,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is e-text is bas$ on ! ?ree-volume book #8,%ipbuild+ f ,its ,beg9n+s1' f #ahie4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$2 punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! side notes ref] to ! correspond+ illu/rations 9 volumes ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! respective section4 ,two num]ical values are obvi\sly miss+ 9 ! text2 !y c\ld n be retriev$ f o!r s\rces4 ,! miss+ numb]s h be5 highlight$ by triple und]scores 774 ,specific font /yles h be5 m>k$ by us+ ! foll[+ special *>act]s3 italics3 und]scores spac$3 plus signs small caps3 tildes ,,p]man5t ,,int]national ,,association ,,( ,navigation ,congresses #ch1 ,rue de ,l\va91 #ch ,,brussels ,illu/ration3 ,,%ipbuild+ ,,f ,,its ,,beg9n+s ,,vol4 ,i ,illu/ration3 ,,navig>e ,,necesse ,,%ipbuild+ ,,f ,,its ,,beg9n+s ,illu/ration ,,%ipbuild+ ,,f ,,its ,,beg9n+s ,,by ,e4 ,,van ,,konijn5burg1 ,c4,e41 ,,eng9e] ,,( ,,! ,,rijkswat]/aat ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s #ahie-aije ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,int]national ,,association ,,( ,,congresses ,,( ,,navigation ,,executive ,,committee--,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y ,,g5]al #ch1 ,,rue ,,de ,,l\va91 #ch ,,brussels ,,vol4 ,i ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,,preface #aa ,division ( ,europe accord+ to ! %ape ( vessels3 ,nor!rn c5tre--,baltic ,sea--,s\!rn c5tre--,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,,s\!rn ,,c5tre4 ,*apt] ,i #ac ,! ,egyptians #ac ,! ,phnicians #ag ,! ,greeks & ,romans #ai ,! ,m$it]ranean 9 ! ,middle ,ages #bc ,galleys #bc ,types ( %ips 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury #bh ,,nor!rn ,,c5tre4 ,*apt] ,,ii #cc ,vik+s' vessel #cd ,! ,cog #cf ,influ5ce ( ! ,crusades #ch ,use ( ! rudd] #ch ,! galley 9 ! ,ne!rl&s #ci ,use ( ,artill]y #dj ,ba]tz5 #dj ,kray]s & ,hulk5 #da ,use ( c>vel laid plank+ #da ,! %ip 9 ! ,x,v,ith c5tury #dd ,use ( ! squ>e-/]n %ip #dd ,use ( ! ports #de ,! ,flyboat #de ,! ,p9nace #df ,! squ>e-/]n %ip #dg ,! ,flute--! ,kuff--! ,smack #dg ,transition ( ! %ip ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury to t ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury #di ,! w> %ip 7fir/ w> navy7 #di ,france #eb ,engl& #ec ,! ,ne!rl&s #ed ,m]*ant m>9e ( ! ,ne!rl&s #eg ,use ( ! frigate #eh ,fire%ips #eh ,*apt] ,,iii #fa ,classification ( vessels #fe ,i4--,w> %ips #fe ,,ii4--,m]*ant = ov] seas navigation #ff vessels = ! coa/+ trade #ff ,,iii4--,f]ries #fg ,,iv4--,vessels = sundry uses #fg ,v4--,boats int5d$ = ! upp] riv]s 7,bov5l&]s7 #fh ,,vi4--,fi%+ vessels #gj ,*apt] ,,iv #ga ,description ( ! types ( vessels #ga ,! ,p9nace #ga ,! ,flyboat #ga ,! ,kat%ip #gb ,%ip ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company #gb ,! ,boei] #gb ,! ,h[k] #gb ,! ,bu% #gb ,! ,hekboot #gb ,! ,/raetsva]d] #gc ,! ,/okk] #gc ,! ,frigate #gc ,! ,galliot #gc ,! ,galeas #gd ,! ,k(f #gd ,! ,smak #ge ,! ,smals*ip & ! ,wijds*ip #ge ,! ,damloop] #ge ,! ,tjalk #gf ,! ,s*uit & ! ,poon #gf ,! ,kaag #gf ,! ,/eig]s*uit #gg ,! ,ya*t #gg ,! ,boei]s*uit #gg ,! ,pleit #gg ,! ,ott] #gg ,! ,mot #gh ,! ,spits*e ,mot #gh ,! ,ev] #gh ,! ,brem]kahn #gh ,! ,pott5 & ! ,puj5 #gh ,! ,snijboon & ! ,somp or ,pegge #gi ,! ,hoogeve5s*e ,praam #gi ,! ,praam 7pram7 #gi ,! ,k(tjalk #ha ,! ,kraak #hb ,! ,skiff #hb ,! ,ponton #hb ,! ,halve ,pont or ,pijp] #hc ,! ,gi]pont #hc ,! ,kabelve]pont #hc ,! ,bok #hd ,! ,snik #hd ,! ,we/l&] #he ,! ,kaag #he ,! ,utre*t ,pram #he ,! ,s*\w #hf ,! ,treks*uit #hf ,! ,ya*t #hf ,! ,bagg]aak #hf ,! ,bagg]- or ,modd]mol5 #hg ,! ,tjott] #hh ,! ,laadbak & ! ,zold]s*uit #hh ,! ,ond]legg] #hh ,,! ,,bov5l&]s #hi ,! ,rh9e #hi ,! ,dor/5s*e ,aak #hi ,! ,/ev5s*ip #ij ,! ,turfijk] & ! ,hag5a> #ij ,! ,ke5 #ij ,! ,ke5aak #ij ,! ,lahnaak & ! ,sl( #ia ,! ,meuse #ia ,! ,:alemajol1 etc4 #ia ,*apt] ,v #ic ,fi%+ boats #ic ,! ,egmond] ,p9k #ic ,! ,bu% #ic ,! ,kwee & ! ,hoek]buis #if ,! ,hoek] 7h[k]7 #if ,! ,h>+jag] & ! ,buisconvoy] #if ,! ,sloep 7sloop7 #if ,! ,logg] 7lugg]7 #ig ,! ,bom #ig ,! ,g>nal5s*uit #ig ,! ,s*ols*uit or ,bazaans*uit #ig ,! ,zw>tewaals*e ,gaffela> #ig ,! ,s*okk] #ih ,! ,h>+s*uit #ii ,! ,punt] & ! ,gondel #ii ,! ,hooga>s #ii ,! ,/eeks*uit #ajj ,! ,h5g/ #ajj ,! ,bott] #ajj ,! ,blaz] #ajj ,! ,lemm]aak #ajj ,! ,bolle & ! ,knots #ajj ,! ,jol #aja ,use ( fi%+ boats on ! ,zuid]zee #aja ,! ,wat]s*ip #ajb ,*apt] ,,vi #ajc ,belgian craft #ajc ,! ,t\rnaisi5 #ajc ,! ,*al& #ajc ,! ,bl&re #ajc ,! ,po9tu #ajd ,! ,prij #ajd ,*apt] ,,vii #aje ,developm5t ( ! types ( vessels 9 ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,europe 9 relation to ! fir/ inhabitants ( ! ,ne!rl&s #aje ,illu/ration3 ,,preface ,de s*eeps- en /]ke b\w 't heeft ons 't gebruik gele]t1 ,dees gaf ons wet en reght ,hoe m5 de l&5 he]t4#a 7,nic4 ,wits547 ,holl&'s /ruggle = life has be5 a con/ant battle aga9/ ! invasion ( wat]4 ,if ?is has be51 on ! "o h&1 an enemy to be fe>$1 x has be51 on ! o!r1 ! natural l9e ( communication above all o!rs :i* has made our ance/ors1 s9ce "t immemorial1 a nation ( seam54 ,! boat 0 a necessity z indisp5sable z ! h\se4 ,x is impossible to say :o inv5t$ ! boat2 e "o has contribut$ 8 mite to its build+ & ?is has giv5 rise to its gradual developm5t4 ,! discov]y t wood w\ld float 0 due1 evid5tly1 to *ance4 ,use mu/ h be5 made fir/ ( ! trunk ( a s+le tree1 & aft]w>ds sev]al mu/ h be5 jo9$ toge!r to make a raft4 ,!n came ! holl[$ trunk :i* 0 foll[$1 9 its turn1 by a boat ) a framework cov]$ ) sk9s f :i* ! f9i%$ boat 0 born4 ,betwe5 ! float+ trunk ( a tree & ! mo/ complete %ip1 !re h come into exi/5ce all sorts ( int]m$iate =ms1 ( :i* mo/ are /ill to be f\nd ev5 9 our day4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #a ,noah1 accord+ to ! writ]s ( antiquity1 mu/ h be5 ! fir/ %ipwright4 ,! old au?ors ent] into circum/antial details on ?is subject & give v>i\s draw+s ( ,noah's 8ark04 ,sev]al ( ^! draw+s are reproduc$ 9 ! atlas ( ?is "w4 ,! only value ( ^! reproductions ( ! ark lies 9 ! fact t !y probably repres5t a %ip ( ! "t ( _! au?or4 ,x mu/ also be not$ t ! fir/ %ipbuild] is z entirely unkn[n z ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! boat4 ,t :i* is beyond any d\bt is2 t ! mutual influ5ces ( v>i\s nations h be5 important factors 9 ! evolution ( ! %ip4 ,?is latt]1 on its side1 s]v$ to br+ into contact nations widely sep>at$ by wat] & to op5 up c\ntries z yet unexplor$4 ,h5ce %ipbuild+ mu/ fir/ h %one =?1 "u ^! conditions1 among ! mo/ civiliz$ races4 ,mexico & ,p]u except$1 x may be said t civilization 0 develop$ fir/ among ! ,*9ese 9 ! valley ( ! ,hoang-,ho1 !n among ! ,babylonians 9 ! valley ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 & among ! ,egyptians 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! "q ( kn[+ :e!r ! ,babylonians le>n$ %ipbuild+ f ! ,*9ese1 or ! rev]se1 is "o ( m9or importance4 ,x is c]ta9 h[ev] t reciprocal influ5ces 7 at "w among ! races ( ,asia ,m9or & !re is no d\bt t ! ,babylonians influ5c$ ! ,phnicians1 ! pione] %ipwrights ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,egyptians1 :o 7 n a seaf>+ p d n "h ent] into consid]ation4 ,z ! ,ne!rl&s lay "u ! action ex]cis$ 9 ,europe1 :]e ! developm5t ( naval ar*itecture w5t on ab\t two indep5d5t c5tres1 t ( ! ,baltic & t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,asia may be set aside 9 s f> z its p>ts n bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean are conc]n$4 ,aft] ! ,baltic1 :i* w be call$ ! nor!rn c5tre1 _h introduc$ %ipbuild+ among u1 ?is c5tre1 9 s f> z ov] seas navigation is conc]n$1 came into contact ) ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* w be call$ ! s\!rn c5tre1 ?r\gh ! movem5ts ( comm]ce & navigation1 & f9ally ! two became fus$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is easy to see t ! influ5ce ( ! nor!rn c5tre 0 prepond]ant on our naval ar*itecture1 h5ce its importance is capital = u4 ,! few vessels ( anci5t times :i* h be5 f\nd %[ u :at a high degree ( p]fection %ipbuild+ _h already rea*$ 9 almo/ prehi/oric times2 ! f9i% ( ^! vessels & ! c>e giv5 to _! ornam5tation might also be notic$4 ,^! obs]vations are n extraord9>y1 :5 ! l>ge "p play$ by ! %ip 9 ! exi/5ce ( nations is borne 9 m9d2 ! contr>y w\ld r h caus$ surprise4 ,nor is x a/oni%+ t ! *ances ( ! sea %\ld h be5 fac$ ) small boats4 ,= are n ! valiant fi%]m5 ( to-day se5 fac+ ! waves ( ! sea1 9 /ill small] boats ?an ^? ( ! anci5ts1 to ply _! rude & p]il\s trade1 & t too dur+ ! entire ye>8 ,= let x n be =gott5 inde$1 t ocean navigation dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 01 z a matt] ( fact1 c>ri$ on only 9 ,summ]4 ,nic4 ,wits5 wrote 9 #afga1 p4 #aie ( 8 book1 on ?is subject3 8dat m5 oul9ckx 9 deze l&5 nimm] 't zee g+ als na] beslot5 boek51 besprok5 uit]/e wille en met ,god zi* te hebb5 v]zo5t3 wanne] m5 het geva> me] ontzag als h$5 nu dor/ m5 al?ans zee kiez5 zond] aanzi5 van tijdt ( we] van outs wi]t de zee geslot5 9 de quaet/e tijd5 van het ja>60#b ,to "k :at we c d1 to "k ( :at we are capable1 &1 above all1 to "k :at !re is /ill to be le>n$ & ev5 :at has to be imitat$1 are ! mo/ important dem&s ( all individual education z !y are ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( a race :i*1 aft] all1 is b an unit 9 ! s]ies ( ! nations4 ,may ?is book add its mite to a k ( ! gradual evolution ( %ipbuild+2 may x also cause to disappe> ?is ridicul\s way 9 :i* anci5t %ips us$ to be repres5t$ &1 mo/ ( all1 may x awak5 ! love = ! build+ ( %ips4 ,i am1 9 ?is connection1 fully ( ! op9ion express$ by ,wits5 z foll[s3 8,zoo groot dunkt mij de wa]digheidt dez] wet5s*ap te zijn dat niemant d]zelve hi] t5 l&e1 da> de zeeva]t de /]k/e z5uwe van d5 /aet is1 behoorde onkundig te zijn40#c ,,footnotes3 #a ,necessity has taught u naval ar*itecture & ! art ( w>1 :i* give ! means by :i* to dom9ate ! nations4 #b ,t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 =m] times1 :5 great] fe> 0 felt ( ! dang]s ( ! sea ?an is n[ ! case :5 !y are fac$ 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 p nev] put (f f %ore )\t fir/ hav+ settl$ _! acc\nts1 made _! wills & p>tak5 ( ! ,holy ,communion4 ,9 ! old days1 ! sea 0 clos$ dur+ ! bad season4 #c ,! value ( ?is sci5ce seems to me s great t none ( my fell[ c\ntrym5 c af=d n to be acqua9t$ ) x1 z navigation is ! n]ve & s9ew ( ! nation4 ,illu/ration3 #a ,! ,egyptians 7 n a nation ( m>9]s4 ,_! navigation1 at ! beg9n+1 0 limit$ to ! ,nile alone2 x 0 only lat] t !y v5tur$ out to sea1 prec$$ & assi/$ by ! ,phnicians4 ,_! vessels 7 & cont9u$ to be riv] boats4 ,! "q ( kn[+ :e!r ! ,egyptians borr[$ ! art ( build+ !m f ! ,babylonians1 or :e!r _! art 0 develop$ indep5d5tly ( any o!r is ( little importance "h &1 fur!rmore1 x _c be solv$ by ! nautical k :i* we possess4 7,ermann1 p4 #fgi4--;,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 pp4 #be-cc47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #a ,t :i* is c]ta9 is t ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians _h _! vessels already 9 ! mo/ remote antiquity2 ?is foll[s 7,l',an?ropologie1 #ahii1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #eag1 & ,holmes1 #aijj1 p4 #i7 f ! decorations on anci5t vases :i* are suppos$ to date f #fjjj to #djjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #b ,d\bts h aris5 at times--b wrongly 9 my op9ion--z to ! "q ( kn[+ :e!r ! decorations 9 "q really d repres5t vessels4 ,al?\gh ! draw+s are too primitive to furni% any data relat+ to ! =m ( ! boats1 x c surely be said1 h[ev]1 t only vessels propell$ by o>s are !re %[n & t sail+ vessels 7 probably /ill unkn[n at ?is "t4 ,! l9es at ! bottom ( ! boats1 consid]$ sometimes1 b wrongly1 z indicat+ fi%+ app>atus 7,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 ,de ,morgan1 pp4 #ia & #ib71 repres5t ! propell+ o>s1 & ! long /rokes at ! /]n ( ! boat1 ! /e]+ o>s4 ,! boats 7 n mov$ =w>d by o>s b by paddles1 :i* is ! olde/ mode ( ! propulsion us$1 z c /ill be se5 by ! int]rupt$ l9e ( r[]s f\nd aga91 /ill lat]1 among ! ,egyptians4 ,! reasons = ! almo/ exclusive use ( ! o> or ! paddle = propell+ boats are to be s\ght 9 ! mobility ( ! bottom & h5ce 9 v>iations ( ! navigable passages ( ! ,nile4 ,to ^! %\ld also be add$ ! great *anges 9 ! height ( ! wat] & ! sudd5 dead calms4 ,sails 7 us$ lat]1 x is true1 b r[+ & t[+ /ill cont9u$ to be employ$ along ) ! sails4 ,! %ape ( ! vessel dep5d$ ^u ! use = :i* x 0 int5d$1 s t !re c be di/+ui%$ among ! ,egyptians3 boats = transportation1 boats = t[+ & boats = fi%+4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r !y _h any w> vessels4 ,pleasure boats & boats us$ = travell+ by p]sons ( rank =m$ a l>ge flotilla4 7,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #be1 & ,aegypt5 by ,adolphe ,ermann1 p4 #fci47 ,! ,egyptian boats 7 flat1 z a rule1 ) ! b[ & /]n ris+ ) a slight slope above ! wat]1 ! /]n g5]ally high] ?an ! b[ 9 ord]1 s x seems1 to give ! /e]sm5 a bett] pur*ase4 7,aegypt51 ,adolphe ,ermann1 p4 #fcg47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #b ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #c ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #d ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #e ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ac ,"u ! anci5t ,empire1 ab\t #ejjj to #cbjj ,b4 ,c41 boats 7 mov$ by paddles1 ! boatm5 fac+ ! b[4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 ^! di/ant times1 o>s 7 already employ$ &1 t[>d ! end ( ?is p]iod1 !y 7 9 g5]al use4 ,?is is %[n cle>ly by figures on ! monum5ts ( ?is age1 :]e ! r[]s no long] face ! b[ b are turn$ t[>d ! /]n4 7,holmes1 p4 #ac2 ,ermann1 p4 #fdj2 ,anci5t ,%ips by ,cecil ,tor1 #ahid47 ,paddl+ 0 kept 9 use only = boats made ( papyrus4 ,:5 ! boats 7 driv5 by o>s1 ! latt] pass$ ?r\gh ! side ( ! vessel or ?r\gh r+s arrang$ = ?is purpose4 ,ea* o> 0 work$ by a s+le o>sman4 ,! boat 0 /e]$ by means ( o>s1 r l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & h&l$ also ea* by a s+le man4 ,! numb] ( /e]+ o>s1 z well z ! numb] ( /e]sm51 dep5d$ on ! numb] ( o>sm5 7,ermann1 p4 #fda47 ,= example3 = eight o>sm5 !re 7 at lea/ two /e]sm52 = f\rte5 !re 7 ?ree /e]sm51 & f\r = tw5ty-"o o>sm51 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ac ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ad ,already1 "u ! anci5t ,empire1 ! sail is %[n alongside ( ! o>4 ,! ma/1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! boat1 0 compos$ ( two po/s plac$ crossways & fa/5$ toge!r at ! top2 ?is =m ( proc$ure is *>act]i/ic ( ! "t ( ! old ,empire4 ,! rigg+1 set 9 ! longitud9al axis ( ! vessel1 0 compos$ ( a heavy rope lead+ =w>d & ( sev]al light] ones1 g5]ally f six to twelve1 lead+ aft4 ,! sail1 :i* 0 rectangul> 9 %ape1 0 always atta*$ betwe5 two y>ds1 "o ( :i* held ! head1 ! o!r ! foot ( ! sail1 a sy/em foll[$ exclusively 9 ,egypt4 ,two ropes l$ aft f ! upp] y>d1 :i* 0 fa/5$ to ! top ( ! ma/1 s z to give ! means to turn ! sail to ! w9d4 ,"h are a few figures :i* w give "s idea ( ! dim5sions :i* 7 9 use4 ,a relatively l>ge boat1 #af metres long1 _h ord9>y o>s #c metres long1 /e]+ o>s ( #f metres1 a ma/ #aj metres high ) a y>d ( #f metres4 ,! area ( ! sail 0 ab\t #fj to #gj squ>e metres1 h5ce x 0 high] ?an x 0 wide4 7,ermann1 p4 #fci47 ,9 calm wea!r1 :i* 0 n infrequ5t1 ! vessel 0 driv5 by o>s or else 0 t[$4 ,! ma/ 0 !n l[]$ & wrapp$ 9 ! sail4 ,9 ord] to atta* ! rope :i* connect$ ! vessel ) ! t[+ boat1 !re 0 us$ g5]ally a piece ( wood set ei!r 9 ! b[ alone1 or 9 ! b[ & ! /]n3 ?is 0 ! arrangem5t especially = freight boats4 ,^! latt] _h no rigg+1 z a rule2 !y c\ld sc>cely make room = a few o>sm51 because ! great] "p ( ! boat 0 occupi$ by ! cab94 ,z a g5]al rule1 small r[boats 7 us$ = t[+4 ,! art ( %ipbuild+ made a great advance "u ! middle ,empire 7,b4 ,c4 #cbjj-bajj74 ,except = ! small papyrus boat1 vessels 7 all propell$ by o>s & no long] by paddles4 ,! /e]+ o>s1 :i* 7 difficult to h&le1 7 replac$ by a s+le l>ge rudd] :i* c\ld be work$ by "o man4 ,! rigg+ 0 also *ang$4 ,! upp] y>d no long] re/$ on ! ma/2 x 0 atta*$ !reto 9 su* a way t x c\ld be remov$4 ,! sail 0 less high1 its wid? 0 increas$ & ! ma/ became relatively %ort]2 f9ally1 ! d\ble ma/1 :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! anci5t ,empire1 0 replac$ by a s+le ma/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #h ,"u ! new ,empire1 7inclusive ( ! int]regnum ( ! ,hyksos ,b4 ,c4 #bajj to #afjj7 ,b4 ,c4 #afjj to #gcj1 ! art ( %ipbuild+ made no advance4 ,luxury only increas$1 especially = ! cab9s :i* _h already appe>$ dur+ ! "t ( ! middle ,empire4 ,! special feature ( ?is p]iod 0 ! increas+ wid? ( ! sail4 ,?is wid? 0 s great t ! y>ds _h to be made ( two pieces jo9$ ne> ! ma/4 ,! foll[+ figures give an idea ( ?is con/ant increase ( ! sail4 7,ermann1 pp4 #fdc et suiv47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ah etc4 ,"u ! anci5t ,empire1 ! ma/ 0 #aj metres long & ! y>d 0 #f metres4 ,"u ! middle ,empire1 ^! l5g?s 71 respectively1 #e & #f metres1 & "u ! new ,empire !y 7 #e & #aj metres4 ,z ! result ( ?is con/ant increase ( ! wid? ( ! sail1 ! rigg+ became m complicat$ & a top 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! ma/ 9 ord] to h&le ! l9es f !re4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #d ,! sc>c5ess ( wood 9 ,egypt 0 ! cause1 f ! mo/ di/ant times1 ( rec\rse be+ _h to o!r mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( vessels4 ,papyrus answ]$ ?is purpose v well4 ,?is aquatic plant :5 cut1 dri$ & made up 9 bundles1 =m$ ! mat]ial ( :i* ! boats 7 made4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #e ,! papyri 7 laid side by side & a :ole 0 made ( !m by ties plac$ at close int]vals4 7,ermann1 p4 #eic2 ,nicolas ,wits51 p4 #f2 ,ar*ologie navale1 by ,a4 ,jal1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ia47 ,sev]al draw+s f\nd on old monum5ts %[ u ! ,egyptians engag$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! papyrus b>ks =m$ a sort ( rafts ( re$s1 judg+ by ^! draw+s :i* repres5t ! o>sm5 /&+ upright on ! boats4 ,^! latt] 7 small2 attempts made lat] to build !m ( l>g] size appe> to h fail$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! wood int5d$ = ! con/ruction ( ! l>g] vessels _h to be import$4 ,! _m pictures on monum5ts & ! l>ge numb] ( models f\nd1 enable a v fair idea ( ! %ape ( ! anci5t ,egyptian %ip to be =m$1 & x c be se5 at ! same "t t ^! %apes 7 little *ang$4 ,be=e describ+ ^! models1 x w be r int]e/+ to note t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! olde/ ones are n reproduc$ 9 accordance ) ! proportions adopt$ 9 practice2 !y are too high & too broad = ! l5g?4 ,tak5 by !mselves1 ! /em & ! /]npo/ are well %[n1 b ! int]m$iate body is too %ort4 ,! cause ( ?is mu/ be s\ght 9 ! fact t ^! models are made f nature & n by tak+ ! dim5sions ( ! boats f c>efully prep>$ draw+s4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is way1 x is v difficult to give exactly ! relative dim5sions ( ! boats1 especially 9 ! relations betwe5 l5g? & bread?4 ,?is is :y ! vessels are drawn s (t5 ) too little l5g?4 ,s1 _m old models mu/ be accept$ ) ! necess>y res]ves4 ,! vessels %[n 9 mural pa9t+s are g5]ally mu* bett] proportion$ ?an ^? repres5t$ by models4 ,9 ! mural pa9t+s1 :5 ! boat is %[n 9 pr(ile1 !re 0 no reason to consid] ! beam2 all ! same1 ! figures are (t5 too l>ge4 ,accord+ to ,belg] 78,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e und ,alt]tumskunde01 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #bd71 ! models :i* h be5 f\nd %\ld be plac$ 9 two classes3 a7 solid models made f a massive piece ( wood1 & b7 holl[ models :i* are1 evid5tly1 a m fai?ful reproduction ( ! %ip4 ,belg] also %[s t1 9 gr\p a1 ! p>ts pa9t$ :ite mu/ be consid]$ z n exi/+1 :ile ^? pa9t$ br[n really d exi/4 ,x appe>s1 g5]ally1 f ! exam9ation ( ^! models t ! ,egyptian boats 7 n ( deep draught2 !y _h1 necess>ily1 to draw b little wat] on acc\nt ( ! small dep? & ! frequ5t *anges 9 ! navigable portions ( ! riv]4 ,! mural pa9t+s1 on _! side1 %[ t ! bottom l5g? 0 "o-?ird ( ! total l5g?4 7,ermann1 p4 #fcg2 ,belg]1 p4 #be1 ,,xxxiii-#ahie1 et id4 p4 #bf47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #h ,! boats 7 flat-bottom$ ) v l[ sides1 s t1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] f com+ 91 movable upp] sides 7 (t5 us$4 ,! outside plank+ 0 smoo? 7all ! models are work$ 9 ?is way7 & ! boats 7 f9i%$ ) nei!r /em nor /]npo/4 ,! keel1 9 l mann]1 0 n %[n on ! models1 b ?is w\ld n all[ u to say1 h[ev]1 t x nev] really exi/$4 ,h[ !n c\ld ! vessel h suffici5t /r5g? "u ^! conditions8 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aj ,?is explanation is giv5 by ! repres5tation ( an anci5t boat1 exhum$ ab\t elev5 ye>s ago1 %[n 9 8,wass]sport0 ( ,janu>y #d1 #aijf1 7,no #a74 ,! =m ( ?is boat %[s t !re 7 nei!r frames nor keel2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! plank+ is v ?ick 7#cf millimetres7 & is =m$ ( joi/s close laid & dovetail$ toge!r2 ! middle joi/ :i* takes ! place ( ! keel is1 besides1 ?ick] ?an ! o!rs b x does n project bel[ ! hull ( ! boat4 ,! latt] is !re=e p]fectly smoo? on ! outside4 ,! keelson =ms a :ole ) ! floor & foll[s up to ! v ends ( ! b[ & /]n4 ,! b5*es = ! r[]s s]v$ z braces = ! sides ( ! vessel2 & :5 ?is 0 q l>ge1 ! sides1 by reason ( _! great] l5g?1 7 support$ ne> ! middle by a timb] laid 9 ! longitud9al axis ( ! vessel4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! ma/ 0 put up1 ?is timb] 0 made d\ble & embrac$ ! foot ( ! ma/ to :i* x gave ! requir$ support4 ,9 small] boats1 :]e ?is beam is n met )1 ! support = ! ma/ 0 =m$ by a special arrangem5t :i* is f\nd 9 ! models4 ,! b[ & /]n are always %[n to be solid 7pa9t$ br[n71 :i* all[s x to be suppos$ t !re 7 decks at ! two ends4 ,! b5*es = ! r[]s pass$ ?r\gh ! plank+ & gave great] /iffness to ! boats2 ^! b5*es are indicat$ on mo/ ( ! reliefs by small squ>es on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,! /e]+ o> 0 support$1 on ! o!r h&1 by a beam :i* pass$ across ! boat & :i* is %[n by a small rectangle4 ,x has be5 sometimes believ$1 b wrongly1 9 my op9ion1 t ^! rectangles 7 w9d[s 9 ! cab94 7,see ,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #bb47 ,a v ne>ly id5tical me?od ( proce$+ c be not$ 9 ! b>ks =m]ly us$ by ! ,arabs ( ! ,black ,sea1 & reproduc$ 9 ,p>is's "w1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no #ei 7see also ! models f ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies :i* appe> 9 ! collection ( ! ,te*nical ,univ]sity at ,delft74 ,?is :olly orig9al mode ( con/ruction1 :i* 0 nev] 9 use 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 be>s witness to ! fact t ! art ( %ipbuild+ 9 ,egypt 0 m closely relat$ to t ( ,asia 7,india & ,*9a7 ?an to t ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,b ?is %\ld n be a matt] ( a/oni%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aa ,! pro( t ^! little rectangles1 j m5tion$1 d n repres5t w9d[s is giv5 by a figure1 f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,ds-el-,bah>i 7,anci5t & ,mod]n ,%ips1 ,holmes1 p4 #bj71 :i* reproduces a boat c>ry+ an obelisk4 ,9 ! side ( ?is vessel1 !re are n "o1 b ?ree sup]pos$ r[s ( ^! little rectangles4 ,?is %ip 0 made exceptionally /rong1 9 proportion to ! loads :i* x _h to c>ry4 ,x w\ld be h>d to admit t ! side w\ld h be5 pi]c$ by ?ree sup]pos$ r[s ( w9d[s4 ,an endeavor r has be5 made to put 9 a suitable cross brac+4 ,9 ! boat :i* t[s ! l>g] vessel1 fur!rmore1 !re is b "o r[ ( rectangles1 & ^! are plac$ bel[ ! gunwale1 at ! po9ts :]e ! r[]s sit4 ,"h x has be5 consid]$ en\gh to let ! b5*es ( ! o>sm5 pass ?r\gh4 ,boats int5d$ = c>ry+ freight 7 a little %ort] & m r\nd ?an ! o!rs & 7 t[$1 z a rule4 ,!y _h g5]ally a t[+ bitt at ! top ( ! b[ & sometimes ev5 a second "o at ! top ( ! /]n4 ,a few _h sails & rigg+1 b g5]ally !y c\ld also be propell$ by o>s4 ,! free space on deck 0 occupi$ ord9>ily by a cab9 7made ( la?s & cov]$ ) clo?74 ,r flat at ! b[1 ^! boats rose s5sibly t[>d ! /]n4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bj ,z has be5 said already1 x is n kn[n :e!r ! ,egyptians _h any vessels built exclusively = milit>y purposes4 ,x w\ld seem n1 if x be rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! actions betwe5 vessels _h no o!r sc5e ?an ! riv]4 ,fur!rmore1 only "o s+le repres5tation ( a naval fight at sea is f\nd1 x hav+ tak5 place "u ,ramses ,,iii 7,b4 ,c4 #aahj-aaej74 ,"h is ano!r pro( t ! ,egyptians 7 n a race ( seam51 & ?is is all ! m m>k$ z ! w> %ips se5 are n ( pure ,egyptian type4 ,! subject w be tak5 up aga94 ,jal gives 9 8 celebrat$ "w1 ,ar*ologie navale1 p4 #fh1 a few figures ab\t ! size ( ,egyptian boats4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or1 ! l>ge/ boats 7 n m ?an #ci4jj m4 long nor m ?an #e4ai m41 or say #e4bj m4 wide4 ,! wid? 0 to ! l5g?1 !re=e1 z #a to #g4e1 a proportion :i* 0 ma9ta9$ = vessels ) o>s up to ! middle ages4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! spe$ ( %ips1 ! same au?or puts x at ab\t #i kilometres an h\r 7p4 #aaj74 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! spe$ at ! rapids ( ! riv]s1 !re 0 atta*$ to ! boat a rope ( :i* ! free end 0 made fa/ to a block ( /one4 ,?is /one slid along ! b$ ( ! riv] & (f]$ a suffici5t resi/ance2 al?\gh ! an*or 0 n kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 !y 71 z a matt] ( fact1 its inv5tors4 7,jal1 ,ar*ologie navale1 p4 #ajc47 ,be=e end+ ?is *apt]1 a few m rem>ks w be made :i* are applicable to ne>ly all ,egyptian vessels4 ,! b5*es = ! o>sm5 7 always p]p5dicul> to ! longitud9al axis ( ! boat1 ?is be+ necess>y 9 view ( ! special con/ruction ( ! vessels4 ,"u ! ,middle ,empire1 small extra elevations suppli$ ) a h& rail 7 erect$ on ! =eca/le & poop decks4 ,!y 71 respectively1 ! po/s ( ! capta9 & helmsman4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bj ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bj ,! ma/1 erect$ ne> ! middle ( ! %ip1 0 movable on all vessels4 ,! d\ble ma/ "u ! ,old ,empire re/$ 9 two %oes set on ei!r side ( ! longitud9al axis4 ,! s+le ma/ 7"u ! ,middle & ,new ,empires7 w5t d[n to ! bottom ( ! hold & re/$ aga9/ ! beams :i* held up ! r[]s' b5*es2 x 0 also fix$ by ropes 7?is appe>s cle>ly on sev]al reliefs71 ei!r directly or by means ( a /ep1 z is %[n on ! model at ,b]l94 7,see ,belg]1 pp4 #bg-bi47 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! ma/ 0 fa/5$ to ! /ep itself1 a mann] ( consolidat+ :i* is /ill appli$ ev5 n[4 ,9 ?is respect1 a relief com+ f a mortu>y *amb] & n[ at ! museum ( ,gizeh (f]s a great deal ( int]e/4 ,?is relief %[s a ma/ be+ let d[n1 & ,belg]1 ! au?or already quot$1 calls att5tion1 9 ?is connection1 to ! fact t ! sculptor let ! extreme "p ( ! ma/ fall beh9d ! coat ( ! man :o is occupi$ ) ! task1 probably because he did n "k :at to d ) x4 ,!n too only two ( ! five o>sm5 ( ?is /yle ( boat appe> 9 ?is reproduction1 :]eas1 if ! draw+ 7 well made1 x w\ld foll[ !refrom t ! brackets %[n on sundry models abaft ( ! b5*es ( ! r[]s1 7 only to s]ve z a support to ! backs ( ^! la/4 ,! great l5g? ( ! boats & _! relatively small imm]s$ l5g?1 requir$ special precautions aga9/ ! hogg+ ( ! %ip4 ,a rope 0 /ret*$ f b[ to /]n along ! longitud9al axis ( ! vessel4 ,?is rope 0 support$ on =ks & 0 fa/5$ b[ & /]n to a cable :i* ran ar\nd ! boat4 7,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #cb47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ab ,! op]ation ( putt+ up "s ( ^! =ks is se5 9 a numb] ( ! pictures4 ,ermann calls att5tion to ! fact1 b wrongly 9 my op9ion1 t 9 "o ( ^! figures1 ! crew is occupi$ 9 /ret*+ ! rope 9 ord] to give to ! boat ! desir$ curve4 7,ermann1 p4 #fjd47 ,t ?is is n s comes out cle>ly1 = me1 fir/ f ! fact t ! boat is already %or$ & h5ce has already receiv$ its f9al %ape4 ,9 ! second place1 ! %ores w\ld n be kept 9 position if ! =m ( ! %ip 7 be+ modifi$2 h5ce1 !y w\ld n h be5 drawn4 ,f9ally1 x is h>d to admit t "s ( ! h&s %\ld cont9ue to "w quietly on ! %ip1 z %[n 9 ! picture1 :ile o!rs are1 s to speak1 9 ! act ( /r5g!n+ its curve2 because ! sides mu/ h spread1 necess>ily1 dur+ ?is latt] op]ation4 ,consequ5tly ! m5 are employ$ m]ely 9 sett+ up ! =k :i* is to c>ry ! rope4 ,x is easy to und]/&1 besides1 t ?is %\ld be done be=e ! %ores are remov$ because aft] !y are tak5 away ! rope w\ld h become prop]ly taut at ! lea/ b5d+ ( ! %ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ag ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ai ,x foll[s1 f :at prec$es1 t ! ,egyptian boat 0 n a sea craft4 ,ev5 ! boats :i* w5t z f> z ,phnicia1 situat$ on ! ,r$ ,sea1 & mu/ h be5 real sea vessels1 are repres5t$ 9 ! figures 9 absolutely ! same way z are ! ord9>y riv] craft4 ,:5 ,k+ ,ne*o 7,b4 ,c4 #fab to #eif71 :o enc\rag$ comm]ce1 felt ! ne$ = possess+ a fleet1 he appli$ to "s ,greeks = ! con/ruction ( sea-go+ %ips1 & ,phnicians1 n ,egyptians1 7 employ$ = great m>itime exp$itions4 7,ermann1 p4 #fdf2 ,holmes1 p4 #bf2 ,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann p4 #ci2 ,g4 ,masporo1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples d',ori5t1 #ahic1 pp4 #ecf & #ecg47 ,x 0 ! ,phnicians1 & n ! ,egyptians1 :o ?us became ! pione]s ( %ipbuild+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is a g5]al ph5om5on to see nations1 :o ent] into reciprocal relations1 copy v quickly1 f ea* o!r :atev] p]ta9s to ! art ( %ipbuild+4 ,&1 c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,! /ruggle = life produces ?is ph5om5on 9 a p]fectly natural way bo? 9 milit>y & comm]cial affairs4 ,:5 a fleet 0 n able to /& up aga9/ t ( ! enemy1 vessels simil> to ^? ( ! adv]s>y or ev5 /rong] 7 built4 ,s x 0 =m]ly1 s x is to-day4 ,b ! special features :i* 9 ! pa/ *>act]iz$ ! %ips ( ! diff]5t peoples h pass$ away1 & at ! pres5t "t ! nationality ( vessels c no long] be recogniz$ save by ! flags :i* !y fly4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! diff]5t nations1 :i* us$ to dwell on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & :i* rea*$ _! prime almo/ simultane\sly1 or %ortly aft] "o o!r1 did n ea* h a type ( boat belong+ especially to its own c\ntry4 ,alas6 little rema9s ( ! vessels ( antiquity & mo/ ( ! pictures :i* h be5 f\nd1 are mu* less cle> ?an are ^? ( ! ,egyptians4 ,! sculptors devot$ _! att5tion m to ! beautiful l9es ( ! %ip ?an to ! necessity ( giv+ an exact idea ( its con/ruction4 ,writ]s1 on ! o!r h& are di/+ui%$ by exagg]ation & emphasis :5 x is a "q ( ! size ( vessels4 ,!re is no?+ c]ta9 kn[n 9 reg>d to dim5sions1 to ! =m ( %ips or to ! numb] ( o>s4 ,x is n likely t %ips ( extraord9>y dim5sions exi/$4 ,jal expresses ?is s well1 :5 he says 9 8 "w already m5tion$ ! 8,ar*ologie navale03 8,i d n believe any m 9 ! quadrag9ta ord9um galley1 #adc4dc m4 long1 #ae4bg m4 wide & #bc4ch m4 high above ! wat] ?an ,i believe 9 ! long horse :i* c>ri$ ! f\r sons ( ,aymon0 7p4 #aag47 7,see also ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits grecques et roma9es1 "p #cf1 p4 #bd2 ,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #fb2 ,jal1 ,ar*ologie ,navale1 #ahdj1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aaj47 ,! art ( %ipbuild+ 0 develop$ 9 ! beg9n+ among ! ,phnicians & alli$ peoples1 b x is n possible to say exactly :i* ( ^! nations 0 its true promot]4 ,! mo/ primitive =ms 7 f\nd at t "t side by side ) m p]fect models4 ,s x is t ,h]odotus tells u t ! peoples ( ,asia ,m9or 7,arm5ians7 came d[n ! riv] t[>d ,babylon 9 small boats hav+ a hull made ( l9d5 bran*es cov]$ ) sk9s4 7,see ,wits51 pp4 #i & #af2 ,livre d',hrodote1 ,i1 #aid2 ,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #bg2 ,a4 ,jal1 p4 #hh47 ,/raw 0 laid on ! bottom ( ! boat & "o or two asses 7 c>ri$ 9 addition to ! c>go4 ,arriv$ at ,babylon1 ! boatm5 sold _! c>go1 z well z ! /raw & ! timb]s ( _! boat1 &1 ) ! sk9s load$ on ! backs ( ! asses1 made _! way back home4 ,! curr5t ( ! riv] 0 too /rong to all[ tak+ ! boats up /ream4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ba ,at ?is same "t m p]fect boats 7 navigat+ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! olde/ picture ( boats ( a c]ta9 tonnage dates f ,b4 ,c4 #aaej & %[s ! sea fight betwe5 ! ,egyptians & ! ,b>b>ians to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 7,see1 ,rossell9i2 ,jal1 ,ar*ologie navale1 #ahde1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fe2 ,jahrbu* des ,kais]li*5 ,deuts*5 ,ar*ologis*5 ,in/ituts1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 #ahib1 p4 #dd47 ,s f> z ! %ape ( ! boats is conc]n$1 ?is picture tells little4 ,x m]ely lets u see t ! vessels ( ! bellig]5ts diff]$ f ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 x is se5 at once t ! ,egyptian %ips 7 propell$ by o>s & t ! o!rs 7 n4 ,c]ta9 au?ors h d$uc$ f ?is fact t ! vessels ( ! ,b>b>ians 7 sail+ %ips1 :i*1 f my view1 is n evid5t4 ,! ,egyptians are1 9 fact1 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 & ! ,b>b>ians ) swords4 ,if ! =m] s\ght _! might 9 quick movem5ts1 ! latt] c\ld only d battle by bo>d+2 "u ^! conditions1 ! o>sm5 c\ld only h be5 9 ! way & ?is expla9s _! abs5ce1 or else !y also swung ! sword2 :]eas1 among ! ,egyptians1 ! vanqui%$ _h1 probably to act z o>sm5 & rema9$ at _! o>s4 7,see ,jal1 ,ar*ologie navale1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eb et seq47 ,x is probable t ! sculptor wi%$ to %[ t ! ,egyptians f\ght diff]5tly f ! o!r nations4 ,f9ally1 ! ,egyptian vessels 9 "q diff]$ s5sibly f ^? describ$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w4 ,x is m ?an likely t ^! vessels 7 n ,egyptian %ips ( w>1 b %ips built by m nor!rn nations l ! ,phnicians or copi$ f _! models4 ,! rigg+ is n ,egyptian2 ! sail has b "o y>d4 ,let x be m5tion$ "h t !re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum at ,london an amphora com+ f ! ,poll$r>a 7! tomb ( ,vulci71 :i* ,munay 7,j\rnal ( ,hell4 ,/ud41 #ahhi1 p4 #bdg7 causes to date f ! second half ( ! ,v,i,ith c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & on :i* is a draw+ ( a ,greek %ip ) ,egyptian rigg+2 ! sail is fa/5$ to two y>ds1 a cu/om :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,egypt4 7,jahrbu* des ,kais]li*5 ,deuts*5 ,ar*eologis*5 ,in/ituts1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 #ahib1 p4 #db47 ,! ,phnicians _h sev]al k9ds ( boats & appe> to h _h m pron\nc$ %ips ( w>4 ,^! latt] 7 long & n>r[ = quick movem5ts2 ! o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 7 %ort & broad = l>ge c>go capacity4 7,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann-,holmes1 p4 #bf47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bc ,!re are few data ab\t ! primitive ,phnician %ips4 ,! olde/ reproduction is ! "o giv5 9 ,lay>d's "w4 ,x is a draw+ made f a bas-relief pres]v$ 9 ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib 7ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #gjj74 ,b ?is draw+ is rudim5t>y & ! dim5sions are out ( proportion1 ! draw+ is exagg]at$4 ,x also conta9s "s apocryphal additions4 ,consequ5tly1 b little importance c be atta*$ to x4 ,?is reproduction is rem>kable "u only two respects3 9 ! fir/ place1 because x repres5ts biremes1 al?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! two banks ( o>s 7 us$ at ! same "t2 secondly1 ! %ips h rams4 ,?is peculi>ity diff]5tiates ! ,phnician %ips s5sibly f ^? ( ! ,egyptians4 7,dictionnaire des ,antiquit grecques et roma9es1 p4 #be2 ,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #cj47 ,x is ! olde/ reproduction kn[n ( boats hav+ rams4 ,! ,phnicians1 by _! exp$itions along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t[>d ,greece1 ,italy1 ,africa & ev5 z f> z ,engl&1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 :ile o!rs take !m ev5 to ! ,baltic ,sea1 ex]t$ a great influ5ce on ! art ( %ipbuild+ z x 0 practis$ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is influ5ce mu/ h made itself felt 9 ! colonies :i* !y f\nd$1 & among :i* ,c>?age 0 ! mo/ important4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! naval ar*itecture ( ! ,phnicians diff]$ little f t ( ! ,greeks & f t ( ! ,romans4 ,let x be rememb]$1 9 ?is connection1 t ! old models ( %ips 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 = example1 rema9$ un*ang$ = _m c5turies & t ! same fact has be5 f\nd ev]y:]e else4 ,x is p]missible1 !n1 to assume t ! types ( boats :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ! ,middle ,ages d n dep>t greatly f ^? :i* date f ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,if ! progressive developm5t ( ! %ip ?r\gh ! ages be consid]$1 x is unlikely t ! anci5ts built %ips ( fabul\s dim5sions2 on ! contr>y1 _! vessels mu/ h be5 r small4 ,! fir/ important *anges effect$ 9 %ips 7 ! consequ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 & are n directly relat$ to ! evolution ( nations4 ,! new direction giv5 to ! art ( %ipbuild+ does n co9cide !re=e ) ! end ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x seems1 !n1 inexact1 "u ^! conditions1 to speak ( ! art ( ! anci5ts z ( some?+ :i* =ms an isolat$ :ole4 ,if1 judg+ by ! models exhum$1 ! ,egyptian %ip _h already rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection1 ! ,egyptians 7 /ill hav+ rec\rse to ! lights ( ! ,phnicians1 x is evid5t t ! ,phnician %ip mu/ h be5 ! bett]4 ,!re=e1 all ! old reproductions1 )\t di/9ction1 leave mu* to be desir$1 ! result1 d\btless1 ( ! incapacity ( ! sculptor or ! pa9t]1 :i* /ill happ5s v (t5 9 our own "t4 ,lay>d's reproduction %[s t biremes h exi/$ s9ce ! e>lie/ times4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 9 ?is connection1 to invite att5tion to ! ,greek 8,dipylon0 vases on :i* two banks ( sup]pos$ o>sm5 are %[n4 ,^! reproductions are1 h[ev]1 s primitive t x seems to me haz>d\s to d$uce any conclusions f !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x may be assum$ up to a c]ta9 po9t t ! upp] bank ( o>sm5 repres5ts ! aft] bank & t1 in/ead ( be+ sup]pos$1 "o set ( o>sm5 foll[$ aft] ! o!r4 ,! o>s ( ! upp] bank are n drawn 9 full1 :i* %[s t ! r[]s foll[$ "o ano!r & 7 n plac$ ! ones above ! o!rs4 ,x is d$uc$ f ?is t all ^! draw+s %\ld be accept$ ) ! greate/ circumspection4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 7 sev]al o>sm5 to an o>2 m reliance 0 plac$ on a m rapid movem5t ( ! o>s ?an on ! increase ( _! numb]s1 to obta9 a great] spe$4 ,x _c be said exactly :5 ! transition 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,b ! olde/ me?od ( propulsion is1 9 any case1 ! "o 9 :i* ea* o> 0 work$ by a s+le man = a s+le o>2 x 0 tak51 s x w\ld seem1 f ! boats us+ paddles1 ea* paddle be+ h&l$ by "o man4 ,! relative positions1 :i* might be tak5 by ! r[]s :o work$ sup]pos$ banks ( o>s1 h giv5 rise to _m suppositions :i* x is sup]flu\s to exam9e 9 detail4 ,no?+ m w be done ?an to recall ! trials ( propulsion by o>s1 und]tak5 on ! initiative ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii1 on a galley built especially = ^! exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 %[n t ! trireme 0 a possible ?+ b1 t a boat ( ?is sort 0 s encumb]$ by r[]s t no space 0 left = ! c>go4 7,see ! "w ,le ,muse du ,l\vre1 8,con/ructions navales dans l',antiquit407 ,! result ( ! rese>*es made may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,all ! ideas put =? 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( banks ( o>s & to ! respective places occupi$ by ! o>sm5 re/ only on hypo!ses4 ,!re h be5 m ?an "o bank ( r[]s1 b x is probable1 h[ev]1 t x 0 exceptional :5 !re 7 m ?an two4 ,ea* o> at ! beg9n+ 0 h&l$ by a s+le man4 7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? ,edition1 p4 #hjf2 ,holmes1 p4 #dd2 ,torr1 p4 #ah2 ,wits51 p4 #ac47 ,z a g5]al rule1 vessels mov$ by o>s und]w5t little *ange aft] ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,! propell+ =ce c\ld n be develop$ because x 0 n possible to increase ! numb] ( o>s )\t tr\ble 7,ar*ologie ,navale1 ,a4 ,jal1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ej2 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits grecques et roma9es1 p4 #dj2 idem p4 #cj74 ,s1 ,jal1 9 ! 8,ar*ologie ,navale01 refuses to admit t !re 7 %ips z l>ge z ! 8,great ,ea/]n0 9 ! times ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,accord+ to ! monum5t ( ,prora ( ,samo?race1 ?ole p9s may already h be5 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,dr4 ,assmann gives mu* in=mation on ?is po9t 7,baumei/] ,d5kml5 ,seewes51 p4 #afcb1 fig4 #afic74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bd ,! habit1 n yet :olly giv5 up1 ( pa9t+ an eye at ! b[1 on ea* side ( ! /em1 proves h[ long old cu/oms may la/4 ,x 0 already a habit ( ! ,phnicians1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 & x is /ill f\nd on a few ,italian & ,portuguese vessels 7,see3 ,das ,seewes51 d] ,grie*5 und ,rm] by ,dr4 ,emil ,lbeck1 #ahij1 p4 #dc2 ,assmann1 ,seewes51 p4 #aeig2 ,jahrbu* des ,deuts*4 ,ar*eol4 ,in/ituts1 #ahhi1 p4 #ii2 ,ar*ologie ,navale1 ,jal1 p4 #aje2 ,anci5t ,%ips by ,torr1 p4 #fi74 ,^! eyes 7 a symbol3 !y 7 int5d$ to %[ t ! %ip 0 seek+ its own pa?1 !y h be5 consid]$ sometimes1 b wrongly1 to be hawse holes4 ,old =ms h also be5 long pres]v$1 & among ^! ! ram is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ed ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ei ,9 ?is ord] ( ideas1 ! ,sp]on>a ( ,malta1 :i* appe>s 9 ,p>is's "w1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 n #bjc 7n #afd1 etc47 is ! mo/ int]e/+ example ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! /em ( ?is boat rises v]tically f ! wat] & is provid$ ) a ram2 ev5 ! eyes too are !re4 ,maltese boats )\t a ram are to be se5 9 ! same figure1 b ^! vessels diff] little f ! ,sp]on>a4 ,by br++ ,lay>d's draw+ above m5tion$ close to ?is "o1 !re w be se5 9 ea* "s boats hav+ a ram & a ma/ :ile o!rs h none1 b h /ems :i* rise v]tically above ! wat]4 ,x c be conclud$ f ?is t1 z f> back z ! times ( ! ,phnicians1 %ips already pres5t$ ^! same diff]5ces4 ,h5ce !re is no d\bt t ! ,sp]on>a repres5ts a ,phnician type ( boat1 9 :i* ! /e]+ o> is replac$ by a rudd]4 ,!re is no entire agreem5t z to ! place occupi$ by ! ram4 ,"s p]sons place x above1 o!rs bel[ ! load-wat] l9e4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is f\nd on all ! anci5t models &1 9 mo/ cases1 ! bottom l9e ( ! %ip is prolong$ 9 a /raight or a slightly curv$ l9e z f> z ! ram4 ,! con/ant pres5ce ( ?is latt] elem5t 9 ! reproductions1 all[s ! conclusion t x 0 plac$ n bel[ b above ! wat]4 ,if ! contr>y _h be5 ! case1 ! ram c\ld n h made s great an impression on ! pa9t]s & sculptors4 ,z = ! re/1 all ! anci5t types1 on :i* traces ( a ram are f\nd1 c>ry ?is elem5t above ! wat] l9e4 ,! fact t ! bottom l9e end$ 9 ! ram1 does n prove t ?is latt] 0 bel[ ! wat]1 = ?is l9e 0 invisible1 & ! draughtsm51 :o 7 un9itiat$ 9 ! art ( %ipbuild+1 n kn[+ any o!r means = repres5t+ x1 cut ! %ip (f at ! wat] l9e2 b z ! draw+ !n appe>$ r /range1 !y add$ a curv$ l9e jo9+ ! ram to ! /]npo/4 ,if sev]al ( ! old pictures be consid]$ f ?is /&po9t & if ! curi\s bottom l9es drawn by ! draughtsm5 be cov]$ by bett] l9es borr[$ f ! ,sp]on>a or f anci5t galleys1 ^! reproductions acquire a :olly diff]5t mean+4 ,if little be kn[n ab\t ! anci5t ,phnician boat1 a m ?or\gh k ( ! ,greek or ,roman %ip has be5 rea*$1 ?r\gh rese>*es1 especially 9 ! matt] ( dim5sions4 ,x is settl$ t ! ,anci5ts _h dock y>ds conta9+ %$s = ! %elt] ( vessels f :i* ! runn+ rigg+ _h be5 remov$ :ile ! /&+ p>ts 7 left4 7,see3 ,das ,seewez5 d] ,gr4 und ,r4 by ,dr4 ,em4 ,lbeck1 #ahij1 p4 #b47 ,^! %$s give an idea ( ! sizes ( _! %ips4 ,! excavations made by ,lieut5ant von ,alt5 7,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 und ,r41 p4 #e71 atta*$ to ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,ar*eological ,in/itute 7#ahgf-ahgg71 h %[n t ! figures giv5 by ,gras] are inaccurate4 ,! dim5sions ( eight docks c\ld be measur$ at ,muni*ia1 & ^! /ructures 7 #f4be m4 wide by #ba4bj m4 long4 ,lat] excavations br\ght to light at ,zoa "s docks #e4ej m4 wide & ab\t #dj metres long1 measur$ along ! bank4 7,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 und ,r41 idem p4 #f47 ,! dim5sions ( ! %ips mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 relatively small4 ,x is g5]ally grant$ t ! beam ( ! ,greek %ip propell$ by o>s is less ?an t ( ! galleys ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,accord+ to ,jal 7,ar*ologie ,navale71 ! ratio ( ! beam to ! l5g?1 9 ! middle ages1 0 = w> vessels3 #a3h2 = m]*ant %ips x 0 #a3g4 ,gras] f\nd t among ! ,greeks ?is ratio 0 #a3h1 & accord+ to ,s]re 7,la ,m>9e de gu]re de l',antiquit1 p4 #cc7 & ,lematre 7,revue ar*ologique #ahcc1 ,vol4 #h1 pp4 #adi et seq47 its value 0 #a3i4 ,h5ce ! vessels 7 n>r[ z comp>$ ) _! l5g?1 :i* increas$ _! degree ( mobility4 ,besides1 ! dep? ( ! docks discov]$ %[s t ! boats drew b little &1 consequ5tly1 t ! %ips slid along 9 a way1 on ! wat]4 ,9 ?is respect too1 ! anci5t boats did n diff] mu* f ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,neglect+ ?is detail1 among o!rs1 ,gras] rea*es a type ( %ip hav+ f> too great a draught4 ,alongside ( ! w> vessels1 naves long1 !re 7 ! m]*ant vessels1 naves on]>i4 ,x 0 natural t great mobility %\ld be s\ght = ! =m]2 x is ?is :i* expla9s ! l5g!n$ %ape ( ^! boats1 :]eas ! m]*ant %ips 7 %ort] & _h m beam4 ,lat]1 b /ill sev]al c5turies ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! p[] ( ,rome 0 develop$1 :5 its population increas$ & :5 ! importation ( :eat & o!r provisions became m & m important & _h to be made m & m quickly1 ! %ip ) o>s 0 us$ z a m]*ant vessel 9 addition to ! %ort1 wide boat4 ,! ,roman freight galleys seem1 fur!r on1 to h be5 made broad]1 l ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) a view to increas+ _! capacity4 ,b no new type foll[$ f ?is2 x 0 m]ely a new application ( exi/+ types4 ,x c be c]tifi$ t no new type ( boat 0 creat$ lat] all at once1 & t ?is *ange 0 due n to ! %ift+ ( l9es ( trade or to ! con/ruction ( new ports4 ,?is latt] condition c\ld1 at mo/1 h modifi$ ! accept$ dim5sions4 ,! diff]5t types ( antiquity rema9$ 9 use = c5turies & are /ill to be f\nd to a great ext5t4 ,no?+ m w be done ?an to attract att5tion to c]ta9 anci5t pictures :]e are se5 %ips hav+ r\nd$ /ems4 ,a %ort "t ago1 ?is peculi>ity 0 /ill to be f\nd 9 8la ,muleta0 a boat ( ! ,tagus1 n[ disappe>$4 7,comp>e ,p>is1 ,vol4 ,v1 fig4 #bfh2 & ,jahrbu* d] ,deuts*4 ,ar*eol4 ,in/41 #ahhi1 p4 #ia47 ,! size ( boats *ang$ little4 ,9 ord] to develope m =ce1 ! numb] ( r[]s 0 increas$ &1 z ! l5g? ( ! %ip 0 r$uc$1 ! r[]s _h =c$ly to be plac$ 9 banks1 "o above ano!r4 ,jal consid]s t a triple bank ( o>s mu/ h be5 an exception1 & t ! l[e/ bank mu/ h be5 sep>at$ f ! o!r two by a deck4 ,! celebrat$ trireme1 built at ,asnires 9 #ahfj1 "u ord]s f ,napoleon ,,iii1 0 c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ?is conception2 b1 z has be5 said1 ! exp]im5t tri$ ) ?is boat did n give satisfactory results4 7,see1 ,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 und ,r41 ,dr4 ,lbeck1 p4 #di47 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5t did n solve ! "q ( ! position ( ! r[]s1 x %[$ suffici5tly t1 9 ! trireme1 ! %ip 0 fill$ up ) r[]s4 ,! anci5t vessel _h little space = provisions4 ,c>e 0 tak5 consequ5tly s to arrange matt]s z to be able to l& e ev5+1 & x c be und]/ood f ?is t mo/ naval battles 7 f\ght close to ! %ore4 ,b1 9 ord] to l& ev]y:]e1 a small draught ( wat] 0 necess>y4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,assmann & ,lematre1 mu/ h be5 ab\t "o metre4 7,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 und ,r41 ,dr4 ,emil ,lbeck1 p4 #aj1 note #e47 ,! disposable space on bo>d 0 s re/rict$ t1 :5 x 0 n possible to g a%ore at night1 ! o>sm5 c\ld only sleep 9 gangs4 ,:ile ! boat 0 9 motion !y _h1 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 to make _! movem5ts absolutely toge!r1 & ev5 :5 com+ on bo>d a c]ta9 ord] ( succession _h to be obs]v$4 7,das ,seewes51 idem p4 #aj47 ,x is n kn[n exactly :5 ! old me?od ( propulsion1 ea* o> h&l$ by a s+le man1 gave place to ! new 9 :i* heavy o>s 7 work$ by sev]al m54 ,x appe>s h[ev] t ! ,liburnians already _h heavy o>s ( :i* ! use seems to h be5 a consequ5ce ( ! battle ( ,actium1 f\ght ,b4 ,c4 #ca4 7,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 und ,r41 ,dr4 ,em4 ,lbeck1 p4 #ba47 ,z has be5 se51 !re 71 alongside ( ! %ips ( w> or naves long1 m]*ant %ips or freight vessels1 naves on]>i4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! latt] 7 also r small2 z c be judg$ by _! capacity4 ,_! c>go1 z %[n by anci5t docum5ts1 0 /at$ 9 ,greek tal5ts or 9 ,roman amphora 7#a amphora #bf4ej m471 & lat] also 9 midimnes ( ,attica 7#a midimne #db4ej m474 7,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 mid ,r41 ,dr4 ,em4 ,lbeck1 p4 #bb47 ,accord+ to an arrangem5t regulat+ ! size ( m]*ant vessels1 made 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #bah1 ! boats :i* br\ght goods f ! s5atorial possessions 9 ,sicily & ,s>d9ia to ,rome1 _h a c>go space ( only #ghf cubic feet4 ,x is true t descriptions ( mu* l>g] vessels are f\nd4 ,^! %ips1 f calculations made by ,assmann & o!r au?ors1 mu/ h _h a capacity ( #bf1jjj to #bjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,gras] ev5 goes s f> z to say1 f ! quantity ( freight c>ri$1 t ! %ip 8,alex&reia0 belong+ to ,hi]o ( ,syracuse mu/ h _h a capacity ( #bdj1jjj cubic feet4 ,m5tion is ev5 made ( "o %ip hav+ a l5g? ( #abj ells1 :ile = ano!r a dep? ( #bi ells is giv54 ,all ^! dim5sions are n to be despis$ ev5 n[1 b1 consid]+ ! small size ( ! ports & navigable highways ( ^? days z well z _! lack ( dep?1 !y mu/ h be5 an impossibility4 ,fur!rmore1 all ^! num]ical data re/ only on hypo!ses1 & _c be exact4 ,! %ort1 bluff m]*ant %ip ( ! ,anci5ts 0 c]ta9ly n long] ?an ! vessel ) o>s & its av]age size does n seem to h exce$$ t ( a 8tialque04 ,! progress ( %ipbuild+ 0 gradual ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe1 & z ! same may be said ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 :at reason is !re1 !n1 = suppos+ t ! vessels ( ,antiquity 7 ( extraord9>y dim5sions8 ,9 ?is ord] ( ideas1 ! ,prora ( ,samo?race1 discov]$ 9 #ahfc & dat+ f ,b4 ,c4 #cjf1 gives an exact idea ( ! w> %ip ( ! ,anci5ts & proves t ?is vessel diff]$ little 9 %ape & size f ! %ips ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! bottom 0 slightly curv$ ne> ! middle & ! hull 0 made sl5d] t[>d ! ends4 ,! mean draught ( wat] 0 "o metre1 :ile t ( ! l>ge/ vessels sc>cely exce$$ #a4ej m4 7,assmann1 ,seewes51 p4 #aeig1 etc47 ,! /em & ! /]npo/ 7 ornam5t$ ) signs :i* are unimportant = ?is /udy4 ,%ips ) o>s ( :i* ! /]n 0 r\nd$ at ! level ( ! wat] l9e1 c>ri$ at ! b[ a ram1 :i* 0 us$ to s9k ! enemy's %ips & to sma% _! o>s4 ,a heavy block ( wood1 ornam5t$ ) ! head ( a ram1 prev5t$ ! ram f p5etrat+ too f> into ! side ( ! %ip :i* x attack$4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! ram v>i$ a good deal z is %[n by ! figures1 b ! =m ( ! vessel itself 0 n influ5c$ !reby4 ,?is elem5t 0 ! emblem ( p[] & 0 meant to inspire t]ror4 ,!re is no?+ a/oni%+ !n t1 9 mo/ ( ! old draw+s1 ! draughtsman %\ld h dwelt r on ?is detail ?an on ! %ip itself1 ?us caus+ ! %ape ( ?is latt] to become an accessory4 ,! ram1 :i* 0 already 9 use among ! ,phnicians1 did n appe> among ! ,greeks until ,b4 ,c4 #ecf4 7,dr4 ,em4 ,lbeck1 p4 #ac47 ,:5ce x foll[s1 & x _c be repeat$ too (t51 t ! art ( %ipbuild+ _h rea*$ a high] degree ( p]fection ) ! ,phnicians ?an among ! ,greeks & t ! =m] ex]cis$ a prepond]at+ influ5ce ov] ! peoples dwell+ along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,h5ce1 ! !sis ( uni=mity ( ! boats ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ld be su/a9$1 b ?is w\ld n imply t ea* p _h kn[n b "o type ( vessel4 ,boats ( sundry types exi/$ at ! same "t2 !re 7 ! %ort bluff m]*ant %ips side by side ) ! long vessels driv5 by o>s1 & p]fect$ types 7 cr[d$ aga9/ ! primitive4 ,hi/ory tells u1 t ,cs> put to sea ) a fleet ?irty days aft] ! cutt+ ( ! wood to be us$ 9 its con/ruction4 7,nicolas ,wits51 p4 #ab1 col4 #a47 ,x w\ld be h>d to grant t ! boats :i* compos$ ?is fleet 7 well f9i%$ %ips mov$ by o>s4 ,!y 71 d\btless flat bottom$ vessels1 ( ! type :i* is /ill f\nd 9 ! ,adriatic & :i* is s well reproduc$ 9 ! 8,rascona04 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 & ,das ,seewes5 d] ,gr4 und ,r4 by ,dr4 ,em4 ,lbeck1 p4 #ci47 ,! rapid con/ruction ( ! fleet 9 "q furni%es "o pro( m 9 favor ( ! po9t rais$ reg>d+ ! small size ( %ips4 ,9 ord] to %[ m cle>ly :at is meant by uni=mity 9 ! %ape ( vessels1 att5tion w be call$ to ! 8tialque0 type ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* is f\nd1 ) slight *anges & "u o!r names1 f ,d5m>k to ,belgium4 ,all ! boats ( ?is type h a common fundam5tal "*2 b ) ! tialque are met /ill o!r types :i* are also f\nd else:]e4 ,s1 f ,d5m>k to ,belgium1 !re is a s]ies ( well def9$ fundam5tal types & h5ce we c speak ( common =ms4 ,?is rem>k applies also to ! ,m$it]ranean 7,dictionnaire des ,antiquits grecques et roma9es1 #cf? "p1 p4 #bd2 ,navis71 :]e ^! fundam5tals h be5 pres]v$ = c5turies3 ! old types ( wood5 vessels to be met ) at ! pres5t "t /ill give an exact idea ( !m1 save 9 :at relates to ! rudd] & rig4 ,sundry types h evid5tly be5 set aside or h und]gone *anges dem&$ by local conditions1 s t1 9 ord] to f9d among !m ! fundam5tal *>act]s belong+ to a giv5 c\ntry1 x is (t5 necess>y to seek else:]e4 ,s1 = example1 !re are f\nd 9 ,holl&1 at 's ,grav5mo] 7,nor? ,brabant71 an old ,rh5i% type2 9 ,portugal1 small fi%+ boats :i* resemble greatly ! anci5t ,egyptian vessels &1 9 ! ,arabian ,sea1 a %ip :i*1 aside f ! rudd] & rigg+1 resembles1 to an a/oni%+ degree1 ! primitive ,roman vessel4 ,& ! ,arabs claim t !y h ! olde/ & be/ %ips 7comp>e ,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 n #ace1 ) ! relief ( ! 8port ( ! ,tib]0 :i* appe>s 9 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des ,klassis*5 ,alt]tums1 fig4 #afhh74 ,if vessels mov$ by o>s und]w5t no *anges z ! result ( ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ! cause mu/ be s\ght 9 ! sl5d]ness ( _! con/ruction requir$ by ! small motive p[] :i* !y c\ld put =?4 ,! numb] ( o>sm5 0 limit$ & v soon a maximum 0 rea*$ :i* c\ld n be exce$$4 ,9 view ( ! fact t a practical vessel hav+ m ?an ?ree banks ( r[]s c\ld n be con/ruct$1 & t ! old reproductions :i* are kn[n nev] %[ m ?an ?ree1 x seems p]missible to conclude t ! anci5t writ]s :o speak ( f\r banks ( o>s & m1 h all[$ _! imag9ations to run away ) !m or1 :i* appe>s m exact1 t !y _h a way ( c\nt+ o!r ?an ! "o adopt$ 9 our "t8 ,d\btless1 x 0 desir$ to designate ! numb] ( o>s :i* pass$ 9 banks ?r\gh ! side ( ! %ip4 ,huys's draw+1 accord+ to ,breugel 7dat+ f ! middle ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury71 %[s o>s gr\p$ ?us 9 sets ( ?rees1 & ! same process is f\nd 9 o!r old pictures2 if ^! pictures %[ triremes1 ! "q w\ld be simple to expla94 ,a reproduction ( ! trireme1 (t5 ref]r$ to1 is t ( ! bas-relief ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 7,baumei/] ,d5kml] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums1 fig4 #afhi47 ,copies ( x are f\nd 9 all ! works1 b !y d n always agree & h5ce c (f] no?+ c]ta94 7,dr4 ,moritz ,rhlmann1 p4 #fb47 ,let a few m words be said n[ ab\t m]*antm54 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bf ,= ^!1 ! mo/ beautiful draw+ kn[n is c]ta9ly ! a=em5tion$ relief ( ! port ( ! ,tib]1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,torlonia ,museum4 ,9 ?is is se5 a l>ge m]*ant %ip ) incl9$ /em & r\nd$ /]n4 ,at ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip f ! b[1 ! gunwale projects s z to give a support to ! /e]+ o>4 ,?is mode ( con/ruction is /ill f\nd on sev]al ,indian boats1 etc4 ,! ord9>y ma/1 set up ne> ! middle ( ! vessel & provid$ ) a /ay1 is secur$ by /rong ropes4 ,! squ>e sail c be l[]$ by means ( ropes runn+ ?r\gh r+s fa/5$ !reto4 ,!n ! ma/ c>ries b a s+le y>d2 a jib is atta*$ to its upp] end4 ,a ma/ call$ 8dolon0 /&s =w>d2 x 0 us$1 9 ! beg9n+1 to hoi/ 9 a small life boat4 ,x is /ill call$ ! 8boat ma/0 probably = ?is reason4 ,! cab9 occupies all ! available space aft ( ! ma/4 ,! sails 7 g5]ally squ>e2 !y 7 sometimes ( rectangul> %ape on ! ,alex&ria freight %ips4 ,w> %ips1 l important freight vessels1 always _h two ma/s4 7,dr4 ,breus+1 ,die ,nautik d] ,alt51 p4 #ef47 ,9 action1 ! sails 7 furl$ & ! ma/s l[]$1 9 ord] to save !m f be+ rea*$ by ! ram ( ! enemy's %ips4 7,dr4 ,breus+1 p4 #ga47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ca ,att5tion %\ld n be> alone on l>ge %ips1 b also on ! small m]*ant vessels4 ,! mo/ beautiful picture ( ?is sort ( boat is1 unque/ionably1 ! old relief ( ! ,ca!dral at ,sal]no4 7,jahrbu* des ,kais]li*5 ,deuts*5 ,ar*eol4 ,in/ituts1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ajc1 fig4 #a;c47 ,aside f ! "q ( ! rudd]1 ! vessel !re %[n w\ld easily pass = a mod]n craft4 ,?is boat is 9 c\rse ( be+ dis*>g$2 ! bridge is l[]$ & ! =w>d panel is rais$4 ,! ma/ :i* is d[n _h to be tak5 f its /ep = ?is purpose2 ?is me?od 0 /ill mu* 9 use 9 our c\ntry 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,! /e]+ o>s hang alongside ( ! vessel1 re/+ aga9/ ! project+ side4 ,! boat itself is complet$ by a /em & a /]npo/4 ,! /ep ( ! ma/ is ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! boat f ! b[1 & abaft ?is is se5 ! hold4 ,?is la/1 z 9 our pres5t riv] boats1 is clos$ by means ( panels4 ,ev5 ! grooves 7half-r\nds71 into :i* ! panels are set1 c be made out &1 9 ^! grooves1 ev5 ! op5+s to let ! wat] run (f 7%[n by little m>ks7 are to be se54 ,! panels are on a slope1 z %[n by ! upp] l9es4 ,! mean+ ( ^! little half-circles 0 n und]/ood by ! au?or ( ! ,jahrbu* a=e-nam$4 7,jahrbu* des ,kais4 ,deuts*4 ,ar*4 ,in/ituts1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #ahhi1 p4 #ajc47 ,two moor+ bitts are se5 ne> ! b[ & f\r ne> ! /]n2 _! special =m all[s x to be assum$ t !y 7 to be us$ z a support = o>s1 :i* gave ! means = go+ ahead 9 a calm4 ,! ma/1 :i* is %ort & ?ick1 is provid$ ) cleats ?r\gh\t its entire height1 h5ce x may be suppos$ t ^! pieces ( wood 7 plac$ !re = climb+ ! ma/4 ,h5ce x is probable t ?is boat did n h rigg+ suffici5tly /rong = ?is purpose4 ,x is true t no ropes are se5 9 ! figure 9 "q1 b x _c be conclud$1 h[ev]1 t ! vessel _h none4 ,x is my op9ion t ?is boat c\ld n h be5 l>g] ?an a small 8tialque04 ,"h is ano!r pro( 9 support ( ! argum5t t1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 boats h be5 b little *ang$ & t _! con/ruction soon rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ to be f\nd 9 ?is ass]tion1 if ! ma/]pieces bequea!d to u by ! ,greeks & ,romans be consid]$4 ,x is matt] ( regret t no positive data exi/ 9 reg>d to ! position ( ! o>sm5 among ! ,anci5ts1 because x is j on ?is po9t t vessels propell$ by o>s 7 modifi$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! o>s h&l$ by "o man1 accord+ to ! primitive fa%ion1 gave place to a s+le bank ( heavy o>s ea* ( :i* 0 work$ by sev]al r[]s4 ,?is transition 0 n concid5t ) ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire 7#dgf74 ,9 fact1 ! ,emp]or ,leo 7#hhf to #iaa7 advis$ ! con/ruction ( 8dromon0 biremes 7,la ,croix1 p4 #ge71 & ev5 9 ! ,x,ith c5tury1 a writ] is se5 to speak ( a *l&re or sl&re1 to :i* he attributes a v high spe$ & :i* _h two banks ( o>s sup]pos$4 7,la ,croix1 pp4 #ge & #gi47 ,! *ange came ab\t gradually1 9 all probability4 ,9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 only vessels ) "o bank ( o>s1 galleys1 are m5tion$4 7,see1 = banks1 van ,yk1 p4 #aa2 ,torr1 ,anci5t ,%ips1 pp4 #ai et seq47 ,mean:ile1 ! rudd] arose & its appe>ance br\ght ab\t *anges 9 ! /]n ( ! vessel4 ,z a g5]al rule1 little is kn[n ab\t ! condition ( ! art ( %ipbuild+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,all ! same1 h[ev]1 ?is p]iod mu/ h se5 an important m>9e on ! ,m$it]ranean &1 consequ5tly1 ! art ( %ipbuild+ mu/ h be5 fl\ri%+4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,crusades 7#ajif-abia7 _h a great influ5ce on ! old /ate ( affairs4 ,v5ice became ! c5tre ( progress & ,g5oa foll[$ closely4 ,! importance ( ! navy at ?is "t is atte/$ by ! fam\s navy y>ds at ,v5ice & by a great numb] ( edicts :i* relate to ! con/ruction ( %ips4 ,?us1 !re is f\nd 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury an edict :i* det]m9es ! wat] l9e = ! vessel load$ & = ! vessel empty4 7,jal1 p4 #bfg1 article #d47 ,9 reg>d to ! con/ruction ( %ips ) o>s1 x is only necess>y to ref] to ! edicts ( ! ,emp]or ,leo :i* 7 obs]v$1 ev5 to ! ,x? c5tury4 ,?is ,emp]or ord]$ t ! galleys %\ld be suffici5tly /rong & swift1 involv+ ?us great l5g? & little beam1 b ! latt] 0 to be1 h[ev]1 proportion$ to ! l5g?4 ,^! edicts 7 simple1 b categorical4 ,lat] on1 p 7 no long] free to build z !y pleas$4 ,!y _h to foll[ ! rules laid d[n reg>d+ ! =m ( ! %ips :i* bore a c]ta9 relation to ! capacity & to ! trips to be made4 ,! l5g? ( ! boats 0 n extraord9>y3 ,jal gives1 = example1 a l5g? ( ab\t #dd metres = vessels propell$ by o>s4 ,?is figure1 z "o c see1 diff]s little f t ( ! vessels ( antiquity1 & 0 little exce$$ lat] on4 ,j z 9 ! times ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 ! ,middle ,ages _h _! galleys1 & _! m]*ant vessels ( m r\nd$ =m4 ,?us1 = example1 ! city ( ,g5oa s5t to ,pisa1 9 #abhd1 a fleet ( eight galleys & c>avels4 7,jal1 p4 #bej47 ,! galleys1 h[ev]1 7 n us$ exclusively z vessels ( w>2 !y also s]v$ g5]ally1 9 ! ,x,i,vth c5tury1 z m]*antm54 7,jal1 p4 #bej47 ,we h f ! ,middle ,ages no draw+s or pictures :i* give ! means ( d$uc+ ) any c]ta9ty ! %ape ( ! %ips4 ,! olde/ picture comes to u f ,pietro ,laur5t9i1 an arti/ ( ! ,x,i,vth c5tury2 !n !re exi/s ano!r by ! h& ( ,raphal 7#adhc-aebj71 & dat+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,^! two reproductions appe> 9 ,jal's "w 7,ar*ologie navale71 b _! small scale almo/ de/roys _! value4 ,!y are rem>kable h[ev] f ?is t ! fir/ %[s ! d\ble ma/ ( ! ,anci5ts & ! cab9 on ! aft] deck1 :ile ,raphal's c>ries a ca/le at ! b[ & /]n1 z well z ! vessel's rudd]4 ,x foll[s f a comp>ative exam9ation ( old co9s t ! rudd] _h come g5]ally into use 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,x is sup]flu\s1 h[ev]1 to recall t1 nev]!less1 ! /e]+ o> 0 /ill us$ on _m vessels z a rudd]4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ne> ! middle ( ! ,x,i,vth c5tury1 made no *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ! galleys1 because ! propell+ =ce 0 /ill limit$ to ! /r5g? ( ! r[]s1 :i* made a sl5d] %ape a prime necessity = ! boat & prev5t$ ! m\nt+ ( any l>ge numb] ( guns on bo>d4 ,! galleys rea*$ _! apogee 9 #afjj4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 !y began to lose _! value z w> %ips by reason ( ! increas+ p[] ( ! big1 r\nd$ sea-go+ vessels4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! fight+ inf]iority ( ! galleys is f\nd 9 ! naval action betwe5 ! ,fr5* %ip 8,le ,bon0 & #cf galleys1 on ,july #aj1 #afhd4 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 no4 #abf47 ,?is vessel 0 only #da4da m4 long f b[ to /]n1 ) a total wid? ( #aa4jd m4 & a dep? ( #e4jc m42 ! keel 0 #cg4jc long4 ,! galleys1 on ! o!r h&1 7 #dh4gg m4 long ov] all1 #ba4bj m4 on ! keel1 ) a bread? ( #e4ij m4 on ! deck 7#h4dg m4 betwe5 ! apo/is72 ! o>s 7 #b4e metres long4 ,! high] position ( ! artill]y on 8,le ,bon01 z well z its m solid frame & ?ick] plank+1 all[$ ?is %ip to hold ! enemy at bay & to escape :5 ! w9d rose4 ,if ! /r5g? ( ! crews be exam9$1 ! fight+ inf]iority ( ! galleys /&s out /ill m cle>ly2 :ile ! ,fr5* %ip c>ri$ only #fjj to #hjj m51 ! galleys _h on bo>d f #ab1jjj to #ad1jjj all told4 ,consequ5tly1 f z f> back z ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 ! galleys 7 us$ 9 ,france almo/ exclusively = t[+4 ,?us we read t 9 #afhh1 ! w9d hav+ fall51 ,duquesne _h 8 %ips br\ght by galleys "u ! walls ( ,algi]s 9 ord] to bomb>d t city4 ,! galleys cont9u$ to appe> nev]!less 9 ! ,fr5* navy until #aggc4 ,x 0 at ! battle ( ,zi]ikzee1 9 #acjb1 :]e ! ,flem+s f\ght aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 ! ,dut* & ! ,g5oese1 t1 accord+ to ! old ,flor5t9e hi/orian ,villani1 ! sup]iority ( ! broad-beam$ vessels ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ov] ! galleys1 0 fir/ felt4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s _h fitt$ out1 = ?is battle1 eighty %ips or 8coques01 built 9 accordance ) ! m>itime dem&s ( ! place4 7,villani says3 ottantia navi1 ov]o cahi1 al m$o di quello m>e47 ,accord+ to ?is hi/orian x 0 also ! fir/ "t t vessels ( ?is k9d _h to be f\ght4 ,! battle ( ,zi]ikzee 0 ! cause1 f ?is "t on1 ( giv+ m & m att5tion1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ! build+ ( broad-beam$ %ips4 ,besides1 necessity =c$ x4 ,! ,crusades br\ght ab\t m frequ5t relations ) ! peoples ( ! ,nor? aga9/ :om def5se mu/ ne$s be _h4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! p f ! ,nor? call$ ^u ! ,g5oese & o!rs along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean to transport ! ,crusad]s to ,pale/9e4 ,! r\te by ! ,m$it]ranean became ?us kn[n to !m2 b !y v soon und]took to build %ips !mselves s z to escape f ! exorbitant transportation *>ges ( ! ,italians4 ,nev]!less1 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 etc4 rema9$ ! pr9cipal w>eh\ses2 & _m %ips 7 /ill built !re1 especially = ,france4 ,philip ! ,h&some1 9 8 /ruggle aga9/ ,edw>d ,i ( ,engl&1 9 #abie1 & ,philip ( ,valois1 9 8 w> aga9/ ,edw>d ,,iii1 9 #accg1 bo? made use ( ,g5oese vessels4 7,la ,croix1 p4 #ib47 ,fur!rmore1 z ,jal has writt5 7,ar*ologie ,navale1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceb71 x c be grant$ ) c]ta9ty t ! vessels built 9 ! ,fr5* ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 7 id5tical ) ^? us$ 9 ,italy4 ,! mutual relations betwe5 m>itime peoples & _! common int]e/s inevitably br\ght ab\t ^! imitations4 ,v5ice yield$ no?+ to ,g5oa2 ,g5oa 0 close on ! heels ( ,pisa &1 9 ! improvem5ts made 9 %ipbuild+1 ?is la/ city did n all[ h]self to be out-done by ,b>celona1 ,m>seilles or ,con/ant9ople4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! writ] j quot$ 0 "r1 !n1 9 say+3 8,! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean _h1 !re=e1 b "o navy1 at lea/ s f> z ! pr9cipal vessels 7 conc]n$2 x is s to-day & x 0 c]ta9ly s 9 anci5t times40 ,i add also = my "p t ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces (f]$ by types ( vessels among !mselves1 h und]gone no *ange 9 ! c\rse ( ages & ?is applies n only to ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b to %ipbuild+ 9 g5]al4 ,^! old types1 h[ev]1 are n to be s\ght among ! l>ge vessels1 b r among ! small ones &1 p>ticul>ly1 among fi%+ smacks4 ,among all nations1 ev5 among all seaf>+ p1 fi%]m5 h mo/ pres]v$ _! anci5t "* & modifi$ _! mann]s & cu/oms lea/4 ,! ex]cise ( _! h>d call+ on ! sea has made !m ho/ile to any innovation com+ f ! %ore & has be5 unable1 except 9 pass+ ov] _! bodies1 to make !m give up ! old types ( %ips1 ! issue ( tradition & usage4 ,h5ce1 fi%]m5 h kept longe/ ! antique =ms & x is to !m t we mu/ g to f9d !m4 ,?us !re are se5 9 ,norway fi%+ boats :i*1 aside f ! rudd]1 reproduce almo/ completely ! anci5t 8,vik+ %ip04 ,! ,dut* 8,bom0 is1 9 l mann]1 a remnant ( ! 8cog01 & ,portugal (f]s b>ks :i* call to m9d ! old mural pa9t+s discov]$ 9 ,italy4 ,naturally _m types h disappe>$ already1 & _! numb] is con/antly increas+ ?r\gh ! use ( /eel 9 %ipbuild+4 ,?us x is t !re n[ no long] exi/ any b a few r>e specim5s ( ! galleys & !y are us$ m]ely = fe/ive occasions 7examples3 ! galley utiliz$ = ! naval review ( ! ,holl&s*e-,diep1 & t us$ 9 ,portugal on c]ta9 holidays74 ,! olde/ "w :i* treats ( galleys is call$3 8,fabbrica di gal]e04 7,jal1 ,ar*ologie ,navale1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #f et seq47 ,! fir/ complete in=mation ab\t !m dates f ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv & is giv5 by ! ,*evali] ,b>ras de la ,p5ne 7#afih74 ,nor %\ld ! "w ( ,fr/5ba*1 dat+ f #afbc1 be pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 7,wits51 p4 #ahf47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ch ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #df ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #dg ,al?\gh ! galleys are suffici5tly kn[n1 a few m words may /ill be said ab\t !m4 ,^! boats 7 long & n>r[ & rose b little above ! wat]4 ,_! beam 0 g5]ally "o-sev5? or "o-eigh? ( _! l5g? & ! "p out ( wat] rose to only #a m4 to #a4ej m4 9 height4 ,a galley #dj4fj m4 long1 = example1 _h a beam ( only #e4bg m4 ,! total l5g? ( ! /em 0 #c4bh m4 & ( ! /]npo/ x 0 #c4fb m4 ,! ma9 frame 0 plac$ at ?ree-sev5?s ( ! l5g? ( ! vessel & 0 flatt5$ on ! "u side4 ,! vessel n>r[$ =w>d & aft & ! deck cov]$ its entire l5g?4 ,ne> ! middle 0 built ! corsia 7gu>d bridge7 into :i* 7 let ! b5*es ( ! r[]s4 ,on ea* side1 close by ! plank+ & p>allel to ! longitud9al axis ( ! vessel1 7 ! apo/is1 heavy timb]s into :i* 7 let ! ?ole p9s4 ,! o>s1 arrang$ 9 a s+le bank1 7 ea* work$ by f\r or five m5 :o rose f _! b5* z !y pu%$ =w>d on ! loom ( ! o>1 to prep>e = a /roke1 & fell back on x z ! /roke 0 complet$4 ,! o>sm5 7 />k nak$ at ?is "w4 ,a man ( av]age /r5g? c\ld /& x1 z a rule1 = an h\r1 & yet ?is "w _h sometimes to g on = twelve consecutive h\rs 9 "t ( w>4 ,:at a pa9ful situation1 :5 x is consid]$ t ^! m5 7 expos$ to ! inclem5cies ( ! air & to ! fire ( ! enemy6 ,9 ord] to /r5g!n ! r[]s at _! "w1 bread /eep$ 9 w9e 0 put into _! m\?s4 ,if !y fell exhau/$1 !y 7 m]cilessly flogg$ by ! boatswa9 :o walk$ up & d[n ! bridge1 & if !y did n rise1 dea? await$ !m3 !y 7 ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,if x be borne 9 m9d1 fur!rmore1 t ! r[]s 7 rivett$ to ! %ip by irons :i* 7 r>ely remov$2 t !y g5]ally liv$ & di$ on _! b5*es1 x w be und]/ood t ! galleys 7 a t]ror & a %ame = ! seaf>+ peoples4 ,x 0 r>e to meet ) volunte]s = ?is trade :i* includ$1 = ! matt] ( t1 only slaves & prison]s ( w>4 ,/ill1 ! r[]s 7 n all equal2 !y 7 divid$ into ?ree di/9ct classes3 #a ^? condemn$ to ! galleys1 _! hair & be>d be+ %av$2 #b ! slaves1 among :om 7 ,turks1 ,moors & ,negroes1 ^! la/ consid]$ to be ! be/ r[]s1 _! di/9ctive m>k 0 a tuft ( hair on ! head2 #c ! 8b5evoglie0 or volunte]s among :om 7 m5 :o _h s]v$ _! "t & be5 lib]at$1 b :o 7 n able to f9d a place & s s\ght a refuge on ! galleys1 z well z b&its & o!rs :o no long] _h any?+ on :i* to live4 ,! clo?+ ( ! r[]s 0 v simple3 !y receiv$ e ye> two %irts1 two pairs ( bree*es1 a r$ clo? jacket a s\'we/] = w9t]1 a r$ cap & two blankets p] b5* ( o>sm54 ,rations 7 issu$ to !m1 b !y c\ld buy m if ! food suppli$ 7 n en\gh4 ,! "p ( ! hold n occupi$ by ammunition 0 res]v$ = provisions2 x also includ$ a bit ( a cab9 = ! capta9 & (fic]s4 ,:5 ! galley /opp$1 a l>ge sail 0 /ret*$ above & across ! %ip1 "o side be+ rais$ s z to let ! air ent]4 ,_! sl5d] build did n give ! galleys suffici5t /ability at sea1 consequ5tly ! r[]s 7 (t5 v mu* tri$ by ! waves4 ,! armam5t 0 simple3 ?ree guns 7 plac$ at ! b[1 ! pr9cipal "o ( :i* 0 9 ! middle 7set 9 ! longitud9al axis ( ! %ip72 on ! l>ge galleys1 !re 7 f\nd1 z a rule #ah1 #dh & #ab p\nd]s &1 on ! small %ips1 !re 7 "o #ab-1 "o #bd-;& "o #h-pdr4 ,! fight+ value 0 measur$ by ! am\nt ( iron :i* c\ld be ?r[n at once & p] man4 ,take1 = example1 a galley ?r[+ #dd kilogrammes ( iron at once & c>ry+ a crew ( ab\t #djj m54 ,!re w\ld be hurl$1 !n1 #j4aaj m4 p] man4 ,a galley co/ #djj1jjj francs1 or #ijij francs p] kilogramme ( iron4 ,comp>e ?is galley ) an ord9>y w> %ip1 c>ry+ #ee pieces ( artill]y ) a crew ( #aajj m5 & able to ?r[ #ajjj kilogrammes at once 7or #j4iaj m4 p] man71 & assume its co/ to be #cjjj francs p] kg4 ,! l[] fight+ effici5cy1 ( ! galleys & _! mu* great] relative co/ c be cle>ly se54 ,?is ord9>y w> %ip ?r[s at once n9e times m iron p] man :ile its co/ is less ?an t ( ! galley consid]$4 ,9 conclusion1 x w be /at$ t ! spe$ ( ! galleys 0 #b4ej m4 p] second or #e4f miles p] h\r1 & t sails 7 available 9 addition to ! o>s4 ,!y c>ri$ two ma/s1 "o at ! b[ & ! o!r ab\t mid%ip1 bo? provid$ ) late5 sails 7,jal1 ,clos4 nautique1 p4 #gdi71 :i* 7 furl$ :ile ! vessel 0 9 action4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #dc ,no fur!r demon/ration is necess>y to %[ t ! galley 0 n suit$ to take ! ,ocean1 :i* 0 m & m frequ5t$4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] soon br\ght out ?is vessel's inf]iority = fight+4 ,h5ce endeavors 7 made to improve x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #de ,?us !re is se5 to arise 9 ! ,x,v,ith c5tury a %ip1 ! 8galliass01 ( :i* ! b[ & /]n recall ! boats ( broad beam1 & ( :i* ! int]m$iate "p br+s ! galleys to m9d4 ,?is %ip _h m beam ?an ! galleys2 its bread? be+ to its l5g? z #a to #e4 ,) a l5g? ( #ej4ja m41 ! galliass _h a beam ( #i4ja m4 & drew #c4ce m42 its greate/ dep? 0 #f4eb m4 ,!re 7 #be o>s on ea* side & ! b5*es ( ! r[]s 7 #a4cj m4 ap>t4 ,! o>s 7 h&l$ at times by #g or #h m5 & z ! sides 7 high] above ! wat] ?an ^? ( ! galleys1 ! r[]s 7 bett] protect$ aga9/ waves4 ,! galliass c>ri$ g5]ally f #gjj to #ajjj m54 ,fifty guns 7 m\nt$ 9 ! t[]s & betwe5 ! b5*es ( ! r[]s4 ,! galliass 0 m /able on ! wat] ?an ! galley1 protect$ ! r[]s bett] & c>ri$ m guns2 b1 j on acc\nt ( ^! advantages1 x 0 less agile z its propell+ =ce 0 limit$ by ! re/rict$ numb] ( r[]s4 ,! galliass1 l ! galleys c>ri$ ?ree ma/s furni%$ ) late5 sails4 ,^! 7 v h>d to "w1 s t 9 viol5t w9ds ! l>ge sails 7 replac$ by o!rs ( small] size4 ,x is n a/oni%+ t ev5 ! galliass %\ld h be5 inf]ior to ! broad-beam$ %ips4 ,fur!rmore1 !y 7 nev] num]\s2 at ! end ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 9 ! naval battle ( ! alli$ p[]s aga9/ ! ,turks at ,lepanto1 only six ( !m c\ld be assembl$4 7,jal1 ,ar*ologie ,navale1 p4 #cid47 ,x is !re=e v d\btful :e!r ! inv9cible 8,armada01 ! fam\s fleet ( #aehh1 includ$ a division ( tw5ty-two galliass2 ! great] "p ( ^! vessels 7 und\bt$ly galleys4 ,9 ! same way1 !re exi/$ among ! ,anci5ts1 beside ! naves long1 broad beam$ %ips :i* 7 us$ 9 ! beg9n+ solely = comm]ce & transportation4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 & /ill m ! clos+ by ! ,turks ( ! old r\te to ! ,indies1 at ! end ( ! ,x,vth c5tury1 made a *ange 9 ?is situation4 ,f ?is "t1 trade moves t[>d ! ocean2 a new r\te to ! ,indies is s\ght & ! ,new ,_w is discov]$4 ,!n too1 ! nations ( ! ,nor? gre$y = ri*es & no long] cont5t ) ! ,baltic ,sea1 take _! *ances t[>d ! ,s\?4 ,all ^! circum/ances br\ght 9 a turn+ po9t = ! hi/ory ( ! naval ar*itecture ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 spite ( ! ef=ts made to pres]ve ! supremacy ( ! old types ( %ips1 by build+ l>g] vessels ) o>s1 su* z ! galliass etc41 x 0 necess>y to retreat1 n only 9 ,italy b also 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal be=e ! m p[]ful fleets ( ! peoples ( ! ,nor?4 ,h5ce x c be said1 9 ! ord] ( ! ideas already express$ 9 speak+ ( ! battle ( ,zi]ikzee1 :i* occurr$ 9 #acjb1 t ! ,x,i,vth & ,x,vth c5turies saw ! naval ar*itecture ( ! ,ocean make its way into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! art ( ! ,m$it]ranean 0 n )\t its influ5ce on ! =m]4 ,x is n easy to recon/itute ! types ( %ips inh]5t to ! ,m$it]ranean2 inde$1 b few data rema9 conc]n+ ^! vessels4 ,all t c be done is to ref] to ! contracts above m5tion$ ( ,l\is ,,ix4 ,! fir/ reliable in=mation dates f a p]iod subsequ5t to ! middle ages1 & notably f ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,all ! old draw+s kn[n at pres5t leave some?+ to be desir$ & are always out ( proportion4 ,! only conclusion to be drawn f !m is t !re 7 sev]al k9ds ( boats4 ,x is really to be regrett$1 z ,jal says1 t we h no m exact in=mation4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t1 ev5 9 ! middle ages1 !re 7 good broad-beam$ %ips 7,jal1 ,clos4 naut41 p4 #ajeg2 ,la ,croix1 p4 #hf2 idem1 p4 #if7 :i* all[$ at lea/ five hundr$ fight+ m5 to be c>ri$4 7,jal1 ,ar*ologie ,navale1 p4 #chj1 #b;d "p1 note47 ,ev5 horses 7 load$ on bo>d4 7,jal1 ,ar*ologie ,navale1 p4 #chf1 etc4 ,holmes1 p4 #fh47 ,9 ord] to recon/itute ! types inh]5t to ! ,m$it]ranean1 x is necess>y to f9d out1 fir/ ( all1 :at models 7 /ill exi/+ at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 at ! "t :5 wood5 vessels exclusively 7 us$4 ,x w be rem>k$1 be=e beg9n+ ?is exam9ation1 t boats 7 con/antly bea*$ :5 n "u way2 let x also be not$ t ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 calm1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,ocean4 ,?is latt] po9t especially expla9s :y vessels ) o>s 7 !re s long 9 use4 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bjf47 ,9 ord] to gr\nd ! boats1 ! bottom ( ! hull _h to be flat &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! c5tre body ( ! vessels "u consid]ation is wide & flat1 wid] ev5 ?an t ( ! vessels f ! ,nor?4 ,! beam ( ^! latt] 0 to ! l5g? z #a3d1 :ile 9 mo/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean vessels ?is proportion v>ies betwe5 #a3b & #a3c 7g5]ally1 #a3c74 ,! ,m$it]ranean boats are po9t$ t[>d ! /em & ! /]npo/1 :i* is ! contr>y ( :at exi/s = ! ,nor!rn vessels & ?is %ape gives ! =m] an appe>ance all _! own4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sides ( ^! %ips d n come at all toge!r t[>d ! top2 at mo/1 !y are v]tical2 9 o!r words3 ! greate/ wid? is at ! top4 ,among ! old models1 "s are f\nd :i* h3 #a a /raight slop+ /em2 #b a /raight v]tical /em1 & #c a curv$ /em :i* is convex or concave at ! top4 ,alongside ( ! broad-beam$ vessels1 !re are a few long] ones1 ( :i* ! beam is to ! l5g? z #a to #e4 ,int5tionally1 no m5tion has be5 made ( ! /]npo/ z ?is has be5 modifi$ 9 mo/ cases by ! adoption ( ! rudd]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #dh ,besides1 _m boats h a flat projection at ! /]n furni%$ ) a balu/rade1--a detail :i* is f\nd also on ! ,greek & ,roman vessels4 ,?is position 0 orig9ally res]v$ = ! helmsm5 :o op]at$ ! /e]+ o>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #di ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ej ,among ! m important types mu/ be c\nt$ ! ,xebecs1 ) ?ree ma/s furni%$ at ! beg9n+ ) late5 sails4 ,^! latt] 7 replac$ lat] on by squ>e sails4 ,! %ip ?us modifi$ 0 !n call$ a my/ic ,xebec or a polacca ,xebec4 ,! ,polacca also exi/$ at ?is "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ec ,! l5g? ( ^! vessels--ab\t #ae metres--0 to ! beam z #c to #a4 ,! /em1 s5sibly /raight at ! top1 becomes curv$ at ! foot & is provid$ ) a ram simil> to t ( a 8,galleon04 ,! /]npo/ is /raight b x leans back & ! aft] deck projects4 ,?is type ( vessel c be comp>$ to a broad-beam$ galley1 ,a/]n1 ! ,polacca m ne>ly resembles ocean vessels4 ,all ^! vessels are orig9ally f ! ,we/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 n #gh & #ij2 idem1 ,vol4 ,i1 n #be47 ,! ,g5oese 8p9k0 c be plac$ 9 ! same category4 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 no4 #aai47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ce ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #cg ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #dj ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ci ,!re is /ill f\nd 9 ,tunisia ! 8,c>be01 f #ab to #ae metres long ) a beam ( "o-?ird ( ?is l5g?4 ,?is boat seems to h a d\ble /em 7! plank %e] re5t]s74 ,let ?is type be comp>$ ) ! reproduction :i* appe>s on ! t[] ( ,pisa1 etc4 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 n #bja71 :i* also %[s a boat ) a d\ble /em4 ,alongside ( ! 8,c>be01 are ! ,arabian 8,s&ales01 #ab metres long1 #b4he m4 wide & #a4cj m4 deep4 ,jal consid]s ?is k9d ( boat z "o ( ! olde/ types4 ,! ,arabian 8,s&ale0 is a v sl5d] vessel1 n>r[] amid%ips ?an mo/ ( ! o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ed ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #fj ,! ,maltese boats1 ! 8,sp]on>e01 are /ill m s+ul>2 !y are #ae metres long1 #d4dj m4 beam1 #a4bj m4 draught ) a capacity ( ab\t #ag tonnes4 ,! /em & ! /]npo/ are v]tical4 ,^! boats h sometimes at ! /]n a flat projection & at ! b[ a truncat$ ram4 ,! same type1 #e4cj m4 long1 #a4ie m4 beam & #a metre deep1 becomes a 8,t>ella04 ,?is boat has no ram4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! are v anci5t =ms4 7,comp>e1 = example1 ! 8,sp]on>a0 ) ,lay>d's reproduction47 ,! 8,s*if>ro0 & 8,la\tello0 ( ,sicily1 ) _! curv$ /em & /]npo/1 are n less rem>kable4 ,^! vessels also recall reproductions ( ! middle ages :i* pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,on ! ,ea/ coa/ ( ,italy are f\nd ! 8,t>tana01 #ag4ij m4 long1 #d4ij m4 beam1 & draw+ #j4hj m4 ( wat] & ! 8,braca da ,pasca01 #ab4bj m4 long1 #b4cj m4 beam & #a4fj m4 deep2 bo? ( !m flat-bottom$ & solidly built4 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #he1 #hf & #hg47 ,x %\ld be not$ t /ill o!r types ( flat-bottom$ boats are met ) on ! ,adriatic1 among !m are ! 8,rascona01 a v n>r[ vessel = its l5g? 7#a to #e71 & ! 8,topo04 ,! =m] is also /e]$ ) ! o>4 ,greece & ,turkey h betwe5 !m _m po9ts ( contact4 ,two types are f\nd !re3 "o ) a /raight slop+ /em1 ! o!r ) a curv$ /em3 ! 8,scaph0 & ! 8,sacobeva04 7,p>is1 #c1 n #ia1 #hi & #hh47 ,! ,arabian ,sea1 to g no fur!r1 gives ! 8,baggala0 & ! 8,dungiyah02 ! latt] has probably n[ disappe>$4 ,^! are v old types ) a /rongly slop+ /em4 ,allusion has be5 made above to ,greek figures 9 :i* ! analogy ) ^! vessels is complete4 ,"s types h %ift$ _! gr\nd4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is ! 8,balancella0 ( ,spa9 :i* came orig9ally 9 all probability f ,naples 7,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 n #fa7 & :i* resembles greatly ! 8,trabocola04 ,all ^! boats1 & only ! pr9cipal ones h be5 m5tion$1 all[ ! recon/itution ( a few fundam5tal types :i* are /ill to be f\nd n[ & :i* 7 9 exi/5ce sev]al c5turies ago4 ,! developm5t ( trade1 exp$itions to po9ts fur!r & fur!r away1 :i* _h to be und]tak51 h caus$ ! old types to be replac$ long s9ce by o!rs int5d$ = navigation beyond ! seas4 ,?is expla9s :y ! primitive types no long] exi/ except 9 vessels ( small importance4 ,= ^! latt]1 x 0 n necess>y to seek new =ms1 because ! small build]s cont9u$ to foll[ traditions & to "w f models4 ,/eel has ga9$ gr\nd v sl[ly among !m1 & ins5sibly & only z ! new g5]ations come to replace ! old1 w ! types ( ! primitive boats disappe>4 ,al?\gh sev]al types exi/1 x foll[s f :at prec$es t ! ,m$it]ranean types are broad 9 comp>ison to _! l5g?1 & flat amid%ips2 besides1 !y are po9t$ at b[ & /]n4 ,) ^! data1 ,fr/5ba*'s "w1 :i* dates f #afbi1 acquires m value 9 our eyes1 because x conta9s reproductions ( a ,dut* %ip & a few ,m$it]ranean vessels1 9 :i* c be discov]$ _m kn[n types1 al?\gh !y are call$ by sep>ate names4 ,! diff]5ce ( =m betwe5 ! types ( ! ,nor? & ^? ( ! ,s\?1 already po9t$ out be=e1 is %[n !re cle>ly2 x appe>s 9 all its =ce :5 ! mid%ip frames ( ! two boats are br\ght toge!r4 7,comp>e 8die ,mittl]e ,/am5ale01 fig4 ,,ii1 ) 8die ,/am5ale0 ( fig4 #af1 z well z ! plans ( ! %ips47 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! height ( ! /em & /]npo/ is n less noticeable1 & inde$1 ! ,m$it]ranean %ips really appe> high] ?an ours4 ,x w be se5 fur!r on t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,s\? 7i4 e4 ( ! ,m$it]ranean7 ! p ( our c\ntry began to make _! vessels high]4 ,x 0 ! ,s\? :i* inaugurat$ ! sy/em ( ca/les :i* 7 built on ! %ips 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is to be notic$ t already1 9 ! ,x? c5tury1 ! ,emp]or ,leo laid d[n rules conc]n+ _! con/ruction4 7,la ,croix1 p4 #f47 ,"s ca/les are f\nd ev5 on old ,roman engrav+s4 ,h5ce1 !re is e au?ority = suppos+ t ^! ca/les rose progressively4 ,! improvem5ts ( ! means ( def5se1 & h5ce ! *anges 9 milit>y tactics1 aft] ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 contribut$ a great deal t[>d enhanc+ ! importance giv5 to ^! ca/les4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ,holl& t ! ,m$it]ranean vessels 7 m po9t$ ?an ours1 & a pro( ( x is f\nd 9 ! passage 7p4 #cee7 f van ,yk's well kn[n "w1 :]e ?is au?or tells u t ! special qualities ( our %ips z sail]s 0 attribut$ to ! greatly curv$ /]n & h5ce to ! full b[4 ,& x is surely n un9t]e/+1 !n1 to read fur!r on 7p4 #he;,a7 t ! fa!r ( ! au?or ( ! "w1 accompani$ by 8 ?ree sons1 w5t to ,g5oa to build vessels able to advance ev5 aga9/ ! w9d1 some?+ unkn[n until !n 9 t city4 ,h5ce ! art ( tack+ 0 n kn[n at ,g5oa at t p]iod1 a manuvre1 fur!rmore1 :i* ! late5 sails did n all[4 ,x 0 n until lat] t ^! sails 7 replac$ by squ>e sails4 ,h5ce x 0 n at all /range t %ips ) o>s rema9$ s long 9 use on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be consid]$ z prov$ t1 f ! e>lie/ times1 !re exi/$ broad vessels alongside ( ! long craft fitt$ ) o>s4 7,jal1 ,glossaire nautique1 p4 #ajdi47 ,/ill1 ! few anci5t boats :i* h be5 exhum$1 seem to h rea*$ su* a high degree ( p]fection1 t naval ar*itecture mu/ h atta9$ a wond]ful developm5t ev5 9 ! mo/ di/ant ages4 ,?is %\ld n surprise u1 h[ev]1 :5 we see ! ma/]pieces left by ! ,m$it]ranean races1 ma/]pieces :i* be> witness to _! e/hetic & practical s5se4 ,z ! progressive developm5ts ( ! %ip 9 ! middle ages are /udi$ & z ! dim5sions ( docks & o!r in/allations among ! ,greeks & ,romans are consid]$1 x c be /at$ positively t giant %ips 7 unkn[n to ,antiquity & t ! descriptions giv5 !re( %\ld be exam9$ 9 ! light ( ! conditions :i* dictat$ !m to ! au?or4 ,j1 = example1 z ! importance ( ! city ( ,babylon1 & ! excavations made !re %[1 x 0 s+ul>ly exagg]at$ by ! anci5t writ]s4 ,besides1 d we n daily read communications ab\t ! extraord9>y sizes ( %ips & eng9es1 sizes :i*1 aft] a little :ile1 are surpass$ by o!rs /ill m extraord9>y8 ,& s w x ev] be4 ,9 conclusion1 let x be said t ! anci5t models are /ill to be f\nd 9 small wood5 vessels & 9 fi%+ smacks4 ,^! models h come d[n ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ! c5turies )\t o!r *anges ?an ^? wr\ght by ! rudd] & by decoration4 ,if !n an exact idea ( ! types ( ! %ips ( ! ,anci5ts be desir$1 ?or\gh inve/igations %\ld be />t$ s soon z possible 9 ord] to f9d !m1 to measure !m & to make ( !m draw+s ) dim5sions1 z has be5 done = ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,?is rapid comp>ative /udy all[s ! mutual relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! nations to be e/abli%$ & to %[ t ! anci5t types special to ,s\!rn ,france1 to ,spa9 & to ,portugal all belong to ! ,m$it]ranean family1 t is to say3 to ! ,s\!rn c5tre4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 #b ,het v>5 met weynig volk1 het nauw en zob] behelp5 9 leefto*t en ons +ebor5 z9delijkheid1 die de s*ep5 langdur5d ma*t1 doet d5 ,n$]lants*5 s*eepva>t bloey51 en niet het s*eepsfatzo54 ,nicolas ,wits51 #afga4d ,^! rem>kable words are *>act]i/ic & %[ t some?+ else ?an ! det]m9$ =ms ( %ips is necess>y to make a p prosp]\s & great4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 our types ( vessels1 says ,wits51 w\ld h be5 copi$ imm$iately by o!r nations4 ,sobriety & cleanl9ess are two capital virtues ( ! ,dut* race1 b1 beside ^! virtues1 our ance/ors possess$ "o o!r important quality3 !y 7 build]s ( economical %ips & our pres5t build]s h pres]v$ ?is quality4 ,let u hope1 ) full confid5ce1 t ?is w always be s 9 ! future4 ,wits5 ma9ta9$--& ?is fact acquires a c]ta9 significance if x be comp>$ ) :at goes be=e--t =eign]s :o h come to ,holl& to le>n our art ( %ipbuild+1 c\ld n aft] return+ home1 imitate our processes4 ,i am n surpris$1 !re=e1 to see ^! =eign]s write t !y c\ld n use our ar*itecture or our measures4 ,_m a %ip1 says ! au?or m5tion$1 has be5 analyz$ & measur$ abroad1 b nev] has x be5 imitat$2 nor h our build]s ev] h>ve/$ any praise = _! "w4 ,:at ,wits5 !n says ab\t ! ,engli% is q *>act]i/ic3 8,9 deze brave]5 zy 7de ,engels*57 op5tlyk all5 ,l&a]t en wan5 niemant huns gelyk 9 deze kon/ te hebb50#e4 ,he imputes ?is unfavorable judgm5t on ! ,dut* to ! fact1 t no?+ relat+ to naval ar*itecture has ev] be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,x w be se51 fur!r on1 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 p abroad hold ano!r op9ion4 ,data1 :i* may n be d\bt$1 tea* u t1 ev5 9 ! highe/ antiquity1 ! peoples liv+ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 acqua9t$ ) navigation4 ,aga91 at ! pres5t "t1 ! mo/ savage1 ! lea/ civiliz$ nations1 settl$ by ! banks ( riv]s1 _h _! boats1 h[ev] primitive _! =ms may h be54 ,sev]al anci5t %ips 7 exhum$ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe dur+ ! second half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x may be conclud$ f ?is t ! p :o liv$ ne> ! wat] 7 famili> ) navigation f ! e>lie/ times4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t ! long1 n>r[ 8canoe0 obta9$ f ! holl[$ out trunk ( a tree 0 ! olde/ =m ( boat4 ,! pole1 :i* 0 ! primitive mode ( propulsion1 0 soon replac$ by ! paddle & ! o>4 ,man1 by nature1 seeks 8 ease2 h5ce !re is no cause = a/oni%m5t t he %\ld f ! beg9n+ h call$ ! w9d to assi/ him 9 mov+ ov] ! wat]4 ,?is accessory means soon became ! pr9cipal ag5t ( propulsion4 ,! olde/ inhabitants ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7 acqua9t$ ) navigation1 long be=e ! ,roman dom9ation1 & x is to be suppos$ t !y c\ld only h rea*$ ! v>i\s po9ts ( _! t]ritory by wat]4 ,cs> tells u 7,holmes1 p4 #eb7 t ! ,brita9s us$ v light vessels compos$ ( a frame ( l9d5 bran*es cov]$ ) sk9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pope ,m>cell9us 7,a4 ,d4 #bic-cjd7 relates to :at an ext5t ! ,saxons 7 to be fe>$ because ( _! agility & adds t _! boats 7 made ( buffalo sk9s /ret*$ tight ov] flexible wood4 ,by ! side ( ! long vessels ) o>s1 !re mu/ h exi/$ v soon broad] & less swift boats4 ,^! boats 7 propell$ by sails & f9ally !y :olly displac$ ! %ips ) o>s4 ,no?+ conc]n+ ^! primitive boats has be5 pres]v$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! olde/ inhabitants ( our c\ntry came f ! ,ea/4 ,!y1 d\btless1 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( %ipbuild+ & !y mu/ h adapt$ _! types to ! necessities =c$ ^u !m by ! /ate ( ! navigable highways ( our l[-ly+ l&s4 ,x c be assum$ t ! cradle ( ! naval ar*itecture ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 9 ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,s1 let u turn our eyes fir/ 9 t direction :]e1 f ! mo/ di/ant times1 ! art ( %ipbuild+ mu/ h rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,?is foll[s n only f ! vessels ( ! "t ( ! ,vik+s :i* h be5 f\nd1 b also f ! rese>*es made 9 late ye>s4 ,^! rese>*es h au?oriz$ ! conclusion t1 ev5 9 anci5t times1 ! peoples ( ! ,nor? seem to h cross$ ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! ,sw$i% ar*eologi/ ,montelius ev5 assumes t !re 7 already cont9u\s relations betwe5 ! ,we/ coa/ ( ,sw$5 & ! ,ea/ coa/ ( ,engl& at ! close ( ! age ( /one4 ,long be=e ! exp$itions1 prop]ly s call$1 made t[>d ! ,s\? by ! ,vik+s1 ! latt] cross$ ! sea1 & x is settl$ beyond "q t !y 7 giv5 to navigation at ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,tacitus speaks ( ! p[]ful fleets ( ! ,sw$es :i*1 9 8 "t1 did n use sails b only o>s4 ,! au?or ( ! "w ,ve/]l&5es indflyelse poa ,nordbo5es og sa]lig ,nordma5n5es ydze kulture leveesat og simfundfs ,jorhold i ,vick+etid5 af ,alex&] ,bugge#f #aije1 seems au?oriz$1 "u ^! conditions1 9 say+ t ! navigation ( ! ,nor? owes its orig9 to ! ,suevi & ! ,go?s settl$ on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 :5ce x pass$ lat] to ! ,norsem5 & ! ,danes4 ,x may also be add$1 we believe1 t ! same 0 ! case ) reg>d to ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,great ,brita91 ,belgium & a "p ( ! ,nor? ( ,france4 ,! celebrat$ ,g]man philologi/ & ar*eologi/1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,zimm]1 supposes t ! ,norsem5 visit$ ! ,%etl& ,isl&s betwe5 ! ye>s #eij & #fdd4 ,?is supposition has be5 confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,jacob ,jacobs51 :o liv$ = a long "t 9 ^! isl&s 9 ord] to /udy !re ! ,norse names ( ! villages & to pick up /ill o!r traces ( ! ,norse language4 ,?is savant also conclud$ t ! ,norsem5 mu/ h already visit$ ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ab\t ! ye> #gjj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ge ,if ^! facts be comp>$ ) :at us$ to be done on ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e ! endeavor 0 always made to l& at night1 x is impossible to repress a s5tim5t ( admiration = ! ,norsem5 :o cross$ ! sea fe>lessly z f> z ,icel& & ,gre5l&4 ,_! naval ar*itecture mu/ ev5 !n h rea*$ an extraord9>y degree ( p]fection1 full pro( ( :i* is f\nd 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sup]b %ips 8,oxb]g0 & 8,gok/ad01 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,s&efijord 7,*ri/iania ,museum ( ,antiquities74 ,h5ce x is sc>cely probable t ! peoples ( ! ,nor? %\ld h le>n$ any?+ at all ab\t %ipbuild+ dur+ _! exp$itions across ,we/]n ,europe4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is "p ( ,europe1 includ+ ! ,ne!rl&s1 mu/ h borr[$ ! art ( %ipbuild+ f !m4 ,x 0 also only v mu* lat] t a navy & fleet 7 spok5 ( 9 ,engl&4 7,see ,holmes1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,%ips1 #aijj47 ,aft]w>ds1 ! ,norsem5 ext5d$ _! excursions m & m t[>d ! ,s\?2 !y settl$ 9 ,norm&y & took possession ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp$itions t !y became acqua9t$ ) ! naval ar*itecture ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is ne$less to say t !y mu/ !n h appreciat$ ! p]fection :i* ! latt] _h rea*$4 ,fur!rmore _! int]e/ dem&$ x4 ,!y borr[$1 9 p>ticul> f ! nations ( ,s\!rn ,europe ! an*or :i* ^!1 9 _! turn1 _h le>n$ f ! ,greeks4 ,! ,norse ^w 8akk]i01 :i* means an*or1 seems to be borr[$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon 8ancor0 :i* owes its orig9 to ! ,lat9 ^w 8ancora04 ,! ^w 8=kr01 mean+ a boa?ook1 is also ( =eign orig92 x comes f ! ,anglo-,saxon 8=ca0 & f ! ,lat9 8furca04 ,! types ( ! ,norse vessels h1 h[ev]1 n be5 *ang$ z ! result ( contact ) ! ,s\?4 ,! extraord9>y life ( ! ,vik+s & _! cont9ual piracies ju/ify ! conclusion t ! m]*ant %ip 0 n improv$ among !m1 b r among ! peoples engag$ 9 a m regul> trade4 ,!re is really1 9 my op9ion1 no cause = a/oni%m5t t ?is developm5t %\ld h tak5 place 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n "p ( ,europe4 ,!re are "s ev5 :o claim t ! vessel 8busse01 g5]ally 9 use dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 came to u f ,norm&y & dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,ith c5tury4 ,9 ord] to support ?is claim1 !y take _! /& on ! fact t ! ^w 8busse0 appe>s fir/ at ab\t ?is "t 9 ! ,*ronicles4 ,j4 ,/e5slup has call$ att5tion to a p ( seam5 call$ ! 8,butsec>las0 7m5tion$ 9 ! old ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicles ( ! ye> #ajff & 9 ! book ( ,flor5t ,wigorni5sis1 dat+ f #ajeb71 :o occupi$ ! coa/s ( ,ha/+ & ,york%ire4 ,?is writ] also calls att5tion to ! second "p ( ! ^w1 :i* belongs to ! ,norse tongue1 :ile ! ^w 8buza0 occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,old ,norse & ! ,old ,sw$i%1 ne> ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 & means a boat ( %>ply curv$ =m4 ,?is ^w1 h[ev]1 is ( ,romana orig93 x corresponds1 s x said1 to ! ,old ,fr5* buse or buce 7dat+ f ab\t #ajhj72 h5ce x is consid]$ t ! vessel 8buce0 is orig9ally f ,norm&y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be s sure4 ,x has be5 %[n1 z a matt] ( fact1 t ! same %apes ( %ips h be5 pres]v$ = ages ev5 ?\gh "u o!r names4 ,! fact t ! ^w buse is us$ = ! fir/ "t ab\t ! ye> #ajej is1 !re=e1 no pro( t ! type ( vessel 9 "q only appe>$ at ?is "t4 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ! type "u consid]ation 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 b t x 0 nam$ buse or buze 9 ,norm&y only t[>d #ajej &1 probably1 aft] hav+ und]gone a few unimportant *anges4 ,%ipbuild+ 0 import$ f ! ,baltic into ! ,ne!rl&s by ! mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,frisians & ! ,saxons1 :o !n develop$ x aside f any =eign influ5ce4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! quotation f ,wits51 :i* appe>s on page #dg ( 8 well kn[n "w1 becomes really important3 ,de ,vriez5 komt de l( toe van de h]/elde s*eepsb\w 9 ,n$]l&1 zoo de mee/e s*ryv]s will5#g4 ,! "q is1 inde$1 t ( a developm5t ( its own 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n "p ( ,europe2 ! special & id5tical =ms1 /ill f\nd to-day1 to a great ext5t1 f ,d5m>k to ,belgium1 are suffici5t pro( ( ! fact4 ,?is is :y ! ,baltic may be spok5 ( broadly z ! ,nor!rn c5tre1 9 opposition to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea z ! ,s\!rn c5tre4 ,! developm5t ( %ipbuild+ _h ?is ,nor!rn c5tre z its />t+ po9t & f9ally rea*$ its highe/ m>k 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,france & ,engl& came lat]4 ,! art ( %ipbuild+ spread gradually ?r\gh ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* cont9u$ to g =w>d until ! "t :5 ,france dom9at$ all by ! cont95tal blockade4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #gb ,let u return n[ to ! types ( %ips4 ,x has be5 said1 t sev]al boats ( ! ,vik+s h be5 f\nd4 ,"o1 especially1 0 discov]$ at ,haug5 9 #ahfg1 & ano!r at ,gok/ad 9 #ahhj4 ,be=e t1 9 #ahfe1 ?ree _h already be5 f\nd 9 ,jutl& ?ree specim5s :i* seem$ to date f ! ,v? c5tury4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! 0 #gj feet long4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #gd ,a ,vik+ vessel 0 also discov]$ at ,*>buw1 ne> ,pomm]54 ,! la/ discov]y 0 made 9 ! suburbs ( ,ox5b]g1 ne> ,*ri/ianiafjord1 ,norway1 9 #aijd4 ,all ^! boats are = o>s2 /ill sails c\ld be us$1 !y be+ atta*$ to ! ma/ put up 9 ! c5tre ( ! vessel4 ,consid]+ _! beam1 ^! %ips are n s long z ! vessels = o>s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 9 fact1 _! bread? is to _! l5g? z #a3e4 ,!y are full ne> ! middle & become n>r[] at ! b[ & /]n4 ,! /em & ! /]npo/1 :i* are bo? curv$1 rise v high above ! wat]4 ,an o> atta*$ to ! /]n 0 us$ z a rudd]4 ,_! con/ruction diff]$ also f t ( ! ,m$it]ranean vessels2 "h1 only %ips hav+ smoo? sides are met )1 :]eas ! ,vik+ boats are cl9k] built4 ,! 8,gok/ad0 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( ?is type4 ,holmes has describ$ x 9 detail1 9 8 f9e "w ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,%ips1 pp4 #ee et seq4 ,?is vessel is #gg feet & #aa in*es long1 #af feet & #g in*es broad & #e feet & #i in*es deep2 x is also cl9k] built & rivett$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #gf ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #hj ,turn+ n[ t[>d ,norway1 let ! fi%+ boats /ill 9 use !re to-day be consid]$2 ! resemblance ( ^! boats to ! ,vik+ %ip w be f\nd /rik+ bo? 9 %ape & /ructure4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ,holmes say 7p4 #fj73 8,su* an in/ance ( p]si/5cy 9 type is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( %ipbuild+04 ,x has be5 se5 t ?is fact occurs n only 9 ,norway b among all nations4 ,!re is no?+ to cause a/oni%m5t 9 aga9 f9d+ ! mo/ anci5t models 9 fi%+ boats4 ,no class is m cons]vative ?an are fi%]m51 :o build _! b>ks z _! =efa!rs did & on :om necessity alone c =ce new =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ajc ,aside f ! specim5s discov]$ 9 ! ,nor?1 little is left ( ! olde/ types ( %ips4 ,!re is no?+ left ( !m save a few vague descriptions & imp]fect reproductions4 ,9 ?is ord] ( ideas1 ! coat ( arms ( ! city ( ,am/]dam is ! be/ kn[n docum5t :i* ! ,ne!rl&s supplies4 ,wits5's "w conta9s1 on page #cfb1 sev]al reproductions ( ^! arms dat+ f diff]5t epo*s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aab ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aje ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aaj ,holmes reproduces1 besides1 ! %ips :i* figure on an old ,bayeux tape/ry 7#ajff71 z well z ! 8,s&wi* ,seal0 ( #abch1 ! 8,dov] ,seal0 ( #abhd & ! 8,pool ,seal0 ( #acbe 7pp4 #fg & #fh74 ,^! ?ree seals agree ) ! olde/ ( ! arms ( ,am/]dam & ! %ip :i* !y c>ry is1 9 e respect1 simil> to t ( ! said city4 ,too mu* importance _c be atta*$1 h[ev]1 to ?is detail1 because1 j z ! lion ( h]aldry is v little l a real lion1 x is to be suppos$ t ! h]aldic %ip is n a fai?ful reproduction ( ! real type4 ,! old illu/rat$ ,bible ( #abjj-abbj1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,! ,hague1 & :i* seems to h come f ,nor!rn ,france1 conta9s also a rem>kable reproduction2 ! type ( boat :i* x gives is also l ! prec$+ ones4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aab ,! id5tity ( all ^! figures all[s x to be suppos$ t a s+le type ( %ip rul$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe2 :ile ! cle>ly po9t$ out timb]s ( ! plank+ %[s cl9k] built "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #gh ,! reproduction ( ! ,bayeux tape/ry %[s1 besides1 t ! sail 0 v e>ly 9 use2 ! pilot ( "o ( ! %ips %[n !re holds ! %eet 9 8 h&4 ,besides--& ?is fact is wor?y ( notice--^! vessels all h s5sibly v]tical /ems & /]npo/s1 j z !y are /ill f\nd 9 our times on a few ,norwegian fi%+ boats4 ,! 8cog01 ! vessel 9 ! arms ( ,am/]dam1 is a v well kn[n m$ival type1 ( :i* ! importance becomes m>k$ 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe f & aft] ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 :5 ! ,hanse t[ns & ! ,frisians improv$ x greatly4 ,?is %ip1 :i* 0 v broad = its l5g?1 0 h>d to bo>d1 :5ce its usefulness 9 "t ( w>4 ,! 8cog0 seems to date back fur!r ?an ! in/itution ( ! ,hanseatic league 7#abej7 judg+ by ! fact t its "n 0 kn[n well be=e ?is date4 ,?us1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,ne!rl&s _h to equip sev]al cogs :]e) to fight ! invasions ( ! ,norsem5 7#haj-ajaj74 ,x 0 ! application ( ! feudal sy/em to navigation4 7,see ,la ,croix1 p4 #hh47 ,x is kn[n t ?is policy 0 f9ally e/abli%$ "u ,*>lemagne :o subjugat$ ! ,frisians 9 #ghe & ! ,saxons 9 #hjd4 7,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 de ,jonge1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,navy ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #f47 ,x is ne$less to say t ev]y?+ 0 soon put to "w to escape x4 ,a *>t] ( ! ,roman ,k+ ,o?o ,i 7#icf-igc7 calls = a t5? ( a 8cog0 7,kogs*ult7 ( :i* ! product came to ! bi%op ( ,utre*t4 ,x 0 ! commutation = ! obligation to s]ve ! pr9ce ) cogs4 ,?is obligation seems1 9 pr9ciple1 to h /ruck m especially ! c\ntries ly+ along ! pres5t ,zuyd] ,zee4 7,mr4 de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #g47 ,! 8cog0 only appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ,g]many 9 #abaa1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,iv all[$ ! inhabitants ( ,wism> to ma9ta9 two 8cogs0 7,cogk571 & z _m small vessels z !y desir$4 ,!re are "s :o claim t ! ^w cog1 8,kuggr0 9 old ,norse1 comes f ! ,italian 8cocca01 ! ,spani% 8coca0 or ! old ,fr5* 8co*e0 &1 consequ5tly1 !y believe t ! ^w is ( ,romance orig94 ,?is does n seem likely2 ! 8cog0 is a type ( vessel copi$ f ! old ,vik+ boat & adapt$ to ! special conditions ( ! navigable highways 9 ! l[ l&s ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,europe4 ,h5ce x 0 robu/ & full to facilitate gr\nd+4 ,9 reality1 ! 8cog0 0 unkn[n 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 ?is foll[s f :at ! ,flor5t9e hi/orian ,villani relates 9 connection ) ! battle ( ,zi]ikzee4 ,if ?is vessel _h be5 a ,m$it]ranean type1 ! au?or w\ld n h direct$ especial att5tion to ?is =m ( %ip4 ,h5ce ! 8cog0 really belongs to ,nor!rn ,europe & owes its p]fect+ to ! ,frisians & mo/ ( all to ! ,flem+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ajc ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ig ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ih ,! 8cog0 0 g5]ally 9 use 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury & x may be assum$ t ! ,norsem5 already knew x 9 ! "t ( ! ,vik+s4 ,un=tunately1 v little conc]n+ x has come d[n to u4 ,! olde/ reproductions :i* we possess are ^? ( ! seals ( ,am/]dam & ,h>d]wijk4 ,b ! %ip :i* figures 9 ! arms ( ! =m] city has und]gone _m *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages4 ,wits5 says t x is an ill drawn figure & he imputes ?is defective "w to ! ignorance ( ! engrav]s4 7,wits51 p4 #cfc47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ajh ,! arms ( ,h>d]wijk agree ) ^? ( ,damme 7,jal1 ,gloss4 nautique1 p4 #ajea72 !re is no d\bt t ! two seals %[ ! same %ip 7! only diff]5ce be+ t ! ,damme boat c>ries two t[]s74 ,if !n ! ,h>d]wijk %ip repres5ts a 8cog01 z is claim$ by ,wits5 7p4 #cfd1 #b;d column71 ! same mu/ be ! case ) ! "o ( ,damme4 ,9 s f> z ! ,am/]dam seals are conc]n$1 ,wits5 fur!r rem>ks1 t ! olde/ c\ld n date be=e ! ye> #abjj1 z ,am/]dam did n rank z a city be=e t "t4 ,he adds t x is cle>ly se5 f ^! arms 8hoe het met de b\w]y d] ,kogs*ep5 oul9x heeft ge/a5 en hoe ha] ge/alte /e$s is v]&]d met d5 tyt1 gelyck m5 ook h$5s-daegs 7dus t5 tyde van di5 s*ryv]7 de ge/alt5 d] s*ep5 /e$s v]&]n ziet0 7bl4 #cfd47h4 ,! cogs 7 cl9k] built4 ,mo/ ( ! reproductions %[ only a r\nd$ b[4 ,x c !re=e be d$uc$ t ! boat :i* appe>s 9 ! arms ( ,h>d]wijk is a v>iation ( ! ord9>y 8cog04 ,x %\ld be notic$ t all ! old types ( ,dut* %ips %[1 l ! 8cog01 a slightly r\nd$ b[ ) no beak4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #abd etc4 ,al?\gh ! old ,flemi% engrav+s ( ! ,x,vth c5tury %[ diff]5t types ( %ips1 x is to be rem>k$ t none ( ^! latt] is call$ a 8cog04 ,/ill all ^! engrav+s %[ ?ick-set boats1 ) a r\nd$ b[1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 d]iv$ f ! 8cogs0 :i* h be5 sc>cely *ang$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aij ,!re is ev5 a reproduction :i* dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury & :i* %[s a ,zeel& 8cog04 ,! b[ & /]n seem !re to be id5tical 9 %ape2 x is to be assum$ h[ev]1 judg+ by ! position ( ! ma/ :i* is at ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! %ip abaft ! /em1 t ! b[ 0 full] ?an ! /]n4 ,! /em is curv$ z is also ! /]npo/2 ! till] passes ?r\gh a /atie#i4 ,! ma/ rakes a great deal1 z 0 requir$ by ! use ( ! old sprits2 ! vessel is also provid$ ) lee-bo>ds4 ,! reproduction does n %[ cle>ly :e!r ! hull is cl9k] built4 ,x is v possible t ! sides 7 c>vel built1 because ?is /yle ( "w 0 already 9 use at t "t4 ,! boat has no 8arcasse0#aj2 ! hold is cov]$ ) convex hat* cov]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aae ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aaf ,?is ,zeel& 8cog0 is d]iv$1 d\btless1 f ! primitive 8cog04 ,let u suppose ?is vessel z hav+ a little full] ends2 z hav+ ! ma/ 9 ! middle2 z hav+ a /e]+ o> in/ead ( a rudd]2 ! lee-bo>ds suppress$ & a cl9k]-built hull2 we %all h an idea ( ! 8cog04 ,?is be+ s1 ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( our 8bom0 becomes m important2 ?is latt] boat1 z is well kn[n1 has be5 greatly enl>g$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury & has ga9$ fullness at ! ends s z to increase its capacity4 ,?is is noticeable :5 ! b[ ( a 8bom0 is comp>$ ) t ( ! boat us$ = cat*+ %rimps4 ,?is latt] has /ill ! old r\nd$ =ms & is n s wide 9 proportion to its l5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aab ,let u suppose !n t ! 8bom0 is less squ>e at its ends1 high] at b[ & /]n1 t is to say3 hav+ a little m %e]1 l ! boats ( =m] times2 !re w be _h a vessel :i*1 ) its cl9k] built sides1 w diff] little f ! old 8cog01 /ill met ) z a r>ity 9 our fleet ( fi%+ boats4 ,*ang$ 9 ?is way1 ! 8bom0 no long] diff]s s mu* f ! 8,egmond]p9k0 reproduc$ & describ$ by ,wits5 7p4 #afh72 x might ev5 be conclud$ t x desc5ds !refrom4 ,x c be und]/ood f ?is h[ x is1 ev5 9 our days1 t ! 8bomm50 are (t5 call$ 8p9k504 ,?us a picture1 9 ! t[n ,museum ( ,! ,hague1 %[s ! bea* at ,s*ev5+ cov]$1 n ) 8bomm50 b ) 8,egmond]p9k504 ,?is subject w be tak5 up aga9 9 speak+ ( fi%+ boats4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bdc ,! %rimp fi%+ boats h be5 less *ang$2 consequ5tly1 aside f ! c\nt] :i* 0 add$ lat]1 !y diff]$ less f ! 8,egmond]p9k0 :i*1 f9ally1 are f\nd aga9 almo/ complete 9 ! ,o/5d fi%+ boats1 z ,lelong has po9t$ out 9 8 ,encyclop$ia ( ,naval ,ar*itecture1 p4 #ag4 ,! 8bomm50 7 /ill able 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury to r5d] good s]vice z coa/ gu>ds4 ,!re is no?+ to prove t !y exi/$ 9 ,wits5's "t2 ! contr>y is m likely1 z ?is au?or does n m5tion !m4 ,he m]ely says t1 beside ! 8,egmond]p9k501 o!r & mu* small] fi%+ boats 7 se5 on ! bea* & t !y c>ri$ only =e & aft sails4 ,if ^! boats _h diff]$ mu* 9 %ape f ! 8p9k501 x is to be believ$ t m5tion ( ! fact w\ld h be5 made4 7,see ,wits51 p4 #afh1 #b;d column47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahg ,! arti/ :o reproduc$ ! ,zeel& 8cog0 has left also ! draw+ ( a 8,doghboot0 :i* also came f ,zeel& 7,wits51 p4 #agj1 #b;d col47 & :i* resembl$ v mu* ?is 8cog04 ,! /em is a little long]1 ! 8/atie0 is n clos$ & ! vessel has no convex hat* cov]s4 ,! rig only diff]s entirely f t ( ! 8p9k0 & ev]y?+ leads to ! belief t ?is k9d ( boat came f ! ,s\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahi ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahh ,! same arti/ gives a figure ( a 8,heude0 or 8,heu0 f ,brabant1 :i* might be call$ a small ,zeel& 8cog04 ,/ill1 !re appe> to h be5 l>g] 8,heudes01 judg+ by ! ,brussels 8,heu0 :i* 0 a vessel c>ry+ two pieces ( artill]y1 b ( :i* ! reproduction does n give ! means = det]m9+ ! %ape ( ! %ip4 ,x w be well to note "h t great circumspection %\ld be us$ 9 ! matt] ( ^! diff]5t names adopt$ to designate su* or su* vessel4 ,^! names h be5 ! cause ( mu* confusion1 an example ( :i* is (f]$ by ! fam\s discussion :i* took place at ,gron+51 9 #aijb-aijc1 z to ! "q ( kn[+ :at a 8pram0 04 ,! crusades1 :i* began 9 #ajif1 contribut$ l>gely t[>d p]fect+ ! %ip4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! inv5tion ( ! compass 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury 7,holmes1 p4 #ff74 ,comm]ce & navigation rose high] & high]4 ,already 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 ,damme became ! w>e h\se ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,italy1 ,spa9 & ,france br\ght _! products !re4 ,! old m>itime cu/oms ( ,damme s]v$ lat] z ! basis ( m>itime law 9 ,holl&1 ,nor!rn ,g]many 7,m4 ,ko551 p4 #ej71 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k4 ,! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury saw comm]cial treaties conclud$ ) ! ,hanseatic cities &1 9 #abeb1 t>iffs 7 fix$ 7,m4 ,ko5574 8,losbog51 s*>poise1 e5v>50 7boats ) high sides7 & 8hekboot50 are 9 "q 9 ^! t>iffs2 & ^! names are also f\nd 9 an act made betwe5 ! ,lords ( ,kuyck & ( ,dordre*t to settle a difficulty conc]n+ ! city duties at ! =m] ( ^! t[ns4 ,among ! 8losbog501 are f\nd ! boats :i* 7 unload$ at ! b[ or 8booge01 z is /ill done ) vessels :i* c>ry wood4 ,! boats us$ on ! ,sc>p1 a tribut>y ( ! ,s*eldt1 are plac$ among ! 8s*>poises or ex>poises04 ,! 8e5v>50 7 boats h&l$ by a s+le boatman1 & ! 8hekboot50 7 boats :i* _h a squ>e /]n4 ,^! few d5om9ations suffice to prove t1 ev5 at s e>ly a p]iod1 !re 7 diff]5t k9ds ( boats & t alongside ( ! 8cog0 !re 7 o!r vessels ( small] size4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! 8cog0 0 guid$ by o>s1 z 7 o!r %ips2 ?is me?od 0 ab&on$ gradually 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury & ! /e]+ o> gave place to ! rudd]4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e1 = ,holl&1 ! "t :5 ?is *ange occurr$2 ! v>i\s coats ( arms ( ,am/]dam c ?r[ no light on ?is subject4 ,! %ip1 on _m ( !m1 has no rudd]1 symbolical1 d\btless ( ! fact t p c\ld sail = all p>ts ( ! globe 7,wits51 p4 #fcd71 & t vessels />t$ f ,am/]dam b\nd to all ! c\ntries ^u e>?4 ,x is to be assum$1 nev]!less1 t x 0 also 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury t ! rudd] 0 introduc$ into ,holl&4 ,"s p]sons h tri$ to make out t !re 0 a c]ta9 connection betwe5 ! adoption ( ! compass & t ( ! rudd]2 ?is latt] became =c$1 !y say1 :51 ?anks to ! compass1 m & m di/ant exp$itions c\ld be und]tak54 ,= my "p1 ,i d n ?9k t !re c be ! slighte/ connection betwe5 ! two ev5ts2 ! ,norsem51 9 fact1 cross$ ! ,nor? ,sea be=e ! rudd] 0 kn[n4 ,! olde/ reproductions ( ! 8cog01 h[ev] primitive !y may be1 h a ma/ ) ! sails & rigg+ ( ! boat at ! c5tre4 ,i "k ( no reproduction %[+ o>s4 ,h5ce x c be d$uc$ t ! sails & rigg+ =m$ ! ma9 outfit & t ! o>s1 ( :i* ! numb]1 ev5 on ! l>ge/ 8cogs01 0 limit$ to a maximum ( #cb1 or #af on ea* side1 7 us$ only 9 calm wea!r4 ,?is is :at is done at ! pres5t "t = vessels ( less importance1 su* z ! 8hoys04 ,h5ce ! o>s 7 only an accessory1 ! rev]se ( :at 0 se5 = ! galleys1 :]e ! o>s 7 ! ma9 feature & ! sails & rigg+ 7 second>y4 ,t is :y1 contr>y to :at is se5 = ! 8cog01 no reproduction ( a galley )\t o>s has be5 met )4 ,x is !re=e wrong t ! "n ( galleys %\ld be giv5 sometimes to 8cogs04 ,! =m] 7 nev] implant$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,mr4 de ,jonge has already po9t$ out ! inaccuracy ( ! passage ( ! ,annexes ( ,wag5a>1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ej1 :]e t au?or relates t ! elev5 hundr$ %ips s5t aga9/ ,antw]p by ,c\nt ,william ,,iii 7 almo/ exclusively galleys4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a "q ( galleys 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 b x is n a "q ( ! ,m$it]ranean type4 ,_! numb] 0 limit$ & !y 7 us$ only on riv]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ade ,an engrav+ :i* dates f ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 & %[s ! ,s*eldt 9 front ( ,antw]p1 z well z a view ( ,g\da1 %[s boats ( ?is k9d4 ,^! galleys 7 only l>ge r[boats1 a little long] ?an ! ord9>y ones 7de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hj7 & c>ri$ only #cb o>s at ! mo/4 ,! l>ge/ ,ne!rl&s galley belong$ to ! gu>d ( ,am/]dam & 0 call$ ! ,t]ror ( ! ,zuyd] zee4 ,^? :i* 7 us$ 9 naval battles come f ! ,s\?4 ,any "o :o kn[s ! national "* ( ! ,dut* w n be a/oni%$ at see+ t ! galley _h no success 9 ,holl&4 ,! trade ( ! galley slave 0 consid]$ too vile & no volunte] r[]s 7 to be f\nd2 fur!rmore slav]y did n exi/ & s]fdom _h be5 e>ly suppress$4 7,wits51 p4 #aid1 col4 #a47 ,h[ev]1 ! cogs did n conf9e !mselves to ! simple =ms :i* h be5 sket*$4 ,! con/ant w>s1 :i* br\ght out ! =tifi$ ca/les ( ! ,middle ,ages1 soon l$ to ! con/ruction on ! sea ( /ructures ( ! same sort1 & gradually !re 7 se5 to develope among u also ! t[]s :i* arose at ! b[ & /]n ( ! %ips4 ,! seals ( ,am/]dam give a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is4 ,milit>y tactics 7 n )\t _! influ5ce on ?is way ( build+ vessels4 ,! crusades & ! subsequ5t relations ) ! peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 among :om ! practice ( ca/les 0 kn[n1 made u famili> ) ^! sup]elevat$ con/ructions4 ,if1 9 a fir/ enc\nt]1 ! enemy's vessel c\ld n be sunk1 x 0 bo>d$ s z to br+ ab\t a h& to h& fight4 ,! conqu]or 0 !n he :o _h at h& ! mo/ robu/ %ips & :o c\ld place himself suffici5tly high up to let fly 8 arr[s at ! enemy4 ,no?+ 0 m natural1 !n1 ?an to imitate on %ips ! =tifi$ ca/les ) _! cr5elat$ t[]s4 ,if ! enemy succe$$ 9 bo>d+ ! %ip1 ! def5se )drew to ! ca/les4 ,!re %\ld be no cause = a/oni%m5t !re=e at f9d+ ! old tops on ! ma/s & at le>n+ t ev5 ! boats 7 hoi/$ !re 9 ord] m surely to cru% ! adv]s>y "u a %[] ( arr[s & /ones 7,mr4 de ,jonge1 p4 #bj74 ,x c be conceiv$ t ! movable ca/les %\ld n h answ]$ to expectations &1 !re=e1 t an arrangem5t 0 soon rea*$ to make b a s+le body ( ! ca/le & ! %ip1 & !nce to raise ! b[ & ! /]n4 ,portugal & ,spa91 imitat+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 _h ! />t ( u 9 con/ruct+ ca/les4 ,?us ! vessel ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury is se5 to develope gradually & we c und]/& h[ ! int]m$iate l[ "p betwe5 ! =w>d & aft] ca/les %\ld p]si/4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! deck did n exi/ 9 ! c5tral "p4 ,!n1 9 ord] to protect ?is la/ aga9/ /ones & o!r projectiles1 x 0 cov]$ ) a wood5 lattice 7,see1 among o!rs1 ,wits51 p4 #ea1 col4 #b71 :ile its sides 7 furni%$ ) loopholes cov]$ ) pewt]1 to make x m difficult to scale 9 case ( bo>d+4 ,! ,engli% seals1 m f9ely & m arti/ically engrav$ ?an ours1 give an excell5t idea ( ! progressive developm5t ( ! ca/les4 ,five ( !m %[ ! sides ( ! %ips z cl9k] built1 :ile ! seal ( ! city ( ,poole makes ! rivets really visible4 ,! ca/les are s cle>ly %[n 9 _! successive phases ( developm5t1 t any explanation is unnecess>y4 ,! /e]+ o>1 :i* is se5 on ! olde/ seal1 is replac$ by a rudd] on ! o!rs4 ,! ,bo/on seal %[s a well turn$ out ?ree-ma/$ vessel ) smoo? sides4 ,all ! seals1 save ?is la/1 %[ ! =ms ( 8cogs01 :i* proves once m ! id5tity ( ! types ( %ips ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,europe4 7,holmes /ates1 on page #gj ( 8 "w1 t ! ,poole seal gives ! olde/ ,engli% reproduction ( a %ip ) a rudd]1 #acbe47 ,z has be5 said already1 ! adoption ( ! compass 0 ! signal = cutt+ loose f ! coa/ & = und]tak+ m di/ant voyages4 ,we le>n1 especially 9 ! ,reyg]sb]gh ,*ronijk van ,zeelant 7publi%$ by ,bos*horn7 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bab1 t ab\t #addj1 :5 ! use ( ! compass _h sc>cely become g5]al1 ! ,zeel&]s work$ m & m t[>d ! ,s\?1 mak+ t[>d ,portugal & ,spa94 ,be=e !n1 ^! c\ntries seem$ s f> away t1 :5 />t+ on a voyage ?i!r1 ! seam5 w5t to confession & ! ,holy ,sacram5ts 7 receiv$4 ,at ! same "t ) ! inv5tion ( ! compass1 ano!r ev5t came to produce a great influ5ce on %ipbuild+2 x 0 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ) ! consequ5t adoption ( artill]y4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s speaks = ! fir/ "t ( ! use ( artill]y 9 connection ) ! exp$ition ( ,duke ,alb]t aga9/ ! ,frisians 9 #acif4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 us$ at ! siege ( ! ca/le ( ,roz5burg-lez-,voors*ot51 9 #acea 7,m4 de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bh74 ,cannon 7 n us$ ei!r at ! battle ( ! ,sluis or 9 ! m>itime exp$itions ( ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,b !y 7 9 g5]al use on bo>d %ip 9 ! ,x,i,vth c5tury4 7,holmes1 p4 #ga47 ,! ,g5oese & ! ,v5etians 9 ! ,s\?1 & ! ,hanseatic cities 9 ! ,nor?1 :o 7 ! ma/]s ( all peoples 9 comm]ce & navigation1 7 ! fir/ to adopt !m4 7,m4 de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bi47 ,x 0 natural t artill]y %\ld modify w> tactics & x c be said t ! milit>y value ( %ips dep5d$ on ! numb] ( guns :i* !y c>ri$4 ,f9ally1 %ips 7 built exclusively = w>1 & ! practice ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* 0 to utilize m]*antm5 = ?is purpose1 mu/ ne$s be ab&on$4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces did n decide at once to build special %ips4 ,h5ce ! dim5sions ( exi/+ types _h to be increas$1 9 ord] t a l>g] numb] ( guns c\ld be m\nt$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 sea-go+ %ips & inl& vessels became m & m m>k$4 ,! w> %ip 0 evid5tly ! "o :i* dep>t$ ! mo/ f ! old =ms1 = ! reason t x _h to und]go e *ange :i* _h be5 advantage\sly adopt$ by ! enemy4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ade ,! e>lie/ guns 7 n greatly to be fe>$4 ,! pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! cov]+s ( /at]ooms & ca/les 7 slop$1 l ro(s1 s z to make ! bombs ?r[n by ! foe roll (f m easily4 ,! "n ( cog disappe>s z %ips increase 9 size4 ,! vessels met ) are g5]ally call$ 8,hulk50 & 8,ba]tz50 t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,i,vth & dur+ ! ,x,vth c5turies2 &1 aft] all1 says ,wits51 !y are only types ( %ips =m]ly 9 use 9 our c\ntry4 ,! 8,hulk01 he adds1 ! l>g] ( ! two1 us$ to sail = di/ant l&s2 its capacity 0 z great1 sometimes1 z #bjj la/s4 7,wits51 p4 #did1 col4 #b47 ,! 8,ba]tze0 0 a %ip equipp$ z mu* = coa/ def5se z = w> at sea4 ,9 #aeah1 !re 7 built a v l>ge numb] ( !m :i* ran "u sail1 b :i* c\ld be mov$ by o>s 9 calm wea!r4 7,wits51 p4 #dhc1 col4 #a47 ,h5ce ^! two types 7 m]*antm51 ! 8,ba]tze0 especially be+ us$ = w>4 ,_! equipm5t includ$ o>s too1 :i* 7 us$ :5 ! w9d fail$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #abd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aca ,nor did ! ,x,vth c5tury1 itself1 see any %ips built exclusively = w>4 ,?is c5tury has left u "s v beautiful reproductions ( ,flemi% orig9 7,see1 ,d] ,mei/] ,w4 ,a4 ( ,max ,lehr1 #ahie1 p4 #a71 on ?ree ( :i* appe> ! names ( 8,ba]tze01 8,b>ge0 & 8,kraeck04 ,! %ips %[n !re h ! same *>act]i/ics & diff] f ea* o!r only 9 _! rig4 ,x is se5 t !y are bluff-b[$ & t _! b[ is r\nd$ z is also _! /]n4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #abg ,aside f ! 8,kraeck0 none ( ^! vessels c>ries artill]y3 all h1 h[ev]1 a ca/le1 /ill ( q simple con/ruction1 at b[ & /]n4 ,! 8,kraeck0 alone 0 suppli$ lat] ) w9d[s 9 ! /]n above ! gall]y4 ,!n too1 9 ^! reproductions1 all ! ca/les1 except ^? ( ! 8,kraeck01 h no ro(4 ,?is la/ vessel is ! l>ge/1 beyond d\bt2 its v "n br+s at once to m9d a type ( %ip ( :i* ! size & ! /rong con/ruction seem to f9d _! orig9 9 ! ,spani% 8,c>ack01 :5ce ! "n ( 8,kraeck04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #fd ,! =m ( ?is vessel sc>cely diff]s1 h[ev]1 f t ( ! o!rs2 ! b[ especially approa*es r ! ,dut* type ?an ! type ( ! ,spani% c>ack or ( ! galleon 7comp>e ! figure reproduc$ 9 ,van ,yk's "w1 p4 #i74 ,h5ce x may be suppos$ t ! 8,kraeck0 %\ld h diff]$ f o!r vessels only by l>g] ca/les1 /rong] rig & increas$ size4 ,! 8,b>ge0 & ! 8,ba]tze0 give1 ) vessels %[n on o!r reproductions1 an idea ( ! ,dut* %ip ( ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,no 8,hulk50 are met ) among ^! vessels2 !y 7 cl9k] built 7,wits51 p4 #dif1 col4 #a1 ,c>avelle71 :ile all ! reproductions "u consid]ation %[ only %ips ) smoo? sides4 ,besides ! 8,hulk501 !re 7 8,razeil]s0 & 8,kray]s0 :i* _h also cl9k] built sides4 ,"h1 !n1 is f\nd ! old way ( build+ 8cogs01 & x may be /at$ t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( vessels :i* owe _! orig9 to ?is type ( %ip1 & only h a diff]5t "n because ( c]ta9 *anges ( detail 9 ! matt] ( _! rig or ! con/ruction ( _! ca/les4 ,a ,flemi% m9iature ( ! ,x,vth c5tury gives a v rem>kable reproduction ( a vessel ( ! "t4 ,a 8cog0 ) ov]lapp+ planks is se5 "h4 ,9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ?is %ip has ?ree ma/s ) tops1 a ca/le at b[ & /]n1 & guns2 !re are no gun-ports4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aah ,! 8cogs0 :i* 7 9 use 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 7 replac$ 9 ! ,x,i,vth by ! 8,kray]s0 & 8,hulk50 :i* _h to give way1 9 _! turn 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury1 to ! 8,b>ges01 8,ba]tz50 etc4 ,! cl9k] built sides ( l>ge %ips only disappe>$ 9 ?is la/ c5tury1 to give room to ! smoo? sides1 a mode ( con/ruction :i* took root ) u z ! result ( our relations ) ! peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,an old ,record ( ,hoorn1 writt5 by ,d4 ,velius1 relates t ! c>vel built side 0 fir/ appli$ by 8,juliaan0 at ,zi]ikzee1 & adopt$ at ,hoorn 9 #adfj4 ,! %ips built 9 ?is way 7 call$ 8,k>viel01 8,kraweel0 or 8,k>veel0 7,wits51 p4 #dif1 col4 #a7 & _! type1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 w\ld seem to h be5 copi$ f ! ,lat9 vessel 8,c>abus04 ,m4 de ,jonge1 on 8 side 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #gi1 note7 rem>ks t 8,juliaan0 might well h be5 an ,italian4 ,wits5 gives ( ^! 8,k>viel0 a description :i* is well wor?y ( att5tion3 ^! vessels 7 r n>r[ at ! b[1 broad] at ! /]n1 ?us hav+ ! %ape ( a *isel4 ,9 o!r words1 _! l9es 7 f9]1 :]e9 !y diff]$ f ! types ( %ips us$ 9 ,holl&4 ,h5ce we seem to h be=e u n only a giv5 mode ( con/ruction1 b also a well det]m9$ type :i* has come f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,jal1 9 8 ,glossaire ,nautique1 pp4 #dai-dbj1 tells u1 z to t1 t c>avels 7 already to be f\nd on ! ,m$it]ranean 9 #acjg2 _! dim5sions 71 h[ev]1 small] ?an ^? ( ! %ips us$ by ,vasco da ,gama & ,columbus4 ,"h is :at ?is au?or says ab\t ?is /yle ( vessel3 8,! c>avel 0 a small %ip ( ! family ( r\nd-/]n vessels b ) f9] l9es ?an ! nefs ( its "t & m sl5d] =w>d4 ,x 0 also fa/]1 m h&y & bett] fitt$ = all exp$itions :]e spe$ 9 go+ ahead & great quickness 9 com+ ab\t 7 requir$40 ,^! c>avels dit n rema9 9 use to act z 8,kraecks02 b ) ?is vessel we rea* ! "t :5 ! reciprocal influ5ce ( ! two c5tres beg9s to be felt4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aai ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aag ,two exi/+ ,flemi% m9iatures %[ cle>ly ! diff]5ce :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,dut* type & ! =eign type2 !y date f #adhb & #adhh respectively4 ,! fir/ is ! picture ( ! true type ( ! ,dut* vessel2 ! second %[s a =eign %ip4 ,on ! fir/1 ! vessel is repres5t$ ) smoo? sides2 !re=e ?is sy/em ( con/ruction 0 adopt$ among u 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,! vessels are n yet made ) a squ>e /]n1 h[ev]2 _! /]n be+ /ill r\nd 9 accordance ) ! anci5t way4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !y 7 ( small size1 & our pres5t sea 8hoys0 c\ld h be5 comp>$ ) !m 9 ?is respect4 ,!y _h a capacity ( #afj1 #ahj & #bjj tonnes1 or #hj1 #ij & #ajj 8la/s04 ,nev]!less1 !re 7 also "s ( #bbj1 #bcj & #bdj tonnes1 or1 #aaj1 #aae & #abj la/s4 7,m4 de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hj47 ,! 8,k>viel50 & ! 8,kraeck50 disappe> 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury &1 at ?is "t1 no m types :i* diff] f ! ord9>y ,holl& type are met )4 ,h5ce x c be ma9ta9$ t ! 8,k>viel50 & 8,kraeck50 did n succe$ 9 tak+ root ) u4 ,x w be se51 on ! contr>y t ! full-b[$ vessels came m & m into use4 ,! "n ( 8cog0 01 !re=e1 no long] 9 use 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,nev]!less ?is type ( vessel cont9u$ to exi/4 ,! 8cog0 gave bir? to ! 8,hulk50 & ^! latt] to ! 8,ba]tz504 ,al?\gh modifi$1 ! fir/ =m1 t ( ! full-b[$ %ip1 rema9$ 9 use4 ,"o s+le *>act]i/ic disappe>$3 t ( ! sl5d] b[s & /]ns ( ! old 8,vik+0 boat :i* are f\nd 9 all ! reproductions kn[n 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,europe1 f ,d5m>k to & includ+ ,engl& & ! ,nor? ( ,france4 ,! rigg+ develop$ 9 its turn3 ! s+le ma/ 0 replac$ by ?ree pole ma/s1 ea* hav+ a top & a s+le l>ge sail4 ,! ropes 7 made /rong] & *annels appe>$ ne> ! end ( ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,! /e]+ o> ( ! old 8cog0 _h long s9ce giv5 place to ! rudd]4 ,x w\ld be incorrect to call 8cogs0 ! vessels repres5t$ by ,ma/] ,w4 ,a41 z ,ar5hold has done 9 8 "w3 ,die allmhl4 ,entwickelung des ,segels*iffes von d] ,rm]zeit bis zur ,zeit d] ,dampf]1 p4 #fej--7;,jahrbu* d] ,s*iffbaute*nis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijf74 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 =ms :i* issue f ! 8cog0 b n new =ms develop$ alongside ( anci5t =ms4 ,if hi/ory be consult$1 !re w be no cause = surprise at see+ ! effects ( ! contact ( ! two ,c5tres appe> exactly 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,! ,crusades 7#ajif-abia71 :i* br\ght ! nations v mu* toge!r1 _h come to an end4 ,! alliance ( ! ,hanseatic cities1 conclud$ 9 #abej1 _h caus$ a prodigi\s gr[? ( our trade 9 ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,! ,frisians1 especially1 _h devot$ !mselves to ! art ( %ipbuild+1 b ! ,flem+s w\ld n let !mselves be di/anc$4 ,9 #acci1 !re broke out betwe5 ,france & ,engl& ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' w>1 :i* l$ ! latt] to take up %ipbuild+ mu* m actively ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s actions ( ?is p]iod 0 ! battle ( ! ,sluis 7#acdj71 at :i* ! ,engli% fleet ( two hundr$ %ips1 "u ! comm& ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii1 completely defeat$ ! ,franco-,g5oese fleet4 ,?is latt]1 #aij vessels /rong1 0 compos$ ( bluff-b[$ vessels1 galleys1 b>ges & a l>ge numb] ( small vessels4 ,c]ta9 *ronicl]s claim t x includ$ f\r hundr$ units4 7,holmes1 p4 #ga47 ,! ,engli% lo/ f\r ?\s& m5 9 ?is battle1 & ! ,fr5* & ,g5oese tw5ty-five ?\s&1 :i* leads to ! assumption t ! latt] _h a l>ge numb] ( galleys at _! disposal4 ,9 #acde1 ,edw>d ,,iii came aga9 to ,france at ! head ( a fleet ( #ajjj to #aajj %ips &1 9 #acdg1 a ?ird exp$ition1 hav+ to d ) ! siege ( ,calais1 0 s5t aga9/ ?is c\ntry4 ,holmes relates 7p4 #gb7 t1 = ?is exp$ition1 ! great] "p ( ! fleet1 :i* c\nt$ #gde units & #ae1hie m51 came f ,engl&2 ! o!r vessels 7 furni%$ by ! ,fl&]s & ,spa94 ,! size ( ! crews1 :i* r$uces to #ba m5 p] vessel %[s suffici5tly t ! boats ( ! fleet 7 relatively small4 ,"u ^! conditions1 a pretty exact idea c be _h ( ?is fleet by giv+ a glance at old engrav+s :i* %[ a flotilla ( fi%+ boats1 includ+ "s busses & a few 8,noordva>d]s01 putt+ out to sea4 ,! ca/les :i* %ips c>ri$ at ?is "t 7 small & n set up z a p]man5ce4 ,! m$al /ruck z a commemoration ( ! battle ( ! ,sluis also %[s a 8,cog01 or at lea/ a vessel :i* is exactly l x by its cl9k] built sides4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! type ( vessel %[n 9 ?is reproduction 0 ! "o mo/ widely us$ at ?is p]iod2 s1 once m is %[n ! great aff9ity :i* exi/$ among ! nor!rn nations4 ,milit>y tactics _h =c$ ! peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean &1 lat]1 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 _! imitators1 to increase ! height ( _! %ips4 ,?is is confirm$ by ,holmes 9 ! foll[+ quotation relat+ to ! battle f\ght by ,edw>d ,,iii1 ne> ,w9*elsea1 aga9/ =ty ,spani% %ips3 8,! tactics ( ! ,engli% consi/$ *iefly ( bo>d+1 :ile ! ,spani>ds1 ^: vessels 7 mu* ! high]1 attack$ ) crossb[s & heavy /ones2 ! latt] !y hurl$ f _! fight+ tops into _! adv]s>ies' %ips04 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s also m5tions ?is fact4 ,engl& fir/ made use ( artill]y at sea 9 #acgb2 ! ,m$it]ranean saw x us$ by ! ,g5oese 9 #acgg4 ,%ipbuild+ 0 only develop$ mu* lat] 9 ,france4 ,nev]!less1 !re is pro( t %ips 7 already built !re 9 ! ,x,i,vth c5tury & x appe>s t !y _h cannons on bo>d ev5 9 #acci4 ,/ill1 x 0 only on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean t %ipbuild+ 0 regul>ly c>ri$ on1 "u ! impulse1 x appe>s1 ( ,jean de ,vi5ne1 :o 0 made admiral 9 #acgc4 7,le ,muse de ,m>9e du ,l\vre47 ,x 0 "u ! rule ( ,h5ri ! ,navigator 7#adag7 t %ipbuild+ rea*$ its height 9 ,portugal1 a c\ntry :i* 0 entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,mean:ile1 ! relations ( ! ,ne!rl&s ) ! s\!rn c\ntries _h develop$ rapidly4 ,! clos+ ( ! old r\te to ! ,indies1 :i* l$ ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean & ,asia ,m9or1 br\ght ab\t a complete upsett+ ( ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,new explorations mu/ ne$s be und]tak5 & x is ?us t we read 9 hi/ory t aft] hav+ pu%$ z f> z ,gu9ea ) six c>avels1 9 #addf1 ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s 7 rea*$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,9 #addi1 x 0 ! turn ( ! ,azore ,isl&s &1 9 #adhf1 ,b>?olomeo ,diaz rea*$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,elev5 ye>s lat]1 ?is navigator turn$ ! ,cape & l&$ at ! ,indies ) ?ree vessels1 ! ,san ,gabriel1 ! ,san ,raphael & ! ,bonio4 ,accord+ to exi/+ data1 ! fir/ ( ^! %ips mu/ h _h a capacity ( #djj tons or #bej to #cjj regi/]$ tons4 7,holmes1 p4 #hf47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #fa ,x is useless to dwell long] on ^! episodes ( :i* ! hi/ory is suffici5tly well kn[n & ( :i* ! la/ act 0 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 9 #adib4 ,?is latt] _h at 8 disposal b ?ree small %ips1 al?\gh ,spa9 0 already us+1 at ?is "t1 l>g] vessels4 ,! be/ kn[n & ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree 0 ! 8,santa-,m>ia04 ,?is %ip _h a l5g? ( keel ( #fj4fh feet & a l5g? ov] all ( #abh4be feet ) a total bread? ( #be4ga feet4 ,! ,*icago ,exposition ( #ahic exhibit$ a model ( ?is vessel ( :i* ,holmes's "w gives a reproduction on p4 #he4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica gave rise to ! ?ir/ = gold1 drove ! nations ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,europe to v5ture on ! high seas & oblig$ !m to g actively into %ipbuild+4 ,! rise ( ! ,ne!rl&s !n 0 important2 ! size ( _! %ips grew greatly1 & z f> back z ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 vessels ( #cjj1 #djj1 #ejj & #fjj tons 7 f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 small] vessels cont9u$ to be us$1 9 pref]5ce1 = w> because !y 7 m easily h&l$4 7,see1 among o!rs1 de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ha47 ,aft] #aejj1 our %ipbuild+ became s develop$ t our c\ntry 0 call$ ! %ipy>d ( ,europe4 ,diff]5t f ,portugal1 :]e no?+ has be5 pres]v$1 ! ,ne!rl&s possess a :ole s]ies ( draw+s ( ! ,x,v,ith1 ,x,v,i,ith & ,x,v,i,i,ith c5turies1 :i* enable u to =m a v exact idea ( ! progressive developm5t ( ! %ip4 ,9 ! old reproductions a=em5tion$ ( ,matre ,w4 ,a41 z well z 9 ! ,flemi% m9iatures at h&1 ! =w>d ca/le project$ beyond ! b[1 b x already =ms1 h[ev]1 a compon5t "p ( ! %ip & is fa/5$ to a beam let into ! /em & re/+ on a bracket fa/5$ !reto4 ,?is con/ruction gives to ! /em ! appe>ance ( />t+ upw>d & !n ( fall+ back 9 ! %ape ( an ,s4 ,?is is evid5tly only an illusion4 ,! vessels aft] #aejj become l>g] & ! ca/les ga9 9 importance4 ,! projection ( ! =w>d ca/le1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es gradually & ?is ca/le rea*$ only z f> z ! /em1 by ! middle ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ach ,wits51 9 ! app5dix ( 8 rem>kable "w 7pp4 #h & #aj71 gives a f9e model ( a %ip at ! end ( ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,x is a "q ( ! reproduction ( a vessel :i*1 9 8 "t1 decorat$ ! ar* ( ! *ur* at ,diem]-lez-,am/]dam1 built 9 ! ye> #aejj4 ,! rigg+ ( ?is vessel1 z well z ! pole ma/ suppli$ ) tops & c>ry+ l>ge squ>e sails1 br+s u back to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! =w>d ca/le1 :i* projects beyond ! /em1 & ! aft] ca/le are high] ?an usual4 ,^! are no b5ds su* z 7 us$ lat]2 sev]al heavy pieces ( wood support$ on brackets take _! place4 ,! sides are evid5tly smoo? &1 accord+ to ! con/ant practice ( ! p]iod1 ! %ip c>ri$ on ! b[ & on ! sides pieces ( wood = protection4 ,! /]n alone is n cle>ly %[n2 !re is no rudd] to be se51 & ?is gives ! impression t ! draw+ is at fault4 ,?is vessel _h no upp] /]n1 9 all probability1 = our %ips did n yet "k ?is addition4 ,!re is a pro( ( x 9 ! ,noah's ,ark1 reproduc$ 9 ! ,nr5b]g] ,*ronik1 folio ,,xi1 ( #adid1 z well z 9 t ( ! %ip :i* appe>s 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,pa9t+ ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,holl&1 #aeah-aebe1 n #ad1 & :i* %[s ,jonah 9 ! wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #acf ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aai ,?is la/ picture especially gives a magnific5t type ( boat ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,x is n s old z ! %ip ( ! ,*ur* at ,diem]1 z to :i* ! rig furni%es pro(3 ! pole ( ! ma/ passes ?r\gh ! top &1 ano!r *>act]i/ic1 ! =w>d ca/le does n project beyond ! /em4 ,! ram has be5 brok5 (f ne> ! frame4 ,besides1 ! human figures1 z comp>$ ) ! %ip1 are exagg]at$4 ,! sides ( ! vessel are smoo?4 ,x br+s admirably to m9d ! ,flemi% m9iature ( #adhb4 ,^! reproductions are mo/ int]e/+ 9 view ( ! developm5t ( ! %ip2 we see 9 !m ! =ms ( ! ca/le become m precise1 ! rigg+ improve & increase & ! vessel itself ga9 9 size4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! fact t ! %ips 9 all ^! draw+s c>ry a b[sprit :i* 0 us$ at fir/ only to hoi/ ! an*or1 z is ! practice /ill on ! l>ge riv] lakes4 ,let u n[ turn our eyes to ,breugel's pictures ( :i* ,f4 ,huis has left "s sup]b engrav+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #acb ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ace ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #fd ,a close exam9ation ( ^! reproductions br+s out diff]5t types ( %ips4 ,sev]al ( !m %[ u important vessels :i*1 by _! great rams1 _! high ca/les & _! broad /]ns1 diff] notably f ! old ,holl& %ip4 ,van ,yk's "w also %[s1 on page #i1 a reproduction ( ^? big vessels :i* ! au?or calls ,spani% 8,c>acks0 or galleons1 two types ( %ips :i* arose "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b1 alongside ( ^! 8c>acks0 are also f\nd small] ,dut* vessels4 ,an engrav+ ( #aefd1 ( a ,breugel picture1 %[s p>ticul>ly an ,am/]dam m]*antman4 ,x has a r\nd /]n4 ,x c be comp>$ advantage\sly ) an old ,flemi% engrav+1 dat+ f #adhj or #adij1 :i* %[s a 8,kraeck0 )\t escut*eon1 & ( :i* ! ca/les diff] completely 9 =m & size f ^? c>ri$ by ! %ips se5 9 ! engrav+s ( ,matre ,w4 ,a4 ,^! ca/les agree ) ! ,m$it]ranean types4 ,! boat ) ! squ>e /]n _h be5 adopt$ 9 ,holl&1 !re=e1 z f> back z ! end ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,squ>e /]ns rema9$ 9 use !re1 = l>ge vessels up to ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury2 at t "t a return 0 made to ! old /ructure1 9 imitation ( ,engl& :i* us$ ! squ>e /]n = only a %ort "t1 see+ t ,william ,pitt 7,holmes1 p4 #dj7 introduc$ ! r\nd$ =ms !re 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,h5ce ,mr4 de ,jonge is 9 error :5 he says 9 8 "w t ! vessel ) ! squ>e /]n only appe>$ 9 ,holl& 9 #afea4 ,! adoption ( ! squ>e /]n1 nev]!less1 did n cause ! old r\nd-/]n1 full-b[ vessel to disappe>2 ?is is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,ano!r ^w ab\t ports4 ,! old reproductions ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury %[ ports2 "s are ev5 f\nd on a m9iature ( #adbh4 ,9 any ev5t1 _! g5]al use dates back to ! end ( ! ,x,vth c5tury2 !y seem to h be5 inv5t$ by a ,fr5*man f ,bre/1 nam$ ,des*>ges4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #he47 ,! ma/s & rigg+ also und]w5t important *anges4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eighty ,ye>s ,w> 7#aeij71 an inhabitant ( ,enkhuiz51 8,kryn ,w\t]ez0 by "n1 accord+ to ,br&t 7,hi/ory ( ,enkhuiz51 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aci71 inv5t$ a process = mak+ ma/s 9 sev]al sections 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cij74 ,! ma/s1 made fir/ ( two pieces1 71 by means ( ?is new inv5tion1 soon made 9 ?ree p>ts ea* c>ry+ a squ>e sail4 ,f ?is "t1 ! old m$ieval rig ( "o l>ge sail beg9s to disappe>4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! evolutions ( ! %ip1 a squ>e sail 0 plac$ on ! b[sprit4 ,f9ally1 ! guns are plac$ m rationally &1 imitat+ ! practice on ! ,spani% c>acks1 "s 7 locat$ 9 ! =w>d & aft] ca/les s z to comm& ! deck4 ,?is arrangem5t recalls ! practice ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 accordance ) :i*1 9 case ( bo>d+1 ! crew retir$ into ! ca/les :5ce a *>ge 0 made on ! invad]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adc ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ada ,! vessel repres5t$ on ! engrav+ ( #aeid1 !re=e1 arose gradually f ! old =ms1 b n )\t hav+ felt ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 ?is evolution leads u to ! 8,p9nace0 ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,! %ip 0 !n ri*ly ornam5t$ & b$eck$1 & its sails1 9 accordance ) use1 c>ri$ h&some pa9t+s4 ,?is cu/om disappe>$ ins5sibly dur+ ! c5tury nam$1 b ! cu/om ( decorat+ %ips cont9u$1 none ! less1 = /ill a long "t aft]w>ds4 ,accord+ to ,wits51 fix$ rules gov]n$ ! con/ruction ( vessels f ! ,x,v,ith c5tury on4 ,"o /rict rule1 among o!rs1 did n all[ ! /em to project m ?an 1 or less ?an ( its height1 nor c\ld ! /]npo/ project m ?an a fif? or a f\r? ( its height4 ,! au?or m5tion$ pret5ds t ! /em 0 made ) a m>k$ slope1 = ! reason t x 0 believ$ t1 "u su* conditions1 ! %ips w\ld glide m easily ov] ! wat] 7p4 #dg1 column #b at ! end74 ,at ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! keel f ! /em1 7 plac$ f "o to f\r ma9 frames2 ! %ip n>r[$ aft to su* a degree t ! w+ transom 0 equal 9 l5g? to half ! greate/ beam ( ! %ip4 ,! b[ 0 full1 :i* all[$ ! wat] to be ?r[n m easily aside4 7,wits51 pp4 #di & #ej47 ,! seams 7 calk$ &1 9 accordance ) an old cu/om1 cov]$ ) lead plates4 ,! =w>d ca/le _h be5 r$uc$ 9 height :ile ! aft] ca/le1 on ! contr>y1 _h be5 rais$4 ,a f\r? ma/ 0 plac$ 9 ! /]n to facilitate ! manuvr+ ( ! %ip2 ?is ma/ disappe>$ lat] on1 :5 ! b[sprit 0 adopt$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 7,wits51 p4 #aci1 #b;d column47 ,! ,x,v,ith c5tury 0 a memorable p]iod = ! ,ne!rl&s2 x 0 dur+ ?is c5tury t 0 laid ! f\ndation ( t navy to :i*1 z says ,mr4 ,de ,jonge1 ,holl& 0 to owe lat] h] lib]ty1 h] greatness & h] prosp]ity4 ,?is navy unit$ )9 itself ev]y?+ :i* c\ld concur to br+ =? a =ce able to def5d ! c\ntry1 to protect comm]ce1 navigation & ! fi%]ies & to br+ to ,holl& glory & p[]4 ,our m>9e1 9 g5]al1 & our %ipbuild+1 9 p>ticul>1 !n develop$ /eadily4 ,a long p]iod ( /ruggles began & _m battles 7 f\ght bo? be=e & aft] ! ,eighty ,ye>s ,w> 7#aefh-afdh74 ,accord+ to ! old cu/om1 ! %ips :i* took "p 9 actions 7 only m]*antm5 fitt$ out = ! purpose4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahj47 ,^! vessels1 :i* 7 call$ 8,vlieboot50 or 8,vlietboot50 7flyboats71 _h a small capacity v>y+ f #dj to #adj tons & c>ri$ six1 eight1 t5 or tw5ty guns4 ,! size ( ! crew 0 proportion$ g5]ally to capacity2 a vessel ( #ej tons c>ri$ #ej m54 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aja47 ,! 8,heud501 already m5tion$ above1 z well z 8,boei]s0 7t5d]s71 also call$ 8,krom/ev5s01 & o!r flat-bottom$ craft 7 us$ on ! riv]s4 ,! navy ( ,zeel& includ$1 9 addition to a numb] ( small boats1 a few vessels ( m respectable size4 8,hulk50 7 us$ at ! siege ( ,middleburg2 "o ( !m1 call$ ! big 8,hulk01 mu/ h _h a capacity ( #fjj la/s1 or #abjj tons1 & a crew ( at lea/ #ejj to #fjj m54 7,van ,met]51 fol4 #ha & #ajb47 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! vessels ( ,nor? ,holl& 7 l>g] ?an ^? ( ,zeel&4 ,_! capacity 0 #ej to #abe la/1 or #ajj to #bej tons & a crew ( #ej to #aej sailors & soldi]s4 ,! l>ge/ vessels c>ri$ ?irty-two guns4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahg47 ,bor relates 7,gu]res de ,holl&e1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fej7 t ?irte5 vessels ( ?is latt] category 7 fitt$ out 9 #aege1 & t ?is fleet 0 fill$ out by 8,kraveels*ep501 8,ya*t501 8,wat]s*ep50 & 8,boot501 :ile accord+ to ,de ,jonge 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahg71 a few galleys 7 /ill 9 s]vice on ! ,zuyd] ,zee4 ,9 ord] to be able to =m a m exact idea ( ! importance ( our naval p[] at ?is "t1 ! foll[+ table1 ( :i* ! orig9al is pres]v$ 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,/ate 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ehf71 has be5 ins]t$ "h to %[ ! navy ( ! prov9ce ( ,holl& 9 #aehg4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,la/s ,,guns ,,crew ,,rem>ks ,,vessels ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #ajj #af #ie #a ,la/ #b tons4 #a -- #ad #gj #a #bg #ad #cb ,small calibre4 #aj #cj-ij #ab #de-gf #ce #ag-gj #h-aa #bi-ge ! l>ge/3 #ej to #fj m54 #d ,y -- -- #cf-ej ,y /&s = ,ya*ts4 #be #h-dj #d-g #aa-gj ! l>ge/3 #cj to #dj m54 #f -- #a-b #g-aa #a ,g -- #a #af ,g /&s = galley4 ,9 addition to ! 8,vlieboot501 !re 7 vessels ( less importance call$ 8,krom/ev5s01 8,kraveel501 8,heud50 or freight vessels1 8,kraps*uit501 8,pott501 8,ya*t501 8,boei]s04 ,! l>ge/ vessels 7 /ill1 h[ev]1 only ( mode/ dim5sions4 ,accord+ to ! decisions ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 dat$ ,june #a1 #aehh1 ?ree ( ! l>ge/ vessels 7 to be equipp$ = w> & x 0 /ipulat$ t _! capacity 0 to be #bjj la/s4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bja1 note47 ,!re are "s :o claim t only small boats 7 us$ at ! beg9n+ ( our w> = indep5d5ce1 because ! battles 7 f\ght only on riv]s & because1 fur!rmore1 ! f9ancial situation 0 v bad4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bjc-bjd47 ,i consid]1 = my "p1 t ! latt] reason 0 ! ma9 "o4 ,lat] on1 compla9ts 7 aga9 made ab\t ! unsatisfactory /ate ( ! fleet by reason ( lack ( funds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #h ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #i ,return+ new to ! %apes ( ! %ips4 ,! 8,hulk0 has be5 se5 to appe> aft] ! 8,cog01 only to be replac$1 itself1 by ! 8,ba]tze04 ,! 8,kraeck0 arose alongside ( ?is la/ type :i* 0 foll[$ f9ally by ! 8,spiegels*ip0 "u ! =m ( a p9nace & a w> vessel4 ,! full b[ la/$1 h[ev]1 9 boats ( little importance & s ! 8,vlieboot0 or 8,vlietboot0 0 se5 to foll[ ! 8,ba]tze04 ,x is ! old type ( ! 8,ba]tze0 ( :i* ! topsides tumbl$ 9 appreciably4 ,h5ce no new type ( boat 0 *>act]iz$ by ?is new d5om9ation :i* 0 giv5 9 ! second half ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury2 x is ! old =m :i*1 slightly modifi$1 appe>s "u ano!r "n4 ,?is is a fact :i* w be met ) m ?an once fur!r on4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! 8,vlieboot01 7flyboat71 ! 8,ba]tze01 etc41 br+s out ! analogy betwe5 ^! vessels2 ! same holds good = ! 8,buss04 ,all ^! =ms are d]iv$ f ! 8,cog04 ,! 8,flyboat0 orig9at$ on ! ,zuid] ,zee4 ,its "n seems to h come f ! 8,vlie0 :i* 0 frequ5t$ by boats ( ?is k9d4 ,^! latt]1 z has be5 said1 _h re5t]+ topsides1 t is1 convex 9 %ape1 h5ce x 0 m difficult to bo>d !m "u ^! conditions &1 consequ5tly1 _! def5se ne$$ b a limit$ numb] ( m52 ?is 0 a matt] ( importance = m]*ant vessels4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adh ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ai ,besides hav+ a respectable c>go capacity1 ! 8,flyboats0 7 also v h&y4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! flutes1 ! m]*ant vessels p> excell5ce ( ! ,x,v,i,ith & ,x,v,i,i,ith c5turies1 :i* ,engl& & ,france borr[$ f u4 ,!re is 9 exi/5ce a beautiful reproduction ( ! 8,flyboat0 dat+ f #afdg4 ,x %[s a relatively l>ge vessel2 judg+ by ! beakhead %[n :i* 0 n c>ri$ by our small m]*ant vessels4 ,! beak _h be5 adopt$ fir/ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 x is n1 !re=e1 ( ,dut* orig94 ,none ( ! old ,dut* types _h x1 :]eas ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean &1 ev5 ^? ( ! times ( ! ,phnicians already _h !m4 7,see1 among o!rs1 ,van ,yk1 p4 #ajc47 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury ! "n ( 8,ba]tze0 gave way to t ( 8,vlieboot0 7flyboat71 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 arose ! vessels call$ 8,galioot0 7galliot71 8,noordva]d]01 8,k(0 7kuff71 8,smaks*ip0 7smack71 8,boei]0 7t5d]71 toge!r ) ! flutes & squ>e /]n vessels4 ,/ill--& ?is _c be too (t5 repeat$--! primitive =ms d n disappe> "u ^! diff]5t names4 ,! =ms h be5 enl>g$ & a few ext]ior *>act]i/ics1 z well z ! rigg+1 h be5 modifi$4 ,! diff]5t types j m5tion$ above h1 !re=e1 z _! ma9 & fundam5tal "* ! old r\nd$ b[4 ,! vessels ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation c\ld be divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps3 a7 ! squ>e-/]n %ips2 b7 ! flutes 9 ! broade/ acceptation ( ! ^w2 & c7 ! 8,k( en ,smaks*ep50 7kuffs & smacks74 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ! vessels ( gr\ps b & c 7 r\nd at ! /]n4 ,h5ce1 ! pure/ old ,dut* types w be f\nd 9 ^! two gr\ps4 ,! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury is n[ rea*$1 t c5tury ( glory & prosp]ity = our c\ntry1 especially f ! po9t ( view ( %ipbuild+4 ,h[ev]1 be=e beg9n+ on ?is p]iod1 let u look a little into :at 0 ! situation ( %ipbuild+ abroad4 ,let u beg9 ) ,spa91 :i* 0 mix$ up 9 our w> = indep5d5ce4 ,! ,spani% naval ar*itecture1 :i* fl\ri%$ aft] t ( ,portugal1 felt und\bt$ly & int5sely ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,spani% galleons & c>acks recall ! ,g5oese 8nefs0 & c>acks1 ( :i* only a few old reproductions h be5 pres]v$1 & :i* came up "u ! influ5ce ( relations ) ,nor!rn nations4 ,9 addition to ! galleons1 ! galleys & ! galliasses held an important place 9 ! ,spani% navy4 ,! frequ5t use ( vessels ) o>s made h& to h& fights q r>e & l$ to less frequ5t bo>d+ among ! nations ( ! ,s\?1 ?is be+ ! rev]se ( ! practise among ! ,nor!rn races4 ,! pictures ( ! ,m$it]ranean vessels c be consult$ to advantage 9 ord] to obta9 an idea ( ! ,spani% %ips4 ,! sea p[] ( ,spa9 disappe>$1 z is kn[n1 ) ! ,inv9cible ,armada1 9 #aehh4 ,a summ>y description ( ?is fleet w give an idea ( ! importance ( ! %ips :i* compos$ x4 ,x 0 made up ( "o-hundr$-&-?irty-two vessels1 ( :i* 7,holmes1 p4 #ib7 f\r 7 galleys1 f\r galliasses1 ?irty vessels ( less ?an #ajj tons & n9ety-f\r %ips ( #acj to #aeej tons4 ,! r\nd-/]n %ips _h a total capacity ( #ei1abj tons4 ,!re 7 #bgfa pieces ( artill]y & ! %ips companies conta9$ #ghfb seam5 & #bj1fga soldi]s4 ,! ,engli% fleet _h "o-hundr$-&-n9ety-sev5 vessels1 ( :i* only ?irty-f\r belong$ to ! royal navy1 all ! re/ 7 m]*antm5 ha/ily equipp$ = w>4 ,! l>ge/ ,engli% %ip 0 ! ,triumph1 built 9 #aefa1 ( #ajjj to #aajj tons burd5 & c>ry+ ?ree hundr$ sailors1 =ty gunn]s & "o-hundr$-&-sixty soldi]s4 ,x m\nt$ =ty-six guns4 ,besides ! 8,triumph01 ! ,engli% fleet _h b sev5 vessels ( #fjj to #ajjj tons :]eas ! ,spani% fleet _h =ty-five vessels ( ?is size4 ,! total ( all h&s ( ! ,engli% fleet am\nt$ to #ae1eea s\ls4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ,holl& 0 ) ,engl&2 x 0 %e t kept ! ,duke ( ,p>ma %ut up at ,dunk]que4 ,! l>ge/ vessels ( ! ,ne!rl&s fleet 7 ( #djj tons4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & ) u1 m]*ant %ips1 :i* did duty tempor>ily z m5 ( w>1 7 leas$ = ! w>4 ,?is old cu/om ( ! ,middle ,ages /ill surviv$4 ,besides1 x 0 all ! simpl]1 at ?is latt] p]iod1 to equip m]*antm5 = w>1 z artill]y 0 /ill 9 its infancy or ev5 unkn[n4 ,! foll[+ figures 7,holmes1 p4 #ie7 %[ h[ mu* l>g] ! vessels ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 ?an ours1 z a rule4 ,9 #aeib1 ! ,engli% captur$ a ,portuguese c>ack ( #afjj tons1 #afe feet betwe5 p]p5dicul>s & %[+ sev5 decks4 ,9 #aeid1 x 0 ! turn ( a ,spani% c>ack ) #aajj m5 on bo>d4 ,:5 ,cadiz 0 tak5 9 #aeif1 two ,spani% galliasses fell into ! enemy's h&s2 !y 7 vessels ( #abjj tons2 ! flag%ip 8,san-,felipo01 :i* 0 bl[n up measur$ #aejj tons4 ,a ,portuguese c>ack ( #afjj tons1 call$ ! ,san-,val5t9o1 valu$ ) h] guns at a million ducats1 0 captur$ at ,cezimbra 9 #afjb4 ,foll[+ our example1 x is said1 & z ! result ( 8,kryn ,w\t]szoon's0 inv5tion1 ! movable top-ma/ 0 adopt$ by ! ,engli% dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7#aehh-afjc74 7,holmes1 p4 #hf74 ,up to ?is po9t1 ! ports 7 n only irregul>ly arrang$1 b ! l[] r[ 0 g5]ally s l[ t ^? 9 ?is ti] _h to be kept clos$ if ! sea 7 at all r\gh4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy 0 to raise ! l[e/ ti] 7,holmes1 p4 #if7 & ?is example 0 soon g5]ally foll[$4 ,france1 ^: %ips s f> _h n yet appe>$ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 began 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 "u ,ri*elieu 7#afbd-afib71 to develope h] navy4 ,colb]t cont9u$ ?is "w ) ardor4 ,x has be5 /at$ already1 9 speak+ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t ! old] ,fr5* %ips 71 9 pr9ciple j l ^? ( ,g5oa2 until ab\t #afej1 galleys 7 m num]\s ?an o!r vessels4 ,! ,nor? ( ,france & ,norm&y belong$ only--& ! old pictures %[ x--to ! ,nor!rn ,c5tre4 ,?is is by no means surpris+1 if ! ,norse invasion be rememb]$4 ,ev5 n[1 boats resembl+ ^? ( ,fl&]s & ( our own c\ntry are /ill f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ( ,france4 ,let u return n[ to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,aft] ! discov]y by ,vasco da ,gama1 9 #adih1 ( ! r\te to ! ,indies & :5 ,portugal _h secur$ = h]self ! monopoly ( trade 9 ^? l&s1 ,lisbon became ! c5tre ( traffic ( ! _w4 ,9 ^? days1 ! ,dut* s\ght 9 ,portuguese ports ! products ( ! ,indies2 b1 9 #aehj1 ! ,duke ( ,alba took possession ( ,portugal & annex$ x to ,spa94 ,nev]!less1 we 7 all[$ to cont9ue our comm]ce ) ! =m] ( ^! c\ntries until #aehe1 :5 all our %ips 7 confiscat$4 ,h5ce ,holl& 0 r$uc$ to f9d+ = h]self a r\te to ! ,indies1 & x 0 believ$ at fir/ t ?is result c\ld be f\nd by way ( ! ,nor?4 ,f\r %ips 7 fitt$ out = ?is purpose 9 #aeid1 two by ,holl& & two by ,am/]dam4 ,?is und]tak+ fail$ z did also t ( #aeie :i* 0 foll[$ by ! fam\s exp$ition ( ,heemsk]k1 ,b>5ds & van ,rijp1 :i* latt] 0 also fruitless4 ,mean:ile a r\te 0 s\ght by way ( ! ,s\? & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,a fleet ( f\r %ips1 "u ! comm& ( ,keijz]s & ,h\tman />t$ 9 #aeie & 0 gone = two ye>s & a half4 ,aft] a voyage ( #ddf days1 ! %ips rea*$ ,bantam & visit$ ,bali4 ,! return requir$ #afh days4 ,?is fleet c>ri$ a crew ( #bdh m54 ,! results ( ?is exp$ition1 :ile n brilliant1 _h1 nev]!less1 z a consequ5ce1 ! =mation1 9 #afjb1 ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company :i* play$ su* an important "p 9 our hi/ory4 ,x is useless to add t ^! ev5ts _h a decisive influ5ce on ! developm5t ( our naval ar*itecture4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 !re 0 z yet no "q ( a w> fleet prop]ly s-call$4 ,m]*ant %ips 7 /ill hir$ & conv]t$ into m5-(-w> to meet cont+5cies4 ,our fleet 0 made up at t "t ( all k9ds ( types ( vessels4 ,among !m ! squ>e /]n$ vessels1 call$ p9naces1 ! 8,vlieboot50 or flyboats & ! flutes 7 ! mo/ important4 ,!re 7 also "s 8,hekkeboot50 & small 8smaks04 ,s ! ?ree k9ds ( vessels already m5tion$ above are aga9 f\nd3 viz3 ! squ>e-/]n %ips1 ! flyboats & ! smacks4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adi ,! old ,zi]ikzee model gives an exact idea ( ! transition f ! squ>e-/]n %ip ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury to ! "o ( ! ,x,v,i,ith4 ,al?\gh err+1 l all ! old reproductions1 9 reg>d to proportions1 ?is model _c fail to attract our att5tion to ! m>k$ slope ( ! /em4 ,x 0 g5]ally admitt$ at ?is "t t ! %ip %\ld draw ! lea/ wat] possible & h ! /em /rongly slop+1 ) an ov]hang+ b[1 s z to displace ! wat] m easily or1 z x 0 !n said1 to c>ry ! wat] und]nea? & n ar\nd ! hull4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! wat] 0 drawn "u ! sides 7,van ,yk1 p4 #cec7 & t ! /rongly rak+ /em all[$ ! boat to slide m easily ov] ! wat]4 7,wits51 p4 #dg1 column #b 9 f9e47 ,lat]1 op9ion *ang$ & !n x 0 se5 t ! /em 0 br\ght m & m ne>ly upright until ! ,x,i,xth c5tury2 ! vessel ?us ga9s 9 fullness4 ,frt5ba* reproduces = u a ,dut* vessel ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury2 ! c\nt]1 probably to avoid difficulties ( draw+1 is only sket*$ 9 by a few l9es4 ,x is se5 t ! aft] ca/le has increas$ 9 proportions1 & t ! "p :i* sep>ates ! =w>d & aft] ca/les /ill rema9s uncov]$4 ,?is k9d ( con/ruction1 due to ! progressive developm5t ( ! ca/les ( ! ,middle ,ages1 only disappe>s at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 :5 vessels ) two & ?ree decks come on ! sc5e4 ,! =w>d & aft] ca/les1 9 ^! la/ %ips1 are ( ! same height2 9 a ^w1 !y are /rongly connect$ to ea* o!r & are =m$ ( sev]al sup]pos$ decks4 ,! rigg+1 too1 has und]gone new *anges1 by reason1 no d\bt1 ( ! rais+ ( ! /]n4 ,! f\r? small ma/ put up at ?is po9t gives way1 especially1 to a ma/ c>ry+ a squ>e sail & fix$ at ! end ( ! b[sprit4 ,?is ma/ 0 us$ only = /e]+ ! %ip4 ,! vessels ga9$ 9 size & ! armam5t 0 improv$ by a m rational di/ribution ( ! guns4 ,! foll[+ figures give ! pro( ( ?is4 ,9 #aeif1 a #bjj-la/ %ip c>ri$ only #bd guns2 "o ( #aej la/s c>ri$ #ag & "o ( #ajj la/s _h only #af on bo>d4 ,9 #afaf1 #cf guns 7 m\nt$ on a %ip ( #bjj la/s2 #bh on a %ip ( #abj la/s1 !n1 9 #afbh1 m5tion is made ( a %ip ( #bjj la/s arm$ ) #ci cannon4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cif47 ,aside f ! bett] arrangem5t = ! guns1 ! increase ( ! artill]y itself necessitat$ arm+ ! =eca/le & ! poop4 ,ab\t #afci1 ! iron guns 7 replac$1 to a great ext5t1 by o!rs ( bronze1 :i* all[$ a great] numb] ( pieces to be tak5 on bo>d 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #djj71 b ^! pieces 7 lack+ 9 unity ( calibre & volume4 ,! lat] adoption ( guns ( m ne>ly equal calibre greatly increas$ ! fight+ value ( ! %ips4 ,h[ev] great ! progress made by our fleet may h be51 x 0 /ill always inf]ior to ! "p impos$ on x by a naval w>4 ,h5ce x became f9ally a necessity to build w> vessels prop]ly s call$ & to give up fitt+ out m]*ant %ips4 ,sixty new w> %ips 7 laid d[n 9 #afec4 ,?is fir/ w> fleet con/ruct$ 9 our c\ntry set sail 9 #afeh4 ,s ! old m$ival cu/om1 :i* consi/$ 9 appropriat+ m]*ant vessels to make !m s]ve z m5 ( w>1 became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,b ?is fleet 0 n suffici5t by itself1 & m]*antm5 _h to d duty z transports4 ,?is is :y ^! latt] kept guns on bo>d = _! own def5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adf ,! w> %ips m5tion$ above 7 call$ p9naces & 7 made ) a squ>e /]n z well z a l>ge beakhead4 ,tromp's flag%ip1 ! ,aemelia 0 a p9nace model4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #h ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #i ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aej ,! fleet 0 increas$ 9 a v %ort "t1 9 #affd1 by sixty new squ>e-/]n vessels4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #be47 ,! ma9 po9t 9 view 9 build+ ^! %ips 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bg7 0 to provide our navy ) vessels :i*1 s f> z our passes & ports w\ld all[1 %\ld be at lea/ z l>ge & z p[]ful z ^? ( ! enemy4 ,by reason ( ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! passes1 ! numb] ( _! guns 0 plac$ at #fj to #hj4 ,among ^! vessels1 :i* 7 laun*$ 9 #affe1 0 ,van ,ruyt]'s well kn[n %ip ,de ,zev5 ,prov9cin4 ,= economical reasons1 mo/ ( ! %ips c>ri$ iron z well z bronze guns2 b ,van ,ruyt]'s flag%ip _h all bronze guns4 ,! foll[+ figures w give "s idea ( ! increas+ dim5sions ( %ips4 ,9 #afed1 ! l>ge/ %ip measur$ #aej feet 9 l5g?1 #ch feet beam & #ae feet dep?2 x c>ri$ #eh guns4 ,! next 9 size 0 #adf feet long1 #bf feet beam & #ad feet deep2 x c>ri$ #fj guns4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second w> ) ,engl&1 ! two l>ge/ %ips 7 #afi to #aga feet long4 ,de ,zev5 ,prov9cin #afc feet long1 #dc feet broad & #ae feet deep4 ,! next 9 size 0 #aej to #afj feet 9 l5g?1 #dj to #db feet 9 bread? & #ae feet 9 dep?1 etc4 ,s ! l5g? & bread? increas$ b ! greate/ dep? ( #ae feet did n *ange1 z ! dep? ( our passes 0 aga9/ any increase ( ! draft4 ,:5 lat]1 ! direction t[>d l>g] sizes 0 cont9u$ abroad1 & ! necessity ( foll[+ ?is example 0 felt among u1 ! "q ( ! draught ( wat] became a problem :i*1 m & m1 call$ = ! att5tion ( our %ipbuild]s4 ,! l>g] ! %ip became & ! great] its capacity _h to be1 ! draught ( wat] be+ limit$1 put u 9 a position ( inf]iority 9 reg>d to ! vessels ( =eign c\ntries :i* ran m easily "u sail4 ,no acc\nt _h to be tak5 ( %all[ passes 9 ^? c\ntries1 consequ5tly %ips ( f9] =m c\ld be built !re4 7,van ,yk1 #afig1 p4 #cec47 ,:5 9 #afhb ! vessels :i* compos$ our fleet 7 divid$ into classes or 8*>t]s01 a dep? ( #af to #ag feet only is giv5 z ! fir/ 8*>t]04 ,! fir/ ?ree-deck %ips built 9 our c\ntry belong$ lat] to ?is la/ class4 ,h5ce x is n a matt] ( a/oni%m5t t1 9 ! long run1 our w> vessels _h to yield be=e ^? ( o!r nations :i* 7 /eadily becom+ l>g]4 ,?is /ate ( affairs did n arise f any inf]iority on ! "p ( our %ipbuild]s b _h its causes solely 9 ! condition ( our passes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ac ,! diff]5ce ( draught ( wat] appe>s cle>ly if ! dim5sions ( ! l>ge/ ,fr5* & ,engli% %ips be comp>$ ) ^? ( our l>ge/ vessel at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith & beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5turies4 ,_! dim5sions 7 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,l5g? ,,bread? ,,dep? ---------------------------------------- ----- m m m = ! ,dut* %ip #di4bh #ab4hh #d4hf ,engli% #di4da #ad4cc #e4fd ,fr5* #ei4ia #ad4bi #f4fa ,by dep? 0 und]/ood ! inside height ( ! %ip measur$ up to ! load-wat] l9e4 7,wits51 p4 #gd1 sub #i47 7,see also ,fig4 ,,xxxii1 p4 #ef ( ! same "w1 etc47 ,a %ip hav+ a dep? ( #d m4 #hf requir$1 ) ! height ( ! keel etc4 includ$1 a dep? ( wat] ( at lea/ #e metres4 ,n[1 x is kn[n t ! dep? ( wat] ov] ! 8,pampus01 ne> ,am/]dam1 _h already become s5sibly less at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,l>ge %ips only succe$$ 9 rea*+ t city at ! co/ ( s]i\s difficulties4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bch ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t a c]ta9 ,meeuwis ,me9d]tz ,bakk]1 a native ( ,am/]dam1 inv5t$ ! 8sea camels0 9 #afia1 & by !m vessels c\ld be rais$ f #e to #f feet 7,van ,yk1 p4 #cfj47 ,^! 8camels0 7 /raight up & d[n on "o side1 ! o!r be+ fitt$ to ! %ape ( ! %ip4 ,plac$ on ea* side ( ! vessel !y inclos$ x & =m$ a sort ( float+ dock4 ,held betwe5 two camels :i* 7 securely fa/5$ toge!r1 ! %ip 0 rais$ z !y 7 empti$ ( ! wat] :i* !y conta9$4 ,^! camels are v well %[n 9 ,van ,yk's "w1 folio #cfj1 z well z 9 8,figures de navires et emb>cations01 #ahca1 pl4 #ce1 by ,p4 ,le ,comte4 ,small boats t[$ ! vessel ?us rais$ across ! ,pampus4 ,z to ! dep? ( wat] :i* exi/$ at ?is place1 ,le ,comte says1 p4 #ch1 t1 at high tide !re 7 #aj feet 7#b4ig ells ( ! ,ne!rl&s7 on ! ,pampus or 8,muid]z&0 & #i feet 7#b4ee ells7 at l[ tide4 ,x 0 only at extraord9>y high tide t a dep? ( #ac feet 7#c4fh ells7 0 to be _h4 ,lat]1 %ips draw+ #ai feet 7#e m4 #ch7 c\ld be br\ght to ,am/]dam by means ( camels4 ,b ! situation 0 no bett] at ,rott]dam4 ,"h1 inde$1 is :at is relat$ by ! build] ,van ,yk1 9 8 "w ( #afig1 p4 #ad3 8,en wa>lyk de wy!id d] s*ep5 is wel het voornaam/e en be/e middel om het ondiepgaan d]selve te bevord]51 e5 saak die wy hi] te ,l&e weg5s de droogte ( ondiep!id onz] zeegat51 t5 hoog/e di55 te betra*t52 want 7volg5s 't getuig5is van erva>ne en de diepte dez] zeegat5 ze] wel bepeild hebb5de loods57 soo konn5 met e5 geme5 geleide uit het ,go]ees*e gat niet me] dan #bj1 uit ,texel1 omtr5t ook soo veel en uit de ,maas niet me] als #ac voet5 diepga&e s*ep5 word5 uitgeloot/4 ,wa>om dan ook somtyds wel is kom5 te gebeur51 dat e5ige1 van 's ,l&s oorlogs-s*ep51 soo nauw gemaakt en om zeilvo]5s wil soo diep geballa/ zynde1 met e5 dood getyde en ,w9d1 tot ,/aats groot nadeel1 niet kond5 't zee g]ak51 ( da> al 9 synde1 ha> ond]/e ges*ut1 omdat te naby 't wat] lag1 niet bruikba> w]d bevond50#aa4 ,& fur!r on1 at page #cfj1 ! same au?or says also3 8,want soo heeft m5 al voor veele j>51 om onze groote en diepga&e s*ep5 9 zee te br5g51 weg5s de ondiepheid onz] rivi]5 en zeegat51 getragt1 wa> 't mogelyk1 door l$ig vatw]k1 s pyp51 als vo$]vat51 op te ligt5 en te do5 ryz54 ,dog 0 dit w]k1 om het bye5 s*ikk5 d] vat51 e5 ell5dige talm]ij en veel arbeids ond]worp504#ab ,accord+ to ! ,reports ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,batavian ,association at ,rott]dam1 #ahej1 pp4 #id et seq41 ! ,briel pass 0 practicable only = vessels draw+ f #c metres to #c m4 #ej & l>g] %ips _h to g by ! 8,go]ees*e ,gat0 to rea* ,rott]dam1 us+ successively ! 8,holl&s*e ,diep0 & ! 8,dorts*e ,kil04 ,!re 0 at ^! places1 ev5 at high tide1 only a dep? suffici5t = a maximum draught ( #e m4 #gj4 7,see ,dr4 ,bl9k1 8,n$]l& en zijne ,bewon]s01 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ddg47 ,navigation along ?is r\te1 fur!rmore1 0 difficult on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ness ( ! *annel4 ,x 0 ?is condition :i* made necess>y ! digg+ ( ! canal by way ( ,voorne 7#ahbg-ahbi74 ,b 9 spite ( ?is new navigable highway1 ! maximum draught ( wat] cont9u$ to dep5d1 none ! less1 on ! dep?s to be f\nd1 at ord9>y high tide 9 ! 8,go]ees*e ,gat0 & ! 8,/ellegat04 ,^! dep?s 7 respectively #e m4 #gj & #e m4 #bj 7,w4 ,f4 ,leemans3 8,de ,nieuwe ,wat]weg01 etc4 ,g$5kboek ,k4 ,in/4 ,+4 p4 #ac & p4 #acj47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adj ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ad ,! situation became m critical = ! ,ne!rl&s navy z %ips abroad increas$ _! size1 & mean:ile1 =eign activity 0 r$\bl$6 ,engl& gave to h] navy f\r-fif?s ( ! rev5ues ( ! ,cr[n 9 #afef-afeg1 two ?irds 9 #afeg-afeh1 & ne>ly ?ree-fif?s 9 #afeh-afei4 7,holmes1 p4 #ajh47 ,f\r ( ! ! l>ge/ vessels built dur+ ?is p]iod _h a capacity great] ?an "o ?\s& tons4 ,9 #afgc1 0 laun*$ ,! ,royal ,*>les1 a %ip well kn[n to u1 :i* 0 tak5 lat] by ! ,dut*4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( ,engli% w> %ips /ill belong$1 at ?is p]iod1 to ! ?ird class4 ,! classification 0 /at$ z foll[s 9 #afff3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,class ,,l5g? ,,beam ,,dep? ,,tonnage ,,guns ,,( ,,keel ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #abh-adf #dj-dh #ag4i-ai4h #aajj-agdj #ij-ajj #b #aba-adc #cg-de #ag-ai4h #ajjj-aejj #hb-ij #c #aae-adj #cd-dj #ad4b-ah4c #gej-aagd #fj-gd #d #hh-ajh #bg-cd #aa4b-ae4f #ab4h-ag4h #cb-ed #e #gb-ha #bc4f-bg #i4i-aa #aa4f-ac4b #bf-cb ----------------,v----------------_/ ,dim5sions are 9 ,engli% feet4 #a foot #j m4 #cjdh ,! ye> #afdf saw ! fir/ frigate built 9 ,engl& & 9 #afgi ! bomb-ket*1 built accord+ to ! model inv5t$ by ! ,fr5* build] ,b]n>d ,r5an1 0 adopt$4 ,aft] #agjj1 ,engli% naval ar*itecture fell completely "u ! influ5ce ( t ( ,france4 8,x may truly be said01 writes ,holmes 7p4 #aad7 8t dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! majority ( ! improvem5ts introduc$ 9 ! =ms & proportions ( vessels ( ! ,royal ,navy1 7 copi$ f ,fr5* prizes04 ,sc>cely 0 a ,fr5* vessel tak5 ere x 0 copi$1 b g5]ally on a l>g] scale 7,holmes1 p4 #aad74 ,%ipbuild+1 9 ! mean "t1 _h become wond]fully p]fect$1 especially "u ! ,m9i/ry ( ,colb]t 7#affa71 aft] ! fir/ f\ndations _h be5 laid by ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu 9 #afcj4 ,save = a few *anges 9 detail1 ! rules laid d[n by ,colb]t 7 foll[$ until ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,9 #affh1 ! ,fr5* fleet numb]$ already #agf vessels1 ( :i* "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & fam\s specim5s 0 ! ,soleil ,royal4 ,?is fleet 0 organiz$ on ! same foot+ z t ( ,holl& 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 "p ,i1 p4 #aad74 ,besides1 !re exi/$ at ?is "t b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,dut* types4 ,dim5sions increas$ greatly at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 "u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,?is c be se5 9 ! foll[+ table1 prep>$ by ,b>ras de la ,p5ne 7#afih74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,rank ,numb] ,,calibre ,,numb] ,,& ( ,,& ,,mat]ial ,,l5g? ,,beam ,,dep? ,,( ,,ord] ,guns ,,( ,,! ,,guns ,,batt]ies ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,%ips ( ! l9e4 #a/ batt]y1 #h ( #dh ,m4 ,m4 ,m4 ,?ree cov]$ #a/ rank1 ! re/1 #cf #ef4ja batt]ies1 #a/ ord]#aab #b;d batt]y1 #bd;betwe5 #ae4fd #g4fdpoop1 & ,soleil #c;d batt]y1 #ahp]p5- =w>d ,royal poop & topgallant dicul>s ca/le4 =eca/le1 #ab & #ah #ea4ed ,?ree cov]$ #a/ rank1#gj to bronze guns #ea4ia #ad4bi #f4fa;batt]ies1 #b;d ord] #ajj ca/le1 =w>d & aft4 #b;d rank1#fj to bronze guns #dh4gb #ac4dg #f4ag idem4 #a/ ord] #gj #c;d rank1#ef to bronze #dg4dg #ab4cd #e4fh,two cov]$ #a/ ord] #ff iron decks1 poop1 & =w>d ca/le4 #c;d rank1#dj to bronze #cd4bb #ab4ja #e4da idem4 #b;d ord] #ej iron ,d n come into l9e4 #cj bronze #d? rank to iron #ch4ih #aj4ee #d4ga idem4 #dj #ah bronze ,two small #e? rank to iron #ce4gc #h4ff #d4ee;ca/les or #cj only "o aft4 #h ,frigates to -- -- -- -- -- #af ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aff ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #afi ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ae ,! progress made 9 naval ar*itecture "u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv is not$ z foll[s 9 ! "w3 ,le ,muse de ,m>9e du ,l\vre4 8,! rake ( ! b[ is less exagg]at$1 ! aft] ca/le is l[]$1 ! artill]y is well di/ribut$2 ! ma/s are bett] proportion$ & ! spread ( canvas is mu* great]1 z well z m h&y1 mak+ ! motion m rapid & ! manuvres m easy4 ,! pr(usion & elegance ( ! ornam5ts h rea*$ _! highe/ po9t2 !y _h ! k9d ( poetry ( ! old *ivalry4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is navy already caus$ ! p]fection1 :i* ! %ip rea*$ quickly "u ! next two reigns1 to be anticipat$40 ,naval ar*itecture took a great />t4 ,_m works 7 publi%$1 ( :i* ^? ( ,b]n\illi 7#agch7 & ( ,eul] 7#agdi71 treat+ ( ! /ability ( %ips1 are ! be/ kn[n4 ,! dim5sions ( vessels cont9ue /eadily to increase4 ,%ips m\nt+ #gj guns :i*1 9 #agae1 7 rat$ 9 ! fir/ class 7 pass$ to ! six? class 9 #agfe4 ,! ,fr5* fleet 9 #agej1 accord+ to ! ,muse de ,m>9e du ,l\vre1 0 compos$ z foll[s3 ,,numb],l5g? ,beam ,m\ld$ ,calibres ,,( betwe5 at ma9 dep? ,,batt]ies ,crew ( guns ,,guns p]p5- frame dicul>s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,?ree ,,deck]s ,m4 ,m4 ,m4 ,m5 #cj pdrs 9 l[] ti] #abj #ef4hd #ad4fa #g4dg #ajjj #ah to #fj4dbto #af4bd to #h4ab #c cov]$ to #abjj middle #aaj7a7ed4eg #ad4id #g4ca batt]ies #ajjj #ab to #eg4hbto #ae4ei to #g4hj to #aajj upp] ) #ajj #ec4bg #ad4fa #g4dg #ijj #f to #eg4dito #ae4bf to #g4fc;=ca/les to #ajjjon =eca/le #ij #ea4ig #ad4bi #f4ha & poops #hej #d to #ee4bbto #ad4id to #g4df to #ijj on poop deck ,,d\ble ,,deck]s #hj #ej4fg #ac4if #f4ff #b cov]$ #gej #cf pdrs to #ed4egto #ad4fa to #f4ih batt]ies to #hjj 9 l[] ti] ) #ah =eca/le upp] & poop #h on =eca/le #d on poop #gd #dh4gb #ac4fd #f4ej #b cov]$ #fej #cf or #bd pdrs to #ec4bgto #ac4if to #f4ih batt]ies to #gjj 9 l[] ti] ) #h pdrs =eca/le 9 upp] ti] & poop #h or #f pdrs on =eca/le #d pdrs on poop #fd7b7df4jd #ab4ff #f4jj #b batt]ies #dej #ah or #ab pdrs to #dh4gbto #ab4ii to #f4ej & to #ejj 9 l[] ti] =eca/le #bd or #ah pdrs 9 upp] ti] #f pdrs on =eca/le #ab or #h pdrs 9 l[] ti] #ej #dc4hd to#aa4cf to #e4ej to#b batt]ies #cjj #ah or #ab pdrs #de4ag #ab4ja #e4he & to #ccj 9 upp] ti] =eca/le #f or #d pdrs on =eca/le4 ,,frigates #dj #ch4ih to#aj4ga to #e4ai to,s+le #db4bb #aa4jd #e4ec batt]y #bhj to #db4bb #aa4jd #e4ec ) #cjj #db4bb #aa4jd #e4ec =eca/le #ab pdrs #cj #ce4jg to #i4gd to #d4ee to d4 #bjj to 9 batt]y #ch4ih #aj4ci #e4bj #bcj #f or #d pdrs on =eca/le4 #bj #cc4ac to #h4gg to #d4bb to d4 #acj to #ce4gc #i4aj #d4ee #aej ,,corvettes #ab #ai4di to #g4he to #b4ib to,s+le #gj to #d pdrs 9 #bb4gd #h4ej #c4be batt]y #hj b>bette )\t batt]y4 =eca/le 7#a7 ,!re 7 a few int]m$iate types classifi$ ) ^? ( ?is li/ :i* !y approa*$ ne>e/4 7#b7 ,?is %ip 0 ! smalle/ ( ^? :i* c\ld ent] ! l9e ( battle4 ,france also ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! design ( %ips4 7,holmes1 p4 #aad1 ab initio47 ,! mo/ beautiful vessel ( ?is "t 0 ! ,sans ,p>eil4 ,! "w m5tion$ above1 ,le ,muse de ,m>9e du ,l\vre1 conta9s a passage relat+ to ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xvi 7#agdd-agic7 :i* is well wor?y ( our att5tion 7,*apt] ,,vii73 8,x 0 ! mom5t :5 ! sci5ce ( %ipbuild+1 born 9 ,holl&1 really pass$ into ,france04 ,?is does n alt] ! fact t1 ev5 at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 p /ill w5t to ,holl& to /udy ?is art1 9 spite ( ! high degree ( p]fection :i* x _h rea*$ 9 ,france4 ,"h inde$ is :at ! above m5tion$ "w says3 8,p w5t at ! end ( ! la/ 7,x,v,i,i,ith7 c5tury to take lessons 9 ,holl& &1 on ?is subject1 ! libr>y at ,bre/ has a manuscript ( "o ( ! celebrat$ eng9e]s1 ,olivi]1 :o _h be5 s5t !re1 ab\t #aghj1 to /udy con/ruction40 ,h5ce ! %ipbuild+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 /ill highly appreciat$ at t "t4 ,! increase 9 dim5sions ( ! ,fr5* fleet f\nd its e*o 9 ! ,engli% fleet2 ! foll[+ are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! latt] fleet 9 #agjf3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,guns #ij #hj #gj #fj #ej #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 ,l5g? ( gundeck#aib -- #aef -- #aej -- #add -- #acj -- #aah -- ,bread? at mid%ip frame #dg -- #dc -- #da -- #ch -- #ce -- #cb -- ,dep? ( hold #ah #f #ag #h #ag #d #ae #h #ad -- #ac #f ,tonnage #aeeb #abhc #ajfi #iad #gje #ecb ,"h is :at ,holmes writes1 p4 #aae3 8,! subject ( ! sup]iority 9 size ( ! ,fr5* %ips 0 con/antly com+ to ! front &1 9 #agai1 a new e/abli%m5t 0 made = ! dim5sions ( %ips 9 our ,royal ,navy1 accord+ to ! foll[+ scale3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,guns #ij #hj #gj #fj #ej #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,increase (3 ,l5g? #b ft4 #b ft4 #a ft4 #j #d ft4 #f ft4 ,bread? #b 94 #a ft4 #f 94 #a ft4 #a ft4 #a ft4 #b 94 ,tonnage #ae #fg #ei #cg #ea #fc ,9 #agfe1 vessels 7 already met ) c>ry+ #ajj guns1 measur+ #bjdg tons & hav+ already #ba ft4 #f 94 dep? ( hold4 ,holmes writes on ?is subject 7pp4 #abd-abh73 8,dur+ ! :ole ( our naval hi/ory d[n to comp>atively rec5t times1 improvem5ts 9 ! dim5sions & =ms ( our %ips 7 only c>ri$ out aft] !y _h be5 orig9ally adopt$ by ! ,fr5*1 or ,spani>ds1 or m rec5tly by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica40 ,9 #agai1 ! process :i* consi/$ ( heat+ timb]s at an op5 fire 9 ord] to b5d !m 0 adopt$ 9 ,engl& &1 9 #agcf1 !y 7 smok$4 7,holmes1 p4 #aae47 ,v5tilation 0 improv$ 9 #agec 7,holmes1 p4 #aag7 &1 9 #agfa 7,holmes1 p4 #aba71 foll[$ ! inv5tion ( ! process :i* consi/$ 9 cov]+ %ips ) copp] plates4 ,be=e ?is p]iod1 lead 0 us$ exceptionally = ?is purpose4 ,ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 sev]al vessels 9 ,holl& 7 cov]$ 9 "p or :olly ) copp] plates1 z is %[n by a passage f ,van ,yk's "w1 ,de ,n$]l&s*e ,s*eepsb\wkun/ op5ge/eld1 9 :i* he says1 p4 #aba3 8,dat het s*ip on de zuid ( we/ be/i]5 sal1 heeft zy om d5 h\tknag5d5 worm da>van te ke]51 /ev5swa>ts met kop] do5 bekle$50#ac4 ,ev]y?+ :i* prec$es %[s suffici5tly h[ f> sup]ior ! ,fr5* & ,engli% fleets 7 to our own1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 9 ! size ( _! %ips4 ,b exp]i5ce _h demon/rat$ t ! p[] ( a fleet did n lie 9 numb]s alone1 b also 9 ! intr9sic value ( ea* %ip 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #hf71 j z ,m>t9 ,h>p]tszoon ,tromp _h also1 himself1 decl>$ "s "t be=e4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! extraord9>y en]gy display$ by ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 x w be m5tion$ t f #afhb to #agjj1 h5ce 9 eighte5 ye>s1 !re 7 built #ae ?ree-deck]s ( #ij to #if guns ea*1 #b ( #hj to #hf1 #b ( #gj to #gd1 #bi ( #fj to #fh1 & #bf ( #ej to #ef pieces ( artill]y1 toge!r ) #b frigates ( #bb guns1 #c fire %ips & #i ket*es1 9 all #ajg vessels4 ,( ?is numb]1 sev5 only 7 built outside ( ! prov9ces ( ,holl& & ,zeel&4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #gb to #ge47 ,outside ( ?is fleet ( :i* ! co/ 0 defray$ by means ( extraord9>y cr$its1 !re 7 built dur+ ! same p]iod1 ) ord9>y cr$its1 #fe o!r vessels1 ( :i* #g 7 ( #ej to #eb guns1 #ah ( #dj to #df1 #ag ( #cj to #ch1 #ac ( #bj to #bf1 & #aj ( #af guns at lea/4 ,or1 = a p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s1 a total ( #ajg #fe #agb new %ips4 ,?is increase ( ! fleet 0 an absolute necessity4 ,x 0 necess>y1 9 fact1 to make up ! losses caus$ by /orms & o!r mis=tunes1 & am\nt+1 dur+ ! ye>s #afhh-afih1 to #c units ( #gj1 #e ( #fj1 #f ( #ej1 #h ( #dj to #df guns1 9 addition to a few vessels ( #cj guns & less1 #cf %ips 9 all4 ,all ^! works evid5tly co/ l>ge sums4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #afhb-agjb1 ! exp5ditures = new %ips 7 ab\t #ha1aig1jjj flor9s & ab\t #fi1ied1hjj flor9s = equipm5t4 ,ma9t5ance1 equipm5t1 etc4 came to ab\t #e1hbi1jjj flor9s1 & 9 #afig1 ! co/s rose to #g1gcb1jjj flor9s4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #hj & #ha47 ,9 ord] to =m any exact idea ( ! importance ( ?is sum1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 at ! "t "u consid]ation1 sal>ies1 etc4 7 f> l[] ?an ^? ( our day4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap4 ,i1 p4 #hj1 note47 ,besides ! w> %ips j m5tion$1 a l>ge numb] ( m]*ant %ips1 vessels ( less importance = inl& s]vice1 & fi%+ boats 7 built1 s t1 if ! old writ]s are to be believ$1 8!re 7 places :]e !re 7 c\nt$ m boats ?an h\ses04 ,at ! "t :5 ,hugo de ,groot liv$1 two ?\s& vessels 7 built annually4 7,ko551 ,ges*i$5is van ,s*eepb\w en ,zeeva>t1 p4 #hg47 ,no ,holl&]s 7 met ) :o did n possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( k relat+ to %ipbuild+4 7,idem1 p4 #he47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aed ,9 ord] to display su* a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy1 %ipbuild+ mu/ h develop$ ) u 9 an extraord9>y way4 ,! pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,nicolas ,wits5 7#afga7 & ( ,van ,yk 7#afig74 ,h5ce our naval ar*itecture enjoy$ an unhe>d ( prosp]ity at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aee ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aef ,9 ord] to =m an idea ( ! p]fection ( design :i* our naval ar*itecture _h rea*$ t[>d ! middle ( ! same c5tury1 x is en\gh to consult1 9 our album1 ! photographic reproductions ( a few draw+s made by ,m4 ,van ,g5t 9 #agej1 #agea1 #ageb1 ! orig9als ( :i* belong to ! rem>kable collection ( engrav+s ( ,m4 ,s4 ,van ,gyn1 at ,dordre*t1 z well z ! copy ( a w> %ip ( #aggj :i* appe>s 9 ! collection ( color$ draw+s4 ,^! docum5ts reproduce fai?fully ! %ips ) _! wat] l9es4 ,b :at attracts att5tion mo/ p>ticul>ly is ! foll[+ inscription :i* is v legible 9 ! draw+ ( ! w> %ip ( #agej3 ,prop]ty ( ,admiral ,s*ryv]4 ,?is admiral is ! "o :o wrote 9 #agec t ! %ipbuild]s1 & especially ^? :o built ! %ips ( w> ( ! ,/ate dur+ ! p]iod ext5d+ f #afhc to #agec1 7 sc>cely m ?an ord9>y %ip c>p5t]s2 t !y _h no !oretical k1 7 guid$ only by exp]i5ce &1 9 c]ta9 respects1 7 on ! same level z ! ma/] c>p5t]s ( ,za&am :o1 9 ! face ( a failure1 _h (f]$ z an excuse t 8! boat _h n let itself be %ap$ o!rwise ) an axe04 ,admiral ,s*ryv] ref]s1 9 support ( :at he says1 to v>i\s w> vessels :i* 7 less successful1 & among !m he m5tions1 9 ! fir/ place1 five ?ree-deck %ips built betwe5 #afhc & #afhi1 ! fir/1 x %\ld be said1 :i* our build]s _h turn$ out4 ,no "o c be surpris$ t ^! vessels did come fully up to :at 0 expect$6 ,& if lat]1 bett] ones 7 built1 x m]ely proves t our build]s _h succe$$ 9 solv+ ! great problem ( turn+ out /rong %ips ( :i* ! draught _h to be limit$1 on acc\nt ( ! dep? 9 our passes & riv]s4 ,/ill lat]1 imp]fections _h to be not$2 b t does n %[1 by any means1 incapacity on ! "p ( our build]s4 ,x happ5s ev5 9 ^! times1 bo? at home & abroad1 t ! be/ y>ds laun* vessels :i* are n up to _! be/ "w or :i* may ne$ *anges4 ,admiral ,s*ryv]'s compla9t 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap4 ,i1 p4 #aaf7 d5\nc+ ! incapacity ( our con/ructors seems to be nei!r f\nd$ nor des]v$4 ,x is a "q "h ( a head/rong naval (fic]1 imbu$ ) 8 own ideas & hold+ only contempt = ^? ( o!rs 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap4 ,i1 p4 #aaf71 r ?an a man ?or\ghly conv]sant ) our naval ar*itecture4 ,/ill1 z x has be5 %[n fur!r back1 x 0 n alone dur+ ! "t ( ! ,gr& ,p5sion>y ,jean ,de ,witt1 & ( ! illu/ri\s ,colb]t1 z ,de ,jonge tells u 7,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap4 ,i1 p4 #abj71 t =eign]s came to le>n %ipbuild+ f u2 mu* lat] /ill1 9 #aghj1 ,france s5t h] sons to our y>ds & x is assum$ t x 0 only "u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi 7#aggd-agic71 t ! ,fr5* navy c\ld ?r[ (f ,dut* influ5ce entirely4 ,our c\ntry foll[$ att5tively1 h[ev]1 ! progress made 9 ,france & ,engl& 9 ! art ( naval con/ruction1 z is te/ifi$ to by ! translation ( ,du ,hamel du ,monceau's "w 7appe>$ 9 #ageg71 & ! passage !re9 conta9$ ann\nc+1 = lat] on1 a translation ( ! "w ( ,mungo ,murray1 ! fam\s build] ( ! %ipy>d at ,dept=d4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ?is latt] translation ev] saw ! light1 all ! same1 x is cle> to my m9d1 f :at prec$es1 t works appe>+ abroad 7 read by u4 ,x has be5 %[n t draw+ 0 us$ 9 connection ) %ipbuild+ at ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,h5ce %ipbuild]s _h brok5 ) ! old ,dut* me?od ( be+ guid$ by l9es drawn by ribb&s4 ,! l[e/ gun ports ( %ips 7 plac$ too ne> ! wat]2 compla9t 0 fir/ made aga9/ ?is by u4 ,! same compla9t 0 soon he>d 9 ,engl& :]e ! situation 0 n rem$i$1 h[ev]1 until ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 :5 ! ,fr5* build]s 7 copi$4 7,holmes1 p4 #abf74 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t w5t by be=e ,great ,brita9 adopt$ ! improvem5ts made 9 %ipbuild+ by ! ,fr5*4 ,mr4 de ,jonge1 rely+ on =eign quotations1 /ates t ! ,cz> ,pet]-!-,great seems to h le>n$ %ipbuild+1 prop]ly s call$1 9 ,engl&4 ,f9*am1 ! hi/orian1 ev5 relates 7,hi/ory ( naval ar*itecture1 p4 #fi7 t ! ,cz> ,pet] pref]r$ ,engli% to ,dut* con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,ko55 rem>ks1 9 reg>d to ?is1 t ?is pref]5ce c\ld1 at mo/1 only h _h to d ) w> %ips4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is settl$ t ,pet]-!-,great resort$1 all ! same1 to ,dut* vessels1 build]s & seam5 to =m 8 fleet :i*1 ?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 includ$ #da m5-(-w> c>ry+ #bajf guns & #ad1ijj m51 :i* made ! ,sw$es say 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 p4 #aeb1 & ,m4 ,ko551 pp4 #ic-ie73 8,we see no?+ ,muscoviti% ab\t ! ,muscovite fleet unless x be ! flag4 ,we h to fight a ,dut* fleet1 comm&$ by ,dut*m51 mann$ by ,dut* seam5 & spitt+ out ,dut* p[d] f ,dut* guns04 ,x may be ask$ !n :e!r ! ,pet]-!-,great w\ld really h call$ on ! ,dut* build]s if he _h be5 able to f9d bett] among ! ,engli%4 ,:at explanation is to be made z to :y our %ipbuild]s 7 ab&on$ ab\t ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury8 ,! size ( %ips 0 con/antly increas+ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france2 & ! fleets ( =eign p[]s 7 ev] becom+ /rong]1 :ile 9 our c\ntry1 ! %all[ness ( passes1 riv]s & ports1 prev5t$ ! con/ruction ( %ips :i*1 by _! size1 c\ld vie ) ^? ( o!r l&s4 7,van ,yk1 p4 #ad74 ,all ! writ]s ( ! p]iod po9t out ?is situation ( :i* ! realness has be5 %[n by means ( a few figures4 ,! disadvantage result+ f ! relative %all[ness ( ! ,dut* passes 0 felt z f> back z ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 & ?is disadvantage c\ld only become m m>k$ z "t w5t on4 ,mean:ile1 ! necessity ( build+ m p[]ful %ips1 c>ry+ z _m z #ij to #ie guns1 became a matt] ( s]i\s importance4 ,9 ord] to avoid draw+ too mu* wat]1 x became necess>y to make ! %ips full]1 b ?is also made !m heavi] & poor] sail]s1 consequ5tly !y 7 b poor fight+ in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( our brave admirals4 ,is x !n to be wond]$ at t ! latt] compla9$ ab\t !m bitt]ly8 ,9 spite ( all our c\rage1 ! %all[ness ( our approa*es to ! sea1 to say no?+ ( ! f9ancial situation1 made u yield be=e ! =eign]4 ,?is inf]iority is wrongly blam$ on ! ,dut* %ipbuild]s ( ! day4 ,naturally1 _m ( !m held on = a long "t to ! old ways1 z is %[n by ,du ,hamel du ,monceau1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms at page #bhg ( 8 "w3 8,! habit ( copy+ me*anically & s]vilely :at 0 done 9 ! pa/1 has produc$ all ^! rules ( proportions obs]v$ 9 det]m9+ ! ma9 frame1 ! description ( models & _! designs40 ,& ?is au?or adds ?is int]e/+ detail3 8,e %ip-c>p5t] kept ^! rules z a family secret04 ,! ,dut* build]s _h no affection = ! p52 ,wits5 himself has already call$ att5tion to ?is2 !y 7 afraid ( publi%+ _! secrets1 le/ !y might see _! "w c>ri$ (f by o!rs4 ,x 0 only a few ye>s ago t an eng9e] engag$ 9 %ipbuild+ refus$ to let me see ! draw+s ( "o ( 8 %ips2 he too fe>$ le/ 8 models %\ld be imitat$4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld x be expect$ t %ips %\ld already be built accord+ to sci5tific rules1 at ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 :5 9 ,france1 :i* 0 ahead ( all o!r nations 9 ! matt]1 ^! rules 7 n tak5 up until #agdj8 ,le ,muse de ,m>9e du ,l\vre says 9 speak+ ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury3 8,x 7! vessel7 is built 9 accordance ) sci5tific pr9ciples :i* began to become kn[n 9 #afig1 b :i* sc>cely date f be=e #agdj & :i* br+ ab\t a great resemblance among ! %ips ( all c\ntries s soon z !y are int5d$ = navigat+ ! high seas1 z orig9ality no long] exi/s except = coa/+ vessels atta*$ to _! own %ores40 7,see1 among o!rs1 ,m4 ,bongeur1 #agdf1 ,,xxiii47 ,x 0 n1 !n1 atta*m5t to tradition1 b ! natural condition ( our passes :i* kept u f build+ vessels ( w> z good z ^? built abroad4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,de ,jonge =gets1 :ile at ! same "t he atta*es too little weight to practice1 :i* /ill enjoys1 ev5 9 our "t1 a great au?ority ev5 9 ! matt] ( %ipbuild+4 ,s ?is honorable writ] arrives necess>ily at =m+1 9 reg>d to our build]s ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 an unfavorable & undes]v$ judgm5t4 ,! decl9e ( %ipbuild+ along ! 8,zaan01 = example1 0 n ! consequ5ce ( ! ignorance ( our build]s2 ?is cause mu/ be attribut$ above all to ! silt+ up ( ! riv] & ( ! m\? ( ! ,,ij4 ,?is occurr5ce no long] all[$ %ips ( any importance to be tak5 to sea except at great co/ & tr\ble4 7,loosjes1 ,de ,za&ams*e dorp51 p4 #aid4--,m4 ,ko551 p4 #ie47 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ae ,9 ord] to br+ out ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% /yles & ! ,dut* /yle1 ,i h plac$ on "o plate ( my album ! v>i\s ma9 frames4 ,?is draw+ is suffici5tly eloqu5t by itself1 /ill1 ,i mu/ once m call att5tion1 9 pass+1 to ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% ^! v>i\s /yles4 ,^! diff]5ces exi/$ at fir/ 9 ! %ape & composition ( ! ma9 frames2 !n1 ! ,engli% vessels _h less %e]1 7 less high & 7 n squ>e at ! /]n4 7,van ,yk1 p4 #ag47 ,! ,engli% seem also to h us$ cross$ rid]s1 in/ead ( /an*ions ) v]tical faces1 to save work+2 b ?is process 0 consid]$ less practical f ! po9t ( view ( /[age4 7,van ,yk1 p4 #ag & figure ,a1 p4 #ah47 ,!y gave _! %ips lo( 7,wits51 p4 #abf7 & broad sides 78dick 9 d5 buik01 z ,wits5 says on p4 #bjg71 ! rev]se ( :at 0 done = ! ,dut* vessels4 8,! ,dut* %ips01 says ,holmes 7p4 #aaj71 8excell$ all o!rs 9 "o respect3 t !y 7 ! fir/ 9 :i* ! absurd practice ( an exagg]at$ tumble home or contraction ( ! upp] deck 0 ab&on$4 ,?is fa%ion01 he said fur!r on1 80 /ill c>ri$ out to a v great ext5t by ! ,engli% & to a less ext5t by ! ,fr5* & ,spani>ds04 ,holmes speaks also ( ! light draught ( our vessels4 ,he expresses himself on ?is subject z foll[s on page #aaa ( 8 "w3 8,9 consequ5ce ( ! %all[ness ( ! ,dut* h>b\rs1 ! draught ( _! %ips 0 also consid]ably less ?an t ( ! ,engli% vessels ( correspond+ =ce04 ,! ,engli% _h at _! disposal docks = ! con/ruction ( _! %ips 7,wits51 p4 #bjf1 column ,i472 !y us$ nei!r rib&s nor %ores4 ,be=e lay+ d[n _! %ips1 says ,van ,yk 7p4 #ai71 !y s prep>$ ! models z to give !m ! %ape desir$4 ,= ?is purpose1 & be=e />t+ con/ruction1 !y laid out ! frames at full size on a floor4 ,?is process 01 !re=e1 born 9 ,engl&4 ,! lay+ out ( ! full scale draw+s 0 only adopt$ ) u at ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,be=e ?is "t1 only models & rib&s 7 us$ 9 our c\ntry1 z is /ill ! pres5t practice = build+ ! small] wood5 vessels & _m fi%+ boats4 ,?is new me?od1 h[ev]1 0 n introduc$ )\t tr\ble2 & ! m s z !re 0 d\bt ( success 9 apply+ x to ! ,dut* %ips1 :i*1 z ,van ,yk says 7p4 #ai71 8_h r\nd$ sides1 to all[ !m to glide ov] ! wat]1 & %>p] angles ?an ! ,engli% %ips0 :i* _h a m regul> cont\r4 ,! ,sw$es & ,danes foll[$ ! ,dut* me?od 9 ! ma94 7,van ,yk1 p4 #bj47 ,_! navy 0 copi$ aft] ours 7,de ,jonge71 b _! %ips 7 n s full & drew m4 ,! honor ( hav+ end[$ ! %ipbuild+ art ) sci5tific pr9ciples belongs :olly to ! ,fr5*4 ,all ! nations1 ev5 ! ,dut* & ! ,engli% borr[$ ^! pr9ciples f !m ab\t ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,x 0 h[ev] only at ! end ( ?is c5tury t ! ,fr5* me?od = calculat+ & design+ %ips =c$ its way ev]y:]e4 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 9 addition to _! w> fleet prop]1 _h a v l>ge m]*ant m>9e4 7,ko551 p4 #ij47 ,?is latt] x is said1 includ$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 #bj1jjj vessels :i* _h all be5 built 9 ,holl& &1 fly+ ! ,dut* colors1 furr[$ ! seas 9 all directions4 ,at ! end ( ?is c5tury1 :5 we mu/ h already lo/ _m ( our ov]-seas possessions1 ! total tonnage ( ! ,engli% m]*ant m>9e am\nt$ to #ejj1jjj tons2 t ( our c\ntry 0 #ijj1jjj tons1 & all o!r nations toge!r _h #b1jjj1jjj tons4 7,gro5 van ,p9/]51 ,h&boek1 #cjc4--,ko551 p4 #afj47 ,our m]*antm5 obta9$ quickly a great p]fection4 ,full pro( ( ?is c be f\nd 9 ! obs]vations made by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 7#aeeb-afah7 ab\t ! ,dut* %ips1 9 :i*1 z he rem>ks1 a l>ge am\nt ( freight c\ld be /[$ :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y requir$ a small] crew ?an t f\nd necess>y = ! ,engli% %ips4 7,ko551 p4 #hf47 ,our m]*ant vessels1 among :i* especially 8flutes0 7 met )1 7 copi$ by ! ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,flutes 7 us$ pref]5tially z freight c>ri]s4 ,! foll[+1 = example1 is f\nd 9 ,le ,muse de ,m>9e du ,l\vre3 8,! navy has always _h transports = supply+ squadrons2 !y 7 call$ at fir/ flutes or transports & lat] 7 kn[n z corvettes de *>ge04 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! numb] ( vessels 9 use at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 ,i h giv5 bel[ a few figures tak5 f ,mr ,ko55's "w1 p4 #afj1 :i* he1 9 8 turn1 has borr[$ f 8,van ,hoog5dorp4--,bijdrag5 tot de hui%\d+ van d5 ,/aat04 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahc47 ,9 #aghc1 !re 7 9 ! prov9ces ( ,nor? ,holl& & ,friesl&3 #ej flutes ( #djj1 #dej & #ejj la/s 7#a la/ #b tons7 sail+ to ,norway & ! ,baltic ,sea1 z well z = ,france & ,spa92 #cj flutes ( #bej to #bhj la/s2 #ah flutes ( #afj to #ahj la/s frequ5t+ ! port ( ,ar*angel1 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,we/ ,indies & hav+ s]v$ orig9ally = ! ,gre5l& fi%]ies2 !n #af craft ( #afj to #ahj la/s & #hj h[k]s or galliots1 ( :i* #ac 7 ( #cjj to #cej la/s1 #ah f #bdj to #bhj1 #ab f #bjj to #bbj1 #ag f #afj to #ahj & #bj f to #aej1 :i* sail$ to ,ar*angel1 ! ,baltic1 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!re 7 also1 #fj frigates 8snauw50 & brigant9es1 ( :i* #aj ( #aej to #bjj la/s2 #cj f #ajj to #adj & #bj f #gj to #ij la/s2 #e 8hekboots*ep50 ( #bjj to #cjj la/s & #adj vessels includ+ h[k]s1 frigates 8snauw50 & brigant9es v>y+ f #fj to #cjj la/s4 ,f9ally !re 7 /ill #cf vessels frequ5t+ ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 #aej 8kuffs0 & smacks ( #ej to #gj la/s1 #ij 8kuffs0 & galliots ( #gj to #ajj la/s &1 at ! end1 #abj galliots1 7h[k]s7 & 8kuffs0 ( #ajj to #aej la/s2 9 all1 #hai vessels4 ,!re %\ld be add$ to ?is numb]1 = ,leeuw>d53 #bj 8kuffs0 & 8smacks0 v>y+ f #ej to #ajj la/s & ov]2 = ,gron+51 #cj vessels ( #ej to #gj la/s2 = ,h>l+51 #i vessels ( #ajj to #aej la/s1 #a ( #ahj1 & #c f #bjj to #cjj la/s2 = ,makkum1 #ad %ips ( #fj to #ajj la/s & ov]2 = ,workum1 #b ( #fj to #gj1 #bd ( #hj to #ajj & #bc ( #ajj la/s & m4 ,bolsw>d1 ,w\ds5d1 ,dryl/1 ,dokkum1 ,sneek1 ,gr\wslot51 etc41 c\nt$ toge!r #cj %ips ( #ej to #gj la/s2 #dj ( #gj to #ajj & #ej ( #ajj la/s & above4 ,f9ally1 ,lemm] _h #dj vessels ( #ej to #ajj la/s & upw>d4 ,!re 7 also a l>ge numb] ( vessels ( less importance1 su* z hoys1 etc4 hav+ a c>ry+ capacity ( #bj to #cj la/s1 & a n small] quantity ( fi%+ boats1 :i* 7 n includ$ 9 ! above figures4 ,!re is f\nd ?us a total ( ab\t #aaje vessels exclusive ( small boats4 ,b x 0 n ! m]e numb] ( %ips :i* 0 l>ge2 !re exi/$ at ! same "t1 z c\ld be se5 by ! diff]5t d5om9ations1 a great v>iety ( types ( %ips4 ,m]*ant vessels1 9 p>ticul>1 w be tak5 up 9 ! next *apt]4 ,b1 be=e leav+ ! %ips ( w>1 let x be once m rem>k$ t1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 our c\ntry _h its frigates4 ,?is type ( %ip 0 unkn[n among u be=e ?is "t1 b circum/ances _h =c$ its use 9 ! end4 ,! inhabitants ( ,dunkirk _h caus$ u heavy losses2 f #afca to #afcg1 !y _h captur$ at ,maassluis m ?an two-hundr$ fi%+ vessels valu$ at ov] a million flor9s4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cgc47 ,9 ord] to c>ry on _! piracies ) great] impunity1 !y _h obta9$ f ! ,m$it]ranean a %ip ( f9e l9es :i*1 al?\gh n l>ge 7x c>ri$ only #f to #ab guns71 0 none ! less a f9e sail]2 x 0 ! frigate4 ,9 ord] to /ruggle m effectively aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ,dunkirk1 we too began to build ! vessel 9 "q & _! numb] increas$ rapidly "u ! urg5t advice ( our great ,admiral ,tromp4 7,de ,jonge1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #chh & #chi47 ,lat] on !y 7 built ( l>g] size4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ah ,z has j be5 said ! frigate 0 import$ into ,france by ! inhabitants ( ,dunkirk2 !nce x pass$ into ,engl&1 9 #agda1 7,holmes1 p4 #aba72 all ! same1 ?is latt] c\ntry _h already _h "s ( small] size 9 #afdf4 ,! frigates play$ an important "p 9 ! ,anglo-,am]ican w>4 ,fire 0 "o ( ! greate/ enemies ( wood5 %ips4 ,h5ce rec\rse 0 _h to ?is elem5t f ! e>lie/ times1 9 ord] to de/roy an enemy's fleet4 ,x 0 n en\gh to ?r[ burn+ pit*2 m effective means 7 inv5t$ & ! ,anci5ts 7 already us+ fireboats to set fire to ! ho/ile fleet4 ,"t w n be wa/$ 9 conjectures ab\t ! fire%ips ( ! ,anci5ts1 :i* c\ld only h be5 ord9>y vessels4 ,a summ>y description w r be giv5 ( ^? us$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury !y be+ ! only ones m5tion$ 9 ,wits5's well kn[n "w1 pp4 #aff & #afg4 ,vessels ( r small size act$ z fireboats1 pref]5tially flutes or p9naces4 ,lat]1 8spiegels*ep50 ( #gj or #hj la/s 7 us$4 ,^! vessels _h a smoo? cont9u\s deck 9 :i* 7 made holes hav+ an area ( ab\t #a4e squ>e feet4 ,a tr\gh />t+ f ! poop ran =w>d = ! entire l5g? ( ! vessel1 ) side tr\ghs lead+ a?w>t%ips1 9 a ^w1 a tra9 0 =m$ :i* w\ld let ! fire run easily & quickly ?r\gh\t ! %ip4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! tr\ghs 7 fill$ ) a mixture compos$ half ( gunp[d] by volume1 qu>t] ( saltpetre & ! rema9+ qu>t] made up ( equal p>ts ( res9 & sulphur1 ! :ole mix$ ) a little l9se$ oil4 ,! tr\ghs ?us fill$ 7 cov]$ ) %av+s :i*1 9 _! turn1 disappe>$ "u faggots ( light bran*es soak$ 9 a mixture ( res91 cod-liv] oil1 p[d] & saltpetre4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! vessel 0 fill$ ) o!r inflammable mat]ials2 ! deck & ! inside walls 7 sme>$ ) grease & cov]$ ) a lay] ( f9ely p[d]$ res94 ,sometimes ! fire%ips 7 load$ ) op5 b>rels fill$ ) %av+s soak$ 9 t>4 ,special c>e 0 also tak5 t all ports & hat*es %\ld be left op5 s z to give pl5ty ( draught4 ,9 ord] m surely to h ! fire%ip cat* ! enemy's vessel1 /rong grapnels 7 atta*$ to ! end ( ! b[sprit & to ! ends ( ! y>ds2 ^! grapnels c\ld be deta*$ by means ( ropes laid along ! %ip4 ,9 ord] to deceive ! enemy & to save appe>ances1 quak] guns 7 /ation$ 9 ! ports4 ,two iron guns only 7 plac$ aft = def5ce aga9/ attacks4 ,a l>ge trap 0 made 9 ! poop to all[ ! crew to quit ! vessel1 aft] hav+ light$ ! fire & let g ! grapnels1 & to get away 9 a laun* atta*$ to ! fire%ip und]nea? ! trap4 ,! s]vice ) fire%ips 0 naturally a p]il\s task1 s only ! brave/ m5 7 select$ = ?is duty & !y1 on acc\nt ( ! great dang] incurr$1 receiv$ d\ble pay4 ,9 case ( ne$1 ! fire%ips 7 />t$ /raight at ! enemy1 s t ! latt]'s %ip 0 tak5 face on & n by ! side4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! rigg+ ( ! two vessels became entangl$ at once & x became impossible !n to sep>ate !m4 ,! fire%ips 7 only old %ips z a rule1 yet new vessels 7 sometimes employ$1 = ! con/ruction ( :i*1 z ,wits5 says1 8a v ord9>y1 v light & v inflammable wood 0 us$40 ,ext]nally ! fire%ips did n diff] f ord9>y vessels2 any?+ else w\ld n h be5 practical1 because ! enemy w\ld h recogniz$ !m at once "u ^! conditions4 ,_! crew 0 z few 9 numb]s z possible & e precaution 0 tak5 to all[ x to leave ! vessel z soon z ! latt] 0 well on fire & _h rea*$ ! desir$ po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aeh ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aja ,! *anges made 9 our w> %ips dur+ ! ,x,i,xth c5tury are suffici5tly well kn[n2 consequ5tly x w n be necess>y to dwell on !m4 ,no?+ m w be said ?an ?is3 t ! %e] ( ^! vessels became less1 t ! /em & ! /]npo/ approa*$ m ne>ly ! v]tical & t ! old ornam5ts disappe>$ almo/ entirely4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #afe ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 ! r\nd$ %ape ( ! /]n 0 adopt$1 accord+ to ! ,engli% fa%ion4 ,x 0 ! dea? bl[ to ! old squ>e /]n %ip1 b already1 long be=e t1 x _h be5 call$ %ip ( w>4 ,?is new d5om9ation *ang$ no?+ 9 its con/ruction4 ,our %ipbuild+ _h gone to pieces "u ! ,fr5* occupation1 & ! cont95tal blockade complet$ ! ru94 ,/ill1 t[>d ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury x succe$$ 9 reviv+4 ,x is true t 9 #ahbd only ?ree %ips1 measur+ 9 all #addj tons1 7 built2 b1 9 #ahbg1 ?is numb] _h already gone up to #ei vessels ) a total tonnage ( #ai1geh tons4 ,^! data relate only to vessels ( m ?an #ajj tons4 7,ko551 p4 #aja47 ,9 #ahec1 says ,m4 ,ko551 !re 7 9 ! prov9ce ( ,gron+5 #hi %ipy>ds = bo? inl& & ocean navigation4 ,9 ,friesl&1 !re 7 l>ge y>ds at ,h>l+5 & at ,lemm5 devot$ exclusively to ! con/ruction ( sea-go+ vessels4 ,9 ,nor? ,holl&1 ocean %ipp+ 0 "u con/ruction at ,am/]dam1 ,m$5blik1 ,monnick5dam1 ,muid5 & ,nieuw5dam4 ,%ipbuild+ 0 fl\ri%+ at ,rott]dam1 ,s*i$am1 ,alblass]dam & ,dordre*t4 ,9 ?is same ye>1 #ahec1 adds ! au?or above nam$1 #abe %ips built 9 our c\ntry 7 regi/]$1 & our m]*ant m>9e includ$ #aiga vessels ) a total tonnage ( #bbd1dcb la/s 7 #ddh1hfd tons74 ,/eam1 too1 _h appe>$ among u dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury & sail+ vessels = ?is reason 7 relegat$ to ! backgr\nd4 ,! adoption ( iron = ! frames ( %ips also br\ght ab\t great *anges2 b ! importance ( ?is new mat]ial 0 n ev]y:]e suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt1 & _m %ipy>ds :i* cont9u$ to hold to build+ 9 wood und]w5t a rapid decl9e4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 :i* _h tak5 up iron con/ruction f ! mom5t ( its appe>ance1 became l>gely prosp]\s & contribut$ greatly t[>d ma9ta9+ ! anci5t fame ( our naval ar*itecture4 ,! fir/ iron %ip turn$ out 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 0 built by ,fop ,smit1 :o appe>s also to h be5 ! inv5tor ( iron ma/s4 ,! fir/ ,dut* /eamboats 7 built at ,fey5oord 7#ahcd-ahce7 9 ! y>d :i* n[ belongs to ! ,society ( ,naval & ,me*anical ,con/ructions4 7,see ,g$5kboek ,kon1 ,in/ituut van ,+5ieurs1 p4 #bji1 etc47 ,! revolution wr\ght by ! introduction ( /eel 9 ! con/ruction ( w> %ips is suffici5tly well kn[n2 b ^! vessels h lo/ all "* ( _! own & !y c no long] be recogniz$ except by ! flag :i* !y fly4 ,su* is ! pres5t situation = ocean navigation1 & su* w also be ! situation = inl& navigation4 ,"h too /eel has be5 adopt$ = ! con/ruction ( ! frames ( vessels1 & ! old =ms are pass+ away to give place to types :i* w soon be 9 g5]al use4 ,b1 :5 t "t comes1 riv] boats w also h lo/ all national "* & se>* w be made 9 va9 to "k :at 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pa/4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ! uni=mity :i* ev5 n[ exi/s1 ! vessels :i* ,holl& has turn$ out c /ill always be recogniz$ by _! solid & elegant =ms4 ,& may x ?us ev] be2 may our build]s ev] c>ry high] ! fair fame ( ,dut* naval con/ruction2 & may ,dut* capital also cont9ue to second !m & to und]/& t ! /r5g? ( our l& lies 9 a fl\ri%+ m>9e4 ,b ! latt] ne$s 9 its turn excell5t l9es ( communication2 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 z we all "k1 has se5 ! rise ( new communications by wat] & ! improvem5t ( ! old l9es2 ! ob/acles1 aris+ f insuffici5t dep? 9 ! *annels lead+ to our comm]cial c5tres1 h disappe>$1 & x has become possible = u to compete ) =eign nations 9 ! ar5a ( ! con/ruction ( l>ge %ips4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #d ,! ,dut* m>9e owes its prosp]ity n to ! beauty ( =m ( its %ips1 b to ! value ( its limit$ p]sonnel1 to ! sobriety ( its seam5 & to ! innate cleanl9ess ( ! ,dut* p4 #e ,on ?is po9t1 !y 7! ,engli%7 op5ly defy all o!r nations & believe !mselves to be unequal$ on ! gr\nd ( %ipbuild+4 #f ,we/]n ,influ5ce on ! ,cultivation1 ,mode ( liv+ & ,agriculture ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,nor? 7,norwegians & o!r ,sc&9avians7 9 ! ,"t ( ! 8,vik+s01 by ,alex&] ,bugge4 #g ,x is ! op9ion ( mo/ au?ors t ! ,frisians h ! honor ( hav+ made %ipbuild+ fl\ri% aga9 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 #h 8,h[ cogs 7 built 9 ! pa/1 & h[ mu* !y h *ang$ ) ! passage ( "t1 j z 9 our day 7! "t ( ! writ]7 fur!rmore1 ! %ape ( %ips is se5 to be und]go+ con/ant modifications40 7,p4 #cfd47 #i ,! /atie 0 a sort ( second>y bulw>k at ! /]n1 ris+ q high above ! rail4 ,! till] swung f side to side 9 an op5+ made 9 ! bottom plank ( ! /atie & above ! rail at ! /]n4 #aj ,! 8arcasse0 includes ! /]npo/ & ! transoms4 ,x belongs to squ>e-/]n$ vessels only4 #aa ,! be/ & sure/ means ( avoid+ a too great draught ( wat] consi/s 9 wid5+ ! %ips4 ,an endeavor %\ld be made to realize ?is programme1 see+ h[ %all[ our passes are4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( exp]i5c$ pilots :o h s\nd$ ! passes consci5ti\sly1 x is n possible to br+ %ips draw+ m ?an #bj feet ?r\gh ! 8,go]ee0 pass1 or %ips draw+ ab\t an equal am\nt ?r\gh ! ,texel1 or m ?an #ac feet ?r\gh ! ,meuse4 ,?is is :y x has happ5$ m ?an once t w> vessels ( ! ,/ate1 ( f9e l9es & deeply balla/$ s z to facilitate manuv]+ "u sail1 c\ld n ga9 ! op5 sea at l[ tide or 9 calm wea!r1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! c\ntry1 :ile outside1 ! l[e/ ti] ( guns c\ld n be us$ because x 0 too ne> ! wat]4 #ab ,sev]al ye>s ago1 by reason ( ! %all[ness ( our riv]s & passes1 an attempt 0 made1 s f> z x 0 possible1 to raise our l>ge1 deep draught %ips by means ( empty casks1 s t !y c\ld rea* ! op5 sea4 ,b ?is process requir$ an inf9ite "t & great labor j to put ! casks into place4 #ac 8,! vessel :i* sails to ! ,we/ or ! ,s\? %all h ! b[ cov]$ ) copp] to protect x aga9/ ! t]$o04 ,illu/ration3 #c ,x 0 se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t x 0 n until ! second half ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury t ! con/ruction ( vessels ( w>1 z su*1 0 begun 9 ,holl&4 ,up to t mom5t m]*ant %ips 7 equipp$ & us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,9 proportion z comm]ce develop$ & z dang]s f enemies at sea increas$1 ! armam5t ( m]*ant %ips became m & m important4 ,s1 p]sonal int]e/ 0 ! cause ( p>tially equipp+ m]*antm5 z m5 ( w>4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! ,ea/ ,india ,company built %ips :i* may be consid]$ z types ( ! k9d4 ,consequ5tly x 0 j ! l>ge/ m]*ant vessels :i* 7 mo/ *ang$ z "t roll$ by4 ,! old types are1 !re=e1 no long] f\nd 9 ?is category ( vessels2 x is among ! small craft t !y are be/ pres]v$4 ,! olde/ type ( ,dut* %ip is ! 8,kogges*ip0 7,cog7 f :i* are desc5d$ ! 8,kray]s0 & 8,hulk504 ,^! vessels are all cl9k] built4 ,! 8,b>ges01 8,ba]ts501 etc4 appe>$ 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,_! plank+ 0 smoo?4 ,!y gradually drove out ! 8,kray]s0 & 8,hulk501 f :i* !y really diff]$ little 9 =m4 ,at ! end ( ! ,x,vth c5tury are f\nd ! 8,kraak0 7c>ack or galleon7 :i* came to u f ! nations ( ! ,s\?1 j z we took f !m ! 8,spiegels*ip0 7a squ>e-/]n$ vessel7 at ! close ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,! names ( 8,b>ges01 etc4 n[ give place to ! 8,k(f50 7k(fs7 & 8,smakk50 7smacks72 b ! old =ms d n disappe> by reason ( ?is fact2 ! same types ( vessels m]ely *ange _! "n z ! result ( a few *anges 9 details4 ,x is ?us t ( ! 8,tjalk50 7tialks71 :i* are n m5tion$ by ,wits5 al?\gh !y exi/$ 9 8 day & 7 !n call$ 8,smals*ep50 or 8,wijds*ep504 ,sev]al o!r examples ( ?is sort c\ld be giv54 ,! lik5ess ( =m is ev5 s /rik+ t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 our fleet /ill %[$ p]fectly ! types ( ,wits5's "t4 ,! *anges introduc$ 7 m]ely ^? ( detail4 ,9 exam9+ ! old types1 :i* are n[ /ill 9 use1 x is well n to lose sight ( ! fact t our %ips h1 dur+ ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 increas$ greatly _! l5g? & beam & proportionally also _! draught z ! result ( ! improvem5ts ( our navigable highways & ! digg+ ( new *annels4 ,! result ( ?is has be5 ! fall+ (f ( c]ta9 types1 to :i* ! appe>ance ( iron 9 %ipbuild+ has also l>gely contribut$4 ,= o!r types1 ! improvem5t ( ! navigable highways & ! creation ( ports h br\ght ab\t _! complete disappe>ance4 ,?us ! con/ruction ( ! 8,bomm5hav50 w soon h1 z its consequ5ce1 ! total disappe>ance ( ! old 8,bomm50 ( :i* m w be said fur!r on 7fi%+ boats74 ,! small] boats w give1 "u ^! conditions1 ! be/ idea ( ! old =ms1 &1 z has be5 se5 9 :at prec$es1 ! mo/ beautiful specim5s w be f\nd among ! fi%+ boats4 ,! fi%+ vessels be/ reveal ! orig9 ( ! =ms ( our %ips1 s a special *apt] w be devot$ to ?is k9d ( craft4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 m]*ant %ips & m5-(-w> 0 m>k$ by ! n>r[ deck ( ! =m] :i* all[$ ! size ( ! crew to be r$uc$ 7,wits51 pp4 #ed1 #bfc1 #bff71 & x has be5 told t ! ,dut* 7 always quot$ z examples 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is ?us t ! 8,vlieboot50 7flyboats7 appe>$1 ! precursors ( ! 8,fluit50 7flutes71 :i* are kn[n 9 ,engl& by ! "n ( ! 8,dut* ,flight04 ,trips bo? to nor!rn & s\!rn c\ntries give rise to *anges f :i* are develop$ a great numb] ( types ( boats all ( :i* are d]iv$1 h[ev]1 f a same fundam5tal type4 ,wits5 writes on ?is subject 7page #ec74 8,noorts*e deelhaeld]s la$5 het mee/ wanne] na d5 vi]kante hell51 koor5 s*ep5 en die op /ukgo$]5 a5legg51 als ze rondta*tig zijn en veel spr+54 ,oo/ en ,noortsva]d]s die grove wa]5 la$5 zijn groot] 9 't geme5 als die /ukgo$]5 wijn5 en di]gelijke la$5 gelijk ook de z\?aeld]s0#ad4 ,^! are all v>iations ( a same type ( vessel4 ,:5 ! size ( %ips increas$1 x 0 necess>y to make !m /ill m bulg+ on acc\nt ( ! limit$ dep? ( ! arms ( ! sea1 & ?is br\ght ab\t ! disappe>ance ( diff]5ces 9 ! fundam5tal =ms4 ,?us we read 9 ,van ,yk 7page #cdh74 8,ma> als m5 hi]teg5 aanm]kt dat weg5s de doorgaans ondiepe grond5 en la/vo]5s wil alle s*ep5 van tijd tot tijd vi]kant] w]d5 geb\wd sulks dat h$5 des5 aanga&e niet s veel ond]s*eid tuss*5 d'e5 en d'&]e soort van s*ep5 als wel voor dez5 gevond5 w]d4 ,want e5 h$5daags welgeb\wde kaag sal 9 ,la/5 te vo]5 't ,smals*ip dat 9 ,l5gte1 ,wijdte en ,holte da>aan gelijk is1 we9ig wijk5 will54 ,en de ,dams*uit die wel gemaakt is sal d5 ,damloop] bijna ook ev5>5 konn540#ae ,! n>r[ deck ( m]*ant vessels _h /ill ano!r orig9 :i* ref]r$ to ! way ( gaug+ vessels & gave rise to ! con/ruction ( /rongly bulg+ %ips4 ,wits5 says 7p4 #afj7 on ?is po9t3 8,het uitbreeck5 des] s*ep5 7,noortsva]d]s7 voor en a*t] bra*t hi] 9 d5 s*ipp] pr(ijt aan dat ze vele go$]5 me] /\d5 als de maat d] s*ep5 hielt40#af ,?is applies especially to boats go+ to load wood or gra9 at ! ,baltic ports1 on acc\nt ( ! tolls :i* _h to be paid to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 tolls ( :i* ! am\nt 0 det]m9$ by ! treaty ( #afdg1 by calculat+ ! capacity ( ! vessel 9 t]ms ( ! l5g?1 ! beam on deck & ! dep? ( hold4 ,b1 :5 ?is treaty 0 modifi$ 9 #afff1 ?is unsightly way ( build+ & ?is exagg]at$ bulg+ gradually disappe>$ 7w]d dit mismaekt b\w5 en geweldigh uitspr+5 a*t]wege gelat574 7,wits51 p4 #afj47 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #af ,nev]!less1 ! con/ruction ( l>ge numb]s ( m]*ant %ips ) n>r[ decks 0 /ill p]si/$ 9 &1 ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 8,fluits*ep50 7flutes7 are /ill met )4 ,a beautiful model ( "o ( ^! 8,dut* ,flights0 exi/s at ! museum ( antiquities at ,dordre*t4 ,! great] bulg+ ( m]*ant vessels kept pace ) ! /raight5+ ( ! /]npo/ & /em4 ,on ano!r side1 ! idea t ! volume ( ! subm]g$ "p ( a vessel %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 0 ab&on$ t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adi ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aec ,! /raight5+ ( ! /]npo/ br\ght ab\t ! %ort5+ ( ! beakhead :i*1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 measur$ "o-fif? ( ! total l5g? ( ! vessel & only "o-eigh? ( ?is l5g? at its end4 ,?is diff]5ce is cle>ly se5 by comp>+ ! ,zi]ikzee model ) t ( ! 8,bleijswijk04 ,! beakhead1 :i* _h come d[n to u f anci5t times 7,van ,yk1 p4 #ajc71 0 us$ only 8als ,heimelijke gevoeg-plaats50 7z a ,w4 ,c47 = ! crew1 & ^? :o _h be5 guilty ( "s unimportant misdemeanor 7 also %ut up !re1 z ,van ,yk says 7p4 #ajd71 8des devotie des ov]spel5d5 zeewat]s0 7at ! m]cy ( ! waves74 ,fire 0 ! great enemy ( our m]*ant %ips4 ,! /oppage ( leaks 0 also m difficult = ^! vessels ?an = m5-(-w> because x 0 impossible1 z a rule1 on ! =m] to rea* ! leak f ! inside & ?r\gh ! c>go4 ,wat] tight bulkheads did n exi/1 b1 = all t1 ! /oppage ( ! leak 0 none ! less indisp5sable4 ,wits5 tells u h[ x 0 all h&l$ 7p4 #bgf71 &1 aft] expla9+ h[ a fire 0 put out1 he cont9ues ?us3 8,wanne] e5 ges*ot5 gat ond] wat] van b9n5 niet ge/opt kan word51 hetzij d5 la/ 9 d5 weg is ( &]z9s1 wordt e5 man buit5 boord met e5 prop 9 de hant op e5 plankje gezet1 da> e5 dreg aan va/ is1 die hem ond] wat] haalt4 ,en aldus /opt ( dekt hij de op5+4 ,m5 geeft hem e5 geoli$e lap 9 d5 mont on het wat] uit het li*aem te we]50#ag4 ,be=e go+ on to ! classification1 prop]ly s call$1 ( ! pr9cipal categories ( vessels :i* h j be5 sket*$ out1 a few m rem>ks1 ab\t ! %ip 9 g5]al & a few details 9 p>ticul>1 %\ld be made4 ,! old build]s ( wood5 vessels det]m9$ ! %ip's l5g? by ! "w = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,?is l5g? 0 measur$ f ! =w>d side ( ! /em to ! aft] side ( ! /]npo/4 ,! beam & ! dep? 7 d$uc$ f ! l5g?2 ! beam be+ tak5 equal to "o-f\r? ( ! l5g?1 & = ! dep?1 "o foot 0 tak5 = ea* #aj feet ( l5g?1 at ! po9t :]e ! vessel's height 0 lea/4 ,x 0 only = e/hetic reasons t ! /]npo/ 0 made high] ?an ! /em4 ,:5 ! keel 0 laid d[n1 ! /]npo/ & ! /em put up1 ! w+ transom 0 made fa/ to ! fa%ion timb]s1 !n ! ma9 frame & ! frame at ! junction ( ! /em 7 re>$4 ,ano!r frame 0 rais$ betwe5 ! ma9 frame & ! /]npo/4 8,c5t50 7?9 flexible bo>ds1 call$ rib&s 9 ,engli%7 7 !n made fa/ to ^! frames s z to det]m9e 9 ?is way ! %ape ( ! %ip & to d$uce !refrom ! o!r frames4 ,accord+ to ,van ,yk 7p4 #gg71 ^! bo>ds are n call$ 8c5t501 b 8c]t501 because ! =m ( ! vessel is fix$ by means ( ^! bo>ds & made 8c]ta904 ,o!r au?ors pret5d t ! ^w comes f 8,kant50 or 8,k5t50 f ! ^w 8bek5dheid0 7k74 ,! %ape ( ! %ip 0 ?us det]m9$ by trial aft] hav+ settl$1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! ma9 frame & ! l5g?4 ,! small] ! vessel1 ! m %e] x _h & ! m rib&s 7 requir$ exactly to det]m9e its %ape4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 cu/om>y to give ! %ip "s %e] 7zeegte71 t is3 to make x high] at ! ends ?an at ! middle4 ,?is %e] 0 obta9$1 aft] sett+ ! rib&s1 by means ( %e]/rakes ( :i* ! fa/5+ 0 begun at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! height ( ! %ip4 ,^! %e]/rakes rose =w>d at ! rate ( #a in* = e #f feet ( l5g?1 & aft at ! rate ( #e in*es = e #f feet4 ,! wales :i* s]v$ to protect ! %ip 7 laid accord+ to ! %e]/rakes4 ,! %e] 9 l>ge vessels 7spiegels*ep57 0 gradually r$uc$ & ! ef=t 0 made ins5sibly to build %ips ) a flat deck 9 imitation ( ,engl& & lat] ( ,am]ica4 ,! %e] /ill exi/s 9 boats = inl& wat]s1 l ! 8,tjalk501 8,poon501 etc4 ,only "o wale or b5d is us$ = small vessels1 ! l>g] ones1 su* z ! 8,tjalk50 & 8,smakk50 require ?ree b5ds sup]pos$4 ,x is notic$1 z a rule1 t ! b5ds became light] 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 j z did ! /]npo/ & ! /em4 ,! engrav+s :i* %[ boats prior to #aejj1 %[ also sev]al equidi/ant b5ds1 & x 0 only at ! end ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury t ! s+le b5ds ( lat] days are se5 to appe>4 ,moreov]1 x is c]ta9 t ! improvem5t ( ! navigable highways 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! light] con/ruction ( %ips4 ,^! old engrav+s %[ t ! plank+ is 9 v %ort pieces s z to avoid m>k$ curves2 b1 9 ord] to give1 all ! same1 suffici5t /iffness to ! vessel1 _m b5ds became necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ach ,9 ! old %ipbuild+1 :]e ! pieces ( ! plank+ nail$ toge!r cl9k] ways make ! con/ruction m solid1 ! b5ds 7 exceptional4 ,! old 8,kogges*ep50 7,cogs71 = example1 _h none1 b ! reproduction ( a small boat pres]v$ at ! *ur* at ,diem] %[s !m4 ,^! wales are !n support$ by r\nd wood5 brackets :i* are /ill f\nd 9 a few old 8,poon504 ,9 ! matt] ( ! wales1 ! rule 0 t :5 ! vessel 0 se5 f 9 front !y seem$ to be convex1 ) ! convexity on top1 :]eas1 se5 f ! side1 !y look concave1 t is1 ) ! convexity und]nea?4 ,x has be5 said 9 :at prec$es t ! me?od ( rib&s 78c5t507 0 ab&on$ = l>ge %ips1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 & t1 aft] t "t1 "w 0 done f sket*es 9 putt+ up ! frames & 9 build+ ! %ip4 ,! rudd] 0 h&l$ by means ( a till]1 & on l>ge vessels ?is is (t5 held up by a piece ( wood 7lui]wag57 :i* is /ill se5 on _m small inl& vessels4 ,9 ord] readily to "w ! till] ( l>ge vessels1 a hole 0 cut 9 ! poop deck imm$iately ov] ! free end ( ! till] 9 its middle position4 ,a lev] pass$ upw>d ?r\gh ?is hole & 0 hung on a pivot ( :i* ! axis lay =e & aft4 ,! l[] end ( ! lev] 0 atta*$ to ! free end ( ! till] :ile ! upp] end 0 loose4 ,by sw++ ! top ( ! lev] to "o side or ! o!r ( ! %ip1 a correspond+ motion 0 giv5 to ! till] & s to ! rudd]4 ,?is manuvre 01 naturally1 n easy 9 heavy wea!r & requir$ assi/ance4 ,a pulley1 ar\nd :i* ran a rope or /e]+ l9e hav+ "o end made fa/ to ! till]1 0 set 9 ! deck s z bett] to op]ate ! rudd]4 7,wits51 p4 #bgd1 #b;d column47 ,?is rope1 :i* 0 s]v$ by two m51 =m$ ) ! pulley ! precursor ( ! /e]+ :eel :i* appe>$ on ! cont95t 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 aft] hav+ be5 already 9 use 9 ,engl&1 z c]ta9 au?ors try to make out4 ,x is claim$ sometimes t ! rudd] c\ld only sw+ a little to ei!r side4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ake4 ,wits5 says1 z a matt] ( fact1 p4 #eh3 8,! great] ! sw+ ( ! rudd]1 ! h>d] is ! manuvre04 ,x is evid5t t ,wits5 w\ld h said no?+ ab\t ! sw+ if x _h be5 small4 ,x foll[s cle>ly f ! quotation f ,van ,yk 7p4 #aba7 9 reg>d to ! 8lui]wag5s0 t ! helmsman mu/ h put =? a great deal ( /r5g?3 8,hij 7de lui]wag57 di5d om de ,ro]p51 aan 't voore9de t' ond]/eun5 nademaal deze1 weg5s deszelfs langte1 om sig selv5 te drag5 imm]s om 't geweld dat de man te ,ro] da>aan v]ri*t5 moet1 uit te /aan2 al te zwak s\de wez50#ah4 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,b\gu] 7#agdf7 says 9 8 "w1 p4 #hc1 8t ! rudd] %\ld make ) ! prolongation ( ! keel an angle ( ab\t #ee #dd1 etc404 ,h5ce x is incorrect to say t ! sw+ ( ! rudd] c\ld only rea* a few degrees4 7,p>is1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bba47 ,fur!rmore1 vessels %\ld be able to come ab\t m quickly 9 our riv]s1 ) _! n>r[ *annels & small dep? ( wat]1 h5ce ! rudd] %\ld be able to sw+ m ?an a few degrees4 ,on small inl& boats1 ! rudd] is frequ5tly l5g!n$ on rea*+ %all[ wat]4 ,?is elongation 0 made by means ( an isolat$ bo>d or a movable "p 7,van ,yk1 p4 #bba71 a ?+ :i* happ5s /ill v (t5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,if ! till] c be turn$ entirely above ! bulw>ks1 :i* is call$ 9 ,dut* 8ge5 /atie vo]50 7)\t /atie71 ! vessel is said to h a draai ov] boord 9 contradi/9ction to vessels ) 8/atie04 ,! 8/atie0 means ! "p ( ! bulw>ks :i* rises above ! till]#ai4 ,! till] passes 9 ?is case ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! 8/atie01 :i* prev5ts ! rudd] be+ br\ght h>d ov]4 ,! l5g? ( ! lee-bo>ds is tak5 at twice ! dep? ( ! hold4 ,z _m riv]s & lakes are lack+ 9 dep?1 ! l5g? ( ! lee-bo>ds is r$uc$ = inl& vessels1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f t\*+ bottom1 consequ5tly _! wid? 0 increas$4 ,! lee-bo>ds = ! ocean & = ! riv]s ( ,zeal& are long & n>r[4 ,new modifications 7 made 9 ! rigg+ ( vessels t[>d ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,! small b[sprit disappe>$ 9 ord] to make place = ! =e-ma/s :i* h rema9$ 9 use s9ce t "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ade etc4 ,! rigg+ ( ! l>ge vessels is suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,x is desir$ m]ely to dwell on ! fact t =e-ma/s h be5 plac$ wrongly on v>i\s models ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,a vessel ( :i* ! plank+ is rabbett$ into ! /em is call$ a 8va>tuig04 ,! 8,aak0 7ake7 is a boat )\t a /em & its plank+ =ms a plane up to ! b[4 ,! plank+ ends !n at ! plane 9 front4 ,if ?is occurs = a 8,tjalk01 !re is obta9$ :at is kn[n z an 8,aak ,tjalk04 ,:5 ! aft] deck is rais$ s z to come up to ! level ( ! ma9 rail1 ! vessel is said to be suppli$ ) a 8paviljo504 ,?us1 = example1 a 8,/atiepaviljo5poon01 is a 8poon0 ) a rais$ deck4 ,if ! aft] deck be n rais$1 ! vessel is simply a 8,/atiepoon04 ,vessels c be gr\p$1 !n1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,,classification ,,( ,,%ips ,i4 ,,w> ,,vessels4 ,,ii4 ,,m]*antm54 ,a7 ,= ov] seas trade2 ,b7 ,= coa/+ trade & tidal /reams4 ,,iii4 ,,f]ries4 ,,iv4 ,,boats ,,= ,,sundry ,,uses ,,& ,,n ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,gr\ps4 ,v4 ,,boats ,,frequ5t+ ,,! ,,upp] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,riv]s 7,,bov5l&]s74 ,a7 ,= ! ,rh9e2 ,b7 ,= ! ,meuse2 ,c7 ,= ! ,upp] ,rh9e & ! bas9 includ$ betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,meuse4 ,,vi4 ,,fi%+ ,,vessels4 ,a7 ,= deep sea fi%+2 ,b7 ,= ! coa/+ & riv] fi%]ies4 ,i4 ,,w> ,,vessels4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! evolution ( ! w> %ip1 prop]ly s-call$1 ! read] ne$s m]ely to be ref]r$ to ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,be=e ab\t #afge1 !re 71 z a fir/ w> %ip prop]3 ! ,p9ass*ip 7,p9ace7 & lat] ! ,spiegels*ip 7a squ>e /]n %ip74 ,! squ>e /]n$ ,spiegel disappe>$ & !n r\nd /]ns 7 aga9 tak5 up1 :5ce result$ ! w> %ip call$ ,s*ip van oorlog4 ,at ! beg9n+1 ?is class ( vessels 0 made up exclusively ( %ips ) two decks4 ,at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 h[ev]1 a few types ) ?ree decks 7 built 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,use 0 (t5 made ( ! 8,fluits*ip0 7flute or transport71 ( %ips ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 78,oo/-,indis*e ,compagnie s*ip071 ( 8ya*ts0 78,ja*t507 & ( v>i\s sorts ( vessels ( less importance1 z auxili>y w> %ips1 & ( t5d]s 78,boei]071 galliots 78,galjoot071 galeas 78,galeas071 8,bomm501 kuffs 78,k(fs07 & smacks 78,smaks07 z coa/ def5ce vessels4 ,all ^! vessels belong r to ! category ( m]*ant %ips & w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,among ! types imitat$ f abroad !re may be m5tion$ ! ,fregat 7frigate71 & lat] ! ,brik 7brig71 ! ,s*oon] & ! ,b>k4 ,,ii4 ,,m]*ant ,,vessels4 ,a7 ,= ov] seas navigation4 ,! olde/ m]*ant %ip 0 ! cog 8,kogges*ip01 f :i* are desc5d$ ! 8,hulk50 & 8,kray]s04 ,! plank+ ( ^! %ips is cl9k] laid4 ,!n vessels 7 built ) m ne>ly r\nd$ bottoms & ! c>vel-built side appe>$ 9 ! second half ( ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,! result+ type 0 ! ,b>ge or 8,ba]tze04 ,mean:ile1 ! con/ruction ( ca/les 0 begun on ^! %ips1 j z on ! old cogs4 ,^! ca/les became gradually m important1 imitat+ :at _h be5 done on ! ,spani%1 ,portuguese & ,g5oese %ips4 ,a type ( vessel :i*1 9 accordance ) ! ,spani% model1 c>ri$ l>ge ca/les 0 ! ,c>ack or ,galleon 78,kraak07 ,?is vessel disappe>$ f our c\ntry 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 at ! end ( :i* appe>$ ! flyboats 78,vlie or ,vlietboot507 call$ lat] ,flutes 78fluit5074 ,^! vessels dep>t$ f ! prec$+ types by hav+ a m>k$ tumble 9 ( ! topsides4 ,h5ce ! hull 0 full & ! deck 0 n>r[4 ,! flutes 7 ! m]*antm5 8p> excell5ce0 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,! 8,spiegels*ip0 also appe>$ t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury2 x act$ z a m]*antman 9 ! same way z ! simil> vessel ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is vessel 0 call$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 ,p9nace 78,p9ass*ip074 ,! ,p9nace became m r\nd$ 9 ! second half ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury2 x c>ri$ also a m ne>ly v]tical /]n & a small] beakhead4 ,f x came ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's %ip 78,oo/-,indis* ,compagnie ,s*ip074 ,! flutes cont9u$ to hold _! own alongside ( ! v>i\s types ( vessels1 b *anges 7 made to adapt !m bett] to ! use = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 & s x 0 t ! ,noordva]d] or ,walvis*va]d] 7:al+ %ip7 & ,oo/va]d] 7vessel ( ! ,baltic ,sea7 made _! appe>ance4 ,small 8,spiegels*ep501 hav+ a light] rig ?an ! o!rs1 appe>$ else:]e 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury "u ! "n ( ,r9ds 78,snaus*ep5074 ,two o!r types ( l>ge fi%+ vessels = ! op5 sea 7 built1 viz3 ! h[k] or hoy 78,hoek]07 & ! bu% 78,buys07 :i* w be f\nd "u ! *apt] ( fi%+ vessels4 ,/ill ano!r %ip comes to u f abroad z a m]*antman3 ! ,frigate1 :ile ! ,t5d]s 78,boei]s0 or 8,krom/ev5s07 _h be5 imitat$ already f models ( ! ,fr5* navy4 ,^! vessels appe>$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury z ! result ( ! traffic ) ! city ( ,r\5 7,wits51 p4 #afd1 #b col474 ,f comb9ations ( ^! types ( vessels among ea* o!r or ) small] types h aris5 c]ta9 k9ds ( boats call$ by ! foll[+ names3 ! 8,boot01 :i* 0 no?+ b a small flute hav+ a 8draai-ov]-boord0 /]n2 ! 8,hekboot01 d]iv$ f ! p9nace & ! ,galliot2 ! 8,kats*ip0 7cat-boat71 f ! t5d] & flute2 & f9ally ! 8,/okk]01 :i* _h ! b[ ( a 8,spiegel%ip0 ) ! /]n ( a h[k]4 ,let x be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t x is h>d to sep>ate cle>ly navigation ov] seas f navigation along %ore1 = ev5 small kuffs 78k(f507 h be5 *>t]$ = ! ,indies 9 _m cases4 ,! di/9ction made "h betwe5 navigation ov] seas & navigation along %ore be>s especially on ! orig9al de/9ation ( ! vessels4 ,b7 ,= navigation along %ore4 ,! l>ge/ types ( vessels = navigation along %ore 7 repres5t$ by ! galliot 78,galjoot07 & ! galeas 78,galeas072 !n by ! kuff 78,k(07 & ! smack 78,smak074 ,! 8,damloop]s01 ! 8,smals*ep50 & ! ,wijds*ep5 z well z ! 8,fries*e turfs*ep50 7! peat boats ( ,frisia7 belong$ to ! family ( ! smacks4 ,^! boats all came f a s+le type & diff]$ only 9 "s detail1 ( :i* local ne$s =c$ ! adoption4 ,! family ( ! smacks gave rise to ! hoys 78,tjalk5074 ,! hoys 7 f\nd especially 9 ,friesl& & 9 ,gron+54 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,holl&1 :]e !y und]w5t a few slight *anges1 !y 7 call$ ,s*uit54 ,9 ,zeal&1 _! deck 0 n>r[] & !y 7 call$ 8,poon504 ,9 ,nor? ,holl& !y 7 designat$ z 8,ja*t0 7,ya*ts74 ,contr>y to :at 0 done = ! 8,poon01 ! bottoms ( ^! boats 7 n s wide z ^? ( ! hoys4 ,on ! ,belgian ,s*eldt1 !y 7 r f9] & kn[n by ! "n ( 8,pleit501 or ( 8,ott]s0 = ! smalle/ ones4 ,ea/]n ,frisia _h simil> vessels2 !y 7 call$ 8,mott50 & bore "s resemblance to ! 8,kuffs04 ,!re is /ill to be f\nd a v old type ( m]*ant vessel1 desc5d$ f ! old fi%+ boats & call$ 8,ev]0 or 8,brem]kahn04 ,indep5d5tly ( ! family ( ! hoys1 !re has exi/$ f ! mo/ di/ant times1 9 ,ov]yssel1 a di/9ct type ( vessel :i* 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 & 9 ,wits5's "t1 includ$ ! 8,pott50 & 8,puj504 ,*anges 7 made lat] 9 ^! vessels & !y are /ill met ) at ! pres5t "t "u ! "n ( ,snijboon 7lit]ally3 ,fr5* or /r+ bean7 f :i* is desc5d$ ! pram 78,praam074 ,! same %ape1 b ) r$uc$ dim5sions1 is also f\nd 9 ! 8,somp0 & ! 8,pegge04 ,! type ( ^! vessels is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! smacks by ! %ape ( ! b[ & /]n :i* are tap]+ :ile ^! p>ts are r\nd$ 9 ! smacks4 ,_m comb9ations h also be5 made 9 ?is class ( vessels2 !y h giv5 bir? among/ o!rs to ! 8,k(tjalks01 ! 8,praamaaks0 & ! 8,aaktjalks04 ,! ,t5d]s 78,boei]s07 %\ld also be m5tion$1 b ^! vessels _h sc>ce any resemblance to ! old 8,krom/ev5s04 ,f9ally1 let ! 8,krak50 be aga9 m5tion$1 f :i* all *>act]i/ics common to ! ,spani% c>acks _h disappe>$4 ,!y 7 v /rong hoys ) q /raight l9es1 :i* gave !m less %e]4 ,,iii4 ,,f]ries4 ,! f]ries prop]ly s-call$ includ$ ! ,pontoons1 among :i* may be m5tion$3 ! ,gi]pont1 ! ,kabelve]pont1 ! ,jaagpont 7= f]ry+ horses71 ! ,halve ,pont 7pontoon us+ a sail72 ! ,pijp] 7small pontoon7 & ! ,ov]haalpontje 7skiff74 ,o!r k9ds ( boats 7 us$ z f]ries1 su* z ! ,ve]h5g/51 :i* belong$ to ! family ( ! 8,hooga>s50 7see fi%+ boats71 ! hoys1 ! 8,s*uit50 & ! 8,poon501 all ( !m types ( vessels already met 9 :at prec$es4 ,,iv4 ,,boats ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,uses ,,b ,,n ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,gr\ps4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! gr\ps ( boats ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii specifi$ above include also a l>ge numb] ( small craft1 int5d$ = local use1 :i* all come d[n f ! same fundam5tal gr\p2 _! de/9ation only v>ies4 ,among ! m important ( ^! are ! 8,bokk50 f\nd z mu* 9 ,holl&#bj z 9 ,frisia4 ,to ?is family also belong ! ,gron+]a>dappelpram5 7prams us$ 9 ,gron+5 = c>ry+ potatoes71 ! ,frisian ,snikk51 ) a rak+ /em & simil> 9 ?is respect to ! ,ha>lemm]me]plomp]tjes 7small boats on ,ha>lem ,lake74 ,:5 ! /]npo/ has a good deal ( a rake ! boat is call$ a ,we/l&] & :5 vessels ( ?is class h a /rake less1 l ! dr$g+ boats ( ! ,hague1 !y =m ! 8,bokk501 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? :i* h be5 already m5tion$4 ,ne> ,voll5hove1 to ! nor? ( ,ov]ijssel1 !re is /ill to be met a well kn[n small boat1 ! ,punt]1 desc5d$ probably f ! ,ha>+s*uitje 7a small boat us$ = ! h]r+ fi%]y7 ( ! ,zuid]zee4 ,! ,gro5tes*uitje f ,hoorn 7= transport+ vegetables7 is exactly l x4 ,^! vessels are n>r[ & h a great deal ( rake 9 ! /em & ! /]npo/4 ,! same orig9 mu/ be attribut$ to ! ,utre*t pram & to ! ,kromme ,rijnaak1 b ! l5g? ( ^! boats is proportionately great] :5 comp>$ ) ! beam4 ,outside ( ! prec$+ types1 !re are /ill f\nd ! 8,snik0 or ! ,gondel ( ,nor? ,holl&1 :i* v mu* resembles ! 8,oude ,k9d]dijks*e ,hoog>s01 z well z ! 8,oude ,vis*s*uit van ,aalsme]0 7v old fi%+ boat f ,aalsme]74 ,sett+ aside a v consid]able numb] ( small ,s*\w5 :i* are no?+ b cov]$ & flat f]ry boats1 :i* already appe> 9 ! old engrav+s1 !re are /ill to be met 9 ,holl& ! 8,s*i$ams*e s*\w50 or ! 8,melk en ,spoel+s*uit50 7boats us$ to c>ry milk & ! residuum ( fruits f :i* ! juice has be5 press$ out74 ,!y are long flat-bottom$ boats ) flat b[ & /]n4 ,a special family ( boats is made up ( ! 8,b>ges0 & 8,treks*uitj50 7lit]ally 8boats haul$ f ! %ore07 :i* exi/ all ?r\gh ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,almo/ all ^! boats are alike2 !y came orig9ally f ,holl& & spread all ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! c\ntry z fa/ z ! canals 7 built4 ,! 8,treks*uit50 are /ill p>ticul>ly 9 vogue 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dr5!1 b ! con/ruction ( railways & tram l9es is sl[ly driv+ !m out4 ,!re are /ill o!r vessels1 ! ,bagg]ak5 7dr$g+ light]s7 :i* are v common 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! special con=mation ( our riv]s & arms ( ! sea requir$ con/ant dr$g+ to ma9ta9 ! dep? ( ! ports & navigable passes2 b !y 7 f> f possess+ su* p]fect$ ma*9]y z h ! mod]n dr$ges3 ! 8,h&-0 or 8,hijs*beugel0 7h& dr$ge7 0 ! only app>atus us$ = dr$g+ 9 =m] times4 ,! boats us$ = ?is purpose w5t "u ! g5]al "n ( 8,bagg]ak504 ,! be/ kn[n type 0 ! flat 78,vlet071 or ! 8,bagg]aak0 /ill call$ ! ,sli$re*ts*e ,aak4 ,ev5 n[1 ! 8,boei]ak50 are /ill (t5 us$ = dr$g+4 ,^! vessels belong to ! type ( r\nd bottom$ craft4 ,o!r boats ( a special k9d us$ at ,dordre*t = ! same purpose 7 kn[n by ! names (3 ,vreeswijks*e ,z&li*t] & ,dorts*e ,z&s*uit 7boats us$ = dr$g+ s& & hav+ a great analogy ) ea* o!r74 ,!y 7 us$ almo/ exclusively = dr$g+ ! balla/ us$ by %ips />t+ = sea4 ,!y h n[ almo/ :olly disappe>$4 ,bokk5 are us$ almo/ exclusively = dr$g+ & = tak+ out s& f ! d[ns 9 ! ,we/ ( ! c\ntry & 9 ! region ( ! ,rh9e4 ,_! %ape is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! 8,we/l&]s0 b !re is no plank+ above ! plank%e]4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,utre*t1 ! ,slijkpram5 are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,!y correspond to ! 8,kromme ,rijnaak01 ! g5]al type ( ! ,utre*t boat4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,gron+51 mud is c>ri$ by ! 8,gron+] ,slijkpraam01 or 8,vlotpraam01 a n>r[ boat ) a r\nd$ bottom :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ! 8,ov]ijsels*e praam0 & :i* does n resemble x 9 any way4 ,! =]unn] ( our dr$ges is ! old ,modd]mol5 7lit]ally1 mud mill7 or ,modd]mol5s*ip us$ at ,am/]dam s9ce #aege4 ,! ,zold]s*uit5 & ! ,s*\w51 n[ call$ 8,bakk501 may be m5tion$ z v old boats4 ,vessels ( ?is sort 7 suppli$1 9 #ahbi1 ) trap doors 9 ! bottom1 :5ce come ,kleps*\w5 or ,ond]loss]s 7lit]ally3 boats dis*>g+ ?r\gh ! bottom74 ,f9ally1 x is prop] to m5tion also1 9 ! class ( vessels "u consid]ation1 ! pleasure boats1 or sail+ ,ya*ts1 = :i* ! ,boei]ja*t 79 ,s\? ,holl&7 & ! ,tjott] 79 ,friesl&7 are us$ z ,dut* types4 ,x is important to note "h t pleasure boats are mo/ g5]ally call$ 8,ya*ts01 ev5 ?\gh ^! vessels h frequ5tly no resemblance to ! ,ya*t prop]ly s call$4 ,h5ce ! "n does n always m>k ! type4 ,v4 ,,vessels ,,frequ5t+ ,,! ,,upp] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,riv]s 7,,bov5l&]s74 ,all vessels :i* frequ5t ! upp] riv]s are call$ g5]ally 8,bov5l&]s0 be _! %ape :at x may4 ,^! vessels1 9 spite ( ! int]e/ :i* !y (f]1 h r>ely ar\s$ att5tion2 ,wits5 devotes only a few words to !m & calls !m simply 8,aak50 or 8,samoreuz50 7p4 #agj1 col4 #b71 & ,van ,yk also gives !m ?is latt] "n 7p4 #cah74 ,a7 ,boats ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,! ,rh5i% boats are ( no uni=m type4 ,^? :i* frequ5t ! l[] "p ( ! riv] 7bel[ ,bonn7 diff] f ^? :i* circulate on ! ,upp] ,rh9e & its tribut>ies1 save = a small craft f\nd on ! ,neck> :i* corresponds ) ! type bel[4 ,! fundam5tal type ( ! d[n/ream section is repres5t$ by ! ,dor/5s*e ,aak1 & ?is latt] has produc$ ! ,/ev5s*ip4 ,^! types1 orig9at+ 9 ! "p ( ,we/]n ,g]many ( :i* ,dor/ is ! c5tre1 7 import$ into our c\ntry & h exi/$ !re = a v long "t4 ,?is is :y ! 8,geld]s*e ,samoreuz50 are already m5tion$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,al?\gh badly %[n1 !y are to be se5 also on old engrav+s4 ,!y are se5 circulat+ on ! ,l[] ,rh9e & ! ,waal :]e !y are call$ ,holl&s*e ,aak5 & ,/ev5s*ep52 ev5 n[1 !y are /ill built 9 ,nor? ,brabant :]e !y h be5 9 exi/5ce = a v long "t4 ,^! types ( vessels came f ! ,we/ ( ,g]many 7,we/phalia7 & ent]$ ! ,ne!rl&s by way ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e & ! ,waal1 & ?r\gh ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,nor? ,brabant4 ,!y are n met ) on ! ,meuse1 or on ! ,l[] ,waal bel[ ,tiel4 ,aak5 h be5 built on a small scale along ! ,m]w$e1 & at o!r po9ts ( ,holl&1 :]e ?is same type 0 aga9 f\nd 9 ! old cl9k]-built 8,turfeik]0 :i* seems n[ to h disappe>$ entirely4 ,! hulls ( all ^! craft 7 made 9 ! beg9n+ by ov]lapp+ planks1 h5ce x 0 ! old mode ( con/ruction us$ on ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,^! vessels 7 all long1 n>r[ & flat-bottom$1 l ! 8,bov5l&]s04 ,b7 ,boats ( ! ,meuse4 ,! ,meuse boats1 also long & n>r[1 =m a special class ( :i* ! type diff]s completely f t ( ! ,rh5i% craft j m5tion$4 ,! ,:alemajol1 ! ,:alepont & ! ,maaspont1 z well z ! small] ,spitsbek & ! ,h]na1 may be m5tion$ z fundam5tal types4 ,all ^! types are f\nd on ! ,belgian ,meuse & 9 our c\ntry z f> d[n z ,ro]mond4 ,small vessels call$ ,bov5maas*e ,aak5 or ,h$els*e ,aak51 frequ5tly us$ z dr$g+ flats1 are frequ5tly f\nd on ! ,l[] ,meuse 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! %ape ( ^! craft is diff]5t f t ( ! ,meuse boats j m5tion$ f :i*1 h[ev]1 !y are desc5d$1 b _! rudd] corresponds r ) t ( ! ,rh5i% craft :i* circulate above ,bonn4 ,c7 ,boats ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e 7above ,bonn & inclusive ( ! regions ,we/ ( ! ,rh9e & ,ea/ ( ! ,meuse74 ,! fundam5tal type is "h ! ,ke51 & ) x are f\nd ! ,ke5aak & a boat ( m rec5t date1 ! ,sl(4 ,"o ( ^! types ( boats 0 introduc$ at 's ,grav5mo]1 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 because x appe>$ suitable = exploit+ ! osi] b$s at ,biesbos*1 b s9ce !n _m *anges h be5 made 9 ! /]n & ! rudd]4 ,none ( ^! types has its orig9 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! 8,hag5a>01 l ! 8,turfeik]01 corresponds to ! 8,dor/5s*e ,aak04 ,!re is also f\nd on ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 z well z on ! ,meuse1 a boat call$ ! ,bund] :i* dates only f ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,aside f ! 8,bund]01 ! hulls ( ! types ( craft :i* h j be5 m5tion$ are cl9k] built4 ,! vessels m5tion$ "u lett] ,b above mu/ also h be5 cl9k] built =m]ly1 judg+ by :at old boatm5 say & by :at is se5 on an old engrav+ ( a ,:alemajol1 belong+ to ! collection ( ,mr4 ,van ,gijn1 z well z by :at is %[n on a /one1 :i* dates f ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 plac$ 9 ! front ( a h\se 9 ,s9t-,piet]/raat at ,maa/ri*t & repres5t+ a ,h]na4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r c>vel-built or cl9k]-built hulls exi/$ at ! same "t1 or :e!r ! =m] are ( m rec5t date4 ,x may be assum$1 h[ev]1 t cl9k]-built hulls are old] ?an ! o!rs4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t a type :i* closely resembles ! ,h]na is /ill to be f\nd on ! ,adriatic sea1 especially ! ,rascona already describ$ & repres5t$ 9 ,p>is's well kn[n "w 7vol4 ,,ii1 n #hf72 ?is vessel is /ill /e]$ by means ( ! old 8,slurriem0 7/e]+ o>74 ,,vi4 ,,fi%+ ,,boats4 ,a7 ,= deep sea fi%+4 ,! ,buys 7bu%7 & ! ,hoek] 7h[k]71 toge!r ) ! ,s*ols*uit1 ! ,basans*uit & ! ,zw>tewaals*e ,gaffela> %\ld be m5tion$ z old types ( ,dut* boats int5d$ = deep sea fi%+4 ,! ,hoek]buis & ! ,kwee are desc5dants f ! fir/ two4 ,! 8,sloep0 7sloop71 ! 8,logg]0 7,lugg]7 & ! 8,kott]0 7cutt]7 come to u f ,france4 ,x is important also to m5tion 9 connection ) deep sea fi%+ ! :ale boats = :i* ! ,noortsva]d]s 7 =m]ly us$2 ^! latt] belong to ! type ( ! 8,fluits*ep50 7flutes7 already m5tion$ among ! m]*antm54 ,! olde/ vessel ( ! ,noortsva]d]s class is ! ,egmond] ,p9k1 :i* gave bir? to ! ,bom & to ! small] ,g>nal5 ,s*uit 7%rimp boat74 ,^! boats 7 s built t !y c\ld be gr\nd$ on ! bea*4 ,aft] ! fi%+ port ( ,s*ev5+5 0 f9i%$1 !re appe>$ a new type ( vessel desc5d$ f ! 8,logg]0 & ! 8,bom0 & kn[n by ! "n ( 8,logg]bom0 or sometimes 8,lelybom04 ,b7 ,ne> %ore & riv] fi%+4 ,! great majority ( fi%+ vessels is devot$ to ord9>y or ne> %ore fi%+4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! craft 7 =m]ly mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! vessels ( ! prec$+ gr\p 7at ! pres5t "t1 aside f ! 8,g>naals*uitjes01 "s are built ev5 l>g]74 ,_! names are innum]able & s diff]5t t !y give no idea ei!r ( _! =m or k9d4 ,! fundam5tal types ( ! gr\p include3 a7 ,! ,s*okk]s1 built on ! model ( ! ord9>y 8,s*okk]s04 ,to !m also belong ! 8,wi]s*uitje01 ! 8,/eecks*uit01 ! 8,h5get0 & ! 8,hooga>s04 ,! 8,akes01 :i* are met ) 9 mo/ ( ! types ( boats 7! 8,aaktjalk01 = example7 are also f\nd1 "u ! "n ( ,?ol5s*e ,s*\w51 9 ! class ( vessels consid]$4 ,^! craft are mu* l ! ,bey]l&s*e ,s*uitjes & =m1 9 a way1 a sort ( transition to ! ,vis*boeicraakjes4 b7 ,! ,bott]s z well z ! ,voll5damm] ,kwakk51 ! ,rons51 ! ,plut5 & ! ,platjes van ,maassluis4 ,a ?ird gr\p is =m$ by %ort r\nd-bottom$ little boats ( :i* c7 ,! ,knots5 ( ,antw]p are ! prototypes4 ,! 8,boll501 & ! 8,lemm]ja*t50 or 8,lemm]aak50 belong to ! same gr\p4 ,f9ally1 a f\r? gr\p is =m$ ( vessels hav+ a greatly rak+ /]n & /]npo/1 call$ d7 ,ha>+s*uit5 to :i* ! widely scatt]$ ,punt]s also belong4 ,9 conclusion1 !re may also be m5tion$ sev]al types ( small fi%+ boats1 :i* frequ5t exclusively our inl& riv]s & canals1 & pres5t v (t5 m or less m>k$ resemblances to ! types giv5 "u ! lett]s a to d4 ,!y are ! foll[+3 ,! ,viss*]s*uitje van ,aalsme]2 ! ,gondel2 ! ,vis*boei]tje2 ! ,w\dri*ems* ,vis*s*uitje2 ! ,priks*uit2 ! ,/eeks*uit van de ,biesbos* & ! ,/roop]s*uitje4 ,_m r[boats ( ! mo/ v>i$ types1 z well z old 8bott]s0 no long] fit = sea1 & 8s*okk]s0 f ! ,zuid]zee1 s]ve also = fi%+ on ! inl& navigable highways4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,vessels br++ wood f ! ,nor? take on l>g] c>goes z !y approa* m ne>ly ! rectangul> =m2 ^? c>ry+ gra9 & crops :5 !y are r\nd$4 ,vessels f ! ,nor? & ! ,indies c>ry+ heavy freights are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? :i* c>ry crops1 w9es1 etc41 z are also ! boats :i* c>ry salt4 #ae ,b if x be rememb]$ t1 by reason ( deep holds & bett] load+1 all boats t5d m & m t[>d ! rectangul> %ape1 x is se5 t n[ !re are no long] f\nd z _m diff]5ces 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( vessels z us$ =m]ly to exi/4 ,= a well built mod]n hull w be1 s f> z c>go capacity is conc]n$1 b little inf]ior to ! ,smals*ip :i* resembles x 9 l5g?1 beam & draught ( wat]4 ,& ! well built 8,dams*uit0 w also be able to hold its own aga9/ ! 8,damloop]0 up to a c]ta9 po9t4 #af ,! r\nd+ ( ^! boats =w>d & aft 0 ( advantage to ! boatman z !y c\ld take on a mu* l>g] load ?an t giv5 by _! gauge4 #ag ,:5 a hole1 caus$ by a cannon ball bel[ ! wat] l9e1 _c be /opp$ f ! inside1 because ! c>go1 = example1 int]f]es ) ! op]ation1 a man is plac$ outside ! boat on a plank to :i* is secur$ a /ep :i* lets him g "u wat] to close ! hole4 ,he takes an oil$ rag 9 8 m\? to prev5t ! wat] f gett+ inside ( 8 body4 #ah ,x 7de lui]wag57 s]ves to support ! =w>d end ( ! till] & also to resi/ ! =ce ex]t$ by ! helmsman on ! till] ( ! rudd]4 #ai ,a long op5+ work$ 9 ! bulw>ks at ! /]n ( ! vessel1 all[$ ! till] to sw+ well f side to side4 ,draai ov] boord means simply t ! till] c sw+ entirely cle> above ! rail4 #bj ,holl& means "h ! two prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s call$ ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&4 ,illu/ration3 #d ,,descriptions ,,( ,,types ,,( ,,vessels4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #c ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #f ,a few sket*es1 tak5 f old engrav+s & descriptions1 h be5 add$ to ! plates ( ?is "w4 ,!y give an idea ( ! developm5t ( ! %ip f #abjj to #afjj inclusive4 ,ref]5ce is made1 = m details 9 reg>d to !m to ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,z ! draw+s ref] to ! p]iod subsequ5t to #afjj1 !y are all made 9 accordance ) ! work+ draw+s4 ,z has be5 repeat$ _m times ov]1 ! old =ms w h to be s\ght 9 ! small types ( vessels4 ,%ips ( w> w1 !re=e1 be set aside1 :ile l>ge m]*ant m5 w receive only a pass+ m5tion4 ,,! ,,p9nace4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #h ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #i ,! ,p9ass*ip 7p9nace7 is ! olde/ vessel ( :i* we h any exact description extant4 ,x dates f ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury & disappe>s at its close4 ,?is %ip _h a rak+ /em1 a mu* develop$ beakhead & a squ>e /]n4 ,! squ>e /]n & ! beakhead come f ! ,s\?2 fur!rmore1 ?is vessel is desc5d$ f ! "o ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury2 its size h[ev] 0 great] & x c>ri$ cannons4 ,,! ,,flyboat4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #adh ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ai ,! ,vlieboot 7flyboat71 :i* is f\nd z f> back z #afjj1 is v bulg+ & has a n>r[$ deck4 ,f ?is type is d]iv$ ! 8,fluit0 7flute7 :i* bulges /ill m 9 ord] to pr(it by ! way 9 :i* boats us$ to be gaug$ 9 ,d5m>k4 ,an ord9>y 8flute0 0 #acj feet long1 #bf feet beam & #ac feet #e in*es deep4 ,x _h no beakhead at fir/1 b ! l>g] flutes1 built lat] on1 _h "o 9 imitation ( ! squ>e /]n$ %ips4 ,^! vessels 7 us$ = v>i\s purposes & und]w5t _m *anges on ?is acc\nt4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! 8,ea/ ,indian flute0 0 m /rongly built ?an ! "o :i* trad$ 9 ! ports ( ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,let x be said1 among o!r ?+s1 t ! iron futtocks ( ! *annels are d\bl$ 9 ord] to re9=ce ! rigg+1 :ile _! projections aft are made l>g] s z to obta9 m spaci\s /at]ooms4 ,9 ! matt] ( ?is enl>gem5t1 !y 7 /r5g!n$ f ! inside by means ( iron ribs & b&s 7,wits51 p4 #aei74 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury & until #afdj1 ^! vessels & g5]ally all ,ea/ ,indian %ips 7 built op5 =w>d & )\t qu>t]s = ! crew1 ^: bunks & hammocks 7 plac$ on ei!r side ( ! %ip4 ,! flutes 7 kn[n z good sail]s4 ,_! sl5d] con/ruction gave little hold = ! w9d2 !y c>ri$ ?ree ma/s & ! well kn[n rigg+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,^? :i* w5t = gra9 9 ! ,baltic ,sea1 7 r small] ?an ! o!rs2 !y 7 call$ 8,oo/va]d]s0 or 8,oo/]va]d]04 ,_! dim5sions 73 l5g?1 #abe feet2 beam1 #be feet2 dep?1 #ab feet2 or else3 #aae1 #bc & #aa feet2 or aga9 #ajj1 #bb & #aa feet2 & c>ri$ c>goes respectively ( #bjj1 #aej or #ajj 8la/s40 7#a la/ #b metric tons74 ,mo/ ( !m _h no beakhead4 ,"s idea ( ! importance ( our traffic ) ! ,baltic ,sea c be =m$ :5 x is /at$ t1 9 #afjd1 #djj 8,oo/va]d]s0 7 ly+ at ! same "t 9 front ( ,am/]dam4 ,9 less ?an a =tnight !y 7 unload$1 reload$ & ready to retake ! sea4 7,wits51 p4 #ddh47 ,! 8,noordva]d]s0 or 8,noortsva]d]s0 7 also flutes1 b two feet deep] ?an ! 8,oo/va]d]s01 because m space 0 ne$$ = load+ ! wood 7,wits51 p4 #afj7 :i* !y _h gone to seek 9 ,norway4 ,_! beam 01 z a rule1 "o-fif? ( _! l5g?4 ,!y 7 massive & solid l ! 8,oo/va]d]s04 7,wits51 p4 #ec47 b _h no beakhead4 ,:5 ! cont9ual w>s are consid]$1 ! vessels trad+ ) ! ,baltic ,sea _h small] crews ?an ^? trad+ ) ! ,we/4 7,wits51 p4 #afj47 ,,! ,,kats*ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bag ,! 8,kats*ep50 are desc5d$ f ! 8boei]0 & ! 8fluit04 ,!y are !re=e vessels ( m>k$ curves4 ,z !y 7 (t5 us$ 9 %oal wat] ! bottom 0 v flat &1 fur!rmore1 x 0 v angul> all ar\nd ! edge4 ,!y 7 kn[n z poor sail]s1 b !y c>ri$ a l>ge c>go4 ,wits5 says 7p4 #afc7 t _! sl[ness e>n$ = !m ! "n ( 8asses0 r ?an t ( 8kats04 ,x _h no beakhead2 !re 7 a =eca/le1 & a cab94 ,! till]1 :i* 0 manuvr$ und]nea? ! cab91 _h no ext5sion b>4 ,^! vessels 7 built mo/ g5]ally ( pit*-p9e4 ,all ! types m5tion$ above h ! /]n ( a flute1 t is to say3 !y are squ>e /]n$1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! old ,dut* naval con/ruction4 ,,! ,,oo/-,,indis* ,,compagnies*ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aea ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aa ,! p9nace gave ! 8,oo/-,indis* ,compagnies*ip0 7%ip ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company74 ,its /]n 0 r\nd$4 ,z a m]*ant %ip1 x 0 heavily arm$ & 0 (t5 us$ z a man-(-w> 9 case ( ne$4 ,! plate ( our album %[+ ?is vessel gives a good idea ( ! =m & con/ruction1 h5ce1 m detail$ explanations are sup]flu\s4 ,let x be m5tion$ only t ! /]n is v mu* ornam5t$1 t !re is a beakhead & t ! l5g? ( ! deck is great] ?an t ( ! 8flutes40 ,x c>ri$ ?ree ma/s & ! ord9>y sails & rigg+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aei ,! vessel ( ! same k9d1 b small] 9 size & ) two ma/s only1 0 call$ 8,snauws*ip0 7r9d74 ,x is met ) frequ5tly 9 ,fl&]s4 ,wits5 c\nts ! r9ds z among inl& vessels 7p4 #agj74 ,,! ,,boei]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aia ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aid ,! 8,boei]0 belongs to an isolat$ type ( boats c>ry+ on _! traffic especially ) ,r\54 ,x 0 a flat-bottom$ vessel ) keel & lee-bo>ds1 z x frequ5t$ %all[ riv]s z mu* z ! sea4 ,! lee-bo>ds rea*$ two feet bel[ ! keel4 ,! /em 0 mu* curv$1 :5ce _! "n ( 8,krom/ev504 ,judg+ by ! old engrav+s1 ! boats ( ?is class _h a v high 8/atie01 :i* recalls r ! con/ruction ( ! ,m$it]ranean ?an t ( ,holl&4 ,besides1 ! 8,boy]0 is n a purely ,dut* type1 & x is probably desc5d$ f a ,m$it]ranean type1 modifi$ to suit ! ne$s ( our c\ntry4 ,boei]s 7 built at ,rott]dam z 8draai-ov]-boord0 ) d\btless a rais$ deck a/]n1 = ,wits5 says t !y _h a small lodgm5t "u ! rudd] 7p4 #afd47 ,?is au?or speaks wrongly ( a 8boei]0 or ( a 8galliot01 = ?is latt] is an entirely diff]5t k9d ( vessel4 ,! 8boei]s0 7 ab\t #hf feet long1 #bj feet beam & #i feet dep? ( hold4 ,,! ,,hoek] 7hoy74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbg ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbh ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bcj ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ba ,! 8,hoek]0 7hoy71 orig9ally a fi%+ boat1 0 already a great deal us$ t[>d ! middle ( ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 z a m]*ant %ip ) "o1 two or ?ree ma/s4 ,x 0 a sea-go+ vessel1 built v solidly1 & lat] equipp$ = ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 spite ( its relatively small size4 ,x 0 #hj feet long4 ,! l>ge hoys _h a cab9 on deck4 ,,! ,,buis 7,bu%74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bba ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aac ,! 8,buis0 7bu%7 0 also us$ z a m]*ant vessel1 :i* sometimes c>ri$ ?ree ma/s1 al?\gh orig9ally x 0 only a fi%+ boat4 ,! 8hoy0 & ! 8bu%0 w be spok5 ( aga9 among ! fi%+ vessels4 ,x w be sup]flu\s to say t nei!r 8boei]s01 8hoys0 nor 8bu%es0 c>ri$ a beakhead4 ,!re %\ld be m5tion$ also ! foll[+ ?ree types ( vessels :i* are desc5dants ( ^? :i* prec$e3 ,,! ,,hekboot4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is vessel is t ( a 8flute0 & ! upp] "p t ( a 8p9nace01 t is to say3 a vessel hav+ a broad deck :i* increases its capacity4 ,,! ,,/raetsva]d]4 ,?is vessel is a r l>ge 8flute0 :i* c>ries a beakhead 7,wits51 p4 #afh74 7,a l>ge numb] ( names ref]r+ to a same type ( vessel arise 9 ?is way74 ,,! ,,/okk]4 ,! ,/okk] is a massive %ip ) two decks4 ,x has ! b[ ( a 8,spiegels*ip0 & ! /]n ( a 8hoy04 ,we h receiv$ f abroad3 ,,! ,,frigate4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ah ,! frigate occupies an important place especially at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5turies4 ,x has be5 se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ x came to u4 ,?is vessel1 rigg$ 9 diff]5t ways1 bore v>i\s names1 su* z3 8,gaffels*o5]01 8,brigantijn01 8,s*o5]brik01 8,brik01 8,b>k04 ,ref]5ce is made 9 ?is connection to ! v>i\s plates ( ! collection relat+ to rig4 ,,! ,,galliot4 ,:5 "o reads t ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k /opp$1 9 #aehg1 m ?an #fjj ,dut* %ips 9 ! ,s\nd1 %ips :i* _h all left ! ,vlie 9 a day z relat$ by ,h5drik ,rantzon2 see ,wits51 7p4 #cf71 x mu/ n be imag9$ t !y 7 all l>ge vessels4 ,x is v probable1 on ! contr>y1 t mo/ ( !m 7 no l>g] ?an ! kuffs & hoys ( ! pres5t "t4 ,x is easy to =m an idea ( ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 at ?is p]iod1 :]e ! _m fi%+ vessels !n 9 use sw>m$ ab\t all ^! %ips4 ,! ,zuid]zee is well & rightly nam$ !re=e ! cradle ( our %ipbuild+ art4 ,! little coa/ t[ns ( ! ,zuid]zee1 ) _! glori\s pa/1 are its witnesses4 ,h5ce1 !re w be no cause = a/oni%m5t t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! _m w>s wag$ betwe5 ,holl& & ,friesl& & ,geld]l&1 innum]able battles %\ld h be5 f\ght on ! ,zuid]zee4 ,?us1 = example1 a naval battle 0 f\ght 9 #aejd betwe5 ,holl& & ,geld]l&1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,wilhelm ,h]mszoon1 an ,augu/9e monk 7,wits51 app5dix1 p4 #ai74 ,?is au?or relates t ! ,geld]l&]s came d[n ! ,zw>te ,wat] ) a l>ge numb] ( 8,ko*ev]s0 to surprise ! ,holl&]s1 :o _h sev5 arm$ boats4 ,he adds t ! ,holl&]s und]/ood w> bett] ?an ! ,geld]l&]s1 = ! latt] us$ only ! b[1 ! cross b[ & ! sl+1 & t f9ally1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,holl& %ips hav+ gr\nd$1 ! ,holl&]s succe$$ 9 fright5+ ! ,geld]l&]s s mu* by fir+ _! arquebusses1 t !y made !m give up ! fight4 ,! same au?or relates1 at ano!r place1 t1 on ! advice ( ! ,spani% m]*ants1 ! inhabitants ( ,am/]dam caus$ a %ip call$ 8,galeoot0 to be laid d[n & t a ye> 0 requir$ to build x4 ,?is %ip c\ld be propell$ by sail or ) o>s4 ,x 0 h&l$ by #cb r[]s4 ,x 0 call$ ! 8,t]ror ( ! ,zuid]zee04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bda ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #eh ,^! n>ratives are int]e/+ 9 ?is t1 9 tell+ ab\t ! battle ( ! ,zuid]zee1 a 8,ko*ev]0 is spok5 (1 :i* proves t ! 8,ko*0 or 8,kogge0 & ! 8,ev]0 are closely relat$4 ,!y also %[ t ! 8,galliot0 came to u f abroad4 ,! 8,galliot01 l ! 8,ev]01 is /ill met ) to-day2 b x is no long] h&l$ by o>s4 ,our %ips ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury 7 mu* small] also ?an ^? ( ! /ates to ! ,s\?2 our navigation t[>d ! ,baltic 0 almo/ exclusively coa/+ & requir$ small] vessels4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbe ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bj ,! 8,galjoot0 7galliot7 ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury 0 built /ill lat] 9 l>ge numb]s1 &1 besides1 x is m5tion$ at all subsequ5t times4 ,x is probable h[ev] t ! 8galliots0 7 built lat] ) a m r\nd$ hull l all our %ips1 = t matt]4 ,x is to be notic$1 9 any ev5t1 t ! 8galliot0 ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury displays great analogy ) ! ord9>y 8,k(tjalk04 ,! side ( ! galliot is m ne>ly /raight & ! ca/les =e & aft are high]4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #ah74 ,! vessel is #he feet long1 #ba feet beam & #aa feet deep4 ,! /]n & ! b[ are m r\nd$ ?an !y are 9 ! boei] 7,wits51 p4 #afe74 ,! vessel !re=e1 is "o :i* may n be class$ among ! ,dut* types4 ,! ma9 ma/1 9 "o-& two-ma/$ galliots1 0 plac$ at "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! %ip f ! /em4 ,! %ip is a 8draai-ov]-boord04 ,x _h at times ! /]n ( a 8flute01 9 :i* case x 0 call$ a 8,boots*ip0 or simply a 8,boot04 ,at o!r times1 ! upp] "p 0 t ( a p9nace ) a conv]so#ba s z to increase its c>go capacity4 ,aga9 x c be not$ h[ mo/ boats c be br\ght back to a fundam5tal type4 ,x is 9 ?is way t 8advies ,ja*t50 are (t5 spok5 ( 9 hi/ory4 ,?is 0 m]ely a g5]ic "n = all k9ds ( vessels employ$ = ! same purpose & includ+1 especially1 ! 8galliots04 7,wits51 p4 #afe47 ,^! vessels 7 !n built ) f9] l9es & great] sail p[] s z to be able to move m quickly4 ,! 8galliots0 _h g5]ally two ma/s ( diff]5t heights &1 exceptionally1 !y _h ?ree4 ,!y _h no beakhead4 ,!y c>ri$ lee-bo>ds at ! beg9n+4 ,_! capacity v>i$ f #afj to #cjj tons4 ,!re are /ill a few left1 trad+ on ! ,baltic ,sea1 b !y are small]1 hav+ an av]age l5g? ( #ai metres1 a mean wid? ( #d4ej m41 & a dep? ( #b4bj m4 ,!y too w soon disappe> & give way to ! /eel 8,k(s0 & 8,hoys04 7,le ,comte1 p4 #bb47 ,! "n 8,galliot0 is probably ( ,italian orig94 7,ko551 p4 #adj47 ,,! ,,galeas4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bci ,! 8,galeas0 l ! 8galliot01 belong$ to ! l>ge/ types ( vessels us$ = navigation ne> %ore4 ,! "n alone indicates a =eign orig9 = ?is k9d ( vessel1 al?\gh !y 7 frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,holl&4 ,_! mode ( con/ruction also %[s ! same orig94 ,mo/ ( !m 7 built at ,knigsb]g1 ,/ett91 ,/ralsund1 etc4 ,!y gaug$ up to #ajj & ev5 #bfj tons4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #ce47 ,! galeas trad$ especially betwe5 ,holl&1 ,engl& & ,france4 ,!y drew f #h to #ad feet 7#b4bf to #c4if m47 ,l ! 8galliots01 !y _h two ma/s1 z a rule4 ,_! build 0 v mu* l t ( ! 8,kott]0 7cutt]7 & ! 8,sloep0 7sloop74 ,h5ce x 0 an exotic type ( :i*1 a few specim5s are /ill met ) on ! ,baltic ,sea1 & :i* made its appe>ance lat]1 probably "u ! influ5ce ( ! naval con/ruction ( ! peoples ( ! ,s\?4 7,9 ! ,m$it]ranean3 ! names ( ,galeazza1 ,galeona1 ,galeota1 are /ill f\nd74 ,,! ,,k(f4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bah ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bb ,! 8,k(f0 7kuf7 is a purely ,dut* type m5tion$ nei!r by ,wits5 nor ,van ,yk4 ,x seems to date f ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury & lat] x replac$1 9 _m cases1 ! 8flutes0 & ! 8cat-boats04 7,le ,comte1 p4 #aj47 ,! =ms ( ! kuffs are v mu* r\nd$ & %[ 9 ?is way _! aff9ity to ! 8smacks0 & ! 8hoys04 ,!y are flat-bottom$ ) a squ>e b[ or1 z ,van ,loon says 7p4 #fd71 8/omp rond0 7r\nd & bluff74 ,lat]1 "s 7 built ) f9] l9es4 ,!y are solid %ips & )/& /orms v well1 :5ce ! say+3 8,k(f5 en ,smakk5 zijn wat]bakk50 7,kufs & ,smacks are res]voirs ( wat]74 ,i _c p>take ( ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,ko551 :o claims t 8,k(0 is desc5d$ f 8,kog0 because ! 8,k(s0 made _! appe>ance mu* lat] ?an ! ,kogs & are desc5dants f small inl& boats4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 vessels ( light draught1 #gb feet long1 #ag feet wide & #h feet1 #c in*es deep4 ,_! capacity v>i$ f #ajj to #cjj tons4 ,!y h ord9>ily two ma/s1 ! l>g] be+ at "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! vessel f ! b[4 ,!y are provid$ ) a slightly rais$ deck aft )\t 8/atie04 ,! small 8,k(s0 h lee-bo>ds1 ! l>ge ones1 none4 ,mak+ ! b[ ( ^! vessels f9] 0 begun 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury 7,van ,loon1 p4 #fe71 & ?is caus$ _! old *>act]i/ics to disappe>4 ,x 0 desir$ to give to !m1 9 ?is way1 great] /ead9ess 9 /e]+4 ,^! vessels are /ill built 9 ! prov9ce ( ,gron+51 :]e !y orig9at$4 ,n[1 !y are made1 h[ev]1 z are ! 8hoys01 ) a m r\nd$ b[4 ,=m]ly !y 7 also met frequ5tly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,holl&2 !y ran n only to ! ,baltic ,sea1 b also to ,norway1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,france1 ,portugal & ! ,m$it]ranean & ev5 to ,rio de ,janeiro4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #aa47 ,,! ,,smak4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #baf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bc ,! 8,smak0 7smack7 is z int]e/+ a vessel z ! 8,k(0 :i* x resembles a great deal4 ,x is a pure ,holl& type1 bluff & flat & v /able on ! wat]4 ,le ,comte calls x ! si/] ( ! 8,k(04 ,! %ape ( ! 8hoy0 is f\nd cle>ly aga9 9 ?is type4 ,!y are n f9e ei!r at b[ or /]n1 & resemble exactly ! old engrav+s ( ! 8,smals*ep50 & 8,wijds*ep50 & ! 8,turfs*ep506 ,fur!rmore1 !y belong to ! same family ) ^! la/1 b !y are r m /rongly built z !y are int5d$ to make long] voyages4 ,! 8smack0 is ! type ( ,frisian vessels4 ,x c>ries a 8/atie0 & lee-bo>ds4 ,! ma9 ma/ is at "o-?ird ( ! boat's l5g? f ! b[ & x c>ries also a small ma/ at ! /]n 9 ! 8/atie04 ,^! vessels are g5]ally #hj feet long1 #bb feet wide & #i feet deep4 ,_! capacity v>ies f #gj to #adj tons4 ,!y trad$ ) ,france1 ,engl&1 ev5 ) ,lisbon1 to say no?+ ( _! traffic ) ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 especially built1 z ,le ,comte says 7p4 #ab71 to sail across ! 8,wadd50 to ,gron+51 ,friesl& & ,ea/ ,friesl&4 ,wits5 does n m5tion ! 8smack04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #baj ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bji ,if ! design ( ! 8smack0 be comp>$ ) t ( ! 8,wijds*ip0 m5tion$ by ,wits5 7p4 #aga71 x is se5 at once t x is a "q "h ( a m]e *ange ( "n4 ,nor is !re at bottom any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! 8,smals*ip0 & ! 8,wijds*ip04 ,van ,yk says 7p4 #cjh7 t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two types 0 ?is3 ! 8,smals*ip0 0 s n>r[ t x c\ld g ?r\gh ! city ( ,g\da1 :ile ! 8,wijds*ip0 _h to g ar\nd4 ,h5ce !y are two l vessels :i* diff] only 9 dim5sions4 ,if n[1 ! designs ( ^! boats be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! 8,turfs*ep501 a p]fect resemblance is aga9 to be not$4 ,x is at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury t ! g5]ic "n ( 8hoy0 is giv5 to all ^! vessels1 ?us imitat+ :at 0 done 9 ,friesl&4 ,,! ,,smals*ip ,,& ,,! ,,wijds*ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #baj ,! 8,smals*ip0 _h ! foll[+ dim5sions3 l5g?1 #fj feet2 beam1 #af feet2 dep?1 #ad feet3 ^? ( ! 8,wijds*ip0 7 respectively3 #gj feet1 #bj feet & #h feet #b in*es4 ,^! vessels c>ri$ a 8/atie04 ,,! ,,damloop]4 ,! 8,damloop]0 0 a vessel ( ! same type z ! prec$+ b s built t x c\ld pass ?r\gh ! lock ( ! 8,leids*5 ,dam04 ,van ,yk gives its dim5sions z foll[s 7p4 #cab73 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bab 8',t ,s*ip 7de ,damloop]7 zal lang zijn #ef voet51 wijd dat de zwa>d5 afhang51 het rak5de en e*t] gemaklijk door de ,duik]s van d5 ,leids5 dam kan gebragt w]de1 zo sal dat s*ip op de bovebuitekant van de ,kimmegang ( w5tel/rook1 s wijd als op 't ,b>kh\t wes5 moet5 en t5 m9/5 van b9n5 teg5 de zetweg]s gemeet5 zijnde elf voet5 en e5 duym wijdte hebb540#bb ,! capacity ( ! vessel is giv5 fur!r on z #ah la/ 7 #cf tonnes74 ,! lock ( ! 8,leids*5 ,dam01 :i* is 9 "q "h1 0 built "u au?ority ( ! prov9cial ,act ( #afag & recon/ruct$ 9 #afdh4 ,?is lock1 l ! "o ( ! ,g\we1 dat+ f ! ,x,i,vth c5tury#bc1 0 only replac$ 9 #ahhe1 by a new lock ( #g metres cle> wid? & ) a dep? ( #b4bj m4 on ! mitre sills4 ,! prov9cial ,/ates ( ,s\? ,holl& _h ! foll[+ inscription plac$ on a /one 9 ! lock keep]'s dwell+ ( ! 8,leids*5 ,dam0 9 ord] to commemorate ! ev5t4 8,9 #ahhe is de v]bet]+ d] va>t tuss*5 ,rijn en ,s*ie door de ,/at5 van ,holl& ond]nom54 ,hi] wa> de naijv] d] /$5 tot #afdh sle*ts e5 ov]toom en da>na e5 v]laat van #c4hj m4 wijdte en doorva>?oogte van #b4bj m4 g$oogde1 hebb5 zij deze sluis wijd #g met] met beweegb>e brugg5 bevol50#bd4 ,h5ce1 ! exi/+ ob/acles 7 only remov$ 9 #ahhe4 ,x 0 !re=e up to ?is "t t ! 8,smals*ep50 & 8,wijds*ep50 & ! 8,damloop]s0 _h any reason to exi/4 ,!y are no long] m5tion$1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 ! 8hoys0 be+ !n almo/ exclusively spok5 (4 ,h5ce1 x is "h aga9 m]ely a *ange ( "n )\t any *ange ( =m 9 ! vessels4 ,all ! same1 ! inl& boats und]w5t an important modification 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,inde$1 ,van ,loon tells u 7p4 #fi73 8,! angul> =ms ( ! b[ & /]n gave way to ! m r\nd$ =ms ( ^! p>ts ( ! vessel & ( ! hull 9 g5]al04 ,?is gave ! boat a g5]ally regul> & smoo? %ape4 ,^! angul> %apes are no long] f\nd save 9 a few old 8,poon50 & 8,s*uit504 ,! old engrav+s give a good idea ( ?is angul> con/ruction :i*1 on "s ( !m1 is s deep t x w\ld be believ$ t ! plank+ outside 0 cl9k] laid4 ,h5ce x is se5 t1 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 a c]ta9 numb] ( vessels1 :i* _h be5 kn[n previ\sly by diff]5t names1 7 all includ$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( 8hoy04 ,,! ,,tjalk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bi ,! 8,tjalk0 or 8hoy0 prop]ly s call$1 is a native ( ,friesl& & ( ! prov9ce ( ,gron+54 ,its capacity v>ies betwe5 #cj & #hj tons1 b sea-go+ hoys1 measur+ up to #bjj tons1 are built1 h[ev]1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,gron+54 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a ,gron+5 & a ,friesl& hoy is ?is3 ! =m] has a 8draai-ov]-boord0 & ! second a 8/atie04 ,! ,friesl& vessel is sometimes call$ 8,fries*e ,praam0 if its l9es be a little m ne>ly /raight4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #ag74 ,fur!rmore1 ! /em ( ! ,frisian hoy has a great] rake4 ,l our inl& boats1 ! 8,tjalk50 7 rigg$ =m]ly ) sprit sails :i*1 dur+ ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 7 replac$ ne>ly ev]y:]e by ! ord9>y =e & aft rig4 ,!y g5]ally c>ry a s+le ma/1 b "s l>ge 8hoys0 h1 at times1 a second small ma/ on ! 8/atie04 ,,! ,,s*uit ,,& ,,! ,,poon4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #beb ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bed ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bcf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #dj ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #dc ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #baa ,! 8,s*uit0 is = ,s\? ,holl& :at ! 8hoy0 is = ,friesl& & ! prov9ce ( ,gron+51 & ! ,poon = ,zeel& & ! isl& ( ,s\? ,holl&4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! 8,poon0 & ! 8,s*uit02 ea* ( !m recalls ! ,dut* type ( ! 8smack0 ( :i* ! l[] "p is r full]4 ,h5ce ! deck is r less wide ?an ! bottom1 & ! 8,poon0 has a great] %e] ?an ! 8,s*uit01 ( :i* ! deck is m ne>ly flat4 ,bo? ( ^! vessels h a 8/atie0 b ! 8,poon0 has (t5 a 8draai-ov]-boord0 & a slightly rais$ deck 9 ! /]n4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are r>ely f\nd 9 ! 8,s*uit04 ,!y are v /rong vessels &1 above all1 v /eady 9 heavy wea!r4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ^! vessels lies 9 ! f9e po9t :i* t]m9ates ! /]n4 ,?is po9t is ?r[n back a little & %\ld po9t t[>d ! h\nds ( ! ma/ 7upp] "p :]e ! /&+ rigg+ is fa/5$ to ! ma/74 ,?is same po9t is f\nd among ! boats :i* frequ5t ! ,belgian ,s*eldt1 ) ! exception ( ! hoys4 ,,! ,,kaag4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bd ,alongside ( ! ,s*uit1 !re is f\nd 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 especially ab\t ,am/]dam1 ! ,kaag :i* resembles ! 8,poon0 closely4 ,! hull ( ! kaag has sides :i* d n fall 9 z mu* z d ^? ( ! 8,poon0 & !re=e1 x =ms a sort ( transition betwe5 ! hoy & ! 8,poon04 ,?is vessel is mu* us$ z a light boat & is rigg$ ) a sprit4 ,"s are met )1 h[ev]1 c>ry+ gaff sails2 !y are !n call$ ,gaffelkaag or ,gaffels*ip4 ,! kaag is ( ab\t ! same size z ! 8,poon0 & ! hoy4 ,! 8,s*uit01 ! 8,poon0 & ! 8,kaag0 kept _! angul> %apes until ! end4 ,x is useless to dwell on ! fact t ! kaag also c>ries a 8/atie04 ,! la/ ?ree types ( boats also kept longe/ ! r\nd hat*ways :i* 7 =m]ly 9 g5]al use4 ,,! ,,/eig]s*uit4 ,! ,/eig]s*uit 7lit]ally3 l&+ boat7 0 (t5 met ) 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,! boats ( ?is category 7 small ,s*uit51 ,poon5 or ,kaag1 us$ 9 ports & along riv]s to c>ry pass5g]s & freight back & =? betwe5 ! l&+s on %ore & ! l>ge vessels4 ,! "n %[s ! use & ! type ( boat4 ,,! ,,ya*t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #dd ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #de ,if boats ) a n>r[ deck 7 built 9 ,s\? ,holl& & ,zeel&1 n>r[ bottoms 7 pref]r$1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,nor? ,holl&4 ,?is boat 0 !n call$ 8,ya*t0 a ,noord ,holl&s*e ,ya*t4 ,x is g5]ally ab\t ! size ( a small hoy4 ,9 ord] to classify ! prec$+ vessels 9 accordance ) _! bottom wid?1 x w\ld be necess>y to beg9 ) ! 8,ya*t01 !n to take ! hoy &1 f9ally1 ! 8,poon04 ,its m n>r[ bottom & its m conv]g+ sides make ! ,ya*t look m sl5d] & m swift ?an ! 8,poon04 ,! b5ds ( ! ,ya*t %[ a great deal ( %e] ) a /raight elem5t at ! middle4 ,! ,ya*t has a 8draai-ov]-boord0 ) a slightly rais$ deck at ! /]n4 ,,! ,,boei]s*uit4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #df ,! ,boei]s*uit belongs to ! family ( ! 8,boei]s0 or 8,krom/ev5s0 above m5tion$1 b x is small] & also some:at l ! ord9>y 8,s*uit501 :5ce comes probably ! "n ( 8,boei]s*uit50 giv5 to ^! vessels4 ,! /]n c>ries a 8draai-ov]-boord01 (t5 ) a poop deck4 ,! ,boei]s*uit5 h "o *>act]i/ic & t is a sort ( cockpit :]e ! helmsman /&s 9 ord] to h&le easily ! till]4 ,?is cockpit is (t5 met ) among ! ,boei]ak54 ,! 8,boei]s*uit50 are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,holl&1 ,zeel& & ,fl&]s4 ,%ipbuild+ 0 also e>ly develop$ 9 ,fl&]s4 ,let u m5tion only anci5t ,damme & ,antw]p1 & we %all n be surpris$ t ! types ( vessels f\nd !re resembl$ ^? ( our c\ntry4 ,let u m5tion1 9 ! fir/ place1 among !m1 ,! ,pleit5 & ! ,ott]s*ep5 :i* are also to be f\nd 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,nor!rn ,brabant4 ,,! ,,pleit4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ea ,! 8,pleit0 is a v old boat1 (t5 spok5 ( 9 hi/ory4 ,x 0 se5 trad+ ) ,engl&4 ,x _h ab\t ! same capacity z our 8hoy01 ( :i* x _h ! %ape except t ! l5g? 0 proportionally a little great] z comp>$ ) ! bread?4 ,h5ce ?is vessel appe>$ long] ?an ! 8hoy04 ,its l9es also 7 graceful4 ,its dim5sions 73 l5g?1 #bc to #bg metres2 bread?1 #d4hj m4 to #e4jj m42 maximum draught ( wat]1 #a4ij m41 capacity f #abe to #ahj tons4 ,^! vessels are n[ built l>g]2 _! l5g? rea*es #ce m42 _! beam1 #e4jj m42 _! draught #j4dj m4 light & #b4jj m4 load$2 !y c>ry #bgj tons4 ,^! boats are wrongly call$ ,bl&res ,holl&ais 9 ,belgium1 f ! new] inl& boats call$ 8bl&res0 ( :i* m w be said lat]4 ,^! latt] h no aff9ity ) ! 8,pleit40 7,see ,dehem1 ,annales des ,travaux ,publics1 ,augu/ #aija1 p4 #ejh74 ,! 8,pleit0 has a 8/atie04 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t ! 8,pleit50 ( to-day are rigg$ v lightly consid]+ _! l5g?4 ,=m]ly !y _h two ma/s4 ,,! ,,ott]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bec ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #eb ,! ,ott] a small1 n>r[$ 8,pleit01 f #af to #cj metres long 7see ,dehem1 p4 #ejg72 #d metres beam2 draught ( wat] load$ f #a4gj m4 to #b4bj m42 g5]ally1 #a4hj m4 ,its capacity v>i$ f #gj to #ahj tons4 ,! 8,ott]0 _h a 8/atie0 & c>ri$ ! ord9>y =e & aft rig ma/1 & a small jigg] ma/ set 9 ! 8/atie0 (t5 complet$ ! outfit4 8,s*uit50 :i* correspond to ! ,dut* 8,s*uit50 are /ill met ) on ! ,s*eldt alongside ( ! 8,pleit50 & ! 8,ott]04 ,?is type ( vessels is j z diff]5t f ! 8,ott]0 z our 8,s*uit0 is f ! 8,hoy04 ,dehem is1 !re=e1 mi/ak5 :5 he says1 9 8 "w m5tion$ above 7p4 #ejg73 8,! ,s*uit is an ,ott] ( small] size44440 ,! 8,pleit50 l ! 8,ott]s0 are (t5 met ) 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,if ! boats ( ! ,we/ ( ,belgium ?us %[ ! same *>act]i/ics z ^? ( our own c\ntry1 x w be ! same = ^? ( ,ea/ ,friesl&4 ,,! ,,mot4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ec ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ed ,! 8,mott50 replace ! 8,hoys0 9 ,ea/ ,friesl&4 ,!y are divid$ into3 ,buit5 ,mott51 ,b9n5 ,mott5 & ,spits*e ,mott54 ,^! boats h ! same %ape z ^? ( ! la/ two categories consid]$2 !y diff] only 9 size4 ,!y correspond to ! hoys ( ,gron+51 ev5 9 :at conc]ns ! %ape ( ! b5ds & ! rudd]4 ,h5ce !y belong to ! family ( ! 8,hoys04 ,,! ,,spits*e ,,mot4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ee ,! 8,spits*e ,mot0 is a small boat :i* diff]s 9 %ape f ! ord9>y boats ( ?is class4 ,x is %>p]1 less heavily built1 & is #ad4ej m4 long2 #c4ij m4 wide1 & #a4fj m4 deep4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a 8,spits*e ,mot0 & a 8,b9n5 ,mot0 is ! same z t betwe5 an 8,ov]ijssels*e ,praam0 & a 8,hoy04 ,,! ,,ev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bda ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #eh ,! 8,ev]0 & ! 8,brem]kahn0 are met ) all along ,ea/ ,friesl& coa/s z f> z ,d5m>k4 ,!y h kept "s v old =ms :i* recall ! anci5t 8cogs04 ,!y 7 built1 especially1 ne> ,hamburg & 7 us$ orig9ally z fi%+ boats4 ,! same ?+ has happ5$ "h z 9 our c\ntry :]e ! 8,h[k]0 & ! 8,bu%01 :i* 7 fi%+ boats at fir/1 became m]*ant vessels lat]4 ,! 8,ev]0 w be treat$ ( aga9 among ! fi%+ craft4 ,,! ,,brem]kahn4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #eg ,! 8,brem]kahn0 is a n>r[ 8,ev]04 ,bo? h ! squ>e /]n :i* came to !m f ! ,s\?4 ,^! la/ two boats h smoo? hulls2 =m]ly !y 7 cl9k] built4 ,! 8,kahn01 /raight] & flatt] ?an ! 8,ev]01 has a less slop+ /em4 ,!y are =e & aft rigg$ & h (t5 a small additional ma/ at ! /]n4 ,_! capacity is v mu* ! same z our 8,hoys04 ,! ,hamburg 8,ev]0 is #ag metres long2 #f4dj m4 beam & draws #j4gj m4 ( wat] :5 empty & #a4ej m4 :5 load$4 ,! dim5sions ( ! 8,brem]kahn0 are respectively3 #ae4ej2 #d4hj2 #j4gj & #a4ej4 ,save ! ,galliot & ! ,galeas1 all ! vessels belong+ to gr\p ,,ii-,b1 are f\nd all ! way f ,d5m>k along ,ea/ ,friesl&1 ,gron+51 ,friesl&1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 ,zeel&1 ! ,we/ ( ,nor? ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1 ! ,we/ ( ,utre*t & also a v small "p 7,we/7 ( ! ,betuwe2 9 %ort1 all along ! coa/ & on our l[] tidal riv]s4 ,s soon z ! ,meuse1 ! ,waal & ! ,lek are rea*$1 ! "* *anges4 ,?is applies also to ! prov9ce ( ,ov]ijssel & to a "p ( ,dr5!4 ,! great] "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,dr5! only became accessible to navigation aft] ! op5+ ( ! canals built 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ?is prov9ce =m$ e>ly1 h[ev]1 "o ) ,ov]ijssel1 f ! %ipbuild+ po9t ( view1 & ! types n[ 9 use 7 develop$ 9 bo? at ! same "t4 ,,! ,,pott5 ,,& ,,! ,,puj54 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bja ,! olde/ vessels kn[n 9 ,ov]ijssel are ! ,pott5 & ! ,puj5 7,wits51 p4 #agj71 ( :i* few engrav+s are extant4 ,! names are n[ no long] met )2 ! primitive 8,pott50 & 8,puj50 h1 h[ev]1 n entirely disappe>$ !re4 ,! old =ms h be5 pres]v$ !re z ev]y:]e else &1 aside f a few *anges1 ^! vessels h m]ely *ang$ _! names4 ,cl9k] built hulls gave way fir/ to ^? c>vel built1 & lat] ! =ms ( ! boats became less angul>4 ,! old rig has *ang$ & ! old r\nd hat*ways h made place = m simple flat hat*es4 ,by ^! trans=mations1 ^! vessels *ange _! appe>ance some:at al?\gh ! hull rema9s ! same1 b ! names ( 8,pott50 & 8,puj50 h giv5 place to ^? ( 8,somp501 8,pegg50 & 8,snijboon501 m g5]ally met ) to-day4 ,already1 ,wits5 & o!r au?ors h not$ t ! 8,pott50 & 8,puj50 are di/+ui%$ f ! 8,smals*ep50 & 8,wijds*ep50 by _! f9] b[ & /]n2 ! same diff]5ce z is n[ f\nd betwe5 ! ,hoys on ! "o side & ! 8,snijboon50 & 8,somp50 on ! o!r4 ,besides1 ! "n 8,snijboon0 7/r+ bean7 %[s t x is a "q ( a long & f9e boat1 t is3 a flat bottom$ boat ) l5g!n$ b[ & /]n4 ,,! ,,snijboon ,,& ,,! ,,somp ,,or ,,pegge4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #cd ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ca-cc ,! 8,snijboon0 & ! 8,somp0 h ! same %ape4 ,bo? h a 8draai-ov]-boord0 & g5]ally a poop deck4 ,_! *>act]i/ics are ! f9e b[ & /]n1 ! sudd5 fall ( ! b5ds ne> ! /]npo/ & ! /em2 ^! b5ds be+ almo/ horizontal = ! rema9d] ( ! l5g? ( ! vessel2 ! /]npo/ & ! /em are ne>ly v]tical4 ,^! *>act]i/ics di/+ui% !m almo/ imm$iately f ! boats ( ! o!r prov9ces4 ,! 8,somp0 is #ae4ej m4 long1 #c4gj m4 beam & #a4hj m4 deep4 ,:5 ! 8,somp0 is small] & draws less wat] x is call$ a 8,pegge01 ( :i* ! dim5sions are respectively #ab4jj m41 #b4fe m4 & #a4de m4 ,! dim5sions ( ! 8,snijboon0 are #ag4ej m41 #c4ij m4 & #a4ej m4 ,,! ,,hoogeve5s*e ,,praam4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ec ,! ,hoogeve5s*e ,praam is an op5 vessel1 ( relatively rec5t date1 desc5d$ f ! ,somp b hav+ a full] b[ & /]n4 ,,! ,,praam 7,pram74 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ce ,! t5d5cy1 already notic$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 to build l>g] & full] vessels 7,van ,yk1 p #cdh71 became /ill m m>k$ 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,x is ?us t ! 8,snijboon50 & 8,somp50 are se5 to increase 9 size & t bir? is giv5 to ! ,praam ( :i* ! size & load c be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,hoy4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #cf ,! 8,pram0 has reta9$1 h[ev]1 ! sl5d] b[ & /]n z also ! *>act]i/ic l9e ( ! b5ds4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #bc47 ,all ( ^! vessels h ! 8draai-ov]-boord0 (t5 accompani$ ) a poop deck4 ,h5ce ^! 8,pram50 are totally sep>at$ f ! vessels ( ! 8,semaque0 7hoy7 gr\p met ) 9 ,friesl& & ,gron+54 ,!y h no?+ to d ) ! ,gron+] ,a>dappelpraam or ) ! ,gron+] ,slijkpraam1 or ) ! ,fries*e ,praam :i* belong to ! 8,hoy0 gr\p4 ,! "n ( ,praam :i* is met ) 9 ,ov]ijssel only at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith or beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury is n purely ,dut*4 ,! ,m>quis de ,tol9 says1 = example 7p4 #age71 t ,napoleon caus$ to be built = 8 ,b\logne fleet a few 8prams01 flat bottom$ vessels1 #cg m4 long1 #h m4 wide & draw+ ab\t #b4ej m4 ,!y 7 rigg$ ) ?ree ma/s & 7 arm$ ) cannon4 7,de ,bonnef\x & ,p>is2 ,dictionnaire de ,m>9e ,voiles1 anno #ahdg1 p4 #ei47 ,tw5ty 8,prams0 ( ?is k9d are said to h be5 built4 ,!y _h no?+ 9 common1 h[ev]1 ) our 8,pram50 unless x 7 t bo? vessels 7 flat bottom$4 ,! ,m>quis de ,tol9 describes ! ,dut* 8,praam0 9 8 book 7p4 #add72 b ?is description lacks precision1 because ! 8,ov]ijssels*e0 & 8,fries*e ,pram50 are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,! 8,fries*e praam0 7pram ( ,friesl&7 is m]ely a small hoy ) r slight %e] & provid$ ) a 8/atie02 :ile ! o!r is a flat bottom$ vessel ) 8draai-ov]-boord0 & nev] ) a 8/atie04 ,le ,comte 7p4 #bi7 says t ! fir/ ( ^! vessels 7 built only 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dr5!1 at ,meppel & ,hoogeve51 & he too gr\ps ! hoy ) ! 8,fries*e pram04 ,s he writes 7p4 #ad71 = example1 t ! 8hoys0 sometimes h movable wa%bo>ds :5 !y load above ! gunwales1 :]eas ?is is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! 8,fries*e pram504 ,mean:ile1 ! ,pram is (t5 spok5 ( 9 ,holl&1 al?\gh no vessel be>+ t "n1 or "o resembl+ ! ,ov]ijssels*e ,praam1 is f\nd !re4 ,?is "n is us$ !n to designate vessels 9 g5]al4 ,! big 8,ov]ijssels*e ,praam01 z x is kn[n to-day1 dates only f ! second half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury & its increase 9 size is due solely to ! improvem5t ( exi/+ canals & to ! op5+ to traffic ( new navigable highways1 ne>ly all dat+ f ! same p]iod4 ,9 ?is way1 ! 8,dr5ts*e ,ho(dva>t0 0 only connect$ ) ,gron+5 by ! con/ruction ( ! ,noord ,willemsva>t 9 #aheh-ahfb2 7see ,g$5kboek ,kon9klijk ,in/ituut van ,+5ieurs1 p4 #ca74 ,! ,hoogeve5s*e va>t1 dug 9 #afbc z an 8,e*t5s nieuwe grift01 0 only ext5d$ ea/w>d & improv$ betwe5 #ahej & #ahfj & ! ,meppel]diep 0 improv$ only 9 #ahfj & #ahhb4 ,! f9al junction ( ,friesl& & ,gron+5 by wat] is also ( rec5t date2 communication 0 _h =m]ly only by sea4 ,! inl& communication betwe5 ^! prov9ces 0 /ill v primitive until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,x 0 only aft] #ahea t improvem5t 0 spok5 (1 & 9 #ahfd1 ! ,ga>keuk5 lock 0 rebuilt1 at ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two prov9ces1 ) a wid?1 ( #f metres & a neat l5g? ( #bf metres4 ,! ,/adskanaal1 />t$ 9 #agff or #agfg 0 only f9i%$ 9 #aheh4 ,x 0 also only 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury t ! improvem5t ( ! junction betwe5 ,ov]ijssel & ,friesl&1 accompli%$ by ! removal ( ! high peat bogs1 0 begun1 & ! junction ( ! nor!rn ) ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 br\ght ab\t 9 #ahbj by ! op5+ ( ! 8,willemsva>t0 7:i* connects ! ,yssel ) ! ,zw>tewat]74 ,a wat] supply canal _h really be5 built f ,zwolle t[>d ,yssel z f> back z ! ,x,i,vth c5tury1 & improvem5t ( ?is canal1 s z to make x navigable _h really be5 begun 9 #adhj1 b ! reciprocal jeal\sy ( ! cities ( ,yssel /opp$ ^! works4 7,dr4 ,h4 ,bl9k1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhb47 ,up to ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 wat] communications betwe5 ! nor!rn prov9ces 7 _h "u ^! conditions1 by way ( ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 communications = :i* vessels ( ! hoy gr\p 71 at fir/ us$ exclusively4 ,! 8,pott50 & ! 8,puj501 l ! 8,somp50 & 8,pegg501 7 unable to /& ! high seas 7,wits51 p4 #agj47 & only ! 8,prams01 :i* appe>$ lat]1 7 able by reason ( _! size & /r5g? to take ! op5 sea1 & soon to spread ov] all our c\ntry4 ,x is int]e/+ to inquire h[ev]1 h[ ! "n 8,praams0 came to be admitt$ into a c\ntry :]e !re exi/$ s _m o!r & m appropriate names4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! influ5ce ( ! prov9ce ( ,gron+5 br\ght ab\t ?is adoption4 ,9 fact1 ! city ( ,gron+5 decid$1 by ! 8,conv5ant van #ahag0 7treaty ( #ahag1 a "t :5 ! big ,pram5 ( ,ov]ijssel 7 n yet built7 t p com+ to ! m>ket mu/ pay1 l e "o else1 ! ord9>y tolls at bridges1 locks & gates ( exi/+ canals4 ,!re 0 to be paid = ! canals to be built ?irty c5ts at ea* lock = a 8s*ip0 7boat7 & t5 c5ts = a 8pram04 ,! same di/9ction betwe5 boat & 8pram0 0 already f\nd 9 ! old t>iffs4 ,= example3 ! 8,/adsordonnantie0 ( ,janu>y #bh1 #aggc1 lays d[n t a boat %all pay #ae s\s at ! locks ( ! city & a 8pram0 only #d s\s4 ,x appe>s f all ?is t a di/9ction 0 made at ,gron+5 betwe5 ! 8boat0 & ! 8pram0 & f ! great diff]5ce 9 price x is cle> t a 8pram0 0 a small boat4 ,?is is s evid5t t m ample explanations 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! 8pram0 h n be5 s\ght1 & x is cle> t ! well kn[n 8,slijkpram50 ( ! prov9ce ( ,gron+5 are meant1 ! 8,slijkpram50 be+ us$ j z well 9 ! ,doll>d z 9 ! peat bogs4 ,!y are small n>r[ boats1 op5 above1 ) a /raight longitud9al section1 full b[ & /]n 7l ! hoys ( ,gron+574 ,!y are f\nd also1 ) a few *anges1 "u ! "n ( 8,vlotpram504 ,:51 aft] ! completion ( ! ,noord ,willemsva>t 9 #ahfb1 ! direct connection betwe5 ,ov]ijssel & ,gron+5 0 accompli%$ & ?is latt] prov9ce c\ld be rea*$ by ! l>ge ,ov]ijssel boats1 :i* _h also sides ) no %e]1 x 0 f\nd evid5tly advantage\s to call ^! vessels simply 8,prams04 ,9 ?is way1 advantage 0 tak5 ( ! l[] rate &1 consid]+ ! result+ pr(its1 good c>e 0 tak5 n to *ange ! "n 8,pram0 to t ( 8,s*ip04 ,x 0 only 9 #aijc t a judgm5t ( ! ju/ice ( ! peace ( ,gron+5 decid$ t ! vessels 9 "q mu/ be consid]$ z 8,s*ep50 & n z 8,pram501 consid]$ by ! above m5tion$ cov5ant4 7,prov9ciale ,gron+] ,c\rant1 ,d9sdag1 #bd ,febru>i #aijc1 ,n #df47 ,?is judgm5t1 :i* put an end to ! advantages m5tion$ above1 0 giv5 z ! result ( a report ( exp]ts dat$ ,decemb] #bd1 #aijb4 ,among ! preambles ( ?is report is po9t$ out ! ,fr5* translation ( an article ( ! t>iff %eet app5d$ to ! conv5ant ( #ahag1 :]e ! ^w 8,praam0 0 translat$ (ficially by 8bateau dit vlotpraam01 mean+ by t1 & rightly1 ! small op5 8praam0 ( ,gron+54 ,! exp]ts 7 mi/ak51 h[ev]1 9 say+ t ! pres5t l>ge 8prams0 7 desc5d$ f ! 8vlotpraam0 ( ,gron+54 ,^! prams are exactly l ! ,ov]ijssel boats1 b _! dim5sions are l>g]4 ,fur!rmore1 !y nev] belong$ to ! ,gron+5 class ( vessels4 ,_! f9e b[ & /]n are ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ?is4 ,9 ord] to settle ! type ( ! 8prams01 se>* %\ld n h be5 made alone 9 ,gron+51 z 0 done by ! exp]ts1 b a comp>ison %\ld h be5 made betwe5 ! types ( ?is prov9ce & ^? ( ,ov]ijssel4 ,to ref]1 z 9 ! report ( ! exp]ts1 to a few e>li] judgm5ts :]e x is a "q ( 8,praams*ip0 proves j z little1 because !re is no s5se 9 consid]+ ! "n ( a boat1 ! type is :at is requir$4 ,! conclusion ( ! report is /ill m absurd1 see+ t x says t ! 8praam0 is a 8boat0 7s*ip71 because ! own] is call$ a 8boatman0 7s*ipp]76 ,! cov5ant ( #ahag 0 n applicable to ! 8,ov]ijssels*e pram50 because ^! did n exi/ :5 ! agreem5t 0 conclud$4 ,:at prec$es %[s pla9ly t x is important to classify boats cle>ly & to det]m9e beyond d\bt ! c\ntry to :i* ! types belong4 ,x is p]fectly natural t ,ov]ijssel %\ld h f\nd itself "u ! influ5ce ( ! o!r prov9ces4 ,s1 ! 8,hoy0 is f\nd along ! ,zuyd]-,zee &1 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 ! 8,i,jzeren ,v]k50 7anglice3 iron hog7 is a boat :i* %\ld also be class$ among ! hoys & :i* ,wits5 calls a solid boat f ,ov]ijssel 7p4 #agj74 ,9 ! same way1 ! 8/atie0 f ,friesl& is tak5 up 9 ,ov]ijssel1 x be+ orig9ally f ! =m] prov9ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #cg ,x w be useless to note t 8,praamak50 & 8,aaktjalk50 are met )1 t is to say a few boats hav+ ! %ape ( ! 8,praam0 & ( ! ,hoy1 b )\t a /em4 ,! bottom ends 9 ! nose & ! plank+ is assembl$ on ?is front face4 ,_m 8hoys0 & 8prams0 h be5 built ( iron dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,!y /ill %[ *>act]i/ic diff]5ces among !mselves1 b x is to be expect$ t f9ally ! =ms w be conf\nd$1 :5 ! 8prams0 w h tak5 full] =ms & ! %e] ( ! hoys w h be5 r$uc$4 ,,! ,,k(tjalk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #be ,f9ally1 ! 8,k(tjalk0 mu/ be m5tion$ aga92 x be+ a boat :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ! 8,k(0 & ! 8,hoy04 ,?is k9d ( boat is orig9ally f ,gron+5 & resembles /rongly ! 8,buit5mott50 ( ,ea/ ,friesl&4 ,! 8,k(tjalk0 is ! precursor ( ! 8,k(fs0 :i* lat] on replac$ ! 8,cats & ! ,flutes04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #bb ,! 8,k(fs0 !re=e are n a spontane\s production1 b 7 develop$ gradually z trade & indu/ry ext5d$ or z navigable highways rea*$ fur!r & became improv$4 ,?us ! dim5sions ( ! 8,k(fs0 increas$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury z ! result ( ! creation ( ! ,dam/]diep 9 #agia4 ,if ,hog5dorp 7,bijdrage tot de hui%\d+ van d5 ,/aat1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahc71 /ill speaks1 at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 ( 8,k(fs0 ( #gj to #ajj la/s1 on ! o!r h&1 ,le ,comte 7p4 #af7 m5tions1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth1 8,k(fs0 ( #ajj to #aej 8la/s04 ,! "n ( 8,k(tjalk0 %[s1 on ! o!r h&1 t !re is only a slight diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! 8,k(f0 & ! 8,hoy04 ,,! ,,kraak4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #dg ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #agf ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #agh ,! 8,kraak0 is a /rongly built boat1 ) no %e]1 ) full & r\nd$ b[ & /]n1 belong+ to ! smack gr\p4 ,?is vessel1 ( ! size ( a small 8hoy01 belongs to ! region limit$ by ! brok5 l9e ,am/]dam1 ,na>d51 ,nigteve*t1 ,ha>lem1 ,za&am & ,am/]dam1 ?is la/ city be+ consid]$ z its place ( orig94 ,?is v old type ( boat is already to be se5 9 ! engrav+s ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 b !re !y are call$ 8,li*t]04 ,x is = ?is reason t ,wits5 speaks ( ! 8,am/]dams*e b9n5li*t]s01 z be+ 8e5 plomb geb\wd zond] zeil ( ma/ ov]dekt met hooge ronde luik50 7a heavily built boat1 )\t ma/s or sails1 cov]$ by high r\nd hat*es74 ,!y 7 g5]ally pol$ & _h no ma/s2 & c>ri$ a small deckh\se aft4 ,an engrav+ ( a 8li*t]0 ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 also be>s ?is di/i*3 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #agg 8,te li*t5 m5i* s*ip bequaem0 8,da> af vo]t dit s*ip zijn5 naem04 7,! "n ( ?is boat comes to x because x is able to raise _m ano!r74 ,lat]1 l>g] 8,li*t]s0 7 built1 kn[n z 8,li*t]0 ( ,nigteve*t1 ,br\w]%av51 ,wi]+51 etc4 ,all h ! same massive =m rais$ a little =w>d & aft4 ,a few c>ry a 8/atie04 ,! wai/ ( ! boat is always /raight4 ,! l>g] size involv$ ! necessity ( a rig1 & ! 8,li*t]s0 s rigg$ 7 call$ 8,krak501 a "n :i* has no?+ 9 common ) t ( ! ,spani% c>acks4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #dh ,an engrav+ :i* %[s a f]ry-boat runn+ betwe5 ,am/]dam & ,ha>lem1 gives an idea ( ! precursor ( ! 8,kraak04 ,!re mu/ also be c\nt$ among ! 8,krak501 ! 8,i,jker01 ) a smoo? hull1 ( :i* ! m rec5t "n und\bt$ly designates ! same k9d ( vessel4 ,x is well aga9 to rem>k t ! old 8,turfijk]0 has no?+ to d ) ?is 8,i,jker01 ) a smoo? hull1 :i* x resembles only 9 "n4 ,at ,ha>lem1 ! 8,kraak0 is call$ 8,ha>lemm]pont04 ,?is vessel is a little less bluff & ! /]n is less full4 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 cut up by innum]able riv]s & /reams 9 e direction1 h be51 f ! mo/ di/ant times1 ! c\ntry 8p> excell5ce0 ( f]ries & o!r vessels = c>ry+ man & bea/ to & fro4 ,,! 8,,ov]haalpontje0 ,,skiff4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ei ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fa ,! simple/ =m ( ^! f]ries is %[n by ! rectangul> sc[ made to run back & =? by haul+ on "o or two ropes4 ,boats ( ?is k9d are v well kn[n by ! "n ( 8,ov]haalpontjes0 7skiffs71 ( :i* l>ge numb]s exi/ /ill 9 ,holl&1 especially 9 ! neighborhoods ( ,! ,hague1 ,am/]dam & ,utre*t4 ,,! ,,ponton4 ,! 8,ponton0 is ano!r k9d ( f]ry boat4 ,! l>g] siz$ craft are rais$ =w>d & aft to facilitate ! passage4 ,! b[ & /]n1 :i* are broad & flat1 c>ry a movable "p call$ ! 8,koebrug0 7c[ bridge7 to facilitate tak+ horses1 cattle & c>ts on bo>d4 ,^! movable outside bridges are l[]$ & rais$ by two balanc$ lev]s1 "o on ea* side4 ,by be>+ d[n on !m1 ! =e bridge is rais$ a little above ! horizontal4 ,! lev] is !n made fa/4 ,aft] cross+ ! riv]1 ! bridge is dropp$ & re/s on ! approa*4 ,! slope ( ! bridge mu/ n be too great1 nor %\ld ! movable "p be too long1 o!rwise x w\ld be unmanageable4 ,x foll[s f :at prec$es1 t !re exi/s1 = a good approa*1 a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! slope ( ! ramp1 ! l5g? ( ! movable bridge & ! draught ( ! f]ry-boat4 ,z a g5]al rule & = ord9>y pontoons1 ! mo/ favorable slope = ! ramp is #a 9 #h4 ,an easi] slope makes too %>p an incl9ation = ! movable bridge2 a /eep] slope1 :i* w\ld make ! bridge m ne>ly horizontal1 w\ld make1 on ! o!r h&1 too difficult an approa* = :eel$ vehicles4 ,,! 8,,halve ,,pont0 ,,or 8,,pijp]04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fj-fd ,9 ord] to s5d ! pontoon across1 o>s or a sprit sail c be us$4 ,! boat is !n /e]$ ) an o>4 ,in/ead ( us+ a pontoon ) a movable bridge at ea* end1 a 8,halve ,pont0 7half pontoon7 is ! m g5]ally 9 s]vice4 ,?is is a boat ) ! b[ ( an ake & ! /]n ( a pontoon4 ,sometimes ?is half pontoon is call$ a 8,pijp]04 ,vehicles come an bo>d ! f]ry ov] ! /]n & mu/ leave 9 ! same way4 ,! vehicles mu/ g a%ore backw>d z !y _c turn end = end on ! boat itself4 ,if ! curr5t ( ! riv] be /rong en\gh1 x is utiliz$ to c>ry ! f]ry back und =? by means ( a cable4 ,x is ne$less to say t l>ge pontoons ) a movable "p at ea* end are us$ = ! purpose4 ,,! 8,,gi]pont04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fc ,! 8,gi]pont0 7fly+ bridge7 all[s a /ream to be cross$ z foll[s3 ,! op]at+ cable is atta*$ at "o end to an an*or put d[n up/ream ne> ! middle ( ! riv] & at ! o!r end to ! middle ( ! up/ream side ( ! boat4 ,! two ends ( ! pontoon are !n fa/5$ by special l9es to ! sw++ cable4 ,! pontoon c1 9 ?is way1 be made to lie at an angle to ! curr5t4 ,! compon5t ( ! curr5t normal to ! side ( ! boat causes x to cross 9 describ+ an arc ( a circle ar\nd ! an*or z a c5tre & ) ! l5g? ( ! cable z a radius4 ,! spe$ is regulat$ by *ang+ ! angle :i* ! axis ( ! pontoon makes ) ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ! action ( ! curr5t on ! pontoon1 two or f\r lee-bo>ds are fa/5$ to ! up/ream side1 t is3 ! side next to ! cable1 "o or two ( !m s]v+ to cross ! /ream to ! "r bank1 ! o!r "o or two1 to ! left bank4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ! resi/ance ( ! cable 9 ! wat]1 x is support$ by a few small boats call$ 8ond]legaakjes04 ,a 8,gi]pont0 ( ?is k9d works1 among o!rs on ! ,meuse1 at ! ,grav5bi*t-,ro!m 7,limb\rg7 & ,grave cross+s4 ,,! ,,kabelve]pont4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fb ,! 8,kabelve]pont0 is ano!r k9d ( boat = cross+ /reams4 ,! sw++ cable is "h replac$ by "o :i* crosses ! /ream1 on ! bottom ( :i* x lies "u ! action ( its own weight4 ,! middle ( ! up/ream side ( ! boat is atta*$ to ?is cable1 :i* passes ov] a %eave4 ,9 ord] to cross ! /ream1 ! boat is pu%$ (f into ! curr5t1 aft] hav+ rais$ ! movable bridges1 !n ! cable is drawn up on ! end ( ! boat po9t+ across ! riv] & made to pass ov] a %eave plac$1 tempor>ily & = ! cross+1 at ! middle ( ! bridge4 ,! pontoon !n occupies a position oblique to ! cable &1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 at an angle to ! direction ( ! curr5t :i* causes ! boat to move4 ,! cable1 :i* runs f "o bank to ! o!r1 re/s on ! b$ ( ! riv] f :i* only ! "p on ! boat is rais$4 ,! pontoons s]v+ ! cross+s at ,kess5i*-,/ev5swe]t & at ,elsloo-,boor%eim 7,limburg-an-,meuse7 may be m5tion$ z examples ( ?is k9d ( f]ries4 ,! cable is n always rais$1 h[ev]1 on ! boat because :5 s rais$ x may int]f]e ) navigation4 ,sometimes ! cable is all[$ to rema9 on ! b$ ( ! riv] & ! f]ry is atta*$ to a rope :i* is connect$ ) ! cable by means ( a roll]4 ,?is rope1 :i* is !n /ret*$ 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 is fa/5$ to ! middle ( ! up/ream side ( ! boat4 ,if n[ ! latt] be incl9$ by means ( a special cable1 z expla9$ 9 ! case ( ! 8,gi]pont01 x crosses ! riv]1 ! roll] runn+ on ! cable :i* lies on ! bottom4 ,an example ( su* a boat is to be f\nd at ! cross+ at ,zalt-,bommel 9 ,geld]l&4 ,! tr\ble ) ^! cables & ( all transv]se cables 9 g5]al is t !y are (t5 displac$ by ! an*ors ( vessels :i* f\l !m 9 pass+4 ,abroad1 especially 9 ,belgium1 ! cables = trail bridges 7z !y are call$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 are /ret*$ above ! riv] s t vessels c pass und]nea?4 ,b ?is arrangem5t does n seem to be applicable to heavy boats & to ! great wid?s ( ! cross+s f\nd 9 ,holl& )\t us+ exp5sive means = support+ ! cable4 ,9 ,limburg1 :]e ! "* ( ! ,meuse is torr5tial1 & :]e ! /eep slope ( ! b$ causes mu* m viol5t curr5ts ?an 9 ! re/ ( our c\ntry1 ! b>ges h no lee bo>ds4 ,a v wide approa* ramp is necess>y = all ^! f]ries 9 g5]al & = ! 8,kabelve]pont50 9 p>ticul>4 ,a wid? ( #af metres at ! level ( mean l[ wat] & less5+ upw>d has be5 f\nd necess>y1 because ( ! slack ( ! cable :i* v>ies ) ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t & ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,! m viol5t ! curr5t1 ! easi] x is to g safely on ! boat1 & ?is all[s ! wid? ( ! approa* ramp to be r$uc$ ne> ! top1 because ?is upp] "p is only utiliz$ dur+ high wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #agd ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #age ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #agh ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aha ,x is ne$less to say t n only pontoons1 b also e k9d ( boats1 su* z ! 8hoys0 & 8poon50 already m5tion$1 c be also utiliz$ = cross+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fj ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fe ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fg ,use is also frequ5tly made ( ! 8,h5g/50 7anglice3 /allions1 us$ "h to designate /r5g?7 & ( ! 8,ve]h5g/50 :i* belong to ! type ( ! 8,hooga>s501 :i* !y resemble greatly4 ,! 8,hoorga>s50 are describ$ among ! fi%+ boats4 ,= f]ry+ p$e/rians1 r[boats & 8vlett50 are v frequ5tly us$4 ,"o rem>k may /ill be add$ to :at prec$es3 ,two cables are ne$$ = tidal riv]s1 "o above & "o bel[1 s z to be able to "w dur+ bo? ! ebb & flood tides4 ,! manuvres !n become difficult at times1 because :5 ! tide is at a /& !re is no curr5t or x is s weak t ! cross+ is n always possible4 ,9 ^! cases ! cables are us$ m]ely z guides = ! boats4 ,! latt] are run across by h& or by a motor :i* works a special cable = cross+4 ,a sy/em ( ?is sort is locat$ on ! ,b]gs*e ,meuse1 bel[ ,heusd54 ,if ! curr5t becomes too /rong at high wat]1 s t !re is dang] ( break+ ! cables1 ! pontoon way be atta*$ to a sw++ cable :i* w\ld !n take up ! great] "p ( ! t5sion4 ,?is cable %\ld be v long3 #a s t ! pull on ! an*or way be z ne>ly horizontal z possible & #b s t ! arc describ$ by ! f]ry boat may be z flat z possible4 ,! small inl& boats are n less important ?an ^? j consid]$4 ,_! size has gone on increas+ z ! navigable highways are improv$ & ! cl9k]-built hulls give way to ! c>vel built4 ,!y diff]1 9 ! matt] ( =m1 f ! types m5tion$ above1 by _! relatively small beam z comp>$ ) _! l5g?1 z mu* z by _! v mu* incl9$ b[ & /]n4 ,if1 z a g5]al rule1 ! ratio betwe5 l5g? & bread? :i* lay g5]ally betwe5 #c4e & #d4f n[ rea*es (t5 #e = ! inl& boats4 ,evid5tly1 !y are all flat-bottom$ &1 ( late ye>s1 !y h be5 built ) a m r\nd$ bilge4 ,,! ,,bok4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hc ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hd ,! ,bok is "o ( ! l>ge/ vessels ( ?is gr\p4 ,x is met ) 9 ,friesl&1 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,utre*t1 bel[ ,ankeve5 & 's ,gravel&1 & 9 ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,s\? ,holl& to ! ,nor? ( ! ,old ,rh9e4 ,x is a long1 n>r[ boat1 #af metres long1 only #c4ce m4 beam & #a4ge m4 dep?4 ,x n>r[s %>ply t[>d ! bottom & has a v /rong /]npo/ & /em4 ,! /]npo/ is /raight & lean+2 ! /]n also slopes & is slightly curv$4 ,! b[ ( ! boat is squ>e :i* gives x a *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,,! ,,snik4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bdj ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #he ,along ) ! 8,bok0 !re is f\nd 9 ,friesl&1 ! ,snik1 :i* is a 8,bok0 ( less squ>e build ) a m slop+ /]npo/ & /em4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,holl&1 ! same diff]5ce f ! 8,bok0 is not$ 9 ! 8,h>lemm]me]lomp]tje0 :i* is small] ?an ! 8,frisian ,snik04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hf ,nei!r ! "n ( 8,snik0 nor t ( 8,bok0 is kn[n 9 ,gron+51 b !re is 9 ?is region a boat ( ! same k9d1 ) its b[ & /]n a little full] ?an ^? ( ! 8,bok04 ,x is ! ,gron+5 a>dappelpraam 7,gron+5 potato pram7 already met )4 ,l ! ?ree prec$+ boats1 its b5ds h a slight %e]4 ,its full b[ & /]n diff]5tiate x f ! 8,ov]ijssels*e pram504 ,if we leave ! ,ha>lem lake1 pass+ by ,leid51 t is to say3 if we cross ! c\ntry ( ! d[ns go+ t[>d ! ,we/1 we meet ev]y:]e a type ( boat :i*1 :ile small]1 is /ill %ap$ l ! 8bokk504 ,?is type z ! 8,we/l&]0 7boat ( ! ,we/7 is its repres5tative4 ,,! 8,,we/l&]04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hj ,?is boat has a %>ply rak+ & slightly curv$ /em4 ,x rises b little above ! wat] s z to be able to pass "u ! bridges4 ,x c use sails b1 mo/ ( ! "t1 x is mov$ ahead by means ( a boa?ook4 ,! boat is deck$ ov] ) flat & horizontal hat* cov]s4 ,consid]+ ! relatively l[ position ( ! till]1 ^! boats1 l ! prec$+1 h a 8/uurbak0 7a cockpit 9 ! deck :]e ! helmsman /&s74 ,! top plank is /r5g!n$ s z to act z a b5d4 ,if ?is elem5t be lack+1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case ) ! small boats ( ?is class1 !y are also call$ 8,bok01 b ?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! big ,frisian 8,bok0 m5tion$ above4 8,we/l&]s0 are (t5 us$ = levell+ (f ! d[ns2 !y are well kn[n at ! ,hague4 ,,! ,,kaag4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahb ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahe ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ga ,9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 !re 0 met )1 to ! ,nor? ( ,leyd51 along ! ,ha>lem lake & 9 t "p ( ,nor? ,holl& ly+ ,nor? ( ! l9e ,aalsme]-,muid51 a boat !n curr5tly call$ 8,kaag0 7,kage or ,kaghe71 ( :i* ,wits5 gives a good reproduction 9 8 "w 7p4 #agd74 ,?is boat diff]$ f ! prec$+ types by ! great] elevation ( ! b[ & by ! draw+ toge!r ( ! upp] plank+1 :i* make x resemble ! fi%+ boat1 call$ ! 8,hooga>s04 ,l ?is la/1 x _h a broad b[1 b ! /]n1 on ! o!r h&1 is m n>r[$4 ,! /em 0 /raight b ) a m>k$ rake4 ,! ma/ is at "o-?ird ! l5g? f ! b[2 x is rigg$ ) a sprit sail4 ,?is boat no long] exi/s n[1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a boat ) a smoo? hull is met ) :i* resembles x & is n[ call$ ! 8,snik0 or 8,gondel04 ,x is1 h[ev]1 less angul> & has a squ>e /]n1 :i*1 z e :]e else1 appe>$ lat]4 ,x is probable t x is ! old 8,kaag0 :i* is aga9 f\nd 9 ?is class ( boats & :i* is (t5 us$ to-day4 ,! ratio ( l5g? to beam is ! same = bo? vessels4 ,on ! tidal riv]s ( ,holl&1 !re is f\nd1 z a small boat1 ! ,k9d]dijks*e ,hooga>s :i* resembles ! old kaag p]fectly4 ,!n1 !re is met ) among ! isl&s ( ,s\? ,holl&1 a boat ) a smoo? hull1 ! 8,bey]l&s*e ,s*uitje0 :i* is an 8ake0 if its bottom :i* rises "r up to ! extreme po9t ( ! b[ be consid]$2 x is probably n a v old type4 ,its affiliation ) ! prec$+ boats c /ill be easily obs]v$4 ,?is boat is #i m4 long1 #b4ge m4 beam & #a4cj m4 deep4 ,! ma/ is f a qu>t] to a ?ird ( ! l5g? f ! b[4 ,! 8,bey]l&s*e ,s*uit0 corresponds fully to ! fi%+ boat call$ ! 8,?ol5s*e ,s*\w04 ,,! ,,utre*t ,,pram4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hh ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hg ,!re is met ) 9 ! prov9ce ( ,utre*t ano!r k9d ( boat :i*1 :ile resembl+ ! 8,we/l&]0 some:at diff]s f x by its f9] l9es & m sl5d] con/ruction4 ,! /]npo/1 l ! /em1 is /raight & rakes a great deal1 :i* makes ^! boats v po9t$4 ,!y are ,utre*ts*e ,pram5 7,utre*t ,pram7 & :5 !y are entirely op5 !y are call$ ,kromme ,rijnaak al?\gh !y d n %[ ! *>act]i/ic flat bottom ris+ t[>d ! b[4 ,!y correspond to ! 8,vlots*uit0 m5tion$ by ,wits5 7p4 #aga1 ,no4 #c7 ev5 ?\gh ?is latt] boat is broad] 9 proportion to its l5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hi ,! 8,utre*t pram0 sails along ! 8,kromme ,rijn0 & 9 ! c\ntry /ill fur!r ,nor?1 along ! ,ve*t4 ,x greatly resembles a 8punt]0 ( ! ,nor? ( ,ov]ijssel 7ne> ,voll5hove1 etc47 b x is long] & n>r[]4 ,?is class ( boat is also met ) 9 ,nor? ,holl&3 ! ,gro5tes*uitje van ,hoorn1 call$ by ,wits5 7p4 #aga-c7 ,weys*uitje is an example4 ,,! 8,,s*\w04 ,! ,s*\w is a flat1 op5 tub met ev]y:]e4 ,x is a v simple & v primitive boat :i* is se5 already 9 ! olde/ engrav+s bo? 9 ! c\ntries along ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,! 8,s*\w50 are v mu* us$ 9 our c\ntry ( canals & riv]s4 ,^! m or less l>ge tubs h gradually develop$ into ! =m ( boats4 ,ne>ly all are pull$ or pu%$ ) a pole4 ,! l>ge/ are ! 8,melks*\w50 ( :i* l>ge numb]s c be se5 e day at ,rott]dam4 ,! hull ( ! 8,s*\w50 n>r[s a little =w>d & aft1 :ile ! bottom rises !re regul>ly4 ,^! boats are entirely op5 z a rule4 ,:5 !y h a hold cov]$ ) hat* cov]s & :5 !y are a little high] & c>ry a cuddy =w>d & aft !y are call$ ,s*i$ams*e ,s*\w51 bett] kn[n /ill by ! "n ( ,spoel+s*uit5 7small boats = c>ry+ ! refuse ( fruit74 ,,! 8,,treks*uit04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbg ,x is h>d = ! pres5t g5]ation to imag9e t1 #fj ye>s ago1 ! 8,treks*uit0 0 /ill ! only means ( locomotion ( ! p]iod4 ,:o w\ld n[ ?9k ( go+ 9 a 8,treks*uit0 f ! ,hague to ,s*ev5+ or back :]e s _m electric trams cross ea* o!r ev]y:]e8 ,& yet1 ! 8,treks*uit50 h play$ an important "p 9 our 8c\ntry ( wat]0 & !re are /ill "s regions :]e ^! boats are 9 use4 ,! 8,treks*uit501 prop]ly s call$1 c\ld be divid$ into two classes1 ^? ) a slop+ b /raight /em & ^? ) a curv$ /em4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gg ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gi ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hj ,! fir/1 :i* are almo/ entirely l ! ,we/l&]s1 :ile be+ ( a little m massive con/ruction1 are f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl& & to ! ,we/ ( ,utre*t4 ,! old engrav+s %[ t ^! boats h *ang$ little 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies2 ! wat] tight cab9 be+ ! only s]i\s modification :i* !y h und]gone4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gh ,!y are /ill frequ5tly met ) z 8,paks*uit501 ( :i* ! vivid colors 7gre51 :ite1 r$7 imm$iately attract ! eyes4 ,! second class ( ^! boats1 :i* h curv$ /ems1 are ( m elegant %ape4 ,!y are kn[n by ! "n ( 8,b>ges0 or 8,trekja*t501 & are f\nd especially 9 ! ,nor? ( our c\ntry1 9 ,nor? ,holl&1 ,gron+51 ,friesl&4 ,_! b[s & /]ns are q full 7l ! 8hoys07 & make "o ?9k r ( ! old ya*ts1 f9$ d[n a little1 f :i* !y are c]ta9ly desc5d$4 ,,! 8,,ya*t04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aef ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bce ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahe ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ij ,! old 8,ya*t0 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful boats 9 use4 ,at fir/ a small reproduction ( ! p9nace1 x 0 aft]w>ds built ( l>g] dim5sions :ile (f]+1 by reason ( its lack ( dep?1 78,vlotgaanswille01 z x us$ to be said71 pretty full =ms4 ,! decoration ( ! cab9 & ( ! /]n 0 p>ticul>ly c>efully wr\ght out4 ,! 8,ya*ts0 c>ri$ sprit sails & _h no lee bo>ds4 ,x is to be regrett$ t sundry pictures %[+ ya*ts %\ld n h be5 pres]v$2 9 ! second half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury "s ( !m 7 de/roy$ z firewood4 ,a few sup]b photographs ( 8,ya*ts01 tak5 f draw+s 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 van ,gijn1 ( ,dordre*t1 accompany ! collection & x w be se5 h[ sugge/ive !y are4 ,,! 8,,bagg]aak04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #fh ,! 8,bagg]aak0 7dr$g+ ake7 =ms a special gr\p4 ,z has be5 said already1 !y c be classifi$ 9 ?ree gr\ps4 ,to ! fir/ gr\p1 belongs ! 8,vlet0 7flat7 or 8,bagg]aak0 :i* is met ) 9 ,s\!rn ,holl&1 ! ,we/ ( ! ,betuwe1 ! ,we/ ( ,nor!rn ,brabant 7! ,biesbos* & ,donge7 & also 9 ,zeel&1 9 a ^w1 on all our tidal riv]s4 ,! 8,flette0 or 8,bagg]aak0 7call$ also 8,sli$re*ts*e aak07 0 a small /\t boat :i*1 save = a small cuddy 9 ! b[1 0 :olly op54 ,its rig 0 ! 8,spritsail01 x 0 provid$ ) lee bo>ds & movable wa% bo>ds s z to facilitate ! ca/+ ( h& dr$ges4 ,^! wa% bo>ds 7 plac$ only :5 ! boat 0 p>tially load$1 t is :5 x 0 appreciably d[n 9 ! wat]4 ,! ma/ 0 set at "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( ! l5g? ( ! vessel f ! b[4 ,! ratio ( beam to l5g? 0 z #a3d4 ,! plank+ 0 cont9u\s to ! nose aga9/ :i* a false /em 0 fitt$4 ,9 ,zeel&1 a great _m 8,hooga>s50 are us$ = dr$g+1 & 8,boei]aakjes0 are employ$ 9 ,brabant & ,holl&1 z at ! ,biesbos* & on ! ,am] & ! ,donge4 ,!y are also us$ a great deal on ! ,meuse1 al?\gh !re1 z on o!r upp] riv]s1 ! 8,bov5l&s*e ,bagg]aakjes0 7 =m]ly employ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gj ,!re belong to ! ,bov5l&s*e bagg]aakjes ^? vessels ( ! ,meuse :i* /& midway betwe5 ! 8,ke50 & ! 8,:alemajol04 ,!y h a little sprit sail rig & a 8,klaphekk50 7a special k9d ( rudd]74 ,! l>ge/1 kn[n especially by ! "n ( 8,h$els*e ,ak50 & :i* c>ry lee-bo>ds1 are us$ = all sorts ( purposes4 ,^! boats belong nei!r to ! true ,meuse type nor to ! ,rh5i% type above ,bonn 7,! ,ke51 etc474 ,!y =m an isolat$ gr\p1 desc5d$ probably f ! two types 9 "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gc ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gb ,! ,vreeswijks*e z&s*uit 7s& boat ( ,vreeswijck7 alone rema9s ( ! ,rh9e boats4 ,x has ! b[ ( a 8,dor/5s*e ,aak0 & ! /]n resembles t ( ! 8,dorts*e ,z&s*uit0 7s& boat ( ,dordre*t74 ,?is 8,dorts*e ,z&s*uit0 is alike at b[ & /]n & ! hull is smoo?4 ,al?\gh x is m po9t$1 ?is boat resembles ! 8,we/]l+0 a little1 ! latt] be+ kn[n z a v old boat ( ! lepp] ,s*eldt 7see ,dehem1 p4 #eje74 ,! old 8,dorts*e ,z&s*uit0 0 especially us$ = dr$g+ balla/ int5d$ = sea-go+ vessels4 ,a l>ge numb] ( 8,bokk501 already m5tion$ among ! 8,we/l&]s01 are us$ = levell+ d[n ! dunes 9 ! ,we/ & 9 ! ,rh9e c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #hg ,! 8,slijkpraam01 :i* resembles ! 8,kromme ,rijnaak0 already m5tion$1 is us$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,utre*t1 :ile f9ally1 ! 8,vlotpraam0 or 8,slijkpraam0 is /ill met ) 9 ,gron+54 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bdf ,f a c]ta9 /&po9t1 ! 8,hoogeve5s*e ,pram501 m5tion$ above1 :i* are us$ 9 ! peat bottoms1 %\ld be classifi$ 9 ?is gr\p4 ,,! 8,,bagg]-,,or ,,modd]mol50 7,! ,dr$ge74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bgd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bgg ,! 8,modd]mol50 7mud mill7 or 8,modd]mol5s*ip0 0 already f\nd 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 z ! =]unn] ( ! 8,bagg]mol50 7bucket or ladd] dr$ge74 ,?is dr$ge 0 work$ by h& at fir/2 lat] on horses 7 us$ = ?is purpose4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #f1 & ,wits547 ,a horsep[] & a /able 7 built on ! deck4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 says ,le ,comte1 ! old 8,modd]mol50 0 already s p]fect$ t x 0 imag9$ t !re 0 no?+ m to improve4 ,navigation1 h[ev]1 kept call+ = great] & great] dep?s1 s t ! ,kat] ,bro!rs1 dr$ge build]s at ,monnik5dam1 7 l$ to build1 9 #ahbi1 a boat :i* dr$g$ d[n to a dep? ( #g metres4 ,f ?ree to six horses 7 us$1 accord+ to ! dep? & compactness ( ! mat]ials to be dr$g$4 ,^! same build]s1 says ,le ,comte at ano!r place1 7 ! inv5tors ( ! 8,kleps*\w501 = :i* !y ask$ ! concession on ,may #a1 #ahcj4 ,le ,comte gives an engrav+ ( ^! dr$ges 9 plate #ab ( 8 "w4 ,j4 ,c4 ,k]kmeij] relates1 9 an article ( ! ,eig5ha>d ,review 7#aijf71 entitl$ 8,de ,diep-( ,bagg]mol51 e5 m]kwa>dige ontdekk+01 t he _h f\nd ! model ( ! dr$ge built by its inv5tor 9 #afcb1 a model :i* is m5tion$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,abb+1 9 8 cont9uation ( ! ,*ronicle ( ,hoorn1 by ,veluis 7#ahda1 p4 #ab71 :]e9 x is /at$3 8,ab\t ?is "t 7#afcb7 ,jan ,jantz ,ni5g1 a native-born citiz5 ( ?is t[n 7,hoorn71 inv5t$ ! diepmol5s4 ,! fir/ model1 made by him1 0 #b feet #f in*es long1 #i in*es broad & #f in*es high2 ! measurem5ts be+ tak5 ov] all40 ,?is model 0 /ill to be se5 at ! city %ops at ,hoorn a few ye>s ago4 ,! model f\nd by ,mr4 ,k]kmeij] 0 c>efully repair$ by him & x is pres]v$ at ! city hall ( ! t[n4 ,?anks to ! k9d assi/ance ( ?is au?or1 a few details c /ill be giv5 9 reg>d to ! 8,modd]mol50 ( ,middelb\rg1 call$ 8,dieplu/04 ,^! details 7 receiv$ f ! *ief ( ! ,kool %ip y>d ( ?is t[n4 ,! 8,dieplu/0 extract$ ! mud by means ( a tr\gh ) l[ /raight sides1 l9$ at its l[] end ) iron4 ,:5 ! boat 0 mov$1 by means ( a cable atta*$ to an an*or1 ! l[] end ( ! tr\gh ent]$ into ! mud z f> z x c\ld4 ,! ladd] ( ! dr$ge 0 susp5d$ inside ( ! tr\gh & to its endless *a9 7 fa/5$ pieces ( plank ( ab\t ! same wid? z t ( ! tr\gh4 ,^! pieces ( plank tumbl+ ar\nd a hexagonal or octagonal drum at ! l[] end work$ d[n into ! mud ( :i* !y br\ght up a c]ta9 quantity & dis*>g$ x ?r\gh a hole at ! top ( ! tr\gh4 ,!re 0 no "q yet ( buckets to br+ up ! dr$g$ mat]ials1 ^! hav+ only made _! appe>ance ) /eam dr$ges4 ,! tr\gh1 ) ! ladd]1 c\ld be l[]$ or rais$ by means ( a w9dlass2 x pass$ ?r\gh an op5+ :i* 0 n 9 ! axis ( ! boat4 ,9 ! l>g] half ( ! vessel 0 plac$ ! %aft :i*1 by means ( ge>+s1 transmitt$ to ! ladd] ! movem5t produc$ by ! horses4 ,^! ge>+s 7 simil> to ^? ( ! old w9d mills4 ,a horse p[] & a /able 7 con/ruct$ on ! deck ( ! boat4 ,! ,gh5t pap] ,het ,volksbelang publi%$ ! ,eig5ha>d article 9 its issue ( ,june #i1 #aijf4 ,"s d\bts are emitt$1 h[ev]1 ab\t #afcb be+ ! au!ntic ye> ( ! inv5tion1 because ! foll[+ annotation is f\nd 9 ! ,resolutie boek van de ,/at5 van ,vla&]5 ( #afbh-afcj1 ,f #af 7,ar*ives ( ! ,/ate1 at ,gh5t4--,n #eec73 8,actum d5 ,,xxii ,may #afbh wi]d d5 ,+5i>is ,adam ,clipp5s1 ghemaackt hebb5de d5 slijckmeul51 gelic5tie]t en de gheordonne]t hem te gev5 ordonnantie van betalijnghe d5 da* van m]gh5 mitghad]s hond]t guld55 voor e5e v]e]+he zoo gh$a5 is gewee/0#be4 ,f :i* x w\ld appe> t a me*anical dr$ge mu/ h be5 built 9 ,fl&]s 9 #afbh4 ,h5ce ! ye> giv5 by ,abb+ _c be correct1 or else ! same ma*9e might h be5 inv5t$ at two diff]5t places at ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,! "q is n yet settl$1 b1 be t z x may1 x mu/ be grant$ t ! fir/ me*anical dr$ge 0 at "w 9 ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,,! 8,,tjott]04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ia ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bdg ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bdh ,pleasure boats or ,ya*ts h be5 describ$ s (t5 & s _m diff]5t types h be5 us$ z su* t !y c\ld be pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,let x suffice to m5tion ! ,tjott]1 :i* is spread ?r\gh\t ,friesl&1 & ! ,fries* ,bootje4 ,! 8,tjott]0 is a full1 %ort & broad craft ( elegant l9es & /eady on ! wat]4 ,x has a great deal ( %e]1 is =e-&-aft rigg$ 7bazaantuig7 & is g5]ally v well f9i%$4 ,,! 8,,laadbak0 ,,& ,,! 8,,zold]s*uit04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #gd-gf ,! ,laadbak & ! ,zold]s*uit are s well kn[n t no?+ m w be done ?an to ref] to ! draw+s giv5 ( ^! two vessels4 ,,! 8,,ond]legg]04 ,x is wor? :ile to po9t out /ill ano!r v s]viceable boat :i* has always be5 mu* 9 use4 ,x is ! ,ond]legg] ( :i* an engrav+ is giv5 by ,wits5 7p4 #age7 & :i* 0 us$ = heav+ vessels d[n = repairs1 = pull+ piles out ( ! gr\nd1 = hoi/+ 9 ma/s1 etc4 ,x 0 #fj feet long1 #af feet broad1 & #f feet deep & c>ri$ two cap/ans4 ,,! 8,,bov5l&]s04 ,! craft frequ5t+ our upp] riv]s are call$ ,bov5l&]s4 ,!y are totally diff]5t f ! types met ) s f>4 ,!y are all relatively long & n>r[1 flat-bottom$ & draw b little wat]4 ,x may be said1 z a g5]al rule1 t ! 8,bov5l&]s0 appe> :]e ! tidal riv]s end4 ,!y h be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce ! mo/ di/ant times al?\gh !y are r>ely ev] se5 9 ! engrav+s4 ,if !y 7 n (t5 m5tion$1 x 0 d\btless because !y 7 n consid]$ z be+ wor? a description1 or1 p]haps aga91 because !y 7 n suffici5tly kn[n4 ,wits5 m5tions only ! foll[+ vessels 7p4 #agj-aga7 ( :i* he says textually3 8,a7 ,! ,ov]l&]s1 :i* come to u f ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 are vessels ) high sides1 heavy & r unf9i%$4 ,:ole families live on !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bac ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bad 8,b7 ,! ,samoreuz5 are v long flat boats :i* br+ wood d[n ! ,rh9e4 ,!y c>ry a v high ma/1 made 9 two p>ts1 & fa/5$ by l9es to ! ends & sides ( ! boat4 8,c7 ,! ,aek51 :i* br+ w9e f ,cologne1 are long1 high & v full4 ,_! rudd] is v wide4 8,d7 ,! ,dorts*e ,koolhaeld]s are v long1 op5 boats1 flat-bottom$1 s z to be bett] able to cross ! %oals ( ! riv]4 ,!y h ne> ! middle a squ>e deck h\se :i* s]ves z a dwell+ = ! boatm54 ,!y are squ>e at ! corn]s & ! rudd] is long & broad4 ,! sail is squ>e & is hoi/$ on a %ort ma/1 ne> ! deck h\se1 by means ( a curv$ y>d40 ,van ,yk speaks ( 8,geld]s*e ,samoreus50 7p4 #cdh7 & ,le ,comte1 ( a 8,samoreus0 or 8,keul5a]0 7p4 #dd7 :i* are to be se5 on ! ,gro5eweg5 engrav+4 7,s]ies ,f1 ,no #c47 ,! 8,ov]l&]s0 mean ! 8,bov5l&]s01 & ! 8,samoreuz50 mean ! boats com+ f above ,cologne1 :ile ! 8,aek50 are probably big 8,ke5ak504 ,f9ally1 ! 8,dorts*e ,koolhaeld]s0 are und\bt$ly ! 8,dor/5s*e ,ak504 ,nei!r engrav+s nor description give any exact idea4 ,b ! types ( ^! craft h be5 v well pres]v$ on ! ,rh9e until ! introduction ( iron2 ! cl9k] built hulls h ev5 rema9$ intact1 & ?is enables u to appreciate ev5 n[ :at ^! boats ( by-gone days 7 & :5ce !y came4 ,,! ,,rh9e4 ,z 0 se5 9 ! g5]al classification1 ! ,rh5is* boats may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 a7 ,^? navigat+ ! ,rh9e bel[ ,bonn2 b7 ,^? navigat+ ! ,rh9e1 above ,bonn1 & its tribut>ies1 ) ! exception ( ! ,neck>1 :]e is f\nd a boat belong+ to gr\p a4 ,gr\p a includes3 #a4--,! ,dor/5s*e ,aak1 s call$ f ! t[n ( ,dor/5 :]e ^! boats 7 frequ5tly built4 ,x is a long & n>r[ 8ake0 ( :i* ! bottom 0 cont9u$ all ! way to ! tip ( ! b[2 ! l5g? 0 #f to #g times ! beam & ! hull 0 cl9k] built4 ,! b[ 0 full1 ! /]n sl5d] at ! wat] l9e4 ,! aft] deck includ$ a poop deck1 ) a mu* curv$ till] re/+ on a solid 8lui]wag50 7prop74 ,! rudd] 0 l>ge & heavy4 ,^! boats _h two ma/s4 ,! cab9 on ! small boats 0 by ! aft] ma/2 on ! l>g]1 !re 0 a free space betwe5 ! cab9 & ! ma/4 ,a dwell+ 0 plac$ aft ( ! ma9 ma/ & 9 ! b[ 0 a cab9 = ! s]vant4 ,! hold 0 deck$ ov] ) plane incl9$ hat* cov]s1 :i*1 =m]ly1 7 r\nd4 ,! 8,dor/5s*e ,aak0 ) r\nd hat* cov]s 0 a 8,samoreus04 ,alongside ( ^! latt] !re us$ to be akes ) op5 holds call$ 8,dor/s*e ,koolhaeld]s04 ,al?\gh ^! boats 7 no full] ?an ! o!r akes !y appe>$1 l all cl9k] built boats1 m massive4 ,!y g5]ally c>ri$ squ>e sails on ! ma9 ma/ & =e-&-aft sails on ! small]4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^! boats rea*$ u unf9i%$ & x 0 only :5 ! c>go 7pots & o!r h\sehold ut5sils7 0 sold1 t !y 7 f9i%$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #id #b4--,! ,neck>aak 7ake f ! ,neck>7 0 a small 8,dor/5*e ,aak0 ( :i* ! l5g? 0 ab\t #f times ! bread?4 ,^! vessels 7 long & n>r[ & work$ well4 ,!y _h a *>act]i/ic cab9 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! height ( ! boat1 rose a great deal above ! deck4 ,!y _h1 9 addition to a ma9 ma/1 a small "o ne> ! rudd]4 ,!y c>ri$ no lee bo>ds1 b _! rudd] 0 l t ( 8,dor/5s*e ,aak04 ,,! 8,,/ev5s*ip04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ie ,! ,/ev5s*ip resembl$ ! 8,dor/5s*e ,aak04 ,l ?is latt]1 x 0 cl9k] built1 c>ri$ ! same rig & 0 built 9 ! same way4 ,x diff]$ f x only 9 ?is t ! plank+ did n end at ! nose1 b1 on ! contr>y1 0 rabbett$ into a /rong & some:at curv$ /em4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #if ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ih ,! prec$+ types 7 met ) also 9 our c\ntry bo? cl9k] & c>vel built4 ,!y 7 !n call$ ,holl&s*e ,aak5 7,dut* akes7 & ,/ev5s*ep51 :]eas alongside ( ! latt] !re 7 f\nd =m]ly a l>ge numb] ( small] akes along ! ,rh9e1 ! ,waal & ! ,lek z f> z ! po9t :]e ! tidal regim5 beg9s1 & along ! ,yssel & its tribut>ies4 ,^! 8akes0 7 exact copies ( ! l>ge akes b at ! same "t !y _h m elegant l9es by reason ( _! less l5g?4 ,^? :i* are se5 9 our album are made f "s old specim5s :i* date1 probably1 f ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,! b[ ( ! 8,holl&s*e aak0 is r flatt] ?an t ( ! 8,dor/5s*e aak04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajj ,! 8,bov5l&]s0 took on also r full] =ms1 z c be se5 by comp>+ ! draw+ ( a 8,dor/5s*e aak0 ) t ( a 8,samoreus04 ,a few small ,dut* akes c>ry a discont9u\s false /em1 :5ce _! "n ( 8,holl&s*e ,s*e*taak04 ,a few ( ! 8,aakjes0 7small akes7 are met ) also along ! ,m]w$e & ! ,yssel4 ,,! 8,,turfijk]0 ,,& ,,! 8,,hag5a>04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aja ,9 ! region to ! ,ea/ ( ! l9e f ,leid5 to ,delft1 ,nor? ( ,rott]dam1 ,s\? ( ! ,old ,rh9e & ,we/ ( ,utre*t1 !re us$ to exi/ a v curi\s type ( cl9k]-built boat ( small dim5sions1 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,g]man way1 call$ ! ,turfijk]1 :i* has disappe>$ b ( :i* ! *>act]i/ics are f\nd 9 ! 8,hag5a>04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ii ,! 8,hag5a>0 is a flat boat )\t %e]1 :i* rises v little above wat] on acc\nt ( ! small cle> height ( ! bridges at ,! ,hague1 :5ce its "n ( 8,hag5a>0 7,boat ( ! ,hague74 ,"h !n is f\nd 9 ! v he>t ( ! prov9ce ( ,holl&1 a type ( 8,bov5l&]04 ,x is curi\s to note t ! same l>ge ,dut* 8aak50 7,dor/5 type7 are /ill to be met ) 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,nor? ,brabant 7,lang/raat7 :]e !y are /ill built :ile ?is k9d ( con/ruction has be5 ab&on$ on ! ,meuse & ! ,l[] ,waal4 ,! second gr\p ( boats "u consid]ation & :i* circulate above ,bonn is easily di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ by ! long rudd]1 atta*$ to ! ma9-piece :i* trav]ses ! /]n4 ,f ! end ( ! rudd]1 call$ 8klaphekk501 />ts above ! ma9 piece1 a /rong piece ( timb] solidly fa/5$ to ! till]4 ,?is rudd] is call$ ! ,klaphekk54 ,all ! boats belong+ to ?is gr\p c>ry ?is *>act]i/ic rudd]2 !y are1 moreov]1 flatt] ?an ^? ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,!y are cl9k] built al?\gh _m are n[ met ) :i* are c>vel built4 ,,! 8,,ke504 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aje ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajf ,! ,ke5 may be consid]$ z ! fundam5tal type ( ?is second gr\p4 ,x 0 rigg$ =m]ly l ! 8,dor/5s*e ,aak0 b x n[ c>ries1 l all ! boats1 a =e & aft sail4 ,! bottom rises bo? =w>d & aft to ! level ( ! nose4 ,h5ce ! 8,ke50 is an 8ake04 ,! plank+ is assembl$ on ! bottom v ne>ly along a "r l9e4 ,! /]n c>ries1 z a rule1 a poop deck4 ,,! 8,,ke5aak04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajg ,! ,ke5aak is broad] z comp>$ ) its l5g? & x is g5]ally a little l>g]1 x /&s high] out ( wat]1 its ends are full] & ! side plank+ ends 9 a po9t at ! nose4 ,,! 8,,lahnaak0 ,,& ,,! 8,,sl(04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajh ,! 8,ke50 :5 entirely op5 is call$ a ,lahnaak 7ake ( ! ,lahn72 its size has be5 increas$ ( late ye>s4 ,:5 vessels ( ?is k9d h ne>ly v]tical sides1 blunt b[ & /]n1 & smoo? plank+ !y are kn[n z a ,sl(4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aji ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! 8,sl(f50 is t !y always c>ry at ! b[ a n>r[ cab9 :i* rises a little above ! deck ( ! boat4 ,! 8,sl(f50 h be5 clos$ 9 ( late ye>s ) hat* cov]s1 & !n !y are call$ simply 8,akes04 ,! boatm5 ev5 call ! 8,sl(0 sometimes ! 8,mulms*e ,aak04 7,mlheim ake74 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aaj ,a v /rongly built boat1 :i* dates only f ! second half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 mu/ also be m5tion$ z belong+ to ! fir/ gr\p3 ! ,bund]4 ,?is boat is %ap$ l a 8,dor/5s*e ,aak01 b x is c>vel built & is cov]$ 9 ) hat* cov]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajb ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajd ,f9ally1 ^! mu/ /ill be m5tion$ among ! boats ( our c\ntry ! 8's ,grav5mo]s*e ,aak0 :i* made its appe>ance at 's ,grav5mo] 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury & :i* came f ! ,upp] ,rh9e to be us$ at ! ,biesbos*4 ,boats ( ?is category 7 provid$ orig9ally ) 8,klaphekk501 a special rudd] :i* lat] has be5 sometimes done away )1 ei!r because x 0 too long or because x 0 n suffici5tly /rong1 & :i* has be5 replac$ by an ord9>y rudd]4 ,!y resemble ! 8,lahnaak0 & are us$ especially = c>ry+ hay4 ,! com+ ( iron & /eel w cause ^! boats1 l s _m o!rs to disappe>4 ,9 ord] to avoid confusion1 x is necess>y to dwell ^u ! fact t "s ,dut* ,akes h be5 provid$ lat] ) false /ems1 :i* gives !m ! appe>ance ( 8,/ev5s*ep50 b :i*1 does n make !m s4 ,,! ,,meuse4 ,! long1 n>r[1 light draught boats :i* frequ5t ! ,upp] ,meuse & its tribut>ies h an entirely diff]5t appe>ance f ^? :i* h j be5 consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! rudd] diff]s entirely f t ( ! prec$+ types4 ,x is true t ! long rudd] atta*$ to ! /ock has be5 kept1 b ! piece ( b5t wood has giv5 place to a curv$ balance beam 9 two p>ts ( :i* ! aft] ends are fa/5$ to ! aft] upp] corn] ( ! rudd]1 "o on ea* side4 ,! two p>ts ( ! balance beam are made fa/ ne> _! middle & by means ( a *a9 to ! head ( ! /ock ( ! rudd]4 ,! =w>d end ( ! balance beam is connect$ ) ! end ( ! till] by a rope drawn up taut s z to make ! :ole v solid4 ,! balance beam is compos$ ( two tw9 pieces4 ,! rudd] /ock comes up ?r\gh ! /]n1 b ! latt]1 in/ead ( ris+ g5tly & regul>ly aft1 b5ds %>ply inbo>d4 ,,! ,,:alemajol4 ,orig9ally1 ! b[ ( ! ,meuse boats _h ano!r =m2 ( late ye>s1 ^! craft h be5 made full]1 & _! b[ has be5 b5t back to r$uce ! l5g? ( ! boat & increase its capacity4 ,! olde/ type ( ?is category is ! ,:alemajol 7or ,mijole74 ,its b[ & /]n are po9t$ & its ma9 frame is a trapezoid on :i* ! ?ree upp] ti]s ( plank+ are cl9k] laid & ! hull bel[ is c>vel built4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ajh ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aaa ,! ,h]na is ( ! same size z ! prec$+1 is wid] at b[ & /]n1 & ends ) a horizontal timb]4 ,its ma9 frame1 =m]ly trapezoidal1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 is n[ rectangul> l t ( ! ,rh5i% 8,sl(f504 ,! ,spitsbek is a small 8,h]na0 7old =m7 entirely cov]$ ov]4 ,x is made ( all sizes & is call$ 8,spitsbek0 7po9t$ beak7 on acc\nt ( its sl5d] %ape4 ,! 8,klaphekk50 seems n[ to be pref]r$ to ! old rudd] ( ! 8,:alemajols0 & x is gradually be+ adopt$4 ,a 8,:alemajol ) a klaphekk50 is call$ a 8,:alepont0 or a 8,maaspont04 ,boats ( ?is k9d are also f\nd 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,limb\rg ,meuse4 ,fur!r d[n /ream !y are1 h[ev]1 ! 8,h$els*e ,ak501 :i* come betwe5 ! 8,ke50 & ! 8,majols01 :i* latt] are ! m num]\s4 ,^! craft c>ry a 8,klaphekk50 & sometimes !y also c>ry n[ an ord9>y rudd]4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,a "p ( ! deck :]e p ga!r$ to talk4 #bb ,! %ip w be #ef feet long & its wid? at ! lee bo>ds w be su* t x c pass ! lock ( ! ,leids*5 ,dam1 :i* gives #aa feet & #a in* z ! maximum bread?4 #bc ,see ! ,g$5kboek van het ,kon9klijk ,in/ituut van ,+5ieurs1 p4 #ea1 ,van d] ,vegt1 p4 ,de ,b9n5s*eepva>t 9 ,zuid-,holl&4 #bd ,! ,holl& ,/ates und]took1 9 #ahhe1 ! improvem5t ( ! navigable highway betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,s*ie4 ,:]eas1 up to #afdh1 ! rivalry ( ! cities tol]at$ navigation above ! dam only1 & lat] all[$ at ?is po9t a lock only #c4hj m4 wide & #b4bj m4 dep? ( wat]1 !y caus$ ?is lock to be built at ! same place ) a bread? ( #g metres :i* is spann$ by movable bridges4 #be ,by act ( ,may #bb1 #afbh1 x is ord]$ t !re be paid to ,adam ,clipp5s1 ,eng9e]1 :o built ! mud mill1 a sum ( #ajj flor9s = ! bid :i* he pres5t$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 #e ,,fi%+ ,,boats ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aab ,man has be5 giv5 to fi%+ f ! mo/ remote times1 ev5 ?\gh 9 primitive ways4 ,h5ce fi%+ boats w also be se5 to h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times2 fur!rmore1 z man ?9ks ( 8 own ma9t5ance fir/ be=e dream+ ( trade1 fi%+ boats are old] ?an m]*ant %ips & x is p]fectly natural to conclude t ! latt] issue f ! =m]4 ,s1 ! 8,kogg5s*ip0 7cog7 is no?+ b a trans=mation ( :at w be call$ lat] an 8,egmond] ,p9k0 or bett]1 a 8,p9k0 ( l>ge size4 ,z fi% 7 tak5 at ! beg9n+ only = local ne$s1 ! fi%+ boats 7 small4 ,di/ant exp$itions 7 n und]tak51 ! pres]vation ( fi% be+ unkn[n 9 ^? days4 ,"s old writ]s ev5 ma9ta9 t ! h]r+ fi%]y only appe>$ at ,zi]ikzee 9 ! ,x,i,ith c5tury 79 #aafc accord+ to ,wits51 p4 #dca74 ,h5ce x may be said t ! beg9n+s ( our ocean fi%]ies date only f ! c5tury m5tion$4 ,no great revolution took place until #achd1 :5 ,willem ,beukelsz ( ,bi]vliet inv5t$ ! salt+ & b>rell+ ( h]r+s4 ,?is inv5tion caus$ su* a /ir t1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,willem ,beukelszoon1 ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v /ill visit$ 8 tomb at ,bi]vliet 7#aeef74 ,di/ant voyages became possible f ?is mom5t because ! h]r+ c\ld be pres]v$4 ,! fir/ great h]r+ net 0 made at ,hoorn 9 #adaf1 & smoo? plank+ = ! boats made its appe>ance at ,zi]ikzee1 ! c5tre ( ! h]r+ fi%]y4 ,a relation c]ta9ly exi/s betwe5 ^! two ev5ts4 ,! pack+ ( h]r+ gave fi%+ su* a />t t a new comm]ce 0 ! result :i*1 9 its turn1 br\ght =? m & m num]\s dem&s requir+ a p]pect$ plant4 ,,! 8,,egmond] ,,p9k04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bdc ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aab ,! old cl9k] built 8,egmond] ,p9k01 =m]ly ! l>ge/ fi%+ boat 7#ce feet long1 #ab feet wide & #c feet deep7 became too small1 j z soon z h]r+ nets1 con/antly increas+ 9 size & weight1 began to come into use4 ,,! ,,buis 7,bu%74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aig ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbc ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbd ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bca ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aac ,a new boat became necess>y4 ,x 0 built l>g] & ) a smoo? hull1 ?us giv+ ! 8,buis0 7bu%71 #eb feet long1 #ac feet wide & #h feet deep4 ,?is boat _h a mu* great] tonnage ?an did ! 8,p9k04 7,wits51 p4 #afg47 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aie ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aif ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aih ,at ! end ( ! ,x,vth c5tury1 !re 7 already at ,enkhuiz5 #djj to #ejj 8,h>+buiz501 & !re 7 also #dj ( ! s call$ ,groots*ipp]s 7l>ge fi%+ boats71 :i* c\ld c>ry f #bj to #abj la/s4 7,ko551 p4 #gh47 ,9 #aeij1 #cej 8bu%es0 />t$ = ! h]r+ fi%]y1 &1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 #afji1 #cjjj ,dut* bu%es 7 fi%+ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 :]eas 9 #afja _! numb] did n exce$ #aejj4 7,gro5 van ,pr9/]] ,h&boek1 #ajj1 ,ko551 p4 #aef47 ,^! #cjjj boats1 said ,ko551 h a total ( #ej1jjj m5 9 _! crews1 & ?is fleet requires 9 its turn #ijjj l>g] boats & #aej1jjj m5 on l& & at sea to pack & transport ! fi%4 ,x is e/imat$ t #bj 8,h>+buiz50 give employm5t to #hjjj p]sons4 ,a fleet ( #aejj bu%es pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh ! ,texel passes at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,h5ce x is n a/oni%+ t ! dep>ture ( ?is fleet %\ld produce a great impression4 ,ev5 9 our day1 ! well kn[n 8,buisjesdag0 7day ( ! bu%es7 is /ill spok5 (4 ,:51 at ! "t ( ! second w> ) ,engl&1 ! h]r+ fi%]y 0 /opp$ on ! ,nor? ,sea & ! fi%]m5 cont9u$ _! "w on ! 8,zuyd]zee01 "s ( !m /ill succe$$ 9 tak+1 9 a mon?1 #hjj la/ 7#afjj tonnes7 ( h]r+s valu$ at #ae1fbj flor9s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( decrees appe> 9 ref]5ce to fi%+ 7#afaa1 #afab1 #afbj & #afbi74 ,= example3 8,niem& v]mag zijn ro] onkla] h\d5 zoodat da] nett5 a5 z\de kunn5 he*t540 7,no "o may s hold 8 rudd] z to f\l any nets47 8,die niet en vis*t v]mag niet ond] de viss*]s te drijv504 7,he :o is n fi%+ may n sail among ! fi%]s47 ,:ile x is laid d[n1 at ! same "t1 t e "o %\ld place 8 "n on 8 nets s t !y c be recogniz$4 ,! size ( ! crew & ! armam5t 7 also ! object ( regulation1 :i* 0 all ! m necess>y 9 ^? times ( w>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #aif ,a 8,noortsva]d]0 ( #gj to #hj la/s1 & a 8bu%0 ( m ?an #bd la/s1 ought to c>ry at lea/ two 8gotel+50 7small cannon74 ,^! guns are /ill to be se5 9 _m old engrav+s4 ,nor 0 brav]y lack+ among ! fi%]m54 ,m4 ,de ,jonge 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahb7 gives an example ( ?is 9 relat+ ! meet+ ( an ,engli% craft ) fi%]m5 f ,vliel& betwe5 ! ,skag]rack & ! ,dogg]sbank3 ,sc>cely _h !y come ne> ea* o!r :5 ! ,engli% began ?r[+ /ones1 = lack ( o!r weapons4 ,! ,dut* answ]$ by ?r[+ fire wood1 b ?is innoc5t fight+ became a bore to ! ,holl&]s4 8,!y grappl$ ! enemy's boat1 jump$ on bo>d ( x1 c>ry _! knives 9 _! m\?s &1 head$ by _! valiant /e]sman1 ,jonge ,kees1 drove ! ,engli% d[n into ! hold1 :i* !y nail$ up1 & return$ triumphantly ) _! little boat to ,am/]dam :]e a gold m$al 0 (f]$ to ! brave lead] & :]e ! crew receiv$ ! captur$ boat & o!r rew>ds04 ,our fi%+ fleet w5t v mu* to pieces t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5turies4 ,matt]s became /ill worse t[>d ! middle ( ! latt]4 ,if 9 #ahdc !re 7 /ill #abf fi%+ boats 9 exi/5ce1 ?is numb] fell to #ic 9 #aheb4 7,ko551 p4 #aef47 ,b a revival took place t[>d ! end ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury & 9 #aije !re 7 aga9 #gbd vessels 9 our fleet4 ,! upw>d />t began 9 #ahia1 z %[n 9 ! table giv5 fur!r on4 ,! great improvem5t 9 means ( communication increas$ ! dem& = fi% z a popul> article ( food1 7,see ! ,inaugural ,address ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,vosnack at ,delft2 ,nieuwe ,rott]dams*e ,c\rant4 ,octob] #aa1 #aijf1 fir/ %eet1 ,a47 :ile m c>eful pack+ 9 ice n[ all[s fi% to be c>ri$ to mu* m di/ant po9ts4 ,?is is :y ! cod & haddock fi%]ies h be5 tak5 up "h ) r5ew$ ardor 7,a4 ,hoog5dijk1 de ,grootviss*]ij1 #ahie1 p4 #dg7 & ! trade has become m lucrative by comb9+ x ) ! h]r+ fi%]y4 ,! h]r+ fi%]y requires r a small boat1 z ! latt] %\ld n pull too h>d on ! nets4 ,w9t] fi%+ requires1 on ! o!r h&1 a /rong fa/ boat1 z x has to be on duty 9 all wea!rs4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 9 ord] to comb9e bo?1 a new type ( boat1 able to satisfy ^! discordant conditions1 has become a necessity & ! old types 9 use are doom$1 naturally1 to disappe>4 ,! fa/] ! boat1 ! great] ! numb] ( trips & ! fre%] ! fi% br\ght back4 ,c\ntries :i* are ri* 9 fi% c be visit$ ) fa/ vessels & x is n to be wond]$ at t /eamboats %\ld be put into use 9 our c\ntry1 j z 9 ,engl&1 aft] ! 8logg]s0 7lugg]s71 8,kott]s0 7cutt]s7 & 8sloep50 7sloops7 :i* _h prec$$ !m4 ,! fir/ /eam fi%+ craft appe>$ 9 #ahig1 & s9ce !n ! numb] ( ^! vessels has /eadily increas$4 ,! ,engli% fi%+ fleet has n[ n less ?an #afjj /eamboats = deep sea fi%+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,composition ( ! ,dut* fi%+ ,fleet1 exclusive ( ! ,bomm51 f #ahfg to #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,logg] ,,cutt]s ,,ye>s,,h[k]s,,sloops,,/eam,,motor ,,& ,,total ,,rem>ks ,,boats,,boats,,logg]- ,,bomm5 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- _/----v---- #ahfg #he - - #d #hi ,! fir/ ,fr5* #ahfh #hj - - #aa #ia lugg] 0 put #ahfi #gi - - #bh #ajg into s]vice 9 #ahgj #fi - - #ea #abj #ahfg4 --------_/ #ahga #de #ac - - #fd #abb #ahgb #cj #ad - - #fd #ajh #ahgc #bc #aa - - #fh #ajb #ahgd #bj #aa - - #hc #aad #ahge #ad #aa - - #ij #aae #ahgf #f #aa - - #ib #aji #ahgg #h #aa - - #id #aac #ahgh #g #aa - - #aji #abg #ahgi #d #aj - - #aad #abh #ahhj #c #i - - #aba #acc #ahha #b #i - - #abg #ach #ahhb #b #h - - #ace #ade #ahhc #b #h - - #add #aed #ahhd #b #h - - #aei #afi #ahhe #b #h - - #agd #ahd #ahhf #a #h - - #aha #aij #ahhg - #g - - #ahi #aif #ahhh - #h - - #ahf #aid #ahhi - #h - - #ahf #aid #ahij - #g - - #ahi #aif #ahia - #g - - #aii #bjf #ahib - #i - - #bab #bba #ahic - #aa - - #bac #bbd #ahid - #ac - - #bad #bbg #ahie - #ag - - #baf #bcc #ahif - #bd - - #bde #bfi #ahig - #cj #a - #beb #bhc ,! fir/ #ahih - #cf #a - #beh #bie /eamboat 0 put #ahii - #dj #b - #bfi #caa into s]vice 9 #aijj - #df #c - #bge #cbd #ahig4 #aija - #dg #g #a #cjj #cee #aijb - #eb #be #a #cbg #dje #aijc - #eh #dd #a #daj #eac #aijd - #eh #dd #a #dcb #ece #aije - #dh #ch #a #dbe #eab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,summ>y ( ! diff]5t types ( boats 9 use = ! h]r+ fi%]y f #ahif to #aije ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,ye>s,,lugg]s,,/eam-,,motor,,logg]-,,bo mm5,,total ,,rem>ks ,,cutt]s,,boats ,,boats,,bomm5 ,,sloops ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ahif #bfi - - - #cbd #eic ,see report on #ahig #bhb #a - - #cbe #fjh m>itime #ahih #bid #a - - #cbj #fae fi%]ies #ahii #cji #b - - #cjc #fad #aije 7p4#adi7 #aijj #cbj #c - #a #bhi #fac #aija #cdf #g #a #a #bgi #fcd #aijb #cgg #be #a #b #bga #fgf #aijc #dfc #dd #a #e #bfh #gha #aijd #dhd #dd #a #f #bci #ggd #aije #dfg #ch #a #f #bab #gbd ,let ! 8,bu%0 be tak5 up aga9 = a few mom5ts be=e beg9n+ on ! description ( ! mod]n types ( fi%+ boats4 ,! 8,bu%01 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury1 rema9$ ! boat = ! h]r+ fi%]y until ! middle ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 :5 x disappe>$ entirely4 ,if1 9 #ahcb1 !re 7 /ill #abj 8,buiz50 7#gh at ,vla>d+51 #ah at ,maassluis1 #a at ,delf%av51 #c at ,zwa/ewaal1 #e at ,enkhuiz51 #e at ,de ,rijp & #aj at ,am/]dam1 see ,le ,comte1 p4 #df71 !y 71 on ! o!r h&1 no long] m5tion$ 9 #ahfg1 ! ye> :5 ! ,fr5* lugg] 0 br\ght into s]vice4 ,! bu% 0 us$ exclusively 9 fi%+ = h]r+4 ,:5 ?is latt] fail$1 ! vessels 7 /ripp$ & laid up4 ,al?\gh _! =ms 7 full1 !y _h a keel & s\ght safety 9 ! diff]5t ports4 ,^! boats c\ld n be gr\nd$4 ,t[>d ! la/ !y 7 ab\t #bb metres long1 #f metres wide & #c metres deep4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! boats _h also increas$ gradually4 7,van ,yk gives1 p4 #caj1 #g ,rh9e feet z _! dep?47 ,! 8,bu%es0 c>ri$ orig9ally ?ree ma/s1 ( :i* two c\ld be l[]$ & ea* ( :i* c>ri$ a l>ge sail4 ,lat]1 at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 ! rig 0 *ang$ & made l t ( ! 8,h[k]s04 ,?is *ange is %[n on ! old engrav+s4 ,! 8,bu%es0 c>ri$ a 8/atie04 ,,! 8,,kwee0 ,,& ,,! 8,,hoek]buis04 ,! dim5sions ( ! 8bu%es0 mu/ h increas$ mo/ at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith or beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury2 ! 8/atie0 0 !n suppress$ & ! fi% tank appe>$4 ,! boats suppli$ ) ?is tank 7 call$ ,kwee accord+ to ,hoog5dijk 7p4 #ei74 ,! 8bu%0 prop] :i* 0 us$ exclusively = ! h]r+ fi%]y1 _h no fi% tank4 ,! 8bu%0 :i* _h a h[k] rig 0 also call$ a ,hoek]buis4 ,:at ,hoog5dijk tells ab\t ! orig9 ( ! h[k]1 9 8 int]e/+ book on ! 8,grootviss*]ij01 does n seem to be :olly exact4 ,accord+ to him 7p4 #ei7 ! 8h[k]0 is said to be desc5d$ f ! 8,hoek]buis0 by ! suppression ( ! 8/atie04 ,b1 accord+ to ,wits5 & ,van ,yk1 ! h[k]s h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times &1 h5ce1 long be=e ! appe>ance ( ! 8,hoek]buis04 ,! 8h[k]0 is met ) z a contempor>y ( ! 8bu%0 f :i* x diff]s q a good deal 9 %ape2 ! plac+ ( ! 8h[k]0 rig on ! 8bu%0 proves t ! =m] vessel 0 already 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ! latt]4 ,,! 8,,hoek]0 7,,h[k]74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbh ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbi ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bcd ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aad ,! 8,hoek]0 7h[k]7 is a boat /rongly r\nd$ at ! /]n1 %[+ a great deal ( %e] & c>ry+ a tank = fi%4 ,! "n comes v probably f 8hoek0 an iron 7hook7 us$ 9 fi%+ = cod & haddock1 b z ! 8bu%0 is spok5 ( be=e any m5tion is made ( ! 8h[k]01 x mu/ be conclud$ t ! latt] came lat] into use1 t is to say1 t cod fi%+ on a l>ge scale 0 a mu* lat] occupation4 ,! date ( adoption ( ! fi% tanks is n kn[n4 ,x is probable t ?is arrangem5t is v old1 b x is possible t x 0 only appli$ mu* lat] to deep sea fi%+4 ,,! 8,,h>+jag]0 ,,& ,,! 8,,buisconvoy]04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbb ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bcb ,! 8h[k]0 0 us$ n only z a fi%+ boat b also z a ,h>+jag] 7h]r+ hunt]71 a boat :i* is s5t to get ! fir/ cat* ( ! fleet4 ,! 8h[k]0 0 also us$ z a ,buisconvoy] 7convoy = bu%es72 x 0 !n arm$ ) sev]al guns & int5d$ to def5d ! 8bu%es0 aga9/ ! enemy4 ,v>i\s circum/ances contribut$ to ! complete disappe>ance ( ! 8bu%es0 & ! 8h[k]s02 ^! are ! m & m sev]e dem&s laid on ?is traffic1 ! comb9ation ( h]r+ fi%+ ) t = cod & haddock on "o & ! same boat1 ! use ( cotton nets :i* are mu* light] ?an ! old ones s t ca/+ ! nets is less important on ! boat itself4 ,all ^! causes br\ght ab\t ! creation ( boats ) f9e l9es1 s t !re exi/$1 9 #ahhf1 b "o h[k] = #h sloops & #aha lugg]s4 ,! sloop & ! lugg]1 :i* foll[$ x came to u f ,france4 ,,! 8,,sloep0 7,,sloop74 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aai ,! 8sloop01 hav+ at fir/ "o ma/ ) a l>ge boom sail & squ>e /]n 7,hoog5dijk1 p4 #fa71 0 put into use at ,middelh>nis1 ,zw>te ,waal & ,p]nis & h5ce is kn[n g5]ally z a ,p]niss]sloep4 ,! heavy & unh&y rigg+ ( ! s+le ma/ 0 soon replac$ by ! 8lugg]0 rig1 :ile ! squ>e /]n disappe>$ f among ! m rec5t sloops1 ?us do+ away ) ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two types ( vessels4 ,! sloop has a fi% tank & is us$ = c>ry+ live fi%1 b x c also be employ$ = ! h]r+ fi%]y if x has a =e-ma/ :i* c be un%ipp$4 ,! new types ( sloops 7 n favorably receiv$ by ! public1 says ,hoog5dijk 7p4 #ee71 especially 9 reg>d to ! deep sea h]r+ fi%]y4 ,_! enorm\s tonnage gave rise to ! fe> t !y w\ld be too heavy = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,?is load+ capacity rea*$ #dj la/s :ile ! ord9>y load = a h]r+ boat 0 b #be to #cj la/s1 to say no?+ ( ! _m boats :i* c>ri$ sc>cely m ?an #af to #bj la/s4 ,?is fe>1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be gr\ndless4 ,! m sl5d] %ape ( ! boat gave less hold = ! w9d ?an did ! old types & s made x sup]ior = purposes ( navigation4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k n[ ( pref]r+ ! old 8bu%es0 & 8h[k]s0 to ! mod]n 8lugg]0 & 8sloop04 ,,! ,,logg] 7,,lugg]74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bfi ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bgj ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aah ,! 8lugg]0 is also a boat ( sl5d] =m & ( ,fr5* orig94 ,! con/ruction ( ! boat1 :i* has no fi% tank1 is made suffici5tly cle> by ! draw+s4 ,! rigg+ includes two ma/s4 ,! ma9-ma/1 at "o-?ird ( ! l5g? f ! b[1 c be l[]$4 ,! nets are ca/ f ! b[ & are tak5 9 ov] ! side4 ,,! 8,,bom04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bgj ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bga ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aae ,! vessels m5tion$ above are n1 h[ev]1 ! only ones us$ = ! h]r+ fi%]ies4 ,ano!r v rem>kable type /ill 9 use is ! 8,bom01 a desc5dant ( ! 8,egmond] ,p9k04 ,! 8,bom01 built s t x c be all[$ to gr\nd1 has1 l ! 8,p9k01 a v /rong bottom & cl9k] built sides4 ,its l5g? is d\ble its beam4 ,x c>ries two ma/s 7a l>ge & a small72 ! rig is =e & aft & long1 n>r[ lee bo>ds 7ab\t z long z ! vessel74 ,! high tide l&s ! 8,bomm50 on ! bea* :5ce1 aft] !y _h be5 rais$ by jacks & wood5 roll]s _h be5 plac$ "u !m1 horses drew !m up on a wood5 floor laid on ! /r&4 ,! creation ( ! 8,bomm5hav50 7h>bor = 8,bomm507 at ,s*ev5+5 makes gr\nd+ ^! craft unnecess>y &1 consequ5tly1 w cause !m to disappe>1 because x is m advantage\s to use 8lugg]s04 ,!re w be1 !re=e1 no fur!r reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! 8,bomm50 & ! port built = _! use w cause _! ext9ction4 ,?is port has also l$1 already1 to ! con/ruction ( a few 8,bomm50 ) keels1 call$ ,logg]bomm5 or ,lelybomm5 :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 ! 8lugg]0 & ! 8,bom04 ,! fir/ ( ^! 8,bomm50 0 laun*$ 9 #aijj1 b x has n be5 imitat$ (t5 z x is sc>cely bett] ?an a 8lugg]04 ,x is cl9k] built & has ! b[ ( ! 8,bom0 ) ! /]n ( ! 8lugg]04 ,! old & int]e/+ 8,bom0 is no long] built2 x w belong soon to hi/ory1 l ! 8bu%0 & ! 8h[k]01 & ) x w disappe> ! la/ ve/ige ( ! 8cog04 ,s9ce #ahif1 ! numb] ( ^! vessels has be5 already r$uc$ f #cbd to #bab4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,/r5g? ( ! 8,boms*uit50 ,fleet1 #ahii to #aije4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ahii #aijj #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd #aije -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,s*ev5+5 #bag #bje #aid #ahi #ahc #aeh #adj ,katwijk #fg #fh #fi #ga #gd #gj #ff ,noordwijk #ae #ae #ae #aj #aj #aj #e ,egmond #c -- -- -- -- -- -- ,ha>lem 7,ymuid57 #a #a #a #a #a #a -- ,maassluis -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,report on ocean fi%+1 #aije #cjc #bhi #bgi #bga #bfh #bci #baa 7p4 #adi74 ,,! 8,,g>nal5s*uit04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aaf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aag ,! ,g>nal5s*uit 7a boat us$ = %rimp fi%+7 resembles some:at ! orig9al 8,bom0 & its resemblance to ! old 8,egmond] ,p9k0 is mo/ /rik+4 ,,! 8,,s*ols*uit0 ,,or 8,,bazaans*uit0 ,,! ,,zw>tewaals*e ,,gaffela>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bai ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bbj ,!re 0 met ) =m]ly1 alongside ( ! 8bu%es0 & 8h[k]s01 a fi%+ boat belong+ to ! 8smack0 gr\p3 ! ,s*ols*uit5 7boats us$ = ! sole fi%]y7 also call$ ,bazaans*uit4 ,at ,zw>tewaal1 ^! vessels c>ri$ gaff sails 7gaffeltuig7 :5ce _! "n ( ,zw>lewaals*e ,gaffela>4 ,! ,s*ols*uit5 7 %ort] ?an ! 8h[k]s02 b fairly broad & ) a /rong frame4 ,!y resembl$ greatly ! 8,viss*]ssnikk50 ( ,paess5s & ,wi]um 7n to be confus$ ) ! 8,b9n5snikk507 & ! 8,pal+s*uit50 ( ,heeg & ,ga/ne] :i* us$ to c>ry eels to ,london4 ,! 8,s*ols*uit01 met ) at ,p]nis1 ,middelh>nis & ,zw>tewaal1 0 replac$ lat] by ! 8sloop04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bjb ,! :ale fi%]y1 =m]ly s fl\ri%+1 _h disappe>$ completely 9 ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,!re 7 #ahf boats /ill foll[+ ?is indu/ry 9 #agef2 b ?is numb] _h fall5 to #ff 9 #aghe1 ?is *ange be+ br\ght ab\t especially by ! l>ge premiums grant$ by ,engl&4 ,z ?is indu/ry gradually di$ away 9 our c\ntry1 x became m fl\ri%+1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ?is latt] c\ntry1 only #bf :al+ vessels 7 to be f\nd 9 #agej2 ?is numb] increas$ to #aeb 9 #aghe4 ,premiums ( #cjjj to #hjjj flor9s1 giv5 9 t c\ntry accord+ to ! size ( ! vessels br\ght ab\t ! result ( caus+ our :al+ %ips to disappe> & only two vessels put out to sea 9 #ahed4 7,ko551 p4 #afd74 8,noortsva]d]s0 z well z ! 8,fluits*ep50 already describ$1 7 us$ = ?is fi%]y4 ,! l& ( ! 8bu%es0 0 at ,vla>d+5 & ,enkhuiz52 a few are f\nd also at ,maassluis & ,delf%av51 t is3 along ! ,meuse & 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ "p ( ! ,zuid]zee4 ,! c\ntry ( ! 8,bom0 0 ,s*ev5+51 ,katwijk & ,noordwijk1 along ! flat bea* ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,t ( ! 8sloop0 is ,middelh>nis1 ,zw>tewaal & ,p]nis1 :ile ! 8lugg]0 is met ev]y:]e4 ,! old 8h[k]0 0 f\nd p>ticul>ly at ,maassluis & ! 8,logg]bom0 or 8,lelybom0 at ,s*ev5+54 ,an errone\s idea ( ! ,ne!rl&s fi%+ fleet w\ld be =m$ by suppos+ t only ! #gbd fi%+ vessels giv5 9 ! above li/ belong$ to x4 ,alongside ( ^! boats1 are /ill f\nd _m small] boats us$ exclusively = ?is indu/ry4 ,if a glance be ca/ ov] ! ,report on ! ,ne!rl&s ,ocean ,fi%]y = #aije1 x w be se5 t1 9 ?is ye> 7p4 #cdb71 ! fleet conta9$ 9 all #eccd vessels ) a total tonnage ( #bcd1gff tons & a total ( #bj1ada m5 9 ! crews4 ,^! figures = #ahia 71 respectively3 #ddbg1 #afd1ceg & #ae1dhb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,situation ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,fi%+ ,fleet & ( its ,crews4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,ye> ,,numb] ,,( ,,vessels ,,total ,,tonnage ,,crews -- -- -- -- #aije #eccd #bcdgff #bjada #aijd #egha #baehgc #babbh #aijc #eibb #bahbdi #badfg #aijb #eich #baeffj #babbe #aija #ehea #aiibdh #bjafd #aijj #egai #aieiej #aidih #ahii #effa #aiaecj #aibcb #ahih #eche #ahfeed #ahgji #ahig #ecah #ahdegf #ahchg #ahif #ebaa #ahaiec #aghie #ahie #eahi #agighb #agfdc #ahid #eaea #agffdi #agbhf #ahic #dijb #agbfjc #afgjj #ahib #dfdg #afgedi #afadb #ahia #ddbg #afdceg #aedhb ,! small fi%+ boats "w on ! ,nor? ,sea1 along ! %ores ( ,friesl& & ,gron+51 on ! m>itime riv]s ( ,zeel& & ( ! prov9ce ( ,holl& z well z on ! ,zuid]zee4 ,all sorts ( names ( fi%+ boats are f\nd among !m1 s t x is v difficult to det]m9e f ?is po9t ! places :5ce !y come4 ,!n too1 ^! boats h become s num]\s 9 our c\ntry dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 t ! pres5ce ( a giv5 type at any place is no pro( at all t x _h its orig9 at t place4 ,?us1 = example1 8,s*okk]s0 & 8,bott]s0 are n[ to be f\nd on ! ,upp] ,meuse :]e n "o ( !m 0 ev] built4 ,j s soon z fi%+ becomes fl\ri%+1 !re are br\ght into use all sorts ( boats :i* 7 nev] int5d$ orig9ally = any su* purpose4 ,9 ord] to =m an exact idea ( fi%+ boats & _! evolution1 only su* vessels z 7 built especially = ?is use %\ld be consid]$4 ,z 0 said 9 ! g5]al classification1 ^! boats c be divid$ into pr9cipal ord]s z foll[s3 a7 ! gr\p ( ! 8,s*okk]s02 b7 t ( ! 8,bott]s02 c7 bluff b[$ boats 78,knots01 8,akes01 etc74 ,,! 8,,s*okk]04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abj ,?is boat has a long1 f9e b[2 ! /]n1 on ! o!r h&1 is n>r[4 ,! hull above ! b5ds falls 9 %>ply4 ,! /em is /raight & v mu* incl9$4 ,at ! squ>e upp] end ( ! /em is a %eave1 "o side ( :i* re/s on ! /em & ! o!r side on a bracket 7! 8snoes07 :i* is made firm to ! /em4 ,! boat c>ries a fi% tank & has ne> ! b[ a cuddy :i* s]ves z a lodg+4 ,al?\gh ! 8,s*okk]s0 7 orig9ally op5 at ! middle1 "s are to be f\nd at ! pres5t "t ( l>g] size & clos$4 ,! 8,s*okk]0 has at ! b[ a small deck1 call$ 8kootje04 ,! 8,s*okk]0 c>ries lee bo>ds & a ma/ plac$ at f\r fif?s ( ! l5g? ( ! vessel1 at ! position ( ! ma9 frame4 ,x is #bf4aj m4 long1 #d4dh m4 beam & draws #j4ih m4 ,x is =e & aft rigg$ 78bazaantuig07 ) a %ort1 curv$ boom & a l>ge =e /aysail :i* is atta*$ to ! side abaft ! ma/1 consequ5tly )\t any travell+ b>4 ,?is latt] is sometimes to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ^! latt] times4 ,a jib may be set on ! b[sprit4 ,! hull 0 cl9k] built =m]ly1 n[ x is frequ5tly c>vel built4 ,x is a v old type ( vessel1 b ! l>ge models only date2 h[ev]1 f ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,nei!r ,wits5 nor ,van ,yk speaks ( !m1 al?\gh !y 7 already 9 exi/5ce 9 _! "t1 = draw+s ( !m appe> on ! /ret*]s ( ! re=m$ *ur* at ,workum :i* dates f ab\t #afjj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bjc ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abe ,! 8,s*okk]0 comes orig9ally f ! ,zuyd]zee & especially f ! %ores ( ,ov]ijssel 7,voll5hov571 ( ,s*okl& 7probably ( ,urk also7 & ( ,enkhuiz54 ,accord+ to common report1 ! isl& ( ,s*okl& is said to h obta9$ its "n f t ( ! 8,s*okk]s04 ,its /raight1 incl9$ /em sep>ates ?is boat f ! type ( ! o!r fi%+ vessels ( ! ,zuyd]zee1 ) ! exception ( ! 8,h>+s*uit04 ,,! 8,,h>+s*uit04 ,! ,h>+s*uit 7boat us$ 9 ! h]r+ fi%]y7 may be consid]$ a l>ge 8,punt]0 or a small 8,s*okk]0 ) less freebo>d4 ,h5ce !re is no d\bt t ! old 8,s*okk]01 ! 8,h>+s*uit0 & ! 8,punt]0 belong to ! same family4 ,! 8,s*okk]0 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by its high] & m bluff b[1 giv5 to x by reason ( ! m di/ant trips on ! ,zuyd]zee & ! ,nor? ,sea = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,,! 8,,punt]0 ,,& ,,! 8,,gondel04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ada ,! ,punt] is met ) 9 ! ,nor? ( ,ov]ijssel z an inl& boat4 ,:5 ( l>ge size1 x is us$ z a fi%+ boat4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahc ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #ahe ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #acg ,! 8,h>+s*uit0 is also met ) along ! %ores ( ,geld]l&1 b on ! coa/s ( ,nor? ,holl& is frequ5tly f\nd a small boat1 ! 8,vis*s*uit van ,aalsme]0 7fi%+ boat f ,aalsme]7 :i* resembles ! 8,punt]0 & sails alongside ( ! ,snik or ! ,gondel 7! old cog7 ( m massive =m1 j z solid 8,s*okk]s0 are f\nd else:]e alongside ( ! 8,punt]04 ,! 8,gondel01 :i* c>ries a fi% tank1 is us$ h[ev] z an inl& craft1 on ! lakes2 x v5tures v r>ely out to sea4 ,all ! same1 ! /em :i* has a slight rake rises q high4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #acj ,! same *>act]i/ics appe> 9 ! 8,wi]s*uitje0 ( ,wi]+5 :]e ! 8,h>+s*uit0 is also met )4 ,,! 8,,hooga>s04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bgc ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #acb ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #acc ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #acd ,! same type is se5 9 ! old 8,k9d]dijks*e ,hooga>s0 ( ,s\? ,holl&1 9 ! 8,/eegs*uit0 ( ! ,biesbos* & 9 ! 8,/eegs*uit0 & 8,hooga>s0 ( ,zeel&1 :ile ! 8,h5g/0 & 8,ve]h5g/01 met ) 9 ! same neighb\rhoods1 are also 8,hooga>s0 :i* h und]gone slight *anges4 ,!re is also ! 8,?ol5s*e ,s*\w0 :i* is j l ! 8,bey]l&s*e ,s*uitje0 us$ among ! isl&s ( ,s\? ,holl&4 ,bo? ^! latt] vessels h a high1 broad b[2 !y h no /em1 ! plank+ end+ on ! apron4 ,h5ce !y are 8,akes04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aca ,! ,hooga>s has1 !re=e1 a /raight /em ) a slight rake1 :i* is mu* small] ?an t ( ! 8,s*okk]04 ,! sides :i* 7 =m]ly cl9k] built are n[ c>vel built4 ,! b[ is r f9] ?an t ( ! 8,s*okk]01 ! /]n is r full]4 ,! b[ is cov]$ :ile ! wai/ is op5 & !re is a rais$ deckh\se a/]n4 ,! 8,hooga>s50 c>ry a n>r[ rudd] & a lee bo>d on ei!r side2 !y are =e & aft rigg$ & %[ a =e /aysail & jib4 ,?is vessel is flat-bottom$1 l ! 8s*okk]s0 & o!r boats already m5tion$1 b x has no fi% tank4 ,! new 8,hooga>s50 ( l>ge size h a full] /]n1 aft] ! mann] ( ! 8,boei]s01 & ?is gave rise 9 ! second half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury to ! 8,hooga>s-,boei]0 type4 ,! t5d5cy to make ! /]n full] is f\nd n[ 9 all fi%+ vessels & ?is is caus+ ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s types to disappe>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #acf ,! ord9>y 8,hooga>s0 is #ae metres long & #d4ej m4 beam4 ,! 8,hooga>s0 ( ,arnemuide is some:at small]1 entirely op51 has a small rais$ deckh\se 9 ! /]n & is rigg$ ) spritsails4 ,,! 8,,/eeks*uit04 ,! ,/eeks*uit1 con/ruct$ l a 8,hooga>s01 is r heavi] 9 build & ! b[ falls 9 less4 ,! /]npo/ is r\nd$ at ! upp] end4 ,,! 8,,h5g/04 ,! 8,h5g/0 diff]s v little f ! 8,hooga>s04 ,x is us$ a great deal on ! 8,holl&s*e ,diep0 7,willem/ad47 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aci ,all ! types be=e describ$ c>ry long n>r[ lee bo>ds1 ) ! exception ( ! 8,tol5s*e ,s*\w0 & ! 8,k9d]ijks*e ,hooga>s0 ( :i* ! lee bo>ds are wid]4 ,fi%+ = oy/]s & mussels n[ employ a great _m 8,boei]aakjes04 ,,! 8,,bott]04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #aba ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abg ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bjj ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #abc ,in/ead ( types ) a /raight /em1 !re are types n[ to be f\nd1 to ! ,we/ ( ! ,zuid]zee & ! isl& ( ,urk1 :i* h a curv$ /em4 ,!y be> a l>ge numb] ( names by reason ( slight diff]5ces among !mselves1 b !y all belong to ! same family1 t ( ! ,bott]s1 ( :i* ! old 8,to*ts*uit50 & 8,kubboot50 7 ! =]unn]s4 ,aside f ! /em1 e ?+ t has be5 said 9 reg>d to ! 8,s*okk]s0 is applicable "h4 ,!y are met ) at ,urk & along ! ,nor? ,holl& %ore ( ! ,zuid]zee1 ,s\? ( ,m$emblik1 z well z 9 ! prov9ces ( ,utre*t & ( ,geld]l& z f> z ,h>d]wijk4 ,_! names v>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abf ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abb ,! olde/ =m is ! 8,kubboot01 :i* is met ) "u ! names ( 8,voll5damm] ,kwakk501 8,bonse01 8,plte01 & at ,maassluis "u t ( 8,platje van ,maassluis04 ,,! 8,,blaz]04 ,s9ce ! end ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury1 ! 8,bott]s0 h be5 built bigg] & m bluff1 ! result be+ ! ,blaz] type1 ( :i* ! curv$ /em falls 9 less & ( :i* ! /]n is full] ?an t ( ! 8,bott]04 ,?is k9d ( boat is us$ = fi%+ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & is f\nd all along our %ores4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abd 8,blaz]s0 are n[ built ) a 8,boei]0 /]n1 giv+ a mix$ type3 ! ,blaz]boei]4 ,?is boat1 by reason ( its great /ability1 w soon take ! place ( ! 8,s*okk]s0 & ! 8,bott]s04 ,,! 8,,lemm]aak04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abh 8,akes0 are m & m us$ = fi%+ 9 ! ,zuyd]zee4 ,^! vessels come f ,friesl& :]e !y are call$ ,lemm]aak or 8,lemm]ja*t04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abi ,!y are passably %ort b robu/ & bluff1 ?or\ghly suit$ = runn+ 9 %all[ wat]4 ,,! 8,,bolle0 ,,& ,,! 8,,knots04 ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #abi ,sid5ote3 ,,iii #ace ,! prec$+ type ( boat is f\nd at ,urk "u ! "n ( ,bolle van ,urk1 or else ( 8,bolletje van ,urk04 ,x is d]iv$ f ! 8smack0 gr\p4 ,x is curi\s to note t boats ( ! same k9d h long frequ5t$ ! port ( ,antw]p "u ! "n ( ,knots van ,antw]p54 78,knots ( ,antw]p074 ,,! 8,,jol0 ,at ,/avor51 !re /ill exi/s ! ,/avor5s*e ,jol 7,/avor5 ,yawl71 a small1 %ort1 bluff boat ) a keel2 x is exce$+ly /eady on ! wat]4 ,x is also met ) n[ at ,enkhuiz5 & at ,m$5blik4 ,x is a cl9k] built boat 7sometimes c>vel built at ! pres5t "t7 :i* is (t5 comp>$ to a 8sabot0 on acc\nt ( its r\nd$ =ms4 ,x c>ries a fi% tank &1 z x has a keel1 ! lee bo>ds are lack+4 ,x is spritsail rigg$1 & its tonnage is f #d to #f tons4 ,at ! ,held]1 at ,enkhuiz5 & at ,m$5blik a great deal ( use is made ( flats1 ( :i* ! l5g? may be z mu* z #aj metres4 ,! /]n has a /]nframe2 ! q long b[1 on ! contr>y1 rises high ) a slight rake4 ,! vessel is cl9k] built & c>ries two bilge keels & a bit ( a false keel at ! aft] end ( ! ma9 keel4 ,x gauges g5]ally f #b to #e tons4 ,z a rule1 ! tonnage ( ! 8,bott]s0 & 8,s*okk]s0 v>ies f #bj to #cj tons4 ,! small] types met ) at ,huiz5 run f #af to #bj tons1 & at ,h>d]wijck & ,elburg1 f #ac to #ah tons4 ,! v>iations betwe5 ! fundam5tal gr\ps may be attribut$ to ! diff]5t ideas ( build]s1 j z !re are diff]5ces 9 ! co/umes ( v>i\s c\ntries4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! types ( a same gr\p is1 on ! contr>y1 ! result ( ! use made ( ! boat & h5ce ( ! fi%+ app>atus employ$ on bo>d4 ,9 ord] to make ?is m easily und]/ood1 x w be well to give a %ort description ( ! fi%+ app>atus us$ on ! ,zuid]zee1 ?is description be+ tak5 f ! report publi%$ by ! ,zuid]zeev]e5ig+ 7#aije1 pp4 #ce et seq71 z well f ! annual reports on deep sea fi%+4 ,! fi%+ outfit c be divid$ into movable app>atus & fix$ app>atus1 ! latt] be+ ! less important = our /udy4 ,belong+ to ! =m]1 !re are3 a7 ,! ,wond]kuil 7anglic3 miracul\s pocket7 :i*1 l ! ,kwakkuil & ! ,dw>skuil1 is compos$ ( a net1 9 ! %ape ( a pocket :i* has its m\? kept op5 by a squ>e frame 7made ( f\r pieces ( wood call$ 8juff]s-oor/okk5074 ,! net is mov$ ahead :ile hold+ ! frame v]tical1 all ! app>atus t\*+ ! bottom4 ,! fi% ent]s at ! m\? & is captur$ 9 a conv]g5t bag4 ,! movem5t ?r\gh ! wat] di/5ds ! net4 ,! 8,wond]kuil0 is hung betwe5 two 8,bott]s01 :i* g ahead at ! greate/ possible spe$ s z to entrap ! quick swimm+ fi%1 su* z ! h]r+4 ,! l>ge 8,bott]s01 be+ good sail]s1 are v well suit$ to ?is "w4 ,! 8,wond]kuil0 sc>cely t\*es ! bottom on acc\nt ( ! great spe$1 b e fi% :i* comes 9 front ( ! op5+ is tak51 necess>ily4 ,! n>r[+ ( ! me%es1 caus$ by ! great spe$1 prev5ts any f escap+4 b7 ,! ,kwakkuil1 us$ at ,voll5dam1 is a small 8,wond]kuil0 drawn by "o boat :i* is g5]ally a 8,voll5damm] ,kwak04 ,! pocket is !n atta*$ to two beams fa/5$ toge!r crosswise at ! /]n ( ! boat4 ,z ! spe$ is less ?an t atta9$ ) ! 8,wond]kuil01 ! net drags along ! bottom :i* enables eels1 plaice & sole to be tak54 c7 ,! ,dw>skuil 7transv]se pocket71 small] ?an ! 8,kwakkuil0 b ( ! same %ape1 is fa/5$ to ! side ( ! boat by l9es :i* lead to ! b[ & /]n4 ,9 ord] to "w x1 ! boat mu/ move crossways &1 naturally1 its *ange ( position is sl[4 ,! boat %\ld n be flat bottom$1 & :ile fi%+ is go+ on ! lee bo>ds %\ld be rais$4 ,! 8,wond]kuil0 is us$ 9 deep wat] & on h>d s&y bottoms2 9 %oal] wat] & on s(t bottoms ! 8,kwakkuil0 is br\ght into play1 & 9 ! %all[ wat]s ( ,utre*t & ,geld]l& x is ! 8,dw>skuil50 :i* is employ$4 ,! _m compla9ts ab\t ! de/ruction ( fi% by ! 8,wond]kuil0 7 n born ( ye/]day2 = already1 9 #aeei1 an ord9ance fix$ ! size ( ! me%es ( ! 8,aetk5s ( ,/e]t50 7( ! tails ( ! nets74 ,!re %\ld c]ta9ly be m5tion$ z "p ( ! movable outfit1 ! drag nets us$ = cat*+ h]r+1 an*ovy1 sole & smelt4 ,!y are us$ 9 all ! l>ge fi%+ ports ( ! ,zuid]zee4 ,^! nets are dragg$ betwe5 any two boats :atev]4 ,along ! ,frisian coa/1 fi%+ is c>ri$ on ma9ly ) fix$ app>atus2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case to ! ,nor? ( ,makkum4 ,?is way ( fi%+ requires only small boats 7#bd to #cj traps p] boat74 ,eel & h]r+ traps are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is probable also t ! old ,kubboot owes its "n to a fi%+ in/rum5t call$ 8,kub01 a wick] basket %ap$ l a funnel1 ne>ly clos$ at ! l[] end :]e1 h[ev]1 a small op5+ is left4 ,foll[+ ?is op5+ is a small silk net 9 :i* an op5+ all[s ! eels to pass :i* are pil$ up 9 ! basket4 ,fi%+ 9 ! ,zuid]zee is ( a special sort because a l>ge numb] ( ,zuid]zee fi%]m5 frequ5t ! ,nor? ,sea :ile o!rs devote !mselves to fi%+ 9 ! riv]s2 ^? :o sp5d ! entire ye> on ! ,zuid]zee itself1 are ! fewe/ 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ use l>ge 8,blaz]s01 8,s*okk]s0 & 8,bott]s02 ! second take ! 8,gondels01 8,lemm]ak501 8,punt]s01 etc41 & ! la/ use 8,kwakk501 8,kubboot50 & 8,h>+s*uit504 ,besides ^? j m5tion$1 !re are a :ole s]ies ( *ance fi%]m5 us+ all sorts ( boats4 ,h5ce x is v difficult to give ! exact numb] ( boats 9 use = fi%+ & ! figures 9 ! above tables are only r\nd totals 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z !y relate to ! ,zuid]zee4 ,,! 8,,wat]s*ip04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bch ,! vessel call$ 8,wat]s*ip01 us$ = t[+ ! ,zeekameel5 7a sort ( float+ dock7 ?r\gh ! ,pampus1 has long be5 kn[n4 ,! 8,wat]s*ip0 01 at ! beg9n+1 a simple ,m>k5 8,bott]04 ,z has be5 se5 already1 ! 8,zeekameel50 date f #afia4 ,!y 7 built lat] ) a /rong] /em & /]npo/ & ) a deckh\se abaft ! ma/4 ,^! vessels become ?us /ill m sep>at$ f ! old 8,bott]s04 ,! t[+ ( ! %ips ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :i* belong$ at fir/ to two private societies 7! ,big & ! ,little ,societies71 0 grant$ by contract1 subsequ5tly to #agda1 to ! m important society :i* gave to its 8,wat]s*eepjes01 z a di/+ui%+ m>k1 a plate ( t9 fa/5$ to ! /em4 ,?is measure did n suffice1 h[ev]1 to keep (f ! competitors4 ,x 0 ord]$1 9 #aghc1 t ! ,admiralty arms %\ld be pa9t$ on ! sails ( ! accept$ vessels1 j z lett]s are pa9t$ on ! sails ( fi%+ boats at ! pres5t "t4 ,"u ! ,fr5* dom9ation1 :5 navigation 0 r$uc$ to a =c$ susp5sion1 ! 8,wat]s*ep50 w5t s to pieces t1 9 #ahbd1 ( ! #ah :i* 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 #f 7 brok5 up4 ,! rema9d] 7 sold 9 #ahbg1 aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,nor? ,holl& ,canal4 7,le ,comte1 p4 #ch47 ,^! 8,wat]s*ep50 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? us$ = c>ry+ sea wat] & ( :i* a few engrav+s are reproduc$ 9 ! collection4 ,^! boats1 ) sc>cely an exception1 belong to ! gr\p ( 8smacks04 ,illu/ration3 #f ,! numb] ( ! ,annales de ,travaux ,publics ( ,belgium = ,augu/ #aija conta9s a detail$ /udy ( ! ,inl& ,navigation float+ /ock circulat+ 9 ,belgium4 ,?is /udy is ! "w ( ,mr4 ,dehem1 ,pr9cipal ,eng9e] ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses4 ,x conta9s a description ( ! types ( boats 9 use on ! ,fr5* & ,belgian canals4 ,^! types ( boats1 built especially = ^! canals1 are ( no hi/oric value4 ,z !y are se5 frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 on ! ,zuid-,willemsva>t 7! canal f ,maa/ri*t to ,bois-le-,duc71 a brief description ( ^! boats1 call$ 8,ballant50 9 ,holl&1 w n be out ( place4 ,!y c be classifi$1 z a rule1 z foll[s#bf3 ,a7 ,baquets ( ,*>l]oi2 ,b7 ,walloon boats or 8pni*es04 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #beg ,sid5ote3 ,,ii #bfe ,! boat ( gr\p ,a1 call$ 8,bak0 9 ,flemi%1 is a p>allelopip$on 9 %ape4 ,its av]age l5g? is #ai4ej m42 its bread?1 #b4fj to #b4fe m42 x draws f #j4ce m4 to #j4dj m4 :5 light & #a4hj m4 :5 fully lad54 ,) ! latt] draught its tonnage oscillates betwe5 #fg & #ga tons4 ,?is type ( boat 0 introduc$ p>ticul>ly = navigation on ! ,*>l]oi canal1 ( :i* ! old small locks h a neat l5g? ( #ai metres & a bread? ( #b4gj m4 ,! cle> height ( ! p]man5t bridges on ?is navigable highway v>ies f #b4fe m4 to #c metres4 ,^! boats co/ f #dejj to #gejj francs4 ,! boat ( gr\p ,b1 call$ 8,waal0 9 ,flemi%1 is also a box hav+ ! %ape ( a p>allelopip$on ) a flat bottom & ne>ly plane sides4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ces 9 %ape ( ! b[ & /]n1 ^! boats are kn[n by diff]5t names1 su* z3 #a ,t\rnai boat2 #b *al&2 #c bl&re2 #d po9tu4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t ! la/ two names %\ld be assign$ r to old types & t ! fir/ two %\ld be res]v$ = ! l>ge canal boats 7pni*es7 g5]ally built at pres5t4 ,! ,t\rnai boat has ! =w>d & aft] faces r\nd$ & a q m>k$ curve 9 ! v]tical plane1 s t ! boat %[s a curv$ /em call$ ! nose4 ,! =w>d face c>ries a b5d call$ ! m\/a*e & has on top a wood5 rail to support ! t[ l9e :i* is made fa/ to ! t[+ bitt back ( ! nose4 ,9 ! *al&1 call$ also 8,ballant01 ! =w>d & aft] faces are ne>ly plane1 ! nose & m\/a*e are slightly m>k$ & ! t[+ bitt is plac$ at ! extreme =w>d end ( ! boat4 ,z a rule1 ^! boats are n v /rongly built & _! plank+ suff]s a good deal ?r\gh ! %>p curves at b[ & /]n4 ,_! %ape is s det]m9$ t !y %all exactly fill ! locks & t !y %all !n h a maximum load+ capacity1 al?\gh x is altoge!r incompreh5sible t1 j 9 ord] to get a few m tons on bo>d1 ! :ole "q ( facility ( t[+ %\ld be entirely neglect$4 ,:at is ga9$ !n 9 "o way is d\bly lo/ 9 ano!r 9 high *>ges = t[+4 ,! only explanation :i* c be giv5 = ?is mann] ( build+ is1 t mo/ boatm5 h _! own t[ horses1 = :i* a /able is plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! boat1 s t !y d n notice ! additional co/s ( t[+ :i* !y h to pay4 ,! dim5sions ( ,t\rnai boats & ( ! *al&s are ! same2 _! l5g? v>ies f #cg4ej m4 to #ci metres1 n c\nt+ ! rudd]1 & _! bread? goes f #e4jj m4 to #e4je m42 !y draw empty1 on an av]age1 #j4bh m41 & :5 load$ f #a4hj m4 to #b4cj m41 ) a tonnage ( #cjj to #cgj tons4 ,by comp>+ ! bl&res & po9tus ) ^! boats1 x c be se5 t ! latt] c c>ry less ?an ! =m] on acc\nt ( _! f9] b[1 :5ce _! "n ( ,po9tu or ,spits4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! 8bl&re01 call$ 9 ,flemi% ,bijl&]1 & ! 8po9tu0 lies 9 ?is1 t ! bottom ( ! =m] connects ) ! =w>d face by means ( a curv$ surface1 :]eas ! bottom ( ! latt] rema9s flat up to ! nose4 ,! two types diff] little 9 o!r respects4 ,!y are r>ely built n[4 ,x is true t new 8po9tus0 are /ill met )1 b !y %\ld be consid]$ r z ba/>d 8pni*es04 ,"h aga9 is se5 a fusion ( diff]5t =ms accompany+ an increase 9 ! size ( ! boats4 ,! 8bl&res0 are #bh to #cd metres long1 #d4fj m4 to #e metres broad & draw #j4cj m4 to #j4dj m4 light & up to #b metres load$4 ,! 8po9tu0 is #bj to #cj metres long & g5]ally #c4ej m4 broad 7nev] rea*+ #e metres72 x draws light1 on an av]age1 #j4ce m41 & #a4hj m4 :5 load$4 ,its tonnage is f #ajj to #bjj tons4 ,! l>ge/ po9tus measure #cb metres 9 l5g? & #d4ij m4 9 bread?2 !y gauge at mo/ #bej tons on a draught ( #b4ae m4 ,_m ( ! types j m5tion$ are n[ (t5 built ( /eel4 ,! 8,prij0 %\ld also be m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] relat+ to ^! boats2 x is a 8spits0 made 9 two di/9ct p>ts1 ea* ( :i* c be load$ sep>ately4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #bf ,z ! names ( ! boats :i* foll[ are almo/ /rictly local1 no attempt has be5 made to translate !m4 ,pni*e1 h[ev]1 is ! g5]al "n 9 ,france & ,belgium = ! /&>d canal boat ( ab\t #cjj tons4 ,illu/ration3 #g ,%ipbuild+ 9 ,europe develop$ ar\nd two c5tres :i* came into contact 9 ! neighborhood ( #acjj4 ,! fusion ( ! two zones took place only betwe5 #adej & #aejj4 ,! ,nor!rn c5tre1 t ( ! ,baltic ,sea1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 only rea*$ its full expansion 9 ! "t ( ! ,vik+s4 ,! types ( boats ( ! v>i\s nations along ! %ores ( ! seas ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe %[ und5iable analogies bo? 9 =m & 9 mode ( con/ruction4 ,go+ fur!r into ! cont95t1 ! same /rik+ analogies /ill appe>1 s t ! lik5ess ( =ms is fur!r /r5g!n$ along ! ,ea/-,we/ l9e4 ,map ,no #a h]e) %[s 9 gre5 ! sph]e ( ! ,nor!rn c5tre2 ! probable direction ( ! movem5t ( ! r\nd$ ,frisian types be+ giv5 by a full l9e1 ! direction ( ! f9] types by a dott$ l9e & t ( ! types ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e by a brok5 & dott$ l9e4 ,! ,s\!rn c5tre1 situat$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & orig9ally f ,phnicia1 is m>k$ 9 r$4 ,!re too1 %ipbuild+ develop$ along an ,ea/-,we/ l9e4 ,al?\gh x may n be c]tifi$1 f ! nautical /&po9t or ) ! data at h&1 t ! ,s\!rn c5tre 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,asia1 x c be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t _m =ms & processes ( con/ruction not$ 9 old engrav+s are /ill f\nd 9 ! ,arab1 ,indian & ,*9ese vessels4 ,h5ce x foll[s t x is all ! m necess>y to c>ry on our inve/igations 9 t direction because ! old me?ods ( propulsion & ( /e]+ h be5 relatively well pres]v$ 9 ,asia r ?an 9 ,europe4 ,!re is no d\bt t relations 9 connection ) ?is subject w be f\nd betwe5 ! ,s\!rn c5tre & a "p ( ,asia4 ,%ipbuild+1 :i* came to u f ! ,baltic ,sea1 0 fir/ put to use = fi%+1 t und\bt$ cradle ( e great m>itime race4 ,! gradual gr[? ( ?is indu/ry wid5$ ! field ( action & favor$ trade z x did 9 ! ,fl&]s4 ,h5ce1 !re w be no cause = a/oni%m5t 9 f9d+ t ! olde/ memories ( ,holl& 9 ref]5ce to %ipbuild+ are ^? ( ! h]r+ fi%]y4 ,! bir? ( ! cog1 = example1 is due to ! rise ( ?is k9d ( fi%+2 !n ?is type ( vessel l$ to t ( ! 8,egmond]p9k01 & aft]w>d to t ( ! 8,bom01 :i* w v soon h disappe>$ & ( :i* x may be said t x w h =m$ ! la/ ve/ige ( ! 8,cog04 ,! :ole evolution ( ! %ip is f\nd$1 fur!rmore1 on tradition4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n lie alone 9 s]vile imitation ( all t our ance/ors _h turn$ out1 b 9 yield+ to new dem&s :i* ! special conditions ( ! p]iod br\ght ) !m4 ,! evolution ( ! %ip1 l t ( its size1 has be5 gradual4 ,s ! %ips ( antiquity 7 small] ?an ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ^! 9 _! turn 7 small] ?an ! vessels ( mod]n times4 ,nei!r ! compass1 ! adoption ( ! rudd] nor ev5 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 7 able to br+ ab\t sudd5 *anges 9 naval ar*itecture4 ,x 0 only gradually1 & ?r\gh improvem5ts 9 artill]y1 t %ips became heavi]2 s t at ! beg9n+ ( our w> = indep5d5ce ! di/9ction _h begun to be made betwe5 w> vessels & m]*antm51 :i* until !n _h bo? be5 equally us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,x 0 aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ( ! r\te to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 two ev5ts ( ! greate/ importance = ! evolution ( ! peoples ( ,europe1 t ! comm]ce ( ! _w left ! ,m$it]ranean & mov$ t[>d ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,!n x 0 t our c\ntry woke up & soon surpass$ all o!rs 9 %ipbuild+4 ,! ,ne!rl&s !n c>ri$ naval con/ruction back t[>d ! ,baltic4 ,france also borr[$ f u ! elem5ts ( %ipbuild+4 ,! prov9ce ( ,holl& 0 at ! head ( ?is bran* ( con/ruction f #aejj to #agjj2 ,france !n took ,holl&'s place &1 f ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 _h its own sep>ate con/ruction4 ,x 0 ! ke5 ,fr5* m9d :i* guid$ all c\ntries 9 ! sy/ematic con/ruction ( %ips4 ,engl&1 always practical1 has ev] done h] be/ to keep up ) ! c\ntry :i* turn$ out ! l>ge/ %ips4 ,holmes's "w %[s ?is t5d5cy cle>ly4 ,aft] #ahjj1 ,engl& out/ripp$ h] rivals & set ! pace = naval ar*itecture4 ,num]\s improvem5ts 7 c>ri$ out "u ! influ5ce ( t c\ntry4 ,! cont95tal blockade dealt our %ipbuild+ a mortal bl[4 ,x 0 only ?r\gh ! initiative & ! en]getic back+ ( ,k+ ,william ,i t ! indu/ry reviv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury & rea*$1 9 ! second half1 a new p]iod ( prosp]ity4 ,japan's fir/ mod]n w> vessels 7 built 9 ,holl&4 ,! com+ ( /eel op5$ a new era = our naval ar*itecture & our wor?y %ipbuild]s h be5 able to d honor to ! traditions ( our race by prov+ !mselves n[1 z =m]ly1 economical ar*itects ) ! ability to give a pleas+ appe>ance & an irreproa*able f9i% to a solid con/ruction4 ,! di/ribution ( ! gr\ps ( ! v>i\s types ( boats is %[n on map #c1 :ile map #d gives ! subdivision ( ^! gr\ps 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,frisian types appe> on bo? ^! maps 9 blue2 ! types ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 :i* p5etrat$ into ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,brabant & into ! he>t ( ,s\? ,holl&1 are giv5 9 br[n2 ! types ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e are 9 violet1 ^? ( ! ,l[] ,meuse 9 r$ & ^? ( ! ,upp] ,meuse 9 gre54 ,! types ) f9] l9es ( ,ov]ijssel1 surr\nd$ by ^? f ,friesl& & ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & :i* are also met ) on ! ,ems1 ! ,wes]1 ! ,elbe1 ! ,havel & ! ,spree are %[n ) a pal] %ade4 ,*>t ,no4 #d %[s ! zone ( ! fi%+ boats :i* frequ5t ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,^! la/1 except ! 8,lugg]0 & ! 8,sloop01 belong to ! ,friesl& type4 ,x is curi\s to br+ ! b\nd>ies ( *>ts #e1 #f & #g toge!r1 conta9+1 z !y d1 ! results ( ! pati5t rese>*es ( ! late ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,galle1 s well kn[n & e/eem$ = 8 va/ le>n+ z well z = 8 great k9dness1 :51 "s "t ago1 he 0 s good z to place copies ( ^! *>ts at ! au?or's disposal4 ,a m]e glance is suffici5t to %[ t ! limits ( co/umes h be5 mo/ *ang$2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re is a /rik+ resemblance f ! po9t ( view ( ! di/ribution ( languages &1 especially1 f t ( ! k9d ( dwell+s4 ,! ,frisian & ,saxon influ5ces agree on ! diff]5t *>ts1 :ile ! types ( ! ,upp] ,meuse are f\nd ev]y:]e t ! ar*itecture ( ! ,roman villas has be5 pres]v$4 ,h5ce x is n a/oni%+ t ^! types ( ! ,meuse resemble ^? f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,po & on ! ,adriatic ,sea4 ,^! obs]vations agree ) ! hi/orical rese>*es :i*1 h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,nor? ,sea 7 inhabit$ by ! ,celts :o came f ! ,ea/ to ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe sev]al c5turies be=e our era4 ,! ,celts drove out ! ,mongols1 :o 7 already settl$ !re2 b !y1 9 _! turn1 7 driv5 f ! ,we/ by ! ,g]mans4 ,?is is :at caus$ ! ,romans to say t1 nor? ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,celts _h already be5 driv5 out ev]y:]e by ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,rh9e 0 at t "t ! g5]al b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! two peoples4 ,s\? ( ?is riv] !re only a few ,g]man out-ly+ positions1 l ^? ( ! ,eburones at ,mae/ri*t & ,ro]mond1 & ( ! ,condrosii ne> ,lige4 ,! ,g]mans & ,celts are conf\nd$ along ! ,meuse4 ,! ,celts 9 ,nor? ,brabant _h already become v mu* g]maniz$1 :ile ! ,m5apii1 ! ,mor9i & ! ,n]vii ( ,fl&]s & ,zeel& also felt ?is influ5ce4 ,all ^! g]maniz$ ,celts 7 call$ ,gauls by ! ,romans4 ,! ,g]mans p5etrat$ sev]al times into ,gaul1 !y ev5 came z f> z ! ,m5apian c\ntry 9 ! valley ( ! ,s*eldt2 b ,cs> succe$$ 9 driv+ !m back1 9 ! ye> #ee ,b4 ,c4 ,aft] ! latt]'s conque/s1 ! ,rh9e became ! fronti] ( ,roman dom9ation & s rema9$ until ab\t ! ,i,xth c5tury4 ,! ,gauls quickly became lat9iz$4 ,nor? ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,roman influ5ce made itself felt on ! ,batavi1 ! ,*amavi & ! ,frisians4 ,/ill1 ?is influ5ce 0 n v /rong1 especially on ! la/-nam$ tribe4 ,f ! mom5t t ! ,roman p[] began to weak51 ! ,g]mans reappe>$1 & x 0 especially ! ,franks :o prov$ to be ! /rong]4 ,^! latt]1 :o inhabit$ ! region ( ! ,lippe1 ! ,ruhr & ! ,upp] ,ems1 7 probably be+ pu%$ out already at ?is "t by ! ,saxons4 ,! ,franks 7 aga9 driv5 beyond ! ,rh9e by ! ,emp]or ,probus1 9 #bhj1 b !y advanc$ aga9 t[>d ! ,s\? aft] ! dea? ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great 7#ccg74 ,cologne fell into _! h&s & !y appe>$ 9 front ( ,treves4 ,julian prev5t$1 h[ev]1 _! ent]+ ,tax&ria1 ! pres5t ,nor? ,brabant4 ,! ,salians1 ! /ronge/ ( ! ,franks1 rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,batavi :ile ! ,*amavi1 ano!r ( _! tribes1 settl$ on ! ,nor? ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,salians & ,batavi soon consolidat$ into a s+le tribe4 ,!n :5 ! ,romans retir$ 9 #djb1 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,honorius1 ! ,francs />t$ aga9 on _! r\te t[>d ! ,s\? & invad$ ,nor? ,brabant4 ,! ,saxons :o1 z already m5tion$1 _h probably />t$ ! ,franks1 inhabit$ ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,ems & ! ,elbe1 consequ5tly ! ,nor? ( ,g]many4 ,!y settl$ 9 ! ,ea/ ( our c\ntry &1 lat]1 ext5d$ _! influ5ce nor?w>dly4 ,! ,frisians1 :o are g5]ally spok5 ( 9 connection ) ! ,saxons1 7 able to hold _! gr\nd betwe5 ! ,wes] & ! ,zw9 7,zeel&is* ,fl&]s74 ,_! ,k+1 ,radb\t1 c>ri$ _! dom9ation to ! ,s\? ( ! ,rh9e & pu%$ on ev5 s f> z ,cologne :]e he 0 defeat$ by ,*>les ,m>tel4 ,if ,holl& 0 call$ ,frisia 7or ,friesl&7 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 only z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,meuse1 x is relat$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,sa9t ,am& prea*$ ! ,gospel to ! ,frisians ( ,zeel&4 ,?is tradition is confirm$ by ,pr(4 ,fockema ,&rea1 :o has %[n t ! ,frisian law ( #hjj 0 appli$ f ! ,wes] to ! ,zw9 & ! ,frank law z f> z ! ,ems1 t is to say3 ! ,*amavi inhabit$ ! ,veluwe to ! ,ea/ ( ?is riv]2 consequ5tly ,utre*t belong$ to ,frisia4 ,x is also said1 9 connection ) ! /ruggle ( ! ,frisians aga9/ ! ,franks1 t ,utre*t 0 situat$ on ! fronti] ( ,frisia4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,ne!rl&s 7 inhabit$ orig9ally by ,celts :om ! ,g]mans drove t[>d ! ,s\?4 ,lat]1 !y 7 able1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,romans1 to hold _! gr\nd to ! ,s\? ( ! big riv]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ,g]mans 9 ,holl& 7 ! ,frisians4 ,!y occupi$ ! coa/ f ! ,wes] to ! ,zw9 &1 at a few po9ts1 e/abli%$ !mselves among ! ,celts4 ,?us x is t ,frisian types ( vessels are f\nd f ,d5m>k to ,fl&]s & t !y p5etrat$ z f> z ,utre*t & along ! tidal riv]s4 ,! ,*amavi1 ! fir/ ,franks1 v probably occupi$ ! ,veluwe & ! ,betuwe z = z ! ,s+e & ! ,ems4 ,lat]1 ! ,franks1 settl$ ,nor? ,brabant & p5etrat$ into ,zeel&1 ,utre*t & ,s\? ,holl&4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we h already be5 impress$ at meet+1 9 our c\ntry1 ) types ( boats ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e n only along ! ,rh9e & its tribut>ies1 b ev5 9 ! he>t ( ,s\? ,holl& & 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,nor?-,brabant4 ,! ,saxons1 :o 7 ! la/ to arrive1 settl$ 9 ! ,ea/ ( ! c\ntry & spread gradually into ,gron+5 & ,friesl&4 ,x is !re t ! sl5d] ,ov]ijssel or ,saxon types are met )4 ,types ( vessels1 j l ! /yles ( dwell+s1 languages & co/umes1 h c]ta9 relation%ips ) ! fir/ inhabitants ( c\ntries4 ,?is expla9s :y types ( diff]5t boats are f\nd along ! same riv] & ! same c\ntry4 ,s1 old =ms & old cu/oms la/ ?r\gh ! ages & our c\ntry c pride itself n only on a glori\s pa/ b also on its ability to ma9ta9 s enviable a place 9 ! doma9 ( naval ar*itecture1 = ! words t ,wits5 wrote 9 #afga3 8,9 't ov]leg van e5 zu9ig mee/] be/aet al 't geheim van go$koop b\w540#bg c always be appli$ to our able build]s ( %ips4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,! entire secret ( economical con/ruction lies 9 ! reason+ ( a c>eful build]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,n #a ,tafel ,n #a--;,c>te ,n #a ,plate ,n #a ,,op ,,welke ,,wijze ,,de ,,s*eepsb\w ,,zi* ,,heeft ,,v]plaat/ ,,voor #aejj 7#a7 7#a7 ,wie si* d] ,s*iffbau vor #aejj bewegt hat4 ,evolution de l'ar*itecture navale avant #aejj4 ,way 9 :i* %ipbuild+ mov$ be=e #aejj4 7#b7 ,sdli*] ,mittelpunkt4 ,c5tre mridional4 ,s\!rn ,c5tre4 7#c7 ,nrdli*] ,mittelpunkt4 ,c5tre sept5trional4 ,nor!rn ,c5tre4 7#d7 ,er/e ,b]hrung zwis*5 dem sdli*5 und nrdli*5 ,mittelpunkt4 ,premi] contact entre le c5tre mridional et le c5tre sept5trional4 ,fir/ contact betwe5 ! ,s\!rn c5tre & ! ,nor!rn c5tre4 7#e7 ,er/] ,e9fluss des sdli*5 auf d5 nordli*5 ,mittelpunkt4 ,premire influ5ce du c5tre mridional sur le c5tre sept5trional4 ,fir/ influ5ce ( ! ,s\!rn c5tre on ! ,nor!rn c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,n #b ,tafel ,n #b -- ,c>te ,n #b ,plate ,n #b ,,op ,,welke ,,wijze ,,de ,,s*eepsb\w ,,zi* ,,heeft ,,v]plaat/ ,,na #aejj 7#a7 7#a7 ,wie si* d] ,s*iffbau na* #aejj bewegt hat4 volution de l'ar*itecture navale aprs #aejj4 ,way 9 :i* %ipbuild+ mov$ aft] #aejj4 7#b7 #aejj-agjj4 ,ni$]l&e4 #aejj-agjj4 ,pays-,bas4 #aejj-agjj4 ,ne!rl&s4 7#c7 ,/adte des ,hansabundes4 ,villes de la ligue hansatique4 ,cities ( ! ,hanseatic ,league4 7#d7 #agjj-ahjj4 ,frankrei*4 ,d] !oretis*e ,s*iffbau4 #agjj-ahjj4 ,la ,france4 ,l'ar*itecture navale ?orique4 #agjj-ahjj4 ,france4 ,!oretical %ipbuild+4 7#e7 ,die franzsis*e ,bauweise tr5nt si* von d] d] ,ni$]l&e4 ,l'ar*itecture navale franaise se sp>e de celle des ,pays-,bas4 ,fr5* %ipbuild+ )draws f t ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 7#f7 ,na* #ahjj4 ,engl&4 ,aprs #ahjj4 l',anglet]re4 ,aft] #ahjj4 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,n #c ,tafel ,n #c -- ,c>te ,n #c ,plate ,n #c ,,ka>t ,,d] ,,s*eepsmodell5 ,tafel d] ,s*iff/ype4 ,c>te des types navires4 ,plate %[+ types ( vessels4 ,i ,fries*e ,friesis*e ,type4 ,types ,frisons4 ,frisian types4 modell54 7,smack51 7,semaque1 etc47 7,smack1 etc47 7,smak1 enz47 u4 s4 w47 ,,ii ,ov]ijsels*e ,type von ,types de ,ov]ysel types4 modell54 ,ov]ysel4 l',ov]ysel4 7,somp4 pegge1 7,somp4 ,pegge1 7,somp4 pegge1 7,somp4 pegge1 enz47 u4 s4 w47 etc47 etc47 ,,iii ,b,rijn d] ,rhe9 ,le ,rh9 ,b,! ,rh9e o7,dor/5s*e 7,aak ,b7l',aque de o7,ake f v aak74 ,o von ,dor/574 o ,dor/574 v ,dor/574 e b v e ,,iv n,maas edie ,maas e,la ,meuse n,! ,meuse d7,h$els*e r7,aak von n7l',aque de d7,ake f l aak74 l ,h$el74 d ,h$el74 l ,h$el74 a l a ,v n,maas ndie ,maas a,la ,meuse n,! ,meuse d7,:ale majol74d7,:ale majol74 n7le ,:ale d7,! ,:ale e e dmajol74 e majol74 r r e r ,,vi s,bov5 d] ,ob]rhe9 r,le ,rh9 s,! ,upp] ,rijn 7d] ,ke574 ssuprieur ,rh9e 7,ke574 7d] ,ke574 7le ,ke574 7,ke574 ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,,d] ,,s*eepsmodell5 7#a7 ,,ka>t ,n #d ,tafel ,n #d--;,c>te ,n #d ,plate ,n #d 7#a7 ,,tafel ,,d] ,,s*iff/ype ,,c>te ,,des ,,types ,,de ,,navires ,,plate ,,%[+ ,,types ,,( ,,vessels ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,n #e ,tafel ,n #e--;,c>te ,n #e ,plate ,n #e ,,ka>t ,,d] ,,dialect5 ,,n$]l&4 ,dialecttafel4 ,ni$]l&e4 ,c>te des dialects4 ,pays-,bas4 ,dialect ,*>t4 ,ne!rl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,n #f ,tafel ,n #f--;,c>te ,n #f ,plate ,n #f ,,volkskle$]dra*t5 ,tafel d] ,volk/ra*t5 ,c>te des co/umes nationaux ,plate ( national co/umes ,illu/ration3 ,,ka>t ,n #g ,tafel ,n #g--;,c>te ,n #g ,plate ,n #g ,,ka>t ,,d] ,,bo]5won+5 ,tafel d] lndli*5 ,wohnhus]4 ,c>te des habitations rurales4 ,c\ntry homes4