t #ahcj4 ,x is possible t !y d n date back mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,p]haps !y repres5t ! fir/ attempts made by vocal tea*]s to int]pret _! in/ruction accord+ to ! sci5tific ideas ( vocal op]ation :i* 7 j beg9n+ to become curr5t ab\t t "t4 ,h[ ?is c\ld h be5 ! case is readily se54 ,a p]fect vocal tone s\nds z ?\gh x floats on ! brea?4 ,! correct s+]'s ?roat seems to ! he>] to be loose & op5 & ! tone seems to be lodg$ 9 ! front ( ! m\?4 ,:5 ! att5tion ( vocal tea*]s began to be turn$ to ! me*anical op]ations ( tone production !y might naturally h be5 l$ to obs]ve fir/ ^? sali5t features ( tone :i* seem to po9t to a def9ite vocal action4 ,yet x is m likely t ! old ma/]s actually us$ ! precepts 9 in/ruction m]ely to po9t out to _! pupils ^! /rik+ peculi>ities 9 ! s\nd ( ! p]fect vocal tone4 ,we "k t !y always held up be=e _! /ud5ts a high ideal ( arti/ic s++4 ,a use ( ! precepts 9 ?is way w\ld be ( great s]vice 9 help+ ! /ud5ts to he> h[ p]fect s++ %\ld s\nd4 ,to imitate successfully x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to he> di/9ctly4 ,po9t+ out ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ! p]fect tone enables ! e> to "k :at to li/5 =4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! old ,italian me?od 0 nev] /&>diz$4 ,no su* ?+ z a s*ool ( recogniz$ au?ority1 to ^: pr9ciples all tea*]s 7 oblig$ to adh]e1 0 ev] evolv$4 ,ea* ma/] taught accord+ to 8 own ideas1 & no c5tral au?ority or gov]n+ body ev] und]took to lay out a /&>d me?od4 ,yet ! old ma/]s all foll[$ ! same g5]al plan ( in/ruction4 ,9 "s ( its aspects ?is plan is ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,/ud5ts 7 taught to s+ correctly & arti/ically solely ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( _! voices 9 actual s++4 ,! mat]ials us$ = vocal tra9+ 7 scales1 ex]cises1 & vocalises )\t & ) words4 ,^! 7 )\t exception melodi\s1 & ! musical & arti/ic aspects ( s++ receiv$ att5tion f ! beg9n+ ( in/ruction to ! end4 ,s++ 0 consid]$ always on its musical side & its me*anical features 7 nev] t\*$ ^u4 ,! voice 0 l$ on by a gradual progression f ! easy to ! difficult4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 ! cu/om = ! tea*]s to compose ex]cises & vocalises specially = ea* pupil1 suit+ ! te*nical & musical requirem5ts to ! pupil's /age ( advancem5t4 ,z ?is cu/om di$ out1 tea*]s provid$ !mselves ) ext5sive & c>efully grad$ li/s ( compositions 9 all ! v>i\s /yles suitable = in/ruction4 ,com+ f9ally to ! "q1 :at means ! old ma/]s utiliz$ = imp>t+ ! correct managem5t ( ! voice1 we f9d t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is problem is und]/ood 9 mod]n vocal sci5ce !y _h no me?od :atev]4 ,x is difficult = "o imbu$ ) ! idea ( direct vocal managem5t to believe t ! voice c possibly be tra9$ )\t ! /ud5t kn[+ 9 ! fir/ place h[ to produce 8 tones correctly4 ,yet x w\ld h be5 equally h>d = a ma/] ( ! old s*ool to und]/& :at we mod]ns mean by ! consci\s control ( ! vocal organs4 ,x nev] ent]$ into ! m9ds ( ! old ma/]s t !re c\ld be any difficulty ab\t ! managem5t ( ! voice4 #8,li/5 & imitate' summ$ up = !m all t ne$ be kn[n1 inde$ all t c\ld be kn[n on ! subject4 ,!y aim$ directly at tonal p]fection z a matt] ( s\nd & did n ?9k ( attempt+ to rea* x by ! r\ndab\t c\rse ( vocal me*anics4 ,! e>ly tea*]s ( ! old s*ool 7 ! direct inh]itors ( ! traditions /or$ up z ! result ( ! exp]i5ces ( vocal in/ructors ?r\gh a p]iod ( _m c5turies4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! voice _h be5 all[$ to op]ate accord+ to its own in/9cts4 ,al?\gh 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ?is p]iod ! rapid advance ( ! musical arts _h impos$ dem&s ( con/antly increas+ difficulty on ! voice1 x cont9u$ to fulfill ^! dem&s 9 its own in/9ctive way4 ,! ability ( ! voice to produce ! tones exact$ ( x by ! e> 0 nev] d\bt$4 ,!re 0 no ne$ = a vocal tea*] ( ! old s*ool to =mulate or ju/ify 8 belief 9 ! voice's ability to foll[ ! guidance ( ! e>4 ,no "o at t "t _h ev] ?\ght ( que/ion+ ?is ability4 ,yet if "o ( ^! ma/]s _h be5 call$ ^u to /ate 9 doctr9al =m 8 !ory ( ! vocal action1 x w\ld probably h be5 some?+ l ?is3 ,! correct use ( ! voice1 t mann] ( vocal emission :i* leads ?r\gh practice to te*nical p]fection1 is naturally acquir$ by ex]cise 9 ! actual s++ ( correct tones4 ,provid$ ! /ud5t h a cle> m5tal conception ( ! type ( vocal tone :i* results f a correct mann] ( tone production1 ! voice w gradually adapt itself to ! correct =m ( action1 ?r\gh repeat$ ef=ts at imitat+ ! correct tone z a matt] ( s\nd4 ,9 ord] to practise s++ effectively x is necess>y only t ! e> %all be acqua9t$ ) ! s\nd ( a prop]ly produc$ tone & t x %all dem& tones ( ?is "* f ! voice4 ,faults ( production1 :e!r ?roaty1 nasal1 or brea?y tones be ! result1 w gradually disappe> z ! /ud5t le>ns to he> 8 own voice ) great] ke5ness & accuracy4 ,! correct use ( ! voice is gradually acquir$ & !re is no "t 9 ! c\rse ( ?is progress at :i* any *ange takes place 9 ! mann] ( direct+ & guid+ ! voice4 ,a high /&>d ( musical beauty & vocal excell5ce 0 always kept prom95tly be=e ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,! /ud5ts 7 requir$ to "k h[ a correctly sung passage %\ld s\nd1 & all _! practice 0 aim$ at ! imitation ( ?is s\nd4 ,! e> 0 expressly recogniz$ z ! sole judge ( vocal correctness4 ,:5 a pupil sang incorrectly ! ma/] w\ld imitate ! faulty tones1 = ! pupil to he> :at 0 wrong 9 ! s\nd4 ,!n ! ma/] w\ld s+ ! passage correctly1 t ! pupil might he> ! p]fect tones & adopt !m z a model = imitation4 ,s f> z our pres5t k ( ! old me?od goes1 x embodi$ no def9itely /at$ pr9ciples = ! managem5t ( ! voice4 ,al?\gh ! problem ( tone production is1 9 pres5t e/imation1 ! mo/ important topic ( voice culture1 ! old] sy/em seems to h ignor$ ?is problem completely4 ,x simply took = grant$ t ! voice w op]ate correctly if x is guid$ by a ke5 e> & direct$ by a f9e musical & arti/ic s5sibility4 ,no d\bt x _h its failures1 b we h a record only ( its successes4 ,^! 7 s _m & s brilliant t we mu/ accord to ! old ,italian me?od ! recognition due to a complete & satisfactory sy/em ( voice culture4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,cf4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afg-agb4 #e ,= a full] treatm5t ( ?is phase ( musical hi/ory1 ! rise ( #8monody1' see ,vol4 ,i1 *apt]s ,,ix & ,,xi4 #f ,cf4 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 ,,xi4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,mod]n ,,sci5tific ,,me?ods ,,( ,,voice ,,culture ,! transition f ! old to ! mod]n sy/em2 hi/orical review ( sci5tific inve/igation2 ,manuel ,g>ca2 progress ( ! sci5tific idea2 ,helmholtz1 ,m&l1 & ,m]kel--,div]sity ( practices 9 mod]n me?ods2 ! sci5tific sy/em2 brea?+2 l>yngeal action2 regi/]s2 resonance2 emission ( tone2 ! s+]'s s5sations2 correction ( faults2 articulation--,g5]al view ( mod]n voice culture4 ,i ,/ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( voice culture usually consid] t ! inv5tion ( ! l>yngoscope 7#ahee7 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n sci5tific sy/em ( tra9+ ! voice4 ,x is ( c\rse conv5i5t to h a precise date to :i* any important *ange 9 human beliefs c be ref]r$4 ,yet 9 ?is matt] x is h>dly possible to fix ^u any "o ev5t z ! only influ5ce :i* br\ght ab\t ! *ange4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re 0 a gradual & = a "t almo/ imp]ceptible transition f ! s-call$ empirical me?ods ( ! old s*ool to ! mod]n me?ods4 ,sci5tific inve/igation ( ! vocal me*anism began1 s f> z ! record %[s1 ) ,hippocrates1 #dfj ,b4 ,c4 ,8 "w on anatomy conta9s ref]5ces to ! vocal organs1 %[+ t he _h "s ideas1 r vague x is true1 ab\t _! /ructure4 ,ari/otle 7#chd ,b4 ,c47 recogniz$ ! l>ynx z ! po9t ( production ( ! voice4 ,gal5 7#acj ,a4 ,d47 wrote a valuable treatise on ! anatomy ( ! ?roat4 ,he gave ! "n ( glottis to ! space betwe5 ! vocal cords1 & 8 "w 0 ! /&>d au?ority on ! subject = m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 #aecg1 publi%$ a "w embody+ ! results ( 8 own dissections ( ! ?roat4 ,he add$ greatly to ! mat]ials ( ,gal51 al?\gh 8 ideas ( ! op]ations ( tone production 7 h>dly s s\nd z ^? ( 8 classic pr$ecessor4 ,9 #agda a ,fr5* physician1 ,f]re91 publi%$ a little treatise entitl$ ,de la ,=mation de la ,voix de l',homme4 ,?is m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n int]e/ 9 ! subject ( ! vocal action1 z x 0 ! fir/ "w on vocal physiology to receive any att5tion f ^? int]e/$ 9 s++4 ,among o!r ?+s ,f]re9 gave ! "n ( vocal cords to ! edges ( ! muscles inclos+ ! glottis4 ,dutro*et 9 #ahjf comp>$ ! action ( ! glottis to t ( ! lips 9 play+ ! horn4 ,he ass]t$ t ! sonor\s vibrations ( vocal s\nds are g5]at$ by ! muscles ^: edges are =m$ by ! vocal cords1 & n by ! vocal cords alone4 ,liscovius1 9 #ahad1 & ,sav>t1 9 #ahbe1 also publi%$ treatises1 b _! "w s]v$ r to fo/] ! gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! subject ?an to add any?+ ( value to ! g5]al fund ( k4 ,johannes ,mll]1 9 #ahcg1 %[$ t a compass ( two octaves c be obta9$ by =c+ air ?r\gh an exsect$ l>ynx & v>y+ ! t5sion ( ! vocal cords4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation ( ! voice began to attract ! att5tion ( ! mo/ enlight5$ vocal tea*]s4 ,!re 0 inde$ no dissatisfaction ) ! me?ods ( in/ruction !n 9 vogue4 ,yet a g5]al feel+ c be not$ by a /ud5t ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject z sett+ 9 ab\t t "t1 a feel+ t sy/ems ( voice culture might be improv$ by apply+ to !m ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t sci5tific discov]ies4 ,two important works by vocal tea*]s may be cit$ 9 ?is connection1 ,die ,kun/ des ,gesanges1 by ,adolph ,b]nh>d ,m>k 7#ahbf71 & ,die grosse itali5is*e ,gesangs*ule1 by ,he9ri* ,f4 ,mann/e9 7#ahcd74 ,9 bo? ( ^! books ! po9t ( view g5]ally held at t "t is cle>ly indicat$4 ,:ile ! old ,italian me?od 0 held to be ?or\ghly satisfactory 9 e respect1 !re is a desire to expla9 ?is me?od & to place x on an assur$ basis ( demon/rat$ sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,no ?\ght ( direct vocal managem5t z a necessity1 or ev5 z a possibility1 c be discov]$ 9 ^! two works4 ,manuel ,g>ca 7#ahje-aijf71 ! vocal tea*] :o contribut$ mo/ to ! promulgation ( ! sci5tific idea1 _h at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] exactly ! same plan z ,mann/e9 & ,m>k4 ,8 fa!r1 ,manuel del ,popolo ,visc5ti1 0 "o ( ! mo/ em95t musicians ( ! "t4 ,fam\s z s+]1 tea*]1 impres>io1 & compos]1 ! old] ,g>ca 0 9 possession ( all ! traditions ( ! ,italian s*ool4 ,f 8 fa!r ,g>ca receiv$ ! traditional me?od 9 its entirety4 ,retir+ f ! op]atic /age 9 #ahcb1 ,g>ca took up actively ! pr(ession ( voice culture4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ?is he _h def9itely =mulat$ a plan = ! improvem5t ( vocal me?ods4 ,yet at t "t he _h 9 m9d no?+ ( ! nature ( a sweep+ *ange4 ,9 ! preface to 8 fir/ important "w1 cole de ,g>ca1 #ahdg1 he /at$ t 8 int5tion 0 #8to reproduce my fa!r's me?od1 attempt+ only to give x a m !oretical =m1 & to connect results ) causes4' ,) ?is seem+ly mode/ program ,g>ca c\ld n re/ cont5t4 ,8 ambition to p5etrate all ! my/]ies ( ! voice l$ him to ma/] ! anatomy ( ! ?roat1 z well z :at 0 !n kn[n ( ac\/ics4 ,he 0 impati5t to "k :at actually takes place 9 ! l>ynx dur+ ! production ( tone4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( exp]im5t+ he f9ally succe$$ 9 view+ 8 own vocal cords by means ( a little mirror held 9 ! back ( ! ?roat4 ,8 ann\ncem5t ( 8 inv5tion 0 publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 9 ,may1 #ahee4 ,by ?is "t ! idea ( ! improvem5t ( voice culture 0 v g5]ally held4 ,g>ca's inv5tion 0 hail$ z ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 vocal in/ruction4 ,x 0 com+ also to be g5]ally felt t ! only way 9 :i* ! sci5tific k ( ! voice c\ld be utiliz$ 9 in/ruction w\ld be by hav+ ! /ud5t ( s++ cause 8 vocal organs to op]ate 9 ! mann] t sci5ce _h %[n to be correct4 ,:ile no "o at t "t /at$ ?is pr9ciple 9 def9ite t]ms1 x 0 g5]ally assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,)9 ! tw5ty ye>s foll[+ ,g>ca's inv5tion ! doctr9e ( ! sci5tific managem5t ( ! voice _h be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$4 ,aga9/ ?is tacit conviction 9 favor ( ! necessity ( direct vocal managem5t ! in/9ctive me?ods ( ! old ma/]s c\ld make no /&4 ,! old me?od gradually disappe>$ & ! doctr9e impli$ 9 ! empirical sy/em--t ! voice ne$s no guidance o!r ?an t furni%$ by ! e>--f\nd no def5d]s4 ,s9ce #ahge ! belief 9 ! necessity ( consci\sly gov]n+ ! vocal organs has be5 ! dom9at+ idea ( vocal /ud5ts & tea*]s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,manuel ,g>ca ,f a sket* f life by ,paul9e ,vi>dot4 ,( importance only second to ,g>ca's /udy ( ! vocal cord action 0 ,helmholtz's analysis ( ! ac\/ic laws ( resonance1 especially z !y apply to tone & v[el =mation4 ,m]kel's ,d] ,kehlkopf 7#ahgc7 is ! /&>d "w on ! op]ations ( ! l>ynx4 ,dr4 ,l\is ,m&l1 9 ,die ,gesundheitslehre d] ,/imme 7#ahgf71 fir/ ann\nc$ ! pr9ciple ( brea? control4 ,a va/ numb] ( o!r inve/igators h contribut$ to ! subject & x is safe to say t ! vocal action has be5 /udi$ f e conceivable po9t ( view4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y "h to trace ! developm5t ( vocal sci5ce & to record ! "w ( ea* /ud5t :o has made orig9al contributions to ! common fund ( k4 ,,ii ,9 our fir/ *apt] ! g5]ally accept$ !ories reg>d+ ! op]ations ( ! vocal me*anism 7 outl9$1 & ! same plan w be foll[$ 9 describ+ ! sci5tific me?ods ( in/ruction mo/ widely adopt$4 ,mod]n me?ods ( voice culture h inde$ nev] be5 /&>diz$4 ,:ile tea*]s g5]ally h adopt$ v ne>ly ! same c\rse1 !re is a wide div]sity ( op9ion & practice to be f\nd conc]n+ ea* "o ( ! topics ( vocal sci5ce4 ,almo/ e "o ( ^! topics has inde$ be5 ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,yet )9 rec5t ye>s ! lead+ au?orities h come into fair accord 9 _! application ( ! v>i\s pr9ciples4 ,we %all !re=e describe ! me?od :i* has 9 its favor a cons5sus ( op9ion on ! "p ( ! be/ recogniz$ tea*]s1 )\t (f]+ any /atem5t z to its s\ndness or adequacy4 ,fir/ x w be necess>y to po9t out ! exact position :i* ! sci5tific elem5t occupies 9 ! mod]n sy/em ( voice culture4 ,vocal sci5ce has nev] aim$ at a complete revolution ( ! practices ( in/ruction 9 s++4 ,its purpose is r to divide ?is in/ruction into two /ages & to take z its prov9ce only ! fir/ /age4 ,/>t+ ) ! well kn[n fact t ! voice has only "o correct mode ( op]at+1 x seeks to imp>t ?is correct mann] ( tone production to ! /ud5t z a prelim9>y to ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice1 /rictly speak+4 ,?is is ! only important po9t 9 :i* ! mod]n sy/em diff]s f ! old ,italian me?od4 ,! initial "w ( imp>t+ ! correct vocal action is commonly call$ ! #8plac+ ( ! voice4' ,to accompli% ?is is ! sole purpose ( vocal sci5ce1 & ! sci5tific me?od ( in/ruction is design$ only to apply to ?is initial /age4 ,:5 ! correct managem5t ( ! voice has be5 acquir$ ?r\gh a c\rse ( in/ruction accord+ to sci5tific pr9ciples1 ! /ud5t is held to be ready to und]take ! te*nical & musical education ( ! s+]4 ,?is second /age ( in/ruction is conduct$ almo/ exactly accord+ to ! sy/em ( ! old ma/]s4 ,f\r elem5ts are includ$ 9 ! sci5tific sy/em ( vocal tra9+4 ,^! foll[ naturally ! f\r di/9ct op]ations ( s++--brea?+1 l>yngeal action1 resonance1 & articulation4 ,ex]cises design$ to imp>t ! correct mann] ( brea?+ are usually giv5 fir/ z toneless gymna/ic drills4 ,! /ud5t is in/ruct$ to fill ! lungs 9 a prescrib$ fa%ion 7g5]ally t describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i71 & to make sure t ! expansion ( abdom5 & *e/ takes place exactly accord+ to rule4 ,practice 9 ! muscul> control ( ! expiration is comb9$ ) ^! prelim9>y brea?+ ex]cises1 s soon z !y c be p]=m$ ) fair facility4 ,:5 ! muscul> movem5ts ( brea?+ h be5 ma/]$ z a toneless ex]cise1 ! practice is ext5d$ to ex]cises comb9$ ) tones1 on s+le notes & scale passages4 ,9 ^! att5tion is paid to ! prop] attack & emission ( ! tone1 z well z to ! correct managem5t ( ! brea?4 ,a great v>iety ( brea?+ ex]cises h be5 =mulat$1 b z _! basic pr9ciple is always ! same !y call = no ext5d$ description4 ,any "o ( an a?letic turn :o has himself ma/]$ ! correct mann] ( brea?+ w\ld h no difficulty 9 devis+ ex]cises suitable = imp>t+ ?is sy/em to o!rs4 ,to secure ! prop] action ( ! vocal cords & l>yngeal muscles ! entire ?roat mu/ be held 9 a /ate ( supple relaxation be=e attack+ a tone or phrase4 ,9 ord] to />t a tone correctly a full inspiration is to be tak51 !n ! vocal cords are to be br\ght to ! degree ( t5sion necess>y = ! desir$ pit* at ! precise in/ant ! expiration />ts4 ,! tone mu/ be attack$ squ>ely on ! correct pit* & no brea? all[$ to escape be=e x />ts4 ,! brea? pressure is to be held ev5ly & correctly manag$ ?r\gh\t ! entire expiration4 ,to secure ?is prop] action ( ! vocal cords ! s-call$ #8/roke ( ! glottis' 0 advocat$ by ,g>ca4 ,! glottic /roke is an explosive s\nd1 =m$ :5 ! vocal cords are =c$ ap>t sudd5ly by a r p[]ful brea? pressure4 ,its mo/ frequ5t natural occurr5ce is 9 ! action ( c\gh+1 ( :i* x is ! mo/ /rik+ auditory *>act]i/ic4 ,al?\gh comm& ( ! glottic /roke c be acquir$ )\t difficulty1 x is utt]ly out ( place 9 f9i%$ s++4 ,:at ,g>ca _h 9 m9d 9 advocat+ ! glottic /roke is decl>$ by _m ( 8 graduate /ud5ts to h be5 some?+ entirely diff]5t f a viol5t explosion ( ! tone4 ,all he s\ght 0 ! />t+ ( ! tone )\t any previ\s escape ( ! brea?4 ,! /roke ( ! glottis1 /rictly s call$1 has be5 almo/ entirely ab&on$ by vocal tea*]s4 ,lat] au?orities modifi$ ?is in/ruction some:at by tea*+ ! #8slide ( ! glottis1' :i* br+s ab\t ! same action )\t ! explosive s\nd ( ! glottic /roke4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( brea? control1 x has be5 f\nd t nei!r ! /roke nor ! slide ( ! glottis is necess>y4 ,! same result c be rea*$ by br++ ! vocal cords to ! desir$ degree ( t5sion at ! in/ant ! expiration />ts4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 paid to ! subject ( regi/]s1 m probably ?an to any o!r feature ( ! vocal action4 ,= a long "t x 0 consid]$ t ea* regi/] ( ! voice mu/ be tra9$ sep>ately & controll$ 9 a special way4 ,v>i\s /atem5ts h be5 made by l>yngoscopic obs]v]s z to ! numb] ( ! regi/]s & ! actions ( ! vocal cords 9 ea* "o4 ,at pres5t ! lead+ au?orities recognize ?ree regi/]s1 *e/1 m$ium1 & head1 correspond+ to ! l[]1 middle1 & high] p>ts ( ! range ( ! voice4 ,individual voices v>y 9 _! possession ( regi/]s4 ,t5ors usually h only ! m$ium & head1 ! falsetto 7conf9$ g5]ally to ?is voice7 be+ 9 mo/ cases ( too effem9ate a quality = use 9 arti/ic s++4 ,b>itones usually h all ?ree regi/]s1 basses only *e/ & m$ium4 ,sopranos may possess all ?ree1 al?\gh ! *e/ regi/] is seldom well develop$ 9 ?is voice4 ,mezzos h ! *e/ & m$ium1 & 9 ! majority ( cases ! head regi/] also4 ,contraltos possess ! *e/ & m$ium1 b v r>ely ! head regi/]4 ,tea*]s h 9 mo/ cases disc>d$ ! plan ( giv+ precise limits to ! regi/]s & tra9+ !m sep>ately4 ,x is consid]$ ! be/ practice to br+ ab\t ! correct action ( ! m$ium "p ( ! voice1 includ+ comm& ( ! cresc5do & dim9u5do on ! s+le tone1 be=e beg9n+ to develop ! high] & l[] portions ( ! range4 ,! compass is !n gradually ext5d$ upw>d & d[nw>d1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid ! breaks :i* almo/ always result$ f ! old] sy/em ( tra9+ ! regi/]s sep>ately4 ,assi/ance is f\nd 9 develop+ ! l[ notes by ! cultivation ( *e/ resonance4 ,high notes are help$ by ! use ( nasal resonance & also by practice 9 attack+ tones ) ! liquid or sonant consonants4 ,bo? ^! topics w be consid]$ lat]4 ,?ree resonance cavities h to be br\ght "u control1 ea* ( :i* acts indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,^! are ! *e/1 ! m\?-ph>ynx1 & ! nasal cavities4 ,z a rule ! influ5ce ( *e/ resonance is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! voice4 ,! m\?-ph>ynx 79 addition to its almo/ exclusive prov9ce ( v[el & consonant =mation7 re9=ces ! entire range1 & ! nasal cavities contribute mo/ to ! high notes4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t 9 arti/ic s++ *e/ resonance is to be us$ only on l[ notes & nasal resonance on high notes4 ,! special function ( nasal resonance is believ$ to be ! imp>t+ ( brilliancy1 po9t1 & c>ry+ p[] to ! tones4 ,:ile its effect is m m>k$ on ! high notes1 x mu/ always be pres5t 9 "s degree ?r\gh\t ! entire compass ( ! voice4 ,bread? & sonority ( tone are suppos$ to be contribut$ by *e/ resonance1 & ^! mu/ also be pres5t on all l\d tones1 :e!r high1 m$ium1 or l[4 ,yet z brilliancy & po9t are m native to ! high notes1 nasal resonance is always m m>k$ 9 ?is "p ( ! voice4 ,9 ! same way ! qualities ( tone due to *e/ resonance belong m prop]ly to ! l[] & middle tones4 ,on ! practical side ?is is ( great importance4 ,x is va/ly m easy to secure comm& ( ea* =m ( resonance fir/ 9 t "p ( ! voice to :i* x is native4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done x is a comp>atively simple matt] to ext5d ?is comm& high] or l[] z ! case may be4 ,x is ! usual practice to beg9 in/ruction 9 ! managem5t ( resonance ) ! m\?-ph>ynx cavity4 ,= ?is purpose ex]cises on ! v[el ah are g5]ally fir/ us$4 ,! position assum$ by ! tongue = ?is v[el is peculi>ly favorable = secur+ an expansion ( ! l[] "p ( ! m\?-ph>ynx cavity4 ,an increase 9 ! size ( ?is cavity is s\ght = ! purpose ( br++ ab\t a correspond+ increase 9 ! volume & p[] ( ! tone4 ,:ile n directly a feature ( m\?-ph>ynx resonance /rictly speak+1 ! emission ( ! tone is usually treat$ "u ?is head4 ,aft] be+ g5]at$ by ! vibration ( ! vocal cords1 ! tone is to be direct$ to ! front ( ! m\?1 9 su* mann] t x imp+es on ! h>d palate1 j above ! upp] front tee?4 ,?is has = its purpose ! free+ ( ! tone f ! vocal cords & ! br++ ( x =w>d 9 ! m\?1 s z to secure ! effect ( #8=w>d tone' advocat$ by ! old ma/]s4 ,= acquir+ ! effect ( =w>d tone1 /udies are also us$ on tones begun ) c]ta9 labial & l+ual consonants4 ,ex]cises are giv5 on s+le tones on su* syllables z bah1 bee1 boo--ma1 mee1 mo--la1 lee1 lo1 etc4 ,^! are practis$ on notes cov]+ a range ( ab\t "o octave4 ,simil> ex]cises are us$ = obta9+ comm& ( nasal resonance4 ,= ?is purpose ! consonant n is especially favor$ & ex]cises are us$ on syllables su* z na1 nee1 no1 etc4 ,ano!r means ( acquir+ comm& ( ! sev]al =ms ( resonance is f\nd 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic s5sations :i* ! s+] exp]i5ces 9 s++ tones ( ! v>i\s types4 ,a tone /rongly m>k$ by nasal resonance awak5s a s5sation ( t+l+ 9 ! =ehead & upp] nose4 ,a pron\nc$ feel+ ( vibration 9 ! upp] *e/1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( ! brea/ bone1 accompanies ! "r use ( *e/ resonance4 ,! #8=w>d' tone is *>act]iz$ by simil> s5sations 9 ! front ( ! m\?4 ,:5 practis+ ex]cises = acquir+ comm& ( resonance ! /ud5t is in/ruct$ to feel ! appropriate s5sations1 ?us br++ ! tone into ! prop] position4 ,ea* =m ( resonance is p>ticul>ly favor$ by c]ta9 v[els4 ,oo & oh l5d !mselves mo/ readily to ! acquirem5t ( *e/ resonance4 ,ee facilitates 9 br++ 9 nasal resonance1 :ile ah is ! easie/ v[el = obta9+ comm& ( ! op5 ?roat & ! =w>d tone1 ! mo/ important functions ( m\?-ph>ynx resonance4 ,two m>k$ =ms ( faulty tone production (t5 call = special means ( correction4 ,^! are ! ?roaty & ! unpleasantly nasal tone4 ,= ! cure ( ?roaty production relax+ ex]cises are g5]ally us$4 ,sigh+ & yawn+ on ! v[el ah ) a free expiration furni% ! basis ( ^! ex]cises4 ,s+le tones & desc5d+ scale passages are practis$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! brea? be+ all[$ to ru% out freely & )\t control4 ,o!r directions are frequ5tly giv5 = ! correction ( ?roat9ess4 ,^! include in/ruction 9 ! support ( ! tone1 ! ?roat be+ reliev$ ( pressure by a /eady & controll$ expiration4 ,br++ ! tone =w>d 9 ! m\? 9 ! mann] already describ$ assi/s 9 ?is op]ation4 ,an excessive or a faulty use ( nasal resonance is look$ ^u z ! cause ( ! unpleasantly nasal tone4 ,too great a degree ( relaxation ( ! muscles ( ! s(t palate may br+ ab\t ?is condition4 ,! means mo/ favor$ = ! correction ( ?is fault are1 fir/1 muscul> ex]cise 9 rais+ & l[]+ ! s(t palate1 :i* gives a bett] tonicity to ^! muscles2 &1 second1 ! imp>t+ ( ! correct idea ( nasal resonance 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,ano!r frequ5t fault ( production1 ! tremolo1 may result f any "o ( sev]al causes4 ,a lack ( brea? control may cause ! expiratory pressure on ! vocal cords to be unregulat$ & int]mitt5t4 ,faulty me?ods ( brea?+1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 :i* ! upp] *e/ is all[$ to collapse at ! />t ( ! expiration1 may lead to a flabby or #8wobbly' condition ( ! muscles :i* hold ! l>ynx 9 place4 ,a lack ( support = ! tone may result f ! column ( vocaliz$ brea? be+ direct$ backw>d1 in/ead ( t[>d its prop] po9t ( impact on ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,= ! cure ( ! tremolo ! tea*] mu/ analyze 9 ea* individual case & locate ! seat ( ! tr\ble4 ,:5 ?is has be5 po9t$ out ! fault is eradicat$ by apply+ ! appropriate in/ruction--controll+ ! brea? prop]ly1 plac+ ! tone 9 ! correct position 9 ! m\?1 etc4 ,a cle> enunciation ( ! text is indisp5sable 9 arti/ic s++4 ,?is is 9 "o s5se n a feature ( tone production /rictly speak+4 ,x is possible to enunciate ) p]fect di/9ctness & yet to use ! voice v badly1 z is se5 9 ! case ( _m vaudeville s+]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a correct production ( tone may be exhibit$ by a s+] ^: enunciation is too indi/9ct to be und]/ood4 ,yet x is ! duty ( ! vocal tea*] to tra9 8 pupils 9 ! cle> deliv]y ( words1 z well z 9 ! o!r elem5ts ( ! art ( s++4 ,special ex]cises & drills 9 ! articulation ( ! v>i\s consonants are n widely us$4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! same end c be atta9$1 ) va/ly less ( drudg]y = ! /ud5t1 by pay+ att5tion to cle>ness ( pronunciation 9 ! s++ ( songs & ex]cises ) words4 ,/ud5ts sometimes h difficulty ) "s "o or two v[els or consonants4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d ! ma/] in/ructs ! pupil 9 ! correct position ( ! tongue1 lips1 etc41 = ! p>ticul> s\nd1 & if necess>y arranges special ex]cises = ! purpose4 ,,iii ,h[ long a "t %\ld be allott$ to a c\rse 9 tone production along ! l9es j describ$ x is n easy to /ate def9itely4 ,practices 9 ?is reg>d v>y greatly among vocal tea*]s4 ,"o reason = ?is is t tone production is seldom made ! exclusive topic ( /udy = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,/ud5ts ( s++ are g5]ally eag] to s+1 & tea*]s are !re=e oblig$ to int]sp]se _! in/ruction 9 voice plac+ ) songs & melodi\s vocalises4 ,ano!r reason is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! musical education ( ! /ud5t frequ5tly devolves 9 great measure ^u ! vocal tea*]4 ,a k ( music1 suffici5t at lea/ to enable ! /ud5t to memorize songs & arias & to s+ !m 9 "t & 9 tune1 is absolutely necess>y be=e ! advanc$ education 9 ! s+]'s art c be und]tak54 ,:5 tea*]s are call$ ^u to imp>t in/ruction ( ?is k9d1 "p ( ea* lesson "t mu/ ( c\rse be us$ = ! purpose4 ,:ile a /rict application ( ! pr9ciples ( vocal sci5ce w\ld dem& t ! complete c\rse 9 tone production be cov]$ be=e ev5 ! simple/ songs are attempt$1 ?is sy/em is almo/ nev] c>ri$ out logically4 ,! fir/ few lessons are usually devot$ to brea?+ & attack2 f !n on ab\t half ( ea* lesson "t is sp5t on voice plac+ & half on songs4 ,9 ! in/ruction giv5 on ! songs att5tion is paid to ! m /rictly musical elem5ts ( s++--/yle1 deliv]y1 int]pretation1 etc41 z well z to ! =mation ( ! tones4 ,te*nical ex]cises ( progressive difficulty are tak5 up ab\t z soon z ! /ud5t has acquir$ suffici5t vocal control to p]=m !m4 ,z a rule !re is no precise /age at :i* voice plac+ "w /rictly speak+ ceases & ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! voice is begun4 ,x _c be said t any "o tea*] or vocal exp]t has f\nd$ an au?oritative s*ool ( vocal sci5ce4 ,!re is n ev5 any?+ 9 ! nature ( a di/9ctively national s*ool4 ,closely resembl+ me?ods are foll[$ 9 all ,european c\ntries1 z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,e fam\s mod]n ma/] has imp>t$ 8 pr9ciples to _m /ud5ts :o 9 _! turn h become tea*]s4 ,yet x is r r>e = any "o to take up ! pr(ession ( voice culture )\t fir/ receiv+ "s in/ruction f sev]al recogniz$ ma/]s4 ,?is cu/om has result$ 9 a g5]al levell+ ( sy/ems1 ea* tea*] select+ :at he consid]s be/ f all ! me?ods :i* he inve/igates4 ,mean:ile ! old ,italian me?od is /ill recogniz$ z possess+ elem5ts ( great value1 ev5 9 ! dep>tm5t ( tone production1 9 :i* its pr9ciples are s imp]fectly und]/ood by ! sci5tifically dispos$ tea*]4 ,! great majority ( tea*]s seek to apply "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! old me?od1 notably its oral traditions1 :i* 7 discuss$ a few pages back1 9 conjunction ) ! practices ( vocal sci5ce4 ,mod]n voice culture _c be believ$ to h rea*$ its f9al developm5t4 ,ev5 ! mo/ consci5ti\s advocates ( ! sci5tific doctr9es feel t !re is a c]ta9 lack ( complet5ess 9 pres5t me?ods4 ,inve/igations are /ill be+ c>ri$ on 9 ! v>i\s topics ( vocal sci5ce4 ,x is possible t ! ne> future w see important discov]ies 9 ! means = control ( l>yngeal action & resonance4 ,"s au?orities1 on ! o!r h&1 look altoge!r 9 ! opposite direction4 ,an ab&onm5t ( ! doctr9es ( vocal sci5ce & a return to ! in/9ctive me?ods ( ! old ma/]s is favor$ by ^! tea*]s4 ,s f> z ! c\rse ( future ev5ts c be =etold1 x seems probable t a comb9ation ( ! two me?ods1 n[ seem+ly oppos$1 w ev5tually be br\ght ab\t4 ,! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! voice has br\ght to light s mu* ( valuable tru? t x w\ld be ridicul\s to ?r[ its results lightly aside4 ,at ! same "t ! success ( ! old me?od proves t x conta9$ a satisfactory solution ( all vocal problems4 ,h[ ! two me?ods w be fus$ into "o x is n n[ possible to say4 ,b ! only m>k$ t5d5cy is 9 t direction4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 ! hope t its accompli%m5t w n be long po/pon$4 ,d4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,song ,! orig9 ( song--,! practical value ( primitive song--,! cultural value ( primitive song--,biography ( primitive song--,! lyric impulse--,folk-song & art-song--,*>act]i/ics ( ! art-song2 /yle1 ! s+] & ! song4 ,i #8,9 ?is or t ,sicilian hamlet1' says ! ,c\ntess ,m>t95go-,cs>esco 9 h] #8,essays 9 ! ,/udy ( ,folk-,songs1' #8!re is a man kn[n by ! "n ( 8! ,poet10 or p]haps 8! ,goldf9*40 ,he is completely illit]ate & belongs to ! poore/ class2 he is a blacksmi?1 a fi%]man1 or a till] ( ! soil4 ,if he has ! gift ( improvisation1 8 fell[-villag]s h ! satisfaction ( he>+ him applaud$ by ! ,great ,public--! dwell]s 9 all ! surr\nd+ hamlets assembl$ at ! fair on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,or x may be he is ( a m$itative turn ( m9d1 & makes 8 poetry leisurely z he lies full l5g? "u ! lemon-trees tak+ 8 noontide re/4 ,%\ld y pass by1 x is unlikely he w give himself ! tr\ble ( lift+ 8 eyes4 ,he c\ld n say ! alphabet to save 8 life2 b ! beautiful e>? & skies & sea :i* he has look$ on e day s9ce he 0 born h taught him "s ?+s n le>nt 9 s*ool4 ,! little poem he has made 9 8 head is inde$ a humble sort ( poetry1 b x is n unwor?y ( ! praise x gets f ! neighbors :o come dropp+ into 8 cottage door1 un9vit$1 b sure ( a fri5dly welcome next ,sunday aft] mass1 _! err& be+ to f9d out if ! rumor is true t 8! ,goldf9*0 has inv5t$ a fre% canzuna8 ,su* is ! peasant poet ( to-day2 su* he 0 five hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s ago4' ,"h is ! orig9al s+]4 ,he has exi/$ all ov] ! _w 9 e age1 probably1 s9ce civilization began to dawn4 ,we are v wrong 9 ?9k+ ( songs z normally writt5 by special compos]s & sung by special s+]s 9 conc]t halls4 ,su* a situation is n ! usual b ! unusual "o4 ,=1 g5]ally speak+1 x is n special p :o are s+]s b ord9>y p4 ,arti/s h be5 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ t ! _w is divid$ into ord9>y m5 & arti/s4 ,william ,morris />tl$ !m by decl>+ t ord9>y m5 are arti/s--t to be arti/ic is ! normal condition ( ord9>y m54 ,x is only our mat]iali/ic civilization1 he said1 t has made m5 in>ti/ic4 ,& hi/orically1 at lea/1 he is q "r4 ,x is only 9 rec5t times1 & 9 c]ta9 nations1 t x has come to be reg>d$ z unusual t an ord9>y man %\ld be a s+]4 ,9 all o!r ages1 we may safely say1 & 9 ne>ly all nations1 x 0 reg>d$ z unusual t an ord9>y man %\ld n be a s+]4 ,s++ has always be5 z natural to man z runn+1 or :i/l+1 or mak+ love4 ,x is only 9 ^! latt] times t a man :o s+s = ! joy ( x is ?\ght #8que]4' ,! songs t h be5 writt5 d[n on pap] are ( c\rse only ! smalle/ fraction ( ^? t h be5 inv5t$4 ,x is a v unusual adv5ture = a song to get writt5 d[n on pap]4 ,n "o out ( a ?\s& exp]i5ces x4 ,mo/ songs are #8made up' by "s ord9>y p]son at "w or at play1 rememb]$ & repeat$1 imitat$ by "s "o else & *ang$ a little & pass$ on4 ,!y live f m\? to m\? & 9 ! he>ts ( p4 ,e nation1 until x became too lett]$ & too self-consci\s1 _h its songs ( ?is k9d1 _m ( !m beautiful en\gh to be kn[n by ?\s&s ( p1 "s ! prop]ty ( only a few4 ,9 ,italy inve/igators h rec5tly not$ d[n ?\s&s ( songs t nev] t\*$ pap] be=e1 b !y 7 only a t9y "p ( ! songs t 7 pass+ f m\? to m\?4 ,s x has be5 9 e c\ntry4 ,gre5l& & ,icel& h _! songs :i* orig9at$ no "o kn[s :]e or :54 ,we possess folk-songs ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,india4 ,! phonograph has not$ d[n hundr$s ( songs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,& e c\ntry 9 ,europe has yield$ songs innum]able4 ,we %\ld be on our gu>d1 !n1 aga9/ assum+ t :at we "k z #8song lit]ature'--! songs writt5 by compos]s 9 _! /udy & pr9t$ on pap] be=e be+ sung--is any v consid]able "p ( ! song music ( ! _w4 ,x is m]ely ! music *iefly at ! disposal ( highly educat$ p--pr9cipally because x is pr9t$4 ,& f a c]ta9 /&po9t--t ( ! s*ool-tra9$ musician--x is p]haps ! #8greate/' vocal music4 ,b rememb] t ! /&po9t ( ! s*ool-tra9$ musician is only "o /&po9t4 ,! consci\s compos] has *os5 to look at 8 musical mat]ials 9 a c]ta9 way & to judge ! result accord+ly4 ,b by ano!r te/ 8 "w is inf]ior2 9 its p[] to move ?\s&s ( human he>ts no song by ,s*ub]t or ,s*umann or ,brahms c beg9 to equal #8,auld ,lang ,syne' or #8,! ,m>seillaise4' ,( necessity ?is book w be *iefly conc]n$ ) consci\sly compos$ #8art' music4 ,b we %\ld always rememb] t ?is is only because art music repres5ts ! great majority ( all ! music t has be5 not$ d[n--& ( c\rse 9 a measure art songs at _! be/ conta9 9 a sublimat$ =m ! elem5ts ( folk-song4 ,! less civiliz$ & consci\s p are1 ! m readily !y d _! own s++4 ,!re is little spontane\s song among u to-day & yet we c occasionally he> a workman humm+ an aimless tune "u 8 brea?4 ,?is 0 probably ! normal /ate ( ?+s :5 m5 7 less educat$4 ,ev]ybody 0 a compos]1 p>tly because x 0 easi] to make up y\r own song ?an to rememb] somebody else's4 ,among ! ,indians songs 7 reg>d$ 9 "s tribes z ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! p]son :o inv5t$ !m & 7 n to be sung by any "o else unless t second p]son _h acquir$ ! rights 9 x by gift or inh]itance4 ,b g5]ally1 z p became some:at m advanc$1 songs 7 freely appropriat$ f "o s+] to ano!r4 ,& ea* s+] :o borr[$ g5]ally add$ some?+ ( 8 own to ! song--some?+ to express 8 s5se ( beauty or arti/ic fitness3 a m effective phras+ "h1 or a simpl] gr\p ( notes !re4 ,sometimes ! song 0 s popul> t x pass$ f tribe to tribe1 or f nation to nation4 ,9 ?is case ea* p gave its individuality to ! song1 add+ p]haps a little ornam5tation if its nature 0 gay & volatile1 or mak+ ! melody m regul> & balanc$ if its s\l 0 e>ne/ & contemplative4 ,ev]y:]e ! races1 ! nations1 & ! tribes h %[n _! s\ls to u 9 _! songs4 ,we mu/ n suppose t ^! songs1 :i* 7 s highly treasur$1 7 elaborate4 ,sometimes !y 7 made ( no m ?an two or ?ree tones ( ! scale4 ,9 ?\s&s ( songs !re are no m ?an five tones & c]ta9 octave r$uplications 7z1 = in/ance1 9 #8,auld ,lang ,syne'74 ,9 mo/ cases ! m primitive popul> songs are too simple to make any impression ^u u at all4 ,b (t5 t is our fault & n !irs4 ,our ta/e has be5 some:at spoil$ by highly season$ food4 ,aft] a little sympa!tic /udy ( primitive songs we f9d !m full ( eloqu5ce & pa?os4 ,,ii ,b :e!r or n ! e>ly songs w\ld please u n[1 !y 7 ( incalculable importance 9 ! lives ( e>ly peoples4 ,we are incl9$ to reg>d s++ z an amusem5t only4 ,we =get t x once _h a practical importance t is h>dly to be equall$ by any s+le in/itution 9 mod]n life4 ,m5 7 %ut up )9 valleys1 or ti$ by _! "w to ! fields4 ,x 0 by s++ & poetry t !y became citiz5s ( ! _w4 ,=1 be=e ! days ( newspap]s & po/al s]vice1 x 0 ! w&]+ b>ds :o took ! news f city to city1 f c\rt to c\rt1 f nation to nation4 ,!y s]v$ z hi/orians1 record+ 9 v]se ! great ev5ts ( _! own nation & o!rs1 & pass+ ! record d[n to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,!y s]v$ z public libr>ies1 cons]v+ ! leg5d & s5tim5t ( nations = ! ref]5ce ( o!rs4 ,m1 !y cons]v$ ! tea*+ ( religi\s se]s1 ! great unwritt5 laws ( ! nation1 f fa!rs to *ildr54 ,9 %ort1 all t pass$ betwe5 nation & nation1 & betwe5 g5]ation & g5]ation1 0 transmitt$ 9 song4 ,we wond]1 ( c\rse1 :y ^! ?+s happ5$ 9 song1 r ?an 9 pla9 prose4 ,b ! answ] is simple3 v]se is easi] to rememb] ?an prose4 ,all ! /ories1 all ! laws1 all ! culture ( ! nation _h to be rememb]$4 ,p's memories s]v$ in/ead ( libr>ies4 ,& ) su* a mass ( matt] to rememb]1 p develop$ memories :i* are almo/ unbelievable to-day4 ,to reta9 ! equival5t ( hundr$s ( pages ( prose 0 ( c\rse impossible4 ,b once ?r[ ! matt] into v]se & ! rememb]+ ( x1 to a primitive man1 became comp>atively simple4 ,! :ole ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey 7 transmitt$ 9 ?is way ?r\gh at lea/ ?ree c5turies be=e !y 7 committ$ to writ+4 ,= v]se someh[ rememb]s itself2 ! s\nd rema9s ev5 aft] ! s5se is gone4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,l4 ,kittr$ge1 ( ,h>v>d1 tells ( "s lit]>y inve/igators 9 ! ,ori5t1 :o came ^u a bl9d begg>4 ,!y ask$ him to recite poetry1 & he />t$ on a long epic ( :i* he knew ?\s&s ( l9es4 ,x 0 n 9 ! language ( ! "t1 b an old & /range tongue4 ,!y ask$ him :at ! l9es meant4 ,he did n "k4 ,he _h he>d !m f 8 fa!r1 & _h rememb]$ !m by ! s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration f ! ,roman d] ,fauvel 7#ae? ,c5t47 ,x 01 !n1 ( ! highe/ importance t all k t 0 to be pres]v$ be ca/ 9 metrical =m4 ,a w&]+ m9/rel 0 able to tell "o c\ntry ab\t ! battles ( ano!r c\ntry by mak+ a song ab\t !m4 ,! nature ( ! ,gods & ! religi\s duties ( m5 c\ld be pres]v$ = succe$+ c5turies because ,hom] made a poem out ( !m4 ,& s poetry 0 a ?+ ( incalculable value4 ,9 ^! practical matt]s1 ( c\rse1 ! music 0 n ( ! same importance z ! words4 ,we d n "k1 9 fact1 to :at ext5t music ent]$ into ! recit+ ( ! old poems4 ,b x has be5 conjectur$ t ev5 ! longe/ poems1 l ! ,iliad1 7 usually inton$ & rose into some?+ l a set melody 9 ! m impassion$ p>ts4 ,c]ta9ly ! %ort] poems always t5d$ to f9d a tune = !mselves4 ,x is ev5 q likely t ! b>ds inv5t$ words & tune at ! same "t4 ,! long ,rob9 ,hood poems ( ,engl& 7 usually sung & n spok5 & we possess "s ( ! curi\s tunes ) :i* !y 7 traditionally associat$4 ,among ! e>li] m9/rels mu* ( ! music 0 improvis$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! recitation1 ?\gh z ! poems became old & widely spread x is likely t !y 7 associat$ ) precise melodies or melodic motives4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems t little ( ! metrical lit]ature ant$at+ ! art ( writ+ 0 )\t music ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,all e>ly ref]5ces1 h[ev]1 t5d to reg>d ! tune & ! words z "o & ! same ?+4 ,x seems to "s1 !re=e1 s9ce melody is n m5tion$ by itself1 t music 0 ( slight importance4 ,b ! tru? seems r to be t ! melody 0 insep>able f ! words & n to be ?\ght ( ap>t f !m4 ,& ! music seems to h be5 ( ! highe/ importance 9 giv+ dignity & s]i\sness to ! poem4 ,:at ! music ( ! e>lie/ poems 0 l we h no exact means ( guess+4 ,! writ+ ( musical notes is ( comp>atively late inv5tion & !re 0 no way to pres]ve ! old tunes ?r\gh ! *ang+ c5turies4 ,:5 ! traditional poems 7 committ$ to writ+ ! sacr$ m>riage ( v]se & music usually end$ 9 a divorce4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a ,f9ni% melody ( great age1 sung to an epic fragm5t1 :i* might be tak5 z typical4 ,x consi/s ( few notes 7:i* c safely be said ( ne>ly all primitive tunes71 b ! /anza is long & ! w9d+ melodic l9e is highly expressive4 ,b 9 g5]al we _c hope to "k ! e>lie/ melodies ( ! ,european nations4 ,we c fumble our way back ab\t a ?\s& ye>s & !n we are met by ! blackness ( my/]y4 ,b we "k t ! songs 7 !re & t !y gave to little lives ! opportunity ( be+ big4 ,we f9d x h>d to realize h[ important !y 71 n[ t telegraph wires h connect$ all p>ts ( ! _w1 :5 a message c be s5t f ,san ,francisco to ,mosc[ & back 9 a day1 :5 all t has happ5$ ! _w ov] 7& mu* besides7 is spread out be=e u on pap] at our breakfa/ tables ! next morn+1 :5 all k is classifi$ & publi%$ & c be f\nd 9 any good public libr>y4 ,imag9e y\rself liv+ 9 a village or work+ on a f>m )\t ^! ?+s4 ,x is a day's walk to ! next village4 ,! next c\ntry lies beyond ! m\nta9s & !re are no passes ov]1 & besides !re w\ld be no way ( liv+ if y left y\r "w1 unless y w5t z a pilgrim4 ,e ye> a few "y m5 w&] away seek+ _! =tunes & nev] come back4 ,e ye> a few m5 come seek+ _! =tunes & /ay4 ,"o or two m5 h w&]$ ! _w & come back home1 tell+ wond]ful incoh]5t tales ( :at happ5s beyond ! m\nta9s4 ,b ?is is all ! news y get beyond ! gossip ( y\r t[n & ! c\ntry ar\nd--except t once 9 a :ile comes a w&]+ m9/rel or juggl] ) tricks & songs4 ,he w tell y ! political =tunes ( ! next k+dom & :e!r its k+ is likely to g to w> ) y\r k+ & :e!r y w ?us be =c$ to s]ve 9 ! army4 ,he w tell y ! gossip & sc&al ( ! c\rts4 ,he w tell y ! cu/oms ( o!r p & w give y practical h9ts t may save y tr\ble 9 y\r "w4 ,&1 be/ ( all1 he w tell y new /ories to v>y ! monotony ( ! village gossip4 ,s y w sp5d a wond]ful aft]noon li/5+ to him 9 ! village squ>e1 & :5 he is gone y w h some?+ to ?9k & talk ab\t = weeks to come4 ,?us ! w&]+ s+]s s]v$ z newspap]s4 ,& _! be/ songs 7 rememb]$ & repeat$ 7& improv$ ^u7 to s]ve z hi/ory f t "t on4 ,b hi/ory might also be made 9 ano!r way4 ,! skalds ( ! nor!rn races accompani$ _! *iefs on _! battles 9 ord] to s+ ( !m aft]w>ds4 ,b !y 7 !re z hi/orians1 n m]ely z poets4 #8,ye %all be "h t ye may see ) y\r own eyes :at is a*iev$ ?is day1' ,k+ ,olaf is record$ to h told 8 skalds on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,/ikla/ad 7#ajcj71 #8& h no occasion1 :5 ye %all aft]w>d celebrate ^! actions 9 song1 to dep5d on ! reports ( o!rs4' ,! skalds 7 !re1 t is1 z true witnesses ( ! ev5ts1 z ! specializ$ repositories ( hi/orical in=mation4 ,we _c suppose t _! reports 7 altoge!r tru?ful4 ,!y 7 d\btless expect$ to #8=get' _m ?+s t might seem +lori\s4 ,b _! songs (t5 pass$ to ! p4 ,&1 if ! k+ or *ief _h made a bad record ) !m1 be sure ! songs became *ang$ 9 p's m\?s to %[ him 9 8 true "*4 ,& v (t5 ! p1 or _! own s+]s1 made ! n>rative songs !mselves1 deal+ out praise or blame by _! own ju/ice )\t fe> or favor4 ,9 religion song 0 a matt] ( ! highe/ importance1 z x has always be54 ,a prophet might reveal ! w ( ! gods1 b1 unless he 7 a poet or _h a poet to help him1 he c\ld n make p rememb] x4 ,& s 9 all primitive races ! prie/s 7 poets & musicians4 ,by ! beauty & impressiv5ess ( _! songs !y prov$ _! "r to int]pret ! div9e w4 ,& only 9 poems c\ld !y pres]ve _! doctr9e = _! successors4 ,b 9 "t ! prie/s g5]ally _h to give up _! pre/ige to ^? :o 7 fir/ ( all poets & s+]s4 ,! gods ( ,greece 7 int]pret$ & made kn[n to ! p by ! poets4 ,! ,teutonic & ,norse gods 7 made kn[n 9 ! epics & sagas4 ,no "o else spoke to ! p ) ! same religi\s conviction z ! poet4 ,& s ! poets h always1 until ! mo/ rec5t times1 p>tak5 ( a c]ta9 religi\s sanctity4 ,dante & ,milton s]v$ z int]pret]s ( religion to _! fell[ creatures--z be+s set ap>t #8to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to m54' ,,iii ,?us song1 !n1 0 ! *ief ag5t ( civilization to primitive man4 ,all t is suppli$ 9 our lives by railroads1 telegraph l9es1 telephones1 newspap]s1 books1 & libr>ies 0 suppli$ to primitive peoples by song4 ,b ?is /ill repres5ts only half ! value ( song4 ,if x gave to primitive m5 all ! practical s]vice :i* specializ$ inv5tions are r5d]+ to u1 x also gave !m ! romance & beauty :i* we h l>gely lo/ f our lives4 ,e simple1 primitive p]son1 we h said1 s+s--ei!r 8 own song or 8 neighbor's4 ,we h 9 great abundance ! records ( :at _! songs 7 ab\t4 ,! subjects cov] ne>ly ! :ole range capable ( arti/ic treatm5t1 b *iefly ! great human exp]i5ces--love1 pity1 nature1 dea?1 ! sup]natural4 ,sl[ly1 aft] mu* imitat+ & exp]im5t+1 m5 le>n$ to s+ _! feel+s4 ,?is a*ievem5t 0 s important t !re is h>dly ano!r "o to be comp>$ ) x4 ,= ! gr[? ( civilization has be5 simply ! gr[? 9 m5 ( consci\sness--consci\sness ( !mselves & _! surr\nd+s4 ,& e new song t m5 7 able to make = !mselves m>k$ a new /ep 9 consci\sness4 ,to u x seems q obvi\s t a de]1 = in/ance1 has f\r legs4 ,b ! fact is obvi\s only z ev]y?+ else is obvi\s :5 x is really look$ at4 ,! great difficulty is to get p to look at ?+s4 ,& x 0 probably a real 7& mo/ important7 discov]y :5 ! primitive huntsman realiz$ t ! de] he _h be5 hunt+ _h f\r legs1 & n ?ree or five4 ,he simply hadn't ?\ght ab\t ! matt] be=e4 ,he hadn't obs]v$ cle>ly4 ,n[ he _h add$ "o m fact ab\t life to 8 m5tal treasure h\se4 ,he _h become "o m degree cle>ly consci\s4 ,n[1 art has be5 ! *ief ag5t ( ?is advanc+ consci\sness ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,our huntsman p]haps nev] ?\ght ab\t ! numb] ( ! de]'s legs until he tri$ to draw ! de] ) a bone knife on ! wall ( 8 cave4 ,b :5 he _h to create ! de] 9 a "w ( art !n he _h to come to cle> consci\sness ab\t ! matt]4 ,& ! same is true ( e song t simple p h made4 ,x necessitat$ true obs]vation4 ,x =c$ its au?or to see4 ,x may seem *ildi%ly obvi\s to say 9 a song t ! bluebells are blue1 b mo/ p pay little att5tion to ! "q4 ,x is some?+ to h ?\ght ! fact wor? m5tion+4 ,b x 0 mu* m4 ,x 0 n only an increase 9 consci\sness4 ,x 0 an increase 9 exp]i5ce4 ,by s++ ov] 8 little song ab\t ! bluebell ! peasant enjoy$ ! bluebell a second "t 9 8 imag9ation4 ,x is no?+ aga9/ ! song t ! blu5ess ( ! bluebell is obvi\s4 ,mo/ ( ! beautiful ?+s 9 life are obvi\s b nev]!less g unrecogniz$4 ,! important ?+ ab\t ! song is t somebody enjoy$ ! blu5ess ( ! bluebell s mu* t he _h to s+ ab\t x4 ,! great use ( ^! p]sonal songs to p 0 t x help$ !m to feel at home 9 ! _w4 #8,! fir/ poet ( human ?+s1' says ! ,c\ntess ,m>t95go-,cs>esco1 #80 p]haps "o :o /ood 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?4 ,9 ! twilight t w5t be=e civilization ! loves ( m5 7 prosaic & intellectual unre/ 0 remote1 b !re 0 already ,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr5 & w\ld n be com=t$ because !y are n4' ,dea? z a my/]y 0 a horror too great to be borne4 ,b dea? made into a song c\ld be look$ at & 9 "s degree kn[n4 ,! awful s5se ( helplessness z p /ood beside a fre% grave 0 alleviat$ by _! s++ ( _! grief4 ,:5 ! my/]y _h become inc>nat$ 9 a "w ( art !y c\ld face x & "k :o _! enemy 04 ,e man :o feels emotions craves expression ( !m4 ,! ability to express is p]haps :at sep>ates man f ! animals4 ,! man :o _c a*ieve ! expression ( :at he feels s9ks back into a spiritual numbness 9 :i* joy & sorr[ are ( less importance4 ,b ! man :o is able to see ! ?+s t are )9 him & ab\t him--to see !m cle>ly en\gh to express !m 9 songs--is able to take 8 place 9 life & g on to m consci\sness & m p[]4 ,some?+ l ?is is ! s]vice songs h p]=m$ to m5's s\ls4 ,b1 mo/ ( all1 ( c\rse1 songs h taught m5 h[ to love4 ,z m5 began to realize t love mu/ be m ?an a m]e bl9d crav+ !y _h to answ] ! "q3 #8,h[ mu* d ,i love h]8 ,h[ d ,i love h]8' ,& ! "q _h to be answ]$ 9 "s k9d ( concrete t]ms4 ,"o old ,fr5* lov] says 9 8 song t if ,k+ ,h5ry gave to him ! t[n ( ,p>is on condition t he give up ! love ( 8 swee!>t1 he w\ld reply to ,h5ry ! ,k+3 #8,take back y\r t[n ( ,p>is2 ,i love my swee!>t m1 heigh-ho1 ,i love my swee!>t m4' ,& :5 we read ! f9e /raight=w>d old ,fr5* 9 :i* ! song is sung we "k t he meant x4 ,x is evid5t t ! :ole e/ate ( love & m>riage has ris5 to a va/ly high] level :5 ! lov]1 in/ead ( say+1 #8,i want my swee!>t1' c s+1 #8,i want my swee!>t m ?an ,i want ! t[n ( ,p>is4' ,s songs gave to life def9ite mean+s & values4 ,,iv ,9 ! beg9n+1 z we h said1 x is probable t ev]ybody made songs = himself4 ,hel5 ,vac>esco not$ a long song improvis$ by a ,r\manian peasant woman :o 0 go+ mad2 ! woman 0 suff]+ "u a great sorr[ & 0 try+ to express x4 ,be+ simple & )\t k or fe> ( arti/ic =ms & laws1 %e 0 able to express x4 ,& ea* day %e w&]$ 9 ! fields s++ ! song %e _h compos$1 *ang+ x little by little4 ,x 0 n made = ! sake ( mak+ a song1 b = ! sake ( express+ h] sorr[4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 only half a song & a half a me*anical repetition ( h] tr\bles4 ,b x _h its beauty ( ^w & some?+ l a set melody2 x 0 an emotion objectifi$1 put into a "w ( art :]e x c\ld be look$ at & kn[n4 ,"h 0 song at its v e>lie/ beg9n+4 ,x 0 spontane\s1 x 0 p]sonal1 x 0 utt]ly s9c]e4 ,&1 because x s\ght "s objective =m1 x 0 a primitive "w ( art4 ,we may imag9e ! e>lie/ songs />t+ 9 j ?is way4 ,p]haps ?is ,r\manian peasant woman _h h] c\nt]p>t ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,h] song1 or "p ( x1 0 he>d & imitat$ by o!rs :o felt ! same sorr[4 ,x 0 *ang$ 9 pass+ f m\? to m\?4 ,ne$less words 7 dropp$1 weak expressions 7 /r5g!n$4 ,z m5 became able to look m cle>ly at _! tr\ble ! ess5tial ?+s 9 ! song 7 emphasiz$ or put 9 a m emphatic position4 ,ev]y?+ 0 dropp$ f x t did n express ! v he>t ( ! emotion4 ,! l9es p]haps became m rhy?mical2 ! v]ses began to balance & contra/ ) ea* o!r2 ! metaphors became m brilliant or m precise4 ,soon all memb]s ( ! tribe knew x1 & :5 ! "y m5 w&]$ away to o!r l&s !y took ! song ) !m4 ,at ! same "t a simil> p]fect+ process 0 go+ on 9 ! music4 ,! orig9al melody 0 p]haps little m ?an a *ant ( two or ?ree notes1 ! tune ris+ :5 ! emotional pit* 0 rais$ & dropp+ :5 ! movem5t became m calm4 ,! tune 0 at fir/ n ?\ght ( z a ?+ 9 itself4 ,b gradually p became consci\s ( ! two or ?ree notes 9 _! relation & succession4 ,& !y began to make !m m v>i$1 to express ! *anges ( emotion m accurately4 ,! melody became divid$ into /anzas & l9es correspond+ ) ! words & %[$ 9 itself :]e ! ?\ght came to a p>tial /op & :]e x began aga94 ,!n p began to notice peculi> figures :i* !y _h unconsci\sly put into ! melody4 ,!y made use ( ^!1 balanc+ or contra/+ !m to add beauty to ! tune4 ,& gradually ! melody came to h beauty & mean+ ( its own4 ,?is s]ies ( *anges p]haps occupi$ c5turies1 = ! arti/ic p[] ( primitive m5 advances v sl[ly4 ,! s+]s _h n yet ?\ght ( putt+ ?is song 9 rhy?m2 & x 0 yet _m c5turies be=e !y w\ld feel any?+ l a musical scale4 ,rhy?m _h probably develop$ among p z a ?+ 9 itself1 n directly connect$ ) musical tones4 ,rhy?mic movem5t is common to all m5--9 walk+1 9 runn+1 & 9 ! beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,danc+ mu/ h aris5 spontane\sly f an excess ( emotion4 ,su* danc+ 0 p]haps accompani$ by ! clapp+ ( h&s1 ! beat+ ( /icks1 or ! p\nd+ ( "s primitive drum4 ,!n ) ! inv5tion ( "s primitive musical in/rum5t ! tribal musician began to play a simple dance tune 9 rhy?m1 a tune ( two notes1 at fir/ an aimless %ift+ f "o note to ano!r1 & lat] an organiz$ melody ) tonal figures & balances & contra/s4 ,x is probable t ^! two elem5ts--rhy?m & melody--7 develop$ sep>ately & 7 at fir/ reg>d$ z sep>ate arts4 ,at lea/ x seems c]ta9 t s++ 0 at fir/ )\t rhy?m4 ,x mu/ h be5 a wond]ful day :5 somebody ?\ght ( comb9+ ! two--( s++ ! old song ) metre & acc5ts4 ,b ?is1 too1 mu/ h develop$ v sl[ly1 be+ at fir/ no m ?an an acc5t+ ( ea* alt]native note4 ,at ! same "t ! song _h probably be5 divid$ into l9e divisions4 ,! s+] !n probably develop$ 8 rhy?m f bo? ends1 s to speak1 build+ a m complex s]ies ( acc5ts f ! s+le gr\p ( two notes1 & at ! same "t subdivid+ ! l9e into sections4 ,aft] sev]al m c5turies1 p]haps1 ! tribe possess$ a song t 0 fairly metrical & regul>4 ,all ?is "t ! notion ( a scale--a set succession ( notes f :i* ! notes ( ! tune 7 to be *os5--0 entirely lack+4 ,x came comp>atively late 9 musical developm5t1 ?\gh x is ! fir/ incid5t 9 musical hi/ory4 ,at fir/ ea* melody 0 its own scale4 ,!n1 z p began to obs]ve simil>ities 9 ! tone relations betwe5 sev]al melodies1 !y began to h a conception ( ! regul> succession ( tones :i* 0 common to all ( !m4 ,su* a succession1 a mode or primitive scale1 0 ( b ?ree or f\r notes4 ,by arrang+ ! semi-tones sev]al new scales c\ld be =m$4 ,& by "h & !re add+ a note above or bel[ ! scales c\ld be enl>g$4 ,) ! enl>gem5t ( ! scales melodies became enl>g$ 9 range4 ,m opportunities arose = ! balanc+ & contra/+ ( melodic devices4 ,! tune became m complex1 m regul>1 & m beautiful4 ,x 0 n[ sev]al c5turies s9ce ! song _h fir/ come into exi/5ce4 ,s9ce t "t x _h und]gone p]haps a doz5 trans=mations1 ea* s unlike ! o!r t nobody w\ld h suspect$ !y _h any relation4 ,b !y 7 diff]5t =ms ( "o & ! same song4 ,= songs h ance/ors & desc5dants j z m5 d4 ,our song may h _h a num]\s prog5y4 ,z x pass$ f "o prov9ce to ano!r c]ta9 phrases ( ! melody l+]$ 9 p's m9ds & f\nd _! way into o!r songs4 ,p]haps a l9e or two ( its words became common prop]ty & 7 us$ z ! refra9 = a new song4 ,c]ta9ly z p made o!r songs !y p]=ce made !m some:at 9 ! image ( ! great ance/or4 ,?us = c5turies--t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty1 likely z n--! song 0 gr[+ & *ang+1 or at lea/ giv+ bir? to *ildr5 be=e dy+ by ! wayside4 ,& folk-songs are /ill alive1 gr[+ & *ang+4 ,x seems possible t ! ye>s ( _! natural life may be numb]$1 = x is becom+ h>d] e ye> = !m to live 9 _! new environm5t4 ,b !y are /ill 9 ! l& ( ! liv+ & may cont9ue = c5turies to come1 & if s !y are b\nd to cont9ue to gr[ & *ange4 ,?irty c5turies ( gr[? h n tak5 place t songs may /op gr[+ "r "h4 ,p]haps ! songs ( to-day may seem z crude to p five hundr$ ye>s h5ce z ! songs ( five hundr$ ye>s ago seem to u n[4 ,v ,we mu/ always rememb] t songs ( e k9d are prim>ily compos$ 9 ! _s ( ?is typical folk-song4 ,ev5 ! mo/ le>n$ compos] is spiritually a desc5dant ( ! crazy ,r\manian peasant woman1 & 8 songs1 if !y are real songs at all1 are ( ! same spontane\s k9d z h]s4 ,h[ev] mu* he may be occupi$ ) consci\s s*ola/ic pr9ciples1 if 8 music does n someh[ s+ 9 ?is natural1 artless ve9 x is b z s\nd+ brass & t9kl+ cymbal4 ,! impulse to song is ! s\l ( all true songs ! _w ov]4 ,:at ?is impulse is has occupi$ ! m9ds ( !ori/s = _m a ye>4 ,_! explanations are p]haps n important1 s9ce :atev] _! conclusions we /ill posses ! wond]ful song lit]ature :i* is at our disposal4 ,b _! !ories are at lea/ int]e/+1 if only to prove t song1 l love1 is "o ( ^? human ?+s t c nev] be utt]ly expla9$4 ,primitive p almo/ inv>iably attribute music to div9e ag5cy4 ,we "k ! /ory ( ,orpheus1 :o mov$ ! bea/s & ev5 ! rocks & trees to te>s by 8 sweet s++4 ,we "k also ! /ory ( ! competition ( ,apollo ! h>p play] & ,m>syas ! flute play]4 ,! ,*9ese say t !y obta9$ _! musical scale f a miracul\s bird4 ,! leg5d is int]e/+ z %[+ h[ p t5d to inv5t a sup]natural explanation = ! artificial laws :i* are felt to ne$ "s sort ( sup]/iti\s bol/]+ up4 ,= x is record$ 9 ,*9ese hi/ory t ?is scale has sev]al times be5 *ang$ by edict ( ! emp]or1 :o consid]s an or?odox scale a v important ?+ to insi/ ^u & wi%es to h 8 ^w accept$ z div9e law4 ,! ,japanese tradition is t ! sun-goddess once retir$ into a cave & ! gods devis$ music to lure h] =? once m4 ,! /ory sugge/s ! practice ( c]ta9 primitive tribes :o s+ & dance dur+ a sol> eclipse1 ei!r to sc>e away ! evil spirits or to beg ! sun-god back into _! mid/4 ,! ,nahua ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica say t ! god ,tezcatlipoca s5t = music f ! sun & made a bridge ( :ales & turtles by :i* to convey x to ! e>?4 ,! ,abyss9ians h a tale to ! effect t ,y>$ transmitt$ music to m51 ! holy _s hav+ appe>$ to him 9 ! =m ( a pigeon4 ,b 9 ! /ory ( ! ,javans !re seems to be a k]nel ( sci5tific tru?4 ,!y say t ! e>lie/ music 0 sugge/$ to !m by ! w9d :i/l+ ?r\gh a bamboo tube :i* _h be5 left hang+ on a tree4 ,! !ories ( ! e>li] musical philosoph]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 n s unlike ^! leg5ds z !y seem$ at ! "t4 ,^! m5 _h a limit$ hi/orical outlook & 7 incl9$ to discr$it1 :5 !y did n ignore1 ! music prec$+ t ( ,pale/r9a1 j z ! hi/orians ( pa9t+ be=e ,rusk9's "t t5d$ to reg>d all ,italian pa9t+ be=e ,raphael z m]e exp]im5tal bungl+4 ,to ^! e>li] philosoph]s music 0 a ?+ discov]$ r ?an a ?+ evolv$4 ,9 _! view music _h always exi/$ 9 a sort ( secret treasure h\se in/itut$ by a b5efic5t creator = ! edification ( m54 ,all melodies & h>monies 7 pil$ 9 !re await+ ! explorations ( musicians4 ,! explorations 7 und]tak5 by ! #8inspir$' arti/s1 ^? :o _h be5 end[$ ) f9] e>s & m d>+ imag9ations4 ,all musical hi/ory 0 a /ory ( ! developm5t ( music f its imp]fect /ate among ! primitives to its p]fect /ate ) ,bee?ov54 ,?is description may be exagg]at$1 b x is c]ta9 t ! e>li] !ori/s consid]$ music z a self-exi/5t ?+1 ) its own laws & its own pr9ciples ( beauty--laws & pr9ciples :i* mu/ be discov]$ by ! elect among arti/s in/ead ( be+ evolv$ by ! peoples4 ,z to ! impulse to song & to arti/ic creation 9 g5]al !y laid x to t my/]i\s ?+1 #8inspiration4' ,s*op5hau]'s !ory has a mod]n r+ & is excell5t poetry ev5 ?\gh x c h>dly rank z sci5ce4 ,he says t :ile ! o!r arts--pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture--repres5t ! ,idea1 :i* is ! reflection ( ! ,w1 music repres5ts ! ,w itself4 ,x is pure en]gy1 ! ne>e/ ?+ t exi/s among m5 to ! ess5ce ( reality4 ,) ,d>w9 all ?is k9d ( speculation *ang$ & ! !ories ( musical orig9s became m a matt] ( biology ?an ( music4 ,d>w9 trac$ ! impulse to song to ! love-mak+ ( animals & primitive man4 ,he %[$ h[ 9 ,nature beauty is cont9ually be+ made ! adjunct & s]vant ( love--h[ ! bird s+s or ! insect dances to attract its mate4 ,_m !ori/s h s\ght to expla9 ! :ole ( art z orig9at+ 9 ! sexual impulse4 ,b 9 ?is !ory1 z 9 all1 !re are data on bo? sides ( ! "q & ! explanation is int]e/+ r ?an valuable4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] pursues ! same biological l9e4 ,b he traces ! impulse to song f ! surplus ( en]gy 9 liv+ ?+s4 ,nature1 z we "k1 is prodigal1 produc+ ?\s&s ( eggs or se$s :]e %e expects only scores ( insects or plants to gr[4 ,& s %e gives to ea* liv+ ?+ m en]gy ?an is ne$$ to keep x alive & heal?y--or at lea/ m en]gy ?an is ne$$ all ! "t4 ,) ?is surplus ( en]gy some?+ mu/ be done4 ,& t some?+ among m5 is art4 ,:5 a wild rose-bu% is put 9 ri* soil x gr[s a d\ble rose & a l>g] "o4 ,& s1 :5 a man has a little m ?an en\gh = 8 mat]ial ne$s1 he attempts to decorate & beautify 8 surr\nd+s4 ,to ,sp5c] ! typical example ( nasc5t art is ! *ild :o dances out ( pure joy ( life4 ,b o!rs object to ?is1 say+ t ?is danc+ ( ! *ild 7& all simil>ly spontane\s art7 is lack+ 9 ! v quality :i* makes art--namely1 discipl9e & control4 ,x is selection & control1 !y say1 :i* makes any "w ( art m ?an a m]e daub ( color or conglom]ation ( s\nds4 ,c]ta9ly ! biological !ories h n satisfactorily expla9$ ! second great elem5t 9 arti/ic creation--! impulse to ref9em5t4 ,we h se5 t once our typical folk-song 0 inv5t$ by ! ,r\manian peasant woman x c\ld n /ay z x 01 b _h to take new =ms1 *ang+ cont9ually1 &1 z we see x1 usually = ! bett]4 ,:at is x t makes m5 dissatisfi$ ) a crude1 =mless melody & desir\s ( mak+ x regul> & organic8 ,p]haps x is no m ?an ! impulse to play :i* *ildr5 %[ :5 !y arrange pebbles 9 new & /range %apes on ! s& or savages :5 !y daub _! faces ) new colors ( w>-pa9t4 ,aga9 ! surplus ( en]gy8 ,p]haps4 ,p]haps :5 p h become famili> ) _! primitive melody !y notice a peculi> turn ( ! phrase & take pleasure 9 see+ :at !y c d ) x 9 ! way ( repeat+ x & inv5t+ contra/+ phrases4 ,at any rate1 !re x is1 ?is impulse to ref9em5t1 m my/]y = ! !ori/ & m ent]ta9m5t = ! music lov]4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! !ories probably err 9 try+ to simplify ! case too mu*4 ,m likely music has n "o simple cause1 b _m int]act+ causes4 ,l e individual man ^: ance/ors are a multitude1 song mu/ be ! result ( _m1 _m causes4 ,,vi ,we h be5 speak+ *iefly ( ! folk-song1 ! f\nta9 ( all vocal music4 ,b ! art-song1 t is1 ! song = a solo voice ) in/rum5tal accompanim5t1 :i* is quantitively b a small "p ( vocal music1 is ! special /udy ( ?is book4 ,= conv5i5ce we date ! beg9n+ ( ?is art-song f ,s*ub]t1 reg>d+ ! song writ]s :o prec$$ him z m]e exp]im5t]s4 ,accord+ly1 at ! "t ( ! writ+ ( ?is book ! art-song1 "o ( ! f\r or five great divisions ( mod]n music1 is h>dly a c5tury old4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a some:at arbitr>y division t sep>ates ! art-song f song z a :ole4 ,! arbitr>y division is ju/ifi$ by its conv5i5ce4 ,s*ub]t may fairly be said to h infus$ a new _s into song writ+ & mo/ ( ! songs writt5 by e/abli%$ compos]s s9ce 8 "t h be5 writt5 9 8 _s4 ,s we f9d an ext5sive & rem>kably homog5e\s song lit]ature1 ! product ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 :i* 9 its =m & int5t sep>ates itself f ! folk-song4 ,! songs on ! b\nd>y l9e are few4 ,! songs be=e ,s*ub]t :i* give any evid5ce ( ?is rec5t _s are h>dly to be f\nd at all4 ,x is z ?\gh a new god _h desc5d$ f ! skies & taught a new k9d ( art to 8 creatures4 ,:at is ?is di/9ction we draw betwe5 ! folk-song & ! art-song8 ,! sup]ficial elem5ts ( contra/ are apt to be mislead+1 =1 :ile mo/ folk-songs are simple1 _m art-songs are simple1 too2 &1 :ile _m art-songs are irregul> & peculi>1 _! irregul>ities are r>ely s great z are to be f\nd 9 ! e>li] folk-songs4 ,! di/9ction mu/ be s\ght 9 ! _s ( ! songs4 ,x becomes m eloqu5t ! m we /udy ! two sorts4 ,x =ces u cont9ually to seek fur!r back = ! true "* ( ea*1 s t at la/ x seems z ?\gh we ne$$ two diff]5t s\ls = ! s++ ( !m4 ,! folk-song speaks = man 9 ! mass2 ! art-song speaks = man ! individual4 ,= ! folk-song1 let u always rememb]1 0 compos$ n by an individual1 b by a mass1 ea* memb] ( :i* may h contribut$ "o or m ( its beauties4 ,if x _h sung ( a joy or sorr[ :i* belong$ exclusively to its orig9al s+]1 x w\ld h held no int]e/ = o!r p & w\ld h di$ ) its compos]4 ,^? folk-songs 71 ( c\rse1 mo/ popul> :i* spoke = ! int]e/s & emotions ( ! greate/ numb] ( m54 ,we c ju/ly say t ^? folk-songs are greate/ :i* s+ ( ! ?+s t are common to all m5 9 su* a way t !y c be und]/ood by all m54 ,b 9 ! composition ( ! art-song precisely ! opposite influ5ces are dom9ant4 ,! compos]1 if he is to make 8 m>k 9 ! art _w1 mu/ n write exactly l o!r compos]s1 b mu/ di/+ui% 8 "w 9 "s way4 ,he mu/ call att5tion to himself or 8 "w by writ+ 9 a /yle t is n q l anybody else's4 ,fa%ionable or critical audi5ces w pay little att5tion to ! man :o seems m]ely to be repeat+ :at a great] man has writt5 be=e him2 ^! audi5ces cont9ually crave a novelty or a s5sation4 ,ev]y?+ =ces ! consci\s compos] 9 ^! days to be z p]sonal z possible4 ,8 song !n expresses ! feel+s ( "o individual 9 "o p>ticul> /yle4 ,x has always be5 a nice "q ( ta/e :e!r "o pref]s to obs]ve ! type or ! individual4 ,w\ld y h y\r love song "o t c\ld be sung by e lov]1 high or l[1 or "o t w\ld r+ true = y alone8 ,if y are q hone/ y w probably h to admit t y w sw+ f "o to ! o!r f "t to "t4 ,at times x w seem vulg> t y %\ld be rejoic+ 9 precisely ! same s5tim5ts z ^? :i* are s5d+ ! ,italian bootblack into a sev5? heav52 y\r delicacy1 y\r s5se ( dignity w dem& t y\r love be y\r own1 l no "o else's on e>?4 ,&1 aga91 ! preci\s selfi%ness ( cultivat+ y\r own s\l ) su* consci\s c>e :5 x is su* a t9y "p ( humanity--su* a reaction w make y praise heav5 t y & ! bootblack c s+ ! same love song & feel ! same love4 ,h[ev] y feel ab\t x ! art-song has *os5 to specialize on individuals4 ,n only on individual p]sons1 b on p>ticul> feel+s ( ^? p]sons4 ,! folk-song expresses ! type emotion--love1 sorr[1 or patriotism2 ! art-song expresses "s p>ticul> %ade or nuance ( ^! emotions4 ,! ,scot* folk-tune :i* we s+ ) ,burns's /irr+ words1 #8,scots ,:a ,hae1' expresses magnific5tly ! defiance ( patriotic brav]y4 ,x might be ! song ( anybody fac+ odds 9 def5se ( 8 beliefs4 ,s*ub]t's song1 #8,c\rage1' has exactly ! same note ( defiance1 b1 s to speak1 only a p>ticul> section ( ! great g5]al emotion4 ,8 defiance is t ( a man brok5 d[n ) sorr[ & mis=tune1 :o 9 "o sup]b mom5t v[s to conqu] by pure =ce ( w p[]--a v[ :i* we "k is impossible ( fulfillm5t4 ,! mod]n ,fr5* compos]s are especially apt at cat*+ a p>ticul> delicate phase ( a mood or emotion & r5d]+ x s t x w\ld nev] be mi/ak5 = ano!r phase1 h[ev] mu* ! two resembl$ ea* o!r4 ,h y nev] caught y\rself moodily look+ at ! la/ gl[ f a sunset & wond]$ :e!r y h ev] _h a mom5t j l t be=e--a mom5t :i* ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! ?+s ab\t y w\ld h spoil$ utt]ly8 ,su* a mom5t x is ! delight ( ! art-song to portray2 x is almo/ unkn[n to ! folk-song4 ,! folk-song1 aga91 pres5ts an emotion 9 its sum total2 ! art-song pres5ts x 9 its compon5t p>ts4 ,) _! capacity & ze/ = exactitude song compos]s h cont9ually1 s9ce ,s*ub]t's "t1 giv5 m & m att5tion to accuracy ( detail4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ,s*ub]t's songs1 #8,gret*5 at ! ,sp9n+-:eel1' ! girl is mus+ ( h] lov] :ile %e is sp9n+4 ,! :irr ( ! sp9n+-:eel is 9 ! accompanim5t & enframes ! :ole song4 ,b :5 ! girl sighs1 #8,&1 ah1 8 kiss6' ,s*ub]t felt t %e w\ld surely n cont9ue h] me*anical sp9n+4 ,s he makes ! :irr+ /op 9 ! accompanim5t & 9 its place comes a lovely succession ( *ords--"o w\ld say l a blu%4 ,n[ a folk-song w\ld h paid no att5tion to su* a detail4 ,x w\ld h caught & probably caught ) wond]ful accuracy ! _s ( ! :ole song4 ,b ! v>iation ( mood 9 ! words w\ld n h affect$ ! music4 ,x c\ld n1 because ! folk-song1 unpubli%$ & dissem9at$ among _m untra9$ p]sons1 mu/ be easy to rememb]4 ,x is accord+ly mo/ (t5 ca/ 9 a regul> /anza =m & ! same melody is repeat$ = ea* v]se ( ! words1 ?\gh ! h]o9e *ange !re9 f ! noon ( joy to ! midnight ( sorr[4 ,! great majority ( art-songs1 !re=e1 are n writt5 9 /anza =m1 b foll[ ! words ) specially adapt$ music f beg9n+ to end4 7,?is is ! s-call$ dur*komponi]tes ,li$47 ,! =m ( ! art-song t5ds to be free 9 ! extreme1 :ile t ( ! folk-song is usually /rict & regul>4 ,9 ! art-song ! t5d5cy t[>d exactitude ( del9eation sometimes goes to extremes4 ,! music tries to be j to ea* phrase1 or ev5 to ea* ^w1 & ! song z a :ole is lo/ 9 ! details4 ,b 9 g5]al ! good art-song %[s n only ! emotion z a :ole1 by means ( its =mal or modal unity1 b also ! compon5t p>ts ( ! emotion plac$ side by side4 ,we might say t ! art-song foll[s ! impressioni/ic me?od ( %[+ ! compon5t colors on ! canvas & lett+ ! eye bl5d !m into ! resultant1 :ile ! folk-song foll[s ! old] me?od ( mix+ ! compon5ts on ! palette & %[+ only ! bl5d$ result to ! eye4 ,! highe/ glory ( ! folk-song is to express :at unites m54 ,! highe/ glory ( ! art-song is to express :at diff]5tiates m54 ,! folk-song includes2 ! art-song selects4 ,! folk-song is g5]al2 ! art-song precise4 ,! folk-song tells ( life z man f\nd x2 ! art-song tells ( life z man made x4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ t is di/9ctive ( ! art-song involves consci\s plann+4 ,h[ev] spontane\s & unre/ra9$ a ,li$] s+] may appe> on ! conc]t plat=m1 !re is beh9d 8 or h] int]pretation a :ole consci\s network ( selection & rejection4 ,a good folk-song1 z ev]yone has notic$1 asks = no intellectual compreh5sion--x #8s+s itself4' ,b an art-song r>ely #8s+s itself4' ,x mu/ be sung4 ,& ?is is precisely "o ( ! beauties ( ! art-song--! feel+ t x has be5 a*iev$ by art1 t x is ! work+-out ( somebody's int5tion1 t x has be5 p]sonally propell$4 ,,vii ,a good ,li$] s+] is l "s weav] ( a delicate design 9 silk4 ,e cross+ is plann$ & ! work] mu/ n let a s+le ?read slip ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 ,e detail ( a song mu/ be und]/ood be=e x c be int]pret$4 ,?is does n mean t ! s+] mu/ h a #8reason'--a logical argum5t 9 words--= ev]y?+ done4 ,usually words & argum5ts ab\t a song only befuddle ! arti/ic s5se4 ,! song mu/ be und]/ood 9 musical t]ms--by comp>+ ea* phrase ) simil> phrases 9 ! song1 by try+ diff]5t tempos1 diff]5t phras+s1 diff]5t qualities ( voice4 ,to und]/& a song 9 ! musical s5se is to "k :5 y s+ x t y c\ld h sung x 9 t5 or 9 fifty o!r specific ways1 b t y *ose to s+ x exactly 9 ?is way4 ,x requires a great deal ( att5tion to fix 9 y\r e> accurately all ! little beauties & peculi>ities ( ! melody1 ! di/9ctions conta9$ 9 t9y v>iations ( tempo1 & s on4 ,! facts are all obvi\s 9 ! song1 b !y dem& att5tion4 ,s ! process is exactly t ( ! primitive folk-s+] :o notic$1 to 8 delight1 t bluebells 7 blue & t ! de] _h f\r legs4 ,&1 l ! folk-s+]1 :5 y h consci\sly not$ a multitude ( ^! obvi\s facts y feel m at home 9 ! _w--y h complet$ a /ep 9 y\r education4 ,if ! s+] is oblig$ c>efully to select & reject1 he is only do+ :at ! compos] did be=e him4 ,= ! song writ]'s task is "o t w te/ ! s\ndness ( 8 musician%ip & 8 art4 ,! song is %ort4 ,x w probably be sung among a numb] ( o!r %ort songs4 ,x has e *ance ( be+ =gott54 ,! compos] c wa/e no "t4 ,) little or no prelud+ he mu/ /rike a melodic phrase t 9 smalle/ compass is wor? he>+ & wor? rememb]+4 ,he has none ( ! opportunities ( ! symphoni/ or ! op]a writ]4 ,he _c lead up to 8 *ief !me ) a long expressive or*e/ral cresc5do4 ,he _c introduce x at ! mom5t :5 8 audi5ce is key$ up & receptive ov] a t5se emotional /ory4 ,if ! melody ( ! song is n wor? ! tr\ble1 no am\nt ( decoration c make x s4 ,if "o phrase out ( f\r 9 ! song is good & ! re/ m$iocre1 ! song is z mu* a failure z ?\gh x _h no s+le b> ( beauty4 ,:5 ! compos] has writt5 8 song1 he has committ$ himself4 ,he /&s expos$ to ! univ]se )\t protection1 )\t excuse4 ,he has *os5 ! te/ ) :i* g5ius is te/$--to be great )9 n>r[ limits4 ,if 8 music speaks to ! he>t x speaks 9 words ( "o syllable4 ,if ! basic mat]ials ( a song are s simple1 x is evid5t t ! misplac+ ( a s+le note is a v s]i\s error4 ,! expressive phrase might h /ood 9 a doz5 slightly diff]5t =ms4 ,x 0 a delicate judgm5t & selection t *ose exactly ?is "o4 ,! phrase1 if x is to express some?+ ( importance1 mu/ sugge/ a great deal m ?an x c say4 ,?is is ! problem ( ! lyric--! p]sonal song ( ! emotions--:e!r 9 words or music4 ,if a poet is to express ! :ole t5d]ness & fury ( love 9 eight1 twelve1 or sixte5 l9es he mu/ select j ! "r details t w sugge/ ! :ole epic ( love t he did n write4 ,! /ructure & ! language may be simple 9 ! extreme4 #8,my luv' is l a r$1 r$ rose1' s+s ,burns 9 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful love lyrics ev] writt54 ,! poem is only a succession ( ! simple/ poetic figures1 similes2 impressive effects ( rhyme & metre are n to be f\nd4 ,b e "o ( ! similes is a ma/]piece1 sugge/+ 9 /rik+ mann] ! v>iety & extravagance ( ! lov]'s feel+s4 #8,my luv' is l a melody t's sweetly play'd 9 tune1' cont9ues ! poet4 #8,z fair art ?\1 my bonnie lass1 s deep 9 luv' am ,i'--& f ?is po9t ! imag]y sweeps up & up ) increas+ maje/y & fr5zy--#8,& ,i w luv' !e /ill1 my de>1 till a' ! seas gang dry4 ,till a' ! seas gang dry1 my de>1 & ! rocks melt wi' ! sun2 ,oh6 ,i w luv' !e /ill1 my de>1 :ile ! s&s o' life %all run4' ,we c imag9e ,milton build+ up a long & magnific5t description1 9 a :ole blank v]se canto1 ( ! rocks melt+ 9 ! heat ( ! sun4 ,b ,burns dazzles our imag9ation by j m5tion+ ! gorge\s picture & !n press+ on to ano!r4 ,! !mes ( a good song are l ?is4 ,!y picture ! he>t ( an emotion t might be made ! subject ( an op]a2 !y e/abli% in/antly a mood t might dom9ate a movem5t ( a symphony4 ,!y picture "o detail ( ! build+ & let x imply ! :ole va/ edifice4 ,s*umann1 9 ! middle section ( 8 song1 ,widmung1 has su* a melody1 "o :i* leads u /raight to ! c5tre ( a mood z pr(\nd z "o c f9d 9 _m symphonies3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,du bu/ die ,ruh'1 du bi/ d] ,fri$5 etc4 ,"o c imag9e ,bee?ov5 build+ a long1 sup]b movem5t out ( ?is !me2 ! 'cellos w\ld take x ov] ri* bass h>mony1 ! c\nt]po9t w\ld gr[ deep] & m complex1 a gr& cresc5do ( _m measures w\ld lead to a climax ) ! brass2 ! :ole body ( viol9s w\ld take up ! !me 9 unison2 x w\ld be ex*ang$ betwe5 ! wood-w9ds & /r+s2 & ! movem5t w\ld fade away on "s magical effect ) ! !me 9 ! high regi/]s ( ! viol9s4 ,! !me is abundantly wor? su* ext5d$ & s]i\s treatm5t4 ,s*umann uses x = two l9es & !n returns to 8 orig9al motive4 ,if 8 purpose _h be5 to get ! greate/ possible effect out ( giv5 mat]ials1 su* a proc$ure w\ld h be5 crim9al wa/efulness4 ,b 8 purpose 0 to express ! _s ( ! words4 ,s he us$ ! !me z ! expression dem&$1 n begrudg+ a motive :i* w\ld h s]v$ him = a :ole symphony movem5t4 ,&1 ?anks to ?is re/ra9t1 he made a p]fect song4 ,& ! re/ra9t :i* ! compos] %[$ 9 us+ !mes 9 nak$ simplicity mu/ be reflect$ 9 ! deliv]y ( ! song by ! s+]4 ,consci\s re/ra9t is =eign to ! _s ( ! folk-song1 except+ = ! univ]sal rule t e "w ( art mu/ %[ "s res]ve p[]4 ,b 9 ! art-song1 artific$ z x is ) consci\s pa9s1 res]ve 9 ! s+] is a virtue 9 itself4 ,unless "o feels t e detail ( ! deliv]y is firmly "u control "o has an uneasy s5se t ! s+] may fly (f ! h&le at any mom5t4 ,& ?is feel+ robs u ( any s5se we might h t ! s+] has a message to give4 ,mo/ conc]t-go]s "k only too well h[ little ?is pr9ciple is reg>d$ among ,li$] s+]s4 ,is !re "o s+] out ( t5 :o does n try to transc5d 8 or h] song8 ,is !re "o s+] out ( t5 :o w\ld n r h 8 or h] he>]s at ! end ( a piece exclaim3 #8,a great s+]6' r ?an #8,a great song6' ,& to =ce _! p]sonalities to ! =egr\nd s+]s w abuse _! songs f beg9n+ to end4 ,(t5 !y d x int5tionally1 s9c]ely believ+ t ?is is ! only k9d ( s++ t is effective4 ,b 9 a great numb] ( cases1 )\t d\bt1 x is done unconsci\sly1 z ! natural & only way ( s++4 ,a special color+ on "o ( ! s+]'s pet tones1 a long pause on a high note1 an exagg]at$ ret>d 9 a s5tim5tal passage--^! s9s aga9/ ta/e are be+ con/antly committ$ by s+]s ^: only int]e/ 9 songs is to advance _! p]sonal reputations4 ,9 a way !y are n to be blam$1 = competition is ke52 a hundr$ fail :]e "o succe$s1 & t "o succe$s usually only by =c+ 8 p]sonality on ! public2 & ! public is incl9$ to be blas1 to dem& picturesque p]sonalities1 & to grumble if a s+] is #8ord9>y4' ,s+]s ne$ intellig5t audi5ces z mu* z audi5ces ne$ intellig5t s+]s4 ,b1 :atev] may be ! lam5table /ate ( actual conditions1 a song1 if well sung1 is sung ) intellig5t re/ra9t4 ,! ideal s+] w give a song z he believes x %\ld be giv51 )\t concession to ! prejudices ( ! audi5ces1 cont5t to let ! "w ( art speak = itself & to all[ p to =get ! workman 9 _! joy at ! "w4 ,& z soon z ! dem& = re/ra9t is met1 ! s+] discov]s a new & k9dr$ dem& 9 ! song1 "o :i* is q z inh]5t 9 ! art-type4 ,?is is ! dem& = /yle4 ,/yle1 z an arti/ uses x1 is a tickli% ?+1 "o :i* _c q be put into words4 ,b e work+ arti/ feels x z a value4 ,=1 if ! s+] is to pick & *oose 7z ! compos] pick$ & *ose previ\sly7 9 ! s++ ( a song1 he mu/ d s accord+ to "s pr9ciple4 ,?is pr9ciple1 if x be g5u9e & n arbitr>y1 w be ! /yle ( ! song4 ,x w make ! he>] feel t ! int]pretative details 7 n only *os5 c>efully1 b 7 *os5 well4 ,x is t subtle ?+ t seems to make ! song #8hang toge!r4' ,/yle1 9 %ort1 is "o m ( ! typical *>act]i/ics ( ! good art-song4 ,! /yle ( a song is unique4 ,no two songs1 ?or\ghly well sung1 h exactly ! same /yle4 ,! /yle is develop$ out ( ! music itself2 x is impli$ 9 ! notes z !y re/ on ! pr9t$ page2 x has await$ ! disc]n+ eye ( ! int]pretive arti/4 ,& s :5 a song has be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood & #8liv$ 9' by ! s+]1 x w always h a p]sonality or /yle ( its own :i* w hov] above ! song & embrace e note4 ,an art-song :i* on he>+ does n reveal a unique /yle is ei!r a bad song or a good song badly sung4 ,illu/ration3 ,great ,s+]s ( ! ,pa/4 ,top3 ,luigi ,labla*e & ,giovanni ,batti/a ,rub9i ,bottom3 ,m>ia ,malibran & ,angelica ,catelani ,?is type ( art1 ! mo/ delicate1 ! mo/ p]sonal1 ! mo/ self-conta9$1 is laid 9 bewild]+ abundance at our feet4 ,& "s fairly g5]al acqua9tance ) mod]n song lit]ature is a necessity = ! s+] or ! conc]t-go]4 ,a s+] c no m und]/& ! songs %e s+s )\t at ! same "t be+ famili> ) o!rs ?an a /ud5t c und]/& ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry )\t kn[+ t ( =eign l&s4 ,= su* a s+] to appe> 9 public z an int]pret] is simply an insol5ce4 ,if he #8specializes' 9 mod]n ,fr5* songs1 ! m necessity = him to "k old ,g]man4 ,y c nev] appreciate any quality )\t kn[+ some?+ ( its opposite4 ,& ! same rule applies to audi5ces4 ,! fir/ song "o he>s 9 life probably goes unnotic$4 ,! second gives ! att5tion some?+ on :i* to base a comp>ison4 ,& e new acquisition !reaft] increases ! opportunity = comp>ison--increases ! he>]'s pleasure4 ,h[ mu* m y h le>n$ ab\t ,debussy :5 y h he>d a cycle ( ,m\ssorgsky6 ,& if a comp>ison is necess>y betwe5 art-songs ( "o & ano!r l9eage1 h[ mu* m necess>y x is ( art-songs & folk-songs4 ,x is important = s+] & audi5ce to "k v>i\s types ( art-songs4 ,x is mu* m important to "k art-songs & folk-songs4 ,:5 he does1 all t is peculi> to ! art-song becomes set (f 9 relief1 & all t is common prop]ty becomes enhanc$ 9 value4 ,a k ( folk-songs is a k ( humanity 9 its simple/ t]ms4 ,) x "o c #8walk ) k+s nor lose ! common t\*4' ,,*apt] ,v ,,folk-,,songs ,! nature & value ( folk-songs--,folk-songs ( ! ,briti% ,isles--,folk-song 9 ! ,lat9 l&s--,g]man & ,sc&9avian folk-song--,hung>ian folk-song--,folk-songs ( ! ,slavic c\ntries2 folk-song 9 ,am]ica4 ,i ,! bro!rs ,grimm1 pr(\nd /ud5ts ( popul> lore1 us$ to say t !y _h nev] f\nd a s+le lie 9 folk-poetry4 ,?is s\nds /range z we ?9k ( ! giants & fairies :o appe> 9 x1 along ) hi/orical ev5ts giv5 a completely new twi/ = ! sake ( arti/ic attractiv5ess4 ,obvi\sly ! mean+ ( ! bro!rs ,grimm 0 some:at pr(\nd4 ,& s1 too1 is ! tru? 9 folk-poetry4 ,= ! imag9ation ( folk-poetry is n ! promulgation ( lies1 b ! int]pretation ( facts4 ,! folk-poets meant some?+ z !y sang _! songs1 ?\gh !y may n h be5 entirely consci\s ab\t x4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 is !re nev] a good /epmo!r 9 folk-song8 ,!re h be5 good /epmo!rs1 und\bt$ly1 b ! folk-poets knew t x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s t /epmo!rs w be z good to *ildr5 z natural mo!rs4 ,or :y does ,jack ! ,giant ,kill] n make a pact ) ! giant :5 he holds ! tyrant f9ally at 8 m]cy1 & live 9 luxury on a "p ( ! spoils ev] aft]w>d8 ,x w\ld be a reali/ic end+4 ,x w\ld be true to mod]n politics & correct accord+ to ! late/ canons ( art4 ,b ,jack is a popul> h]o1 & a popul> h]o does n betray ! p he fights =4 ,if y want to "k "s fact 9 ! hi/ory ( a p don't g to ! (ficial records2 !y may be ta9t$ by ! vanity ( ! k+ or by ! p]sonal bias ( ! record]4 ,b g to ! p's folk-lore4 ,if ! fact is !re1 x is a tru? z solid z ! m\nta9s4 ,! song may tell y t _! good k+ _h ?irty-sev5 horses %ot "u him 9 "o day1 t he f\ght & kill$1 s+le-h&$1 t5 m5 at arms :o surr\nd$ him4 ,x may tell y ?is1 & y w p]haps suspect t ! ari?metic is faulty1 b y w "k t ! ess5tial /atem5t--t ( ! h]oism & ! popul>ity ( ! k+--is true4 ,! k+'s m9/rel might h made a song mak+ a c[>d & tyrant a h]o & a popul> lead]2 b he c\ld n h made p s+ x4 #8,! ballad-mak] only wields 8 p[] = z long z he is ! true int]pret] ( ! popul> w4 ,laws may be impos$ on ! unwill+1 b n songs4'#g ,writt5 hi/ories may tell y t "u su* & su* a k+ ! p 7 happy--t ! revolution :i* came aft]w>d 0 a factiti\s or fom5t$ "o4 ,g to y\r folk-song4 ,bujor ! ,r$-,head$1 a ,moldavian brig& & a popul> h]o1 0 #8pitiless t[>d (fic]s ( gov]nm5t & t[>d nobles2 he 01 on ! contr>y1 mo/ graci\s t[>d peasants & ! un=tunate4' ,?is is hi/orical evid5ce m reliable ?an seal$ p>*m5t4 ,! gov]nm5t ( t l& 0 n good1 ! nobles 7 n b5efic5t4 ,no writt5 hi/ory ( a p c be consid]$ reliable z long z x conflicts ) t p's folk-lore4 ,tru?fulness to facts--?is is :at ! bro!rs ,grimm claim$ = folk-lore4 ,goe! ascribes to x tru?fulness to art4 #8,! unsophi/icat$ man1' he writes1 #8is m ! ma/] ( direct1 effective expression 9 few words ?an he :o has receiv$ a regul> lit]>y education4' ,! obs]vation has be5 made hundr$s ( times by compet5t judges4 ,! simple m9d has a wond]ful p[] ( see+ ! ess5tial 9 a ?+ & express+ x briefly & exactly4 ,to h comm& ov] expression 9 ! simple/ t]ms--is ?is n ! beg9n+ ( art8 ,?is p[] :i* is reveal$ by folk-poetry is also reveal$ by folk-music4 ,! p's melodies h ! same #8direct1 effective expression' 9 a few notes t ,goe! notic$ 9 _! poetry4 ,z truly z ! greate/ compos]s1 folk-songs c say univ]sal ?+s 9 a few notes4 ,bee?ov5 may h equall$1 b he nev] surpass$1 ! #8direct1 effective expression' ( #8,auld ,lang ,syne4' ,! maje/y ( ?is song c h>dly be equall$ 9 ! :ole ( musical lit]ature4 ,_m p h notic$ ! peculi> effect ( ! refra9 :i* makes x seem z ?\gh a mighty & h>moni\s or*e/ra ( trumpets & trombones 7 jo9+ 9 ! *orus4 ,& ?is ) a melody d5ud$ ( e m]ely decorative tone1 writt5 9 a scale ( j five notes6 ,ev]y:]e 9 folk-music we f9d ?is p[] ( express+ ! highe/ ?+s 9 ! fewe/ notes4 ,only ! v greate/ ( consci\s compos]s h be5 able to compete ) ! folk-song on its own t]ms1 )9 its rigid limitations4 ,art-songs h elaborat$ & ref9$4 ,b x seems z ?\gh ! ess5ce is always 9 ! folk-tunes4 ,l ! popul> /ories t furni%$ plots to ! old dramati/s1 ^! melodies h suppli$ ! simple musical res\rces :i* consci\s compos]s h develop$4 ,e sort ( emotion is express$ 9 ! folk-songs1 e degree ( passion1 e quality ( mood--provid$ only x is human1 common to all m54 ,d n ?9k t folk-songs are an affair ( ! pa/1 a subject = ! ar*eologi/4 ,"o is incl9$ to ?9k t x is s among ,anglo-,saxon p1 especially 9 ,am]ica4 ,b folk-songs are n only sung ?is mom5t 9 _m a l&1 b are yet liv+ & gr[+ 9 m ?an "o c\ntry4 ,! quantity ( v rec5t ,italian folk-songs is enorm\s4 ,e ye>1 at ! fair ( ,pi$egrotta1 ne> ,naples1 ! popul> s+]s ( ! city /& on a c>t & s+ ! songs !y h compos$ 9 ! pa/ mon?s4 ,= h\rs ^! conc]ts cont9ue1 ! cr[d mov+ f "o s+] to ano!r4 ,! songs are caught up & sung by ! li/5]s4 ,at ! end ( ! fe/ival no vote is tak51 b ev]yone kn[s :i* song has be5 ! w9n] 9 ! competition4 ,x is be+ sung f "o end ( ! city to ! o!r4 ,& ! successful songs ( ! ye>'s fe/ival pass into folk-music ( ! p4 ,x is true ( ^! songs 7z 0 n true ( e>li] folk-music7 t ! compos]s are kn[n & rememb]$4 ,inde$1 ! songs are promptly pr9t$ & circulat$4 ,b ! compos]s are nev]!less true sons ( ! p4 ,!y h little k ( lett]s & musical laws2 !y compose f ! he>t & f ! in/9ct = fitness4 ,! music ( su* compos]s c ju/ly be class$ z folk-music1 s9ce x is utt]ly 9 ! popul> _s & receives ! vis ( ! masses4 ,x is m un=tunate t 9 ,naples a phonograph firm has und]tak5 to make comm]cial capital out ( ! ,fair ( ,pi$egrotta1 & e ye> takes records ( ! successful songs1 :i* x circulates all ov] ,europe4 ,"u su* conditions ! compos]s mu/ necess>ily soon lose ! celebrat$ #8folk simplicity1' if !y h n lo/ x already4 ,x is fair to say t 9 ,italy folk-music is /ill v mu* alive4 ,all t is new 9 life is celebrat$ by ^! folk-poets4 ,! fam\s #8,funicula1' a mod]n ,italian folk-song p> excell5ce1 0 made to celebrate ! funicul> or incl9$ railroad 9 ! days :5 ?is 0 a novelty4 ,!re is a well-kn[n ,neapolitan song 9 honor ( ! telephone1 & curr5t ev5ts1 su* z ! ,turki% w>1 receive g5]\s att5tion4 ,9 _m o!r c\ntries ! gr[? ( folk-song has all b ceas$1 ?\gh ! songs ( =m] times are sung ) almo/ z mu* ze/ z ev]4 ,b ^! songs 7includ+ mo/ ( ^? famili> to u7 are usually n ( great age4 ,at lea/ !y h g5]ally be5 remade 9 m up-to-date =m & d n pla9ly %[ evid5ces ( _! age4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may be sure t any folk-song 9 ! common major scale is to be dat$ )9 ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x may h be5 f\nd$ on an old] song1 b its mod]n *anges h be5 su* z to give x a totally new flavor4 ,?is is n to say t all old songs :i* rema9 liv+ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p become *ang$ accord+ to musical fa%ions4 ,^? :i* h a /rong en\gh traditional hold may keep _! anci5t =m aft] ,debussy has be5 =gott54 ,?us _m an ,engli% folk-song1 />tl+ & inspirit+ 9 its orig9ality1 is 9 a modal scale--) a m9or t is n commonly 9 use to-day1 or else a %ift+ betwe5 "o tonic & ano!r :i* c>ries u cle>ly back into ! days :5 tonality 0 n yet felt 9 scales4 ,yet ^! songs 7 n committ$ to pap] 9 ,h5ry ,,viii's or ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 :5 !y atta9$ _! pres5t =m4 ,!y h mo/ly be5 discov]$ by e>ne/ se>*+ only )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,!y liv$1 9 unsophi/icat$1 out-(-!-way places1 9 _! anci5t =m4 ,9 g5]al1 ( c\rse1 ! "q ( ! age or au!nticity ( a folk-song is "o = ! musical ar*eologi/1 r ?an = ! m]e lov] ( music4 ,! folk-songs t are 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al public are 9 all /ages ( au!nticity & purity4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 no publi%] :o knew 8 bus9ess w\ld ?9k ( publi%+ a folk-song 9 its true =m4 ,x 0 b>b>\s1 n fit = ! graces ( ! draw+-room4 ,s "s compos] ( ! fa%ion 7or1 fail+ su*1 "s hack7 0 hir$ to #8arrange' !m & to supply an accompanim5t 9 approv$ /yle4 ,&1 naturally1 "u su* a rgime x 0 n ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( a c\ntry's folk-songs t 7 *os51 b ^? mo/ simil> to polite music--t is1 ! lea/ *>act]i/ic4 ,(t5 ! songs _h be5 transcrib$ by little-tra9$ li/5]s or else n transcrib$ at all1 b only imp]fectly rememb]$4 ,!re 0 little ( ! national ess5ce left 9 su* music4 ,& ! compos]s ( ! day discov]$ ! fact & turn$ x to _! acc\nt4 ,:y g to ,sicily to pick up folk-songs :5 ,sicilian folk-songs c be writt5 )\t /irr+ out ( y\r /udy 9 ,london8 ,& ?is is precisely :at ,sir ,h5ry ,bi%op1 = in/ance1 did4 ,& x is to su* a hoax t we owe ! tune ( #8,home1 ,sweet ,home1' :i* 0 at fir/ publi%$ 9 a book ( alleg$ ,sicilian songs #8edit$' by ,bi%op1 few1 if any1 ( :i* 7 g5u9e4 ,^! days1 h[ev]1 are pa/4 ,! mod]n attitude t[>d folk-songs is "o ( respect1 almo/ ( rev]5ce4 ,! greate/ ( pa9s h be5 tak5 to pres]ve ! songs z !y 7 actually sung1 #8mi/akes' & all4 ,no tune ( two notes is too slight to be wor? ! tr\ble ( accurate transcription4 ,especially s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! phonograph ! sci5tific /udy ( folk-songs has prosp]$4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( songs h be5 tak5 d[n by ! phonograph among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! negroes ( ,africa1 & ! ,russians ( ! ,caucasus4 ,! results1 x is true1 are likely to be reg>d$ z sci5tific--e?nological or psy*ological--data r ?an z arti/ic entities4 ,b ! tunes are accessible to musicians & (t5 appe> 9 ! art music ( ! "t--z we well "k f ,russian symphonies or ev5 f ,*>les ,wakefield ,cadman's int]e/+ arrangem5ts ( ,indian lyrics4 ,& ! value ( ! accurate transcriptions z data = sci5tific /hetic !ory _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! folk-songs available to ! music lov] h n ! /igma ( #8sci5ce' atta*$ to !m4 ,ne>ly all t h be5 publi%$ 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s %[ "s c>e ( edit+1 "s conc]n t ! tunes1 if !y be n exactly z !y 7 9 _! habitat1 %all be true to ! _s ( ! orig9al4 ,"s editions give ! orig9al unaccompani$ =m ( ! tunes1 p]haps ) int]e/+ v>iants4 ,few1 9 fact1 try to pull ! wool ov] ! read]'s eyes4 ,sci5tific or n1 mod]n editions ( folk-songs %[ a c&or :i* ! subject has long ne$$4 ,_m folk-songs1 l ! mod]n ,g]man1 approximate #8art' music 9 _! musical basis & c be und]/ood z !y /&4 ,t is1 !y h ! prevail+ scales & are sung ) accompanim5ts 9 ! acc5t$ h>mony4 ,b mo/ folk-songs are n sung ) accompanim5t4 ,& :5 ! editors beg9 to supply accompanim5ts tr\ble ensues4 ,= ! songs h _! own /yle & w n coalesce ) a type ( accompanim5t made = ano!r /yle4 ,& editors1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ools1 _c produce a new musical /yle at a mom5t's notice4 ,s ! orig9al melodies may be *ang$ & adapt$ m ne>ly to a diatonic scale :i* w fit a ready-made accompanim5t4 ,or ! accompanim5t may d its be/ to suit ! modal or unusual /yle ( ! melodies4 ,or bo? sides may be =c$ to make concessions4 ,x w\ld be mo/ satisfactory1 if our e>s c\ld get us$ to x1 to s+ ^! m unusual folk-songs )\t accompanim5t & n try ! b>b>\s exp]im5t ( mak+ ! "r foot fit ! left %oe4 ,b ev5 :5 !y are alt]$1 ^! melodies reta9 mu* ( _! beauty1 & "o w\ld mu* r h !m #8edit$' ?an n h !m at all4 ,we mu/ also m5tion t great class ( songs :i* are n /rictly folk-songs at all1 b des]ve to rank z folk-songs by e title except ! te*nical "o4 ,!y are ^? songs writt5 by consci\s compos]s1 publi%$ & sold1 b int5d$ = wide circulation & great popul>ity--^?1 9 %ort1 :i* by _! simplicity & g5u95ess evoke a human response simil> to t evok$ by true folk-songs4 ,su* are ! immortal songs ( ,/eph5 ,fo/] 9 ,am]ica--#8,my ,old ,k5tucky ,home1' #8,old ,black ,joe1' & ! re/4 ,su* is #8,annie ,laurie1' "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( melodies4 ,& su* are ! ,g]man songs ( ,sil*]--,die ,lorelei1 ,s*eid51 & _m o!rs4 ,ne>ly all ^! compos]s h be5 )\t aptitude 9 ! l>g] musical =ms--(t5 p]sons ( little education & culture4 ,v few great compos]s h succe$$ 9 ?us writ+ folk-songs4 ,web]1 ( all ( !m1 is ! ne>e/ to ! folk-_s1 & ! sl[ movem5t ( ,aga!'s aria1 ,leise1 leise1 f ,d] ,freis*tz1 is n[ a p]man5t folk-song ) ! be/ ( !m4 ,s*ub]t's ,l9d5baum & ,heid5rsle9 h ! same quality4 ,m5delssohn is a folk-compos] by virtue ( 8 song ,es i/ be/immt 9 ,gottes ,ra?4 ,b 9 g5]al x has seem$ next to impossible = a consci\s & highly tra9$ compos] to cat* ! _s ( ! folk 9 simple/ t]ms4 ,! mo/ available folk-music = ! av]age /ud5t is t :i* is freely arrang$ & edit$ by a man ^: "n is a gu>antee ( hone/ & musicianly "w--su* a man z ,weck]l91 collector & editor ( ,fr5* songs f ! e>lie/ to ! mo/ rec5t2 or ,cecil ,%>p1 collector ( =gott5 songs 9 ,som]set%ire1 ,engl&4 ,su* an editor may keep ! songs intact or may v>y !m1 may adopt "s "o else's accompanim5t or write "o ( 8 own1 b he w always d x intellig5tly1 alt]+ only :at x is reasonably necess>y to alt]1 & keep+ always true to ! _s1 if n to ! lett]1 ( ! orig9al4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! songs to be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are1 _m ( !m1 sung q spontane\sly & naturally to-day by ! peasants & unsophi/icat$ p ( ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,! writ]1 :ile cross+ ! ocean1 once li/5$ = h\rs to ! ,dut* /e]age pass5g]s amus+ !mselves ) songs & dances4 ,& he recogniz$ among ! songs ! fam\s #8,william ( ,nassau1' probably c5turies old4 ,?us simple p 9 ,european c\ntries are con/antly s++ endur+ ma/]pieces ( music along ) mu*1 ( c\rse1 t is ephem]al4 ,9 ! v brief survey :i* we %all make ( folk-songs z ! /ud5t f9ds !m to 8 h& to-day we %all be able to d no m ?an sugge/ ! national *>act]i/ics ( ea* gr\p4 ,any?+ l a li/ ( ! f9e songs ( ea* nation1 or an adequate appreciation ( its popul> music1 w\ld be impossible 9 less ?an a volume4 ,likewise1 all ! int]e/+ que/ions ( racial *>act]i/ics z affect+ art1 ( te*nical developm5t & int]national int]*ange1 ( /hetic !ory & melodic analysis1 mu/ be left q to "o side until !re %all be writt5 ! adequate book on folk-music :i* z yet does n exi/ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! pres5t *apt] attempts only to sugge/ ! contra/+ *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t folk-song traditions & ! amaz+ ext5t ( ! treasure :i* has until s rec5tly rema9$ = ! mo/ "p unkn[n1 or kn[n only to be snubb$4 ,,ii ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 n[ gr\p$ toge!r z ! t9ie/ "p only1 geographically speak+1 ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 7 9 e>ly times z di/9ct & z antagoni/ic1 nationally1 z ,g]many & ,france are to-day4 ,! lack ( means ( communication & social organization made x possible = v diff]5t social & arti/ic traditions to fl\ri% indep5d5tly )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,?us !re grew up 9 ^! c\ntries highly di/9ct musical traditions :i* h pres]v$ _! individuality ev5 ?r\gh ^! days ( pr9t+ presses & phonographs4 ,ea* ( ^! musical traditions--! ,engli%1 ! ,scot*1 & ! ,iri%--_h its roots 9 ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any record4 ,& x is evid5t t ! musical life ( ^! c\ntries 0 vigor\s 9 ! extreme4 ,! beauty & individuality ( ! ,scot* & ,iri% songs are famili>1 b x has be5 accept$ z axiomatic until rec5tly t ,engl& 0 an unmusical nation--t %e _h nei!r ! g5iuses to create nor ! p to appreciate ! f9e/ & s9c]e/ musical beauty4 ,especially x 0 suppos$ t %e _h no truly creative folk-song4 ,c]ta9ly x is true t ,engl& = c5turies /ifl$ h] folk-song1 keep+ x among ! peasant classes1 dumb & suppress$1 :]e ,g]many coax$ h]s upw>d to illum9e & inspire ! :ole nation to great de$s4 ,rec5t inve/igators1 notably ,mr4 ,cecil ,%>p1 h une>!d 9 ,som]set%ire & else:]e a great weal? ( popul> songs1 mo/ ( !m nev] be=e set on pap]1 b _m ( !m %[+ great antiquity & di/9ctive beauty4 ,?is folk-art exi/$ = c5turies among ! almo/ unlett]$ classes )\t ! nation z a :ole be+ aw>e ( ! fact4 ,n[ t ! songs h be5 not$ d[n & publi%$ x c nev] aga9 be said t ,engl&1 9 ! roots ( h]1 is unmusical or uncreative 9 popul> song4 ,^! songs1 :i* are all ! m *>m+ = nev] hav+ felt ! influ5ce ( le>n$ music1 are almo/ z peculi> & inimitable z ^? ( ,scotl& or ,russia4 ,^? ( anci5t orig9--r\ghly speak+1 f ,elizabe?'s "t or previ\s--are modal 9 /yle4 ,b ! modes are n ! usual ones ( ! melodic m9or or its mo/ famili> v>iation1 ! ,doric4 ,!y are ! que]e/ ?+s imag9able to mod]n e>s1 /range scales ) rais$ six?s & l[]$ sev5?s1 melt+ f m9or into major & back aga94 ,! feel+ = ! tonic is (t5 v vague1 ! *ief note ( ! scale be+ sometimes ! second or ! f\r? or ! fif?4 ,^! unque/ionable evid5ces ( antiquity l5d a /range *>m to ! melodies4 ,& ! *>m is "o t is di/9ct f t ( e o!r national folk-music4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,engli% songs1 b>r+ a few que/ionable specim5s1 probably date f ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii 7#adia-aedg71 :o 0 himself an accompli%$ musician & compos] ( sev]al excell5t songs4 ,among ^! are ! ,bo>'s ,head ,c>ol1 ant$at+ #aeba1 /ill sung at ,*ri/mas ga!r+s2 & ! traditional tune = ,%akespe>e's lyric1 #8,oh1 ,mi/ress ,m9e4' ,"s ( ! simple airs to :i* ! old ,rob9 ,hood ballads 7 sung also date f ?is p]iod4 ,! traditional air = ! ,*evy ,*ase ballads dates f ! "t ( ,*>les ,i4 ,b f ?is "t on :at pass$ 9 ,engl& = folk-songs 7 usually no?+ b popul> songs ( ! mom5t1 publi%$ l any o!rs & sung widely among ! middle classes4 ,^! songs w be treat$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,= our purpose "h we mu/ n[ skip m ?an ?ree c5turies & come d[n to ! "t :5 ! int]e/ 9 folk-song & folk-danc+ began to revive 9 ,engl&4 ,= ! rec5t crop ( folk-songs we are indebt$ to ! labors ( inve/igators l ,mr4 ,%>p1 pati5t1 pa9/ak+1 sympa!tic1 & admirably equipp$ 9 po9t ( musical te*nique4 ,^! m5 comb9e ! qualities ( ! arti/ & ! sci5ti/4 ,!y h pass$ q beyond ! attitude ( ! eighte5? c5tury collectors ( folk-poetry--su* di/+ui%$ m5 z ,bi%op ,p]cy & ,sir ,walt] ,scott--:o did _! "w out ( p]sonal en?usiasm b felt oblig$ to apologize = ! poems !y f\nd4 7,h]d]1 :o work$ 9 ,g]many ab\t ! same "t1 0 ! "o man :o took ! mod]n attitude1 :i* is equally s*ol>ly1 sci5tific1 & arti/ic47 ,! mod]n inve/igators feel _! obligations to pres]ve ! songs exactly z !y come f ! lips ( ! p4 ,:5 !y publi% collections ( ^! songs = popul> use !y supply accompanim5ts :i* are sometimes sophi/icat$ &1 9 ,mr4 ,%>p's case1 s*ol>ly & delightful4 ,b !y seek always to pres]ve ! lett] & ! _s ( ! melodies 9 _! arrangem5ts4 ,su* s+]s z ! ,misses ,full]1 & ,yvette ,gilb]t & h] pupil ,miss ,lora9e ,wyman h spread ! k ( ! folk-songs ( ,engl& & ,france & h demon/rat$ ! great beauty ( !m to ?\s&s :o _h nev] suspect$ x4 ,! ,engli% songs1 f9e z !y are f a te*nical /&po9t1 h no v great emotional range4 ,a few1 l ! fam\s #8,will[' song1 /rike a deep note ( sorr[1 b by f> ! great] portion are lively songs ( ! op5-air or ( fe/al ga!r+s4 ,!y reveal a vigor\s s5se ( t\*1 a :ole-he>t$ joy 9 ! primitive feel+s ( ! human body1 9 ! invigorat+ ,engli% out-(-doors4 ,!y are cle>-cut & lit]al--recall+ ! type ( life & feel+ :i* we associate ) #8! roa/ beef ( old ,engl&4' ,_! navet is t ( an exub]ant joy 9 ! commonplace joys ( life4 ,we may m5tion su* songs z #8,! ,wraggle ,taggle ,gipsies1 ,o6' & #8,! ,holly & ! ,ivy' = _! inspirit+ physical vigor4 ,su* songs z #8,god ,re/ ,ye ,m]ry ,g5tlem5' 7old tune71 ! ,wassail song f ,sussex1 or ! ,%eep-%e>+ ,song f ,som]set1 are wor?y ( mu* /udy z f9e examples ( ! old ,engli% use ( modal scales4 ,! ,scot* songs1 ( all true folk-songs ! _w ov]1 h = _m decades be5 ! mo/ famili>4 ,no nation1 except p]haps ,russia1 has be5 m vigor\sly creative 9 its folk-music ?an ,scotl&4 ,_m excell5t judges reg>d ! ,scot* folk-music z ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is probably q z anci5t z any4 ,x ent]$ into ! lives ( ! ,scot* p f ! e>lie/ times1 :5 ! ,highl& b>ds sang _! praises to little tribal *iefta9s or n>rat$ 9 rude v]se ! battles betwe5 "o clan & ano!r4 ,!re is a v old h>p]'s tune 9 exi/5ce1 probably mu* modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies b /ill eloqu5t ( antiquity1 :i* sugge/s ! maje/y ( ! days gone by4 7,x may be f\nd "u its mod]n title1 #8,h>p ( ! ,highl&s4'7 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! tunes h lo/ _! orig9al words & tak5 on new ones4 ,rob]t ,burns /imulat$ ! process by writ+ words ( 8 own 7among !m "s ( ! greate/ ( 8 poems7 = well-kn[n melodies4 ,! loss ( ! old texts1 :i* 7 (t5 crude or indec5t1 is1 on ! :ole1 ( little mom5t f ! arti/ic /&po9t1 especially s9ce ,burns1 "o ( ! f9e/ folk-spirits ( all ages1 wrote words :i* fit ! m\?s ( ! p l _! own4 ,p]haps1 too1 8 words1 z 9 ! case ( #8,scots ,:a ,hae1' help$ to keep ! old tunes alive & popul>4 ,burns is "o ( ! r>e in/ances ( a consci\s arti/ :o has be5 able to m$dle ) folk-art )\t mak+ himself ridicul\s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! ,scot* songs are writt5 9 ! p5tatonic or five-note scale--our ord9>y major ) ! f\r? & sev5? omitt$4 ,:e!r ?is 0 due to "s e>ly =m ( ! ,scot* bagpipe or to ! g5ius ( ! p is /ill an op5 "q4#h ,b x is c]ta9 t ! ,scot* h giv5 an individual flavor to _! songs by means ( ?is scale )\t betray+ ! lea/ emb>rassm5t ov] ! abs5ce ( ! two notes4 ,:o imag9es1 = in/ance1 until x is po9t$ out1 t ! magnific5t #8,auld ,lang ,syne' is :olly 9 ! p5tatonic8 ,! p5tatonic feel+ runs ?r\gh ne>ly all ! ,scot* songs & 9 a l>ge proportion ( !m exi/s almo/ 9 full purity4 ,! occasional use ( ! f\r? & sev5? 9 ! tunes ( #8,scots ,:a ,hae' or #8,! ,campbells ,are ,com+' is uness5tial & probably a rec5t modification4 ,! range ( feel+ 9 ! ,scot* songs is almo/ equal to t ( music itself4 #8,scots ,:a ,hae' ranks ) ! ?ree or f\r f9e/ patriotic songs ! _w ov]4 ,no gr&] hymn ?an #8,auld ,lang ,syne' has ev] be5 sung2 ev5 ,ade/e ,fideles1 t treasure ( ! mod]n hymnal1 seems to take on a c]ta9 triviality beside its irresi/ible rhy?m4 ,& :at dance tune c be f\nd t conta9s su* an inexhau/ible supply ( life z #8,! ,campbells ,are ,com+' or #8,a ,highl& ,lad ,my ,love ,0 ,born8' ,:]e c "o mat* ! p5sive sadness ( #8,lo* ,lomond' or ! s5tim5tal t5d]ness ( #8,w ,ye ,gang ,ov] ! ,lee8' ,"s ( ! ,jacobite songs--#8,*>lie ,is ,my ,d>l+' or #8,! ,pip] ( ,dundee'--are inimitable = high spirits4 ,"o :o turns ov] ! pages ( a book ( ,scot* folk-songs w f9d melodies ( deep emotion unsurpass$ 9 all song lit]ature4 ,scot* song has also be5 mat]ially enri*$ by consci\s compos]s1 ?\gh nev]1 p]haps1 by em95t ones4 ,we ne$ only m5tion ! impressive #8,call] ,h]r9'1' or #8,annie ,laurie1' "o ( ! greate/ folk-songs ( all times4 ,a ?or\gh k ( ,scot* folk-songs w acqua9t ! s+] ) almo/ e fundam5tal type ( lyric utt]ance4 ,! ,iri% folk-song1 likewise1 is v f9e1 b x has1 on ! :ole1 nei!r ! flexible range nor ! supreme s5se ( arti/ic fitness possess$ by ! ,scot*4 ,! dom9ant moods are two3 "o ! lively dance _s1 repres5t$ by ! ,iri% jigs & reels2 & ! o!r ! ri*ly s5tim5tal & ev5 tragic tone ( ! love songs4 ,z x happ5s1 ,iri% folk-song has und]gone ! same process z ! ,scot* 9 hav+ a native poet supply 9 great abundance new words to ! old tunes4 ,! #8,iri% ,melodies' ( ,sir ,?omas ,moore are pret5ti\s poems design$ to supplant ! homely words ( ! folk-poets4 ,b if ,burns escap$ be+ ridicul\s 9 8 attempt to supply 8 native c\ntry ) a new folk-art1 ,moore emphatically did n4 ,no?+ c\ld be m incongru\s ?an 8 pomp\s poems ) _! dre>y romantic p>aph]nalia ( h>ps & fair ladies4 ,z poems 8 lyrics h only ! virtues ( ! draw+-room1 a melliflu\s fl[ ( words & a c]ta9 s5su\s grace4 ,z folk-art !y are a pa9ful absurdity4 ,!y evoke ab/ractions & conv5tional poetic phrases :]e ! popul> g5ius goes un]r+ly to concrete fact4 ,!y h ! dre>y sam5ess ( ! second-rate tal5t :]e ! folk-poetry has all ! v>iety ( ! commonplace ?+s ( ?is _w & ( ! ord9>y p 9 x4 ,yet ,moore's words are 9 _m in/ances firmly w$d$ to ! music 9 ! popul> m9d1 & x is n likely t a divorce w ev] be a*iev$4 ,?is is d\btless because1 false z ! poet 0 to ! _s ( ! music1 he caught & p]suasively /at$ ! romantic s5tim5tality ( ! ,celtic nature4 ,"s ( ! old] ,iri% songs h an ar*aic flavor n less m>k$ ?an ! ,engli%4 ,! ,doric mode especially is us$ sometimes ) savage vigor4 ,inde$1 ! ,iri% z ! race ( w>riors are repres5t$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! old] songs--songs l #8,rememb] ! ,glories ( ,brian ! ,brave' or #8,! ,sword ,%9+ ,brightly' 7,moore's words71 :i* 9 _! crude m>tial fr5zy c h>dly be mat*$ ! _w ov]4 ,! innum]able jigs & reels1 "s ( :i* are ( ! f9e/ quality1 are (t5 close to ! ,scot* 9 physical en]gy1 b 9 ne>ly e case !y pres]ve a c]ta9 note ( sadness4 ,p]haps ! be/ ( all ! ,iri% songs are ! s5tim5tal ones4 ,! f9e tunes to :i* ,moore set 8 words #8,! ,h>p t ,once ,?r\gh ,t>a's ,halls' & #8,:5 9 ,dea?' /rike a wond]fully deep *ord ( emotion4 ,x is h>d to realize ! great numb] ( s5tim5tal ,iri% tunes :i* are ( ! highe/ beauty4 ,!y suff]1 h[ev]1 too (t5 f excess4 ,! long drawn cad5ces are h>d to r5d] hone/ly2 9 _! excess ( feel+ !y are apt to s\nd ins9c]e4 ,!y lack ! cle>-cut /atem5t :i* makes ! ,scot* songs s unfail+ly true to ! highe/ dem&s ( art4 ,yet ! folk-song ( ,irel& is a product ( :i* any nation might be pr\d4 ,&1 on ! :ole1 ! folk-music ( ! ,briti% ,isles is _! wor?ie/ contribution to musical lit]ature4 ,9 =m] ages ^! isl&s 7 n inf]ior to any c\ntry 9 ,europe 9 musical vigor4 ,z ! c5turies h pass$ & left ,engl& f> beh9d 9 musical creation ^! songs h rema9$ z a pro( ( ! s\nd heal?fulness & ! exub]ant creativ5ess ( h] popul> g5ius4 ,,iii ,! ,fr5* folk-song m ?an any o!r has conta9$ f e>ly times ! _s ( its consci\s art4 ,or p]haps ,france's consci\s art has1 m ?an 9 mo/ c\ntries1 be5 true to ! g5ius ( its p z reveal$ 9 its folk-art4 ,its melodies are r>ely ri* & lusci\s--r>ely ev5 emotional 9 ! m /r5u\s s5se ( ! t]m4 ,(t5 !y seem1 at fir/ he>+1 to be cold & ?94 ,b su* a view is1 ( c\rse1 false4 ,! ,fr5* melodies h bo? emotion & s5su\s beauty4 ,b x is 9 ! fam\s ,fr5* #8ta/e' n to %\t "o's message to ! heav5s4 ,y d n appreciate ! mean+ ( ^! melodies until y h come to "k & love !m1 j z y d n appreciate ! mean+ ( a *ild until y h come to "k & love him4 ,y mu/ be on ! al]t1 s5sitive to cat* ! mean+ ( a :isp] or a ge/ure4 ,&1 9 addition to ! mean+1 y mu/ le>n to love ! =mal beauty ( a ,fr5* melody4 ,no nation has c>ri$ p]fection ( =m1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ ?+s1 to su* a pit* z ! ,fr5*4 ,! op5+ phrase ( a ,fr5* folk-tune may seem almo/ mean+less & po9tless4 ,b some:]e 9 x !re is a sugge/ion ( some?+ di/9ctive 9 x4 ,wat* = ?is1 !n foll[ x out 9 ! o!r phrases--a g5tle contra/1 a delicate indiscretion1 a com=t+ re/atem5t4 ,9 "s moods we %all f9d ?is :isp]$ /atem5t m /imulat+1 m ?rill+ ?an any bur/ ( ,italian passion4 ,z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury we h ,fr5* songs :i* %[ ^! qualities ( re/ra9t & delicate design4 ,( su* we may in/ance ,sy je p]doys mon amy & ,vray ,dieu d'am\rs4 ,z we come to lat] c5turies we f9d a ho/ ( songs 7collect$ 9 great numb]s by ,weck]l97 :i* are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ! simple songs ( ! great ,fr5* compos]s4 ,! delightful *anson1 ,o1 ma t5dre ,musette1 is accr$it$ to ,monsigny1 b x is an op5 "q :e!r ! melody 0 n tak5 by him bodily f a folk-tune4 ,_m are ! villanelles & musettes :i* are ( folk orig94 ,9 no o!r c\ntry are ! folk-music & ! art-music less di/9ct4 ,a few ,fr5* songs1 l ,le pauvre lab\reur1 %[ ! fre$om & irregul>ity ( phrase :i* betok5 a developm5t indep5d5t ( art-music4 ,?is p>ticul> song is almo/ unrhy?mical1 probably a developm5t f "o or two /]eotyp$ phrases1 l ! /reet-cries ( ,p>is & ( "s ( ! ,italian cities4 ,b irregul> songs are unusual4 ,! ,fr5* popul> g5ius seems to h ! same s5se = design t has made ! great m5 ( ,france di/+ui%$1 & ?is s5se is %[n almo/ univ]sally 9 its songs4 7,see ,app5dix = ,fr5*-,canadian ,folk-song47 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a m viol5t contra/ ?an betwe5 ! folk-music ( ! two ,lat9 c\ntries1 ,france & ,italy4 ,! ,italians are fam\s = _! viol5t emotions1 & ^! are reveal$ 9 _! folk-songs1 puff+ l a /eam eng9e4 ,! utmo/ ( passionate expression1 by any means at h&--?is seems to be ! ideal ( a goodly portion ( ! songs4 ,:]e ! ,fr5* songs are res]v$ ! ,italian are fr5zi$2 :]e ! ,fr5* are delicate ! ,italian are l a sl$ge-hamm]2 :]e ! ,fr5* use a ne$le ! ,italian use an ax4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be made ) "s exceptions1 notably ! songs ( ,v5ice & c]ta9 o!r nor!rn localities4 ,! ,v5etian songs are res]v$ & *isell$4 ,_m ( !m might h be5 writt5 by ,moz>t4 ,!y nev] g to excess ( emotion4 ,!y are (t5 z =mally p]fect z ! ,fr5*4 ,! song kn[n z #8,! ,fi%]' 7:i* has practically become a folk-song 9 ,g]many7 may be tak5 z a fair example ( ?is graceful & discreet type ( lyric4 ,z we g f>!r s\? ! heat & s5su\sness ( ! l& %[ m & m 9 ! music3 ,naples has a type ( folk-song all h] own4 ,x sometimes %[s ! grace ( ! ,v5etian song1 b nev] its res]ve4 ,! light] songs all h an ardor ( _! own1 = ! ,s\!rn ,italian is nev] ab/ract4 ,b _! lightness c>ries ) x a c]ta9 fickl5ess1 z ?\gh ! lov] expect$ to s]5ade at lea/ a doz5 fair ladies be=e ! night 0 done4 ,la ,v]a ,sorr5t9a is "o ( ! be/ ( ?is type4 ,! ,neapolitan are p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( all ! ,italian songs1 & !re are ?\s&s ( !m t h be5 publi%$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! are n /rictly folk-songs1 hav+ be5 writt5 by consci\s compos]s 7:o1 h[ev]1 7 ( ! p & compos$ = ! p74 ,= x seems t ! folk-g5ius ( ! ,italians 0 almo/ dormant 9 music = sev]al c5turies4 ,b ^! semi-folk-songs are among ! be/4 ,! m mod]n ones ne>ly always betray a c]ta9 vulg>ity1 a c]ta9 commonplac5ess some:]e 9 _! outl9e--a fault :i* is n (t5 to be *>g$ aga9/ ! g5u9e folk-song4 ,b "o is will+ to =give !m ?is1 = ! sake ( ! lovel9ess :i* is b5ea? x all4 ,! /ra9s ( ,oh1 sole mio h already gone r\nd ! _w1 & ,oh1 ,m>ia is sc>cely inf]ior4 ,& :5 ! ,italian ,song 7especially ! ,sicilian7 breaks out 9 full passion x is n to be mat*$ = crude emotional p[] ! _w ov]4 ,any "o ( ^! songs1 z1 = in/ance1 ! f9e "o kn[n f its refra9 z ,o1 ,mama mia1 %[s ! inspiration ( ! bloody ,italian op]as ( ! 'n9eties4 ,mu* ( ! ,italian folk-music is enliv5$ ) ! mo/ p[]ful rhy?m imag9able4 ,! dance is cultivat$ 9 ,italy z x is 9 sc>cely any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,_m ( ! ,spani% rhy?ms are to be f\nd 9 ! ,italian songs1 a relic ( ! times :5 ! ,spani>ds held ,sicily & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! p59sula4 ,we %\ld n =get1 ei!r1 ! inimitable joke-songs ( ! ,italians1 ! cle> s\rce ( ! op]a buffa1 :i* has be5 cultivat$ successfully by no o!r p4 ,! love ( ! ,italians = a joke has be5 not$ f ! e>lie/ m$ival times4 ,we ne$ only li/5 to ! ,italian fruit-m]*ant try+ to conv9ce ! w>d politician t ,columbus discov]$ ,irel& to "k t ! tempo allegro giocoso is z alive to-day 9 ! s\!rn ,lat9s z x ev] 04 ,! innum]able joke songs ( ,italy pres5t a peculi> problem to ! s+]4 ,!y mu/ be sung ) ! mo/ exp]t enunciation1 ) a f9e te*nique t conceals all art1 & ) a _s bur/+ ) fun4 ,p]haps x w\ld be tru] to say t !y are impossible to any b ! ,italian born & br$4 ,_! purely musical value1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is usually slight2 b !y h none ! less a high place 9 folk-song lit]ature4 ,x is only fair to say t ! musician%ip ( ! ,italian songs is (t5 c>eless & faulty4 ,especially is ?is likely to be true 9 ! accompanim5ts1 :i* are always ( ! simple/ possible description & frequ5tly become monoton\s ) _! limit$ supply ( *ords 9 regul> succession4 ,yet ?is fault is only "o m m>k ( ! ,italian g5ius1 to :i* ! melody--t is1 ! voice "p1 ! human "p--is all-important4 ,! ,spani% songs are mu* less kn[n ?an !y des]ve4 ,( ,spa91 z ( ,engl&1 x c be said t its folk-songs are its *ief musical contribution4 ,! pure folk-song ( ,spa91 giv5 to ! _w *iefly ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ! compos] ,albniz1 is highly sectional & local1 primitive1 almo/ unt\*$ by ! traditions ( ! great _w ( music4 ,j across ?is l[ range ( m\nta9s !re may be ano!r q diff]5t type ( song1 ) diff]5t scales & diff]5t rhy?ms & a diff]5t type ( emotional utt]ance correspond+ to ! sectional v>iation ( temp]am5t4 ,9 addition to ?is pure folk-song !re is an ext5sive ,spani% folk-music :i* is some:at m sophi/icat$ & mu* bett] kn[n4 ,x is ?is class t *iefly conta9s ! wond]ful dance-tunes :i* we associate ) ,spa9--= "h rhy?m is cultivat$ z n[h]e else 9 ! _w4 ,! *ief rhy?ms--^? ( ! ,habaera1 ! ,seguidilla1 ! ,bol]o1 ! ,f&ango1 & ! re/--h 9 ! ,spani% songs a poignancy :i* x is impossible to analyze4 ,! melodies seem built on & = ! rhy?ms4 ,bo? may seem simple & lit]al1 yet !re is a peculi> fitness 9 ?is simplicity :i* is ev] ! m>k ( ! folk-g5ius1 & :i* 9 ?is case gives ! rhy?ms an unbelievable quantity ( physical drive4 ,! *ief geographical & political sections ( ,spa9 h pres]v$ _! individuality 9 _! folk-songs4 ,! ,ca/ilian song is light & sp>kl+4 ,! ,catalonian is sombre & int5se4 ,! ,&alusian is s5su\s & passionate4 ,9 ! s++ ( all ^! songs !re is sc>cely a trace ( ! intellectual factor4 ,!y are to be sung 9 a sort ( div9e fr5zy4 ,x is n too mu* to say t !y mu/ be sung ) ! :ole physical body4 ,= _! p[]ful rhy?m mu/ be felt 9 e n]ve & muscle1 else x _c be express$ 9 ! voice4 ,( all songs ^! ( ,spa9 dem& ! mo/ ( ! m]ely physical--( bone & n]ves & muscles4 ,,iv ,! ,g]man folk-songs1 because !y are ! be/ kn[n ( all1 w "h be treat$ briefly4 ,!y h1 z we %all s (t5 h occasion to po9t out1 t faculty ( conc5trat+ int5se & elevat$ emotion 9 a simple phrase ( a few notes4 ,! great progressions t r+ 9 ,ba*1 ! great cad5ces :i* ?und] =? 9 ! ,lu!ran *orale--^! we feel 9 all ,g]man popul> song4 ,! numb] ( ^! songs is z ! s&s ( ! sea4 ,! emotional range is almo/ t ( ! human he>t itself4 ,! melodic organization is mu* m complex ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,italian songs4 ,sometimes x becomes ev5 au/]e4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 no nation has songs :i* g s /raight to ! he>t4 ,!y are n rem>kable = rhy?m nor 9 g5]al = ! light] qualities priz$ by ! ,fr5* & ! nor? ,italians4 ,_! "* is1 r1 homely & intimate4 ,"s ( !m reflect ! vigor\s & r r\gh spirits ( ,g]man y\?4 ,m reflect ! exagg]at$ s5tim5tality ( ,g]man middle age4 ,yet ?is s5tim5tality1 :ile x is introspective1 is nev] morbid4 ,x is f\nd$ deep 9 ! he>t ( a magnific5tly heal?y p & is no m ?an ! hone/ expression ( a pass+ mood4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,m9nes+]s & _! *>m+ly graceful ditties ! idealism ( ! ,g]man p has be5 reveal$ 9 _! s++4 ,frequ5tly ?is takes on a religi\s t+e1 s t ! ,lu!ran *ur* c\ld adopt true folk-tunes = its hymns )\t incongruity4 ,(t5 ! _s ( q secul> songs is ess5tially religi\s1 z 9 t magnific5t song ( ,sil*]'s-- #8,a5n*5 von ,?>au1 me9 ,rei*?um1 me9 ,gut1 ,du bi/ me9 ,leb51 me9 ,fleis* und me9 ,blut4' ,c]ta9ly ^! songs ( ,g]many c1 ( all folk-songs1 lea/ be> any ins9c]ity or affectation4 ,!y seem to be a t\*/one = det]m9+ g5u95ess ( s\l--t quality :i* ! ,g]mans call ,e*!it4 ,!y1 above all o!r songs1 dem& s\ndness ( musician%ip & hone/y ( me?od4 ,unwill+ly leav+ ^! songs ) ^! few rem>ks1 we turn to ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 :i* are closely alli$ to ,g]many 9 _! folk-music1 yet %[ a def9ite ?\gh subtle individuality4 ,! ,dani% songs reta9 ! s9c]ity ( ! ,g]man1 b add1 p]haps1 a little m lightness ( t\*1 a little m feel+ = delicacy ( design4 ,_! relation ) ! songs ( ! nor!rn ,sc&9avian c\ntries is t5u\s b x c be notic$ aft] a little /udy4 ,! songs ( ,sw$5 are mu* m individual1 ?\gh !y c h>dly be said to surpass ! ,g]man 9 any p>ticul>4 ,mo/ popul> among !m are ! fam\s #8,neck ,polka1' ! spirit$ #8,m>*+ ,song1' & ! old ballad1 #8,little ,k>51' ! la/ a melody wond]ful 9 its comb9ation ( lit]al musical /atem5t ) subtle arti/ic grace4 ,norway1 mo/ di/ant ( ! ?ree c\ntries1 has q naturally %[n itself mo/ individual 9 its folk-music4 ,x is ! individuality :i* _m critics h f\nd 9 ! music ( ,grieg4 ,x be>s an air ( my/]y2 "o h>dly kn[s :e!r ( ! pa/ or ( ! future4 ,x sugge/s at times ! d[nrightness ( ! old ,vik+s1 & at o!rs ! #8atmosph]ic' quality ( ! mod]n compos]s4 ,h[ev] "o may feel ab\t ?is1 x is c]ta9 t ! _s is heal?y & /imulat+4 ,= v>iety & int]e/ ! folk-music ( ,norway c rank among ! be/4 ,v ,! folk-music ( ! ,hung>ians has be5 made univ]sally popul> ?r\gh ! ,hung>ian ,rhapsodies ( ,liszt1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ to p]ceive its high arti/ic possibilities4 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t ?is folk-music 0 inv5t$ by ! ,gypsies1 :o h always be5 reg>d$ z ! ,hung>ian musicians p> excell5ce4 ,liszt reg>d$ x s4 ,compet5t inve/igators agree t ! melodies !mselves are ! product ( ! ,hung>ian p & t ! ornam5ts & /yli/ic qualities alone h be5 add$ by ! ,gypsies1 :o1 accord+ to ?is view1 are incapable ( true inv5tion4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! ,gypsies are ! repres5tative musicians ( ,hung>y to-day & h :olly /amp$ ,hung>ian folk-music ) _! individuality4 ,x has be5 said t ,hung>y has no vocal folk-music--no folk-song at all4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is true only 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,b x is c]ta9ly true t all ! music has a pr$om9antly in/rum5tal "* & t ! great] portion ( x is possible only on in/rum5ts4 ,! ,gypsies !mselves1 ?\gh usually )\t =mal musical education1 are frequ5tly m>vell\s ma/]s ( ! viol9 9 _! own way4 ,_! love = long & mean+less decoration is fam\s4 ,no tune ent]s _! keep+ t does n em]ge cov]$ f beg9n+ to end ) trills1 %akes1 slides1 turns1 scales1 & cad5zas4 ,! rubato in/9ct among !m is v /rong4 ,at ! same "t ! rhy?mical & dance in/9ct is almo/ unsurpass$4 ,&1 z anyone famili> ) ! ,rhapsodies well kn[s1 ^! ?ree qualities--namely ! in/rum5tal1 ! decorative & ! rhy?mic--h /amp$ !mselves indelibly on all ,hung>ian folk-music4 ,! ,gypsies t5d to mutilate a tune pa/ recognition by _! wanton decoration4 ,b :5 !y are able to keep _! in/9ct 9 control !y leave ! melody glitt]+ ) decorative ri*ness b firm & vigor\s 9 outl9e4 ,! *ief ext]nal *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hung>ian melodies1--_! acc5t$ grace-note 7a feature sc>cely to be f\nd 9 any o!r folk-music ! _w ov]1 except to a small] degree 9 ! ,scot*7--is said to come f ! "* ( ! ,hung>ian language1 :i* is incl9$ to heavily acc5t$ fir/ syllables4 ,a m probable explanation w\ld be t x comes f ! nature ( ! viol91 on :i* mo/ ( ^! melodies 7 d\btless compos$4 ,= 9 ! case ( a %ort grace-note1 ! viol9i/'s b[ has h>dly "t to take a new /roke betwe5 ! grace-note & ! *ief note2 h5ce bo? are tak5 on "o /roke1 & z ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke is ! natural place = ! acc5t ! grace-note1 h[ev] %ort1 t5ds to take on all ! acc5t ( a true fir/ note ( ! rhy?mic measure4 ,yet su* ab/ract discussion is empty 9 ! face ( ! melodies !mselves4 ,_m ( ^! are songs & excell5t ones--:e!r compos$ = ! words orig9ally or fitt$ out ) words lat] makes little diff]5ce4 ,& _m ( !m are di/9ctly s+able1 ?\gh !y dem& a robu/ vocal me*anism su* z few p>lor-tra9$ s+]s possess4 ,b :e!r sung or n !y are all glorifi$ dances4 ,! rubato may be elaborate1 b ! feel+ ( rhy?m is always pres5t4 ,_m ( ! songs pres]ve ! =m ( ! national dance1 ! ,cz>das1 beg9n+ ) a sl[ ,lassan & end+ ) ! viol5t ,friska1 z 9 ! ,hung>ian ,rhapsodies4 ,!re may be pauses & cad5zas betwe5 ! two1 !re may be pauses & long rit>d&os 9 ! body ( ! dance itself 7z frequ5tly 9 ! well-kn[n ,brahms arrangem5ts ( ,hung>ian dances71 b ! firm rhy?mic s5se is always !re4 ,! beauty ( ! ,hung>ian melodies1 m]ely z melodies1 is unsurpass$4 ,! great melody :i* ,liszt us$ 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,hung>ian ,rhapsody1 & :i* has s9ce come to be us$ z ! national song1 to ! f9e words :i* 9 ! ,g]man v]sion comm5ce ,w5n dem ,ung>volke ,gott viel ,leid5 gab--?is has become a true folk-song by adoption1 ?\gh x is n "o 9 orig94 ,no c\ntry ev] _h a m glori\s hymn = its national praise4 ,sev]al dance-tunes giv5 by ,reimann#i are ( ! highe/ quality--especially ,zigeun]musik1 ,d] ,seele ,spiegel1 & ,drunt5 im ,tale1 & ,erw>tung1 ! la/ be+ a melody :i* s]v$ ,brahms = "o ( 8 #8,hung>ian ,dances4' ,ano!r mat*less tune is "o translat$ by ,reimann z ,9 ,grossw>de94 ,"h we see us$ to full value 79 a melody ( great simplicity7 sev]al ( ! mo/ di/9ctive qualities ( ! ,hung>ian music1 namely ! acc5t$ grace note1 ! peculi> m9or scale hav+ a flatt$ six? & a rais$ sev5?1 & always emphasiz+ ! skip betwe51 & ! conv5tional phrase /ructure1 :i* always repeats ! fir/ phrase1 note = note1 9 ! dom9ant4 ,inde$1 no songs are bett] wor? /udy = _! cle> & solid ar*itecture4 ,francis ,alex&] ,korbay 7born1 ,pe/h1 #ahdh2 di$1 #aiad7 0 "o ( ! *ief en?usia/s = ! ,hung>ian folk-song & has help$ by 8 collections & editions to spread ! love ( !m4 ,8 arrangem5ts are sometimes elaborate & (t5 n true to ! _s ( ! orig9al1 b !y suffici5tly pres]ve ! national _s to =eign e>s4 ,& x has always be5 true t folk-music mu/ fir/ g ?r\gh a /age ( adaptation & arrangem5t be=e p are will+ to li/5 to x 9 its purity4 ,( ! ,korbay songs at lea/ "o f9e example1 #8,_h a ,horse1' has become famili> 9 ,am]ican conc]t halls4 ,,vi ,! ,russian folk-songs1 z ri* 9 v>iety & int5sity z ^? ( any c\ntry on e>?1 pres5t m prelim9>y difficulties to ! =eign music-lov] ?an any o!rs4 ,z 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 ! real appreciation ( folk-music 9 ,russia is a matt] ( ! la/ half c5tury4 ,! ,russian songs :i* 7 be/ kn[n be=e !n bore ! same relation to ! g5u9e article t ! popul> ,engli% songs ( ! eighte5? c5tury bore to ! ,som]set songs ( :i* we h spok5--t is1 !y 7 r civiliz$1 p]haps consci\sly compos$1 & conta9$ f> m ( ! conv5tional ?an ( ! national4 ,su* a song is #8,! ,r$ ,s>afan1' a f9e melody1 b f> remov$ f ! g5u9e peasant folk-song4 ,gl9ka1 f\nd] ( ! mod]n ,russian s*ool ( composition1 recogniz$ ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! ,russian popul> music1 & introduc$ "s ( its effects v t5tatively into 8 op]as & songs4 ,rub9/e9 haz>d$ ! /atem5t t ! ,russian folk-song 0 m v>i$ & pr(\nd ?an t ( any o!r l&4 ,b ,rub9/e91 be+ all ,g]man 9 8 tra9+1 did n foll[ ! obvi\s moral4 ,x rema9$ = ! great gr\p ( #8neo-,russian' compos]s1 "u ! inspir+ lead]%ip ( ,balakireff1 to make ! ,russian folk-song ! s\rce & /&>d ( ,russian composition4 ,sev]al ( ?is gr\p made rese>*es among folk-songs or collections ( !m & /udi$ !m 9 :at we h call$ ! mod]n _s1 :i* is equally sci5tific1 s*ol>ly1 & arti/ic4 ,m rec5tly ! ,russian gov]nm5t has sp5t consid]able sums on sci5tific inve/igation among ! peasants1 & ! results ( ^! rese>*es1 especially 9 ! great "w ( ,mme4 ,l9eva1 h s]v$ z a /&>d 9 folk-rese>* ! _w ov]4 ,! e>li] collections ( ,balakireff1 ,rimsky-,korsak(f1 & o!rs1 ?\gh z yet untranslat$1 are s\rces ( deep delight = ! /ud5t :o w take a little tr\ble among du/y libr>ies4 ,! great body ( ,russian folk-songs is f> ne>] to ! primitive ?an is ! popul> music ( ,italy1 ,scotl&1 & ,g]many4 ,_m ( ! lovelie/ tunes are m]e snat*es ( melody4 ,! m highly organiz$ tunes are frequ5tly irregul> & crude4 ,! scales are usually di/9ctive1 & ! tonic is incl9$ to be v movable1 if n entirely abs5t4 ,! m9or1 ( c\rse1 pr$om9ates1 z 9 all primitive music4 ,x is us$ ) ! utmo/ di/9ction1 %[+ h[ utt]ly ,russian life 7except 9 ! highe/ classes7 has = c5turies be5 isolat$ f ! influ5ce ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! common impression1 because ( ! pr$om9ance ( ?is m9or1 is t ,russian songs are all #8sad' or #8moody4' ,?is is n j1 = ! m9or1 :i* is an expressive means ) u1 is no?+ m ?an a conv5tion 9 ,russian folk-music4 ,x is ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! music is made4 ,x c be manipulat$ to express almo/ any emotion :i* ! s+] c feel4 ,h5ce ! notion t ! range ( ,russian folk-songs is n>r[ is q false4 ,!y h a rem>kably wide range1 f ! deepe/ gloom1 ?r\gh ! t5d]e/ s5tim5tality1 to ! fi]ce/ exhil>ation ( physical life4 ,! irregul>ity ( ! melodies1 too1 is n necess>ily a sign ( crud5ess1 b (t5 an in/rum5t ( ! highe/ expressive pot5cy4 ,! brief /udies :i* w be made lat] 9 ?is volume into ,russian art-song c h b little mean+1 except 9 relation to ! folk-songs :i* are ! s\rce ( x4 ,! irregul>ity ( metre 9 ,m\ssorgsky's songs1 ! b>b>ity ( "s ( ,borod9e's & ,ra*man9(f's1 are ! direct outcome ( ^! compos]s' /udies 9 folk-song4 ,x is difficult to m5tion ^! songs by "n1 s9ce few ( ! texts h be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,yet x w\ld be a pity if ! /ud5t 7 altoge!r deb>r$ f a k ( ?is wond]ful lit]ature on t acc\nt4 ,! /&>d collections ( ,russian folk-music are available1 ?\gh some:at difficult to obta94 ,& ?\gh ! words are pr9t$ 9 fe>some ,russian1 ! music is 9 an int]national language4 ,& x is ( c\rse true t _m ( ! ,russian songs are to be f\nd 9 g5]al folk-song collections & may be discov]$ ) a little se>*+4 ,^? :o read ,fr5* w f9d 9 ,mme4 ,l9eva's "w1 publi%$ 9 two languages by ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 an admirable disc\rse on ,slavic song1 ?or\ghly sci5tific1 yet cle> & )\t great te*nicality4 ,9 ?is "w ! int]e/$ musical /ud5t w f9d "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ subjects imag9able--! gr[? ( indep5d5t polyphony & c\nt]po9t spontane\sly among ! s+]s ( ! melodies1 a ?+ un?9kable to ^? ( u :o h le>n$ c\nt]po9t f dry text books4 ,bohemia & ,pol&1 ?\gh ,slavic 9 blood1 are widely sep>at$ f ,russia 9 _! art4 ,! latt] has = _m c5turies be5 ,roman ,ca?olic 9 religion1 & _h atta9$ a high degree ( ,we/]n culture & ref9em5t :5 ,muscovy 0 /ill semi-b>b>ian4 ,9 fact ! political rivalry betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n ,slavs1 int5sifi$ by ! diff]5ce 9 religion1 l$ ! ,poles to look to ! we/ = _! fri5ds & _! cultural models4 ,bohemia1 too1 z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 peculi>ly we/]n 9 its ideals4 ,x possess$ ! e>lie/ real univ]sity1 & nurtur$ ! non-secul> attitude t[>d le>n+ :i* lat] came to su* glori\s fruit 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,fur!r1 ! ,bohemians 7 ! e>lie/ ,prote/ants & free-?9k]s1 & %[$ ! mo/ enlight5$ political aspirations 9 an age ( d>kness4 ,s1 9 spite ( blood & language1 ^! two nations %[ 9 _! art a dom9ant k9%ip ) ,g]many4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,bohemian folk-songs1 ,sirotek 7#8,! ,waif'71 might almo/ be tak5 = a ,g]man *orale ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,o!r popul> songs1 l ,wsak nam tak 7#8,! ,swee!>t'7 & ,dobromyslua husicka 7#8,! ,happy ,gosl+'71 are almo/ ,tyrolese 9 _! melliflu\s facility4 ,/ill ano!r f9e song1 ,na te* ,kolodejskej* 7#8,va9 ,regrets'71 might 9 p>ts be a ,g]man *ildr5's song4 ,aga9 ! song1 ,pod tim nasim ok5eckem 7#8,"u ,our ,cottage ,w9d['71 ) its #8snaps' & %>p acc5ts1 sugge/ ! melodies ( ,hung>y4 ,?us ,bohemia1 9 h] folk-music1 %[s ! influ5ce ( h] neighbors on all sides1 b sc>cely a trace ( ! indig5\s ,slavic /ock4 ,_m ( ! songs %[ a high degree ( =mal p]fection1 & ! s5tim5t1 especially 9 ! t5d]] moods1 is (t5 deep & mov+4 ,su* a lyric z ! lullaby1 ,hajej muj &ilku1 may rank ) ! be/ ( any l& 9 %e] beauty4 ,if we look among ! ,bohemian songs = ! nationalism t reveals itself 9 /range scales & irregul> rhy?m we %all f9d sc>cely a trace ( x4 ,! metre & melodic l9e are always mature & poli%$4 ,b ) our inn] e> we may detect1 9 ! be/ songs1 an ende>+ quality1 a sweet lovabl5ess1 :i* speaks ) a di/9ct & national voice4 ,! qualities ( ,poli% national music h be5 made kn[n mo/ widely 9 ! mazurkas ( ,*op94 ,^! mu/ n be tak5 z repres5t+ ! real qualities ( ! ,poli% folk-song1 b !y (f] an excell5t po9t ( dep>ture4 ,9 "s ways ! songs ( ,pol& %[ a racial relation ) ! ,russian4 ,! swift-mov+ en]gy1 ! recurr+ & p]vad+ melan*oly1 f9d _! p>allels 9 ! music ( ! ea/]n ,slavs4 ,b ! scale is ne>ly always ! famili> major1 or a slightly modifi$ m9or4 ,! we/]n nations outgrew ! unc]ta9 tonality ( ! old modes mu* e>li] ?an ! ea/1 & ,pol&1 ) h] eyes always t[>d ! we/1 d\btless adopt$ ! te*nique ( music z %e f\nd x4 ,?us su* a song z ! ,krak[iak 7an irresi/ible dance movem5t71 ?\gh x recalls 9 "s vague way ! _s ( ,little ,russian music1 l5ds itself p]fectly to conv5tional ,g]man h>monization4 ,ano!r song1 ,gdy wczy/em polu 7#8,9 ,summ]'71 might h be5 ?r[n (f 9 "o ( ,*op9's idle mom5ts4 ,:at ^! songs h1 above all o!r qualities1 is grace4 ,no nation1 9 its folk-music1 has us$ rhy?m ) great] delicacy4 ,!y recall to u a ,pol& ( ! /ory-books1 a l& ( dilettantism & social graces4 ,m ?an any o!r folk-songs1 except ! ,fr5*1 !y dem& 9 _! int]pretation a subtle e> & a firm arti/ic control4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica has its own folk-music ( a sort1 a "p ( x q indig5\s4 ,?is "p is ! music ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :i* is m primitive ?an any o!r l>ge body ( folk-music 9 our possession4 ,!re are1 also1 ! songs ( ! we/]n c[boys1 ! #8,spirituals' & slave-songs ( ! s\!rn negroes1 & ! songs ( ,/eph5 ,fo/]1 all ( :i* are wor?y to rank z folk-songs4 ,all ^! examples ( ,am]ican music h be5 exhau/ively treat$ 9 ,volume ,,iv 7,*apt] ,,xi74 ,,footnotes3 #g ,c\ntess ,m>t95go-,cs>eseo4 #h ,cf4 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 ,,vi4 #i ,he9ri* ,reimann3 ,auslndis*e ,volksli$]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,e>ly ,,developm5t ,,( ,,song ,song 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times--,! age ( *ivalry--,! tr\bad\rs & tr\vres--,! m9nes+]s--,! ma/]s+]s2 ! ,lu!ran revival--,polyphonic eclipse ( song4 ,i ,we ?9k ( ! fir/ eight or t5 c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era z a *asm betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n4 ,b ?is is ( c\rse n /rictly true1 lea/ ( all 9 folk-music4 ,9 ! *ur*1 inde$1 music /ruggl$ sl[ly & pa9fully1 surr\nd$ by doctr9e & law4 ,b 9 ! music1 z 9 ! cu/oms1 ( ! p1 !re 0 no break4 ,! apo/olic succession ( song cont9u$ unbrok5 f ! "t ( ! ,greeks to ! "t ( ,s*ub]t4 ,?r\gh all ! m$ival p]iod folk-music 0 fl\ri%+1 gr[+ 9 ri*ness & 9 influ5ce /eadily up to ! "t :5 x ent]$ art music by ! back door1 s to speak1 /eal+ into ! ,ca?olic ritual4 ,= _m c5turies ! songs ( ! old _w cont9u$ 9 ! new4 ,= ! ,*ri/ian era did n come all at once4 ,x atta9$ =mal dom9ance :5 ,con/ant9e adopt$ x z ! (ficial religion ( ,rome4 ,b x ne$$ _m c5turies m be=e x c\ld atta9 complete sway ov] p's he>ts4 ,pagan cu/oms & pagan songs 7 /ill liv+ & beautiful4 ,! ,*ri/ian mission>ies ga9$ _! hold ov] ! p by compromis+ ) ! pa/4 ,! old fe/ivals 7 n reject$ 9 favor ( ! new2 !y 7 m]g$ ) ! new4 ,?us ,*ri/mas1 among ! ,g]manic nations1 0 made to absorb an old] fe/ival ( ! turn+ ( ! sun1 & ! mi/letoe1 :i* _h _h a pr(\nd religi\s significance = ! ,pagans became "o ( ! m9or symbols ( ! ,*ri/ian fea/ & cont9ues to-day an ess5tial "p ( ! ,yuletide fe/ivities1 z we "k4 ,& ?us x 0 ) ! p's songs4 ,m5's beliefs 7 ,*ri/ianiz$1 b m5's feel+s rema9$ ,pagan4 ,& ! two exi/$ side by side = c5turies )\t tr\ble4 ,*>lemagne ord]$ a collection to be made ( ,g]man songs 7all ( ,pagan orig97 & did n feel t !re 0 any?+ impi\s 9 8 action4 ,! ,pagan 0 honor$ along ) ! ,*ri/ian j z1 "s five c5turies lat]1 ! ,classical 0 honor$ 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,b ! mill5nial ye> 0 approa*+1 :5 m5 expect$ ! _w to end1 or ,*ri/ to come & take p]sonal *>ge ( 8 ,k+dom4 ,& ?r\gh\t all ,*ri/5dom !re arose a desire 9 m5 to make !mselves p]fect = ! second com+4 ,& s arose a mania = ext]m9at+ all t rema9$ ( ! old _w4 ,*>lemagne's son1 ,ludwig ! ,pi\s1 despis$ ! ,g]man songs 8 fa!r _h collect$4 ,& x 0 s all ov] ,europe4 ,9 ^! ye>s ! la/ ve/iges ( ,paganism 7 /amp$ out1 except = ! sweet s\v5irs ( x :i* ! in/itution ( ! mi/letoe & simil> symbols h reta9$4 ,pagan songs ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod 7 mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( w&]+ m9/rels & /orytell]s :o roam$ ! _w 9 great numb]s4 ,^! m51 l ! songs !y sang1 7 direct desc5dants ( ! ,pagan _w4 ,"o well accr$it$ !ory says t ! ,italian m9/rels 7 ! gladiators ( ,roman times1 & _! desc5dants4 ,! la/ ( ! ,roman gladiatorial %[s 0 held ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,aft] t ,*ri/ian s5tim5t =bade ^! bloody ent]ta9m5ts1 & ! gladiators1 ! ent]ta9]s p> excell5ce ( ,roman times1 f\nd !mselves )\t a means ( livelihood4 ,!y w&]$ f t[n to t[n1 giv+ exhibitions ( /r5g? & agility 9 ! m>ket places1 j z ! acrobats d to ?is day 9 ,european cities4 ,!y became a sep>ate ca/e1 almo/ a sep>ate race4 ,inevitably !y inv5t$ or appropriat$ songs ) :i* to ent]ta9 _! admir]s betwe5 ! acts4 ,"s ( !m became it9]ant m]*ants1 sell+ molasses or "s o!r delicacy & attract+ ! cr[ds by _! music4 ,sometimes !y _h danc+ be>s1 or camels1 or trick monkeys4 ,9 ! m s]i\s nor!rn c\ntries--,g]many & ,engl&--!y 7 probably ! remnants ( ! old prie/hood4 ,religion has always ne$$ music z a support1 & ! old prie/s 7 !mselves b>ds1 or _h b>ds 9 _! s]vice to s+ _! doctr9es4 ,z !y fell into disrepute ) ! advance ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y _h to seek _! liv+ z be/ !y might1 & !y became m9/rels1 s++ ! old sagas & /ories :i* p /ill lov$4 ,(t5 !y became atta*$ to ! s]vice ( ! c\rts4 ,! *ronicl] ,rob]t ,w>e says t ! battle ( ,ha/+s1 9 :i* ,william ! ,conqu]or subject$ ! ,saxons1 0 op5$ by ! m9/rel or jongleur ,taillef]1 atta*$ to ! ,norman army1 :o advanc$ s++ ( ! fabul\s exploits ( "s h]o ( ! "t & p]=m+ feats ( agility ) 8 lance & sword1 :i* /ruck t]ror into ! ,saxons1 :o ?\ght 8 dext]ity mu/ be ! effect ( wit*craft4 ,b m (t5 ! m9/rels 7 popul> ent]ta9]s1 ) a collection ( tricks--h5ce ! "n ( jongleur1 :i* means play] or trick/]1 & gives u our ,engli% ^w #8juggl]4' ,_! music _h no v exalt$ /atus1 s9ce x 0 only a #8side-l9e' to _! m]*&ise or p]=mance4 ,b to ! p ( ! "t x 0 z important z our or*e/ral conc]ts & op]as are to u4 ,= x effect$ ! int]*ange ( art & ideas betwe5 prov9ce & prov9ce & betwe5 nation & nation4 ,! m9/rels 7 r>ely ! inv5tors ( ! songs !y sang4 ,! music ( ! "t 0 g5u9e folk-music & ! m9/rels only le>n$ & dissem9at$ ! popul> songs4 ,b !y repres5t$ ! :ole in/itution ( secul> music 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian age4 ,9 _! rov+ life1 ! m9/rels t5d$ to become wret*$ly immoral4 ,!y sometimes =m$ !mselves into b&s = ! act+ ( plays1 tak+ wom5 along ) !m1 & ^! b&s became ! synonym = dissolute liv+4 ,sometimes !y 7 begg>s pure & simple1 will+ to get money by any means except work+1 & pur*asable equally to spread a sc&al or commit a murd]4 ,!y _h no home & no citiz5%ip4 ,9 #eed ,a4 ,d4 ,*ildeb]t promulgat$ v /r+5t laws = ! suppression ( _! lic5ti\sness4 ,philip ,augu/us1 ,k+ ( ,france1 caus$ !m to be expell$ f 8 doma9s4 ,!y 7 outside ! law & its protection4 ,= c5turies !y 7 reg>d$ z ! evil *ildr5 ( ano!r race4 ,a citiz5 might attack or insult a m9/rel & ! latt] _h no rec\rse 9 law1 except ! privilege ( /rik+ 8 oppon5t's %ad[4 ,?is outlaw+ ( musicians cont9u$ 79 ! /atute books1 at lea/7 = _m ye>s4 ,!re are traces ( x /ill 9 c]ta9 l&s4 ,ev5 ,new ,york /ate1 x is said1 has an unrepeal$ /atute some:]e 9 its du/y books au?oriz+ ! arre/ ( #8common %[m54' ,?is prejudice1 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 seems to h be5 g5]ally ju/ifi$4 ,! lives ( ! m9/rels 7 c]ta9ly dissolute4 ,_! p]sonal *>act]s _h all ! unattractive qualities ( an inf]ior race--to dy+ = money or favor1 fickl5ess & v9dictiv5ess4 ,!y _h to truckle to ! great1 & flatt] ! prejudices ( ! masses4 ,!y _h1 moreov]1 ! means ( mak+ !mselves fe>$ by ! knights & b>ons ( :om !y dem&$ money 9 return = _! music4 ,= if !y 7 all[$ to leave ! ca/le disgruntl$1 no?+ 0 easi] = !m ?an to spread abroad among ! p sc&als conc]n+ ! great m5 & ladies1 ! tale t ,sir ,knight 0 a wife-beat] & t 8 lady 0 hav+ an affair ) h] page4 ,a c]ta9 jongleur1 ,col9 ,muset1 :o pli$ 8 trade 9 ,lorra9e & ,*ampagne 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 once _h occasion to s+ ! foll[+ ditty to ! noble ( :om he _h ask$ l>gess3 #8,"l ,c\nt1 ,i h ! viol play$ ,be=e y\rself1 )9 y\r hall1 ,& y my s]vice nev] paid ,nor gave me any wage at all2 ',twas villa9y4' ,x is n difficult to cat* ! impli$ ?reat 9 ^! l9es4 ,b ! fickl5ess & flunkeyism ( ! m9/rels s]v$ !m well4 ,:5 !y _h be5 expell$ f ,france because ( _! libell\s tongues1 _m ( !m 7 invit$ ov] to ,engl& by ,william de ,long*amps1 bi%op ( ,ely1 :o gov]n$ ! k+dom dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,ri*>d ! ,lionhe>t$1 & :o1 anxi\s to bl9d ! p to ! vices ( 8 rgime1 hir$ ^! s+]s to proclaim 8 virtues to ! public4 ,?us art is cont9ually be+ call$ to ! glorification ( vice & tyranny4 ,b = su* s]vices ! m9/rels _h _! rew>d4 ,s useful did !y make !mselves1 :]ev] !y w5t1 t !y receiv$ increas+ m>ks ( respect4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian revival ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies came1 !y made !mselves its apo/les1 s++ ! new songs 9 place ( ! old4 ,! act+ tr\pes pres5t$ miracle plays on ,biblical or traditional religi\s subjects & 7 pres5tly invit$ by ! cl]gy to p]=m on ! *ur* /eps or ev5 )9 ! *ur* itself4 ,c5turies lat] !y _h atta9$ su* dignity t !y c\ld organize !mselves into guilds "u ! protection ( ! reign+ pr9ce4 ,!y _h _! ari/ocratic & exclusive labor unions1 7 employ$ to organize t[n b&s1 & 9 _m places =m$ ! nuclei = c\rt or*e/ras4 ,( ! music ( ^! m9/rels 9 ! e>ly c5turies we "k next to no?+4 ,!re exi/$ no?+ at ! "t t c\ld be call$ musical notation1 & tradition1 if x has br\ght any ( _! songs d[n to u1 has *ang$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,we h1 x is true1 a spirit$ song1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 on ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 call+ on ,franks & ,romans to lam5t & honor ! lo/ sov]eign4 ,b ?is 0 probably n purely popul> 9 its orig91 else x w\ld n h atta9$ to writ+4 ,! words ( a few ditties h be5 pres]v$4 ,! celebrat$ #8,song ( ,rol&1' dat+ f ,*>lemagne's "t1 0 suppos$ to h be5 sung z late z ! battle ( ,poiti]s 9 #acef4 ,b :at *iefly assures u ( ! vigor ( ! popul> music ( ! "t 0 ! wide v>iety ( types x conta9$--patriotic songs1 love songs1 songs satirical & hi/orical1 & _m o!rs4 ,we "k also t ! music 0 orig9al & alive1 q 9 contra/ to t ( ! *ur*4 ,= :5 ! popul> tradition 0 tak5 up by ! ari/ocratic ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 ! melodies _h an indep5d5t "* t proves a vigor\s antec$5t developm5t4 ,! old modes cont9u$ to dom9ate *ur* music up to ! fifte5? & ev5 sixte5? c5turies4 ,b ! songs ( ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres are (t5 writt5 9 ! mod]n major scale4 ,! popul> music ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies _h und]gone ! developm5t t ! *ur* did n atta9 until five hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,we "k r m conc]n+ ! in/rum5ts us$ by ! w&]+ m9/rels4 ,!y 7 ( all ! types :i* h s9ce furni%$ out ! mod]n or*e/ra4 ,! h>p1 a remnant ( ! v e>lie/ times1 0 favor$ by ! m ari/ocratic musicians & /eadily became enl>g$ z ! te*nique ( music wid5$4 ,! lute 7mu* l ! mod]n guit>71 mo/ popul> ( amateur in/rum5ts 9 ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 0 widely us$4 ,all k9ds ( pipes1 ance/ors ( ! wood-w9d in/rum5ts ( our or*e/ras1 fl\ri%$ 9 a great v>iety ( /yles4 ,& ! incipi5t viol9 0 repres5t$ by ! rota1 rebek1 & vielle1 figur+ "u a multitude ( diff]5t names4 ,l ! ,saxon language dur+ ! ,norman dom9ation 9 ,engl&1 popul> music develop$ 9 ! d>k1 )\t (ficial sanction1 f9ally com+ =?1 /rong & mature1 f its hid+ & c>ry+ ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,,ii ,) ! approa* ( ! mill5nial ye> we f9d ! beg9n+s ( t in/itution :i* 0 to enframe all ! life ( ! lat] middle ages--,*ivalry4 ,! fir/ milit>y games & t\rneys appe> 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,f t "t on1 life became m pret5ti\s1 m individual1 m ref9$4 ,! *ivalric ideal 0 pr(ess$ly ,*ri/ian4 ,x prea*$ :at ! ,pagan c\ld nev] h und]/ood--rev]5ce = womanhood & respect = ! weak4 ,knights ga9$ ! *ur*'s special sanction :5 !y devot$ !mselves to right+ wrongs & rescu+ wom5 9 di/ress4 ,! t5d] poetry :i* 9 e>ly m$ival times became atta*$ to ! figure ( ! ,madonna1 0 n[ ext5d$ to all wom5--at lea/ to all wom5 ( social /&+4 ,because a woman _h be5 *os5 z ! ,"m ( ,god all wom5 7 reg>d$ z holy 9 h] lik5ess4 ,) ?is *ang$ attitude t[>d ! weak] sex !re came a multitude ( delicate %ades ( s5tim5t & an exagg]at$ devotion t w\ld h seem$ *ildi% to ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,x 0 common = ! ,tr\bad\rs to pr(ess ! mo/ ec/atic love = "s woman ( high rank1 :o 0 h>dly expect$ to d m ?an smile 9 return4 ,love1 9 its m fanciful aspects1 became ! mania ( ! age4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ! nobles ( ! "t took up love1 "o might almo/ say1 z an avocation4 ,!y _h no?+ to d1 mu* ( ! "t1 b cultivate ! f9e arts4 ,!y caught ! trick ( mak+ v]ses & melodies4 ,x 0 natural t love %\ld be ! *ief !me ( _! songs4 ,& 9 ,prov5ce1 ! s\!a/]n "p ( mod]n ,france1 !re arose t[>d ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ! cult or in/itutions ( ! ,tr\bad\rs4 ,! ,tr\bad\rs 7 prim>ily nobles1 cultivat+ ! arts z a pa/ime4 ,b _m m5 ( l[] rank also took up ! fa%ion1 w9n+ _! way ?r\gh ! beauty ( _! song4 ,all t we reg>d z mo/ typical ( ,fr5* art 0 9 _! music & v]ses--delicacy ( wit & fancy1 beauty ( =m1 purity ( diction4 ,!y repres5t$ ! utmo/ ref9em5t to :i* _! age atta9$4 ,!y did n1 l ! jongleurs1 accept money = _! s++1 ?\gh !y 7 pr\d to receive gifts f lords & ladies :om !y prais$4 ,b !y (t5 reta9$ ! jongleurs 9 _! s]vice4 ,!y seem to h _h ambitions ( spread+ _! reputations z compos]s &1 z x 0 unbecom+ _! rank to s+ 9 ! m>ket-places1 !y hir$ jongleurs1 z p]sonal s]vants1 to d x = !m4 ,?us ! w&]+ m9/rel ( ! n9? c5tury1 :ile los+ some?+ ( 8 arti/ic prem95ce1 ga9$ no little 9 social dignity4 ,"s ga9$ high reputation4 ,we recall ! /ory ( ,blondel1 m9/rel to ,ri*>d ! ,lionhe>t$1 :o1 :5 8 liege "l 0 a prison] 9 ,g]many on 8 return f ! ,holy ,l&1 s\ght him f> & wide & made himself kn[n by 8 s++ outside ! ca/le1 lat] br++ help & lib]ty to 8 k+4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,france fl\ri%$ ! ,tr\vres1 simil> to ! ,tr\bad\rs ( ! s\?4 ,!y 7 less delicate 9 t\*1 less poli%$1 b f> m s]i\s1 frequ5tly compos+1 9 _! own fa%ion1 works ( sci5ce & hi/ory1 !ology & philosophy4 ,among ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres 7 ,c\nt ,guillaume ( ,poiti]s1 ,c\nt ,?ibaut ( ,*ampagne1 ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 & ,adam de la ,halle4 ,! la/ nam$ 0 n ( noble blood1 b ga9$ high /&+ z s+] to ! ,c\nt ( ,artois4 ,9 ,spa91 z well z 9 ,france1 ! in/itution ( c\rtly song took root & ! noble s+]s 7 kn[n z ,trobadores4 ,9 ,italy ! s+] 0 kn[n z ,trovatore1 ?\gh ! ,prov5al song did n ga9 mu* vogue 9 ! l& :i* 0 be+ /irr$ by ! awak5+ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ,tr\vres1 ?r\gh ! ,norman c\rt ( ,london1 influ5c$ ! native m9/relsy ( ,engl&1 ?us spread+ ov] half ( ,europe ! fame ( ! ,prov5al song4 ,! v>iety ( arti/ic =ms cultivat$ by ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres 0 great4 ,( !m we c di/+ui% ! dramatic works1 ! romances1 ! /ories or fabliaux1 & ! lyric works prop]4 ,all ( ^!1 except+1 p]haps1 ! dramatic works1 7 at lea/ 9 "p sung to ! accompanim5t ( a musical in/rum5t4 ,! romances sometimes approximat$ ! l5g? ( epics1 ext5d+ to #bj1jjj l9es or m4 ,( ! romances !re is "o *>m+ & widely kn[n example 9 #8,aucass9 & ,nicolette1' a long /ory ( love & adv5ture1 frequ5tly int]rupt$ ) a lovely song4 ,x is probable t ^! romances 7 recit$ 9 a some:at =mal mann] ?r\gh ! m n>rative p>ts1 p]haps *ant$ 9 ! emotional sections1 lead+ up by means ( a m & m musical deliv]y to ! lyrics1 :i* und\bt$ly _h _! set melodies4 ,! fabliaux 7 %ort & witty /ories1 usually satirical :5 n actually indec5t4 ,! lyrical poems 7 divid$ by _! s+]s into _m classes1 ! di/9ctions be+ l>gely nom9al or fanciful4 ,we c recall ! canzonets1 or love-songs1 includ+ ! s]5ade 7! #8ev5+ song'7 & ! aubade 7#8morn+ song'74 ,! pa/\relle1 or conv5tionaliz$ song ( %eph]d life1 became ! ,pa/oral ( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,france1 "o ( ! mo/ typical art-=ms ( ! pre-,revolution>y p]iod4 ,!re 7 fur!r ! sirvantes1 writt5 to praise "s b5efic5t pr9ce2 ! r\ndelays1 ) a set refra9 aft] ea* v]se or /anza2 & ! dance songs1 int5d$ to be sung actually dur+ danc+4 ,!n !re 7 ! t5zone1 cont5ti\s songs1 usually 9 dialog1 (t5 set debates on "s nice po9t ( love4 ,sometimes ! t5zone 7 little ma/]pieces ( satire4 ,"o1 compos$ by a monk1 has be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,x repres5ts a debate or trial1 9 :i* ! monks accuse ! wom5 ( hav+ /ol5 ! art ( pa9t+ inv5t$ = ecclesia/ical purposes & hav+ appli$ x to _! *eeks4 ,! wom5 reply t ! monks are no worse (f because _! sex is able to cov] ! wr9kles "u _! eyes4 ,f9ally ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,lawr5ce adjudge t ! wom5 %all be all[$ f ! ages ( tw5ty to ?irty-five to pa9t 94 ,b1 adds ! poet1 #8! contract 0 soon brok5 by ! wom53 !y lay on m r$ & :ite ?an 0 ev] us$ = a votive pa9t+ & h 9 consequ5ce rais$ ! price ( saffron & o!r dye-/uffs4' ,we %\ld n leave ! ,tr\bad\rs )\t ref]r+ to ! ,c\rs d'am\r1 or ,c\rts ( ,love1 :i* 7 suppos$ to h be5 held1 9 all solemnity1 dur+ ! middle ages4 ,?is in/itution1 con/itut$ l a c\rt ( law1 he>d nice que/ions z to conduct 9 love1 & gave decisions = "o or ! o!r p>ty1 decree+ h[ ! lov] & 8 lady %\ld act 9 all conceivable situations4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is extremely d\btful :e!r su* c\rts 7 actually held1 b !y 7 at lea/ a fanciful in/itution ( ! "t & are repres5t$ 9 _m ( ! songs4 ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s t ! c\rts 7 actually conv5$ & t noble ladies & _! c\rti]s came f all ov] ,europe to submit ! fruits ( _! exp]i5ce & pass ^u "s su* solemn "q z3 #8,is x betwe5 lov]s1 or betwe5 husb& & wife1 t ! greate/ affection1 ! livelie/ atta*m5t1 exi/8' ,at all ev5ts1 ! c\rts ( love exi/$ 9 ! songs ( ! ,tr\bad\rs4 ,= in/ance1 "o compla9ant br+s ! foll[+ "q1 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a song by a ,tr\bad\r3 #8,a knight 0 9 love ) a lady :o 0 already engag$1 b %e promis$ him h] favor 9 case %e %\ld ev] happ5 to lose ! love ( him :o 0 !n h] lov]4 ,a %ort "t subsequ5t to ?is ! lady & h] ador] 7 m>ri$4 ,! knight !n laid claim to ! love ( ! "y bride1 :o resi/$ ! claim1 ma9ta9+ t %e _h n lo/ ! love ( him :o _h become h] husb&4' ,! judgm5t 9 ?is case 0 suppos$ to h be5 pass$ by ,que5 ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e1 :o 0 lat] to become ! wife ( ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl&4 ,%e ref]s to a previ\s judgm5t1 :i* is reg>d$ z hav+ all ! =ce ( a prec$5t 9 law1 & says3 #8,we v5ture n to contradict ! decree ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,*ampagne1 :o1 by a solemn judgm5t1 has pron\nc$ t true love _c exi/ betwe5 a m>ri$ c\ple4 ,we !re=e approve t ! lady 9 "q be/[ ! love :i* %e has promis$4' ,,iii ,g]many1 at ?is "t1 0 h>dly beh9d ,france 9 civilization & ref9em5t ( mann]s4 ,x 0 natural1 !n1 t ! c\rtly song %\ld f9d its way into ,g]many4 ,9 ,s\? ,g]many--,bav>ia & ,swabia--! indig5\s folk-song cont9u$ to dom9ate4 ,b 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces ! influ5ce ( ! ,tr\vres 0 /rongly felt by way ( ,fl&]s & ! ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,! noble s+]s "h call$ !mselves ,m9nes+]--or #8,s+]s ( ,love4' ,_! songs are almo/ z pure & ref9$ 9 arti/ic /ructure z ^? ( ,prov5ce1 b _! subject matt] is m e>ne/ & s*ol>ly4 ,9 place ( ! fanciful c\rtly complim5ts paid by ! s\!rn ,fr5* s+]s to _! ladies1 we f9d t deep & s9c]e rev]5ce = womanhood :i* ,tacitus not$ among ! ,g]man b>b>ians & :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,! lyrical songs ( ! ,m9nes+]s 7 divid$ into ?ree classes3 ! ,li$1 or song2 ! ,l]*1 or lay2 & ! ,spru*1 or prov]b4 ,! diff]5ce1 musically1 0 ma9ly a matt] ( =m1 rigid laws gov]n+ ! =mation ( ! /rophes4 ,! ,li$ 0 ! mo/ly purely lyrical ( ! ?ree4 ,! ,l]* 0 m g5]al 9 subject-matt]1 p>tak+ sometimes ( ! n>rative4 ,! ,spru* 0 ess5tially "o ( ! ,g]man prov]bs :i* s ri*ly fill ! language ev5 to ?is day1 b x 0 usually develop$ to make a some:at l5g?y /anza4 ,! c5tral idea ( ! prov]b1 its simile or its e?ical sub/ance1 w\ld be repeat$ & enl>g$ ^u1 becom+ lyrical 9 "* ?\gh reta9+ ! idiomatic directness & simplicity ( ! orig9al4 ,?us ! ,m9nesong t5d$ to keep a homely "* :i* ! ,prov5al lay nev] _h4 ,among ! fam\s ,m9nes+]s 7:o 7 also poets 9 ! mod]n s5se7 7 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* & ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide4 ,bo? are famili> to all lov]s ( ,wagn]4 ,! =m] is "o ( ! *ief *>act]s 9 ! op]a ,tannhus]4 ,he appe>s z ! pure lov] ( ,elizabe?1 9 contra/ to ,tannhus]1 ^: s5sual & pagan "* is %[n by 8 affair ) ! unholy goddess ,v5us4 ,9 ! second act ( ! op]a is %[n "o ( ! t\rnam5ts ( song :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,tannhus]1 ,wolfram1 & o!rs1 s+ ! praises ( love1 ea* reveal+ 8 p]sonal "* 9 ! attitude he takes t[>d ! great passion4 ,wolfram is ! g5u9e ,m9nes+]1 idealiz+ ! object ( 8 devotion1 insi/+ ^u h] div9ity 7h] lik5ess to ! ,virg9 ,m>y71 & ^u ! fle%less1 uns5sual nature ( love 9 its true e/ate4 ,"o ga!rs1 also1 f a he>+ ( ! op]a1 t he 0 a typical ,m9nes+] 9 t 8 song 0 some?+ ( a bore4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,m9nesongs1 9 _! ambl+ l5g?9ess1 w\ld br+ sleep9ess to a mod]n audi5ce4 ,b ,wolfram1 we mu/ rememb]1 0 n only a c\rtly m9/rel1 b a great epic poet1 "o ( ! great figures 9 ,g]man lit]ature4 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 p]haps ! mo/ inspir$ lyrici/ ( 8 "t1 figures by "n 9 ,die ,mei/]s+]4 ,wal!r1 ! h]o1 c&idate = ! degree ( ,mei/]s+]1 is ask$ :o taught him 8 art4 ,he replies t he le>n$ x f ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide & f ! birds4 ,?is causes ! ,ma/]s+]s to %ake _! heads1 = inspiration has little "p 9 _! =mal music4 ,! la/ ( ! ,m9nes+]s1 & "o ( ! mo/ fam\s1 0 ,he9ri* von ,meiss51 call$ ,frau5lob--#8,prais] ( ,wom54' ,8 songs 7 s ard5t 9 _! idealization ( womanhood t x is relat$ h[ ! wom5 ( ,may5ce1 :5 ! s+] di$1 bore him to 8 grave & p\r$ ov] x1 m+l$ ) _! te>s1 ! ri*e/ ( ,rh5i% w9es4 ,n a few ( ! songs ( ! ,tr\bad\rs1 ,tr\vres1 & ,m9nes+]s h be5 pres]v$ to u & h be5 deciph]$ ) great c>e by /ud5ts4 ,x seems c]ta9 t ! deciph]+s are 9 ! ma9 correct4 ,! songs are well wor?y ( /udy4 ,naumann1 9 8 #8,hi/ory ( ,music1' gives f\r h>moniz$ accord+ to mod]n pr9ciples4 ,unlike any ( ! *ur* music ( ! "t1 ^! songs are 9 ! mod]n major scale4 ,!y are1 probably1 ! e>lie/ melodies pres]v$ to u :i* seem to h an aff9ity ) mod]n music4 ,all music prec$+ !m1 z all ! *ur* music foll[+ !m = at lea/ two c5turies1 s\nds /range to our e>s2 we _c grasp x1 mu* less enjoy x1 )\t mak+ a consci\s all[ance = its seem+ly outl&i% con/ruction4 ,b ! songs ( ! c\rtly m9/rels might almo/ h be5 writt5 by ,s*umann or ,brahms4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t !y h be5 some:at mod]niz$ 9 transcription4 ,b ! fact rema9s t !y are pr$om9antly 9 ! mod]n major scale & t _! turns ( phrase %[ a feel+ = melody z su* 9 a way nev] reveal$ by ! *ur* compos]s until aft] ,pale/r9a's "t4 ,! lovel9ess ( ^! songs gr[s on "o4 ,we mu/1 p]haps1 make a prelim9>y all[ance = ! l5g? ( _! l9es & = a c]ta9 aimlessness :i* seems to reside 9 ! melody4 ,! musicians ( ! "t did n feel acc5t & metre s /rongly z we d & ! regul> s+-song ( contra/+ l9es 7:i* sometimes m>s mod]n lyrics7 0 h>dly felt 9 _! songs4 ,!y fl[ lightly & smoo?ly2 _! phrases are di/+ui%$ by a pause r ?an by a sy/em ( balanc+ & contra/+4 ,!y mu/ be deliv]$ ) ! utmo/ repose1 9 transp>5t fl[+ tones t nev] betray ! brea? beh9d !m4 ,!re mu/ be h>dly any acc5tuation & v slight use ( dynamics4 ,arti/ic con/ruction1 9 ! m rigid mod]n s5se1 is n to be f\nd 9 !m2 !y h no #8climax po9t1' obvi\sly prep>$1 ) passages lead+ #8up to' & #8d[n f' x4 ,!y are r l ! s(te/ breeze 9 ! morn+ ( a sunny summ] day4 ,!y brea! ! _s ( ! foll[+ lovely v]ses by ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide3 #8,love is nei!r man nor woman1 ,s\l x ha? n1 nor yet body1 ,& no e>?ly sign or tok52 ,?\gh ! tongue ( man ha? nam$ x1 ,nev] mortal eye ha? se5 x4 ,yet )\t x c no creature ,w9 ,heav5's pity+ grace & favor2 ,nor :]e love is w !re l+] ,aught ( fraud or bas5ess ev]2 ,to ! traitor1 ! false-he>t$1 ,love ha? come n1 come? nev]4' ,b a pr(\nd *ange 0 com+ ov] society1 :i* wip$ out all ve/iges ( *ivalric song4 ,! complete failure ( ! ,crusades 0 "o ( ! obvi\s bl[s dealt ! in/itution ( ,*ivalry4 ,! religi\s upheavals aga9/ ! dom9ance ( ! *ur* ( ,rome--^? ( ! ,hussites 9 ,bohemia1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 ( ! ,lu!rans 9 ,g]many & ( ! ,engli% "u ,h5ry ,,viii 9 ! sixte5?--^!1 ap>t f _! religi\s aspect1 d5ot$ a spirit$ ris+ ( ! populace to self-consci\sness & conc]t$ action4 ,! spread ( k & intellectual curiosity e/abli%$ l9es ( communication all ov] ,europe & dim9i%$ ! importance ( ! c\rts z c5tres ( culture4 ,) ?is came a gr[? ( manufacture & comm]ce :i* rais$ to importance p v diff]5t f ! g5tle ,m9nes+]s4 ,9 ! ,g]many ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! m]cantile middle class came to be ( social importance1 & ar\nd !m grew up a new art ( song4 ,,iv ,! era ( ! middle-class or ,burgh] dom9ance 9 ! ,g]man cities is repres5t$1 9 music1 by ! in/itution ( ! ,mei/]sang 7ma/] song74 ,! ,mei/]sang 0 ! middle-class replica ( ! ,m9nesang4 ,x arose %ortly aft] ! natural dea? ( ! ,m9nesang1 e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 orig9at+1 /rangely en\gh1 at ,may5ce1 :]e ,he9ri* ,frau5lob1 ! la/ ( ! great ,m9nes+]s1 di$4 ,! ,m9nesang1 9 fact1 provid$ mo/ ( ! =ms & ideals = ! ,ma/]song--at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,b ! era ( isolat$ ca/les & w&]+ m9/rels 0 n t ( m]cantile ,g]many1 ) /rongly wall$ & indep5d5t cities1 s]v+ z /opp+ places = imm5se c>avans com+ f ,italy & ! f> ea/4 ,= ^! cities ! m]*ant & artisan class held ! purse-/r+s4 ,!y 7 ! urban ari/ocrats4 ,! ,muses _h p]=ce to eat f _! h&s4 ,! ,burgh]s1 be+ n only %rewd & practical1 b prev5t$ by bus9ess reasons f w&]+ ! e>? 9 se>* ( fair ladies1 organiz$ _! music 9 v =mal fa%ion4 ,!y held regul> s++ conte/s at :i* aspir+ musicians 7 he>d & criticiz$4 ,:5 ^! aspirants _h prov$ _! ability bo? to compose & to s+ to ! satisfaction ( _! eld]s !y 7 admitt$ z ,ma/]s+]s4 ,b ! exam9ation 0 rigid & ! organization or guild ( ! ,ma/]s+]s 0 jeal\s4 ,inasmu* z x controll$ ! acceptance or rejection ( c&idates1 x c\ld set ! rules4 ,&1 be+ ?us con/antly call$ ^u to ex]cise its sup]iority1 x t5d$ to solidify its arti/ic pr9ciples into set rules ( ! mo/ rigid "*4 ,! v]ses ( ea* type ( song mu/ be organiz$ 9 a set way4 ,! music _h to be made 9 accordance ) ! accept$ practice4 ,c]ta9 transitions & ornam5ts 7 prohibit$--n only reg>d$ z less desirable ?an o!rs1 b rul$ out "u all circum/ances4 ,at ! trials1 :i* 7 usually held 9 ! *ur*es1 ! c&idate's song 0 judg$ by f "o to f\r judges1 call$ ,m>k]s1 :o 7 conceal$ f 8 view by a curta94 ,! judgm5t 0 deliv]$ n accord+ to ! beauty ( ! song1 b /rictly accord+ to ! numb] ( mi/akes ! s+] _h made1 ) ref]5ce to ! rules ( ! guild4 ,x is h>dly to be wond]$ at1 !n1 t ! songs ( ! ,mei/]s+]s 7 dry & un9spir$4 ,to musical le>n+ !y may h contribut$ some?+4 ,b to ! art ( music1 on its poetical side1 !y gave next to no?+4 ,!y %[1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 clumsy fancy1 z 9 ! titles ( ! foll[+ songs3 #8,maid5ly ,grace1' #8,! ,night+ale1' #8,! ,glutton1' #8,a ,monkey ,tune1' & #8,! ,po9t$ ,arr[4' ,! in/itution ( ! ,ma/]song1 beg9n+ 9 ,may5ce 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 spread ov] ! great] "p ( ,g]many1 z f> z ! ,baltic ,sea1 & fl\ri%$ = ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,"o guild 0 9 exi/5ce at ,ulm z late z #ahci4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all ! guilds is ( c\rse t ( ,nuremb]g1 "o ( ! ri*e/ ,g]man cities ( late m$ival times4 ,& ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,ma/]s+]s is ! ,nuremb]g poet1 ,hans ,sa*s1 #8,s*uma*] und ,poet dazu4' ,sa*s1 l ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 is a l&m>k 9 ,g]man lit]ature4 ,8 output ( vigor\s homely poems 0 enorm\s1 & ! support he gave to ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation 9 its e>ly days contribut$ 9 no small measure to its propagation among ! simple p4 ,b ?\gh ! ma/]song 0 musically /]ile1 ! ,g]man folk-song1 :i* _h be5 vigor\sly develop+ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 n[ came to brilliant fl[]4 ,! ,lu!ran ,re=mation 01 z we h said1 a popul> movem5t4 ,)\t ! he>ty support & und]/&+ ( ! masses x c\ld nev] h succe$$4 ,& ,lu!r1 und]/&+ ?is1 s\ght to draw ! congregation z closely z possible into ! *ur* s]vice4 ,8 *ief means 7 ! read+ ( ! ,bible & ! liturgy 9 ! native tongue in/ead ( ,lat91 & ! congregational s++ ( *orales4 ,hymns1 z !y are sung n[ 9 ,prote/ant *ur*es1 7 almo/ unkn[n 9 ! ,roman *ur*4 ,_! introduction 0 a complete innovation ( ! ,lu!ran movem5t4 ,b ,lu!r und]/ood t congregational hymns c\ld n be import$ f ano!r c\ntry & engraft$ on 8 p4 ,s he took ! folk-songs t 7 actually be+ sung by ! p & wrote devotional words to fit !m4 ,he caus$ _m o!r tunes to be writt5 9 ! folk-mann] & 9 all probability wrote "s himself 7includ+ ! fam\s #8,lu!r's ,hymn1' #8,a ,mighty ,=tress is our ,god'74 ,^! hymns spoke ) a famili> voice ( ! p & 7 "o ( ! p[]ful s\rces ( /r5g? to ! *ur* 9 its e>ly days ( p]secution4 ,! purely musical results ( ?is introduction ( folk-song into ! *ur* s]vice 7 v great4 ,f ,lu!r's "t onw>d ! *orale--pr(\nd1 dignifi$1 & solemn--0 ! spiritual basis ( ,g]man music4 ,by x ,g]man music became emancipat$ f ! ,italian4 ,! ,g]man *ur* mo!r$ its own musicians1 greate/ ( :om 0 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,& ! ,g]man *orale 0 "o ( ! two great influ5ces on lat] ,g]man song4 ,f ! #8,spiritual ,songs' ( ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*1 :i* are no?+ m ?an solo *orales1 ?r\gh ! songs ( ! same "n compos$ by 8 son1 ,c>l ,philipp ,emanuel1 to ! direct precursors ( ,s*ub]t1 we see a direct l9e ( succession4 ,if ! ,g]man music prec$+ ,s*ub]t 0 s]i\s1 closely knit1 firmly bas$1 we mu/ lay x 9 l>ge "p to ! influ5ce ( ! ,g]man folk-song :i* _h ! same ,g]man qualities--& especially ^? ( simplicity & hone/y4 ,x 0 n solely 9 ,g]man ,prote/ant music1 h[ev]1 t popul> song became m]g$4 ,mu* e>li] ?an ?is "t x _h ex]t$ its influ5ce on ! music ( ! ,roman *ur*4 ,z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury x _h become ! fa%ion among *ur* compos]s to use popul> tunes = _! masses4 ,x is h>dly probable t ! motive 0 to draw ! p clos] into ! *ur* s]vice by giv+ !m a tune !y 7 famili> )4 ,9 fact1 ! *ur* _h sev]al times be5 oblig$ to rule t ! p %\ld n s+ 9 ! s]vice1 except on c]ta9 days1 be=e & aft] ! ritual4 ,b ! *ur* compos]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & aft] 7 9 ! habit ( writ+ florid c\nt]po9t ar\nd a set melody1 call$ ! cantus firmus1 & x became ! fa%ion n to inv5t ! cantus firmus = "o's self b to borr[ x f any s\rce at h&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t compos]s hit ^u ! s*eme ( borr[+ secul> tunes4 ,dufay1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 us$ "o ( ! tunes ( ! p1 ,l'homme arm1 :i* has be5 call$ #8! mo/ popul> tune ( ! ,middle ,ages4' ,su* a univ]sal favorite did x become t x 0 us$ 9 masses by ne>ly e *ur* compos] f ,josqu9 de ,prs to ,orl&o di ,lasso4 ,v ,x is q possible t ! pres5ce ( popul> tunes 9 *ur* music did some?+ to aid ! approa* ( ! mod]n major modes 7:i* _h already be5 widely us$ by ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,m9nes+]s74 ,b _! influ5ce 0 at fir/ disguis$1 = ! cantus firmus 0 usually sung v sl[ly1 9 ord] to all[ ! florid c\nt]po9t to gr[ ar\nd x1 & h5ce usually became indi/+ui%able to ! he>]4 ,c]ta9ly "h ! popul> art _h no su* direct & inspir+ effect z 9 ! ,lu!ran revival4 ,=ces 7 work+ sl[ly t[>d a great *ange 9 m5's art1 z 9 m5's life & ?\ghts4 ,popul> art und]w5t an eclipse = a "t1 to em]ge lat] 9 a new _w1 dom9ant & victori\s4 ,! eclipse came on sl[ly1--a g5]al twilight all along ! l9e ( battle4 ,beg9n+ ) ! twelf? 7ev5 ! elev5?7 c5tury1 m5 _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) c\nt]po9t & polyphony1 work+ out ,*9ese puzzles 9 ! comb9ation ( two & m voices4 ,gradually !y le>n$ h[ to make ^! puzzles beautiful z well z +5i\s4 ,!n came ! age ( ! great ,ca?olic *ur* compos]s1 ( :om ,orl&o di ,lasso & ,pale/r9a are ! mo/ fam\s4 ,) !m melody no long] _h its =m] place4 ,!re 0 mu* m to ?9k ( ?an ! beauty ( a s+le voice4 ,! :ole art 0 m au/]e & m e!real ?an popul> songs _h be54 ,& ! polyphonic art began to dom9ate secul> music4 ,9 place ( ! flu5t melody ( ! ,m9nes+] came ! "p-song & madrigal4 ,?is 0 built on ! same pr9ciples z ! sacr$ mass1 b its "* 0 naturally light] & m lively 9 movem5t4 ,! "p-song 0 ! #8cat*' ( ,%akespe>e's "t & its popul>ity is %[n by ! frequ5t ref]5ce to x 9 ,%akespe>e's plays4 ,9 #8,twelf? ,night' ,sir ,&rew1 ,sir ,toby1 & ! fool comm5ce a cat* 7d\btless kn[n to ! audi5ce73 #8,hold ?y ,peace1 ,?\ ,knave1' ,sir ,&rew expo/ulat+1 #8,h[ c ,i beg9 if ,i hold my peace8' ,! madrigals 7 n always ( s sportive a "*4 ,sometimes !y 7 love-songs or songs ( nature1 %[+ ke5 poetic feel+4 ,(t5 !y 7 ma/]pieces ( polyphony & canon4 ,b ?\gh mu* le>n+ w5t into _! con/ruction1 _! _s 0 t ( ! popul> song4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( e>ly "p-songs is "o kn[n z #8,sum] is icum5 91' a ,nor?umbrian canon = six voices1 :i* has be5 prov$ to h be5 compos$ n lat] ?an #abbh4 ,x is a delightfully melodi\s piece1 writt5 9 fairly good h>mony1 9 ! major mode1 typical ( ! fre$om & gracefulness ( popul> music ( ! "t 9 contra/ to ! rigor ( ! ecclesia/ical works4 ,f ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? madrigals 7 writt5 & 7 ! pr9cipal =m ( secul> vocal music4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ( c\rse1 folk-song cont9u$4 ,b x 01 z x _h be5 sev]al c5turies e>li]1 b a poor relation ( music1 dwell+ among ! despis$ & reject$ ( m54 ,x 0 d\btless dur+ ?is p]iod t ! e>li] specim5s ( ! folk-songs n[ pres]v$ to u assum$ some?+ l _! pres5t =m4 ,b s f> z outw>d hi/ory is conc]n$ secul> song is conta9$ 9 ! madrigal 7:i* is n #8song' 9 our s5se71 & 9 ! ma/]song ( ,g]many1 :i* 0 almo/ :olly lack+ 9 inspiration4 ,:5 ! homophonic song once m awoke to its place1 ! _w _h exp]i5c$ ! pr(\nd *anges ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation4 ,secul> life _h out/ripp$ ! religi\s 9 v>iety & intellectual int]e/4 ,! *ur* 0 p[]ful /ill1 b x 0 no long] ! c5tre ( gravity = all m5's activity4 ,s song f\nd itself drawn into ! vortex & =c$ to s]ve m5's pleasures & vanities 9 innum]able =ms4 ,:at ^! =ms 7 & h[ !y t5d$ to ! ,song prop] we %all see 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,classic ,,song ,,& ,,! ,,aria ,italy & ! monodic /yle--,song 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ,g]many2 ,france--,song 9 ,engl&--,! aria--,g]man song 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 ,fr5* song 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 =]unn]s ( ,s*ub]t4 ,i ,! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( unre/ & pr(\nd *ange 9 music4 ,z we h se51#aj x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ! old pure /yle ( *ur* music rea*$ its highe/ p]fection "u ,pale/r9a1 &1 because ! res\rces ( ! /yle _h be5 exhau/$1 began to give place to ! /yle :i* we "k z mod]n4 ,out ( ?is *ange grew directly mo/ ( ! mod]n musical =ms--! op]a1 ! oratorio1 ! indep5d5t or*e/ral piece ) its se>*+ out ( in/rum5tal res\rces1 &--! ,art-,song4 ,x is "o ( ! vag>ies ( hi/ory t ! ,art-,song1 ?\gh x comm5c$ ) def9ite consci\sness ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 did n become a firmly e/abli%$ art =m = full two c5turies4 ,by all ! signs ( ! times x seems z ?\gh x %\ld quickly h ris5 to maturity4 ,! humani/ic en?usiasm ( ! ,r5aissance _h s5sitiz$ p to individual emotions & moods--! v mat]ial ( ! art-song4 ,s++ 0 univ]sal & _h atta9$ a high degree ( te*nical excell5ce4 ,& ! e>lie/ compos]s ( op]a ( ! "t _h hit ^u ! v pr9ciples :i* ,s*ub]t exemplifi$ two c5turies lat]--! accurate foll[+ ( ! words by expressive music1 indep5d5t ( #8patt]n' =m4 ,b = v>i\s reasons1 :i* we %all exam9e pres5tly1 ! art-song became side-track$4 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s ( its bir? x _h be5 exil$ to a d>k cell> ( hi/ory & its feeble attempts at gr[? _h be5 smo!r$ by an in/itution :i* pres5tly captur$ ! :ole civiliz$ _w--! op]a4 ,s ! hi/ory ( song f #afjj to #ahjj is n unlike t ( ! five c5turies prec$+--a delv+ into ! out-(-!-way places :]e !re is to be f\nd mu* t is *>m+ & int]e/+1 b little ) broad & consci\s arti/ic drive4 ,nev]!less1 song 9 ?is p]iod does %[ organic developm5t4 ,! outca/ infant 9 ! cell> does gr[ & become beautiful4 ,b its gr[? is t ( music 9 g5]al4 ,z te*nical mat]ials & arti/ic consci\sness develop1 song p>takes ( ! common b5efits1 b only second>ily1 "h & !re1 z ! s]vant picks crumbs f ! ma/]'s table4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 common ) music 9 g5]al1 song p>took ( ! *ange f ! old modes to ! major & m9or scales4 ,& "h1 inde$1 x 0 a lead] r ?an a foll[]4 ,we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt] h[ ! folk-songs ( ,prov5ce & ( ! ,rh9e blossom$ into a g5tle & fl[+ major mode c5turies be=e ! ecclesia/ical music _h a*iev$ any?+ l a feel+ = ! tonic4 ,& x 0 p]haps p>tly because ( ! introduction ( folk-tunes into *ur* music t ! latt] pres5tly began to %[ evid5ces ( ! *ange4 ,9 all c\ntries we c see h[ ! folk-song1 increas+ its hold ov] consci\s compos]s1 began to set ! _s = all secul> music4 ,illu/ration3 ,great ,s+]s ( ! ,pa/4 ,top3 ,paul9e ,vi>dot-,g>ca & ,wilhelm9e ,s*rd]-,devri5t ,bottom3 ,adel9a ,patti & ,j5ny ,l9d ,9 ,italy1 :]e ! *ange f ! old /yle to ! new 0 mo/ m>k$ & dramatic1 ! art-song grew gradually out ( ! madrigal & "p-song4 ,:ile we h no traces ( ! folk-song ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we "k t compos]s began to write _! "p-songs 9 ! folk-_s4 ,?is meant1 besides ! pr$om9ance ( ! major mode & ! tonic feel+1 a /ress+ ( ! upp] or #8melody' voice1 :]eas 9 ! old] contrapuntal music x 0 ! t5or :i* c>ri$ ! *ief tune4 ,! frottolle ( ! "t 7 ballads popul> bo? 9 words & melody2 ! villanelle1 or #8village songs1' s\ght to pres]ve an artless & ru/ic flavor2 & ! villotte1 or dr9k+ songs1 7 fill$ ) ! high spirits = :i* ! ,italians are fam\s4 ,all ^! 7 ess5tially folk-l melodies treat$ contrapuntally4 ,gradually ! c\nt]po9t became simpl]1 reflect+ p]haps ! gr[+ simplification ( *ur* music1 & ) ,p]issone ,cambio1 9 #aedg1 ! "p-songs assum$ ! nature ( melodies h>moniz$ 9 f\r p>ts ) a free use ( pass+ notes--mu* z 9 ! f\r-"p *orales ( ,j4 ,s4 ,ba*4 ,! simplification cont9u$1 & ) ,giacomo ,ga/oldi1 9 #aeia1 we h true #8*ord-=-note' h>monizations ( melodies 9 ! mod]n /yle4 ,) ?is1 ! song elem5t has be5 lib]at$4 ,! melody has ga9$ complete ma/]y1 & ! h>mony is us$ simply to enri* & support ! upp] "p4 ,& z we h se5 9 ano!r *apt]#aa s+]s quickly seiz$ ! import ( ! new developm5ts4 ,z e>ly z #aeci ,sil5o is record$ to h sung ! upp] "p ( a madrigal1 ) w9d in/rum5ts = ! l[] voices4 ,( c\rse ^! madrigals 7 /ill ess5tially polyphonic1 b ! compos]s ( ! "t /eadily cont9u$ to /ress ! upp] voice = its melodic value & to simplify & suppress ! inn] voices until !y became a m]e h>monic support4 ,x 0 ?is #8"o-voic$ madrigal' :i* became ! p>5t ( ! airs du c\r & ! simple solo songs & romances ( sev5te5? c5tury ,france4 ,b ! abortive developm5t ( ! art-song 0 an entirely diff]5t matt]4 ,x _h little or no?+ to d ) ! t5d5cy to /ress a madrigal melody1 or ) ! lib]ation ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury romance4 ,! /yle call$ monody1 or ! /ile rappres5tativo1 :i* might h produc$ a true art-song 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 inv5t$ or reviv$ q 9 opposition to ! madrigal & its _s4 ,! "o ?+ x _h 9 common ) ! new madrigal 0 ! #8*ord-=-note' h>monic /yle4 ,?is1 ?anks to ! popul>ity ( ! new madrigal1 _h become common prop]ty4 ,:5 ! ,flor5t9e innovators began _! exp]im5ts1 !y f\nd x ready to h&4 ,b ! true monodic /yle 01 s f> z song is conc]n$1 a :olly abortive affair4 ,its hi/ory has be5 trac$ else:]e4#ab ,we "k ( ! pa9ful ef=ts t[>d monody = ne>ly two c5turies previ\s to ! ,flor5t9e exp]im5ts2 we "k ( ! solo songs ( ,v9c5zo ,galilei 9 ! la/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ( ! songs 9 ,giulio ,cacc9i's ,nuovo ,musi*e1 publi%$ 9 #afjj4 ,we dimly feel t a musical /yle devot$ to ! consci5ti\s reproduction ( ! _s ( ! words1 detail = detail1 %\ld h result$ 9 a vigor\s tradition ( art-song4 ,& yet we see ! :ole =ce ( monody ve]+ into ! op]a1 quickly be+ caught up 9 ! da capo aria =m1 & 9 an unbelievably %ort "t =gett+ all ab\t its e>ly ideals ( textual fidelity & s]v+ only z an exposition gall]y = vocal virtuosity4 ,)9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury monody _h =sak5 "o ideal = its pol> opposite4 ,! true #8repres5tative /yle' _h be5 left high & dry4 ,x rema9$ neglect$ & =gott5 until ,bee?ov5 wrote ,an die f]ne ,geliebte1 or ,s*ub]t 8 ,gret*5 am ,sp9n5rad4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,h[ c\ld an art-=m1 :i* _h caught ! v ess5ce ( ! mod]n song1 ?us sell its bir?right = a mess ( pottage8 ,reason en\gh4 ,! mess ( pottage 0 v attractive4 ,= ! monodic exp]im5ts ( ! ,flor5t9es 7 ! play-?+s ( a set ( dilettantes4 ,!y 7 artificial & exotic4 ,!y _h consci\sly no use = ! true musical tradition1 ! folk-song1 :i* 0 liv+ & ?robb+ among ! p4 ,! body 0 !re b ! s\l 0 miss+4 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 *iefly int]e/$ 9 decorat+ ! lives ( ! ari/ocracy1 9 arrang+ c\rt masques & private !atricals4 ,ari/ocracy is always weak :5 x exi/s 9 opposition to & at ! exp5se ( ! life ( ! p1 z x did 9 ! decad5ce ( ,r5aissance ,italy4 ,! art :i* su* an ari/ocracy produces may be brilliant1 b x is empty4 ,x t9kles & x clatt]s1 b x does n res\nd4 ,= ! isolat$ ari/ocrat is n int]e/$ 9 humanity1 b 9 8 own glorification4 ,! joys & sorr[s ( ! p are repulsive to him3 he seeks to escape sorr[s1 & he longs = "s m highly color$ joys4 ,he floats on ! surface ( life z he floats on ! surface ( society4 ,8 art t5ds to become ! maximum ( %[ & ! m9imum ( mean+4 ,s :5 ! ari/ocracy ( ! "t discov]$ ! new monodic /yle1 x s\ght to make use ( x = !atrical ent]ta9m5t1 neglect+ ! m human & p]sonal song4 ,vocal coloratura provid$ ari/ocracy ) precisely ! ?+ x _h unconsci\sly be5 seek+--! maximum ( %[ & ! m9imum ( mean+4 ,! skill$ s+]s ( ! "t caught ! trick ( introduc+ impromptu embelli%m5ts on ! simple monodic recitative4 ,montev]di hit ^u ! device :i* w\ld give su* coloratura s++ a c5tre ( gravity--! da capo =m4 ,monody z height5$ spee* 0 :olly =gott51 except = ! debas$ recitativo secco1 :i* bridg$ ! gaps betwe5 arias1 & t9sel op]a became ! furore ( ! leisur$ class4 ,! middle class ( ,italy1 becom+ prosp]\s 9 bus9ess & always anxi\s to ape its bett]s1 flock$ to ^! ent]ta9m5ts z soon z l>ge op]a h\ses began to spr+ up1 & op]a z an in/itution ov]%ad[$ all o!r musical =ms4 ,! oratorio1 presumably devotional 9 _s1 became no less debas$ 9 its display4 ,song1 z a great art-=m1 0 /rangl$ = ano!r c5tury or two1 receiv+ no new ideals & s]v+ z a m]e div]sion = compos] & s+]4 ,?us does ! easy conv5i5ce ( ab/ract =m (t5 /ifle poetic expression4 ,we h spok5 ( ! da capo =m & its un=tunate influ5ce on ! monodic /yle4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t]m da capo 0 n us$ until ,t5aglia us$ x 9 8 op]a ,cleano1 9 #affa4 ,b ! ord9>y /atem5t t ! da capo 0 inv5t$ by ,t5aglia 7or by ,aless&ro ,sc>latti1 z is m frequ5tly said7 is q mislead+4 ,t5aglia's da capo aria is ( little hi/orical importance4 ,! compos] us$ ! t]m probably n out ( a s5se ( =m1 b out ( pure laz9ess1 pref]r+ n to copy out ! op5+ section a second "t4 ,! real da capo1 :i* 9 its m develop$ /ate becomes ! sonata =m1 c be trac$ back vaguely into primitive music1 & exi/s 9 m9iature p]fection 9 _m folk-songs4 ,x becomes a recogniz$ mold = musical composition ab\t ! "t ( ,montev]di4 ,) ! lat] op]a & oratorio compos]s we f9d x 9 a debas$ /ate1 :]e x exi/s n z an arti/ic =m b z a m]e /5ographic conv5i5ce4 ,?is debasem5t is typical ( ! *eap5+ ( op]a :i* cont9u$ pretty /eadily up to ! "t ( ,gluck4 ,! coloratura aria obscur$ to all m9ds ! expressive possibilities ( ! /ile rappres5tativo1 & left to song no?+ b ! old madrigal tradition fus$ ) c]ta9 elem5ts ( popul> feel+4 ,! _m arias1 ariettas1 canzoni1 cantate1 & ev5 "o-voic$ madrigals1 :i* 7 publi%$ by ! fa%ionable compos]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies %[$ little reg>d = dramatic or precise emotional expression1 b cont9u$ to s+ ) ! placid lyrical feel+ ( ! great madrigal age4 ,!y 7 only oblig$1 ) ! gr[? ( solo s++1 to become cle>] z to =m1 m regul> 9 metre & l9e4 ,= _! ability to a*ieve ?is !y _h ! popul> song almo/ :olly to ?ank4 ,sc>latti's beautiful canzonetta1 ,o cessate di piag>mi1 ) its simple guit> accompanim5t1 might pass = a ,neapolitan folk-song ( to-day4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 ! solo songs ( ?is p]iod fail$ to fulfill ! high arti/ic promise ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 a great quantity ( ^! lyrical pieces1 h[ev]1 & !y ga9$ a high popul>ity4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y rema9 to-day 9 _! orig9al /ate1 publi%$ ) ! curi\s notation & ! ar*aic clefs ( ! "t1 unkn[n except to ! savants4 ,b c]ta9 an?ologies h pres5t$ a few ( ! songs to ! g5]al public1 & ^! h a/oni%$ he>]s ) _! /range placid beauty4 ,9 "s ways x is ! be/ g5ius ( ! "t :i* we f9d 9 ^! songs4 ,9 !m ! lyric impulse ( ! ,italians came out 9 its pure/ =m4 ,! fla%y ideals ( ! op]a h\se 7 f> remov$ f _! t5d] /ra9s4 ,_! beauty is l ! sunlight ( an e>ly spr+ morn+1 :i* illum9es all ?+s & exagg]ates none4 ,! words1 ?\gh nave & some:at conv5tional 9 _! cont9ual play+ ) s5tim5tal love1 are n )\t _! grace & beauty4 ,& ! music is rem>kably v>i$4 ,among ^! songs we f9d lullabies1 fanciful dialogues1 dance songs1 g5tle lam5ts1 & delightful musical jokes4 ,!re is among !m mu* less ( pure conv5tion ?an 9 ! op]as ( ! p]iod1 & at times !re is a s5su\s or emotional quality :i* seems to look =w>d _m decades4 ,to ! s+] ^! songs are especially valuable1 s9ce !y repres5t at its pure/ ! old ,italian ideal ( bel canto1 free f ei!r declamatory or coloratura influ5ce4 ,!re c be no bett] s*ool = ! =mation ( purity ( tone & flu5cy ( phras+ ?an ^! e>ly canzoni4 ,_! g5]al "*1 z contra/$ ) t ( mod]n music1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ,/rauss's op]a ,d] ,ros5kavali]4 ,9 ! fir/ act ( ?is "w ! c\rt musician s+s a few /rophes ( a song :i* is suppos$ to be ( ! p]iod ( ! op]a1 & ! compos] has deftly imitat$ ! music ( ! "t4 ,! song %[s no t\* ( emotional agitation or h>%ness4 ,x has no climaxes1 sc>cely any v>iations ( tonal p[]4 ,x is m]ely a lovely melody1 sung purely & smoo?ly1 some:at aimless 9 melodic =mation1 9 long flu5t phrases & g5tle melan*oly cad5ces4 ,to he> ?is canzone1 contra/$ ) ! agitat$ mod]n music :i* surr\nds x 9 ! op]a1 w demon/rate mo/ eloqu5tly ! spiritual diff]5ce betwe5 ! music ( ! sev5te5? & t ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! song compos]s ( ?is p]iod are ^? ^: names we meet 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a & oratorio1 = x cont9u$ to be ! "p ( e popul> compos] 9 ! l>g] =ms to ma9ta9 & broad5 8 reputation by means ( small & popul> pieces4 ,fur!r1 "s ( ! be/ ( ! songs are tak5 f ! l>g] works4 ,n all ! arias 7 ( ! coloratura type4 ,(t51 especially 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 *>m+ canzoni & ariosos f\nd _! way into a long *oral or /age "w4 ,! h>monic support 79 _m cases suppli$ by ! mod]n editors f ! orig9al figur$ bass7 is at ! beg9n+ simple & some:at angul>4 ,b z ! sev5te5? c5tury we>s on we f9d ,montev]di's great discov]y ( ! unprep>$ dissonance work+ m freely into ! texture ( ! accompanim5t4 ,! l[] voices ( ! accompanim5t become m connect$ & song-l z ! rappres5tativo feel+ gives way to ! lyrical4 ,& long be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ! simpl] vocal numb]s beg9 to look v mu* l ^? ( ! e>ly ,h&el op]as4 ,) ,aless&ro ,sc>latti1 work+ at ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! *ange f ! madrigal /yle ( ,pale/r9a's "t is complete4 ,9 place ( pure1 motionless triads & solid1 block-l ar*itecture1 we h ! movem5t & fl[ ( song 9 all ! p>ts4 ,music becomes %>ply diff]5tiat$ 9 "* by ! nature ( ! emotion or feel+ x is int5d$ to express4 ,:at we miss1 judg+ by mod]n /&>ds1 is a def9ite rise & fall ( ! feel+4 ,! phrases seem too long1 too little diff]5tiat$4 ,!re is no def9ite climax-po9t 9 ! :ole4 ,!re is too mu* l9k$ sweetness4 ,b ?is is precisely ! virtue ( ! songs4 ,!y are ! canonization ( bel canto4 ,!y seek be=e all else p]fect purity ( tone & /yle4 ,f ! ,montev]di op]as1 mu* talk$-( b little kn[n1 we %\ld m5tion ! fam\s arioso f ,arianna1 ! s-call$ #8,ariadne's ,lam5t4' ,9 all ! ,italian music ( ! "t no m poignant emotional utt]ance c be f\nd4 ,9 its fre$om & directness1 x seems to be a =e%ad[+ ( ! op]a ( ! late n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b z ! l9e ( op]a compos]s cont9ues ! pure bel canto ideal ga9s ! upp] h&4 ,?is we f9d repres5t$ 9 ! "o-voic$ madrigals ( ,montev]di's contempor>ies1 z1 = example1 9 ! *>m+ ,am>illi ( ,cacc9i4 ,cavalli1 :o cont9u$ ! op]atic tradition ( ,montev]di & gave great] fre$om to ! aria1 gives u a type ( song :i* conta9s _m elem5ts ( ! popul>4 ,c>issimi1 fir/ writ] ( oratorios & f\nd] ( ! great ,italian coloratura tradition1 writes m brilliantly4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n songs ( ! "t is 8 ,vittoria1#ac :i* has an irresi/ible v]ve & en]gy4 ,m>co ,antonio ,ce/i1 foll[] & disciple ( ,c>issimi1 0 by nature m ( a lyrici/4 ,8 /yle is wond]fully suave & melodi\s1 (t5 appeal+ 9 a /rik+ way to ! s5tim5ts & ! s5ses4 ,?\gh he 0 prim>ily a religi\s compos]1 8 _m madrigals & secul> ariettas br+ to u ! sunny s5su\sness ( ! s\?4 ,_m m ( ! popul> compos]s ( ! "t are all b unkn[n to u4 ,antonio ,cald>a 7#afga-agfc71 a mae/ro di capella 9 ,mantua & ,vi5na1 wrote secul> songs1 ( :i* "o1 ,come raggio di sol1#ad has pres]v$ 8 fame4 ,?is1 ) its f9e so/5uto melody ov] a ?robb+ accompanim5t ( repeat$ *ords1 c>ries eloqu5tly a delicate rise & fall ( feel+ :i* seems to be ( ! age ( ,s*ub]t4 ,a c]ta9 ,g4 ,b4 ,fasolo1 ^: dates are n ev5 kn[n1 has left u a *>m+ song ( s5tim5t1 ,cangia1 cangia tue voglie1 :i* 9 its delicacy ( workman%ip sugge/s ! ,fr5* songs ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,bassani 7#afeg-agaf71 mae/ro di cappella at ,bologna & ,f]r>a1 left a numb] ( love-songs ( exquisite grace & t5d]ness1 ( :i* ! lullaby1 ,posate1 dormite1 w s]ve z an example4 ,o!r song-writ]s1 mo/ ( !m m or less kn[n = _! "w 9 ! l>g] =ms1 7 ,antonio ,vivaldi1 ,aless&ro ,/radella1 ,francesco ,p4 ,sacrati1 ,paolo ,magni1 ,jacopo ,p]ti1 ,antonio ,lotti1 ,niccola ,jomelli1 ,dom5ico ,s>ri1 ,raffaello ,rontani1 ,b5$etto ,m>cello1 ,pi] ,dom5ico ,p>adies1 ,francesco ,gasp>9i1 ,&rea ,falconi]e1 ,francesco ,durante1 ,g4 ,b4 ,bononc9i1 ,arcangelo del ,leuto1 & ,s4 de ,luca4 ,"s ( ^! m5 are no m ?an names 9 musical hi/ory1 :o are kn[n at all only because "s du/y manuscript pres]v$ _! fame4 ,= "s ! prim>y biographical facts are miss+4 ,o!rs1 ( c\rse1 7 m5 ( wide influ5ce1 :o h made a place = !mselves 9 musical hi/ory4 ,b ! excell5ce ( ! "w ( ! obscure m5 reveals to u h[ widespread 0 ! art ( musical composition at ! "t1 h[ excell5t ! tradition t 0 root$ 9 ! :ole nation4 ,easily ! greate/ song-writ] ( ! p]iod 0 ! di/+ui%$ op]a compos]1 ,aless&ro ,sc>latti4 ,he 0 a notable innovator 9 _m =ms1 & ?is p[] ( orig9ation is %[n 9 ! poetic v>iety he has giv5 to 8 songs4 ,we h already m5tion$ 8 folk-l song1 ,o cessate di piag>mi1 :i* comb9es ) ! grace ( ! dance ! sweetness :i* invites to te>s4 ,9 a q diff]5t ve9 no?+ c\ld be f9] ?an ,su1 v5ite a consiglio1 9 :i* ! au?or holds a dialogue ) 8 ,fancies--a smoo?ly-mov+ allegro ( ! utmo/ delicacy4 ,sc>latti's emotional /yle is repres5t$ 9 ! arietta1 ,s5to nel core1 & z a pupil ( ! worldly ,c>issimi he c1 ( c\rse1 %[ numb]less arias 9 ! brilliant bravura /yle :i* 0 s popul> at ! "t4 ,p]golesi1 ! brilliant compos] ( op]a buffa1 ^: e>ly dea? robb$ music ( "o ( its mo/ promis+ vot>ies1 is kn[n to s+]s ev]y:]e by 8 song ,tre giorni4 ,! pure/ ,italian lyricism also fl[s 9 8 &ant9o song1 ,se tu m'ami1 se sospiri4 ,com+ d[n to a lat] date we f9d ! extremely popul> song-writ] & compos] ( op]a buffa1 ,giovanni ,paesiello 7#agda-ahaf71 ^: arietta1 ,c>o mio b51 is "o ( ! pure/ examples ( cantil5a 9 all music4 ,we may also notice ! delicate gypsy song1 ,*i vuol la ,z+>ella4 ,9 ,paesiello we f9d all ! traditional ,italian virtues 9 ! highe/ degree--simplicity1 grace1 expressiv5ess--toge!r ) a sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! voice :i* has r>ely be5 surpass$ 9 ,italian song-writ+4 ,,ii ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ! #8repres5tative /yle' _h contribut$ to song1 9 common ) all o!r =ms ( sev5te5? c5tury music4 ,?is 0 ! unprep>$ dissonance 9 h>monic writ+4 ,! dissonance1 :i* gave imm5sely great] fre$om to ! lead+ ( voices1 provid$ especially a means ( poignant emotional expression1 :olly lack+ 9 ! old *ur* music4 ,& su* art-songs z 7 writt5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury made a limit$ use ( ! dissonance1 p>ticul>ly ! dom9ant sev5?1 :i* enabl$ x to keep mildly abrea/ ( musical progress4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 ,hans ,leo ,hassl] 7#aefd-afab7 0 ! *ief expon5t ( song4 ,hassl] _h /udi$ 9 ,italy & br\ght back to 8 native l& some?+ ( ! ,lat9 lightness ( t\*1 z well z ! te*nical innovations :i* he _h se5 9 process ( developm5t dur+ 8 /ud5t days4 ,at 8 h&s ! heavy & e>ne/ ,g]man folk-song became light] & ! melody m prom95t1 especially 9 8 dance songs4 ,ab\t ?is "t _m song collections made _! appe>ance1 te/ify+ to ! gr[+ popul>ity ( solo song4 ,b x 0 ,he9ri* ,alb]t 7#afjd-afea7 :o gave ! true national t\* to ,g]man song & ju/ifi$ ! title :i* lat] g5]ations h giv5 him1 #8,fa!r ( ! ,g]man ,li$4' ,g]many1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 suff]+ f ! effects ( sev]e religi\s w>s & 0 9 "o ( its p]iodic /ates ( national & cultural depression4 ,plac$ z x 0 9 ! c5tre ( enemies1 disrupt$ 9 political adh]5ce & torn by fratricidal qu>rels1 x 0 peculi>ly liable to lose its indig5\s culture & to adopt its mann]s & art f surr\nd+ nations4 ,?is 0 its e/ate 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! #8poet patriots' s\ght to revive national _s 9 poetry4 ,! gr\p _h mu* 9 common ) t ( m ?an a c5tury lat]#ae :i* s\ght ! same r5aissance ( ,g]man national life1 b ! "t 0 n yet ripe = _! full success4 ,g]many 0 disrupt$ spiritually z well z politically & = /ill ano!r c5tury ,fr5* lett]s & art dom9at$ ! upp] classes4 ,b b5ea? ! sup]ficial culture ( ! ari/ocracy !re 0 ! true national life ( ! common p1 ! =ce :i* has kept ,g]many "o ?r\gh d>ke/ days & nights & has 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s br\ght to fruition su* a glori\s era ( national culture4 ,& x 0 to ! folk-elem5t 9 ,g]man culture t ! #8poet patriots' 7 =c$ to appeal4 ,he9ri* ,alb]t1 9 sett+ to music ! poems ( ?is gr\p1 *ose ! ,g]man folk-song /yle1 r ?an t ( ! ,italian aria4 ,by ?is *oice he made 8 "w c\nt = some?+ 9 hi/ory4 ,he may be call$ 7at lea/ s f> z ,g]many is conc]n$7 ! creator ( ! volk/mli*es ,li$4 ,?is is ! song :i* we meet ) cont9ually 9 ! next c5tury & a half--! song :i* is compos$ consci\sly & ) a def9ite arti/ic effect 9 m9d1 b ) ! mat]ials :i* are common to ! p & capable ( be+ und]/ood by all4 ,! #8folk-l' song1 9 fact1 becomes a goodly %>e ( ! folk-song treasury ( ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,at its be/ x is little bel[ true folk-song 9 quality4 ,(t5 x fills a :ole gap 9 ! life ( ! p :i* true folk-song _h neglect$ to fill4 ,we may get a v fair e/imate ( ! place ( ,he9ri* ,alb]t's volk/mli*es ,li$ 9 ! life ( ! p if we recall ! "w ( ,/eph5 ,fo/] 9 ,am]ica1--a "w :i* is n[ ! common prop]ty ( p f "o end ( ! l& to ! o!r4 ,b1 z we h said1 ,g]man national life 0 n vigor\s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! "w ( ! #8poet patriots' pass$ into comp>ative oblivion4 ,italian op]a quickly became e/abli%$ 9 all ! c\rt c5tres ( ,g]many1 & its ideals1 nurtur$ especially by ,re9h>d ,keis] 9 ,hamburg1 dom9at$ ! consci\s musical life ( ! nation4 ,fr5* ref9em5t ent]$ 91 to ! detrim5t ( indig5\s art4 ,! songs ( ! "t1 writt5 by ,j4 ,g4 ,graun 7#afih-agga71 ,g4 ,p4 ,telemann 7#afha-agfg71 ,agricola1 & o!rs1 7 call$ odes & arias1 imitat+ ! ,fr5* & ,italian names z !y imitat$ ! ,fr5* & ,italian =ms1 & ! volk/mli*es ,li$ z well z ! true art-song 0 aga9 9 disrepute4 ,we %\ld m5tion1 h[ev]1 ! few secul> songs ( ,j4 ,s4 ,ba*1 :i* reveal1 9 spite ( _! lack ( orig9ality 9 =m1 a delicate poetic s5se1 especially 9 ! little love-song1 ,bi/ du bei mir4 ,= ! true art-song ,g]many _h to wait until x _h a*iev$ "s amalgamation ( ! social & cultural life ( ! nation4 ,mu* ! mo/ grateful song lit]ature ( ! long transition p]iod is to be f\nd 9 ,france4 ,!re1 ,gallic ta/e re/ra9$ op]a f ! wor/ excesses ( ! ,italian s*ool1 :ile ! ,fr5* s5se ( grace & proportion produc$ a multitude ( trifles :i* h by no means lo/ _! *>m to ?is day4 ,moreov]1 z ! eighte5? c5tury wore to a close !re arose a wond]ful tradition ( patriotic & ideali/ic songs :i* out%one ! simil> songs ( ,g]many 9 brilliance if n1 on ! :ole1 9 />k emotional p[]4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! folk-songs ( ,france1 l ^? ( ,engl&1 7 /ill l>gely 9 ! modal scales4 ,b ?is 0 n 9 imitation ( ecclesia/ical music4 ,folk-songs h borr[$ v little f *ur* music1 9 any age1 :ile ! debt on ! o!r side is enorm\s4 ,! modal "* ( ! e>ly folk-songs is prop] to !m & ext5ds back f> into ! e>ly morn+ ( music4 ,if *ur* & folk-music 7 simil> 9 _! scales1 x is r because !y arose f a common /ock4 ,c]ta9ly ! songs ( e>ly ,france 7 ?or\ghly ( _! own & n ( any borr[$ "*4 ,b ! univ]sal tr5d t[>d a /&>d major scale & a tonic c5tre 0 felt 9 ,france z 9 o!r c\ntries1 & by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 well develop$4 ,! folk-tunes ( ! "t 7 vigor\s 9 ! extreme1 probably z little l ! da9ty & re/ra9$ songs ( mod]n ,france z ! /olid songs ( n9ete5? c5tury ,engl& 7 l ! ,elizabe?an songs1 ) _! ab\nd+ en]gy4 ,! ,lu!ran movem5t 9 music1 :i* adapt$ folk-tunes z sett+s to devotional hymns1 f\nd an exact p>allel 9 ,france z e>ly z #aeci1 :5 ,m>ot translat$ ! psalms into metrical =m 9 ! vulg> tongue & set !m to ! songs ( ! /reet4 ,! sett+s in/antly became popul>4 ,x is said t ! c\rt1 be+ fasc9at$ ) ! fre%ness ( ! songs1 became !reby m famili> ) scripture ?an x _h be5 = _m a ye>4 ,! /rict *ur* p>ty viol5tly disapprov$ ( ! practice & issu$ its own set ( rival songs to /em ! tide ( popul>ity1 b ev5 ^!1 :i* 7 oblig$ to be popul> 9 "*1 only add$ to ! vogue ( ! /reet-tune sett+s4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury ! same ?+ happ5$ 9 ! political field4 ,! ,c>d9al ,maz>91 :o 0 imm5sely unpopul> among ! p1 0 made ! butt ( endless satires 9 v]se set to tunes :i* ev]ybody knew4 ,no few] ?an f\r ?\s& ( ^! #8,maz>9ades' 7 lat] collect$ & publi%$4 ,! songs ( ! late sixte5? c5tury1 ap>t f folk-songs1 7 l>gely dance tunes set to lively words & support$ ) a polyphonic accompanim5t4 ,b sl[ly ! polyphony became m simple & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! #8*ord-=note' accompanim5t 0 adopt$ f ,italy & came to mo/ *>m+ fl[]4 ,) ! ,fr5* s5se ( grace & fitness ! ,fr5* compos]s made _! airs du c\r1 or #8c\rt tunes1' lyric & fl[+1 keep+ ! accompanim5t 9 its prop] place z a m]e support to ! melody & r\nd+ (f ! pieces by means ( a subtle & satisfy+ ar*itecture4 ,! _m names "u :i* ! ,fr5* ari/ocratic songs w5t are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ ) def9it5ess4 ,! t]m airs du c\r cov]$ almo/ any songs ( a re/ra9$1 poli%$ "*4 ,! *anson 0 ne>] ! p1 sometimes a ballad1 v (t5 a dance tune1 & n infrequ5tly a gross or indec5t piece ( little arti/ic value4 ,! romance1 :i* dates f ! ,tr\bad\rs1 0 t\*+ & graceful1 almo/ :olly conf9$ to ! t5d] s5tim5ts4 ,! brunette 0 a simple love song1 n v di/9ct 9 g5re1 ! v "n be+ a matt] ( d\bt4 ,! b]g]ette1 9 :i* class belong "s ( ! mo/ delightful ( ,fr5* songs1 0 a lyric ( pret5d$ pa/oral nature1 9 :i* lov]s c>ri$ on _! romances 9 ! guise ( %eph]ds & %eph]desses4 ,! musette 0 writt5 9 suppos$ imitation ( a /reet organ1 inv>iably ov] a #8drone bass1' usually 9 fif?s4 ,! vaudeville1 less di/+ui%$ 9 "* ?an any ( ! o!rs1 0 a m]e adaptation ( curr5t /reet tunes 7:5ce ! "n1 voix de ville74 ,^! types ( song f\nd _! way 9 great abundance into lat] ,fr5* op]a1 especially t admirable a*ievem5t ( ! ,fr5*1 ! opra comique1 & _m ( ! be/ ,fr5* songs ( ! eighte5? c5tury are to be f\nd 9 op]a scores4 ,b 9 ! op]as ( ,lully1 ! *ief ,fr5* dramatic compos] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! lightness ( t\* :i* di/+ui%es ! ,fr5* _h n yet come into its own & ! some:at pond]\s classic tradition /ill dom9at$4 ,songs dur+ ?is p]iod 7 usually writt5 indep5d5tly1 b !y grew 9 popul>ity s /eadily t ! compos]s ( light op]a 9 ! foll[+ c5tury 7 =c$ to include "o or m romances1 brunettes1 or b]g]ettes 9 _! works to insure _! popul>ity4 ,,iii ,9 ,elizabe?an ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! /roll+ m9/rels & ballad s+]s _h already l>gely adopt$ ! ,ionian or major mode = _! songs4 ,?is mode 0 9 high disfavor among ! educat$ musicians ( ! "t1 :o call$ x il modo lascivio1 ! #8lascivi\s mode4' ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ! ,greeks1 includ+ ,plato1 br\ght ! same *>ge aga9/ _! ,lydian mode1 :i* 0 ! "o ( ! f\r orig9al modes :i* 0 mo/ pr$om9antly major 9 its feel+4 ,9 ! ,engl& ( ,elizabe? & ,james ! madrigal _h ne>ly z mu* vogue z 9 ,italy & ! madrigal writ]s1 *ief among :om 0 ,orl&o ,gibbons 7#aehc-afbe71 7 highly reg>d$4 ,n a few ( ! solo songs f ?is p]iod h cont9u$ 9 favor to ?is day1 b ! m famili> ones 7 9 mo/ cases ! "w ( educat$ compos]s writ+ 9 ! popul> /yle4 ,9 fact1 ! pure ,engli% folk-song 0 s inhospitably receiv$ among its own folk dur+ ! ,commonweal? & aft]1 t1 until rec5tly1 x 0 popul>ly suppos$ t ,engl& _h no folk-song ( consequ5ce4 ,b ! folk-songs 7 !re & h cont9u$ f g5]ation to g5]ation ?r\gh ! c5turies1 to be discov]$ ( late ye>s by consci5ti\s inve/igators4 ,?\gh !y are dy+ out 9 mod]n indu/rial ,engl&1 !y /ill exi/ 9 su* numb]s & ( su* di/9ctive beauty t !y prove1 m ?an all records c1 ! g5u9e musical quality ( ! ,engl& t exi/$ be=e ! great ,rebellion4 ,f among ! #8folk-l' songs ( ?is p]iod we h1 pres]v$ 9 full popul>ity1 a numb]1 notably ! #8,c>man's ,:i/le1' #8,! ,briti% ,gr5adi]s1' #8,! ,bailiff's ,daught] ( ,isl+ton1' ! #8,will[' song :i* ,%akespe>e introduc$ into #8,o!llo1' & #8,! ,fri> ( ,ord]s ,gray4' ,dur+ ! ,commonweal? secul> music fl\ri%$1 b *iefly on ! ,royali/ side1 s9ce ! ,puritans1 9 _! idle mom5ts1 7 l>gely engag$ 9 s++ hymn tunes4 ,f ?is p]iod we h ! /irr+ song #8,:5 ! ,k+ ,enjoys ,8 ,own ,aga94' ,) ! return ( ! ,/u>ts & ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii ! influ5ce ( ,france1 :]e ,*>les _h sp5t 8 ye>s ( exile1 became dom9ant4 ,! dance1 n ! dance ( ! p b ! /ately dance ( ! c\rt1 ass]t$ its sway ov] song1 & ! fle% & blood1 :i* _h ?robb$ s ri*ly 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&1 all b dropp$ out ( ! lat] ,engli% product4 ,! songs :i* are pres]v$ f ! p]iod occurr$ *iefly 9 ! masques :i* 7 p]=m$ at c\rt1 :i* 7 ,fr5* to ! core4 ,! *ief song writ] ( ! "t1 & ( t j prec$+1 0 ,h5ry ,lawes 7#aeie-affb71 :o wrote ! music to ,milton's immortal masque ( #8,comus4' ,lawes 0 a true musician1 ?\gh n a great "o1 & he did mu* = ,engli% song 9 mak+ ! music respect ! poetry4 ,he loos5$ =mal bonds & introduc$ some?+ ( ! ,italian recitative /yle4 ,along ) ! ,re/oration we h semi-folk-songs ( a light "*1 ?\gh )\t ! fre%ness ( prec$+ decades4 ,we may m5tion two ( ! mo/ popul>1 #8,come1 ,lasses & ,lads1' & #8,b>b>a ,all54' ,pelham ,humphrey 7#afdg-gd71 :om ,*>les ,,ii s5t to ,france to /udy "u ,lully1 br\ght back to ,engl& ) him ! ,fr5* grace & ref9em5t & help$ to set ! keynote = ,engli% song = ! next half c5tury4 ,?is mu* ! return$ ,/u>t dyna/y did = ,engli% music1 9 br++ ,fr5* traditions across ! ,*annel1 b ! m /olid ,engli% disposition ( ! "t nev] hospitably absorb$ ! new influ5ce4 ,& 9 #afhh ! ,/u>ts 7 u%]$ out to ! /ra9s ( a mo/ rem>kable tune1 #8,lilliburl]o4' ,( ?is song x has truly be5 said t x #8drove ,k+ ,james ,,ii out ( ,engl&4' ,x 0 n a patriotic or w>like song1 h[ev]1 b m]ely a satire4 ,! ribald words may seem ! wor/ ( dogg]el to u n[1 b _! r\gh satire awak5$ all ,engl& :5 ! impud5ce ( ! ,/u>ts _h become unbe>able & ! en]getic melody c>ri$ !m 9 a fla% f "o end ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r4 ,! upheaval ( #afhh 0 ! #8bloodless revolution4' ,k+ ,james succumb$ to laught]4 ,&1 curi\sly en\gh1 ?is loose & some:at commonplace tune introduces u to ! greate/ & mo/ s9c]e ( all ,engli% musicians 7unless rec5t ye>s h produc$ 8 pe]7 & to ! song writ] ( :om1 above all o!rs1 ,engl& has a "r to be pr\d4 ,?is man 0 ,h5ry ,purcell4 ,! tune ( #8,lilliburl]o' 0 writt5 z an innoc5t dance 9 a book ( virg9al pieces & !nce 0 br\ght into ! op5 air to support ! high spirits ( ! satiric v]ses4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ,purcell nev] int5d$ himself to be made immortal :5 he wrote x1 or to be an in/rum5t 9 ! d[nfall ( ,k+ ,james1 to :om he wrote "o ( 8 _m #8odes4' ,b into "s ( 8 o!r songs he put ! be/ he _h4 ,!y are graceful 9 ! extreme1 (t5 decorat$ ) ! vocal turns & embelli%m5ts :i* 7 ! fa%ion ( ! day1 b nev] lack+ 9 ! musician's t\*4 ,_! melodic facility is *>m+2 _! appropriat5ess to ! _s ( ! words is conv9c+2 & _! delicate ar*itecture makes !m1 ap>t f _! vocal quality1 poli%$ works ( art4 ,purcell /ill frequ5tly 7& ju/ly7 appe>s on song programs4 ,among 8 _m lyrics :i* are wor? kn[+ we may m5tion #8,full ,fa?om ,five' & #8,come ,unto ,^! ,yell[ ,s&s1' to ,%akespe>e's words1 & #8,i ,attempt f ,love's ,sickness to ,fly4' ,b aft] ,purcell ,engli% music %[$ a fall+ (f 9 orig9ality & spontane\s quality :i* has a/oni%$ & my/ifi$ hi/orians4 ,& ,engli% song suff]$ ! same fate along ) ! re/ ( ,engli% music4 ,vigor\s semi-folk-songs date f ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury--notably #8,d[n ,among ! ,dead ,m51' #8,! ,vic> ( ,bray1' & #8,pretty ,polly ,oliv]'--b z ! c5tury progress$ ! song output became m & m vapid & sup]ficial 9 _s4 ,?is 0 d\btless 9 "p due to ! vogue ( ,italian op]a :i* held fa%ionable ,engl& fasc9at$ & smo!r$ ! creative "w ( native compos]s4 ,& z p became disgu/$ ) ! fad !y turn$ to ! next be/ ?+ at h&1 ! #8ballad op]a4' ,?is 0 n a v exalt$ =m ( art1 b x 0 at lea/ fre%] & m musical ?an ! exagg]at$ vocal virtuosity ( op]a1 ) its conv5tionaliz$ arias & its #8ca/rati1' or male sopranos4 ,! ballad op]a came into fa%ion 9 #agbg1 ) ! enorm\s success ( #8,! ,begg>'s ,op]a1' a success comp>able to t ( #8,p9a=e' a c5tury & a half lat]4 ,! ballad op]a 0 /rictly n op]a at all1 b only a lively & m]ry f>ce 7(t5 sugge/+ ! op]etta librettos ( ,sir ,william ,gilb]t7 int]sp]s$ ) songs & duets4 ,^! songs 7 at fir/ b popul> melodies ( ! /reet or c\ntryside1 adapt$ to new words1 assur+ ! popul>ity ( ! op]a because ! tunes 7 favorites4 ,z ! numb] ( native tunes seem$ insuffici5t to supply ! enorm\s numb] ( ballad op]as1 ! writ]s engag$ well-kn[n musicians to write orig9al tunes 9 ! same mann]--sometimes z _m z eight or t5 compos]s = "o "w4 ,! songs nev] appe>$ z organic p>ts ( ! action & h5ce (f] no analogy to ! arias ( true op]a1 b !y 7 usually made vaguely appropriate to ! dramatic situation & 7 introduc$ 9 su* a way z n to seem out ( place4 ,among ! ho/ ( ^! melodies :i* h come d[n to u !re are inde$ _m :i* are fre% & attractive4 ,b ! great majority h ! *eapness ( ! /reet )\t its abundant life4 ,& !y ne>ly always h a /ra9 ( ! extreme s5tim5tality :i* has rema9$ a blot on ,engli% song lit]ature until rec5t times4 ,on ! :ole1 if ! ballad op]as deliv]$ ,engl& f ! pomp\s inanities ( ! ,italian craze1 !y also s$uc$ ,engli% ta/e f ! exquisite mann] ( ,purcell4 ,! bett] "p ( musical ,engl& turn$ to ! noble oratorios ( ,h&el & aga9/ 8 ?und]+ *ords all m9or lyric /ra9s 7 fruitless4 ,! song writ]s ( eighte5?-c5tury ,engl& are a depress+ crew4 ,h5ry ,c>ey 7#afhe-agdc71 to :om ! melody ( #8,god ,save ! ,k+' has be5 attribut$1 0 a fruitful writ] ( ballad op]as1 ?\gh he is n[adays be/ kn[n by #8,sally 9 ,our ,alley1' a tune :i* is ! ess5ce ( awkw>dness--a tune1 9 %ort1 :i* c\ld h happ5$ n[h]e b 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,engl&4 ,?omas ,arne 7#agaj-gh7 0 mu* m ( a musician & a s*ol>1 b also mu* ( a p$ant4 ,ev5 su* a da9ty song z #8,:]e ! ,bee ,sucks' is m>r$ by its awkw>d ov]lay+ ( fiorituri4 ,! song by :i* ,arne is be/ kn[n1 #8,rule ,britannia1' is inde$ a /irr+ melody2 b ! fact t a man ( ,arne's /&+ c\ld write su* a tune to ! giv5 words & t ,engl& c\ld accept ! two z belong+ toge!r proves to :at a dep? ! c\ntry _h sunk 9 musical matt]s4 ,we ne$ only quote ! fir/ l9e3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,:5 ,brita9 fir/ at ,heav'n's comm& ,wagn] said t ?is phrase conta9$ ! :ole _s ( ! ,engli% p4 ,b :at ab\t ! words & t ridicul\s #8fir-r-r-r-r/8' ,samuel ,arnold 7#agdj-ahjb71 ,*>les ,dibd9 7#agde-ahad71 ,james ,hook 7#agdf-ahbg71 & ,john ,davy 7#agfd-ahbd7 ne$ only be m5tion$ & =gott54 ,h5ry ,bi%op 7#aghh-ahee7 0 a man ( m arti/ic s5se & a compos] ( graceful & emotional melody1 b )\t 8 op]as he w\ld sc>cely be rememb]$4 ,! tradition ( awkw>d & s5tim5tal melody :i* ^! m5 e/abli%$ or ma9ta9$ cont9u$ to disgrace ,engli% song until ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ev5 to-day 9 ! half-consci\s ,engli% popul> ballad we seem to he> ! debas$ /ra9s ( ! ballad op]a4 ,,iv ,dur+ all ?is p]iod song1 z we h tri$ to %[1 0 "u a cl\d4 ,x 0 ! aria1 illegitimate *ild ( ! /ile rappres5tativo & de>e/ daught] ( sunny ,italy1 t held sway ov] ! nations4 ,vocal music 0 commonly ?\ght 9 t]ms ( ! aria4 ,all else 0 little bett] ?an a div]sion = an idle mom5t--und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t we are speak+ ( polite culture4 ,:at aria meant to ! sev5te5? & especially to ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury 0 *iefly vocal display ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,b =mally we may di/+ui% x by ! da capo =m4 ,da capo1 mean+ #8f ! beg9n+1' 0 ! op5 sesame into ! mazes ( vocalization4 ,montev]di mu/ get ! cr$it = x4 ,he lit ! fire4 ,num]\s rubbi% pil$ on by o!r h&s furni%$ ! smoke4 ,= ,montev]di 01 above & beyond ! innovator 9 him1 a skill$ & s5sitive musician4 ,he felt1 & felt truly1 t ! /ile rappres5tativo made 8 belov$ music decid$ly a second be/4 ,v well to reveal ! emotional qualities ( ! text6 ,b if ! music _c itself hang toge!r !re is some?+ wrong4 ,& x 0 ) "o ( ^? v ke5 & v simple devices t ,montev]di right$ matt]s4 #8,repres5t' y\r text to y\r he>t's cont5t1 he said1 b be=e y h done g back & s+ a little ( ! beg9n+ ov] aga94 ,?us y give ! musician a *ance2 = y m>k (f ! music z some?+ hav+ its own ar*itecture4 ,&1 moreov]1 y #8repres5t' all ! m truly1 = y m>k (f at ! same "t ! lyrical emotion & make a musical unit ( :at is prop]ly also a unit ( drama4 ,?is ,montev]di did 9 simple/ t]ms 9 ! fir/ ( arias--#8,ariadne's ,lam5t1' 9 8 op]a ,arianna1 & ?is same ,lam5t1 x is record$1 v prop]ly mov$ ! audi5ce to te>s4 ,! aria is beautiful /ill4 ,montev]di's dissonances h n lo/ _! emotional expressive value4 ,& ! da capo repetition1 :i* ent]s s unobtrusively1 und]scores ! emotion z no?+ else c\ld4 ,b ,montev]di 0 n ! inv5tor ( ?is =m4 ,ne$less to say ! folk-song _h be5 !re be=e him4 ,&1 z always happ5s1 :5 ! art ( ! p _h be5 comm&e]$ = a s+le well-*os5 "o ( its treasures1 x gave gold :]e silv] _h be5 ask$4 ,nev]!less gold c be put to base uses4 ,sc>cely _h dilettantes discov]$ t ! da capo =m c\ld be us$ to give unity to "s vocali/'s s++ ?an !y us$ x to give =m to all sorts ( =mless ?+s4 ,we _c at ?is di/ance imag9e ! vapidity ( endless runs & r\lades :i* pass$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury = vocal music4 ,or at lea/ we _c until we see ! actual fact on a cold pr9t$ page4 ,& !n1 to d ! sev5te5? c5tury ju/ice1 we _c imag9e ! brilliancy ( ^! same runs & r\lades :5 brilliantly sung ) ! incomp>able ,italian vocal art ( ! "t4 ,brilliancy ( a k9d6 ,let u call x brilliancy m]ely1 & n plague x ) ! "n ( music4 ,h[ev] t may be1 we c]ta9ly _c imag9e ! hold ?is in/itution ( ! aria _h ov] ! imag9ations ( ! p ( ! "t4 ,to !m x mu/ h seem$ ! ,muses on w+s z comp>$ ) ! ,muses on foot4 ,aria became a sci5ce4 ,m1 x became a code ( honor4 ,its nuances & conv5tions 7 tabulat$ z nicely z ^? ( f5c+ or love mak+4 ,a s9 aga9/ ! code 0 ! un=givable s94 ,!re 71 sci5tifically accr$it$1 c]ta9 classes ( arias ) c]ta9 subdivisions !reunto app]ta9+4 ,an op]a mu/ conta9 s _m ( ea* sort4 ,ea* major s+] mu/ h s _m1 no two alike & all equitably di/ribut$4 ,no aria mu/ fall 9 ! same class z t j prec$+4 ,!re 7 _m rules su* z ^!1 & m ( ! same sort :i* are well buri$ 9 du/y diction>ies4 ,& if !re 7 any to prote/ aga9/ su* a condition !y 7 promptly sil5c$ by ! /atem5t t ! arrangem5t 0 excell5t = ! s+]s4 ,^? :o /udi$ ?is deep subject mo/ pr(\ndly at ! "t agre$ t ! aria 0 to be divid$ into "s five classes1 to wit3 aria bravura--brilliant1 rapid1 difficult2 aria cantabile--smoo?1 long drawn out1 design$ to exhibit purity ( tone & manipulation ( ! brea?2 aria buffa--humor\s2 aria di portam5to--simple 9 outl9e1 play+ ) ! s+]'s trick ( swell+ out on long-su/a9$ tones2 & aria p>lante--simulat+ rapid spok5 spee*1 a type peculi>ly grateful to ! ,italian language4 ,^! classes _h _! subdivisions1 z1 = in/ance1 ! aria p>lante1 :i* might be agitata1 or infuriata1 or fugata1 or :at n4 ,! lore ( aria 0 endless4 ,except t ! =m cont9u$ into ,italian op]a ( ! middle n9ete5? c5tury x w\ld sc>cely be wor? recall+4 ,b ! greate/ ( ! arias 7) consid]able musical value add$7 are among ! late/4 ,! #8,factotum' aria :i* op5s ,ross9i's #8,b>b] ( ,seville' is a p]fect example ( ! buffa & might also come "u ! head ( ! p>lante2 & ,leonora's fir/ aria 9 ,il ,trovatore is 9 ! true mann] ( ! bravura4 ,9 addition to ! arias prop] we %\ld m5tion ! cavat9a & ! arioso2 ! =m] a %ort aria1 r m musical & graceful ?an 0 consid]$ necess>y 9 ! long] =ms2 & ! latt] a brief lyrical /ra91 free z to =m1 plann$ truly to express an emotion 9 its mom5t>y pass+4 ,all ^! =ms h little m ?an an ar*eological int]e/ to u n[ 7?\gh ! da capo idea rema9s "o ( ! mo/ fruitful 9 all music71 except = ! purposes ( vocal /udy4 ,b ?is exception is consid]able4 ,! arias 7 design$ to exhibit ! utmo/ ( vocal virtuosity4 ,!y s]ve to-day to develop & ex]cise ! same1 s f> z mod]n music & musical ta/e dem& x1 = ! r m arti/ic purposes ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,v ,! #8odes' & #8arias1' :i* 9 e>ly eighte5?-c5tury ,g]many /ood 9 ! place ( songs1 began to give place t[>d ! middle ( ! c5tury to music ( a m national "*4 ,! "w ( ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*1 ?\gh n widely recogniz$ at ! "t1 spoke = a solid tradition ( native ,g]man s++4 ,& ! w>s ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o reign$ f #agdj to #aghf1 did mu* to ar\se patriotism 9 outw>d life4 ,any vigor\s cultural life 9 ,g]many dur+ ^! we>+ conflicts 01 ( c\rse1 impossible1 b aft] ! close ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 7#agef-fc7 ,prussia & ,saxony began to revive1 & ) !m reviv$ a consci\sness ( ,g]man nationality & ,g]man id5tity4 ,! c\rts 71 ( c\rse1 ?or\ghly ,p>isian1 b ! middle class 0 m ?an ev] national 9 feel+4 ,& among ?is class 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury arose a type ( dramatic ent]ta9m5t :i* correspond$ to ! opra comique 9 ,france & 0 q z national--! ,s+spiel4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is type 0 ,johann ,adam ,hill] 7#agbh-ahjd71 fir/ director ( ! fam\s ,leipzig ,gew&haus or*e/ra & "o ( ! mo/ not$ musicians ( 8 day4 ,! ,s+spiel 0 n greatly unlike ! ,engli% ballad op]a 9 =m1 ?\gh mu* m s9c]e 9 _s4 ,x 0 a simple play1 usually light 9 "*1 ) frequ5t int]sp]s+ ( songs & *oruses4 ,! plot 0 usually drawn f ,g]man village life & ! *>act]s 7 all famili> types4 ,^! 71 on ! :ole1 s truly obs]v$ t ! ,s+spiel became a truly national art4 ,moreov]1 its arti/ic value 0 (t5 high2 ! songs & *oruses 7 usually organic p>ts ( ! action1 & ! be/ musician%ip frequ5tly w5t into _! composition4 ,! ,s+spiel 0 ! direct p>5t ( ,g]man op]a1 z has be5 n>rat$ 9 ano!r place4#af ,b its value to ! art ( song 0 ev5 m important4 ,=1 :ile 9 ! ,s+spiel ! nobles & ari/ocratic *>act]s sang arias modell$ on ! ,fr5* /yle1 ! peasants & middle class p sang true songs 9 ! _s ( folk-music4 ,accord+ly ! ,s+spiel1 ) its imm5se popul>ity1 spread abroad ! k & love ( ! ,g]man volk/mli*es ,li$4 ,x 0 = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! direct cont9u] ( ! tradition ( ,g]man song4 ,b ,hill]'s place 9 ! hi/ory ( song is ev5 m di/9ctive ?an ?is4 ,= he is g5]ally conc$$ to h be5 ! fir/ compos] ( ! dur*komponi]tes ,li$4 ,dur*komponi]t1 :i* lit]ally means #8compos$ all ! way ?r\gh1' is us$ to describe t type ( song :i* does n foll[ any ab/ract =mal s*eme b fits ! words 9 all _! v>iations ( mean+1 leav+ ea* song to f9d its own =m accord+ to its own requirem5ts4 ,?us ! aria =m :i* w\ld require ! repetition ( ! fir/ section at ! close ( ! song w\ld be :olly unsuitable = a poem :i* %[$ an emotional developm5t f joy to sorr[1 or f sorr[ to joy4 ,9 ! same way ! /rophic =m1 :i* sets ea* v]se ( ! poem to ! same tune1 w\ld be unsuitable = a poem express+ contra/+ emotions 9 its v]ses4 ,a true reg>d = ! _s ( ! words requir$ t ! song compos] %\ld be free to write expressive music accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ea* l9e ( ! poem4 ,?is 0 fir/ done1 t5tatively en\gh1 x is true1 by ,hill]4 ,f t "t on ,g]man song writ]s %[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om 9 _! song =ms4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y did n make mu* use ( _! fre$om1 s9ce !y did ! great] "p & ! be/ "p ( _! "w 9 ! /rophic =m4 ,b ,hill] has ! cr$it ( orig9at+ a type ( proc$ure :i* 0 fur!r develop$ by ,bee?ov5 & br\ght to glori\s fruition by ,s*ub]t4 ,gluck1 ) 8 unfail+ arti/ic s5se1 has suppli$ a bit ( ! lit]ature ( song developm5t 9 8 lett]1 writt5 9 #aggg to ,la ,h>pe1 accompany+ 8 sett+s ( "s ( ,klop/ock's poems1 9 :i* he said t #8! union betwe5 air & words %\ld be s close t ! poem %\ld seem made = ! music no less ?an ! music = ! poem4' ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! #8odes1' ! only true songs ,gluck wrote1 are dry & p$antic4 ,joseph ,haydn1 ?\gh he contribut$ no?+ to ! developm5t ( ! art-song1 has left a few lyric sett+s t are kn[n & lov$ to-day4 ,8 e>li] sets ( songs 7"o gr\p ( twelve 9 #agha & ano!r 9 #aghd7 7 s popul> 9 ,engl& t he 0 besieg$ by ! publi%]s ) reque/s to write m4 ,! result 0 ! twelve fam\s #8canzonets1' ( :i* ! be/ kn[n are ! #8,m]maid's ,song' & #8,my ,"m ,bids ,me ,b9d ,my ,hair4'#ag ,! latt]1 ?\gh /ill undimm$ 9 musical beauty1 is by no means a /ep 9 a =w>d direction4 ,x is writt5 9 true aria /yle & ! melody1 :ile appropriate to ! _s ( ! words1 is almo/ in/rum5tal r ?an vocal4 ,! song might1 9 fact1 h s]v$ z ! allegretto to a symphony4 ,! o!r supreme ,g]man compos] ( ! "t1 h[ev]1 saw to ! he>t ( ! dur*komponi]tes ,li$ & produc$ at lea/ "o song t :olly anticipat$ ,s*ub]t4 ,moz>t publi%$ 9 all ?irty-f\r songs t c ju/ly be di/+ui%$ f arias4 ,mo/ ( !m1 l #8,! ,song ( ,fre$om1' are little diff]5t f ! ord9>y /rophic songs ( ! day4 ,b ,moz>t's sett+ ( ,goe!'s poem1 #8,! ,violet1' is a m9iature ma/]piece ( ! art-song4#ah ,reta9+ ! delicate s5se ( ar*itecture :i* ,moz>t's "w nev] lo/1 x /ill foll[s ! import ( ! words ) fai?ful accuracy4 ,! violet lov$ a maid5 :o came daily to walk 9 ! mead[4 ,x hop$ t %e w\ld notice x4 ,%e nev] did4 ,b "o day %e /epp$ on x & cru%$ x4 ,& ! violet 0 happy to meet its dea? ?r\gh its lov$ "o4 ,! %ort1 gasp+ phrases on ! words es sank1 es />b 7#8x sank1 x di$'7 are imitat$ 9 ! accompanim5t s sugge/ively t "o might almo/ call x realism4 ,on ! words1 #8und /]b i* d5n' 7#8& ?\gh ,i die'7 ! music becomes quick] ) ! gr[+ emotion ( ! dy+ fl[]4 ,s /]b i* do* dur* sie6 cont9ues ! fl[] 9 ec/asy1 & on ! belov$ ^w1 sie1 ! voice atta9s its highe/ note & its emotional climax4 ,,vi ,! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france gave ! _w "s ( ! lovelie/ songs ( ! age4 ,! types cont9u$ = a "t to be ^? m5tion$ above1 b ! ga9 9 grace & flu5cy ov] ! prec$+ c5tury 0 enorm\s4 ,opra comique 0 fill$ ) romances & brunettes & b]g]ettes4 ,n a few songs1 also1 7 compos$ indep5d5tly4 ,among ! latt] class we %\ld m5tion ^? ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau 7#agab-gh71 lit]>y adv5tur] & musical dilettante1 :o entw9$ himself s /rangely into ! :ole cultural life ( ,france4 ,r\sseau nev] _h an adequate musical education4 ,he _h s]v$ z tutor 9 music 9 ,switz]l& & did n improve himself mu* ) 8 desultory self-education aft] he came to ,p>is4 ,b he 0 a true j\rnali/1 & no inadequacy ( prep>ation c\ld daunt him4 ,he _h t r>e j\rnali/ic gift ( kn[+ :at p want$ t5 ye>s be=e !y !mselves knew x4 ,8 opra comique1 ,le dev9 du village 7#ageb71 /ill occasionally play$1 0 ! lighte/ ( !atrical ent]ta9m5ts1 b cont9u$ 9 unabat+ popul>ity = sixty ye>s4 ,its success play$ no small "p 9 sett+ or ma9ta9+ ! tone ( opra comique = ! next half c5tury4 ,its songs 7 *iefly ! romances :i* 7 popul> 9 ,p>is2 !y %[$1 p]haps1 no great creative ability1 b 7 extraord9>y1 l all ,r\sseau's "w1 9 cat*+ a c]ta9 popul> quality :i* escapes analysis4 ,! compos]'s activity z essayi/ & noveli/1 :i* places him z "o ( ! greate/ social =ces ( mod]n times1 prev5t$ 8 ev] do+ mu* "w 9 music & ! _w is p]haps n mu* ! los]4 ,b 9 8 musical activity he 0 at lea/ important z a fa%ion-foll[] & a fa%ion-sett]4 ,9 #agha1 aft] 8 dea?1 !re 7 publi%$ ! hundr$ romances & duets :i* he call$ ,les ,consolations des misres de ma vie1 conta9+ "s ( 8 mo/ typical melodies4 ,among !m is ! fam\s romance on ?ree notes--,que le j\r--:i* does n1 inde$1 escape a s5se ( melodic pov]ty f its limit$ compass1 b reveals a delicate grace :i* makes x wor? rememb]+ ap>t f its int]e/ z an exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,moz>t's ,manuscript ( ! fir/ page ( 8 sett+ ( ,goe!'s #8,das ,veil*5' ,b f> great] ?an ,r\sseau 9 actual musical value are1 ( c\rse1 ! great ,fr5* writ]s ( opra comique1 ,monsigny 7#agbi-ahag71 ,philidor 7#agbf-ie71 ,dalayrac 7#agec-ahji71 & ,grtry 7#agda-ahac74 ,9 te*nical le>n+ ^! m51 especially ,grtry1 7 all defici5t4 ,b 9 a c]ta9 subtle melodic grace _! romances & b]g]ettes h nev] be5 surpass$ ! _w ov]4 ,at fir/ s++ !y may seem trivial or mean+less or dry4 ,!y always lack t ri* /ra9 ( human g5u95ess :i* *>act]izes ! ,g]man ,li$4 ,)\t d\bt !y are artificial1 n spontane\s 9 ! m human mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,b if !y are artificial x is 9 ! be/ s5se4 ,!y repres5t ! mo/ delicate consci\s arti/ry1 ! nice/ adju/m5t ( ! means to ! end1 ! m exp]tly = be+ a*iev$ ) ! simple/ mat]ials4 ,! s+] ne$s a q special faculty to und]/& !m4 ,! joy ( !m is t ( p]fection 9 limit$ space1 ( "w well done4 ,! s+] mu/ h a complete comm& ov] detail1 mu/ be consci\s ( ! relations ( ea* note he is s++4 ,! beauty ( ^! songs is t ( p]fect good ta/e4 ,!y d n obtrude !mselves1 !y d n assume a high] value ?an !y possess1 !y d n seek undue praise4 ,!y are re/ra9$ z a well-mann]$ ho/ess is re/ra9$ 9 talk+ ( politics or religion to h] gue/s4 ,x is n t %e is ins9c]e1 only t %e feels x is n ! "t = unre/ra9$ s9c]ity4 ,l a true g5tleman ( ! _w1 ^! songs hate ! too obvi\s4 ,l a true ari/ocrat1 !y refra9 f lay+ b>e _! s\ls2 !y value !mselves too highly to exhibit _! own virtues4 ,!y seek to be elegant & suave & c\rte\s4 ,9 %ort1 !y seek to be #8good =m4' ,b a v diff]5t ideal f t ( good =m 0 ab\t to bur/ ^u ,fr5* national life4 ,r\sseau's highly color$ writ+s _h c>ri$ ) !m ! g]ms ( ! great ,revolution4 ,a few ( ! be/ obs]v]s 7 able to see t conditions c\ld n /ay z !y 71 t human emotions1 long in>ticulate1 mu/ soon spr+ to viol5t expression4 ,! lovely romance1 ,plaisir d'am\r 7#aghe71 m+l+ ) su* an innoc5t milit>y song z ,malbr\k's s'en va-t-en gu]re1 c\ld %[ no h9t ( ! completely *ang$ /ate ( ! public emotions five ye>s lat]4 ,9 #aghi ! /orm broke4 ,europe realiz$ t ! p _h ent]$ ! in/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,& soon1 too1 9 _! crude way1 ! p _h begun to ent] ! in/itution ( ,fr5* musical art4 ,a c]ta9 fiddl]-begg>1 play+ daily = s\s on ! ,pont ,neuf1 "o ,ladr by "n1 pick$ up a lively dance tune1 heav5 kn[s :]e1 :i* he play$ daily on 8 fiddle & pres5tly publi%$ "u ! "n1 ,c>illon national4 ,& "s "o1 ev5 m obscure to hi/ory1 set words to x1 beg9n+ ) ! immortal phrase :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 _h repeat$ cont9ually 9 ,france 9 ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican ,revolution--a ira6 7#8,x is com+6'74 ,^! words %all n "h be call$ poetry4 ,yet !y _h c]ta9 ( ! supreme virtues ( poetry1 namely1 simplicity ( language & utt] s9c]ity ( /atem5t4 #8,ah1 a ira1 a ira1 a ira6' sang ! mob z x l$ its captives to _! dea?4 #8,les ari/ocrats la lant]ne' 7#8,hang ! ari/ocrats6'74 ,su* s5tim5ts 7 n exalt$4 ,_! /atem5t 0 f> f delicate4 ,simil> s5tim5ts t[>d ! peasants _h _m a "t be5 express$ ) inf9ite grace & good ta/e 9 ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,b :5 ! mob _h a*iev$ ! ability to ?9k #8,hang ! ari/ocrats' & to make a song ( x & to s+ t song al\d on ! /reets a new =ce _h ent]$ into ! life ( m54 ,&1 :at is m to our purpose1 a new =ce _h ent]$ into ! art ( song4 ,nev] be=e _h emotion be5 express$ s directly or s viol5tly4 ,! tune is some?+ l our #8,dixie1' ?\gh )\t its joy\sness4 ,x is a fiddl]'s tune1 di/9ctly uns+able1 especially s9ce x 0 ignorantly arrang$ s z to lie 9 places f> above ! compass ( ! untra9$ voice4 ,b its _s 0 t ( fl[+ blood & clatt]+ iron4 ,to ?is day a ira produces an effect ( emotional savag5ess :i* c h>dly be duplicat$ 9 all song lit]ature4 ,& ,p>is pres5tly ga9$1 f "s unkn[n s\rce1 ano!r tune1 almo/ equally effective & ) words equally to ! po9t4 ,x 0 ! ,c>magnole1 ) its grim refra91 ,vive le son du canon 7#8,long live ! s\nd ( ! cannon'74 ,?is 0 sung daily 9 :at is n[ ! beautiful ,place de la ,concorde1 :]e1 dur+ ! #8,reign ( ,t]ror1' scores ( ari/ocrats & political suspects 7 execut$ daily4 ,! mob lik$ to see ! blood fl[ &1 jo9+ h&s 9 a great circle1 w\ld bell[ ?is v s+able tune & its s5tim5ts to ! j ,heav5s4 ,b ?is song 0 ov]%ad[$ 9 popul>ity by ano!r--! fam\s ,m>seillaise1 :i* has be5 call$1 p]haps ju/ly1 ! greate/ ( all songs4 ,r\get de ,lisle1 a milit>y eng9e] & dilettante musician1 wrote ! poem & ! melody "o night 9 ,/rassburg1 e>ly 9 #agib1 = ! troops to s+ at ! review ! next day4 ,he call$ x ,*ant de ,gu]re4 ,! song made its way to ,m>seilles & 0 tak5 up by ! body ( ,republican volunte]s on _! =c$ m>* to ,p>is 9 ,july1 #agib4 ,x in/antly spread 9 ! capital1 be+ kn[n z le ,*ant des ,m>seillais4 ,! ,m>seillians1 ) ?is song on _! lips1 7 among ! =emo/ 9 ! /orm+ ( ! ,tuil]ies a few days lat]1 :5 ! k+ f9ally became ! helpless prison] ( ! p4 ,!nce=? x accompani$ ! ,republican armies on _! victori\s m>*es ?r\gh ,europe4 ,x is "p ( ! irony ( su* ?+s t de ,lisle1 :o wrote ! great ,republican song ( ! ,revolution1 0 born a royali/ & rema9$ "o till 8 dea?4 ,patriotic songs1 dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod1 appe>$ 9 great abundance1 b ! great majority ( !m1 z always at su* times1 7 vapid & arti/ically insignificant4 ,f among !m1 h[ev]1 h rema9$ two or ?ree ( exceptional quality4 ,"o is ,gossec's #8,hymn to ! ,supreme ,be+1' design$ z a religi\s song :i* an anti-ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t c\ld use )\t inconsi/5cy1 & ,mhul's noble ,*ant du d"p1 writt5 to be sung at ! dep>ture ( ! armies1 & /ill s us$4 ,?is song1 :i* 0 ,napoleon's favorite 7he =bade ! ,m>seillaise z too viol5t71 repres5t$ ! pure ,republican elem5t ( ! ,revolution1 z oppos$ to ! m viol5t communi/ic elem5ts4 ,9 its elevation ( /yle1 9 its p]fect fitness ( words & music1 x rema9s "o ( ! greate/ patriotic hymns ( ! _w4 ,,vii ,lead+ up to & ev5 po/-dat+ ,s*ub]t's "t we f9d two names :i* mu/ ent] into e hi/ory ( song4 ,! fir/ is t ( ,ludwig ,spohr 7#aghd-ahei74 ,spohr pres5ts a peculi> problem4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t musicians ( 8 day & a man kn[n be=e all else z an innovator1 he has come to be ! m]e/ dead wood ( musical hi/ory1 a "p ( ! gigantic tree1 b a "p :i* has become useless :ile o!r p>ts are /ill fl\ri%+4 ,spohr felt1 z ,bee?ov5 felt1 t ! old h>monic ord] _h rea*$ its z5i? & t ! "t 0 ripe = fre] & m d>+ expression4 ,he 0 con/antly /ra9+ to a*ieve ?is1 b he lack$ suffici5t g5ius & 8 ef=t rema9s--only /ra9+4 ,he 0 always se>*+ = expressive nuance1 b 8 /ock ( tricks 0 limit$ & 8 emotional range slight4 ,8 _m songs h completely dropp$ out ( sight4 ,9 !m detail is elaborat$ until "o loses all s5se ( =m & outl9e4 ,! o!r song writ] :o mu/ be m5tion$ "h is1 ( c\rse1 ,bee?ov54 ,bee?ov5's songs d n (t5 f9d a place 9 song recitals n[adays1 b !y are an organic l9k 9 ! great ,g]man hi]>*y f ,he9ri* ,alb]t to ,s*ub]t4 ,9 addition to ?ree songs ( f9e/ inh]5t quality we mu/ cr$it him ) ! practical inv5tion ( ! song cycle & ! cultivation ( free =m & expressive detail 9 a way t cle>ly =e%ad[s ,s*ub]t4 ,! ?ree great songs m5tion$ are3 #8,! ,glory ( ,god1'#ai ,9 que/a tomba1 & ! ,bussli$4 ,! fir/ is z noble a /ra9 z any?+ 9 ! great symphonies1 a f9] product because a simpl] "o ?an ,s*ub]t's ,die ,allma*t 9 ! same _s4 ,! ,bussli$ has a long1 half declamatory introduction foll[+ ! words ) fai?ful accuracy1 pres5tly1 z ! lyric elem5t becomes m m>k$1 settl+ into a measur$ song1 ov] an impressive bass :i* is in/9ct ) religi\s dignity4 ,! second1 ,9 que/a tomba1 conc5trates 9 a few l9es ( music ! grim s]i\sness ( ! words4 ,an die f]ne ,geliebte 7#8,to ! ,f>-(f ,lov$ ,"o'7 is a true cycle1 z ,s*umann lat] und]/ood ! =m4 ,! songs are connect$ by modulat+ int]mezzos on ! piano & ! la/ song is foll[$ by a piano po/lude :i* introduces ! melody ( ! fir/4 ,! songs !mselves are n ( fir/ quality1 b ! =m & int5t ( ! cycle are yet ano!r pro( ( ,bee?ov5's a/oni%+ly progressive g5ius4 ,?is cycle seems to look =w>d to ,s*umann r ?an to ,s*ub]t4 ,x uses1 9 fact n a few ( ,s*umann's own tricks--especially ! deceptive cad5ce--to l5d an #8atmosph]ic' quality to ! music1 or to prev5t too great a f9ality 9 a musical phrase :i* accompanies an unf9i%$ ?\ght4 ,! piano "p %[s a consci\s ef=t to make ! sep>ate details expressive 9 _! own "r4 ,bee?ov51 9 ?is cycle1 0 emphatically writ+ 9 ! new & n 9 ! old /yle4 ,! s+] %\ld be famili> ) ?is rem>kable gr\p if he is to appreciate ! lat] "w ( ,s*umann4 7,! f9al song1 ,nimm sie h9 d5n1 diese ,li$]1 is well wor? kn[+ = its own sake47 ,?\gh ,bee?ov5 is n "o ( ! great names 9 song lit]ature1 ^! pieces %[ eloqu5tly t ! great symphoni/ t\*$ no =m t he did n enri*4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,vol4 ,i1 ,*apt] ,,ix 7p4 #beh ff74 #aa ,*apt] ,,ii 7,sec4 ,,iv74 #ab ,vol4 ,i1 ,*apt] ,,ix4 #ac ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #ad ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #ae ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #af ,cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,x4 #ag ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #ah ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #ai ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,franz ,,s*ub]t ,art-song & ! romantic _s--,precursors ( ,s*ub]t--,s*ub]t's contribution to song2 ,s*ub]t's poets--,classification ( ,s*ub]t's songs--,faults & virtues--,! songs 9 detail2 ! cycles--,s*ub]t's contempor>ies4 ,if ! art-song beg9s ) ,franz ,s*ub]t !re are two reasons = x4 ,! fir/ is ! comp>atively accid5tal "o t ,s*ub]t 0 ! greate/ ( lyric g5iuses--! song writ] p> excell5ce4 ,! second is t j z he arriv$ ^u ! sc5e ! romantic elem5t 9 music began to ga9 ! upp] h&4 ,= mod]n song is n9e-t5?s a romantic product4 ,!re might be su* a ?+ z a classic art-song1 b its exi/5ce is h>dly m ?an hypo!tical4 ,almo/ by def9ition ! art-song is oppos$ to :at we call ! #8classic' _s 9 music4 ,= ! art-song1 let u recall1 is1 above all1 a p]sonal1 detail$ expression4 ,x is intimate1 subjective1 pr$om9antly emotional4 ,! classic _s 79 music z well z 9 ! o!r arts7 avoids ! emotion t is too p]sonal & too subjective z some?+ immode/--mu* z a "y girl w\ld avoid tell+ ! details ( h] love affairs to /rang]s4 ,! classic is always incl9$ to /ress ! =mal elem5ts4 ,b ! v def9ition ( ! dur*komponi]tes ,li$ 7:i* is almo/ synonym\s ) ! t]m #8art-song'7 is t x does n adh]e to a common =m1 be+ free to =mulate itself accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! text4 ,x mu/ be m ?an a co9cid5ce1 !n1 t ,s*ub]t1 ! ma/] song-writ]1 came at a "t :5 music 0 bur/+ =? into romantic expression4 ,romantic song c\ld n h be5 born mu* e>li]4 ,= music1 z an in/rum5t ( emotional expression1 did n come to maturity mu* e>li]4 ,emotion we d f9d express$ 9 ,haydn & ,moz>t c]ta9ly1 b x is subord9ate1 re/ra9$1 & n v precise4 ,x r>ely seems to be ! prime object ( ! music4 ,! prime object seems r to be ! giv+ ( pleasure ?r\gh ! beauty ( musical patt]ns4 ,! music mu/ n be obvi\sly inappropriate to ! words ( an aria1 b x is n ?\ght ( z express+ _! s5se 9 itself4 ,! movem5ts ( a ,moz>t symphony may h = u "s mild emotional connotation2 b 9 ! compos]'s m9d1 9 all probability1 x 0 n ! emotion :i* g]m9at$ ! music1 b ! music :i* g]m9at$ ! emotion4 ,! music ( ! long p]iod be=e ,s*ub]t 0 pr$om9antly =mal4 ,x became increas+ly complex & ref9$4 ,x greatly enl>g$ musical te*nique & ! means ( expression4 ,f ! emotional po9t ( view ! eighte5? c5tury 0 /or+ up ! te*nical mat]ials :i* ! n9ete5? 0 de/9$ to use up4 ,x 0 ,bee?ov5 :o develop$ ! expressive p[] ( music to its gr&e/ proportions4 ,nev] has emotion be5 %[n m p[]ful1 beauty m dignifi$1 ?an 9 8 symphonies4 ,! art ( music1 z x pass$ f 8 h&s into ^? ( y\ng] m51 0 a gr& & univ]sal in/rum5t1 equal to any emotional dem& m5 might want to make ^u x4 ,b1 if ,bee?ov5 _h develop$ all ^! capacities 9 music1 he _h by no means us$ !m all4 ,emotion 9 8 music is t ( ! epic poet1 broad & gr&1 r ?an t ( ! lyrici/1 p]sonal & subtle4 ,he _h develop$ 8 in/rum5t to m>vell\s p]fection4 ,he _h play$ ^u x only a few ( its tunes4 ,! greate/ ( ! classici/s1 he 0 ! man :o taught ! romantici/s _! trade4 ,he indicat$ h[ music c\ld be us$ prim>ily = emotional expression4 ,b ! do+ ( x he necess>ily left l>gely to ^? :o came aft]4 ,among ! fir/ & ! greate/ ( ^! 0 ,s*ub]t4 ,he 0 born to s+4 ,he lov$ a beautiful melody beyond any?+ else4 ,9 "s ways he 0 l a woman1 respond+ ) inf9ite t5d]ness & delicacy to ! impressions t came to him f )\t1 div9+ %ades ( feel+ :i* a man c r>ely cat*4 ,&1 j :5 ?is man came1 burn+ to write p]sonal & emotional songs1 ,bee?ov5 _h =g$ ! f9i%$ in/rum5t = ! purpose4 ,by ?is "t all ! conceptions ( rhy?m & design _h be5 agre$ ^u among musicians4 ,! scales & ! modes _h be5 adopt$1 ! s5se ( ! tonic deeply inculcat$ 9 e he>]1 ! indep5d5ce ( all ! keys _h be5 e/abli%$ & _! relation agre$ ^u4 ,all ! ord9>y positions ( *ords _h be5 te/$1 & all ! normal progressions agre$ ^u4 ,compos]s _h exp]im5t$ ) _m =ms & _h work$ out ! capacities ( ea*4 ,9 %ort1 m5 _h come to an almo/ complete agreem5t conc]n+ ! conv5tions ( musical te*nique4 ,if ?is _h n be5 s1 x w\ld n yet h be5 "t = romantic song4 ,=1 j z a poem c h no precise mean+ until all matt]s ( words & syntax h be5 agre$ ^u1 s music _c become accurately expressive :ile p are vague 9 _! m9ds ab\t ! id5tity ( ?is or t *ord4 ,9 ! same way fre$om ( =m c\ld h no mean+ = p until ! laws ( =m 7 :olly und]/ood4 ,! subtleties ( emotion c\ld n be express$ until p g5]ally _h begun to feel 9 music ! emotions to be subdivid$4 ,! ?+s t ,s*ub]t did ) music 9 #ahae 7 h>dly dreamt ( tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,!re 7 occasional =e%ad[+s1 no?+ else4 ,moz>t1 always te*nically flawless1 did n approa* 8 full creative maturity until t[>d 8 dea?1 :5 he gave evid5ce ( becom+ "o ( ! greate/ ( innovators4 ,& x is ,moz>t1 ^: music ,s*ub]t knew well & admir$ beyond measure1 :o *iefly =e%ad[$ romantic song be=e ,bee?ov5's great p]iod4 ,9 ! fam\s #8,/atue' sc5es ( ,don ,giovanni ,moz>t seems sudd5ly to h peep$ into a :ole new _w ( music--! _w ( prim>y emotional expression4 ,! same s5se ( half-discov]$ expressive possibilities we cat* 9 "s ( 8 lat] symphonies4 ,& 9 8 la/ op]a1 #8,! ,magic ,flute1' !re are songs pres]v+ ! emotional ri*ness ( ! be/ ,g]man folk-songs4 ,su* arias z ,9 dies5 heil'g5 ,hall5 or ,isis und ,osiris are ! la/ ^w 9 song be=e ,s*ub]t broke ?r\gh ! bonds ( =m & e/abli%$ ! dur*komponi]tes ,li$4 ,i ,b song prop] be=e ,s*ub]t is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o by no means hold a prim>y place 9 musical hi/ory4 ,( c\rse1 x c n[h]e be said to h a beg9n+4 ,b we c s5se ! feel+ = romantic song z f> back z ! ,gei/li*e ,li$] ( ,philipp ,emanuel ,ba*1 publi%$ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! preface to ^! songs is a rem>kable docum5t4 ,ba* says t he has tri$ to set fitt+ melodies to ! words2 t :]e ! v>i\s /anzas ( a song 7 s diff]5t 9 _s t a s+le melody c\ld n express bo? ) equal fai?fulness he has tri$ to /rike an av]age betwe5 all ! /anzas & to compose ! tune :i* w be mo/ appropriate to all2 t he consid]s x unju/ to ! poem to compose a tune :i* is suitable only to ! fir/ /anza1 z is ! usual practice2 &1 f9ally1 t he realizes t ,gell]t's poems1 be+ didactic1 are n ( ! sort be/ suit$ = musical sett+s1 yet ! high e>ne/ness ( ! poet's "w ju/ifies musical treatm5t4 ,^! rem>ks =e%ad[ ! romantic _s 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,fir/1 ,ba* recognizes ! importance & integrity ( ! text3 ! music exi/s 9 ord] to enhance ! poem1 n ! poem 9 ord] to s+ ! music4 ,next1 ,ba* feels ! p[] & ! obligation to express ! _s ( ! words 9 detail4 ,fur!r1 he cle>ly feels ! contradiction inh]5t 9 ! /rophic =m--mak+ "o tune d s]vice = v>i\s dissimil> /anzas4 ,f9ally1 he feels t song is at its be/ :5 x is emotional4 ,9 all ?is he is entirely at "o ) ! romantic song writ]s1 f ,s*ub]t on4 ,9 8 criticism ( ! /rophic =m he has put 8 f+] on ! c5tral problem ( ! art-song4 ,x is true1 8 solution ( ! difficulty 0 diff]5t f t ( ! romantici/s1 z 0 inevitable ) a compos] :o came half a c5tury be=e ! problem 0 ripe4 ,b he %[s 9 8 preface t he reg>ds 8 solution z no m ?an t5tative4 ,! songs !mselves are n rem>kable4 ,!y are mu* l ! ,gei/li*e ,li$] ( ! compos]'s great fa!r1 except t a subtle & almo/ indef9able *ange has come ov] !m 9 ! direction ( ! #8intimate4' ,!y are %ort melodies1 mu* l a ,g]man *orale1 except t !y h a g5tl]1 smoo!r movem5t4 ,! /rophes are sometimes 9 "o ( ! recogniz$ melodic =ms & sometimes comp>atively free4 ,:5 closely comp>$ !y reveal n a little individuality 7:i* is und\bt$ly :at ! compos] 0 aim+ at71 b1 tak5 z a :ole1 !y seem too mu* l %ort cantata arias to sugge/ expressive song4 ,! real _s ( song 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,g]man s+spiele4 ,^! 7 lively dramatic ent]ta9m5ts1 int]sp]s$ ) songs1 l ! ,engli% ballad op]as1 except t ! music 0 usually compos$ especially = ! piece4 ,! s+spiele 7 n tak5 s]i\sly by ! educat$ classes1 h5ce ! lighte/ k9d ( joy\sness reign$ 9 !m1 & ! music 0 t :i* w\ld appeal mo/ quickly to ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,! tunes 71 9 fact1 g5]ally z mu* l true folk-songs z _! compos]s c\ld make !m4 ,s+spiele 7 writt5 & p]=m$ by ! hundr$s dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,_m ( ! m popul> songs 7 rememb]$ & sung by ! p z half-naturaliz$ folk-songs1 & ! successful compos]s 7 usually f]tile produc]s ( songs indep5d5t ( ! s+spiele4 ,?is 0 ! true song-tradition ( ,g]many be=e ,s*ub]t's "t4 ,x grew out ( ! art ( ! p & spoke famili>ly to all4 ,x 0 a dignifi$ & firmly e/abli%$ art in/itution1 ?\gh x 0 giv5 h>dly m recognition by ! great musicians ( ! "t ?an ! symphony compos]s ( to-day give to op]etta4 ,! s+spiel folk-song type1 moreov]1 0 ! type :i* 0 call$ into s]vice = ! sett+ ( ! works ( ! /&>d poets ( ! "t4 ,zelt]'s sett+s ( ,goe!'s poems 7 sc>cely to be di/+ui%$1 9 po9t ( =m1 f ! songs t 7 sung 9 ! *eap !atres4 ,among ! be/ ( ! s+spiel compos]s 0 ,johann ,adam ,hill] 7#agbh-ahjd71 also di/+ui%$ z ! fir/ director ( ! fam\s ,gew&haus conc]ts 9 ,leipzig & z p]haps ! fir/ writ] ( true dur*komponi]te ,li$]4 ,8 songs kept ! popul> flavor1 b /rove = vigor\s expression ( ! text &1 9 do+ ?is1 broke out ( ! simple /rophe or /anza =m4 ,! spirit$ "* ( ,hill]'s s+spiele is sugge/$ by ! names ( "s ( !m--#8,! ,devil is ,loose1' #8,! ,hunt1' & #8,! ,village ,b>b]4' ,johann ,&r 7d4 #agii71 f]tile compos] ( s+spiele1 has a place alongside ( ,hill] z a pione] 9 t he 0 probably ! fir/ to adapt ! dur*komponi]t /yle to ! ballad1 sett+ ,brg]'s fam\s #8,l5ore' soon aft] x appe>$ 9 #agge4 ,! true ballad /yle1 h[ev]1 0 m freely cultivat$ by ,johann ,rudolph ,zum/eeg 7d4 #ahjb71 commonly kn[n z ! inv5tor ( ! ballad =m4 ,he compos$ sett+s = sev]al poems to :i* ,s*ub]t & ,lwe lat] set _! h&s1 notably ,s*ill]'s #8,ode to ,joy1' ,des ,pf>r]'s ,to*t]1 & ,ritt] ,togg5burg4 ,johann ,s*ulz1 :o 0 ano!r prolific s+spiel writ]1 is *iefly fam\s = 8 beautiful #8,songs 9 ! ,folk-,mann]1' :i* appe>$ betwe5 #aghb & #agij1 :5 ,h]d]'s pione] collection ( ,volksli$] 7words only7 _h j comm5c$ to create an int]e/ 9 ! subject ( popul> song4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s s+spiel compos] ( ! "t1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sonalities among ! less] musicians1 0 ,johann ,fri$ri* ,rei*>dt 7#ageb-ahad74 ,unlike mo/ musicians ( ! age1 ,rei*>dt 0 a man ( wide int]e/s & excell5t education4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he became royal *oirma/] "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great at ,b]l94 ,b he 0 a radical by temp]am5t & seems to h caus$ ! head t wore ! cr[n to lie uneasy4 ,8 visits to ,p>is gave him su* a sympa?y ) ! approa*+ ,fr5* revolution t he lat] lo/ 8 position 9 ,b]l9 on acc\nt ( 8 radical politics4 ,= a "t he 0 *oirma/] at ,cassel to ,j]me ,bonap>te1 ,napoleon's bro!r1 :o 0 anxi\s to pose z a patron ( art4 ,rei*>dt caught ! #8folk-mann]' 9 8 s+spiele1 b he 0 n a nave musician 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,8 *oruses & conc]t$ pieces sometimes %[ a grace & arti/ry :i* sugge/s ,moz>t1 & 8 songs are always organically & arti/ically conceiv$4 ,he set 9 ! simple /rophe /yle "s sixty ( ,goe!'s songs & ,goe!'s delightful s+spiel1 ,erw9 und ,elmire 7z did also ,&r74 ,we mu/ give ,rei*>dt praise = work+ 9 musicianly /yle1 ) a fre% ve9 ( melody & a graceful s5se 9 ! organiz+ ( x4 ,b we %\ld make a mi/ake if we gave him a v high place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( song1 = ,s*ub]t's e>lie/ ef=ts t[] f> above 8 & !y surely owe b little to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,precursors ( ,s*ub]t4 ,top3 ,johann ,zum/eeg & ,johann ,adam ,hill] ,bottom3 ,johann ,fri$ri* ,rei*>dt & ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,zelt] ,s*ub]t's admiration = ,zum/eeg & = 8 use ( ! ballad =m 7to :i* we d\btless owe #8,! ,erl ,k+'7 0 ext5d$ to ano!r song writ] ( ! "t1 ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,zelt] 7#ageh-ahcb74 ,?is compos]1 :o did a notable s]vice z director at ! ,b]l9 ,s+akademie1 0 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,goe! & _h an ext5sive correspond5ce ) him1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ & publi%$4 ,he set a great numb] ( ,goe!'s songs 9 ! simple & unpret5ti\s /yle ( ,rei*>dt4 ,?is mu* pleas$ ! poet1 :o 0 pr(ess$ly n mu* ( a musician4 ,9 fact1 x seems likely t ,zelt] frankly direct$ ! great man's musical ta/es4 ,zelt]'s songs1 "s ( :i* are /ill sung by ,g]man s++ societies1 are spirit$ & musicianly4 ,9 _! manly & /raight=w>d way !y compel "o's lik+4 ,if !y d n figure z an elem5t 9 musical hi/ory x is because _! simple =m (f]$ little t 0 ( s]vice to ! g5ius ( ,s*ub]t4 ,,ii ,?is g5ius 01 along ) t ( ,moz>t1 ! mo/ spontane\s ! _w ( music _h ev] se54 ,x seem$ to "w by a sort ( div9ation4 ,:]eas ,bee?ov5's musical ideas develop$ sl[ly & "u great m5tal pressure f !mes ( little value1 ,s*ub]t's songs (t5 came into 8 m9d almo/ 9 an in/ant complete f beg9n+ to end4 ,f ! age ( ?irte5 7& probably e>li]7 he 0 cont9ually writ+ songs4 ,(t5 he w\ld compose z _m z ?ree or f\r 9 a s+le morn+1 especially :5 he 0 unusually press$ = money4 ,mo/ ( ! "t he did b little revis+4 ,if ! musical idea z x came 0 n ( f9e quality1 !n x c\ld g to ! scrap-basket or to anybody :o c>$ = x2 !re 7 pl5ty m good tunes :]e t came f4 ,s*ub]t's supply ( beautiful melodies 0 inexhau/ible4 ,he nev] _h to nurse & pet a tune 9 ord] to get ! maximum ( musical s]vice out ( x4 ,m ?an any o!r song-writ] ,s*ub]t #8s+s himself4' ,& 8 songs1 = ! mo/ "p1 #8wrote !mselves4' ,! poet w\ld pick up a book on a fri5d's table &1 discov]+ !re9 "s lovely poems1 w\ld be seiz$ by musical sett+s = !m4 ,sometimes he wrote z ?\gh 9 a trance4 ,! music seem$ to come f "s ant]ior s\rce1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh 8 bra9 on its way to ! pap]1 to make him intoxicat$4 ,:5 he di$ at ! age ( ?irty he left beh9d him "s elev5 hundr$ musical works1 ( :i* m ?an six hundr$ 7 songs ( all descriptions4 ,?is 0 ! product ( sc>cely m ?an fifte5 ye>s ( activity4 ,x is obvi\s !re c\ld n h be5 mu* revision4 ,b ?is is h>dly evid5ce t ,s*ub]t 0 incapable ( self-criticism4 ,he _h 8 favorites among 8 songs & d\btless realiz$ t _m 7 z wor?less z lat] g5]ations h f\nd !m4 ,& he did1 9 c]ta9 cases1 sp5d consid]able ef=t 9 revision2 !re exi/1 = in/ance1 sev]al diff]5t v]sions ( #8,! ,erl ,k+' 9 ,s*ub]t's h&writ+4 ,b 8 lack ( revision 0 a result ( 8 ov]p[]+ f]tility r ?an ( c>elessness4 ,if he kept on writ+ new songs he might /rike a ma/]piece any "t4 ,:y wa/e 8 "t poli%+ second-rate pieces8 ,briefly /at$1 :at ,s*ub]t did = song 0 to e/abli% x z "o ( ! great dep>tm5ts ( music4 ,we "k :at x 0 be=e 8 "t--an unpret5ti\s amusem5t1 consid]$ appropriate *iefly = ! vaudeville !atres & ! banquet tables ( roi/]+ /ud5ts4 ,among ! educat$ classes song 0 lov$1 b h>dly respect$4 ,! great compos]s wrote songs only z bagatelles = _! amusem5t or = a special occasion4 ,x 0 h>dly realiz$ t ! song =m1 s slight & s mode/1 c\ld receive ! burd5 ( great ideas & radical innovation4 ,s*ub]t1 by =ce ( g5ius1 prov$ t ! song c\ld be z great int5sively z an op]a or oratorio c\ld be ext5sively2 t to write a p]fect song 0 z difficult & wor?y a task = a great arti/ z to write an oratorio4 ,to prove ?is he %[]$ all ! ri*es ( 8 arti/ic equipm5t on ! song4 ,fir/ ( all1 he gave to x great melodies4 ,! melodies ( ! be/ art-songs be=e 8 "t c\ld n be comp>$ ) ! great melodies :i* musicians _h put into symphonies & op]as4 ,musicians _h felt t songs 7 n wor?y ( _! be/ melodies1 b only ( _! second & ?ird be/4 ,s*ub]t gave to song 8 v be/4 ,next1 ,s*ub]t *ose 7among 8 _m texts7 "s ( ! greate/ %ort poems 9 ,g]man lit]ature4 ,musicians previ\sly _h g5]ally consid]$ ! words a v unimportant "p ( vocal music4 ,true1 ! music ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7especially 9 ,g]many7 is full ( exceptions to ?is rule1 b ! exceptions occur z if by accid5t & prove t compos]s ei!r didn't c>e or didn't "k :i* texts 7 bett] & :i* 7 worse4 ,x is true1 also1 t ,rei*>dt ,zelt]1 & o!rs set ! poems ( ,goe! to music1 b _! sett+s 7 unpret5ti\s & h>dly aspir$ to be 9 !mselves adequate to express ,goe!'s ?\ghts4 ,) ,s*ub]t1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d ! greate/ poetry m>ri$ to ! greate/ music4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 also1 t ,s*ub]t's ta/e 0 n highly critical 9 ! matt] ( poetry4 ,among 8 six hundr$ songs are a great _m ) insipid or pomp\s words4 ,b "s ( ^! texts 7 writt5 by ,s*ub]t's p]sonal fri5ds 7su* z 8 room-mate ,mayrh(]7 & 7 set z a p]sonal complim5t4 ,fur!r1 ,s*ub]t1 :o work$ daily1 did n always f9d ! be/ ( poems at h&1 & 0 oblig$ to take :at he c\ld get1 ?\gh he probably knew :i* 7 bett] & :i* 7 worse4 ,&1 f9ally1 he 0 g5]ally be/ inspir$ by ! be/ poems1 :i* %\ld be a pro( ( 8 s5sitiv5ess to poetic excell5ce4 ,at any rate1 "o f9ds ! texts ( ,s*ub]t's songs almo/ an an?ology ( ! be/ ,g]man lyrical poems writt5 9 ! c5tury be=e 8 dea?4 ,& ) "s ( ! v]ses is music t seems to h be5 made by "o & ! same ma/] arti/ to fit = all "t4 ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ,s*ub]t 0 n a man educat$ 9 belles lettres1 he %[$ a vivid appreciation ( poetic excell5ce :i* has be5 a m>k ( great song writ]s ev] s9ce4 ,next1 ,s*ub]t %[$ a m>vell\s s5se ( poetry 9 music4 ,! music be=e him _h be51 z we h said1 pr$om9antly =mal4 ,) ,bee?ov5 x _h rea*$ its mo/ p]fect =mal developm5t & ) ! symphony & sonatas ( ,bee?ov5's lat] ye>s broke ?r\gh =mal bonds 9 its se>* aft] m int5se expression4 ,! viol5t conflict betwe5 =m & expression is ! glory 7& to "s m9ds ! defect7 ( ,bee?ov5's lat] "w4 ,b ,s*ub]t 9 8 songs seems to feel no?+ ( ?is /ruggle4 ,x is z ?\gh he _h be5 born on ! o!r side2 z ?\gh ,bee?ov5 _h done ! fight+ = him4 ,or x is z ?\gh a m\nta9 /ream _h /ruggl$ ?r\gh rocks & ov] a precipice to rea* ! quiet level ( ! pla9s bel[4 ,) ,s*ub]t we feel only joy\s spontane\s expression ( ! words4 ,! expressive res\rces ( music :i* 8 =]unn]s _h prep>$ are laid at 8 feet1 & f !m he *ooses ) wond]ful acut5ess ! details & devices he ne$s4 ,?is s5se ( poetry c\ld h>dly be f\nd 9 ! songs ( ,rei*>dt & ,zelt]4 ,sung ) ! words _! music w\ld d\btless seem appropriate4 ,b play$ )\t ! words to po9t ! mean+ !y w\ld seem pleas+ b colorless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y play ! songs ( ,s*ub]t on ! piano y w get1 to a surpris+ degree1 ! feel+s convey$ by ! words4 ,x is n too mu* to say t be=e ,s*ub]t song music 0 appropriate only2 ) ,s*ub]t song became expressive4 ,f9ally1 ,s*ub]t gave to ! art-song t fre$om ( =m :i* has be5 a *>act]i/ic ( x ev] s9ce4 ,n t he 0 ! fir/ to write ! dur*komponi]te song or any ( ! o!r fre] =ms1 b he 0 ! fir/ ) ! g5ius necess>y to e/abli% su* =ms 7or =mlessness7 = all "t4 ,s*ub]t's pr$ecessors _h n be5 p$ants4 ,)9 _! limit$ capacities "s ( !m _h be5 g5u9e poets ( s5tim5t4 ,b =m _h nev]!less reta9$ its hold on ! _s ( _! song writ+4 ,! regul> recurr5ce ( measur$ l9es1 or ! build+ up ( ! song accord+ to a s*eme ( regul> repetitions or alt]ations1 _h be5 to !m a matt] ( second nature 7except :5 a ,hill] or a ,zum/eeg t5tatively broke ?r\gh = exp]im5t's sake74 ,su* a song z ,s*ub]t's ,auf5?alt or ! e>ly #8,gret*5 at ! ,sp9n+ ,:eel1' 9 :i* !re is no discov]able s*eme yet a mo/ cog5t unity1 w\ld h be5 h>dly conceivable to ^! e>ly pione]s4 ,s*ub]t1 !n1 ) a m>vell\s fund ( melody1 a s5se ( poetic values 9 words & music1 & a free in/9ct = expressive =m1 did = ! song :at ,haydn _h done = ! symphony--put x on ! musical map4 ,he 0 able to d ?is n alone because he 0 a great musician1 b because !re 7 great poets 9 ,g]many ^: lyrics he c\ld set4 ,let u see :o & ( :at "* ^! poets 74 ,! poets :om ,s*ub]t set to music 7ov] #ajj 9 all7 repres5t sev]al /ages ( a trem5d\s upheaval 9 ,g]man life & lit]ature--r\ghly1 ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,= conv5i5ce we may divide !m into ?ree classes--! #8,/orm & ,/ress' poets1 ! ,romantic poets1 & ! #8"y-,g]man' poets4 ,! ,/urm und ,drang1 or #8,/orm & ,/ress1' t5d5cy 0 ! ,g]man equival5t ( ! pre-revolution>y upheaval among ! educat$ classes ( ,france4 ,its ideal 0 t ( ! highe/ p]fection = ! individual--p]sonal rights r ?an social duties4 ,! s-call$ ,romantic movem5t 79 ! n>r[] mean+ ( ! t]m7 0 at its height dur+ ,napoleon's p]iod ( p[]4 ,x 0 d\ble4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 ,/urm und ,drang1 individualism c>ri$ to its extreme1 ) a high premium set on ! imag9ation & a morbid int]e/ 9 :at we %\ld to-day call #8psy*ology4' ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! gr[? ( ! social & national _s :i* ar\s$ a s5se ( nationalism 9 ,g]many "u ,napoleon's tyranny & enabl$ ! ,g]mans glori\sly to %ake (f ! ,fr5* yoke4 ,! ?ird p]iod1 9 :i* ,s*ub]t did mo/ ( 8 actual "w1 0 t ( disillusionm5t1 :5 ! lib]al dreams ( ! ,g]man en?usia/s _h be5 met by ! /upid reactionism ( ! ,g]man pr9ces & ! ,congress ( ,vi5na4 ,! ,g]man upris+ aga9/ ,napoleon _h be5 synonym\s 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ ) a movem5t t[>d lib]al in/itutions & political fre$om4 ,"u ! royal h\ses ( ,g]many ! p 7 =c$ back1 at ! po9t ( ! sword1 to a /ate little bett] ?an m$ivalism4 ,! poets ( ! #8"y-,g]man' movem5t saw t ! dreams ( ! previ\s g5]ation _h be5 made a fiasco & turn$ to cynicism1 ) j a %ad[ ( a bitt] dream ( v5geance /or$ up = ! future4 ,! great poets ( ! ,/urm und ,drang movem5t 71 ( c\rse1 ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,goe!1 "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal m9ds ! _w has ev] kn[n1 0 able to ent] into a situation or a human emotion s int5sely t he 0 an ideal lyric poet4 ,8 comm& ov] ! music ( ! ,g]man language 0 complete4 ,all ,g]many 0 dazzl$ by ! weal? ( color & nuance :i* he f\nd 9 life & reflect$ 9 8 poetry4 ,s*ill] 0 9 e way 8 inf]ior4 ,8 inflat$ rhetoric always /ole ! lyric quality f 8 poems1 :i* nev] pictur$ tru?1 ei!r out] or inn]4 ,b by ! %e] en]gy ( 8 _s ,s*ill] 0 a man ( ! "t4 ,x is wor? not+ t ?\gh ,s*ub]t set ne>ly fifty ( 8 texts1 n a s+le ma/]piece result$4 ,= !re is 9 ,s*ill]1 prop]ly consid]$1 little or no?+ to inspire a g5u9ely lyric poet4 ,&1 z is (t5 ! case 9 lyric poetry1 ! m9or m5 d "s ( ! be/ "w4 ,"s ( ,s*ub]t's be/ texts are suppli$ by ,claudius1 ,s*ub>t1 ,/ollb]g1 & ,hlty1 m9or memb]s ( ! frat]nity :i* /irr$ up all ,g]many to ! expectation ( a pr(\nd revolution4 ,^! m5 7 cry+ out aga9/ ! vices ( ! ari/ocracy1 or prais+ ! simple life ( ! peasants1 z ,h]d] _h taught !m4 ,_! songs 7 a glorification ( ! individual1 proclaim+ ! int5sity & beauty ( 8 spontane\s feel+s--ideal lyric mat]ial4 ,! era ( ! ,napoleonic w>s br\ght a new g5]ation ( poets to ,g]many4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :5 ! vision ( great de$s 0 /irr+ e "o to demon/rate 8 own p[]4 ,?is side ( ! movem5t1 repres5t$ 9 ,s*ub]t's songs by ! bro!rs ,s*legel1 0 decid$ly morbid4 ,b !re 0 ano!r side4 ,= ,napoleonic oppression _h ar\s$ a new s5se ( dignity & national solid>ity 9 ,g]man he>ts1 & !re arose a gr\p ( poets to s+ ( x4 ,mo/ typical is ,krn]1 au?or ( ! fam\s sword song1 :o volunte]$ = ! army1 say+ to 8 fa!r3 #8,g]many is ris+2 my art sighs = h] fa!rl&'--& di$ 9 battle4 ,?is adoption by art ( a new fa!rl& 0 signaliz$ by a new return ( poetry to all t 0 popul> & traditional 9 ,g]man life & hi/ory4 ,x is to ?is inspiration t we owe poems by ,uhl& & ,mll]1 :i* ,s*ub]t set to music4 ,! ?ird era 0 t ( disillusionm5t1 :5 ,plat5 c\ld write #8444 man kann hi5i$5 ,ni*ts ,s*le*'res als e9 ,deuts*] se94' ,! lyric poetry ( ! "t became ei!r a cynical grasp+ ( selfi% int]e/s1 z (t5 9 ,he9e1 or a r5unciation ( ! out] ^w1 a peace :i* is to be f\nd 9 contemplation & humble love1 z 9 ,rck]t4 ,9 translation1 also1 ,s*ub]t 0 famili> ) ! "w ( c]ta9 =eign poets1 notably ,%akespe>e & ,walt] ,scott4 ,to ! inspiration ( ! =m] we owe at lea/ two ma/]pieces1 #8,:o ,is ,sylvia8' & #8,h>k1 ,h>k1 ! ,l>k6' ,f ! latt] we h ! wond]ful #8,ave ,m>ia4' ,we %\ld n =get1 also1 ! songs ( ,ossian1 n[ almo/ =gott54 ,^! 7 =g]ies 79 all probability7 by a ,scot* s*oolma/]1 purport+ to be translations f ! ,gaelic ( ! songs ( ! m9/rel ,ossian1 :o _h be5 no m ?an a tradition = c5turies4 ,! lit]>y _w took !m 9 e>ne/1 & su* m5 z ,goe! became en?usia/ic ov] _! wild & rugg$ imag]y4 ,b to u !y seem rhetorical & f> remov$ f ! simplicity ( g5u9e folk-poetry4 ,& ,s*ub]t seems to h felt ?is1 =1 ?\gh he set eight ( ! long ,ossian songs1 n "o ( 8 sett+s is memorable4 ,aga9 ! abs5ce ( ! true lyric sp>k _h left him cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,poets ( ! ,romantic ,p]iod4 ,top3 ,goe! & ,hugo ,bottom3 ,s*ill] & ,he9e ,,iii ,among ,s*ub]t's songs we f9d an extraord9>ily wide range ( =m & subject-matt]--s wide t all song writ]s s9ce 8 "t h n be5 able mu* to enl>ge x4 ,we h said t he 0 ! fir/ to apply musical g5ius to ! dur*komponi]tes ,li$4 ,b he 0 n a speciali/ 9 ?is =m4 ,he seems to h _h no especial pref]5ces1 b to h be5 guid$ by ! nature ( 8 poem4 ,a numb] ( 8 songs are 9 ! /rophe =m--simply contra/+ phrases ( ! music =m+ ! tune1 :i* is repeat$ )\t *ange = ea* /anza ( ! words1 z 9 ! simple folk-tune type4 ,( ?is class are "s ( ,s*ub]t's be/ songs1 su* z #8,! ,hea!r ,rose1' #8,! ,fi%]1' #8,praise ( ,te>s1' #8,w&]+1' #8,! ,brook's ,lullaby1' #8,h>k1 ,h>k1 ! ,l>k6'#bj & _m o!rs4 ,next we f9d :at we might call ! #8develop$ /rophe' =m1 9 :i* ! simple /anza organization is pres]v$ 9 _s1 b "s *ange ent]s into ! make-up ( ! :ole song 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! text4 ,examples ( ?is are ! fam\s ,du bi/ die ,ruh1 9 :i* ! f9al /rophe is mu* alt]$ to express ! int5s] feel+s ( ! poet2 or ! ,gute ,na*t1 f ! ,w9t]reise s]ies1 9 :i* ! melody ( "o /anza is sung 9 ! major to convey ! contra/+ effect ( calmness2 or ! #8,s]5ade1' 9 :i* ! repeat$ /rophe is foll[$ by a free coda necess>y to give complet5ess to ! idea4 ,9 ! class ( ! #8develop$ /rophe' =m we might gr\p su* pieces z #8,h] ,portrait1' :i* repeats ! ma9 /rophe aft] a contra/+ middle section4 ,or !re are su* songs z #8,by ! ,sea1'#a :i* are almo/ 9 ! /rict /rophe =m1 b v>i$ "h & !re 9 "s m9or detail1 prov+ t h[ev] mu* ,s*ub]t felt ! beauty ( =m he did n feel its dogma4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! q free or dur*komponi]te =m4 ,! examples ( ?is are innum]able 9 ,s*ub]t's works3 we recall easily ! fam\s ,auf5?alt 7#8,abode'7 & ,doppelgng] 7#8,! ,d\ble'71#ba ,d] ,w&]]1 & ,das ,wirt%aus4 ,9 ^! songs !re is e v>iation f a deceptive /rophic =m to ! utmo/ dissimil>ity1 & yet !re rema9s always a s5se ( unity :i* is ! "w ( a ma/]4 ,besides ! pure lyrics ,s*ub]t wrote ballads & sc5as4 ,! =m] are simply /ories told 9 v]se4 ,unlike ! lyric1 ! ballad is highly objective1 see+ ! *>act]s z ?+s ap>t & z act+ = !mselves2 yet l ! lyric x is highly sympa!tic ) emotions1 & sometimes id5tifies itself alt]nately ) "o "* & ano!r z completely z ?\gh x 7 a lyric4 ,?is is because ( ! dramatic quality implicit 9 e /ory1--a quality :i* is p>ticul>ly attractive to ! primitive imag9ation4 ,! ballad1 9 %ort1 is a m9iature drama1 9 :i* ! *>act]s speak 9 _! own words ) ea* o!r1 & 9 :i* rapid & vigor\s action is abundant4 ,examples ( ?is =m 9 ,s*ub]t's songs are ,s*ill]'s #8,! ,div]1' & ( c\rse #8,! ,erl ,k+4' ,we %\ld also di/+ui% a ?ird class ( songs--! sc5a4 ,?is is a comb9ation ( ! lyric & ! ballad2 x is ess5tially an emotional utt]ance1 b x usually pictures ! *>act]s & ! sc5e1 & (t5 involves "s sort ( dramatic action4 ,! ,ossian ,songs p>take ( ! nature ( ! sc5a1 b ! be/ example is ,s*ill]'s ,erw>tung1 9 :i* ! s+] is wait+ = 8 swee!>t to come to him1 & is beguil$ by v>i\s noises ( ! night into ?9k+ x is %e4 ,! sc5as & ! ballads involve n a little ( ! declamatory /yle1 :i* is q unlyrical4 ,declamation 9 song is famili> to u 9 ! recitatives ( ! old] op]as1 b declamation 9 ! true s5se is m melodi\s ?an dry recitative4 ,x is1 9 fact1 g5u9e melody1 ) all elem5ts ( melodic beauty1 except t x is indep5d5t ( /rict measure & rhy?m1 receiv+ all its acc5ts f ! words :i* x foll[s ) greate/ nicety4 ,! possibilities ( ?is /yle ( music h only begun to be develop$ 9 ! la/ two or ?ree decades4 ,9 ,s*ub]t declamation is usually on ! "r track1 b is pretty likely to be un9t]e/+4 ,we mu/ make an exception1 h[ev]1 ( su* ma/]ly bits ( declamation z ! la/ l9e ( #8,! ,erl ,k+1' 9 :i* ! half-spok5 ann\ncem5t1 #8,lo1 9 8 arms ! *ild 0 dead1' closes ! ballad abruptly & seems to frame x (f f ! workaday _w2 or ! la/ l9e ( #8,! ,w&]]1' 9 :i* ,s*ub]t's poetic s5se re9=c$ ! emphatic ^w ) an emphatic melodic note3 ,dort1 wo du ni*t bi/1 dort i/ das ,glck4 ,b on ! :ole we mu/ admit t ! :ole body ( ,s*ub]t's declamatory & dramatic songs is h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( /udy1 except = ! purpose ( enl>g+ "o's k ( ! compos]4 ,if x 7 n = ! wond]ful #8,erl ,k+1' greate/ ( ballads1 p w\ld d\btless be say+ t ,s*ub]t 0 a lyric song-writ] only1 & _h no feel+ = ! ballad =m4 ,,iv ,( ,s*ub]t's six hundr$ songs1 z we h said1 _m are ( little or no musical value4 ,sometimes ! melody seems too facile2 x expresses no?+2 x is l e o!r ord9>y tune4 ,& sometimes1 especially 9 ! long] ballads & sc5as1 !re is a lack ( any musical "*2 commonplace *ords & scraps ( indiff]5t melody succe$ ea* o!r to fatigue4 ,! l5g? is sometimes enorm\s4 #8,! ,div]' occupies ne>ly =ty pr9t$ pages1 & _m o!rs betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty4 ,x is m regrettable t "s ( ! songs %\ld be sad mixtures ( greatness & triviality4 #8,dea?-,music' is su* a song4 ,! op5+ b>s h a deep solemnity1 :i* is almo/ equal to ! dignity ( ! !me1 b seems j a little too ?9 or facile4 ,!n on ! words ,hebe aus dem ird's*5 ,r+5 comes a passage :i* is "o ( ,s*ub]t's great mom5ts1 & ?is is repeat$ 9 f9] developm5t on ! words3 ,alles grosses w]d' i* seh51 until "o c almo/ feel "o's self c>ri$ into ! my/]ies ( dea?4 ,b !n foll[ ?ree pages ( melody :i* are irritat+1 = !y h mu* beauty & expressiv5ess1 b seem aimless & disorganiz$4 ,9 #8,viola1' :i* is a matt] ( tw5ty-"o pages1 !re are "o or two ( ! mo/ graci\s melodies ,s*ub]t ev] wrote1 b ! song z a :ole1 :at ) l5g? & =mlessness1 is hopeless4 ,flle d] ,liebe1 aga91 is bo? beautiful & expressive1 altoge!r a di/+ui%$ piece ( "w1 except t its movem5t soon becomes s monoton\s t x is un5durable4 ,s ,s*ub]t is (t5 betray+ ! rapidity ) :i* he work$4 ,b he has left u at lea/ "o hundr$ songs :i* are immortal4 ,fir/ ( all1 !y are wor? kn[+ = _! wond]ful /ock ( melodies1 z pure & ri* z any compos] 9 ! _w has ev] giv5 u4 ,! en*antm5t c h>dly we> (f ) su* melodies z ^? ( #8,praise ( ,te>s1' #8,! ,tr\t1' ,du bi/ die ,ruh1 #8,! ,l9d5 ,tree1' #8,! ,inn1' #8,to ,sylvia1' #8,litany1' & #8,! ,s]5ade4' ,x is by no means ! melody ( ! draw+-room4 ,! da9ty1 snobbi% grace ( ! ,fr5* b]g]ette is =eign to ,s*ub]t4 ,he seems anxi\s to s+ ) ev]ybody4 ,x is record$ t "o ( 8 favorite pa/imes 0 walk+ out ) a fri5d on a ,sunday aft]noon to "o ( ! villages 9 ! neighborhood ( ,vi5na1 & wat*+ ! peasants dance & he>+ !m s+ _! songs4 ,?is popul> s5se p]si/s 9 all ,s*ub]t's music1 h[ev] delicate may be 8 del9eation ( mood4 ,he _h no?+ ( ! ari/ocrat 9 him4 ,! son ( a s*oolma/]1 accu/om$ to pov]ty1 & accu/om$ to tea* 9 an almo/ m5ial capacity 9 ! h\se ( ,c\nt ,e/]hazy1 he acquir$ none ( ! ta/es ( ! ari/ocrat & 0 cont5t to take 8 pleasures z o!r p did4 ,besides1 ! :ole tradition ( ,g]man music has be5 rem>kably close to ! p4 ,ev5 ,moz>t1 ! mo/ poli%$ ( compos]s1 wrote 9 #8,! ,magic ,flute' music t w\ld h delight$ any peasant4 ,s we are n surpris$ to f9d 9 ,s*ub]t's lyrics a /ra9 ( folk-song1 especially 9 ! cad5ces & progressions :i* ! ,g]mans love s well4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! cont9ually recurr+ cad5ce ( ! song ,sei mir gegrs/1 or t ( #8,praise ( ,te>s4' ,x sets ! _s = ! :ole ( ! song4 ,& x is tak5 f ! v bone & s9ew ( ,g]man music4 ,or take ! %ort middle section ( #8,! ,w&]]1'--9 :i* ! ,w&]] cries out1 #8,:]e art ?\1 ,:]e art ?\1 ,my belov$ l&6'--or ! fir/ ( ! ,erl ,k+'s songs 9 ! ballad #8,! ,erl ,k+'2 or ! :ole /rophic tune ( #8,! ,fi%]4' ,hum ^! ov] two or ?ree times4 ,!n take at r&om two or ?ree ,g]man folk-songs--,a* du lieb] ,augu/9 & ,imm] langsam voran1 or :at n1 & hum ^!4 ,& !n two or ?ree ,fr5* b]g]ettes4 ,! relation%ip ( ,s*ub]t w !n be q cle>4 ,^! matt]s ( musical analogy are subtle & slipp]y4 ,!y _c be e/abli%$ by analysis4 ,b !y c always be prov$ or disprov$ by ! sympa!tic e>4 ,b ,s*ub]t 0 writ+ art-songs1 n folk-songs4 ,accord+ly he 0 oblig$ to give m precise mean+s to 8 melodies ?an folk-songs *oose to give4 ,he mu/ n s+ only ( love or sorr[1 b ( a c]ta9 mood ( love or sorr[4 ,?is is :at we mean by ! ref9em5t ( melody4 ,n t ! unref9$ melody is less wor?y or less beautiful1 only t x is less precise4 ,9 ref9+ 8 tunes ,s*ub]t's delicate arti/ic s5se /ood him 9 glori\s /ead4 ,! ,ave ,m>ia is fir/ ( all a beautiful ,g]man melody4 ,b x is also a delicate1 s5sitive melody1 :i* might h be5 sung by ! ess5tially ari/ocratic ,ell54 ,or notice ! delicacy ( mood impli$ 9 ,he9e's poem ,ihr ,bild4 ,x is ess5tially a civiliz$ mood1 "o :i* comes ov] a p]son inside ( a h\se ) ! lights turn$ l[1 a mood :i* a folk-song w\ld nev] be call$ ^u to express4 ,s*ub]t cat*es x 9 a few simple notes4 ,he does n /ra9 8 melody 9 ord] to make x express an unusual mood4 ,he selects 8 notes--t is1 ref9es ! melody--until its expression has become specific & accurate in/ead ( broad & g5]al4 ,?is matt] ( melodic ref9em5t 7:i* mu/ be div9$ by a sort ( six? s5se7 leads u to "o ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ,s*ub]t's songs 7& ( art-songs 9 g5]al7--namely1 detail$ expression4 ,"h we c be m specific4 ,comp>$ to lat] song-writ]s1 ,s*ub]t makes v little ef=t to emphasize details 9 8 texts4 ,he is nev] will+ 9 8 lyrical pieces to di/ort or di/urb ! fl[ ( ! melody or ! design ( ! :ole1 9 ord] to illu/rate a detail4 ,b a slight /udy ( 8 songs w %[ t he is nev] ov]look+ ^! details4 ,& :5 x seems to him prop] to give !m precise expression1 ! device is always at 8 f+]-tips4 ,take "o ( ! lovelie/ ( all 8 songs1 ,das ,wir?%aus--#8,! ,inn'--f ! cycle ,w9t]reise4 ,! :ole song %\ld be play$ ?r\gh fir/ to get ! mood ( we>9ess1 ( spiritual hung] & ?ir/1 t p]vades x4 ,!n on ! words die md5 ,w&r]--#8tir$ w&]]s1' comes ?is progression3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score die md5 ,w&r] lad5 ins khle ,wirt%aus e9 ,notice ! wond]ful ,d flat ( ! accompanim5t4 ,& notice too ) :at magic ! simple *ords ( ! next measure seem to fit ! ^w khle ,wirt%aus1--! #8cool tav]n4' ,a little lat]1 on ! words3 b9 matt zum ,ni$]s9k5--#8tir$ to exhau/ion'--is ! foll[+ passage3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score b9 matt zum ,ni$]s9k5 und ttli* s*w] v]letzt ,notice ! ,g flat ( ! accompanim5t1 h[ x creeps into ! h>monic framework & gives poignancy to ! expression4 ,& !n f\r measures fur!r on1 on ! words3 do* weise/ du mi* ab8--#8& d y turn me away8'--!re is ?is v simple musical passage3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,do* weise/ du mi* ab ,only "o alt]$ *ord1 t conta9+ ! ,b natural1 b :at pa?os lies 9 x6 ,an ev5 f9] in/ance ( musical del9eation is ! song ,d] ,doppelgng]1 ! la/ b "o t ,s*ub]t ev] wrote4 ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 9 8 #8,songs & ,song ,writ]s1' ju/ly says t ?is wond]ful song anticipates ,wagn]'s !ories & me?ods4 ,"h we h ! cont9u\s melody1 ! leit-motif 7! fir/ f\r measures ( ! accompanim5t71 ! declamatory voice "p1 & ! #8or*e/ral comm5t' :i* we associate ) ! ,wagn]ian music-dramas4 ,we _c fail to notice 9 ?is song ! gho/ly effect ( ! ?ick *ords kept 9 ! bass section ( ! pian(orte's range1 nor ! uncanny effect ( ! %ort1 almo/ gasp+1 phrases = ! voice1 nor ! fi]ce pictur+ ( t]ror on ! words me9e eigne ,ge/alt4 ,:at c\ldn't ,s*ub]t h be5 9 ! hi/ory ( music1 asks ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 if he _h liv$6 ,s*ub]t's comm& ov] modulation is facile & abundant4 ,sometimes !re is no re/ 9 ! matt] ( modulation4 ,yet ! *anges ( key & mode nev] seem /range4 ,tonalities melt into "o ano!r1 & voices lead z naturally z !y d 9 ! simple key-s*emes ( ,haydn4 ,! be/ ( examples is ! wond]ful song1 ,die ,allma*t4 ,nom9ally 9 ! key ( ,c major1 x rema9s actually 9 ?is key = only ab\t a fif? ( its l5g?4 ,! a/oni%+ simplicity & inevitabl5ess ( ,s*ub]t's modulations are well exemplifi$ by ! *ange f ,f major to ,g flat major on ! words ,gross i/ ,jehovah d] ,h]r 7at _! next to la/ appe>ance74 ,wagn] us$ precisely ?is modulation ab\t t5 ye>s lat] = ! climax to ! great pray] 9 ! op]a ,ri5zi4 ,b we f9d x no uncommon ?+ to discov] t /rokes ( g5ius 9 o!r compos]s h be5 anticipat$ 9 ,s*ub]t4 ,b ! ri*ness & smoo?ness ( ,s*ub]t's modulations1 :i* are ev]y:]e to be discov]$ 9 8 songs1 are n ! mo/ important qualities f ! arti/ic /&po9t4 ,! important ?+ is ! m>vell\s deftness ) :i* ! compos] uses 8 modulation = expressive purposes4 ,let u return to ,das ,wirt%aus1 a ?or\gh k ( :i* is a lib]al education 9 ,s*ub]t's art4 ,modulation "h is l fl[+ wat]4 ,b notice especially ! la/ 7repeat$7 l9e ( ! poem3 ,nun weit] d5n1 nun weit]1 me9 treu] ,w&]/ab--#8!n on aga91 my fai?ful w&]]'s /aff4' ,! fir/ half ( ! l9e is 9 ,c m9or4 ,!n on ! words me9 treu] ,w&]/ab x goes aga9 into its orig9al ,f major4 ,! effect is pa/ all analysis4 ,we feel ! tragic vi/a ( life ahead ( ! man1 ! et]nal trudg+ along :ite du/y roads4 ,! human pa?os ( ! modulation is int5se4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice1 9 pass+1 t ,s*ub]t gets 8 mo/ tragic & pa!tic effects out ( ! major mode r ?an out ( ! m9or4 ,besides ! example j quot$ "o recalls ! entrance ( ! major 9 ,ihr ,bild1--an ef=t ( mo/ delicate pa?os2 & ! end+ ( #8,dea? & ! ,maid51' 9 :i* ! com+ ( ! m9or br+s ) x ! feel+ ( deep human trag$y z contra/$ ) ! some:at spooky trag$y ( ! prec$+ m9or4 ,s*ub]t's effects1 ?\gh usually v simple1 r>ely come f a reliance on conv5tional means4 ,ano!r ( ,s*ub]t's expressive devices is fam\s4 ,x is ! dissonance ( ,d flat aga9/ ,d aga9/ ,c 7or a correspond+ comb9ation71 recurr+ 9 #8,! ,erl ,k+' :5 ! boy %rieks 9 t]ror at ! sight ( ! evil gho/4 ,x 0 /r5u\sly object$ to by c]ta9 ones :o he>d x 9 ,s*ub]t's "t1 & x is record$ t "o ( ! objectors )drew 8 criticism because ! comp\nd dissonance resolv$ s smoo?ly4 ,! ju/ification1 if ju/ification is ne$$1 is some?+ o!r ?an ?is4 ,x is t ! device is trem5d\sly expressive4 ,9 #8,! ,erl ,k+' we _c fail to notice h[ ! triplet motive 9 ! accompanim5t b9ds ! song closely toge!r4 ,9 ne>ly e case ,s*ub]t f9ds "s means ( accompli%+ ?is end1 :5 ! free =m ( ! song might ?reat5 to di/ract "o's att5tion4 ,9 a numb] ( ! ,mll]li$]1 9 :i* ! brook figures con/antly1 ! rippl+ wat] is sugge/$ 7n imitat$7 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,! devices by :i* ! sugge/ion is accompli%$ seem nave to u to-day1 b x is p]haps m arti/ic ?an an attempt at imitation w\ld be4 ,sugge/ive devices are innum]able4 ,note ! movem5t ( ! breeze 9 #8,suleika's ,second ,song'2 ! op5+ *ords1 sugge/ive ( deep5+ night ov] ! sea1 9 ,am ,me]2 ! delicate w-o'-!-wisp figure 9 ,irrli*t2 ! bass figure t sugge/s huge weight 9 ,atlas2 ! leap+ triplet figure 9 #8,! ,tr\t'2 ! tragic snat*es ( melody 9 ! bass ( ,auf5?alt1 & s on )\t limit4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t su* details z ^! 7 mu* m ( a novelty 9 ,s*ub]t's "t ?an n[4 ,a c5tury ago ! use ( music = detail$ expression 0 comp>atively /range4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d1 also1 h[ slightly ?is att5tion to detail 9 ,s*ub]t affects ! ext]nal unity ( ! song4 ,s*ub]t's me?od 7except 9 ! long declamatory pieces7 0 ess5tially lyrical4 ,he want$ to write a piece ( music :i*1 :ile truly expressive ( ! words1 w\ld be a beautiful piece ( music ev5 )\t !m4 ,he kept ! organization & proportion ( 8 music1 z su*1 always 9 view4 ,! :ole c\rse ( song aft] him illu/rates ! conflict 7:i* 0 ! orig9 ( ! art-song 9 ! fir/ place7 betwe5 ?is =mal design & accuracy ( expression4 ,a simple /rophic song c1 z we "k1 be q p]fect 9 design4 ,b only r>ely c x also be q accurate 9 ! expression ( ! words4 ,! musical reali/ w seek to make ! music detail$ & expressive at all co/s4 ,! _m to :om beauty comes fir/1 on ! o!r h&1 w admit ! reali/ic detail only :5 x accords ) ! beauty ( ! patt]n4 ,x is in/ructive to note h[ ,s*ub]t solves ! problem4 ,:ile he 0 nev] a =mali/ 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w1 8 s5se ( patt]n beauty 0 su* z w\ld be pa9$ at a reali/ic detail t 0 detrim5tal to =m4 ,judg$ by mod]n /&>ds he 0 cons]vative 9 8 proc$ure4 ,b consid]+ 8 cons]vatism he manag$ to get a wond]ful am\nt ( detail$ expression into 8 songs4 ,no song-writ] has ev] _h a m delicate & accurate feel+ = ^! details ( human realism4 ,v ,s*ub]t's g5ius w nev] be kn[n to p :o imag9e !y "k x f ! half doz5 hackney$ songs t are mo/ fam\s--! #8,s]5ade1' #8,h>k1 ,h>k ! ,l>k6' #8,:o ,is ,sylvia8' & "o or two o!rs4 ,!re is a little gr\p ( ,s*ub]t songs :i* are r>ely he>d & almo/ =gott51 :i* are ( great beauty1 su* z ! ,wieg5li$1 ,an die ,sonne1 ,gret*5's ,gebet1 & ,clr*5's ,li$4 ,& !re are scores ( o!rs1 :i* are kn[n 9 a vague way1 b n well kn[n to _m a s+]4 ,no s+] %\ld attempt to s+ "o ( ,s*ub]t's songs 9 public )\t be+ famili> ) mo/ ( ^! o!r lyrics4 ,s*ub]t reveals ! folk g5ius 9 be+ able to a*ieve ! highe/ beauty )9 ! smalle/ compass4 ,su* a snat* ( melody z ! fir/ l9e ( ! #8,litany' is a "w ( pure g5ius4 ,!y say t ! te/ ( a picture is its ability to be #8liv$ )4' ,! same is true ( a melody4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ! #8,litany1' z well z ! :ole ( x1 c be sung ea* day & nev] lose its *>m4 ,x has all ! suave grace ( a tune out ( ,italian op]a4 ,x might become cloy+ & s5tim5tal4 ,b x does n4 ,x rema9s dignifi$ & s9c]e4 ,x reveals ev] new beauties & adorable traits ( "* :i* c\ld n be suspect$ at fir/ glance4 ,?is k9d ( g5ius is beyond ! analytical p[]s ( ! musical !ori/ to expla94 ,! greatness ( l>ge =ms--= in/ance1 a symphony by ,bee?ov5--c 9 "p be expla9$1 j z a v correct symphony c be writt5 by a man )\t tal5t4 ,b to write greatly )9 half a doz5 b>s--?is is a miracle4 ,only ! folk-compos] & ! highe/ consci\s g5ius c a*ieve x4 ,we see ! same g5ius 9 ! f9al measures ( #8,dea? & ! ,maid54' ,! ,maid5 sees ,dea? approa*+1 & begs him to pass by4 ,he replies t he has n come to cause h] pa94 ,he is a fri5d & w give h] peace & joy4 ,& ! music1 a succession ( ! simple/ *ords1 glides gradually into a major t seems to wr+ ! te>s by ma9 =ce f ! eyes4 ,e n[ & !n ,s*ub]t introduces unexpect$ly su* a musical phrase1 :i* seems to conc5trate into half a doz5 notes all ! s9c]ity ( ! ,g]man g5ius4 ,we f9d x 9 ! #8,second ,h>p]'s ,song' ( ! ,mignon s]ies1 on ! words3 ,ihr ls/ d5 ,arm5 s*uldig w]d53 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,ihr ls/ ,arm5 s*ulig w]d5 or 9 ! #8,praise ( ,te>s'3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score al] l5za und ,jug5dlu/ or 9 ,d] ,l9d5baum3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score s man*es liebe ,wort ,( ! songs t #8s+ !mselves1' ,s*ub]t has writt5 _m4 ,we mu/ m5tion #8,! ,fi%]1' :i* is unusual 9 song lit]ature z be+ a true ballad 9 /rophe =m2 ! #8,hea!r ,rose1' :i* reta9s ! quality ( ,goe!'s words 9 t x mu/ be intimately kn[n to be appreciat$2 ,woh91 f ! ,mll]li$]1 9 :i* ! tune seems to fl[ z inevitably z ! brook :i* is ! motive ( x2 #8,! ,tr\t1' ! melody ( :i* ,s*ub]t us$ z ! !me ( ! la/ movem5t ( 8 fam\s /r+ qu>tet2 & ! #8,lullaby1' m5tion$ above4 ,! fl[+ quality ( ^! songs is due to ! fact t !y are closely 9 accord ) ! felt traditions ( ,g]man music1 conta9+ a maximum ( ! usual & a m9imum ( ! unusual1 :ile rema9+ unique & creative z a :ole4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h an abundance ( ! expect$ & no?+ ( ! commonplace4 ,& ?is is :y x is ( su* extreme value = e musician to be famili> ) a quantity ( songs4 ,simple songs :i* are great 9 _! human appeal h conc5trat$ )9 !mselves all t p ?r\gh\t ! c5turies h agre$ ^u z beautiful4 ,!y conta9 9 ! simple/ =m ! elem5ts ( all great complex music4 ,! s+] :o c appreciate & love ! simple song is n likely to g a/ray 9 s++ ! works ( ,/rauss & ,reg]4 ,b ,s*ub]t's p>ticul> hi/oric claim to greatness is 8 introduction ( precise musical expression into ! ,song4 ,?is takes all =ms--a v>iety z broad z 8 wond]ful g5ius4 ,9 #8,sea ,calm' x is a succession ( quiet & sl[ *ords1 :i* pres]ve ! ev5ness ( ! calm sea )\t its monotony4 ,9 #8,! ,w&]]1' x is a succession ( slightly diff]5t emotions1 ea* lyrically express$1 culm9at+ 9 ! impressive recitative4 ,fir/ ! ,w&]] ann\nces t he has come f ! m\nta9s1 ev] se>*+ = some?+4 ,!n ! lovely melody :i* ,s*ub]t lat] us$ 9 "o ( 8 qu>tets--! motive ( unsatisfi$ w&]+4 ,!n1 ) a *ange ( s5tim5t1 comes ! cause ( ! unre/--#8,:]e art ?\1 ,my ,native ,l&8'--a m]e snat* ( ri* song4 ,!n a quick movem5t z ! ,w&]] sees 9 8 m9d's eye ! fre% gre5ness ( 8 native hills4 ,!n ! moody w&]]'s motive once m4 ,& f9ally ! two l9es ( recitative--) all ! beauty ( poetry & all ! =ce ( prose--#8,!re1 :]e ?\ art n1 !re is happ9ess4' #8,! ,"y ,nun1' ?\gh x has p]haps be5 ov]rat$1 %[s a p[]ful dramatic expression ( ! s+]'s feel+ z int]pret$ by surr\nd+ nature 7a favorite device ( ! ,romantic poets74 ,! song rises into religi\s exaltation1 ) ! ?und]/orm outside1 z ! nun returns resign$ly to ! praise ( h] religi\s contemplation4 ,die ,allma*t is a song 9 ! mo/ exalt$ /yle ( ,bee?ov51 b execut$ ) a te*nique :i* is utt]ly ( ! romantic s*ool4 ,god is prais$ by all 8 works1 by ! /orm no less ?an by ! dev\t he>t 9 pray]4 ,ea* is express$ by ,s*ub]t 9 a musical passage ( great beauty4 ,yet ea* section is b an inextricable "p ( ! symphonic movem5t--= religi\s adoration is n a collection ( sep>ate feel+s1 b a great emotional syn!sis4 ,! music = ,goe!'s wond]ful #8,w&]]'s ,ev5song' is no less rem>kable = ! musical bl5d+ ( %ades ( emotion4 ,b x is some?+ m1 some?+ :i* is 9 ! highe/ degree typical ( ! art-song4 ,= x foll[s ! words1 n only 9 expression b 9 acc5t1 s t n a syllable is falsifi$4 ,no recitative c\ld be m j to ! spok5 value ( ! words4 ,9 fact1 ?is song c be read z a pure recitative1 9 :i* ! words1 spok5 s9c]ely & unaffect$ly1 correspond exactly ) ! music4 ,& yet1 look$ at f ! o!r side1 x is a p]fect melody4 ,?is bl5d+ ( ! declamatory & lyrical elem5ts 9 a p]fect syn!sis is true to ! _s ( ! art-song4 ,= no art-song is good t does any sort ( viol5ce to ! text1 z x w\ld be spok54 ,& yet no art-song is a song if x has n a musical beauty ( its own4 ,& x is "o ( ! highe/ te/s ( ! tra9$ s+] to give full value to bo? ^! elem5ts1 )\t lett+ ei!r cr[d out ! o!r4 #8,gret*5's ,pray]' is ano!r f9e example ( ?is1 less simple b no less p]fect4 ,"h1 z ! supplication rises into emotional entreaty1 ! music becomes m indep5d5tly lyrical1 float+ 9 air z ?\gh to be> ! petition to a high] sph]e4 ,s*ub]t is ! great exempl> ( a =m :i* has be5 cultivat$ by almo/ e compos] s9ce 8 "t--! song-cycle4 ,he 0 n ! orig9ator ( ! =m1 = ,bee?ov5 79 addition to o!rs7 _h writt5 a true song-cycle 9 ,an die ,f]ne ,geliebte4 ,b ,s*ub]t 0 ! fir/ to %[ ! full possibilities ( ! song-cycle4 ,he has left u ?ree su* works--! ,mll]li$]1 ( tw5ty songs2 ! ,w9t]reise1 ( tw5ty-f\r2 & ! ,s*wan5gesang1 ( f\rte54 ,! la/ 0 n plann$ by ! compos] z a cycle1 b 0 issu$ z su* by 8 publi%] j aft] 8 dea?1 :5 7z has s (t5 be5 ! case7 ! ,g]mans _h wak$ up p>tially to ! g5ius !y _h lo/4 ,& = once ! comm]cial publi%] 0 ju/ifi$4 ,= ! songs 7 actually ,s*ub]t's swansong1 be+ writt5 9 ! la/ few weeks ( 8 life 7! f9al "o ( ! s]ies 0 ! v la/ ( 8 compositions74 ,moreov]1 !y are ( a pessimi/ic "* :i* is r>ely betray$ 9 ,s*ub]t's e>li] works4 ,! ,mll]li$]1 or #8,mill]'s ,songs1' 7 compos$ by ,s*ub]t 9 8 fir/ en?usiasm ov] ,wilhelm ,mll]'s poems4 ,x is relat$ t he w5t to call ^u a fri5d "o ev5+1 f\nd ! fri5d out b discov]$ ! book ly+ ^u 8 table1 became imm]s$ 9 x :ile wait+1 & f9ally walk$ away ) x 9 8 pocket4 ,! next day he apologiz$ = ! borr[+1 plead+ t ! poems _h inspir$ "s beautiful melodies1 & he felt he _h to write ! music = !m all4 ,! fri5d =gave him1 z h all :o h s9ce le>n$ to "k ! songs he wrote to ^? words4 ,! ,mill] ,songs tell a connect$ /ory1 aft] ! mann] ( ,t5nyson's #8,maud1' by mak+ ea* "o ( ! poems ! lyrical expression ( ! h]o 9 8 successive moods4 ,! h]o ( ,mll]'s cycle is a typical figure ( ! ,g]man romanticism4 ,he is a w&]] on ! face ( ! e>?1 a s5sitive1 introspective man1 a fri5d ( sorr[ & 9 love ) unhapp9ess4 ,to u he seems a r ridicul\s figure4 ,b he 0 tak5 s]i\sly en\gh by ! ,g]mans ( ! "t1 :o _h good cause to be pessimi/ic ov] ! disorganiz$ /ate ( _! c\ntry & _! national life4 ,?is mill] h]o is suff]+ f unrequit$ love1 :i* 0 a favorite !me ( ! romantici/s4 ,b1 above all1 9 ! _s ( ! "t1 he is a lov] ( nature4 ,he sees 9 nature a reflection ( 8 own moods & sorr[s4 ,nature seems to u to be "o ( ! /aples ( lyric poems--worn to ! bone4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 nature is a r rec5t inv5tion ( civiliz$ man's4 ,! ,alps 7 #8discov]$' by ! poets no e>li] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,c]ta9 e>ly poems1 notably ! ,iliad1 %[ a feel+ = natural beauty4 ,b ! /udy ( nature z a cult1 ! consci\s ef=t to f9d moods & mean+s 9 h]1 is h>dly m ?an a c5tury & a half old4 ,folk poetry conta9s v little ( x1 & !n usually only 9 s5tim5tal connotations4 ,9 ,s*ub]t's "t nature 0 /ill a rec5t discov]y & a ?rill+ "o4 ,s ,s*ub]t's contempor>ies1 ap>t f _! pessimism1 7 able to imm]se !mselves 9 su* poetry z t ( ! ,mll]li$] & ! ,w9t]reise )\t feel+ ! /ra9$ preciosity :i* we inevitably feel 9 x 9 our reali/ic age4 ,z !y /ood & 9 _! "t ! ,mll]li$] 7 admirably suit$ to romantic musical treatm5t by ,s*ub]t4 ,9 ! fir/ song1 #8,w&]+1' ! h]o is happy en\gh 9 8 simple melodic tramp+ ab\t ! c\ntryside4 ,kn[+ ,s*ub]t's own pr$ilections 9 t direction1 we feel t he mu/ h put "s ( 8 own en?usiasm into ! song4 ,9 ! second song ( ! s]ies1 #8,:i!r8' he meets a rippl+ brook1 & is fill$ ) romantic wond]+s & pres5tim5ts conc]n+ its de/9ation4 ,c we d\bt t x leads him to 8 future belov$8 ,he foll[s x & comes ^u a lovely mill1 ^: :eel is propell$ by ! brook1 simple1 ( b5efic5t & sympa!tic nature4 ,! w&]] applies to ! mill] = "w & is tak5 on4 ,!reupon1 9 a beautiful song1 he pays 8 ?anks--to ! brook4 ,9 ! fif? song1 ,fei]ab5d1 he has become z "o ( ! mill]'s family4 ,he loves1 l a true appr5tice out ( ,wagn]'s ,mei/]s+]1 to he> ! ma/]1 at ! close ( a day's "w1 say #8,well done6' ,b mo/ ( all he is happy because he has met ! mill]'s daught]4 ,9 ! six? song1 #8,curiosity1' he is 9 p]plexity1 & turns1 z e romantic y\? ( ! "t did1 to nature = help4 #8,does %e love me8' he is p]si/5tly ask+1 & he addresses 8 "q to ! brook4 ,9 ! next song1 #8,impati5ce1' 8 attraction = ! girl has become a full-fl$g$ passion4 #8,de9 i/ me9 ,h]z6' he cries ec/atically4 ,9 #8,morn+ ,greet+' he addresses "s pretty /anzas & complim5ts to ! mill]'s daught]4 ,! t5? song is an excell5t example1 9 simple =m1 ( ! delicate mood :i*1 z we h said1 x is ! special prov9ce ( ! art-song to express4 ,! "y mill] & ! girl are sitt+ toge!r--beside ! brook1 ( c\rse4 ,%e gets up & goes into ! h\se1 & ! te>s come to 8 eyes4 ,9 ! next song ! mill]'s daught] has accept$ & return$ 8 love1 & 9 ! foll[+ "o he is at joyful peace ) nature1 & is prais+ ! gre5 ribbon :i* 8 lov$ "o we>s4 ,b !n ent]s ! tragic complication4 ,= we he> a hunt]'s horn1 & ! h&some "y hunt] desc5ds ^u ! peaceful mill4 ,! mill] previsages ! mean+ ( ?is4 ,9 ! fifte5? song he is /ruggl+ betwe5 pride & jeal\sy4 ,!n he is once m prais+ ! de> color--gre51 :i* 8 swee!>t loves because x is l ! fre% gre5 ( nature4 ,& 9 ! next song he is curs+ ! hateful color 7! same gre57 because its we>] is no long] true to him4 ,9 ! eighte5? song ! mill]'s daught] has giv5 h] love to ! huntsman1 & ! "y mill] has lo/ hope4 ,! dead fl[]s 7= fall has come7 express ! /ate ( 8 he>t4 ,^! fl[]s mu/ lie ^u 8 grave4 ,b--:5 ! lov$ "o passes by ! grave let ! fl[]s bur/ once m into fre% bloom4 ,9 ! n9ete5? song ! mill] holds a conv]sation ) 8 belov$ brook1 :i* sugge/s to him ! sweet suicide :i* 0 ultra-fa%ionable 9 all romantic lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,& 9 ! beautiful la/ song ( ! cycle ! brook s+s to sleep ! dead man by its side4 ,! poems are all truly lyrical1 & invite musical sett+4 ,!y rise to no m>k$ poetic heights1 b are ?or\ghly poetic & emotional 9 feel+4 ,?\gh ,s*ub]t did n a*ieve a uni=m /&>d ( excell5ce ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 ! g5]al av]age is high4 ,! fir/ song1 #8,w&]+1' has a memorable melody ( a simple sort1 & ! second1 :i* we h m5tion$ above1 is "o ( 8 ma/]pieces4 #8,impati5ce1' ?\gh =mal & /rophic 9 /ructure1 has an unre/ra9$ sweep ( feel+ :i* is r>e 9 ,s*ub]t & looks =w>d to ! lat] romantici/s ( music4 ,! #8,morn+ ,greet+' is a simple ,italianate melody ( great beauty1 "o :i* is likely to lead a/ray ! s+] :o tries to give x ov]mu* #8expression4' #8,! ,hunt]' is spirit$1 b has no great musical value4 #8,jeal\sy & ,pride1' ?\gh n v attractive musically1 is int]e/+ z an example ( ,s*ub]t's discrim9at+ use ( ! simple/ k9d ( accompanim5t = precise emotional expression4 ,die liebe ,f>be1 h[ev]1 is "o ( ! ma/]pieces4 ,x is almo/ ,fr5* 9 its ?read-l delicacy1 b ?is w prove a pitfall = ! s+] :o has n atta9$ full control ( ! niceties ( vocal expression4 ,! =mal da9t9ess ( ! song is l ! allegretto ( "s toy symphony4 ,& at ! same "t x is neatly expressive ( ! playful mood ( ! words4 ,! contra/ ( ! companion song1 ,die bse ,f>be1 ( c\rse (f]s a problem to ! int]pretive s+]4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ ma/]ful song ( ! cycle is ! eighte5?1 #8,dead ,fl[]s4' ,?is1 9 mod]ate two-f\r "t1 is /rik+ly l ! allegretto movem5t ( ,s*ub]t's ,c major symphony1 "o ( ! lovelie/ ( all 8 or*e/ral pieces4 ,! entranc+ modulation f an undecid$ m9or to a spirit$ major on ! words #8,d] ,mai i/ gekomm51 d] ,w9t] i/ aus1' is a t\* :i* any lov] ( ,s*ub]t w\ld recognize z 8 unmi/akably at ! fir/ he>+4 ,b don't miss ! f9] art ( ?is lovely passage1 = ! joy\sness ( ! major is deceptive2 ! mill] is black at he>t ov] 8 failure 9 love1 & is only beguil+ himself 9 a pass+ mom5t4 ,notice1 !re=e1 ! pla9tiv5ess ( ! accompanim5t on ?is passage4 #8,! ,mill] & ! ,brook' is an int]e/+ example ( ! half lyrical1 half declamatory /yle :i* ,s*ub]t sometimes adopts1 z we h se54 ,b ! la/ piece ( ! cycle is pure song4 ,x is h>d to analyze ! pla9tive "* ( ?is melody1 & h>d especially to und]/& h[ ! augm5t$ f\r?1 traditionally consid]$ a h>% int]val1 becomes at ,s*ub]t's h&s an in/rum5t ( deep emotional expression4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t ! motive ( ! brook gives a subtle unity to ?is song cycle1 & t ! motive is pres]v$ 9 ,s*ub]t's music4 ,f ! rippl+ triplets ( ! accompanim5t ( #8,:i!r1' ! fir/ song 9 :i* ! brook ent]s1 to ! cradl+ motion ( ! accompanim5t to ! la/1 ! brook is almo/ cont9u\sly 9 ! piano "p4 ,b1 ?\gh ,s*ub]t's feel+ "h is extremely delicate1 8 te*nical means are ( ! simple/4 ,if x is realism1 x is realism ( ! mo/ primitive sort4 ,we %\ld n be misl$ by ! praise ( ! #8brook music' 9 ?is cycle4 ,true descriptive music1 :e!r = good or = bad1 did n ent] song until aft] ,s*ub]t4 ,& we %\ld fur!r rememb] t1 al?\gh ,s*ub]t 0 inde$ ! fir/ great compos] ( ! song-cycle1 he nev] gave ! =m ! unity & inn] mean+ :i* 0 imp>t$ to x by ,s*umann1 & :i* is typical ( x to our m9ds4 ,! ,mll]li$] reveal admirably ! t5d] int]pretation ( s5tim5t ( :i* ,s*ub]t 0 su* a ma/]4 ,b !y are by no means songs ( a greatness equal to t ( 8 next cycle1 ! ,w9t]reise4 ,! #8w9t] j\rney' tak5 by ! h]o 7,mll] aga9 is ! poet7 is a pilgrimage 9 se>* ( =getfulness aft] an unhappy love affair4 ,ev5 m ?an ! ,mll]li$]1 x is an essay 9 ! int]pretation ( nature 9 t]ms ( human s5tim5ts4 ,! songs1 inde$1 are little m ?an a s]ies ( p>allels drawn betwe5 ! sc5e ( ! w9t] l&scape & ! feel+s ( ! h]o4 ,!y are a p]sonaliz+ ( ! wea!r1 a dramatization ( ! !rmomet]4 ,9 ! fir/ song ! h]o tells ( 8 lo/ swee!>t1 & s+s to ! memory ( h] a t\*+ #8,good-night' lullaby4 ,! second he>s ! w9d play+ ab\t ! ro( ( ! h\se1 & sugge/s t ev5 s circum/ances play ) man's he>t4 ,9 ! ?ird he f9ds ! cold air freez+ 8 te>s--?us 8 v sorr[ has become fix$ & rigid4 ,! f\r? is a vision ( ! _w p>alyz$ 9 ! cold ( w9t]3 8 he>t is froz5 & h] picture is blott$ out ( x4 ,9 ! fif? he rememb]s ! l9d5 tree "u :i* !y sp5t _! happie/ h\rs4 ,s ! songs g1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,! n9? is ! #8,w-o'-!-wisp' song2 he w n be misl$ by ^! false lights1 = 8 he>t has be5 misl$ by su* beacons be=e4 ,9 ! next1 #8,re/1' ! h]o tells h[ he is s occupi$ by ! pa9 ( 8 travell+ & ! pa9 ( 8 sorr[ t only :5 he lays 8 body d[n to re/ at night does he realize h[ tir$ he is4 ,f ?is po9t on ! great songs ( ! cycle are num]\s4 ,! ?irte5?1 #8,! ,po/1' pictures ! gallop+ ( ! approa*+ mail coa*1 ) ! bl[+ ( its horn4 ,is !re a lett] = him8 ,no1 = he is alone 9 ! wide _w4 ,! po/ dep>ts--9 a m9or key4 ,9 ! f\rte5? song1 ,d] greise ,kopf1 he notices t ! fro/ has made 8 hair :ite1 & he ?9ks ( himself z an old man1 & wi%es he c\ld be _m ye>s remov$ f 8 sorr[4 ,9 ! long & some:at descriptive song1 ,im ,dorfe1 he ent]s a village & ! dogs b>k at ! lonely w&]]2 ev5 s ! _w is /range & ho/ile to him4 ,9 ,tus*ung 7#8,illusion'7 he sees a light 9 ! di/ance1 & hopes x comes f a hospitable f>mh\se4 ,b1 alas6 ! light 0 an illusion1 l ! re/ ( ! ?+s we hope = 9 life4 ,!n come five f9al songs--e "o a ma/]piece ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! ,wegweis] tells ( ! sign-po/ ! h]o sees on ! road4 ,b !re is ano!r sign-po/ :i* is also direct+ him on 8 long] road & x po9ts rel5tlessly ! way to ,dea?4 ,yet1 9 ! next song1 ,das ,wirt%aus1 :5 he approa*es a gravey>d1 he f9ds no welcome await+3 ! rooms ( ?is tav]n are all occupi$4 ,dea? itself w n soo! 8 lonel9ess4 ,9 ! next song1 #8,c\rage1' he makes a f9al despair+ ef=t to free himself f 8 mis]y by pure =ce ( w-p[]4 ,if ! sn[ flies 9 8 face1 he w da% x aside4 ,he w laugh l\d & m]rily4 ,if life is an illusion1 he w make x wor? :ile4 ,if !re are no gods on e>?1 we ourselves %all be gods4 ,b ?is mood _c la/4 ,he sees two false suns 9 ! heav5s1 9 addition to ! "o t has always be5 !re4 ,b !y vani%1 l ! two suns ( e>li] ye>s--! eyes ( 8 belov$4 ,only "o m sun ne$ vani% & bless$ night w come = him4 ,we are sp>$ ! suicide :i* we might expect 9 ! f9al song ( ! cycle4 ,! w&]] comes ^u an old man play+ ! gr9d-organ4 ,he gr9ds out :at music he c1 b 8 little money-box rema9s ev] empty4 ,! w&]] feels ! bro!rhood betwe5 himself & ! old man4 #8,play my songs on y\r gr9d-organ1' he asks4 ,p h sugge/$ t ?is bit ( v]se mu/ h come v close to ,s*ub]t's he>t2 = he1 too1 _h made :at music he c\ld1 he too 0 alone 9 ! _w1 & he too f\nd 8 little money-box always empty4 ,( ! songs ( ?is cycle at lea/ a ?ird rank ) ,s*ub]t's be/4 #8,! ,l9d5tree1' ) its simple /rophic melody1 is almo/ a folk-song among ! ,g]man p4 ,die ,po/ is ju/ly admir$ because ( ! way x bl5ds a mild realism ) high melodic & int]pretative beauty4 ,d] greise ,kopf is especially int]e/+ z po9t+ =w>d to ! m complex & del9eative /yle ( sev]al ( ,s*ub]t's lat] songs1 ) its melodic peculi>ity ( outl9e & ! extreme importance giv5 ! accompanim5t4 ,9 sup]ficial texture x mu* resembles ,die ,/adt 7#8,! ,t[n'7 f 8 la/ song gr\p4 #8,! ,signpo/' h[ev]1 is m truly repres5tative ( ,s*ub]t's g5ius4 ,! movem5t ( ! song is symphonic1 mu* l t ( ! #8,dead ,fl[]s' 9 ! ,mll]li$]4 ,its /eady pulse ( rhy?m avoids monotony by ! mo/ delicate ( h>monic movem5t 9 ! inn] p>ts4 ,z ! trag$y deep5s t[>d ! end ( ! song ! /eady beat ( ! melody cont9ues = :ole measures on a s+le tone4 ,& 9 half notes a bass & an alto voice move *romatically t[>d ea* o!r ?r\gh ! be/ "p ( an octave4 ,! device w\ld be a trick 9 ! h&s ( a less] g5ius2 ) ,s*ub]t x becomes poetic int]pretation4 ,?is wond]ful song is abundantly wor? c>eful /udy2 9 p>ticul>1 ! h>monic fre$om1 comb9$ ) liquid smoo?ness ( voice progression1 reveals ! romantic /ra9 9 ! compos]'s equipm5t & some?+ ( 8 peculi> contribution to ! developm5t ( music's expressive res\rces4 ,( #8,! ,inn' we h already spok54 ,! deep & tragic sweetness ( x gr[s on "o1 impressive z x is at fir/ he>+4 ,?is p>ticul> mood ( tragic sweetness is a pitfall = compos]s4 ,) any b ! g5ius x is sure to become maudl94 ,) ,s*ub]t x became he>tr5d+4 ,su* a song z #8,c\rage' _c be ov]prais$4 ,! compress$ en]gy ( its movem5t is n t ( animal life1 b ( moral ef=t4 ,human w-p[] is felt ?r\gh\t x4 ,! *ange f m9or to major 7,s*ub]t to ! bone7 9 ! la/ l9es makes ! he>]'s blood surge to dizz9ess4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult songs to s+4 ,= its en]gy may s easily be tak5 = animal spirits4 ,x is j ! song to #8run away' ) ! s+]4 ,& :5 once ! s+] has lo/ m5tal control ( x1 x becomes pitiless t[>d him4 ,! tonic arpeggio ( ! la/ l9e requires ultimate exactness ( vocal control4 ,& f beg9n+ to end ! lea/ inaccuracy ( intonation or acc5t w be evid5t to ! audi5ce l a black /reak on a :ite %irt-front4 ,neb5sonn5 7#8,satellites'7 is ( utmo/ simplicity4 ,x is s unassum+ t = a mom5t x seems all b trivial4 ,yet ?is is ! t5d] mode/y ( great lyric expression4 ,! song is a te/ ( ! s+]'s ta/e4 ,! lea/ ov]-s5tim5talization ( x w make ! judici\s grieve4 ,a ?\s& times bett] to make x too simple & too prosaic ?an too emotional4 ,! la/ song1 #8,! ,organ ,gr9d]1' is writt5 ov] a monoton\s #8drone bass1' imitative ( a primitive gr9d-organ4 ,! melody is app>5tly z crude z ! in/rum5t t is suppos$ to h play$ x4 ,b some:]e 9 x "o he>s--"o kn[s n h[--! deep /ra9 ( pa?os :i* is "o ( ,s*ub]t's miracles4 ,! ?ird cycle1 #8,swan ,songs1' is matt] = amazem5t to e /ud5t ( ,s*ub]t4 ,= its compos]1 9 ! space ( fifte5 ye>s s9ce he fir/ began writ+ 9 e>ne/1 seems to h become a totally new man ) a totally new musical te*nique4 ,x is traditionally h>d = a musician to *ange 8 te*nique once x is firmly +r[n4 ,! greate/ musicians only--,bee?ov51 ,wagn]1 & a few o!rs--h be5 able to d x4 ,t ,s*ub]t c\ld d x--9 addition to ! fact t he 0 ?us will+ fur!r to endang] 8 *ances ( mat]ial success--proves ! m>vell\s ri*ness ( 8 natural end[m5t4 ,:5 "o consid]s t ^! songs 7 writt5 by a man :o _h j pass$ 8 ?irtie? ye> "o is #8teas$ out ( ?\ght' ) ! curiosity z to :at he w\ld h become 9 music _h he liv$4 ,"s h answ]$--#8! greate/ compos] ( all "t4' ,! speculation is fasc9at+1 & x makes u love our ,s*ub]t ! bett]4 ,! f\rte5 #8,swan ,songs' are writt5 to sev5 texts by ,rell/ab1 "o by ,j4 ,g4 ,seydl1 & six by ,he9e4 ,! la/ fact makes u pause4 ,r>ely has !re be5 s ri* a lyric poet z ,he9e1 probably nev] "o :o c\ld s inspire song writ]s4 ,8 fir/ book ( lyrics _h be5 publi%$ only %ortly be=e ,s*ub]t's dea?1 & ! compos] _h set six ( !m be=e 8 f9al illness4 ,( ^! six1 five are endur+ ma/]pieces4 ,if only ,s*ub]t's g5ius c\ld h be5 mat$ to ,he9e's ?r\gh ! succe$+ t5 ye>s6 ,! sev5 ,rell/ab songs include ! univ]sally kn[n #8,s]5ade1' ! beauty ( :i* is too obvi\s & too famili> to ne$ fur!r comm5t4 ,ano!r & great] song ( ! li/ is ,auf5?alt4 ,! speak]'s #8abode' is among ! rugg$ cliffs1 & he reflects t 8 sorr[ is z un%akable z ! et]nal rocks4 ,! furi\s sweep ( ! song's movem5t is brea?less4 ,b5ea? & above ! triplets ( ! accompanim5t is always a passionate & despair+ melody4 ,:5 ! voice re/s = a mom5t ! piano1 9 m>vell\s imitation1 takes up ! /ra94 ,! climax1 on ! words #8/>r5d] ,fels1' is t]rific4 ,! f9al half-declaim$ phrase is almo/ ,greek 9 its sev]e nobility4 ,( ! ,he9e songs ! be/ kn[n is ,am ,me] 7#8,by ! ,sea'74 ,! introductory *ords scor$ 9 ! bass express ! imp5etrable my/]y ( ! sea4 ,! v simple melody is ! ess5ce ( moody retrospection4 ,su* a "w z ?is is z supreme among songs z ! second movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's ,fif? ,symphony is 9 or*e/ral music4 ,die ,/adt & ,d] ,atlas %[ ! great importance :i* ,s*ub]t accord$ to ! accompanim5t & ! fre$om ) :i* he _h come to h&le x4 ,9 ,ihr ,bild 7#8,h] ,picture'7 we h ano!r ( ,s*ub]t's v simple melodies--& h[ impressive 9 its simplicity6 ,p]haps ,he9e 0 nev] m p]fectly set to music ?an 9 ?is in/ance4 ,! wond]ful ,doppelgng]1 unique among ,s*ub]t's works1 has already be5 m5tion$4 ,mr4 ,h5d]son is "r 9 8 judgm5t ( ?is piece4 ,x is ,wagn]ism be=e ,wagn]'s "t4 ,x is ! te*nique ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury previsag$ by ! g5ius ( a poor & %y s*ool-tea*] liv+ 9 a *eap ,vi5na lodg+4 ,x is a vision & a prophecy4 ,( ! ballads we ne$ say little4 ,/rangely en\gh n "o ( !m is ( ! f9e/ quality1 or truly repres5tative ( ,s*ub]t1 except t "o :i* 0 ! fir/ ( 8 songs to be publi%$1 & "o ( ! half doz5 to be mo/ widely kn[n--! #8,erl ,k+4' ,x is /range1 & disappo9t+1 :5 we consid] ! p]fection ( ?is e>ly attempt1 t ,s*ub]t left ! ballad1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive ( song =ms1 to 8 contempor>y1 ,lwe1 a man :o _h n a t5? "p ( 8 tal5t4 #8,! ,k+ ( ,?ule' is "o ( ! be/ ( ! rema9d]1 b x is imm5sely surpass$ by ,liszt's sett+4 ,! #8,fi%] ,boy' is *>m+1 b be+ 9 ! /rophic =m1 is no contribution to ! developm5t ( ! =m4 #8,! ,"y ,nun1' f9e z x is1 is too rhetorical to satisfy a true lov] ( ,s*ub]t4 ,9 8 m declamatory /yle ,s*ub]t (t5 fails ev5 to be int]e/+4 #8,! ,s+]1' to words by ,goe!1 is workmanly declamation su* z any man ( tal5t might h writt54 ,! ,ossian songs1 ( :i* #8,kolma's ,compla9t' is ! be/1 reflect ! some:at /ra9$ v]bosity ( ! words1 & fail to conv9ce ) _! beauty4 ,! same is true ( ,s*ub]t's sett+ to ,klop/ock's sc5a1 #8,h]mann & ,?usnelda4' ,pomp & circum/ance dr[n out ! music4 ,= ! true ,s*ub]t we mu/ leave ! l>g] =ms & return to ! %ort] lyrics1 :i* reveal ! compos]'s highe/ glory--! greate/ beauty 9 ! simple/ t]ms4 ,,vi ,! writ+ ( songs dur+ ,s*ub]t's "t1 & imm$iately be=e1 0 c>ri$ on on an amaz+ scale4 ,x is n unusual to f9d compos]s ( ! "t writ+ ?\s&s ( !m4 ,^! songs h practically vani%$ f mod]n song-programs4 ,b _m ( !m 7 extremely popul> at ! "t1 & rema9 /aples 9 ! rep]tories ( s++ societies4 ,n a few ( !m h become folk-songs second to none 9 popul>ity4 ,! simple =m ( mo/ ( ^! little lyrics almo/ precludes _! hav+ any importance 9 ! hi/ory ( song developm5t1 b x w\ld be a pity if !y 7 lo/ altoge!r to ! /ud5t ( s++4 ,! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 01 z we h se51 ! great age ( ,g]man national feel+4 ,! int5se s9c]ity & manl9ess ( a ,krn] or an ,arndt fill$ ! :ole nation ) g5]\s s5tim5ts1 contra/+ ) ! delicate ref9em5t ( ! ,fr5* culture on ! "o h&1 & ! morbid introspection ( ! ,g]man romantici/s on ! o!r4 ,patriotic & milit>y songs ab\nd$4 ,x 0 also ! age ( ! =mation ( ! male s++-societies :i* h s9ce become su* a typical feature ( ,g]man life1 & compos]s wrote freely = ! f\r-"p male *orus1 or = ! male solo voice4 ,x 0 also ! age ( ! awak5+ int]e/ 9 folk-lit]ature1 & ,g]man hi/ory or leg5d furni%$ _m a tale = m5 to s+ ar\nd ! fe/ive bo>d1 or = nurses to s+ to ! *ildr5 at night4 ,f9ally1 x 0 ! age ( republican s5tim5t 9 ,g]many1 ! age :5 an ideali/ic & nave nation 0 /ill expect+ ! reign+ h\se to give con/itutional gov]nm5t once ! p _h fre$ !mselves f ,fr5* rule4 ,x 0 a ,g]many v diff]5t f ! ,g]many we h se5 s9ce ! ,franco-,prussian w>--a ,g]many t 0 less practical1 less comm]cial1 less ambiti\s1 b inf9itely m simple & lyric4 ,h5ce ! output ( f9e songs 0 enorm\s4 ,nev] 0 ! ,g]man g5ius m spontane\s2 nev] 0 x m truly ,g]man4 ,! songs ( ! "t1 :i* repose by ! ?\s&s 9 old ,komm]sb*]1 & h sift$ by scores into mod]n song collections1 are ! v brea? ( fre% air & g5]\s spirits4 ,at ! p]iod ( ,s*ub]t's e>ly activity ,web] 0 ! great national compos] ( ! ,g]mans4 ,we h se5 else:]e#bb h[ ,g]man national s5tim5t c5tr$ ar\nd 8 music :5 ! ,g]man k+s turn$ traitor & s\ght to =ce ! p back into an age ( eighte5?-c5tury reactionism4 ,8 op]a1 ,d] ,freis*tz1 0 a sort ( ,m>seillaise 9 "t ( exile = ! lov]s ( ,g]man lib]ty & union4 ,b e>li] ?an ?is ,web] _h made himself ! *ief national musical figure 9 ,g]many4 ,8 sett+s ( ,krn]'s fi]y ,ley] und ,s*w]t songs _h rais$ him f a h>dwork+ kapellmei/] into a h\sehold "n4 ,! newly =m$ s++ societies took up ! songs1 & at lea/ "o1 ! #8,sword ,song1' has liv$ to ?is day4 ,b 9 addition to ^! purely national & milit>y songs1 ,web] wrote a great numb] ( o!rs1 all 9 simple =m & 9 ! direct folk-_s :i* he ma/]$ z no o!r compos] ma/]$ x be=e or s9ce4 ,_m ( !m are sung /ill4 ,b ! great majority h by ?is "t become q outdat$4 ,we ne$ only ref] to "o--! *>m+ lullaby ,s*laf1 ,h]z5sshn*51 me9 ,liebl+ bi/ du4 ,?ree compos]s prem95tly cont9u$ ,web]'s "w z compos] ( ,g]man op]a--,conrad9 ,kreutz] 7#aghj-ahdi71 ,alb]t ,lortz+ 7#ahja-ahea71 & ,he9ri* ,m>s*n] 7#agie-ahfa74 ,( ^!1 ,kreutz] 0 peculi>ly close to ! ,g]man popul> g5ius4 ,8 sett+s ( ,uhl&'s ,w&]li$] are v f9e1 ,9 die ,f]ne be+ p>ticul>ly wor?y ( /udy4 ,kreutz]1 too1 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful compos]s ( male *oruses2 8 elaborate *orale1 ,das i/ d] ,tag des ,h]rn1 w probably be rememb]$ z long z ,g]man music exi/s4 ,lortz+ & ,m>s*n] freely introduc$ simple /rophic songs into _! op]as1 & by ^! are *iefly kn[n4 ,_! /yle 0 z simple z ,web]'s & ! hi/orical developm5t ( song at _! h&s 7slight 9 any case7 is 9 a diff]5t direction f t :i* ,s*ub]t took4 ,_! melodies are n inappropriate1 b we look 9 va9 9 !m = any ( ! close emotional int]pretation :i* we f9d s abundantly 9 ,s*ub]t4 ,b ! f9e/ songs ( ?is semi-popul> /yle 7volk/mli*e ,li$]7 7 writt5 by m5 :o h no o!r claim to greatness4 ,we may m5tion ,f4 ,h4 ,himmel 7#agfe-ahad71 ,me?fessel 7#aghe-ahfi71 ,ngeli 7#aggc-ahcf71 ,l9dpa9t] 7#agia-ahfa71 & ,sil*] 7#aghi-ahfj74 ,^! are ! true writ]s ( mod]n ,g]man folk-songs4 ,! en]gy ( _! music is ( an elem5t>y sort :i* ! m highly tra9$ compos] r>ely equals4 ,!y live to-day 9 e ga!r+ ( ,g]man /ud5ts1 9 e ,mnn]*or1 9 e nurs]y4 ,t5 p are famili> ) _! songs to "o :o kn[s :o ! compos]s 74 ,b ! gifts ^! compos]s h left to _! p are co-ext5sive ) ,g]man culture4 ,me?fessel is direct & virile1 ! s+] ( battles & ( ! manly virtues ( ! great ance/ors4 ,h[ compell+ is ! vigor ( #8,/immt an1 mit hellem ,klang'6 ,& :at a boil+ ( ! blood is 9 8 fi]y sett+ ( ,arndt's #8,! ,god ,:o ,made ! ,iron ,gr[6' ,ngeli is s(t] & m s5tim5tal4 ,we rememb] him *iefly by ,freut eu* des ,leb5s & ! *>m+ #8,good-,night4' ,l9dpa9t] 0 less tal5t$1 & 8 songs1 :i* p>took ( a romantic nature1 h almo/ disappe>$4 ,b ,himmel is among ! greate/4 ,8 sett+ ( ,krn]'s #8,pray] on ! ,eve ( ,battle' 7va/ly sup]ior to ,s*ub]t's7 is "o ( ! deepe/ expressions ( religi\s fai? 9 all song lit]ature4 ,8 #8,ballad ( ! ,?ree ,tailors1' f ,des ,knab5 ,wund]horn1 is a delightful example ( ! typical ,/ud5t5li$4 ,& "o %\ld n ov]look 8 f\r songs f ,alexis und ,ida1 9 :i* he %[s a delicacy ( s5tim5t approa*+ t ( ,s*ub]t ?\gh he wrote !m "s ye>s be=e ! composition ( ! #8,erl ,k+4' ,f9ally1 !re is ,sil*]1 :o is to ,g]many exactly :at ,/eph5 ,fo/] is to ,am]ica4 ,8 songs are innum]able1 & ! numb] ( great folk-songs among !m is a/oni%+4 ,! v he>t ( ,g]man music pulses 9 ,sil*]4 ,! fam\s #8,loreley' melody is 81 & also ,zu ,/rassburg auf d] ,s*anz & ! wond]ful ,lebewohl4 ,he is "o ( ! ?ree or f\r compos]s 9 ! _w :o c\ld ) any consid]able frequ5cy equal ! beauty & directness ( folk-songs4 ,he is a text = ?is *apt]4 ,only ! /ud5t :o kn[s & loves ,sil*] c truly "k & love ,s*ub]t4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #ba ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #bb ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bcj ff4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,rob]t ,,s*umann ,romantic music & romantic poetry--,s*umann z a song-writ]--,! e>li] songs--,! #8,woman's ,life' cycle2 ! #8,poet's ,love' cycle2 ! lat] songs--,s*umann's contempor>ies4 ,s*ub]t di$ j be=e ! great arti/ic outbur/ :i* we "k z ! romantic p]iod4 ,we h se5 else:]e#bc h[ ?is =ce grew & a*iev$ expression 9 ,p>is1 & ?anks p>tly to political conditions spread to all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,s*umann1 ?\gh n at all int]e/$ 9 politics1 felt ?is =ce 9 its arti/ic aspect1 z did all o!r s5sitive m5 ( ! "t4 ,aft] ,s*ub]t1 he 0 ! "o man prem95tly to express ! new feel+ 9 t]ms ( song4 ,mu* _h happ5$ betwe5 #ahbh1 :5 ,s*ub]t di$1 & #ahdj1 :5 ,s*umann wrote 8 fir/ songs4 ,to put ! case briefly1 ! romantic movem5t 9 music _h got "u way4 ,p _h begun to "k ,s*ub]t's songs & ! lat] symphonies ( ,bee?ov54 ,! pian(orte _h gr[n to p]fection & _h come to h a te*nique & lit]ature ( its own4 ,! te*nique ( h>mony & polyphony _h und]gone 7p>tly at ,s*umann's own h&s7 /rik+ *anges 9 ! direction ( fre$om & expressiv5ess4 ,! %ort piece 9 free =m _h become a recogniz$ "p ( musical lit]ature4 ,! national movem5t 9 ,g]many1 ) its ext5sive use ( ! folk-song1 _h be5 univ]sally accept$4 ,! travell+ virtuoso _h become a fix$ "p ( musical life1 & ! musical c5tre ( gravity _h %ift$ f ! nobles to ! masses4 ,9 %ort1 p _h come to look = intimate emotional expression 9 music1 & music _h develop$ ! means ( supply+ ! dem&4 ,s9ce ,s*ub]t's "t1 ! text ( a song _h become a factor ( gr[+ importance4 ,musicians began to recognize t x %\ld be reg>d$ z equal 9 value to ! music4 ,& along ) ?is recognition arose a rem>kable gr\p ( poets1 z we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt]--a gr\p :i* h suppli$ ,g]man poetry ) "o ( its mo/ brilliant p]iods4 ,?is gr\p we h describ$ z repres5t+ ! p]iod ( disillusionm5t foll[+ ! %att]+ ( ! dreams ( ,g]man unity4 ,= a "t ! hopes ( ! p _h be5 direct$ t[>d ! political & social field2 :at ! be/ lit]ature _h express$ 0 ! feel+s & aspirations :i* 7 common to m54 ,n[ t all ! fair dreams _h be5 %att]$ by ! selfi%ness ( ! c\rts & ! bick]+s ( politicians1 m5 ask$1 #8,:at is ! use8' ,turn+ inw>d to exam9e _! own s\ls1 !y produc$ a delicate lyric poetry :i* conta9$ j :at ! art-song ( ! "t ne$$--! intimate & p]sonal4 ,no gr& emotions r+ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! :ole li/ ( ,s*umann's songs !re is h>dly "o ^: words c\ld be put into ! m\? ( a h]o4 ,by f> ! great] portion are pessimi/ic4 ,:at ! poet rememb]s is a beguil+ h\r 9 ! %ade ( a tree4 ,:at he looks =w>d to is a smile f 8 swee!>t4 ,e man tries to snat* 8 own small portion ( happ9ess f ?is life--& g5]ally makes a poor job ( x4 ,nev]!less1 a man usually tells m ( ! tru? ab\t himself :5 he is disc\rag$ ?an :5 he is self-satisfi$4 ,& 9 ! lyric poetry ( ! "t we get *>m+ & tru?ful analyses ( human emotions & moods4 ,! lit]>y /&>d is p]haps high] ?an at any previ\s p]iod 7except+1 ( c\rse1 ! "w ( ! giants l ,goe! & ,s*ill]74 ,v]sification is smoo!r1 =m is m pleas+1 & words are us$ ) m reg>d = _! sugge/ive connotations4 ,9 %ort1 m5 are look+ at details 9 ?is romantic poetry1 ev5 z 9 romantic music4 ,high above all poets ( ! "t /ood ,he9e4 ,no ,g]man poet1 except possibly ,goe!1 ev] produc$ su* a quantity ( %ort poems :i* h become ! prop]ty ( e ,g]man *ild4 ,! :ole lit]ature ( lyric poetry c %[ only ?ree or f\r m5 :o c equal him 9 brief & direct expression4 ,x 0 ,he9e :o br\ght ,g]man lit]ature d[n f ! m\nta9 tops & made x inhabit ! homes ( m54 ,8 poetry 0 no #8mighty l9e1' ) inv]t$ phras+s & high a/\nd+ polysyllables4 ,he nev] spoke ! spee* ( ! gods1 z did ,s*ill]4 ,he _h no use = ! p>aph]nalia ( ,greek my?ology t _h be5 popul> 9 ! ,/urm und ,drang p]iod4 ,he spoke a ,g]man t easily fits into m5's m\?s z !y conv]se ) _! neighbors4 ,out ( ?is he fa%ion$ poetry4 ,8 syntax is z simple z t ( ! ,k+ ,james ,bible 7a r>e ?+ 9 ,g]man lit]ature74 ,ea* /atem5t is a unit4 ,& s ) ea* ( 8 ?\ghts & obs]vations4 ,ea* comes to u 9 its simple/ t]ms4 ,he9e's vocabul>y 79 8 poems7 is t ( a *ild4 ,8 ?\ghts are ^? ( any call[ love-sick y\?4 ,8 /atem5t is s lit]al t x seems always to be on ! v]ge ( fooli%ness4 ,he ev5 seems c>eless 9 lit]>y art2 8 l9es are unev51 8 rhymes ! simple/ imag9able1 8 rhy?m disord]$4 ,yet b5ea? & beyond ?is simplicity is ! art ( a c>eful workman1 & ! *>m ( a s5sitive obs]v] ( m54 ,he9e's poems h ! true lyric quality 9 t _! real *>m c nev] be f9ally analyz$4 ,we c only say t b5ea? ^? *ildlike /atem5ts ( ! obvi\s 0 ! g5ius ( a poet4 ,he9e's g5ius1 l t ( ,rck]t1 ,plat51 ,*amisso1 ,k]n]1 ,ei*5dorff1 & o!r contempor>ies m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 always t5d$ a bit t[>d ! morbid4 ,^! poets p>took ( ! common malady ( ov]-individualism4 #8,x is n good = man to be alone4' ,! commone/ & true/ ( tru?s is t man is a social animal4 ,x is impossible = him to conduct 8 life except 9 company ) o!rs4 ,! /ories ( h]mits :o h gone mad ) lonel9ess h an excell5t f\ndation 9 fact4 ,& j z man seems meant to act socially1 s he seems oblig$ to feel socially4 ,x is a spiritual necessity to ?9k a good deal ( o!rs4 #8,:oso save? 8 s\l %all lose x4' ,! man :o seeks to discov] all ! treasures )9 him usually ends by f9d+ no?+ !re4 ,& :5 x is ! lit]>y fa%ion 7z x 0 9 ,s*umann's "t7 to look exclusively )9 "o's own s\l1 ! age ends 9 helplessness ) a moan ( despair4 ,?is condition is implicit 9 ! poetry ( ,he9e4 ,x is1 z we h said1 nev] ! poetry ( a h]o4 ,x c console u 9 our leisure2 x c nev] inspire u 9 our labor4 ,yet ! fault is n s s]i\s z x may s\nd4 ,few p h contract$ s]i\s spiritual diseases f ,he9e's poetry4 ,! v simplicity & brevity ( x prev5t ! read] f tak+ x too s]i\sly4 ,read be=e ! fire 9 ! /ill h\rs ( ! ev5+ ,he9e _c h>m ! t5d]e/ s\l ( a *ild ( twelve4 ,he 0 too g5u9e a humani/1 z well z too excell5t a lit]>y man1 to be utt]ly remov$ f heal?4 ,he is a f> m h>mless amusem5t ?an ,byron1 = in/ance1 j z he 0 a f> great] poet ?an ,byron4 ,he 01 ( c\rse1 tak5 mu* m s]i\sly 9 8 day ?an we c take him 9 ours4 ,s*umann 9 p>ticul> %[s t he reg>d$ 8 poet z a text = ! highe/ trag$y & passion ( :i* he z musician 0 capable4 ,yet ev5 9 8 own "t ,he9e's influ5ce mu/ h be5 ess5tially heal?y4 ,= he _h 9 abundance two qualities t always t5d to keep m5 9 ! pa? ( heal?1 simplicity & humor4 ,! m9d t c ?9k simply is n :olly diseas$4 ,& we ne$ nev] fe> ! pessimi/ :o c laugh at 8 own despair4 ,i ,two ?+s prem95tly ,s*umann br\ght to 8 songs beyond :at any compos] _h br\ght previ\sly4 ,fir/ !re 0 an accurate reg>d = ! text4 ,x is n to belittle ,s*ub]t to say t he did n %[ ,s*umann's accurate reg>d = ! words4 ,s*ub]t's reg>d = ! text 0 consci5ti\s & fai?ful2 8 melodies are m>vell\sly fai?ful to ! _s & 8 musical prosody nev] does viol5ce to ! metre & acc5t4 ,b ,s*ub]t 0 work+ "u a some:at diff]5t tradition f ,s*umann4 ,he is m ! melodi/1 pure & simple4 ,8 attitude t[>d musical prosody 0 some:at negative2 he dem&$ ( 8 melody only t x %\ld n d viol5ce to ! metre2 beyond t x c\ld foll[ its own musical c\rse4 ,h5ce1 we n infrequ5tly 9 8 songs h su* passages z ?is1 f ,die ,allma*t3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score v]knd5 se9e ,ma*t ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is 9 no way repreh5sible or viol5t to ! canons ( art4 ,b x diff]s f ,s*umann's me?od 9 t x puts a high] value on pure song--on ! m]e joy\s ex]cise ( ! vocal organs4 ,s*umann's attitude t[>d musical prosody 0 m positive2 he dem&$ ( 8 melody n only t x %\ld d no obvi\s viol5ce to ! metre1 b t x %\ld take pa9s accurately to fit ! m9or acc5ts & quantities4 ,he tri$ to make ! text z sung n v diff]5t f ! text z declaim$4 ,true1 he sometimes wrote m]e lyric passages ( melody on an op5 v[el1 l t 9 ! above example f ,s*ub]t4 ,b su* passages 9 ,s*umann are f> m r>e4 ,& ! :ole body ( 8 songs %[s t he took ! text m z 8 collaborator 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,8 songs are n valuable prim>ily because ( _! melody4 ,he has writt5 _m lovely melodies1 b a l>ge proportion ( 8 songs w\ld be ( comp>atively little musical value 7at lea/ 9 ! voice "p7 )\t ! words4 ,& 8 melodic inv5tion1 tak+ 8 songs z a :ole1 is f> bel[ ! exalt$ "w ( ,s*ub]t4 ,besides1 ,s*ub]t's texts1 ?\gh n g5]ally *os5 )\t discrim9ation1 d n %[ ! same c>eful selection z ^? ( ,s*umann4 ,! poems ( ! latt] are c>efully select$ = ! purpose ( specific musical treatm5t1 & 9 consequ5ce seem to h a high] lit]>y value1 :e!r !y h or n4 ,f9ally1 ,s*umann _h ! imm5se advantage ( possess+ ne>ly all ( ,he9e's wond]ful lyrics to *oose f1 a fact t 9 _m an in/ance gave him ! opportunity ( writ+ immortal music #8m>ri$ to immortal v]se4' ,! second all-important factor :i* ,s*umann1 ov] & above ,s*ub]t1 br\ght to 8 song-writ+ 0 a matur$ h>monic & piani/ic te*nique = ! accompanim5ts4 ,h[ev] truly ,s*ub]t div9$ ! possibilities ( ! mod]n pian(orte1 j ne>+ p]fection 9 8 day1 he nev] wrote ?or\ghly 9 ! new /yle4 ,8 *ords 9 ! bass 7 apt to be heavy & ?ick1 8 accompanim5t is n spread z widely z x might advantage\sly be1 & 8 inn] voices nev] %[ ! free & sprightly polyphony :i* is peculi>ly adapt$ to ! piano4 ,_h he liv$ he w\ld d\btless h become "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! new pian(orte /yle4 ,b x 0 left = ,s*umann consci\sly & rev]5tly to take up ! "w4 ,s*umann did n write a s+le song1 = publication at lea/1 until he _h be5 work+ = full t5 ye>s = ! piano4 ,8 fir/ en?usiasm 0 = ! piano4 ,! %att]+ ( 8 hopes to become a virtuoso =c$ him to turn 8 en?usiasm t[>d piano composition4 ,& 9 8 e>ly ye>s ( creative activity he develop$ ! possibilities ( ! new in/rum5t ) all ! en?usiasm ( 8 y\?ful nature4 ,8 fir/ tw5ty-?ree works1 writt5 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj & #ahdj1 7 almo/ exclusively = ! piano4 ,9 !m he develop$ a pian(orte idiom :i* 0 unique 9 its day4 ,) ?is new & mature te*nique he approa*$ 8 song writ+4 ,inevitably he look$ z lov+ly t[>d ! accompanim5t z t[>d ! voice "p--"s critics say ev5 m s4 ,he _h le>n$ h[ to make ! mo/ ( ! me*anical peculi>ity ( ! piano--its /ruck /r+s :i* are incapable ( a true su/a9$ legato2 he treat$ ! piano1 9 o!r words1 ess5tially z a hamm] in/rum5t & n z a w9d in/rum5t1 l ! organ4 ,he develop$ a surpris+ adeptness at enh>monic modulation1 = :i* ! complete piano keybo>d is s peculi>ly adapt$4 ,he le>n$ ! full use ( ! damp] p$al--n s mu* = su/a9+ *ords z = p]mitt+ a wide sep>ation ( notes4 ,he le>n$ h[ to make 8 inn] voices piani/ic in/ead ( vocal1 mak+ !m dep5d :olly on _! cont\r & position 7z oppos$ to tone quality7 = _! indep5d5ce4 ,f9ally1 he _h le>n$ h[ to give ea* composition a /yle ( its own--a peculi>ity ( piani/ic mann] ov] & above its individuality ( musical cont5t4 ,all ^! qualities ( ,s*umann's piano te*nique %\ld be kept 9 m9d 9 /udy+ 8 accompanim5ts4 ,!y repres5t a good half ( ! musical value ( ,s*umann's songs4 ,if ! vocal p>ts ( ! ,di*t]liebe cycle _h nev] be5 writt5 ! accompanim5ts w\ld /ill h a high value z pro( ( ,s*umann's ma/]y ov] piani/ic writ+4 ,)\t an appreciation ( ! piani/ic side ( ,s*umann's vocal "w no s+] c beg9 to appreciate ! songs2 he _c ev5 satisfactorily s+ 8 "p ( !m4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ,s*ub]t's accompanim5ts c be play$ satisfactorily by a piani/ ( slight ability1 if only he h ! knack ( foll[+ ! s+]4 ,b sc>cely any ( ,s*umann's accompanim5ts c be play$ satisfactorily except by a p]=m] :o is an arti/ at 8 in/rum5t4 ,,ii ,s*umann's songs c be easily divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/1 compris+ ab\t a hundr$1 0 compos$ 9 #ahdj1 ! ye> ( ! compos]'s m>riage1 & ( 8 mo/ f]tile & romantic productivity4 ,aft] writ+ ^!1 he pr(ess$ himself satisfi$ ) :at he _h done 7well he might be7 & d\bt$ :e!r he %\ld ev] write songs aga94 ,8 mo/ f]v5t admir]s _c help wi%+ t he _h kept to 8 purpose4 ,a doz5 or s indiff]5t songs 7 produc$ 9 ! next t5 ye>s1 & !n1 f #ahej to #aheb1 :5 8 m5tal p[]s _h begun s]i\sly to fail1 he turn$ out m ?an a hundr$4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two gr\ps is /rik+4 ,! fir/ is ne>ly all g5ius2 ! second ne>ly all m$iocrity4 ,at be/1 two or ?ree songs f ?is :ole lat] p]iod are wor? kn[+4 ,( ! fir/ gr\p !re is sc>cely "o :i* does n %[ high creative excell5ce & !re are at lea/ fifty ( ! f9e/ quality or close to x4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! songs ( ! e>li] p]iod are gr\p$ 9 cycles4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 !re is only "o :i* conta9s t mo/ di/9ctive quality ( ! cycle1 a unifi$ n>rative--z 9 ,s*ub]t's ,mll]li$]4 ,?is is ! immortal ,frau5liebe und ,leb54 ,ano!r1 ! ,di*t]liebe1 is closely b\nd toge!r & prim>ily int5d$ to be sung z a unit4 ,illu/ration3 ,rob]t & ,cl>a ,s*umann ,aft] a dagu]reotype f life4 ,?ree m cycles1 :ile loos] ?an ! "o j m5tion$1 are l x 9 be+ set solely to ! words ( "o au?or4 ,& ano!r1 ,myr!n1 has little beyond a common title = unification4 ,a few o!r songs h no gr\p+ except t ( an opus numb]4 ,! fir/ ( ! songs =m a ,li$]kreis 7song-cycle71 opus #bd1 words select$ f ,he9e4 ,?is is obvi\sly an exp]im5tal "w1 ?\gh x conta9s sev]al f9e numb]s4 ,i* w&elte unt] d5 ,bum5 delicately ma9ta9s its mood4 ,numb] #e1 ,s*ne ,wiege me9] ,leid51 is pure melody ) a simple accompanim5t 9 ,s*ub]t's /yle1 "o ( ! mo/ affect+ ( all ,s*umann's songs4 ,sung ) a con/ant & ri* legato1 & ) well-*os5 modulations ( tone quality1 x is imm$iately effective4 ,numb] #i1 ,mit ,myr!n und ,ros51 is mu* admir$ by musicians2 x is unlike mo/ ( ,s*umann 9 giv+ an unusual lyric fre$om to ! voice "p1 b ! accompanim5t1 ) its delicate inn] voices1 sugge/s :at 0 to come lat]4 ,! ,myr!n ( opus #be include "s ( ,s*umann's f9e/4 ,! v fir/1 ,widmung 7#8,d$ication'71#bd is "o ( ! great songs ( all "t4 ,su* passionate ardor a compos] has seldom be5 able to compress into a few notes4 ,! f9e legato contra/+ melody1 introduc$ by an impressive enh>monic *ange1 is ! pure/ ( ,g]man lyricism4 ,! accompanim5t1 :ile conv5tional en\gh 9 its relation to ! voice "p1 %[s ! fre$om1 & especially ! wide sep>ation ( notes1 :i* 0 to fl[] s magnific5tly 9 ! ,di*t]liebe4 ,! great dang] 9 s++ ?is song is t ( mak+ x s\nd hurri$ or #8*oppy4' ,"h1 z s (t5 9 song s++1 ! correct tempo is half ! battle4 ,let ! s+] aim to avoid #8*opp9ess1' on ! "o h&1 & dragg+1 on ! o!r1 & ! correct tempo w come almo/ automatically1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 no tempo c hold a song toge!r if !re is n a firm legato beh9d x4 ,d] ,nussbaum 7#8,! ,almond ,tree'7 is ano!r immortal melody4 ,9 ?is song ! accompanim5t ent]s z a lyric elem5t1 z x r>ely does 9 ,s*ub]t except 9 int]ludes4 ,! half-phrase ( ! voice ) its answ]+ phrase f ! piano--?is is an effect ( /rik+ *>m4 ,! support+ "p ( ! accompanim5t %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! simple brok5 7or #8h>p'7 *ord us$ m freely ?an _h be5 ! common cu/om4 ,9 ,die ,lotusblume 7#8,! ,lotus ,fl[]'7 ! novelty 9 ! accompanim5t is v diff]5t--a sl[ & impressive melody aris+ out ( ! l[e/ bass notes ( ! h>monic support4 ,9 ^! songs we see ! piano beg9n+ to s+ ) ! voice on t]ms ( equality4 ,9 numb] #ae1 "o ( ! #8,hebrew ,melodies' ( ,byron1 we see ! =mal accompanim5t v highly develop$4 ,x has become q piani/ic1 ) mu* figuration1 & a pr(usion ( *romatic pass+s :i* rem9d u ( ,s*umann piano pieces4 ,yet ?is is a true accompanim5t 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s5se1 & n1 z 9 "s ( ! lat] songs1 an indep5d5t piano composition4 ,lass mi* ihm am ,bus5 hng5 & ,du bi/ wie e9e ,blume are *>m+ examples ( ,s*umann at 8 simple/4 ,we _c po9t out ! precise elem5ts ( beauty1 yet we feel t ! music subtly mat*es ! simplicity ( ! words4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 we see 9 ^! two songs t ultimate te/ ( arti/ic ma/]y--! comm& ov] /yle4 ,& 9 ^! in/ances ! /yle subsi/s q z mu* 9 ! voice z 9 ! piano "p4 ,! great piano /yli/ ( ! prec$+ decade has begun to turn 8 peculi> gifts to pure vocal music4 ,! gr&iose ,talismane 7#8,talismans'7 is p]haps n ( high value musically1 b x %[s ! engag+ fre%ness ( ,s*umann's romantic inv5tion4 ,! ?ree ,burns songs--#8,somebody1' #8,! ,highl&]'s ,f>ewell1' & #8,! ,highl& ,cradle ,song'--are simply melodies ( great beauty & are to be sung z su*4 ,! la/-nam$ (f]s a problem to ! s+] 9 ! ne$ ( comb9+ ! some:at j]ky1 rock+ motion ( ! cradle ) ! calm monotony :i* ov]spreads ! :ole4 ,! five songs1 opus #bg1 ne$ n deta9 u4 ,( ! ?ree songs f ,emmanuel ,geibel ! la/1 ,d] ,hidalgo 7#8,! ,hidalgo'71 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,z an attempt at local color 7:i* 0 nev] ,s*umann's =te7 x has no special value4 ,b ! vigor ( ! accompanim5t1 ) its v>i$ bol]o rhy?m1 & ! quiet passages on ! words #8,die ,s*n5 von ,sevilla1' sugge/ once m "s ( ! wond]ful piano passages ( ! ,di*t]liebe4 ,( ! ?ree songs1 opus #ca1 we mu/ note ,die ,lw5braut 7#8,! ,lion's ,bride'7 z a f9e example ( ! l>g] ballad =m4 ,?is =m ,s*ub]t frequ5tly attempt$ )\t ev] a*iev+ bett] ?an m$iocrity4 ,& ,s*umann himself fail$ mis]ably at x 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,b 9 ! pres5t in/ance he gave u a model4 ,! declamatory voice "p agrees accurately ) ! prosody ( ! text )\t ev] q los+ a melodic value4 ,! accompanim5t ( ! fir/ section consi/s only ( occasional support+ *ords4 ,x is recitative1 b1 unlike ! recitativo secco ( ,italian op]a1 x is recitative rais$ to ! /atus ( music4 ,! s+] %\ld be c>eful nev] to lose ! musical beauty ( ! voice "p & at ! same "t n try to =ce x into a =mal melody4 ,! middle section illu/rates admirably a device :i* ,s*umann us$ bett] ?an any o!r ( 8 "t4 ,?is is ! developm5t ( a long passage ( vocal music f a s+le phrase4 ,! vocal "p 9 ?is middle section is sc>cely m ?an ! repetition1 9 _m =ms & keys1 ( "o %ort & v lovely phrase4 ,?is device is peculi>ly suit$ to ! ballad1 :i*1 be+ 9 con/ant =w>d motion1 is liable to lose coh]5ce if ! music does n (f] "s basis ( unification4 ,s*umann us$ ! same device lat] 9 8 ballad1 ,blondels ,li$ 7#8,blondel's ,song'71 & "h ) ev5 m poetic fitness2 = ! phrase on :i* ! piece is built up is t accompany+ ! con/antly recurr+ refra9 ( ! text & z x develops seems to infuse ! :ole "w ) ?is s+le burn+ message4 ,"o m ( ,s*umann's ballads %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is place--! univ]sally kn[n ,die beid5 ,gr5adi]e 7#8,! ,two ,gr5adi]s'74 ,te*nically ! song (f]s little ( int]e/ beyond ! compos]'s clev] & appropriate abbreviation ( ! ,m>seillaise at ! end4 ,! ov]:elm+ gu/o ( ! ballad is too obvi\s to dem& m ?an pass+ m5tion4 ,,iii ,! twelve songs to words by ,k]n]1 opus #ce1 include sev]al ( especial int]e/4 ,9 ?is gr\p we see ,s*umann's developm5t ( ! piano "p well "u way4 ,ea* song (f]s an accompanim5t :i* is a /udy 9 piani/ic /yle4 ,numb] #b1 ,/irb1 ,lieb' und ,freund1 has an au/]e polyphonic support1 9 ! /yle ( ,ba*1 sugge/+ ! maje/y ( "s old ca!dral4 ,numb] #c1 ,w&]lu/1 is a buoyant & y\?ful melody1 & numb] #f1 ,an das ,tr9kglass1 a f9e romantic *orale4 ,numb]s #f & #h1 ,/ille ,liebe & ,/ille ,?rn51 are intimate psy*ological /udies4 ,9 ! =m] ! su/a9$ bass melody b5ea? ! hesitat+ treble ( ! accompanim5t sugge/s ! appreh5sion ( ! lov] :o is oblig$ to wait 9 sil5ce4 ,! latt] obta9s a *>m+ effect ) ! s(t repeat$ *ords ( ! piano "p & (f]s a typical ,s*umann end+ 9 ! int]m+l+ melodies ( ! close4 ,! six songs opus #cf conta9 "o :i* has become a ,g]man folk-song--,an d5 ,sonn5s*e91 a melody :i* conc5trates ! _s ( dignity & s9c]ity ( ,g]man popul> music4 ,9 ! ,ei*5dorff ,li$]kreis1 opus #ci1 !re are f\r songs ( ! v highe/ rank4 ,numb] #b1 ,int]mezzo1 ) its s(t syncopation 9 ! accompanim5t1 (f]s a sugge/ive contra/ ) ! songs ( ,s*ub]t & %[s h[ f> musical te*nique _h mov$ 9 t5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,x is ! simple/ ( melodies1 b "o ) a c]ta9 atmosph]ic indecision1 /rongly contra/+ ) ! d[nrightness & cle>ness ( outl9e :i* ,s*ub]t be/ lov$4 ,numb] #c 9 ?is gr\p1 ,waldesgespr*1 is z lovely a melody z ,s*umann ev] wrote4 ,x might be call$ a ballad1 ) its /ory ( ! knight :o w&]$ into ! =e/ at night1 f9d+ !re a lady 9 di/ress1 attempt+ to help h]1 & discov]+ t he 0 9 ! p[] ( ! wit*1 ! ,lorelei1 :o lies 9 wait = /rong m54 ,! lovely ?irds ( ! accompanim5t seem to spread ! my/]y ( ev5+ ov] ! song1 & :5 ! wit* ann\nces h] id5tity ! music takes on a mom5t>y gr&eur t sugge/s ! old tales ( gods & h]oes4 ,! song is full ( f9e & expressive effects4 ,b ^! d n exi/ 9 detail2 !y r spr+ unconsci\sly out ( ! musical design4 ,! s+] :o attempts to make ! song too expressive is sure to g a/ray4 ,if x is sung prim>ily = its musical beauty x becomes ( itself a ma/]piece ( expressive /ory-tell+4 ,above all1 z s (t5 9 great songs1 a good legato is ! fir/ & *iefe/ ( ! virtues4 ,numb] #ab ( ! ,ei*5dorff s]ies is ! ,frhl+sna*t 7#8,spr+ ,night'71 ) its magical triplet accompanim5t4 ,numb] #e is ! fam\s ,mondna*t 7#8,moonlight ,night'74 ,"h aga9 we h a song t q defies analysis4 ,! voice "p consi/s solely ( a two-l9e phrase sev]al times repeat$4 ,! fir/ ?ree times x closes on ! dom9ant1 ! la/ "t on ! tonic1 ) a deep & satisfy+ s5se ( repose4 ,9 any b a ma/] h& ?is =m w\ld become monoton\s4 ,b ) ,s*umann's my/]i\s accompanim5t x is all magic4 ,! close is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic4 ,! voice "p comes1 z we h said1 to a tonic close1 b ! accompanim5t makes a false cad5ce ( x & ! piano "p cont9ues to its own logical end+4 ,! piano "p has become utt]ly organic & indep5d5t4 ,play$ by itself1 x w\ld (f] no clew z to :]e ! voice "p end$4 ,t deceptive cad5ce is ,s*umann's ultimatum to ! s+]4 #8,! song is n end$1' he seems to say1 #8m]ely because y h f9i%$ s++4 ,! song is ! voice "p & ! piano "p "o & indivisible4 ,if y hurry ?r\gh ! po/lude1 or belittle x1 or treat x z a useless app5dage to ! voice "p1 y are no arti/4 ,if y consid] ! voice "p m important ?an ! piano "p1 or y\rself m important ?an ! song y are s++1 g & give y\r feeble tal5ts to vaudeville songs4' ,& = audi5ces1 too1 ?is song has a message3 ! li/5] :o beg9s to applaud be=e ! piano "p is f9i%$ 7& !re are few ev5 to-day :o d n7 is no true li/5]4 ,let him g & li/5 to a brass b&2 he has no bus9ess ) ! art-song4 ,! five *ildr5's songs1 opus #dj1 (f] little ( int]e/4 ,b ! cycle1 ,frau5liebe und ,leb5 7#8,woman's ,life & ,love'71 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ fam\s & possibly ! greate/ song cycle 9 all musical lit]ature4 ,! poet1 ,adalb]t von ,*amisso1 selects eight crucial mom5ts 9 woman's life & puts into h] m\? = ea* ( ! eight an exquisite lyric1 express+ ) wond]ful delicacy h] emotions & moods4 ,! poems are p]haps a trifle exagg]at$ 9 ! romantic fa%ion ( ! "t & c]ta9ly d n altoge!r tally ) ! emotions ( ! mod]n woman4 ,b ! gr\ndwork ( typical psy*ology is express$ ) su* p]suasive eloqu5ce & su* lit]>y *>m t no "o c read ! poems )\t feel+ t he has liv$ ?r\gh1 9 "s measure1 ! exp]i5ce ( :i* !y tell4 ,9 ! fir/ song1 ,seit i* ihn geseh51 ! "y girl has j se5 h] h]o2 9 a mom5t1 almo/1 %e has ca/ h] "y girlhood beh9d h]2 %e feels /range pres5tim5ts2 %e no long] c>es = ! games ( h] si/]s2 %e wi%es to be alone2 ! p]sonality ( h] h]o seems to be ev] pres5t4 ,9 ! second song %e has come to "k him4 ,%e makes no secret ( h] love2 %e s+s x op5ly2 %e is pr\d ( x be=e ! _w4 ,9 ! next song %e has he>d 8 proposal4 #8,i* kann's ni*t fass51 ni*t glaub5' 7#8,i _c grasp x1 ,i _c believe x'71 %e says1 torn betwe5 joy & t]ror4 ,b 9 ! next song1 ,du ,r+ an me9em ,f+]1 %e is apo/rophiz+ h] engagem5t r+ & look+ at ! long vi/a ( life ahead4 ,numb] #e1 ,helft mir1 ihr ,s*we/]n1 is sung on ! bridal day4 ,next1 %e is 9 h] own home1 9 ! arms ( h] husb&1 va9ly attempt+ to make him und]/& :y %e weeps :5 %e is happie/4 ,9 numb] #g %e is s++ a lively b t5d] lullaby to h] newborn *ild4 ,9 ! la/ song %e is s++ h] grief at ! dea? ( h] husb&4 #8,?is is y\r fir/ cruel act t[>d me1' %e says to ! dead body4 ,%e sees be=e h] a life ( volunt>y lonel9ess1 assuag$ by memories ( h] =m] happ9ess4 ,! music ) :i* ,s*umann int]prets ^! songs may ju/ly be call$ psy*ological4 ,! t]m #8psy*ological' is appli$ freely & indiscrim9ately to music & usually )\t ju/ice4 ,prop]ly1 music is f> too ab/ract an art to c>ry any precise mean+s4 ,yet ) ! gradual & p]si/5t process ( six c5turies1 :]eby c]ta9 musical /yles & progressions h come to be associat$ ) def9ite moods1 !re has gr[n up a te*nique :i*1 ) a prop]ly sympa!tic audi5ce1 may be manipulat$ to express /ates ( s\l4 ,:atev] ?is te*nique is wor?1 ,s*umann1 9 8 ,frau5liebe und ,leb51 has us$ x ) ma/]ly p[]4 ,9 ! fir/ song he writes a simple1 timid melody1 ! rhy?mic fl[ int]rupt$ z ?\gh by ! hesitation ( a flutt]+ he>t4 #8,s9ce my eyes fir/ beheld him ,i seem to h be5 bl9d4' ,! emotion rises4 #8,i c>e no m = ! games ( my si/]s4 ,i _h r weep4' ,!n comes a lovely phrase ( t5d] sweetness4 ,weep+ = love is a preci\s delight4 ,! brok5 melody cont9ues4 ,n until ! la/ b> does ! he>] become consci\s ( its full *>m & =mal beauty4 ,! second song1 #8,he1 ! ,noble/ ( ,all1' is 9 a v diff]5t mood--pr\d & exub]ant expression4 ,x has a gr& lyric sweep :i* only a f9e arti/ic ta/e c re/ra9 f a some:at *eap pomp\sness4 ,! middle section returns = a mom5t to ! girl's feel+s ( timidity4 #8,turn f me be=e x is too late1' %e says2 #8,i am n wor?y ( y4' ,s*umann has *os5 n to int]rupt ! fl[ ( 8 song "h4 ,to express ! m timid mood he employs dissonance & *romatic progression1 :i* f9ally resolves into ! orig9al cle>-cut /ra94 ,?r\gh\t ! symphonic unity ( ! song is pres]v$4 ,! ?ird song1 #8,i _c grasp x1' returns to ! _s ( ! fir/4 ,x is an agitat$ allegretto movem5t4 ,! voice "p foll[s ! words ) utmo/ fai?fulness2 x is almo/ a free recitative1 int]rupt$ only by "o g5tle lyric phrase on ! words1 #8,i am ?9e =ev]4' ,yet "h1 aga91 !re is a true melody ?r\gh\t1 & a *>m+ "o1 b x seems only to peep out f beh9d ! deta*$ notes4 ,! f\r? song1 #8,?\1 ,r+ ^u ,my ,f+]1' has mu* ! design & movem5t ( ! second1 ?\gh quiet]4 ,9 ! fif?1 too1 melody is dom9ant4 ,9 ! six? ! compos] returns to ! declamatory /yle4 ,"h ! del9eative music lies *iefly 9 ! accompanim5t1 ) lovely modulations & snat*es ( melody sugge/+ ! timid wond] ( ! wife 9 h] happ9ess4 ,! voice "p h>dly comes to an end at all1 b fades away on ! words #8,?y picture1' :ile ! piano takes up ! tale4 ,! next song1 ! lullaby1 musically ! lea/ important ( ! eight1 is a simple /rophic melody ) a brok5 *ord accompanim5t4 ,! la/ is recitative pure & simple4 ,! re/s betwe5 phrases seem brok5 ) sobs1 out ( :i* !re rises ! h]oism ( a det]m9ation to face life alone & )\t compla9t4 ,! emotional p[] ( ^? few notes ( recitative is beyond description4 ,! />k trag$y ( ! op5+ l9es becomes cl\d$ ov]1 z x 71 ) te>s1 & ! music melts into calm grayness z ! woman s+s1 #8,! veil falls2 ,i )draw into myself1 :]e ,i h !e & my lo/ happ9ess4' ,& !n1 z ! great quiet ( lonel9ess settles d[n1 ! piano s+s s(tly ! :ole ( ! fir/ song1 ! e>ly gl[ ( delicate color :5 ! girl fir/ beheld h] h]o4 ,& we seem to see ahead ! ye>s ( lonel9ess s(t5$ only by sweet memory4 ,no gr\p ( songs has ev] m p]fectly a*iev$ ! union ( words & music4 ,! faults ( ?is cycle on ! arti/ic side are ! faults ( ! g5]ation4 ,p's views ( life h *ang$ mu* s9ce ,*amisso set maid5 he>ts a-flutt]+4 ,! notion ( ! wife z ! b\nd5 slave ( h] husb&--a notion only a /ep or two remov$ f ! !ory ( ! h>em--has giv5 place to ! heal?i] view ( ! wife z "o ( two high contract+ p>ties4 ,"o _c help notic+ 9 ,*amisso's poems h[ small a "p ! *ild plays 9 ! woman's life4 ,& ! idea t ^u ! dea? ( ! husb& ! woman's ?\ghts %\ld be solely ( h] own pa/ r ?an ( h] *ild's future is little %ort ( repulsive4 ,^! are ! faults ( an individuali/ic1 a pessimi/ic1 an ov]-s5tim5tal age4 ,!y are reflect$ 9 ! _s ( ! music4 ,s9ce !n our art1 if x has become m s5su\s1 has also become m vigor\s4 ,s*umann's "w 0 = an age r ?an = all "t4 ,9 ! s++ ( ^! songs ! s+] mu/ avoid /ress+ too mu* ! declamatory "* ( ! ?ree sl[ ones z well z ! melodic exub]ance ( ! o!rs4 ,! songs seem on pap] to be deta*$ & brok54 ,all ! m !y mu/ be sung smoo?ly1 discreetly1 )\t undue emphasis4 ,! s+] w n g f> wrong 9 foll[+ ! notes & ! "t signatures q lit]ally4 ,_m a s+] has be5 a/oni%$ by t old miracle ( art--t if ! notes are sung z writt5 !y w "w _! own magic4 ,! compos] has se5 to t4 ,if a song relies :olly on a #8s+]'s p]sonality1' ! compos] has fail$4 ,s 9 ^! songs pure intonation1 j rhy?m1 & c>eful diction w int]pret ! poet truly4 ,if ! s+] f9ds t ) ! obs]vance ( ^! values ! songs d n express :at !y %\ld1 let him put !m aside = a :ile4 ,z 8 te*nical arti/ic p[]s gr[ he w f9d t ! songs h gr[n along ) !m4 ,if he is mu* conc]n$ ab\t bol/]+ up ! song by giv+ x #8expression1' he is sure to be on ! wrong track4 ,( ! #8,romances & ,ballads1' opus #de1 we ne$ only notice ! spirit$ ,es zog5 zwei r/'ge ,gesell54 ,opus #dh1 h[ev]1 is ! immortal ,di*t]liebe s]ies1 probably ! mo/ individual ( all ,s*umann's song works4 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d ,s*umann suff]+ some:at f ! faults ( romanticism4 ,to put ! case briefly1 he took ,he9e s]i\sly4 ,he9e himself1 we _c b feel1 0 n s tak5 9 by 8 own poetry4 ,9 addition to ! ev]-pres5t gr9 :i* is 9 almo/ e "o ( 8 lyrics !re is a c]ta9 playful quality1 z ?\gh he 7 only teas+ ! s5tim5talism ( ! human he>t4 ,if ,he9e suff]$ only a hundr$? "p ( ! pangs describ$ 9 8 mass ( %ort poems he mu/ h _h m love affairs ?an any "o man c\ld att5d to 9 ?ree lifetimes4 ,! tru? is1 ,he9e 0 deal+ ) moods1 & ,s*umann suppos$ he 0 deal+ ) emotions4 ,we see ! contradiction to an almo/ grotesque degree 9 ! song ,i* grolle ni*t 7#8,i d n compla9'74 ,"h ! poet tells 8 love t he w n compla9 ( 8 unhapp9ess because1 ?\gh %e goes ab\t 9 diamonds1 he has se5 9 a dream t %e1 too1 is unhappy4 ,?is is pretty s5tim5t & *>m+ playful h]oics4 ,trag$y x is n4 ,b ,s*umann's music is trag$y ( ! noble/ /ra94 ,x /rikes an emotional dep? :i* ! compos] r>ely equall$4 ,to su* music ! ,puritans ( ,cromwell's "t might h left _! wives & *ildr5 to g out & fight on ! side ( ! ,"l4 ,we h said t ,he9e has n[h]e 9 8 poems writt5 words t might be put into ! m\? ( a h]o4 ,b 9 ?is case ,s*umann wrote music t a h]o might h sung4 ,p]haps if ,s*umann's s5se ( humor _h be5 a little m human & a little less lit]>y he might h se5 ! incongruity4 ,b x w\ld h be5 an un=tunate ev5t1 = x w\ld h co/ ! _w ! wond]ful music ( ?is song4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! greate/ works ( art w\ld nev] h be5 creat$ if _! au?ors _h possess$ a ke5 s5se ( humor4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ,s*umann did n make ?is mi/ake4 ,9 ne>ly e o!r "o ( ! ,di*t]liebe songs he f\nd music :i* 0 z gossam]1 z little fundam5tal1 z ,he9e's words4 ,to "s /ud5ts !y may seem at fir/ cold & p$antic4 ,c]ta9ly !y d n draw _! greatness f melodic *>m4 ,m]ely z melodies1 few ( ^! songs w\ld h liv$ to ?is day4 ,und\bt$ly _! fir/ appeal is a te*nical "o--to ! musical !ori/ & ! piani/ z well z to ! s+]4 ,b ?is is by no means to say t !y lack poetry4 ,x is m]ely t _! poetry is conceal$ & reveals itself only to him :o has ma/]$ & und]/ood _! f9] te*nical appeal4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! n9? song1 ,das i/ e9 ,flt5 und ,geig5 7#8,i he> ! flutes & viol9s'74 ,! reject$ lov] he>s f a di/ance ! or*e/ra play+ = danc+ at ! w$d+ ( 8 belov$4 ,! accompanim5t is a waltz rhy?m1 ) repeat$ notes deftly ins]t$ to sugge/ p]haps ! trumpets ( ! b&4 ,! waltz is /eady & cont9u\s4 ,x has none ( ! s5su\s s(tness1 none ( ! simplicity & balance ( phrase :i* we are accu/om$ to 9 popul> waltzes4 ,x t9kles on cont9u\sly1 )\t an opportunity to draw a brea?--& h5ce seems at fir/ glance aimless4 ,in/ead ( ! engag+ w>m? we expect f waltzes1 x gives a *ill+ effect4 ,& t1 ( c\rse1 is exactly ! effect x _h on ! reject$ lov]4 ,x is a t9kly1 monoton\s waltz1 p]haps he>d ?r\gh ! w9t] air4 ,! voice has a little half melodic1 half declamatory compla9t1 b x seems almo/ indep5d5t ( ! piano "p4 ,:5 ! voice re/s t waltz is /ill go+ on1 ?robb+1 monoton\s4 ,n[1 any indiff]5t piani/ w make a sorry affair ( ?is accompanim5t4 ,x dem&s ! mo/ delicate & exact f+] "w1 ! nice/ reg>d = rhy?m1 ! mo/ delicate modulat+ ( tone p[]4 ,x mu/ be play$ almo/ )\t p$al1 & x reveals in/antly any slip 9 ! piani/'s te*nique4 ,x might almo/ be publi%$ indep5d5tly z a piano tude4 ,! s+] mu/ deliv] 8 "p ) great delicacy ( diction & a*ieve expression on ! mo/ limit$ scale4 ,! piece has no contra/s4 ,x is s closely b\nd toge!r t a s+le omission ( a note w spoil ! :ole design4 ,decid$ly ?is is n an int]e/+ song to a bad musician4 ,e detail is a difficulty4 ,if he _c ma/] x1 x rema9s to him cold & au/]e4 ,b to him :o c ma/] x1 x becomes a r>e delight4 ,ea* te*nical difficulty becomes an expressive quality2 ! au/]ity becomes only poetry m delicately ref9$4 ,! :ole is a *all5ge to ! ta/e ( ! s+] & ! accompani/4 ,! song1 )9 its limits1 is )\t a flaw4 ,mu* ! same c be said ( e "o ( ! ,di*t]liebe songs4 ,!re is no sup]ficial simil>ity betwe5 any two4 ,ea* "o uses te*nical means :i* are employ$ 9 no o!r4 ,9 ea* ! te*nical means are nicely adapt$ to ! "* ( ! music4 ,ea* "o ( ! accompanim5ts calls ^u a diff]5t dep>tm5t ( ! piani/'s art4 ,ea* is develop$1 te*nically1 9 its own mann] & 9 ! mann] ( no o!r "o ( ,s*umann's songs4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* ( ^! rem>kable songs has t ?+ kn[n z /yle4 ,ea* has a p]sonality z di/9ct z ! p]sonality ( "o int]e/+ man is di/9ct f t ( ano!r4 ,! accompanim5ts might be publi%$ alone z ,essays 9 ,/yle4 ,su* an a*ievem5t m>ks a developm5t ( detail$ te*nical res\rce hi!rto unhe>d (4 ,f x all lat] ,g]man & ,fr5* song writ]s directly d]ive4 ,nor mu/ x be assum$ t ! voice p>ts are un9t]e/+ or unvocal4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,only 9 ^! songs1 z 9 none t _h prec$$ !m1 ! voice p>ts are n ! songs1 nor a small "p ( ! songs2 ! songs are inconceivable1 are non-exi/5t1 except z voice & piano p>ts intimately comb9$4 ,songs #a & #b1 #8,9 ! ,wondr\s ,lovely ,mon? ( ,may' & #8,f ,out ,my ,te>s1' are simple melodies1 *>m+1 b little self-consci\s1 dem&+ some?+ ( ! s+]'s art & le>n+ if !y are n to s\nd trivial4 ,! ?ird song1 #8,! ,rose1 ! ,lily1 ! ,dove1 ! ,sun1' is a te*nical t\r de =ce1 an extremely brief & rapid little piece1 dem&+ ! utmo/ delicacy ( intonation & enunciation1 :i* might almo/ be sung 9 a s+le brea?4 ,! f\r? song1 #8,:5 ,i ,look ,into ,?9e ,eyes1' is a sort ( duet betwe5 ! voice & ! piano4 ,ea* phrase f ! s+] is t5d]ly e*o$ 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,! :ole melody has a t\*+ simplicity4 ,numb] #f looks au/]e4 ,"h ,s*umann's ef=t to ma9ta9 a s+le /yle 7bo? te*nically & poetically7 ?r\gh\t has p]haps l$ him to disp5se ) detail$ expression4 #8,9 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,holy ,riv]1' runs ! fir/ l9e1 & ! accompanim5t depicts ! ,rh9e fl[+1 ev] s sl[ly & maje/ically1 pa/ ! ,ca!dral ( ,cologne4 ,&1 s9ce he is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ^! songs 9 homog5eity ( /yle1 he makes ! :ole song fl[ along to ?is type ( accompanim5t4 ,if ! s+] is *iefly int]e/$ 9 exhibit+ 8 voice1 he w leave ?is song 9 disgu/ z cold & unpoetic4 ,b let him bew>e t 8 real motive be n ! difficulty he exp]i5ces 9 s++ x well4 ,! foll[+ song is ! fam\s ,i* grolle ni*t#be 7#8,i d n compla9'71 :i* is easily "o ( ! great songs ( ! _w4 ,accept+ ! words z real trag$y1 we mu/ pron\nce ! music "o ( ! noble/ expressions ( emotion 9 all song lit]ature4 ,! quiet & dignifi$ melodic l9e ( ! voice "p seems to sugge/ ! h]o's /oic acceptance ( 8 fate4 ,! repeat$ *ords ( ! accompanim5t1 mov+ 9 solemn progression1 reflect ! calm ( a great s\l4 ,& ! m>vell\s bass "p1 mov+ deep] & deep] d[n ! scale1 call+ =? f ! mod]n gr& piano its mo/ t]rible & wond]ful tones1 till ! v s\l seems to quiv] 9 response--?is furni%es a f\ndation ( gr&eur :i* might h s]v$ = a trag$y ( s*ylus4 ,b ,s*umann r>ely repeat$ ?is a*ievem5t4 ,he 0 a g5tle poet or an ard5t te*nician1 or1 9 8 lat] ye>s1 a v]bose bore1 b only r>ely1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 a trag$ian4 ,! elev5? song ( ! cycle1 #8,a ,"y ,man ,lov$ a ,maid51' has a simple melody suit$ to ! _s ( ! words1 support$ by a lilt+ accompanim5t admirably unifi$ 9 /yle4 ,! next song1 #8,on ! ,bright ,summ] ,morn+1' is dignifi$ by ! device ( ! cont9u$ d[nw>d arpeggio 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,! ?irte5? song1 #8,i ,wept 9 ,my ,dreams1' is especially int]e/+4 ,! voice "p is almo/ a recitative1 & ! accompanim5t a sort ( or*e/ral comm5t>y4 ,sometimes deep *ords =m ! only support = ! s+]1 sometimes little rhy?mical phrases tell _! message4 ,! :ole sugge/s admirably ! ef=t ( ! speak] to dis5tangle 8 dreams f ! m5tal mi/ t surr\nds !m4 ,! f\rte5? song1 #8,ea* ,night 9 ,dreams1' is "o ( ! mo/ appeal+ melodies ,s*umann ev] wrote4 ,! la/ ( ! s]ies1 ,die alt51 bs5 ,li$] 7#8,! ,old & ,evil ,songs'71 is a magnific5t example ( ,s*umann's p[] to put subtle moods into 8 accompanim5t4 ,! mock+ _s ( ! words1 ! gr&iose /rutt+ ( little emotions1 ! leg5d>y p>aph]nalia :i* is invok$ by ! poet--^! seem to be embalm$ 9 ?is tricky b brilliant accompanim5t4 ,! po/lude to ! cycle is ! melody ( song numb] #ab1 freely develop$4 ,! lat] songs ( ,s*umann c be summ$ up 9 a few l9es4 ,!re 7 a few writt5 9 ! #ahdj p]iod1 app>5tly ca/ aside z unwor?y & inadvis$ly publi%$ lat] :5 ,s*umann's mat*less faculty ( self-criticism _h become weak & dim4 ,opus #ea conta9s a delightful folk-l song1 #8,:5 ,i into ! ,g>d5 ,g4' ,opus #ec conta9s ! f9e ballad1 ,blondel's ,li$1 already describ$4 ,opus #gi is a book ( songs = *ildr51 conta9+ two or ?ree1 notably ,kuzle91 ,s&mann1 & ,m>i5wrm*51 :i* br+ back a brea? ( ! y\?ful romantic ,s*umann4 ,b no?+ c\ld be m pitiful ?an ! sett+s :i* ,s*umann ab\t ?is "t gave to "s ( ,goe!'s f9e/ poems--especially ! ,wilhelm ,mei/] & ! #8,we/]n ,divan' songs4 ,! sett+s ( ,que5 ,m>y ,/u>t's poems1 publi%$ 9 #aheb1 are p]haps bett] ?an ! o!r pieces ( ! p]iod1 especially ! pray]1 :i* has an appeal+ melody & mu* h>monic fre$om 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,b ! ballads ( ?is lat] p]iod--includ+ ,s*ill]'s #8,! ,glove1' ,hebbel's #8,fair ,h$wig1' & o!rs--are m]e collections ( musical bomba/4 ,let u draw ! veil4 ,= soon ,s*umann 0 to ?r[ himself into ! ,rh9e 9 attempt$ suicide1 a m>tyr to ! vigor\s activity ( fifte5 ye>s--ye>s1 "o ( :i* produc$ ! rem>kable songs :i* we h j be5 /udy+1 by :i* alone 8 "n ne$ be kn[n 9 song lit]ature4 ,,iv ,among ,s*umann's contempor>ies 9 song lit]ature we may m5tion 8 wife ,cl>a1 8 fri5d & rival ,m5delssohn1 toge!r ) sev]al less] kn[n compos]s--,re9ecke1 ,volkmann1 & ,jadassohn--&1 f9ally1 two important m51 ,*op9 & ,gl9ka4 ,cl>a ,s*umann 7born #ahai1 ,cl>a ,joseph9e ,wieck1 di$ #ahif7 0 a tal5t$ compos] & a virtuoso piani/ :o work$ ?r\gh\t h] m>ri$ life 9 close/ sympa?y ) h] husb&4 ,?ree ( h] songs appe> 9 ,s*umann's opus #cg--namely1 numb]s #b1 #d1 & #aa1 ,er i/ gekomm51 ,lieb/ du um ,s*nheit1 & ,w>um will/ du &'re frag58 ,^! songs mu/ be rank$ high1 = _! s*ol>ly comm& ( /yle & _! g5]al f9i%1 ?\gh !y are obvi\sly n works ( special inspiration4 ,! be/ ( ! ?ree is probably ! second1 9 :i* ! compos] makes ext5sive use ( "o ( h] husb&'s devices1 t ( repeat+ a s+le phrase 9 v>i\s =ms & build+ up ! song z out ( a s+le %ape ( /one4 ,! la/ nam$ ( ! ?ree songs also has a good melody to its cr$it4 ,m5delssohn wrote _m songs dur+ 8 %ort lifetime & 0 probably ! be/ kn[n ( all song-writ]s ( ! =ties4 ,b 8 "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t has all b pass$ into oblivion4 ,!y are n ambiti\s ef=ts4 ,!y make no attempt to /rike out new pa?s2 !y h no int]e/ 9 s\nd+ dep?s ( emotion2 !y are cont5t ) ! old =ms & ! old =mulas ( accompanim5t4 ,! be/ t c usually be said ( !m is t !y are pleas+ 9 melody & faultlessly graceful accord+ to canons ( correctness4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ones be/ wor? s++ are ^? :i* are consci\sly volk/mli*4 ,among ^! we may "n ! v beautiful ,es i/ be/immt 9 ,gottes ,ra?1 opus #dg1 ,no4 #g2 ,o ,jug5d1 ,o s*ne ,ros5zeit1 opus #eg1 numb] #d2 ,an die ,entf]nte1 opus #ga1 numb] #c2 & ,das ,liebl+spltz*51 opus #ii1 numb] #c1 words f ,des ,knab5 ,wund]horn4 #8,italy1' 9 opus #h1 & ,im ,h]b/1 9 opus #i1 h a v real *>m4 ,neue ,liebe1 9 opus #ai1 sugge/+ ! elf rid+ ?r\gh ! =e/1 is ab\t z ne> z ,m5delssohn ev] got to descriptive music 9 8 accompanim5ts4 ,! ,frhl+sli$ 9 opus #ga is by all means "o ( ! be/ ( 8 songs1 %[+ contra/ & dep? ( mood & ris+ to a ?rill+ climax on ! words ,bi/ ni*t alle94 ,ano!r song writ] ( peculi>ly ,g]manic ca/ 0 ,k>l ,re9ecke 7born #ahba71 fri5d ( ,s*umann & ,m5delssohn & protg ( ! latt]1 :o 0 = ?irty-five ye>s director ( ! ,gew&haus conc]ts at ,leipzig4 ,re9ecke's songs _c be call$ great1 b !y h to a rem>kable degree ins9uat$ !mselves into ! affections ( ! ,g]man p4 ,!y are at _! be/ :5 !y are ne>e/ to ! ,volksli$1 %[+ ! ,g]man g5ius ( a*iev+ deep & noble expression 9 ! simple/ =ms4 ,we may m5tion especially ! ,*ildr5's ,songs1 opus #cg1 ( :i* ! be/ are ! lilt+ lullaby1 ,w5n die ,k9d] s*laf5 e91 & ! mov+ ,gebet zur ,na*t4 ,! ess5tial :olesom5ess ( 8 tal5t is %[n 9 ! ,s+spiel1 ,e9 ,ab5teu] ,hndels 7#8,an ,adv5ture ( ,h&el's71 ( :i* ! v simple song1 ,li$ s treu und h]zli*1 is typical4 ,8 song cycle1 ,s*neewitt*5 7= soprano & contralto ) *orus ( wom5's voices71 is excell5t 9 its way4 ,! simple prologue is a ?+ ( great beauty1 & ,s*neewitt*5's song1 ,9 se9] ,kamm]1 has a *>m+ ar*aic /yle1 recall+ ! long & fl[+ l9es ( ! ,m9nesong4 ,salomon ,jadassohn 7#ahca-aija7 & ,rob]t ,volkmann 7#ahae-ahhc7 7 likewise successful song writ]s ^: lyric "w has l>gely pass$ into obscurity4 ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,curs*mann 7#ahje-ahda71 a pupil ( ,spohr1 0 a prolific & extremely popul> writ] ( songs 9 a s5tim5tal & popul> ve91 m>k$ by ! s5su\s quality :i* ,franz ,abt us$ s ri*ly4 ,an arti/ ( m v>i$ tal5ts 0 ,k>l ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,taub]t 7#ahaa-ahia71 :o held important (ficial positions 9 ,b]l91 *iefly 9 ! ,royal ,op]a1 & compos$ num]\s songs4 ,! be/ ( ^! are ! ,k9d]li$]1 ( :i* ! *>m+ #8,lullaby' is /ill popul>4 ,*op9's ,poli% ,songs1 opus #gd1 are 8 only vocal works4 ,!y purport to be arrangem5ts ( ,poli% folk-songs1 b x is to be d\bt$ :e!r !y are to any great ext5t popul> melodies4 ,probably ,*op9 drew freely on ,poli% motives & re>rang$ !m to suit himself4 ,h[ev] t may be1 "s ( !m are ma/]pieces4 #8,! ,maid5's ,wi%' is well kn[n to conc]t audi5ces ?r\gh ,liszt's arrangem5t ( x = piano4 ,! ,bac*anal is a glori\s piece1 admirable = an encore numb]1 ! simple/ ( quatra9 tunes1 b ov]p[]+ 9 its fr5zi$ en]gy4 #8,! ,spr+' is a *>m+ ?+1 und\bt$ly ( folk orig91 a t5d] alt]nation ( major & m9or :i* w\ld become monoton\s except = its ineffable beauty4 #8,melan*oly1' a folk-l tune ) a g5u9e ,slavic t\*1 is likewise among ! be/1 & #8,my ,swee!>t1' :i* recalls ! ,tyrolese folk-songs1 is well wor? kn[+4 ,^! songs are ( ! simple/ "*4 ,! la/ two ( ! collection1 ! #8,li?uanian ,song' & #8,pol&'s ,fun]al ,song1' are m pret5ti\s--r l sc5as ?an ,li$]--& 9 spite ( c]ta9 beauties are ov]weight$ ) pret5se4 ,ano!r song writ] :o does n usually f9d 8 way into song li/s %\ld be m5tion$ "h4 ,?is is ,mi*ail ,ivanovit* ,gl9ka 7#ahjd-aheg71 f\nd] ( ! national s*ool ( ,russian music4 ,gl9ka 0 a man ( rem>kable tal5t1 "o :o 0 able to fuse ,italian grace1 ,fr5* subtlety1 & ,g]man solidity into an individual /yle ( 8 own1 & to develop out ( x an orig9al native t\* :i* _h nev] appe>$ be=e 9 ,russian music4 ,( 8 eighty-five or m songs 7exclusive ( ^? 9 8 op]as7 a great numb] are 9 ! ?9 & pret5ti\s /yle ( ! day4 ,b f a few ( !m !re speaks real g5ius--! =]unn] ( ! wond]ful ,russian song lit]ature ( rec5t times4 ,! gr& ,hebrew ,song f ! incid5tal music to #8,pr9ce ,kholmsky' is ! "w ( a man 9 :om mu* le>n+ c\ld n /ifle ! p]sonal message4 ,ano!r song1 #8,our ,rose1' is 9 a mix$ rhy?m :i* =e%ad[s ! wond]ful songs ( ,m\ssorgsky1 & yet ano!r1 a #8,travell]'s ,song1' makes use ( ! lively two-f\r rhy?m :i* has s9ce come to be associat$ ) ! ,russian ,cossacks4 ,! lyric kn[n z #8,ilia's ,song' & t entitl$ #8,des]t$ ,l&' bo? %[ ! p]sonal g5ius ( ! compos]4 ,we %\ld also m5tion #8,d\bt1' ,me9e ,ruh' i/ h91 & #8,! ,l>k' z among 8 be/4 ,x is n likely t s+]s w dig up ^! old songs = /udy1 b ,gl9ka's di/+ui%$ "n %\ld n be =gott5 9 ! exam9ation ( ! wond]ful ,russian song lit]ature :i* took its rise f him4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #bd ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #be ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,contempor>ies ,,( ,,s*ub]t ,,& ,,s*umann ,! _s ( ! #8?irties' 9 ,france2 ! lyric poets ( ! ,fr5* romantic p]iod--,monp\ & ,b]lioz--,song-writ]s ( ,italy2 ,engli% song-writ]s--,rob]t ,frans--,lwe & ! art-ballad4 ,9 ano!r volume#bf we h se5 :at a rem>kable wave ( lit]>y romanticism swept ov] ,france 9 ! late tw5ties & e>ly ?irties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re has r>ely be5 an age ( m pron\nc$ lyricism1 r>ely an age :i* creat$ 9 a %ort "t s _m excell5t lyrics4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( f9e tal5ts work+ at ?is "t4 ,! purely lit]>y virtuosity 0 rem>kable4 ,! radicalism ( _! me?od 0 m>k$1 & ! /rang5ess ( _! product reveal$ a movem5t 9 all ! vigor ( its e>ly y\?4 ,9 _! insi/5ce on ! s5su\s quality ( words ! romantici/s ( ! ?irties look$ =w>d to ! ,france ( ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury1 ) its hazy1 indef9ite outl9es4 ,! e>ly romantici/s r$uc$ ! s\nd ( words to a f9e art4 ,! lat] impressioni/s r$uc$ x almo/ to an exact sci5ce4 ,! c5tral t5et ( ! romantici/s 0 fre$om--fre$om f ! old classic =ms1 fre$om f a ho/ ( conv5tions :i* gov]n$ ! ,fr5* language 9 poetry1 & fre$om especially f ! sev]ity & res]ve ( ! classic ideal4 ,to ! poet ( ! ,napoleonic age any viol5ce ( mann] 0 an error 9 ta/e4 ,he %unn$ x z he w\ld h %unn$ ! smell ( g>lic on a peasant's brea?4 ,to ! poet ( ! age ( ,l\is ,philippe any consci\s res]ve ( mann] 0 a coldness1 a lack ( g5u9e human feel+1 an arti/ic lie4 ,! emotions z well z ! arti/ic s5se mu/ be /irr$4 ,& !y mu/ be /irr$ bo? by ! pictur+ ( emotion & by ! beauty ( lovely s\nds4 ,we h occasion to notice ?r\gh\t ! art ( ! n9ete5? c5tury an increas+ insi/5ce on ! s5su\s 7x _c be too (t5 repeat$74 ,x %[s 9 e dep>tm5t ( arti/ic life4 ,9 poetry x is %[n 9 a developm5t ( ! melliflu\sness ( rhy?m & sugge/iv5ess ( ^w4 ,! ,fr5* romantici/s did = ,fr5* poetry :at ,%elley did = ,engli% & :at ,poe did = ,am]ican4 ,^! ?ree qualities--fre$om1 emotionalism1 & s5su\sness--we may accept z ! dom9ant notes ( ,fr5* romantic poetry4 ,high above all lit]>y m5 ( ! "t t[]$ ,victor ,hugo4 ,?is man1 along ) ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 & ,goe!1 0 "o ( ! greate/ virtuosos ( language ! _w has ev] se54 ,pity only t he _h n ! g5ius ( ! o!r ?ree6 ,to 8 "t he seem$ supreme4 ,b s9ce 8 dea? 8 reputation has be5 /eadily decl9+4 ,we h come to see h[ mu* ( 8 "w 0 only--language4 ,he atta9$ 8 emotional effects ?r\gh emotional words r ?an ?r\gh emotional int]pretation4 ,he 0 incurably melodramatic & only 8 p[] ( language saves a l>ge %>e ( 8 "w f fall+ to ! level ( any yell[-back novel or ! *eap !atre romance4 ,he attempt$ to cov] ! :ole ( life--to int]pret ! crim9al1 ! h]o1 & ! *ild1 z well z woman 9 e "o ( h] moods & /ates4 ,b ?r\gh all ! "w1 ev5 ! magnific5t sc5es ( ,les ,misrables1 ! true human t\* is someh[ lack+4 ,ev]y?+ is sacrific$ to ! great god ,effect1 to :om alone ,hugo (f]$ 8 mo/ preci\s burnt (f]+s4 ,mu* ( 8 "w 0 9 ! =m ( %ort lyrics1 b x is 9 ?is dep>tm5t t 8 reputation has suff]$ mo/ 9 ! half c5tury j pa/4 ,! lyric dem&s a navet :i* ,hugo1 already fam\s at ! age ( sev5te51 nev] _h4 ,8 lyric poems are always ov]weight$ ) _! language1 always too =eign to ! _s ( ! folk-poem1 :i* is at ! f\ndation ( all lyric expression4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 freely set to music1 z 0 inevitable1 & furni% a goodly %>e ( ! texts = ! song lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,lam>t9e 9 8 lyric "w suff]$ consid]ably f ! disease ( ! "t--ov]-emphasis4 ,he rank$ z a philosoph] 9 8 day--mu* ! sort ( philosoph] :i* ,maet]l9ck pret5ds to be to-day4 ,he _h a goodly %>e ( ! didactic 9 8 makeup1 z ,hugo nev] _h 7except t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 :5 didacticism became ! fa%ion74 ,z a result we c h>dly place ,lam>t9e any high] ?an ,hugo z a lyric poet4 ,b 8 ard5t religi\s s5se1 comb9$ ) 8 f9e p[] ov] eloqu5t language1 made him greatly lov$ 9 8 day & z a result 8 texts ent] l>gely into ! song lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,brang] _h mu* m ( ! true lyric 9 him4 ,8 language 0 simple1 8 message popul>4 ,he 0 always m at home 9 ! /reets ?an 9 ! draw+ room4 ,9 "s ways he might be call$ ! ,kipl+ ( 8 "t4 ,he appeal$ to ! ,fr5* s5se ( national pride1 dwell+ ^u ! glori\s hi/ory ( ! pa/ & ! nobility ( ! ,fr5* "* ) all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! j+o poet4 ,9 p>ticul> he resuscitat$1 or r creat$1 ! ,napoleonic my?4 ,! age 9 :i* he wrote 0 a new "o1 conta9+ few ( ! imm$iate conditions ( ,napoleon's "t4 ,a new g5]ation _h sprung up1 a g5]ation :i* _h n exp]i5c$ ! he>ta*es & mis]ies ( ! ,napoleonic w>s1 or else _h =gott5 !m1 & ?\ght ( ! "t only z ! age 9 :i* ,france s+le-h&$ _h defeat$ ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,napoleon 0 no long] ! epileptic & egomaniac :o _h %att]$ ! f9e ideals ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & = 8 own ambition br\ght ,france almo/ to ! v]ge ( ru94 ,he 0 n[ le petit caporal :o _h f\ght ) 8 m5 on ! bridge at ,arcola1 _h eat5 ! same food & slept on ! same h>d gr\nd ) 8 army4 ,! my? 0 trem5d\sly attractive1 & made x possible "s tw5ty ye>s lat] = a %all[ adv5tur] to become ,emp]or ( ,france 7m]ely because he happ5$ to be ! nephew ( ! great ,bonap>te7 & br+ ,france once m to ! v]ge ( ru9 to please p]sonal & dyna/ic ambition4 ,9 ! creation ( ?is my? ,brang]'s s5se ( ! picturesque & popul> s]v$ him well4 ,z a lyric poet1 ap>t f ! peculi> nature ( 8 subject matt]1 he w\ld h>dly be rememb]$4 ,! mo/ g5u9e & mo/ ref9$ ( ! lit]>y m5 ( ! "t 0 ,musset1 = _m ye>s ! lov] ( ,georges ,s& & ,*op9's successor 9 h] affections4 ,8 "w p>took f> less ( ! spectacul> ?an t ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 int]pret+ ! human s\l & he did 8 "w ) ! mo/ delicate lit]>y art4 ,8 inspiration 0 fre% & creative2 8 workman%ip 0 f9i%$ to ! la/ degree4 ,x is a great pity t he _h no ,s*ub]t to set 8 poems to music4 ,a musician ( ! /ature ( ,musset might h creat$ a di/9ctive & great ,fr5* song lit]ature fifty ye>s e>li] ?an x came4 ,i ,if ! "r compos] _h be5 at h& ,fr5* song lit]ature 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury might h equall$ ! ,g]man1 = ! conditions seem$ to be ripe4 ,b ! ,fr5* musical tradition = _m decades 0 extraord9>ily emasculat$1 & 9 no dep>tm5t ( musical activity did ?is %[ s pla9ly z 9 ! songs4 ,) a few exceptions ! ,fr5* songs f #ahcj to #ahij %[ v few qualities ( creative vigor4 ,! ideal 0 suavity & facility4 ,d\btless !re 0 b5ea? ! smoo? melodies a subtlety ( sugge/ion t gave !m a c]ta9 arti/ic value1 b ?is quality is peculi>ly ,fr5*1 & )\t o!r elem5ts ( int]e/ ! ,fr5* songs c\ld h>dly atta9 any great int]national vogue4 ,x is a/oni%+--! sam5ess ( ^! songs :i* appe> 9 volumes1 ) et]nal repetition & rigid conv5tion4 ,! s5tim5talism ( ! p]iod dom9ates ! :ole song output4 ,! compos]s 7 extraord9>ily timid2 ! melodies foll[$ ! same suave l9e1 & ! h>monies 7 ! same et]nal succession4 ,! tradition ( good ta/e became little bett] ?an a wor%ip ( ! accr$it$ & commonplace4 ,! "o compos] :o 0 m>k$ly free ( ?is fault 01 ( c\rse1 ,hector ,b]lioz1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful g5iuses 9 all ,fr5* music4 ,!re is little to connect 8 "w ) t ( o!r ,fr5* compos]s3 9 _m ways he 0 _! pol> opposite4 ,a c]ta9 love = graceful & some:at cold melody 7a quality he d]iv$ f ,gluck & n f 8 contempor>ies71 a c]ta9 cl++ to e/abli%$ =ms 7) v revolution>y cont5t71 & "h ends ! li/ ( simil>ities4 ,= ! re/ he c>ri$ into 8 vocal music ! qualities :i* made 8 symphonies seem s wild & s an>*ic to 8 c\ntrym54 ,8 h>monies 7 d>+ 9 ! extreme4 ,8 vocal p>ts 7 irregul>1 )\t balanc$ phrases1 )\t regul> succession & contra/ ( simil> sections1 )\t any ( ! cle>ness ( outl9e :i* is almo/ ! sole virtue 9 mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he modulat$ ?r\gh any numb] ( keys1 introduc$ dissonance 9 unhe>d ( quantity1 & fill$ 8 accompanim5t ) ri* detail to an ext5t :i* to ! ta/e ( 8 "t 0 no?+ %ort ( vulg>4 ,?r\gh\t 8 "w he foll[$ 8 own :im :]e o!r m5 w\ld h foll[$ iron conv5tion4 ,b1 ?\gh 8 songs are few 9 numb] & ?\gh !y conta9 peculi> difficulties :i* h prev5t$ _! ext5sive use 9 conc]t programs1 !y h held _! place 9 ! e/imation ( musicians f> bett] ?an any o!r ,fr5* songs ( ! p]iod4 ,!re are no wa/e places 9 ^! songs4 ,?r\gh\t x is ! creative musician :o is speak+4 ,! conv5tional melodic phrases & h>monic sequ5ces1 :5 !y are us$1 h a f9e s9c]ity4 ,:5 ! music is unconv5tional x is /imulat+ & sugge/ive4 ,! impression "o gets is t ( a vigor\s1 ev5 viol5t1 bra9 ceaselessly creat+1 will+ to exp]im5t1 will+ to make mi/akes1 b always writ+ :at he believes to be 8 be/4 ,8 arti/ic s9c]ity is %[n by ! sev]al v]sions :i* exi/ ( "s ( 8 songs2 8 ri*ness ( inv5tion by ! v>iants 9 ^! v]sions4 ,mo/ ( ! songs are highly elaborate & dramatic4 ,sometimes1 z (t5 happ5$ ) ,b]lioz1 !y t5d to ! pret5ti\s & pomp\s4 ,!y are nev] easy to grasp4 ,b ea* & e "o ( !m is wor? a musician's /udy & ! /ud5t ( s++ 9 p>ticul> _c well af=d to let ,b]lioz rema9 a clos$ book to him4 ,! e>li] songs1 writt5 be=e #ahcj1 are 9 g5]al simple & conv5tional4 ,at times we feel ! "y man :o has n yet realiz$ 8 creative p[]s4 ,b ev5 ^! e>ly songs h a high /&>d comp>$ to ! sort ( ?+ t 0 be+ produc$ at ! "t4 ,be=e #ahcj ,b]lioz 0 /ill "u ! spell ( ,gluck 7if1 inde$1 he ev] em]g$ f x7 & 8 conv5tionality is t ( ! great ma/] ( op]a r ?an t ( ! famili> ,fr5* *anson4 #8,! ,dead ,%eph]dess1' dat+ f #ahbg1 is rem>kable = its classic dignity & beauty4 ,! ,iri% ,songs1 9 #ahbi & #ahcj1 compos$ to words by ,?omas ,moore1 %[ ! surg+ up ( ! revolution>y f]vor :i* took hold ( him ab\t ?is "t & came to fruit 9 ! ,symphonie ,fanta/ique t s />tl$ & %ock$ ,p>isian audi5ces4 ,! songs are 9 ! /rophic =m1 z 7 mo/ ( ,b]lioz's songs1 b o!rwise !y are unusual en\gh to prove a problem = ! s+]4 ,!y are by no means /eady 9 quality1 & d\btless !re is evid5c$ a failure on ! /ructural side1 an inability to keep g5ius )9 firmly controll$ limits4 #8,at ,sunset' is typical4 ,x is irregul> & s fill$ ) detail t x t5ds to become #8spotty4' ,x is obvi\sly an attempt at atmosph]e--at ! same atmosph]e ^u :i* ! rec5t ,fr5* song-writ]s h built _! reputation4 ,! s+]'s problem lies 9 keep+ ^! details f protrud+ f ! g5]al design & /ill giv+ !m _! individual value4 ,! task ( select+ ! ess5tial 9 ! song & keep+ ?is to ! =e is truly a task = ! s+]'s intellect1 t intellect :i* is call$ on s little 9 ! mass ( ,fr5* songs4 #8,ri* & ,r>e' has mu* s5su\s beauty & is a real problem 9 expressive s++4 #8,f>ewell ,bessy' is altoge!r lovely4 ,b ! f9e/ ( ! songs is ! la/1 ! #8,elegy4' ,"h ,b]lioz rea*es a height ( tragic impressiv5ess :i* he nev] equall$ 9 8 songs & equall$ only r>ely 9 8 symphonic music4 ,! effect ( ?is song 9 conc]t is trem5d\s4 ,! song call$ #8,! ,captive' 7?ree v]sions ( x exi/7 is "o ( ! be/ kn[n & "o ( ! simple/4 ,"h ,b]lioz has be5 cont5t ) a conv5tional accompanim5t & has sp5t 8 ef=t on ! melody--an irregul> & some:at arbitr>y melody1 b "o ) a c]ta9 ari/ocratic *>m :i* ! s+] mu/ f9d = himself4 ,! #8,villanelle' is p]haps ! be/ ( all4 ,"h ! orig9ality ( ,b]lioz's g5ius f9ds expression )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,! simple old =m is comb9$ ) a h>monic en]gy t is admirable4 #8,9 ! ,gravey>d' is a /udy 9 ! tragic mood1 unconv5tional1 ne$less to say1 & ?or\ghly successful4 ,o!r songs :i* des]ve m5tion are3 #8,i ,believe 9 ,!e1' a s5tim5tal love song2 #8,on ! ,lagoon1' a sl[ b>c>olle 9 six-eight "t2 & #8,zade1' a bol]o t is highly effective = conc]t use4 ,franois ,l\is ,hippolyte ,monp\ 7born #ahjd2 di$ #ahda7 0 ! recogniz$ song-writ] ( ! romantic movem5t4 ,he is n[ little m ?an a hi/orical fact4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s he 0 an organi/ & conductor ( *ur* music1 b 8 ability 0 n m>k$ & he drift$ look+ = some?+ to d4 ,he ga9$ "s local fame 9 #ahbh f 8 ?ree-"p sett+ ( ,brang]'s ,si j'tais petit oiseau & 0 tak5 up 9 ! draw+ rooms z a repres5tative ( ! romantic s*ool4 ,he took ! draw+ room v]dict s]i\sly & turn$ out a numb] ( songs to ! words ( ,hugo1 ,musset1 ,brang]1 & o!rs4 ,8 songs _h a c]ta9 popul> quality & an effect ( boldness :i* suit$ ! fancy ( ! romantic s*ool4 ,b 8 musician%ip 0 faulty & 8 h>mony & rhy?m 7 awkw>d & unres\rceful4 ,aft] he became e/abli%$ z a song-writ] he took to do+ op]as1 "s ( :i* are melodically effective & dramatically vigor\s4 ,,ii ,italy has = ?ree c5turies be5 defici5t 9 art-songs1 b %e has produc$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lyric music :i* ! /ud5t w discov] & s+ gladly f "t to "t1 & a few ( h] song-writ]s %\ld be m5tion$ "h4 ,giuseppe ,m]cadante 7#agie-ahgj7 0 prim>ily an op]a compos]1 b1 unlike mo/ ( ! ,italian op]a writ]s1 produc$ a goodly numb] ( songs4 ,^! are simple & florid1 possess$ ( a c]ta9 ,italian *>m1 b on ! "o h& too ?9 to rank z true int]pretative music1 & on ! o!r some:at too op]atic to convey a simple lyrical s5tim5t4 ,h[ev]1 8 vogue 0 great & he may be consid]$ ! orig9ator ( ! mod]n ,italian song tradition4 ,! cont9u] ( ! tradition 0 ,luigi ,gordigiani 7#ahjf-ahfj71 a peasant boy :o %[$ m>k$ tal5t = music & c>ri$ into 8 "w a feel+ = folk-song :i* 0 new to ,italian music at ! "t4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ native collectors ( folk-music & "o ( ! fir/ to appreciate x4 ,he is kn[n almo/ solely z a song-writ]1 & s popul> h 8 songs become & s firmly h !y rema9$ 9 p's he>ts t he has ) "s ju/ice be5 call$ #8! ,italian ,s*ub]t4' ,h[ev]1 we mu/ n be f ?is l$ to suppose t he _h any?+ l ,s*ub]t's ri*ness ( melodic inspiration1 musical res\rce1 or g5u9e dramatic p[]4 ,8 songs are 9 e case suppli$ ) ! simple/ accompanim5t & 9 =m d n g mu* beyond ! folk-songs :i* are _! model4 ,!y h a c]ta9 fre$om1 a developm5t :i* is typical ( ! art-song r ?an ! folk-song4 ,b _! mat]ials are ( ! simple/1 & ) _! te*nical sam5ess & _! g5]al melan*oly t+e !y t5d t[>d monotony4 ,among ! lovelie/ ( 8 songs is ,la ,bian*9a1 a melody ( mu* sweetness ca/ 9 ! /rophic =m4 ,il ,tempo ,passato %[s m en]gy & passion ?an is usual 9 ,gordigiani4 ,"s ( 8 religi\s songs are effective1 especially ,o ,sanctissima ,v]g9e ,m>ia1 :i* is said to h be5 admir$ by ,*op94 ,we %\ld m5tion also ,gordigiani's waltz songs1 :i* are brilliant & effective )\t becom+ *eap4 ,ano!r ,italian song writ]1 & "o bett] kn[n 9 =eign l&s ?an ,gordigiani1 is ,ciro ,p9suti 7#ahbi-ahhh71 ^: output 0 imm5se4 ,he exemplifies ,italian grace & suavity & imp>t$ to 8 "p-songs 9 p>ticul> a beauty :i* has c>ri$ !m to s++ societies ! _w ov]4 ,9 ,engl& 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury song writ+1 z we h se5 9 ano!r *apt]1#bg 0 at a v l[ ebb4 ,! *ief output ( songs 0 9 ! /reet ballad class & 9 ! slightly sup]ior op]a ballad4 ,! ballad op]a ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 n t ( ! previ\s c5tury1 ( :i* #8,! ,begg>'s ,op]a' 0 a type4 ,! new] ballad op]a 0 usually romantic1 some:at elaborate1 & compos$ by "o musician in/ead ( t54 ,( ?is op]a #8,! ,bohemian ,girl' by ,mi*ael ,balfe 7#ahjh-ahgj7 is an excell5t example4 ,?ree ( its #8ballads'--#8,i ,dreamt ,i ,dwelt 9 ,m>ble ,halls1' #8,! ,he>t ,b[$ ,d[n1' & #8,:5 ,o!r ,lips'--are among ! be/ kn[n ( h\sehold songs4 ,& if we except ! omnipres5t /reet ballad & #8occasional' song 7su* z *eap pans ( triumph ov] ,napoleon7 su* lyrics 7 ! *ief item 9 ,engli% song4 ,_! beauty is obvi\s to ev]ybody4 ,!y des]ve _! long life & popul>ity4 ,b x _c be said t !y are an int]pretation ( _! text1 z is ! case 9 a song by ,s*ub]t4 ,9 addition to 8 op]a ballads ,balfe has at lea/ "o ?or\ghly f9e song to 8 cr$it--#8,kill>ney1' said to h be5 writt5 on 8 dea?b$4 ,r>ely has a consci\s compos] caught ! true ,iri% idiom & flavor z ,balfe did "h4 ,balfe's once popul> sett+ ( ,longfell['s #8,! ,day ,is ,done' is admirably expressive4 ,sir ,h5ry ,bi%op 7#aghf-ahee7 & ,julius ,b5$ict 7#ahjd-ahhe7 7 popul> compos]s ( ! "t1 kn[n r by _! op]as ?an by _! songs4 ,b ( ! gr\p only ,william ,v9c5t ,wallace 7#ahad-ahfe71 9 addition to ,balfe1 c be said to h liv$4 ,8 #8,m>itana' is /ill occasionally p]=m$1 & ! song1 #8,sc5es ,t ,are ,brighte/1' f t "w1 has a popul>ity analog\s to t ( #8,! ,he>t ,b[$ ,d[n4' ,b :atev] occasional beauties may h liv$ f ! ,engl& ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 we mu/ feel h[ dead ! p]iod 0 productively4 ,mu* ( ! ,engli% music ( ! "t is gau*e 9 ! extreme1 & none ( x %[s any ( ! creative vigor :i* goes to make hi/ory4 ,,iii ,x is h>d to say any?+ ab\t ,rob]t ,franz 7#ahae-ahib74 ,all t !re is to be said ab\t him he has said 9 8 songs4 ,he liv$ ! mo/ quiet ( lives1 h9d]$ 9 8 "w by ill heal? ?r\gh\t mo/ ( 8 maturity4 ,8 musical output1 if we except a few pieces ( *ur* music1 consi/s almo/ :olly ( songs4 7,he compos$ #bgi 9 all47 ,he 0 n ambiti\s2 8 only desire 9 life seems to h be5 to d 8 "w well4 ,he _h no qualities ( self-adv]tisem5t4 ,8 fame came v sl[ly & = a long "t he 0 kn[n only among ! elect4 ,he 0 ?r\gh mo/ ( 8 life mis]ably poor & ! great] "p ( 8 en]gy w5t to "w :i* 0 n mu* bett] ?an t ( a hack4 ,b he has by ?is "t atta9$ a rank among ! greate/ song writ]s ( all "t4 ,9 "s respects he is supreme4 ,probably no o!r song writ]1 n ev5 ,brahms1 produc$ su* a high proportion ( great songs or su* an ev5 /&>d ( excell5ce 9 8 :ole output4 ,he %[s little v>iation or developm5t4 ,8 fir/ songs are z good z 8 la/4 ,all 7 ! be/ he c\ld d4 ,s*umann1 :o discov]$ & #8ann\nc$' ,franz1 z he _h s _m o!r notable compos]s1 wrote ( 8 opus #a 9 ! ,neue ,zeits*rift fr ,musik3 #8,7 ,i to dwell on all ! exquisite details ,i %\ld nev] come to an end4' ,x 0 ?r\gh ,s*umann's influ5ce t ! unkn[n & mode/ musician _h 8 fir/ "w publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rob]t ,franz ,aft] a photograph f life4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ,franz's songs 9 detail we discov] an a/oni%+ subtlety & v>iety ( me?od & expression )9 ! sup]ficially n>r[ limits he all[$ himself4 ,probably no o!r song compos] save ,hugo ,wolf has made ea* "o ( 8 songs s p]fectly individual4 ,we f9d ?is individuality fir/ 9 ! outl9e & sup]ficial "* ( ! melody2 next we discov] x 9 ! te*nical me?ods & devices us$ 9 developm5t & elaboration2 f9ally1 we trace x 9 all ! niceties ( ornam5t & prove ! absolute fitness d[n to ! la/ note4 ,franz's peculi> success 9 all ?is is due1 ( c\rse1 fir/ ( all to selection ( !mes :i* are v accurately adju/$ to ! end 9 view4 ,a poetic melody1 an accompany+ figure :i* provides j ! "r sugge/ion1 & we h ! mat]ials = a f9e song4 ,9 a majority ( cases we h ! :ole !matic mat]ial = ! song 9 ! fir/ ?ree or f\r measures4 ,! simple g]m is develop$ )\t ! introduction ( extrane\s matt]1 yet )\t a sugge/ion ( va9 repetition4 ,:5 we consid] t ! majority ( ! songs are 9 ! /rophic =m 7& ! /rophe is usually v brief7 we may realize ! arti/ry :i* a*iev$ utt] individuality )9 ! space ( a few b>s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p]fection ( ,franz's songs comes n f elaboration b f selection--! te/1 z we h s (t5 po9t$ out1 ( ! true lyric compos]4 ,franz's melody is likely to veil itself aga9/ ! fir/ glance4 ,x is always beautiful & well proportion$1 b x s p]si/5tly avoids /rik+ effects t x is apt to seem colorless4 ,b if we li/5 ) our inn] e>s we %all f9d x eloqu5t4 ,avoid+ ! /rik+1 ,franz's melody also avoids ! obvi\s & at fir/ he>+ we are apt to f9d x a trifle aimless & me&]+4 ,b its cont9u\s subtle deviations f ! expect$ are nev] )\t purpose1 & nev]1 if we "k h[ to li/51 )\t mean+4 ,usually1 too1 !re is little or no obvi\s design1 no /rik+ climax po9t1 no res\nd+ cad5ce4 ,b "h aga9 we ne$ only look b5ea? ! surface to discov] ! mo/ re/ful & satisfy+ ar*itecture4 ,?\gh ! emotional color may be almo/ unv>y+ f beg9n+ to end1 ?\gh ! f9al note ( ! voice may n be on ! tonic & may glide 9 ! piano po/lude1 yet we discov] t if any note _h be5 *ang$ ! :ole w\ld h be5 less p]fect4 ,^! qualities we f9d 9 _! simple/ =m 9 su* ma/]pieces z ,widmung & ,bitte1 songs simple z any folk-song yet ri* ) consci\s arti/ry4 ,franz's h>mony is n radical or /rik+4 ,x conta9s practically no?+ :i* c\ld n be f\nd 9 ,s*umann be=e him2 we might almo/ say t x conta9s no?+ t c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! ,bee?ov5 sonatas4 ,he is flu5t ?\gh n frequ5t ) modulation2 8 greate/ radicalism is a /imulat+ use ( alt]$ *ords & pass+ notes4 ,9 fact1 8 h>mony is 9 e way m cons]vative ?an t ( ,s*umann2 =1 :]eas ,s*umann 0 pr(ess$ly an innovator1 ,franz lov$ be/ ! old ,g]man tradition--t ( ! ,ba* fugues & ! ,lu!ran *orale4 ,franz's treatm5t ( ! words is individual4 ,few song writ]s h ev] set _! texts ) m consci5ti\s reg>d = ! niceties ( metre & acc5t4 ,yet x is musical design & n v]bal peculi>ities :i* det]m9es 8 melodic l9e4 ,! melody is always & beyond all a melody4 ,! p]fect m>riage ( words & music 9 ,franz comes f 8 selection ( melodies :i* w\ld nicely fit ! words 9 h&4 ,nei!r is /ra9$2 nei!r is sacrific$ to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is respect ,franz is surpass$ by no song writ] :o ev] liv$4 ,n[ & !n ! melody is s h&l$ z to seem l v res]v$ declamation1 b ev5 ^! in/ances are r>e4 ,franz 0 n a puri/ 9 ! sett+ ( 8 texts2 he did hold /rictly to ! #8"o syllable "o note' pr9ciple4 ,n infrequ5tly he uses ! slurr$ phrase on a s+le v[el4 ,b we c nev] feel t ?is 0 done out ( a c>eless disreg>d = ! integrity ( ! text4 ,9 8 accompanim5t ,franz is ev5 great] ?an 9 8 treatm5t ( ! voice4 ,x is "h t 8 extreme arti/ry becomes mo/ evid5t4 ,! accompanim5t is always ri*1 always a ?+ ( value 9 itself4 ,usually x w\ld make a p]fectly satisfactory musical composition alone4 ,x is s well fill$ ) musical beauties t ) a little m emphasis x might ov]p[] ! voice "p4 ,b always x is kept nicely 9 its prop] function4 ,9 no o!r song writ] are ! voice & piano p>ts s p]fectly fus$4 ,9 ,franz's accompanim5ts is %[n 8 great musical res\rcefulness4 ,no two are alike4 ,ne>ly all ! recogniz$ means are us$--solid *ords1 brok5 *ords1 melodic figurations ov] a spread bass1 f\r-"p *orales ) free pass+ notes1 contrapuntal melodies aga9/ ! voice1 sugge/ive devices innum]able4 ,b 9 e case ! g]m pr9ciple is simple & is /rictly adh]$ to ?r\gh\t4 ,franz's accompanim5ts are1 z a :ole1 m polyphonic ?an ^? ( any o!r song writ]4 ,9 ! great] "p ( 8 songs ! inn] notes d n s]ve m]ely = h>monic fill+-92 !y are p>ts ( individual voices :i* are pres]v$ 9 _! integrity4 ,9 all ^! songs !re is no?+ ambiti\s or spectacul>4 ,b s deeply bas$ is 8 musician%ip t we may say t anyone :o kn[s ! ,franz songs accurately kn[s 9 epitome ! :ole developm5t ( ,g]man classical music4 ,moreov]1 !y are ! f9e/ ( cultural ex]cises4 ,= "o :o has le>n$ to love ! ,franz songs has le>n$ "o ( ! mo/ preci\s ?+s music has to give--! art ( li/5+4 ,! g]m figures :i* ,franz uses 9 8 accompanim5ts are almo/ endless 9 _! v>iety4 ,sometimes !y are1 9 a re/ra9$ way1 highly picturesque4 ,we may po9t out ! triplets 9 ,0 po*t me9 ,h]z s sehr81 ! sugge/ion ( ripples 9 ,auf dem ,me]e1 ! brok5 accompanim5t 9 ,es treibt mi* h91 ! delicate trill :i* p]si/s ?r\gh ,a*1 w5n i* do* e9 ,imm*5 wr1 ! long roll+ diatonic figure 9 ,me]es/ille1 & s on ?r\gh innum]able in/ances4 ,! atta9m5t ( ! mo/ exquisite beauty )9 ! smalle/ limits may be /udi$ 9 ,widmung1 ,de9e weiss5 ,lili5f+]1 ,leise zieht dur* me9 ,gem?1 & ,treibt d] ,somm] se95 ,ros51 ! la/ a rem>kable example ( a song built up out ( ! repetition ( ! briefe/ ( units1 yet )\t monotony4 ,franz's range ( expression is usually limit$ to ! t5d] & graceful4 ,he has n succe$$ 9 ! mood ( trag$y or deep emotion4 ,b sev]al ( 8 songs are p[]fully en]getic1 witness ,frhl+sfei] & ,das i/ e9 ,braus5 und ,heul54 ,! dramatic elem5t1 too1 is almo/ entirely abs5t1 ?\gh 9 su* a song z ,*ilde ,h>old we h some?+ approa*+ x4 ,! influ5ce ( ! *orale1 ( :i* traces are to be f\nd 9 ne>ly e "o ( ! songs1 is pr$om9ant 9 su* ones z ,gute ,na*t1 ,w5n si* zwei ,h]z5 ,s*eid51 ,habt ihr sie s*n geseh51 ,/ille ,liebe1 ,9 d] ,fremde1 ,d] ,s*mett]l+ i/ 9 die ,rose v]liebt1 & ,frhl+1 z well z o!rs already m5tion$4 ,to "n all ! ,franz songs :i* are di/+ui%$ 9 musical beauty & workman%ip w\ld be to "n ! be/ portion ( 8 life "w4 ,b we may po9t out z ( especial beauty 79 addition to ^? already nam$7 ,auf geheim5 ,waldespfade1 ,auf dem ,tei*1 ,d] ,somm] i/ s*n1 ,die ,welt i/ s d1 ,im ,fri$h(1 ,im ,walde1 ,fr ,musik1 ,im ,mai1 ,i* hab' 9 de95 ,aug51 ,d] junge ,tag erwa*t1 & ,er i/ gekomm54 ,,iv ,we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt] h[ ,s*ub]t1 hav+ creat$ "o supremely great ballad1 fail$ ev] to write ano!r4 ,s ! task ( creat+ ! art-ballad fell n ^u 8 %\ld]s b ^u ^? ( ano!r1 ,johann ,c>l ,gottfri$ ,lwe1 :o 0 born 9 ,nor? ,g]many 9 #agif1 almo/ at ! same "t z ,s*ub]t1 & long outliv$ ! g5tle ,vi5nese compos]4 ,lwe wrote a quantity ( *oral & *ur* music1 b he is *iefly kn[n = 8 num]\s ballads1 :i* he made kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 8 own conc]t t\rs & :i* h pretty well held _! own to ?is day1 9 spite ( s]i\s drawbacks4 ,lwe's songs 7 almo/ solely 9 ! ballad =m4 ,to ?is he gave 8 be/ tal5ts1 :i* 7 m>k$ ?\gh unev54 ,und\bt$ly he 0 an arti/1 work+ ) s9c]ity & res]ve 9 a =m :i*1 m ?an mo/ =ms1 w\ld tempt a compos] to arti/ic excess4 ,add to ?is ! fact t ,lwe 0 n end[$ ) a ri* fund ( musical ideas 7at lea/ f ! /&po9t ( pure beauty7 & we mu/ pay consid]able respect to ! man :o /uck to 8 guns z he did & produc$ su* a s9c]e & admirable body ( "w z he did4 ,lwe's ballads are descriptive 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,e res\rce t ! compos] has at 8 comm& he calls ^u to make ! sc5e pictorial & vivid4 ,9 8 se>* = effects he /umbl$ ^u _m musical devices :i* mu/ h prov$ valuable to lat] compos]s4 ,8 h>mony1 consid]+ ! "t 9 :i* he work$1 is free & d>+4 ,8 modulation goes by direct *romatic progression to ! mo/ remote keys4 ,dissonance he uses freely = poignant effect4 ,b ! great fault is t he 0 n a melodi/4 ,melody is1 ( c\rse1 n ne$$ 9 ! ballad z x is 9 ! lyric1 b none ! less ! compos] :o _c call =? a beautiful melody :5 he ne$s x mu/ jog along z a second-rate arti/4 ,x is ! lack ( melody :i* we miss mo/ 9 ,lwe's ballads4 ,melody is obvi\sly abs5t because ! compos] c\ld n comm& x1 n because he *ose n to use x4 ,"t & aga9 he writes :at is meant to be1 & p]haps 0 believ$ to be1 a pleas+ tune4 ,b too (t5 x is only empty & angul>4 ,x 0 9 develop+ ! =m & te*nique ( ! art-ballad t ,lwe p]=m$ 8 *ief s]vice to music4 ,ap>t f ?is fail+ 9 po9t ( melody _m ( ,lwe's ballads are altoge!r admirable4 ,he caught ! _s ( ! ballad z few o!rs h1 t _s express$ s well 9 ,goe!'s words3 #8,! ballad requires a my/ical t\*1 by :i* ! m9d ( ! read] is br\ght into t frame ( undef9$ sympa?y & awe :i* m5 unavoidably feel :5 face to face ) ! miracul\s or ) ! mighty =ces ( nature4' ,lwe's res\rce 9 ! inv5tion ( picturesque musical =mulas is v great4 ,) 8 f9e s5se ( drama he manag$ to make 8 be/ ballads impressive & mov+4 ,9 ! ,erlk+ or #8,sir ,oluf' we feel 7if !y are well sung7 t we are liv+ ?r\gh a great life exp]i5ce ) ! *>act]s repres5t$4 ,8 ,erlk+ is n comp>able ) ,s*ub]t's 9 lovel9ess4 ,b x emphasizes ! dramatic elem5ts ( ! poems z ,s*ub]t did n try to & probably c\ld n h done if he _h tri$4 ,! gallop+ ( ! horse is repres5t$ graphically 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,! ?ree *>act]s speak 9 ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( voice--! fa!r's is quiet & l[1 ! son's high & excit$1 ! ,erlk+'s e]ie & unsub/antial4 ,! ,erlk+'s spee*es are all 9 ,g major & on ! notes ( ! tonic *ord4 ,= ! effective deliv]y ( ! song !re are dem&$ n only dramatic fire & int5sity ( emotional expression1 b ! c>eful diff]5tiation ( ! ?ree qualities ( voice4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ! ballads is #8,sir ,oluf1' 9 :i* !re are f\r speak+ *>act]s & an abundance ( picturesque /age ma*9]y4 ,sir ,oluf1 rid+ ?r\gh ! =e/ on 8 way to 8 w$d+1 is acco/$ by ! elves & invit$ to dance1 ) ! fatal consequ5ces usual 9 ballads4 ,oluf's ride is describ$ 9 a /irr+ allegro vivace 9 ! introduction1 & ! dance ( ! elves is pictur$ 9 a *>m+ passage4 ,ano!r ( ! great ballads1 p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( all1 is #8,edw>d1' ! text be+ t ( ! fam\s ,scot* folk-ballad ( ! same "n4 7,brahms wrote a piano piece on ! subject1 & also set ! words z a duet47 ,! dramatic p[] is ga9$ f ! repetition _m times ov] ( an incisive emotional phrase4 ,! :ole effect is broad & tragic4 ,among ! _m o!rs ( ,lwe's ballads :i* are wor?y ( /udy & ( frequ5t inclusion 9 conc]t programmes we may m5tion #8,h5ry ! ,f[l]1' #8,! ,moori% ,pr9ce1' & #8,od9's ,ride ,ov] ! ,sea4' ,few compos]s h giv5 _! be/ to ! ballad =m4 ,?is is a pity1 because no s+le =m ( poetry has su* a univ]sal & direct appeal z ! cond5s$ dramatic /ory 9 v]se4 ,no type ( poetry is m difficult to write ) s9c]ity & human tru?fulness4 ,! ballad has rema9$ almo/ z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 ! peculi> prop]ty ( folk-art4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 ! easie/ =m = a musician to abuse1 ! "o :i* tempts mo/ to *eap & clumsy effects4 ,lwe is "o ( ! few compos]s :o has giv5 8 be/ to ! ballad =m &1 :ile t be/ is f> inf]ior to :at a fir/-rate g5ius w\ld h done1 x is too /imulat+ & sugge/ive to be abs5t f any s+]'s cultural equipm5t4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,vol4 ,,ii1 *apt] ,,vi4 #bg ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,brahms1 ,,wagn]1 ,,& ,,liszt ,brahms z a song-writ]--,classification ( ,brahms' songs2 ! #8folk-songs'2 analysis ( ,brahms' songs--,wagn]'s songs2 ,liszt z a song-writ]4 ,i ,:5 we come to ,brahms we f9d p]haps ! only song-writ] besides ,s*ub]t ^: truly memorable songs numb] m ?an fifty4 ,brahms' song product is amaz+ 9 its ri*ness1 its creativ5ess1 its high av]age ( excell5ce4 ,a mod]n ta/e1 (t5 misl$ by m]e obvi\s effectiv5ess1 has pron\nc$ ^! songs dull4 ,?is notion prevails almo/ univ]sally among ! sup]ficial1 & _m an appreciative critic has jo9$ 9 ! *orus ) grudg+ res]vations4 ,! /ud5t 9 p>ticul> is likely to be fright5$ away f ! ,brahms songs by ?is bogey ( #8dullness' z well z by ! v consid]able difficulty :i* !y (f] to ! s+] :o is inadequately prep>$4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ^? :o accept ?is op9ion h nev] /udi$ ! ,brahms songs & h n all[$ !mselves to become famili> ) _! beauties4 ,c]ta9ly1 ev5 ?\gh c]ta9 temp]am5ts may admit ! *>ge ( #8dullness' aga9/ mu* ( ! ,brahms symphonic & *amb] music1 ! *>ge w hold lea/ ( all aga9/ ! songs4 ,"h we f9d ,brahms ! romantici/1 ! compos] :o 0 ma/] ( ! art ( obta9+ s5su\s beauty ( melody & ri*ly color$ h>mony4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t ,brahms 0 hail$ by ,s*umann z ! great cont9u] ( ! romantic tradition = :i* he himself _h f\ght s h>d & s well4 ,if1 9 8 maturity1 ,brahms came to reg>d =m & arti/ic control at a high] value ?an 8 contempor>ies did1 x 0 n because 8 romantic inv5tion became exhau/$4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( 8 life to ! end he 0 possess$ ( a ri* fund ( lovely musical ideas1 & 8 la/ works 7vide ! lat] ,rhapsodies & ! ,gypsy ,songs7 are ev5 m romantic ?an ! fir/4 ,brahms 0 a #8classic' solely because he *ose to be4 ,x w\ld p]haps be true/ to say t he 0 romantici/ 9 8 musical ideas & classici/ 9 8 treatm5t ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 su* b&y+ ( t]ms only t5ds to obscure ! facts4 ,let u get to ! songs4 ,because ,brahms work$ ) m c>e & res]ve ?an mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 he mu/ be approa*$ ) "s c>e by ! /ud5t4 ,d\btless1 if "o unfamili> ) 8 "w turn$ ov] 8 songs at r&om ! result w\ld be some:at disc\rag+4 ,!re is s mu* m !re ?an meets ! eye t mu* ( 8 "w is c]ta9ly un9t]e/+ to ! sup]ficial glance4 ,b !re are _m songs :i* mu/ make an in/ant appeal by _! %e] lovel9ess4 ,let ! /ud5t :o s9c]ely wi%es to appreciate ,brahms beg9 ) ^! songs4 ,let u make out a provisional li/ ( !m4 ,x w\ld include3 #8,9 ,/range ,l&s1' opus #c2 #8,re/1 ,my ,love1' opus #cc2 ! #8,folksong' 9 opus #g2 #8,! ,sorr[ful ,"o1' ! #8,s]5ade1' & #8,long+1' f opus #ad2 #8,hey1 ,b[ & ,arr[1' opus #cc2 #8,sunday1' opus #dg2 ! fam\s ,cradle ,song1 opus #di2 #8,remembrance1' opus #fc2 #8,! ,lov]'s ,oa?1' opus #fi2 #8,va9 ,s]5ade1' opus #hd2 #8,! ,virg9's ,lullaby1' opus #ia2 ! ,sapphic ,ode1 opus #id2 & e "o ( ! ,gypsy ,songs1 opus #ajc4 ,to call any ( ^! songs #8dull' is rank fooli%ness4 ,_! beauty appeals in/antly ev5 to a li/5] :o is 9 no wise a te*nical musician4 ,s5tim5t1 passion1 milit>y fr5zy & simple high spirits are express$ 9 ^! songs4 ,!y are 9 "s cases z simple z any?+ by ,s*ub]t1 z popul> 9 "* z any folk-song4 ,let ! /ud5t le>n to "k & love "s ( ^! & he w h little difficulty ) ! m elaborate songs lat] on4 ,! fir/ quality t appeals /raight to ! he>t 9 _m ( ! ,brahms songs is _! l>ge elem5t ( ! folk-song4 ,_m ( ! lyrics be> ! title ,volksli$1 be+ musical sett+s ( popul> poems1 treat$ 9 ! popul> ve94 ,brahms 0 devot$ to folk-music & und]/ood ! value ( ! musical units x conta9s 9 su* pr(usion4 ,a l>ge proportion ( 8 music1 if analyz$ to its ess5tials1 w %[ ! folk-song z its base4 ,8 elaborate songs1 h[ev] ab/ruse & self-consci\s1 may be call$ only a developm5t ( ! folk-song4 ,! developm5t is manag$ ) ! consummate art ( ! tra9$ musician2 b ! /uff ( ! song is 9 almo/ e case a musical unit :i* makes an in/ant appeal4 ,! /ud5t is v fooli% if he sees only ! developm5t & n ! beautiful music b5ea? x4 ,9 a l>ge proportion ( 8 songs ,brahms has giv5 ! be/ ( 8 pr(\nd musical le>n+--always 9 due proportion & )\t obtrusion ( detail4 ,8 managem5t ( polyphonic p>ts1 9 ! bass or 9 ! inn] voices1 is unequall$ by any song-writ]--save1 p]haps1 ,franz--& 8 range ( expression is va/ly wid] ?an t ( ,franz4 ,8 complication & int]tw9+ ( rhy?ms is highly develop$1 z 9 8 symphonic music4 ,8 h>mony is (t5 bold1 ?\gh nev] at ! exp5se ( cog5cy4 ,:e!r he is simple or complex 8 musician%ip is work+ e mom5t4 ,x is ?is1 9 ! la/ analysis1 :i* we mean by te*nical ma/]y4 ,! real te/ ( te*nical excell5ce is n ! apply+ ( rules out ( ! h>mony book4 ,! real te/ is a human "o4 ,read or play a numb] ( songs by "s second-rate compos]--,g\nod1 = in/ance4 ,!n take up ,brahms' songs4 ,by ! "t y h done ?irty or =ty by ,g\nod y are dea?ly sick ( ! same h>monies1 ! same melodic phrases1 ! same way ( plac+ ! p>ts4 ,9 ,brahms' songs y w nev] be all[$ to sleep2 y are nev] sure t ! conv5tional ?+ is com+ next4 ,y\r int]e/ is n all[$ to flag4 ,brahms is almo/ nev] commonplace4 ,b ?is does n mean t he obvi\sly avoids ! obvi\s1 z is ! fa%ion among less] compos]s ( mod]n times4 ,x means t 8 musician%ip is s ri* & res\rceful t he c always f9d "s fitt+ ?+ to d t a m9or compos] w\ld n h ?\ght (4 ,te/ out ?is /atem5t ) "s concrete in/ance4 ,take "o ( ! simple/ ( ,brahms' melodies--! fam\s cradle song1 opus #di4 ,no tune c\ld be simpl]4 ,any second-rate compos] w\ld h suppli$ x ) a conv5tional accompanim5t ( bass & treble *ords4 ,mo/ compos]s w\ld h reg>d$ su* a song z a trifle to be toss$ (f be=e breakfa/4 ,b x is evid5t t ,brahms be/[s z mu* c>e ^u ?is z ^u 8 mo/ elaborate lyric4 ,!re is n a s+le unusual or /ra9$ *ord 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,yet !re is n a measure )\t its elem5ts ( v>iety & int]e/4 ,! g5tle syncopation1 z ( ! rock+ ( ! cradle1 is always pres5t2 always %[s "s motion & v>iety4 ,yet ! :ole song is manag$ )\t any /ra9+ = effect1 )\t lett+ ! v>i$ accompanim5t ov]%ad[ ! simple melody4 ,brahms has c>ri$ into 8 romantic song-writ+ a classic reg>d = =m4 ,9 ! m g5]al s5se ?is means t he always obs]v$ arti/ic proportion1 giv+ unity & body to 8 melodies1 & curb+ ! exub]ant imag9ation :i* 9 s _m song-writ]s makes ! p>ts attempt to be m important ?an ! :ole4 ,concretely consid]$1 we f9d t ,brahms ne>ly always held to ! /rophic =m1 see+ 8 poems z /anzas :i* c\ld be set to ! same melody4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 8 fir/ song1 #8,fai?fulness1' he treat$ ! la/ /rophe some:at diff]5tly f ! o!rs4 ,a few ( 8 songs are dur*komponi]t1 aft] ! mann] ( ,s*ub]t4 ,b 9 g5]al he felt 8 songs to be f> m musical ar*itecture & less m]e runn+ comm5t on ! words4 ,c]ta9ly e "o ( 8 songs w\ld be a satisfactory piece ( pure music1 ap>t f ! text & ap>t f ! special mean+ convey$4 ,8 reg>d = =m makes ?is possible4 ,sometimes ! =m is h>d to analyze1 n co9cid+ ) any set =mula1 b ! s5se ( =m1 ( ar*itecture1 ( proportion1 ( re/ra9t is always !re4 ,"s h said t ,brahms' songs are m]e in/rum5tal compositions ) words add$4 ,z a f9al criticism ?is is c]ta9ly unju/4 ,b x has a c]ta9 sup]ficial ju/ification1 = ,brahms c]ta9ly _h less reg>d = ! words !mselves ?an any o!r great song-writ]4 ,he is n unwill+ to =ce ! text into ! =m necess>y to fit ! music4 ,sometimes he consi/5tly & delib]ately misplaces acc5ts1 z 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! song1 ,wie bi/ du1 me9e ,knig91 :i* ) ,brahms' music reads1 #8,wie bi/ du1 meine ,knig94' ,he is v free ) slurr$ notes & %[s n ! slighte/ hesitation 9 putt+ two notes to "o syllable 9 measure aft] measure4 ,! music has its own ar*itecture1 d]iv$ f =mal or melodic consid]ations & n f consid]ations ( ! text4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n ! result ( c>elessness on ,brahms' "p1 nor a belittl+ ( ! importance ( ! words4 ,x 0 m]ely t ,brahms reg>d$ 8 songs z int]pretive music1 & n z #8height5$ spee*4' ,9 ?is he diff]$ f ne>ly e great song-writ]1 & put himself 9 opposition to ! ta/e ( ! "t4 ,= ^? :o feel ,s*umann's scrupul\s reg>d = ! text ?is w rank z a fault1 a blot on ! beauty ( ,brahms' songs4 ,! /ud5t %\ld decide ! matt] = himself4 ,at any rate1 ! fact po9ts to ! peculi> int]pretation :i* ,brahms' songs dem&--an int]pretation :i* involves firm1 res]v$1 controll$ modell+ r ?an m9ute emphasis on ! p>ts4 ,out ( ?is reg>d = ! design z a :ole r ?an f ! direct mean+ ( ! details w come ! int]pretive tru? ( ! song4 ,because ,brahms' songs repres5t ! purely musical & =mal1 z well z ! int]pretive1 !y are "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( /udies = ! advanc$ pupil4 ,a s+]'s art _c be complete z long z ! effective int]pretation ( ,brahms' songs rema9s a my/]y to him4 ,n to attempt to und]/& & love !m1 because ( ! my? ( dullness1 is a s9 aga9/ arti/ic op5-m9d$ness :i* no music-lov] %\ld be guilty (4 ,inde$1 if we c manage to escape = a "t 9 our s\ls f ! tr5d ( ! "t t[>d ! spectacul>1 ! s5su\s & ! s5sual1 ! easy & effective1 we %all f9d 9 ,brahms a song-writ] l no o!r :o ev] liv$1 save only ,s*ub]t4 ,brahms has treat$ almo/ e k9d ( s5tim5t & emotion successfully4 ,8 melodies are lovely 9 ! extreme1 8 accompanim5ts are an endless delight to ! c>eful piani/2 8 musical proc$ure is nev] conv5tional yet always appropriate2 8 music has a :olesom5ess & dignity unsurpass$ 9 all song lit]ature4 ,o!r song-writ]s surpass ,brahms 9 c]ta9 qualities4 ,b x is d\btful if any1 except ,s*ub]t1 c be reg>d$ z 8 equal 9 ! comb9+ ( su* a l>ge numb] ( fir/-rate qualities & 9 ! quantity ( fir/-rate songs produc$4 ,,ii ,we may conv5i5tly divide ! ,brahms songs into two classes--! #8folk-songs1' writt5 usually to anonym\s popul> poems & pres]v+ ! simplicity & directness ( ! true folk-song2 & ! art-songs :i* make use ( all ! res\rces ( elaboration & organization at ! comm& ( t ma/] craftsman4 ,"s ( ! opus numb]s conta9 #8folk-songs' entirely or 9 l>ge proportion4 7,brahms wrote b "o cycle 9 ! /rict s5se1 & usually foll[$ no s*eme ( gr\p+47 ,b a folk-l song may appe> any:]e 9 8 song output4 ,! type ( folk-feel+ 9 ,brahms is almo/ exclusively ,g]man4 ,!re is sc>cely ! slighte/ attempt at #8local color' 9 ! :ole ( ,brahms' music4 ,ev5 ! ,gypsy songs1 ?\gh !y someh[ atta9 an exotic flavor1 make use ( none ( ! conv5tional musical =mulas ( ,hung>ian music4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! #8folk-songs' are di/9ctly ,g]man1 !y are also di/9ctly ,brahms4 ,! compos] nev] lo/ 8 individuality 9 any s+le "w4 ,! accompanim5ts to ^! songs are usually simple1 b !y are nev] m]ely conv5tional4 ,!y %[ a nice adaptation ( ! /yle ( ! piano "p to ! "* ( ! melody & ( ! song z a :ole1 & cont9ually pres5t unobtrusive elem5ts ( int]e/ 9 detail4 ,^! #8folk-songs' are num]\s4 ,f opus #g we may select two v beautiful songs = special m5tion--namely1 ! ,volksli$ & #8,! ,m\rnful ,"o1' ! latt] "o ( ,brahms' f9e/ expressive melodies4 ,opus #ad is a treasure4 #8,be=e ! ,w9d[' is a ?+ ( great beauty4 #8,go+ to ,my ,swee!>t' has a humor\s t\*1 :i* ,brahms c\ld get inimitably4 ,b x is v re/ra9$2 ! melody is s v simple t = a mom5t x seems almo/ trivial4 ,! #8,s]5ade' & #8,long+' f ! same gr\p are delightful4 ,f opus #dg we %\ld m5tion #8,sunday' & f opus #dh #8,joy ,ha? ,left ,me1' a f9e song 9 ! /yle ( an old ,g]man *orale4 ,9 opus #fi are an exquisite #8,lam5t' & ! delici\s song1 #8,! ,lov]'s ,oa?4' #8,! ,maid51' 9 opus #ie1 is a dialogue betwe5 ! girl & ! reflection ( h] face 9 ! wat]4 ,! words are a ,s]vian popul> poem & ! music is 9 an irregul> metre :i* is peculi> to ! ,slavic races4 ,brahms' la/ gr\p ( lyrics1 ! ,gypsy ,songs1 opus #ajc1 are beyond all praise4 ,^! eight songs1 writt5 :5 ! compos] 0 pa/ middle age1 h all ! fire & ardor ( e>ly y\? j awak5$ to its p[]s4 ,!re is 9 !m a fr5zy ( animal spirits :i* befits _! ,gypsy words4 ,9 !m we seem to he> ! message ( t f9e ,hung>ian song3 #8,bre*5 muss das ,h]z vor freude od] ,leid2 ,das alle9 heis/ bei d5 ,ung>n ,frhli*keit4' ,! ,gypsy ,songs1 all 9 /rophic =m1 are v %ort4 ,into a few seconds ( melody ,brahms injects 8 musical message4 ,n a note is wa/$4 ,! mood is c>ri$ ov] ) p]fect accuracy & conviction4 ,! songs are all nicely contra/$4 ,ea* might be a t9y movem5t f a symphony1 multum 9 p>vo4 ,!re is an allegro agitato1 an allegretto1 an allegro giocoso1 a vivace grazioso1 an &ant9o grazioso1 & s on4 ,ea* song has a v di/9ct #8/yle1' z mod]n critics w\ld say4 ,! mood is e/abli%$ at ! fir/ note & ma9ta9$ until ! la/4 ,! melodies !mselves are altoge!r *>m+4 ,b a m]e k ( ! melodies w n sugge/ ! ?rill+ effect :i* ^! songs make :5 well sung 9 a l>ge hall4 ,! />tl+ effectiv5ess ( _m ( ! ,brahms songs is ! be/ answ] to ! *>ge t ,brahms is academic & p$antic4 ,x is h>d to select any be/ out ( ^! eight songs4 #8,! ,nut ,br[n ,lad' is p]haps ! mo/ popul> ( !m1 b ! *>m ( ea* is s di/9ct t a comp>ison is difficult4 #8,?ree ,roses 9 a ,r[' is a delicate melody ( great beauty4 ,! vigor\s #8,hey1 ,ye ,gypsies6' & ! furi\s #8,r$ ,ev5+ ,cl\ds' :i* closes ! s]ies1 are ov]fl[+ ) animal spirits4 ,( ! pieces :i* are m specifically art-songs we mu/ admit a gradual *ange 9 "* correspond+ to ! g5]al *ange 9 ,brahms' music f ! #8romantic' to ! #8classic4' ,( c\rse1 ?is *ange has be5 ov]emphasiz$ 9 sup]ficial ,brahms criticism4 ,x 0 n s mu* ,brahms :o *ang$2 x 0 ! lay ( ! l&4 ,music became mu* m s5su\s & free & =mless4 ,brahms became /ill m himself4 ,! revolution>y ,brahms ( #ahej 0 a cons]vative ,brahms 9 #ahhj4 ,b1 und\bt$ly1 :]e ,s*umann expect$ him to look =w>d1 ,brahms *ose 9 _m ?+s to look backw>d--or1 r1 p]haps1 to look inw>d4 ,& s we feel 9 ,brahms' music z a :ole t x becomes /rang] & m res]v$ z ! man matures4 ,he became m int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s t _h ceas$ to int]e/ ! rabble1 & less int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s :i* scores ( new & radical compos]s 7 beg9n+ to d v well4 ,& we c feel ?is *ange 9 8 songs4 ,! e>lie/ ones--9 opus #c--;are fill$ ) ! joy ( spontane\s creation4 ,! s-call$ #8classic' virtues seem$ ! la/ ?+s ! compos] 0 ?9k+ ab\t4 ,b ! songs 7 9 a pretty /rict /rophic =m & _! intellig5ce 0 at lea/ equal to _! exub]ance4 ,& x 0 ^! =mal & intellectual qualities1 & n ! o!rs1 :i* 7 to receive ! *ief emphasis & int5sification z ! compos] matur$4 ,to ,s*umann1 ,brahms 0 ! cont9u] ( ,s*umann4 ,to ! _w he became ! cont9u] ( ,bee?ov54 ,! songs ( opus #c are fill$ ) physical en]gy4 #8,fidelity1' ! fir/ ( !m1 ) its accompanim5t ( ?robb+ triplets1 seems to tap "s hidd5 s\rce ( p[] l a huge dynamo4 ,we _c see ! s\rce b we "k !re is mu* m :]e t came f4 #8,love & ,spr+' sugge/s c]ta9 ( ! lat] ,brahms qualities & ! song f #8,ivan' seems l a %oot+ arr[ 9 ! vigor & directness ( its expression4 ,! same physical en]gy is %[n 9 ! #8,spani% ,song1' 9 bol]o tempo1 9 opus #f2 & ! peculi>ly ri* ,brahms modulation is aga9 reveal$ 9 #8,z ! ,cl\ds4' ,! #8,night+ale' song f ! same gr\p is ! fir/ to =e%ad[ ! increas$ te*nical elaboration :i* ,brahms 0 lat] to give 8 accompanim5ts4 ,"h ! flutt]+ triplets 9 ! piano are meant to sugge/ ! w++ ( ! birds1 b x is easy to see t ! purely te*nical problem :i* !y creat$ _h fasc9at$ ! compos]4 ,&1 except = ?is te*nical c>e1 su* an accompanim5t w\ld h ov]balanc$ ! melody4 ,! ,anklnge ( opus #g has an elaborate syncopat$ accompanim5t :i* %[s ! cont9uation ( ! te*nical conc]n2 #8,! ,return1' f ! same s]ies1 is ano!r example ( ,brahms' unsurpass$ p[] to p\r great en]gy into small compass4 ,9 opus #ai !re are two m songs ( ! highe/ quality4 ,"o is #8,! ,smi?1' to ,uhl&'s words1 p]haps ! %orte/ ( all ,brahms' songs & c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ ov]:elm+ly effective4 ,! maid5 :o speaks 9 ,uhl&'s delici\s poem tells admir+ly ( h] lov]1 :o is a smi? & :o works all day amid ! grime & ! sp>ks4 ,! melody1 ) t /range & v ,brahmsian avoidance ( ! regul> balanc+ ( phrases :i* seems physically to cond5se great en]gy 9 a small compass1 seems a succession ( hamm] bl[s4 ,ea* note has a pond]\s weight ( its own1 b a weight :i* is foll[$ by a f9e reb\nd4 ,! accompanim5t1 :i* is obvi\sly int5d$ to sugge/ fly+ sp>ks1 is magically adapt$ to ! peculi>ities ( ! pian(orte4 ,! %ort po/lude1 &1 inde$1 ! :ole ( ! accompanim5t1 is /rik+ly ,wagn]ian1 recall+ v closely ! ,valkyrie's cry 9 ,die ,walkre4 ,su* a detail is only "o m pro( ( ! fooli%ness ( ! artificial rivalry :i* /upid critics set up betwe5 ,wagn] & ,brahms4 ,! two m5 7 great arti/s work+ 9 v diff]5t l9es4 ,z = _! musical ideas1 !y c\ld almo/1 at times1 h be5 int]*ang$4 ,! second rem>kable song ( opus #ai is ! #8olian ,h>p1' "o ( ! ?ree or f\r mo/ admir$ ( all ,brahms' lyrics4 ,?is is "o ( ! few t are 9 q free =m4 ,x is almo/ a sc5a r ?an a song1 s9ce x op5s ) a recitative & is int]rupt$ 9 ! middle ) free declamation4 ,! olian h>p s+s 9 ! we/ w9d ! lam5t ( a ,greek boy :o _h be5 tak5 to a di/ant l&4 ,"h ,brahms' m>vell\sly color$ h>monies h creat$ a peculi> beauty :i* q escapes analysis4 ,z we come to ! m mature "w we f9d ! m]e animal spirits less frequ5tly 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,we feel m & m ! qualities ( control & dom9ant intellectuality4 ,n t ^! songs are bett] ?an _! pr$ecessors1 = "s ( ! e>lie/ ones are f9i%$ ma/]pieces :i* c\ld h>dly be improv$4 ,nor 7let x be repeat$7 does ,brahms' fund ( musical ideas become less fre% or less *>m+4 ,b ! compos] _h begun to %[ at _! be/ ! qualities :i* h *iefly giv5 him a place 9 mod]n music4 ,! second song ( opus #cb is a triumphant ju/ification ( ?is mature ,brahms4 ,! song is entitl$ only ) a numb]1 b x c be kn[n by its fir/ l9e1 ,ni*t mehr zu dir zu geh56 ,"h is intellectuality 9 song writ+ at its be/4 ,brahms nev] wrote a f9] song2 few compos]s1 if any1 h done s4 ,its popul>ity may always be limit$1 b x is surely "o ( ! great songs ( musical lit]ature4 ,"h1 z n[h]e else1 ,brahms has obs]v$ ! rhy?mic & quantitative values ( 8 text to ! la/ lett]4 ,! words1 :i* are 9 a moody1 reflective ve91 are treat$ almo/ 9 declamatory fa%ion4 ,e rise or fall ( ! voice f9ds its expression 9 ! melodic l9e ( ! voice "p4 ,! tempo is a sl[ #c_/b1 & ?r\gh ?is w9ds ! melody1 n[ break+ (f sudd5ly1 z ?\gh gasp+ = brea?1 n[ ris+ %>ply1 z ?\gh *ok$ ) pa94 ,if x 7 pure declamation1 x c\ld n be m fai?ful to ! words2 if x 7 pure melody1 x c\ld n be m fai?ful to ! _s4 ,! accompanim5t1 answ]+ ! voice "p simply b int5sely1 & provid+ a noble bass = ! musical texture to be wov5 ^u1 %[s ,brahms' f9e/ qualities ( re/ra9t & p]fect fitness4 ,"h is a song :i* is nev] exhau/$4 ,let ! /ud5t play & s+ x e day1 x w /ill h some?+ to tea* him4 ,h>dly less noble is ano!r song 9 ! same gr\p1 ,s /eh'n wir1 i* und me9e ,weide4 ,its !me has all ! dignity ( a great &ante fugue subject by ,ba*4 ,! treatm5t ( ! piano "p1 ) its def9ite melody 9 ! bass =m+ an answ] & a sort ( canon ) ! voice1 is sup]b4 ,we may also m5tion 9 ?is opus numb] ! mu* ov]rat$ song1 ,wie bi/ du me9e ,knig91 a piece :i* has d\btless ga9$ its popul>ity by its passionate f]vor1 b :i* 9 musical beauty & arti/ic fitness is f> inf]ior to ,brahms' be/ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fam\s ,mod]n ,s+]s4 ,top3 ,nellie ,melba & ,m>cella ,sembri* ,bottom3 ,lilli ,lehmann & ,erne/9e ,s*umann-,he9k ,opus #cc comprises a l>ge numb] ( romances f ,l4 ,tieck's ,magelone4 ,^! songs1 :i* incl9e to be long & some:at pret5ti\s1 d n ma9ta9 ! high /&>d usual ) ,brahms4 ,!re are "h r too mu* s\nd & fury4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 m5tion ?ree :i* are v f9e3 #8,hey1 ,b[ & ,arr[1' a song made ( fire & /eel2 #8,is ,x ,sorr[8' deeply emotional2 & ! lovely #8,re/1 ,sweet ,love4' ,f n[ on we h m]ely a /eady /ream ( songs ) words g>n]$ f "h & !re1 ! music ( a v high /&>d ( workman%ip & ! int]e/ (t5 hidd5 to ! sup]ficial glance4 ,ea* song has its individuality :i* mu/ be s\ght out by ! /ud5t4 ,a comm5t>y on all ! songs w\ld fill _m pages4 ,9 opus #dc we f9d ! f9e song1 #8,) ,et]nal ,love1' & ! b>b>ic ballad1 #8,! ,song ( ,h]r von ,falk5/e94' ,su* int5tional crudity z ,brahms puts into ?is latt] song %\ld r$eem him f any suspicion ( p$antry4 ,! #8,magy> ,love ,song' ( opus #df treats ! words ) unusual fre$om ev5 = ,brahms4 ,! same c be said = #8,gold ,outweighs ,love1' 9 opus #dh4 ,opus #di (f]s u an int]e/+ song1 #8,on ,sunday ,morn+1' & ! fam\s ,lullaby4 ,9 opus #eg we h #8,motionless ,air1' & 9 opus #eh #8,oh1 ,come1 ,holy ,summ] ,night1' bo? f9e en\gh to be ! ma/]pieces ( ano!r man's output1 ?\gh !y are ,brahms' second be/4 #8,twilight ,falls1' ( opus #ei1 is a deeply tragic piece 9 ! folk-mood4 ,9 opus #fc we h "o song :i* %[s u ,brahms z ! mo/ ?or\gh te*nician4 ,! #8,consolation ( ,spr+' makes ! mo/ elaborate use ( syncopation & mix$ rhy?ms1 accompany+ ! #f_/d voice "p ) a piano "p practically 9 #c_/b4 #8,remembrance1' f ! same gr\p1 is wor? kn[+1 & #8,o1 ,w\ld ,i ,knew ! ,return+ ,road' is "o ( ! sweete/ ( ,brahms' songs4 ,9 opus #ff is "o ( ! da9tie/ & mo/ humor\s ( ! songs1 a duet to folk-words1 :i* might be sung z a solo--#8,h a ,c>e4' #8,i ,call f ! ,bank1' 9 opus #fi1 is ,brahms once m 9 ! g5]\s _w ( romance4 #8,! ,maid5's ,curse1' 9 ! same gr\p1 is a f9e tragic song set to a ,s]vian folk-poem4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q "h :e!r ,brahms did n fail entirely to cat* ! _s ( ! words4 ,! maid51 9 a dialogue ) h] "m1 curses h] lov]1 :o has prev5t$ h] f f9i%+ ! wa%+4 ,%e hopes he may be hang$ 7^u h] :ite brea/71 *a9$ 79 h] :ite arms71 dr[n$ 79 h] love71 & s on4 ,! po9t ( ! song is ! d\ble mean+ ( ! curses4 ,brahms has treat$ ! words z ! passionate rhetoric ( love4 ,b x is probable t ! poem1 9 its true _s1 is a comic song4 ,! second "p ( ea* curse %\ld probably be deliv]$ sotto voce1 s t ! "m %all n he>4 ,9 su* a read+ !re w\ld be a delightful comic contra/ betwe5 ! co>se hussy :i* ! girl pret5ds to be & ! s5tim5tal love-sick maid5 t %e is4 ,brahms makes no sort ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! curses & ! song 9 8 h&s atta9s a c]ta9 tragic int5sity by virtue ( ! girl's defiance ( h] "m4 ,9 opus #ga are #8,to ! ,moon' & ! ,m9neli$1 "o ( ! mo/ admir$ ( ,brahms' songs4 ,9 %e] beauty1 h[ev]1 ?is is inf]ior to ! lovely lyric 9 opus #gb1 ,o1 khl] ,wald4 ,opus #hd conta9s ,brahms' mo/ spirit$ comic song1 ! delightful #8,va9 ,s]5ade1' ! high spirits ( :i* make x an irresi/ible conc]t numb]4 ,two f9e folk-songs are to be f\nd 9 opus #he1 a ,s]vian #8,maid5's song1' & ,ade1 f ! ,bohemian4 ,opus #id conta9s ! fam\s #8,sapphic ,ode4'#bh ,"h we f9d1 9 ! simple melody 7z ap>t f ! song z a :ole71 ,brahms' intellectuality & s5su\s beauty fus$ into a p]fect :ole4 ,ov] x all is t f9e arti/ic res]ve :i* ,brahms 0 s ma/] ( & :i* makes ! music s fitt+ an expression ( ,greek v]se4 ,among o!rs ( ! lat] songs we %\ld m5tion two ,he9e songs1 #8,dea? ,is ! ,cool ,night' & ! #8,sea ,j\rney4' ,brahms' songs are z p]man5t a "p ( conc]t programs z ^? ( ,s*ub]t or ,franz4 ,if !y are n z popul> 9 ! loos] s5se ( ! ^w1 x is because conc]t audi5ces are n yet z a :ole will+ to give ! necess>y att5tion to !m4 ,=1 :ile ! ,brahms songs are emphatically n dull1 !y d dem& c>eful li/5+4 ,)\t d\bt _! popul>ity w gr[ /eadily4 ,& ?is w be ! be/ ( ev5ts bo? = audi5ces & = s+]s4 ,he :o has le>n$ to li/5 to ,brahms' songs w nev] aga9 be q s indulg5t ) :at is *eap & facile4 ,& ! s+] :o has le>n$ h[ to make effective ! /rik+ qualities hidd5 9 a ,brahms song w f9d himself equipp$ ) a p[] & dignity 9 8 "w :i* he c\ld h>dly get 9 any o!r way4 ,,iii ,wagn]'s songs are few4 ,!y comprise only ^? writt5 dur+ 8 e>ly ye>s 9 ,p>is1 :5 = a "t he hop$ to make himself a fa%ion 9 ,p>isian draw+ rooms1 & ^? writt5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,ma?ilde ,wes5donck 9 ! late fifties1 :5 he 0 plann+ #8,tri/an4' ,! =m] gr\p1 be+ compos$ at ! "t :5 he 0 writ+ #8,! ,fly+ ,dut*man' & be+1 moreov]1 design$ = a debas$ public ta/e1 c by no means be rank$ ) 8 typical "w4 ,! songs x conta9s are n great4 ,b ,wagn]'s g5ius 0 too imp]ative to blot itself out at any "t & ^! e>ly lyrics %[ evid5ces ( ! arti/ic en]gy :i* 0 lat] to fl[] 9 #8,! ,r+4' ,! e>lie/ kn[n ( ,wagn]'s songs is #8,! ,fir ,tree1' writt5 9 #ahch 9 ,knigsb]g4 ,x has little m ?an hi/oric int]e/4 ,9 ,p>is he wrote ! #8,?ree ,melodies1' :i* are /ill occasionally sung & w repay a little /udy4 ,! lullaby1 ,dors1 mon enfant1 is m>k$ ) a suavity 9 ! melody & a v>iety 9 ! accompanim5t :i* betray ) c]ta9ty ! t\* ( ! true musician4 ,! second #8melody1' call$ #8,! ,rose1' is r too sweet b is sav$ by its int]e/+ accompanim5t4 #8,wait+' is vigor\s 9 conception & execution4 ,b ! be/ ( ,wagn]'s ,p>isian songs is #8,! ,two ,gr5adi]s1' compos$ to a ,fr5* v]sion ( ,he9e's fam\s poem1 to :i* ,s*umann wrote 8 popul> sett+4 ,wagn]'s me?od is m dramatic ?an ,s*umann's4 ,x gives a mu* m important function to ! accompanim5t1 :i* is some?+ approa*+ ! #8or*e/ral comm5t' ( 8 lat] !ories4 ,at times ! voice "p is freely declamatory4 ,?r\gh\t x is kept rem>kably free f ! runn+ comm5t ( ! piano4 ,! long cresc5do up to ! f9al l9es is manag$ ) skill4 ,= ^! l9es ! ,m>seillaise is us$1 z 9 ,s*umann's sett+1 b only 9 ! accompanim5t1 ! voice s++ an indep5d5t "p4 ,"h we h some?+ approa*+ a true leit motif us$ 9 a way =e%ad[+ ! lat] revolution>y music dramas4 ,! introduction ( ! ,m>seillaise by bo? ,s*umann & ,wagn] mu/ be reg>d$ purely z a co9cid5ce1 s9ce ! songs1 z x happ5s1 7 writt5 9 ! same ye>4 ,! #8,five ,poems1' to words by ,ma?ilde ,wes5donck1 are1 ) "o exception1 songs ( ! fir/ rank4 ,?is exception is ! #8,sorr[s1' :i* is a bit pomp\s & r+s ins9c]e4 #8,! ,angel' is a simple melody ) a s(t1 fl[+ accompanim5t mu* 9 ! /yle ( ! #8,loh5gr9' music4 #8,/& ,/ill' is a vigor\s & dramatic song1 comb9+ bo? ! lyrical & ! declamatory elem5ts4 ,! two rema9+ songs w always be ma/]pieces ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,!y are reg>d$ z #8/udies' = ! ,tri/an music & bo? conta9 motives f #8,tri/an' or h>monic peculi>ities :i* m>k !m out unmi/akably4 ,trume 7#8,dreams'71 ! bett] kn[n ( ! two1 weaves a wond]ful s5su\s spell ab\t ! li/5]4 ,its melody is con/ruct$ 9 a peculi> mann] :i* we sometimes meet 9 ,brahms--a sort ( telescop+ ( successive phrases1 s z to b9d ! p>ts m cog5tly & increase ! emphasis ( ! :ole4 ,! h>mony is a wond]ful s]ies ( melt+ *ords1 culm9at+ 9 ec/atic *romatic modulations on ! words3 #8,sanft an de9] ,bru/ v]glh5 ,und dann s9k5 9 die ,gruft4' ,! o!r #8,tri/an' song is ,im ,treibhaus 7#8,9 ! ,ho?\se'74 ,x conta9s two ( ! #8,tri/an' motives1 slightly alt]$1 ^? ( ! w\nd$ ,tri/an & ,tri/an's long+4 ,! h>mony 9 ?is song is exce$+ly delicate & *romatic--revolution>y = its "t4 ,"h ! *romatic developm5t t[>d :i* compos]s _h half consci\sly /riv5 = two c5turies at la/ atta9$ a complete developm5t4 ,! lyric mu/ rank z "o ( ! wond]s ( mod]n song lit]ature4 ,liszt's songs also we may r\ghly divide into two classes--^? ( ! ,p>is p]iod & ^? ( ! ,weim> p]iod4 ,m ?an ,wagn]1 ,liszt wrote 8 ,fr5* songs 9 ! ta/e ( ! "t & ! nation4 ,z "o ( ! pets ( ! capital he 0 sure to be he>d gladly by ! ,p>isians & 8 wond]ful in/9ct = pleas+ made him write naturally 9 a /yle :i* we _c usually diff]5tiate f ! /yle ( native song writ]s4 ,comm5t6 = in/ance1 is z ,fr5* a song z ?\gh its compos] _h nev] travell$ beyond ! ,p>isian =tifications4 ,its s5sitive feel+ = ! words1 its delicate use ( ! accompanim5t 9 ! ?9 ,fr5* /yle1 m>k x z utt]ly un-,g]man4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ! ,p>isian songs is ,enfant1 s j'tais roi1 to words by ,victor ,hugo4 ,x is elaborate & pret5ti\s1 b x has a good deal ( real p[]4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,liszt's ,fr5* songs are )\t ! v qualities :i* make ! lat] ,g]man songs s valuable--*iefly ! dramatic & ! declamatory values4 ,n all ^! ,g]man songs are ( high rank1 ?\gh we may select a doz5 or s :i* are ! "w ( g5ius4 ,! *eapness :i* s (t5 ent]$ into ! re/ ( ,liszt's "w1 f9ds its way n[ & !n into ! songs1 b on ! :ole ?is dep>tm5t ( 8 creative activity ma9ta9s a high] av]age ?an any o!r4 ,*eapness ent]s some:at into two ( ! e>li] ,g]man songs1 #8,! ,fi%] ,boy' & #8,! ,%eph]d1' bo? to words by ,s*ill]4 ,! accompanim5ts are graphically descriptive4 ,c>+ little = ! =mal unity ( ! songs1 ,liszt introduc$ ! description sugge/$ by ! words :5ev] ! sugge/ion came4 ,9 fact1 ! songs are really declamations = ! voice ) a runn+ comm5t 9 ! piano4 ,!y are f> sup]ior to ! long] declamatory songs ( ,s*ub]t1 :i* 7 little m ?an pret5ti\s recitatives2 !y raise ! declamation into real melody & ! descriptive comm5t into real music4 ,b ^! songs are f> surpass$ by "s ( ! ,weim> p]iod4 #8,! ,loreley1' to ,he9e's words1 is "o ( ! mo/ elaborate descriptive songs ev] writt54 ,! op5+ l9es are freely declaim$ to a sugge/ive accompanim5t4 ,:5 ! description ( ! ,rh9e ent]s--die ,luft i/ khl und es dunkelt--we he> a lovely #i_/h motive set ov] an arpeggio accompanim5t :i* /rik+ly sugge/s ! calm fl[+ riv]4 ,! music becomes deep] & ri*] z ! ,loreley ent]s ! action4 ,! passage :]e ! fi%] is dragg$ into ! dep?s ( ! wat] is treat$ ) free & impressive dramatic p[]4 ,!n ! ,rh9e once m fl[s quietly ov] ! place :]e ! man 0 dr[n$ & ! lovely riv] !me returns once m1 deep5+ into sil5ce z ! d>kness falls4 ,?is song illu/rates almo/ at its be/ ! pr9ciple ( ! descriptive song1 ! pr9ciple held by _m t ! effect ( ! :ole is to be ga9$ by treat+ ea* "p ) fidelity4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is sett+ ) ! simple folk-l sett+ provid$ by ,sil*] & univ]sally sung4 ,! latt] makes a v regul> /rophic melody s]ve = all ! /anzas4 ,! two sett+s are bo? wond]ful & 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,a *oice betwe5 ! two mu/ be a matt] ( individual ta/e4 ,x w be a nice ex]cise = ! /ud5t to /udy ! two & *oose1 on p]sonal gr\nds1 betwe5 !m4 ,f9e z #8,! ,loreley' is1 ,liszt has writt5 two ballads :i* are f9]4 ,8 sett+ ( #8,! ,k+ ( ,?ule1' f ,goe!'s #8,fau/1' is almo/ beyond praise4 ,9 ?is he uses a brief sugge/ive phrase 9 ! accompanim5t :i* becomes ! g]m ( ! :ole ballad1 be+ repeat$ 9 _m connotations & moods4 #8,! ,ance/ral ,tomb1' to ,uhl&'s words1 p]haps suff]s j a trifle f ! pomp\s1 b is nev]!less "o ( ! be/ ballads 7or1 m prop]ly1 romances7 t we h4 ,! old w>rior1 ! la/ ( 8 race1 goes to 8 ance/ral tomb1 9 :i* "o /one vault is /ill empty4 ,he he>s ! voices ( 8 fa!rs s++ an impressive & my/]i\s song ( family pride4 ,! voices cease & he lays himself 9 ! empty vault & dies4 ,sugge/ions ( unguess$ my/]y & gr&eur hang ov] ! ballad4 ,9 addition to ^! l>g] compositions1 ,liszt a*iev$ :at might reasonably h be5 consid]$ an impossibility = him--! pure lyric4 ,"s ( 8 sett+s are almo/ flawless4 ,he9e's ,du bi/ wie e9e ,blume has nev] receiv$ su* f9e music at ! h&s ( ano!r compos]4 ,! op5+ & typical phrase seems to conta9 ! ess5ce ( ! religi\s s5tim5talism ( ,he9e's words4 #8,mignon's ,song' comm5ces ) a phrase1 set ov] an alt]$ *ord1 :i* has become fam\s = its accurate del9eation ( a mood 9 a few notes4 ,p]haps ! mo/ impressive ( 8 brief lyrics is ,d] du von dem ,himmel bi/4 ,liszt's simple sett+ ( ?is poem is f9]1 if possible1 ?an ,s*ub]t's4 ,e9 ,fi*t5baum /eht e9sam & ,im ,rhe91 im s*n5 ,/rome pres5t _m elem5ts ( beauty & int]e/4 ,b ! mo/ typical & possibly ! f9e/ ( all ,liszt's songs is #8,! ,?ree ,gypsies1' to ,lehnau's words4 ,9 ! poem ! speak] tells ( hav+ pass$ along a c\ntry road & hav+ se5 ?ree gypsies1 "o smok+1 "o fiddl+1 & "o sleep+4 ,9 ! music ea* ( ! gypsies is c>efully diff]5tiat$4 ,! *>act]ization 9 ?is song is beyond all praise4 ,! voice "p is an eloqu5t declamation1 ris+ "h & !re into inspir$ melody4 ,= ! basic !me1 ! !me ( ! joy ( life1 ,liszt has a magnific5t ,hung>ian melody1 surely "o ( ! f9e/ he ev] us$4 ,! song is "o ( ! mo/ effective ( conc]t pieces4 ,9 spite ( 8 comp>atively small output1 ,liszt's songs are ( great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( song writ+4 ,he1 bett] ?an any o!r1 fus$ ! declamatory & ! lyrical--tru? to ! words & tru? to ! emotions4 ,he sev]al times /ruck ! gr& note z few purely lyrical compos]s 7n ev5 ,s*ub]t7 h be5 able to d4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! piano "p along ! purely descriptive side no compos] has gone beyond ,liszt4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,late ,,romantics ,,9 ,,g]many ,,& ,,else:]e ,! dilution ( ! romantic _s--,grieg & 8 songs--,m9or romantic lyrici/s2 ,pet] ,cornelius1 ,adolph ,j5s51 ,edu>d ,lass51 ,georg ,h5s*el1 & ,halfdan ,kj]ulf2 ,dvok's songs--,fr5* song-writ]s3 ,g\nod & o!rs2 ,sa9t-,sans & ,mass5et2 m9or ,fr5* lyrici/s--,edw>d ,mac,dowell z song-writ]2 ,nev9 & o!rs--,rub9/e9 & ,ts*aik[sky--,engli% song4 ,i ,e great bur/ ( g5ius 9 any dep>tm5t ( art is foll[$ by widespread imitation4 ,! g5ius 7! se]1 z ,c>lyle calls him7 sees 8 way to new objects & a*ievem5ts :i* less] m5 are bl9d to4 ,be=e ! g5ius has done ! ?+1 ! ?+ seems impossible2 aft] he has done x1 x seems div9ely simple4 ,! g5ius seems to h taught p h[4 ,e second-rate tal5t c n[ foll[ ! =mula & produce ! same results4 ,( c\rse1 ! second-rate tal5t _c produce q ! same results1 easy z x may seem4 ,b ! fir/-rate tal5t 7& g5iuses foll[+7 c produce f9e results & c ev5 produce results t are m ?or\gh & m ref9$1 because !y are build+ ^u ! "w ( g5ius4 ,s ! impulse spreads4 ,_m m5 take up ! "w t _h =m]ly be5 ! unique prop]ty ( "o4 ,! g5ius has done ! pione] "w4 ,! new dep>tm5t ( art is adv]tis$ by him1 made popul>1 ev5 made pr(itable4 ,less] m5 c get some?+ l ! same results ) less sacrifice1 less ef=t4 ,! imitators1 9 turn1 h _! imitators4 ,! great initial impulse1 z x spreads1 also weak5s4 ,f9e /rokes ( g5ius are imitat$ until !y become only =mulas4 ,p are famili> ) ! /yle & are satisfi$ ) less conv9c+ results ?an =m]ly4 ,! art-=m may ev5 become s codifi$ & =mulat$ t fir/-rate m5 w become disgu/$ & refuse to give _! s]i\s ef=ts to x4 ,!n ! small fry are left 9 full possession ( ! field4 ,some?+ l ?is happ5$ to song lit]ature aft] ,s*ub]t4 ,=tunately1 song writ+ has cont9ually1 s9ce ,s*ub]t1 attract$ en\gh fir/-rate m5 to prev5t x f fall+ into a deprav$ /ate 9 all c\ntries at once4 ,b ! g5]al c\rse ( song lit]ature s9ce ,s*ub]t's dea? has be5 t ( diffusion & dilution up ne>ly to ! end ( ! c5tury1 :5 ! well-develop$ h>monic sy/ems ( ! y\ng] compos]s p\r$ new en]gy into ! =m4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ?is "t !re 7 fir/-rate m5 work+--,s*umann1 ,franz1 ,brahms1 & o!rs4 ,b !re 0 also an increas+ly great numb] ( second-rate m5 :o wrote *>m+ & arti/ic songs--songs :i* we c\ld by no means ov]look4 ,& !re 0 also an increas+ numb] ( inf]ior m5 :o ga9$ great popul>ity on v sl5d] arti/ic res\rces4 ,_m ( ^! %[$ m>k$ individuality1 exquisite f9i% ( workman%ip1 & f9e inspir+ ideas4 ,!y are by no means to be omitt$ f any hi/ory ( song4 ,!y _c & %\ld n be exclud$ f conc]t programs4 ,9 "s respects c]ta9 ( !m h surpass$ ! great ma/]s4 ,x is also true t excell5t "w1 ev5 fir/-class "w1 may be produc$ 9 small quantities by m5 :o h sc>cely any claim on fame4 ,s any attempt1 l ! attempt 9 ?is *apt]1 to li/ & describe ! "w ( a numb] ( less important compos]s mu/ exclude c]ta9 work]s 9 ! field ^: songs are ( high excell5ce4 ,9 su* a *apt] z ?is ! w>n+ mu/ always be giv5 t ! li/ is n all-inclusive4 ,a man :o is q unkn[n may produce "w equal almo/ to ! be/4 ,! /ud5t %\ld1 :ile keep+ high /&>ds ( judgm5t1 reg>d any song z innoc5t until x has prov$ itself guilty4 ,he %\ld always be will+ to recognize excell5ce2 he %\ld always be hone/ly will+ to express 8 lik+ = a p>ticul> song1 be x unkn[n or despis$4 ,su* a *apt] z ?is1 we h said1 is necess>ily incomplete4 ,! /ud5t mu/1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udy1 complete x = himself4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,s*umann we see ! art ( song-writ+ spread+ to e ,european c\ntry :i* cultivat$ music at all4 ,g]many1 9 addition to ,brahms1 ,wagn]1 & ,liszt1 c %[ ,cornelius1 ,j5s51 & ,lass5 among ! mo/ prom95t4 ,sc&9avia is repres5t$ by ,kj]ulf & ,grieg4 ,! ,fr5* h a long l9e ( well-kn[n song writ]s1 _m ( !m sc>cely above ! level ( m$iocrity & n "o %[+ any t\* ( fir/-rate tal5t4 ,9 ,italy we see a sl5d] int]e/ 9 song writ+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 produc$ a r l>ge numb] ( songs1 "s ( mu* beauty4 ,russia1 9 addition to ! truly national compos]s 7:o w be treat$ 9 ano!r *apt]71 _h di/+ui%$ song writ]s 9 ,rub9/e9 & ,ts*aik[sky4 ,engl&1 /ill 9 a dry =mali/ic p]iod1 produc$ "o true romantici/ ( great tal5t--,ar?ur ,gor+-,?omas--& sev]al popul> writ]s ^: "w %[s less di/9ction4 ,& ,am]ica 7if we ext5d ! p]iod slightly = ! sake ( conv5i5ce7 %[s "o song writ]--,edw>d ,mac,dowell--:o ranks almo/ among ! greate/4 ,_m ( ^! compos]s rank n[ mu* l[] ?an !y did 9 _! lifetime4 ,o!rs w likely drop m & m out ( sight z m rec5t "w becomes kn[n4 ,ts*aik[sky & ,g\nod1 = in/ance1 h be5 mu* ov]rat$ 9 ! pa/4 ,a few o!rs1 l ,cornelius1 are n s well kn[n z !y des]ve to be1 & z !y pres5tly w be if heav5 %[]s discrim9ation ^u s+]s & conc]t audi5ces4 ,9 any case1 ! values repres5t$ 9 ?is *apt] are l>gely values 9 transition4 ,ev5 among ^! compos]s1 mo/ ( :om are dead1 !re are /ill reputations to be made & lo/4 ,,ii ,edv>d ,grieg 7#ahdc-aijg7 0 ess5tially a writ] 9 ! small =ms4 ,8 ill heal? & also probably ! ca/ ( 8 g5ius prev5t$ him f und]tak+ labors t call$ = great conc5tration & endurance4 ,b 9 ! small =ms he is "o ( ! mo/ delightful ( ! romantici/s ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he us$ h>monic color ) tell+ results4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( rhy?mic effects4 ,9 p>ticul> he introduc$ into 8 music some?+ ( ! peculi> folk-idiom ( 8 c\ntry 7:e!r he did x 9 consci\s imitation ( ! folk-songs does n matt]74 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! di/9ctly national compos]s to become univ]sally kn[n & popul>4 ,8 melody is always engag+2 ! national peculi>ities ( x are n s obtrusive or s unusual z to ali5ate ! ord9>y li/5]4 ,he is di/9ctly easy to enjoy4 ,he 0 highly successful 9 ! creation ( poetic effect1 9 :i* he 0 help$ by ! provocative unusualness ( 8 idiom4 ,9 ! musical pa9t+ ( pictures1 9 ! sugge/ion ( moods t h a s5su\s t+e1 !re 7 few ( 8 contempor>ies :o c equal him4 ,x is evid5t t su* a man w\ld be successful ) songs4 ,& ,grieg's songs 7!re are only #adf ( !m7 are among ! mo/ delightful we h4 ,"s critics are glad to place him j bel[ ,s*ub]t & ,brahms4 ,c]ta9ly he %[s 9 8 songs a spontaneity1 an lan1 t is "o ( ! prime qualities ( ! lyrical _s4 ,l ,franz1 he makes 8 songs brief & to ! po9t4 ,unlike ,franz1 he takes consid]able fre$om ( =m & outl9e & makes an easy appeal to an unsophi/icat$ public4 ,z an int]pret] ( moods he is admirable4 ,b 8 songs h made _! popul>ity probably m on _! %e] beauty ?an on any int]pretative quality4 ,9 sev]al ( 8 ballads ,grieg has caught a sugge/ion ( ! ar*aic--a c]ta9 angul>ity ( melody :i* is crude yet beautiful4 ,?is is typifi$ 9 #8,! ,pr9cess1' words by ! ,norwegian poet ,bjrns52 & #8,! ,old ,song1' words by ,he9e4 ,b 9 g5]al ,grieg %[s t he has little to add to ! ballad or ! long] vocal =ms4 ,he is at 8 mo/ typical1 & possibly at 8 be/1 9 #8,! ,swan1'#bi words by ! dramati/ ,ibs54 ,"h he is us+ h>monic color = all x w yield4 ,9 /yle ! song is z f> z possible remov$ f ! "w ( ,franz1 = x consi/s simply ( a melody ) *ords = accompanim5t4 ,!re is sc>cely a sugge/ion ( ! polyphonic /yle4 ,! *ords1 g5]ally 9 a slightly unusual or alt]$ =m1 are simply juxtapos$4 ,f _! contra/ comes ! color :i* is s m>k$ 9 ?is song4 ,no o!r compos]1 be=e ,grieg1 _h done ?is p>ticul> ?+ s well & 9 po9t ( orig9ality ! song c ju/ly be includ$ among ! great ones ( ! _w4 ,9 ,i* liebe di*1 :i* is f> bett] kn[n1 he is 9 a ve9 t is mu* less f9e4 ,"h !re is no?+ ( ! national idiom4 ,! song is inde$ rem>kable = ! mann] 9 :i* x creates emotional excitem5t 9 a m]e f\r l9es4 ,b ?r\gh x all !re is some?+ ( ! vulg>4 ,x is n a song ap>t1 l #8,! ,swan1' b "o ( ! horde4 ,we mu/ grant x z "o ( ,grieg's di/9ctions t 8 songs h a m>k$ individuality & di/9ction1 "o f ! o!r1 ev5 ?\gh ?is di/9ction is m sup]ficial ?an ess5tial4 ,9 g5]al s*eme1 no two ( 8 be/ songs are mu* alike4 ,ea* has a virtue :i* is peculi> to x4 ,9 #8,solvejg's ,song' he writes 9 a modal folk-/yle1 *>m+1 yet a little m sophi/icat$ ?an a folk-song w\ld be4 #8,autumn ,/orm' is a good piece ( emotional expression1 ?\gh unev54 #8,! ,m9/rel's ,song' %[s dramatic p[] 9 a compress$ phrase4 #8,! ,y\?' is admirable 9 its managem5t ( a declamation :i* is /ill melody4 ,m items ( te*nical int]e/ appe> 9 #8,! ,b]ry1' #8,a ,fair ,vision1' & #8,my ,goal4' ,^!1 especially ! la/1 are all songs ( a high ord]4 ,9 #8,my ,goal' we %\ld notice ! vigor :i* is inject$ into ! :ole piece by ! compos]'s h>monic fre$om4 ,! h&l+ ( ! piano "p on ! fff climax is especially typical ( ,grieg4 ,9 #8,! ,b]ry' ! accompanim5t conta9s a c]ta9 sort ( free c\nt]po9t1 :i* becomes v effective 9 ! compos]'s *romatic me?od ( h&l+ x4 #8,a ,fair ,vision' 7,0 sah i*7 makes mu* use ( picture draw+ 9 ! accompanim5t1 ) its glitt]+ introduction & its delici\s desc5d+ *romatic voice 9 ! bass4 ,! *ords ( ! middle section1 v ,grieg-l 9 /yle1 are p>ticul>ly *>m+4 ,9 #8,fri5d%ip' ! compos] uses unusual *ords1 aga91 to express ! feel+ or ! idea ( unfai?fulness4 ,! li/5] w be /ruck by ! lik5ess ( ?is song to ,s*ub]t's ,doppelgng]4 #8,! ,old ,"m' is a simple & v beautiful song1 m folk-l ev5 ?an is usual ) ,grieg4 ,"o ( ! mo/ exquisite ( ,grieg's songs1 f ! /&po9t ( arti/ry & ta/e1 is #8,hidd5 ,love1' a model ( s5sitive writ+1 9 :i* e note c be he>d & e note is 9 place4 ,! deeply tragic note is n (t5 s\nd$ by ,grieg1 b 9 #8,by ! ,bi] ( a ,"y ,wife' he has a*iev$ x sup]bly4 ,?is song is especially wor? /udy = ! extreme fre$om ( its modulation4 ,! h>monic movem5t is s con/ant t !re is sc>cely any feel+ ( a *ange f key to key1 b r a s5se ( mov+ ab\t 9 a musical _w t is )\t tonality4 ,! /ud5t %\ld also notice ! extremely effective use ( dissonance4 ,among ! %ort] songs we %\ld also notice #8,solvejg's ,cradle ,song' & ! #8,folk-song f ,langel&4' ,9 ! long song entitl$ #8,f ,m\nt ,p9cio' ,grieg ! picture-pa9t] is at 8 be/4 ,! poet /&s on ! m\nt & sees ,italy spread out be=e him4 ,nature is 9 a my/]i\s & lovely mood4 ,! peasants1 ) _! danc+1 l5d animation to ! peaceful sc5e4 ,& ! anci5t ,italy1 ! ,italy ( ,rome1 rises to 8 m9d4 ,"o feels t ,liszt %\ld h compos$ ?is song1 ev5 ?\gh he might h made x ov]-pomp\s4 ,grieg has *os5 to ignore ! sugge/ion ( anci5t ,italy 9 8 music1 us+ 8 old musical mat]ial to express ! new idea4 ,yet ?is cons]vatism und\bt$ly has ! virtue ( l5d+ unity to ! song1 :i* o!rwise is flawless 9 po9t ( ta/e4 ,! mood ( my/]i\s nature ,grieg has describ$ be/ ( all 9 8 cycle1 #8,f ,m\nta9 & ,fjord4' ,! prologue & epilogue ( ?is gr\p h a h]oic gr&eur & yet a sympa!tic intimacy :i* we feel 9 great vi/as ( l&scape4 ,9 ! la/ numb] 9 p>ticul> ! fla%es ( gr&eur seem at times sup]natural4 ,9 bo? ^! songs ! declamatory /yle is ma/]fully h&l$4 ,! songs )9 ?is impressive frame are %ort & folk-l & m>k$ly 9 ! ,grieg idiom4 ,inde$1 ! compos]1 among 8 unpret5ti\s songs1 has writt5 no?+ m *>m+ ?an #8,ragnhild' & #8,+ebjorg4' ,,iii ,( ! v>i\s song writ]s :om1 = conv5i5ce1 we are "h call+ #8m9or1' !re is "o :o %\ld n be giv5 ! epi!t )\t res]vation4 ,?is is ,pet] ,cornelius 7#ahbd-ahgd71 fri5d & disciple ( ,liszt & p>tisan ( ,wagn]4 ,! "w ( ,cornelius has some?+ ( ! great /ra9 9 x4 ,! man _h a f9e & d>+ tal5t1 if n positive g5ius4 ,8 "w seems someh[ unf9i%$1 )\t q en\gh au?ority to place him among ! ma/]s4 ,x is z ?\gh he 7 mak+ sket*es = ,p>nassus1 b _h di$ be=e attempt+ ! giant canvas4 ,p]haps he took up music too late4 ,he 0 a mature man ) a pr(ession be=e he felt ! influ5ce ( ,liszt & devot$ himself :olly to composition4 ,?\gh he 0 by no means defici5t 9 te*nical ability1 "o someh[ feels t fate _h got a head-/>t ( him--t ! truly great compos] mu/ become su* 9 8 cradle4 ,b ^? :o w take ! tr\ble to "k him w f9d him "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory ( ! less kn[n ,g]man compos]s4 ,he respond$ to ,liszt's int5se & g5]\s int]e/ 9 music4 ,he _h ! en?usiasm ( ! amateur & ! en]gy & ?or\ghness ( ! ,g]man pr(essional man4 ,he 0 bless$ ) ! op5 m9d :i* enabl$ him to fight = ,wagn] :5 ! latt] 0 kn[n 9 ,g]many only to be despis$4 ,he _h a ke5 arti/ic s5se1 toge!r ) a vigor\s & critical m5tality :i* enabl$ him to use x ) mu* =ce4 ,& he _h :at s few compos]s possess1 ! bread? ( culture & int]e/ :i* comes f kn[+ o!r subjects besides music intimately & well4 ,f 8 songs "o gets ! impression t ne>ly all %[ orig9ality & creative p[]1 ?\gh n _m h ! f9al /amp ( au?ority to raise !m into a class ) ! great4 ,f ! creative /&po9t ,cornelius's songs are f> sup]ior to ,j5s5's4 ,b1 because he 0 unable to give 8 "w ! same f9i% ( /yle t ,j5s5 gave to 81 he is n1 l ,j5s51 a "n kn[n to e s+] ( songs4 ,let u g to ,cornelius *iefly = /imulation1 leav+ 9 ! backgr\nd = ! "t our s5se ( =m & f9i%4 ,_m ( ,cornelius's publi%$ songs are ma9ly exp]im5tal4 ,he seems to h writt5 :at he wrote ) mu* difficulty4 ,x is d\btful if he 0 (t5 altoge!r satisfi$ ) ! "w t left 8 compos+ desk4 ,! songs ( ! #8,"l's ,pray]' cycle1 = in/ance1 are extremely int]e/+ & impressive 9 conception1 b !y ne>ly always fail 9 execution4 ,out ( ! gr\p only ! n9?1 #8,& ,deliv] ,u f ,evil1' is q satisfactory4 ,b ! man's imag9ation is %[n 9 :at he evid5tly attempt$ to d 9 ! six?1 #8,& ,=give ,u ,our ,debts1' :i* has a f9e fugal bass4 ,! ?ird song ( ! s]ies1 #8,?y ,k+dom ,come1' is probably next 9 int]e/4 ,( ! o!r e>ly songs we may m5tion ! #8,%eph]d's ,night-,song1' #8,9 ! ,moonlight' 7a *>m+ s*]zo71 ! #8,slumb] ,song1' & #8,?9k'/ ,?\ ( ,me8' ,( mu* beauty is #8,come1 ,let ,u ,w&]1' :i* obta9s a g5tly color$ #8atmosph]e' ) ! simple/ ( means4 ,& among ! lat] songs !re are ?ree f9e ones :i* %\ld be m5tion$--#8,on ,molly's ,dea?1' to "o ( ,brg]'s fam\s poems2 ,auftrag & ,ab5dgefhl1 ! la/ probably ,cornelius's be/ song4 ,a good "p ( 8 "w is conta9$ 9 song cycles1 namely3 #8,sorr[ & ,consolation1' ! #8,rh9e ,songs1' ! #8,*ri/mas ,songs1' & ! #8,bridal ,songs4' ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 = :i* ! compos] wrote 8 own words 7he 0 a poet ( mu* ability71 we f9d ?ree songs :i* mu/ rank high4 ,^! are3 #8,f ! ,quiet ,spot1' #8,dream+1' & #8,a ,tone4' ,! second w\ld answ] anyone's d\bts z to :e!r ,cornelius _h ! lyric gift4 ,= he has giv5 u "h a song :i* 9 its few measures c ?r[ magic ov] our s\ls4 ,! be/ kn[n ( all 8 songs is #8,a ,tone1' 9 :i* ! voice "p is c>ri$ entirely on "o note1 :ile ! accompanim5t weaves lovely fabrics ( melody ar\nd x4 ,?is1 ! only song ( its k9d :i* ! writ] is able to call to m9d1 might h be5 a m]e trick4 ,we c imag9e su* a song be+ writt5 on a bet4 ,b a few measures ( #8,a ,tone' w dispel any su* notion4 ,= ! lyric is a "w ( art ?r\gh\t4 ,! wat]-m>k ( ! second-rate song writ] is n to be f\nd 9 a s+le measure4 ,( ! #8,rh9e ,songs' ! be/ is ! f\r?1 #8,fancies4' ,! ,*ri/mas ,songs are int]e/+ = ! compos]'s attempt to adapt !m to *ildr54 ,! melodies1 ( ! utmo/ simplicity1 h an ecclesia/ical r+ :i* l5ds color to ! s5tim5t4 ,( ! six songs ! be/ is #8,?ree ,k+s1' b ! :ole gr\p is wor? kn[+ = ! peculi> vitality ( _! modal /yle4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ beautiful ( ! song cycles1 h[ev]1 is ! gr\p kn[n z #8,bridal ,songs4' ,^! ,brautli$]1 ! words writt5 by ! compos]1 seek to int]pret six v>i\s s5tim5ts ( a "y girl at ! season ( h] m>riage4 ,!y are wond]fully delicate 9 s5tim5t & f9i%$ 9 execution4 ,! op5+ song1 #8,a ,myrtle ,spray1' is t5d] & appeal+2 ! ?ird1 ,vorab5d1 is 9 ,cornelius's f9e half declamatory /yle2 & ! f\r?1 ! #8,morn+ ,pray]1' is a deep & noble expression ( religi\s s5tim5t1 "o ( ! f9e/ ?+s ! compos] has a*iev$4 ,9 ^! songs we c sc>cely compla9 ( lack ( f9i% & au?ority4 ,^! qualities !y h1 toge!r ) inh]5t beauty & orig9ality4 ,if ,cornelius c\ld h writt5 a great] numb] ( songs l ! ,brautli$]1 ! ,auftrag1 & ! ,ab5dgefhl we %\ld surely be oblig$ to rank him among ! #8great' song writ]s4 ,z x is1 8 "w des]ves f> m g5]al recognition ?an x has receiv$ & we h reason to expect t 8 fame w spread4 ,adolph ,j5s5 7#ahcg-ahgi7 0 a mu* m f9i%$ song-writ] ?an ,cornelius & a mu* less vital "o4 ,8 songs h ga9$ mu* popul>ity among s+]s because ( _! p]fect ta/e1 _! f9e s5se ( fitness & p]fection ( =m1 & _! #8s+ability4' ,sometimes he atta9s %e] beauty ( no mean ord]4 ,b 9 ! actual bus9ess ( expression ,j5s5's songs d n (t5 r+ true4 ,! compos] is *iefly at home ) ! light] s5tim5ts or ) nature 9 h] g5tl] moods4 ,pi]ce mu* b5ea? ! surface & ! expression is ins9c]e4 ,und\bt$ly !re 0 9 ,j5s5 a s5sitive & g5u9e arti/ic nature4 ,b x _h nei!r ! robu/ness nor ! spontaneity necess>y = ! creation ( a lyric lit]ature4 ,j5s5's contribution1 if he has contribut$ any?+1 is a c]ta9 ref9em5t ( outl9e4 ,8 songs s\nd mu* l o!r good ,g]man songs1 only r m timid4 ,8 v fir/ publi%$ song1 ,lehn' de9e ,wang an me9e ,wang1 is kn[n :]ev] !re are /ud5ts ( s++4 ,x has be5 univ]sally admir$ = its simplicity & t\*+ s5tim5t4 ,x has be5 highly prais$ = its delicacy ( workman%ip4 ,b1 grant$ t x 0 a ma/]piece accord+ to ! /&>ds ( its day1 its day is pa/4 ,n[adays we are dem&+ a m positive ass]tion1 a m creative musician%ip4 ,j5s5 did f> bett] ?an ?is 9 lat] songs4 ,"s ( 8 vigor\s lyrics are admirable1 notably ! ,bol]o1 #8,9 ! ,%ad[1' #8,on ! ,bank ( ! ,riv]1' & #8,old ,heidelb]g1' ! la/ an excell5t essay 9 popul> c\nt]po9t4 ,! =mal (t5 atta9s *>m+ results 9 ,j5s5's songs1 witness1 #8,"m1 ,i ,h ,two ,little ,eyes1' :i* is a m9iature symphony allegretto4 ,b on ! :ole x is 9 8 nature-songs t he is mo/ at ease4 ,! li/ ( sup]ior ones is r long--#8,murmur+ ,breezes1' #8,spr+ ,night1' & #8,ev5+ ,air' are repres5tative4 ,! ,waldesgespr* dep5ds m on pure melody 9 ! voice ?an does ,s*umann's sett+ ( ! same words1 & is 9 e way an inf]ior song4 ,! ,scot* songs h _! *>m1 b are s empty ( feel+ comp>$ ) ! f9e tunes to :i* ! words are set 9 _! native c\ntry t _! composition seems a s94 ,b #8,sleep'/ ,?\1 ,my ,maid58' 9 :i* ! folk-_s is purely ,g]man1 is a *>m+ song4 ,! be/ ( all1 h[ev]1 is probably #8,m>g>ete at ! ,door4' ,illu/ration3 ,m9or ,romantici/s4 ,top3 ,c>l ,lwe & ,pet] ,cornelius ,bottom3 ,edu>d ,lass5 & ,adolf ,j5s5 ,edu>d ,lass5 7#ahcj-aijd7 0 ev5 less pret5ti\s ?an ,j5s5 9 8 songs1 b r m g5u9e & satisfactory4 ,possibly we _c call him a true int]pret] ( emotion1 b we mu/ cr$it him ) ! composition ( _m a lovely melody4 ,lass5 0 ,liszt's successor 9 ! director%ip at ,weim> & ?us liv$ 9 a /imulat+ atmosph]e4 ,8 songs1 :i* 7 probably ! outcome ( mom5ts ( play1 r ?an s]i\s ef=ts1 %[ bo? m buoyancy & m ela/icity ?an d ^? ( ,j5s54 ,) !m we are aga9 brea?+ ! fre% air1 albeit a peaceful air4 ,_m ( 8 songs cont5t !mselves ) be+ simple /rophic melodies1 int]pretive only 9 g5]al mood & n 9 detail4 ,! be/ lov$ ( 8 songs1 #8,?9e ,eyes ,s ,blue & ,t5d]1' is fairly typical ( ! simpl] ones4 ,lass5's sett+ ( ,he9e's #8,x ,0 a ,dream' is m truly an art-song1 ?\gh its appeal is ga9$ by ! simple/ ( means4 #8,:i!r' has an arpeggio accompanim5t :i* adds admirably to ! simple fre%ness ( ! song4 #8,spr+' is furni%$ =? ) int]e/+ modulations1 manag$ ) unfail+ ta/e4 ,9 #8,?\ ,faire/ ,vision' ,lass5 becomes vigor\s & passionate2 9 #8,! ,sun's ,bright ,beams' he atta9s dignity & bread? )9 brief space4 ,9 consid]+ ,lass5's lyrical & melodic /yle x %\ld be int]e/+ = ! read] to comp>e 8 sett+s ( ,he9e ) ,s*umann's--z1 = in/ance1 9 #8,x 0 a ,dream1' ,e9 ,fi*t5baum /eht e9sam1 & ,i* hab' im ,traum gewe9et4 ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ,lass5 /ruck out no new pa? 9 song writ+1 ?\gh he enl>g$ no b\nd>ies & tapp$ no new fields ( expression1 he kept 8 songs on a high plane ( arti/ic g5u95ess4 ,among ! song compos]s ( ! la/ half ( ! c5tury :o express$ !mselves *iefly by means ( melody1 ,lass5 is "o ( ! mo/ notable4 ,georg ,h5s*el 7born ,breslau #ahej7 is a song writ] ^: pres5t reputation is v f> f equall+ ! high /&>d ( 8 "w4 ,?is is p]haps because 8 songs z a :ole %[ no /rik+ elem5t ( novelty4 ,b x is none ! less regrettable4 ,= 9 po9t ( pure m]it ,h5s*el mu/ be rank$ among ! f9e/ song writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,born & educat$ 9 ,g]many1 he has sp5t mo/ ( ! work+ ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 :]e he has made a notable reputation z s+] & conductor4 ,8 musician%ip is solid & deep1 8 inspiration fre% & unhackney$1 8 me?od hone/ & /raight=w>d4 ,he is purely ,g]man4 ,9 8 songs we feel ! be/ traditions ( ! be/ song writ]s1 conc5trat$ & amalgamat$1 b )\t any elem5t ( crass imitation4 ,8 songs h ! arti/ic f9i% :i* is necess>y to give conviction to any lyric "w4 ,9 mood !y v>y greatly f t ( natural gr&eur & religi\s dignity all ! way to ! mo/ delicate s5tim5t & humor4 ,ea* ( ! songs is nicely individualiz$1 bo? 9 ! musical !mes & 9 ! mann] ( treatm5t4 ,9 !m "o is (t5 rem9d$ ( ,s*umann1 b ! solid musician%ip ( ,brahms is equally evid5t4 ,!re are no slip%od songs 9 8 li/ & few :i* d n /& on a high arti/ic level4 ,! accompanim5t is ri*1 b on ! :ole cons]vative1 act+ ess5tially z a support to ! voice1 h[ev] ri*ly decorat$ x may be4 ,! g5]al me?od is /rictly lyrical & melodic4 ,pure declamation ent]s seldom4 ,! dramatic & ! picturesque elem5ts are pres5t1 b subord9at$ to ! lyrical4 ,s*umann's influ5ce is cont9ually evid5t1 b ,brahms1 too1 is !re ) 8 solid & c>eful musician%ip4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ place ,h5s*el z "o ( ! great ma/]s ( ! folk-_s 9 art-song4 ,8 navet is n /udi$2 x spr+s f a human sympa?y ) ! fundam5tal ?+s 9 music4 ,we h repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 ?is book ! great te/ ( ! song writ]1 namely t he %all be able to express emotional /ates 9 a few notes2 by ?is te/ ,h5s*el is among ! mo/ g5u9e ( lyrici/s4 ,h5s*el's songs h be5 publi%$ 9 small gr\ps ?r\gh\t 8 p]iod ( activity4 ,_m ( ! gr\ps are 9 ! nature ( suites1 or at lea/ h "s elem5t ( unity4 ,we may m5tion ! #8,=e/ ,fl[]s ( ,?ur+ia1' op]a #bb & #bd2 ! six songs1 ,im ,volk/on1 opus #bi2 ! ,s]bis*es ,li$]spiel1 opus #cb1 compris+ t5 songs 9 a close cycle2 ! f\r songs to poems by ,hafiz1 opus #cd2 & ! ?ree songs f ,k+sley's #8,wat] ,babies1' opus #cf4 ,op]a #bb1 #bd1 #bi1 & #cb are all l>gely 9 ! folk-mann] & comprise "s ( ,h5s*el's be/4 ,9 addition to ^! & num]\s indep5d5t songs !re are a numb] ( ballads1 "s ( !m furni%$ ) or*e/ral accompanim5t :i* are among ! be/ examples ( ?is difficult mod]n =m4 ,! v>i\s songs 9 folk-mann] (f] a f9e /udy 9 musical ta/e & und]/&+4 ,9 ! be/ ( !m ! peculi>ities ( ea* text h be5 caught ) su* accuracy t any o!r musical int]pretation seems impossible4 ,exam9e1 = in/ance1 ! two #8,love ,lam5ts ( a ,maid5'--! long1 crawl+1 saga-l melodic l9e ( ! fir/1 ! dignifi$ *orale =m ( ! second4 ,bo? are impeccable 9 po9t ( metre & ^w-acc5t4 ,b ! utt] contra/ 9 musical /yle %[s ,h5s*el's f9e discrim9ation 9 8 treatm5ts ( 8 texts4 ,he cat*es n m]ely ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics1 b ! inn]mo/ mean+ ( ea* ( 8 poems4 ,?us :5 he sets t t9y folk-ma/]piece1 ,w5n du bei me9em ,s*tzel komm/1 he sugge/s 9 8 music ! v>y+ mood ( ! l9es1 b he keeps ! song f> away f ! del9eative1 %[+ 9 8 folk-l treatm5t ( x t he reg>d$ ! poem prim>ily z a unit--z a s+le play ( wit4 ,songs l ,v]/ohl5 geht d] ,mond auf & #8,ladybird' seem q p]fect examples ( delicate & graceful song writ+4 ,mei ,s*tz]l is a humor\s song :i* is h>dly surpass$ by ,brahms or ,wolf4 ,ano!r song t is 9 e way a ma/]piece is #8,! ,mill]'s ,f>ewell1' a melody purely 9 ! folk-"*1 ) a subtle pa?os v]g+ on trag$y4 ,d] ,holdselig51 "o ( ! be/ ( all 8 songs1 is ( a diff]5t sort4 ,x is ess5tially an art-song1 ?\gh at fir/ glance x seems to be> ! ca*et ( ! folk4 ,x is n a :it m difficult or complicat$ ?an any ( ! folk-songs1 b !re is 9 x some:]e t elem5t ( consci\s design t makes ! diff]5ce4 ,a /udy ( ?is song & "o or two ( ,h5s*el's pure folk-songs1 su* z ,mund und ,auge1 w reveal mu* conc]n+ ! s5sitive deftness ( 8 art4 ,9 ! m pret5ti\s art-song ,h5s*el is j z mu* ! ma/]4 ,8 #8,morn+ ,hymn1' p]haps 8 be/ kn[n song1 is ( a gr&eur r>ely to be met ) outside ( ,hugo ,wolf4 ,inde$1 9 ! deep] emotions ,h5s*el is seldom f\nd want+4 ,8 !mes are tru?ful & conv9c+2 8 developm5t cle> & /rong2 8 musician%ip f]tile & res\rceful4 ,among ! m9or ,g]man song writ]s ,alex&] von ,fielitz 7born #ahfj7 has a*iev$ unusual popul>ity4 ,he is be/ kn[n by 8 cycle1 ,elil&1 :i* is1 by all odds1 8 be/ "w4 ,! /ory ( ! monk's hopeless love is 9 itself a gr\ndwork ( extraord9>y s5tim5tal appeal4 ,von ,fielitz has ?r[n himself into 8 task ) great sympa?y4 ,all ! songs are ( m>k$ musical value4 ,:5 sung toge!r1 !y reveal _m lights & %ades ( r>e poetical *>m4 ,"h von ,fielitz is a conv9c+ int]pret] ( ! emotions4 ,9 8 o!r songs he r>ely /rikes ! same level4 ,8 !mes frequ5tly h no m>k$ "* & 8 te*nique is lack+ 9 res\rce4 ,(t5 a mann]ism ( ano!r compos]--,s*umann or ,wagn]--is introduc$ 9 a r obvi\s way4 ,9 %ort1 von ,fielitz has hurt 8 reputation by writ+ too mu* & repeat+ himself too (t54 ,9 ,das grne1 lu/ige ,waldgezelt he is fre% & spirit$ & uses ) effect 8 some:at mann]i/ic contra/+ voices 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,! ,md*5li$]1 to words by ,geibel1 are delicate & v s+able4 ,! ,je/] ,songs1 to words by ,otto ,julius ,bi]baum1 are fairly int]e/+2 ! be/ be+ #8,! ,melan*oly ,fool4' ,among ! be/ ( 8 songs are ,na*ruf1 ) its /imulat+ inn] voices1 & ,wehmu?1 :i* is an excell5t /udy 9 emotional climax4 ,8 sett+s ( ! ,tuscan ,popul> ,poems by ,gregorovius & ( ! ,mod]n ,greek ,folk-songs by ,geibel (t5 %[ m>k$ grace & *>m4 ,b on ! :ole we se>* 9 va9 9 8 songs = ! g5ius-t\* t proclaims ! ma/]4 ,an e>ly song writ] ( ,norway1 :o1 because ( ! "* ( 8 "w1 c prop]ly be nam$ "h1 is ,halfdan ,kj]ulf 7#ahah-ahfh74 ,he 0 n ( ! l9e ( ,s*ub]t4 ,8 songs1 :i* are v num]\s1 cont5t !mselves ) a vague s5tim5tal *>m4 ,b ?\gh he did no?+ to advance ! art-song1 ! man 0 an arti/4 ,8 melodies h _h great popul>ity & are p]haps kn[n bett] to ! man 9 ! /reet ?an to ! pr(essional s+]4 ,8 #8,la/ ,night' has become a folk-song ! _w ov]4 ,f ! arti/ic po9t ( view ! #8,love ,s]mon' is p]haps ! be/4 #8,synnve's ,song' & #8,little ,u5evil' h all ! g5u95ess ( ! folk-song & all ! sur5ess ( ! art-song1 a comb9ation :i* _m a compos] might envy4 #8,! ,"m at ! ,cradle' is a t\*+ melody1 ) a delicate second melody 9 ! accompanim5t4 #8,i ,j\rney$ ov] ! ,sea' is a f9e ballad1 simple & g5u9e1 & ,ab5d/immung & #8,god ,kn[s :]e ,he ,w&]s' are songs well wor? kn[+4 ,9 "s ( ^! lyrics ,kj]ulf is no m an art-song compos] ?an ,/eph5 ,fo/]4 ,b ?r\gh\t he %[s t he is a musician & a man ( f9e ta/e1 & )9 its n>r[ limits mu* ( 8 "w is admirable4 ,anton ,dvok 7#ahda-aijd71 ! greate/ ( ! ,bohemian compos]s1 0 kn[n to ! _w *iefly ?r\gh 8 or*e/ral1 op]atic1 & *oral works4 ,he1 h[ev]1 publi%$ a few gr\ps ( songs :i* reveal 8 individual qualities--ri* & some:at ,slavic melody1 s\nd musician%ip1 & captivat+ res\rcefulness 9 _m-color$ modulation4 ,! songs h n prov$ suffici5tly num]\s or suffici5tly /rong to hold a p]man5t place on conc]t programs4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( *>m+ ones among !m1 especially ! #8,gypsy ,songs1' :i* h ! da% ( ! ,brahms ,zigeun]li$]1 & 9 addition m emotional color & m national *>act]i/ics4 ,we %\ld also m5tion 9 ,g]many ,eric ,mey]-,helmund 7born #ahfa71 repres5t$ by #8,a ,maid5's ,wi%'2 ,joa*im ,raff 7#ahbb-ahhb7 ) 8 *>m+ #8,s]5ade'2 & ,gu/av ,grab5-,h(fmann 7#ahbj-aijj7 ) #8,five ,hundr$ ,?\s& ,devils4' ,wor?y ( some:at m detail$ notice is ,augu/ ,bung]t 7born #ahdf71 :o has rec5tly become m g5]ally kn[n1 9 ,g]many at lea/1 = works ( l>g] calibre1 b ^: r ov]-pret5ti\s ambition 9 attempt+ to out-d ,wagn] 9 a musico-dramatic tetralogy1 ,hom]is*e ,welt1 has made him appe> some:at ridicul\s4 ,_m ( 8 songs1 :i* %[ ! h& ( ! te*nically pr(ici5t musician1 are set to words by ,c>m5 ,sylva 7#8,songs ( a ,que51' etc474 ,p]haps 8 be/ ve9 is %[n 9 ! simple1 folk-l sett+ ( ,i* hab'e9 kle9es ,li$ erda*t1 :i* comb9es a g5u9e nave feel+ ) f9e workman%ip & spontane\s lyric *>m4 ,,iv ,9 ,france1 we h said1 a multitude ( songs 7 produc$ aft] ,s*ub]t _h set ! fa%ion4 ,!y began1 z we h se51 ) ,monp\ & ,b]lioz4 ,b ) ! exception ( ! latt] we h n a s+le orig9al & au?oritative voice 9 ,fr5* song writ+ until ! "t ( ,faur1 ,debussy1 & ! lat] ,cs> ,franck4 ,! ,fr5* song tradition1 d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* aria1 0 inde$ di/9ctive4 ,b x 0 badly fitt$ = intimate int]pretation1 be+ cold 9 _s & ?9 9 workman%ip4 ,! be/ t c be said ab\t ?is tradition is t x obs]v$ a f9e economy ( means1 nev] us+ a note t c\ld n be he>d & t did n make its effect4 ,b 9 ! tru] s5se ! tradition 0 n economical1 = x fail$ to get out ( its pot5tial res\rces "o t5? ( ! expressive s]vice x might h _h4 ,! ,fr5* compos]s 7 too mu* occupi$ ) ! beauty ( _! melodic l9e1 :i* is s all-important t ! accompanim5t is v frequ5tly no m ?an a re-duplication ( ! voice "p 9 ! treble1 ) a few ?9 & misplac$ *ords add$4 ,nor has ?is ov]-%ad[+ melody any ( ! w>m? ( an ,italian tune2 on ! contr>y x is s cold & self-consci\s t x seems to h be5 put d[n note by note aft] a consultation ) a book ( rules4 ,any?+ l f]tility ( polyphonic inv5tion 9 ! accompanim5t is n to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ?is tradition4 ,all ! art is to be exp5d$ on ! s+]'s "p4 ,und\bt$ly ?is (f]s consid]able ex]cise to ! s+]'s intellig5ce1 = due proportion ( outl9e & ( nuance mu/ be pres]v$4 ,b ! songs f ?is p]iod :i* (f] any possibilities to ! f9] int]pretive ability ( ! arti/ c be numb]$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&4 ,*>les ,g\nod 7#ahah-ahic7 0 unque/ionably a man ( great tal5t4 ,b he abus$ x mis]ably4 ,! compos] ( #8,fau/' %\ld h left 8 m>k deeply on ,fr5* art4 ,he only add$ "o or two successful op]as to x4 ,8 songs %[ 8 tal5t 9 its picturesqu5ess & v>iety4 ,b !y also %[ ) t]rible pla9ness its abuse4 ,x seems safe to say t !re are n half a doz5 ( !m :i* a self-respect+ s+] c /udy4 ,on ! :ole1 ,g\nod is be/ 9 8 songs :]e he is lea/ pret5ti\s--namely1 9 ! little s]5ade1 #8,s+1 ,laugh1 ,sleep1' :i* )\t grudg+ we may call utt]ly *>m+4 ,! ,b>c>olle1 ,ou v\lez-v\s all]1 may also be includ$ among ! excell5t ones4 ,!n comes a l>ge collection ( s5tim5tal or emotional songs :i* seem b5ea? a musician's notice--songs su* z ,a la ,brise1 ,mignon1 or ! well kn[n #8,oh1 ,t ,we ,two ,7 ,may+4' ,! la/ is 9 a scream+ s5tim5tal /yle :i* has =tunately di$1 except 9 ! vaudeville h\ses ( ,engl&4 ,"s ( ! conc]t pieces--l ! ,arabian song #8,m$je1' or ! waltz1 ,o legre hirondelle--are frankly *eap & und5iably effective4 ,ano!r class ( songs on :i* ,g\nod made a glitt]+ reputation 0 ! religi\s4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* is q ! be/1 set a :ole fa%ion = gr&iose lyrics exploit+ :at might be call$ #8popul> religion4' ,?is song1 #8,naz>e?1' has its m>k$ beauties & d\btless %\ld n be held responsible = ! fruits x produc$1 especially 9 ,engl&4 ,yet ev5 ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ultimate results we _c help feel+ t ?is beautiful song repres5ts a r !atrical type ( religion4 ,& ! o!r songs are consi/5tly worse4 ,l'ange ,g>di5 & ,la salutation anglique h _! beauties1 b smell mu* ( ! !atre4 ,o!rs ( ! religi\s songs1 l #8,!re ,is a ,gre5 ,hill ,f> ,away' & ,temple1 ouvre-toi1 are execrable4 ,two o!r op]a compos]s :o fail$ to ga9 ,g\nod's reputation z a song-writ] work$ ) m consi/5t arti/ic consci5ce4 ,ambroise ,?omas 7#ahaa-ahif71 compos] ( #8,mignon1' publi%$ a numb] ( songs1 notably ! six ,italian songs writt5 dur+ 8 resid5ce z a ,prix de ,rome s*ol> 9 ,italy4 ,8 "p-songs = m5's voices also ga9$ great popul>ity because ( _! spirit$ treatm5t4 ,georges ,bizet 7#ahch-ahge7 0 a man ( f> f9] mettle ?an ei!r ( ! two we h nam$4 ,8 num]\s songs %[ z high a /&>d ( excell5ce & almo/ z high an av]age ( creativ5ess z ! "w ( any song writ] betwe5 ,b]lioz & ,faur4 ,! be/ & mo/ popul> ( !m is ! ,pa/orale4 ,ano!r excell5t lyric is ,aprs l'hiv]4 ,9 ! ,srnade & ,ouvre ton cur we f9d a sugge/ion ( ! exotic color :i* 0 popul> 9 ,p>is at ! "t4 ,je n'en dirai ri5 illu/rates ,bizet's aptitude at ! imitation ( ! antique1 & ,qui donc t'aim]a mieux is an int]e/+ & altoge!r *>m+ trick song = an agile soprano4 ,among ! o!r songs :i* are well wor? kn[+ are ,rve de la bi5-aime1 ,ma vie a son secret1 ,d\ce m]1 & ,n'oublions pas6 ,flici5 ,david 7#ahaj-ahgf71 :o initiat$ 9 ,p>is ! vogue ( ! exotic1 ma9ta9$ ! fa%ion z be/ he c\ld 9 8 songs1 :i* %[ a tal5t = ! picturesque & /rik+ & no small am\nt ( musician%ip4 ,! be/ ( 8 songs is d\btless ,les ,hirondelles1 :i* adds to a *>m+ simple melody an accompanim5t full ( picturesque ornam5tation4 ,camille ,sa9t-,sans 7born #ahce71 an admirably solid =ce 9 ,fr5* musical life on ! :ole1 has 9 8 songs add$ no?+ ( importance to ! lit]ature ( 8 "t4 ,x is regrettable t he c\ld n "h h %[n 8 acqua9tance ) ! great ,g]man ma/]s z he did 9 *amb] & or*e/ral music4 ,t5 songs or s w sugge/ ! "* ( 8 "w4 ,we f9d1 9 addition to ! #8cold melodic l9e' ( :i* we h spok51 a gr[+ use ( dissonance 9 ! lat] songs1 = emotional or #8psy*ological' effect4 ,if ?is t5d5cy _h be5 9 any way orig9al to ,sa9t-,sans & 8 fell[s1 or if x _h be5 develop$ 9 a di/9ctive fa%ion1 x w\ld h con/itut$ a real claim to fame1 = ?is is precisely ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! f9e mod]n ,fr5* song lit]ature4 ,z x is1 9 su* a song z ,tri/esse we mu/ reg>d ! use ( dissonance z a #8look+ =w>d' to mod]n times1 b 9 sc>cely m ?an an accid5tal way4 ,und\bt$ly ,sa9t-,sans us$ 8 dissonance delib]ately & n accid5tally1 b ! entrance ( ?is feature into ,fr5* song z a :ole 0 sc>cely m ?an accid5tal4 ,suzette et ,suzon is an example ( :at ! ,fr5* are likely to d v well--! imitation ( ! antique4 ,?is song has a m>k$ *>m & !re are _m m l x 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,le ,sommeil des ,fleurs may /& z an example ( ! ,fr5* emphasis on melody 7at ! "t7 & ! effect :i* !y c\ld d]ive f x4 ,9 ,la ,clo*e we see an ef=t aft] color & picture pa9t+1 ?\gh x is b weak & conv5tional4 ,le ,pas d'armes du ,roi ,jeanito1 to ,hugo's words1 is a ballad ( "s _s & attempt$ color4 ,all ^! songs are fill$ ) banalities & c>elessness ( writ+4 ,mu* m c>efully & creatively writt5 is ,clair de ,lune1 :i* tries an int]e/+ exp]im5t ) acc5ts4 ,! acc5ts ( ! voice "p all seem to be misplac$1 s9ce !y d n co9cide ) ^? ( ! accompanim5t4 ,9 reality bo? p>ts receive equal emphasis 9 ! acc5ts1 or r !re are no acc5ts at all4 ,! compos]'s way ( writ+ ! song m]ely emphasises "o m int]e/+ po9t 9 ,fr5* song :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 det]m9$ ! "* ( its music ?r\gh\t ! c5tury--namely1 ! liquid quality ( its v]se4 ,we may also m5tion among ,sa9t-,sans' songs ! ,b>c>olle1 ! ,dsir de l',ori5t1 an effective conc]t piece1 & ,au ,cimetire1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ popul>4 ,jules ,mass5et 7#ahdb-aiab71 tireless compos] ( op]as1 wrote _m songs :i* /& fairly high among ,fr5* lyrics ( _! class4 ,!y h a c]ta9 facility & g5iality to comm5d !m1 & 9 p>ticul> a voluptu\s s9u\s cont\r4 ,mass5et's use ( ! sl[ #ab_/h or #i_/h tempo 0 "o ( 8 *ief /ocks-9-trade4 ,b1 except z pleas+ & unpret5ti\s p>lor songs1 we _c reg>d !m v s]i\sly4 ,?\gh 8 lifetime ov]lapp$ ! #8new s*ool' by m ?an two decades1 he is di/9ctly ( ! old s*ool4 ,8 h>mony is q old-fa%ion$ & he %[s b few traces ( ! ,fr5* se>* = atmosph]e4 ,8 "o p]sonal quality is an increas$ s5su\sness ( melody1 a*iev$ )\t special aid f ! accompanim5t4 ,! be/ ( 8 songs is among ! e>lie/1 ! #8,elegy1' adapt$ f an or*e/ral int]mezzo :i* =m$ "p ( ! incid5tal music = ,les ,er9nyes4 ,9 ,a ,colomb9e he has creat$ a *>m+ g5re piece4 ,9 ! ,nuit d',espagne1 a g5tle & res]v$ song ( exotic t5d5cies1 9 ! ,*ant ,prov5al1 a typical #ab_/h melody1 lusci\s yet #8*a/e1' ov] ! b>e/ ( *ord accompanim5ts4 ,9 ! sprightly ,srnade du passant he is altoge!r delightful1 especially 9 ins9uat+ into ! melody m mean+ ?an meets ! e>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he has writt5 any numb] ( s5tim5tal songs :i*1 l #8,op5 ,?y ,blue ,eyes1' are rubbi%4 ,9 ! same g5]al s*ool are a numb] ( compos]s 7"s ( !m ,mass5et's pupils7 :o h writt5 songs 9 quantity1 "s ) occasionally *>m+ results4 ,"o ( ! mo/ f]tile & popul> 0 ,b5jam9 ,god>d 7#ahdi-ahie74 ,8 "w 0 m>r$ by ! rapidity ) :i* x 0 writt51 necessitat+ an uncritical attitude on ! compos]'s "p :i* is fatal to ! g5]al body ( a man's "w4 ,sev]al felicit\s examples ( ,god>d's "w1 h[ev]1 well des]ve _! popul>ity1 especially ! ,b]ceuse f ,jocelyn1 ! delicate #8,florian's ,song1' & ! spirit$ ,b>c>olle1 ,emb>quez-v\s4 ,l',am\r may be tak5 z an example ( ! great majority ( 8 songs--conv5tional b pleas+4 ,( ev5 great] popul>ity & possibly m orig9ality is ! "w ( ,ccile ,*am9ade 7born #ahfa71 ^: songs occasionally approa* a high degree ( arti/ic f9i%4 ,9 h] g5re songs ,mme4 ,*am9ade is especially felicit\s4 ,sev]al r&om examples are ! ,*anson ,slave & ! ,*anson ,espagnole1 among ! pseudo-national lyrics2 ! ,m&ol9e & ,madrigal & ,vois9age1 ea* 9 a special & easily appreciat$ /yle4 ,9 h] da9ty imitations ( ! antique ! compos] %[s h] ,fr5* tra9+ & ze/--notably 9 ,auprs de ma mie1 ,nol des oiseaux1 & ,ronde d'am\r4 ,9 h] emotional songs1 su* z ,*anson tri/e & ,amoroso1 %e is less di/+ui%$4 ,& 9 ! religi\s or gr&iose songs1 su* z ,immortalit & l',idal1 %e is pomp\s1 noisy1 & un9spir$4 ,h] creative impulse is n great4 ,h] ideas are mo/ *>m+ :5 !y are mo/ mode/ ,b :5 %e is work+ ) mat]ial t is to h] ta/e %e c manipulate x ) a deftness t _m a fir/-rate compos] might be pr\d (4 ,a fur!r gr\p ( ,fr5* song writ]s may be m5tion$ because _! "w conta9s "s elem5ts ( di/9ction4 ,gabriel ,pi]n 7born #ahfc71 a musician ( f9e end[m5ts & a =ce 9 ,p>isian musical life1 works ) deftness & excell5t ta/e1 *iefly 9 ! small] =ms & ! m mode/ ideas4 ,j4 ,guy ,rop>tz 7born #ahfd71 a pupil ( ,cs> ,franck1 has kept himself cle> ( ! mod]n radical t5d5cies 9 ,p>is & has cont9u$ to produce songs 9 ! old mann]1 b consid]ably m vigor\s & creative 9 cont5t ?an 0 once ! fa%ion4 ,xavi] ,lr\x 7born #ahfc71 ) at lea/ "o f9e song1 #8,! ,nile1' %\ld be nam$1 & also ,augu/a ,m>y ,anne ,holms 7#ahdg-aijc71 an ,iri% woman :o liv$ & work$ 9 ,p>is & wrote songs ( l>ge & pret5ti\s outl9e1 be/ ( :i*1 p]haps1 is #8,an ,iri% ,nol4' ,reynaldo ,hahn 7born #ahgd71 "o ( ! weak] pupils ( ,mass5et1 foll[$ 8 ma/]'s me?od to consid]able popul>ity b to little arti/ic purpose4 ,o!r song-writ]s :o may pr(itably be m5tion$ are ,ar?ur ,coqu>d 7born #ahdf7 & ,george ,adolphe ,hu 7born #ahea74 ,v ,! position ( ,edw>d ,mac,dowell 7#ahfa-aiaa7 z a lyrici/ is /ill disput$4 ,mr4 ,f9ck ranks him among ! f\r greate/ song-writ]s ( ! _w4 ,9 po9t ( s9c]ity & individuality he 0 surpass$ by few ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( 8 maturity on he wrote sc>cely a note t did n be> 8 p]sonal signature4 ,9 two or ?ree ( 8 songs he is c]ta9ly hobnobb+ among ! great4 ,b ?\gh ne>ly all 8 "w is *>m+ly individual1 "o may d\bt :e!r he has writt5 a suffici5t quantity ( sup]ior songs to entitle him to ! rank to :i* ,mr4 ,f9ck assigns him4 ,b ! songs are !re1 indep5d5tly ( :at rank ?is or t writ] *ooses to give him4 ,he is unsurpass$ 9 giv+ 8 music c]ta9 special qualities or moods1 di/9ct1 yet n got by /ra9$ means--moods su* z bant]1 s5tim5tal t5d]ness1 playfulness1 & ! l4 ,! a*iev+ ( su* results is "o ( ! ultimate ?+s 9 song writ+ f ! te*nical po9t ( view1 & _m fir/ rank compos]s h be5 unequal to x4 ,to a*ieve x is a special m>k ( g5ius = ! art-song4 ,aga91 we f9d t ,mac,dowell's songs h a rem>kable am\nt ( di/9ction & individuality2 ?\gh ! p]sonality ( ! compos] is ov] all1 ea* ( ! songs has its own p]sonality1 too4 ,! range is consid]able2 f playfulness1 ?r\gh s5su\s emotion1 to deepe/ trag$y1 & ea* type1 at ,mac,dowell's h&s1 is equally individual & almo/ equally successful4 ,! ,mac,dowell idiom1 d]iv$ 9 "p f ,grieg1 is us$ flexibly = _m ?+s & is usually a f9e in/rum5t ( emotional expression4 ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 leave ?is li/+ ( ! qualities ( ,mac,dowell's songs )\t m5tion+ _! frequ5t t5d5cy to ! banal1 a t5d5cy :i* is nev] m>k$ or long su/a9$1 b :i* appe>s 9 unexpect$ places to rob ! songs ( _! f9al t\* ( ari/ocratic di/9ction4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,mac,dowell songs is a gr\p ( ,scot* melodies1 an endeavor to imitate ! ,scot* /yle1 yet n s closely z to d away ) individuality4 #8,des]t$1' to ! old words #8,ye ,banks & ,braes ( ,bonny ,doon1'#cj is appeal+ & tragic1 altoge!r a f9e piece ( "w4 ,b ! ,scot* songs ( opus #cd are m beautiful & m p]sonal4 ,bo? #8,m5ie' & #8,my ,jean' 7words by ,burns7 deal 9 ! ,scot* cad5ces & phrases1 b !y might also /& z a /udy = ! great songs ( opus #dg4 ,! songs ( opus #bf1 entitl$ #8,f an ,old ,g>d51' %[ ,mac,dowell at 8 be/ 9 8 light] moods4 #8,! ,blue ,bell1' :i* ma9ta9s a mood half ( bant] & half ( pa?os1 is admirable1 & #8,! ,myrtle1' ) its h>monic fre$om yet cog5t expression1 is ( decid$ te*nical int]e/4 ,leav+ to ! la/ ! two greate/ ( ,mac,dowell's song gr\ps1 let u make m5tion 9 pass+ ( opus #ef1 two excell5t songs1 #8,! ,swan ,b5t ,l[ to ! ,lily' & #8,a ,maid ,s+s ,high & a ,maid ,s+s ,l[1' :i* are z p]sonal z any?+ ! compos] has done2 ( opus #eh ) ! pleas+ #8,m]ry ,maids1' & ( opus #fj1 ) #8,tyrant ,love1' ano!r v p]sonal song1 & #8,fair ,spr+tide1' orig9al & invigorat+4 ,! two great opus numb]s ref]r$ to are #dj & #dg4 ,! #8,six ,love ,songs' ( opus #dj include "o :i* is p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( all ,mac,dowell's vocal "w--#8,?y ,beam+ ,eyes4' ,9 ?is song we mu/ admire ! /r5u\sness ( ! hot emotion :i* ! compos] is able to conjure up1 b we _c help wi%+ t he _h *os5 a m$ium a little less vulg>4 ,?is song conta9s mu* ( ,mac,dowells ability1 b ( ,mac,dowell's arti/ic message x conta9s less ?an almo/ any o!r4 ,! second song ( ! gr\p1 #8,swee!>t1 ,tell ,me1' is delicate & p]fect z a cut gem4 ,b by all means ,mac,dowell's greate/ song-gr\p is opus #dg1 #8,eight ,songs4' ,! fir/ ( ! gr\p is ! second ( ! compos]'s songs 9 popul>ity--#8,! ,rob9 ,s+s 9 ! ,apple ,tree4' ,n[h]e has ,mac,dowell be5 m felicit\s 9 ! del9eation ( mood 9 t9y details2 ! numb] ( treasures 9 ?is %ort song is truly surpris+4 ,! #8,midsumm] ,lullaby' is a ma/]piece4 ,aga9 x is ! accuracy ( mood-pa9t+ t /rikes u1 ?is "t ! hot laz9ess ( ! full summ] day4 ,! ?ird piece1 ! #8,folksong1' is 9 ,mac,dowell's mo/ vigor\s & admirable /yle4 #8,! ,we/ ,w9d ,croons 9 ! ,c$> ,trees1' #8,9 ! ,woods1' & #8,?r\gh ! ,mead[' are nature songs ( mu* di/9ction1 %[+ grace1 buoyancy1 or s5tim5t1 z ! case may be4 ,b ! f9e/ song ( ! gr\p1 & ! f9e/ ( all ,mac,dowell's songs1 is #8,! ,sea1' to ,william ,dean ,h[ells's words4 ,"h we h 9 full /r5g? ! mood ( tragic gr&eur :i* has be5 /ruck seldom 9 mod]n art-songs4 ,?is song1 at lea/1 has n a t\* ( banality1 n a note ( mann]ism1 n a phrase :i* is n at once great music & g5u9e poetry4 ,_m ( ,mac,dowell's songs are p]haps too p]sonal to be g5]ally appreciat$4 ,"h is "o song :i* is utt]ly ! product ( 8 individual g5ius1 b at ! same "t a univ]sal art-"w4 ,beyond ,mac,dowell x is n easy to "n a s+le ,am]ican song-writ] :o has any claim to a position among ! song-writ]s ( ! _w4 ,a few1 especially 9 v rec5t ye>s1 h %[n a m>k$ tal5t :i* may be expect$ to develop into some?+ unusual4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! ,am]ican song output1 ?\gh enorm\s1 has be5 consi/5tly & pa9fully second-rate 9 "*4 ,?is is n to belittle ! excell5t "w :i* c]ta9 ,am]icans h accompli%$ 9 ?is field2 b _! int]e/ mu/ necess>ily be local4 ,! ,am]ican song-writ]s are treat$ 9 detail 9 ano!r volume1#ca s we ne$ "h only m5tion !m & ! occasional treasures hidd5 9 a mass ( "w too facile & imitative4 ,we %\ld "n1 h[ev]1 "o ( _! numb] :o1 ) r limit$ tal5ts1 has nev]!less made a place = himself 9 ! he>ts ( p 9 ,europe z well z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is ,e!lb]t ,nev9 7#ahfb-aija71 *iefly kn[n among piani/s = 8 *>m+ suites ( %ort pieces4 ,nev9's reputation z a song-writ] re/s *iefly on "o lyric1 #8,! ,ros>y1' :i* has _h a rem>kable vogue1 well des]v$4 ,x is difficult to f9d any o!r ( 8 songs :i* approa*es ?is 9 emotional bread?4 ,b out ( 8 num]\s li/ !re are a few :i* are well wor? kn[+4 #8,sleep1 ,little ,tulip' is a bit ( a lullaby ) a *>m+ sw+ & a delicate s5tim5t1 giv5 an additional int]e/ by ! lilt ( ! accompanim5t1 :i* is manag$ ) mu* skill4 #8,a ,song ( ,love' is above ! av]age 9 musical vigor & #8,orsola's ,song1' to ! ,fr5* words ( ,jean ,ri*ep91 imitates ) success ! ,gallic me?od4 ,9 d] ,na*t1 to ,g]man words1 is unusual = bread? & g5u95ess4 ,nev9 is too (t5 a m]e s5tim5tali/1 too (t5 imitative1 too (t5 dep5d5t on mann]isms & =mulas4 ,"s ( ^! mann]isms1 h[ev]1 are effective1 especially t ( writ+ a contrapuntal melody 9 ! accompanim5ts1 z 9 ! second half ( #8,! ,ros>y4' ,?\gh 8 inv5tion 0 facile r ?an pr(\nd1 & 8 musician%ip slight1 we _c d5y him praise = a c]ta9 delicacy ( t\*1 a c]ta9 arti/ic s5se ( fitness1 :i* 7 too (t5 lack+ 9 8 ,am]ican contempor>ies4 ,x may n be out ( place "h to m5tion two song writ]s ( mod]n ,italy :o h %[n individuality & atta9$ wide popul>ity4 ,francesco ,paolo ,to/i 7born #ahdf71 "o "t tea*] ( s++ to ! c\rt ( ,engl&1 has writt5 a numb] ( songs ( v>y+ quality4 ,8 #8,goodbye ,=ev]' is none ! worse = hav+ be5 play$ on all ! hurdy-gurdies ( ,london = tw5ty ye>s pa/4 ,! piece is z mov+ z any folk-song & z delicate z a lyric by ,j5s54 ,9 8 lat] songs1 ( :i* we may m5tion ! well kn[n #8,s]5ade1' he %[s m c>e ?an 9 ! e>li] ones & ! result has be5 "s exquisite works1 comb9+ ,italian grace & ,italian f]vor 9 equal proportions4 #8,at ,vesp]s1' ,amore1 & ,matt9ata are among 8 be/4 ,luigi ,d5za 7born #ahdf7 has attract$ a unique position = himself 9 t "o ( 8 lyrics1 ! fam\s #8,funicula1' has be5 circulat$ m widely ?an any o!r piece ( music ( :i* !re is record1 hav+ rea*$ a sale ( "s #ejj1jjj copies4 ,8 songs1 :i* are all simple & address$ to ! common p1 are v num]\s & include n a few ( great *>m & arti/ic grace4 ,,vi ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all briefly /udy ! wond]ful song lit]ature :i* has be5 creat$ by ! ,russian compos]s 9 ! la/ half c5tury4 ,f ?is li/1 h[ev]1 we %all exclude two ,russians :o 7 extremely productive song writ]s & are /ill ! be/ kn[n ( _! l&4 ,= ,rub9/e9 & ,ts*aik[sky1 ?\gh !y 7 born 9 ,russia1 7 ,g]mans 9 _! musical education & w\ld h little to d ) ! #8neo-,russian' gr\p :i* creat$ ! national art-song4 ,!y frequ5tly attempt ,russian #8local color' or ori5tal exoticism1 b 9 ne>ly e case _! attempt is mann]$ & self-consci\s4 ,bo? suff]$ f ov]-production4 ,to be q pla91 !y seem to lack arti/ic consci5ce4 ,rub9/e91 9 p>ticul>1 wrote a great quantity ( songs1 *iefly to ,g]man & ,russian texts1 :i* no s9c]e arti/ %\ld h d>$ to sign4 ,!y 7 address$ to ! draw+ rooms & ! t9sel conc]t halls ( ! "t4 ,p]haps !y 7 actually ! pot-boil]s ) :i* he s\ght to eke out 8 income4 ,mo/ ( !m %\ld be pass$ ov] 9 *>itable sil5ce4 ,ts*aik[sky %[s a some:at high] level ( arti/ic ef=t1 b too (t5 he writes mu* noise & little music4 ,8 mo/ pret5ti\s ef=ts are (t5 built ^u !mes t w\ld h>dly fill a p5ny :i/le4 ,h[ev]1 he errs n s mu* ?r\gh ! *eapness ( 8 melodies1 z does ,rub9/e91 z ?r\gh lack ( arti/ic ta/e & control4 ,anton ,rub9/e9 7#ahcj-ahid71 a conc]t piani/ second only to ,liszt1 p]haps suff]$ f be+ a public pet4 ,usually 8 songs are insuff]ably s5tim5tal1 ) a banality 9 almo/ e l9e :i* c\nt]acts ! *>m lat5t 9 ! idea4 ,8 accompanim5ts are usually ?9 & conv5tional4 ,8 romanticism is ( ! rag & tatt] type1 :i* calls ^u ! /ock modulations & phrases 9 a r\t9e way4 ,"o feels t ! compos] nev] saw into 8 songs1 t he wrote ?ree-f\r?s ( 8 notes ) 8 eyes %ut4 ,h[ev]1 he has done a few ?or\ghly f9e songs4 #8,! ,asra1' to ,he9e's words1 is highly emotional & picturesque4 ,rub9/e9's sett+ ( ,du bi/ wie e9e ,blume1 ) its delicate piano backgr\nd1 may p]haps be rank$ second to ,liszt's4 ,!re is a f9e luxuriance ab\t ! song #8,gold5 ,rolls ! ,kura ,b5ea? ,me1' :ile ,es bl9kt d] ,tau & ,die ,waldhexe c comm& ! respect ( musicians4 #8,n ) ,angels' is ano!r song well wor? kn[+4 ,p]haps ! lyrics :i* %[ ,rub9/e9 ! musician 9 ! be/ light are ! #8,p]sian ,songs1' :i* comb9e exotic color+ & great expressive beauty4 ,"h1 probably1 ! li/ ends4 ,! rema9d] ( ,rub9/e9's l>ge output suff]s cont9ually f ?9ness & banality4 ,! #8,mod]n ,greek ,love ,song' is a t\*+ melody ( ! simple/ type & manages to escape ! commonplac5ess :i* seems always ab\t to engulf x4 #8,be ,n s ,coy' is graceful & musicianly1 & #8,! ,rav5s' conta9s consid]able vitality4 ,b x w\ld be useless to enl>ge a li/ ( songs1 none ( :i* c be prais$ )\t "s res]vation4 ,rub9/e9 is "o ( ! compos]s ^: reputation is fa/ on ! wane4 ,we c "p ) him ) light he>ts1 = :at has replac$ him is h>dly second to any?+ 9 all song lit]ature4 ,nor 9 ,ts*aik[sky's case ne$ we "n ! long li/ ( songs t are only some:at good4 ,he has a few t are ?or\ghly f9e4 ,! *ildr5's song entitl$ #8,leg5d' makes effective use ( modal h>mony & rema9s a mo/ t\*+ & impressive lyric4 #8,at ! ,ball' is a melody su* z ,ts*aik[sky c\ld create on occasion1 utt]ly ari/ocratic & arti/ic4 ,ov] ?is1 z ov] few ( 8 o!rs1 ! conv5tional has n ca/ its spell4 #8,! ,can>y' is an elaborate ef=t at ori5tal color & is completely successful1 ! piano "p be+ especially f9e4 ,! piece is mo/ effective 9 ! conc]t hall4 ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,ts*aik[sky songs is ! sett+ ( ,goe!'s fam\s lyric1 ,nur w] die ,sehnsu*t k5nt4 ,x may be tak5 z a type ( ,ts*aik[sky's av]age4 ,!re is 9 x a c]ta9 int5sity ( feel+1 b x is all /ra9$1 ov] or*e/rat$1 z x 71 & e n[ & !n--banal4 ,! long li/ ( ,ts*aik[sky songs includes a numb] :i* attempt to be impressively dramatic4 ,!y usually make _! effect at fir/ he>+1 b !y fall to pieces b5ea? scrut9y4 ,!y sugge/ too mu* brass & p]cussion & too little--music4 ,ano!r ,slav ^: songs are ma9ly ,g]man is ,moritz ,moszk[ski 7born #ahea74 ,he wrote ) less ambiti\s int5t ?an ,ts*aik[sky & a*iev$ "s *>m+ results1 z 9 8 well kn[n #8,slumb] ,song4' ,b ! conv5tional hangs ov] 8 "w1 & 8 is "o ( ! reputations :i* is fa/ dy+4 ,,vii ,! ,engl& ( ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has left u little t we c treasure 9 song music4 ,easily ! mo/ popul> compos] ( ! "t 0 ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan 7#ahdb-aijj71 :o wrote ! music ( ! inimitable ,gilb]t & ,sullivan op]ettas1 :i* are q z p]fect 9 _! way z ,moz>t's op]as4 ,if we 7 to include 9 ?is li/ ! songs f ^! pieces we %\ld h a song lit]ature altoge!r rem>kable & *>m+4 ,b outside ( 8 /age works ,sullivan 0 surpris+ly *eap 9 8 vocal music4 ,x is h>d to expla9 ! quantity ( songs he put out :i* w\ld h>dly h be5 a cr$it to a l[-class music hall4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p unbelievably s5tim5tal & commonplace4 ,a few ( 8 less popul> songs1 h[ev] 7= example1 ! #8,arabian ,love ,song' & #8,o ,fair ,dove1 ,o ,fond ,dove'71 %[$ an ef=t at arti/ic creation1 & among ! popul> ones we may f9d a h&ful1 su* z #8,swee!>ts1' :i* are tol]able4 ,b 9 ?is description we h omitt$ "o song :i* is ( q a special calibre4 ,?is is ! univ]sally kn[n #8,lo/ ,*ord4' ,p]haps ! piece is unduly s5tim5tal2 p]haps ! religi\s s5tim5t ( x is some:at !atrical4 ,b on ! :ole x is c]ta9ly a f9e & noble inspiration4 ,x is n a bit ! worse = its huge popul>ity4 ,! musical mat]ial is impressive 9 ! extreme & ! h&l+ is admirable4 ,fr$]ick ,c[5 7born #aheb7 0 a prolific compos] ( songs 78 output numb]s ne>ly #cjj7 &1 next to ,sullivan1 0 ! mo/ popul> song-writ] ( 8 "t4 ,8 tal5t 0 limit$1 be+ :olly satisfactory only 9 "w ( a light & fanciful "*4 ,9 ?is field he well des]ves 8 reputation4 ,b 8 s5tim5tal songs are 9 ! wor/ tradition ( ! "t4 ,8 influ5ce 9 ?is sort ( music has be5 huge1 & he may almo/ be call$ ! fa!r1 = ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ( ! brood ( s5tim5tal pieces t pose z art-songs4 ,he has be5 a pot5t factor 9 ! debas+ ( ! ta/e ( conc]t audi5ces1 & s+]s %\ld "k him *iefly z an admirable example ( :at to avoid4 ,:y ! songs ( ?is class are bad might p]haps be told on pap]4 ,b a f> bett] answ] w\ld be a comp>ison betwe5 !m & a few fir/-rate songs1 say by ,franz or ,brahms4 ,a little famili>ity ) songs ( ! ,c[5 type w %[ h[ utt]ly !y fail to r+ true to heal?y s5tim5t4 ,ano!r popul> song writ] ( ,sullivan's "t 0 ,/eph5 ,adams 7#ahdd-aiaa71 ^: real "n 0 ,mi*ael ,maybrick4 ,! great popul>ity ( 8 songs ( ! sea1 su* z #8,nancy ,lee' & #8,! ,mid%ipmite1' or ( 8 romantic songs1 su* z #8,9 ,days ( ,old1' is q ju/ifi$4 ,!y d n p>ade z art-songs 7r !y might be ju/ly call$ folk-songs71 b 9 _! vigor & /raight=w>dness !y might s]ve z a model to _m a preci\s song-writ] ) m s5tim5tality ?an tal5t4 ,a m rec5t song f ?is compos]1 #8,! ,holy ,city1' comb9es to a rem>kable degree ! popul> quality ) real musician%ip4 ,! mo/ g5u9e song-writ] ( ?is p]iod 0 ,ar?ur ,gor+-,?omas 7#ahea-ahib71 a man ( delicate in/9cts & f9e arti/ic s5se ^: "w has nev] receiv$ ! recognition x des]ves4 ,8 field ( expression 0 n wide1 b )9 x he work$ ) a weal? ( imag9ation & ref9$ s5se ( fitness :i* ,engl& at ! "t c\ld n mat*4 ,he 0 ! "o true romantici/ ( 8 l&4 ,8 product is p]haps a trifle morbid1 b1 su* z x is1 x is free f tricks & *eapness & is absolutely s9c]e4 ,z a s5tim5tali/1 pure & simple1 he is among ! be/4 ,he 01 inde$1 "o ( ! few s5tim5tali/s :o c\ld approa* ! tragic mood )\t los+ 9 8 music ! r+ ( s9c]ity4 ,& z an arti/ ( ! voice ,engl& = two c5turies 0 n able to %[ 8 fell[4 ,"s ( 8 mo/ p]fect "w z a lyrici/ is %[n 9 8 cantata1 #8,! ,swan & ! ,skyl>k1' & 9 8 op]as4 ,8 solo songs & duets %[ ! ref9em5t & poli% :i* is n t ( =mal le>n+1 b repres5ts ! lov+ c>e ( an int5se arti/ic nature4 ,among ! be/ may be m5tion$ #8,w9d 9 ! ,trees1' #8,b>b>9e's ,song1' #8,"o ,morn+1 ,oh1 s ,e>ly1' & ! #8,night ,hymn at ,sea4' ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] we %\ld m5tion ! romantic & colorful "w ( ,liza ,lehman 7born #ahfb74 ,h] song cycles1 especially ^? f ,om> ,khayym & ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 are well kn[n4 ,! =m]1 #8,a ,p]sian ,g>d51' (f]s po9ts ( rem>kable int]e/ to ! musician4 ,! music1 :i* cov]s a consid]able emotional range1 is equally felicit\s 9 a numb] ( v>i\s moods4 ,! exotic color ( ! cycle is manag$ ) r>e ta/e & effectiv5ess4 ,! accompanim5t is a model ( ri*ness & appropriat5ess4 ,we c safely say t ?is writ] is ! only woman compos] :o has ev] succe$$ signally 9 ! tragic mood4 ,b h] peculi> contribution 7= x c almo/ be call$ a contribution7 is ! f9e arti/ry ) :i* %e conc5trates great emotional feel+ into ! briefe/ "t4 7,x is int]e/+ to note t %e does x almo/ entirely by ! use ( ! da capo or #8,a-,b-,a' =m47 ,9 ! v>iety ( /yles at h] comm& & 9 ! sur5ess ( h] arti/ic t\* %e is q alone among woman compos]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #cj ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 #ca ,vol4 ,,iv1 *apt]s ,,xii-,,xiv4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,hugo ,,wolf ,,& ,,aft] ,wolf & ! poets ( 8 "t2 ,hugo ,wolf's songs2 ,gu/av ,mahl]2 ,ri*>d ,/rauss z song-writ]2 ,max ,reg]'s songs--,s*nb]g & ! mod]n radicals4 ,i ,g]man song s9ce ,s*ub]t has kn[n no?+ l a fall[ p]iod4 ,9 no s+le decade has ! song product be5 m>k$ly inf]ior to any o!r4 ,aft] ,s*ub]t & ,s*umann !re came ,liszt1 ,franz1 & ,brahms2 & aft] ,brahms !re came ,wolf1 ,/rauss1 & ,reg]4 ,! ,g]many ( ^! latt] m5 01 ( c\rse1 a v diff]5t ,g]many f t :i* prec$$ ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,x 0 a unit$ ,g]many1 an increas+ly c5traliz$ ,g]many1 a m prosp]\s ,g]many4 ,9 _m ways x seems to be a m ,phili/9e ,g]many4 ,b1 ?\gh ! political & social conditions *ang$ aft] #ahgj1 ?is *ange 0 n express$ 9 ! national lit]ature = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,& 9 ! lyric poetry x 0 *iefly ! poets ( ! old rgime :o held sway t[>d ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,^! poets _h come 9 on ! reaction t foll[$ ! failure ( ! lib]al political movem5t ( #ahdh4 ,:5 m5 f\nd _! political /riv+s fru/rat$ !y once m turn$ _! att5tion to _! s\ls4 ,*ief repres5tative ( #8art = art's sake' 0 ,emmanuel ,geibel 7#ahae-ahhe71 an extremely tal5t$ lit]>y man :o cultivat$ ! pure lyric ) great success4 ,geibel 0 n a man ( great orig9ality4 ,he clung to ! old poetic motives & to ! old ideas conc]n+ ! relations ( man4 ,b 8 v]sification 0 v engag+1 be+ g5tl] & smoo!r ?an is usual 9 ,g]man poetry1 & 8 manipulation ( ideas & images 0 extremely deft4 ,next to him 9 popul> e/eem 0 ,edu>d ,mricke 7#ahjd-ahge71 a ,swabian pa/or :o took to writ+ v]se z an amusem5t4 ,9 addition to an ins9uat+ use ( image & ^w music he _h t r>e quality 9 a lyric poet--a s5se ( humor4 ,8 t\*es ( fun are always :olesome & delightful4 ,paul ,heyse 7#ahcj-aiaa7 0 be/ kn[n z a noveli/ & %ort-/ory writ]1 b 8 lyric gift 0 m>k$ & 8 translations f ! ,spani% & ,italian atta9$ great popul>ity4 ,detlev von ,lili5cron 7#ahdd-aiji7 0 ano!r ( ! =emo/ lyrici/s ( ! "t4 ,9 a lat] g5]ation ,otto ,julius ,bi]baum 7#ahfe-aiji7 & ,ri*>d ,dehmel 7born #ahfc7 7 influ5tial4 ,!y rank ) ,hugo von ,h(fmann/hal 7born #ahgd7 z ! =emo/ lyrici/s ( pres5t-day ,g]many4 ,^! m5 are n great4 ,!y by no means express ,g]many z ,t5nyson1 = in/ance1 express$ mid-,victorian ,engl&4 ,b1 tak5 toge!r1 !y supply ! gr[+ dem& = s5su\s1 subjective poetry & !y execute _! task ) a f9e comm& ov] ! lyrical qualities ( ! ,g]man language4 ,we h n yet f9i%$ ) ! process ( #8plac+' ,wolf 7#ahfj-aijc7 z a song writ]1 b !re are compet5t critics :o w\ld rank him above ,s*ub]t 7t is1 z ! greate/ 9 musical hi/ory7 & any numb] :o w\ld rank him j bel[4 ,c]ta9ly 8 "w is free f any ( ! c>eless or conv5tional writ+ :i* disfigures s mu* ( ,s*ub]t's "w4 ,! /&>d :i* ,wolf set = himself 9 8 song-writ+ is p]haps m exact+ ?an t set by any o!r compos]4 ,8 songs measure up to m sep>ate te/s ?an d ^? ( any o!r "o man4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t 8 musician%ip mu/ h be5 ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,he _h ! b5efit ( ! great g5]ation ( musicians :o _h foll[$ ,s*ub]t & br\ght to maturity ! "w :i* he _h only begun4 ,s*ub]t 0 too (t5 cont5t ) a type accompanim5t1 a conv5tional turn ( phrase :i* only s]ves to fill up a measure & 7:at is worse7 ) an indiff]5t bit ( music :5 some?+ fir/-rate didn't ent] 8 head4 ,moreov]1 8 te*nique1 f ! po9t ( view ( accurate emotional expression1 0 necess>ily limit$1 s9ce 8 task 0 a comp>atively new "o4 ,wolf _h ?is "o imm5se ext]nal advantage--t he began 8 "w aft] #8,tri/an' _h be5 writt54 ,he 0 able to write 8 songs ) an accurate acqua9tance ) ! mo/ p[]ful emotional idiom ! _w has ev] se54 ,:e!r or n ,wolf 0 ! sup]ior ( ,s*ub]t 9 absolute g5ius is ano!r matt]4 ,b und\bt$ly1 tak5 all 9 all1 8 songs mu/ satisfy mod]n e>s & mod]n dem&s bett] ?an ^? ( ,s*ub]t4 ,:5 we m5tion ,wolf's debt to ,wagn]1 :5 we m5tion ! ,wagn]ian influ5ce 9 8 songs1 we d n mean t he has be5 an imitator4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ,wagn] exemplifi$ 9 ! op]a c\ld h b a slight application to ! art ( song writ+4 ,fur!r1 ,wolf 0 f> too individual to c>ry ov] ,wagn]'s precise me?ods & mann]isms into 8 "w4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ,wagn]ian influ5ce on ,wolf we mean m]ely ! influ5ce :i* a supreme ma/] 9 any art mu/ ex]t on all :o h /udi$ 8 "w4 ,wagn] _h op5$ ! eyes ( m5 to a musical _w almo/ undream$ ( be=e--a _w ( *romatic h>mony & free modulation :i* _h be5 no m ?an vaguely impli$ 9 ! music prec$+ him4 ,he _h %[n m51 by "o or two ma/]ful examples1 t ! ?+ c\ld be done2 ! o!rs !n set ab\t to d x 9 _! own ways4 ,among ^! o!rs 0 ,wolf1 z a "y man an ador] ( ,wagn] & con/ant /ud5t ( 8 scores1 a f9ely balanc$ musical nature :i* c\ld und]/& & syn!size ! "w ( great m5 & recreate out ( ?is und]/&+ an art t 0 8 own4 ,accord+ly we f9d ,wolf f> m *romatic 9 8 proc$ure ?an any song writ] be=e him1 f> m conc]n$ ) 8 accompanim5ts1 fre] & m accurate 9 8 treatm5t ( ! voice--yet n a :it less lyrical ?an any o!r song writ] :o _h ev] liv$4 ,wolf's songs are n ,wagn]ian op]as4 ,8 great emphasis ^u ! accompanim5t z an in/rum5t ( expression is n an imitation ( ! ,wagn]ian or*e/ra ) its function z #8s\l ( ! drama4' ,8 use ( ! g]m-motive is n an imitation ( ! ,wagn]ian leit-motif1 /&+ = a s+le "* or idea4 ,wolf c\ld n h imitat$ ,wagn] )\t mak+ 8 songs op]atic & unlyrical4 ,:at he did 0 to write songs absolutely 9 ! f9e old ,g]man song tradition aft] he _h f]tiliz$ 8 m9d & inv5tion ) an accurate k ( ! works ( ! greate/ mod]n ,g]man musician4 ,illu/ration3 ,hugo ,wolf ,aft] a photograph f life4 ,wolf's two pr$om9ant te*nical qualities 7 truly 9 l9e ) ! developm5t ( ,g]man song1 ap>t f any extrane\s influ5ce4 ,^! two influ5ces 7 ! significance giv5 to ! piano "p & ! close/ accuracy 9 ! treatm5t ( ! words4 ,wolf's proc$ure ) ! words--8 rigid adh]5ce to ! #8"o-syllable1 "o-note' pr9ciple1 8 insi/5ce t ! voice "p %\ld agree ) ! special acc5ts ( mean+ z well z ) ! ord9>y acc5ts ( prosody--?is might h be5 m]ely a meticul\s fad ) ano!r compos]4 ,b ) ,wolf x truly repres5t$ 8 attitude t[>d ! art-song1 an attitude /rongly contra/$ )1 say1 t ( ,brahms4 ,he c>ri$ x out n z a rule to be obs]v$ 7he occasionally broke x himself71 b z an expression ( 8 arti/ic feel+4 ,8 melody1 ( c\rse1 is some:at free1 b its musical integrity is nev] disfigur$ to meet ! dem&s ( ! text4 ,x is g5u9ely lyrical1 b s manag$ z to give m reg>d to details ?an 9 mo/ compos]s' songs4 ,wolf's piano p>ts are an un5d+ delight to ! musical /ud5t4 ,!y are m ambiti\s1 m complex1 m exub]ant ?an ^? ( ,franz1 b no less p]fect f ! po9t ( view ( workman%ip4 ,unlike ,franz1 aga91 !y are v highly color$ & fill$ ) details :i* int]pret p>ticul> nuances 9 ! text4 ,especially are !y int]e/+ = do+ 9 an emotional & dramatic way :at ,franz s (t5 did 9 an intellectual way--develop+ 8 piano "p f a simple musical g]m4 ,franz's accompanim5ts are *>m+ 9 ! highe/ degree1 b r>ely emotionally mov+4 ,wolf's speak ) an emotional voice n surpass$ 9 any songs ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,erne/ ,newman po9ts out z ,wolfs highe/ glory ! imm5se v>iety & di/9ctness ( ! *>act]s he has int]pret$ 9 8 songs4 ,h]oes1 lov]s1 fools1 w>riors1 drunk>ds--^! & a ho/ ( o!rs he has put into 8 music ) almo/ unv>y+ success4 ,newman comp>es him 9 ?is respect ) ,%akespe>e4 ,c]ta9ly1 _m ( ! greate/ ma/]s h %[n m>k$ limitations 9 ?is respect4 ,wolf's int]pretative ability seems almo/ unlimit$4 ,he felt 8 poems z few o!r compos]s h done4 ,he work$ mu* z ,s*ub]t work$--9 a sort ( trance1 dream+ ov] 8 poems1 liv+ & sleep+ ) 8 *>act]s1 compos+ 8 music 9 a k9d ( hypnotic /ate & writ+ d[n 8 music ) su* inspir$ insight t ! fir/ draft 0 ne>ly always ! la/4 ,z a result we feel t 8 int]pretation is ! ultimate & p]fect int]pretation4 ,he seems to h _h no te*nique1 9 ! s5se ( a musical sy/em :i* dictates notes ( itself4 ,wolf's notes 7 dictat$ by direct inspiration z ) few o!r song-writ]s 9 musical hi/ory4 ,! songs are z individual z ! songs ( ,franz & f> m dissimil> 9 ! ext]nal plan & cont\r4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z a ,franz /yle4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a ,wolf /yle2 ea* song /&s utt]ly by itself4 ,! num]\s songs writt5 by ,wolf be=e #ahhh are n to be c\nt$ 9 ?is g5]al summ>y ( 8 "w4 ,!y are exp]im5tal & y\?ful1 %[+ a progress t[>d ! ma/]ful maturity ( 8 great p]iod4 ,b !y comprise sev]al :i* c rank ) 8 be/4 ,( ^! we may m5tion #8,! ,m\se ,trap1' an exquisitely humor\s ?+1 & #8,to ,re/1' :i* is v t5d] & mov+4 #8,bit]olf1' compos$ 9 #ahhf1 is a w>rior's song1 /rik+ ! great ve9 ( h]oism4 ,! #8,s]5ade' ( #ahhh is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,wolf songs1 a piece 9 :i* ! piano & voice s+ toge!r z if !y 7 p>ts ( "o complex in/rum5t4 ,! fifty-?ree ,mricke songs ( ! ye> #ahhh include su* a numb] ( ma/]pieces t x may well be call$ ! mo/ rem>kable s+le gr\p ( songs ev] writt54 ,! v>iety & p]fection ( ^! songs w\ld lead "o to believe t !y 7 ! select$ "w ( _m ye>s ( labor4 ,we _c suffici5tly praise ! v>iety ( expression--! human types ( ,das v]lass5e ,mgdle91 ,agnes1 ,d] ,jg]1 ,er/es ,liebesli$1 & ! ,li$ e9es ,v]liebt52 ! religi\s emotion ( ,auf e9 altes ,bild1 ,s*laf5des ,jesusk9d1 ,zum neu5 ,jahr1 & ! ,gebet2 ! poetry & fantasy ( ! ,elf5li$1 ,um ,mitt]na*t1 ,nixe ,b9sefuss1 & o!rs2 ! deep & v>i$ emotion ( ,d] ,g5es5e & ,die ,h(fnung1 ,er i/'s1 ,nimm]satte ,liebe1 ,an e9e ,aeol%>fe1 ,v]borg5heit1 ,lebewohl1 & ! ,gesang ,weylas1 ! lively humor ( ,d] ,tamb\r1 ,auftrag1 & ,abs*i$4 ,humor is also pres5t 9 ! gr\p ( ?irte5 ,ei*5dorf songs1 z 9 ! delightful ,d] ,s*ol>4 ,! passionate note is f9ely /ruck 9 ,liebesglck & ,seemann's ,abs*i$2 & ! ,na*tzaub] & #8,s]5ade' %[ a ma/]ful p[] ( poetic sugge/ion4 ,! ,goe! songs are g5]ally reg>d$ z1 on ! :ole1 a retrogression aft] ! magnific5t ,mrike gr\p4 ,!y are slightly less spontane\s1 some:at too load$ d[n ) detail4 ,b no?+ c\ld be f9] z an expression ( passion ?an ,ho*beglckt 9 de9] ,liebe & ,komm ,lieb*51 komm4 ,9 ! gr& mann] are ,gr5z5 d] ,m5s*heit & ,prome!us1 ! latt] "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t songs ev] writt54 ,a c]ta9 inimitable di?yrambic humor s+s 9 ! ,dr9k+ ,songs--,s lang man n*t]n i/1 ,0 9 d] ,s*5cke w>5 heute1 & ,trunk5 mss5 wir alle se94 ,f> remov$ f ! ,teutonic nobl5ess ( ,goe! are ! ,spani% & ,italian songs1 to words by ,geibel & ,heyse4 ,_! av]age is v high & x is almo/ at r&om t we select ! foll[+ = m5tion3 ,nun b9 i* de92 ,geh1 geliebt]2 ,i* fhr b] ,me]2 ,komm1 o ,tod von ,na*t umgeb51 ,tief im ,h]z51 ,9 dem ,s*att5 me9] ,lock51 ,auf de9em grn5 ,balkon1 ,d] ,mond hat e9e s*w]e ,klag erhob51 ,0 fr e9 ,li$1 ,und will/ du de95 ,lieb/5 /]b5 seh51 & ,/]b' i*1 s hllt 9 ,blum5 me9e ,gli$]4 ,f9ally1 we %\ld m5tion ! f9e sett+s to ?ree sonnets ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! la/ ?+s ,wolf wrote be=e go+ to ! madh\se1 hopelessly insane4 ,wohl d5k' i* (t1 ,fhlt me9e ,seele1 & ,alles endet 0 ent/ehet are deeply s9c]e expressions ( ! pessimism :i* comes at times ov] ! greate/ ( s\ls4 ,,ii ,gu/av ,mahl] 7#ahfj-aiaj7 has receiv$ little recognition z a song-writ] outside ( ,g]many4 ,! great ef=t ( 8 life 0 exp5d$ on 8 symphonies1 :i* are plann$ on a scale l>g] ?an man _h ev] ?\ght ( be=e4 ,9 _m ways ,mahl] 0 a v great ma/]4 ,z an arti/ he 0 unimpea*able4 ,z a writ] = ! or*e/ra he 0 orig9al & =ceful4 ,z a develop] ( ! new radical te*nique he holds a high place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]man music4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r 8 musical ideas & 8 p[] ( musical ar*itecture 7 equal to ! execution ( 8 /up5d\s plans4 ,b ^! faults1 if !y exi/1 d n ent] greatly into 8 songs--at lea/ into ! mo/ typical ( !m4 ,= ,mahl] _h "o quality :i* always /ood by him :5 o!rs fail$4 ,?is 0 8 intimate feel+ = ! folk-song4 ,a peasant by bir?1 he reta9$ a c]ta9 simplicity ( s\l 9 8 attitude t[>d music :i* seems contradict$ by 8 great te*nical complexity4 ,he c reproduce n only ! simple =m ( ! folk-song1 b also its _s1 its nave lit]al quality1 :i* takes joy 9 :at a sophi/icat$ p]son w\ld f9d common4 ,?is quality we f9d v frequ5tly 9 8 songs4 ,! greate/ ( ^! is ! gr\p entitl$ ,k9d]tot5li$]1 :i* are lov$ 9 ,g]many 7& especially 9 ,vi5na7 almo/ beyond any o!r4 ,^! dirges = *ildr5 h h>dly any p>allel 9 music4 ,!y comb9e an int5se pa?os ) some?+ ( ! nave simplicity ( ! *ild4 ,!y are n m]e dirges4 ,!y are dirges = ^? #8! d\bly dead 9 t !y di$ s "y4' ,! cong5ital faults ( ,mahl] are n to be f\nd "h4 ,! songs are almo/ above criticism f ! musical /&po9t4 ,b ,mahl] ! peasant is to be se5 especially 9 ! songs f ,des ,knab5 ,wund]horn1 t wond]ful collection ( ,g]man folk-poetry :i* has be5 su* a /oreh\se = ! nation 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,:ile ^! h n ! spiritual elevation or ! consi/5tly high musician%ip ( ! ,k9d]tot5li$]1 !y pres]ve an unconv5tional fre%ness ( _s :i* is h>dly less rem>kable4 ,ri*>d ,/rauss is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! great cont9u] ( ! ,g]man song tradition4 ,t he is a true cont9u] is p]fectly correct4 ,:e!r 8 music1 absolutely consid]$1 is z #8great' z p once ?\ght is /ill undecid$ by ! public4 ,"s pr(ess to discov] lib]al injections ( ! *>latan 9 ,/rauss's "w4 ,:e!r he sometimes gets 8 effects by *eap means :i* ! arti/ 9 him w\ld despise is a "q to be argu$ else:]e4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 grant him two great faculties--! faculty ( beautiful melody & t ( musical ability4 ,9 %e] beauty ( !me 7& ?is is especially true 9 "s ( 8 songs7 he is wor?y to be reg>d$ z ( ! l9e ( ,s*ub]t & ,brahms4 ,9 musical le>n+ !re are probably n half a doz5 m5 9 ! _w to-day to equal him & !re 0 a "t1 t5 or m ye>s ago1 :5 he seem$ to /& almo/ alone4 ,:ile = "s ye>s pa/ 8 symphonic poems & op]as h ov]%ad[$ 8 small] "w1 he has be5 kn[n f ! beg9n+ z a brilliant writ] ( songs1 & has n ceas$ to give "s ( 8 be/ en]gies to song composition4 ,! result is a truly brilliant li/ ( lyrics4 ,we c no m d5y ! able musician%ip ( ! lat] ones ?an we c d5y ! impressive beauty ( ! e>li]4 ,!y are f> f be+ repetitions ( ea* o!r4 ,?is great v>iety1 bo? 9 mood & 9 te*nical /yle1 proves :at a ri* fund ( ideas & arti/ic p[] ! compos] _h to draw f4 ,! te*nique ( ! lat] ones is ab\t t famili> to u 9 ! ,/rauss op]as1 a brilliant use ( dissonance & rapid modulation comb9$ ) an extremely bold polyphony4 ,at ! basis ( ?is /yle is always a !me or a gr\p ( !mes z simple1 z conv5tional 9 conception z any?+ 9 ,s*ub]t4 ,x is z ?\gh ,/rauss 7 afraid ( los+ utt]ly ! int]e/ ( ! av]age man & gave him e n[ & !n a simple tune t he w\ld be sure to enjoy4 ,b x is m ?an ?is4 ,= ,/rauss is a ,g]man ( ! ,g]mans4 ,8 :ole musical culture is truly built on ! great ,g]man tradition ( ,ba*-,bee?ov5-,brahms4 ,8 complexity is only a developm5t ( ! noble simplicity ( all f9e ,g]man music4 ,x is "r & prop] t 8 !mes %\ld be simple & und]/&able4 ,b x is possible1 & probably p]fectly j1 to argue t he has fail$ to make ! "o "p ( 8 music seem a developm5t ( ! o!r4 ,we feel "h t ! new /yle & ! old are bo? pres5t1 t !y are juxtapos$1 t !y h n be5 fus$ or syn!siz$4 ,& ?is duality1 :i* we feel 9 "s ( ! op]as & 9 ! lat] or*e/ral works1 also appe>s 9 8 songs4 ,x makes ^! lat] songs less admirable1 f ! te*nical /&po9t1 ?an ^? ( ,ravel1 :o has organiz$ 8 mat]ials into an almo/ homog5e\s te*nique4 ,h[ev] ! case may /& 9 ?is matt] ,/rauss's e>ly songs w rema9 z wor?y ( a place 9 ! great ,g]man hi]>*y4 ,opus #aj conta9s a numb] ( ma/]pieces4 ,zueignung is1 9 %e] beauty1 almo/ equal to ,s*umann at 8 be/4 #8,! ,night' is a simple song ( great lovel9ess & #8,pati5ce' is a sup]bly eloqu5t piece ( emotional writ+ bas$ on an accompanim5t ( simple repeat$ *ords4 ,x is 9 "w l ?is t a great compos] te/s himself out4 ,?is p[] to a*ieve great beauty )9 n>r[ limitations is1 z we h s (t5 po9t$ out 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 ! pro( t g5u9e creative p[] is !re4 ,^! songs :i* we h j m5tion$ are among ! v be/ 9 ! ,/rauss li/4 ,o!rs ( ! fir/ rank are3 #8,i ,love ,!e1' opus #cg1 a p[]ful example ( emotional lyricism2 ,i* trage me9e ,m9ne1 opus #cb1 a simple piece ( m>vell\s beauty & grace2 & #8,) ,?y ,blue ,eyes1' opus #ef1 a song ( unusually t5d] & appeal+ quality4 ,among ! e>li] songs we %\ld m5tion ! *>m+ ,morg52 ,wozu1 ,md*51 soll es fromm51 opus #ai2 ,na*tgang1 opus #bi2 & ,traum dur* die ,dmm]ung1 ! la/ "o ( ! mo/ admir$4 #8,re/ ,my ,s\l' & ! #8,nuptial ,song'--! =m] v simple & ! latt] highly organiz$--are /imulat+ examples ( ,/rauss's art4 ,( ! lat] songs 7:i* seem to %[ a fall+ (f 9 arti/ic s9c]ity7 we may m5tion #8,! ,?ree ,holy ,k+s1' opus #ef1 :i* is a sort ( m9iature op]a1 ) an abundance ( incid5tal music 9 ! =m ( a /ately m>*4 #8,! ,lonely ,"o' ( opus #ea conta9s a bass "p v effectively us$ & #8,! ,valley' is musical description ( a high ord]4 ,max ,reg] 7born #ahgc7 is a %>p contra/ to ,/rauss4 ,p h se5 fit to describe him z a s*oolma/]4 ,?is is ju/ifi$ 9 t ,reg] is "o ( ! mo/ em95t te*nical musicians 9 ,g]many & a ma/] ( /rict fugue & c\nt]po9t 9 ! mod]n idiom equall$ by no "o else 9 ! _w4 ,8 ca/ ( m9d seems to be all ) ! classics1 ?\gh he is radical en\gh 9 8 musical /yle :5 he *ooses to be4 ,he writes l>gely 9 ! #8absolute' =ms & seeks none ( ! means = effect t are s g5]ally cultivat$ n[adays4 ,9 ^! respects he may be a #8s*oolma/]4' ,b b5ea? ! au/]ity ( 8 /yle !re is a wond]ful fund ( ideas & along ) x a deftness 9 us+ !m t makes 8 te*nique available = _m v diff]5t sorts ( music4 ,9 8 songs ,reg] %[s a wide v>iety4 ,! fact :i* proves t he is musician & n s*oolma/] is t ! songs requir+ fancy1 deftness1 s5se ( /yle are q z f9e z ! o!rs4 ,he always consid]s well :at he writes4 ,by "s 8 songs may n be consid]$ lyrical z ,s*ub]t's are1 b 8 vocal music is truly music t c be sung & its effectiv5ess on ! plat=m is likely to out/rip expectations4 ,! songs h mu* beauty ( melody1 mu* suavity & *>m1 & especially a nice adaptation to ! _s ( ! text4 ,!y conta9 9 ri* quantity ! gift ( humor4 ,9 d[nright lively fun ,reg] rem9ds "o ( ,*abri]4 ,! songs are all v human4 ,! fir/ feel+ "o has 9 /udy+ !m is respect = ! man's musician%ip4 ,b 8 te*nical le>n+ is s unfail+ t ?is quality becomes a bore & "o becomes consci\s ( ! g5u95ess ( ! feel+ & ! accuracy ( expression4 ,reg]'s sup]b te*nique has n us$ him2 he has us$ x4 ,we may consid] x likely t ,reg]'s reputation w gr[ consid]ably 9 ye>s to come4 ,! songs 9 p>ticul> %\ld be m widely kn[n & lov$4 ,!y w n tickle lazy e>s1 b !y w give a r>e delight to discrim9at+ ones4 ,c]ta9ly !re are few m5 work+ n[ :o are on ! :ole m admirable 9 _! songs ?an ,reg]4 ,reg]'s te*nical /yle m>ks mo/ ( 8 songs4 ,b und]nea? !y h a di/9ct individuality4 ,! ,folk-,song 9 opus #cg is manag$ ) great simplicity & ta/e4 #8,! ,dy+ ,*ild1' f opus #bc1 exemplifies ,reg]'s free b well consid]$ h>monic me?od4 #8,( ,kiss+1' f ! same gr\p1 %[s u ano!r ,reg]1 z da9ty & popul> z ,brahms 9 light] mood4 ,traum dur* die ,dmm]ung1 f opus #ce1 has a wond]ful accompanim5t ( half-sugge/$ int]weav+ voices & is consid]$ sup]ior to ,/rauss's sett+ ( ! same poem4 ,! long-drawn melodies 79 bo? ! piano & ! voice "p7 ( #8,love-,long+s' %[ u /ill ano!r ,reg]1 a ma/] ( re/ra9$ s5su\s effect4 ,! ,lullaby ( opus #dc is fitt$ out ) a v complex accompanim5t b reta9s a lusci\s & quiet effect f %e] p[] ( musician%ip4 ,two ( ,reg]'s be/ songs are #8,i ,believe1 ,de> ,love' & ! #8,pray]1' f opus #fb4 ,! =m] is a *>m+ s*]zo movem5t & ! latt] illu/rates ! t5d5cy1 increas+ 9 song accompanim5ts = half a c5tury1 to spread ! piano "p ov] an extremely wide range ( notes4 #8,! ,will[ ,tree' ( opus #dh is a /udy 9 a /yle common to ! ,fr5* song writ]s1 t ( ga9+ emotional effect f ! m]e juxtaposition ( *ords4 ,! ,s*li*te ,weis5 ( opus #gf are p]haps ,reg]'s mo/ typical & mo/ highly develop$ product 9 ?is field4 ,^! #8simple tunes' are n at all simple 9 po9t ( te*nique1 mak+ use ( all ! virtuosity & f9esse ( 8 wond]ful musical equipm5t4 ,! songs are ne>ly all 9 light] ve9 & mo/ ( !m are bright5$ ) a delici\s humor4 ,!y alone w\ld place ,reg] among ! mo/ notable ( musical humori/s4 ,none b ! tra9$ musician c appreciate all ! te*nical g5ius t w5t into ! writ+ ( ^! songs4 ,b any music-lov]1 any conc]t audi5ce1 9 fact1 c appreciate _! beauty & sprightly *>m4 ,! ?irty-six songs ma9ta9 a rem>kably high level ( creative musician%ip1 & 9 po9t ( v>iety & ta/e !y are almo/ unsurpass$4 ,ne>ly all ( !m are wor? kn[+1 b we may m5tion a few among ! be/4 #8,9 a ,little ,rose ,g>d5' is writt5 9 imitation ( ! old ,g]man ,li$4 #8,! ,*ild's ,pray]' is utt]ly delightful 9 its simplicity4 ,! #8,dialogue' is inimitable 9 humor\s description4 ,9 #8,! ,oa?' & #8,conc]n+ ,love' ! humor is irresi/ible1 & 9 #8,god's ,bless+' musical le>n+ has be5 put to ! s]vice ( delicate del9eation ( mood4 ,,iii ,arnold ,s*nb]g 7born #ahgd7 has ga9$ a place = himself 9 ,vi5na z ! =emo/ spokesman ( ! ultra-radical s*ool ( ,g]man music4 ,at ! pres5t "t he is gradually com+ to simil> recognition 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,8 musical mann] is s utt]ly =eign to any?+ else we are famili> ) t m5 believ$ = a long "t 7& q excusably7 t he 0 a m]e *>latan1 "o :o1 fail+ to ga9 recognition by legitimate means1 _h resort$ to ! me?ods ( ! side%[4 ,t su* a view is n t5able is %[n by ! rec5t c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,9 8 e>li] music he %[$ a fairly cons]vative /yle1 bas$ *iefly on ,/rauss1 & us$ 9 a mann] no?+ %ort ( ma/]ful4 ,mu* ( ?is e>ly music has n be5 he>d until rec5tly1 because ( its a/\nd+ proportions4 ,b x 0 ambition & n incompet5ce t kept ,s*nb]g f prompt recognition4 ,8 developm5t into ! new /yle 0 /eady4 ,x c\ld n possibly h be5 a*iev$ )\t a v l>ge fund ( musical le>n+4 ,! lat] scores %[ a contrapuntal ability :i* is a/\nd+4 ,! /yle1 9 ! lat] works1 is q )\t p>allel4 ,h>mony is dropp$ altoge!r4 ,next to no?+ rema9s ( ! sy/em ( ,ba* & ,bee?ov54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! complexity ( ! contrapuntal web surpasses any?+ we h ev] se54 ,! man's :ole ef=t seems to be t[>d exub]ant1 ov]p[]+ c\nt]po9t1 a mass ( sep>ate voices m+l$ 9 deliri\s pr(usion1 ) inv]sions & augm5tations & dim9utions t make ! bra9 dizzy4 ,judg$ by e>s t h any?+ ( ! old-fa%ion$ left 9 !m ?is music _c be beautiful4 ,b ,s*nb]g's appeal is to a diff]5t faculty1 & only "t c det]m9e :e!r ! appeal is ju/ifi$4 ,s*nb]g expla9s t he is n try+ to write emotional music1 or descriptive music1 or music ) any sort ( a mean+--b j pure music4 ,if ?is be music1 !re are "s def9itions yet to be alt]$4 ,8 songs1 h[ev]1 s f> z !y are yet catalogu$1 d n belong to ?is la/ p]iod4 ,! num]\s songs ( op]a #a1 #b1 & #c are ( ! fir/ p]iod1 9 :i* ! /yle ( ,/rauss 0 pretty closely adh]$ to4 ,! #8,eight ,songs' ( opus #f & ! #8,six ,or*e/ral ,songs' ( opus #h are ! product ( ! second p]iod1 ! transition "t 9 :i* ! new ,s*nb]g /yle 0 fairly well develop$1 b 0 us$ ) frequ5t admixtures ( ! old4 ,9 ! "w ( ?is p]iod ! he>] has a brea?+ space & c feel at fir/ he>+ t ! music has some?+ 9 x aft] all4 ,h[ev]1 second p]iod or n1 ! two gr\ps ( songs we h m5tion$ w be q my/ify+ to ! av]age /ud5t4 ,!y are all v long & extremely difficult to s+4 ,= t reason !y are by no means available = ord9>y conc]t use4 ,!y c be sung only by ! highly capable s+] & li/5$ to only by an audi5ce ) highly tra9$ e>s4 ,p]haps1 ev5 "u ^! conditions ! li/5] w conclude !y are n wor? ! tr\ble4 ,b ! "o virtue :i* we c pr$icate ( ,s*nb]g )\t fe> ( contradiction is ability1 & ?is virtue /&s out /rongly 9 ! songs4 ,we may m5tion f opus #f ! #8,maid5's ,songs1' :i* atta9s a s5se ( imm5se physical viol5ce4 #8,=sak5' ma9ta9s its mood by a rem>kably p[]ful use ( a con/antly repeat$ *romatic figure 9 ! bass4 ,b ! be/ ( ^! songs1 & probably ! greate/ ,s*nb]g has writt51 is #8,! ,w&]]1' words by ,nietzs*e4 ,! o!r songs may be *aotic1 b ?is has a cog5t =m4 ,moreov]1 x has def9ite melody & an accompanim5t manipulat$ ) a /rong s5se ( design4 ,! song z a :ole is eloqu5t & impressive4 ,! ,six ,or*e/ral ,songs are also arrang$ = piano accompanim5t & may be sung 9 conc]t4 ,!y are r sc5es ?an songs1 be+ v long & composite & g5]ally descriptive or dramatic1 r ?an lyrical4 ,9 !m ! te*nical elem5t is all p[]ful4 ,voll j5] ,ssse1 words f ,petr>*1 is a ma/]ful /udy 9 ! free movem5t ( contrapuntal voices treat$ z 9 close h>mony4 ,das ,wapp5s*ild is a magnific5t song ( action4 ,! basic !me is /irr+1 ! melody is m>k$ & impressive1 & ! g5]al /ructure is cle> & cog5t4 ,! song exemplifies ,s*nb]g's g5ius = mak+ 8 c\nt]po9t seem to express trem5d\s p[] ( w4 ,sehnsu*t is a comp>atively simple song1 ! be/ ( ! six = ! /ud5t to beg9 on4 ,nie w>d i*1 ,h]r91 md is a magnific5t /udy 9 p[]ful c\nt]po9t4 ,! tempo is sl[1 ! !mes are drawn out & su/a9$ z ?\gh play$ sl[ly by a 'cello4 ,! piece is extremely difficult to su/a9 at ?is sl[ tempo & is a tax on ! li/5]'s att5tion beyond any?+ ( ! sort t c be call$ to m9d1 b if "o c feel its beauty at all "o mu/ be impress$ by ! maje/y ( ! ?+4 ,ano!r mod]n song writ] ^: "w c5tres *iefly 9 ,vi5na is ,joseph ,m>x1 :o has be5 prolific & successful4 ,8 /yle has _m elem5ts ( ! mod]n1 b on ! :ole x is cle> & intelligible & does n require a new set ( e>s = its appreciation4 ,m>x's songs are (t5 fre% & spontane\s & 8 s5se ( proportion is ke54 ,ano!r ( ,s*nb]g's contempor>ies is ,franz ,s*reck]1 ^: "w is likewise repres5tative ( ! mo/ advanc$ t5d5cies ( ! new ,vi5nese s*ool4 ,?is s*ool is r left beh9d by "o ( ,s*nb]g's pupils1 ,anton von ,web]n1 ^: /range song1 #8,ov] ! ,bord]s ( ! ,all1' is incapable ( description 9 any t]ms hi!rto us$ 9 connection ) music4 ,:i* m5 ( su* a gr\p w prove valuable to po/]ity is n to be decid$ at fir/ inve/igation4 ,b x w be well wor? anyone's :ile to ma9ta9 an op5 m9d & reg>d an innovator z innoc5t until he has prov$ himself guilty4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lyricism ,faur & ! beg9n+ ( ! new--,*abri]1 ,cs> ,franck1 & o!rs--,bruneau1 ,vidal1 & ,*>p5ti]--,debussy & ,ravel4 ,i ,9 a previ\s *apt] we h m5tion$ ! "w ( a g5]ation ( ,fr5* song writ]s :o repres5t ! old & cons]vative s*ool4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we are conc]n$ solely ) ! new & mu* m admirable ,fr5* s*ool ( lyricism4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8old' & ! #8new' g5]ations is n1 ( c\rse1 a di/9ction ( "t4 ,"s ( ! old g5]ation are n[ liv+ & writ+ 9 ! second decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 :ile "s ( ! orig9ators ( ! new _h begun _! innovations z f> back z ! late sev5ties4 ,?is ov]lapp+ ( individuals is inevitable :]e "o s*ool supplants ano!r4 ,= t reason we are "h deal+ ) compos]s :o1 judg$ solely by dates1 %\ld h be5 treat$ z belong+ to ! la/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is well to keep 9 m9d ?is ov]lapp+4 ,x w help u to see h[ fa%ions *ange 9 ! _w ( art4 ,! :ole /ory ( ! transition f ! old to ! new 9 ,fr5* music is ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,! *ange seem$ to come at a b\nd1 ) ,debussy's fir/ tone poems & piano pieces4 ,b z a matt] ( fact no great *ange comes ab\t 9 ?is way4 ,x g]m9ates & n\ri%es itself = a long "t unse5 be=e x is ready to /rike out z an indep5d5t =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,sc&9avian & ,fr5* ,song-,writ]s4 ,top3 ,emil ,sjgr5 & ,*ri/ian ,s9d+ ,bottom3 ,gabriel ,pi]n & ,gabriel ,faur ,! *ange is gradual1 usually n m ?an half consci\s4 ,x w\ld h>dly be wrong to say t ! :ole *ange1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 is accid5tal4 ,b x is (t5 difficult to /udy su* a transition 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,& ! peculi> int]e/ ( ,faur's songs consi/s 9 ! fact t !y enable u to /udy ! :ole prelim9>y transition f ! old to ! new 9 ,fr5* music1 9 simple t]ms & 9 /eady developm5t4 ,faur 0 9 a s5se ! laboratory = ! new ,fr5* impressioni/ic s*ool4 ,8 exp]im5ts sugge/$ dimly :at c\ld be done4 ,8 grop+ a*ievem5ts %[$ h[ "o might set ab\t to d x4 ,9 8 songs1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ we see 9 successive /ages ( developm5t ! h>monic proc$ure ( ! new s*ool4 ,:at 0 ?is *ange8 ,:at di/+ui%$ ! old s*ool f ! new8 ,x is wor? :ile to answ] ?is "q briefly be=e t\*+ ,faur's "w 9 ord] to h "s t\*/one to hold up to ! songs :5 we come to look at !m4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! *ange f ! old to ! new 9 ,fr5* music 0 a *ange f ! consci\s1 ! delib]ate1 ! intellig5t to ! subconsci\s1 ! subjective1 ! s5su\s4 ,! old] compos]s s\ght always to appeal 9 "s degree to ! he>]'s judgm5t1 to please 8 s5se ( design1 to speak ) *a/5$ cle>ness4 ,we h (t51 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 _h occasion to m5tion ! coldness & conv5tionality ( ! ,fr5* music ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,n[ ! new] compos]s react$ aga9/ all ?is & set out to *ange x4 ,9 place ( judgm5t !y w\ld h feel+2 9 place ( ! bra9 !y w\ld h ! n]ves4 ,:at matt] ab\t ! s5se ( design if ! effect 0 beautiful8 ,:at matt] :e!r or n y adjudge x to be good1 s long z y feel x to be good8 ,9 ! new ,fr5* music ! intellig5ce c usually g to sleep4 ,intellig5ce is 9 ! music 7or r x 0 9 ! mak+ ( ! music7 b x keeps out ( sight4 ,all ! he>] ne$s is to surr5d] himself to ! s5sations4 ,he ne$s delicate e>s & responsive n]ves4 ,if he has ^! he w get poetry & pictures out ( ! music 9 pl5ty4 ,9 o!r words1 x is our old conflict betwe5 k & exp]i5ce1 betwe5 judg+ & feel+1 betwe5 ! bra9 & ! s5ses4 ,consid]$ concretely1 ! *ange f ! old to ! new 0 a *ange :i* broke d[n completely all ! old rules ( musical h>mony4 ,! old h>mony is repres5t$ at its pure/ 9 ! *orales ( ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,x 0 a sy/em ( h>mony bas$ on pure 7triad7 *ords1 ) dissonances prop]ly prep>$ & resolv$4 ,9 ! old h>mony ea* *ord 0 l a *isell$ block ( /one1 %>ply diff]5tiat$ f e o!r2 ! /ones mu/ fit well toge!r1 b !y mu/ always be di/9ct4 ,! new sy/em ( h>mony 0 f\nd$ ^u ! dissonance us$ = ! sake ( its effect on ! e>4 ,que] mixtures ( dissonance 7 us$ freely to produce an unusual impression on ! e>1 an impression :i* soon took on ! "n #8color4' ,*ords 7 n[ m]g$ & confus$1 in/ead ( be+ kept di/9ct4 ,tonalities & musical #8keys' 7 n[ becom+ mean+less 9 a sy/em ^: notes r>ely agre$ ) any tonality4 ,! :ole effect 0 t ( be+ 9 a _w ( pure s5sation1 a _w t seem$ to be )\t reason & 0 !re=e ! bett] adapt$ to be+ felt4 ,along ) ! t5d5cy t[>d vagu5ess 9 h>mony came a t5d5cy t[>d vagu5ess 9 melody4 ,v>i\s notes ( ! ord9>y major scale w\ld be alt]$ at ! :im ( ! compos] & ! surprises result+ 7 a fruitful s\rce ( s5su\s effects4 ,?is fre$om 9 ! use ( scales t5d$ t[>d ! n[ fam\s #8:ole-ton$' scale--a ?+ popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ by ,wagn]1 b us$1 9 reality1 9 ! e>ly days ( ,wagn] by ! ,russian ,d>gomijsky4 ,! :ole-ton$ scale makes e int]val a :ole /ep1 ?us robb+ ! scale ( all int]nal v>iety & ( any tonic or c5tral #8pivotal' po9t4 ,?is w\ld seem to rob ! scale ( its possibilities = color4 ,b curi\sly en\gh1 x actually increas$ !m4 ,= z long z ! scale is /range1 our e>s w inevitably comp>e x ) ! scale ) :i* we are famili>4 ,! result is a con/ant succession ( surprises to our e>s & s5ses--9 %ort an increase 9 ! s5su\s elem5t4 ,! new] s*ool also uses ! *romatic elem5t to a great ext5t4 ,9 ?is x 0 only cont9u+ ! "w ( ,wagn] 9 8 #8,tri/an4' ,b !re 0 ?is diff]5ce3 t :]eas 9 ,wagn]'s proc$ure ! *romatic elem5t 0 *iefly 9 ! movem5t ( ! individual voices1 ! *ords be+ con/itut$ mu* z be=e1 9 ! new ,fr5* s*ool bo? ! voice lead+ & ! *ord build+ make free use ( ! semitone4 ,to sum up1 ! new t5d5cy is *>act]iz$ concretely by vagu5ess ( *ord & ( scale 7) a cont9ual t5d5cy t[>d ! :ole-ton$ scale72 by a free use ( unprep>$ dissonance *os5 *iefly = its s5su\s effect2 & by its con/ant ef=t to rid itself ( ! dom9ation ( a set key4 ,gabriel ,faur 7born #ahde7 />t$ exactly on a p> ) ! o!r ,fr5* song writ]s ( ! sev5ties4 ,8 melody 0 t5u\s & colorless2 8 h>mony 0 ?9 & regul>4 ,v gradually & v /eadily he develop$ 8 colorful & unconv5tional h>mony & a type ( melody :i*1 )\t be+ declamatory1 0 irregul> & intimately fus$ ) ! accompanim5t4 ,besides ?is cauti\s radical developm5t1 ,faur _h a fairly g5]\s fund ( musical ideas & a s5se ( =m & design sup]ior to t ( mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is d\btful if any "o ( 8 songs c\ld be call$ fir/-class 9 absolute musical value4 ,b 8 g5]al /&>d 0 unusually high & /eady4 ,9 ne>ly e case 8 songs are f9i%$ works ( art4 ,8 faculty ( self-criticism 0 ke5 & 8 attitude t[>d 8 art s9c]e4 ,?\gh nev] a man ( p[]1 he possess$ a lively intellig5ce :i* s]v$ to make him "o ( ! mo/ important figures 9 ! ,fr5* musical transition4 ,he 0 n a pione] 9 ! m /r5u\s s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b he 0 truly a =]unn]4 ,8 e>lie/ songs %[ little t is di/9ctive beyond a s5sitive feel+ = design & proportion4 ,! be/ ( !m are #8,may1' #8,9 ! ,ru9s ( an ,abbey1' & #8,alone4' ,9 ! #8,tuscan ,s]5ade' we cat* p]haps ! fir/ def9ite note ( a *ange4 ,x is a v slight indication1 b x is truly a =e%ad[+ ( ! developm5t :i* 0 de/9$ to be %[n 9 8 songs & 9 all mod]n ,fr5* music4 ,! indication we are ref]r+ to is 9 ! foll[+ phrase3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,! unconv5tional note is ! ,g flat4 ,a compos] ( ! previ\s musical g5]ation w\ld c]ta9ly h writt5 ,g natural4 ,! reason is t a long succession ( :ole /eps is contr>y to ! _s ( ! diatonic scale1 ^u :i* ! classical musical sy/em is bas$4 ,! diatonic scale conta9s two half /eps )9 ! octave1 ?us giv+ to ! succession ( notes v>iety & to ! scale itself individuality4 ,! f\r notes :i* ,faur "h uses are ! only f\r adjac5t notes 9 ! scale :i* d n conta9 a half /ep4 ,ev5 su* a sequ5ce )\t a half /ep 0 too long to suit ! old] compos]s4 ,?is sequ5ce 0 to !m ! awkw>d place 9 ! scale4 ,x 0 )9 ! lett] ( ! scale b contr>y to its _s4 ,s ! old] compos] w\ld h *ang$ ! ,g flat to ,g natural & w\ld h felt a di/9ct ga9 9 grace & flu5cy4 ,p]haps ,faur us$ ! ,g flat only because x 0 diff]5t4 ,he may h />t$ 8 exp]im5ts purely 9 a se>* = v>iety4 ,b he soon saw its possibilities4 ,= ?is increas$ use ( :ole tones develops logically into ! :ole-ton$ scale 7)\t any semi-tones & h5ce )\t any exi/5ce z a tonality74 ,& ?is :ole-ton$ scale is "o ( ! *ief features ( ! mod]n ,fr5* music4 ,b 9 addition to its melodic significance ?is bit ( unconv5tionality on ,faur's "p _h deep h>monic significance4 ,= if ! id5tity ( ! diatonic scale is de/roy$ ! :ole sy/em ( classical h>mony falls d[n4 ,)\t a def9ite scale y h no tonic = y\r h>mony to c5tre ar\nd4 ,& y\r h>monic s*eme loses all its value z a sy/em & r$uces to a use ( *ords = !mselves 7t is1 _! s5su\s value7 or = _! relation "o ) ano!r4 ,:5 y h done ?is y\r :ole musical basis has *ang$ & a new musical _w has come into be+4 ,?is fir/ timid attempt on ,faur's "p 0 rapidly foll[$ by o!r exp]im5ts1 /ill cauti\s b logical & cont9u\s 9 _! direction4 ,9 ! song entitl$ #8,lydia' we h ! foll[+ op5+ phrase3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,lydia sur tes roses j\es ,et sur ton col frais ,"h ! tonality is di/urb$ n only 9 ! melody b 9 ! h>mony also4 ,)\t prep>ation or w>n+ ,faur disreg>ds ! half-/ep 7,b flat7 :i* w\ld h kept 8 music true to ! diatonic1 plunges app>5tly into a new key4 ,b ! *ange is n truly a modulation2 ! new key is really n a key4 ,= ! p]si/5ce ( ! ,f 9 ! bass is a =eign elem5t & %[s t ,faur 0 n aim+ at modulation at all4 ,:at he 0 aim+ at 0 color4 ,x is significant t ! #8color' accompanies ! words roses j\es4 ,?is g5tle dislocation ( our conv5tional h>monic s\nds l a blu% translat$ into tones4 ,faur _h discov]$ mod]n #8atmosph]e4' ,f n[ on ,faur's exp]im5ts 9 ?is sort ( ?+ become m frequ5t & m radical4 ,9 #8,! ,abs5t ,"o' he uses ord9>y susp5sions = _! atmosph]ic effect4 ,o!r songs ( ! same p]iod--among :i* #8,silvie1' #8,aft] a ,dream1' #8,b>c>olle1' & #8,ov] ,!re' are ! be/--%[ traces ( ! developm5t4 #8,nell1' 9 opus #ah1 %[s an increas+ly delicate feel+ = ! inn] voices 9 ! accompanim5t2 ! brok5 *ords t support ?is melody are n a m]e h>monic support b a delicate weav+ ( sugge/$ voices4 ,! #8,travell]' %[s increas$ p[] & vigor4 ,! #8,lullaby1' 9 opus #bc 7"o ( 8 be/ songs71 %[s an attempt to get color by means ( regul> susp5sions & dissonances1 second>y sev5? *ords1 & ! l1 all p]mitt$ 9 ! old sy/em b employ$ "h ) a special emphasis :i* is unescapable4 #8,! ,secret1' 9 ! same gr\p1 %[s a simil> attempt4 ,! ,*anson d'am\r 9 opus #bg %\ld be m5tion$ 9 pass+4 ,9 opus #ci we f9d ! beautiful song1 #8,! ,roses ( ,ispahan4' ,"h ,faur uses exactly ! same h>monic device t we h po9t$ out 9 #8,lydia1' b ?is "t ) m confid5ce3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,ont un p>fum mo9s frais ont une odeur mo9s d\ce ,! awkw>dness & unc]ta9ty 9 ! =m] passage is n to be f\nd "h4 ,faur has discov]$ 8 m$ium4 ,h5ce=? he w use x ) increas+ boldness & success4 ,! #8,nocturne' ( opus #dc & ,les prs5ts ( opus #df %[ /ill m fre$om 9 ! use ( con/antly *ang+ tonality4 #8,te>s' 9 opus #ea uses ! *romatic %ift ( key almo/ cont9u\sly4 ,b ! trick has ceas$ to be a te*nical exp]im5t4 ,x has become a means ( arti/ic expression4 ,= ?is song1 along ) #8,9 ! ,cemet]y1' %[s tragic en]gy & a mov+ p]sonal appeal :i*1 z we h se51 _h be5 all b abs5t f ,fr5* song = half a c5tury4 ,m&ol9e & ,en ,s\rd9e 9 opus #eh are songs ( consummate arti/ry & #8,! ,prison' ( opus #gd rea*es a v high emotional /&>d4 ,! lat] songs %[ ,faur us+ g5]\sly ! te*nical fre$om :i* he s labori\sly atta9$4 ,b ! songs are n[ less int]e/+4 ,!y are too likely to be ab/ruse )\t be+ inspir$4 ,te*nically !y are ( extreme int]e/1 b !y sugge/ t ,faur _h be5 left beh9d by ! mod]n musical movem5t & 0 r brea?lessly try+ to cat* up4 ,?\gh ,faur's songs d n speak ) ! au?ority ( g5ius !y are extraord9>ily f9e 9 _! deftness ( h&l+1 9 _! delicacy1 9 _! unfail+ s5se ( arti/ic fitness4 ,faur1 among ! fir/ ( 8 g5]ation1 treat$ ! accompanim5t ) respect4 ,8 piano p>ts are fill$ ) int]e/+ voices & g5tly /imulat+ movem5t4 ,ea* song has its individuality & /yle4 ,! melody is sometimes truly eloqu5t1 b too (t5 p>takes ( ! colorless nature ( contempor>y music4 ,9 ! lat] songs ! voice "p is apt to be )\t mu* *>m or ev5 exi/5ce ( its own1 be+ only accommodat$ to ! accompanim5t4 ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ! absolute value ( 8 songs w\ld n ju/ify ! relative space we h "h devot$ to !m1 !y reveal a s5sitive & ?or\gh craftsman%ip :i* ,fr5* music _h too long be5 )\t4 ,,ii ,emmanuel ,*abri] 7#ahda-ahid7 01 ) ,faur1 "o ( ! great =]unn]s ( ! mod]n ,fr5* t5d5cy4 ,8 s]vice 0 *iefly p]=m$ 9 ! field ( or*e/ral color+1 b 8 songs %[ ! influ5ces ( ! new te*nique & are ( mu* value 9 !mselves4 ,*abri] 0 a m vital man ?an ,faur4 ,8 abundant animal spirits c be felt 9 all 8 music4 ,8 musical ideas 7 n always ( mu* value1 b ! creative en]gy ( ! man is felt always4 ,he 0 a great practical jok] & has writt5 "s ( ! mo/ delightful humor\s songs we h4 ,?ree ( 8 animal songs 9 p>ticul> are wor? /udy4 #8,! ,gras%opp]s' makes cont9ual use ( ! int]val ( ! dim9i%$ second1 lightly play$ 9 arpeggio *ords on ! piano1 to sugge/ ! *irp+ & rattl+ :i* we he> on a summ] night4 ,! melody1 too1 is extremely graceful4 #8,! ,pigs' ,pa/oral' sugge/s ! animals' grunts & (f]s ev5 m dignifi$ po9ts ( te*nical int]e/4 ,! #8,villanelle ( ! ,little ,ducks' is a ma/]piece4 ,! *>m+ words by ,rosemonde ,gr>d 7lat] ! wife ( ! poet ,ro/&7 are caught ) absolute fidelity by ! compos]4 ,! dignity1 ! absolute soldi]-l s]i\sness ( ! little birds is inimitably sugge/$ & ! cle> & ri*ly v>i$ accompanim5t %[s a musician%ip ( a high ord]4 ,! simple #8,romance ( ! ,/>' reveals ! g5u9e lyric ability ( ! compos] & 8 colorful romanticism is %[n 9 ! #8,song = ,jeanne' & #8,! ,happy ,isl&4' ,*abri]'s songs %[ admirable en]gy & res\rcefulness4 ,z a practical jok] ! man c h>dly be surpass$4 ,among ! pione]s ( mod]n ,fr5* music ,cs> ,franck 7#ahbc-ahij7 holds ! highe/ place ( all4 ,8 pr(\nd musician%ip1 8 op5-m9d$ness1 8 /ra9 ( religi\s my/icism 9 ! s]vice ( 8 high p]sonal integrity1 produc$ results ?an :i* ,fr5* music c %[ no?+ m admirable4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ em95t mod]n ,fr5* compos]s 7 8 pupils & _! d>+ 7?\gh v>i\s7 individualities %[ t 8 tea*+ 0 really a /imulation & n\ri%m5t ( arti/ic p[]1 n an imp>t+ ( rules4 ,8 songs 7at lea/ ! lat] ones1 :i* are all t int]e/ u "h7 are few1 b among !m are sev]al :i* are arti/ically flawless4 ,! melody ( #8,! ,m>riage ( ! ,roses'#cb has a grace & a cog5cy :i* utt]ly *>m ! he>]4 #8,! ,bells ( ,ev5+' & #8,! ,procession' h become classics 9 mod]n song lit]ature4 ,te*nically ^! songs are n radical4 ,b !y make effective use ( ! new h>monic me?od1 9 ,franck's own peculi> & conv9c+ mann]4 ,f\r ( ,franck's pupils h done f9e s]vice 9 ! cause ( mod]n ,fr5* song4 ,guillaume ,lekeu 7#ahgj-ahid7 0 an extremely tal5t$ man :o w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,fr5* compos]s _h he liv$ to arti/ic maturity4 ,8 f9e song1 #8,on a ,tomb1' proves 8 creative p[] & 8 te*nical control4 ,h5ri ,dup>c 7born #ahdh7 0 by bir? "o ( ! old] g5]ation & 8 use ( ! mod]n h>monies is cons]vative4 ,( 8 num]\s songs "s are m>k$ by mu* grace & s5su\s beauty1 notably #8,invitation to ! ,j\rney1' ! ,*anson tri/e1 & #8,ec/asy1' ! la/ "o ( ! f9e/ songs ( ! p]iod4 ,erne/ ,*ausson 7#ahee-ahid7 %[$ rem>kable tal5ts--en]gy1 individuality1 comm& ov] romantic expression4 ,9 8 incomplete c>e] he produc$ _m songs1 "s ( r>e *>m4 ,b mo/ important ( ! ,franck pupils is ,v9c5t d',indy1 probably ! mo/ vigor\s creative p[] 9 mod]n ,fr5* music4 ,9 him ! intellectual quality dom9ates all ! o!rs4 ,to _m 8 music q lacks *>m4 ,! g5tl] qualities are abs5t4 ,!re is no obvi\s appeal to ! s5ses4 ,b 8 music is extremely /imulat+ to ! musician & if well pres5t$ c plead = itself to ! g5]al public4 ,8 songs are few1 b are evid5tly work$ out ) great c>e4 ,be/ kn[n is ! #8,sea ,song1' :i* has a l>ge rhy?mic sweep admirably sugge/+ ! swell ( ! ocean4 ,8 arrangem5ts entitl$ ,*ansons ,populaires du ,viv>ais1 ?\gh appli$ to ! simple/ ( musical mat]ials1 reveal 8 intellectual quality ( musician%ip4 ,a li/ ( 8 o!r songs 7ne>ly complete7 includes3 #8,!cla's ,compla9t1' #8,madrigal1' ,l',am\r de la crane1 #8,! ,fir/ ,too?1' #8,mirage1' & #8,! ,eyes ( ! ,belov$ ,"o4' ,all ^! songs are f9e & musicianly4 ,b _! appeal is limit$1 = _m w f9d !m lack+ *>m & s5su\s beauty4 ,,iii ,at ! pres5t "t x is difficult to reg>d ,alfr$ ,bruneau 7born #aheg7 z a pione]4 ,8 /yle is extremely ?9 & 8 melody seems at fir/ glance to be cut f ! same piece z ,mass5et's4 ,b x is z an innovator t ,bruneau is *iefly valu$ 9 ,france4 ,9 ! e>ly n9eties1 :5 ,debussy 0 /ill an unkn[n exp]im5t] 7a #8crazy man1' l all radical innovators 9 _! e>ly ye>s71 he 0 ?rill+ ,p>is ) 8 /range1 new expressive h>monies1 accurately del9eat+ moods & sugge/+ colors4 ,8 op]as1 to librettos or adaptations f ,zola1 7 a new ?+ 9 ,france4 ,he exp]im5t$ l>gely ) unconv5tional h>monies & phrases = ! voice :i* fell into no kn[n category4 ,p>is 0 at fir/ puzzl$1 b quickly caught ! idea4 ,?is 0 because1 :ile ,bruneau's music 0 truly an innovation & absolutely 9 l9e ) ! "w ( ! new ,fr5* s*ool1 x 0 bas$ on an idiom t ,france knew well & 0 manag$ s cauti\sly t ! novelties 7 cle> to ! audi5ce )\t be+ pa9ful4 ,by ?is "t ,bruneau seems little m ?an a compos] ( a pa/ g5]ation4 ,yet we mu/ give him full cr$it = c\rage1 = arti/ic feel+1 & = consid]able musical creativ5ess4 ,8 songs are n _m4 ,! ,li$s de ,france 7words by ,catulle ,m5ds7 are simple lyrics some:at 9 ! old] traditional /yle ( ,fr5* songs1 execut$ ) a weal? ( ! mo/ delicate sugge/ion ( color4 #8,! ,gay ,vagabond' is 9 ,bruneau's mo/ typical /yle--a cle>-cut & fl[+ melody ov] ! simple/ ( *ords1 ) ! unusual features s discreetly writt5 t at fir/ he>+ !y h>dly seem to be !re at all4 ,paul ,vidal 7born #ahfc7 is only by c\rtesy includ$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,he has escap$ ! curse ( ! old ,fr5* s*ool b 8 tal5t lies n at all 9 ! field ( innovation4 ,he is a born lyrici/1 spontane\s1 fre%1 graceful4 ,he is ma/] ( m ?an "o /yle1 z 8 sett+s ( ,%akespe>e's lyrics prove4 ,! #8,w9t] ,song1' f #8,love's ,labor ,lo/1' pres]ves a c]ta9 ar*aic flavor t is *>m+4 ,! ,psaume nuptial is gr&iose b n pomp\s1 an invigorat+ piece ( hone/ music4 ,9 ! *ildr5's song1 #8,! ,play ,lead]1' ,vidal attempts ! descriptive1 ) a lib]al use ( dissonance & mod]n h>mony1 b x is evid5t t he has no natural turn t[>d ! new /yle4 ,yet ! song is da9ty & picturesque4 ,! ,ariette #8,7 ,i a ,sunbeam' & ! #8,address to ! ,well ,belov$1' z well z a m rec5t song1 #8,lov+1' are well wor? kn[+ = _! simple musicianly beauty1 & ,madame la fe is a model ( delicate lyricism4 ,9 8 m ambiti\s mood ,vidal is repres5t$ by #8,?9e ,eyes4' ,b he is a compos] to :om we turn n = /imulation 9 te*nical matt]s1 b = simple beauty4 ,8 songs are 9 t class :i* c h>dly ent] into a hi/ory at all1 b are delightful byways to turn to = m]e pleasure4 ,gu/ave ,*>p5ti] 7born #ahfj71 compos] ( ! _w-fam\s op]a #8,l\ise1' has writt5 a h&ful ( songs1 "s ( sup]ior quality4 ,! ,*ansons dans] are writt5 9 imitation ( ! old ,fr5* dances1 ! _s & ! =m be+ caught ) ke5 insight4 ,! be/ ( ! gr\p is ! #8,s>ab&e4' ,9 ! ,fleurs du mal he is work+ 9 m famili> ve9--t _s ( int5se & some:at *aotic emotionalism t di/+ui%es 8 op]as4 ,:5 we li/ ! fifte5 ,pomes *ants we h nam$ all 8 songs4 ,*>p5ti]'s /yle is mod]n & g5u9ely ,fr5*1 b x is %>ply di/+ui%$ f t ( ,debussy & ,ravel4 ,x is a developm5t ( t ( ,mass5et 7^: pupil ,*>p5ti] 071 b x is develop$ an imm5se di/ance beyond #8,?as4' ,x conta9s m ( ! fle% 7& m ( ! op5 air7 ?an ,debussy ev] %[s4 #8,atmosph]e' = its own sake ent]s into 8 "w n at all4 ,ev]y?+ is expressive & ne>ly ev]y?+ expressive ( human emotions4 ,! musical /yle is admirably adapt$ to ! purpose1 *oos+ f ! mod]n ,fr5* te*nique j ^? elem5ts :i* x c use4 ,x makes con/ant use ( deta*$ or irregul> phrases ( melody & ^! x int]weaves 9 great abundance into ! h>monic texture4 ,*>p5ti] /rikes an admirable middle pa? 9 mod]n ,fr5* music1 be+ nei!r too intellectual1 l d'lndy1 nor too te*nical1 l ,ravel4 ,,iv ,conc]n+ ,claude ,debussy 7born #ahfb7 ! _w is n yet decid$4 ,at "o "t he seem$ ! supreme innovator & ! ma/] tone-poet ( mod]n times4 ,no?+ s utt]ly new _h ev] come to p's e>s s9ce #8,tri/an1' or probably s9ce ! lat] symphonies ( ,bee?ov54 ,he 0 = a numb] ( ye>s ! *ief spokesman = ! ultra-mod]n to ! :ole _w4 ,= fully t5 ye>s he work$ away1 /riv+ = ! vision he _h be=e him1 until recognition f9ally came4 ,f ?is v fact we may assume t he is an entirely s9c]e arti/ & n a *>latan z he 0 once consid]$4 ,&1 because he c\ld "w s consi/5tly 9 8 own /yle1 he seem$ to ! _w supremely creative4 ,possibly sob] op9ion has modifi$ some:at ! op9ion ( t5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,pellz et ,mlis&e 0 a />tl+ novelty4 ,! te*nical p[] ) :i* he pres5t$ an absolutely new case rema9s z admirable z ev]4 ,b op9ion ( ! absolute musical value ( 8 "w is some:at dim9i%+1 n[ t we are accu/om$ to ! idiom4 ,9 pla9 words1 x is beg9n+ to be und]/ood t ,debussy repeats himself m ?an d mo/ great compos]s1 c]ta9ly m ?an a compos] ( ! fir/ rank w\ld d4 ,moreov]1 8 music does n hold a place 9 p's he>ts4 ,x is truly expressive ( delicate moods 7moods 9 :i* ! n]ves & s5ses are *iefly involv$72 b x does n express ! ?+s t are ne>e/ to human be+s4 ,at bottom1 ! v>iety possible to ,debussy's /yle is slight4 ,he has pa9t$ _m pictures1 be>+ _m diff]5t titles1 b all are m]e re>rangem5ts ( ! same figures & sett+4 ,we f9d1 to a great] ext5t ?an ) mo/ compos]s1 t 8 :ole art is fairly repres5t$ 9 8 songs4 ,!y are num]\s4 ,& !y are ( a v high ord] ( musician%ip4 ,x is evid5t ,debussy put ! be/ he _h into ^! songs4 ,!y are luxuriant ) ! f9e/ inv5tions ( 8 rem>kable te*nique4 ,n "o is c>elessly execut$4 ,n "o b is 9 "s degree truly creative4 ,:e!r simple or ab/ruse1 !y make no concessions to popul> effect4 ,"s are valuable *iefly 9 _! p>ts2 z a :ole !y are n firmly b\nd4 ,b o!rs are admirable 9 design & proportion4 ,9 mo/ ( !m ! accompanim5t is s luxuriant t set =m goes by ! bo>d2 ! song consi/s ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,b 9 ! accumulation ( ^! v>i\s s5su\s effects we get a new k9d ( unity4 ,x is ! unity ( ! impressioni/ pa9t]s--a syn!sis p]=m$ 9 ! obs]v] or li/5] in/ead ( be+ p]=m$ 9 ! "w itself4 ,to speak concretely1 ! v>i\s p>ts reveal sometimes little to connect !m ) ea* o!r2 !y seem little am5able to any =mal s*eme4 ,b :5 ! li/5] simply li/5s1 )\t try+ to apply m5tal /&>ds1 he f9ds t he has liv$ ?r\gh a s+le & def9ite exp]i5ce4 ,x is h>d to speak 9 detail ( ,debussy's songs4 ,!y pres5t s _m individual elem5ts ( int]e/ t1 if !y are to be /udi$ at all1 !y mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! concrete4 ,any attempt to describe or *>act]ize !m at a di/ance mu/ be vague & colorless4 ,we c only po9t out a few ( ! songs t /& out f ! o!rs by reason ( great te*nical orig9ality or impressioni/ic p[]4 ,debussy ga9$ ! gr& ,prix de ,rome 9 #ahhd & sp5t ! next ?ree ye>s 9 ,italy4 ,8 prize cantata1 #8,! ,prodigal ,son1' %[s evid5ces ( ! impressioni/ic /yle1 b1 be+ (f]$ to please a cons]vative committee1 0 kept 9 res]ve4 ,b ,debussy knew :at he want$ to d & promptly s5t back f ! ,villa ,m$ici a "w :i* ! committee c\ld n accept because ( its d>+ /yle4 ,ev5 !n he 0 approa*+ maturity 9 ! mann] :i* made him fam\s4 ,! fir/ ( ! well kn[n songs 7 publi%$ 9 #ahij & 7 probably writt5 9 ! c\rse ( ! five ye>s j prec$+4 ,!y are n s involv$ z ! lat] songs1 b !y _c be call$ exp]im5tal works4 ,! ,m&ol9e1 a ma/]ly little g5re song1 has atta9$ great popul>ity1 & #8,! ,f\nta9' %[s ! compos] work+ on a mo/ elaborate scale ) a fully develop$ te*nical me?od4 ,we %\ld also m5tion 9 ?is place ! fam\s aria1 #8,azal1' f #8,! ,prodigal ,son4' ,! mo/ /rongly creative ( ,debussy's works 7exclusive ( ! op]a7 seem to c5tre ar\nd ! ye> #aijd4 ,& "h we f9d "s ( ! be/ songs4 ,we may in/ance ! five f9e #8,poems' f ,baudelaire4 ,9 ^! ,debussy is putt+ =? 8 v be/4 ,! ,h>monies du soir may be tak5 z an epitome ( 8 :ole h>monic me?od4 #8,! ,balcony' is v long & ri* 9 descriptive imag9ation4 ,! ,jet d'eau & #8,! ,dea? ( ,lov]s' %\ld also be m5tion$ f ?is gr\p4 #8,! ,faun' & #8,! ,grotto1' f ! same p]iod1 %[ ,debussy at 8 be/4 ,! =m] 9 p>ticul> reveals him admirably z a pa9t] ( pictures 9 tones4 ,among ! fairly simple songs 7always ! be/ = ! /ud5t :o is approa*+ a new /yle7 we may m5tion ,beau soir & ! ,romance4 ,! ,proses lyriques are v ambiti\s1 v long1 & v difficult4 ,ev5 ! mo/ capable s+] w f9d x h>d to hold !m unifi$ :5 !y are sung4 ,! voice "p is free1 n exactly declamatory1 b fragm5t>y & m]g$ ) ! symphonic comm5t :i* is ! accompanim5t4 ,( ! f\r ,les ,fleurs is p]haps ! be/1 :ile ! la/1 ,le soir1 is ! simple/ & ! mo/ approa*able4 ,! ,*ansons de ,bilitis are m emotional & n s good4 ,b ! ?ree #8,ballads ( ,franois ,villon1' publi%$ 9 #aiaj1 are ma/]pieces4 ,! ,pray] to ! ,virg9 ,m>y is admirably pa!tic1 & ! ?ird1 #8,! ,ladies ( ,p>is1' %[s ,debussy 9 8 sprightly ve91 :i* he manages ) capital humor & v]ve4 ,! ,ftes galantes 7words by ,v]la9e7 include two v typical songs1 ,en ,s\rd9e & ,clair de lune2 ! second extremely successful 9 ! creat+ ( #8atmosph]e' & ! fir/ unusually appeal+ 9 melody4 ,f9ally we may m5tion ! ,ariettes oublies1 publi%$ 9 #aiac1 :i* include "o admirable song1 ! #8,belgian ,l&scape1' :i* is cle> & picturesque4 ,maurice ,ravel 7born #ahge7 has a m vital tal5t ?an ,debussy4 ,?\gh ! idiom he uses is rem>kably simil>1 he manipulates x ) great] incisiv5ess ( effect & h5ce c make x expressive ( emotion & physical en]gy to a great] ext5t4 ,:]e ,debussy avoids ! h>% & crude1 ,ravel (t5 delights 9 x4 ,moreov]1 ( late ye>s1 he has %[n a m>k$ *ange 9 8 /yle 7:i* _c be said ( ,debussy74 ,=1 :ile ! radical ,fr5* music ( ! n9eties 0 prem95tly h>monic 7insi/+ on ! absolute effect ( /range *ords = its effect71 ,ravel has made 8 increas+ly polyphonic4 ,?is he seems to h got f ! ,russian1 ,/rav9sky4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is a m vigor\s me?od & especially "o :i* is capable ( a long] life & m v>iety ( expression4 ,& ) x ,ravel has accompli%$ f9e ?+s4 ,! new ,fr5* s*ool1 :i* ) ,debussy seem$ 9 dang] ( deg5]at+ into meticul\s preciosity1 w surely n see its en]gy exhau/$ at ,ravel's h&s4 ,p]haps mo/ typical ( ,ravel's songs1 & admirably repres5tative ( 8 e>li] te*nique1 are ! five descriptive songs gr\p$ "u ! title ,hi/oires naturelles4 ,! animals "h describ$ ) inimitable humor are respectively ! peacock1 ! cricket1 ! swan1 ! k+-fi%]1 & ! gu9ea f[l4 ,x is evid5t t ^! (f] a wide v>iety ( effect4 ,9 ea* case ,ravel has seiz$ ! opportunity 9 ma/]ly fa%ion4 ,! accompanim5t to #8,! ,peacock' fairly %imm]s ) gorge\s color+4 #8,! ,cricket' is /rid5t & me*anical1 #8,! ,swan' sl[ & s5su\s1 & s on4 ,p]haps ! /ud5t may n f9d su* subjects prop] = song treatm5t4 ,b if descriptive music is admitt$ at all 9 song writ+1 "o mu/ admit ! f9e & supple te*nique display$ 9 ^! extraord9>ily successful songs4 ,! gr\p entitl$ #8,s*eh]ezade' is no less ma/]ful 9 its description ( sc5]y & moods4 ,! fir/1 call$ #8,asia1' is unbelievably ri* 9 ?is respect4 ,f9ally we may m5tion ! ?ree poems f ,mall>m1 publi%$ 9 #aiad4 ,^! are ! mo/ elaborate & difficult1 ! mo/ remote f conv5tional expression ( any?+ ,ravel has done4 ,!y are m solid & /imulat+ 9 _! musician%ip ?an any?+ he _h done be=e4 ,! irregul> melodic l9e ( ,placet futile is luxuriant 9 ! extreme4 ,all ?ree %[ a ga9 t[>d fre$om 9 ! managem5t ( ! voice1 a ga9 :i* means a great increase 9 absolute musical value = ! voice "p4 ,he seems "h ev5 to be creat+ a new sort ( melody1 "o :i* has few elem5ts ( =mal regul>ity b is ri* 9 s5su\s lovel9ess4 ,! accompanim5ts = ^! songs are elaborate 9 ! extreme4 ,:at ! ultimate arti/ic value ( !m w be c n be told until !y h be5 g5]\sly tri$ out by exp]i5c$ s+]s4 ,b !y c]ta9ly give ! musician pause4 ,!y1 along ) c]ta9 rec5t or*e/ral works1 prove t ,ravel is a man ( imm5se en]gy1 ( an arti/ic g5ius t _c be curb$1 altoge!r "o ( ! important m5 9 mod]n music4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,see ,musical ,examples 7,vol4 ,,xiii74 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,mod]n ,,lyrici/s ,,outside ,,( ,,g]many ,,& ,,france ,! new ,russian s*ool3 ,balakireff1 etc42 ,m\ssorgsky & o!rs--,! ,sc&9avians & ,f9ns--,rec5t ,engli% song-writ]s4 ,i ,we h ref]r$ 9 ano!r *apt] to ! neo-,russian s*ool ( compos]s1 :o work$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,mily ,balakireff & bas$ _! composition l>gely ^u ! native folk-songs4 ,x is ?is gr\p t has creat$ ,russia's musical art4 ,ts*aik[sky & ,rub9/e9 are1 9 ! ,russian view1 out ( ! direct l9e ( succession4 ,9 ! direct l9e1 :i* comm5ces ) ,gl9ka1 we f9d a di/+ui%$ company ( g5iuses4 ,aft] ,gl9ka comes ,alex&] ,d>gomijsky 7#ahac-ahfi71 "o ( ! e>lie/ conv]ts to ,wagn]ian pr9ciples outside ( ,g]many & a radical innovator 9 dramatic & h>monic me?od4 ,8 op]a1 #8,! ,/one ,gue/1' looks =w>d a qu>t] ( a c5tury to mod]n h>monic effects1 :ole-ton$ scale & all4 ,b1 9 consid]ation ( ! "t he 0 work+1 x is n to be expect$ t 8 songs are ( a radical ca/4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 %[ ! innovat+ g5ius ( ! man & 8 full-blood$ arti/ic life4 ,"s n9ety 9 all1 !y are extraord9>ily v>i$ 9 /yle & cont5ts1 "s graceful & elegaic1 "s exotic1 & "s humor\s4 ,d>gomijsky took ! traditional mantle ( ,russian g5ius ^u 8 %\ld]s 9 satiriz+ ! bureaucracy & wrote "s ( 8 f9e/ humor\s songs on ! subject4 ,among ! be/ ( 8 songs we may m5tion #8,an ,ea/]n ,song1' #8,i ,?9k t ,?\ ,w]t ,born = ,?is1' & #8,o ,maid1 ,my ,rose4' ,8 dramatic ballads1 ( :i* #8,! ,knight ,errant' & #8,! ,old ,corporal' are ! f9e/1 are m>k$ by directness & simplicity :i* give !m a r>e laconic =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fam\s ,song ,int]pret]s4 ,top3 ,julia ,culp & ,el5a ,g]h>dt ,bottom3 ,ludwig ,wlln] & ,david ,bispham ,d>gomijsky 0 "o ( ! old] g5]ation1 a sort ( fa!r confessor to ! neo-,russian gr\p4 ,?is gr\p work$ "u ! inspiration ( ,mily ,balakireff 7#ahcg-aiaj71 a "y en?usia/ ) f9e visions & a consid]able k ( music1 mo/ly self-le>n$4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ ( all gave ! great emphasis to ! use ( folk-songs 9 ,russian composition & ?is he made ! corn]/one ( ! new s*ool4 ,z memb]s ( 8 little gr\p he 0 lucky en\gh to h two g5iuses ( v ne>ly ! fir/ ord]1 "o ,mode/ ,m\ssorgsky 7#ahce-ahha7 & ! o!r ,ni*olas ,rimsky-,korsak(f 7#ahdd-aijh74 ,balakireff's own songs %[ arti/ic qualities ( a high ord]2 !y are m>k$ by unfail+ ta/e & proportion & range ov] a broad field ( expression1 ne>ly ev]y:]e successfully4 ,b1 ?\gh 8 arti/ic & critical s5se 0 sup]b1 he _h n ! creativ5ess ( mo/ ( ! gr\p4 ,"o man :o has done mu* f9] "w 9 song ?an he is ,alex&] ,borod9e 7#ahcd-ahhg74 ,borod9e ent]$ ! neo-,russian gr\p z a m]e amateur1 b he became fill$ ) ! new en?usiasms & set himself to "w 9 e>ne/4 ,! high & consi/5t creative level ( 8 "w1 consid]+ 8 %ort & int]rupt$ /udy & ! smallness ( 8 output1 is amaz+4 ,he wrote "s twelve songs 9 8 lifetime & fully half ( !m are ma/]pieces4 ,borod9e 0 c\rage\s 9 8 attitude t[>d new musical pr9ciples & extremely happy 9 8 use ( ! new mat]ials4 ,expressive dissonance1 9 p>ticul>1 he uses ) r>e effectiv5ess4 ,! ballad or romance entitl$ #8,! ,sleep+ ,pr9cess' is surely "o ( ! f9e/ ?+s ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce4 ,! spell ( ! en*ant$ =e/1 ! calm beauty ( ! sleep+ pr9cess1 are sugge/$ 9 a succession ( major second dissonances :i* weave a web ov] ! my/]i\s melodies ( ! accompanim5t4 ,! same p[] ( creat+ #8atmosph]e' ) simple means is %[n 9 #8,! ,sea-,que51' :i* is an exquisite inspiration4 ,! romance1 #8,a ,dissonance1' is a gem ( conc5trat$ lyricism4 ,b ! mo/ orig9al ( ,borod9e's songs1 "o ( ! mo/ memorable ( ! :ole ,russian product1 is #8,! ,song ( ! ,d>k ,=e/4'#cc ,?is is writt5 purely 9 ! ,russian idiom1 ) a great & savage melody :i* is irresi/ible 9 its vigor4 ,! accompanim5t only duplicates ! voice "p1 ) ! addition ( dissonances t s\nd =? l trumpet bla/s4 ,) 8 h&ful ( songs & 8 def9ite quantity ( g5ius ,borod9e has made a place = himself 9 ! hi/ory ( lyric music4 ,cs> ,cui 7born #ahce71 :o 0 9 e>ly ye>s ! press ag5t ( ! neo-,russian gr\p1 ne$ be m5tion$ "h only to be pass$ ov]4 ,8 song output is g5]\s & ne>ly always m>k$ ) mu* grace & good ta/e4 ,b ,cui took less /ock 9 ! adoration ( ! folk-song ?an ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p & 8 art product is 9 e way weak]4 ,rimsky-,korsak(f comb9$ an int5se feel+ = ! native ,russian idiom ) an exhau/ive k ( ! te*nique ( music & produc$ a l>ge numb] ( works :i*1 :ile be+ truly ,russian1 seem n unnatural to we/]n e>s4 ,he is %[n 9 romantic ve9 9 two e>ly songs1 #8,on ! ,georgian ,hills' & #8,a ,s\!rn ,night4' ,8 ori5tal songs are p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( 8 lyric works4 ,9 ^! ! greate/ mod]n ma/] ( musical exoticism has br\ght vividly to our e>s n only ! phrases1 b ! v _s ( ! ea/4 ,! #8,hebrew ,love ,song' may be tak5 z "o ( ! be/ ( ! gr\p4 ,b ! greate/ ( ! neo-,russian gr\p1 ! greate/ ,russian compos] hi!rto1 & "o ( ! great compos]s ( all musical hi/ory1 0 ,m\ssorgsky4 ,?is man 0 utt]ly absorb$ 9 ! ,russian folk-song & bas$ 8 /yle on no?+ else4 ,he _h ! faculty ( g5ius :i* goes /raight to ! he>t ( some?+ new & produces 8 result )\t seem+ ef=t4 ,few musicians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h spok5 ) s individual a voice4 ,! _w is only beg9n+ to appreciate ! greatness ( 8 op]as4 ,z = 8 songs1 !y h made _! way ev5 m sl[ly1 b :]e !y are once kn[n !y are nev] =gott54 ,m\ssorgsky's _m rem>kable qualities are n to be set d[n 9 a s+le p>agraph l ! pres5t4 ,suffice x to po9t out 8 h>monic orig9ality1 :i* made use ( atmosph]ic *ords1 unusual scale comb9ations1 & p[]ful modulation long be=e ,debussy's "t 7,debussy1 9 fact1 confesses to h le>n$ mu* f ,m\ssorgsky72 8 fre%ness ( inspiration1 :i* has produc$ "s ( ! mo/ glori\s ( melodies2 & 8 unsurpass$ ability 9 ! del9eation ( "* & mood4 ,8 songs are n a great _m1 b !re are few ( !m t are n ma/]pieces4 ,8 pictures ( peasant life are m>vell\s 9 _! p]suasive picturesqu5ess4 ,z an example we may quote ! #8,peasant ,cradle ,song1' "o ( ! greate/ ( songs any:]e4 ,! ineffable pa?os ( ! beg9n+1 ! /range e!real light ( ! end1 are h>dly to be p>allel$ 9 ! :ole range ( song4 ,b x is m ?an a m]e lullaby2 x is a peasant's lullaby & ! music almo/ makes u see ! poor hut 9 :i* ! "m croons h] song4 ,ano!r lullaby1 ! #8,cradle ,song ( ! ,poor1' is h>dly less appeal+1 b is totally diff]5t 9 design4 ,ano!r song %[+ ,m\ssorgsky's highe/ g5ius is ! ,hopak1 a long piece ) admirable pictur+ ( v>i\s phases ( ,russian "*4 ,! song is trem5d\sly effective 9 conc]t4 ,m\ssorgsky's ?ree song gr\ps are all ( ! highe/ rank4 ,9 ! ,nurs]y ,songs he has done :at no o!r compos] has ev] done bett]1 & n m ?an two or ?ree h done s well4 ,he has depict$ ! ev5ts & emotions ( a *ild ) ! simplicity ( _s ( a *ild4 ,! songs1 h[ev]1 are n simple te*nically--s mu* ! contr>y t1 compos$ 9 #ahfh to #ahgj1 !y are prophetic ( future musical proc$ure4 ,?is fre$om & delicacy ( del9eation _h nev] be5 se5 9 songs be=e4 ,! f\r #8,dea? ,dances' are trem5d\s songs ( grim trag$y2 9 #8,dea? & ! ,peasant' ! accompanim5t depicts ! indiff]5ce ( nature at ! fate ( ! peasant :o is dy+ 9 ! sn[ aft] a debau*4 ,! mo/ amaz+ product ( ,m\ssorgsky's lyrical g5ius1 h[ev]1 is 8 la/ gr\p ( six songs--#8,:]e ,no ,sun ,%9es4' ,^!1 writt5 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! deepe/ pessimism1 are p]haps ! mo/ int5se expression ( spiritual despair 9 all song lit]ature4 ,! extraord9>y te*nical me?od ( ^! pieces1 h>dly less ?an t ( ! rem>kable *ildr5's songs1 0 ,debussy's *ief guid+ light 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! developm5t ( 8 /yle4 ,9 absolute musical value ^! six la/ songs /& v high & #8,by ! ,wat]' has few p>allels 9 song lit]ature4 ,! rema9+ ,russian song writ]s c be summ$ up briefly4 ,antony ,ar5sky 7born #ahfa7 is ! compos] ( _m songs1 graceful & pleas+ b n highly orig9al 9 /yle4 ,s]gius ,taneiev 7born #ahef7 incl9es to ! cons]vative & classical1 b is an able musician & capable song-writ]4 ,alex&] ,glaz\n(f 7born #ahfe7 has work$ ) mo/ success 9 ! small] =ms & 9 8 graceful songs has put mu* t is *>m+1 ?\gh little t is g5u9ely inspir+4 ,8 "w is m>k$ by its extraord9>y suavity & ta/e4 ,mi*ael ,ippolit(f-,ivan(f 7born #ahei7 has compos$ "s n9ety songs1 di/+ui%$ by a /raight=w>d hone/y ( me?od & heal?fulness ( feel+4 ,s]gei ,ra*man9(f 7born #ahgc7 is a mu* great] man ?an ^? we h j nam$ & a ma/]ful song-writ]4 ,he is n always1 h[ev]1 writ+ 9 ! /r5u\s ea/]n idiom4 #8,be=e ,my ,g>d5' & #8,lilacs' are excell5t 9 ! conv5tional way4 ,b he has writt5 at lea/ "o truly great song ( g5u9e ,russian inspiration4 ,?is is #8,oh1 ,?\ ,bill[y ,h>ve/ ,fields1' :i* des]ves to rank ) ,borod9e's #8,song ( ! ,black ,=e/' 9 d>+ & />k p[]4 ,,ii ,s9ce ! "t ( ,grieg1 song writ+ 9 ,sc&9avia has fl\ri%$4 ,! *ief ,norwegian expon5t ( ! art is ,*ri/ian ,s9d+ 7born #ahef71 a h>dwork+ & s9c]e arti/1 ) occasional fla%es ( some?+ ne> g5ius4 ,8 _m songs include sett+s & adaptations ( ,norwegian folk-songs1 :i* he has h&l$ ) r>e ta/e4 ,he has put some?+ ( _! directness into 8 own art1 = he is "o ( ! be/ ( ! mod]n song-writ]s 9 8 p[] ( gett+ ! nub ( an emotion 9 a few notes4 ,8 song product is unev51 = mu* ( 8 "w has be5 hurri$ & r\t9e 9 quality4 ,b !re are _m pieces ( sup]ior "* & ^! reveal a quality :i* is above all ?+s lyrical4 ,emil ,sjgr5 7born #ahec7 is probably ! =emo/ song writ] ( ,sw$54 ,he is n a man ( p[]4 ,8 range ( expression is limit$ to ! graceful & t5d]4 ,mu* ( 8 "w is ( ! second ord]4 ,b v (t5 he produces lyrics ( q orig9al beauty4 ,among ^! we may m5tion ,du s*au/ mi* an1 ,jahrlang m*t' i*1 & ,i* m*te s*web54 ,! second1 9 p>ticul>1 %\ld prove highly effective 9 conc]t4 ,( rec5t ye>s ,sjgr5 has cultivat$ ! new h>monic /yle ) mu* indu/ry & acquisitive tal5t4 ,he has1 9 fact1 *ang$ 8 /yle completely4 ,x is d\btful if he c be said to be :olly successful 9 8 metamorphosis4 ,he seems ov]-conc]n$ ) details & fails to atta9 cog5cy ( =m4 ,jean ,sibelius 7born #ahfe7 is ! greate/ ( ,f9ni% compos]s & is rapidly com+ to be recogniz$ z "o ( ! greate/ 9 ! _w4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! ,f9ns are dom9antly ,teutonic1 & t culture has be5 ,teutonic 9 ! pa/ & n ,russian or ,mongolian z is sometimes suppos$4 ,b ,sibelius has develop$ a m>vell\s individuality ( expression :i* is at once expressive ( him & ( 8 nation4 ,"s ( 8 songs are epo*-mak+ 9 _! =m & me?od4 ,9 ! m graceful lyrical mood ,sibelius is (t5 *>m+4 ,we may m5tion #8,idle ,wi%es' & #8,oh1 ,w]t ,?\ ,"h' z ( ?is class4 ,9 ! simple folk-/yle ,sibelius is ev5 m individual4 #8,a ,little ,fl[] ,/ood on ! ,wayside' is a ?+ ( rem>kable t5d]ness & beauty4 ,b x is :5 ,sibelius /rikes 8 national idiom t he is at 8 greate/4 ,?is idiom is *>act]iz$ by long1 sl[ly-mov+1 angul> phrases1 ) frequ5t repetitions ( ! same note4 ,! /yle is admirably pres5t$ 9 ! long song #8,to ,frigge4' ,! accompanim5t is sc>cely less simple ?an ! voice "p1 yet x is truly del9eative4 ,! song is a model ( pure g5ius creat+ some?+ q new & v beautiful out ( mat]ials s simple t !y h be5 left by ! wayside z useless4 ,des ,fahrmanns ,brute is a v long ballad ( great /r5g?4 ,b ,sibelius is at 8 greate/ & mo/ orig9al 9 ! #8,autumn ,ev5+1' a song :i* has no fell[ any:]e4 ,sibelius's me?od "h is unique4 ,! song is almo/ recitative1 b ! v>i\s irregul> phrases ( ! voice h an incisive quality :i* makes !m rank z descriptive4 ,! accompanim5t is little m ?an a *ord support at mo/ po9ts1 b n[ & !n rises into great del9eative p[]4 ,! me?od is "o ( selection until only ! ess5tials rema94 ,ea* unit ( expression :i* ,sibelius has "h us$ is ideally fitt$ = its purpose4 ,moreov]1 ! song1 ?\gh free 9 ! extreme1 has a close /ructure :i* is entirely conv9c+4 ,! orig9ality ( ?is song %\ld ultimately make a deep impression on curr5t song-writ+4 ,,iii ,9 latt]-day ,engl& song-writ+ has ris5 to a dignity & importance :i* x _h n possess$ s9ce ! "t ( ,purcell4 ,) ,ar?ur ,gor+-,?omas1 :om we h already m5tion$1 a new note ( arti/ic s9c]ity ent]$ ! art4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ by an unusually tal5t$ man1 ,ar?ur ,som]vell 7born #ahfc71 :o has compos$ "s ( ! be/ song cycles ( rec5t times4 ,som]vell is by no means a radical 9 8 me?od4 ,b 8 lyric s5se is ke5 & 8 inv5tion f]tile4 ,8 cycle f ,t5nyson's #8,maud' atta9s r>e fidelity & tragic int5sity4 ,among 8 o!r num]\s songs are ! two cycles1 #8,a ,%rop%ire ,lad' & #8,james ,lee's ,wife1' ! latt] scor$ = or*e/ral accompanim5t4 ,^! bo? %[ 8 happy inv5tion & 8 high musician%ip4 ,a song-writ] :o has ga9$ a mu* m glitt]+ reputation less des]v$ly is ,edw>d ,elg>1 :om p reg>d = "s reason z ! *ief repres5tative ( mod]n ,engli% song4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,elg>'s song output has be5 slight & has n pret5d$ to %[ ! be/ he 0 capable ( 7z ,reg] did attempt to %[ 9 8 songs74 ,!re is little ( ,elg>'s =ceful musician%ip :i* comes across to u 9 ^! songs4 ,! #8,sea ,pictures' h made _! effect *iefly ?r\gh ! effective or*e/ration :i* _! compos] provid$ = !m4 ,consid]$ z indep5d5t music1 !y are inf]ior & some:at conv5tional4 ,! be/ is probably #8,:]e ,coral ,lies4' #8,! ,swimm]' w s]ve to sugge/ ,elg>'s descriptive /yle4 ,! conv5tional1 9 fact1 hangs ov] mo/ ( ,elg>'s songs4 ,! "o :i* notably escapes x is ! beautiful lyric1 #8,my ,love ,lives 9 a ,nor!rn ,l&1' :i* is wor?y to be sign$ by a fir/-class musician4 ,( ! o!rs we may m5tion #8,que5 ,m>y's ,song1' :i*1 ) its accompanim5t 9 imitation ( a lute1 is effective 9 conc]t2 #8,?r\gh ! ,long ,days1' ,! ,%eph]d's ,song1' & ,! ,pipes ( ,pan4' ,granville ,bantock 7born #ahfh7 may ju/ly be call$ a radical mod]n compos]1 :]eas ,elg> has mu* ( ! classical res]ve ab\t him4 ,bantock's v great ability & le>n+ sometimes produce r *aotic results1 ! m s because 8 output is unusually great4 ,b frequ5tly x produces results t are altoge!r admirable4 ,to s+]s he is kn[n *iefly ?r\gh 8 #8,songs ( ! ,ea/4' ,^! are publi%$ z cycles1 z foll[s3 ,songs ( ,egypt1 ,songs ( ,india1 ,songs ( ,p]sia1 ,songs ( ! ,s]aglio1 ,five #8,ghazels ( ,hafiz1' lyrics f #8,f]i%tah's ,fancies1' ,songs ( ,*9a1 & ,songs ( ,japan4 ,! exoticism ( ^! _m songs is r>ely g5u9e & ,bantock's facile te*nique ext5ds ov] !m all to make !m seem r too mu* alike = ! good ( 8 reputation4 ,b ! effect ( exoticism is frequ5tly atta9$ ) r>e skill & ! musical /&>d is kept f> high] ?an is usual 9 ?is class ( music4 ,bantock's p[]ful te*nique1 :i* is obvi\sly influ5c$ by ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 is to be /udi$ to advantage 9 _m ( ^! songs1 especially ! m pret5ti\s ones4 ,f ! ,songs ( ,egypt we %\ld m5tion ! maje/ic #8,invocation to ! ,nile1' ! my/ical song #8,! ,unutt]able'2 & ! poignant #8,lam5t ( ,isis4' ,( ! ,h9doo songs t ( ! ,naut* girl is ev] memorable = its effect ( fi]ce physical motion4 ,! songs f ,p]sia include two ( high quality1 ! #8,dr9k+ ,song' & ! #8,hymn ( ! ,gheb]s4' ,let u fur!r pick out1 z among ! be/1 ! ,p]sian ,love ,song f ! #8,songs ( ! ,s]aglio'2 & ! #8,%ah ,abbas' & #8,mahirab ,%ah' f #8,f]i%tah's ,fancies1' ! la/ rem>kable = its expression ( physical pa94 ,! songs ( ,*9a & ,japan are 9 no way unusual4 ,nor are ! six ,je/] ,songs1 ?\gh !y sometimes cat* ! joy ( life 9 engag+ fa%ion4 ,b ,bantock has "o v ambiti\s "w1 ! cycle ( fragm5ts f ,sappho1 :i* is suffici5t to put him 9 ! front rank4 ,x is h>d to describe ! ri*ness ( ! te*nique he has lavi%$ on ?is "w4 ,we %\ld f9d x difficult to "n any?+ simil> to x 9 its peculi> emotional int5sity4 ,! be/ t ,bantock has to %[ ( 8 art 78 in/rum5tation aside7 is all to be f\nd 9 ?is rem>kable gr\p ( songs4 ,e "o ( !m is admirable1 z is also ! v long introduction4 ,b "o rememb]s especially ! op5+ numb]1 ! #8,hymn to ,aphrodite1' dramatic & passionate2 ! pa9fully beautiful song1 #8,! ,moon ,has ,set'2 ! ma/]ful description ( #8,pe] ( ! ,gods'2 & ! pr(use musical ri*ness ( #8,9 a ,dream ,i ,spake4' ,possibly ^! songs w 9 lat] ye>s be judg$ too pret5ti\s4 ,b :ile ! judgm5t is /ill unmade we mu/ reg>d ) ! highe/ respect ! musician :o has done ?is ?+ 9 ! musical conditions t h prevail$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x only rema9s to speak ( ! mo/ radical ( ! "y ,engli% compos]s1 ,cyril ,scott 7born #ahgd74 ,he broke away completely f ! traditional ,engli% /yle1 f\nd$ on conv5tional *ur* music1 & embrac$ ! #8atmosph]ic' mann] ( ! mod]n ,fr5*m54 ,9 ?is /yle he has display$ great en]gy & no small am\nt ( inv5tiv5ess4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r he c make 8 influ5ce p]man5tly felt 9 music4 ,8 songs well exemplify ! g5]al /yle ( 8 music4 ,! be/ are #8,lovely ,k9d & ,k9dly ,lov+' & #8,:y s ,pale & ,wan1' bo? f opus #ee4 ,o!rs :i* %\ld be m5tion$ are #8,my ,capta9' 7to ,walt ,:itman's words71 #8,a ,reflection1' & #8,aft]day4' ,! song writ+ ( ! mod]n ,engli% s*ool has n yet ga!r$ body4 ,x is only beg9n+ to make itself felt beyond ! seas4 ,b x has already %[n s mu* vigor & indep5d5ce t we may ju/ly look = abundant & f9e results f x4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,see ,musical examples1 ,volume ,,xiv4 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,fr5*-,,canadian ,,folk-,,song ,! songs ( ! ,fr5* ,canadians1 :i* %[ consid]able orig9ality1 are 9 "p transplant$ f ,france1 modifi$ & localiz$ 9 ! natural c\rse ( popul> music4 ,b a consid]able "p are indig5\s1 ) a hi/ory dat+ back1 possibly1 m ?an two c5turies4 ,!y are all1 ( c\rse1 made 9 imitation ( ! p>5t /ock1 b 9 _m in/ances !y h tak5 on a new "*1 befitt+ ! wild & unc\? environm5t 9 :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,9 "s in/ances !y %[ model *>act]i/ics1 z 9 ! ,mon ,cri ,cra1 ,tir' la ,liretta1 sung by ! boatm5 on ! ,r$ ,riv]4 ,?is old song %[s sc>cely any traces ( ! omnipres5t influ5ce ( ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,o!r songs be> ! m>ks ( ! ,fr5* prie/s1 ?r\gh ^: h&s !y pass$ on _! way to ! ,canadian natives1 ,indians or ,fr5*m54 ,su* a song is ,jesos ,ahatonhia1 ! music ( :i* 0 evid5tly an ecclesia/ical melody ) a /rong modal "* indicat+ its great age4 ,b on ! :ole ! ref9$ & graceful influ5ce ( ,fr5* civilization is /rongly m>k$ 9 ! ,canadian songs1 ev5 :5 ^! songs orig9at$ 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,! "o dep>tm5t 9 :i* !y are supreme is t ( playful humor--n ! humor ( ! old ,engli% songs1 :i* is some:at bumpti\s & muscul>1 b a m delicate humor1 into :i* ! s+] ent]s f pure eff]vesc5ce ( human sympa?y & *ildlike playfulness4 ,we mu/ range a long way ?r\gh folk-song lit]ature be=e we f9d a song ( ?is sort to equal #8,! ,:ite ,duck1' or #8,i ,he> a ,mill ,g ,tick-,tack4' ,a provocative playfulness s+s 9 ! words ( #8,my ,fai?ful ,bottle1' #8,! ,lo/ ,*ance1' & ! inimitable #8,:5 ,return+ f ,v>5nes1' ) its cont9u\s refra91 ,ca*'ton joli bas de la9e4 ,! _s ( ,gascony1 fam\s home ( ! practical joke1 is 9 ! #8,song ( ,lies1' 9 :i* ! s+] turns ! _w topsy-turvy & hopes to be hung if a s+le ^w he says is true4 ,! s5tim5tal note is n s (t5 /ruck1 b we f9d x *>m+ly 9 su* occasional songs z #8,! ,travell]'s ,return1' & #8,f ,yond] on ! ,m\nta9s4' ,gagnon's collection1 made 9 #ahfe 7! e>lie/ ( all71 conta9s a numb] ( g5tle & lovely airs1 su* z ,c'e/ la belle franaise4 ,we may also notice 9 ?is book a numb] :i* h be5 transport$ f ,france & =gott5 9 ! home c\ntry :ile !y liv$ & fl\ri%$ "u _! fo/] "m4 ,su* a song is ,dans les ,prisons de ,nantes4 ,mon ,p]' n'avait fille que moi is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( ! old modal /yle4 ,! ,canadian songs are peculi>ly addict$ to ! use ( ! refra94 ,?is device1 :i* is always a m>k ( unsophi/icat$ playfulness1 is reli$ ^u to su* an ext5t t "o w\ld call x excessive if ! high spirits ( ! music & words did n c>ry ! little game ?r\gh to complete success4 ,z s (t5 happ5s1 ! refra9 frequ5tly has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! s5se ( ! text4 ,! primitive innoc5ce ( ! m9d is absolutely dem&$ ( any s+] :o attempts1 = in/ance1 #8,! ,:ite ,duck4' ,on ! :ole1 ! ,canadian songs1 ?\gh v limit$ 9 range1 c %[ a few types ( folk-expression manag$ ) su* consummate art t !y des]ve a place 9 ! folk-lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,,lit]ature ,,= ,,volume ,v 7,9 ,engli%7 ,a4 ,b4 ,,ba*3 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,s++ 7,london1 #ahig74 ,j4 ,,frank ,,botume3 ,mod]n ,s++ ,me?ods 7,london1 #ahhe74 ,,l5nox ,,br[ne & ,,emil ,,behnk]3 ,voice1 ,song & ,spee* 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahhd74 ,,anna ,,*ap93 ,mak]s ( ,song 7,new ,york1 #aijd74 ,,william ,,*appell3 ,old ,engli% ,popul> ,music1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahic74 ,h4 ,,holbrook ,,curtis1 ,m4 ,d43 ,voice ,build+ & ,tone ,plac+ 7,new ,york1 #ahif74 ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,f9ck3 ,songs & ,song ,writ]s 7,new ,york1 #aiaj74 ,,ffrangcon-,,davies3 ,! ,s++ ( ! ,future 7,london1 #aijd74 ,folk-,songs f ,som]set1 #e vols4 7,london1 #aijd-h74 ,,h>ry ,,plunkett ,,gre5e3 ,int]pretation 9 ,song 7,new ,york1 #aiab74 ,,max ,,he9ri*3 ,correct ,pr9ciples ( ,classical ,s++ 7,bo/on1 #aiaj74 ,h4 ,l4 ,f4 ,,helmholtz3 ,! ,/udy ( ,s5sations ( ,tone 7,trans4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis1 #ahge74 ,w4 ,j4 ,,h5d]son3 ,! ,art ( ,s++ 7,new ,york1 #aijf74 ,,gordon ,,holmes3 ,a ,treatise on ,vocal ,physiology & ,hygi5e 7#ahgi74 ,,john ,,h[>d3 ,! ,physiology ( ,arti/ic ,s++ 7#ahhf74 ,,dora ,,jones3 ,lyric ,diction 7,new ,york1 #aiac74 ,,kickson ,,& ,,neal3 ,engli% ,folk-song & ,dance 7,cambridge1 ,eng41 #aije74 ,h4 ,e4 ,,krehbiel3 ,afro-,am]ican ,folk-song 7,new ,york1 #aiad74 ,,l\is ,,labla*e3 ,complete ,me?od ( ,s++4 ,,francesco ,,lamp]ti3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,art ( ,s++ 7,trans4 by ,j4 ,c4 ,griffi?s1 #ahgf74 ,,lilli ,,lehmann3 ,h[ to ,s+ 7,new ,york1 #aiab74 ,,eug5ie ,,l9eva3 ,peasant ,songs ( ,great ,russia 7,engl4 & ,russian text1 ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg74 ,,sir ,,morell ,,mack5zie3 ,! ,hygi5e ( ! ,vocal ,organs 7,london1 #ahij74 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,manc9i3 ,practical ,reflections on ,figur$ ,song 7,engl4 transl4 by ,pietro ,buzzi1 ,bo/on1 #aiac74 ,,matilda ,,m>*esi3 ,t5 ,s++ ,lessons 7,london1 #aija74 ,,wesley ,,mills1 ,m4 ,d43 ,voice ,production 9 ,s++ & ,speak+ 7#aijf74 ,,sir ,c4 ,,hub]t ,h4 ,,p>ry3 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,art ( ,music 7#ahii74 ,c4 ,k4 ,,rog]s3 ,my ,voice & ,i 7,*icago1 #aiaj74 ,e4 ,w4 ,,scripture3 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,exp]im5tal ,phonetics 7#aijb74 ,,william ,,%akespe>e3 ,! ,art ( ,s++1 #c p>ts 7,london1 #ahih74 ,w4 ,,w>r5 ,,%aw3 ,! ,lo/ ,vocal ,art 7,phila41 #aiad74 ,,%ays3 ,engli% ,folk-,c>ols 7,london1 #aiaa74 ,,%ays3 ,engli% ,folk-,*anteys 7,london1 #aiad74 ,,%ays3 ,engli% ,folk-,songs2 ,"s ,conclusions 7,london1 #aijg74 ,,david ,c4 ,,taylor3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,s++ 7,new ,york1 #aijh74 ,,pietro ,,francesco ,,tosi3 ,obs]vations on ! ,florid ,song 7#agbc74 7,repr9t by ,william ,reeves1 ,london1 #aije47 ,,george ,p4 ,,upton3 ,! ,song 7,*icago1 #aiae74 ,9 ,g]man ,,erk ,,und ,b,,hme3 ,deuts*] ,li$]hort1 #c vols4 7,leipzig1 #ahic74 ,,max ,,fri$l,,nd]3 ,das deuts*e ,li$ im #ah4 ,jahrhund]t1 #b vols4 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aijb74 ,h4 ,l4 ,f4 ,,helmholtz3 ,die ,lehre d] ,tonempf9dung54 ,r4 ,g4 ,,kiesewett]3 ,s*icksale und ,bes*aff5heit des weltli*5 ,gesanges1 etc4 7#ahda74 ,,dr4 ,l4 ,,m&l3 ,die ,gesundheitslehre d] ,/imme 7#ahgf74 ,,c>l ,,ludwig ,,m]kl3 ,d] ,kehlkopf 7#ahgc74 ,9 ,fr5* ,f4 ,j4 ,f,,tis3 ,hi/oire gnrale de la musique 7#ahfi74 ,m?ode de *ant du ,cons]vatoire de ,musique 7,p>is1 #ahjc74 ,,juli5 ,,ti]sot3 ,hi/oire de la *anson populaire en ,france 7,p>is1 #ahhi74 ,j4 ,b4 ,,weck]l93 ,*ansons populaires du pays de ,france1 #b vols4 7,p>is1 #aijc74 ,9 ,italian ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,manc9i3 ,reflessioni prati*e sul canto figurato 7#aggg74 ,,giulio ,,cacc9i3 ,le n\ve musi*e 7,flor5ce1 #afjj74 ,,index ,,( ,,volume ,v ,n4 ,b4--,figures 9 ,italics indicate major ref]5ces4 ,a ,a ,highl& ,lad ,my ,love 0 ,born 7,scot* folk-song71 #aac4 ,abdom9al brea?+1 #d;f4 ,abyss9ians1 #hf4 ,ac\/ics 7rel4 to human voice71 #ac4 ,adam de la ,halle1 #ach4 ,adams1 ,/eph51 #cbg4 ,adaptive *ange1 #b4 ,ade/e ,fideles1 #aac4 ,african folk-songs1 #aje4 ,agricola1 ,m>t91 #afd4 ,airs du c\r1 #aff4 ,albniz1 ,isaac1 #abj4 ,alb]t1 ,he9ri*1 #afb;f4 ,am]ica1 7folk-music7 #abi2 7song-writ]s71 #bih1 #cai;ff1 #cbb;f4 ,anatomy ( ! vocal organs1 #a-bc4 ,anci5t me?ods ( vocal culture1 #cj;ff4 ,an die f]ne ,geliebte 7,bee?ov571 #aed;f4 ,&r1 ,johann1 #aia;f4 #8,annie ,laurie1' #ajg1 #aac4 ,ar*ilei1 ,vittoria1 #dj4 ,ar5sky1 ,antony1 #cfh4 ,aria1 7da capo =m71 #aed;ff2 7developm5t71 #agb;ff2 7,g]man71 #age4 ,arioso1 #age4 ,ari/otle1 #ee4 ,arne1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 #aga4 ,arnold1 ,samuel1 #agb4 ,art-ballad 7,g]man71 #bgb;ff4 ,art-song1 7comp>$ ) folk-song7 #gb1 #hi;ff2 7e>ly rise & decl9e71 #aea;ff2 79 #ag? c5t471 #afb;ff2 7rise ( mod]n71 #ahf;ff4 ,articulation1 #c1 #af;ff1 #fc;ff4 ,artificial soprano1 #dd4 ,a!ns1 e>ly vocal culture 91 #cb;f4 ,assyria1 vocal culture 91 #cj4 ,auld ,lang ,syne1 #gb;f1 #ajb1 #aab;f4 ,b ,ba*1 ,johann ,seba/ian1 7spiritual songs71 #adg2 7secul> songs71 #afd2 79 rel4 to ,g]man song71 #age4 ,ba*1 ,c>l ,philipp ,emanuel 7,gei/li*e ,li$]71 #ahi;f4 ,balakireff1 ,mily1 #abg1 #cfe4 ,balfe1 ,mi*ael1 #bfg4 ,ballad =m1 7comp>$ to lyric =m71 #bjb2 7,s*ub]t71 #bbe;f2 7,lwe71 #bgb;ff4 ,ballad op]a1 7#ah? c5t471 #agj;ff2 7#ai? c5t471 #bfg4 ,bantock1 ,granville1 #cgb;f4 ,b>itone voice1 #fb4 ,bass voice1 #ad4 ,bassani1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #afj4 ,bee?ov51 #if1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #aic1 #aif4 ,an die f]ne ,geliebte1 #aed;f4 ,9 que/a tomba1 #ahd4 ,bussli$1 #ahd4 #8,begg>'s ,op]a1' #agj;f4 ,behnke1 #bh4 ,bel canto1 #af1 #bi1 #dd1 #aeh;f4 ,b5$ict1 ,julius1 #bfg4 ,brang]1 #bfj;f4 ,b]g]ette1 #aff;f1 #agi;f1 #bjd4 ,b]lioz1 ,hector1 #bfb;ff4 ,bi]baum1 ,otto ,julius1 #cca4 ,bi%op1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #aje1 #agb1 #bfg4 ,bizet1 ,georges1 #cae4 ,blondel 7m9/rel71 #acg;f4 ,bohemian folk-songs1 #abg;f4 ,bologna 7e>ly music s*ool 971 #cg4 ,borod9e1 ,alex&]1 #abh1 #cfe;f4 ,brahms1 ,johannes1 #abe1 #bgf-bij4 olian ,h>p1 #bhf4 ,anklnge1 #bhe4 ,z ! ,cl\ds1 #bhe4 ,be=e ! ,w9d[1 #bhb4 ,consolation ( ,spr+1 #bhh4 ,fidelity1 #bhd4 ,go+ to ,my ,swee!>t1 #bhb4 ,gold ,outweighs ,love1 #bhh4 ,gypsy ,songs1 #bgg;f1 #bhb;f4 ,h a ,c>e1 #bhh4 ,hey1 ,b[ & ,arr[1 #bhg4 ,hey1 ,ye ,gypsies1 #bhc4 ,i ,call f ! ,bank1 #bhh4 ,is x ,sorr[1 #bhg4 ,joy ,ha? ,left ,me1 #bhb4 ,lam5t1 #bhb4 ,long+1 #bhb4 ,love & ,spr+1 #bhd4 ,! ,lov]'s ,oa?1 #bhb4 ,magy> ,love ,song1 #bhh4 ,! ,maid51 #bhb;f4 ,! ,maid5's ,curse1 #bhh;f4 ,m9neli$1 #bhi4 ,motionless ,air1 #bhh4 ,! ,m\rnful ,"o1 #bhb4 ,ni*t mehr zu dir zu geh51 #bhf4 ,night+ale1 #bhe4 ,! ,nut ,br[n ,lad1 #bhc4 ,oh1 ,come1 ,holy ,summ] ,night1 #bhh4 ,oh1 khl] ,wald1 #bhi4 ,oh1 ,w\ld ,i ,knew ! ,return+ ,road1 #bhh4 ,on ,sunday ,morn+1 #bhh4 ,r$ ,ev5+ ,cl\ds1 #bhc4 ,remembrance1 #bhh4 ,re/1 ,sweet ,love1 #bhg4 ,! ,return1 #bhe4 ,sapphic ,ode1 #bhi4 ,s]5ade1 #bhb4 ,! ,smi?1 #bhe4 ,s /eh'n wir1 i* & me9e ,weide1 #bhg4 ,! ,song ( ,h]r von ,falk5/e91 #bhg;f4 ,spani% ,song1 #bhe4 ,?ree ,roses 9 a ,r[1 #bhc4 ,twilight ,falls1 #bhh4 ,va9 ,s]5ade1 #bhi4 ,volksli$1 #bhb4 ,wie bi/ du1 me9e ,knig91 #bhg4 ,)1 ,et]nal ,love1 #bhg4 ,brea? control1 #eh4 ,brea?+1 #a;ff2 7faulty me?ods7 #fe4 ,brea?+ ex]cises1 #fj;f4 ,br[ne & ,behnke 7#8,voice1 ,song & ,spee*'71 #bh4 ,bruneau1 ,alfr$1 #cef;f4 ,! ,brunette1 #aff4 ,bung]t1 ,augu/1 #cab4 ,burns1 ,rob]t1 #ia1 #ie;f1 #aac;f4 ,burton1 ,fr$]ick ,r41 #db4 ,c ,cacc9i1 ,giulio1 #dg;ff1 #aed4 ,am>illa1 #aei4 ,cadman1 ,*>les ,wakefield1 #aje4 ,caff>elli1 #dd4 ,cald>a1 ,antonio1 #afj4 ,call] ,h]r9 7,scot* song71 #aac4 ,cambio1 ,p]risone1 #aec4 ,! ,campbells are ,com+1 #aab;f4 ,canadian folk-songs1 #cge;ff4 ,cantus firmus1 #adh;f4 ,c>ey1 ,h5ry1 #aga4 ,c>issimi1 ,giacomo1 #afj4 ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,see ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,cavalli1 ,francesco1 #aei;f4 ,cavat9a1 #age4 ,*abri]1 ,emmanuel1 #ced4 ,*aldea 7anci5t71 vocal culture 91 #cj4 ,*am9ade1 ,ccile1 #cah4 ,*anson1 #aff4 ,*>lemagne1 #aca4 ,*>lie is ,my ,d>l+ 7,scot* folk-song71 #aac4 ,*>p5ti]1 ,gu/ave1 #ceh4 ,*ausson1 ,erne/1 #cee4 ,*]ub9i1 ,luigi1 #di;f4 ,*e/ cavity1 #d;f4 ,*e/ regi/]1 #aa;f4 ,*e/ resonance1 #ad;f1 #fb;ff4 ,*9ese scale1 #hf4 ,*ivalry 7influ5ce (1 on song71 #acf;ff4 ,*oir ma/]1 9 e>ly ,roman *ur*1 #cc;ff4 ,*oir s*ools1 #cc;ff4 ,*op91 ,frdric1 #bef4 ,*orale1 #adg4 ,*ur*1 ,roman1 7e>ly vocal culture 971 #cc;ff2 7e>ly music (71 #acj;f2 7use ( popul> music 971 #adh4 ,see also ,greek ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,classic song 7,!71 #aea-ahe4 ,coloratura1 #ci;ff1 #aee;ff1 #afj4 ,comic op]a 7,fr5*71 #aff1 #agi4 ,cons]vatoire me?od ( s++1 #di;f4 ,consonants1 #ag;f1 #fd1 #ff4 ,coqu>d1 ,ar?ur1 #cai4 ,cornelius1 ,pet]1 #bih1 #cjb;ff4 ,c\nt]po9t1 #bd1 #ce;ff1 #abi1 #adi1 #aec2 7mod]n71 #cdc1 #cde4 ,c\rts ( ,love1 #aci;f4 ,c[51 ,fr$]ick1 #cbg4 ,cresc5do 7vocal71 #ae4 ,cricoid c>tilage1 #f;ff4 ,cui1 ,cs>1 #cff4 ,curs*mann1 ,k>l ,fri$ri*1 #bef4 ,d ,da capo =m1 #aed;ff1 #agb1 #age4 ,dalayrac1 ,nicolas1 #ahj4 ,dance1 7primitive71 #hc2 7popul>ity (1 9 ,italy71 #abj4 ,dani% folk-songs1 #abc4 ,d>gomijsky1 ,alex&]1 #cdi1 #cfd;f1 #cfe4 ,d>w91 ,*>les 7!ory ( orig9 ( song71 #hg4 ,david1 ,flici51 #cae4 ,davy1 ,john1 #agb4 ,debussy1 ,claude1 #cdf1 #cef2 7comp>$ ) ,*>p5ti]71 #ceh2 78 songs71 #ceh;ff2 7comp>$ ) ,m4 ,ravel71 #cfb2 7influ5c$ by ,m\ssorgsky71 #cfg4 ,declamation1 art ( 79 anci5t ,a!ns71 #cb2 7comp>$ ) recitative71 #bjb;f4 ,dehmel1 ,ri*>d1 #cca4 ,deliv]y1 9 s++1 #ig4 ,d5m>k1 folk-songs (1 #abc4 ,d5za1 ,luigi1 #cbc4 ,d] du von dem ,himmel bi/ 7sett+s ( ,liszt & ,s*ub]t comp>$71 #bid4 ,descriptive music1 #bai;f4 ,diaphragm1 #d;f4 ,dibd91 ,*>les1 #agb4 ,dissonance1 unprep>$1 #aei1 #afb4 ,doric mode1 9 ,iri% folk-song1 #aad4 ,dramatic recitative1 influ5ce (1 on solo s++1 #db4 ,dr9k+1 effect (1 on s+]'s organism1 #ai4 ,du bi/ wie e9e ,blume 7,s*umann71 #bdj2 7,liszt71 #bid2 7,rub9/e971 #cbd4 ,dufay1 ,guillaume1 #adh4 ,dup>c1 ,h5ri1 #cee4 ,dur*komponi]tes ,li$1 #agf;f4 ,dut* folk-song1 #ajh4 ,dutro*et1 cit$1 #ef4 ,dvok1 ,anton1 #cab4 ,e ,e> control ( voice1 #bh;f1 #eb;f4 ,eat+1 effect (1 on s+]'s organism1 #ai4 ,ecclesia/ical modes4 ,see ,modes4 ,education1 musical1 viii-ff4 ,edw>d 7sett+s ( ,lwe & ,brahms71 #bge4 ,egypt1 vocal culture 91 #cj4 ,e9 ,fi*t5baum /eht e9sam 7sett+s ( ,s*umann & ,lass571 #cjg4 ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e1 #adj4 ,elg>1 ,edw>d1 #cga;f4 ,engl&1 7folk-song71 #ajd1 #ajh;ff2 7m$ival m9/rels71 #cd1 #ch1 #acb2 7classic song71 #afg;ff2 7songs ( e>ly #ai? c5t471 #bff1 #bfg;f2 7late romantics71 #bih1 #cbf;ff2 7mod]n lyrici/s71 #cga;ff4 ,engli% ballad-op]a1 #agj;ff1 #bfg4 ,engli% folk-song1 #afg;ff4 ,enunciation1 #ff4 ,erlk+1 7,s*ub]t71 #aic;f1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bji1 #bbe2 7,lwe71 #bgd4 ,es i/ be/immt 7,m5delssohn71 #ajg4 ,e?moid s9us1 #ae4 ,expiration1 9 correct brea?+1 #e4 ,expressive /yle4 ,see ,repres5tative /yle4 ,f ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 #ee;f4 ,falsetto1 #fb4 ,f>9elli1 #dd4 ,fasolo1 ,g4 ,b41 #afj4 ,faur1 ,gabriel1 #cdg1 #cdi;ff4 ,f]re9 7anatomi/71 #ef4 ,ftis1 ,f4 ,j41 cit$1 #bg4 ,fielitz1 ,alex&] von1 #caj;f4 ,f9ck1 ,h5ry ,t41 cit$1 #cai4 ,f9l&1 mod]n1 #cgj;f4 ,fiorituri1 #da4 ,! ,fi%] 7folk-song71 #aai2 7,s*ub]t71 #bab4 ,! ,fi%] ,boy1 7,s*ub]t71 #bbf2 7,liszt71 #bib;f4 ,florid song4 ,see ,coloratura1 ,ornam5tation4 ,folk-song1 #be1 #gj-ii1 #ajj;ff1 #adg;f1 #aej1 #cjh;ff1 #ccg2 7,engli%71 #aaj;f1 #afg;ff2 7,scot*71 #aaa;ff2 7,iri%71 #aac;f2 7,fr5*71 #aae;f1 #afd;f2 7,italian71 #aaf;ff1 #aec1 #bff;ff2 7,spani%71 #aai;f1 #cfd;ff2 7,g]man71 #abj;f1 #afb;f1 #aia;f1 #bbi;f2 7,sc&9avian71 #aba1 #bii1 #cja;f2 7,hung>ian71 #abb;ff2 7,russian71 #abe;ff2 7,norwegian71 #aba1 #cfi2 7,bohemian71 #abg;f2 7,poli%71 #abh2 7influ5ce on art-song71 #aeb;ff2 7comp>$ to e>ly *ur* song71 #afd;f2 7influ5ce on ,s*ub]t71 #bje4 ,see also ,songs 9 ! folk-mann]4 #8,=w>d tone1' #fd;f4 ,fo/]1 ,/eph5 ,c41 #ajg1 #abi1 #afc;f4 ,france1 7m$ival m9/rels71 #acc;f2 7,tr\bad\rs71 #acf;ff2 7classic song71 #afd;ff1 #agh;ff2 7romantic p]iod71 #beh;ff2 7late romantics71 #bih1 #cac;ff4 ,franck1 ,cs>1 #ced;f4 ,franz1 ,rob]t1 #bfh;ff2 7comp>$ ) ,brahms71 #bgh2 7comp>$ ) ,grieg71 #bii;f2 7comp>$ ) ,hugo ,wolf71 #ccd;f4 ,fr5* folk-song1 #aae;ff2 79 #af? c5t471 #afd;f4 ,fr5*-,canadian folk-songs1 #cge;f4 ,fr5* comic op]a1 #agi4 ,fr5* influ5ce1 7on e>ly ,g]man song71 #afd2 7on e>ly ,engli% song71 #afh;f4 ,fr5* lyricism1 mod]n1 #cdf-cfc4 ,frottola1 #aec4 ,funicula1 7,italian folk-song71 #ajc2 7,d5za71 #cbc4 ,g ,gagnon 7collector ( ,fr5*-,canadian songs71 #aah4 ,gal5 7anatomi/71 #ee4 ,galilei1 ,v9c5zo1 #aed4 ,g>ca1 ,manuel1 #aj1 #eg;f4 ,ga/oldi1 ,giacomo1 #aec4 ,geibel1 ,emmanuel1 #ccj;f4 ,g]man folk-song1 #ajf;f1 #aai1 #abj;ff2 79 rel4 to ! s+spiel71 #aia;f4 ,g]man op]a1 #agf1 #bbh4 ,g]man v[els1 #af4 ,g]many 7attitude (1 t[>d folk-songs1 comp>$ ) ,engl&'s71 #aji2 7m$ival m9/rels71 #acb1 #ada;ff2 7,mei/]s+]71 #add;ff2 7,re=mation71 #adg;f1 #aej2 7classical song71 #afb;ff2 7song 9 #ah? c5t471 #age;ff2 7"t ( ,s*ub]t71 #aig1 #aih;ff1 #bbg;f2 7,s*umann71 #bca;ff2 7romantics aft] ,s*umann71 #bih1 #cjb;ff2 7s9ce ,franco-,prussian ,w>71 #ccj;ff4 ,see also ,g]man folk-song4 ,gibbons1 ,orl&o1 #afg4 ,glaz\n(f1 ,alex&]1 #cfh4 ,gl9ka1 ,mi*ail ,ivanovit*1 #abg1 #beg4 ,glottis1 #ab;f1 #ba1 #ee;f2 7correct managem5t (71 #fa4 ,gluck1 ,*ri/oph ,willibald1 #agg2 influ5ce on ,b]lioz1 #bfc4 ,god ,save ! ,k+1 #aga4 ,god>d1 ,b5jam91 #cag;f4 ,goe!1 #aic1 #aih;f2 7quot$ on ! ballad =m71 #bgd4 ,gordigiani1 ,luigi1 #bff4 ,gor+-,?omas1 ,ar?ur1 #bih1 #cbg;f1 #cga4 ,gossec1 ,franois ,joseph1 #ahc4 ,g\nod1 ,*>les ,franois1 #bgh;f1 #bih1 #cac;f4 ,grab5-,h(fmann1 ,gu/av1 #cab4 ,graun1 ,johann ,gottlieb1 #afd4 ,great ,brita91 folk-songs (1 #ajh;ff4 ,see also ,engl&4 ,greece1 #afg4 ,greek ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #dj;f4 ,grtry1 ,&r ,erne/e ,mode/e1 #ahj4 ,grieg1 ,edv>d1 #bii;ff4 ,! ,swan1 #cjj4 ,guido d',arezzo1 #cd4 ,guilb]t1 ,yvette1 #aaa4 ,gypsies1 #abc;f4 ,gypsy songs4 ,see ,brahms4 ,h ,hahn1 ,reynaldo1 #cai4 ,h&el1 ,george ,fr$]ick1 #aga4 ,h>monics1 vocal1 #ae4 ,h>mony1 79 e>ly ,italian "p-songs71 #aec;f2 79 #ag? c5t4 ,fr5* song71 #aff2 7,wagn]71 #bia;f2 7,arnold ,s*nb]g71 #cdc2 7mod]n ,fr5* s*ool71 #cdh;ff2 7,alfr$ ,bruneau71 #cef2 7,d>gomijsky71 #cfd4 ,h>p1 m$ival1 #acf4 ,! ,h>p ,t ,once ,?r\gh ,t>a's ,halls 7,iri% folk-song71 #aad4 ,hassl]1 ,hans ,leo1 #afb4 ,haydn1 ,joseph1 #agg;f1 #ahg4 ,head cavities1 #af;f4 ,head regi/]1 #ab4 ,heal?1 influ5ce (1 on s++1 #ah4 ,hebrews1 e>ly vocal culture (1 #cj;ff1 #dj;f4 ,heid5rsle9 7,s*ub]t71 #ajg4 ,he9e1 ,he9ri*1 #bbd;f1 #bcc;ff1 #bdh;f4 ,helmholtz1 ,h]mann ,ludwig ,f]d9& von 7quot$71 #af1 #eh4 ,h5d]son1 ,w4 ,j4 7cit$71 #bjg;f4 ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 #aaj4 ,h5s*el1 ,georg1 #cjh;ff4 ,h]d]1 ,johann ,gottfri$1 #aaj4 ,heyse1 ,paul1 #cca4 ,hill]1 ,johann ,adam1 #agf;f1 #aia1 #aig4 ,himmel1 ,fri$ri* ,he9ri*1 #bbi4 ,hippocrates1 #ee4 ,h(fmann/hal1 ,hugo von1 #cca4 ,holl&1 folk-songs (1 #ajh4 ,holms1 ,augu/a ,m>y ,anne1 #cai4 ,home1 ,sweet ,home1 #aje4 ,hook1 ,james1 #agb4 ,hu1 ,george ,adolphe1 #cai4 ,hugo1 ,victor1 #bei;f4 ,humfrey1 ,pelham1 #afh;f4 ,hung>ian folk-songs1 #abb;ff4 ,hygi5e ( ! voice1 #a-bc4 ,hymns1 9 ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 #adg4 ,i ,i ,he> a ,mill ,g ,tick-,tack 7,fr5* folk-song71 #aag4 ,i* hab' im ,traum gewe9et 7sett+s ( ,s*umann & ,lass571 #cjg4 ,impressioni/ic s*ool1 #cdf-cfc4 ,indians 7,am]ican71 folk-songs (1 #gb;f1 #aje1 #abi4 d',indy1 ,v9c5t1 #cee;f1 #ceh4 ,inspiration 7physical action71 #c;ff4 ,in/rum5ts ( m$ival m9/rels1 #acf4 ,ionian mode1 #afg4 ,ippolit(f-,ivan(f1 ,mi*ael1 #cfh4 ,irel&1 folk-songs (1 #ajh;f1 #aac;ff4 ,x 0 a ,dream 7sett+s ( ,s*umann & ,lass571 #cjg4 ,italian folk-songs1 #aaf;f1 #aec1 #bff4 ,italian influ5ce on ,g]man music1 #afd4 ,italian me?od ( vocal culture1 #bd-ed1 #fh;f4 ,italian op]a1 7rise (71 #aea;f1 #aee;ff2 7influ5ce (1 9 ,g]many71 #afd2 79 ,engl&71 #agj;f2 7& ! aria71 #agb;ff4 ,italy1 7,trovatori71 #ach2 7classical song71 #aea;ff2 7#ah?-#ai? c5t471 #bfe;f2 7late romantics 971 #bih1 #cbc4 ,see also ,italian folk-songs4 ,j ,jadassohn1 ,salomon1 #bef4 ,james ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 #afi4 ,japan1 primitive song (1 #hf4 ,java1 primitive music (1 #hf4 ,j5s51 ,adolf1 #cjc1 #cje;ff4 ,j]usalem 7anci5t71 vocal culture 91 #ca;f1 #dj;f4 ,jesos ,ahatonhia 7old ,fr5* song71 #aag4 ,joke-songs1 ,italian1 #abj4 ,jongleurs1 7orig9 ( ! "n71 #acb2 7music (71 #acb;ff4 ,juggl]s1 #acb;ff4 ,k ,kehlkopf4 ,see ,l>ynx4 ,keis]1 ,re9h>d1 #afd4 ,kiesewett]1 ,raphael ,georg1 #dj4 ,! ,k+ ( ,?ule 7sett+s ( ,s*ub]t & ,liszt71 #bbf2 7,liszt71 #bic;f4 ,kittr$ge1 ,g4 ,l4 7cit$71 #ge4 ,kj]ulf1 ,halfdan1 #caa;f4 ,korbay1 ,francis ,alex&]1 #abf4 ,kreutz]1 ,conrad1 #bbh4 ,l ,ladr1 #aha4 ,lam>t9e1 #bfj4 ,l>yngeal action1 #fj;f4 ,l>yngoscope1 #aj1 #ab;f2 7influ5ce ( on mod]n voice culture71 #de1 #ee1 #eg;f4 ,l>ynx1 #f;ff4 ,lass51 ,edu>d1 #cjg;f4 ,lawes1 ,h5ry1 #afh4 ,lehman1 ,liza1 #cbh;f4 ,leise1 leise 7,web]71 #ajg4 ,lekeu1 ,guillaume1 #cee4 ,lr\x1 ,xavi]1 #cah;f4 ,li$4 ,see ,g]many 7classic song1 etc474 ,li$]-s+]1 art ( !1 #ic;f1 #ig4 ,lili5cron1 ,detlev von1 #cca4 ,l9dpa9t]1 ,pet] ,joseph von1 #bbi4 ,l9eva 7,mme471 #abe;ff4 ,lips 79 s++71 #c4 ,liscovius1 #ef4 ,lisle1 ,r\get de1 #ahb4 ,liszt1 ,franz1 7,hung>ian ,rhapsodies71 #abc1 #abe2 7,k+ ( ,?ule71 #bbf2 7songs71 #bib;ff4 ,lo* ,lomond1 #aac4 ,die ,loreley1 7,sil*]71 #bcj2 7sett+s by ,liszt & ,sil*] comp>$71 #bic4 ,lortz+1 ,alb]t1 #bbh4 ,love1 influ5ce (1 on e>ly song1 #acg1 #aci;f4 ,love-songs1 primitive1 #ha4 ,loewe1 ,johann ,c>l ,gottfri$1 #bbf1 #bgb;ff4 ,ludwig ! ,pi\s1 #aca4 ,lungs 79 s++71 #a1 #b;ff4 ,lute1 #acf4 ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 #adg4 ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 #abb1 #adg4 ,lydian mode1 #afg4 ,lyric =m1 comp>$ to ballad =m1 #bjb4 ,lyric impulse1 #he;ff4 ,m ,mac,dowell1 ,edw>d1 #bih1 #cai;ff4 ,mack5zie1 ,sir ,morell1 cit$1 #ah4 ,madrigal1 #adi;f1 #aec;f1 #aeg2 7,engli%71 #afg4 ,mahl]1 ,gu/av1 #ccf;ff4 ,major mode1 #adh;f1 #afg4 ,see also ,scales4 ,male soprano1 #dd4 ,manc9i1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #di4 ,m&l1 ,l\is1 #eh4 ,mann/e91 ,he9ri* ,f41 #bg1 #ef;f4 ,m>k1 ,adolph ,b]nh>d1 #ef;f4 ,m>ot1 ,clm5t1 #afe4 ,m>s*n]1 ,he9ri*1 #bbh4 ,m>seillaise1 #gb1 #ahb;f4 ,m>t95go-,cs>esco1 ,c\ntess1 #gj;f1 #hj4 ,m>x1 ,joseph1 #cde4 ,mass5et1 ,jules1 #cag1 #ceh4 ,ma/]s+]s1 rise (1 #add;ff1 #aej4 ,maybrick1 ,m4 ,see ,adams1 ,/eph54 ,maz>91 ,c>d9al1 #afe4 #8,maz>9ades1' #afe4 ,mhul1 ti5ne ,nicolas1 #di1 #ahc4 ,mei/]s+] 7rise (71 #add;ff1 #aej4 ,die ,mei/]s+] 7,wagn]71 #adb4 ,melody 79 primitive song71 #gf1 #hc;f2 79 e>ly folk-song71 #aec;f2 7mod]n ,fr5* s*ool71 #cdh;ff1 #cfc4 ,m5delssohn-,b>?oldy1 ,felix1 #ajg1 #bed;f4 ,m5gozzi1 ,b]n>do1 #di;f4 ,m]cadante1 ,giuseppe1 #bfe;f4 ,m]kel1 ,k>l ,ludwig1 #eh4 ,me?fessel1 ,alb]t ,gottlieb1 #bbi4 ,m?ode de ,*ant du ,cons]vatoire de ,musique1 #di;f4 ,me?ods 7vocal71 /&>dization (1 #ei4 ,mey]-,helmund1 ,eric1 #cab4 ,mezzo-soprano1 #fb4 ,m9nes+]s1 7rise (71 #ada;ff2 7nature & value ( _! songs71 #adc;f4 ,m9or mode1 9 ,russian folk-song1 #abg;f4 ,m9/rels1 #be1 #ge1 #gg1 #aca;ff4 ,mod]n sci5tific me?ods1 ( vocal culture1 #ee-fi4 ,modes4 ,see ,major mode1 ,m9or mode2 ,ionian mode2 ,lydian mode4 ,modes1 ecclesia/ical1 #ace1 #ade1 #aeb4 ,modulation 7,s*ub]t71 #bjh;f4 ,mon ,cri ,cra1 ,tir' la ,liretta 7,fr5*-,canadian folk-song71 #cge4 ,monodic /yle1 #ci1 #aec;ff1 #afb1 #agb;f4 ,monp\1 ,franois ,l\is ,hippolyte1 #bfe4 ,monsigny1 ,pi]re ,alex&re1 #aaf1 #ahj4 ,montev]di1 ,claudio1 #dc1 #aee1 #aei1 #agb;f4 ,moore1 ,sir ,?omas1 #aac;f4 ,mricke1 ,edu>d1 #cca4 ,moszk[ski1 ,moritz1 #cbf4 ,m\ssorgsky1 ,mode/e1 #abh1 #cfe1 #cfg;f4 ,m\? 79 s++71 #c4 ,m\?-ph>ynx1 #ad;ff2 7resonance71 #fc;ff4 ,moz>t1 ,wolfgang ,amadeus1 #agh1 #ahg;ff1 #bje4 ,! ,violet1 #agh4 ,mll]1 ,johannes1 #ef4 ,muset1 ,col91 jongleur1 #acd4 ,musette1 #aff4 ,musical education1 viii-ff4 ,musset1 ,alfr$ de1 #bfa4 ,n ,ngeli1 ,hans ,georg1 #bbi4 ,nahua ,indians1 #hf4 ,naples1 folk-songs (1 #aai4 ,see also ,italian folk-songs4 ,napoleon ,i1 #ahc1 #bfj;f4 ,nasal resonance1 #ad;ff1 #fb;ff4 ,naumann1 ,k>l ,ern/1 #adc4 ,neapolitan folk-songs1 #aai4 ,see also ,italian folk-songs4 ,nev91 ,e!lb]t1 #cbb;f4 ,newman1 ,erne/ 7cit$71 #ccd4 ,norway 7folk-songs71 #abc2 7mod]n song-writ]s71 #cfi4 ,see also ,sc&9avia4 ,norwegian folk-songs1 #cfi4 ,nose 79 s++71 #c4 ,le ,nuove ,musi*e 7,cacc9i71 #dg;ff4 ,o ,o1 ,mama mia 7,italian folk-song71 #aai4 ,o1 ma t5dre ,musette 7,fr5* folk-song71 #aaf4 #8,obs]vations on ! ,florid ,song' 7,tosi71 #di4 #8,ode to ,joy' 7,s*ill]71 #aib4 ,odes1 ,g]man1 #age4 ,old ,italian ,me?od1 #bd-be1 #fh;f4 ,op]a 7rise (71 #aea;f1 #aee;ff2 79 ,engl&71 #agj;ff2 7,g]man71 #agf1 #bbh2 7,italian71 #afd1 #agb;ff4 ,opra comique1 #aff1 #agi4 ,oratorio1 #aea1 #aef4 ,ori5t1 music (1 #db4 ,ornam5tation1 #ca;f1 #ci;ff1 #abd;f4 ,ov]tones1 vocal1 #ae4 ,p ,paesiello1 ,giovanni1 #afa;f4 ,pagan song1 #acj;ff4 ,palate 79 s++71 #ae4 ,pale/r9a1 ,giovanni ,pi]luigi1 #ch4 ,p>is ,cons]vatory1 vocal me?od (1 #di;f4 ,"p-song1 #adi;f1 #aec4 ,le ,pauvre lab\reur 7,fr5* folk-song71 #aaf4 ,p5tatonic scale1 9 ,scot* folk-songs1 #aab4 ,p]golesi1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #afa4 #8,p]sian ,songs' 7,rub9/e971 #cbe4 ,ph>ynx1 #c4 ,philidor1 ,franois-,&r-,danican1 #ahj4 ,philip ,augu/us1 ,k+ ( ,france1 #acc4 ,pian(orte1 #bca4 ,pian(orte /yle1 #bcf;ff1 #bdj1 #bie4 ,pi]n1 ,gabriel1 #cah4 ,p9suti1 ,c>o1 #bff4 ,pip] ( ,dundee 7,scot* song71 #aac4 ,pit*1 det]m9ation ( 7vocal71 #aa;f4 ,plac+ ( ! voice4 ,see ,voice plac+4 ,plato1 #afg4 ,poetry1 anci5t1 9 relation to song1 #ge;ff4 ,poli% folk-songs1 #abh;f4 ,polyphonic /yle1 influ5ce (1 on vocal culture1 #ce;ff4 ,polyphony1 #adi1 #aec1 #aff2 7mod]n71 #cfb4 ,primitive song4 ,see ,folk-song4 ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,see ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,prov5al song4 ,see ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres4 ,psy*ological !ory ( tone production1 #bh;f4 ,psy*ology 79 relation to music71 #bde;f4 #8,psy*ology ( ,s++' 7,taylor71 #bh4 ,purcell1 ,h5ry1 #afi;f4 ,r ,ra*man9(f1 ,s]gei1 #abh1 #cfi4 ,raff1 ,joa*im1 #cab4 ,ramis de ,p>eja1 #cg4 ,range ( human voice1 #ad4 ,ravel1 ,maurice1 #ceh1 #cfb;f4 ,realism1 9 songs ( ,s*ub]t1 #baj;f4 ,recitative1 7influ5ce (1 on solo s++71 #db2 7comp>$ ) declamation71 #bjb;f2 79 songs ( ,s*ub]t71 #bda4 ,recitativo secco1 #aef4 ,! ,r$ ,s>afan 7,russian folk-song71 #abg4 ,re=mation1 #adg1 #aej4 ,reg]1 ,max1 #cdj;ff1 #cga4 ,regi/]s1 vocal1 #aa;ff1 #fa;f4 ,rei*>dt1 ,johann ,fri$ri*1 #aib;f1 #aie4 ,reimann1 ,he9ri* 7cit$71 #abe;f4 ,re9ecke1 ,k>l1 #bee;f4 ,religion1 influ5ce (1 on primitive song1 #gh4 ,rememb] ! ,glories ( ,brian ! ,brave 7,iri% folk-song71 #aad4 ,r5aissance1 #aej4 ,repres5tative /yle1 #afb4 ,see also ,monodic /yle4 ,resonance1 laws (1 #eh4 ,resonance cavities1 #a1 #b;f1 #ac;ff2 7control (71 #fb;ff4 ,respiratory sy/em1 #b;ff4 ,rimsky-,korsak(f1 ,ni*olas1 #cfe;f4 ,rhy?m1 79 primitive song71 #hc2 79 ,italian folk-songs71 #abj2 79 ,spani% song71 #aba;f2 79 ,hung>ian music71 #abd;f4 ,roman *ur* 7e>ly vocal culture 971 #cc;ff2 7introduction ( popul> music71 #adh4 ,romance1 7,fr5*71 #aff2 79 ,fr5* op]a71 #agi;f4 ,romantic poetry1 #bca;ff4 ,romantic song1 #bca;ff2 79 ,france71 #beh;ff2 7aft] ,s*umann71 #bif;ff2 79 ,russia1 ,sc&9avia & ,engl&71 #cfd;ff4 ,romanticism1 7,s*ub]t71 #ahf;f2 7,s*umann71 #bdh;f4 ,rop>tz1 ,j4 ,guy1 #cah4 ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,jacques1 #agi;f4 ,rub9/e91 ,anton1 #abg1 #cbc;ff1 #cfd4 ,rule ,britannia1 #aga;f4 ,russia1 7,gl9ka71 #beg2 7late romantics71 #bih1 #cbc;ff2 7mod]n lyrici/s71 #cfd;ff4 ,russian folk-songs1 #aje1 #abe;ff1 #cfd;ff4 ,s ,sa*s1 ,hans1 #adf4 ,sa9t-,sans1 ,camille1 #cae;ff4 ,sally 9 ,our ,alley 7,c>ey71 #aga4 ,sav>t1 ,flix1 #ef4 ,scales1 #hd1 #hf2 7mod]n71 #aeb;f2 7major71 #afe4 ,see also ,:ole-tone scale4 ,sc&9avia 7mod]n71 #cfi;f4 ,sc&9avian folk-songs1 #abc1 #bii1 #cja;f4 ,sc>latti1 ,aless&ro1 #aef;f1 #aei1 #afa4 ,o cessate di piag>mi1 #aeg4 ,sc5a1 #bjb4 ,s*ill]1 #aii4 ,s*nb]g1 ,arnold1 #cdb;ff4 ,s*op5hau] 7cit$71 #hg4 ,s*reck]1 ,franz1 #cde4 ,s*ub]t1 ,franz1 #hi;f1 #ia;f1 #ajg1 #agg1 #ahf-bcj1 #bca2 7comp>$ ) ,s*umann71 #bce;f1 #bch2 7comp>$ ) ,liszt71 #bic;f2 7comp>$ ) ,hugo ,wolf71 #cca;f1 #ccd4 ,die ,allma*t1 #bjh1 #bad4 ,am ,me]1 #baj1 #bbe4 ,auf5?alt1 #baj1 #bbe4 ,ave ,m>ia1 #bjf4 ,c\rage1 #bba;ff4 ,dead ,fl[]s1 #bai4 ,dea? & ! ,maid51 #bji1 #bab4 ,dea? ,music1 #bjd4 ,d] du von dem ,himmel bi/1 #bid4 ,d] ,doppelgng]1 #bjg1 #bbe4 ,! ,erl ,k+1 #aic;f1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bji1 #bbe4 ,! ,fi%]1 #bab4 ,! ,fi%] ,boy1 #bbf4 ,flle d] ,liebe1 #bjd4 ,d] greise ,kopf1 #bba4 ,gret*5 am ,sp9nrad1 #aee4 ,gret*5's ,pray]1 #bad4 ,h>p]'s ,song1 #bab4 ,hea!r ,rose1 #bab4 ,h]mann & ,?usnelda1 #bbf4 ,ihr ,bild1 #bjf1 #bbe4 ,im ,dorfe1 #bba4 ,! ,inn1 #bba1 #bbc4 ,! ,k+ ( ,?ule1 #bbf4 ,kolma's ,compla9t1 #bbf4 ,die liebe ,f>be1 #bah;f4 ,d] ,l9d5baum1 #ajg1 #bab1 #bbb4 ,litany1 #baa4 ,morn+ ,greet+1 #bag4 ,mll]li$] 7song cycle71 #bji1 #bab1 #bae;ff4 ,neb5sonn51 #bbc4 ,! ,organ ,gr9d]1 #bbc;f4 ,! ,po/1 #bba4 ,praise ( ,te>s1 #bab4 ,re/1 #bba4 ,s*wan5gesang 7song cycle71 #bae4 ,sea ,calm1 #bac4 ,s]5ade1 #bbd4 ,! ,signpo/1 #bbb4 ,! ,s+]1 #bbf4 ,suleika's ,second ,song1 #baj4 ,swan ,songs1 #bbd;f4 ,tus*ung1 #bba4 ,! ,tr\t1 #baj1 #bab;f4 ,viola1 #bjd4 ,! ,w&]]1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bac4 ,w&]+1 #baf1 #bah4 ,w&]]'s ,ev5song1 #bad4 ,d] ,wegweis]1 #bba4 ,:i!r1 #baf;f1 #bai;f4 ,w-o'-!-,wisp1 #bbj4 ,w9t]reise 7song cycle71 #bja1 #bjf1 #bbj;ff4 ,das ,wirt%aus4 ,see ,! ,inn4 ,! ,"y ,nun1 #bad1 #baf4 ,s*ola cantorum4 ,see *oir s*ools4 ,s*ulz1 ,johann1 #aib4 ,s*umann1 ,cl>a1 #bed4 ,s*umann1 ,rob]t1 #ahd1 #bca-beg2 7& ,rob]t ,franz71 #bfh1 #bgj2 78 sett+ ( ,two ,gr5adi]s comp>$ ) ,wagn]'s71 #bij;f2 78 sett+s ( ,he9e poems comp>$ ) ,lass5's71 #cjg4 ,a ,"y ,man ,lov$ a ,maid51 #beb4 ,die alt51 bs5 ,li$] 7,! ,old & ,evil ,songs71 #bec4 ,an d5 ,sonn5s*e91 #bdb;f4 ,an das ,tr9kglass1 #bdb4 ,die beid5 ,gr5adi]e 7,! ,two ,gr5adi]s71 #bdb4 ,blondels ,li$1 #bdb4 ,das i/ e9 ,flt5 und ,geig51 #bej4 ,di*t]liebe 7cycle71 #bch1 #bdh;ff4 ,du bi/ wie e9e ,blume1 #bdj4 ,du ,r+ an me9em ,f+]1 #bde;f4 ,ea* ,night 9 ,dreams1 #bec4 ,fair ,h$wig1 #bed4 ,frau5liebe und ,leb5 7song cycle71 #bch1 #bdd;ff4 ,f ,out ,my ,te>s1 #bea4 ,frhl+sna*t 7,spr+ ,night71 #bdc4 ,! ,glove1 #bed4 ,he1 ! ,noble/ ( ,all1 #bdf4 ,helft mir1 ihr ,s*we/]n1 #bde4 ,d] ,hidalgo1 #bda4 ,! ,highl& ,cradle ,song1 #bd,(4 ,! ,highl&]'s ,f>ewell1 #bdj;f4 ,i ,wept 9 ,my ,dreams1 #bec4 ,i _c grasp x1 ,i _c believe x1 #bde;f4 ,i* grolle ni*t1 #bdi1 #beb4 ,9 ! ,wondr\s ,lovely ,mon? ( ,may1 #bea4 ,int]mezzo1 #bdc4 ,lass mi* ihm am ,bus5 hng51 #bdj4 ,li$]kreis 7song cycle71 #bdc4 ,! ,lion's ,bride1 #bda4 ,die ,lotusblume1 #bdj4 ,mondna*t1 #bdc;f4 ,mit ,myr!n und ,ros5 7cycle71 #bci4 ,myr!n1 #bci4 ,d] ,nussbaum1 #bdj4 ,on ! ,bright ,summ] ,morn+1 #beb;f4 ,poet's ,love 7cycle71 #bch1 #bdh;ff4 ,romances & ,ballades1 #bdh4 ,! ,rose1 ! ,lily1 ! ,dove1 ! ,sun1 #bea4 ,s*ne ,wiege me9] ,leid51 #bci4 ,seit i* ihn geseh51 #bde4 ,somebody1 #bdj;f4 ,/ille ,liebe1 #bdb4 ,/ille ,?rn51 #bdb4 ,/irb1 ,lieb und ,freund1 #bdb4 ,talismane1 #bdj4 ,waldesgespr*1 #bdc1 #cjf4 ,w&]lu/1 #bdb4 ,we/]n ,divan1 #bec4 ,:5 ,i ,into ! ,g>d5 ,g1 #bec4 ,:5 ,i ,look ,into ,?9e ,eyes1 #bea4 ,widmung1 #if;f1 #bci4 ,wilhelm ,mei/] songs1 #bec4 ,woman's ,life & ,love 7cycle71 #bch1 #bdd;ff4 ,sci5tific me?ods ( vocal culture1 #ee-fi4 ,scot* folk-songs1 #ajh;f1 #aaa;ff2 7comp>$ ) ,iri%71 #aad;f4 ,scot* songs 7,edw>d ,mac,dowell71 #cbj4 ,scots ,:a ,hae1 #ia1 #aab;f4 ,scott1 ,cyril1 #cgc;f4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #aaj4 ,%akespe>e1 #adi1 #afh4 ,%>p1 ,cecil1 #ajg1 #aji;ff4 ,sibelius1 ,jean1 #cgj;f4 ,sicilian folk-song1 #aai4 ,sight-s++1 #cd;ff4 ,sil*]1 ,fri$ri*1 #ajg1 #bbi;f1 #bic4 ,s9d+1 ,*ri/ian1 #cfi4 ,s++1 7z physical ex]cise71 #ah2 7#8/yle' 971 #ig;f2 7te*nique (71 see ,vocal culture1 ,tone production4 ,s+spiel1 #age;f1 #aij;ff4 ,sjgr51 ,emil1 #cfi;f4 ,slavic folk-songs1 #abe;ff4 #8,slide ( ! glottis1' #fa4 ,sol-fa sy/em1 #cd4 ,solo s++1 #bd2 7florid /yle71 #cb2 7be=e #ag? c5t471 #ch;ff4 ,som]vell1 ,ar?ur1 #cga4 ,song1 value (1 vii2 7nature & orig9 (71 #gj-ii2 7e>ly developm5t71 #acj-aej4 ,see also ,classic song2 ,folk-song2 ,romantic song4 ,song-cycle1 #bae1 #bbj4 ,song ( ,rol&1 #ace4 ,songs 9 ! folk-mann]1 #ajf;f1 #bbi;f2 7,brahms71 #bgh1 #bha;ff1 #bhi2 7,h5s*el71 #cjh;ff2 7,mahl]71 #ccg4 ,soprano1 #ad1 #fb4 ,see also ,artificial soprano4 ,spa9 7,trobadores71 #ach4 ,spani% folk-songs1 #aai;f4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t 7!ory ( orig9 ( song71 #hh4 ,s9uses1 #ae4 ,spohr1 ,ludwig1 #ahc4 ,/ile rappres5tativo4 ,see ,repres5tative /yle2 also ,monody4 ,/imulants1 effect (1 on s+]'s organism1 #ai4 ,/rauss1 ,ri*>d1 #cch;ff4 ,/rav9sky1 ,igor1 #cfb4 #8,/roke ( ! glottis1' #fa4 ,/yle1 9 s++1 #ih;f4 ,sullivan1 ,sir ,ar?ur1 #cbf;f4 ,sum] is icum5 91 #aej4 ,sw$5 7mod]n71 #cfi;f4 ,sw$i% folk-songs1 #abc4 ,! ,sword ,%9+ ,brightly 7,iri% folk-song71 #aad4 ,t ,taneieff1 ,s]gius1 #cfh4 ,tannhus]1 #adb4 ,taub]t1 ,k>l ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm1 #bef4 ,te*nique4 ,see also ,vocal ,culture4 ,tee? 79 s++71 #c4 ,telemann1 ,georg ,philipp1 #afd4 ,temples 7anci5t71 vocal culture 91 #cj;ff1 #dj;f4 ,t5aglia1 #aef4 ,t5or voice1 #fb4 ,?omas1 ,ambroise1 #cae4 ,?omas1 ,ar?ur ,gor+1 #bih1 #cbg;f1 #cga4 ,?roat 7ailm5ts71 #bj;ff2 7relaxation (71 #fj;f4 ,?roaty production1 #fe4 ,?yroid c>tilage1 #f;ff4 ,tobacco1 effect (1 on s+]'s organism1 #ai4 ,tonality1 vagu5ess (1 9 mod]n music1 #cdh;ff4 ,tone emission1 #fd;ff4 ,tone production1 7vocal71 #aa;ff2 7effect ( incorrect me?ods71 #bj2 7z taught 9 e>ly music s*ools71 #cg;f2 7old ,italian me?od71 #ec;f2 7mod]n me?ods71 #ei;ff4 ,tongue 79 s++71 #c1 #ae4 ,tosi1 ,pietro ,francesco1 #df1 #di4 ,to/i1 ,francesco ,paolo1 #cbc4 ,tra*ea1 #c1 #f4 ,traum dur* die ,dmm]ung 7,/rauss71 #cdj1 7,reg]71 #cda4 ,tre giorni 7,p]golesi71 #afa4 ,tremolo 7vocal71 #fe;f4 ,trobadores 7rise (71 #ach4 ,tr\bad\rs1 #be1 #db1 #ace2 7rise (71 #acg;ff2 7nature & value ( _! songs71 #adc;f4 ,tr\vres1 7rise (71 #ach;f2 7influ5ce 9 ,g]many71 #ada4 ,see also ,tr\bad\rs4 ,trovatori 7rise (71 #ach4 ,ts*aik[sky1 ,pet] ,ilyit*1 #bih1 #cbc;ff1 #cfd4 ,! ,two ,gr5adi]s 7,s*umann71 #bdb2 7sett+s ( ,wagn] & ,s*umann71 #bij;f4 ,u ,unit$ ,/ates1 folk-music (1 #abi4 ,unprep>$ dissonance1 #aei1 #afb4 ,v ,vac>esco1 ,hel51 #ha4 ,vaudeville 7,fr5* song =m71 #aff4 ,v5ice1 folk-songs (1 #aah;f4 ,vidal1 ,paul1 #ceg;f4 ,villanette1 #aec4 ,villette1 #aec4 ,! ,violet 7,moz>t71 #agh4 ,vocal cords1 #b1 #i;ff1 #fj;f4 ,vocal culture 7old ,italian me?od71 #bd-ed2 7mod]n sci5tific me?ods (71 #ee-fi4 ,vocal hygi5e1 #a-bc4 ,vocal me?ods1 /&>dization (1 #ei4 ,vocal organs1 /ructure & hygi5e (1 #a-bc2 7sci5tific inve/igation (71 #ee;ff4 ,v[el s\nds 7h[ =m$71 #af4 ,v[els1 use (1 9 ex]cises1 #fd;f4 ,voice plac+1 #ei;ff4 ,volkmann1 ,rob]t1 #bef4 ,volk/mli*es ,li$1 #afc1 #agf2 7,sil*]71 #bbi;f2 7,h5s*el71 #cjh;ff2 7,mahl]71 #ccg4 ,see also ,songs 9 ! folk-mann]4 ,w ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d1 #adb1 #agb1 #bhe1 #bij;ff1 #cdh2 7& ,pet] ,cornelius71 #cjc2 7& ,hugo ,wolf71 #ccb;f4 ,waldesgespr* 7sett+s by ,s*umann & ,j5s571 #cjf4 ,wallace1 ,william ,v9c5t1 #bfg4 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 #dd1 #adb4 ,web]1 ,c>l ,m>ia von1 #ajg1 #bbg;f4 ,web]n1 ,anton von1 #cde4 ,weck]l91 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #ajg4 ,:5 9 ,dea? 7,iri% folk-song71 #aad4 ,! ,:ite ,duck 7,fr5*-,canadian folk-song71 #cgf4 ,:ole-tone scale1 #cdh;ff1 #cfd4 ,widmung 7,s*umann71 #if;f1 #bci2 7,franz71 #bgj1 #bgb4 ,william de ,long*amps1 ,bi%op ( ,ely1 #acd4 ,william ( ,nassau 7,dut* folk-song71 #ajh4 ,w ,ye ,gang ,ov] ! ,lea8 7,scot* folk-song71 #aac4 ,w9dpipe1 #f4 ,wolf1 ,hugo1 #cca;ff4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 #adb4 ,wyman1 ,lora9e1 #aaa4 ,z ,zelt]1 ,k>l ,fri$ri*1 #aia1 #aic1 #aie4 ,zum/eeg1 ,johann ,rudolph1 #aib;f1 #aig4