,domestic ,medicine3 ,,or1 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,prevention ,,and ,,cure ,,of ,,diseases ,,by ,,regimen ,,and ,,simple ,,medicines4 ,,with ,an ,,appendix1 containing a ,,dispensatory for the ,use of ,private ,practitioners4 ,,by ,,william ,,buchan1 ,m4 ,d4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians1 ,edinburgh4 ,,the ,,twelfth ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,printed for ,a4 ,,strahan2 ,t4 ,,cadell in the ,strand2 and ,j4 ,,balfour1 and ,w4 ,,creech1 at ,edinburgh4 ,m ,,dcc ,,xci4 ,omnes homines artem medicam nsse oportet4----,sapienti cognitionem medicin sororem ac contubernalem esse puto4 ,,hippocrates4 ,primoque medendi scientia1 sapienti pars habebatur4----,rationalem quidem puto medicinam esse debere4 ,,celsus4 ,quemadmodum sanitas omnium rerum pretium excedit1 omnisque felicitas fundamentum est1 ita scientia vit ac sanitatis tuend omnium nobilissima1 omnibusque hominibus commendatissima esse debet4 ,,hoffman4 ,,to ,sir ,,joseph ,,banks1 ,bart4 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,society4 ,,sir1 ,the ,,domestic ,,medicine having been honoured1 on its first appearance1 with the patronage of your learned and worthy ,predecessor1 the late ,sir ,,john ,,pringle1 ,i beg leave1 in a more improved state1 to dedicate it to you1 as a small1 but sincere1 testimony of that veneration and esteem with which ,i have long beheld the ,man who1 born to ease and affluence1 had resolution to encounter the dangers of unknown seas and distant climes1 in pursuit of useful ,science2 and whose constant object has been to render that ,science subservient to the happiness and civilization of ,society1 ,i have the honour to be1 with great respect1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient servant1 ,london1 ,nov4 #aj1 #aghc4 ,w4 ,,buchan4 ,,advertisement4 ,twenty years have now elapsed since the first ,edition of this ,book made its appearance4 ,during this period1 the ,author1 having been in constant practice1 has taken occasion to improve several articles1 which were with less accuracy inserted in the more early impressions4 ,for this he has been censured by some1 but the more candid and discerning must approve his conduct4 ,it would be unpardonable in an ,author to suffer an error in a book1 on which health and life may depend1 to stand uncorrected2 nor would it be much less so to perceive an omission1 and leave it unsupplied4 ,his improvements1 however1 are not the result of mercenary views4 ,the same principle which prompted the ,author to write the ,book1 will ever induce him to improve it to the utmost of his power4 ,the ,author has indeed to regret1 that the limits of one volume preclude many interesting observations1 and likewise deprive him of the pleasure of inserting a number of very useful remarks made by his learned and ingenious friend ,doctor ,,duplanil1 of ,paris1 who has done him the honour of publishing an elegant translation of this ,work1 in five volumes octavo1 accompanied with an excellent commentary4 ,the improvements of the later editions are chiefly inserted in the form of notes4 ,these are intended either to illustrate the text1 or to put people on their guard in dangerous situations1 and prevent fatal mistakes in the practice of medicine1 which it is to be regretted are but too common4 ,some attention has likewise been paid to the language4 ,where that was either inaccurate or obscure1 as far as was practicable1 it has been corrected4 ,indeed1 the ,author has all along endeavoured to observe such simplicity and perspicuity in his style as might enable the reader clearly to understand it3 a circumstance of the utmost importance in a performance of this nature4 ,although the ,,domestic ,,medicine was never intended to supercede the use of a physician1 but to supply his place in situations where medical assistance could not easily be obtained2 yet the ,author is sorry to observe1 that the jealousies and fears of the ,faculty have prompted many of them to treat this ,work in a manner altogether unbecoming the professors of a liberal science3 notwithstanding their injurious treatment1 he is determined to persist in his plan1 being fully convinced of its utility2 nor shall interest or prejudice ever deter him from exerting his best endeavours to render the ,medical ,art more extensively beneficial to ,,mankind4 ,but this illiberal treatment of the ,faculty is not the only thing of which the ,author has cause to complain4 ,by some of them his ,book has been served up mangled and mutilated1 and its title1 type1 size1 c4 so closely imitated1 that purchasers are misled1 and frequently buy these spurious productions instead of the real one4 ,that a needy ,author1 incapable himself of producing an original work1 should prey upon another1 and that a mercenary ,bookseller should vend such productions1 knowing them to be stolen1 are things not at all to be wondered at3 but that all this can be done with impunity1 shews that the laws of this country respecting literary property1 are still in a very imperfect state1 and stand much in need of amendment4 ,,london1 ,dec4 #aj1 #aghi4 ,,preface4 ,when ,i first signified my intention of publishing the following sheets1 ,i was told by my friends it would draw on me the resentment of the whole ,faculty4 ,as ,i never could entertain such an unfavourable idea1 ,i was resolved to make the experiment1 which indeed came out pretty much as might have been expected4 ,many whose learning and liberality of sentiments do honour to medicine received the book in a manner which at once shewed their indulgence1 and the falsity of the opinion that every physician wishes to conceal his art2 while the more selfish and narrow-minded1 generally the most numerous in every profession1 have not failed to persecute both the book and its author4 ,the reception1 however1 which this work has met with from the ,public merits my most grateful acknowledgments4 ,as the best way of expressing these1 ,i have endeavoured to render it more generally useful1 by enlarging the prophylaxis1 or that part which treats of preventing diseases2 and by adding many articles which had been entirely omitted in the former impressions4 ,it is needless to enumerate these additions2 ,i shall only say1 that ,i hope they will be found real improvements4 ,the observations relative to ,nursing and the ,management of ,children1 were chiefly suggested by an extensive practice among infants1 in a large branch of the ,foundling ,hospital1 where ,i had an opportunity not only of treating the diseases incident to childhood1 but likewise of trying different plans of nursing1 and observing their effects4 ,whenever ,i had it in my power to place the children under the care of proper nurses1 to instruct these nurses in their duty1 and to be satisfied that they performed it1 very few of them died2 but when1 from distance of place1 and other unavoidable circumstances1 the children were left to the sole care of mercenary nurses1 without any person to instruct or superintend them1 scarce any of them lived4 ,this was so apparent1 as with me to amount to a proof of the following melancholy fact3 ,that almost one half of the human species perish in infancy1 by improper management or neglect4 ,this reflection has made me often wish to be the happy instrument of alleviating the miseries of those suffering innocents1 or of rescuing them from an untimely grave4 ,no one1 who has not had an opportunity of observing them1 can imagine what absurd and ridiculous practices still prevail in the nursing and management of infants1 and what numbers of lives are by that means lost to society4 ,as these practices are chiefly owing to ignorance1 it is to be hoped1 that when nurses are better informed1 their conduct will be more proper4 ,the application of medicine to the various occupations of life has been in general the result of observation4 ,an extensive practice for several years1 in one of the largest manufacturing towns in ,england1 afforded me sufficient opportunities of observing the injuries which those useful people sustain from their particular employments1 and likewise of trying various methods of obviating such injuries4 ,the success which attended these trials was sufficient to encourage this attempt1 which ,i hope will be of use to those who are under the necessity of earning their bread by such employments as are unfavourable to health4 ,i do not mean to intimidate men1 far less to insinuate that even those arts1 the practice of which is attended with some degree of danger1 should not be carried on2 but to guard the less cautious and unwary against those dangers which they have it in their power to avoid1 and which they often1 through mere ignorance1 incur4 ,as every occupation in life disposes those who follow it to some particular diseases more than to others1 it is certainly of importance to know these1 in order that people may be upon their guard against them4 ,it is always better to be warned of the approach of an enemy1 than to be surprised by him1 especially where there is a possibility of avoiding the danger4 ,the observations concerning ,diet1 ,air1 ,exercise1 c4 are of a more general nature1 and have not escaped the attention of physicians in any age4 ,they are subjects of too great importance1 however1 to be passed over in an attempt of this kind1 and can never be sufficiently recommended4 ,the man who pays a proper attention to these1 will seldom need the physician2 and he who does not1 will seldom enjoy health1 let him employ as many physicians as he pleases4 ,though we have endeavoured to point out the causes of diseases1 and to put people upon their guard against them1 yet it must be acknowledged that they are often of such a nature as to admit of being removed only by the diligence and activity of the public magistrate4 ,we are sorry1 indeed1 to observe1 that the power of the magistrate is seldom exerted in this country for the preservation of health4 ,the importance of a proper medical police is either not understood1 or little regarded4 ,many things highly injurious to the public health are daily practiced with impunity1 while others1 absolutely necessary for its preservation1 are entirely neglected4 ,some of the public means of preserving health are mentioned in the general prophylaxis1 as the inspection of provisions1 widening the streets of great towns1 keeping them clean1 supplying the inhabitants with wholesome water1 c42 but they are passed over in a very cursory manner4 ,a proper attention to these would have swelled this volume to too large a size2 ,i have therefore reserved them for the subject of a future publication4 ,in the treatment of diseases1 ,i have been peculiarly attentive to regimen4 ,the generality of people lay too much stress upon ,medicine1 and trust too little to their own endeavours4 ,it is always in the power of the patient1 or of those about him1 to do as much towards his recovery as can be effected by the physician4 ,by not attending to this1 the designs of ,medicine are often frustrated2 and the patient1 by pursuing a wrong plan of regimen1 not only defeats the ,doctor's endeavours1 but renders them dangerous4 ,i have often known patients killed by an error in regimen1 when they were using very proper medicines4 ,it will be said1 the physician always orders the regimen when he prescribes a medicine4 ,i wish it were so1 both for the honour of the ,faculty and the safety of their patients3 but physicians1 as well as other people1 are too little attentive to this matter4 ,though many reckon it doubtful whether physic is more beneficial or hurtful to mankind1 yet all allow the necessity and importance of a proper regimen in diseases4 ,indeed the very appetites of the sick prove its propriety4 ,no man in his senses ever imagined that a person in a fever1 for example1 could eat1 drink1 or conduct himself in the same manner as one in perfect health4 ,this part of medicine1 therefore1 is evidently founded in ,nature1 and is every way consistent with reason and common sense4 ,had men been more attentive to it1 and less solicitous in hunting after secret remedies1 ,medicine had never become an object of ridicule4 ,this seems to have been the first idea of ,medicine4 ,the ancient physicians acted chiefly in the capacity of nurses4 ,they went very little beyond aliment in their prescriptions2 and even this they generally administered themselves1 attending the sick for that purpose through the whole course of the disease2 which gave them an opportunity not only of marking the changes of diseases with great accuracy1 but likewise of observing the effects of their different applications1 and adapting them to the symptoms4 ,the learned ,dr4 ,arbuthnot asserts1 that by a proper attention to those things which are almost within the reach of every body1 more good and less mischief will be done in acute diseases1 than by medicines improperly and unseasonably administered2 and that great cures may be effected in chronical distempers1 by a proper regimen of the diet only4 ,so entirely do the ,doctor's sentiments and mine agree1 that ,i would advise every person1 ignorant of physic1 to confine his practice solely to diet1 and the other parts of regimen2 by which means he may often do much good1 and can seldom do any hurt4 ,this seems also to have been the opinion of the ingenious ,dr4 ,huxham1 who observes1 that we often seek from ,art what all-bountiful ,nature most readily1 and as effectually1 offers us1 had we diligence and sagacity enough to observe and make use of them2 that the dietetic part of ,medicine is not so much studied as it ought to be2 and that1 though less pompous1 yet it is the most natural method of curing diseases4 ,to render the book more generally useful1 however1 as well as more acceptable to the intelligent part of mankind1 ,i have in most diseases1 besides regimen1 recommended some of the most simple and approved forms of medicine1 and added such cautions and directions as seemed necessary for their safe administration1 it would no doubt have been more acceptable to many1 had it abounded with pompous prescriptions1 and promised great cures in consequence of their use2 but this was not my plan3 ,i think the administration of medicines always doubtful1 and often dangerous1 and would much rather teach men how to avoid the necessity of using them1 than how they should be used4 ,several medicines1 and those of considerable efficacy1 may be administered with great freedom and safety4 ,physicians generally trifle a long time with medicines before they learn their proper use4 ,many peasants at present know better how to use some of the most important articles in the materia medica1 than physicians did a century ago2 and doubtless the same observation will hold with regard to others some time hence4 ,wherever ,i was convinced that medicine might be used with safety1 or where the cure depended chiefly upon it1 ,i have taken care to recommend it2 but where it was either highly dangerous1 or not very necessary1 it is omitted4 ,i have not troubled the reader with an useless parade of quotations from different authors1 but have in general adopted their observations where my own were either defective1 or totally wanting4 ,those to whom ,i am most obliged are1 ,ramazini1 ,arbuthnot1 and ,tissot2 the last of which1 in his ,avis au ,peuple1 comes the nearest to my views of any author which ,i have seen4 ,had the ,doctor's plan been as complete as the execution is masterly1 we should have had no occasion for any new treatise of this kind soon2 but by confining himself to the acute diseases1 he has in my opinion omitted the most useful part of his subject4 ,people in acute diseases may sometimes be their own physicians2 but in the chronic1 the cure must ever depend chiefly upon the patient's own endeavours4 ,the ,doctor has also passed over the ,prophylaxis1 or preventive part of ,medicine1 very slightly1 though it is certainly of the greatest importance in such a work4 ,he had no doubt his reasons for so doing1 and ,i am so far from finding fault with him1 that ,i think his performance does great honour both to his head and to his heart4 ,several other foreign physicians of eminence have written on nearly the same plan with ,tissot1 as the ,baron ,van ,swieten1 physician to their ,imperial ,majesties1 ,m4 ,rosen1 first physician of the kingdom of ,sweden1 c42 but these gentlemen's productions have never come to my hand4 ,i cannot help wishing1 however1 that some of our distinguished countrymen would follow their example4 ,there still remains much to be done on this subject1 and it does not appear to me how any man could better employ his time or talents1 than in eradicating hurtful prejudices1 and diffusing useful knowledge among the people4 ,i know some of the ,faculty disapprove of every attempt of this nature1 imagining that it must totally destroy their influence4 ,but this notion appears to me to be as absurd as it is illiberal4 ,people in distress will always apply for relief to men of superior abilities1 when they have it in their power2 and they will do this with far greater confidence and readiness when they believe that ,medicine is a rational science1 than when they take it to be only a matter of mere conjecture4 ,though ,i have endeavoured to render this ,treatise plain and useful1 yet ,i found it impossible to avoid some terms of art2 but those are in general either explained1 or are such as most people understand4 ,in short1 ,i have endeavoured to conform my style to the capacities of mankind in general2 and1 if my ,readers do not flatter either themselves or me1 with some degree of success4 ,on a medical subject1 this is not so easy a matter as some may imagine4 ,to make a shew of learning is easier than to write plain sense1 especially in a science which has been kept at such a distance from common observation4 ,it would however be no difficult matter to prove1 that every thing valuable in the practical part of ,medicine is within the reach of common abilities4 ,it would be ungenerous not to express my warmest acknowledgments to those ,gentlemen who have endeavoured to extend the usefulness of this ,performance1 by translating it into the language of their respective countries4 ,most of them have not only given elegant translations of the ,book1 but have also enriched it with many useful observations2 by which it is rendered more complete1 and better adapted to the climate and the constitutions of their countrymen4 ,to the learned ,dr4 ,duplanil of ,paris1 physician to the ,count d',artois1 ,i lie under particular obligations2 as this ,gentleman has not only considerably enlarged my ,treatise1 but1 by his very ingenious and useful notes1 has rendered it so popular on the ,continent1 as to occasion its being translated into all the languages of modern ,europe4 ,i have only to add1 that the book has not more exceeded my expectations in its success1 than in the effects it has produced4 ,some of the most pernicious practices1 with regard to the treatment of the sick1 have already given place to a more rational conduct2 and many of the most hurtful prejudices1 which seemed to be quite insurmountable1 have in a great measure yielded to better information4 ,of this a stronger instance cannot be given than the inoculation of the small-pox4 ,few mothers1 some years ago1 would submit to have their children inoculated even by the hand of a ,physician2 yet nothing is more certain1 than that of late many of them have performed this operation with their own hands2 and as their success has been equal to that of the most dignified inoculators1 there is little reason to doubt that the practice will become general4 ,whenever this shall be the case1 more lives will be saved by inoculation alone1 than are at present by all the endeavours of the ,faculty4 ,,introduction4 ,the improvements in ,medicine1 since the revival of learning1 have by no means kept pace with those of the other arts4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,medicine has been studied by few1 except those who intended to live by it as a trade4 ,such1 either from a mistaken zeal for the honour of ,medicine1 or to raise their own importance1 have endeavoured to disguise and conceal the art4 ,medical authors have generally written in a foreign language2 and those who were unequal to this talk1 have even valued themselves upon couching1 at least1 their prescriptions1 in terms and characters unintelligible to the rest of mankind4 ,the contentions of the clergy1 which happened soon after the restoration of learning1 engaged the attention of mankind1 and paved the way for that freedom of thought and inquiry1 which has since prevailed in most parts of ,europe with regard to religious matters4 ,every man took a side in those bloody disputes2 and every gentleman1 that he might distinguish himself on one side or other1 was instructed in ,divinity4 ,this taught people to think and reason for themselves in matters of religion1 and at last totally destroyed that complete and absolute dominion which the clergy had obtained over the minds of men4 ,the study of ,law has likewise1 in most civilized nations1 been justly deemed a necessary part of the education of a gentleman4 ,every gentleman ought certainly to know at least the laws of his own country3 and1 if he were also acquainted with those of others1 it might be more than barely an ornament to him4 ,the different branches of ,philosophy have also of late been very universally studied by all who pretended to a liberal education4 ,the advantages of this are manifest4 ,it frees the mind from prejudice and superstition2 fits it for the investigation of truth2 induces habits of reasoning and judging properly2 opens an inexhaustible source of entertainment2 paves the way to the improvement of arts and agriculture2 and qualifies men for acting with propriety in the most important stations of life4 ,natural ,history is likewise become an object of general attention2 and it well deserves to be so4 ,it leads to discoveries of the greatest importance4 ,indeed agriculture1 the most useful of all arts1 is only a branch of ,natural ,history1 and can never arrive at a high degree of improvement where the study of that science is neglected4 ,medicine however has not1 as far as ,i know1 in any country1 been reckoned a necessary part of the education of a gentleman4 ,but surely no sufficient reason can be assigned for this omission4 ,no science lays open a more extensive field of useful knowledge1 or affords more ample entertainment to an inquisitive mind4 ,anatomy1 ,botany1 ,chymistry1 and the ,materia ,medica1 are all branches of ,natural ,history1 and are fraught with such amusement and utility1 that the man who entirely neglects them has but a sorry claim either to taste or learning4 ,if a gentleman has a turn for observation1 says an excellent and sensible writer#a1 surely the natural history of his own species is a more interesting subject1 and presents a more ample field for the exertion of genius1 than the natural history of spiders and cockle-shells4 ,we do not mean that every man should become a physician4 ,this would be an attempt as ridiculous as it is impossible4 ,all we plead for is1 that men of sense and learning should be so far acquainted with the general principles of ,medicine1 as to be in a condition to derive from it some of those advantages with which it is fraught2 and at the same time to guard themselves against the destructive influences of ,ignorance1 ,superstition1 and ,quackery4 ,as matters stand at present1 it is easier to cheat a man out of his life than of a shilling1 and almost impossible either to detect or punish the offender4 ,notwithstanding this1 people still shut their eyes1 and take every thing upon trust that is administered by any ,pretender to ,medicine1 without daring to ask him a reason for any part of his conduct4 ,implicit faith1 every where else the object of ridicule1 is still sacred here4 ,many of the faculty are no doubt worthy of all the confidence that can be reposed in them2 but as this can never be the character of every individual in any profession1 it would certainly be for the safety1 as well as the honour1 of mankind1 to have some check upon the conduct of those to whom they entrust so valuable a treasure as health4 ,the veil of mystery1 which still hangs over medicine1 renders it not only a conjectural1 but even a suspicious art4 ,this has been long ago removed from the other sciences1 which induces many to believe that ,medicine is a mere trick1 and that it will not bear a fair and candid examination4 ,medicine1 however1 needs only to be better known1 in order to secure the general esteem of mankind4 ,its precepts are such as every wise man would chuse to observe1 and it forbids nothing but what is incompatible with true happiness4 ,disguising ,medicine not only retards its improvement as a science1 but exposes the profession to ridicule1 and is injurious to the true interests of society4 ,an art founded on observation never can arrive at any high degree of improvement1 while it is confined to a few who make a trade of it4 ,the united observations of all the ingenious and sensible part of mankind1 would do more in a few years towards the improvement of ,medicine1 than those of the ,faculty alone in a great many4 ,any man can tell when a medicine gives him ease as well as a physician2 and if he only knows the name and dose of the medicine1 and the name of the disease1 it is sufficient to perpetuate the fact4 ,yet the man who adds one single fact to the stock of medical observations1 does more real service to the art1 than he who writes a volume in support of some favourable hypothesis4 ,very few of the valuable discoveries in ,medicine have been made by physicians4 ,they have in general either been the effect of chance or of necessity1 and have been usually opposed by the ,faculty1 till every one else was convinced of their importance4 ,an implicit faith in the opinions of teachers1 an attachment to systems and established forms1 and the dread of reflections1 will always operate upon those who follow ,medicine as a trade4 ,few improvements are to be expected from a man who might ruin his character and family by even the smallest deviation from an established rule4 ,if men of letters1 says the author of the performance quoted above1 were to claim their right of inquiry into a matter that so nearly concerns them1 the good effects on ,medicine would soon appear4 ,such men would have no separate interest from that of the art4 ,they would detect and expose assuming ,ignorance under the mask of ,gravity and ,importance1 and would be the judges and patrons of modest merit4 ,not having their understandings perverted in their youth by false theories1 unawed by authority1 and unbiassed by interest1 they would canvass with freedom the most universally received principles in ,medicine1 and expose the uncertainty of many of those doctrines1 of which a physician dares not so much as seem to doubt4 ,no argument1 continues he1 can be brought against laying open ,medicine1 which does not apply with equal1 if not greater force1 to religion2 yet experience has shewn1 that since the laity have asserted their right of inquiry into these subjects1 ,theology1 considered as a science1 has been improved1 the interests of real religion have been promoted1 and the clergy have become a more learned1 a more useful1 and a more respectable body of men1 than they ever were in the days of their greatest power and splendour4 ,had other medical writers been as honest as this gentleman1 the art had been upon a very different footing at this day4 ,most of them extol the merit of those men who brought ,philosophy out of the schools1 and subjected it to the rules of common sense4 ,but they never consider that ,medicine1 at present1 is in nearly the same situation as ,philosophy was at that time1 and that it might be as much improved by being treated in the same manner4 ,indeed1 no science can either be rendered rational or useful1 without being submitted to the common sense and reason of mankind4 ,these alone stamp a value upon science2 and what will not bear the test of these ought to be rejected4 ,i know it will be said1 that diffusing medical knowledge among the people might induce them to tamper with ,medicine1 and to trust to their own skill instead of calling a physician4 ,the reverse of this however is true4 ,persons who have most knowledge in these matters1 are commonly most ready both to ask and to follow advice1 when it is necessary4 ,the ignorant are always most apt to tamper with ,medicine1 and have the least confidence in physicians4 ,instances of this are daily to be met with among the ignorant peasants1 who1 while they absolutely refuse to take a medicine which has been prescribed by a physician1 will swallow with greediness any thing that is recommended to them by their credulous neighbours4 ,where men will act even without knowledge1 it is certainly more rational to afford them all the light we can1 than to leave them entirely in the dark4 ,it may also be alleged1 that laying ,medicine more open to mankind would lessen their faith in it4 ,this would indeed be the case with regard to some2 but it would have a quite contrary effect upon others4 ,i know many people who have the utmost dread and horror of every thing prescribed by a physician1 but who will nevertheless very readily take a medicine which they know1 and whose qualities they are in some measure acquainted with4 ,hence it is evident1 that the dread arises from the doctor1 not from the drug4 ,nothing ever can or will inspire mankind with an absolute confidence in physicians1 but an open1 frank1 and undisguised behaviour4 ,while the least shadow of mystery remains in the conduct of the ,faculty1 doubts1 jealousies1 and suspicions1 will arise in the minds of men4 ,no doubt cases will sometimes occur1 where a prudent physician may find it expedient to disguise a medicine4 ,the whims and humours of men must be regarded by those who mean to do them service2 but this can never affect the general argument in favour of candour and openness4 ,a man might as well allege1 because there are knaves and fools in the world1 that he ought to take every one he meets for such1 and to treat him accordingly4 ,a sensible physician will always know where disguise is necessary2 but it ought never to appear on the face of his general conduct4 ,the appearance of mystery in the conduct of physicians not only renders their art suspicious1 but lays the foundations of ,quackery1 which is the disgrace of ,medicine4 ,no two characters can be more different than that of the honest physician and the quack2 yet they have generally been very much confounded4 ,the line between them is not sufficiently apparent2 at least it is too fine for the general eye4 ,few persons are able to distinguish sufficiently between the conduct of that man who administers a secret medicine1 and him who writes a prescription in mystical characters and an unknown tongue4 ,thus the conduct of the honest physician1 which needs no disguise1 gives a sanction to that of the villain1 whose sole consequence depends upon secrecy4 ,no laws will ever be able to prevent quackery1 while people believe that the quack is as honest a man1 and as well qualified1 as the physician4 ,a very small degree of medical knowledge1 however1 would be sufficient to break this spell2 and nothing else can effectually undeceive them4 ,it is the ignorance and credulity of the multitude1 with regard to medicine1 which renders them such an easy prey to every one who has the hardiness to attack them on this quarter4 ,nor can the evil be remedied by any other means but by making them wiser4 ,the most effectual way to destroy quackery in any art or science1 is to diffuse the knowledge of it among mankind4 ,did physicians write their prescriptions in the common language of the country1 and explain their intentions to the patient1 as far as he could understand them1 it would enable him to know when the medicine had the desired effect2 would inspire him with absolute confidence in the physician2 and would make him dread and detest every man who pretended to cram a secret medicine down his throat4 ,men in the different states of society1 have very different views of the same object4 ,some time ago it was the practice of this country for every person to say his prayers in ,latin1 whether he knew any thing of that language or not4 ,this conduct1 though sacred in the eyes of our ancestors1 appears ridiculous enough to us2 and doubtless some parts of ours will seem as strange to posterity4 ,among these we may reckon the present mode of medical prescription1 which1 we venture to affirm1 will sometime hence appear to have been completely ridiculous1 and a very high burlesque upon the common sense of mankind4 ,but this practice is not only ridiculous1 it is likewise dangerous4 ,however capable physicians may be of writing ,latin1 ,i am certain apothecaries are not always in a condition to read it1 and that dangerous mistakes1 in consequence of this1 often happen4 ,but suppose the apothecary ever so able to read the physician's prescription1 he is generally otherwise employed1 and the business of making up prescriptions is left entirely to the apprentice4 ,by this means the greatest man in the kingdom1 even when he employs a first-rate physician1 in reality trusts his life in the hands of an idle boy1 who has not only the chance of being very ignorant1 but likewise giddy and careless4 ,mistakes will sometimes happen in spite of the greatest care2 but1 where human lives are concerned1 all possible methods ought certainly to be taken to prevent them4 ,for this reason1 the prescriptions of physicians1 instead of being couched in mystical characters and a foreign language1 ought1 in my humble opinion1 to be conceived in the most plain and obvious terms imaginable4 ,diffusing medical knowledge among the people would not only tend to improve the art1 and to banish quackery1 but likewise to render ,medicine more universally useful1 by extending its benefits to society4 ,however long ,medicine may have been known as a science1 we will venture to say1 that many of its most important purposes to society have either been overlooked1 or very little attended to4 ,the cure of diseases is doubtless a matter of great importance2 but the preservation of health is of still greater4 ,this is the concern of every man1 and surely what relates to it ought to be rendered as plain and obvious to all as possible4 ,it is not to be supposed1 that men can be sufficiently upon their guard against diseases1 who are totally ignorant of their causes4 ,neither can the legislature1 in whose power it is to do much more for preserving the public health than can ever be done by the ,faculty1 exert that power with propriety1 and to the greatest advantage1 without some degree of medical knowledge4 ,men of every occupation and condition in life might avail themselves of a degree of medical knowledge2 as it would teach them to avoid the dangers peculiar to their respective stations2 which is always easier than to remove their effects4 ,medical knowledge1 instead of being a check upon the enjoyments of life1 only teaches men how to make the most of them4 ,it has indeed been said1 that to live medically is to live miserably3 but it might with equal propriety be said1 that to live rationally is to live miserably4 ,if physicians obtrude their own ridiculous whims upon mankind1 or lay down rules inconsistent with reason or common sense1 no doubt they will be despised4 ,but this is not the fault of ,medicine4 ,it proposes no rules that ,i know1 but such as are perfectly consistent with the true enjoyment of life1 and every way conducive to the real happiness of mankind4 ,we are sorry indeed to observe1 that ,medicine has hitherto hardly been considered as a popular science1 but as a branch of knowledge solely confined to a particular set of men1 while all the rest have been taught not only to neglect1 but even to dread and despise it4 ,it will however appear1 upon a more strict examination1 that no science better deserves their attention1 or is more capable of being rendered generally useful4 ,people are told1 that if they dip the least into medical knowledge1 it will render them fanciful1 and make them believe they have every disease of which they read4 ,this ,i am satisfied will seldom be the case with sensible people2 and1 suppose it were1 they must soon be undeceived4 ,a short time will shew them their error1 and a little more reading will infallibly correct it4 ,a single instance will shew the absurdity of this notion4 ,a sensible lady1 rather than read a medical performance1 which would instruct her in the management of her children1 must leave them entirely to the care and conduct of the most ignorant1 credulous1 and superstitious part of the human species4 ,no part of ,medicine is of more general importance than that which relates to the nursing and management of children4 ,yet few parents pay a proper attention to it4 ,they leave the sole care of their tender offspring1 at the very time when care and attention are most necessary1 to hirelings1 who are either too careless to do their duty1 or too ignorant to know it4 ,we will venture to affirm1 that more human lives are lost by the carelessness and inattention of parents and nurses1 than are saved by the ,faculty2 and that the joint and well-conducted endeavours1 both of private persons and the public1 for the preservation of infant lives1 would be of more advantage to society1 than the whole art of ,medicine1 upon its present footing4 ,the benefits of ,medicine1 as a trade1 will ever be confined to those who are able to pay for them2 and of course1 the far greater part of mankind will be every where deprived of them4 ,physicians1 like other people1 must live by their employment1 and the poor must either want advice altogether1 or take up with that which is worse than none4 ,there are not however any where wanting well-disposed people1 of better sense1 who are willing to supply the defect of medical advice to the poor1 did not their fear of doing ill often suppress their inclination to do good4 ,such people are often deterred from the most noble and praise-worthy actions1 by the foolish alarms sounded in their ears by a set of men who1 to raise their own importance1 magnify the difficulties of doing good1 find fault with what is truly commendable1 and fleer at every attempt to relieve the sick which is not conducted by the precise rules of ,medicine4 ,these gentlemen must however excuse me for saying1 that ,i have often known such well-disposed persons do much good2 and that their practice1 which is generally the result of good sense and observation1 assisted by a little medical reading1 is frequently more rational than that of the ignorant retainer to physic1 who despises both reason and observation1 that he may go wrong by rule2 and who1 while he is dosing his patient with medicines1 often neglects other things of far greater importance4 ,many things are necessary for the sick besides medicine4 ,nor is the person who takes care to procure those for them1 of less importance than a physician4 ,the poor oftener perish in diseases for want of proper nursing than of medicine4 ,they are frequently in want of even the necessaries of life1 and still more so of what is proper for a sickbed4 ,no one can imagine1 who has not been a witness of these situations1 how much good a well-disposed person may do1 by only taking care to have such wants supplied4 ,there certainly cannot be a more necessary1 a more noble1 or a more godlike action1 than to administer to the wants of our fellow-creatures in distress4 ,while virtue or religion are known among mankind1 this conduct will be approved2 and while ,heaven is just1 it must be rewarded6 ,persons who do not chuse to administer medicine to the sick1 may nevertheless direct their regimen4 ,an eminent medical author has said1 ,that by diet alone all the intentions of ,medicine may be answered#b4 ,no doubt a great many of them may2 but there are other things beside diet1 which ought by no means to be neglected4 ,many hurtful and destructive prejudices1 with regard to the treatment of the sick1 still prevail among the people1 which persons of better sense and learning alone can eradicate4 ,to guard the poor against the influence of these prejudices1 and to instil into their minds some just ideas of the importance of proper food1 fresh air1 cleanliness1 and other pieces of regimen necessary in diseases1 would be a work of great merit1 and productive of many happy consequences4 ,a proper regimen1 in most diseases1 is at least equal to medicine1 and in many of them it is greatly superior4 ,to assist the well-meant endeavours of the humane and benevolent in relieving distress2 to eradicate dangerous and hurtful prejudices2 to guard the ignorant and credulous against the frauds and impositions of quacks and impostors2 and to shew men what is in their own power1 both with regard to the prevention and cure of diseases1 are certainly objects worthy of the physician's attention4 ,these were the leading views in composing and publishing the following sheets4 ,they were suggested by an attention to the conduct of mankind1 with regard to ,medicine1 in the course of a pretty long practice in different parts of this island1 during which the author has often had occasion to wish that his patients1 or those about them1 had been possessed of some such plain directory for regulating their conduct4 ,how far he has succeeded in his endeavours to supply this deficiency1 must be left for others to determine2 but if they be found to contribute in any measure towards alleviating the calamities of mankind1 he will think his labour very well bestowed4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,of the general ,causes of ,diseases4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,children ,page #a -- ,diseased ,parents #g -- ,clothing of ,children #i -- ,food of ditto #ae -- ,exercise of ditto #ba -- ,bad ,effects of unwholesome ,air upon ditto #cj -- ,nurses #cc ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,laborious1 c4 #cg -- the ,sedentary #dg -- the ,studious #ed ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of ,aliment #fb ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,air #ge ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,exercise #ha ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of ,sleep #hg -- ,clothing #hi ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of ,intemperance #id ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of ,cleanliness #ajj ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of ,infection #ajf ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of the ,passions #aaa -- ,anger #aab -- ,fear ib4 -- ,grief #aaf -- ,love #aai -- ,religious ,melancholy #abj ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,common ,evacuations #aba -- ,stool ib4 -- ,urine #abc -- ,perspiration #abe -- being affected by ,changes in the ,atmosphere #abf -- ,wet ,clothes #abg -- ,wet ,feet ib4 -- ,night ,air #abh -- ,damp ,beds ib4 -- ,damp ,houses #acj -- ,sudden ,transitions from ,heat to ,cold #aca ,,part ,,ii4 ,of ,diseases4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the ,knowledge and ,cure of ,diseases #ace ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,fevers in general #adj ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of intermitting ,fevers or ,agues #adg ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,of an ,acute ,continual ,fever #aeg ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,of the ,pleurisy #afc ---- ,bastard ditto #afi ---- ,paraphrenitis #agj ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,inflammation of the ,lungs #aga ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,of ,consumptions #agd ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,of the ,slow or ,nervous ,fever #ahh ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,malignant1 ,putrid1 or ,spotted ,fever #aie ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,miliary ,fever #bje ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,remitting ,fever #baj ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,the ,small-pox #bad ,inoculation #bbg ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the ,measles #bdj -- ,scarlet ,fever #bde -- ,bilious ,fever #bdg ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,st4 ,anthony's ,fire #bdh ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,inflammation of the ,brain #bed ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,inflammation of the ,eyes #beh ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,the ,quinsey #bfd -- ,malignant ditto #bga ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,colds and ,coughs #bgf ,a ,common ,cough #bhj ,hooping-,cough #bhd ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,inflammation of the ,stomach #bhi ---- of the ,intestines #bia ,of the ,colic #bie ,inflammation of the ,kidnies #cja ---- of the ,bladder #cjd ---- of the ,liver #cje ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,of the ,cholera ,morbus1 and other excessive ,discharges from the ,stomach and ,bowels #cji -- a ,diarrha1 or ,looseness #cab -- ,vomiting #cae ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,disorders of the ,kidnies and ,bladder #cai ,of the ,diabetes1 or excessive ,discharge of ,urine ib4 -- ,suppression of ditto #cbb -- the ,gravel and ,stone #cbd ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,involuntary ,discharges of ,blood #cbh ,bleeding at the ,nose #cca ,bleeding and ,blind ,piles #ccd ,spitting of ,blood #ccg ,vomiting of ditto #cda ,bloody ,urine #cdb ---- ,flux #cde ,cliac ,passion #cea ,,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 ,of the ,head-ach #ceb ---- ,tooth-ach #ceg ---- ,ear-ach #cfj ,pain of the ,stomach1 c4 #cfb ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,of ,worms #cfe ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,of the ,jaundice #cgj ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 ,of the ,dropsy #cgd ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 ,of the ,gout #chj ---- ,rheumatism #chh ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,of the ,scurvy #cic ---- ,scrophula #cih ---- ,itch #djc ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,of the ,asthma #djf ,,chap4 ,,xli4 ,of the ,apoplexy #daj ,,chap4 ,,xlii4 ,of ,costiveness #dad -- ,want of ,appetite #daf -- ,heart-burn #dah ,,chap4 ,,xliii4 ,of ,nervous ,diseases #dbj -- ,melancholy #dbf -- the ,palsy #dcj -- the ,epilepsy1 or ,falling ,sickness #dcb -- the ,hiccup #dcf -- ,cramp of the ,stomach #dch -- the ,night-mare #dci -- ,swoonings #ddj -- ,flatulencies1 or ,wind #ddc -- ,low ,spirits #ddf -- ,hysteric ,affections #ddg -- ,hypochondriac ,affections #dea ,,chap4 ,,xliv4 ,disorders of the ,senses #def ---- of the ,eye ib4 ,a ,gutta ,serena #deh ,a ,cataract #deh ,short ,sightedness #dei ,seeing only at too great a ,distance ib4 ,squinting ib4 ,spots or ,specks ib4 ,bloodshot ,eye ib4 ,watery or ,weeping ,eye #dfj ,of the ,ear ib4 ---- ,taste and ,smell #dfc ---- ,touch #dfe ,,chap4 ,,xlv4 ,of a ,scirrhus and ,cancer #dff ,,chap4 ,,xlvi4 ,of ,poisons #dgb -- ,mineral ,poisons #dgd -- ,vegetable ditto #dge ,bites of poisonous ,animals #dgg ---- of the ,mad ,dog ib4 ---- of the ,viper #dhe ---- of poisonous ,infects #dhf ---- of the ,rattle-,snake #dhh ,,chap4 ,,xlvii4 ,of the ,venereal ,disease #dhi ---- ,virulent ,gonorrha #dij -- ,gleets #ejj -- ,swelled ,testicle #ejc -- ,buboes #ejd -- ,chancres #ejf -- ,a ,confirmed ,lues or ,pox #eaj ,general ,observations #eae ,,chap4 ,,xlviii4 ,diseases of ,women #eba ,of the ,menstrual ,discharge #ebb -- ,pregnancy #ecj -- ,childbirth #ecc -- ,barrenness #edb ,,chap4 ,,xlix4 ,diseases of ,children #edd ,of the ,meconium #edf -- the ,apth or ,thrush #edg -- ,acidities #edh -- ,galling and ,excoriation #eej -- ,stoppage of the ,nose ib4 -- ,vomiting #eea -- a ,looseness #eeb -- ,eruptions #eed -- the ,croup #eeg -- ,teething #eei -- the ,rickets #efb -- ,convulsions #efe -- ,water in the ,head #efg ,,chap4 ,l4 ,of ,surgery #efi -- ,bleeding #egj -- ,inflammations and ,abscesses #egc -- ,wounds #ege -- ,burns #ehj -- ,bruises #ehb ,ulcers #ehc ,,chap4 ,,li4 ,of ,dislocations #ehf ,dislocation of the ,jaw #ehh ---- of the ,neck #ehi ---- of the ,ribs #eij ---- of the ,shoulder ib4 ---- of the ,elbow #eia ---- of the ,wrist and ,fingers #eib ---- of the ,thigh ib4 ---- of the ,knees ib4 ---- of the ,ancles ib4 ---- of the ,toes ib4 ,,chap4 ,,lii4 ,of broken ,bones1 c4 #eic -- ,strains #eig -- ,ruptures #eih ,,chap4 ,,liii4 ,of ,casualties #fjj -- ,substances stopt between the ,mouth and ,stomach #fjb -- ,drowned ,persons #fjh -- ,noxious ,vapours #fac ,effects of ,extreme ,cold #faf ---- ,heat #fah ,,chap4 ,,liv4 ,of ,fainting ,fits1 and other ,cases which require immediate ,assistance #fah -- ,intoxication #fbc -- ,suffocation and ,strangling #fbf -- ,persons who expire in ,convulsion ,fits #fbi ,,chap4 ,,lv4 ,cautions concerning ,cold ,bathing1 and drinking the ,mineral ,waters #fcc ,,contents of the ,,appendix4 ,introduction ,page #fdi ,list of ,simples #fed ,medical ,preparations4 ,balsams #feg ,boluses #feh ,cataplasms and ,sinapisms #fei ,clysters #ffj ,collyria1 or ,eye-waters #ffb ,confections #ffc ,conserves and ,preserves #ffd ,decoctions #ffe ,draughts #ffh ,electuaries #ffi ,emulsions #fgb ,extracts #fgc ,fomentations ib4 ,gargles #fgd ,infusions #fgf ,juleps #fgh ,mixtures #fhj ,ointments1 ,liniments1 and ,cerates #fha ,pills #fhd ,plasters #fhh ,powders #fij ,syrups #fid ,tinctures1 ,elixirs1 c4 ib4 ,vinegars #fii ,waters by ,infusion1 c4 #gja ,simple distilled ,waters #gjc ,spirituous distilled ,waters #gjd ,wheys ib4 ,wines #gje ,a ,,glossary #gjh ,,index #gac ,,part ,i4 ,,of ,,the ,,general ,,causes ,,of ,,diseases4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,of ,,children4 ,the better to trace diseases from their original causes1 we shall take a view of the common treatment of mankind in the state of infancy4 ,in this period of our lives1 the foundations of a good or bad constitution are generally laid2 it is therefore of importance1 that parents be well acquainted with the various causes which may injure the health of their offspring4 ,it appears from the annual registers of the dead1 that almost one half of the children born in ,great ,britain die under twelve years of age4 ,to many1 indeed1 this may appear a natural evil2 but1 on due examination1 it will be found to be one of our own creating4 ,were the death of infants a natural evil1 other animals would be as liable to die young as man2 but this we find is by no means the case4 ,it may seem strange that man1 notwithstanding his superior reason1 should fall so far short of other animals in the management of his young3 ,but our surprise will soon cease1 if we consider that brutes1 guided by instinct1 never err in this respect2 while man1 trusting solely to art1 is seldom right4 ,were a catalogue of those infants who perish annually by art alone exhibited to public view1 it would astonish most people4 ,if parents are above taking care of their children1 others must be employed for that purpose3 these will always endeavour to recommend themselves by the appearance of extraordinary skill and address4 ,by this means such a number of unnecessary and destructive articles have been introduced into the diet1 clothing1 c4 of infants1 that it is no wonder so many of them perish4 ,nothing can be more preposterous than a mother who thinks it below her to take care of her own child1 or who is so ignorant as not to know what is proper to be done for it4 ,if we search ,nature throughout1 we cannot find a parallel to this4 ,every other animal is the nurse of its own offspring1 and they thrive accordingly4 ,were the brutes to bring up their young by proxy1 they would share the same fate with those of the human species4 ,we mean not1 however1 to impose it as a task upon every mother to suckle her own child4 ,this1 whatever speculative writers may allege1 is in some cases impracticable1 and would inevitably prove destructive both to the mother and child4 ,women of delicate constitutions1 subject to hysteric fits1 or other nervous affections1 make very bad nurses3 and these complaints are now so common1 that it is rare to find a woman of fashion free from them2 such women1 therefore1 supposing them willing1 are often unable to suckle their own children4 ,almost every mother would be in a condition to give suck1 did mankind live agreeably to ,nature3 but whoever considers how far many mothers deviate from her dictates1 will not be surprised to find some of them unable to perform that necessary office4 ,mothers who do not eat a sufficient quantity of solid food1 nor enjoy the benefit of free air and exercise1 can neither have wholesome juices themselves1 nor afford proper nourishment to an infant4 ,hence children who are suckled by delicate women1 either die young1 or continue weak and sickly all their lives4 ,when we say that mothers are not always in a condition to suckle their own children1 we would not be understood as discouraging that practice4 ,every mother who can1 ought certainly to perform so tender and agreeable an office#c4 ,but1 suppose it to be out of her power1 she may1 nevertheless1 be of great service to her child4 ,the business of nursing is by no means confined to giving suck4 ,to a woman who abounds with milk1 this is the easiest part of it4 ,numberless other offices are necessary for a child1 which the mother ought at least to see done4 ,a mother who abandons the fruit of her womb1 as soon as it is born1 to the sole care of an hireling1 hardly deserves that name4 ,a child1 by being brought up under the mother's eye1 not only secures her affection1 but may reap all the advantages of a parent's care1 though it be suckled by another4 ,how can a mother be better employed than in superintending the nursery8 ,this is at once the most delightful and important office2 yet the most trivial business or insipid amusements are often preferred to it6 ,a strong proof both of the bad taste and wrong education of modern females4 ,it is indeed to be regretted1 that more care is not bestowed in teaching the proper management of children to those whom ,nature has designed for mothers4 ,this1 instead of being made the principal1 is seldom considered as any part of female education4 ,is it any wonder1 when females so educated come to be mothers1 that they should be quite ignorant of the duties belonging to that character8 ,however strange it may appear1 it is certainly true1 that many mothers1 and those of fashion too1 are as ignorant1 when they have brought a child into the world1 of what is to be done for it1 as the infant itself4 ,indeed1 the most ignorant of the sex are generally reckoned most knowing in the business of nursing4 ,hence1 sensible people become the dupes of ignorance and superstition2 and the nursing of children1 instead of being conducted by reason1 is the result of whim and caprice#d4 ,were the time that is generally spent by females in the acquisition of trifling accomplishments1 employed in learning how to bring up their children2 how to dress them so as not to hurt1 cramp1 or confine their motions2 how to feed them with wholesome and nourishing food2 how to exercise their tender bodies1 so as best to promote their growth and strength3 were these made the objects of female instruction1 mankind would derive the greatest advantages from it4 ,but while the education of females implies little more than what relates to dress and public shew1 we have nothing to expect from them but ignorance even in the most important concerns4 ,did mothers reflect on their own importance1 and lay it to heart1 they would embrace every opportunity of informing themselves of the duties which they owe to their infant offspring4 ,it is their province1 not only to form the body1 but also to give the mind its most early bias4 ,they have it very much in their power to make men healthy or valetudinary1 useful in life1 or the pests of society4 ,but the mother is not the only person concerned in the management of children4 ,the father has an equal interest in their welfare1 and ought to assist in every thing that respects either the improvement of the body or mind4 ,it is pity that the men should be so inattentive to this matter4 ,their negligence is one reason why females know so little of it4 ,women will ever be desirous to excel in such accomplishments as recommend them to the other sex4 ,but men generally keep at such a distance from even the smallest acquaintance with the affairs of the nursery1 that many would reckon it an affront1 were they supposed to know any thing of them4 ,not so1 however1 with the kennel or the stables3 a gentleman of the first rank is not ashamed to give directions concerning the management of his dogs or horses1 yet would blush were he surprised in performing the same office for that being who derived its exigence from himself1 who is the heir of his fortunes1 and the future hope of his country4 ,nor have physicians themselves been sufficiently attentive to the management of children3 this has been generally considered as the sole province of old women1 while men of the first character in physic have refused to visit infants even when sick4 ,such conduct in the faculty has not only caused this branch of medicine to be neglected1 but has also encouraged the other sex to assume an absolute title to prescribe for children in the most dangerous diseases4 ,the consequence is1 that a physician is seldom called till the good women have exhausted all their skill2 when his attendance can only serve to divide the blame1 and appease the disconsolate parents4 ,nurses should do all in their power to prevent diseases2 but when a child is taken ill1 some person of skill ought immediately to be consulted4 ,the diseases of children are generally acute1 and the least delay is dangerous4 ,were physicians more attentive to the diseases of infants1 they would not only be better qualified to treat them properly when sick1 but likewise to give useful directions for their management when well4 ,the diseases of children are by no means so difficult to be understood as many imagine4 ,it is true1 children cannot tell their complaints2 but the causes of them may be pretty certainly discovered by observing the symptoms1 and putting proper questions to the nurses4 ,besides1 the diseases of infants being less complicated1 are easier cured than those of adults#e4 ,it is really astonishing1 that so little attention should in general be paid to the preservation of infants4 ,what labour and expence are daily bestowed to prop an old tottering carcase for a few years1 while thousands of those who might be useful in life1 perish without being regarded6 ,mankind are too apt to value things according to their present1 not their future1 usefulness4 ,though this is of all others the most erroneous method of estimation2 yet upon no other principle is it possible to account for the general indifference with respect to the death of infants4 ,of ,diseased ,parents4 ,one great source of the diseases of children is1 the ,,unhealthiness ,,of ,,parents4 ,it would be as reasonable to expect a rich crop from a barren soil1 as that strong and healthy children should be born of parents whose constitutions have been worn out with intemperance or disease4 ,an ingenious writer#f observes1 that on the constitution of mothers depends originally that of their offspring4 ,no one who believes this1 will be surprised1 on a view of the female world1 to find diseases and death so frequent among children4 ,a delicate female1 brought up within doors1 an utter stranger to exercise and open air1 who lives on tea and other slops1 may bring a child into the world1 but it will hardly be fit to live4 ,the first blast of disease will nip the tender plant in the bud3 or1 should it struggle through a few years existence1 its feeble frame1 shaken with convulsions from every trivial cause1 will be unable to perform the common functions of life1 and prove a burden to society4 ,if to the delicacy of mothers1 we add the irregular lives of fathers1 we shall see further cause to believe that children are often hurt by the constitution of their parents4 ,a sickly frame may be originally induced by hardships or intemperance1 but chiefly by the latter4 ,it is impossible that a course of vice should not spoil the best constitution3 and1 did the evil terminate here1 it would be a just punishment for the folly of the sufferer2 but when once a disease is contracted and riveted in the habit1 it is entailed on posterity4 ,what a dreadful inheritance is the gout1 the scurvy1 or the ,king's evil1 to transmit to our offspring6 how happy had it been for the heir of many a great estate1 had he been born a beggar1 rather than to inherit his father's fortunes at the expence of inheriting his diseases6 ,a person labouring under any incurable malady ought not to marry4 ,he thereby not only shortens his own life1 but transmits misery to others3 but when both parties are deeply tainted with the scrophula1 the scurvy1 or the like1 the effects must be still worse4 ,if such have any issue1 they must be miserable indeed4 ,want of attention to these things1 in forming connexions for life1 has rooted out more families than plague1 famine1 or the sword2 and as long as these connexions are formed from mercenary views1 the evil will be continued#g4 ,in our matrimonial contracts1 it is amazing so little regard is had to the health and form of the object4 ,our sportsmen know1 that the generous courser cannot be bred out of the foundered jade1 nor the sagacious spaniel out of the snarling cur4 ,this is settled upon immutable laws4 ,the man who marries a woman of a sickly constitution1 and descended of unhealthy parents1 whatever his views may be1 cannot be said to act a prudent part4 ,a diseased woman may prove fertile2 should this be the case1 the family must become an infirmary3 what prospect of happiness the father of such a family has1 we shall leave any one to judge#h4 ,such children as have the misfortune to be born of diseased parents1 will require to be nursed with greater care than others4 ,this is the only way to make amends for the defects of constitution2 and it will often go a great length4 ,a healthy nurse1 wholesome air1 and sufficient exercise1 will do wonders4 ,but when these are neglected1 little is to be expected from any other quarter4 ,the defects of constitution cannot be supplied by medicine4 ,those who inherit any family disease ought to be very circumspect in their manner of living4 ,they should consider well the nature of such disease1 and guard against it by a proper regimen4 ,it is certain1 that family diseases have often1 by proper care1 been kept off for one generation2 and there is reason to believe1 that1 by persisting in the same course1 such diseases might at length be wholly eradicated4 ,this is a subject very little regarded1 though of the greatest importance4 ,family constitutions are as capable of improvement as family estates2 and the libertine1 who impairs the one1 does greater injury to his posterity1 than the prodigal who squanders away the other4 ,of the ,clothing of ,children4 ,the clothing of an infant is so simple a matter1 that it is surprising how any person should err in it2 yet many children lose their lives1 and others are deformed1 by inattention to this article4 ,nature knows no use of clothes to an infant1 but to keep it warm4 ,all that is necessary for this purpose1 is to wrap it in a soft loose covering4 ,were a mother left to the dictates of ,nature alone1 she would certainly pursue this course4 ,but the business of dressing an infant has long been out of the hands of mothers1 and has at last become a secret which none but adepts pretend to understand4 ,from the most early ages it has been thought necessary1 that a woman in labour should have some person to attend her4 ,this in time became a business2 and1 as in all others1 those who were employed in it strove to outdo one another in the different branches of their profession4 ,the dressing of a child came of course to be considered as the midwife's province1 who no doubt imagined1 that the more dexterity she could shew in this article1 the more her skill would be admired4 ,her attempts were seconded by the vanity of parents1 who1 too often desirous of making a shew of the infant as soon as it was born1 were ambitious to have as much finery heaped upon it as possible4 ,thus it came to be thought as necessary for a midwife to excel in bracing and dressing an infant1 as for a surgeon to be expert in applying bandages to a broken limb2 and the poor child1 as soon as it came into the world1 had as many rollers and wrappers applied to its body1 as if every bone had been fractured in the birth2 while these were often so tight1 as not only to gall and wound its tender frame1 but even to obstruct the motion of the heart1 lungs1 and other organs necessary for life4 ,in most parts of ,britain1 the practice of rolling children with so many bandages is now1 in some measure1 laid aside2 but it would still be a difficult task to persuade the generality of mankind1 that the shape of an infant does not entirely depend on the care of the midwife4 ,so far1 however1 are all her endeavours to mend the shape from being successful1 that they constantly operate the contrary way1 and mankind become deformed in proportion to the means used to prevent it4 ,how little deformity of body is to be found among uncivilized nations8 ,so little indeed1 that it is vulgarly believed they put all their deformed children to death4 ,the truth is1 they hardly know such a thing as a deformed child4 ,neither should we1 if we followed their example4 ,savage nations never think of manacling their children4 ,they allow them the full use of every organ1 carry them abroad in the open air1 wash their bodies daily in cold water1 c4 ,by this management1 their children become so strong and hardy1 that1 by the time our puny infants get out of the nurse's arms1 theirs are able to shift for themselves#i4 ,among brute animals1 no art is necessary to procure a fine shape4 ,though many of them are extremely delicate when they come into the world1 yet we never find them grow crooked for want of swaddling bands4 ,is nature less generous to the human kind8 ,no3 but we take the business out of ,nature's hands4 ,not only the analogy of other animals1 but the very feelings of infants tell us1 they ought to be kept easy and free from all pressure4 ,they cannot indeed tell their complaints2 but they can shew signs of pain2 and this they never fail to do1 by crying when hurt by their clothes4 ,no sooner are they freed from their bracings1 than they seem pleased and happy2 yet1 strange infatuation6 the moment they hold their peace1 they are again committed to their chains4 ,if we consider the body of an infant as a bundle of soft pipes1 replenished with fluids in continual motion1 the danger of pressure will appear in the strongest light4 ,nature1 in order to make way for the growth of children1 has formed their bodies soft and flexible2 and lest they should receive any injury from pressure in the womb1 has surrounded the ftus every where with fluids4 ,this shews the care which ,nature takes to prevent all unequal pressure on the bodies of infants1 and to defend them against every thing that might in the least cramp or confine their motions4 ,even the bones of an infant are so soft and cartilaginous1 that they readily yield to the slightest pressure1 and easily assume a bad shape1 which can never after be remedied4 ,hence it is1 that so many people appear with high shoulders1 crooked spines1 and flat breasts1 who were as well proportioned at their birth as others1 but had the misfortune to be squeezed out of shape by the application of stays and bandages4 ,pressure1 by obstructing the circulation1 likewise prevents the equal distribution of nourishment to the different parts of the body1 by which means the growth becomes unequal4 ,one part grows too large1 while another remains too small2 and thus in time the whole frame becomes disproportioned and misshapen4 ,to this we must add1 that when a child is cramped in its clothes1 it naturally shrinks from the part that is hurt2 and1 by putting its body into unnatural postures it becomes deformed by habit4 ,deformity of body may indeed proceed from weakness or disease2 but1 in general1 it is the effect of improper clothing4 ,nine-tenths1 at least1 of the deformity among mankind1 must be imputed to this cause4 ,a deformed body is not only disagreeable to the eye1 but by a bad figure both the animal and vital functions must be impeded1 and of course health impaired4 ,hence few people remarkably mishapen are strong or healthy4 ,the new motions which commence at the birth1 as the circulation of the whole mass of blood through the lungs1 respiration1 the peristaltic motion1 c4 afford another strong argument for keeping the body of an infant free from all pressure4 ,these organs1 not having been accustomed to move1 are easily stopped2 but when this happens1 death must ensue4 ,hardly any method could be devised more effectually to stop these motions1 than bracing the body too tight with rollers#aj and bandages4 ,were these to be applied in the same manner to the body of an adult for an equal length of time1 they would hardly fail to hurt the digestion and make him sick4 ,how much more hurtful they must prove to the tender bodies of infants1 we shall leave any one to judge4 ,whoever considers these things will not be surprised1 that so many children die of convulsions soon after the birth4 ,these fits are generally attributed to some inward cause2 but in fact1 they oftener proceed from our own imprudent conduct4 ,i have known a child seized with convulsion-fits soon after the midwife had done swaddling it1 who1 upon taking off the rollers and bandages1 was immediately relieved1 and never had the disease afterwards4 ,numerous examples of this might be given1 were they necessary4 ,it would be safer to fasten the cloths of an infant with strings than pins1 as these often gall and irritate their tender skins1 and occasion disorders4 ,pins have been found sticking above half an inch into the body of a child1 after it had died of convulsion fits1 which1 in all probability1 proceeded from that cause4 ,children are not only hurt by the tightness of their clothes1 but also by the quantity4 ,every child has some degree of fever after the birth2 and if it be loaded with too many clothes1 the fever must be increased4 ,but this is not all2 the child is generally laid in bed with the mother1 who is often likewise feverish2 to which we may add the heat of the bed-chamber1 the wines1 and other heating things1 too frequently given to children immediately after the birth4 ,when all these are combined1 which does not seldom happen1 they must increase the fever to such a degree as will endanger the life of the infant4 ,the danger of keeping infants too hot will further appear1 if we consider that1 after they have been for some time in the situation mentioned above1 they are often sent into the country to be nursed in a cold house4 ,is it any wonder1 if a child1 from such a transition1 catches a mortal cold1 or contracts some other fatal disease8 ,when an infant is kept too hot1 its lungs1 not being sufficiently expanded1 are apt to remain weak and flaccid for life2 hence proceed coughs1 consumptions1 and other diseases of the breast4 ,it would answer little purpose to specify the particular species of dress proper for an infant4 ,these will always vary in different countries1 according to custom and the humour of parents4 ,the great rule to be observed is1 ,that a child have no more clothes than are necessary to keep it warm1 and that they be quite easy for its body4 ,stays are the very bane of infants4 ,a volume would not suffice to point out all the bad effects of this ridiculous piece of dress both on children and adults4 ,the madness in favour of stays seems1 however1 to be somewhat abated2 and it is to be hoped the world will1 in time1 become wise enough to know1 that the human shape does not solely depend upon whale-bone and bend-leather#aa4 ,i shall only add with respect to the clothes of children1 that they ought to be kept thoroughly clean4 ,children perspire more than adults2 and if their clothes be not frequently changed1 they become very hurtful4 ,dirty clothes not only gall and fret the tender skins of infants1 but likewise occasion ill smells2 and1 what is worse1 tend to produce vermin and cutaneous diseases4 ,cleanliness is not only agreeable to the eye1 but tends greatly to preserve the health of children4 ,it promotes the perspiration1 and1 by that means1 frees the body from superfluous humours1 which1 if retained1 could not fail to occasion diseases4 ,no mother or nurse can have any excuse for allowing a child to be dirty4 ,poverty may oblige her to give it coarse clothes2 but if she does not keep them clean1 it must be her own fault4 ,of the ,food of ,children4 ,nature not only points out the food proper for an infant1 but actually prepares it4 ,this1 however1 is not sufficient to prevent some who think themselves wiser than ,nature1 from attempting to bring up their children without her provision4 ,nothing can shew the disposition which mankind have to depart from ,nature1 more than their endeavouring to bring up children without the breast4 ,the mother's milk1 or that of a healthy nurse1 is unquestionably the best food for an infant4 ,neither art nor nature can afford a proper substitute for it4 ,children may seem to thrive for a few months without the breast2 but1 when teething1 the small-pox1 and other diseases incident to childhood1 come on1 they generally perish4 ,a child1 soon after the birth1 shews an inclination to suck2 and there is no reason why it should not be gratified4 ,it is true1 the mother's milk does not always come immediately after the birth2 but this is the way to bring it3 besides1 the first milk that the child can squeeze out of the breast answers the purpose of cleansing1 better than all the drugs in the apothecary's shop1 and at the same time prevents inflammations of the breast1 fevers1 and other diseases incident to mothers4 ,it is strange how people came to think that the first thing given to a child should be drugs4 ,this is beginning with medicine by times1 and no wonder if they generally ended with it4 ,it sometimes happens1 indeed1 that a child does not discharge the meconium so soon as could be wished2 this has induced physicians1 in such cases1 to give something of an opening nature to cleanse the first passages4 ,midwives have improved upon this hint1 and never fail to give syrups1 oils1 c4 whether they be necessary or not4 ,cramming an infant with such indigestible stuff as soon as it is born1 can hardly fail to make it sick1 and is more likely to occasion diseases1 than to prevent them4 ,children are seldom long after the birth without having passage both by stool and urine2 though these evacuations may be wanting for some time without any danger4 ,but if children must have something before they be allowed the breast1 let it be a little thin water-pap1 to which may be added an equal quantity of new milk2 or rather water alone1 with the addition of a little raw sugar4 ,if this be given without any wines or spiceries1 it will neither heat the blood1 load the stomach1 nor occasion gripes4 ,upon the first sight of an infant1 almost every person is struck with the idea of its being weak1 feeble1 and wanting support4 ,this naturally suggests the need of cordials4 ,accordingly wines are universally mixed with the first food of children4 ,nothing can be more fallacious than this way of reasoning1 or more hurtful to infants than the conduct founded upon it4 ,children require very little food for some time after the birth2 and what they receive should be thin1 weak1 light1 and of a cooling quality4 ,a very small quantity of wine is sufficient to heat and inflame the blood of an infant2 but every person conversant in these matters must know1 that most of the diseases of infants proceed from the heat of their humours4 ,if the mother or nurse has enough of milk1 the child will need little or no other food before the third or four month4 ,it will then be proper to give it1 once or twice a day1 a little of some food that is easy of digestion1 as water-pap1 milk-pottage1 weak broth with bread in it1 and such like4 ,this will ease the mother1 will accustom the child by degrees to take food1 and will render the weaning both less difficult and less dangerous4 ,all great and sudden transitions are to be avoided in nursing4 ,for this purpose1 the food of children ought not only to be simple1 but to resemble1 as nearly as possible1 the properties of milk4 ,indeed milk itself should make a principal part of their food1 not only before they are weaned1 but for some time after4 ,next to milk1 we would recommend good light bread4 ,bread may be given to a child as soon as it shews an inclination to chew2 and it may at all times be allowed as much plain bread as it will eat4 ,the very chewing of bread will promote the cutting of the teeth1 and the discharge of saliva1 while1 by mixing with the nurse's milk in the stomach1 it will afford an excellent nourishment4 ,children discover an early inclination to chew whatever is put into their hands4 ,parents observe the inclination1 but generally mistake the object4 ,instead of giving the child something which may at once exercise its gums and afford it nourishment1 they commonly put into its hands a piece of hard metal1 or impenetrable coral4 ,a crust of bread is the best gum-stick4 ,it not only answers the purpose better than any thing else1 but has the additional properties of nourishing the child and carrying the saliva down to the stomach1 which is too valuable a liquor to be lost4 ,bread1 besides being used dry1 may be many ways prepared into food for children4 ,one of the best methods is to boil it in water1 afterwards pouring the water off1 and mixing with the bread a proper quantity of new milk unboiled4 ,milk is both more wholesome and nourishing this way than boiled1 and is less apt to occasion costiveness4 ,for a child farther advanced1 bread may be mixed in veal or chicken broth1 made into puddings1 or the like4 ,bread is a proper food for children at all times1 provided it be plain1 made of wholesome grain1 and well fermented2 but when enriched with fruits1 sugars1 or such things1 it becomes very unwholesome4 ,it is soon enough to allow children animal food when they have got teeth to eat it4 ,they should never taste it till after they are weaned1 and even then they ought to use it sparingly4 ,indeed1 when children live wholly on vegetable food1 it is apt to sour on their stomachs2 but1 on the other hand1 too much flesh heats the body1 and occasions fevers and other inflammatory diseases4 ,this plainly points out a due mixture of animal and vegetable food as most proper for children4 ,few things prove more hurtful to infants1 than the common method of sweetening their food4 ,it entices them to take more than they ought to do1 which makes them grow fat and bloated4 ,it is pretty certain1 if the food of children were quite plain1 that they would never take more than enough4 ,their excesses are entirely owing to nurses4 ,if a child be gorged with food at all hours1 and enticed to take it1 by making it sweet and agreeable to the palate1 is it any wonder that such a child should in time be induced to crave more food than it ought to have8 ,children may be hurt by too little as well as too much food4 ,after a child is weaned1 it ought to be fed four or five times a day2 but should never be accustomed to eat in the night2 neither should it have too much at a time4 ,children thrive best with small quantities of food frequently given4 ,this neither overloads the stomach nor hurts the digestion1 and is certainly most agreeable to ,nature4 ,writers on nursing have inveighed with such vehemence against giving children too much food1 that many parents1 by endeavouring to shun that error1 have run into the opposite extreme1 and ruined the constitutions of their children4 ,but the error of pinching children in their food is more hurtful than the other extreme4 ,nature has many ways of relieving herself when overcharged2 but a child1 who is pinched with hunger1 will never become a strong or healthy man4 ,that errors are frequently committed on both sides1 we are ready to acknowledge2 but where one child is hurt by the quantity of its food1 ten suffer from the quality4 ,this is the principal evil1 and claims our strictest attention4 ,many people imagine1 that the food which they themselves love cannot be bad for their children3 but this notion is very absurd4 ,in the more advanced periods of life we often acquire an inclination for food1 which when children we could not endure4 ,besides1 there are many things that by habit may agree very well with the stomach of a grown person1 which would be hurtful to a child2 as high-seasoned1 salted1 and smoke-dried provisions1 c4 ,it would also be improper to feed children with fat meat1 strong broths1 rich soups1 or the like4 ,all strong liquors are hurtful to children4 ,some parents teach their children to guzzle ale1 and other fermented liquors1 at every meal4 ,such a practice cannot fail to do mischief4 ,these children seldom escape the violence of the small-pox1 measles1 hooping cough1 or some inflammatory disorder4 ,milk1 water1 butter-milk1 or whey1 are the most proper for children to drink4 ,if they have any thing stronger1 it may be fine small beer1 or a little wine mixed with water4 ,the stomachs of children can digest well enough without the assistance of warm stimulants3 besides1 being naturally hot1 they are easily hurt by every thing of a heating quality4 ,few things are more hurtful to children than unripe fruits4 ,they weaken the powers of digestion1 and sour and relax the stomach1 by which means it becomes a proper nest for insects4 ,children indeed shew a great inclination for fruit1 and ,i am apt to believe1 that if good ripe fruit were allowed them in proper quantity1 it would have no bad effects4 ,we never find a natural inclination wrong1 if properly regulated4 ,fruits are generally of a cooling nature1 and correct the heat and acrimony of the humours4 ,this is what most children require2 only care should be taken lest they exceed4 ,indeed the best way to prevent children from going to excess in the use of fruit1 or eating that which is bad1 is to allow them a proper quantity of what is good#ab4 ,roots which contain a crude viscid juice should be sparingly given to children4 ,they fill the body with gross humours1 and tend to produce eruptive diseases4 ,this caution is peculiarly necessary for the poor2 glad to obtain at a small price what will fill the bellies of their children1 they stuff them two or three times a day with greasy potatoes1 or other crude vegetables4 ,children had better eat a smaller quantity of food which yields a wholesome nourishment1 than be crammed with what their digestive powers are unable properly to assimilate4 ,butter ought likewise to be sparingly given to children4 ,it both relaxes the stomach1 and produces gross humours4 ,indeed1 most things that are fat or oily1 have this effect4 ,butter1 when salted1 becomes still more hurtful4 ,instead of butter1 so liberally given to children in most parts of ,britain1 we would recommend honey4 ,honey is not only wholesome1 but cooling1 cleansing1 and tends to sweeten the humours4 ,children who eat honey are seldom troubled with worms3 they are also less subject to cutaneous diseases1 as itch1 scabbed head1 c4 ,many people err in thinking that the diet of children ought to be altogether moist4 ,when children live entirely upon slops1 it relaxes their solids1 renders them weak1 and disposes them to the rickets1 the scrophula1 and other glandular disorders4 ,relaxation is one of the most general causes of the diseases of children4 ,every thing therefore which tends to unbrace their solids1 ought to be carefully avoided4 ,we would not be understood by these observations as confining children to any particular kind of food4 ,their diet may be frequently varied1 provided always that sufficient regard be had to simplicity4 ,of the ,exercise of ,children4 ,of all the causes which conspire to render the life of man short and miserable1 none has greater influence than the want of proper ,,exercise3 healthy parents1 wholesome food1 and proper clothing1 will avail little1 where exercise is neglected4 ,sufficient exercise will make up for several defects in nursing2 but nothing can supply the want of it4 ,it is absolutely necessary to the health1 the growth1 and the strength of children4 ,the desire of exercise is coval with life itself4 ,were this principle attended to1 many diseases might be prevented4 ,but1 while indolence and sedentary employments prevent two-thirds of mankind from either taking sufficient exercise themselves1 or giving it to their children1 what have we to expect but diseases and deformity among their offspring8 ,the rickets1 so destructive to children1 never appeared in ,britain till manufactures began to flourish1 and people1 attracted by the love of gain1 left the country to follow sedentary employments in great towns4 ,it is amongst these people that this disease chiefly prevails1 and not only deforms1 but kills many of their offspring4 ,the conduct of other young animals shews the propriety of giving exercise to children4 ,every other animal makes use of its organs of motion as soon as it can1 and many of them1 even when under no necessity of moving in quest of food1 cannot be restrained without force4 ,this is evidently the case with the calf1 the lamb1 and most other young animals4 ,if these creatures were not permitted to frisk about and take exercise1 they would soon die or become diseased4 ,the same inclination appears very early in the human species2 but as they are not able to take exercise themselves1 it is the business of their parents and nurses to assist them4 ,children may be exercised various ways4 ,the best method1 while they are light1 is to carry them about in the nurse's arms#ac4 ,this gives the nurse an opportunity of talking to the child1 and of pointing out every thing that may please and delight its fancy4 ,besides1 it is much safer than swinging an infant in a machine1 or leaving it to the care of such as are not fit to take care of themselves4 ,nothing can be more absurd than to set one child to keep another3 this conduct has proved fatal to many infants1 and has rendered others miserable for life4 ,when children begin to walk1 the safest and best method of leading them about1 is by the hands4 ,the common way1 of swinging them in leading-strings fixed to their backs1 has several bad consequences4 ,it makes them throw their bodies forward1 and press with their whole weight upon the stomach and breast2 by this means the breathing is obstructed1 the breast flattened1 and the bowels compressed2 which must hurt the digestion1 and occasion consumptions of the lungs1 and other diseases4 ,it is a common notion1 that if children are set upon their feet too soon1 their legs will become crooked4 ,there is reason to believe1 that the very reverse of this is true4 ,every member acquires strength in proportion as it is exercised4 ,the limbs of children are weak indeed1 but their bodies are proportionally light2 and had they skill to direct themselves1 they would soon be able to support their own weight4 ,who ever heard of any other animal that became crooked by using its legs too soon8 ,indeed1 if a child is not permitted to make any use of its legs till a considerable time after the birth1 and be then set upon them with its whole weight at once1 there may be some danger2 but this proceeds entirely from the child's not having been accustomed to use its legs from the beginning4 ,mothers of the poorer sort think they are great gainers by making their children lie or sit while they themselves work4 ,in this they are greatly mistaken4 ,by neglecting to give their children exercise1 they are obliged to keep them a long time before they can do any thing for themselves1 and to spend more on medicine than would have paid for proper care4 ,to take care of their children1 is the most useful business in which even the poor can be employed3 but1 alas6 it is not always in their power4 ,poverty often obliges them to neglect their offspring1 in order to procure the necessaries of life4 ,when this is the case1 it becomes the interest as well as the duty of the public to assist them4 ,ten thousand times more benefit would accrue to the ,state1 by enabling the poor to bring up their own children1 than from all the hospitals#ad that ever can be erected for that purpose4 ,whoever considers the structure of the human body will soon be convinced of the necessity of exercise for the health of children4 ,the body is composed of an infinite number of tubes1 whose fluids cannot be pushed on without the action and pressure of the muscles4 ,but1 if the fluids remain inactive1 obstructions must happen1 and the humours will of course be vitiated1 which cannot fail to occasion diseases4 ,nature has furnished both the vessels which carry the blood and lymph with numerous valves1 in order that the action of every muscle might push forward their contents2 but without action1 this admirable contrivance can have no effect4 ,this part of the animal conomy proves to a demonstration the necessity of exercise for the preservation of health4 ,arguments to shew the importance of exercise might be drawn from every part of the animal conomy2 without exercise1 the circulation of the blood cannot be properly carried on1 nor the different secretions duly performed2 without exercise1 the fluids cannot be properly prepared1 nor the solids rendered strong or firm4 ,the action of the heart1 the motion of the lungs1 and all the vital functions1 are greatly assisted by exercise4 ,but to point out the manner in which these effects are produced1 would lead us farther into the conomy of the human body1 than most of those for whom this treatise is intended would be able to follow4 ,we shall therefore only add1 that1 where exercise is neglected1 none of the animal functions can be duly performed2 and when that is the case1 the whole constitution must go to wreck4 ,a good constitution ought certainly to be our first object in the management of children4 ,it lays a foundation for their being useful and happy in life2 and whoever neglects it1 not only fails in his duty to his offspring1 but to society4 ,one very common error of parents1 by which they hurt the constitutions of their children1 is the sending them too young to school4 ,this is often done solely to prevent trouble4 ,when the child is at school1 he needs no keeper4 ,thus the schoolmaster is made the nurse2 and the poor child is fixed to a seat seven or eight hours a day1 which time ought to be spent in exercise and diversions4 ,sitting so long cannot fail to produce the worst effects upon the body2 nor is the mind less injured4 ,early application weakens the faculties1 and often fixes in the mind an aversion to books1 which continues for life#ae4 ,but1 suppose this were the way to make children scholars1 it certainly ought not to be done at the expence of their constitutions4 ,our ancestors1 who seldom went to school very young1 were not less learned than we4 ,but we imagine the boy's education will be quite marred1 unless he be carried to school in his nurse's arms4 ,no wonder if such hotbed plants seldom become either scholars or men6 ,not only the confinement of children in public schools1 but their number1 often proves hurtful4 ,children are much injured by being kept in crowds within doors2 their breathing not only renders the place unwholesome1 but if any one of them happens to be diseased1 the rest catch the infection4 ,a single child has been often known to communicate the bloody flux1 the hooping-cough1 the itch1 or other diseases1 to almost every individual in a numerous school4 ,but1 if fashion must prevail1 and infants are to be sent to school1 we would recommend it to teachers1 as they value the interests of society1 not to confine them too long at a time1 but allow them to run about and play at such active diversions as may promote their growth1 and strengthen their constitutions4 ,were boys1 instead of being whipped for stealing an hour to run1 ride1 swim1 or the like1 encouraged to employ a proper part of their time in these manly and useful exercises1 it would have many excellent effects4 ,it would be of great service to boys1 if1 at a proper age1 they were taught the military exercise4 ,this would increase their strength1 inspire them with courage1 and when their country called for their assistance1 would enable them to act in her defence1 without being obliged to undergo a tedious and troublesome course of instructions1 at a time when they are less fit to learn new motions1 gestures1 c4#af ,an effeminate education will infallibly spoil the best natural constitution2 and if boys are brought up in a more delicate manner than even girls ought to be1 they never will be men4 ,nor is the common education of girls less hurtful to the constitution than that of boys4 ,miss is set down to her frame before she can put on her clothes2 and is taught to believe1 that to excel at the needle is the only thing that can entitle her to general esteem4 ,it is unnecessary here to insist upon the dangerous consequences of obliging girls to sit too much4 ,they are pretty well known1 and are too often felt at a certain time of life4 ,but supposing this critical period to be got over1 greater dangers still await them when they come to be mothers4 ,women who have been early accustomed to a sedentary life1 generally run great hazard in child-bed2 while those who have been used to romp about1 and take sufficient exercise1 are seldom in any danger4 ,one hardly meets with a girl who can at the same time boast of early performances by the needle1 and a good constitution4 ,close and early confinement generally occasions indigestions1 head-achs1 pale complexions1 pain of the stomach1 loss of appetite1 coughs1 consumptions of the lungs1 and deformity of body4 ,the last of these indeed is not to be wondered at1 considering the awkward postures in which girls sit at many kinds of needle-work1 and the delicate flexible state of their bodies in the early periods of life4 ,would mothers1 instead of having their daughters instructed in many trifling accomplishments1 employ them in plain work and housewifery1 and allow them sufficient exercise in the open air1 they would both make them more healthy mothers1 and more useful members of society4 ,i am no enemy to genteel accomplishments1 but would have them only considered as secondary1 and always disregarded when they impair health4 ,many people imagine it a great advantage for children to be early taught to earn their bread4 ,this opinion is certainly right1 provided they were so employed as not to hurt their health or growth2 but1 when these suffer1 society1 instead of being benefited1 is a real loser by their labour4 ,there are few employments1 except sedentary ones1 by which children can earn a livelihood2 and if they be set to these too soon1 it ruins their constitutions4 ,thus1 by gaining a few years from childhood1 we generally lose twice as many in the latter period of life1 and even render the person less useful while he does live4 ,in order to be satisfied of the truth of this observation1 we need only look into the great manufacturing towns1 where we shall find a puny degenerate race of people1 weak and sickly all their lives1 seldom exceeding the middle period of life2 or if they do1 being unfit for business1 they become a burden to society4 ,thus arts and manufactures1 though they may increase the riches of a country1 are by no means favourable to the health of its inhabitants4 ,good policy would therefore require1 that such people as labour during life1 should not be set too early to work4 ,every person conversant in the breed of horses1 or other working animals1 knows1 that if they be set to hard labour too soon1 they never will turn out to advantage4 ,this is equally true with respect to the human species4 ,there are nevertheless various ways of employing young people without hurting their health4 ,the easier parts of gardening1 husbandry1 or any business carried on without doors1 are most proper4 ,these are employments which most young people are fond of1 and some parts of them may always be adapted to their age1 taste1 and strength#ag4 ,such parents1 however1 as are under the necessity of employing their children within doors1 ought to allow them sufficient time for active diversions without4 ,this would both encourage them to do more work1 and prevent their constitutions from being hurt4 ,some imagine1 that exercise within doors is sufficient2 but they are greatly mistaken4 ,one hour spent in running1 or any other exercise without doors1 is worth ten within4 ,when children cannot go abroad1 they may indeed be exercised at home4 ,the best method of doing this1 is to make them run about in a long room1 or dance4 ,this last kind of exercise1 if not carried to excess1 is of excellent service to young people4 ,it cheers the spirits1 promotes perspiration1 strengthens the limbs1 c4 ,i know an eminent physician who used to say1 that he made his children dance1 instead of giving them physic4 ,it were well if more people followed his example4 ,the ,,cold ,,bath may be considered as an aid to exercise4 ,by it the body is braced and strengthened1 the circulation and secretions promoted1 and1 were it conducted with prudence1 many diseases1 as the rickets1 scrophula1 c4 might thereby be prevented4 ,the ancients1 who took every method to render children hardy and robust1 were no strangers to the use of the cold bath2 and1 if we may credit report1 the practice of immersing children daily in cold water must have been very common among our ancestors4 ,the greatest objection to the use of the cold bath arises from the superstitious prejudices of nurses4 ,these are often so strong1 that it is impossible to bring them to make a proper use of it4 ,i have known some of them who would not dry a child's skin after bathing it1 lest it should destroy the effect of the water4 ,others will even put cloths dipt in the water upon the child1 and either put it to bed1 or suffer it to go about in that condition4 ,some believe1 that the whole virtue of the water depends upon its being dedicated to a particular saint3 while others place their confidence in a certain number of dips1 as three1 seven1 nine1 or the like2 and the world could not persuade them1 if these do not succeed1 to try it a little longer4 ,thus1 by the whims of nurses1 children lose the benefit of the cold bath1 and the hopes of the physician from that medicine are often frustrated4 ,we ought not1 however1 entirely to set aside the cold bath1 because some nurses make a wrong use of it4 ,every child1 when in health1 should at least have its extremities daily washed in cold water4 ,this is a partial use of the cold bath1 and is better than none4 ,in winter this may suffice2 but1 in the warm season1 if a child be relaxed1 or seem to have a tendency to the rickets or scrophula1 its whole body ought to be frequently immersed in cold water4 ,care however must be taken not to do this when the body is hot1 or the stomach full4 ,the child should be dipt only once at a time1 should be taken out immediately1 and have its skin well rubbed with a dry cloth4 ,the bad ,effects of unwholesome ,air upon ,children4 ,few things prove more destructive to children than confined or unwholesome air4 ,this is one reason why so few of those infants1 who are put into hospitals1 or parish workhouses1 live4 ,these places are generally crowded with old1 sickly1 and infirm people2 by which means the air is rendered so extremely pernicious1 that it becomes a poison to infants4 ,want of wholesome air is likewise destructive to many of the children born in great towns4 ,there the poorer sort of inhabitants live in low1 dirty1 confined houses1 to which the fresh air has hardly any access4 ,though grown people1 who are hardy and robust1 may live in such situations1 yet they generally prove fatal to their offspring1 few of whom arrive at maturity1 and those who do are weak and deformed4 ,as such people are not in a condition to carry their children abroad into the open air1 we must lay our account with losing the greater part of them4 ,but the rich have not this excuse4 ,it is their business to see that their children be daily carried abroad1 and that they be kept in the open air for a sufficient time4 ,this will always succeed better if the mother goes along with them4 ,servants are often negligent in these matters1 and allow a child to sit or lie on the damp ground1 instead of leading or carrying it about4 ,the mother surely needs air as well as her children2 and how can she be better employed than in attending them8 ,a very bad custom prevails1 of making children sleep in small apartments1 or crowding two or three beds into one chamber4 ,instead of this1 the nursery ought always to be the largest and best aired room in the house4 ,when children are confined in small apartments1 the air not only becomes unwholesome1 but the heat relaxes their solids1 renders them delicate1 and disposes them to colds and many other disorders4 ,nor is the custom of wrapping them up too close in cradles less pernicious4 ,one would think that nurses were afraid lest children should suffer by breathing free air1 as many of them actually cover the child's face while asleep1 and others wrap a covering over the whole cradle1 by which means the child is forced to breathe the same air over and over all the time it sleeps4 ,cradles indeed are on many accounts hurtful to children1 and it would be better if the use of them were totally laid aside#ah4 ,a child is generally laid to sleep with all its clothes on2 and if a number of others are heaped above them1 it must be overheated2 by which means it cannot fail to catch cold on being taken out of the cradle1 and exposed to the open air with only its usual clothing1 which is too frequently the case4 ,children who are kept within doors all day1 and sleep all night in warm close apartments1 may1 with great propriety1 be compared to plants1 nursed in a hot-house1 instead of the open air4 ,though such plants may by this means be kept alive for some time1 they will never arrive at that degree of strength1 vigour1 and magnitude1 which they would have acquired in the open air1 nor would they be able to bear it afterwards1 should they be exposed to it4 ,children brought up in the country1 who have been accustomed to open air1 should not be too early sent to great towns1 where it is confined and unwholesome4 ,this is frequently done with a view to forward their education1 but proves very hurtful to their health4 ,all schools and seminaries of learning ought1 if possible1 to be so situated as to have fresh1 dry1 wholesome air1 and should never be too much crowded4 ,without entering into a detail of the particular advantages of wholesome air to children1 or of the bad consequences which proceed from the want of it1 ,i shall only observe1 that1 of several thousands of children which have been under my care1 ,i do not remember one instance of a single child who continued healthy in a close confined situation2 but have often known the most obstinate diseases cured by removing them from such a situation to an open free air4 ,of ,nurses4 ,it is not here intended to lay down rules for the choice of nurses4 ,this would be wasting time4 ,common sense will direct every one to chuse a woman who is healthy1 and has plenty of milk#ai4 ,if she be at the same time cleanly1 careful1 and goodnatured1 she can hardly fail to make a proper nurse4 ,after all1 however1 the only certain proof of a good nurse1 is a healthy child upon her breast4 ,but1 as the misconduct of nurses often proves fatal to children1 it will be of importance to point out a few of their most baneful errors1 in order to rouse the attention of parents1 and to make them look more strictly into the conduct of those to whom they commit the care of their infant offspring4 ,though it admits of some exceptions1 yet we may lay it down as a general rule1 that every woman who nurses for hire should be carefully looked after1 otherwise she will not do her duty4 ,for this reason parents ought always to have their children nursed under their own eye1 if possible2 and where this cannot be done1 they should be extremely circumspect in the choice of those persons to whom they entrust them4 ,it is folly to imagine that any woman1 who abandons her own child to suckle another for the sake of gain1 should feel all the affections of a parent towards her nursing2 yet so necessary are these affections in a nurse1 that1 but for them1 the human race would soon be extinct4 ,one of the most common faults of those who nurse for hire1 is to dose children with stupefactives1 or such things as lull them asleep4 ,an indolent nurse1 who does not give a child sufficient exercise in the open air to make it sleep1 and does not chuse to be disturbed by it in the night1 will seldom fail to procure for it a dose of laudanum1 diacodium1 saffron1 or what answers the same purpose1 a dose of spirits1 or other strong liquors4 ,these1 though they be certain poison to infants1 are every day administered by many who bear the character of very good nurses#bj4 ,a nurse who has not milk enough is apt to imagine that this defect may be supplied by giving the child wines1 cordial waters1 or other strong liquors4 ,this is an egregious mistake4 ,the only thing that has any chance to supply the place of the nurse's milk1 must be somewhat nearly of the same quality1 as cow's milk1 ass's milk1 or beef tea1 with good bread4 ,it never can be done by the help of strong liquors4 ,these1 instead of nourishing an infant1 never fail to produce the contrary effect4 ,children are often hurt by nurses suffering them to cry long and vehemently4 ,this strains their tender bodies1 and frequently occasions ruptures1 inflammations of the throat1 lungs1 c4 ,a child never continues to cry long without some cause1 which might always be discovered by proper attention2 and the nurse who can hear an infant cry till it has almost spent itself1 without endeavouring to please it1 must be cruel indeed1 and is unworthy to be intrusted with the care of an human creature4 ,nurses who deal much in medicine are always to be suspected4 ,they trust to it1 and neglect their duty4 ,i never knew a good nurse who had her ,godfrey's cordials1 ,daffy's elixirs1 c4 at hand4 ,such generally imagine1 that a dose of medicine will make up for all defects in food1 air1 exercise1 and cleanliness4 ,by errors of this kind1 ,i will venture to say1 that one half the children who die annually in ,london lose their lives4 ,allowing children to continue long wet1 is another very pernicious custom of indolent nurses4 ,this is not only disagreeable1 but it galls and frets the infant1 and by relaxing the solids1 occasions scrophulas1 rickets1 and other diseases4 ,a dirty nurse is always to be suspected4 ,nature often attempts to free the bodies of children from bad humours1 by throwing them upon the skin3 by this means fevers and other diseases are prevented4 ,nurses are apt to mistake such critical eruptions for an itch1 or some other infectious disorder4 ,accordingly they take every method to drive them in4 ,in this way many children lose their lives2 and no wonder1 as ,nature is opposed in the very method she takes to relieve them4 ,it ought to be a rule1 which every nurse should observe1 never to stop any eruption without proper advice1 or being well assured that it is not of a critical nature4 ,at any rate1 it is never to be done without previous evacuations4 ,loose stools is another method by which ,nature often prevents or carries off the diseases of infants4 ,if these proceed too far1 no doubt they ought to be checked2 but this is never to be done without the greatest caution4 ,nurses1 upon the first appearance of loose stools1 frequently fly to the use of astringents1 or such things as bind the body4 ,hence inflammatory fevers1 and other fatal diseases1 are occasioned4 ,a dose of rhubarb1 a gentle vomit1 or some other evacuation1 should always precede the use of astringent medicines4 ,one of the greatest faults of nurses is1 concealing the diseases of children from their parents4 ,this they are extremely ready to do1 especially when the disease is the effect of their own negligence4 ,many instances might be given of persons who have been rendered lame for life by a fall from their nurse's arms1 which she1 through fear1 concealed till the misfortune was past cure4 ,every parent who intrusts a nurse with the care of a child1 ought to give her the strictest charge not to conceal the most trifling disorder or misfortune that may befal it4 ,we can see no reason why a nurse1 who conceals any misfortune which happens to a child under her care1 till it loses its life or limbs1 should not be punished4 ,a few examples of this would save the lives of many infants2 but as there is little reason to expect that it ever will be the case1 we would earnestly recommend it to all parents to look carefully after their children1 and not to trust so valuable a treasure entirely in the hands of an hireling4 ,no person ought to imagine these things unworthy of his attention4 ,on the proper management of children depend not only their health and usefulness in life1 but likewise the safety and prosperity of the state to which they belong4 ,effeminacy ever will prove the ruin of any state where it prevails2 and1 when its foundations are laid in infancy1 it can never afterwards be wholly eradicated4 ,parents who love their offspring1 and wish well to their country1 ought therefore1 in the management of their children1 to avoid every thing that may have a tendency to make them weak or effeminate1 and to take every method in their power to render their constitutions strong and hardy4 ----,by arts like these ,laconia nurs'd of old her hardy sons2 ,and ,rome's unconquer'd legions urg'd their way1 ,unhurt1 thro' every toil in every clime#ba4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,,of ,,the ,,laborious1 ,,the ,,sedentary1 ,,and ,,the ,,studious4 ,that men are exposed to particular diseases from the occupations which they follow1 is a fact well known2 but to remedy this evil is a matter of some difficulty4 ,most people are under the necessity of following those employments to which they have been bred1 whether they be favourable to health or not4 ,for this reason1 instead of inveighing1 in a general way1 as some authors have done1 against those occupations which are hurtful to health1 we shall endeavour to point out the circumstances in each of them from which the danger chiefly arises1 and to propose the most rational methods of preventing it4 ,chymists1 founders1 forgers1 glass-makers1 and several other artists1 are hurt by the unwholesome air which they are obliged to breathe4 ,this air is not only loaded with the noxious exhalations arising from metals and minerals1 but is so charged with phlogiston as to be rendered unfit for expanding the lungs sufficiently1 and answering the other important purposes of respiration4 ,hence proceed asthmas1 coughs1 and consumptions of the lungs1 so incident to persons who follow these employments4 ,to prevent such consequences1 as far as possible1 the places where these occupations are carried on1 ought to be constructed in such a manner as to discharge the smoke and other exhalations1 and admit a free current of fresh air4 ,such artists ought never to continue too long at work2 and when they give over1 they should suffer themselves to cool gradually1 and put on their clothes before they go into the open air4 ,they ought never to drink large quantities of cold1 weak1 or watery liquors1 while their bodies are hot1 nor to indulge in raw fruits1 sallads1 or any thing that is cold on the stomach#bb4 ,miners1 and all who work under ground1 are likewise hurt by unwholesome air4 ,the air1 by its stagnation in deep mines1 not only loses its proper spring and other qualities necessary for respiration1 but is often loaded with such noxious exhalations as to become a most deadly poison4 ,the two kinds of air which prove most destructive to miners1 are what they call the fire damp1 and the choke damp4 ,in both cases the air becomes a poison1 by its being loaded with phlogiston4 ,the danger from the former may be obviated by making it explode before it accumulates in too great quantities2 and the latter may be generally carried off by promoting a free circulation of air in the mine4 ,miners are not only hurt by unwholesome air1 but likewise by the particles of metal which adhere to their skin1 clothes1 c4 ,these are absorbed1 or taken up into the body1 and occasion palsies1 vertigoes1 and other nervous affections1 which often prove fatal4 ,fallopius observes1 that those who work in mines of mercury seldom live above three or four years4 ,lead1 and several other metals1 are likewise very pernicious to the health4 ,miners ought never to go to work fasting1 nor to continue too long at work4 ,their food ought to be nourishing1 and their liquor generous3 nothing more certainly hurts them than living too low4 ,they should by all means avoid costiveness4 ,this may either be done by chewing a little rhubarb1 or taking a sufficient quantity of sallad oil4 ,oil not only opens the body1 but sheaths and defends the intestines from the ill effects of the metals4 ,all who work in mines or metals ought to wash carefully1 and to change their clothes as soon as they give over working4 ,nothing would tend more to preserve the health of such people than a strict1 and almost religious regard to cleanliness4 ,plumbers1 painters1 gilders1 smelters1 makers of white lead1 and many others who work in metals1 are liable to the same diseases as miners1 and ought to observe the same directions for avoiding them4 ,tallow-chandlers1 boilers of oil1 and all who work in putrid animal substances1 are likewise liable to suffer from the unwholesome smells or effluvia of these bodies4 ,they ought to pay the same regard to cleanliness as miners2 and when they are affected with nausea1 sickness1 or indigestion1 we would advise them to take a vomit or a gentle purge4 ,such substances ought always to be manufactured as soon as possible4 ,when long kept1 they not only become unwholesome to those who manufacture them1 but likewise to people who live in the neighbourhood4 ,it would greatly exceed the limits of this part of our subject1 to specify the diseases peculiar to persons of every occupation2 we shall therefore consider mankind under the general classes of ,laborious1 ,sedentary1 and ,studious4 ,,the ,,laborious4 ,though those who follow laborious employments are in general the most healthy of mankind1 yet the nature of their occupations1 and the places where they are carried on1 expose them more particularly to some diseases4 ,husbandmen1 for example1 are exposed to all the vicissitudes of the weather1 which1 in this country1 are often very great and sudden1 and occasion colds1 coughs1 quinsies1 rheumatisms1 fevers1 and other acute disorders4 ,they are likewise forced to work hard1 and often to carry burdens above their strength1 which1 by overstraining the vessels1 occasion asthmas1 ruptures1 pleurisies1 c4 ,those who labour without doors are often afflicted with intermitting fevers or agues1 occasioned by the frequent vicissitudes of heat and cold1 poor living1 bad water1 sitting or lying on the damp ground1 evening dews1 night air1 c4 to which they are frequently exposed4 ,such as bear heavy burdens1 as porters1 labourers1 c4 are obliged to draw in the air with much greater force1 and also to keep their lungs distended with more violence than is necessary for common respiration3 by this means the tender vessels of the lungs are overstretched1 and often burst1 insomuch that a spitting of blood or fever ensues4 ,hippocrates mentions an instance to this purpose1 of a man1 who1 upon a wager1 carried an ass2 but was soon after seized with a fever1 a vomiting of blood1 and a rupture4 ,carrying heavy burdens is generally the effect of mere laziness1 which prompts people to do at once what should be done at twice4 ,sometimes it proceeds from vanity or emulation4 ,hence it is1 that the strongest men are most commonly hurt by heavy burdens1 hard labour1 or feats of activity4 ,it is rare to find one who boasts of his strength without a rupture1 a spitting of blood1 or some other disease1 which he reaps as the fruit of his folly4 ,one would imagine1 the daily instances we have1 of the fatal effects of carrying great weights1 running1 wrestling1 and the like1 would be sufficient to prevent such practices4 ,there are indeed some employments which necessarily require a great exertion of strength1 as porters1 blacksmiths1 carpenters1 c4 ,none ought to follow these but men of strong body2 and they should never exert their strength to the utmost1 nor work too long4 ,when the muscles are violently strained1 frequent rest is necessary1 in order that they may recover their tone2 without this1 the strength and constitution will soon be worn out1 and a premature old age be induced4 ,the erysipelas1 or ,st4 ,anthony's fire1 is a disease very incident to the laborious4 ,it is occasioned by whatever gives a sudden check to the perspiration1 as drinking cold water when the body is warm1 wet feet1 keeping on wet clothes1 sitting or lying on the damp ground1 c4 ,it is impossible for those who labour without doors always to guard against these inconveniences2 but it is known from experience1 that their ill consequences might often be prevented by proper care4 ,the iliac passion1 the cholic1 and other complaints of the bowels1 are often occasioned by the same causes as the erysipelas2 but they may likewise proceed from flatulent and indigestible food4 ,labourers generally eat unfermented bread1 made of peas1 beans1 rye1 and other windy ingredients4 ,they also devour great quantities of unripe fruits1 baked1 stewed1 or raw1 with various kinds of roots and herbs1 upon which they often drink sour milk1 stale small beer1 or the like4 ,such a mixture cannot fail to fill the bowels with wind1 and occasion diseases of those parts4 ,inflammations1 whitloes1 and other diseases of the extremities1 are likewise common among those who labour without doors4 ,these diseases are often attributed to venom1 or some kind of poison2 but they generally proceed either from sudden heat after cold1 or the contrary4 ,when labourers1 milk-maids1 c4 come from the field1 cold or wet1 they run to the fire1 and often plunge their hands in warm water1 by which means the blood and other humours in those parts are suddenly expanded1 and1 the vessels not yielding so quickly1 a strangulation happens1 and an inflammation or a mortification ensues4 ,when such persons come home cold1 they ought to keep at a distance from the fire for some time1 to wash their hands in cold water1 and to rub them well with a dry cloth4 ,it sometimes happens1 that people are so benumbed with cold1 as to be quite deprived of the use of their limbs4 ,in this case1 the only remedy is to rub the parts affected with snow1 or1 where it cannot be had1 with cold water4 ,if they be held near the fire1 or plunged into warm water1 a mortification will generally ensue4 ,labourers in the hot season are apt to lie down1 and sleep in the sun4 ,this practice is so dangerous1 that they often wake in a burning fever4 ,these ardent fevers1 which prove so fatal about the end of summer and beginning of autumn1 are frequently occasioned by this means4 ,when labourers leave off work1 which they ought always to do during the heat of the day1 they should go home1 or1 at least1 get under some cover1 where they may repose themselves in safety4 ,many people follow their employments in the fields from morning till night1 without eating any thing4 ,this cannot fail to hurt their health4 ,however homely their fare be1 they ought to have it at regular times2 and the harder they work1 the more frequently they should eat4 ,if the humours be not frequently replenished with fresh nourishment1 they soon become putrid1 and produce fevers of the very worst kind4 ,many peasants are extremely careless with respect to what they eat or drink1 and often1 through mere indolence1 use unwholesome food1 when they might for the same expence have that which is wholesome4 ,in some parts of ,britain1 the peasants are too careless even to take the trouble of dressing their own victuals4 ,such people would live upon one meal a day in indolence1 rather than labour1 though it were to procure them the greatest affluence4 ,fevers of a very bad kind are often occasioned among labourers by poor living4 ,when the body is not sufficiently nourished1 the humours become vitiated1 and the solids weak2 from whence the most fatal consequences ensue4 ,poor living is likewise productive of many of those cutaneous diseases so frequent among the lower class of people4 ,it is remarkable that cattle1 when pinched in their food1 are generally affected with diseases of the skin1 which seldom fail to disappear1 when they are put upon a good pasture4 ,this shews how much a good state of the humours depends upon a sufficient quantity of proper nourishment4 ,poverty not only occasions1 but aggravates1 many of the diseases of the laborious4 ,few of them have much foresight2 and1 if they had1 it is seldom in their power to save any thing4 ,they are glad to make a shift to live from day to day2 and1 when any disease overtakes them1 they are miserable indeed4 ,here the godlike virtue of charity ought always to exert itself4 ,to relieve the industrious poor in distress1 is surely the most exalted act of religion and humanity4 ,they alone1 who are witnesses of those scenes of calamity1 can form a notion of what numbers perish in diseases1 for want of proper assistance1 and even for want of the necessaries of life4 ,labourers are often hurt by a foolish emulation1 which prompts them to vie with one another1 till they overheat themselves to such a degree as to occasion a fever1 or even to drop down dead4 ,such as wantonly throw away their lives in this manner1 deserve to be looked upon in no better light than self-murderers4 ,the office of a soldier1 in time of war1 may be ranked among the laborious employments4 ,soldiers suffer many hardships from the inclemency of seasons1 long marches1 bad provisions1 hunger1 watching1 unwholesome climates1 bad water1 c4 ,these occasion fevers1 fluxes1 rheumatisms1 and other fatal diseases1 which generally do greater execution than the sword1 especially when campaigns are continued too late in the season4 ,a few weeks of cold rainy weather will often prove more fatal than an engagement4 ,those who have the command of armies should take care that their soldiers be well clothed and well fed4 ,they ought also to finish their campaigns in due season1 and to provide their men with dry and well-aired winter quarters4 ,these rules1 taking care1 at the same time1 to keep the sick at a proper distance from those in health1 would tend greatly to preserve the lives of the soldiery#bc4 ,sailors may also be numbered among the laborious4 ,they undergo great hardships from change of climate1 the violence of weather1 hard labour1 bad provisions1 c4 ,sailors are of so great importance both to the trade and safety of this kingdom1 that too much pains can never be bestowed in pointing out the means of preserving their lives4 ,one great source of the diseases of sea-faring people is excess4 ,when they get on shore1 after having been long at sea1 without regard to the climate1 or their own constitutions1 they plunge headlong into all manner of riot1 and often persist till a fever puts an end to their lives4 ,thus intemperance1 and not the climate1 is often the cause why so many of our brave sailors die on foreign coasts4 ,such people ought not to live too low2 but they will find moderation the best defence against fevers1 and many other maladies4 ,sailors1 when on duty1 cannot avoid sometimes getting wet4 ,when this happens1 they should change their clothes as soon as they are relieved1 and take every method to restore the perspiration4 ,they should not1 in this case1 make too free with spirits or other strong liquors1 but should rather drink them diluted with warm water1 and go immediately to bed1 where a sound sleep and a gentle sweat would set all to rights4 ,but the health of sailors suffers most from unwholesome food4 ,the constant use of salted provisions vitiates their humours1 and occasions the scurvy1 and other obstinate maladies4 ,it is no easy matter to prevent this disease in long voyages2 yet we cannot help thinking1 that much might be done towards effecting so desirable an end1 were due pains bestowed for that purpose4 ,for example1 various roots1 greens1 and fruits1 might be kept a long time at sea1 as onions1 potatoes1 cabbages1 lemons1 oranges1 tamarinds1 apples1 c4 ,when fruits cannot be kept1 the juices of them1 either fresh or fermented1 may4 ,with these all the drink1 and even the food of the ship's company1 ought to be acidulated in long voyages4 ,stale bread and beer likewise contribute to vitiate the humours4 ,flour will keep for a long time on board1 of which fresh bread might frequently be made4 ,malt too might be kept1 and infused with boiling water at any time4 ,this liquor1 when drank even in form of wort1 is very wholesome1 and is found to be an antidote against the scurvy4 ,small wines and cyder might likewise be plentifully laid in2 and should they turn sour1 they would still be useful as vinegar4 ,vinegar is a great antidote against diseases1 and should be used by all travellers1 especially at sea4 ,it may either be mixed with the water they drink1 or taken in their food4 ,such animals as can be kept alive1 ought likewise to be carried on board1 as hens1 ducks1 pigs1 c4 ,fresh broths made of portable soup1 and puddings made of peas1 or other vegetables1 ought to be used plentifully4 ,many other things will readily occur to people conversant in these matters1 which would tend to preserve the health of that brave and useful set of men#bd4 ,we have reason to believe1 if due attention were paid to the diet1 air1 clothing1 and above all things to the cleanliness of sea-faring people1 they would be the most healthy set of men in the world2 but when these are neglected1 the very reverse will happen4 ,the best medical antidote that we can recommend to sailors or soldiers1 on foreign coasts1 especially where dampness prevails1 is the ,peruvian bark4 ,this will often prevent fevers1 and other fatal diseases4 ,about a drachm of it may be chewed every day2 or if this should prove disagreeable1 an ounce of bark1 with half an ounce of orange peel1 and two drachms of snake-root coarsely powdered1 may be infused for two or three days in an ,english quart of brandy1 and half a wine glass of it taken twice or thrice a-day1 when the stomach is empty4 ,this has been found to be an excellent antidote against fluxes1 putrid1 intermitting1 and other fevers1 in unhealthy climates4 ,it is not material in what form this medicine is taken4 ,it may either be infused in water1 wine1 or spirits1 as recommended above1 or made into an electuary with syrup of lemons1 oranges1 or the like4 ,,the ,,sedentary4 ,though nothing can be more contrary to the nature of man than a sedentary life1 yet this class comprehends by far the greater part of the species4 ,almost the whole female world1 and in manufacturing countries1 the major part of the males1 may be reckoned sedentary#be4 ,agriculture1 the first and most healthful of all employments1 is now followed by few who are able to carry on any other business4 ,but those who imagine that the culture of the earth is not sufficient to employ all its inhabitants are greatly mistaken4 ,an ancient ,roman1 we are told1 could maintain his family from the produce of one acre of ground4 ,so might a modern ,briton1 if he would be contented to live like a ,roman4 ,this shews what an immense increase of inhabitants ,britain might admit of1 and all of them live by the culture of the ground4 ,agriculture is the great source of domestic riches4 ,where it is neglected1 whatever wealth may be imported from abroad1 poverty and misery will abound at home4 ,such is1 and ever will be1 the fluctuating state of trade and manufactures1 that thousands of people may be in full employment to-day1 and in beggary to-morrow4 ,this can never happen to those who cultivate the ground4 ,they can eat the fruit of their labour1 and can always by industry obtain1 at least1 the necessaries of life4 ,though sedentary employments are necessary1 yet there seems to be no reason why any person should be confined for life to these alone4 ,were such employments intermixed with the more active and laborious1 they would never do hurt4 ,it is constant confinement that ruins the health4 ,a man may not be hurt by sitting five or six hours a-day2 but if he is obliged to sit ten or twelve1 he will soon become diseased4 ,but it is not want of exercise alone which hurts sedentary people2 they likewise suffer from the confined air which they breathe4 ,it is very common to see ten or a dozen taylors#bf1 or staymakers1 for example1 crowded into one small apartment1 where there is hardly room for one person to breathe freely4 ,in this situation they generally continue for many hours at a time1 often with the addition of several candles1 which tend likewise to waste the air1 and render it less fit for respiration4 ,air that is breathed repeatedly becomes unfit for expanding the lungs4 ,this is one cause of the phthisical coughs1 and other complaints of the breath1 so incident to sedentary artificers4 ,even the perspiration from a great number of persons pent up together1 renders the air unwholesome4 ,the danger from this quarter will be greatly increased1 if any one of them happens to have bad lungs1 or to be otherwise diseased4 ,those who sit near him1 being forced to breathe the same air1 can hardly fail to be infected4 ,it would be a rare thing1 however1 to find a dozen of sedentary people all in good health4 ,the danger of crowding them together must therefore be evident to every one4 ,many of those who follow sedentary employments are constantly in a bending posture1 as shoemakers1 taylors1 cutlers1 c4 ,such a situation is extremely hurtful4 ,a bending posture obstructs all the vital motions1 and of course must destroy the health4 ,accordingly we find such artificers generally complaining of indigestions1 flatulencies1 head-achs1 pains of the breast1 c4 ,the aliment in sedentary people1 instead of being pushed forwards by an erect posture1 and the action of the muscles1 is in a manner confined in the bowels4 ,hence indigestions1 costiveness1 wind1 and other hypochondriacal affections1 the constant companions of the sedentary4 ,indeed none of the excretions can be duly performed where exercise is wanting2 and when the matter which ought to be discharged in this way is retained too long in the body1 it must have bad effects1 as it is again taken up into the mass of humours4 ,a bending posture is likewise hurtful to the lungs4 ,when this organ is compressed1 the air cannot have free access into all its parts1 so as to expand them properly4 ,hence tubercles1 adhesions1 c4 are formed1 which often end in consumptions4 ,besides1 the proper action of the lungs being absolutely necessary for making good blood1 when that organ fails1 the humours soon become universally depraved1 and the whole constitution goes to wreck4 ,sedentary artificers are not only hurt by pressure on the bowels1 but also on the inferior extremities1 which obstructs the circulation in these parts1 and renders them weak and feeble4 ,thus taylors1 shoemakers1 c4 frequently lose the use of their legs altogether3 besides1 the blood and humours are1 by stagnation1 vitiated1 and the perspiration is obstructed3 from whence proceed the scab1 ulcerous sores1 foul blotches1 and other cutaneous diseases1 so common among sedentary artificers4 ,a bad figure of body is a very common consequence of close application to sedentary employments4 ,the spine1 for example1 by being continually bent1 puts on a crooked shape1 and generally remains so ever after4 ,but a bad figure of body has already been observed to be hurtful to health1 as the vital functions are thereby impeded4 ,a sedentary life seldom fails to occasion an universal relaxation of the solids4 ,this is the great source from whence most of the diseases of sedentary people flow4 ,the scrophula1 consumption1 hysterics1 and nervous diseases1 now so common1 were very little known in this country before sedentary artificers became so numerous3 and they are very little known still among such of our people as follow active employments without doors1 though in great towns at least two-thirds of the inhabitants are afflicted with them4 ,it is very difficult to remedy those evils1 because many who have been accustomed to a sedentary life1 like rickety children1 lose all inclination for exercise2 we shall1 however1 throw out a few hints with respect to the most likely means for preserving the health of this useful set of people1 which some of them1 we hope1 will be wise enough to take4 ,it has been already observed1 that sedentary artificers are often hurt by their bending posture4 ,they ought therefore to stand or sit as erect as the nature of their employments will permit4 ,they should likewise change their posture frequently1 and should never sit too long at a time1 but leave off work1 and walk1 ride1 run1 or do any thing that will promote the vital functions4 ,sedentary artificers are generally allowed too little time for exercise2 yet1 short as it is1 they seldom employ it properly4 ,a journeyman taylor or weaver1 for example1 instead of walking abroad for exercise and fresh air1 at his hours of leisure1 chuses often to spend them in a public-house1 or in playing at some sedentary game1 by which he generally loses both his time and his money4 ,the awkward postures in which many sedentary artificers work1 seem rather to be the effect of custom than necessity4 ,for example1 a table might surely be contrived for ten or a dozen taylors to sit round1 with liberty for their legs either to hang down1 or rest upon a foot-board1 as they should chuse4 ,a place might likewise be cut out for each person1 in such a manner that he might sit as conveniently for working as in the present mode of sitting cross-legged4 ,all sedentary artificers ought to pay the most religious regard to cleanliness4 ,both their situation and occupations render this highly necessary4 ,nothing would contribute more to preserve their health1 than a strict attention to it2 and such of them as neglect it1 not only run the hazard of losing health1 but of becoming a nuisance to their neighbours4 ,sedentary people ought to avoid food that is windy1 or hard of digestion1 and should pay the strictest regard to sobriety4 ,a person who works hard without doors will soon throw off a debauch2 but one who sits has by no means an equal chance4 ,hence it often happens1 that sedentary people are seized with fevers after hard drinking4 ,when such persons feel their spirits low1 instead of running to the tavern for relief1 they should ride1 or walk in the fields4 ,this would remove the complaint more effectually than strong liquor1 and would never hurt the constitution4 ,instead of multiplying rules for preserving the health of the sedentary1 we shall recommend to them the following general plan1 viz4 ,that every person who follows a sedentary employment should cultivate a piece of ground with his own hands4 ,this he might dig1 plant1 sow1 and weed at leisure hours1 so as to make it both an exercise and amusement1 while it produced many of the necessaries of life4 ,after working an hour in a garden1 a man will return with more keenness to his employment within doors1 than if he had been all the while idle4 ,labouring the ground is every way conducive to health4 ,it not only gives exercise to every part of the body1 but the very smell of the earth and fresh herbs revives and cheers the spirits1 whilst the perpetual prospect of something coming to maturity1 delights and entertains the mind4 ,we are so formed as to be always pleased with somewhat in prospect1 however distant or however trivial4 ,hence the happiness that most men feel in planting1 sowing1 building1 c4 ,these seem to have been the chief employments of the more early ages3 and1 when kings and conquerors cultivated the ground1 there is reason to believe that they knew as well wherein true happiness consisted as we do4 ,it may seem romantic to recommend gardening to manufacturers in great towns2 but observation proves that the plan is very practicable4 ,in the town of ,sheffield1 in ,yorkshire1 where the great iron manufacture is carried on1 there is hardly a journeyman cutler who does not possess a piece of ground1 which he cultivates as a garden4 ,this practice has many salutary effects4 ,it not only induces these people to take exercise without doors1 but also to eat many greens1 roots1 c4 of their own growth1 which they would never think of purchasing4 ,there can be no reason why manufacturers in any other town in ,great ,britain should not follow the same plan4 ,it is indeed to be regretted1 that in such a place as ,london a plan of this kind is not practicable2 yet even there sedentary artificers may find opportunities of taking air and exercise1 if they chuse to embrace them4 ,mechanics are too much inclined to crowd into great towns4 ,the situation may have some advantages2 but it has likewise many disadvantages4 ,all mechanics who live in the country have it in their power to cultivate a piece of ground2 which indeed most of them do4 ,this not only gives them exercise1 but enables them to live more comfortably4 ,so far at least as my observation extends1 mechanics who live in the country are far more happy than those in great towns4 ,they enjoy better health1 live in greater affluence1 and seldom fail to rear a healthy and numerous offspring4 ,in a word1 exercise without doors1 in one shape or another1 is absolutely necessary to health4 ,those who neglect it1 though they may for a while drag out life1 can hardly be said to enjoy it4 ,weak and effeminate1 they languish for a few years1 and soon drop into an untimely grave4 ,,the ,,studious4 ,intense thinking is so destructive to health1 that few instances can be produced of studious persons who are strong and healthy4 ,hard study always implies a sedentary life2 and when intense thinking is joined to the want of exercise1 the consequences must be bad4 ,we have frequently known even a few months of close application to study ruin an excellent constitution1 by inducing a train of nervous complaints which could never be removed4 ,man is evidently not formed for continual thought more than for perpetual action1 and would be as soon worn out by the one as by the other4 ,so great is the power of the mind over the body1 that1 by its influence1 the whole vital motions may be accelerated or retarded1 to almost any degree4 ,thus cheerfulness and mirth quicken the circulation1 and promote all the secretions2 whereas sadness and profound thought never fail to retard them4 ,hence it would appear1 that even a degree of thoughtlessness is necessary to health4 ,indeed1 the perpetual thinker seldom enjoys either health or spirits2 while the person1 who can hardly be said to think at all1 generally enjoys both4 ,perpetual thinkers1 as they are called1 seldom think long4 ,in a few years they generally become quite stupid1 and exhibit a melancholy proof how readily the greatest blessings may be abused4 ,thinking1 like every thing else1 when carried to extreme1 becomes a vice3 nor can any thing afford a greater proof of wisdom1 than for a man frequently and reasonably to unbend his mind4 ,this may generally be done by mixing in cheerful company1 active diversions1 or the like4 ,instead of attempting to investigate the nature of that connection which subsists between the mind and body1 or to inquire into the manner in which they mutually affect each other1 we shall only mention those diseases to which the learned are more peculiarly liable1 and endeavour to point out the means of avoiding them4 ,studious persons are very subject to the gout4 ,this painful disease in a great measure proceeds from indigestion1 and an obstructed perspiration4 ,it is impossible that the man who sits from morning till night should either digest his food1 or have any of the secretions in due quantity4 ,but when that matter1 which should be thrown off by the skin1 is retained in the body1 and the humours are not duly prepared1 diseases must ensue4 ,the studious are likewise very liable to the stone and gravel4 ,exercise greatly promotes both the secretion and discharge of urine2 consequently a sedentary life must have the contrary effect4 ,any one may be satisfied of this by observing1 that he passes much more urine by day than in the night1 and also when he walks or rides1 than when he sits4 ,the circulation in the liver being flow1 obstructions in that organ can hardly fail to be the consequence of inactivity4 ,hence sedentary people are frequently afflicted with schirrous livers4 ,but the proper secretion and discharge of the bile is so necessary a part of the animal conomy1 that where these are not duly performed1 the health must soon be impaired4 ,jaundice1 indigestion1 loss of appetite1 and a wasting of the whole body1 seldom fail to be the consequences of a vitiated state of the liver1 or obstructions of the bile4 ,few diseases prove more fatal to the studious than consumptions of the lungs4 ,it has already been observed1 that this organ cannot be duly expanded in those who do not take proper exercise2 and where that is the case1 obstructions and adhesions will ensue4 ,not only want of exercise1 but the posture in which studious persons generally sit1 is very hurtful to the lungs4 ,those who read or write much are ready to contract a habit of bending forwards1 and often press with their breast upon a table or bench4 ,this posture cannot fail to hurt the lungs4 ,the functions of the heart may likewise by this means be injured4 ,i remember to have seen a man opened1 whose pericardium adhered to the breast-bone in such a manner as to obstruct the motion of the heart1 and occasion his death4 ,the only probable cause that could be assigned for this singular symptom was1 that the man1 whose business was writing1 used constantly to sit in a bending posture1 with his breast pressing upon the edge of a plain table4 ,no person can enjoy health who does not properly digest his food4 ,but intense thinking and inactivity never fail to weaken the powers of digestion4 ,hence the humours become crude and vitiated1 the solids weak and relaxed1 and the whole constitution goes to ruin4 ,long and intense thinking often occasions grievous head-achs1 which bring on vertigoes1 apoplexies1 palsies1 and other fatal disorders4 ,the best way to prevent these is1 never to study too long at one time1 and to keep the body regular1 either by proper food1 or taking frequently a little of some opening medicine4 ,those who read or write much are often afflicted with sore eyes4 ,studying by candle-light is peculiarly hurtful to the sight4 ,this ought to be practised as seldom as possible4 ,when it is unavoidable1 the eyes should be shaded1 and the head should not be held too low4 ,when the eyes are weak or painful1 they should be bathed every night and morning in cold water1 to which a little brandy may be added4 ,it has already been observed1 that the excretions are very defective in the studious4 ,the dropsy is often occasioned by the retention of those humours which ought to be carried off in this way4 ,any person may observe1 that sitting makes his legs swell1 and that this goes off by exercise2 which clearly points out the method of prevention4 ,fevers1 especially of the nervous kind1 are often the effect of study4 ,nothing affects the nerves so much as intense thought4 ,it in a manner unhinges the whole human frame1 and not only hurts the vital motions1 but disorders the mind itself4 ,hence a delirium1 melancholy1 and even madness1 are often the effect of close application to study4 ,in fine1 there is no disease which can proceed either from a bad state of the humours1 a defect of the usual secretions1 or a debility of the nervous system1 which may not be induced by intense thinking4 ,but the most afflicting of all the diseases which attack the studious is the hypochondriac4 ,this disease seldom fails to be the companion of deep thought4 ,it may rather be called a complication of maladies than a single one4 ,to what a wretched condition are the best of men often reduced by it6 ,their strength and appetite fail2 a perpetual gloom hangs over their minds2 they live in the constant dread of death1 and are continually in search of relief from medicine1 where1 alas6 it is not to be found4 ,those who labour under this disorder1 though they are often made the subject of ridicule1 justly claim our highest sympathy and compassion4 ,hardly any thing can be more preposterous than for a person to make study his sole business4 ,a mere student is seldom an useful member of society4 ,he often neglects the most important duties of life1 in order to pursue studies of a very trifling nature4 ,indeed it rarely happens1 that any useful invention is the effect of mere study4 ,the farther men dive into profound researches1 they generally deviate the more from common sense1 and too often lose sight of it altogether4 ,profound speculations1 instead of making men wiser or better1 generally render them absolute sceptics1 and overwhelm them with doubt and uncertainty4 ,all that is necessary for man to know1 in order to be happy1 is easily obtained2 and the rest1 like the forbidden fruit1 serves only to increase his misery4 ,studious persons1 in order to relieve their minds1 must not only discontinue to read and write1 but engage in some employment or diversion1 that will so far occupy the thought as to make them forget the business of the closet4 ,a solitary ride or walk are so far from relaxing the mind1 that they rather encourage thought4 ,nothing can divert the mind1 when it gets into a train of serious thinking1 but attention to subjects of a more trivial nature4 ,these prove a kind of play to the mind1 and consequently relieve it4 ,learned men often contract a contempt for what they call trifling company4 ,they are ashamed to be seen with any but philosophers4 ,this however is no proof of their being philosophers themselves4 ,no man deserves that name who is ashamed to unbend his mind1 by associating with the cheerful and gay4 ,even the society of children will relieve the mind1 and expel the gloom which application to study is too apt to occasion4 ,as studious people are necessarily much within doors1 they should make choice of a large and well-aired place for study4 ,this would not only prevent the bad effects which attend confined air1 but would cheer the spirits1 and have a most happy influence both on the body and mind4 ,it is said of ,euripides the tragedian1 that he used to retire to a dark cave to compose his tragedies1 and of ,demosthenes the ,grecian orator1 that he chose a place for study where nothing could be either heard or seen4 ,with all deference to such venerable names1 we cannot help condemning their taste4 ,a man may surely think to as good purpose in an elegant apartment as in a cave2 and may have as happy conceptions where the all-cheering rays of the sun render the air wholesome1 as in places where they never enter4 ,those who read or write much should be very attentive to their posture4 ,they ought to sit and stand by turns1 always keeping as nearly in an erect posture as possible4 ,those who dictate1 may do it walking4 ,it has an excellent effect frequently to read or speak aloud4 ,this not only exercises the lungs1 but almost the whole body4 ,hence studious people are greatly benefited by delivering discourses in public4 ,public speakers1 indeed1 sometimes hurt themselves by overacting their part2 but this is their own fault4 ,the martyr to mere vociferation merits not our sympathy4 ,the morning has1 by all medical writers1 been reckoned the best time for study4 ,it is so4 ,but it is also the most proper season for exercise1 while the stomach is empty1 and the spirits refreshed with sleep4 ,studious people should therefore sometimes spend the morning in walking1 riding1 or some manly diversions without doors4 ,this would make them return to study with greater alacrity1 and would be of more service than twice the time after their spirits are worn out with fatigue4 ,it is not sufficient to take diversion only when we can think no longer4 ,every studious person should make it a part of his business1 and should let nothing interrupt his hours of recreation more than those of study4 ,music has a very happy effect in relieving the mind when fatigued with study4 ,it would be well if every studious person were so far acquainted with that science as to amuse himself after severe thought1 by playing such airs as have a tendency to raise the spirits1 and inspire cheerfulness and good humour4 ,it is a reproach to ,learning1 that any of her votaries1 to relieve the mind after study1 should betake themselves to the use of strong liquors4 ,this indeed is a remedy2 but it is a desperate one1 and always proves destructive4 ,would such persons1 when their spirits are low1 get on horseback1 and ride ten or a dozen miles1 they would find it a more effectual remedy than any cordial medicine in the apothecary's shop1 or all the strong liquors in the world4 ,the following is my plan1 and ,i cannot recommend a better to others4 ,when my mind is fatigued with study1 or other serious business1 ,i mount my horse1 and ride ten or twelve miles into the country1 where ,i spend a day1 and sometimes two1 with a cheerful friend2 after which ,i never fail to return to town with new vigour1 and to pursue my studies or business with fresh alacrity4 ,it is much to be regretted1 that learned men1 while in health1 pay so little regard to these things6 ,there is not any thing more common than to see a miserable object over-run with nervous diseases1 bathing1 walking1 riding1 and1 in a word1 doing every thing for health after it is gone2 yet1 if any one had recommended these things to him by way of prevention1 the advice would1 in all probability1 have been treated with contempt1 or1 at least1 with neglect4 ,such is the weakness and folly of mankind1 and such the want of foresight1 even in those who ought to be wiser than others6 ,with regard to the diet of the studious1 we see no reason why they should abstain from any kind of food that is wholesome1 provided they use it in moderation4 ,they ought1 however1 to be sparing in the use of every thing that is windy1 rancid1 or hard of digestion4 ,their suppers should always be light1 or taken soon in the evening4 ,their drink may be water1 fine malt liquor1 not too strong1 good cyder1 wine and water1 or1 if troubled with acidities1 water mixed with a little brandy1 rum1 or any other genuine spirit4 ,we shall only observe1 with regard to those kinds of exercise which are most proper for the studious1 that they should not be too violent1 nor ever carried to the degree of excessive fatigue4 ,they ought likewise to be frequently varied so as to give action to all the different parts of the body2 and should1 as often as possible1 be taken in the open air4 ,in general1 riding on horseback1 walking1 working in a garden1 or playing at some active diversions1 are the best4 ,we would likewise recommend the use of the cold bath to the studious4 ,it will1 in some measure1 supply the place of exercise1 and should not be neglected by persons of a relaxed habit1 especially in the warm season4 ,no person ought either to take violent exercise1 or to study immediately after a full meal4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,,of ,,aliment4 ,unwholesome food1 and irregularities in diet1 occasion many diseases4 ,there is no doubt but the whole constitution of body may be changed by diet alone4 ,the fluids may be thereby attenuated or condensed1 rendered mild or acrimonious1 coagulated or diluted1 to almost any degree4 ,nor are its effects upon the solids less considerable4 ,they may be braced or relaxed1 have their sensibility1 motions1 c4 greatly increased or diminished1 by different kinds of aliment4 ,a very small attention to these things will be sufficient to shew1 how much the preservation of health depends upon a proper regimen of the diet4 ,nor is an attention to diet necessary for the preservation of health only3 it is likewise of importance in the cure of diseases4 ,every intention in the cure of many diseases1 may be answered by diet alone4 ,its effects1 indeed1 are not always so quick as those of medicine1 but they are generally more lasting3 besides1 it is neither so disagreeable to the patient1 nor so dangerous as medicine1 and is always more easily obtained4 ,our intention here is not to inquire minutely into the nature and properties of the various kinds of aliment in use among mankind2 nor to shew their effects upon the different constitutions of the human body2 but to mark some of the most pernicious errors which people are apt to fall into1 with respect both to the quantity and qualities of their food1 and to point out their influence upon health4 ,it is not indeed an easy matter to ascertain the exact quantity of food proper for every age1 sex1 and constitution3 but a scrupulous nicety here is by no means necessary4 ,the best rule is to avoid all extremes4 ,mankind were never intended to weigh and measure their food4 ,nature teaches every creature when it has enough2 and the calls of thirst and hunger are sufficient to inform them when more is necessary4 ,though moderation is the chief rule with regard to the quantity1 yet the quality of food merits a farther consideration4 ,there are many ways by which provisions may be rendered unwholesome4 ,bad seasons may either prevent the ripening of grain1 or damage it afterwards4 ,these1 indeed1 are acts of ,providence1 and we must submit to them2 but surely no punishment can be too severe for those who suffer provisions to spoil by hoarding them1 on purpose to raise the price1 or who promote their own interest by adulterating the necessaries of life#bg4 ,animal1 as well as vegetable food1 may be rendered unwholesome1 by being kept too long4 ,all animal substances have a constant tendency to putrefaction2 and1 when that has proceeded too far1 they not only become offensive to the senses1 but hurtful to health4 ,diseased animals1 and such as die of themselves1 ought never to be eaten4 ,it is a common practice1 however1 in some grazing countries1 for servants and poor people to eat such animals as die of any disease1 or are killed by accident4 ,poverty1 indeed1 may oblige people to do this2 but they had better eat a smaller quantity of what is sound and wholesome3 it would both afford a better nourishment1 and be attended with less danger4 ,the injunctions given to the ,jews1 not to eat any creature which died of itself1 seem to have a strict regard to health2 and ought to be observed by ,christians as well as ,jews4 ,animals never die themselves without some previous disease2 but how a diseased animal should be wholesome food1 is inconceivable3 even those which die by accident must be hurtful1 as their blood is mixed with the flesh1 and soon turns putrid4 ,animals which feed grossly1 as tame ducks1 hogs1 c4 are neither so easily digested1 nor afford such wholesome nourishment as others4 ,no animal can be wholesome which does not take sufficient exercise4 ,most of our stalled cattle are crammed with gross food1 but not allowed exercise nor free air2 by which means they indeed grow fat1 but their juices not being properly prepared or assimilated1 remain crude1 and occasion indigestions1 gross humours1 and oppression of the spirits1 in those who feed upon them4 ,animals are often rendered unwholesome by being overheated4 ,excessive heat causes a fever1 exalts the animal salts1 and mixes the blood so intimately with the flesh1 that it cannot be separated4 ,for this reason1 butchers should be severely punished who over-drive their cattle4 ,no person would chuse to eat the flesh of an animal which had died in a high fever2 yet that is the case with all over-drove cattle2 and the fever is often raised even to the degree of madness4 ,but this is not the only way by which butchers render meat unwholesome4 ,the abominable custom of filling the cellular membrane of animals with air1 in order to make them appear fat1 is every day practised4 ,this not only spoils the meat1 and renders it unfit for keeping1 but is such a dirty trick1 that the very idea of it is sufficient to disgust a person of any delicacy at every thing which comes from the shambles4 ,who can bear the thought of eating meat which has been blown up with air from the lungs of a dirty fellow1 perhaps labouring under the very worst of diseases8 ,butchers have likewise a method of filling the cellular membranes of animals with blood4 ,this makes the meat seem fatter1 and likewise weigh more1 but is notwithstanding a very pernicious custom1 as it both renders the meat unwholesome and unfit for keeping4 ,i seldom see a piece of meat from the shambles1 where the blood is not diffused through the cellular texture4 ,i shall not say that this is always the effect of design2 but ,i am certain it is not the case with animals that are killed for domestic use1 and properly blooded4 ,veal seems to be most frequently spoilt in this way4 ,perhaps that may in some measure be owing to the practice of carrying calves from a great distance to market1 by which means their tender flesh is bruised1 and many of their vessels burst4 ,no people in the world eat such quantities of animal food as the ,english1 which is one reason why they are so generally tainted with the scurvy and its numerous train of consequences1 indigestion1 low spirits1 hypochondriacism1 c4 ,animal food was surely designed for man1 and1 with a proper mixture of vegetables1 it will be found the most wholesome2 but to gorge beef1 mutton1 pork1 fish1 and fowl1 twice or thrice a day1 is certainly too much4 ,all who value health ought to be contented with making one meal of flesh in the twenty-four hours1 and this ought to consist of one kind only4 ,the most obstinate scurvy has often been cured by a vegetable diet2 nay1 milk alone will frequently do more in that disease than any medicine4 ,hence it is evident1 that if vegetables and milk were more used in diet1 we should have less scurvy1 and likewise fewer putrid and inflammatory fevers4 ,fresh vegetables1 indeed1 come to be daily more used in diet2 this laudable practice we hope will continue to gain ground4 ,our aliment ought neither to be too moist nor too dry4 ,moist aliment relaxes the solids1 and renders the body feeble4 ,thus we see females1 who live much on tea and other watery diet1 generally become weak1 and unable to digest solid food3 hence proceed hysterics1 and all their dreadful consequences4 ,on the other hand1 food that is too dry1 renders the solids in a manner rigid1 and the humours viscid1 which disposes the body to inflammatory fevers1 scurvies1 and the like4 ,much has been said on the ill effects of tea in diet4 ,they are1 no doubt1 numerous2 but they proceed rather from the imprudent use of it1 than from any bad qualities in the tea itself4 ,tea is now the universal breakfast in this part of the world2 but the morning is surely the most improper time of the day for drinking it4 ,most delicate persons1 who1 by the bye1 are the greatest tea-drinkers1 cannot eat any thing in the morning4 ,if such persons1 after fasting ten or twelve hours1 drink four or five cups of tea without eating almost any bread1 it must hurt them4 ,good tea1 taken in moderate quantity1 not too strong1 nor too hot1 nor drank upon an empty stomach1 will seldom do harm2 but if it be bad1 which is often the case1 or substituted in the room of solid food1 it must have many ill effects4 ,the arts of cookery render many things unwholesome1 which are not so in their own nature4 ,by jumbling together a number of different ingredients1 in order to make a poignant sauce or rich soup1 the composition proves almost a poison4 ,all high seasoning1 pickles1 c4 are only incentives to luxury1 and never fail to hurt the stomach4 ,it were well for mankind1 if cookery1 as an art1 were entirely prohibited4 ,plain roasting or boiling is all that the stomach requires4 ,these alone are sufficient for people in health1 and the sick have still less need of a cook4 ,the liquid part of our aliment likewise claims our attention4 ,water is not only the basis of most liquors1 but also composes a great part of our solid food4 ,good water must therefore be of the greatest importance in diet4 ,the best water is that which is most pure1 and free from any mixture of foreign bodies4 ,water takes up parts of most bodies with which it comes into contact2 by this means it is often impregnated with metals or minerals of a hurtful or poisonous nature4 ,hence the inhabitants of some hilly countries have peculiar diseases1 which in all probability proceed from the water4 ,thus the people who live near the ,alps in ,switzerland1 and the inhabitants of the ,peak of ,derby in ,england1 have large tumours or wens on their necks4 ,this disease is generally imputed to the snow water2 but there is more reason to believe it is owing to the minerals in the mountains through which the waters pass4 ,when water is impregnated with foreign bodies1 it generally appears by its weight1 colour1 taste1 smell1 heat1 or some other sensible quality4 ,our business therefore is to chuse such water1 for common use1 as is lightest1 and without any particular colour1 taste1 or smell4 ,in most places of ,britain the inhabitants have it in their power to make choice of their water2 and few things would contribute more to health than a due attention to this article4 ,but mere indolence often induces people to make use of the water that is nearest to them1 without considering its qualities4 ,before water is brought into great towns1 the strictest attention ought to be paid to its qualities1 as many diseases may be occasioned or aggravated by bad water2 and when once it has been procured at a great expence1 people are unwilling to give it up4 ,the common methods of rendering water clear by filtration1 or soft1 by exposing it to the sun and air1 c4 are so generally known1 that it is unnecessary to spend time in explaining them4 ,we shall only1 in general1 advise all to avoid waters which stagnate long in small lakes1 ponds1 or the like1 as such waters often become putrid1 by the corruption of animal and vegetable bodies with which they abound4 ,even cattle frequently suffer by drinking1 in dry seasons1 water which has stood long in small reservoirs1 without being supplied by springs1 or freshened with showers4 ,all wells ought to be kept clean1 and to have a free communication with the air4 ,as fermented liquors1 notwithstanding they have been exclaimed against by many writers1 still continue to be the common drink of almost every person who can afford them2 we shall rather endeavour to assist people in the choice of these liquors1 than pretend to condemn what custom has so firmly established4 ,it is not the moderate use of sound fermented liquors which hurts mankind3 it is excess1 and using such as are ill prepared or vitiated4 ,fermented liquors1 which are too strong1 hurt digestion2 and the body is so far from being strengthened by them1 that it is weakened and relaxed4 ,many imagine that hard labour could not be supported without drinking strong liquors3 this is a very erroneous notion4 ,men who never taste strong liquors are not only able to endure more fatigue1 but also live much longer1 than those who use them daily4 ,but1 suppose strong liquors did enable a man to do more work1 they must nevertheless waste the powers of life1 and occasion premature old age4 ,they keep up a constant fever1 which exhausts the spirits1 inflames the blood1 and disposes the body to numberless diseases4 ,but fermented liquors may be too weak as well as too strong3 when that is the case1 they must either be drank new1 or they become sour and dead3 when such liquors are drank new1 the fermentation not being over1 they generate air in the bowels1 and occasion flatulencies2 and1 when kept till stale1 they turn sour on the stomach1 and hurt digestion4 ,for this reason all malt liquors1 cider1 c4 ought to be of such strength as to keep till they be ripe1 and then they should be used4 ,when such liquors are kept too long1 though they should not become sour1 yet they generally contract a hardness1 which renders them unwholesome4 ,all families1 who can1 ought to prepare their own liquors4 ,since preparing and vending of liquors became one of the most general branches of business1 every method has been tried to adulterate them4 ,the great object both to the makers and venders of liquor is1 to render it intoxicating1 and give it the appearance of age4 ,but it is well known that this may be done by other ingredients than those which ought to be used for making it strong4 ,it would be imprudent even to name those things which are daily made use of to render liquors heady4 ,suffice it to say1 that the practice is very common1 and that all the ingredients used for this purpose are of a narcotic or stupefactive quality4 ,but as all opiates are poisonous1 it is easy to see what must be the consequence of their general use4 ,though they do not kill suddenly1 yet they hurt the nerves1 relax and weaken the stomach1 and spoil the digestion4 ,were fermented liquors faithfully prepared1 kept to a proper age1 and used in moderation1 they would prove real blessings to mankind4 ,but1 while they are ill prepared1 various ways adulterated1 and taken to excess1 they must have many pernicious effects4 ,we would recommend it to families1 not only to prepare their own liquors1 but likewise their bread4 ,bread is so necessary a part of diet1 that too much care cannot be bestowed in order to have it sound and wholesome4 ,for this purpose1 it is not only necessary that it be made of good grain1 but likewise properly prepared1 and kept free from all unwholesome ingredients4 ,this1 however1 we have reason to believe is not always the case with bread prepared by those who make a trade of vending it4 ,their object is rather to please the eye1 than to consult the health4 ,the best bread is that which is neither too coarse nor too fine2 well fermented and made of wheat flour1 or rather of wheat and rye mixed together4 ,to specify the different kinds of aliment1 to explain their nature and properties1 and to point out their effects in different constitutions1 would far exceed the limits of our design4 ,instead of a detail of this kind1 which would not be generally understood1 and of course little attended to1 we shall only mention the following easy rules with respect to the choice of aliment4 ,persons1 whose solids are weak and relaxed1 ought to avoid all viscid food1 or such things as are hard of digestion4 ,their diet1 however1 ought to be nourishing2 and they should take sufficient exercise in the open air4 ,such as abound with blood should be sparing in the use of every thing that is highly nourishing1 as fat meat1 rich wines1 strong ale1 and such like4 ,their food should consist chiefly of bread and other vegetable substances2 and their drink ought to be water1 whey1 or small beer4 ,fat people should not eat freely of oily nourishing diet4 ,they ought frequently to use raddish1 garlic1 spices1 or such things as are heating and promote perspiration and urine4 ,their drink should be water1 coffee1 tea1 or the like2 and they ought to take much exercise and little sleep4 ,those who are too lean must follow an opposite course4 ,such as are troubled with acidities1 or whose food is apt to sour on the stomach1 should live much on animal food2 and those who are afflicted with hot alkaline eructations1 ought to use a diet consisting chiefly of acid vegetables4 ,people who are affected with the gout1 low spirits1 hypochondriac or hysteric disorders1 ought to avoid all flatulent food1 every thing that is viscid1 or hard of digestion1 all salted or smoke-dried provisions1 and whatever is austere1 acid1 or apt to turn sour on the stomach4 ,their food should be light1 spare1 cool1 and of an opening nature4 ,the diet ought not only to be suited to the age and constitution1 but also to the manner of life3 a sedentary or studious person should live more sparingly than one who labours hard without doors4 ,many kinds of food will nourish a peasant very well which would be almost indigestible to a citizen2 and the latter will live upon a diet on which the former would starve4 ,diet ought not to be too uniform4 ,the constant use of one kind of food might have some bad effects4 ,nature teaches us this1 by the great variety of aliment which she has provided for man1 and likewise by giving him an appetite for different kinds of food4 ,those who labour under any particular disease1 ought to avoid such aliments as have a tendency to increase it3 for example1 a gouty person should not indulge in rich wines1 strong soups1 or gravies1 and should avoid all acids4 ,one who is troubled with the gravel ought to shun all austere and astringent aliments2 and those who are scorbutic should be sparing in the use of salted provisions1 c4 ,in the first period of life1 our food ought to be light1 but nourishing1 and frequently taken4 ,food that is solid1 with a sufficient degree of tenacity1 is most proper for the state of manhood4 ,the diet suited to the last period of life1 when nature is upon the decline1 approaches nearly to that of the first4 ,it should be lighter and more succulent than that of vigorous age1 and likewise more frequently taken4 ,it is not only necessary for health that our diet be wholesome1 but also that it be taken at regular periods4 ,some imagine long fasting will atone for excess2 but this1 instead of mending the matter1 generally makes it worse4 ,when the stomach and intestines are over-distended with food1 they lose their proper tone1 and1 by long fasting1 they become weak1 and inflated with wind4 ,thus1 either gluttony or fasting destroys the powers of digestion4 ,the frequent repetition of aliment is not only necessary for repairing the continual waste of our bodies1 but likewise to keep the fluids sound and sweet4 ,our humours1 even in the most healthy state1 have a constant tendency to putrefaction1 which can only be prevented by frequent supplies of fresh nourishment3 when that is wanting too long1 the putrefaction often proceeds so far as to occasion very dangerous fevers4 ,from hence we may learn the necessity of regular meals4 ,no person can enjoy a good state of health1 whose vessels are either frequently overcharged1 or the humours long deprived of fresh supplies of chyle4 ,long fasting is extremely hurtful to young people2 it not only vitiates their humours1 but prevents their growth4 ,nor is it less injurious to the aged4 ,most persons1 in the decline of life1 are afflicted with wind3 this complaint is not only increased1 but even rendered dangerous1 and often fatal1 by long fasting4 ,old people1 when their stomachs are empty1 are frequently seized with giddiness1 head-achs1 and faintness4 ,these complaints may generally be removed by a piece of bread and a glass of wine1 or taking any other solid food2 which plainly points out the method of preventing them4 ,it is more than probable1 that many of the sudden deaths1 which happen in the advanced periods of life1 are occasioned by fasting too long1 as it exhausts the spirits1 and fills the bowels with wind2 we would therefore advise people1 in the decline of life1 never to allow their stomachs to be too long empty4 ,many people take nothing but a few cups of tea and a little bread1 from nine o'clock at night till two or three next afternoon4 ,such may be said to fast almost three-fourths of their time4 ,this can hardly fail to ruin the appetite1 vitiate the humours1 and fill the bowels with wind2 all which might be prevented by a solid breakfast4 ,it is a very common practice to eat a light breakfast and a heavy supper4 ,this custom ought to be reversed4 ,when people sup late1 their supper should be very light2 but the breakfast ought always to be solid4 ,if any one eats a light supper1 goes soon to bed1 and rises betimes in the morning1 he will be sure to find an appetite for his breakfast1 and he may freely indulge it4 ,the strong and healthy do not indeed suffer so much from fasting as the weak and delicate2 but they run great hazard from its opposite1 viz4 repletion4 ,many diseases1 especially fevers1 are the effect of a plethora1 or too great fulness of the vessels4 ,strong people1 in high health1 have generally a great quantity of blood and other humours4 ,when these are suddenly increased1 by an overcharge of rich and nourishing diet1 the vessels become too much distended1 and obstructions and inflammations ensue4 ,hence so many people are seized with inflammatory and eruptive fevers after a feast or debauch4 ,all great and sudden changes in diet are dangerous4 ,what the stomach has been long accustomed to digest1 though less wholesome1 will agree better with it than food of a more salutary nature which it has not been used to4 ,when therefore a change becomes necessary1 it ought always to be made gradually2 a sudden transition from a poor and low1 to a rich and luxurious diet1 or the contrary1 might so disturb the functions of the body as to endanger health1 or even to occasion death itself4 ,when we recommend regularity in diet1 we would not be understood as condemning every small deviation from it4 ,it is next to impossible for people at all times to avoid some degree of excess1 and living too much by rule might make even the smallest deviation dangerous4 ,it may therefore be prudent to vary a little1 sometimes taking more1 sometimes less1 than the usual quantity of meat and drink1 provided always that a due regard be had to moderation4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,,of ,,air4 ,unwholesome air is a very common cause of diseases4 ,few are aware of the danger arising from it4 ,people generally pay some attention to what they eat and drink1 but seldom regard what goes into the lungs1 though the latter proves often more suddenly fatal than the former4 ,air1 as well as water1 takes up parts of most bodies with which it comes in contact1 and is often so replenished with those of a noxious quality1 as to occasion immediate death4 ,but such violent effects seldom happen1 as people are generally on their guard against them4 ,the less perceptible influences of bad air prove more generally hurtful to mankind2 we shall therefore endeavour to point out some of these1 and to shew from whence the danger chiefly arises4 ,air may become noxious many ways4 ,whatever greatly alters its degree of heat1 cold1 moisture1 c4 renders it unwholesome3 for example1 that which is too hot dissipates the watry parts of the blood1 exalts the bile1 and renders the whole humour adust and thick4 ,hence proceed bilious and inflammatory fevers1 cholera morbus1 c4 ,very cold air obstructs the perspiration1 constringes the solids1 and condenses the fluids4 ,it occasions rheumatisms1 coughs1 and catarrhs1 with other diseases of the throat and breast4 ,air that is too moist destroys the elasticity or spring of the solids1 induces phlegmatic or lax constitutions1 and disposes the body to agues1 or intermitting fevers1 dropsies1 c4 ,wherever great numbers of people are crowded into one place1 if the air has not a free circulation1 it soon becomes unwholesome4 ,hence it is that delicate persons are so apt to turn sick or faint in crowded churches1 assemblies1 or any place where the air is injured by breathing1 fires1 candles1 or the like4 ,in great cities so many things tend to contaminate the air1 that it is no wonder it proves so fatal to the inhabitants4 ,the air in cities is not only breathed repeatedly over1 but is likewise loaded with sulphur1 smoke1 and other exhalations1 besides the vapours continually arising from innumerable putrid substances1 as dunghills1 slaughterhouses1 c4 ,all possible care should be taken to keep the streets of large towns open and wide1 that the air may have a free current through them4 ,they ought likewise to be kept very clean4 ,nothing tends more to pollute and contaminate the air of a city than dirty streets4 ,it is very common in this country to have church-yards in the middle of populous cities4 ,whether this be the effect of ancient superstition1 or owing to the increase of such towns1 is a matter of no consequence4 ,whatever gave rise to the custom1 it is a bad one4 ,it is habit alone which reconciles us to these things2 by means of which the most ridiculous1 nay pernicious customs1 often become sacred4 ,certain it is1 that thousands of putrid carcasses1 so near the surface of the earth1 in a place where the air is confined1 cannot fail to taint it2 and that such air1 when breathed into the lungs1 must occasion diseases#bh4 ,burying within churches is a practice still more detestable4 ,the air in churches is seldom good1 and the effluvia from putrid carcasses must render it still worse4 ,churches are commonly old buildings with arched roofs4 ,they are seldom open above once a week1 are never ventilated by fires nor open windows1 and rarely kept clean4 ,this occasions that damp1 musty1 unwholesome smell which one feels upon entering a church1 and renders it a very unsafe place for the weak and valetudinary4 ,these inconveniences might1 in a great measure1 be obviated1 by prohibiting all persons from burying within churches1 by keeping them clean1 and permitting a stream of fresh air to pass frequently through them1 by opening opposite doors and windows#bi4 ,wherever air stagnates long1 it becomes unwholesome4 ,hence the unhappy persons confined in jails not only contract malignant fevers themselves1 but often communicate them to others4 ,nor are many of the holes1 for we cannot call them houses1 possessed by the poor in great towns1 much better than jails4 ,these low dirty habitations are the very lurking-places of bad air and contagious diseases4 ,such as live in them seldom enjoy good health2 and their children commonly die young4 ,in the choice of a house1 those who have it in their power ought always to pay the greatest attention to open free air4 ,the various methods which luxury has invented to make houses close and warm1 contribute not a little to render them unwholesome4 ,no house can be wholesome unless the air has a free passage through it4 ,for which reason houses ought daily to be ventilated1 by opening opposite windows1 and admitting a current of fresh air into every room4 ,beds1 instead of being made up as soon as people rise out of them1 ought to be turned down1 and exposed to the fresh air from the open windows through the day4 ,this would expel any noxious vapour1 and could not fail to promote the health of the inhabitants4 ,in hospitals1 jails1 ships1 c4 where that cannot be conveniently done1 ventilators should be used4 ,the method of expelling foul1 and introducing fresh air1 by means of ventilators1 is a most salutary invention1 and is indeed the most useful of all our modern medical improvements4 ,it is capable of universal application1 and is fraught with numerous advantages1 both to those in health and sickness4 ,in all places1 where numbers of people are crowded together1 ventilation becomes absolutely necessary4 ,air which stagnates in mines1 wells1 cellars1 c4 is extremely noxious4 ,that kind of air is to be avoided as the most deadly poison4 ,it often kills almost as quickly as lightning4 ,for this reason1 people should be very cautious in opening cellars that have been long shut1 or going down into deep wells or pits1 especially if they have been kept close covered#cj4 ,many people who have splendid houses1 chuse to sleep in small apartments4 ,this conduct is very imprudent4 ,a bed-chamber ought always to be well-aired2 as it is generally occupied in the night only1 when all doors and windows are shut4 ,if a fire be kept in it1 the danger from a small room becomes still greater4 ,numbers have been stifled when asleep by a fire in a small apartment1 which is always hurtful4 ,those who are obliged1 on account of business1 to spend the day in close towns1 ought1 if possible1 to sleep in the country4 ,breathing free air in the night will1 in some measure1 make up for the want of it through the day4 ,this practice would have a greater effect in preserving the health of citizens than is commonly imagined4 ,delicate persons ought1 as much as possible1 to avoid the air of great towns4 ,it is peculiarly hurtful to the asthmatic and consumptive4 ,such persons should avoid cities as they would the plague4 ,the hypochondriac are likewise much hurt by it4 ,i have often seen persons so much afflicted with this malady while in town1 that it seemed impossible for them to live1 who1 upon being removed to the country1 were immediately relieved4 ,the same observation holds with regard to nervous and hysteric women4 ,many people1 indeed1 have it not in their power to change their situation in quest of better air4 ,all we can say to such persons is1 that they should go as often abroad into the open air as they can1 that they should admit fresh air frequently into their houses1 and take care to keep them very clean4 ,it was necessary in former times1 for safety1 to surround cities1 colleges1 and even single houses1 with high walls4 ,these1 by obstructing the free current of air1 never fail to render such places damp and unwholesome4 ,as such walls are now1 in most parts of this country1 become useless1 they ought to be pulled down1 and every method taken to admit a free passage to the air4 ,proper attention to ,,air and ,,cleanliness would tend more to preserve the health of mankind1 than all the endeavours of the faculty4 ,surrounding houses too closely with planting1 or thick woods1 likewise tends to render the air unwholesome4 ,wood not only obstructs the free current of the air1 but sends forth great quantities of moist exhalations1 which render it constantly damp4 ,wood is very agreeable at a proper distance from a house1 but should never be planted too near it1 especially in a flat country4 ,many of the gentlemen's seats in ,england are rendered very unwholesome from the great quantity of wood which surrounds them4 ,houses situated in low marshy countries1 or near large lakes of stagnating water1 are likewise unwholesome4 ,waters which stagnate not only render the air damp1 but load it with putrid exhalations1 which produce the most dangerous and fatal diseases4 ,those who are obliged to inhabit marshy countries1 ought to make choice of the dryest situations they can find1 to live generously1 and to pay the strictest regard to cleanliness4 ,if fresh air be necessary for those in health1 it is still more so for the sick1 who often lose their lives for want of it4 ,the notion that sick people must be kept very hot1 is so common1 that one can hardly enter the chamber where a patient lies1 without being ready to faint1 by reason of the hot suffocating smell4 ,how this must affect the sick any one may judge4 ,no medicine is so beneficial to the sick as fresh air4 ,it is the most reviving of all cordials1 if it be administered with prudence4 ,we are not1 however1 to throw open doors and windows at random upon the sick4 ,fresh air is to be let into the chamber gradually1 and1 if possible1 by opening the windows of some other apartment4 ,the air of a sick person's chamber may be greatly freshened1 and the patient much revived1 by sprinkling the floor1 bed1 c4 frequently with vinegar1 juice of lemon1 or any other strong vegetable acid4 ,in places where numbers of sick are crowded into the same house1 or1 which is often the case1 into the same apartment1 the frequent admission of fresh air becomes absolutely necessary4 ,infirmaries1 hospitals1 c4 are often rendered so noxious1 for want of proper ventilation1 that the sick run more hazard from them than from the disease4 ,this is particularly the case when putrid fevers1 dysenteries1 and other infectious diseases prevail4 ,physicians1 surgeons1 and others who attend hospitals1 ought1 for their own safety1 to take care that they be properly ventilated4 ,such persons as are obliged to spend most of their time amongst the sick1 run great hazard of being themselves infected when the air is bad4 ,all hospitals1 and places of reception for the sick1 ought to have an open situation1 at some distance from any great town1 and such patients as labour under any infectious disease ought never to be suffered to come near the rest#ca4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,,of ,,exercise4 ,many people look upon the necessity man is under of earning his bread by labour1 as a curse4 ,be this as it may1 it is evident from the structure of the body1 that exercise is not less necessary than food for the preservation of health3 those whom poverty obliges to labour for daily bread1 are not only the most healthy1 but generally the most happy part of mankind4 ,industry seldom fails to place them above want1 and activity serves them instead of physic4 ,this is peculiarly the case with those who live by the culture of the ground4 ,the great increase of inhabitants in infant colonies1 and the longevity of such as follow agriculture every where1 evidently prove it to be the most healthful as well as the most useful employment4 ,the love of activity shews itself very early in man4 ,so strong is this principle1 that a healthy youth cannot be restrained from exercise1 even by the fear of punishment4 ,our love of motion is surely a strong proof of its utility4 ,nature implants no disposition in vain4 ,it seems to be a catholic law throughout the whole animal creation1 that no creature1 without exercise1 should enjoy health1 or be able to find subsistence4 ,every creature1 except man1 takes as much of it as is necessary4 ,he alone1 and such animals as are under his direction1 deviate from this original law1 and they suffer accordingly4 ,inactivity never fails to induce an universal relaxation of the solids1 which disposes the body to innumerable diseases4 ,when the solids are relaxed1 neither the digestion1 nor any of the secretions1 can be duly performed4 ,in this case1 the worst consequences must ensue4 ,how can persons who loll all day in easy chairs1 and sleep all night on beds of down1 fail to be relaxed8 ,nor do such greatly mend the matter1 who never stir abroad but in a coach1 sedan1 or such like4 ,these elegant pieces of luxury are become so common1 that the inhabitants of great towns seem to be in some danger of losing the use of their limbs altogether4 ,it is now below any one to walk1 who can afford to be carried4 ,how ridiculous would it seem1 to a person unacquainted with modern luxury1 to behold the young and healthy swinging along on the shoulders of their fellow-creatures6 or to see a fat carcase1 over-run with diseases occasioned by inactivity1 dragged through the streets by half a dozen horses#cb6 ,glandular obstructions1 now so common1 generally proceed from inactivity4 ,these are the most obstinate of maladies4 ,so long as the liver1 kidnies1 and other glands1 duly perform their functions1 health is seldom impaired2 but1 when they fail1 nothing can restore it4 ,exercise is almost the only cure we know for glandular obstructions2 indeed1 it does not always succeed as a remedy2 but there is reason to believe that it would seldom fail to prevent these complaints1 were it used in due time4 ,one thing is certain1 that1 amongst those who take sufficient exercise1 glandular diseases are very little known2 whereas the indolent and inactive are seldom free from them4 ,weak nerves are the constant companions of inactivity4 ,nothing but exercise and open air can brace and strengthen the nerves1 or prevent the endless train of diseases which proceed from a relaxed state of these organs4 ,we seldom hear the active or laborious complain of nervous diseases2 these are reserved for the sons of ease and affluence4 ,many have been completely cured of these disorders by being reduced1 from a stare of opulence1 to labour for their daily bread4 ,this plainly points out the sources from whence nervous diseases flow1 and the means by which they may be prevented4 ,it is absolutely impossible to enjoy health1 where the perspiration is not duly carried on2 but that can never be the case where exercise is neglected4 ,when the matter which ought to be thrown off by perspiration is retained in the body1 it vitiates the humours1 and occasions the gout1 fevers1 rheumatism1 c4 ,exercise alone would prevent many of those diseases which cannot be cured1 and would remove others where medicine proves ineffectual4 ,a late author#cc1 in his excellent treatise on health1 says1 that the weak and valetudinary ought to make exercise a part of their religion4 ,we would recommend this1 not only to the weak and valetudinary1 but to all whose business does not oblige them to take sufficient exercise1 as sedentary artificers#cd1 shop-keepers1 studious persons1 c4 ,such ought to use exercise as regularly as they take food4 ,this might generally be done without any interruption to business or real loss of time4 ,no piece of indolence hurts the health more than the modern custom of lying a-bed too long in a morning4 ,this is the general practice in great towns4 ,the inhabitants of cities seldom rise before eight or nine o'clock2 but the morning is undoubtedly the best time for exercise1 while the stomach is empty1 and the body refreshed with sleep4 ,besides1 the morning air braces and strengthens the nerves1 and1 in some measure1 answers the purpose of a cold bath4 ,let any one who has been accustomed to lie a-bed till eight or nine o'clock1 rise by six or seven1 spend a couple of hours in walking1 riding1 or any active diversion without doors1 and he will find his spirits cheerful and serene through the day1 his appetite keen1 and his body braced and strengthened4 ,custom soon renders early rising agreeable1 and nothing contributes more to the preservation of health4 ,the inactive are continually complaining of pains of the stomach1 flatulencies1 indigestions1 c4 ,these complaints1 which pave the way to many others1 are not to be removed by medicines4 ,they can only be cured by a vigorous course of exercise1 to which indeed they seldom fail to yield4 ,exercise1 if possible1 ought always to be taken in the open air4 ,when that cannot be done1 various methods may be contrived for exercising the body within doors1 as the dumb bell1 dancing1 fencing1 c4 ,it is not necessary to adhere strictly to any particular kind of exercise4 ,the best way is to take them by turns1 and to use that longest which is most suitable to the strength and constitution4 ,those kinds of exercise which give action to most of the bodily organs1 are always to be preferred1 as walking1 running1 riding1 digging1 swimming1 and such like4 ,it is much to be regretted1 that active and manly diversions are now so little practised4 ,diversions make people take more exercise than they otherwise would do1 and are of the greatest service to such as are not under the necessity of labouring for their bread4 ,as active diversions lose ground1 those of a sedentary kind seem to prevail4 ,sedentary diversions are of no other use but to consume time4 ,instead of relieving the mind1 they often require more thought than either study or business4 ,every thing that induces people to sit still1 unless it be some necessary employment1 ought to be avoided4 ,the diversions which afford the best exercise are1 hunting1 shooting1 playing at cricket1 handball1 golf#ce1 c4 ,these exercise the limbs1 promote perspiration1 and the other secretions4 ,they likewise strengthen the lungs1 and give firmness and agility to the whole body4 ,such as can1 ought to spend two or three hours a-day on horseback2 those who cannot ride1 should employ the same time in walking4 ,exercise should never be continued too long4 ,over-fatigue prevents the benefit of exercise1 and instead of strengthening the body tends to weaken it4 ,every man should lay himself under some sort of necessity to take exercise4 ,indolence1 like other vices when indulged1 gains ground1 and at length becomes agreeable4 ,hence many who were fond of exercise in the early part of life1 become quite averse from it afterwards4 ,this is the case of most hypochondriac and gouty people1 which renders their diseases in a great measure incurable4 ,in some countries laws have been made1 obliging every man1 of whatever rank1 to learn some mechanical employment4 ,whether such laws were designed for the preservation of health1 or the encouragement of manufacture1 is a question of no importance1 ,certain it is1 that if gentlemen were frequently to amuse and exercise themselves in this way1 it might have many good effects4 ,they would at least derive as much honour from a few masterly specimens of their own workmanship1 as from the character of having ruined most of their companions by gaming or drinking4 ,besides1 men of leisure1 by applying themselves to the mechanical arts1 might improve them1 to the great benefit of society4 ,indolence not only occasions diseases1 and renders men useless to society1 but promotes all manner of vice4 ,to say a man is idle1 is little better than to call him vicious4 ,the mind1 if not engaged in some useful pursuit1 is constantly in quest of ideal pleasures1 or impressed with the apprehension of some imaginary evil4 ,from these sources proceed most of the miseries of mankind4 ,certainly man was never intended to be idle4 ,inactivity frustrates the very design of his creation2 whereas an active life is the best guardian of virtue1 and the greatest preservative of health4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,,of ,,sleep ,,and ,,clothing4 ,sleep1 as well as diet1 ought to be duly regulated4 ,too little sleep weakens the nerves1 exhausts the spirits1 and occasions diseases2 and too much renders the mind dull1 the body gross1 and disposes to apoplexies1 lethargies1 and other complaints of a similar nature4 ,a medium ought therefore to be observed2 but this is not easy to fix4 ,children require more sleep than grown persons1 the laborious than the idle1 and such as eat and drink freely1 than those who live abstemiously4 ,besides1 the real quantity of sleep cannot be measured by time2 as one person will be more refreshed by five or six hours sleep1 than another by eight or ten4 ,children may always be allowed to take as much sleep as they please2 but1 for adults1 six or seven hours is certainly sufficient1 and no one ought to exceed eight4 ,those who lie a-bed more than eight hours may slumber1 but they can hardly be said to sleep2 such generally toss and dream away the fore-part of the night1 sink to rest towards morning1 and dose till noon4 ,the best way to make sleep sound and refreshing is to rise betimes4 ,the custom of lying a-bed for nine or ten hours1 not only makes the sleep less refreshing1 but relaxes the solids1 and greatly weakens the constitution4 ,nature points out night as the proper season for sleep4 ,nothing more certainly destroys the constitution than night-watching4 ,it is great pity that a practice so destructive to health should be so much in fashion4 ,how quickly the want of rest in due season will blast the most blooming complexion1 or ruin the best constitution1 is evident from the ghastly countenances of those who1 as the phrase is1 turn day into night1 and night into day4 ,to make sleep refreshing1 the following things are requisite3 ,first1 to take sufficient exercise in the open air2 to avoid strong tea or coffee2 next1 to eat a light supper2 and lastly1 to lie down with a mind as cheerful and serene as possible4 ,it is certain that too much exercise will prevent sleep1 as well as too little4 ,we seldom however hear the active and laborious complain of restless nights4 ,it is the indolent and slothful who generally have these complaints4 ,is it any wonder that a bed of down should not be refreshing to a person who sits all day in an easy chair8 ,a great part of the pleasure of life consists in alternate rest and motion2 but they who neglect the latter can never relish the former4 ,the labourer enjoys more true luxury in plain food and sound sleep1 than is to be found in sumptuous tables and downy pillows1 where exercise is wanting4 ,that light suppers cause sound sleep1 is true even to a proverb4 ,many persons1 if they exceed the least at that meal1 are sure to have uneasy nights2 and1 if they fall asleep1 the load and oppression on their stomach and spirits occasion frightful dreams1 broken and disturbed repose1 the night-mare1 c4 ,were the same persons to go to bed with a light supper1 or sit up till that meal was pretty well digested1 they would enjoy sound sleep1 and rise refreshed and cheerful4 ,there are indeed some people who cannot sleep unless they have eat some solid food at night1 but this does not imply the necessity of a heavy supper2 besides1 these are generally persons who have accustomed themselves to this method1 and who do not take a sufficient quantity of solid food and exercise4 ,nothing more certainly disturbs our repose than anxiety4 ,when the mind is not at ease1 one seldom enjoys sound sleep4 ,the greatest of human blessings flies the wretched1 and visits the happy1 the cheerful1 and the gay4 ,this is a sufficient reason why every man should endeavour to be as easy in his mind as possible when he goes to rest4 ,many1 by indulging grief and anxious thought1 have banished sound sleep so long1 that they could never afterwards enjoy it4 ,sleep1 when taken in the fore-part of the night1 is generally reckoned most refreshing4 ,whether this be the effect of habit or not1 is hard to say2 but as most people are accustomed to go early to bed when young1 it may be presumed that sleep1 at this season1 will prove most refreshing to them ever after4 ,whether the fore-part of the night be best for sleep or not1 surely the fore-part of the day is fitted both for business and amusement4 ,i hardly ever knew an early riser who did not enjoy a good state of health#cf4 ,of ,clothing4 ,the clothing ought to be suited to the climate4 ,custom has no doubt a very great influence in this article2 but no custom can ever change the nature of things so far1 as to render the same clothing fit for an inhabitant of ,nova ,zembla and the island of ,jamaica4 ,it is not indeed necessary to observe an exact proportion between the quantity of clothes we wear1 and the degree of latitude which we inhabit2 but1 at the same time1 proper attention ought to be paid to it1 as well as to the openness of the country1 the frequency and violence of storms1 c4 ,in youth1 while the blood is hot and the perspiration free1 it is less necessary to cover the body with a great quantity of clothes2 but1 in the decline of life1 when the skin becomes rigid and the humours more cool1 the clothing should be increased4 ,many diseases in the latter period of life proceed from a defect of perspiration3 these may1 in some measure1 be prevented by a suitable addition to the clothing1 or by wearing such as are better calculated for promoting the discharge from the skin1 as clothes made of cotton1 flannel1 c4 ,the clothing ought likewise to be suited to the season of the year4 ,clothing may be warm enough for summer1 which is by no means sufficient for winter4 ,the greatest caution1 however1 is necessary in making these changes4 ,we ought neither to put off our winter clothes too soon1 nor to wear our summer ones too long4 ,in this country1 the winter often sets in very early with great rigour1 and we have frequently cold weather even after the commencement of the summer months4 ,it would likewise be prudent not to make the change all at once1 but to do it gradually2 and indeed the changes of apparel in this climate ought to be very inconsiderable1 especially among those who have passed the meridian of life#cg4 ,clothes often become hurtful by their being made subservient to the purposes of pride or vanity4 ,mankind in all ages seem to have considered clothes in this view2 accordingly their fashion and figure have been continually varying1 with very little regard either to health1 the climate1 or conveniency3 a farthingale1 for example1 may be very necessary in hot southern climates1 but surely nothing can be more ridiculous in the cold regions of the north4 ,even the human shape is often attempted to be mended by dress1 and those who know no better believe that mankind would be monsters without its assistance4 ,all attempts of this nature are highly pernicious4 ,the most destructive of them in this country is that of squeezing the stomach and bowels into as narrow a compass as possible1 to procure1 what is falsely called1 a fine shape#ch4 ,by this practice the action of the stomach and bowels1 the motion of the heart and lungs1 and almost all the vital functions1 are obstructed4 ,hence proceed indigestions1 syncopes1 or fainting fits1 coughs1 consumptions of the lungs1 and other complaints so common among females4 ,the feet likewise often suffer by pressure4 ,how a small foot came to be reckoned genteel1 ,i will not pretend to say2 but certain it is1 that this notion has made many persons lame4 ,almost nine-tenths of mankind are troubled with corns3 a disease that is seldom or never occasioned but by strait shoes4 ,corns are not only very troublesome1 but by rendering people unable to walk1 they may likewise be considered as the remote cause of other diseases#ci4 ,the size and figure of the shoe ought certainly to be adapted to the foot4 ,in children the feet are as well shaped as the hands1 and the motion of the toes as free and easy as that of the fingers2 yet few persons in the advanced periods of life are able to make any use of their toes4 ,they are generally1 by narrow shoes1 squeezed all of a heap1 and often laid over one another in such a manner as to be rendered altogether incapable of motion4 ,nor is the high heel less hurtful than the narrow toe4 ,a lady may seem taller for walking on her tiptoes1 but she will never walk well in this manner4 ,it strains her joints1 distorts her limbs1 makes her stoop1 and utterly destroys all her ease and gracefulness of motion3 it is entirely owing to shoes with high heels and narrow toes1 that not one female in ten can be said to walk well4 ,in fixing on the clothes1 due care should be taken to avoid all tight bandages4 ,garters1 buckles1 c4 when drawn too tight1 not only prevent the free motion and use of the parts about which they are bound1 but likewise obstruct the circulation of the blood1 which prevents the equal nourishment and growth of these parts1 and occasions various diseases4 ,tight bandages about the neck1 as stocks1 cravats1 necklaces1 c4 are extremely dangerous4 ,they obstruct the blood in its course from the brain1 by which means head-achs1 vertigoes1 apoplexies1 and other fatal diseases are often occasioned4 ,the perfection of dress is to be easy and clean4 ,nothing can be more ridiculous1 than for any one to make himself a slave to fine clothes4 ,such a one1 and many such there are1 would rather remain as fixt as a statue from morning till night1 than discompose a single hair or alter the position of a pin4 ,were we to recommend any particular pattern for dress1 it would be that which is worn by the people called ,quakers4 ,they are always neat1 clean1 and often elegant1 without any thing superfluous4 ,what others lay out upon tawdry laces1 ruffles1 and ribands1 they bestow upon superior cleanliness4 ,finery is only the affectation of dress1 and very often covers a great deal of dirt4 ,we shall only add1 with regard to clothing1 that it ought not only to be suited to the climate1 the season of the year1 and the period of life2 but likewise to the temperature and constitution4 ,robust persons are able to endure either cold or heat better than the delicate2 consequently may be less attentive to their clothing4 ,but the precise quantity of clothes necessary for any person cannot be determined by reasoning4 ,it is entirely a matter of experience1 and every man is the best judge for himself what quantity of clothes is necessary to keep him warm#dj4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,,of ,,intemperance4 ,a modern author#da observes1 that temperance and exercise are the two best physicians in the world4 ,he might have added1 that if these were duly regarded1 there would be little occasion for any other4 ,temperance may justly be called the parent of health2 yet numbers of mankind act as if they thought diseases and death too slow in their progress1 and by intemperance and debauch seem as it were to solicit their approach4 ,the danger of intemperance appears from the very construction of the human body4 ,health depends on that state of the solids and fluids which fits them for the due performance of the vital functions2 and1 while these go regularly on1 we are sound and well2 but whatever disturbs them necessarily impairs health4 ,intemperance never fails to disorder the whole animal conomy2 it hurts the digestion1 relaxes the nerves1 renders the different secretions irregular1 vitiates the humours1 and occasions numberless diseases4 ,the analogy between the nourishment of plants and animals affords a striking proof of the danger of intemperance4 ,moisture and manure greatly promote vegetation2 yet an over-quantity of either will entirely destroy it4 ,the best things become hurtful1 nay destructive1 when carried to excess4 ,hence we learn1 that the highest degree of human wisdom consists in regulating our appetites and passions so as to avoid all extremes4 ,it is that chiefly which entitles us to the character of rational beings4 ,the slave of appetite will ever be the disgrace of human nature4 ,the ,author of ,nature hath endued us with various passions1 for the propagation of the species1 the preservation of the individual1 c4 ,intemperance is the abuse of these passions2 and moderation consists in the proper regulation of them4 ,men1 not contented with satisfying the simple calls of ,nature1 create artificial wants1 and are perpetually in search of something that may gratify them2 but imaginary wants can never be gratified4 ,nature is content with little2 but luxury knows no bounds4 ,hence the epicure1 the drunkard1 and the debauchee1 seldom stop in their career1 till their money or their constitution fails3 then indeed they generally see their error when too late4 ,it is impossible to lay down fixt rules with regard to diet1 on account of the different constitutions of mankind4 ,the most ignorant person1 however1 certainly knows what is meant by excess2 and it is in the power of every man1 if he chuses1 to avoid it4 ,the great rule of diet is to study simplicity4 ,nature delights in the most plain and simple food1 and every animal1 except man1 follows her dictates4 ,man alone riots at large1 and ransacks the whole creation in quest of luxuries1 to his own destruction4 ,an elegant writer#db of the last age speaks thus of intemperance in diet3 8,for my part1 when ,i behold a fashionable table set out in all its magnificence1 ,i fancy that ,i see gouts and dropsies1 fevers and lethargies1 with other innumerable distempers1 lying in ambuscade among the dishes40 ,nor is intemperance in other things less destructive than in diet4 ,how quickly does the immoderate pursuit of carnal pleasures1 or the abuse of intoxicating liquors1 ruin the best constitution6 ,indeed these vices generally go hand in hand4 ,hence it is that we so often behold the votaries of ,bacchus and ,venus1 even before they have arrived at the prime of life1 worn out with diseases1 and hasting with swift pace to an untimely grave4 ,did men reflect on the painful diseases1 and premature deaths1 which are daily occasioned by intemperance1 it would be sufficient to make them shrink back with horror from the indulgence even of their darling pleasures4 ,intemperance does not hurt its votaries alone2 the innocent too often feel the direful effects of it4 ,how many wretched orphans are to be seen embracing dunghills1 whose parents1 regardless of the future1 spent in riot and debauch what might have served to bring up their offspring in a decent manner8 ,how often do we behold the miserable mother1 with her helpless infants1 pining in want1 while the cruel father is indulging his insatiate appetites8 ,families are not only reduced to misery1 but even extirpated1 by intemperance4 ,nothing tends so much to prevent propagation1 and to shorten the lives of children1 as the intemperance of parents4 ,the poor man who labours all day1 and at night lies down contented with his humble fare1 can boast a numerous offspring1 while his pampered lord1 sunk in ease and luxury1 often languishes without an heir to his ample fortunes4 ,even states and empires feel the influence of intemperance1 and rise or fall as it prevails4 ,instead of mentioning the different kinds of intemperance1 and pointing out their influence upon health1 we shall only1 by way of example1 make a few observations on one particular species of that vice1 viz4 the abuse of intoxicating liquors4 ,every act of intoxication puts ,nature to the expence of a fever1 in order to discharge the poisonous draught4 ,when this is repeated almost every day1 it is easy to foresee the consequences4 ,that constitution must be strong indeed1 which is able long to hold out under a daily fever6 but fevers occasioned by drinking do not always go off in a day2 they frequently end in an inflammation of the breast1 liver1 or brain1 and produce fatal effects4 ,though the drunkard should not fall by an acute disease1 he seldom escapes those of a chronic kind4 ,intoxicating liquors1 when used to excess1 weaken the bowels and spoil the digestion2 they destroy the power of the nerves1 and occasion paralytic and convulsive disorders2 they likewise heat and inflame the blood1 destroy its balsamic quality1 render it unfit for circulation1 and the nourishment of the body4 ,hence obstructions1 atrophies1 dropsies1 and consumptions of the lungs4 ,these are the common ways in which drunkards make their exit4 ,diseases of this kind1 when brought on by hard drinking1 seldom admit of a cure4 ,many people injure their health by drinking1 who seldom get drunk4 ,the continual habit of soaking1 as it is called1 though its effects be not so violent1 is not less pernicious4 ,when the vessels are kept constantly full and upon the stretch1 the different digestions can neither be duly performed1 nor the humours properly prepared4 ,hence most people of this character are afflicted with the gout1 the gravel1 ulcerous sores in the legs1 c4 ,if these disorders do not appear1 they are seized with low spirits1 hypochondriacal affections1 and other symptoms of indigestion4 ,consumptions are now so common1 that it is thought one-tenth of the inhabitants of great towns die of that disease4 ,hard drinking is no doubt one of the causes to which we must impute the increase of consumptions4 ,the great quantities of viscid malt liquor drank by the common people of ,england1 cannot fail to render the blood sizy and unfit for circulation2 from whence proceed obstructions1 and inflammations of the lungs4 ,there are few great ale-drinkers who are not phthisical3 nor is that to be wondered at1 considering the glutinous and almost indigestible nature of strong ale4 ,those who drink ardent spirits or strong wines run still greater hazard2 these liquors heat and inflame the blood1 and tear the tender vessels of the lungs to pieces2 yet so great is the consumption of them in this country1 that one would almost be induced to think that the inhabitants lived upon them#dc4 ,the habit of drinking proceeds frequently from misfortunes in life4 ,the miserable fly to it for relief4 ,it affords them indeed a temporary ease4 ,but1 alas6 this solace is short-lived2 and when it is over1 the spirits sink as much below their usual tone as they had before been raised above it4 ,hence a repetition of the dose becomes necessary1 and every fresh dose makes way for another1 till the unhappy wretch becomes a slave to the bottle1 and at length falls a sacrifice to what at first perhaps was taken only as a medicine4 ,no man is so dejected as the drunkard when his debauch is gone off4 ,hence it is1 that those who have the greatest flow of spirits while the glass circulates freely1 are of all others the most melancholy when sober1 and often put an end to their own miserable existence in a fit of spleen or ill humour4 ,drunkenness not only proves destructive to health1 but likewise to the faculties of the mind4 ,it is strange that creatures who value themselves on account of a superior degree of reason to that of brutes1 should take pleasure in sinking so far below them4 ,were such as voluntarily deprive themselves of the use of reason1 to continue ever after in that condition1 it would seem but a just punishment4 ,though this be not the consequence of one act of intoxication1 it seldom fails to succeed a course of it4 ,by a habit of drinking1 the greatest genius is often reduced to a mere idiot#dd4 ,intoxication is peculiarly hurtful to young persons4 ,it heats their blood1 impairs their strength1 and obstructs their growth2 besides1 the frequent use of strong liquors in the early part of life destroys any benefit that might arise from them afterwards4 ,those who make a practice of drinking generous liquors when young1 cannot expert to reap any benefit from them as a cordial in the decline of life4 ,drunkenness is not only in itself a most abominable vice1 but is an inducement to many others4 ,there is hardly any crime so horrid that the drunkard will not perpetrate for the love of liquor4 ,we have known mothers sell their children's clothes1 the food that they should have eat1 and afterwards even the infants themselves1 in order to purchase the accursed draught4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,,of ,,cleanliness4 ,the want of cleanliness is a fault which admits of no excuse4 ,where water can be had for nothing1 it is surely in the power of every person to be clean4 ,the continual discharge from our bodies by perspiration1 renders frequent change of apparel necessary4 ,changing apparel greatly promotes the secretion from the skin1 so necessary for health4 ,when that matter which ought to be carried off by perspiration1 is either retained in the body1 or resorbed from dirty clothes1 it must occasion diseases4 ,diseases of the skin are chiefly owing to want of cleanliness#de4 ,they may indeed be caught by infection1 or brought on by poor living1 unwholesome food1 c4 but they will seldom continue long where cleanliness prevails4 ,to the same cause must we impute the various kinds of vermin which infest the human body1 houses1 c4 ,these may always be banished by cleanliness alone1 and wherever they abound1 we have reason to believe it is neglected4 ,one common cause of putrid and malignant fevers1 is the want of cleanliness4 ,these fevers commonly begin among the inhabitants of close dirty houses1 who breathe unwholesome air1 take little exercise1 and wear dirty clothes4 ,there the infection is generally hatched1 which often spreads far and wide1 to the destruction of many4 ,hence cleanliness may be considered as an object of public attention4 ,it is not sufficient that ,i be clean myself1 while the want of it in my neighbour affects my health as well as his own4 ,if dirty people cannot be removed as a common nuisance1 they ought at least to be avoided as infectious4 ,all who regard their health should keep at a distance even from their habitations4 ,in places where great numbers of people are collected1 cleanliness becomes of the utmost importance4 ,it is well known that infectious diseases are communicated by tainted air4 ,every thing1 therefore1 which tends to pollute the air1 or spread the infection1 ought with the utmost care to be guarded against4 ,for this reason1 in great towns1 no filth1 of any kind1 should be permitted to lie upon the streets4 ,nothing is more apt to convey infection than the excrements of the diseased4 ,in many great towns the streets are little better than dunghills1 being frequently covered with ashes1 dung1 and nastiness of every kind4 ,even slaughterhouses1 or killing shambles1 are often to be seen in the very centre of great towns4 ,the putrid blood1 excrements1 c4 with which these places are generally covered1 cannot fail to taint the air1 and render it unwholesome4 ,how easily might this be prevented by active magistrates1 who have it always in their power to make proper laws relative to things of this nature1 and to enforce the observance of them6 ,we are sorry to say1 that the importance of general cleanliness does not seem to be sufficiently understood by the magistrates of most great towns in ,britain2 though health1 pleasure1 and delicacy1 all conspire to recommend an attention to it4 ,nothing can be more agreeable to the senses1 more to the honour of the inhabitants1 or more conducive to their health1 than a clean town2 nor can any thing impress a stranger with a more disrespectful idea of any people than its opposite4 ,whatever pretensions people may make to learning1 politeness1 or civilization1 we will venture to affirm1 that while they neglect cleanliness1 they are in a state of barbarity#df4 ,the peasants in most countries seem to hold cleanliness in a sort of contempt4 ,were it not for the open situation of their houses1 they would often feel the bad effects of this disposition4 ,one seldom sees a farm-house without a dunghill before the door1 and frequently the cattle and their masters lodge under the same roof4 ,peasants are likewise extremely careless with respect to change of apparel1 keeping their houses1 c4 clean4 ,this is merely the effect of indolence and a dirty disposition4 ,habit may indeed render it less disagreeable to them1 but no habit can ever make it salutary to wear dirty clothes or breathe unwholesome air4 ,as many articles of diet come through the hands of peasants1 every method should be taken to encourage and promote habits of cleanliness among them4 ,this1 for example1 might be done by giving a small premium to the person who brings the cleanest and best article of any kind to market1 as butter1 cheese1 c4 and by punishing severely those who bring it dirty4 ,the same method should be taken with butchers1 bakers1 brewers1 and all who are employed in preparing the necessaries of life4 ,in camps the strictest regard should be paid to cleanliness4 ,by negligence in this matter1 infectious diseases are often spread amongst a whole army2 and frequently more die of these than by the sword4 ,the ,jews during their encampments in the wilderness1 received particular instructions with respect to cleanliness#dg4 ,the rules enjoined them ought to be observed by all in the like situation4 ,indeed the whole system of laws delivered to that people has a manifest tendency to promote cleanliness4 ,whoever considers the nature of their climate1 the diseases to which they were liable1 and their dirty disposition1 will see the propriety of such laws4 ,it is remarkable that1 in most eastern countries1 cleanliness makes a great part of their religion4 ,the ,mahometan1 as well as the ,jewish religion1 enjoins various bathings1 washings1 and purifications4 ,no doubt these might be designed to represent inward purity2 but they were at the same time calculated for the preservation of health4 ,however whimsical these washings may appear to some1 few things would tend more to prevent diseases than a proper attention to many of them4 ,were every person1 for example1 after visiting the sick1 handling a dead body1 or touching any thing that might convey infection1 to wash before he went into company1 or sat down to meat1 he would run less hazard either of catching the infection himself1 or of communicating it to others4 ,frequent washing not only removes the filth and sordes which adhere to the skin1 but likewise promotes the perspiration1 braces the body1 and enlivens the spirits4 ,how refreshed1 how cheerful1 and agreeable does one feel on being shaved1 washed1 and shifted2 especially when these offices have been neglected longer than usual6 ,the eastern custom of washing the feet1 though less necessary in this country1 is nevertheless a very agreeable piece of cleanliness1 and contributes greatly to the preservation of health4 ,the sweat and dirt with which these parts are frequently covered1 cannot fail to obstruct the perspiration4 ,this piece of cleanliness would often prevent colds and fevers4 ,were people careful to bathe their feet and legs in lukewarm water at night1 after being exposed to cold or wet through the day1 they would seldom experience the ill effects which often proceed from these causes4 ,a proper attention to cleanliness is no where more necessary than on shipboard4 ,if epidemical distempers break out there1 no one can be safe4 ,the best way to prevent them1 is to take care that the whole company be cleanly in their clothes1 bedding1 c4 ,when infectious diseases do break out1 cleanliness is the most likely means to prevent their spreading2 it is likewise necessary to prevent their returning afterwards1 or being conveyed to other places4 ,for this purpose1 the clothes1 bedding1 c4 of the sick ought to be carefully washed1 and fumigated with brimstone4 ,infection will lodge a long time in dirty clothes1 and afterwards break out in the most terrible manner4 ,in places where great numbers of sick people are collected together1 cleanliness ought to be most religiously observed4 ,the very smell in such places is often sufficient to make one sick4 ,it is easy to imagine what effect that is likely to have upon the diseased4 ,in an hospital or infirmary1 where cleanliness is neglected1 a person in perfect health has a greater chance to become sick1 than a sick person has to get well4 ,few things are more unaccountable than that neglect1 or rather dread of cleanliness1 which appears among those who have the care of the sick2 they think it almost criminal to suffer any thing that is clean to come near a person in a fever1 for example1 and would rather allow him to wallow in all manner of filth1 than change the least bit of his linen4 ,if cleanliness be necessary for persons in health1 it is certainly more so for the sick4 ,many diseases may be cured by cleanliness alone2 most of them might be mitigated by it2 and1 where it is neglected1 the slightest disorders are often changed into the most malignant4 ,the same mistaken care which prompted people to prevent the least admission of fresh air to the sick1 seems to have induced them to keep them dirty4 ,both these destructive prejudices will1 we hope1 be soon entirely eradicated4 ,cleanliness is certainly agreeable to our nature4 ,we cannot help approving it in others1 even though we should not practice it ourselves4 ,it sooner attracts our regard than even finery itself1 and often gains esteem where that fails4 ,it is an ornament to the highest as well as the lowest station1 and cannot be dispensed with in either4 ,few virtues are of more importance to society than general cleanliness4 ,it ought to be carefully cultivated every where2 but in populous cities it should be almost revered#dh4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,,of ,,infection4 ,many diseases are infectious4 ,every person ought therefore1 as far as he can1 to avoid all communication with the diseased4 ,the common practice of visiting the sick1 though often well meant1 has many ill consequences4 ,far be it from us to discourage any act of charity or benevolence1 especially towards those in distress2 but we cannot help blaming such as endanger their own or their neighbours lives by a mistaken friendship or an impertinent curiosity4 ,the houses of the sick1 especially in the country1 are generally crowded from morning till night with idle visitors4 ,it is customary1 in such places1 for servants and young people to wait upon the sick by turns1 and even to sit up with them all night4 ,it would be a miracle indeed should such always escape4 ,experience teaches us the danger of this conduct4 ,people often catch fevers in this way1 and communicate them to others1 till at length they become epidemic4 ,it would be thought highly improper1 for one who had not had the small-pox1 to wait upon a patient in that disease2 yet many other fevers are almost as infectious as the small-pox1 and not less fatal4 ,some imagine that fevers prove more fatal in villages than in great towns1 for want of proper medical assistance4 ,this may sometimes be the case2 but we are inclined to think it oftener proceeds from the cause above mentioned4 ,were a plan to be laid down for communicating infection1 it could not be done more effectually than by the common method of visiting the sick4 ,such visitors not only endanger themselves and their connections1 but likewise hurt the sick4 ,by crowding the house1 they render the air unwholesome1 and by their private whispers and dismal countenances disturb the imagination of the patient1 and depress his spirits4 ,persons who are ill1 especially in fevers1 ought to be kept as quiet as possible4 ,the sight of strange faces1 and every thing that disturbs the mind1 hurts them4 ,the common practice in country-places of inviting great numbers of people to funerals1 and crowding them into the same apartment where the corpse lies1 is another way of spreading infection4 ,the infection does not always die with the patient4 ,every thing that comes into contact with his body while alive1 receives the contagion1 and some of them1 as clothes1 blankets1 c4 will retain it for a long time4 ,persons who die of infectious disorders ought not to lie long unburied2 and people should keep as much as possible at a distance from them4 ,it would tend greatly to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases1 if those in health were kept at a proper distance from the sick4 ,the ,jewish ,legislator1 among many other wise institutions for preserving health1 has been peculiarly attentive to the means of preventing infection1 or defilement as it is called1 either from a diseased person or a dead body4 ,in many cases the diseased were to be separated from those in health2 and it was deemed a crime even to approach their habitations4 ,if a person only touched a diseased or dead body1 he was appointed to wash himself in water1 and to keep for some time at a distance from society4 ,infectious diseases are often communicated by clothes4 ,it is extremely dangerous to wear apparel which has been worn by the deceased1 unless it has been well washed and fumigated1 as infection may lodge a long time in it1 and afterwards produce very tragical effects4 ,this shews the danger of buying at random the clothes which have been worn by other people4 ,infectious disorders are frequently imported4 ,commerce1 together with the riches of foreign climes1 brings us also their diseases4 ,these do often more than counterbalance all the advantages of that trade by means of which they are introduced4 ,it is to be regretted1 that so little care is commonly bestowed1 either to prevent the introduction or spreading of infectious maladies4 ,some attention indeed is generally paid to the plague2 but other diseases pass unregarded#di4 ,infection is often spread through cities1 by jails1 hospitals1 c4 ,these are frequently situated in the very middle of populous towns2 and when infectious diseases break out in them1 it is impossible for the inhabitants to escape4 ,did magistrates pay any regard to the health of the people1 this evil might be easily remedied4 ,many are the causes which tend to diffuse infection through populous cities4 ,the whole atmosphere of a large town is one contaminated mass1 abounding with various kinds of infection1 and must be pernicious to health4 ,the best advice that we can give to such as are obliged to live in large cities is1 to chuse an open situation2 to avoid narrow1 dirty1 crowded streets2 to keep their own house and offices clean2 and to be as much abroad in the open air as their time will permit4 ,it would tend greatly to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases1 were proper nurses every where employed to take care of the sick4 ,this might often save a family1 or even a whole town1 from being infected by one person4 ,we do not mean that people should abandon their friends or relations in distress1 but only to put them on their guard against being too much in company with those who are afflicted with diseases of an infectious nature4 ,such as wait upon the sick in infectious diseases run very great hazard4 ,they should stuff their noses with tobacco1 or some other strong smelling herb1 as rue1 tansy1 or the like4 ,they ought likewise to keep the patient very clean1 to sprinkle the room where he lies with vinegar1 or other strong acids1 frequently to admit a stream of fresh air into it1 and to avoid the smell of his breath as much as they can4 ,they ought never to go into company without having changed their clothes and washed their hands2 otherwise1 if the disease be infectious1 they will in all probability carry the contagion along with them#ej4 ,however trifling it may appear to inconsiderate persons1 we will venture to affirm1 that a due attention to those things which tend to diffuse infection would be of great importance in preventing diseases4 ,as most diseases are in some degree infectious1 no one should continue long with the sick1 except the necessary attendants4 ,i mean not1 however1 by this caution1 to deter those whose duty or office leads them to wait upon the sick1 from such a laudable and necessary employment4 ,many things are in the power of the magistrate which would tend to prevent the spreading of infection2 as the promoting of public cleanliness2 removing jails1 hospitals1 burying grounds1 and other places where infection may be generated1 at a proper distance from great towns#ea2 widening the streets2 pulling down useless walls1 and taking all methods to promote a free circulation of air through every part of the town1 c4 ,public hospitals1 or proper places of reception for the sick1 provided they were kept clean1 well ventilated1 and placed in an open situation1 would likewise tend to prevent the spreading of infection4 ,such places of reception would prevent the poor1 when sick1 from being visited by their idle or officious neighbours4 ,they would likewise render it unnecessary for sick servants to be kept in their master's houses4 ,masters had better pay for having their servants taken care of in an hospital1 than run the hazard of having an infectious disease diffused among a numerous family4 ,sick servants and poor people1 when placed in hospitals1 are not only less apt to diffuse infection among their neighbours1 but have likewise the advantage of being well attended4 ,we are not1 however1 to learn that hospitals1 instead of preventing infection1 may become the means of diffusing it4 ,when they are placed in the middle of great towns2 when numbers of patients are crowded together in small apartments2 when there is a constant communication kept up between the citizens and the patients2 and when cleanliness and ventilation are neglected1 they become nests for hatching diseases1 and every one who goes into them not only runs a risk of receiving infection himself1 but likewise of communicating it to others4 ,this however is not the fault of the hospitals1 but of those who have the management of them4 ,it were to be wished1 that they were both more numerous1 and upon a more respectable footing1 as that would induce people to go into them with less reluctance4 ,this is the more to be desired1 because most of the putrid fevers and other infectious disorders break out among the poor1 and are by them communicated to the better sort4 ,were proper attention paid to the first appearances of such disorders1 and the patients early conveyed to an hospital1 we should seldom see a putrid fever1 which is almost as infectious as the plague1 become epidemic4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,,of ,,the ,,passions4 ,the passions have great influence both in the cause and cure of diseases4 ,how the mind affects the body1 will in all probability ever remain a secret4 ,it is sufficient for us to know1 that there is established a reciprocal influence between the mental and corporeal parts2 and that whatever injures the one disorders the other4 ,of ,anger4 ,the passion of anger ruffles the mind1 distorts the countenance1 hurries on the circulation of the blood1 and disorders the whole vital and animal functions4 ,it often occasions fevers1 and other acute diseases2 and sometimes even sudden death4 ,this passion is peculiarly hurtful to the delicate1 and those of weak nerves4 ,i have known such persons frequently lose their lives by a violent fit of anger1 and would advise them to guard against the excess of this passion with the utmost care4 ,it is not indeed always in our power to prevent being angry2 but we may surely avoid harbouring resentment in our breast4 ,resentment preys upon the mind1 and occasions the most obstinate chronical disorders1 which gradually waste the constitution4 ,nothing shews true greatness of mind more than to forgive injuries2 it promotes the peace of society1 and greatly conduces to our own ease1 health1 and felicity4 ,such as value health should avoid violent gusts of anger1 as they would the most deadly poison4 ,neither ought they to indulge resentment1 but to endeavour at all times to keep their minds calm and serene4 ,nothing tends so much to the health of the body as a constant tranquillity of mind4 ,of ,fear4 ,the influence of fear1 both in occasioning and aggravating diseases1 is very great4 ,no man ought to be blamed for a decent concern about life2 but too great a desire to preserve it is often the cause of losing it4 ,fear and anxiety1 by depressing the spirits1 not only dispose us to diseases1 but often render those diseases fatal which an undaunted mind would overcome4 ,sudden fear has generally violent effects4 ,epileptic fits1 and other convulsive disorders1 are often occasioned by it4 ,hence the danger of that practice1 so common among young people1 of frightening one another4 ,many have lost their lives1 and others have been rendered miserable1 by frolics of this kind4 ,it is dangerous to tamper with the human passions4 ,the mind may easily be thrown into such disorder as never again to act with regularity4 ,but the gradual effects of fear prove most hurtful4 ,the constant dread of some future evil1 by dwelling upon the mind1 often occasions the very evil itself4 ,hence it comes to pass1 that so many die of those very diseases of which they long had a dread1 or which had been impressed on their minds by some accident1 or foolish prediction4 ,this1 for example1 is often the case with women in child-bed4 ,many of those who die in that situation are impressed with the notion of their death a long time before it happens2 and there is reason to believe that this impression is often the cause of it4 ,the methods taken to impress the minds of women with the apprehensions of the great pain and peril of child-birth1 are very hurtful4 ,few women die in labour1 though many lose their lives after it2 which may be thus accounted for4 ,a woman after delivery1 finding herself weak and exhausted1 immediately apprehends she is in danger2 but this fear seldom fails to obstruct the necessary evacuations1 upon which her recovery depends4 ,thus the sex often fall a sacrifice to their own imaginations1 when there would be no danger1 did they apprehend none4 ,it seldom happens that two or three women in a great town die in child-bed1 but their death is followed by many others4 ,every woman of their acquaintance who is with child dreads the same fate1 and the disease becomes epidemical by the mere force of imagination4 ,this should induce pregnant women to despise fear1 and by all means to avoid those tattling gossips who are continually buzzing in their ears the misfortunes of others4 ,every thing that may in the least alarm a pregnant or child-bed woman1 ought with the greatest care to be guarded against4 ,many women have lost their lives in child-bed by the old superstitious custom1 still kept up in most parts of ,britain1 of tolling the parish bell for every person who dies4 ,people who think themselves in danger are very inquisitive2 and if they come to know that the bell tolls for one who died in the same situation with themselves1 what must be the consequence8 ,at any rate they are apt to suppose that this is the case1 and it will often be found a very difficult matter to persuade them of the contrary4 ,but this custom is not pernicious to child-bed women only4 ,it is hurtful in many other cases4 ,when low fevers1 in which it is difficult to support the patient's spirits1 prevail1 what must be the effect of a funeral peal sounding five or six times a day in his ears8 ,no doubt his imagination will suggest that others died of the same disease under which he labours4 ,this apprehension will have a greater tendency to depress his spirits1 than all the cordials of which medicine can boast will have to raise them4 ,if this useless piece of ceremony cannot be abolished1 we ought to keep the sick as much from hearing it as possible1 and from every other thing that may tend to alarm them4 ,so far however is this from being generally attended to1 that many make it their business to visit the sick1 on purpose to whisper dismal stories in their ears4 ,such may pass for sympathizing friends1 but they ought rather to be considered as enemies4 ,all who wish well to the sick ought to keep such persons at the greatest distance from them4 ,a custom has long prevailed among physicians1 of prognosticating1 as they call it1 the patient's fate1 or foretelling the issue of the disease4 ,vanity no doubt introduced this practice1 and still supports it1 in spite of common sense and the safety of mankind4 ,i have known a physician barbarous enough to boast1 that he pronounced more sentences than all his ,majesty's judges4 ,would to ,god that such sentences were not often equally fatal6 ,it may indeed be alleged1 that the doctor does not declare his opinion before the patient4 ,so much the worse4 ,a sensible patient had better hear what the doctor says1 than learn it from the disconsolate looks1 the watery eyes1 and the broken whispers of those about him4 ,it seldom happens1 when the doctor gives an unfavourable opinion1 that it can be concealed from the patient4 ,the very embarrassment which the friends and attendants shew in disguising what he has said1 is generally sufficient to discover the truth4 ,kind ,heaven has1 for the wisest ends1 concealed from mortals their fate2 and we do not see what right any man has to announce the death of another1 especially if such a declaration has a chance to kill him4 ,mankind are indeed very fond of prying into future events1 and seldom fail to solicit the physician for his opinion4 ,a doubtful answer1 however1 or one that may tend rather to encourage the hopes of the sick1 is surely the most safe4 ,this conduct could neither hurt the patient nor the physician4 ,nothing tends more to destroy the credit of physic than those bold prognosticators1 who1 by the bye1 are generally the most ignorant of the faculty4 ,the mistakes which daily happen in this way are so many standing proofs of human vanity1 and the weakness of science4 ,we readily admit1 that there are cases where the physician ought to give intimation of the patient's danger to some of his near connexions2 though even this ought always to be done with the greatest caution3 but it never can be necessary in any case that the whole town and country should know1 immediately after the doctor has made his first visit1 that he has no hopes of his patient's recovery4 ,persons whose impertinent curiosity leads them to question the physician1 with regard to the fate of his patient1 certainly deserve no other than an evasive answer4 ,the vanity of foretelling the fate of the sick is not peculiar to the faculty4 ,others follow their example1 and those who think themselves wiser than their neighbours often do much hurt in this way4 ,humanity surely calls upon every one to comfort the sick1 and not to add to their affliction by alarming their fears4 ,a friend1 or even a physician1 may often do more good by a mild and sympathizing behaviour than by medicine1 and should never neglect to administer that greatest of all cordials1 ,,hope4 ,of ,grief4 ,grief is the most destructive of all the passions4 ,its effects are permanent1 and when it sinks deep into the mind1 it generally proves fatal4 ,anger and fear1 being of a more violent nature1 seldom last long2 but grief often changes into a fixed melancholy1 which preys upon the spirits1 and wastes the constitution4 ,this passion ought not to be indulged4 ,it may generally be conquered at the beginning2 but when it has gained strength1 all attempts to remove it are vain4 ,no person can prevent misfortunes in life2 but it shews true greatness of mind to bear them with serenity4 ,many persons make a merit of indulging grief1 and when misfortunes happen1 they obstinately refuse all consolation1 till the mind1 overwhelmed with melancholy1 sinks under the load4 ,such conduct is not only destructive to health1 but inconsistent with reason1 religion1 and common sense4 ,change of ideas is as necessary for health as change of posture4 ,when the mind dwells long upon one subject1 especially of a disagreeable nature1 it hurts the whole functions of the body4 ,hence grief indulged spoils the digestion and destroys the appetite2 by which means the spirits are depressed1 the nerves relaxed1 the bowels inflated with wind1 and the humours1 for want of fresh supplies of chyle1 vitiated4 ,thus many an excellent constitution has been ruined by a family misfortune1 or any thing that occasions excessive grief4 ,it is utterly impossible1 that any person of a dejected mind should enjoy health4 ,life may indeed be dragged out for a few years2 but whoever would live to a good old age1 must be good-humoured and cheerful4 ,this indeed is not altogether in our own power2 yet our temper of mind1 as well as our actions1 depend greatly upon ourselves4 ,we can either associate with cheerful or melancholy companions1 mingle in the amusements and offices of life1 or sit still and brood over our calamities as we choose4 ,these1 and many such things1 are certainly in our power1 and from these the mind generally takes its cast4 ,the variety of scenes which present themselves to the senses1 were certainly designed to prevent our attention from being too long fixed upon any one object4 ,nature abounds with variety1 and the mind1 unless fixed down by habit1 delights in contemplating new objects4 ,this at once points out the method of relieving the mind in distress4 ,turn the attention frequently to new objects4 ,examine them for some time4 ,when the mind begins to recoil1 shift the scene4 ,by this means a constant succession of new ideas may be kept up1 till the disagreeable ones entirely disappear4 ,thus travelling1 the study of any art or science1 reading or writing on such subjects as deeply engage the attention1 will sooner expel grief than the most sprightly amusements4 ,it has already been observed1 that the body cannot be healthy unless it be exercised2 neither can the mind4 ,indolence nourishes grief4 ,when the mind has nothing else to think of but calamities1 no wonder that it dwells there4 ,few people who pursue business with attention are hurt by grief4 ,instead therefore of abstracting ourselves from the world or business1 when misfortunes happen1 we ought to engage in it with more than usual attention1 to discharge with double diligence the functions of our station1 and to mix with friends of a cheerful and social temper4 ,innocent amusements are by no means to be neglected4 ,these1 by leading the mind insensibly to the contemplation of agreeable objects1 help to dispel the gloom which misfortunes cast over it4 ,they make time seem less tedious1 and have many other happy effects4 ,some persons1 when overwhelmed with grief1 betake themselves to drinking4 ,this is making the cure worse than the disease4 ,it seldom fails to end in the ruin of fortune1 character1 and constitution4 ,of ,love4 ,love is perhaps the strongest of all the passions2 at least1 when it becomes violent1 it is less subject to the control either of the understanding or will1 than any of the rest4 ,fear1 anger1 and several other passions1 are necessary for the preservation of the individual1 but love is necessary for the continuation of the species itself2 it was therefore proper that this passion should be deeply rooted in the human breast4 ,though love be a strong passion1 it is seldom so rapid in its progress as several of the others4 ,few persons fall desperately in love all at once4 ,we would therefore advise every one1 before he tampers with this passion1 to consider well the probability of his being able to obtain the object of his love4 ,when that is not likely1 he should avoid every occasion of increasing it4 ,he ought immediately to fly the company of the beloved object2 to apply his mind attentively to business or study2 to take every kind of amusement2 and above all1 to endeavour1 if possible1 to find another object which may engage his affections1 and which it may be in his power to obtain4 ,there is no passion with which people are so ready to tamper as love1 although none is more dangerous4 ,some men make love for amusement1 others from mere vanity1 or on purpose to shew their consequence with the fair4 ,this is perhaps the greatest piece of cruelty which any one can be guilty of4 ,what we eagerly wish for we easily credit4 ,hence the too credulous fair are often betrayed into a situation which is truly deplorable1 before they are able to discover that the pretended lover was only in jest4 ,but there is no jesting with this passion4 ,when love is got to a certain height1 it admits of no other cure but the possession of its object1 which in this case ought always if possible to be obtained#eb4 ,of ,religious ,melancholy4 ,many persons of a religious turn of mind behave as if they thought it a crime to be cheerful4 ,they imagine the whole of religion consists in certain mortifications1 or denying themselves the smallest indulgence1 even of the most innocent amusements4 ,a perpetual gloom hangs over their countenances1 while the deepest melancholy preys upon their minds4 ,at length the fairest prospects vanish1 every thing puts on a dismal appearance1 and those very objects which ought to give delight afford nothing but disgust4 ,life itself becomes a burden1 and the unhappy wretch1 persuaded that no evil can equal what he feels1 often puts an end to his own miserable existence4 ,it is great pity that ever religion should be so far perverted1 as to become the cause of those very evils which it was designed to cure4 ,nothing can be better calculated than ,true ,religion1 to raise and support the mind of its votaries under every affliction that can befal them4 ,it teaches them that even the sufferings of this life are preparatory to the happiness of the next2 and that all who persist in a course of virtue shall at length arrive at complete felicity4 ,persons whose business it is to recommend religion to others1 should beware of dwelling too much on gloomy subjects4 ,that peace and tranquillity of mind1 which true religion is calculated to inspire1 is a more powerful argument in its favour than all the terrors that can be uttered4 ,terror may indeed deter men from outward acts of wickedness1 but can never inspire them with that love of ,god1 and real goodness of heart1 in which alone true religion consists4 ,to conclude2 the best way to counteract the violence of any passion1 is to keep the mind closely engaged in some useful pursuit4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,,of ,,the ,,common ,,evacuations4 ,the principal evacuations from the human body are those by stool1 urine1 and insensible perspiration4 ,none of these can be long obstructed without impairing the health4 ,when that which ought to be thrown out of the body is too long retained1 it not only occasions a plethora1 or too great fulness of the vessels1 but acquires qualities which are hurtful to the health1 as acrimony1 putrescence1 c4 ,of the ,evacuation by ,stool4 ,few things conduce more to health than keeping the body regular4 ,when the fces lie too long in the bowels1 they vitiate the humours2 and when they are too soon discharged1 the body is not sufficiently nourished4 ,a medium is therefore to be desired1 which can only be obtained by regularity in diet1 sleep1 and exercise4 ,whenever the body is not regular1 there is reason to suspect a fault in one or other of these4 ,persons who eat and drink at irregular hours1 and who eat various kinds of food1 and drink of several different liquors at every meal1 have no reason to expect either that their digestion will be good1 or their discharges regular4 ,irregularity in eating and drinking disturbs every part of the animal conomy1 and never fails to occasion diseases4 ,either too much or too little food will have this effect4 ,the former indeed generally occasions looseness1 and the latter costiveness2 but both have a tendency to hurt the health4 ,it would be difficult to ascertain the exact number of stools which may be consistent with health1 as these differ in the different periods of life1 in different constitutions1 and even in the same constitution under a different regimen of diet1 exercise1 c4 ,it is however generally allowed1 that one stool a-day is sufficient for an adult1 and that less is hurtful4 ,but this1 like most general rules1 admits of many exceptions4 ,i have known persons in perfect health who did not go to stool above once a-week4 ,such a degree of costiveness however is not safe2 though the person who labours under it may for some time enjoy tolerable health1 yet at length it may occasion diseases4 ,one method of procuring a stool every day is to rise betimes1 and go abroad in the open air4 ,not only the posture in bed is unfavourable to regular stools1 but also the warmth4 ,this1 by promoting the perspiration1 lessens all the other discharges4 ,the method recommended for this purpose by ,mr4 ,locke is likewise very proper1 viz4 to solicit nature1 by going regularly to stool every morning whether one has a call or not4 ,habits of this kind may be acquired1 which will in time become natural4 ,persons who have frequent recourse to medicines for preventing costiveness seldom fail to ruin their constitution4 ,purging medicines frequently repeated weaken the bowels1 hurt the digestion1 and every dose makes way for another1 till at length they become as necessary as daily bread4 ,those who are troubled with costiveness ought rather1 if possible1 to remove it by diet than drugs4 ,they should likewise go thinly clothed1 and avoid every thing of an astringent or of an heating nature4 ,the diet and other regimen necessary in this case will be found under the article ,costiveness1 where this state of the bowels is treated as a disease4 ,such persons as are troubled with a habitual looseness ought likewise to suit their diet to the nature of their complaint4 ,they should use food which braces and strengthens the bowels1 and which is rather of an astringent quality1 as wheat-bread made of the finest flour1 cheese1 eggs1 rice boiled in milk1 c4 ,their drink should be red port1 claret1 brandy and water in which toasted bread has been boiled1 and such like4 ,as a habitual looseness is often owing to an obstructed perspiration1 persons affected with it ought to keep their feet warm1 to wear flannel next their skin1 and take every other method to promote the perspiration4 ,further directions with regard to the treatment of this complaint will be found under the article ,looseness4 ,of ,urine4 ,so many things tend to change both the quantity and appearances of the urine1 that it is very difficult to lay down any determined rules for judging of either#ec4 ,dr4 ,cheyne says1 the urine ought to be equal to three-fourths of the liquid part of our aliment4 ,but suppose any one were to take the trouble of measuring both1 he would find that every thing which altered the degree of perspiration1 would alter this proportion1 and likewise that different kinds of aliment would afford very different quantities of urine4 ,though for these1 and other reasons1 no rule can be given for judging of the precise quantity of urine which ought to be discharged1 yet a person of common sense will seldom be at a loss to know when it is in either extreme4 ,as a free discharge of urine not only prevents but actually cures many diseases1 it ought by all means to be promoted2 and every thing that may obstruct it should be carefully avoided4 ,both the secretion and discharge of urine are lessened by a sedentary life1 sleeping on beds that are too soft and warm1 food of a dry and heating quality1 liquors which are astringent and heating1 as red port1 claret1 and such like4 ,those who have reason to suspect that their urine is in too small quantity1 or who have any symptoms of the gravel1 ought not only to avoid these things1 but whatever else they find has a tendency to lessen the quantity of their urine4 ,when the urine is too long retained1 it is not only resorbed1 or taken up again into the mass of fluids1 but by stagnating in the bladder it becomes thicker1 the more watery parts flying off first1 and the more gross and earthy remaining behind4 ,by the constant tendency which these have to concrete1 the formation of stones and gravel in the bladder is promoted4 ,hence it comes to pass1 that indolent and sedentary people are much more liable to these diseases1 than persons of a more active life4 ,many persons have lost their lives1 and others have brought on very tedious1 and even incurable disorders1 by retaining their urine too long1 from a false delicacy4 ,when the bladder has been over-distended1 it often loses its power of action altogether1 or becomes paralytic1 by which means it is rendered unable either to retain the urine1 or expel it properly4 ,the calls of ,nature ought never to be postponed4 ,delicacy is doubtless a virtue1 but that can never be reckoned true delicacy1 which induces any one to risk his health or hazard his life4 ,but the urine may be in too great as well as too small a quantity4 ,this may be occasioned by drinking large quantities of weak watery liquors1 by the excessive use of alkaline salts1 or any thing that stimulates the kidnies1 dilutes the blood1 c4 ,this disorder very soon weakens the body1 and induces a consumption4 ,it is difficult to cure1 but may be mitigated by strengthening diet and astringent medicines1 such as are recommended under the article ,diabetes1 or excessive discharge of urine4 ,of the ,perspiration4 ,insensible perspiration is generally reckoned the greatest of all the discharges from the human body4 ,it is of so great importance to health1 that few diseases attack us while it goes properly on2 but when it is obstructed1 the whole frame is soon disordered4 ,this discharge however1 being less perceptible than any of the rest1 is consequently less attended to4 ,hence it is1 that acute fevers1 rheumatisms1 agues1 c4 often proceed from obstructed perspiration before we are aware of its having taken place4 ,on examining patients1 we find most of them impute their diseases either to violent colds which they had caught1 or to slight ones which had been neglected4 ,for this reason1 instead of a critical inquiry into the nature of the perspiration1 its difference in different seasons1 climates1 constitutions1 c4 we shall endeavour to point out the causes which most commonly obstruct it1 and to shew how far they may be either avoided1 or have their influence counteracted by timely care4 ,the want of a due attention to these1 costs ,britain annually some thousands of useful lives4 ,changes in the ,atmosphere4 ,one of the most common causes of obstructed perspiration1 or catching cold1 in this country1 is the changeableness of the weather1 or state of the atmosphere4 ,there is no place where such changes happen more frequently than in ,great ,britain4 ,with us the degrees of heat and cold are not only very different in the different seasons of the year1 but often change almost from one extreme to another in a few days1 and sometimes even in the course of one day4 ,that such changes must affect the state of the perspiration is obvious to every one#ed4 ,the best method of fortifying the body against the changes of the weather1 is to be abroad every day4 ,those who keep most within doors are most liable to catch cold4 ,such persons generally render themselves so delicate as to feel even the slightest changes in the atmosphere1 and by their pains1 coughs1 and oppressions of the breast1 c4 they become a kind of living barometers4 ,wet ,clothes4 ,wet clothes not only by their coldness obstruct the perspiration1 but their moisture1 by being absorbed1 or taken up into the body1 greatly increases the danger4 ,the most robust constitution is not proof against the danger arising from wet clothes2 they daily occasion fevers1 rheumatisms1 and other fatal disorders1 even in the young and healthy4 ,it is impossible for people who go frequently abroad to avoid sometimes being wet4 ,but the danger might generally be lessened1 if not wholly prevented1 by changing their clothes soon2 when this cannot be done1 they should keep in motion till they be dry4 ,so far are many from taking this precaution1 that they often sit or lie down in the fields with their clothes wet1 and frequently sleep even whole nights in this condition4 ,the frequent instances which we have of the fatal effects of this conduct1 ought certainly to deter others from being guilty of it4 ,wet ,feet4 ,even wet feet often occasion fatal diseases4 ,the colic1 inflammations of the breast and of the bowels1 the iliac passion1 cholera morbus1 c4 are often occasioned by wet feet4 ,habit will1 no doubt1 render this less dangerous2 but it ought1 as far as possible1 to be avoided4 ,the delicate1 and those who are not accustomed to have their clothes or feet wet should be peculiarly careful in this respect4 ,night ,air4 ,the perspiration is often obstructed by night air2 even in summer1 this ought to be avoided4 ,the dews which fall plentifully after the hottest day1 make the night more dangerous than when the weather is cool4 ,hence1 in warm countries1 the evening dews are more hurtful than where the climate is more temperate4 ,it is very agreeable after a warm day to be abroad in the cool evening2 but this is a pleasure to be avoided by all who value their health4 ,the effects of evening dews are gradual indeed1 and almost imperceptible2 but they are not the less to be dreaded3 we would therefore advise travellers1 labourers1 and all who are much heated by day1 carefully to avoid them4 ,when the perspiration has been great1 these become dangerous in proportion4 ,by not attending to this1 in flat marshy countries1 where the exhalations and dews are copious1 labourers are often seized with intermitting fevers1 quinseys1 and other dangerous diseases4 ,damp ,beds4 ,beds become damp1 either from their not being used1 standing in damp houses1 or in rooms without fire4 ,nothing is more to be dreaded by travellers than damp beds1 which are very common in all places where fuel is scarce4 ,when a traveller1 cold and wet1 arrives at an inn1 he may by means of a good fire1 warm diluting liquor1 and a dry bed1 have the perspiration restored2 but if he be put into a cold room1 and laid on a damp bed1 it will be more obstructed1 and the worst consequences will ensue4 ,travellers should avoid inns which are noted for damp beds1 as they would a house infected with the plague1 as no man1 however robust1 is proof against the danger arising from them4 ,but inns are not the only places where damp beds are to be met with4 ,beds kept in private families for the reception of strangers are often equally dangerous4 ,all kinds of linen and bedding1 when not frequently used1 become damp4 ,how then is it possible that beds1 which are not slept in above two or three times a year1 should be safe8 ,nothing is more common than to hear people complain of having caught cold by changing their bed4 ,the reason is obvious3 were they careful never to sleep in a bed but what was frequently used1 they would seldom find any ill consequences from a change4 ,nothing is more to be dreaded by a delicate person when on a visit1 than being laid in a bed which is kept on purpose for strangers4 ,that ill-judged piece of complaisance becomes a real injury4 ,all the bad consequences from this quarter might easily be prevented in private families1 by causing their servants to sleep in the spare beds1 and resign them to strangers when they come4 ,in inns where the beds are used almost every night1 nothing else is necessary than to keep the rooms well seasoned by frequent fires1 and the linen dry4 ,that baneful custom said to be practised in many inns1 of damping sheets1 and pressing them in order to save washing1 and afterwards laying them on the beds1 ought1 when discovered2 to be punished with the utmost severity4 ,it is really a species of murder1 and will often prove as fatal as poison or gunshot4 ,indeed no linen1 especially if it has been washed in winter1 ought to be used till it has been exposed for some time to the fire2 nor is this operation less necessary for linen washed in summer1 provided it has lain by for any length of time4 ,this caution is the more needful1 as gentlemen are often exceedingly attentive to what they eat or drink at an inn1 yet pay no regard to a circumstance of much more importance#ee4 ,damp ,houses4 ,damp houses frequently produce the like ill consequences2 for this reason those who build should be careful to chuse a dry situation4 ,a house which stands on a damp marshy soil or deep clay1 will never be thoroughly dry4 ,all houses1 unless where the ground is exceeding dry1 should have the first door a little raised4 ,servants and others1 who are obliged to live in cellars and sunk stories1 seldom continue long in health3 masters ought surely to pay some regard to the health of their servants1 as well as to their own4 ,nothing is more common than for people1 merely to avoid some trifling inconveniency1 to hazard their lives1 by inhabiting a house almost as soon as the masons1 plasterers1 c4 have done with it3 such houses are not only dangerous from their dampness1 but likewise from the smell of lime1 paint1 c4 ,the asthmas1 consumptions1 and other diseases of the lungs1 so incident to people who work in these articles1 are sufficient proofs of their being unwholesome4 ,rooms are often rendered damp by an unseasonable piece of cleanliness2 ,i mean the pernicious custom of washing them immediately before company is put into them4 ,most people catch cold1 if they sit but a very short time in a room that has been lately washed2 the delicate ought carefully to avoid such a situation1 and even the robust are not always proof against its influence#ef4 ,sudden ,transitions from ,heat to ,cold4 ,the perspiration is commonly obstructed by ,,sudden ,,transitions from heat to cold4 ,colds are seldom caught1 unless when people have been too much heated4 ,heat rarifies the blood1 quickens the circulation1 and increases the perspiration2 but when these are suddenly checked1 the consequences must be bad4 ,it is indeed impossible for labourers not to be too hot upon some occasions2 but it is generally in their power to let themselves cool gradually1 to put on their clothes when they leave off work1 to make choice of a dry place to rest themselves in1 and to avoid sleeping in the open fields4 ,these easy rules1 if observed1 would often prevent fevers and other fatal disorders4 ,it is very common for people1 when hot1 to drink freely of cold water1 or small liquors4 ,this conduct is extremely dangerous4 ,thirst indeed is hard to bear1 and the inclination to gratify that appetite frequently gets the better of reason1 and makes us do what our judgment disapproves4 ,every peasant1 however1 knows1 if his horse be permitted to drink his bellyful of cold water after violent exercise1 and be immediately put into the stable1 or suffered to remain at rest1 that it will kill him4 ,this they take the utmost care to prevent4 ,it were well if they were equally attentive to their own safety4 ,thirst may be quenched many ways without swallowing large quantities of cold liquor4 ,the fields afford variety of acid fruits and plants1 the very chewing of which would abate thirst4 ,water kept in the mouth for some time1 and spit out again1 if frequently repeated1 will have the same effect4 ,if a bit of bread be eaten along with a few mouthfuls of water1 it will both quench thirst more effectually1 and make the danger less4 ,when a person is extremely hot1 a mouthful of brandy1 or other spirits1 if it can be obtained1 ought to be preferred to any thing else4 ,but if any one has been so foolish1 when hot1 as to drink freely of cold liquor1 he ought to continue his exercise at least till what he drank be thoroughly warmed upon his stomach4 ,it would be tedious to enumerate all the bad effects which flow from drinking cold liquors when the body is hot4 ,sometimes this has occasioned immediate death4 ,hoarseness1 quinseys1 and fevers of various kinds1 are its common consequences4 ,neither is it safe when warm to eat freely of raw fruits1 sallads1 or the like4 ,these indeed have not so sudden an effect on the body as cold liquors1 but they are notwithstanding dangerous1 and ought to be avoided4 ,sitting in a warm room1 and drinking hot liquors till the pores are quite open1 and immediately going into the cold air1 is extremely dangerous4 ,colds1 coughs1 and inflammations of the breast1 are the usual effects of this conduct3 yet nothing is more common than for people1 after they have drank warm liquors for several hours1 to walk or ride a number of miles in the coldest night1 or to ramble about in the streets#eg4 ,people are very apt1 when a room is hot1 to throw open a window1 and to sit near it4 ,this is a most dangerous practice4 ,any person had better sit without doors than in such a situation1 as the current of air is directed against one particular part of the body4 ,inflammatory fevers and consumptions have often been occasioned by sitting or standing thinly clothed near an open window4 ,nor is sleeping with open windows less to be dreaded4 ,that ought never to be done1 even in the hottest season1 unless the window is at a distance4 ,i have known mechanics frequently contract fatal diseases1 by working stript at an open window1 and would advise all of them to beware of such a practice4 ,few things expose people more to catch cold than keeping their own houses too warm2 such persons may be said to live in a sort of hot-houses2 they can hardly stir abroad to visit a neighbour1 but at the hazard of their lives4 ,were there no other reason for keeping houses moderately cool1 that alone is sufficient3 but no house that is too hot can be wholesome2 heat destroys the spring and elasticity of the air1 and renders it less fit for expanding the lungs1 and the other purposes of respiration4 ,hence it is1 that consumptions and other diseases of the lungs prove so fatal to people who work in forges1 glasshouses1 and the like4 ,some are even so fool-hardy1 as to plunge themselves when hot in cold water4 ,not only fevers1 but madness itself1 has frequently been the effect of this conduct4 ,indeed it looks too like the action of a madman to deserve a serious consideration4 ,the result of all these observations is1 that every one ought to avoid1 with the utmost attention1 all sudden transitions from heat to cold1 and to keep the body in as uniform a temperature as possible2 or1 where that cannot be done1 to take care to let it cool gradually4 ,people may imagine that too strict an attention to these things would tend to render them delicate4 ,so far however is this from being my design1 that the very first rule proposed for preventing colds1 is to harden the body1 by enuring it daily to the open air4 ,i shall put an end to what relates to this part of my subject1 by giving an abstract of the justly celebrated advice of ,celsus1 with respect to the preservation of health4 8,a man10 says he1 8who is blessed with good health1 should confine himself to no particular rules1 either with respect to regimen or medicine4 ,he ought frequently to diversify his manner of living2 to be sometimes in town1 sometimes in the country2 to hunt1 sail1 indulge himself in rest1 but more frequently to use exercise4 ,he ought to refuse no kind of food that is commonly used1 but sometimes to eat more and sometimes less2 sometimes to make one at an entertainment1 and sometimes to forbear it2 to make rather two meals a-day than one1 and always to eat heartily1 provided he can digest it4 ,he ought neither too eagerly to pursue1 nor too scrupulously to avoid1 intercourse with the fair sex3 pleasures of this kind1 rarely indulged1 render the body alert and active2 but1 when too frequently repeated1 weak and languid4 ,he should be careful in time of health not to destroy1 by excesses of any kind1 that vigour of constitution which should support him under sickness40 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,of ,,diseases4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,,of ,,the ,,knowledge ,,and ,,cure ,,of ,,diseases4 ,the knowledge of diseases does not depend so much upon scientific principles as many imagine4 ,it is chiefly the result of experience and observation4 ,by attending the sick1 and carefully observing the various occurrences in diseases1 a great degree of accuracy may be acquired1 both in distinguishing their symptoms1 and in the application of medicines4 ,hence sensible nurses1 and other persons who wait upon the sick1 often discover a disease sooner than those who have been bred to physic4 ,we do not however mean to insinuate that a medical education is of no use3 it is doubtless of the greatest importance2 but it never can supply the place of observation and experience4 ,every disease may be considered as an assemblage of symptoms1 and must be distinguished by those which are most obvious and permanent4 ,instead therefore of giving a classical arrangement of diseases1 according to the systematic method1 it will be more suitable1 in a performance of this nature1 to give a full and accurate description of each particular disease as it occurs2 and1 where any of the symptoms of one disease have a near resemblance to those of another1 to take notice of that circumstance1 and at the same time to point out the peculiar or characteristic symptoms by which it may be distinguished4 ,by a due attention to these1 the investigation of diseases will be found to be a less difficult matter than most people would at first be ready to imagine4 ,a proper attention to the patient's age1 sex1 temper of mind1 constitution1 and manner of life1 will likewise greatly assist1 both in the investigation and treatment of diseases4 ,in childhood the fibres are lax and soft1 the nerves extremely irritable1 and the fluids thin2 whereas in old age the fibres are rigid1 the nerves become almost insensible1 and many of the vessels imperviable4 ,these and other peculiarities render the diseases of the young and aged very different1 and of course they must require a different method of treatment4 ,females are liable to many diseases which do not afflict the other sex3 besides1 the nervous system being more irritable in them than in men1 their diseases require to be treated with greater caution4 ,they are less able to bear large evacuations2 and all stimulating medicines ought to be administered to them with a sparing hand4 ,particular constitutions not only dispose persons to peculiar diseases1 but likewise render it necessary to treat these diseases in a peculiar manner4 ,a delicate person1 for example1 with weak nerves1 who lives mostly within doors1 must not be treated1 under any disease1 precisely in the same manner as one who is hardy and robust1 and who is much exposed to the open air4 ,the temper of mind ought to be carefully attended to in diseases4 ,fear1 anxiety1 and a fretful temper1 both occasion and aggravate diseases4 ,in vain do we apply medicines to the body to remove maladies which proceed from the mind4 ,when it is affected1 the best medicine is to sooth the passions1 to divert the mind from anxious thought1 and to keep the patient as easy and cheerful as possible4 ,attention ought likewise to be paid to the climate1 or place where the patient lives1 the air he breathes1 his diet1 c4 ,such as live in low marshy situations are subject to many diseases which are unknown to the inhabitants of high countries4 ,those who breathe the impure air of cities1 have many maladies to which the more happy rustics are entire strangers4 ,persons who feed grossly1 and indulge in strong liquors1 are liable to diseases which do not affect the temperate and abstemious1 c4 ,it has already been observed1 that the different occupations and situations in life dispose men to peculiar diseases4 ,it is therefore necessary to inquire into the patient's occupation1 manner of life1 c4 ,this will not only assist us in finding out the disease1 but will likewise direct us in the treatment of it4 ,it would be very imprudent to treat the laborious and the sedentary precisely in the same manner1 even supposing them to labour under the same disease4 ,it will likewise be proper to inquire1 whether the disease be constitutional or accidental2 whether it has been of long or short duration2 whether it proceeds from any great and sudden alteration in the diet1 manner of life1 c4 ,the state of the patient's body1 and of the other evacuations1 ought also to be inquired into2 and likewise whether he can with ease perform all the vital and animal functions1 as breathing1 digestion1 c4 ,lastly1 it will be proper to inquire what diseases the patient has formerly been liable to1 and what medicines were most beneficial to him2 if he has a strong aversion to any particular drug1 c4 ,as many of the indications of cure may be answered by diet alone1 it is always the first thing to be attended to in the treatment of diseases4 ,those who know no better1 imagine that every thing which goes by the name of a medicine possesses some wonderful power or secret charm1 and think1 if the patient swallows enough of drugs1 that he must do well4 ,this mistake has many ill consequences2 it makes people trust to drugs1 and neglect their own endeavours2 besides1 it discourages all attempts to relieve the sick where medicines cannot be obtained4 ,medicines are no doubt useful in their place2 and1 when administered with prudence1 they may do much good2 but when they are put in place of every thing else1 or administered at random1 which is not seldom the case1 they must do mischief4 ,we would therefore wish to call the attention of mankind from the pursuit of secret medicines1 to such things as they are acquainted with4 ,the proper regulation of these may often do much good1 and there is little danger of their ever doing hurt4 ,every disease weakens the digestive powers4 ,the diet ought therefore1 in all diseases1 to be light and of easy digestion4 ,it would be as prudent for a person with a broken leg to attempt to walk1 as for one in a fever to eat the same kind of food1 and in the same quantity1 as when he was in perfect health4 ,even abstinence alone will often cure a fever1 especially when it has been occasioned by excess in eating or drinking4 ,in all fevers attended with inflammation1 as pleurisies1 peripneumonies1 c4 thin gruels1 wheys1 watery infusions of mucilaginous plants1 roots1 c4 are not only proper for the patients food1 but they are likewise the best medicines which can be administered4 ,in fevers of a slow1 nervous1 or putrid kind1 where there are no symptoms of inflammation1 and where the patient must be supported with cordials1 that intention can always be more effectually answered by nourishing diet and generous wines1 than by any medicines yet known4 ,nor is a proper attention to diet of less importance in chronic than in acute diseases4 ,persons afflicted with low spirits1 wind1 weak nerves1 and other hypochondriacal affections1 generally find more benefit from the use of solid food and generous liquors1 than from all the cordial and carminitive medicines which can be administered to them4 ,the scurvy1 that most obstinate malady1 will sooner yield to a proper vegetable diet1 than to all the boasted antiscorbutic remedies of the shops4 ,in consumptions1 when the humours are vitiated1 and the stomach so much weakened as to be unable to digest the solid fibres of animals1 or even to assimilate the juices of vegetables1 a diet consisting chiefly of milk will not only support the patient1 but will often cure the disease after every other medicine has failed4 ,nor is an attention to other things of less importance than to diet4 ,the strange infatuation which has long induced people to shut up the sick from all communication with the external air1 has done great mischief4 ,not only in fevers1 but in many other diseases1 the patient will receive more benefit from having the fresh air prudently admitted into his chamber1 than from all the medicines which can be given him4 ,exercise may likewise in many cases be considered as a medicine4 ,sailing1 or riding on horseback1 for example1 will be of more service in the cure of consumptions1 glandular obstructions1 c4 than any medicine yet known4 ,in diseases which proceed from a relaxed state of the solids1 the cold bath1 and other parts of the gymnastic regimen1 will be found equally beneficial4 ,few things are of greater importance in the cure of diseases than cleanliness4 ,when a patient is suffered to lie in dirty clothes1 whatever perspires from his body is again resorbed1 or taken up into it1 which serves to nourish the disease and increase the danger4 ,many diseases may be cured by cleanliness alone2 most of them may be mitigated by it1 and in all of them it is highly necessary both for the patient and those who attend him4 ,many other observations1 were it necessary1 might be adduced to prove the importance of a proper regimen in diseases4 ,regimen will often cure diseases without medicine1 but medicine will seldom succeed where a proper regimen is neglected4 ,for this reason1 in the treatment of diseases1 we have always given the first place to regimen4 ,those who are ignorant of medicine may confine themselves to it only4 ,for others who have more knowledge1 we have recommended some of the most simple but approved forms of medicine in every disease4 ,these however are never to be administered but by people of better understanding2 nor even by them without the greatest precaution4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,,of ,,fevers ,,in ,,general4 ,as more than one half of mankind is said to perish by fevers1 it is of importance to be acquainted with their causes4 ,the most general causes of fevers are1 infection1 errors in diet1 unwholesome air1 violent emotions of the mind1 excess or suppression of usual evacuations1 external or internal injuries1 and extreme degrees of heat or cold4 ,as most of these have already been treated of at considerable length1 and their effects shewn1 we shall not now resume the consideration of them1 but shall only recommend it to all1 as they would wish to avoid fevers and other fatal diseases1 to pay the most punctual attention to these articles4 ,fevers are not only the most frequent of all diseases1 but they are likewise the most complex4 ,in the most simple species of fever there is always a combination of several different symptoms4 ,the distinguishing symptoms of fever are1 increased heat1 frequency of pulse1 loss of appetite1 general debility1 pain in the head1 and a difficulty in performing some of the vital or animal functions4 ,the other symptoms usually attendant on fevers are1 nausea1 thirst1 anxiety1 delirium1 weariness1 wasting of the flesh1 want of sleep1 or the sleep disturbed and not refreshing4 ,when the fever comes on gradually1 the patient generally complains first of languor or listlessness1 soreness of the flesh1 or the bones1 as the country people express it1 heaviness of the head1 loss of appetite1 sickness1 with clamminess of the mouth2 after some time come on excessive heat1 violent thirst1 restlessness1 c4 ,when the fever attacks suddenly1 it always begins with an uneasy sensation of excessive cold1 accompanied with debility and loss of appetite2 frequently the cold is attended with shivering1 oppression about the heart1 and sickness at stomach1 or vomiting4 ,fevers are divided into continual1 remitting1 intermitting1 and such as are attended with cutaneous eruption or topical inflammation1 as the small-pox1 erysipelas1 c4 ,by a continual fever is meant that which never leaves the patient during the whole course of the disease1 or which shews no remarkable increase or abatement in the symptoms4 ,this kind of fever is likewise divided into acute1 slow1 and malignant4 ,the fever is called acute when its progress is quick1 and the symptoms violent2 but when these are more gentle1 it is generally denominated slow4 ,when livid or petechial spots shew a putrid state of the humours1 the fever is called malignant1 putrid1 or petechial4 ,a remitting fever differs from a continual only in a degree4 ,it has frequent increases and decreases1 or exacerbations and remissions1 but never wholly leaves the patient during the course of the disease4 ,intermitting fevers or agues are those which1 during the time that the patient may be said to be ill1 have evident intervals or remissions of the symptoms4 ,as a fever is only an effort of ,nature to free herself from an offending cause1 it is the business of those who have the care of the sick to observe with diligence which way ,nature points1 and to endeavour to assist her operations4 ,our bodies are so framed1 as to have a constant tendency to expel or throw off whatever is injurious to health4 ,this is generally done by urine1 sweat1 stool1 expectoration1 vomit1 or some other evacuation4 ,there is reason to believe1 if the efforts of ,nature1 at the beginning of a fever1 were duly attended to and promoted1 it would seldom continue long2 but when her attempts are either neglected or counteracted1 it is no wonder if the disease proves fatal4 ,there are daily instances of persons who1 after catching cold1 have all the symptoms of a beginning fever2 but by keeping warm1 drinking diluting liquors1 bathing their feet in warm water1 c4 the symptoms in a few hours disappear1 and the danger is prevented4 ,when fevers of a putrid kind threaten1 the best method of obviating their effects is by repeated vomits4 ,our design is not to enter into a critical inquiry into the nature and immediate causes of fevers1 but to mark their most obvious symptoms1 and to point out the proper treatment of the patient with respect to his diet1 drink1 air1 c4 in the different stages of the disease4 ,in these articles the inclinations of the patient will in a great measure direct our conduct4 ,almost every person in a fever complains of great thirst1 and calls out for drink1 especially of a cooling nature4 ,this at once points out the use of water1 and other cooling liquors4 ,what is so likely to abate the heat1 attenuate the humours1 remove spasms and obstructions1 promote perspiration1 increase the quantity of urine1 and in short produce every salutary effect in an ardent or inflammatory fever1 as drinking plentifully of water1 thin gruel1 or any other weak liquor1 of which water is the basis8 ,the necessity of diluting liquors is pointed out by the dry tongue1 the parched skin1 and the burning heat1 as well as by the unquenchable thirst of the patient4 ,many cooling liquors1 which are extremely grateful to patients in a fever1 may be prepared from fruits1 as decoctions of tamarinds1 apple-tea1 orange-whey1 and the like4 ,mucilaginous liquors might also be prepared from marsh-mallow roots1 linseed1 lime-tree buds1 and other mild vegetables4 ,these liquors1 especially when acidulated1 are highly agreeable to the patient1 and should never be denied him4 ,at the beginning of a fever the patient generally complains of great lassitude or weariness1 and has no inclination to move4 ,this evidently shews the propriety of keeping him easy1 and if possible in bed4 ,lying in bed relaxes the spasms1 abates the violence of the circulation1 and gives ,nature an opportunity of exerting all her force to overcome the disease4 ,the bed alone would often remove a fever at the beginning2 but when the patient struggles with the disease1 instead of driving it off1 he only fixes it the deeper1 and renders it more dangerous4 ,this observation is too often verified in travellers1 who happen when on a journey to be seized with a fever4 ,their anxiety to get home induces them to travel with the fever upon them1 which conduct seldom fails to render it fatal4 ,in fevers the mind as well as the body should be kept easy4 ,company is seldom agreeable to the sick4 ,indeed every thing that disturbs the imagination increases the disease2 for which reason every person in a fever ought to be kept perfectly quiet1 and neither allowed to see nor hear any thing that may in the least affect or discompose his mind4 ,though the patient in a fever has the greatest inclination for drink1 yet he seldom has any appetite for solid food2 hence the impropriety of urging him to take victuals is evident4 ,much solid food in a fever is every way hurtful4 ,it oppresses nature1 and1 instead of nourishing the patient1 serves only to feed the disease4 ,what food the patient takes should be in small quantity1 light1 and of easy digestion4 ,it ought to be chiefly of the vegetable kind1 as panada1 roasted apples1 gruels1 and such like4 ,poor people1 when any of their family are taken ill1 run directly to their rich neighbours for cordials1 and pour wine1 spirits1 c4 into the patient1 who perhaps never had been accustomed to taste such liquors when in health4 ,if there be any degree of fever1 this conduct must increase it1 and if there be none1 this is the ready way to raise one4 ,stuffing the patient with sweetmeats and other delicacies is likewise very pernicious4 ,these are always harder to digest than common food1 and cannot fail to hurt the stomach4 ,nothing is more desired by a patient in a fever than fresh air4 ,it not only removes his anxiety1 but cools the blood1 revives the spirits1 and proves every way beneficial4 ,many patients are in a manner stifled to death in fevers for want of fresh air2 yet such is the unaccountable infatuation of most people1 that the moment they think a person in a fever1 they imagine he should be kept in a close chamber1 into which not one particle of fresh air must be admitted4 ,instead of this1 there ought to be a constant stream of fresh air into a sick person's chamber1 so as to keep it moderately cool4 ,indeed its degree of warmth ought never to be greater than is agreeable to one in perfect health4 ,nothing spoils the air of a sick person's chamber1 or hurts the patient more1 than a number of people breathing in it4 ,when the blood is inflamed1 or the humours in a putrid state1 air that has been breathed repeatedly will greatly increase the disease4 ,such air not only loses its spring1 and becomes unfit for the purpose of respiration1 but acquires a noxious quality1 which renders it in a manner poisonous to the sick4 ,in fevers1 when the patient's spirits are low and depressed1 he is not only to be supported with cordials1 but every method should be taken to cheer and comfort his mind4 ,many1 from a mistaken zeal1 when they think a person in danger1 instead of solacing his mind with the hopes and consolations of religion1 fright him with the views of hell and damnation4 ,it would be unsuitable here to dwell upon the impropriety and dangerous consequences of this conduct2 it often hurts the body1 and there is reason to believe seldom benefits the soul4 ,among common people1 the very name of a fever generally suggests the necessity of bleeding4 ,this notion seems to have taken its rise from most fevers in this country having been formerly of an inflammatory nature2 but true inflammatory fevers are now seldom to be met with4 ,sedentary occupations1 and a different manner of living1 have so changed the state of diseases in ,britain1 that there is now hardly one fever in ten where the lancet is necessary4 ,in most low1 nervous1 and putrid fevers1 which are now so common1 bleeding is really hurtful1 as it weakens the patient1 sinks his spirits1 c4 ,we would recommend this general rule1 never to bleed at the beginning of a fever1 unless there be evident signs of inflammation4 ,bleeding is an excellent medicine when necessary1 but should never be wantonly performed4 ,it is likewise a common notion1 that sweating is always necessary in the beginning of a fever4 ,when the fever proceeds from an obstructed perspiration1 this notion is not ill-founded4 ,if the patient only lies in bed1 bathes his feet and legs in warm water1 and drinks freely of water-gruel1 or any other weak diluting liquor1 he will seldom fail to perspire freely4 ,the warmth of the bed1 and the diluting drink1 will relax the universal spasm1 which generally affects the skin at the beginning of a fever2 it will open the pores1 and promote the perspiration1 by means of which the fever may often be carried off4 ,but instead of this1 the common practice is to heap clothes upon the patient1 and to give him things of a hot nature1 as spirits1 spiceries1 c4 which fire his blood1 increase the spasms1 and render the disease more dangerous4 ,in all fevers a proper attention should be paid to the patient's longings4 ,these are the calls of ,nature1 and often point out what may be of real use4 ,patients are not indeed to be indulged in every thing that the sickly appetite may crave2 but it is generally right to let them have a little of what they eagerly desire1 though it may not seem altogether proper4 ,what the patient longs for1 his stomach will generally digest2 and such things have sometimes a very happy effect4 ,when a patient is recovering from a fever1 great care is necessary to prevent a relapse4 ,many persons1 by too soon imagining themselves well1 have lost their lives1 or contracted other diseases of an obstinate nature4 ,as the body after a fever is weak and delicate1 it is necessary to guard against catching cold4 ,moderate exercise in the open air will be of use1 but great fatigue is by all means to be avoided2 agreeable company will also have a good effect4 ,the diet must be light1 but nourishing4 ,it should be taken frequently1 but in small quantities4 ,it is dangerous at such a time to eat as much as the stomach may crave4 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,,of ,,intermitting ,,fevers1 ,,or ,,agues4 ,intermitting fevers afford the best opportunity both of observing the nature of a fever1 and also the effects of medicine4 ,no person can be at a loss to distinguish an intermitting fever from any other1 and the proper medicine for it is now almost universally known4 ,the several kinds of intermitting fevers take their names from the period in which the fit returns1 as quotidian1 tertian1 quartan1 c4 ,,causes4----,agues are occasioned by effluvia from putrid stagnating water4 ,this is evident from their abounding in rainy seasons1 and being most frequent in countries where the soil is marshy1 as in ,holland1 the ,fens of ,cambridgeshire1 the ,hundreds of ,essex1 c4 ,this disease may also be occasioned by eating too much stone fruit1 by a poor watery diet1 damp houses1 evening dews1 lying upon the damp ground1 watching1 fatigue1 depressing passions1 and the like4 ,when the inhabitants of a high country remove to a low one1 they are generally seized with intermitting fevers1 and to such the disease is most apt to prove fatal4 ,in a word1 whatever relaxes the solids1 diminishes the perspiration1 or obstructs the circulation in the capillary or small vessels1 disposes the body to agues4 ,,symptoms4----,an intermitting fever generally begins with a pain of the head and loins1 weariness of the limbs1 coldness of the extremities1 stretching1 yawning1 with sometimes great sickness and vomiting2 to which succeed shivering and violent shaking4 ,afterwards the skin becomes moist1 and a profuse sweat breaks out1 which generally terminates the fit or paroxysm4 ,sometimes indeed the disease comes on suddenly1 when the person thinks himself in perfect health2 but it is more commonly preceded by listlessness1 loss of appetite1 and the symptoms mentioned above4 ,,regimen4----,while the fit continues1 the patient ought to drink freely of water-gruel1 orange-whey1 weak camomile-tea2 or1 if his spirits be low1 small wine-whey1 sharpened with the juice of lemon4 ,all his drink should be warm1 as that will assist in bringing on the sweat1 and consequently shorten the paroxysm#eh4 ,between the paroxysms the patient must be supported with food that is nourishing1 but light and easy of digestion1 as veal or chicken-broths1 sago1 gruel with a little wine1 light puddings1 and such like4 ,his drink may be small negus1 acidulated with the juice of lemons or oranges1 and sometimes a little weak punch4 ,he may likewise drink infusions of bitter herbs1 as camomile1 wormwood1 or water-trefoil1 and may now and then take a glass of small wine1 in which gentian root1 centaury1 or some other bitter1 has been infused4 ,as the chief intentions of cure in an ague are to brace the solids1 and promote perspiration1 the patient ought to take as much exercise between the fits as he can bear4 ,if he be able to go abroad1 riding on horseback1 or in a carriage1 will be of great service4 ,but if he cannot bear that kind of exercise1 he ought to take such as his strength will permit4 ,nothing tends more to prolong an intermitting fever1 than indulging a lazy indolent disposition4 ,intermitting fevers1 under a proper regimen1 will often go off without medicine2 and when the disease is mild1 in an open dry country1 there is seldom any danger from allowing it to take its course2 but when the patient's strength seems to decline1 or the paroxysms are so violent that his life is in danger1 medicine ought immediately to be administered4 ,this however should never be done till the disease be properly formed1 that is to say1 till the patient has had several fits of shaking and sweating4 ,,medicine4----,the first thing to be done in the cure of an intermitting fever1 is to cleanse the stomach and bowels4 ,this not only renders the application of other medicines more safe1 but likewise more efficacious4 ,in this disease1 the stomach is generally loaded with cold viscid phlegm1 and frequently great quantities of bile are discharged by vomit2 which plainly points out the necessity of such evacuations4 ,vomits are therefore to be administered before the patient takes any other medicine4 ,a dose of ipecacuanha will generally answer this purpose very well4 ,a scruple or half a dram of the powder will be sufficient for an adult1 and for a younger person the dose must be less in proportion4 ,after the vomit begins to operate1 the patient ought to drink plentifully of weak camomile-tea4 ,the vomit should be taken two or three hours before the return of the fit1 and may be repeated at the distance of two or three days4 ,vomits not only cleanse the stomach1 but increase the perspiration1 and all the other secretions1 which render them of such importance1 that they often cure intermitting fevers without the assistance of any other medicine4 ,purging medicines are likewise useful and often necessary in intermitting fevers4 ,a smart purge has been known to cure an obstinate ague1 after the ,peruvian bark and other medicines had been used in vain4 ,vomits however are more suitable in this disease1 and render purging less necessary2 but if the patient be afraid to take a vomit1 he ought in this case to cleanse the bowels by a dose or two of ,glauber's salt1 jalap1 or rhubarb4 ,bleeding may sometimes be proper at the beginning of an intermitting fever1 when excessive heat1 a delirium1 c4 give reason to suspect an inflammation2 but as the blood is seldom in an inflammatory slate in intermitting fevers1 this operation is rarely necessary4 ,when frequently repeated1 it tends to prolong the disease4 ,after proper evacuations the patient may safely use the ,peruvian bark1 which may be taken in any way that is most agreeable to him4 ,no preparation of the bark seems to answer better than the most simple form in which it can be given1 viz4 in powder4 ,two ounces of the best ,peruvian bark1 finely powdered1 may be divided into twenty-four doses4 ,these may either be made into boluses as they are used1 with a little syrup of lemon1 or mixed in a glass of red wine1 a cup of camomile-tea1 water-gruel1 or any other drink that is more agreeable to the patient#ei4 ,in an ague which returns every day1 one of the above doses may be taken every two hours during the interval of the fits4 ,by this method the patient will be able to take five or six doses between each paroxysm4 ,in a tertian or third-day ague it will be sufficient to take a dose every third hour during the interval1 and in a quartan every fourth4 ,if the patient cannot take so large a dose of the bark1 he may divide each of the powders into two parts1 and take one every hour1 c4 ,for a young person a smaller quantity of this medicine will be sufficient1 and the dose must be adapted to the age1 constitution1 and violence of the symptoms#fj4 ,the above quantity of bark will frequently cure an ague2 the patient1 however1 ought not to leave off taking the medicine as soon as the paroxysms are stopped1 but should continue to use it till there is reason to believe the disease is entirely overcome4 ,most of the failures in the cure of this disease are owing to patients not continuing to use the medicine long enough4 ,they are generally directed to take it till the fits are stopped1 then to leave it off1 and begin again at some distance of time2 by which means the disease gathers strength1 and often returns with as much violence as before4 ,a relapse may always be prevented by the patient's continuing to take small doses of the medicine for some time after the symptoms disappear4 ,this is both the most safe and effectual method of cure4 ,an ounce of gentian root1 calamus aromaticus1 and orange-peel1 of each half an ounce1 with three or four handfuls of camomile-flowers1 and an handful of coriander-seed1 all bruised together in a mortar1 may be used in form of infusion or tea4 ,about half an handful of these ingredients may be put into a tea-pot1 and an ,english pint of boiling water poured on them4 ,a cup of this infusion drank three or four times a day will greatly promote the cure4 ,such patients as cannot drink the watery infusion1 may put two handfuls of the same ingredients into a bottle of white wine1 and take a glass of it twice or thrice a day4 ,if patients drink freely of the above1 or any other proper infusion of bitters1 a smaller quantity of bark than is generally used1 will be sufficient to cure an ague#fa4 ,those who cannot swallow the bark in substance1 may take it in decoction or infusion4 ,an ounce of bark in powder may be infused in a bottle of white wine for four or five days1 frequently shaking the bottle1 afterwards let the powder subside1 and pour off the clear liquor4 ,a wine glass may be drank three or four times a day1 or oftener1 as there is occasion4 ,if a decoction be more agreeable1 an ounce of the bark1 and two drams of snake-root bruised1 with an equal quantity of salt of wormwood1 may be boiled in a quart of water1 into an ,english pint4 ,to the strained liquor may be added an equal quantity of red wine1 and a glass of it taken frequently4 ,in obstinate agues1 the bark will be found much more efficacious when assisted by brandy1 or other warm cordials1 than taken alone4 ,this ,i have had frequently occasion to observe in a country where intermittent fevers were endemical4 ,the bark seldom succeeded unless assisted by snake-root1 ginger1 canella alba1 or some other warm aromatic4 ,when the fits are very frequent and violent1 in which case the fever often approaches towards an inflammatory nature1 it will be safer to keep out the aromatics1 and to add salt of tartar in their stead4 ,but in an obstinate tertian or quartan1 in the end of autumn or beginning of winter1 warm and cordial medicines are absolutely necessary#fb4 ,as autumnal and winter agues generally prove much more obstinate than those which attack the patient in spring or summer1 it will be necessary to continue the use of medicines longer in the former than in the latter4 ,a person who is seized with an intermitting fever in the beginning of winter1 ought frequently1 if the season proves rainy1 to take a little medicine1 although the disease may seem to be cured1 to prevent a relapse1 till the return of the warm season4 ,he ought likewise to take care not to be much abroad in wet weather1 especially in cold easterly winds4 ,when agues are not properly cured1 they often degenerate into obstinate chronical diseases1 as the dropsy1 jaundice1 c4 ,for this reason all possible care should be taken to have them radically cured1 before the constitution has been too much weakened4 ,though nothing is more rational than the method of treating intermitting fevers1 yet1 by some strange infatuation1 more charms and whimsical remedies are daily used for removing this than any other disease4 ,there is hardly an old woman who is not in possession of a nostrum for stopping an ague2 and it is amazing with what readiness their pretensions are believed4 ,those in distress eagerly grasp at any thing that promises sudden relief2 but the shortest way is not always the best in the treatment of diseases4 ,the only method to obtain a safe and lasting cure1 is gradually to assist ,nature in removing the cause of the disorder4 ,some indeed try bold1 or rather fool-hardy experiments to cure agues1 as drinking great quantities of strong liquors1 jumping into a river1 c4 ,these may sometimes have the desired effect1 but must always be attended with danger#fc4 ,when there is any degree of inflammation1 or the least tendency to it1 such experiments may prove fatal4 ,the only patient whom ,i remember to have lost in an intermittent fever1 evidently killed himself by drinking strong liquor1 which some person had persuaded him would prove an infallible remedy4 ,many dirty things are extolled for the cure of intermitting fevers1 as spiders1 cobwebs1 snuffings of candles1 c4 ,though these may sometimes succeed1 yet their very nastiness is sufficient to set them aside1 especially when cleanly medicines will answer the purpose better4 ,the only medicine that can be depended upon1 for thoroughly curing an intermittent fever1 is the ,peruvian bark4 ,it may always be used with safety3 and ,i can honestly declare1 that in all my practice ,i never knew it fail1 when combined with the medicines mentioned above1 and duly persisted in4 ,where agues are endemical1 even children are often afflicted with that disease4 ,such patients are very difficult to cure1 as they can seldom be prevailed upon to take the bark1 or any other disagreeable medicine4 ,one method of rendering this medicine more palatable1 is to make it into a mixture with distilled waters and syrup1 and afterwards to give it an agreeable sharpness with the elixir or spirit of vitriol4 ,this both improves the medicine1 and takes off the nauseous taste4 ,in cases where the bark cannot be administered1 the saline mixture may be given with advantage to children#fd4 ,wine-whey is a very proper drink for a child in an ague2 to half an ,english pint of which may be put a tea-spoonful of the spirit of hartshorn4 ,exercise is likewise of considerable service2 and when the disease proves obstinate1 the child ought1 if possible1 to be removed to a warm dry air4 ,the food ought to be nourishing1 and sometimes a little generous wine should be allowed4 ,to children1 and such as cannot swallow the bark1 or when the stomach will not bear it1 it may be given by clyster4 ,half an ounce of the extract of bark1 dissolved in four ounces of warm water1 with the addition of half an ounce of sweet oil1 and six or eight drops of laudanum1 in the form recommended by ,dr4 ,lind for an adult1 and this to be repeated every fourth hour1 or oftener1 as the occasion shall require4 ,for children the quantity of extract and laudanum must be proportionally lessened4 ,children have been cured of agues by making them wear a waistcoat with powdered bark quilted between the folds of it2 by bathing them frequently in a strong decoction of the bark1 and by rubbing the spine with strong spirits1 or with a mixture of equal parts of laudanum and the saponaceous liniment4 ,we have been the more full upon this disease1 because it is very common1 and because few patients in an ague apply to physicians unless in extremities4 ,there are1 however1 many cases in which the disease is very irregular1 being complicated with other diseases1 or attended with symptoms which are both very dangerous and very difficult to understand4 ,all these we have purposely passed over1 as they would only bewilder the generality of readers4 ,when the disease is very irregular1 or the symptoms dangerous1 the patient ought immediately to apply to a physician1 and strictly to follow his advice4 ,to prevent agues1 people must endeavour to avoid their causes4 ,these have been already pointed out in the beginning of this section2 we shall therefore only add one preventive medicine1 which may be of use to such as are obliged to live in low marshy countries1 or who are liable to frequent attacks of this disease4 ,take an ounce of the best ,peruvian bark2 ,virginian snake-root1 and orange-peel1 of each half an ounce2 bruise them all together1 and infuse for five or six days in a bottle of brandy1 ,holland gin1 or any good spirit2 afterwards pour off the clear liquor2 and take a wine glass of it twice or thrice a day4 ,this indeed is recommending a dram2 but the bitter ingredients in a great measure take off the ill effects of the spirit4 ,those who do not chuse it in brandy1 may infuse it in wine2 and such as can bring themselves to chew the bark1 will find that method succeed very well4 ,gentian root1 or calamus aromaticus1 may also be chewed by turns for the same purpose4 ,all bitters seem to be antidotes to agues1 especially those that are warm and astringent4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,,of ,,an ,,acute ,,continual ,,fever4 ,this fever is denominated acute1 ardent1 or inflammatory4 ,it most commonly attacks the young1 or persons about the prime or vigour of life1 especially such as live high1 abound with blood1 and whose fibres are strong and elastic4 ,it seizes people at all seasons of the year2 but is most frequent in the spring and beginning of summer4 ,,causes4----,an ardent fever may be occasioned by any thing that overheats the body1 or produces plethora1 as violent exercise1 sleeping in the sun1 drinking strong liquors1 eating spiceries1 a full diet1 with little exercise1 c4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by whatever obstructs the perspiration1 as lying on the damp ground1 drinking cold liquor when the body is hot1 night-watching1 or the like4 ,,symptoms4--,a rigour or chilliness generally ushers in this fever1 which is soon succeeded by great heat1 a frequent and full pulse1 pain of the head1 dry skin1 redness of the eyes1 a florid countenance1 pains in the back1 loins1 c4 ,to these succeed difficulty of breathing1 sickness1 with an inclination to vomit4 ,the patient complains of great thirst1 has no appetite for solid food1 is restless1 and his tongue generally appears black and rough4 ,a delirium1 excessive restlessness1 great oppression of the breast1 with laborious respiration1 starting of the tendons1 hiccup1 cold clammy sweats1 and an involuntary discharge of urine1 are very dangerous symptoms4 ,as this disease is always attended with danger1 the best medical assistance ought to be procured as soon as possible4 ,a physician may be of use at the beginning1 but his skill is often of no avail afterwards4 ,nothing can be more unaccountable than the conduct of those who have it in their power1 at the beginning of a fever1 to procure the best medical assistance1 yet put it off till things come to an extremity4 ,when the disease1 by delay or wrong treatment1 has become incurable1 and has exhausted the strength of the patient1 it is in vain to hope for relief from medicine4 ,physicians may indeed assist ,nature2 but their attempts must ever prove fruitless1 when she is no longer able to co-operate with their endeavours4 ,,regimen4--,from the symptoms of this disease1 it is evident1 that the blood and other humours require to be diluted2 that the perspiration1 urine1 saliva1 and all the other secretions1 are in too small quantity2 that the vessels are rigid1 and the heat of the whole body too great3 all these clearly point out the necessity of a regimen calculated to dilute the blood1 correct the acrimony of the humours1 allay the excessive heat1 remove the spasmodic stricture of the vessels1 and promote the secretions4 ,these important purposes may be greatly promoted by drinking plentifully of diluting liquors2 as water-gruel1 or oatmeal-tea1 clear whey1 barley-water1 balm-tea1 apple-tea1 c4 ,these may be sharpened with juice of orange1 jelly of currants1 raspberries1 and such like3 orange-whey is likewise an excellent cooling drink4 ,it is made by boiling among milk and water a bitter orange sliced1 till the curd separates4 ,if no orange can be had1 a lemon1 a little cream of tartar1 or a few spoonfuls of vinegar1 will have the same effect4 ,two or three spoonfuls of white wine may occasionally be added to the liquor when boiling4 ,if the patient be costive1 an ounce of tamarinds1 with two ounces of stoned raisins of the sun1 and a couple of figs1 may be boiled in three ,english pints of water to a quart4 ,this makes a very pleasant drink1 and may be used at discretion4 ,the common pectoral decoction is likewise a very proper drink in this disease4 ,a tea-cupful of it may be taken every two hours1 or oftener1 if the patient's heat and thirst be very great#fe4 ,the above liquids must all be drank a little warm4 ,they may be used in smaller quantities at the beginning of a fever1 but more freely afterwards1 in order to assist in carrying off the disease by promoting the different excretions4 ,we have mentioned a variety of drinks1 that the patient may have it in his power to chuse those which are most agreeable2 and that when tired of one1 he may have recourse to another4 ,the patient's diet must be very spare and light4 ,all sorts of flesh-meats1 and even chicken-broths1 are to be avoided4 ,he may be allowed groat-gruel1 panado1 or light bread boiled in water2 to which may be added a few grains of common salt1 and a little sugar1 which will render it more palatable4 ,he may eat roasted apples with a little sugar1 toasted bread with jelly of currants1 boiled prunes1 c4 ,it will greatly relieve the patient1 especially in an hot season1 to have fresh air frequently let into his chamber4 ,this1 however1 must always be done in such a manner as not to endanger his catching cold4 ,it is too common in fevers to load the patient with bed-clothes1 under the pretence of making him sweat1 or defending him from the cold4 ,this custom has many ill effects4 ,it increases the heat of the body1 fatigues the patient1 and retards1 instead of promoting1 the perspiration4 ,sitting upright in bed1 if the patient is able to bear it1 will often have a good effect4 ,it relieves the head1 by retarding the motion of the blood to the brain4 ,but this posture ought never to be continued too long3 and if the patient is inclined to sweat1 it will be more safe to let him lie1 only raising his head a little with pillows4 ,sprinkling the chamber with vinegar1 juice of lemon1 or vinegar and rose-water1 with a little nitre dissolved in it1 will greatly refresh the patient4 ,this ought to be done frequently1 especially if the weather is hot4 ,the patient's mouth should be often washed with a mixture of water and honey1 to which a little vinegar may be added1 or with a decoction of figs in barley-water4 ,his feet and hands ought likewise frequently to be bathed in lukewarm water2 especially if the head is affected4 ,the patient should be kept as quiet and easy as possible4 ,company1 noise1 and every thing that disturbs the mind1 is hurtful4 ,even too much light1 or any thing that affects the senses1 ought to be avoided4 ,his attendants should be as few as possible1 and they ought not to be too often changed4 ,his inclinations ought rather to be soothed than contradicted2 even the promise of what he craves will often satisfy him as much as its reality4 ,,medicine4----,in this and all other fevers1 attended with a hard1 full1 quick pulse1 bleeding is of the greatest importance4 ,this operation ought always to be performed as soon as the symptoms of an inflammatory fever appear4 ,the quantity of blood to be taken away1 however1 must be in proportion to the strength of the patient and the violence of the disease4 ,if after the first bleeding the fever should increase1 and the pulse become more frequent and hard1 there will be a necessity for repeating it a second1 and perhaps a third1 or even a fourth time1 which may be done at the distance of twelve1 eighteen1 or twenty-four hours from each other1 as the symptoms require4 ,if the pulse continues soft1 and the patient is tolerably easy after the first bleeding1 it ought not to be repeated4 ,if the heat and fever be very great1 forty or fifty drops of the dulcified or sweet spirit of nitre may be made into a draught1 with an ounce of rose-water1 two ounces of common water1 and half an ounce of simple syrup1 or a bit of loaf-sugar4 ,this draught may be given to the patient every three or four hours while the fever is violent2 afterwards once in five or six hours will be sufficient4 ,if the patient be afflicted with retching1 or an inclination to vomit1 it will be right to assist ,nature's attempts1 by giving him weak camomile-tea1 or lukewarm water to drink4 ,if the body is bound1 a clyster of milk and water with a little salt1 and a spoonful of sweet oil or fresh butter in it1 ought daily to be administered4 ,should this not have the desired effect1 a tea-spoonful of magnesia alba1 or cream of tartar1 may be frequently put into his drink4 ,he may likewise eat tamarinds1 boiled prunes1 roasted apples1 and the like4 ,if about the tenth1 eleventh1 or twelfth day1 the pulse becomes more soft1 the tongue moister1 and the urine begins to let fall a reddish settlement1 there is reason to expect a favourable issue to the disease4 ,but if1 instead of these symptoms1 the patient's spirits grow languid1 his pulse sinks1 and his breathing becomes difficult2 with a stupor1 trembling of the nerves1 starting of the tendons1 c4 there is reason to fear that the consequences will be fatal4 ,in this case blistering plasters must be applied to the head1 ancles1 inside of the legs or thighs1 as there may be occasion2 poultices of wheat-bread1 mustard1 and vinegar1 may likewise be applied to the soles of the feet1 and the patient must be supported with cordials1 as strong wine-whey1 negus1 sago-gruel with wine in it1 and such like4 ,a proper regimen is not only necessary during the fever1 but likewise after the patient begins to recover4 ,by neglecting this1 many relapse1 or fall into other diseases1 and continue valetudinary for life4 ,though the body is weak after a fever1 yet the diet for some time ought to be rather light than of too nourishing a nature4 ,too much food1 drink1 exercise1 company1 c4 are carefully to be avoided4 ,the mind ought likewise to be kept easy1 and the patient should not attempt to pursue study1 or any business that requires intense thinking4 ,if the digestion is bad1 or the patient is seized at times with feverish heats1 an infusion of ,peruvian bark in cold water will be of use4 ,it will strengthen the stomach1 and help to subdue the remains of the fever4 ,when the patient's strength is pretty well recovered1 he ought to take some gentle laxative4 ,an ounce of tamarinds and a dram of sena may be boiled for a few minutes in an ,english pint of water1 and an ounce of manna dissolved in the decoction2 afterwards it may be strained1 and a tea-cupful drank every hour till it operates4 ,this dose may be repeated twice or thrice1 five or six days intervening between each dose4 ,those who follow laborious employments ought not to return too soon to their labour after a fever1 but should keep easy till their strength and spirits are sufficiently recruited4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,,of ,,the ,,pleurisy4 ,the true pleurisy is an inflammation of that membrane called the pleura1 which lines the inside of the breast4 ,it is distinguished into the moist and dry4 ,in the former the patient spits freely2 in the latter1 little or none at all4 ,there is likewise a species of this disease1 which is called the spurious or bastard pleurisy1 in which the pain is more external1 and chiefly affects the muscles between the ribs4 ,the pleurisy prevails among labouring people1 especially such as work without doors1 and are of a sanguine constitution4 ,it is most frequent in the spring season4 ,,causes4----,the pleurisy may be occasioned by whatever obstructs the perspiration2 as cold northerly winds2 drinking cold liquors when the body is hot2 sleeping without doors on the damp ground2 wet clothes2 plunging the body into cold water1 or exposing it to the cold air1 when covered with sweat1 c4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by drinking strong liquors2 by the stoppage of usual evacuations2 as old ulcers1 issues1 sweating of the feet or hands1 c4 the sudden striking in of any eruption1 as the itch1 the measles1 or the small-pox4 ,those who have been accustomed to bleed at a certain season of the year are apt1 if they neglect it1 to be seized with a pleurisy4 ,keeping the body too warm by means of fire1 clothes1 c4 renders it more liable to this disease4 ,a pleurisy may likewise be occasioned by violent exercise1 as running1 wrestling1 leaping1 or by supporting great weight1 blows on the breast1 c4 ,a bad conformation of the body renders persons more liable to this disease1 as a narrow chest1 a straitness of the arteries of the pleura1 c4 ,,symptoms4--,this1 like most other fevers1 generally begins with chillness and shivering1 which are followed by heat1 thirst1 and restlessness4 ,to these succeeds a violent pricking pain in one of the sides among the ribs4 ,sometimes the pain extends towards the back bone1 sometimes towards the fore-part of the breast1 and at other times towards the shoulder blades4 ,the pain is generally most violent when the patient draws his breath4 ,the pulse in this disease is commonly quick and hard1 the urine high-coloured2 and if blood be let1 it is covered with a tough crust1 or buffy coat4 ,the patient's spittle is at first thin1 but afterwards it becomes grosser1 and is often streaked with blood4 ,,regimen4----,nature generally endeavours to carry off this disease by a critical discharge of blood from some part of the body1 by expectoration1 sweat1 loose stools1 thick urine1 or the like4 ,we ought therefore to second her intentions by lessening the force of the circulation1 relaxing the vessels1 diluting the humours1 and promoting expectoration4 ,for these purposes the diet1 as in the former disease1 ought to be cool1 slender1 and diluting4 ,the patient must avoid all food that is viscid1 hard of digestion1 or that affords much nourishment2 as flesh1 butter1 cheese1 eggs1 milk1 and also every thing that is of a heating nature4 ,his drink may be whey1 or an infusion of pectoral and balsamic vegetables#ff4 ,barley-water1 with a little honey or jelly of currants mixed with it1 is likewise a very proper drink in this disease4 ,it is made by boiling an ounce of pearl-barley in three ,english pints of water to two1 which must afterwards be strained4 ,the decoction of figs1 raisins1 barley1 recommended in the preceding disease1 is here likewise very proper4 ,these and other diluting liquors are not to be drank in large quantities at a time1 but the patient ought to keep continually sipping them1 so as to render his mouth and throat always moist4 ,all his food and drink should be taken a little warm4 ,the patient should be kept quiet1 cool1 and every way easy1 as directed under the foregoing disease4 ,his feet and hands ought daily to be bathed in lukewarm water2 and he may sometimes sit up in bed for a short space1 in order to relieve his head4 ,,medicine4----,almost every person knows1 when a fever is attended with a violent pain of the side1 and a quick hard pulse1 that bleeding is necessary4 ,when these symptoms come on1 the sooner this operation is performed the better2 and the quantity at first must be pretty large1 provided the patient is able to bear it4 ,a large quantity of blood let at once1 in the beginning of a pleurisy1 has a much better effect than repeated small bleedings4 ,a man may lose twelve or fourteen ounces of blood as soon as it is certainly known that he is seized with a pleurisy4 ,for a younger person1 or one of a delicate constitution1 the quantity must be less4 ,if1 after the first bleeding1 the stitch1 with the other violent symptoms1 should still continue1 it will be necessary1 at the distance of twelve or eighteen hours1 to let eight or nine ounces more4 ,if the symptoms do not then abate1 and the blood shews a strong buffy coat1 a third or even a fourth bleeding may be requisite4 ,if the pain of the side abates1 the pulse becomes softer1 or the patient begins to spit freely1 bleeding ought not to be repeated4 ,this operation is seldom necessary after the third or fourth day of the fever1 and ought not then to be performed1 unless in the most urgent circumstances4 ,the blood may be many ways attenuated without bleeding4 ,there are likewise many things that may be done to ease the pain of the side without this operation1 as fomenting1 blistering1 c4 ,fomentations may be made by boiling a handful of the flowers of elder1 camomile1 and common mallows1 or any other soft vegetables1 in a proper quantity of water4 ,the herbs may be either put into a flannel bag1 and applied warm to the side1 or flannels may be dipped in the decoction1 afterwards wrung out1 and applied to the part affected1 with as much warmth as the patient can easily bear4 ,as the clothes grow cool1 they must be changed1 and great care taken that the patient do not catch cold4 ,a bladder may be filled with warm milk and water1 and applied to the side1 if the above method of fomenting be found inconvenient4 ,fomentations not only ease the pain1 but relax the vessels1 and prevent the stagnation of the blood and other humours4 ,the side may likewise be frequently rubbed with a little of the volatile liniment#fg4 ,topical bleeding has often a very good effect in this disease4 ,it may either be performed by applying a number of leeches to the part affected1 or by cupping1 which is both a more certain and expeditious method than the other4 ,leaves of various plants might likewise be applied to the patient's side with advantage4 ,i have often seen great benefit from young cabbage-leaves applied warm to the side in a pleurisy4 ,these not only relax the parts1 but likewise draw off a little moisture1 and may prevent the necessity of blistering-plasters2 which however1 when other things fail1 must be applied4 ,if the stitch continues after repeated bleedings1 fomentations1 c4 a blistering-plaster must be applied over the part affected1 and suffered to remain for two days4 ,this not only procures a discharge from the side1 but takes off the spasm1 and by that means assists in removing the cause of the disease4 ,to prevent a strangury when the blistering-plaster is on1 the patient may drink freely of the ,arabic emulsion#fh4 ,if the patient is costive1 a clyster of thin water-gruel1 or of barley-water1 in which a handful of mallows1 or any other emollient vegetable has been boiled1 may be daily administered4 ,this will not only empty the bowels1 but have the effect of a warm fomentation applied to the inferior viscera1 which will help to make a derivation from the breast4 ,the expectoration of spitting may be promoted by sharp1 oily1 and mucilaginous medicines4 ,for this purpose an ounce of the oxymel1 or the vinegar of squills1 may be added to six ounces of the pectoral decoction1 and two table-spoonfuls of it taken every two hours4 ,should the squill disagree with the stomach1 the oily emulsion may be administered#fi2 or1 in place of it1 two ounces of the oil of sweet almonds1 or oil of olives1 and two ounces of the syrup of violets1 may be mixed with as much sugar-candy powdered1 as will make an electuary of the consistence of honey4 ,the patient may take a tea-spoonful of this frequently1 when the cough is troublesome4 ,should oily medicines prove nauseous1 which is sometimes the case1 two table-spoonfuls of the solution of gum ammoniac in barley-water may be given three or four times a-day#gj4 ,if the patient does not perspire1 but has a burning heat upon his skin1 and passes very little water1 some small doses of purified nitre and camphire will be of use4 ,two drams of the former may be rubbed with five or six grains of the latter in a mortar1 and the whole divided into six doses1 one of which may be taken every five or six hours1 in a little of the patient's ordinary drink4 ,we shall only mention one medicine more1 which some reckon almost a specific in the pleurisy1 viz4 the decoction of the seneka rattle-snake root#ga4 ,after bleeding and other evacuations have been premised1 the patient may take two1 three1 or four table-spoonfuls of this decoction1 according as his stomach will bear it1 three or four times a-day4 ,if it should occasion vomiting1 two or three ounces of simple cinnamon-water may be mixed with the quantity of decoction here directed1 or it may be taken in smaller doses4 ,as this medicine promotes perspiration and urine1 and likewise keeps the body easy1 it may be of some service in a pleurisy1 or any other inflammation of the breast4 ,no one will imagine that these medicines are all to be used at the same time4 ,we have mentioned different things1 on purpose that people may have it in their power to chuse2 and likewise1 that when one cannot be obtained1 they may make use of another4 ,different medicines are no doubt necessary in the different periods of a disorder2 and where one fails of success1 or disagrees with the patient1 it will be proper to try another4 ,what is called the crisis1 or height of the fever1 is sometimes attended with very alarming symptoms1 as difficulty of breathing1 an irregular pulse1 convulsive motions1 c4 ,these are apt to frighten the attendants1 and induce them to do improper things1 as bleeding the patient1 giving him strong stimulating medicines1 or the like4 ,but they are only the struggles of ,nature to overcome the disease1 in which she ought to be assisted by plenty of diluting drink1 which is then peculiarly necessary4 ,if the patient's strength however be much exhausted by the disease1 it will be necessary at this time to support him with frequent small draughts of wine-whey1 negus1 or the like4 ,when the pain and fever are gone1 it will be proper1 after the patient has recovered sufficient strength1 to give him some gentle purges1 as those directed towards the end of the acute continual fever4 ,he ought likewise to use a light diet1 of easy digestion1 and his drink should be butter-milk1 whey1 and other things of a cleansing nature4 ,of the ,,bastard ,,pleurisy4 ,that species of pleurisy which is called the bastard or spurious1 generally goes off by keeping warm for a few days1 drinking plenty of diluting liquors1 and observing a cooling regimen4 ,it is known by a dry cough1 a quick pulse1 and a difficulty of lying on the affected side1 which last does not always happen in the true pleurisy4 ,sometimes indeed this disease proves obstinate1 and requires bleeding1 with cupping1 and scarifications of the part affected4 ,these1 together with the use of nitrous and other cooling medicines1 seldom fail to effect a cure4 ,of the ,,paraphrenitis4 ,the paraphrenitis1 or inflammation of the diaphragm1 is so nearly connected with the pleurisy1 and resembles it so much in the manner of treatment1 that it is scarce necessary to consider it as a separate disease4 ,it is attended with a very acute fever1 and an extreme pain in the part affected1 which is generally augmented by coughing1 sneezing1 drawing in the breath1 taking food1 going to stool1 making water1 c4 ,hence the patient breathes quick1 and draws in his bowels to prevent the motion of the diaphragm2 is restless1 anxious1 has a dry cough1 a hiccup1 and often a delirium4 ,a convulsive laugh1 or rather a kind of involuntary grin1 is no uncommon symptom of this disease4 ,every method must be taken to prevent a suppuration1 as it is impossible to save the patient's life when this happens4 ,the regimen and medicine are in all respects the same as in the pleurisy4 ,we shall only add1 that in this disease emollient clysters are peculiarly useful1 as they relax the bowels1 and by that means make a derivation from the part affected4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,,of ,a ,,peripneumony1 ,,or ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,as this disease affects an organ which is absolutely necessary to life1 it must always be attended with danger4 ,persons who abound with thick blood1 whose fibres are tense and rigid1 who feed upon gross aliment1 and drink strong viscid liquors1 are most liable to a peripneumony4 ,it is generally fatal to those who have a flat breast1 or narrow chest1 and to such as are afflicted with an asthma1 especially in the decline of life4 ,sometimes the inflammation reaches to one lobe of the lungs only1 at other times the whole of the organ is affected2 in which case the disease can hardly fail to prove fatal4 ,when the disease proceeds from a viscid pituitous matter obstructing the vessels of the lungs1 it is called a spurious or bastard peripneumony4 ,when it arises from a thin acrid defluxion on the lungs1 it is denominated a catarrhal peripneumony1 c4 ,,causes4----,an inflammation of the lungs is sometimes a primary disease1 and sometimes it is the consequence of other diseases1 as a quinsey1 a pleurisy1 c4 ,it proceeds from the same causes as the pleurisy1 viz4 an obstructed perspiration from cold1 wet clothes1 c4 or from an increased circulation of the blood by violent exercise1 the use of spiceries1 ardent spirits1 and such like4 ,the pleurisy and peripneumony are often complicated2 in which case the disease is called a pleuro-peripneumony4 ,,symptoms4----,most of the symptoms of a pleurisy likewise attend an inflammation of the lungs2 only in the latter the pulse is more soft1 and the pain less acute2 but the difficulty of breathing1 and oppression of the breast1 are generally greater4 ,,regimen4----,as the regimen and medicine are in all respects the same in the true peripneumony as in the pleurisy1 we shall not here repeat them1 but refer the reader to the treatment of that disease4 ,it may not however be improper to add1 that the aliment ought to be more slender and thin in this than in any other inflammatory disease4 ,the learned ,dr4 ,arbuthnot asserts1 that even common whey is sufficient to support the patient1 and that decoctions of barley1 and infusions of fennel roots in warm water with milk1 are the most proper both for drink and nourishment4 ,he likewise recommends the steam of warm water taken in by the breath1 which serves as a kind of internal fomentation1 and helps to attenuate the impacted humours4 ,if the patient has loose stools1 but is not weakened by them1 they are not to be stopped1 but rather promoted by the use of emollient clysters4 ,it has already been observed1 that the spurious or bastard peripneumony is occasioned by a viscid pituitous matter obstructing the vessels of the lungs4 ,it commonly attacks the old1 infirm1 and phlegmatic1 in winter and wet seasons4 ,the patient at the beginning is cold and hot by turns1 has a small quick pulse1 feels sense of weight upon his breast1 breathes with difficulty1 and sometimes complains of a pain and giddiness of his head4 ,his urine is usually pale1 and his colour very little changed4 ,the diet in this1 as well as in the true peripneumony1 must be very slender1 as weak broths1 sharpened with the juice of orange or lemon1 and such like4 ,his drink may be thin water-gruel sweetened with honey1 or a decoction of the roots of fennel1 liquorice1 and quick grass4 ,an ounce of each of these may be boiled in three ,english pints of water to a quart1 and sharpened with a little currant-jelly1 or the like4 ,bleeding and purging are generally proper at the beginning of this disease2 but if the patient's spittle is pretty thick1 or well concocted1 neither of them are necessary4 ,it will be sufficient to assist the expectoration by some of the sharp medicines recommended for that purpose in the pleurisy1 as the solution of gum ammoniac with oxymel of squills1 c4 ,blistering plasters have generally a good effect1 and ought to be applied pretty early4 ,if the patient does not spit1 he must be bled according as his strength will permit1 and have a gentle purge administered4 ,afterwards his body may be kept open by clysters1 and the expectoration promoted1 by taking every four hours two table-spoonfuls of the solution mentioned above4 ,when an inflammation of the breast does not yield to bleeding1 blistering1 and other evacuations1 it commonly ends in a suppuration1 which is more or less dangerous1 according to the part where it is situated4 ,when this happens in the pleura1 it sometimes breaks outwardly1 and the matter is discharged by the wound4 ,when the suppuration happens within the substance or body of the lungs1 the matter may be discharged by expectoration2 but if the matter floats in the cavity of the breast1 between the pleura and the lungs1 it can only be discharged by an incision made betwixt the ribs4 ,if the patient's strength does not return after the inflammation is to all appearance removed2 if his pulse continues quick though soft1 his breathing difficult and oppressed2 if he has cold shiverings at times1 his cheeks flushed1 his lips dry2 and if he complains of thirst1 and want of appetite1 there is reason to fear a suppuration1 and that a phthisis or consumption of the lungs will ensue4 ,we shall therefore next proceed to consider the proper treatment of that disease4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,,of ,,consumptions4 ,a consumption is a wasting or decay of the whole body from an ulcer1 tubercles1 or concretions of the lungs1 an empyema1 a nervous atrophy1 or a cachexy4 ,dr4 ,arbuthnot observes1 that in his time consumptions made up above one-tenth part of the bills of mortality in and about ,london4 ,there is reason to believe they have rather increased since1 and we know from experience1 that they are not less fatal in some other towns of ,england than in ,london4 ,young persons1 between the age of fifteen and thirty1 of a slender make1 long neck1 high shoulders1 and flat breasts1 are most liable to this disease4 ,consumptions prevail more in ,england than in any other part of the world1 owing perhaps to the great use of animal food and malt liquors1 the general application to sedentary employments1 and the great quantity of pit-coal which is there burnt2 to which we may add the perpetual changes in the atmosphere1 or variableness of the weather4 ,,causes4----,it has already been observed1 that an inflammation of the breast often ends in an imposthume3 consequently whatever disposes people to this disease1 must likewise be considered as a cause of consumption4 ,other diseases1 by vitiating the habit1 may likewise occasion consumptions2 as the scurvy1 the scrophula1 or king's evil1 the venereal disease1 the asthma1 small-pox1 measles1 c4 ,as this disease is seldom cured1 we shall endeavour the more particularly to point out its causes1 in order that people may be enabled to avoid it4 ,these are3 ----,confined or unwholesome air4 ,when this fluid is impregnated with the fumes of metals or minerals1 it proves extremely hurtful to the lungs1 and often corrodes the tender vessels of that necessary organ4 ----,violent passions1 exertions1 or affections of the mind2 as grief1 disappointment1 anxiety1 or close application to the study of abstruse arts or sciences4 ----,great evacuations2 as sweating1 diarrhas1 diabetes1 excessive venery1 the fluor albus1 an over-discharge of the menstrual flux1 giving suck too long1 c4 ----,the sudden stoppage of customary evacuations2 as the bleeding piles1 sweating of the feet1 bleeding at the nose1 the menses1 issues1 ulcers1 or eruptions of any kind4 ----,injuries done to the lungs1 calculi1 c4 ,i lately saw the symptoms of a phthisis occasioned by a small bone sticking in the bronch4 ,it was afterwards vomited along with a considerable quantity of purulent matter1 and the patient1 by a proper regimen1 and the use of the ,peruvian bark1 recovered4 ----,making a sudden transition from a hot to a very cold climate1 change of apparel1 or whatever greatly lessens the perspiration4 ----,frequent and excessive debaucheries4 ,late watching1 and drinking strong liquors1 which generally go together1 can hardly fail to destroy the lungs4 ,hence the bon companion generally falls a sacrifice to this disease4 ----,infection4 ,consumptions are likewise caught by sleeping with the diseased2 for which reason this should be carefully avoided4 ,it cannot be of great benefit to the sick1 and must hurt those in health4 ----,occupations in life4 ,those artificers who sit much1 and are constantly leaning forward1 or pressing upon the stomach and breast1 as cutlers1 taylors1 shoemakers1 seamstresses1 c4 often die of consumptions4 ,they likewise prove fatal to singers1 and all who have occasion to make frequent and violent exertions of the lungs4 ----,cold4 ,more consumptive patients date the beginning of their disorders from wet feet1 damp beds1 night air1 wet clothes1 or catching cold after the body had been heated1 than from all other causes4 ,sharp1 saline1 and aromatic aliments1 which heat and inflame the blood1 are likewise frequently the cause of consumptions4 ,we shall only add1 that this disease is often owing to an hereditary taint1 or a scrophulous habit2 in which case it is generally incurable4 ,,symptoms4----,this disease generally begins with a dry cough1 which often continues for some months4 ,if a disposition to vomit after eating be excited by it1 there is still greater reason to fear an approaching consumption4 ,the patient complains of a more than usual degree of heat1 a pain and oppression of the breast1 especially after motion2 his spittle is of a saltish taste1 and sometimes mixed with blood4 ,he is apt to be sad2 his appetite is bad1 and his thirst great4 ,there is generally a quick1 soft1 small pulse2 though sometimes the pulse is pretty full1 and rather hard4 ,these are the common symptoms of a beginning consumption4 ,afterwards the patient begins to spit a greenish1 white1 or bloody matter4 ,his body is extenuated by the hectic fever1 and colliquative sweats1 which mutually succeed one another1 viz4 the one towards night1 and the other in the morning4 ,a looseness1 and an excessive discharge of urine1 are often troublesome symptoms at this time1 and greatly weaken the patient4 ,there is a burning heat in the palms of the hands1 and the face generally flushes after eating2 the fingers become remarkably small1 the nails are bent inwards1 and the hairs fall off4 ,at last the swelling of the feet and legs1 the total loss of strength1 the sinking of the eyes1 the difficulty of swallowing1 and the coldness of the extremities1 shew the immediate approach of death1 which however the patient seldom believes to be so near4 ,such is the usual progress of this fatal disease1 which1 if not early checked1 commonly sets all medicine at defiance4 ,,regimen4----,on the first appearance of a consumption1 if the patient lives in a large town1 or any place where the air is confined1 he ought immediately to quit it1 and to make choice of a situation in the country1 where the air is pure and free4 ,here he must not remain inactive1 but take every day as much exercise as he can bear4 ,the best method of taking exercise is to ride on horseback1 as this gives the body a great deal of motion without much fatigue4 ,such as cannot bear this kind of exercise1 must make use of a carriage4 ,a long journey1 as it amuses the mind by a continual change of objects1 is greatly preferable to riding the same ground over and over4 ,care however must be taken to avoid catching cold from wet clothes1 damp beds1 or the like4 ,the patient ought always to finish his ride in the morning1 or at least before dinner2 otherwise it will oftener do harm than good4 ,it is pity those who attend the sick seldom recommend riding in this disease1 till the patient is either unable to bear it1 or the malady has become incurable4 ,patients are likewise apt to trifle with everything that is in their own power4 ,they cannot see how one of the common actions of life should prove a remedy in an obstinate disease1 and therefore they reject it1 while they greedily hunt after relief from medicine1 merely because they do not understand it4 ,those who have strength and courage to undertake a pretty long voyage1 may expect great advantage from it4 ,this1 to my knowledge1 has frequently cured a consumption after the patient was1 to all appearance1 far advanced in that disease1 and where medicine had proved ineffectual4 ,hence it is reasonable to conclude1 that if a voyage were undertaken in due time1 it would seldom fail to perform a cure#gb4 ,such as try this method of cure ought to carry as much fresh provisions along with them as will serve for the whole time they are at sea4 ,as milk is not easily obtained in this situation1 they ought to live upon fruits1 and the broth of chickens1 or other young animals which can be kept alive on board4 ,it is scarce necessary to add1 that such voyages should be undertaken1 if possible1 in the mildest season1 and that they ought to be towards a warmer climate#gc4 ,those who have not courage for a long voyage may travel into a more southern climate1 as the south of ,france1 ,spain1 or ,portugal2 and if they find the air of these countries agree with them1 they should continue there1 at least till their health be confirmed4 ,next to proper air and exercise1 we would recommend a due attention to diet4 ,the patient should eat nothing that is either heating or hard of digestion1 and his drink must be of a soft and cooling nature4 ,all the diet ought to be calculated to lessen the acrimony of the humours1 and to nourish and support the patient4 ,for this purpose he must keep chiefly to the use of vegetables and milk4 ,milk alone is of more value in this disease than the whole materia medica4 ,asses milk is commonly reckoned preferable to any other2 but it cannot always be obtained2 besides1 it is generally taken in a very small quantity2 whereas1 to produce any effects1 it ought to make a considerable part of the patient's diet4 ,it is hardly to be expected1 that a gill or two of asses milk1 drank in the space of twenty-four hours1 should be able to produce any considerable change in the humours of an adult2 and when people do not perceive its effects soon1 they lose hope1 and so leave it off4 ,hence it happens that this medicine1 however valuable1 very seldom performs a cure4 ,the reason is obvious2 it is commonly used too late1 is taken in too small quantities1 and is not duly persisted in4 ,i have known very extraordinary effects from asses milk in obstinate coughs1 which threatened a consumption of the lungs2 and do verily believe1 if used at this period1 that it would seldom fail2 ,but if it be delayed till an ulcer is formed1 which is generally the case1 how can it be expected to succeed8 ,asses milk ought to be drank1 if possible1 in its natural warmth1 and1 by a grown person1 in the quantity of half an ,english pint at a time4 ,instead of taking this quantity night and morning only1 the patient ought to take it four times1 or at least thrice a-day1 and to eat a little light bread along with it1 so as to make it a kind of meal4 ,if the milk should happen to purge1 it may be mixed with old conserve of roses4 ,when that cannot be obtained1 the powder of crabs claws may be used in its stead4 ,asses milk is usually ordered to be drank warm in bed2 but as it generally throws the patient in a sweat when taken in this way1 it would perhaps be better to give it after he rises4 ,some extraordinary cures in consumptive cases have been performed by women's milk4 ,could this be obtained in sufficient quantity1 we would recommend it in preference to any other4 ,it is better if the patient can suck it from the breast1 than to drink it afterwards4 ,i knew a man who was reduced to such a degree of weakness in a consumption1 as not to be able to turn himself in bed4 ,his wife was at that time giving suck1 and the child happening to die1 he sucked her breasts1 not with a view to reap any advantage from the milk1 but to make her easy4 ,finding himself however greatly benefited by it1 he continued to suck her till he became perfectly well1 and is at present a strong and healthy man4 ,some prefer butter-milk to any other1 and it is indeed a very valuable medicine1 if the stomach be able to bear it4 ,it does not agree with every person at first2 and is therefore often laid aside without a sufficient trial4 ,it should at first be taken sparingly1 and the quantity gradually increased1 until it comes to be almost the sole food4 ,i never knew it succeed unless where the patient almost lived upon it4 ,cows milk is most readily obtained of any1 and though it be not so easily digested as that of asses or mares1 it may be rendered lighter by adding to it an equal quantity of barley-water1 or allowing it to stand for some hours1 and afterwards taking off the cream4 ,if it should notwithstanding prove heavy on the stomach1 a small quantity of brandy or rum1 with a little sugar1 may be added1 which will render it both more light and nourishing4 ,it is not to be wondered1 that milk should for some time disagree with a stomach that has not been accustomed to digest any thing but flesh and strong liquors1 which is the case with many of those who fall into consumptions4 ,we do not however advise those have been accustomed to animal food and strong liquors1 to leave them off all at once4 ,this might be dangerous4 ,it will be necessary for such to eat a little once a-day of the flesh of some young animal1 or rather to use the broth made of chickens1 veal1 lamb1 or such like4 ,they ought likewise to drink a little wine made into negus1 or diluted with twice or thrice its quantity of water1 and to make it gradually weaker till they can leave it off altogether4 ,these must be used only as preparatives to a diet consisting chiefly of milk and vegetables1 which the sooner the patient can be brought to bear1 the better4 ,rice and milk1 or barley and milk1 boiled with a little sugar1 is very proper food4 ,ripe fruits roasted1 baked1 or boiled1 are likewise proper1 as goose or currant berry tarts1 apples roasted1 or boiled in milk1 c4 ,the jellies1 conserves1 and preserves1 c4 of ripe subacid fruits1 ought to be eaten plentifully1 as the jelly of currants1 conserve of roses1 preserved plums1 cherries1 c4 ,wholesome air1 proper exercise1 and a diet consisting chiefly of these and other vegetables1 with milk1 is the only course that can be depended on in a beginning consumption4 ,if the patient has strength and sufficient resolution to persist in this course1 he will seldom be disappointed of a cure4 ,in a populous town in ,england#gd1 where consumptions are very common1 ,i have frequently seen consumptive patients1 who had been sent to the country with orders to ride1 and live upon milk and vegetables1 return in a few months quite plump1 and free from any complaint4 ,this indeed was not always the case1 especially when the disease was hereditary1 or far advanced2 but it was the only method in which success was to be expected3 where it failed1 ,i never knew medicine succeed4 ,if the patient's strength and spirits flag1 he must be supported by strong broths1 jellies1 and such like4 ,some recommend shell-fish in this disorder1 and with some reason1 as they are nourishing and restorative#ge4 ,all the food and drink ought however to be taken in small quantities1 lest an overcharge of fresh chyle should oppress the lungs1 and too much accelerate the circulation of the blood4 ,the patient's mind ought to be kept as easy and cheerful as possible4 ,consumptions are often occasioned1 and always aggravated1 by a melancholy cast of mind2 for which reason music1 cheerful company1 and every thing that inspires mirth1 are highly beneficial4 ,the patient ought seldom to be left alone1 as brooding over his calamities is sure to render them worse4 ,,medicine4----,though the cure of this disease depends chiefly upon regimen and the patient's own endeavours1 yet we shall mention a few things which may be of service in relieving some of the more violent symptoms4 ,in the first stage of a consumption1 the cough may sometimes be appeased by bleeding2 and the expectoration may be promoted by the following medicines4 ,take fresh squills1 gum-ammoniac1 and powdered cardamum seeds1 of each a quarter of an ounce2 beat them together in a mortar1 and if the mass proves too hard for pills1 a little of any kind of syrup may be added to it4 ,this may be formed into pills of a moderate size1 and four or five of them taken twice or thrice a-day1 according as the patient's stomach will bear them4 ,the lac ammoniacum1 or milk of gum-ammoniac1 as it is called1 is likewise a proper medicine in this stage of the disease4 ,it may be used as directed in the pleurisy4 ,a mixture made of equal parts of lemon-juice1 fine honey1 and syrup of poppies1 may likewise be used4 ,four ounces of each of these may be simmered together in a sauce-pan1 over a gentle fire1 and a table-spoonful of it taken at any time when the cough is troublesome4 ,it is common in this stage of the disease to load the patient's stomach with oily and balsamic medicines4 ,these1 instead of removing the cause of the disease1 tend rather to increase it1 by heating the blood1 while they pall the appetite1 relax the solids1 and prove every way hurtful to the patient4 ,whatever is used for removing the cough1 besides riding and other proper regimen1 ought to be medicines of a sharp and cleaning nature2 as oxymel1 syrup of lemon1 c4 ,acids seem to have peculiarly good effects in this disease2 they both tend to quench the patient's thirst and to cool the blood4 ,the vegetable acids1 as apples1 oranges1 lemons1 c4 appear to be the most proper4 ,i have known patients suck the juice of several lemons every day with manifest advantage1 and would for this reason recommend acid vegetables to be taken in as great quantity as the stomach will bear them4 ,for the patient's drink1 we would recommend infusions of the bitter plants1 as ground-ivy1 the lesser centaury1 camomile flowers1 or water-trefoil4 ,these infusions may be drank at pleasure4 ,they strengthen the stomach1 promote digestion1 rectify the blood1 and at the same time answer all the purposes of dilution1 and quench thirst much better than things that are luscious or sweet4 ,but if the patient spits blood1 he ought to use1 for his ordinary drink1 infusions or decoctions of the vulnerary roots1 plants1 c4#gf ,there are many other mucilaginous plants and seeds1 of a healing and agglutinating nature1 from which decoctions or infusions may be prepared with the same intention2 as the orches1 the quince-seed1 coltsfoot1 linseed1 sasaparilla1 c4 ,it is not necessary to mention the different ways in which these may be prepared4 ,simple infusion or boiling is all that is necessary1 and the dose may be at discretion4 ,the conserve of roses is here peculiarly proper4 ,it may either be put into the decoction above prescribed1 or eaten by itself4 ,no benefit is to be expected from trifling doses of this medicine4 ,i never knew it of any service1 unless where three or four ounces at least were used daily for a considerable time4 ,in this way ,i have seen it produce very happy effects1 and would recommend it wherever there is a discharge of blood from the lungs4 ,when the spitting up of gross matter1 oppression of the breast1 and the hectic symptoms1 shew that an imposthume is formed in the lungs1 we would recommend the ,peruvian bark1 that being the only drug which has any chance to counteract the general tendency which the humours then have to putrefaction4 ,an ounce of the bark in powder may be divided into eighteen or twenty doses1 of which one may be taken every three hours through the day1 in a little syrup1 or a cup of horehound tea4 ,if the bark should happen to purge1 it may be made into an electuary1 with the conserve of roses1 thus3 ,take old conserve of roses a quarter of a pound1 ,peruvian bark in powder an ounce1 syrup of orange or lemon1 as much as will make it of the consistence of honey4 ,this quantity will serve the patient four or five days1 and may be repeated as there is occasion4 ,such as cannot take the bark in substance1 may infuse it in cold water4 ,this seems to be the best menstruum for extracting the virtues of that drug4 ,half an ounce of bark in powder may be infused for twenty-four hours in half an ,english pint of water4 ,afterwards let it be passed through a fine strainer1 and an ordinary tea-cupful of it taken three or four times a-day4 ,we would not recommend the bark while there are any symptoms of an inflammation of the breast2 but when it is certainly known that matter is collected there1 it is one of the best medicines which can be used4 ,few patients indeed have resolution enough to give the bark a fair trial at this period of the disease1 otherwise we have reason to believe that some benefit might be reaped from it4 ,when it is evident that there is an imposthume in the breast1 and the matter can neither be spit up nor carried off by absorption1 the patient must endeavour to make it break inwardly1 by drawing in the steams of warm water or vinegar with his breath1 coughing1 laughing1 or bawling aloud1 c4 ,when it happens to burst within the lungs1 the matter may be discharged by the mouth4 ,sometimes indeed the bursting of the vomica occasions immediate death1 by suffocating the patient4 ,when the quantity of matter is great1 and the patient's strength exhausted1 this is commonly the case4 ,at any rate the patient is ready to fall into a swoon1 and should have volatile salts or spirits held to his nose4 ,if the matter discharged be thick1 and the cough and breathing become easier1 there may be some hopes of a cure4 ,the diet at this time ought to be light1 but restorative1 as chicken-broths1 sago-gruel1 rice-milk1 c4 the drink1 butter-milk1 or whey1 sweetened with honey4 ,this is likewise a proper time for using the ,peruvian bark1 which may be taken as directed above4 ,if the vomica or imposthume should discharge itself into the cavity of the breast1 betwixt the pleura and the lungs1 there is no way of getting the matter out but by an incision1 as has already been observed4 ,as this operation must always be performed by a surgeon1 it is not necessary here to describe it4 ,we shall only add1 that it is not so dreadful as people are apt to imagine1 and that it is the only chance the patient in this case has for his life4 ,a nervous consumption is a wasting or decay of the whole body1 without any considerable degree of fever1 cough1 or difficulty of breathing4 ,it is attended with indigestion1 weakness1 and want of appetite1 c4 ,those who are of a fretful temper1 who indulge in spirituous liquors1 or who breathe an unwholesome air1 are most liable to this disease4 ,we would chiefly recommend1 for the cure of a nervous consumption1 a light and nourishing diet1 plenty of exercise in a free open air1 and the use of such bitters as brace and strengthen the stomach2 as the ,peruvian bark1 gentian root1 camomile1 horehound1 c4 ,these may be infused in water or wine1 and a glass of it drank frequently4 ,it will greatly assist the digestion1 and promote the cure of this disease1 to take twice-a-day twenty or thirty drops of the elixir of vitriol in a glass of wine or water4 ,the chalybeate wine is likewise an excellent medicine in this case4 ,it strengthens the solids1 and powerfully assists ,nature in the preparation of good blood#gg4 ,agreeable amusements1 cheerful company1 and riding about1 are however preferable to all medicines in this disease4 ,for which reason1 when the patient can afford it1 we would recommend a long journey of pleasure1 as the most likely means to restore his health4 ,what is called a symptomatic consumption cannot be cured without first removing the disease by which it is occasioned4 ,thus1 when a consumption proceeds from1 the scrophula or king's evil1 from the scurvy1 the asthma1 the venereal disease1 c4 a due attention must be paid to the malady from whence it arises1 and the regimen and medicine directed accordingly4 ,when excessive evacuations of any kind occasion a consumption1 they must not only be restrained1 but the patient's strength must be restored by gentle exercise1 nourishing diet1 and generous cordials4 ,young and delicate mothers often fall into consumptions1 by giving suck too long4 ,as soon as they perceive their strength and appetite begin to fail1 they ought immediately to wean the child1 or provide another nurse1 otherwise they cannot expect a cure4 ,before we quit this subject1 we would earnestly recommend it to all1 as they wish to avoid consumptions1 to take as much exercise without doors as they can1 to avoid unwholesome air1 and to study sobriety4 ,consumptions owe their present increase not a little to the fashion of sitting up late1 eating hot suppers1 and spending every evening over a bowl of hot punch or other strong liquors4 ,these liquors1 when too freely used1 not only hurt the digestion1 and spoil the appetite1 but heat and inflame the blood1 and set the whole constitution on fire4 ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,,of ,,the ,,slow ,,or ,,nervous ,,fever4 ,nervous fevers have increased greatly of late years in this island1 owing doubtless to our different manner of living1 and the increase of sedentary employments2 as they commonly attack persons of a weak relaxed habit1 who neglect exercise1 eat little solid food1 study hard1 or indulge in spirituous liquors4 ,,causes4----,nervous fevers may be occasioned by whatever depresses the spirits1 or impoverishes the blood2 as grief1 fear1 anxiety1 want of sleep1 intense thought1 living on poor watery diet1 unripe fruits1 cucumbers1 melons1 mushrooms1 c4 ,they may likewise be occasioned by damp1 confined1 or unwholesome air4 ,hence they are very common in rainy seasons1 and prove most fatal to those who live in dirty low houses1 crowded streets1 hospitals1 jails1 or such-like places4 ,persons whose constitutions have been broken by excessive venery1 frequent salivations1 too free an use of purgative medicines1 or any other excessive evacuations1 are most liable to this disease4 ,keeping on wet clothes1 lying on the damp ground1 excessive fatigue1 and whatever obstructs the perspiration1 or causes a spasmodic stricture of the solids1 may likewise occasion nervous fevers4 ,we shall only add1 frequent and great irregularities in diet4 ,too great abstinence1 as well as excess1 is hurtful4 ,nothing tends so much to preserve the body in a sound state as a regular diet2 nor can any thing contribute more to occasion fevers of the worst kind than its opposite4 ,,symptoms4----,low spirits1 want of appetite1 weakness1 weariness after motion1 watchfulness1 deep sighing1 and dejection of mind1 are generally the forerunners of this disease4 ,these are succeeded by a quick low pulse1 a dry tongue without any considerable thirst1 chillness and flushing in turns1 c4 ,after some time the patient complains of a giddiness and pain of the head1 has a nausea1 with reachings and vomiting2 the pulse is quick1 and sometimes intermitting2 the urine pale1 resembling dead small-beer1 and the breathing is difficult1 with oppression of the breast1 and slight alienations of mind4 ,if towards the ninth1 tenth1 or twelfth day1 the tongue becomes more moist1 with a plentiful spitting1 a gentle purging1 or a moisture upon the skin2 or if a suppuration happens in one or both ears1 or large pustules break out about the lips and nose1 there is reason to hope for a favourable crisis4 ,but if there is an excessive looseness1 or wasting sweats1 with frequent fainting fits2 if the tongue1 when put out1 trembles excessively1 and the extremities feel cold1 with a fluttering or slow creeping pulse2 if there is a starting of the tendons1 an almost total loss of sight and hearing1 and an involuntary discharge by stool and urine1 there is great reason to fear that death is approaching4 ,,regimen4----,it is very necessary in this disease to keep the patient cool and quiet4 ,the least motion would fatigue him1 and will be apt to occasion weariness1 and even faintings4 ,his mind ought not only to be kept easy1 but soothed and comforted with the hopes of a speedy recovery4 ,nothing is more hurtful in low fevers of this kind than presenting to the patient's imagination gloomy or frightful ideas4 ,these of themselves often occasion nervous fevers1 and it is not to be doubted but they will likewise aggravate them4 ,the patient must not be kept too low4 ,his strength and spirits ought to be supported by nourishing diet and generous cordials4 ,for this purpose his gruel1 panado1 or whatever food he takes1 must be mixed with wine according as the symptoms may require4 ,pretty strong wine-whey1 or small negus1 sharpened with the juice of orange or lemon1 will be proper for his ordinary drink4 ,mustard-whey is likewise a very proper drink in this fever1 and may be rendered an excellent cordial medicine by the addition of a proper quantity of white-wine#gh4 ,wine in this disease1 if it could be obtained genuine1 is almost the only medicine that would be necessary4 ,good wine possesses all the virtues of the cordial medicines1 while it is free from many of their bad qualities4 ,i say good wine2 for however common this article of luxury is now become1 it is rarely to be obtained genuine1 especially by the poor1 who are obliged to purchase it in small quantities4 ,i have often seen patients in low nervous fevers where the pulse could hardly be felt1 with a constant delirium1 coldness of the extremities1 and almost every other mortal symptom1 recover by using in whey1 gruel1 and negus1 a bottle or two of strong wine every day4 ,good old sound claret is the best1 and may be made into negus1 or given by itself1 as circumstances require4 ,in a word1 the great aim in this disease is to support the patient's strength1 by giving him frequently small quantities of the above1 or other drinks of a warm and cordial nature4 ,he is not however to be overheated either with liquor or clothes2 and his food ought to be light1 and given in small quantities4 ,,medicine4----,where a nausea1 load1 and sickness at stomach1 prevail at the beginning of the fever1 it will be necessary to give the patient a gentle vomit4 ,fifteen or twenty grains of ipecacuanha in fine powder1 or a few spoonfuls of the vomiting julep#gi1 will generally answer this purpose very well4 ,this may be repeated any time before the third or fourth day1 if the above symptoms continue4 ,vomits not only clean the stomach1 but1 by the general shock which they give1 promote the perspiration1 and have many other excellent effects in slow fevers1 where there are no signs of inflammation1 and nature wants rousing4 ,such as dare not venture upon a vomit1 may clean the bowels by a small dose of ,turkey rhubarb1 or an infusion of senna and manna4 ,in all fevers1 the great point is to regulate the symptoms1 so as to prevent them from going to either extreme4 ,thus1 in fevers of the inflammatory kind1 where the force of the circulation is too great1 or the blood dense1 and the fibres too rigid1 bleeding and other evacuations are necessary4 ,but in nervous fevers1 where nature flags1 where the blood is vapid and poor1 and the solids relaxed1 the lancet must be spared1 and wine1 with other cordials1 plentifully administered4 ,it is the more necessary to caution people against bleeding in this disease1 as there is generally at the beginning an universal stricture upon the vessels1 and sometimes an oppression and difficulty of breathing1 which suggest the idea of a plethora1 or too great a quantity of blood4 ,i have known even some of the faculty deceived by their own feelings in this respect1 so far as to insist upon being bled1 when it was evident from the consequences that the operation was improper4 ,though bleeding is generally improper in this disease1 yet blistering is highly necessary4 ,blistering-plasters may be applied at all times of the fever with great advantage4 ,if the patient is delirious1 he ought to be blistered on the neck or head1 and it will be the safest course1 when the insensibility continues1 as soon as the discharge occasioned by one blistering-plaster abates1 to apply another to some other part of the body1 and by that means keep up a continual succession of them till he be out of danger4 ,i have been more sensible of the advantage of blistering in this than in any other disease4 ,blistering-plasters not only stimulate the solids to action1 but likewise occasion a continual discharge1 which may in some measure supply the want of critical evacuations1 which seldom happen in this kind of fever4 ,they are most proper1 however1 either towards the beginning1 or after some degree of stupor has come on1 in which last case it will always be proper to blister the head4 ,if the patient is costive through the course of the disease1 it will be necessary to procure a stool1 by giving him every other day a clyster of milk and water1 with a little sugar1 to which may be added a spoonful of common salt1 if the above does not operate4 ,should a violent looseness come on1 it may be checked by small quantities of ,venice treacle1 or giving the patient for his ordinary drink the white decoction#hj4 ,a miliary eruption sometimes breaks out about the ninth or tenth day4 ,as eruptions are often critical1 great care should be taken not to retard ,nature's operation in this particular4 ,the eruption ought neither to be checked by bleeding nor other evacuations1 nor pushed out by a hot regimen2 but the patient should be supported by gentle cordials1 as wine-whey1 small negus1 sago-gruel with a little wine in it1 and such like4 ,he ought not to be kept too warm2 yet a kindly breathing sweat should by no means be checked4 ,though blistering and the use of cordial liquors are the chief things to be depended on in this kind of fever2 yet1 for those who may chuse to use them1 we shall mention one or two of the forms of medicine which are commonly prescribed in it#ha4 ,in desperate cases1 where the hiccup and starting of the tendons have already come on1 we have sometimes seen extraordinary effects from large doses of musk frequently repeated4 ,musk is doubtless an antispasmodic1 and may be given to the quantity of a scruple three or four times a-day1 or oftener if necessary4 ,sometimes it may be proper to add to the musk a few grains of camphire1 and salt of hartshorn1 as these tend to promote perspiration and the discharge of urine4 ,thus fifteen grains of musk1 with three grains of camphire1 and six grains of salt of hartshorn1 may be made into a bolus with a little syrup1 and given as above4 ,if the fever should happen to intermit1 which it frequently does towards the decline1 or if the patient's strength should be wasted with colliquative sweats1 c4 it will be necessary to give him the ,peruvian bark4 ,half a drachm1 or a whole drachm1 if the stomach will bear it1 of the bark in fine powder1 may be given four or five times a-day in a glass of red port or claret4 ,should the bark in substance not sit easy on the stomach1 an ounce of it in powder may be infused in a bottle of ,lisbon or ,rhenish wine for two or three days1 afterwards it may be strained1 and a glass of it taken frequently#hb4 ,some give the bark in this and other fevers1 where there are no symptoms of inflammation1 without any regard to the remission or intermission of the fever4 ,how far future observations may tend to establish this practice1 we will not pretend to say2 but we have reason to believe that the bark is a very universal febrifuge1 and that it may be administered with advantage in most fevers where bleeding is not necessary1 or where there are no symptoms of topical inflammation4 ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,,of ,,the ,,malignant1 ,,putrid1 ,,or ,,spotted ,,fever4 ,this may be called the pestilential fever of ,europe1 as in many of its symptoms it bears a great resemblance to that dreadful disease the plague4 ,persons of a lax habit1 a melancholy disposition1 and those whose vigour has been wasted by long fasting1 watching1 hard labour1 excessive venery1 frequent salivations1 c4 are most liable to it4 ,,causes4----,this fever is occasioned by foul air1 from a number of people being confined in a narrow place1 not properly ventilated2 from putrid animal and vegetable effluvia1 c4 ,hence it prevails in camps1 jails1 hospitals and infirmaries1 especially where such places are too much crowded1 and cleanliness is neglected4 ,a close constitution of the air1 with long rainy or foggy weather1 likewise occasions putrid fevers4 ,they often succeed great inundations in low and marshy countries1 especially when these are preceded or followed by a hot and sultry season4 ,living too much upon animal food1 without a proper mixture of vegetables1 or eating fish or flesh that has been kept too long1 are likewise apt to occasion this kind of fever4 ,hence sailors on long voyages1 and the inhabitants of besieged cities1 are very often visited with putrid fevers4 ,corn that has been greatly damaged by rainy seasons1 or long keeping1 and water which has become putrid by stagnation1 c4 may likewise occasion this fever4 ,dead carcases tainting the air1 especially in hot seasons1 are very apt to occasion putrid diseases4 ,hence this kind of fever often prevails in countries which are the scenes of war and bloodshed4 ,this shews the propriety of removing burying grounds1 slaughterhouses1 c4 at a proper distance from great towns4 ,want of cleanliness is a very general cause of putrid fevers4 ,hence they prevail amongst the poor inhabitants of large towns1 who breathe a confined unwholesome air1 and neglect cleanliness4 ,such mechanics as carry on dirty employments1 and are constantly confined within doors1 are likewise very liable to this disease4 ,we shall only add1 that putrid1 malignant1 or spotted fevers1 are highly infectious1 and are therefore often communicated by contagion4 ,for which reason all persons ought to keep at a distance from those affected with such diseases1 unless their attendance is absolutely necessary4 ,,symptoms4----,the malignant fever is generally preceded by a remarkable weakness or loss of strength1 without any apparent cause4 ,this is sometimes so great1 that the patient can scarce walk1 or even sit upright1 without being in danger of fainting away4 ,his mind too is greatly dejected2 he sighs1 and is full of dreadful apprehensions4 ,there is a nausea1 and sometimes a vomiting of bile2 a violent pain of the head1 with a strong pulsation or throbbing of the temporal arteries2 the eyes often appear red and inflamed1 with a pain at the bottom of the orbit2 there is a noise in the ears1 the breathing is laborious1 and often interrupted with a sigh2 the patient complains of a pain about the region of the stomach1 and in his back and loins2 his tongue is at first white1 but afterwards it appears black and chaped2 and his teeth are covered with a black crust4 ,he sometimes passes worms both upwards and downwards1 is affected with tremors or shaking1 and often becomes delirious4 ,if blood is let1 it appears dissolved1 or with a very small degree of cohesion1 and soon becomes putrid2 the stools smell extremely ftid1 and are sometimes of a greenish1 black1 or reddish cast4 ,spots of a pale purple1 dun1 or black colour1 often appear upon the skin1 and sometimes there are violent hmorrhages1 or discharges of blood from the mouth1 eyes1 nose1 c4 ,putrid fevers may be distinguished from the inflammatory1 by the smallness of the pulse1 the great dejection of mind1 the dissolved state of the blood1 the petechi1 or purple spots1 and the putrid smell of the excrements4 ,they may likewise be distinguished from the low or nervous fever by the heat and thirst being greater1 the urine of a higher colour1 and the loss of strength1 dejection of mind1 and all the other symptoms more violent4 ,it sometimes happens1 however1 that the inflammatory1 nervous1 and putrid symptoms are so blended together1 as to render it very difficult to determine to which class the fever belongs4 ,in this case the greatest caution and skill are requisite4 ,attention must be paid to those symptoms which are most prevalent1 and both the regimen and medicines adapted to them4 ,inflammatory and nervous fevers may be converted into malignant and putrid1 by too hot a regimen or improper medicines4 ,the duration of putrid fevers is extremely uncertain2 sometimes they terminate between the seventh and fourteenth day1 and at other times they are prolonged for five or six weeks4 ,their duration depends greatly upon the constitution of the patient1 and the manner of treating the disease4 ,the most favourable symptoms are1 a gentle looseness after the fourth or fifth day1 with a warm mild sweat4 ,these1 when continued for a considerable time1 often carry off the fever1 and should never be imprudently stopped4 ,small miliary pustules appearing between the petechi or purple spots are likewise favourable1 as also hot scabby eruptions about the mouth and nose4 ,it is a good sign when the pulse rises upon the use of wine1 or other cordials1 and the nervous symptoms abate2 deafness coming on towards the decline of the fever1 is likewise often a favourable symptom#hc1 as are abscesses in the groin or parotid glands4 ,among the unfavourable symptoms may be reckoned an excessive looseness1 with a hard swelled belly2 large black or livid blotches breaking out upon the skin2 apth in the mouth2 cold clammy sweats2 blindness2 change of the voice2 a wild flaring of the eyes2 difficulty of swallowing2 inability to put out the tongue2 and a constant inclination to uncover the breast4 ,when the sweat and saliva are tinged with blood1 and the urine is black1 or deposits a black sooty sediment1 the patient is in great danger4 ,starting of the tendons1 and ftid1 ichorous1 involuntary stools1 attended with coldness of the extremities1 are generally the forerunners of death4 ,,regimen4----,in the treatment of this disease we ought to endeavour as far as possible to counteract the putrid tendency of the humours2 to support the patient's strength and spirits2 and to assist ,nature in expelling the cause of this disease1 by gently promoting perspiration and the other evacuations4 ,it has been observed1 that putrid fevers are often occasioned by unwholesome air1 and of course they must be aggravated by it4 ,care should therefore be taken to prevent the air from stagnating in the patient's chamber1 to keep it cool1 and renew it frequently1 by opening the doors or windows of some adjacent apartment4 ,the breath and perspiration of persons in perfect health soon render the air of a small apartment noxious2 but this will sooner happen from the perspiration and breath of a person whose whole mass of humours are in a putrid state4 ,besides the frequent admission of fresh air1 we would recommend the use of vinegar1 verjuice1 juice of lemon1 ,seville orange1 or any kind of vegetable acid that can be most readily obtained4 ,these ought frequently to be sprinkled upon the floor1 the bed1 and every part of the room4 ,they may also be evaporated with a hot iron1 or by boiling1 c4 ,the fresh skins of lemons or oranges ought likewise to be laid in different parts of the room1 and they should be frequently held to the patient's nose4 ,the use of acids in this manner would not only prove very refreshing to the patient1 but would likewise tend to prevent the infection from spreading among those who attend him4 ,strong scented herbs1 as rue1 tansy1 rosemary1 wormwood1 c4 may likewise be laid in different parts of the house1 and smelled to by those who go near the patient4 ,the patient must not only be kept cool1 but likewise quiet and easy4 ,the least noise will affect his head1 and the smallest fatigue will be apt to make him faint4 ,few things are of greater importance in this disease than acids1 which ought to be mixed with all the patient's food as well as drink4 ,orange1 lemon1 or vinegar whey1 are all very proper1 and may be drank by turns1 according to the patient's inclination4 ,they may be rendered cordial by the addition of wine in such quantity as the patient's strength seems to require4 ,when he is very low1 he may drink negus1 with only one half water1 and sharpened with the juice of orange or lemon4 ,in some cases a glass of wine may now and then be allowed4 ,the most proper wine is ,rhenish2 but if the body be open1 red port or claret is to be preferred4 ,when the body is bound1 a tea-spoonful of the cream of tartar may be put into a cup of the patient's drink1 as there is occasion2 or he may drink a decoction of tamarinds1 which will both quench his thirst1 and promote a discharge by stool4 ,if camomile-tea will sit upon his stomach1 it is a very proper drink in this disease4 ,it may be sharpened by adding to every cup of the tea ten or fifteen drops of the elixir of vitriol4 ,the food must be light1 as panado or groat-gruel1 to which a little wine may be added1 if the patient be weak and low2 and they ought all to be sharpened with the juice of orange1 the jelly of currants1 or the like4 ,the patient ought likewise to eat freely of ripe fruits1 as roasted apples1 currant or gooseberry tarts1 preserved cherries1 or plums1 c4 ,taking a little food or drink frequently1 not only supports the spirits1 but counteracts the putrid tendency of the humours2 for which reason the patient ought frequently to be sipping small quantities of some of the acid liquors mentioned above1 or any that may be more agreeable to his palate1 or more readily obtained4 ,if he is delirious1 his feet and hands ought to be frequently fomented with a strong infusion of camomile flowers4 ,this1 or an infusion of the bark1 to such as can afford it1 cannot fail to have a good effect4 ,fomentations of this kind not only relieve the head1 by relaxing the vessels in the extremities1 but as their contents are absorbed1 and taken into the system1 they may assist in preventing the putrescency of the humours4 ,,medicine4----,if a vomit be given at the beginning of this fever1 it will hardly fail to have a good effect2 but if the fever has gone on for some days1 and the symptoms are violent1 vomits are not quite so safe4 ,the body however is always to be kept gently open by clysters1 or mild laxative medicines4 ,bleeding is seldom necessary in putrid fevers4 ,if there be signs of an inflammation1 it may sometimes be permitted at the first onset2 but the repetition of it generally proves hurtful4 ,blistering plasters are never to be used unless in the greatest extremities4 ,if the petechi or spots should suddenly disappear1 the patient's pulse sink remarkably1 and a delirium1 with other bad symptoms1 come on1 blistering may be permitted4 ,in this case the blistering plasters are to be applied to the head1 and inside of the legs or thighs4 ,but as they are sometimes apt to occasion a gangrene1 we would rather recommend warm cataplasms or poultices of mustard and vinegar to be applied to the feet1 having recourse to blisters only in the utmost extremities4 ,it is common in the beginning of this fever to give the emetic tartar in small doses1 repeated every second or third hour1 till it shall either vomit1 purge1 or throw the patient into a sweat4 ,this practice is very proper1 provided it be not pushed so far as to weaken the patient4 ,a very ridiculous notion has long prevailed1 of expelling the poisonous matter of malignant diseases by trifling doses of cordial or alexipharmic medicines4 ,in consequence of this notion1 the contrayerva-root1 the cordial confection1 the mithridate1 c4 have been extolled as infallible remedies4 ,there is reason however to believe1 that these seldom do much good4 ,where cordials are necessary1 we know none that is superior to good wine2 and therefore again recommend it both as the safest and best4 ,wine1 with acids and antiseptics1 are the only things to be relied on in the cure of malignant fevers4 ,in the most dangerous species of this disease1 when it is attended with purple1 livid1 or black spots1 the ,peruvian bark must be administered4 ,i have seen it1 when joined with acids1 prove successful1 even in cases where the petechi had the most threatening aspect4 ,but1 to answer this purpose1 it must not only be given in large doses1 but duly persisted in4 ,the best method of administering the bark is certainly in substance4 ,an ounce of it in powder may be mixed with half an ,english pint of water1 and the same quantity of red wine1 and sharpened with the elixir or the spirit of vitriol1 which will both make it sit easier on the stomach1 and render it more beneficial4 ,two or three ounces of the syrup of lemon may be added1 and two table-spoonfuls of the mixture taken every two hours1 or oftener1 if the stomach is able to bear it4 ,those who cannot take the bark in substance may infuse it in wine1 as recommended in the preceding disease4 ,if there be a violent looseness1 the bark must be boiled in red wine with a little cinnamon1 and sharpened with the elixir of vitriol1 as above4 ,nothing can be more beneficial in this kind of looseness than plenty of acids1 and such things as promote a gentle perspiration4 ,if the patient be troubled with vomiting1 a dram of the salt of wormwood1 dissolved in an ounce and half of fresh lemon-juice1 and made into a draught with an ounce of simple cinnamon water1 and a bit of sugar1 may be given and repeated as often as it is necessary4 ,if swellings of the glands appear1 their suppuration is to be promoted by the application of poultices1 ripening cataplasms1 c4 ,and as soon as there is any appearance of matter in them1 they ought to be laid open1 and the poultices continued4 ,i have known large ulcerous sores break out in various parts of the body1 in the decline of this fever1 of a livid gangrenous appearance1 and a most putrid cadaverous smell4 ,these gradually healed1 and the patient recovered1 by the plentiful use of ,peruvian bark and wine1 sharpened with the spirits of vitriol4 ,for preventing putrid fevers we would recommend a strict regard to cleanliness2 a dry situation2 sufficient exercise in the open air2 wholesome food1 and a moderate use of generous liquors4 ,infection ought above all things to be avoided4 ,no constitution is proof against it4 ,i have known persons seized with a putrid fever1 by only making a single visit to a patient in it2 others have caught it by lodging for one night in a town where it prevailed2 and some by attending the funerals of such as died of it#hd4 ,when a putrid fever seizes any person in a family1 the greatest attention is necessary to prevent the disease from spreading4 ,the sick ought to be placed in a large apartment1 as remote from the rest of the family as possible2 he ought likewise to be kept extremely clean1 and should have fresh air frequently let into his chamber2 whatever comes from him should be immediately removed1 his linen should be frequently changed1 and those in health ought to avoid all unnecessary communication with him4 ,any one who is apprehensive of having caught the infection1 ought immediately to take a vomit1 and to work it off by drinking plentifully of camomile-tea4 ,this may be repeated in a day or two1 if the apprehensions still continue1 or any unfavourable symptoms appear4 ,the person ought likewise to take an infusion of the bark and camomile flowers for his ordinary drink2 and before he goes to bed1 he may drink an ,english pint of pretty strong negus1 or a few glasses of generous wine4 ,i have been frequently obliged to follow this course1 when malignant fevers prevailed1 and have likewise recommended it to others with constant success4 ,people generally fly to bleeding and purging as antidotes against infection2 but these are so far from securing them1 that they often1 by debilitating the body1 increase the danger4 ,those who wait upon the sick in putrid fevers1 ought always to have a piece of spunge or a handkerchief dipt in vinegar1 or juice of lemon1 to smell to while near the patient4 ,they ought likewise to wash their hands1 and1 if possible1 to change their clothes1 before they go into company4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,,of ,,the ,,miliary ,,fever4 ,this fever takes its name from the small pustules or bladders which appear on the skin1 resembling1 in shape and size1 the seeds of millet4 ,the pustules are either red or white1 and sometimes both are mixed together4 ,the whole body is sometimes covered with pustules2 but they are generally more numerous where the sweat is most abundant1 as on the breast1 the back1 c4 ,a gentle sweat1 or moisture on the skin1 greatly promotes the eruption2 but1 when the skin is dry1 the eruption is both more painful and dangerous4 ,sometimes this is a primary disease2 but it is much oftener only a symptom of some other malady1 as the small-pox1 measles1 ardent1 putrid1 or nervous fever1 c4 ,in all these cases it is generally the effect of too hot a regimen or medicines4 ,the miliary fever chiefly attacks the idle and the phlegmatic1 or persons of a relaxed habit4 ,the young and the aged are more liable to it than those in the vigour and prime of life4 ,it is likewise more incident to women than men1 especially the delicate and the indolent1 who1 neglecting exercise1 keep continually within doors1 and live upon weak watery diet4 ,such females are extremely liable to be seized with this disease in child-bed1 and often lose their lives by it4 ,,causes4----,the miliary fever is sometimes occasioned by violent passions or affections of the mind2 as excessive grief1 anxiety1 thoughtfulness1 c4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by excessive watching1 great evacuations1 a weak watery diet1 rainy seasons1 eating too freely of cold1 crude1 unripe fruits1 as plums1 cherries1 cucumbers1 melons2 c4 ,impure waters1 or provisions which have been spoiled by rainy seasons1 long keeping1 c4 may likewise cause miliary fevers4 ,they may also be occasioned by the stoppage of any customary evacuation1 as issues1 setons1 ulcers1 the bleeding piles in men1 or the menstrual flux in women1 c4 ,this disease in child-bed-women is sometimes the effect of great costiveness during pregnancy2 it may likewise be occasioned by their excessive use of green trash1 and other unwholesome things1 in which pregnant women are too apt to indulge4 ,but its most general cause is indolence4 ,such women as lead a sedentary life1 especially during pregnancy1 and at the same time live grossly1 can hardly escape this disease in child-bed4 ,hence it proves extremely fatal to women of fashion1 and likewise to those women in manufacturing towns1 who1 in order to assist their husbands1 sit close within doors for almost the whole of their time4 ,but among women who are active and laborious1 who live in the country1 and take sufficient exercise without doors1 this disease is very little known4 ,,symptoms4----,when this is a primary disease1 it makes its attack1 like most other eruptive fevers1 with a slight shivering1 which is succeeded by heat1 loss of strength1 faintishness1 sighing1 a low quick pulse1 difficulty of breathing1 with great anxiety and oppression of the breast4 ,the patient is restless1 and sometimes delirious2 the tongue appears white1 and the hands shake1 with often a burning heat in the palms2 and in child-bed-women the milk generally goes away1 and the other discharges stop4 ,the patient feels an itching or pricking pain under the skin1 after which innumerable small pustules of a red or white colour begin to appear4 ,upon this the symptoms generally abate1 the pulse becomes more full and soft1 the skin grows moister1 and the sweat1 as the disease advances1 begins to have a peculiar ftid smell2 the great load on the breast1 and oppression of the spirits1 generally go off1 and the customary evacuations gradually return4 ,about the sixth or seventh day from the eruption1 the pustules begin to dry and fall off1 which occasions a very disagreeable itching in the skin4 ,it is impossible to ascertain the exact time when the pustules will either appear or go off4 ,they generally come out on the third or fourth day1 when the eruption is critical2 but1 when symptomatic1 they may appear at any time of the disease4 ,sometimes the pustules appear and vanish by turns4 ,when that is the case1 there is always danger2 but when they go in all of a sudden1 and do not appear again1 the danger is very great4 ,in child-bed-women the pustules are commonly at first filled with clear water1 afterwards they grow yellowish4 ,sometimes they are interspersed with pustules of a red colour4 ,when these only appear the disease goes by the name of a rash4 ,,regimen4----,in all eruptive fevers1 of whatever kind1 the chief point is to prevent the sudden disappearing of the pustules1 and to promote their maturation4 ,for this purpose the patient must be kept in such a temperature1 as neither to push out the eruption too fast1 nor to cause it to retreat prematurely4 ,the diet and drink ought therefore to be in a moderate degree nourishing and cordial2 but neither strong nor heating4 ,the patient's chamber ought neither to be kept too hot nor cold2 and he should not be too much covered with clothes4 ,above all1 the mind is to be kept easy and cheerful4 ,nothing so certainly makes an eruption go in as fear1 or the apprehension of danger4 ,the food must be weak chicken-broth with bread1 panado1 sago1 or groat gruel1 c4 to a gill of which may be added a spoonful or two of wine1 as the patient's strength requires1 with a few grains of salt and a little sugar4 ,good apples roasted or boiled1 with other ripe fruits of an opening cooling nature1 may be eaten4 ,the drink may be suited to the state of the patient's strength and spirits4 ,if these be pretty high1 the drink ought to be weak2 as water-gruel1 balm-tea1 or the decoction mentioned below#he4 ,when the patient's spirits are low1 and the eruption does not rise sufficiently1 his drink must be a little more generous2 as wine-whey1 or small negus1 sharpened with the juice of orange or lemon1 and made stronger or weaker as circumstances may require4 ,sometimes the miliary fever approaches towards a putrid nature1 in which case the patient's strength must be supported with generous cordials1 joined with acids2 and1 if the degree of putrescence be great1 the ,peruvian bark must be administered4 ,if the head be much affected1 the body must be kept open by emollient clysters#hf4 ,,medicine4----,if the food and drink be properly regulated1 there will be little occasion for medicine in this disease4 ,should the eruption however not rise1 or the spirits flag1 it will not only be necessary to support the patient with cordials1 but likewise to apply blistering plasters4 ,the most proper cordial1 in this case1 is good wine1 which may either be taken in the patient's food or drink2 and if there be signs of putrescence1 the bark and acids may be mixed with wine1 as directed in the putrid fever4 ,some recommend blistering through the whole course of this disease2 and where ,nature flags1 and the eruption comes and goes1 it may be necessary to keep up a stimulus1 by a continual succession of small blistering plasters2 but we would not recommend above one at a time4 ,if however the pulse should sink remarkably1 the pustules fall in1 and the head be affected1 it will be necessary to apply several blistering plasters to the most sensible parts1 as the inside of the legs and thighs1 c4 ,bleeding is seldom necessary in this disease1 and sometimes it does much hurt1 as it weakens the patient1 and depresses his spirits4 ,it is therefore never to be attempted unless by the advice of a physician4 ,we mention this1 because it has been customary to treat this disease in child-bed-women by plentiful bleeding1 and other evacuations1 as if it were highly inflammatory4 ,but this practice is generally very unsafe4 ,patients in this situation bear evacuations very ill4 ,and indeed the disease seems often to be more of a putrid than of an inflammatory nature4 ,though this fever is often occasioned in child-bed-women by too hot a regimen1 yet it would be dangerous to leave that off all of a sudden1 and have recourse to a very cool regimen1 and large evacuations4 ,we have reason to believe1 that supporting the patient's spirits1 and promoting the natural evacuations1 is here much safer than to have recourse to artificial ones1 as these1 by sinking the spirits1 seldom fail to increase the danger4 ,if the disease proves tedious1 or the recovery slow1 we would recommend the ,peruvian bark1 which may either be taken in substance1 or infused in wine or water1 as the patient inclines4 ,the miliary fever1 like other eruptive diseases1 requires gentle purging1 which should not be neglected1 as soon as the fever is gone off1 and the patient's strength will permit4 ,to prevent this disease1 a pure dry air1 sufficient exercise1 and wholesome food1 are necessary4 ,pregnant women should guard against costiveness1 and take daily as much exercise as they can bear1 avoiding all green trashy fruits1 and other unwholesome things2 and when in child-bed1 they ought strictly to observe a cool regimen4 ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,,of ,,the ,,remitting ,,fever4 ,this fever takes its name from a remission of the symptoms1 which happens sometimes sooner1 and sometimes later1 but generally before the eighth day4 ,the remission is commonly preceded by a gentle sweat1 after which the patient seems greatly relieved1 but in a few hours the fever returns4 ,these remissions return at very irregular periods1 and are sometimes of longer1 sometimes of shorter duration2 the nearer however that the fever approaches to a regular intermittent1 the danger is the less4 ,,causes4----,remitting fevers prevail in low marshy countries abounding with wood and stagnating water2 but they prove most fatal in places where great heat and moisture are combined1 as in some parts of ,africa1 the province of ,bengal in the ,east ,indies1 c4 where remitting fevers are generally of a putrid kind1 and prove very fatal4 ,they are most frequent in close calm weather1 especially after rainy seasons1 great inundations1 or the like4 ,no age1 sex1 or constitution1 is exempted from the attack of this fever2 but it chiefly seizes persons of a relaxed habit1 who live in low dirty habitations1 breathe an impure stagnating air1 take little exercise1 and use unwholesome diet4 ,,symptoms4----,the first symptoms of this fever are generally yawning1 stretching1 pain1 and giddiness in the head1 with alternate fits of heat and cold4 ,sometimes the patient is affected with a delirium at the very first attack4 ,there is a pain1 and sometimes a swelling1 about the region of the stomach2 the tongue is white1 the eyes and skin frequently appear yellow1 and the patient is often afflicted with bilious vomitings4 ,the pulse is sometimes a little hard1 but seldom full1 and the blood1 when let1 rarely shews any signs of inflammation4 ,some patients are exceedingly costive1 and others are afflicted with a very troublesome looseness4 ,it is impossible to describe all the symptoms of this disease1 as they vary according to the situation1 the season of the year1 and the constitution of the patient4 ,they may likewise be greatly changed by the method of treatment1 and by many other circumstances too tedious to mention4 ,sometimes the bilious symptoms predominate1 sometimes the nervous1 and at other times the putrid4 ,nor is it at all uncommon to find a succession of each of these1 or even a complication of them at the same time1 in the same person4 ,,regimen4----,the regimen must be adapted to the prevailing symptoms4 ,when there are any signs of inflammation1 the diet must be slender1 and the drink weak and diluting4 ,but when nervous or putrid symptoms occur1 it will be necessary to support the patient with food and liquors of a more generous nature1 such as are recommended in the immediately preceding fevers4 ,we must however be very cautious in the use of things of a heating quality1 as this fever is frequently changed into a continual by an hot regimen1 and improper medicines4 ,whatever the symptoms are1 the patient ought to be kept cool1 quiet1 and clean4 ,his apartment1 if possible1 should be large1 and frequently ventilated by letting in fresh air at the doors or windows4 ,it ought likewise to be sprinkled with vinegar1 juice of lemon1 or the like4 ,his linen1 bed-clothes1 c4 should be frequently changed1 and all his excrements immediately removed4 ,though these things have been recommended before1 we think it necessary to repeat them here1 as they are of more importance to the sick than practitioners are apt to imagine#hg4 ,,medicine4----,in order to cure this fever1 we must endeavour to bring it to a regular intermission4 ,this intention may be promoted by bleeding1 if there be any signs of inflammation2 but when that is not the case1 bleeding ought by no means to be attempted1 as it will weaken the patient and prolong the disease4 ,a vomit however will seldom be improper1 and is generally of great service4 ,twenty or thirty grains of ipecacuanha will answer this purpose very well2 but1 where it can be obtained1 we would rather recommend a grain or two of tartar emetic1 with five or six grains of ipecacuanha1 to be made into a draught1 and given for a vomit4 ,this may be repeated once or twice at proper intervals1 if the sickness or nausea continues4 ,the body ought to be kept open either by clysters or gentle laxatives1 as weak infusions of senna and manna1 small doses of the lenitive electuary1 cream of tartar1 tamarinds1 stewed prunes1 or the like2 but all strong or drastic purgatives are to be carefully avoided4 ,by this course the fever in a few days may generally be brought to a pretty regular or distinct intermission1 in which case the ,peruvian bark may be administered1 and it will seldom fail to perfect the cure4 ,it is needless here to repeat the methods of giving the bark1 as we have already had occasion frequently to mention them4 ,the most likely way to avoid this fever is to use a wholesome and nourishing diet1 to pay the most scrupulous attention to cleanliness1 to keep the body warm1 to take sufficient exercise1 and in hot countries to avoid damp situations1 night air1 evening dews1 and the like4 ,in countries where it is endemical1 the best preventive medicine which we can recommend1 is the ,peruvian bark1 which may either be chewed1 or infused in brandy or wine1 c4 ,some recommend smoking tobacco as very beneficial in marshy countries1 both for the prevention of this and intermitting fevers4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,,of ,,the ,,small-,,pox4 ,this disease1 which originally came from ,arabia1 is now become so general1 that very few escape it at one time of life or another4 ,it is a most contagious malady2 and has for many years proved the scourge of ,europe4 ,the small-pox generally appear towards the spring4 ,they are very frequent in summer1 less so in autumn1 and least of all in winter4 ,children are most liable to this disease2 and those whose food is unwholesome1 who want proper exercise1 and abound with gross humours1 run the greatest hazard from it4 ,the disease is distinguished into the distinct and confluent kind2 the latter of which is always attended with danger4 ,there are likewise other distinctions of the small-pox2 as the crystalline1 the bloody1 c4 ,,causes4----,the small-pox is commonly caught by infection4 ,since the disease was first brought into ,europe1 the infection has never been wholly extinguished1 nor have any proper methods1 as far as ,i know1 been taken for that purpose2 so that now it has become in a manner constitutional4 ,children who have overheated themselves by running1 wrestling1 c4 or adults after a debauch1 are most apt to be seized with the small-pox4 ,,symptoms4----,this disease is so generally known1 that a minute description of it is unnecessary4 ,children commonly look a little dull1 seem lifeless and drowsy for a few days before the more violent symptoms of the small-pox appear4 ,they are likewise more inclined to drink than usual1 have little appetite for solid food1 complain of weariness1 and1 upon taking exercise1 are apt to sweat4 ,these are succeeded by slight fits of cold and heat in turns1 which1 as the time of the eruption approaches1 become more violent1 and are accompanied with pains of the head and loins1 vomiting1 c4 ,the pulse is quick1 with a great heat of the skin1 and restlessness4 ,when the patient drops asleep1 he wakes in a kind of horror1 with a sudden start1 which is a very common symptom of the approaching eruption2 as are also convulsion-fits in very young children4 ,about the third or fourth day from the time of sickening1 the small-pox generally begin to appear2 sometimes indeed they appear sooner1 but that is no favourable symptom4 ,at first they very nearly resemble flea-bites1 and are soonest discovered on the face1 arms1 and breast4 ,the most favourable symptoms are a slow eruption1 and an abatement of the fever as soon as the pustules appear4 ,in a mild distinct kind of small-pox the pustules seldom appear before the fourth day from the time of sickening1 and they generally keep coming out gradually for several days after4 ,pustules which are distinct1 with a florid red basis1 and which fill with thick purulent matter1 first of a whitish1 and afterwards of a yellowish colour1 are the best4 ,a livid brown colour of the pustules is an unfavourable symptom2 as also when they are small and flat1 with black specks in the middle4 ,pustules which contain a thin watery ichor are very bad4 ,a great number of pox on the face is always attended with danger4 ,it is likewise a very bad sign when they run into one another4 ,it is a most unfavourable symptom when petechi1 or purple1 brown1 or black spots are interspersed among the pustules4 ,these are signs of a putrid dissolution of the blood1 and shew the danger to be very great4 ,bloody stools or urine1 with a swelled belly1 are bad symptoms2 as is also a continual strangury4 ,pale urine and a violent throbbing of the arteries of the neck are signs of an approaching delirium1 or of convulsion-fits4 ,when the face does not swell1 or falls before the pox come to maturity1 it is very unfavourable4 ,if the face begins to fall about the eleventh or twelfth day1 and at the same time the hands and feet begin to swell1 the patient generally does well2 but when these do not succeed to each other1 there is reason to apprehend danger4 ,when the tongue is covered with a brown crust1 it is an unfavourable symptom4 ,cold shivering fits coming on at the height of the disease are likewise unfavourable4 ,grinding of the teeth1 when it proceeds from an affection of the nervous system1 is a bad sign2 but sometimes it is occasioned by worms1 or a disordered stomach4 ,,regimen4----,when the first symptoms of the small-pox appear1 people are ready to be alarmed1 and often fly to the use of medicine1 to the great danger of the patient's life4 ,i have known children1 to appease the anxiety of their parents1 bled1 blistered1 and purged1 during the fever which preceded the eruption of the small-pox1 to such a degree1 that ,nature was not only disturbed in her operation1 but rendered unable to support the pustules after they were out2 so that the patient1 exhausted by mere evacuations1 sunk under the disease4 ,when convulsions appear1 they give a dreadful alarm4 ,immediately some nostrum is applied1 as if this were a primary disease2 whereas it is only a symptom1 and far from being an unfavourable one1 of the approaching eruption4 ,as the fits generally go off before the actual appearance of the small-pox1 it is attributed to the medicine1 which by this means acquires a reputation without any merit#hh4 ,all that is1 generally speaking1 necessary during the eruptive fever1 is to keep the patient cool and easy1 allowing him to drink freely of some weak diluting liquors2 as balm-tea1 barley-water1 clear whey1 gruels1 c4 ,he should not be confined to bed1 but should sit up as much as he is able1 and should have his feet and legs frequently bathed in lukewarm water4 ,his food ought to be very light2 and he should be as little disturbed with company as possible4 ,much mischief is done at this period by confining the patient too soon to his bed1 and plying him with warm cordials or sudorific medicines4 ,every thing that heats and inflames the blood increases the fever1 and pushes out the pustules prematurely4 ,this has numberless ill effects4 ,it not only increases the number of pustules1 but likewise tends to make them run into one another2 and when they have been pushed out with too great violence1 they generally fall in before they come to maturity4 ,the good women1 as soon as they see the small-pox begin to appear1 commonly ply their tender charge with cordials1 saffron1 and marigold-teas1 wine1 punch1 and even brandy itself4 ,all these are given with a view1 as they term it1 to throw out the eruption from the heart4 ,this1 like most other popular mistakes1 is the abuse of a very just observation1 that when there is a moisture on the skin1 the pox rise better1 and the patient is easier1 than when it continues dry and parched4 ,but that is no reason for forcing the patient into a sweat4 ,sweating never relieves unless where it comes spontaneously1 or is the effect of drinking weak diluting liquors4 ,children are often so peevish1 that they will not lie a-bed without a nurse constantly by them4 ,indulging them in this1 we have reason to believe1 has many bad effects both upon the nurse and child4 ,even the natural heat of the nurse cannot fail to augment the fever of the child1 but if she too proves feverish1 which is often the case1 the danger must be increased#hi4 ,laying several children who have the small-pox in the same bed has many ill consequences4 ,they ought if possible never to be in the same chamber1 as the perspiration1 the heat1 the smell1 c4 all tend to augment the fever1 and to heighten the disease4 ,it is common among the poor to see two or three children lying in the same bed1 with such a load of pustules that even their skins stick together4 ,one can hardly view a scene of this kind without being sickened by the sight4 ,but how must the effluvia affect the poor patients1 many of whom perish by this usage#ij6 ,a very dirty custom prevails among the lower class of people1 of allowing children in the small-pox to keep on the same linen during the whole period of that loathsome disease4 ,this is done lest they should catch cold2 but it has many ill consequences4 ,the linen becomes hard by the moisture which it absorbs1 and frets the tender skin4 ,it likewise occasions a bad smell1 which is very pernicious both to the patient and those about him2 besides1 the filth and sordes which adhere to the linen being resorbed1 or taken up again into the body1 greatly augment the disease4 ,a patient should not be suffered to be dirty in an internal disease1 far less in the small-pox4 ,cutaneous disorders are often occasioned by nastiness alone1 and are always increased by it4 ,were the patient's linen to be changed every day1 it would greatly refresh him4 ,care indeed is to be taken that the linen be thoroughly dry4 ,it ought likewise to be put on when the patient is most cool4 ,so strong is the vulgar prejudice in this country1 notwithstanding all that has been said against the hot regimen in the small-pox1 that numbers still fall a sacrifice to that error4 ,i have seen poor women travelling in the depth of winter1 and carrying their children along with them in the small-pox1 and have frequently observed others begging by the way-side1 with infants in their arms covered with the pustules2 yet ,i could never learn that one of these children died by this sort of treatment4 ,this is certainly a sufficient proof of the safety at least1 of exposing patients in the small-pox to the open air4 ,there can be no reason however for exposing them to public view4 ,it is now very common in the environs of great towns to meet patients in the small-pox on the public walks4 ,this practice1 however well it may suit the purposes of boasting inoculators1 is dangerous to the citizens1 and contrary to the laws of humanity and sound policy4 ,the food in this disease ought to be very light1 and of a cooling nature1 as panado1 or bread boiled with equal quantities of milk and water1 good apples roasted or boiled with milk1 and sweetened with a little sugar1 or such like4 ,the drink may be equal parts of milk and water1 clear sweet whey1 barley-water1 or thin gruel1 c4 ,after the pox are full1 butter-milk1 being of an opening and cleansing nature1 is a very proper drink4 ,,medicine4----,this disease is generally divided into four different periods1 viz4 the fever which precedes the eruption1 the eruption itself1 the suppuration1 or maturation of the pustules1 and the secondary fever4 ,it has already been observed1 that little more is necessary during the primary fever than to keep the patient cool and quiet1 allowing him to drink diluting liquors1 and bathing his feet frequently in warm water4 ,though this be generally the safest course that can be taken with infants1 yet adults of a strong constitution and plethoric habit sometimes require bleeding4 ,when a full pulse1 a dry skin1 and other symptoms of inflammation render this operation necessary1 it ought to be performed2 but1 unless these symptoms are urgent1 it is safer to let it alone2 if the body is bound1 emollient clysters may be thrown in4 ,if there is a great nausea or inclination to vomit1 weak camomile-tea or lukewarm water may be drank1 in order to clean the stomach4 ,at the beginning of a fever1 ,nature generally attempts a discharge1 either upwards or downwards1 which1 if promoted by gentle means1 would tend greatly to abate the violence of the disease4 ,though every method is to be taken during the primary fever1 by a cool regimen1 c4 to prevent too great an eruption2 yet after the pustules have made their appearance1 our business is to promote the suppuration1 by diluting drink1 light food1 and1 if ,nature seems to flag1 by generous cordials4 ,when a low1 creeping pulse1 faintishness1 and great loss of strength1 render cordials necessary1 we would recommend good wine1 which may be made into negus1 with an equal quantity of water1 and sharpened with the juice of orange1 the jelly of currants1 or the like4 ,wine-whey1 sharpened as above1 is likewise a proper drink in this case2 great care however must be taken not to overheat the patient by any of these things4 ,this1 instead of promoting1 would retard the eruption4 ,the rising of the small-pox is often prevented by the violence of the fever2 in this case the cool regimen is strictly to be observed4 ,the patient's chamber must not only be kept cool1 but he ought likewise frequently to be taken out of bed1 and to be lightly covered with clothes while in it4 ,excessive restlessness often prevents the rising and filling of the small-pox4 ,when this happens1 gentle opiates are necessary4 ,these however ought always to be administered with a sparing hand4 ,to an infant1 a tea-spoonful of the syrup of poppies may be given every five or six hours till it has the desired effect4 ,an adult will require a table-spoonful in order to answer the same purpose4 ,if the patient be troubled with a strangury1 or suppression of urine1 which often happens in the small-pox1 he should be frequently taken out of bed1 and1 if he be able1 should walk across the room with his feet bare4 ,when he cannot do this1 he may be frequently set on his knees in bed1 and should endeavour to pass his urine as often as he can4 ,when these do not succeed1 a tea-spoonful of the sweet spirits of nitre may be occasionally mixed with his drink4 ,nothing more certainly relieves the patient1 or is more beneficial in the small-pox1 than a plentiful discharge of urine4 ,if the mouth be foul1 and the tongue dry and chapped1 it ought to be frequently washed1 and the throat gargled with water and honey1 sharpened with a little vinegar or currant jelly4 ,during the rising of the small-pox1 it frequently happens that the patient is eight or ten days without a stool4 ,this not only tends to heat and inflame the blood1 but the fces1 by lodging so long in the body1 become acrid1 and even putrid2 from whence bad consequences must ensue4 ,it will therefore be proper1 when the body is bound1 to throw in an emollient clyster every second or third day1 through the whole course of the disease4 ,this will greatly cool and relieve the patient4 ,when petechi1 or purple1 black1 or livid spots appear among the small-pox1 the ,peruvian bark must immediately be administered in as large doses as the patient's stomach can bear4 ,for a child1 two drachms of the bark in powder may be mixed in three ounces of common water1 one ounce of simple cinnamon-water1 and two ounces of the syrup of orange or lemon4 ,this may be sharpened with the spirits of vitriol1 and a table-spoonful of it given every hour4 ,if it be given to an adult in the same form1 he may take at least three or four spoonfuls every hour4 ,this medicine ought not to be trifled with1 but must be administered as frequently as the stomach can bear it2 in which case it will often produce very happy effects4 ,i have frequently seen the petechi disappear1 and the small-pox1 which had a very threatening aspect1 rise and fill with laudable matter1 by the use of the bark and acids4 ,the patient's drink ought likewise in this case to be generous1 as wine or strong negus acidulated with spirits of vitriol1 vinegar1 the juice of lemon1 jelly of currants1 or such like4 ,his food must consist of apples roasted or boiled1 preserved cherries1 plums1 and other fruits of an acid nature4 ,the bark and acids are not only necessary when the petechi or putrid symptoms appear1 but likewise in the lymphatic or crystalline small-pox1 where the matter is thin1 and not duly prepared4 ,the ,peruvian bark seems to possess a singular power of assisting ,nature in preparing laudable pus1 or what is called good matter2 consequently it must be beneficial both in this and other diseases1 where the crisis depends on a suppuration4 ,i have often observed where the small-pox were flat1 and the matter contained in them quite clear and transparent1 and where at first they had the appearance of running into one another1 that the ,peruvian bark1 acidulated as above1 changed the colour and consistence of the matter1 and produced the most happy effects4 ,when the eruption subsides suddenly1 or1 as the good women term it1 when the small-pox strike in1 before they have arrived at maturity1 the danger is very great4 ,in this case blistering-plasters must be immediately applied to the wrists and ancles1 and the patient's spirits supported with cordials4 ,sometimes bleeding has a surprising effect in raising the pustules after they have subsided2 but it requires skill to know when this is proper1 or to what length the patient can bear it4 ,sharp cataplasms however may be applied to the feet and hands1 as they tend to promote the swelling of these parts1 and by that means to draw the humours towards the extremities4 ,the most dangerous period of this disease is what we call the secondary fever4 ,this generally comes on when the small-pox begin to blacken1 or turn on the face2 and most of those who die of the small-pox are carried off by this fever4 ,nature generally attempts1 at the turn of the small-pox1 to relieve the patient by loose stools4 ,her endeavours this way are by no means to be counteracted1 but promoted1 and the patient at the same time supported by food and drink of a nourishing and cordial nature4 ,if1 at the approach of the secondary fever1 the pulse be very quick1 hard1 and strong1 the heat intense1 and the breathing laborious1 with other symptoms of an inflammation of the breast1 the patient must immediately be bled4 ,the quantity of blood to be let must be regulated by the patient's strength1 age1 and the urgency of the symptoms4 ,but1 in the secondary fever1 if the patient be faintish1 the pustules become suddenly pale1 and if there be great coldness of the extremities1 blistering plasters must be applied1 and the patient must be supported with generous cordials4 ,wine and even spirits have sometimes been given in such cases with amazing success4 ,as the secondary fever is in great measure1 if not wholly1 owing to the absorption of the matter1 it would seem highly consonant to reason1 that the pustules1 as soon as they come to maturity1 should be opened4 ,this is every day practiced in other phlegmons which tend to suppuration2 and there seems to be no cause why it should be less proper here4 ,on the contrary1 we have reason to believe1 that by this means the secondary fever might always be lessened1 and often wholly prevented4 ,the pustules should be opened when they begin to turn of a yellow colour4 ,very little art is necessary for this operation4 ,they may either be opened with a lancet or a needle1 and the matter absorbed by a little dry lint4 ,as the pustules are generally first ripe on the face1 it will be proper to begin with opening these1 and the others in course as they become ripe4 ,the pustules generally fill again1 a second or even a third time2 for which cause the operation must be repeated1 or rather continued as long as there is any considerable appearance of matter in the pustules4 ,we have reason to believe that this operation1 rational as it is1 has been neglected from a piece of mistaken tenderness in parents4 ,they believe that it must give great pain to the poor child2 and therefore would rather see it die than have it thus tortured4 ,this notion however is entirely without foundation4 ,i have frequently opened the pustules when the patient did not see me1 without his being in the least sensible of it2 but suppose it were attended with a little pain1 that is nothing in comparison to the advantages which arise from it4 ,opening the pustules not only prevents the resorption of the matter into the blood1 but likewise takes off the tension of the skin1 and by that means greatly relieves the patient4 ,it likewise tends to prevent the pitting1 which is a matter of no small importance4 ,acrid matter1 by lodging long in the pustules1 cannot fail to corrode the tender skin2 by which many a handsome face becomes so deformed as hardly to bear a resemblance to the human figure#ia4 ,it is generally necessary1 after the small-pox are gone off1 to purge the patient4 ,if however the body has been open through the whole course of the disease1 or if butter-milk and other things of an opening nature have been drank freely after the height of the small-pox1 purging becomes less necessary2 but it ought never wholly to be neglected4 ,for very young children1 an infusion of senna and prunes1 with a little rhubarb1 may be sweetened with coarse sugar1 and given in small quantities till it operates4 ,those who are farther advanced must take medicines of a sharper nature4 ,for example1 a child of five or six years of age may take eight or ten grains of fine rhubarb in powder over night1 and the same quantity of jalap in powder next morning4 ,this may be wrought off with fresh broth or water-gruel1 and may be repeated three or four times1 five or six days intervening between each dose4 ,for children further advanced1 and adults1 the dose must be increased in proportion to the age and constitution#ib4 ,when imposthumes happen after the small-pox1 which is not seldom the case1 they must be brought to suppuration as soon as possible1 by means of ripening poultices2 and when they have been opened1 or have broke of their own accord1 the patient must be purged4 ,the ,peruvian bark and a milk diet will likewise be useful in this case4 ,when a cough1 a difficulty of breathing1 or other symptoms of a consumption1 succeed to the small-pox1 the patient must be sent to a place where the air is good1 and put upon a course of asses milk1 with such exercise as he can bear4 ,for further directions in this case1 see the article ,consumptions4 ,,of ,,inoculation4 ,though no disease1 after it is formed1 baffles the powers of medicine more effectually than the small-pox1 yet more may be done before-hand to render this disease favourable than any one we know1 as almost all the danger from it may be prevented by inoculation4 ,this salutary invention has been known in ,europe above half a century2 but1 like most other useful discoveries1 it has till of late made but slow progress4 ,it must however be acknowledged1 to the honour of this country1 that inoculation has met with a more favourable reception here1 than among any of our neighbours4 ,it is still however far from being general1 which we have reason to fear will be the case1 as long as the practice continues in the hands of the faculty4 ,no discovery can be of general utility1 while the practice of it is kept in the hands of a few4 ,had the inoculation of the small-pox been introduced as a fashion1 and not as a medical discovery1 or had it been practiced by the same kind of operators here1 as it is in those countries from whence we learned it1 it had long ago been universal4 ,the fears1 the jealousies1 the prejudices1 and the opposite interests of the faculty1 are1 and ever will be1 the most effectual obstacles to the progress of any salutary discovery4 ,hence it is that the practice of inoculation never became in any measure general1 even in ,england1 till taken up by men not bred to physic4 ,these have not only rendered the practice more extensive1 but likewise more safe1 and by acting under less restraint than the regular practitioners1 have taught them that the patient's greatest danger arose1 not from the want of care1 but from the excess of it4 ,they know very little of the matter1 who impute the success of modern inoculators to any superior skill1 either in preparing the patient or communicating the disease4 ,some of them indeed1 from a sordid desire of engrossing the whole practice to themselves1 pretend to have extraordinary secrets or nostrums for preparing persons for inoculation1 which never fail of success4 ,but this is only a pretence calculated to blind the ignorant and inattentive4 ,common sense and prudence alone are sufficient both in the choice of the subject and management of the operation4 ,whoever is possessed of these may perform this office for his children whenever he finds it convenient1 provided they be in a good state of health4 ,this sentiment is not the result of theory1 but of observation4 ,though few physicians have had more opportunities of trying inoculation in all its different forms1 so little appears to me to depend on those1 generally reckoned important circumstances1 of preparing the body1 communicating the infection by this or the other method1 c4 that for several years past ,i have persuaded the parents or nurses to perform the whole themselves1 and have found that method followed with equal success1 while it is free from many inconveniences that attend the other#ic4 ,the small-pox may be communicated in a great variety of ways with nearly the same degree of safety and success4 ,in ,turkey1 from whence we learned the practice1 the women communicate the disease to children1 by opening a bit of the skin with a needle1 and putting into the wound a little matter taken from a ripe pustule4 ,on the coast of ,barbary they pass a thread wet with the matter through the skin between the thumb and fore-finger2 and in some of the states of ,barbary1 inoculation is performed by rubbing in the variolous matter between the thumb and fore-finger1 or on other parts of the body4 ,the practice of communicating the small-pox1 by rubbing the variolous matter upon the skin1 has been long known in many parts of ,asia and ,europe1 as well as in ,barbary1 and has generally gone by the name of buying the small-pox4 ,the present method of inoculating in ,britain is to make two or three slanting incisions in the arm1 so superficial as not to pierce quite through the skin1 with a lancet wet with fresh matter taken from a ripe pustule2 afterwards the wounds are closed up1 and left without any dressing4 ,some make use of a lancet covered with the dry matter2 but this is less certain1 and ought never to be used unless where fresh matter cannot be obtained3 when this is the case1 the matter ought to be moistened by holding the lancet for some time in the steam of warm water#id4 ,indeed1 if fresh matter be applied long enough to the skin1 there is no occasion for any wound at all4 ,let a bit of thread1 about half an inch long1 wet with the matter1 be immediately applied to the arm1 midway between the shoulder and the elbow1 and covered with a piece of the common sticking-plaster1 and kept on for eight or ten days4 ,this will seldom fail to communicate the disease4 ,we mention this method1 because many people are afraid of a wound2 and doubtless the more easily the operation can be performed1 it has the greater chance to become general4 ,some people imagine1 that the discharge from a wound lessens the eruption2 but there is no great stress to be laid upon this notion2 besides1 deep wounds often ulcerate1 and become troublesome4 ,we do not find that inoculation is at all considered as a medical operation in those countries from whence we learned it4 ,in ,turkey it is performed by the women1 and in the ,east ,indies by the ,brachmins or priests4 ,in this country the custom is still in its infancy2 we make no doubt1 however1 but it will soon become so familiar1 that parents will think no more of inoculating their children1 than at present they do of giving them a purge4 ,no set of men have it so much in their power to render the practice of inoculation general as the clergy1 the greatest opposition to it still arising from some scruples of conscience1 which they alone can remove4 ,i would recommend it to them not only to endeavour to remove the religious objections which weak minds may have to this salutary practice1 but to enjoin it as a duty1 and to point out the danger of neglecting to make use of a mean which ,providence has put in our power for saving the lives of our offspring4 ,surely such parents as wilfully neglect the means of saving their children's lives1 are as guilty as those who put them to death4 ,i wish this matter were duly weighed4 ,no one is more ready to make allowance for human weakness and religious prejudices1 yet ,i cannot help recommending it1 in the warmest manner1 to parents1 to consider how great an injury they do their children1 by neglecting to give them this disease in the early period of life4 ,the numerous advantages arising from the inoculation of the small-pox have been pretty fully pointed out by the learned ,dr4 ,m#8,kenzie1 in his ,history of ,health#ie4 ,to those mentioned by the ,doctor we shall only add1 that such as have not had the small-pox in the early period of life1 are not only rendered unhappy1 but likewise in a great measure unfit for sustaining many of the most useful and important offices4 ,few people would chuse even to hire a servant who had not had the small-pox1 far less to purchase a slave who had the chance of dying of this disease4 ,how could a physician or a surgeon1 who had never had the small-pox himself1 attend others under that malady8 ,how deplorable is the situation of females1 who arrive at mature age without having had the small-pox6 ,a woman with child seldom survives this disease3 and if an infant happen to be seized with the small-pox upon the mother's breast1 who has not had the disease herself the scene must be distressing6 ,if she continue to suckle the child1 it is at the peril of her own life2 and if she wean it1 in all probability it will perish4 ,how often is the affectionate mother forced to leave her house1 and abandon her children1 at the very time when her care is most necessary8 ,yet should parental affection get the better of her fears1 the consequences would often prove fatal4 ,i have known the tender mother and her sucking infant laid in the same grave1 both untimely victims to this dreadful malady4 ,but these are scenes too shocking even to mention4 ,let parents who run away with their children to avoid the small-pox1 or who refuse to inoculate them in infancy1 consider to what deplorable situations1 they may be reduced by this mistaken tenderness6 ,as the small-pox is now become an epidemical disease in most parts of the known world1 no other choice remains but to render the malady as mild as possible4 ,this is the only manner of extirpation now left in our power2 and though it may seem paradoxical1 the artificial method of communicating the disease1 could it be rendered universal1 would amount to nearly the same thing as rooting it out4 ,it is a matter of small consequence1 whether a disease be entirely extirpated1 or rendered so mild as neither to destroy life nor hurt the constitution2 but that this may be done by inoculation1 does not now admit of a doubt4 ,the numbers who die under inoculation hardly deserve to be named4 ,in the natural way1 one in four or five generally dies2 but by inoculation not one of a thousand4 ,nay1 some can boast of having inoculated ten thousand without the loss of a single patient4 ,i have often wished to see some plan established for rendering this salutary practice universal2 but am afraid ,i shall never be so happy4 ,the difficulties indeed are many2 yet the thing is by no means impracticable4 ,the aim is great2 no less than saving the lives of one-fourth part of mankind4 ,what ought not to be attempted in order to accomplish so desirable an end8 ,the first step towards rendering the practice universal1 must be to remove the religious prejudices against it4 ,this1 as already observed1 can only be done by the clergy4 ,they must not only recommend it as a duty to others1 but likewise practise it on their own children4 ,example will ever have more influence than precept4 ,the next thing requisite is to put it in the power of all4 ,for this purpose we would recommend it to the ,faculty to inoculate the children of the poor gratis4 ,it is hard that so useful a part of mankind should by their poverty be excluded from such a benefit4 ,should this fail1 it is surely in the power of any ,state to render the practice general1 at least as far as their dominion extends4 ,we do not mean that it ought to be enforced by a law4 ,the best way to promote it would be to employ a sufficient number of operators at the public expence to inoculate the children of the poor4 ,this would only be necessary till the practice became general2 afterwards custom1 the strongest of all laws1 would oblige every individual to inoculate his children to prevent reflections4 ,it may be objected to this scheme1 that the poor would refuse to employ the inoculators3 this difficulty is easily removed4 ,a small premium to enable mothers to attend their children while under the disease1 would be a sufficient inducement2 besides1 the success attending the operation would soon banish all objections to it4 ,even considerations of profit would induce the poor to embrace this plan4 ,they often bring up their children to the age of ten or twelve1 and when they come to be useful1 they are snatched away by this malady1 to the great loss of their parents1 and detriment of the public4 ,the ,british legislature has of late years shewn great attention to the preservation of infant lives1 by supporting the foundling hospital1 c4 ,but we will venture to say1 if one-tenth part of the sums laid out in supporting that institution1 had been bestowed towards promoting the practice of inoculation of the small-pox among the poor1 that not only more useful lives had been saved1 but the practice ere now rendered quite universal in this island4 ,it is not to be imagined what effect example and a little money will have upon the poor2 yet1 if left to themselves1 they would go on for ever in the old way1 without thinking of any improvement4 ,we only mean this as a hint to the humane and public-spirited4 ,should such a scheme be approved1 a proper plan might easily be laid down for the execution of it4 ,but as public plans are very difficult to bring about1 and often1 by the selfish views and misconduct of those intrusted with the execution of them1 fail of answering the noble purposes for which they were designed2 we shall therefore point out some other method by which the benefits of inoculation may be extended to the poor4 ,there is no doubt but inoculators will daily become more numerous4 ,we would therefore have every parish in ,britain to allow one of them a small annual salary for inoculating all the children of the parish at a proper age4 ,this might be done at a very trifling expence1 and it would enable every one to enjoy the benefit of this salutary invention4 ,two things chiefly operate to prevent the progress of inoculation4 ,the one is a wish to put the evil day as far off as possible4 ,this is a principle in our nature2 and as inoculation seems rather to be anticipating a future evil1 it is no wonder mankind are so averse to it4 ,but this objection is sufficiently answered by the success4 ,who in his senses would not prefer a lesser evil to-day to a greater to-morrow1 provided they were equally certain8 ,the other obstacle is the fear of reflections4 ,this has very great weight with the bulk of mankind4 ,should the child die1 they think the world would blame them4 ,this they cannot bear4 ,here lies the difficulty2 and till that be removed1 inoculation will make but small progress4 ,nothing however can remove it but custom4 ,make the practice fashionable1 and all objections will soon vanish4 ,it is fashion alone that has led the multitude since the beginning of the world1 and will lead them to the end4 ,we must therefore call upon the more enlightened part of mankind to set a pattern to the rest4 ,their example1 though it may for some time meet with opposition1 will at length prevail4 ,i am aware of an objection to this practice from the expence with which it may be attended3 this is easily obviated4 ,we do not mean that every parish ought to employ a ,sutton or a ,dimsdale as inoculators4 ,these have by their success already recommended themselves to crowned heads1 and are beyond the vulgar reach2 but have not others an equal chance to succeed8 ,they certainly have4 ,let them make the same trial1 and the difficulties will soon vanish4 ,there is not a parish1 and hardly a village in ,britain1 destitute of some person who can bleed4 ,but this is a far more difficult operation1 and requires both more skill and dexterity than inoculation4 ,the persons to whom we would chiefly recommend the performance of this operation are the clergy4 ,most of them know something of medicine4 ,almost all of them bleed1 and can order a purge1 which are all the qualifications necessary for the practice of inoculation4 ,the priests among the less enlightened ,indians perform this office1 and why should a ,christian teacher think himself above it8 ,surely the bodies of men1 as well as their souls1 merit a part of the pastor's care2 at lead the greatest ,teacher who ever appeared among men seems to have thought so4 ,should all other methods fail1 we would recommend it to parents to perform the operation themselves4 ,let them take any method of communicating the disease they please2 provided the subjects be healthy1 and of a proper age1 they will seldom fail to succeed to their wish4 ,i have known many instances even of mothers performing the operation1 and never so much as heard of one bad consequence4 ,a planter in one of the ,west ,india islands is said to have inoculated1 with his own hand1 in one year1 three hundred of his slaves1 who1 notwithstanding the warmth of the climate1 and other unfavourable circumstances1 all did well4 ,common mechanics have often1 to my knowledge1 performed the operation with as good success as physicians4 ,we do not however mean to discourage those who have it in their power1 from employing people of skill to inoculate their children1 and attend them while under the disease1 but only to shew1 that where such cannot be had1 the operation ought not upon that account to be neglected4 ,instead of multiplying arguments to recommend this practice1 ,i shall just beg leave to mention the method which ,i took with my own son1 then an only child4 ,after giving him two gentle purges1 ,i ordered the nurse to take a bit of thread which had been previously wet with fresh matter from a pock1 and to lay it upon his arm1 covering it with a piece of sticking-plaster4 ,this remained on six or seven days1 till it was rubbed off by accident4 ,at the usual time the small-pox made their appearance1 and were exceedingly favourable4 ,surely this1 which is all that is generally necessary1 may be done without any skill in medicine4 ,we have been the more full upon this subject because the benefits of inoculation cannot be extended to society by any other means than making the practice general4 ,while it is confined to a few1 it must prove hurtful to the whole4 ,by means of it the contagion is spread1 and is communicated to many who might otherwise never have had the disease4 ,accordingly it is found that more die of the small-pox now than before inoculation was introduced2 and this important discovery1 by which alone more lives might be saved than by all the endeavours of the ,faculty1 is in a great measure lost by its benefits not being extended to the whole community#if4 ,the spring and autumn have been usually reckoned the most proper seasons for inoculation1 on account of the weather being then most temperate2 but it ought to be considered that these are generally the most unhealthy seasons of the whole year4 ,undoubtedly the best preparation for the disease is a previous good state of health4 ,i have always observed that children in particular are more sickly towards the end of spring and autumn than at any other time of the year4 ,on this account1 as well as for the advantage of cool air1 ,i would propose winter as the most proper season for inoculation2 though1 on every other consideration1 the spring would seem to be preferable4 ,the most proper age for inoculation is between three and five4 ,many approve of inoculating on the breast1 and where no circumstances forbid this practice1 ,i have no objection to it4 ,children1 however1 are more liable to convulsions at this time than afterwards2 besides1 the anxiety of the mother or nurse1 should the child be in danger1 would not fail to heighten it by spoiling the milk4 ,children who have constitutional diseases must nevertheless be inoculated4 ,it will often mend the habit of body2 but ought to be performed at a time when they are most healthy4 ,accidental diseases should always be removed before inoculation4 ,it is generally thought necessary to regulate the diet for some time before the disease be communicated4 ,in children1 however1 great alteration in diet is seldom necessary1 their food being commonly of the most simple and wholesome kind1 as milk1 water-pap1 weak broths1 bread1 light pudding1 mild roots1 and white meats4 ,but children who have been accustomed to a hotter diet1 who are of a gross habit1 or abound with bad humours1 ought to be put upon a spare diet before they are inoculated4 ,their food should be of a light cooling nature1 and their drink whey1 butter-milk1 and such like4 ,we would recommend no other medicinal preparation but two or three mild purges1 which ought to be suited to the age and strength of the patient4 ,the success of inoculators does not depend on the preparation of their patients1 but on their management of them while under the disease4 ,their constant care is to keep them cool1 and their bodies gently open1 by which means the fever is kept low1 and the eruption greatly lessened4 ,the danger is seldom great when the pustules are few2 and their number is generally in proportion to the fever which precedes and attends the eruption4 ,hence the chief secret of inoculation consists in regulating the eruptive fever1 which generally may be kept sufficiently low by the methods mentioned above4 ,the regimen during the disease is in all respects the same as under the natural small-pox4 ,the patient must be kept cool1 his diet should be light1 and his drink weak and diluting1 c4 ,should any bad symptoms appear1 which is seldom the case1 they must be treated in the same way as directed in the natural small-pox4 ,purging is not less necessary after the small-pox by inoculation than in the natural way1 and ought by no means to be neglected4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,,of ,,the ,,measles4 ,the measles appeared in ,europe about the same time with the small-pox1 and have a great affinity to that disease4 ,they both came from the same quarter of the world1 are both infectious1 and seldom attack the same person more than once4 ,the measles are most common in the spring season1 and generally disappear in summer4 ,the disease itself1 when properly managed1 seldom proves fatal2 but its consequences are often very troublesome4 ,,cause4----,this disease1 like the small-pox1 proceeds from infection1 and is more or less dangerous according to the constitution of the patient1 the season of the year1 the climate1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,the measles1 like other fevers1 are preceded by alternate fits of heat and cold1 with sickness1 and loss of appetite4 ,the tongue is white1 but generally moist4 ,there is a short cough1 a heaviness of the head and eyes1 drowsiness1 and a running at the nose4 ,sometimes indeed the cough does not come before the eruption has appeared4 ,there is an inflammation and heat in the eyes1 accompanied with a defluxion of sharp rheum1 and great acuteness of sensation1 so that they cannot bear the light without pain4 ,the eye-lids frequently swell so as to occasion blindness4 ,the patient generally complains of his throat2 and a vomiting or looseness often precedes the eruption4 ,the stools in children are commonly greenish2 they complain of an itching of the skin1 and are remarkably peevish4 ,bleeding at the nose is common1 both before and in the progress of the disease4 ,about the fourth day1 small spots1 resembling flea-bites1 appear1 first upon the face2 then upon the breast1 and afterwards on the extremities3 these may be distinguished from the small pox by their scarcely rising above the skin4 ,the fever1 cough1 and difficulty of breathing1 instead of being removed by the eruption as in the small pox1 are rather increased2 but the vomiting generally ceases4 ,about the sixth or seventh day from the time of sickening1 the measles begin to turn pale on the face1 and afterwards upon the body2 so that by the ninth day they entirely disappear4 ,the fever2 however1 and difficulty of breathing1 often continue1 especially if the patient has been kept upon too hot a regimen4 ,petechi1 or purple spots1 may likewise be occasioned by this error4 ,a violent looseness sometimes succeeds the measles2 in which case the patient's life is in imminent danger4 ,such as die of the measles generally expire about the ninth day from the invasion1 and are commonly carried off by a peripneumony1 or inflammation of the lungs4 ,the most favourable symptoms are a moderate looseness1 a moist skin1 and a plentiful discharge of urine4 ,when the eruption suddenly falls in1 and the patient is seized with a delirium1 he is in the greatest danger4 ,if the measles turn too soon of a pale colour1 it is an unfavourable symptom1 as are also great weakness1 vomiting1 restlessness1 and difficulty of swallowing4 ,purple or black spots appearing among the measles are very unfavourable4 ,when a continual cough1 with hoarseness1 succeeds the disease1 there is reason to suspect an approaching consumption of the lungs4 ,our business in this disease is to assist ,nature1 by proper cordials1 in throwing out the eruption1 if her efforts be too languid2 but when they are too violent they must be restrained by evacuations1 and cool diluting liquors1 c4 ,we ought likewise to endeavour to appease the most urgent symptoms1 as the cough1 restlessness1 and difficulty of breathing4 ,,regimen4----,the cool regimen is necessary here as well as in the small-pox4 ,the food too must be light1 and the drink diluting4 ,acids however do not answer so well in the measles as in the small-pox1 as they tend to exasperate the cough4 ,small beer likewise1 though a good drink in the small-pox1 is here improper4 ,the most suitable liquors are decoctions of liquorice with marsh-mallow roots and sarsaparilla1 infusions of linseed1 or of the flowers of elder1 balm-tea1 clarified whey1 barley-water1 and such like4 ,these1 if the patient be costive1 may be sweetened with honey2 or1 if that should disagree with the stomach1 a little manna may occasionally be added to them4 ,,medicine4----,the measles being an inflammatory disease1 without any critical discharge of matter1 as in the small-pox1 bleeding is commonly necessary1 especially when the fever runs high1 with difficulty of breathing1 and great oppression of the breast4 ,but if the disease be of a mild kind1 bleeding may be omitted#ig4 ,bathing the feet and legs frequently in lukewarm water both tends to abate the violence of the fever1 and to promote the eruption4 ,the patient is often greatly relieved by vomiting4 ,when there is a tendency this way1 it ought to be promoted by drinking lukewarm water1 or weak camomile-tea4 ,when the cough is very troublesome1 with dryness of the throat1 and difficulty of breathing1 the patient may hold his head over the steam of warm water1 and draw the steam into his lungs4 ,he may likewise lick a little sperma-ceti and sugar-candy pounded together2 or take now and then a spoonful of the oil of sweet almonds1 with sugar-candy dissolved in it4 ,these will soften the throat1 and relieve the tickling cough4 ,if at the turn of the disease the fever assumes new vigour1 and there appears great danger of suffocation1 the patient must be bled according to his strength1 and blistering-plasters applied1 with a view to prevent the load from being thrown on the lungs1 where if an inflammation should fix itself1 the patient's life will be in imminent danger4 ,in case the measles should suddenly disappear1 it will be necessary to pursue the same method which we have recommended when the small-pox recede4 ,the patient must be supported with wine and cordials4 ,blistering-plasters must be applied to the legs and arms1 and the body rubbed all over with warm flannels4 ,warm poultices may likewise be applied to the feet and palms of the hands4 ,when purple or black spots appear1 the patient's drink should be sharpened with spirits of vitriol2 and if the putrid symptoms increase1 the ,peruvian bark must be administered in the same manner as directed in the small-pox4 ,opiates are sometimes necessary1 but should never be given except in cases of extreme restlessness1 a violent looseness1 or when the cough is very troublesome4 ,for children1 the syrup of poppies is sufficient4 ,a tea-spoonful or two may be occasionally given1 according to the patient's age1 or the violence of the symptoms4 ,after the measles are gone off1 the patient ought to be purged4 ,this may be conducted in the same manner as directed in the small-pox4 ,if a violent looseness succeeds the measles1 it may be checked by taking for some days a gentle dose of rhubarb in the morning1 and an opiate over night2 but if these do not remove it1 bleeding will seldom fail to have that effect4 ,patients recovering after the measles should be careful what they eat or drink4 ,their food for some time ought to be light1 and in small quantities1 and their drink diluting1 and rather of an opening nature1 as butter-milk1 whey1 and such like4 ,they ought also to beware of exposing themselves too soon to the cold air1 lest a suffocating catarrh1 an asthma1 or a consumption of the lungs1 should ensue4 ,should a cough1 with difficulty of breathing1 and other symptoms of a consumption1 remain after the measles1 small quantities of blood may be frequently let at proper intervals1 as the patient's strength and constitution will permit4 ,he ought likewise to drink asses milk1 to remove to a free air1 if in a large town1 and to ride daily on horseback4 ,he must keep close to a diet consisting of milk and vegetables2 and lastly1 if these do not succeed1 let him remove to a warmer climate#ih4 ,,of ,,the ,,scarlet ,,fever4 ,the scarlet fever is so called from the colour of the patient's skin1 which appears as if it were tinged with red wine4 ,it happens at any season of the year1 but is most common towards the end of summer2 at which time it often seizes whole families2 children and young persons are most subject to it4 ,it begins like other fevers1 with coldness and shivering1 without any violent sickness4 ,afterwards the skin is covered with red spots1 which are broader1 more florid1 and less uniform than the measles4 ,they continue two or three days1 and then disappear2 after which the cuticle1 or scarf-skin1 falls off4 ,there is seldom any occasion for medicine in this disease4 ,the patient ought however to keep within doors1 to abstain from flesh1 strong liquors1 and cordials1 and to drink freely of cool diluting liquors4 ,if the fever runs high1 the body must be kept gently open by emollient clysters1 or small doses of nitre and rhubarb4 ,a scruple of the former1 with five grains of the latter1 may be taken thrice a-day1 or oftener1 if necessary4 ,children and young persons are sometimes seized at the beginning of this disease with a kind of stupor and epileptic fits4 ,in this case the feet and legs should be bathed in warm water1 a large blistering-plaster applied to the neck1 and a dose of the syrup of poppies given every night till the patient recovers#ii4 ,the scarlet fever however is not always of so mild a nature4 ,it is sometimes attended with putrid or malignant symptoms1 in which case it is always dangerous4 ,in the malignant scarlet fever the patient is not only affected with coldness and shivering1 but with languor1 sickness1 and great oppression1 to these succeed excessive heat1 nausea and vomiting1 with a soreness of the throat2 the pulse is extremely quick1 but small and depressed2 the breathing frequent and laborious2 the skin hot1 but not quite dry2 the tongue moist1 and covered with a whitish mucus2 the tonsils inflamed and ulcerated4 ,when the eruption appears1 it brings no relief3 on the contrary1 the symptoms generally grow worse1 and fresh ones come on1 as purging1 delirium1 c4 ,when this disease is mistaken for a simple inflammation1 and treated with repeated bleedings1 purging and cooling medicines1 it generally proves fatal4 ,the only medicines that can be depended on in this case are cordials and antiseptics1 as the ,peruvian bark1 wine1 snake-root1 and the like4 ,the treatment must be in general similar to that of the putrid fever1 or of the malignant ulcerous sore throat#ajj4 ,,of ,,the ,,bilious ,,fever4 ,when a continual1 remitting1 or intermitting fever is accompanied with a frequent or copious evacuation of bile1 either by vomit or stool1 the fever is denominated bilious4 ,in ,britain the bilious fever generally makes its appearance about the end of summer1 and ceases towards the approach of winter4 ,it is most frequent and fatal in warm countries1 especially where the soil is marshy1 and when great rains are succeeded by sultry heats4 ,persons who work without doors1 lie in camps1 or who are exposed to the night air1 are most liable to this kind of fever4 ,if there are symptoms of inflammation at the beginning of this fever1 it will be necessary to bleed1 and to put the patient upon the cool diluting regimen recommended in the inflammatory fever4 ,the saline draught may likewise be frequently administered1 and the patient's body kept open by clysters or mild purgatives4 ,but if the fever should remit or intermit1 bleeding will seldom be necessary4 ,in this case a vomit may be administered1 and1 if the body be bound1 a gentle purge2 after which the ,peruvian bark will generally complete the cure4 ,in case of a violent looseness1 the patient must be supported with chicken broth1 jellies of hartshorn1 and the like2 and he may use the white decoction for his ordinary drink#aja4 ,if a bloody flux should accompany this fever1 it must be treated in the manner recommended under the article ,dysentery4 ,when there is a burning heat1 and the patient does not sweat1 that evacuation may be promoted by giving him1 three or four times a day1 a table-spoonful of ,mindererus's spirit#ajb mixed in a cup of his ordinary drink4 ,if the bilious fever be attended with the nervous1 malignant1 or putrid symptoms1 which is sometimes the case1 the patient must be treated in the same manner as directed under these diseases4 ,after this fever1 proper care is necessary to prevent a relapse4 ,for this purpose the patient1 especially towards the end of autumn1 ought to continue the use of the ,peruvian bark for some time after he is well4 ,he should likewise abstain from all trashy fruits1 new liquors1 and every kind of flatulent aliment4 ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,,of ,,the ,,erysipelas1 ,,or ,,st4 ,,anthony',s ,,fire4 ,this disease1 which in some parts of ,britain is called the rose1 attacks persons at any period of life1 but is most common between the age of thirty and forty4 ,persons of a sanguine or plethoric habit are most liable to it4 ,it often attacks young people1 and pregnant women2 and such as have once been afflicted with it are very liable to have it again4 ,sometimes it is a primary disease1 and at other times only a symptom of some other malady4 ,every part of the body is liable to be attacked by an erysipelas1 but it most frequently seizes the legs or face1 especially the latter4 ,it is most common in autumn1 or when hot weather is succeeded by cold and wet4 ,,causes4----,the erysipelas may be occasioned by violent passions or affections of the mind2 as fear1 anger1 c4 ,when the body has been heated to a great degree1 and is immediately exposed to the cold air1 so that the perspiration is suddenly checked1 an erysipelas will often ensue#ajc4 ,it may also be occasioned by drinking to excess1 by continuing too long in a warm bath1 or by any thing that overheats the blood4 ,if any of the natural evacuations be obstructed1 or in too small quantity1 it may cause an erysipelas4 ,the same effect will follow from the stoppage of artificial evacuations2 as issues1 setons1 or the like4 ,,symptoms4----,the erysipelas attacks with shivering1 thirst1 loss of strength1 pain in the head and back1 heat1 restlessness1 and a quick pulse2 to which may be added vomiting1 and sometimes a delirium4 ,on the second1 third1 or fourth day1 the part swells1 becomes red1 and small pustules appear at which time the fever generally abates4 ,when the erysipelas seizes the foot1 the parts contiguous swell1 the skin shines2 and1 if the pain be violent1 it will ascend to the leg1 and will not bear to be touched4 ,when it attacks the face1 it swells1 appears red1 and the skin is covered with small pustules filled with clear water4 ,one or both eyes are generally closed with the swelling2 and there is a difficulty of breathing4 ,if the mouth and nostrils be very dry1 and the patient drowsy1 there is reason to suspect an inflammation of the brain4 ,if the erysipelas affects the breast1 it swells and becomes exceedingly hard1 with great pain1 and is apt to suppurate4 ,there is a violent pain in the arm-pit on the side affected1 where an abscess is often formed4 ,if in a day or two the swelling subsides1 the heat and pain abate1 the colour of the part turns yellow1 and the cuticle breaks and falls off in scales1 the danger is over4 ,when the erysipelas is large1 deep1 and affects a very sensible part of the body1 the danger is great4 ,if the red colour changes into a livid or black1 it will end in a mortification4 ,sometimes the inflammation cannot be discussed1 but comes to a suppuration2 in which case fistulas1 a gangrene1 or mortification1 often ensue4 ,such as die of this disease are commonly carried off by the fever1 which is attended with difficulty of breathing1 and sometimes with a delirium and great drowsiness4 ,they generally die about the seventh or eighth day4 ,,regimen4----,in the erysipelas the patient must neither be kept too hot nor too cold1 as either of these extremes will tend to make it retreat1 which is always to be guarded against4 ,when the disease is mild1 it will be sufficient to keep the patient within doors1 without confining him to his bed1 and to promote the perspiration by diluting liquors1 c4 ,the diet ought to be slender1 and of a moderately cooling and moistening quality1 as groat-gruel1 panado1 chicken or barley-broth1 with cooling herbs and fruits1 c4 avoiding flesh1 fish1 strong drink1 spices1 pickles1 and all other things that may heat and inflame the blood2 the drink may be barley-water1 an infusion of elder-flowers1 common whey1 and such like4 ,but if the pulse be low1 and the spirits sunk1 the patient must be supported with negus1 and other things of a cordial nature4 ,his food may be sago-gruel with a little wine1 and nourishing broths taken in small quantities1 and often repeated4 ,great care however must be taken not to overheat him4 ,,medicine4----,in this disease much mischief is often done by medicine1 especially by external applications4 ,people1 when they see an inflammation1 immediately think that something ought to be applied to it4 ,this indeed is necessary in large phlegmons2 but in an erysipelas the safer course is to apply nothing4 ,almost all ointments1 salves1 and plasters1 being of a greasy nature1 tend rather to obstruct and repel1 than promote any discharge from the part4 ,at the beginning of this disease it is neither safe to promote a suppuration1 nor to repel the matter too quickly4 ,the erysipelas in many respects resembles the gout1 and is to be treated with the greatest caution4 ,fine wool1 or very soft flannel1 are the safest applications to the part4 ,these not only defend it from the external air1 but likewise promote the perspiration1 which has a great tendency to carry off the disease4 ,in ,scotland the common people generally apply a mealy cloth to the parts affected1 which is far from being improper4 ,it is common to bleed in the erysipelas2 but this likewise requires caution4 ,if however the fever be high1 the pulse hard and strong1 and the patient vigorous1 it will be proper to bleed2 but the quantity must be regulated by these circumstances1 and the operation repeated as the symptoms may require4 ,if the patient has been accustomed to strong liquors1 and the disease attacks his head1 bleeding is absolutely necessary4 ,bathing the feet and legs frequently in lukewarm water1 when the disease attacks the face or brain1 has an excellent effect4 ,it tends to make a derivation from the head1 and seldom fails to relieve the patient4 ,when bathing proves ineffectual1 poultices1 or sharp sinapisms1 may be applied to the soles of the feet1 for the same purpose4 ,in cases where bleeding is requisite1 it is likewise necessary to keep the body open4 ,this may be effected by emollient clysters1 or small doses of nitre and rhubarb4 ,some indeed recommend very large doses of nitre in the erysipelas2 but nitre seldom sits easy on the stomach when taken in large doses4 ,it is however one of the best medicines when the fever and inflammation run high4 ,half a drachm of it1 with four or five grains of rhubarb1 may be taken in the patient's ordinary drink1 four times a day4 ,when the erysipelas leaves the extremities1 and seizes the head so as to occasion a delirium or stupor1 it is absolutely necessary to open the body4 ,if clysters and mild purgatives fail to have this effect1 stronger ones must be given4 ,blistering plasters must likewise be applied to the neck1 or behind the ears1 and sharp cataplasms laid to the soles of the feet4 ,when the inflammation cannot be discussed1 and the part has a tendency to ulcerate1 it will then be proper to promote suppuration1 which may be done by the application of ripening poultices with saffron1 warm fomentations1 and such like4 ,when the black1 livid1 or blue colour of the part shews a tendency to mortification1 the ,peruvian bark must be administered4 ,it may be taken along with acids1 as recommended in the small-pox1 or in any other form more agreeable to the patient4 ,it must not however be trifled with1 as the patient's life is at stake4 ,a drachm may be given every two hours1 if the symptoms be threatening1 and cloths dipped in warm camphorated spirits of wine1 or the tincture of myrrh and aloes1 may be applied to the part1 and frequently renewed4 ,it may likewise be proper in this case to apply poultices of the bark1 or to foment the part affected with a strong decoction of it4 ,in what is commonly called the scorbutic erysipelas1 which continues for a considerable time1 it will only be necessary to give gentle laxatives1 and such things as purify the blood and promote the perspiration4 ,thus1 after the inflammation has been checked by opening medicines1 the decoction of woods#ajd may be drank1 after which a course of bitters will be proper4 ,such as are liable to frequent attacks of the erysipelas ought carefully to guard against all violent passions2 to abstain from strong liquors1 and all fat1 viscid1 and highly nourishing food4 ,they should likewise take sufficient exercise1 carefully avoiding the extremes of heat or cold4 ,their food should consist chiefly of milk1 and such fruits1 herbs1 and roots1 as are of a cooling quality2 and their drink ought to be small-beer1 whey1 butter-milk1 and such like4 ,they should never suffer themselves to be long costive4 ,if that cannot be prevented by suitable diet1 it will be proper to take frequently a gentle dose of rhubarb1 cream of tartar1 the lenitive electuary1 or some other mild purgative4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,,of ,,the ,,phrenitis1 ,,or ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,brain4 ,this is sometimes a primary disease1 but oftener only a symptom of some other malady2 as the inflammatory1 eruptive1 or spotted fever1 c4 ,it is very common however as a primary disease in warm climates1 and is most incident to persons about the prime or vigour of life4 ,the passionate1 the studious1 and those whose nervous system is irritable in a high degree1 are most liable to it4 ,,causes4----,this disease is often occasioned by night-watching1 especially when joined with hard study3 it may likewise proceed from hard drinking1 anger1 grief1 or anxiety4 ,it is often occasioned by the stoppage of usual evacuations2 as the bleeding piles in men1 the customary discharges of women1 c4 ,such as imprudently expose themselves to the heat of the sun1 especially by sleeping without doors in a hot season with their heads uncovered1 are often suddenly seized with an inflammation of the brain1 so as to awake quite delirious4 ,when repellents are imprudently used in an erysipelas1 an inflammation of the brain is sometimes the consequence4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by external injuries1 as blows or bruises upon the head1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,the symptoms which usually precede a true inflammation of the brain are pain of the head1 redness of the eyes1 a violent flushing of the face1 disturbed sleep1 or a total want of it1 great dryness of the skin1 costiveness1 a retention of urine1 a small dropping of blood from the nose1 singing of the ears1 and extreme sensibility of the nervous system4 ,when the inflammation is formed1 the symptoms in general are similar to those of the inflammatory fever4 ,the pulse indeed is often weak1 irregular1 and trembling2 but sometimes it is hard and contracted4 ,when the brain itself is inflamed1 the pulse is always soft and low2 but when the inflammation only affects the integuments of the brain1 viz4 the dura and pia mater1 it is hard4 ,a remarkable quickness of hearing is a common symptom of this disease2 but that seldom continues long4 ,another usual symptom is a great throbbing or pulsation in the arteries of the neck and temples4 ,though the tongue is often black and dry1 yet the patient seldom complains of thirst1 and even refuses drink4 ,the mind chiefly runs upon such objects as have before made a deep impression on it2 and sometimes1 from a sullen silence1 the patient becomes all of a sudden quite outrageous4 ,a constant trembling and starting of the tendons is an unfavourable symptom1 as are also a suppression of urine2 a total want of sleep2 a constant spitting2 a grinding of the teeth1 which last may be considered as a kind of convulsion4 ,when a phrenitis succeeds an inflammation of the lungs1 of the intestines1 or of the throat1 c4 it is owing to a translation of the disease from these parts to the brain1 and generally proves fatal4 ,this shews the necessity of proper evacuations1 and the danger of repellents in all inflammatory diseases4 ,the favourable symptoms are1 a free perspiration1 a copious discharge of blood from the nose1 the bleeding piles1 a plentiful discharge of urine1 which lets fall a copious sediment4 ,sometimes the disease is carried off by a looseness1 and in women by an excessive flow of the menses4 ,as this disease often proves fatal in a few days1 it requires the most speedy applications4 ,when it is prolonged1 or improperly treated1 it sometimes ends in madness1 or a kind of stupidity which continues for life4 ,in the cure1 two things are chiefly to be attended to1 viz4 to lessen the quantity of blood in the brain1 and to retard the circulation towards the head4 ,,regimen4----,the patient ought to be kept very quiet4 ,company1 noise1 and every thing that affects the senses1 or disturbs the imagination1 increases the disease4 ,even too much light is hurtful3 for which reason the patient's chamber ought to be a little darkened1 and he should neither be kept too hot nor cold4 ,it is not however necessary to exclude the company of an agreeable friend1 as this has a tendency to sooth and quiet the mind4 ,neither ought the patient to be kept too much in the dark1 lest it should occasion a gloomy melancholy1 which is too often the consequence of this disease4 ,the patient must1 as far as possible1 be soothed and humoured in every thing4 ,contradiction will ruffle his mind1 and increase his malady4 ,even when he calls for things which are not to be obtained1 or which might prove hurtful1 he is not to be positively denied them1 but rather put off with the promise of having them as soon as they can be obtained1 or by some other excuse4 ,a little of any thing that the mind is set upon1 though not quite proper1 will hurt the patient less than a positive refusal4 ,in a word1 whatever he was fond of1 or used to be delighted with when in health1 may here be tried1 as pleasing stories1 soft music1 or whatever has a tendency to sooth the passions and compose the mind4 ,boerhaave proposes several mechanical experiments for this purpose2 as the soft noise of water distilling by drops into a bason1 and the patient trying to reckon them1 c4 ,any uniform sound1 if low and continued1 has a tendency to procure sleep1 and consequently may be of service4 ,the aliment ought to be light1 consisting chiefly of farinaceous substances2 as panado1 and water-gruel sharpened with jelly of currants1 or juice of lemons1 ripe fruits roasted or boiled1 jellies1 preserves1 c4 ,the drink small1 diluting1 and cooling2 as whey1 barley-water1 or decoctions of barley and tamarinds1 which latter not only render the liquor more palatable1 but likewise more beneficial1 as they are of an opening nature4 ,,medicine4----,in an inflammation of the brain1 nothing more certainly relieves the patient than a free discharge of blood from the nose4 ,when this comes of its own accord1 it is by no means to be stopped1 but rather promoted1 by applying cloths dipped in warm water to the part4 ,when bleeding at the nose does not happen spontaneously1 it may be provoked1 by putting a straw1 or any other sharp body1 up the nostril4 ,bleeding in the temporal arteries greatly relieves the head3 but as this operation cannot always be performed1 we would recommend in its stead bleeding in the jugular veins4 ,when the patient's pulse and spirits are so low1 that he cannot bear bleeding with the lancet1 leeches may be applied to the temples4 ,these not only draw off the blood more gradually1 but by being applied nearer to the part affected1 generally give more immediate relief4 ,a discharge of blood from the hmorrhoidal veins is likewise of great service1 and ought by all means to be promoted4 ,if the patient has been subject to the bleeding piles1 and that discharge has been stopped1 every method must be tried to restore it2 as the application of leeches to the parts1 sitting over the steams of warm water1 sharp clysters1 or suppositories made of honey1 aloes1 and rock-salt4 ,if the inflammation of the brain be occasioned by the stoppage of evacuations either natural or artificial1 as the menses1 issues1 setons1 or such like1 all means must be used to restore them as soon as possible1 or to substitute others in their stead4 ,the patient's body must be kept open by stimulating clysters or smart purges2 and small quantities of nitre ought frequently to be mixed with his drink4 ,two or three drachms1 or more1 if the case be dangerous1 may be used in the space of twenty-four hours4 ,the head should be shaved and frequently rubbed with vinegar and rose-water4 ,cloths dipped in this mixture may likewise be applied to the temples4 ,the feet ought frequently to be bathed in lukewarm water1 and soft poultices of bread and milk may be kept constantly applied to them4 ,if the disease proves obstinate1 and does not yield to these medicines1 it will be necessary to apply a blistering-plaster to the whole head4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,,of ,,the ,,ophthalmia1 ,,or ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,eyes4 ,this disease may be occasioned by external injuries2 as blows1 burns1 bruises1 and the like4 ,it may likewise proceed from dust1 quicklime1 or other substances1 getting into the eyes4 ,it is often caused by the stoppage of customary evacuations2 as the healing of old sores1 drying up of issues1 the suppressing of gentle morning sweats1 or of the sweating of the feet1 c4 ,long exposure to the night air1 especially in cold northerly winds1 or whatever suddenly checks the perspiration1 especially after the body has been much heated1 is very apt to cause an inflammation of the eyes4 ,viewing snow or other white bodies for a long time1 or looking stedfastly at the sun1 a clear fire1 or any bright object1 will likewise occasion this malady4 ,a sudden transition from darkness to very bright light will often have the same effect4 ,nothing more certainly occasions an inflammation of the eyes than night-watching1 especially reading or writing by candle-light4 ,drinking spirituous liquors1 and excess of venery1 are likewise very hurtful to the eyes4 ,the acrid fumes of metals1 and of several kinds of fuel1 are also pernicious4 ,sometimes an inflammation of the eyes proceeds from a venereal taint1 and often from a scrophulous or gouty habit4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by hairs in the eye-lids turning inwards1 and hurting the eyes4 ,sometimes the disease is epidemic1 especially after wet seasons2 and ,i have frequently known it prove infectious1 particularly to those who lived in the same house with the patient4 ,it may be occasioned by moist air1 or living in low damp houses1 especially in persons who are not accustomed to such situations4 ,in children it often proceeds from imprudently drying up of scabbed heads1 a running behind the ears1 or any other discharge of that kind4 ,inflammations of the eyes often succeed the small-pox or measles1 especially in children of a scrophulous habit4 ,,symptoms4----,an inflammation of the eyes is attended with acute pain1 heat1 redness1 and swelling4 ,the patient is not able to bear the light1 and sometimes he feels a pricking pain1 as if his eyes were pierced with a thorn4 ,sometimes he imagines his eyes are full of motes1 or thinks he sees flies dancing before him4 ,the eyes are filled with a scalding rheum1 which rushes forth in great quantities1 whenever the patient attempts to look up4 ,the pulse is generally quick and hard1 with some degree of fever4 ,when the disease is violent1 the neighbouring parts swell1 and there is a throbbing or pulsation in the temporal arteries1 c4 ,a slight inflammation of the eyes1 especially from an external cause1 is easily cured2 but when the disease is violent1 and continues long1 it often leaves specks upon the eyes1 or dimness of sight1 and sometimes total blindness4 ,if the patient be seized with a looseness1 it has a good effect2 and when the inflammation passes from one eye to another1 as it were by infection1 it is no unfavourable symptom4 ,but when the disease is accompanied with a violent pain of the head1 and continues long1 the patient is in danger of losing his sight4 ,,regimen4----,the diet1 unless in scrophulous cases1 can hardly be too spare1 especially at the beginning4 ,the patient must abstain from every thing of a heating nature4 ,his food should consist chiefly of mild vegetables1 weak broths1 and gruels4 ,his drink may be barley-water1 balm-tea1 common whey1 and such like4 ,the patient's chamber must be darkened1 or his eyes shaded by a cover1 so as to exclude the light1 but not to press upon the eyes4 ,he should not look at a candle1 the fire1 or any luminous object1 and ought to avoid all smoke1 as the fumes of tobacco1 or any thing that may cause coughing1 sneezing1 or vomiting4 ,he should be kept quiet1 avoiding all violent efforts1 either of body or mind1 and encouraging sleep as much as possible4 ,,medicine4----,this is one of those diseases wherein great hurt is often done by external applications4 ,almost every person pretends to be possessed of a remedy for the cure of sore eyes4 ,these remedies generally consist of eye-waters and ointments1 with other external applications1 which do mischief twenty times for once they do good4 ,people ought therefore to be very cautious how they use such things1 as even the pressure upon the eyes often increases the malady4 ,bleeding1 in a violent inflammation of the eyes1 is always necessary4 ,this should be performed as near the part affected as possible4 ,an adult may lose ten or twelve ounces of blood from the jugular vein1 and the operation may be repeated according to the urgency of the symptoms4 ,if it should not be convenient to bleed in the neck1 the same quantity may be let from the arm1 or any other part of the body4 ,leeches are often applied to the temples1 or under the eyes1 with good effect4 ,the wounds must be suffered to bleed for some hours1 and if the bleeding stop soon1 it may be promoted by the application of cloths dipt in warm water4 ,in obstinate cases1 it will be necessary to repeat this operation several times4 ,opening and diluting medicines are by no means to be neglected4 ,the patient may take a small dose of ,glauber's salts1 and cream of tartar1 every second or third day1 or a decoction of tamarinds with senna4 ,if these be not agreeable1 gentle doses of rhubarb and nitre1 a little of the lenitive electuary1 or any other mild purgative1 will answer the same end4 ,the patient at the same time must drink freely of water-gruel1 tea1 whey1 or any other weak diluting liquor4 ,he ought likewise to take1 at bed-time1 a large draught of very weak wine-whey1 in order to promote perspiration4 ,his feet and legs must frequently be bathed in lukewarm water1 and his head shaved twice or thrice a-week1 and afterwards washed in cold water4 ,this has often a remarkably good effect4 ,if the inflammation does not yield to these evacuations1 blistering-plasters must be applied to the temples1 behind the ears1 or upon the neck1 and kept open for some time by the mild blistering ointment4 ,i have seldom known these1 if long enough kept open1 fail to remove the most obstinate inflammation of the eyes2 but for this purpose it is often necessary to continue the discharge for several weeks4 ,when the disease has been of long standing1 ,i have seen very extraordinary effects from a seton in the neck1 or between the shoulders1 especially the latter4 ,it should be put upwards and downwards1 or in the direction of the spine1 and in the middle between the shoulder-blades4 ,it may be dressed twice a-day with yellow basilicon4 ,i have known patients1 who had been blind for a considerable time1 recover sight by means of a seton placed as above4 ,when the seton is put across the neck1 it soon wears out1 and is both more painful and troublesome than between the shoulders2 besides1 it leaves a disagreeable mark1 and does not discharge so freely4 ,when the heat and pain of the eyes are very great1 a poultice of bread and milk1 softened with sweet oil or fresh butter1 may be applied to them1 at least all night2 and they may be bathed with lukewarm milk and water in the morning4 ,if the patient cannot sleep1 which is sometimes the case1 he may take twenty or thirty drops of laudanum1 or two spoonfuls of the syrup of poppies1 over night1 more or less according to his age1 or the violence of the symptoms4 ,after the inflammation is gone off1 if the eyes still remain weak and tender1 they may be bathed every night and morning with cold water and a little brandy1 six parts of the former to one of the latter4 ,a method should be contrived by which the eye can be quite immersed in the brandy and water1 where it should be kept for some time4 ,i have generally found this1 or cold water and vinegar1 as good a strengthener of the eyes as any of the most celebrated collyriums4 ,when an inflammation of the eyes proceeds from a scrophulous habit1 it generally proves very obstinate4 ,in this case the patient's diet must not be too low1 and he may be allowed to drink small negus1 or now and then a glass of wine1 ,the most proper medicine is the ,peruvian bark1 which may either be given in substance1 or prepared in the following manner3 ,take an ounce of the bark in powder1 with two drachms of ,winter's bark1 and boil them in an ,english quart of water to a pint2 when it has boiled nearly long enough1 add half an ounce of liquorice-root sliced4 ,let the liquor be strained4 ,two1 three1 or four table-spoonfuls1 according to the age of the patient1 may be taken three or four times a-day1 ,it is impossible to say how long this medicine should be continued1 as the cure is sooner performed in some than in others2 but in general it requires a considerable time to produce any lasting effects4 ,dr4 ,cheyne says1 #8,that thiops mineral never fails in obstinate inflammations of the eyes1 even scrophulous ones1 if given in a sufficient dose1 and duly persisted in4' ,there is no doubt but this and other preparations of mercury may be of singular service in ophthalmias of long continuance1 but they ought always to be administered with the greatest caution1 or by persons of skill in physic4 ,it will be proper frequently to look into the eyes1 to see if any hairs be turned inwards1 or pressing upon them#aje4 ,these ought to be removed by plucking them out with a pair of small pincers4 ,those who are liable to frequent returns of this disease1 ought constantly to have an issue in one or both arms4 ,bleeding or purging in the spring and autumn1 will be very beneficial to such persons4 ,they ought likewise to live with the greatest regularity1 avoiding strong liquor1 and every thing of a heating quality4 ,above all1 let them avoid the night-air and late studies#ajf4 ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,,of ,,the ,,quinsey1 ,,or ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,throat4 ,this disease is very common in ,britain1 and is frequently attended with great danger4 ,it prevails in the winter and spring1 and is most fatal to young people of a sanguine temperament4 ,,causes4----,in general it proceeds from the same causes as other inflammatory disorders1 viz4 an obstructed perspiration1 or whatever heats or inflames the blood4 ,an inflammation of the throat is often occasioned by omitting some part of the covering usually worn about the neck1 by drinking cold liquor when the body is warm1 by riding or walking against a cold northerly wind1 or any thing that greatly cools the throat1 and parts adjacent4 ,it may likewise proceed from the neglect of bleeding1 purging1 or any customary evacuation4 ,singing1 speaking loud and long1 or whatever strains the throat1 may likewise cause an inflammation of that organ4 ,i have often known the quinsey prove fatal to jovial companions1 who1 after sitting long in a warm room1 drinking hot liquors1 and singing with vehemence1 were so imprudent as to go abroad in the cold night-air4 ,sitting with wet feet1 or keeping on wet clothes1 are very apt to occasion1 this malady4 ,it is likewise frequently occasioned by continuing long in a moist place1 sitting near an open window1 sleeping in a damp bed1 sitting in a room that has been newly plastered1 c4 ,i know people who never fail to have a sore throat if they sit even but a short time in a room that has been lately washed4 ,acrid or irritating food may likewise inflame the throat1 and occasion a quinsey4 ,it may also proceed from bones1 pins1 or other sharp substances sticking in the throat1 or from the caustic fumes of metals or minerals1 as arsenic1 antimony1 c4 taken in by the breath4 ,this disease is sometimes epidemic and infectious4 ,,symptoms4----,the inflammation of the throat is evident from inspection1 the parts appearing red and swelled2 besides1 the patient complains of pain in swallowing4 ,his pulse is quick and hard1 with other symptoms of a fever4 ,if blood be let1 it is generally covered with a tough coat of a whitish colour1 and the patient spits a tough phlegm4 ,as the swelling and inflammation increase1 the breathing and swallowing become more difficult2 the pain affects the ears2 the eyes generally appear red2 and the face swells4 ,the patient is often obliged to keep himself in an erect posture1 being in danger of suffocation2 there is a constant nausea1 or inclination to vomit1 and the drink1 instead of passing into the stomach1 is often returned by the nose4 ,the patient is sometimes starved at last1 merely from an inability to swallow any kind of food4 ,when the breathing is laborious1 with straitnesss of the breast1 and anxiety1 the danger is great4 ,though the pain in swallowing be very great1 yet while the patient breathes easy1 there is not so much danger ,an external swelling is no unfavourable symptom2 but if it suddenly falls1 and the disease affects the breast1 the danger is very great4 ,when a quinsey is the consequence of some other disease1 which has already weakened the patient1 his situation is dangerous4 ,a frothing at the mouth1 with a swelled tongue1 a pale1 ghastly countenance1 and coldness of the extremities1 are fatal symptoms4 ,,regimen4----,the regimen in this disease is in all respects the same as in the pleurisy1 or peripneumony4 ,the food must be light1 and in small quantity1 and the drink plentiful1 weak1 and diluting1 mixed with acids4 ,it is highly necessary that the patient be kept easy and quiet4 ,violent affections of the mind1 or great efforts of the body1 may prove fatal4 ,he should not even attempt to speak but in a low voice4 ,such a degree of warmth as to promote a constant1 gentle sweat1 is proper4 ,when the patient is in bed1 his head ought to be raised a little higher than usual4 ,it is peculiarly necessary that the neck be kept warm2 for which purpose several folds of soft flannel may be wrapt round it4 ,that alone will often remove a slight complaint of the throat1 especially if applied in due time4 ,we cannot here omit observing the propriety of a custom which prevails among the peasants of ,scotland4 ,when they feel any uneasiness of the throat1 they wrap a stocking about it all night4 ,so effectual is this remedy1 that in many places it passes for a charm1 and the stocking is applied with particular ceremonies3 the custom1 however1 is undoubtedly a good one1 and should never be neglected4 ,when the throat has been thus wrapped up all night1 it must not be exposed to the cold air through the day1 but a handkerchief or a piece of flannel kept about it till the inflammation be removed4 ,the jelly of black currants is a medicine very much in esteem for complaints of the throat2 and indeed it is of some use4 ,it should be almost constantly kept in the mouth1 and swallowed down leisurely4 ,it may likewise be mixed in the patient's drink1 or taken any other way4 ,when it cannot be obtained1 the jelly of red currants1 or of mulberries1 may be used in its stead4 ,gargles for the throat are very beneficial1 ,they may be made of sage-tea1 with a little vinegar and honey1 or by adding to half an ,english pint of the pectoral decoction two or three spoonfuls of honey1 and the same quantity of currant-jelly4 ,this may be used three or four times a-day2 and if the patient be troubled with tough viscid phlegm1 the gargle may be rendered more sharp and cleansing1 by adding to it a tea-spoonful of the spirit of sal ammoniac4 ,some recommend gargles made of a decoction of the leaves or bark of the black currant-bush2 but where the jelly can be had1 these are unnecessary4 ,there is no disease wherein the benefit of bathing the feet and legs in lukewarm water is more apparent3 that practice ought therefore never to be neglected4 ,if people were careful to keep warm1 to wrap up their throats with flannel1 to bathe their feet and legs in warm water1 and to use a spare diet1 with diluting liquors1 at the beginning of this disease1 it would seldom proceed to a great height1 or be attended with any danger2 but when these precautions are neglected1 and the disease becomes violent1 more powerful medicines are necessary4 ,,medicine4----,an inflammation of the throat being a most acute and dangerous distemper1 which sometimes takes off the patient very suddenly1 it will be proper1 as soon as the symptoms appear1 to bleed in the arm1 or rather in the jugular vein1 and to repeat the operation if circumstances require4 ,the body should likewise be kept gently open4 ,this may either be done by giving the patient for his ordinary drink a decoction of figs and tamarinds1 or small doses of rhubarb and nitre1 as recommended in the erysipelas4 ,these may be increased according to the age of the patient1 and repeated till they have the desired effect4 ,i have often known very good effects from a bit of sal prunel1 or purified nitre1 held in the mouth1 and swallowed down as it melted4 ,this promotes the discharge of saliva1 by which means it answers the end of a gargle1 while at the same time it abates the fever1 by promoting the discharge of urine1 c4 ,the throat ought likewise to be rubbed twice or thrice a-day with a little of the volatile liniment4 ,this seldom fails to produce some good effects4 ,at the same time the neck ought to be carefully covered with wool or flannel1 to prevent the cold from penetrating the skin1 as this application renders it very tender4 ,many other external applications are recommended in this disease1 as a swallow's nest1 poultices made of the fungus called ,jew's ears1 album ,grcum1 c4 ,but as we do not look upon any of these to be preferable to a common poultice of bread and milk1 we shall take no farther notice of them4 ,some recommend the gum guaiacum as a specific in this disease4 ,half a dram of the gum in powder may be made into an electuary with the rob of elderberries1 or the jelly of currants for a dose1 and repeated occasionally#ajg4 ,blistering upon the neck or behind the ears in violent inflammations of the throat is very beneficial2 and in bad cases it will be necessary to lay a blistering-plaster quite across the throat1 so as to reach from ear to ear4 ,after the plasters are taken off1 the parts ought to be kept running by the application of issue ointment1 till the inflammation is gone2 otherwise1 upon their drying up1 the patient will be in danger of a relapse4 ,when the patient has been treated as above1 a suppuration seldom happens4 ,this however is sometimes the case1 in spite of all endeavours to prevent it4 ,when the inflammation and swelling continue1 and it is evident that a suppuration will ensue1 it ought to be promoted by drawing the steam of warm water into the throat through a tunnel1 or the like4 ,soft poultices ought likewise to be applied outwardly1 and the patient may keep a roasted fig constantly in his mouth4 ,it sometimes happens1 before the tumour breaks1 that the swelling is so great1 as entirely to prevent any thing from getting down into the stomach4 ,in this case the patient must inevitably perish1 unless he can be supported in some other way4 ,this can only be done by nourishing clysters of broth1 or gruel with milk1 c4 ,patients have often been supported by these for ,several days1 till the tumour has broke2 and afterwards they have recovered4 ,not only the swallowing1 but the breathing1 is often prevented by the tumour4 ,in this case nothing can save the patient's life1 but opening the trachea or wind-pipe4 ,as that has been often done with success1 no person1 in such desperate circumstances1 ought to hesitate a moment about the operation2 but as it can only be performed by a surgeon1 it is not necessary here to give any directions about it4 ,when a difficulty of swallowing is not attended with an acute pain or inflammation1 it is generally owing to an obstruction of the glands about the throat1 and only requires that the part be kept warm1 and the throat frequently gargled with something that may gently stimulate the glands1 as a decoction of figs with vinegar and honey2 to which may be added a little mustard1 or a small quantity of spirits4 ,but this gargle is never to be used where there are signs of an inflammation4 ,this species of angina has various names among the common people1 as the pap of the throat1 the falling down of the almonds of the ears1 c4 ,accordingly1 to remove it1 they lift the patient up by the hair of the head1 and thrust their fingers under his jaws1 c4 all which practices are at best useless1 and often hurtful4 ,those who are subject to inflammations of the throat1 in order to avoid that disease1 ought to live temperate4 ,such as do not chuse to observe this rule1 must have frequent recourse to purging and other evacuations1 to discharge the superfluous humours4 ,they ought likewise to beware of catching cold1 and should abstain from aliment and medicines of an astringent or stimulating nature4 ,violent exercise1 by increasing the motion and force of the blood1 is apt to occasion an inflammation of the throat1 especially if cold liquor be drank immediately after it1 or the body suffered suddenly to cool4 ,those who would avoid this disease ought therefore1 after speaking aloud1 singing1 running1 drinking warm liquor1 or doing any thing that may strain the throat1 or increase the circulation of the blood towards it1 to take care to cool gradually1 and to wrap some additional coverings about their necks4 ,i have often known persons who had been subject to sore throats1 entirely freed from that complaint by only wearing a riband1 or a bit of flannel1 constantly about their necks1 or by wearing thicker shoes1 a flannel waistcoat1 or the like4 ,these may seem trifling1 but they have great effect4 ,there is danger indeed in leaving them off after persons have been accustomed to them2 but surely the inconveniency of using such things for life1 is not to be compared with the danger which may attend the neglect of them4 ,sometimes1 after an inflammation1 the glands of the throat continue swelled1 and become hard and callous4 ,this complaint is not easily removed1 and is often rendered dangerous by the too frequent application of strong stimulating and styptic medicines4 ,the best method is to keep it warm1 and to gargle it twice a-day with a decoction of figs sharpened a little with the elixir or spirit of vitriol4 ,,of ,,the ,,malignant ,,quinsey1 ,,or ,,putrid1 ,,ulcerous ,,sore ,,throat4 ,this kind of quinsey is but little known in the northern parts of ,britain1 though1 for some time past1 it has been fatal in the more southern counties4 ,children are more liable to it than adults1 females than males1 and the delicate than those who are hardy and robust4 ,it prevails chiefly in autumn1 and is most frequent after a long course of damp or sultry weather4 ,,causes4----,this is evidently a contagious distemper1 and is generally communicated by infection4 ,whole families1 and even entire villages1 often receive the infection from one person4 ,this ought to put people upon their guard against going near such patients as labour under the disorder2 as by that means they endanger not only their own lives1 but likewise those of their friends and connexions4 ,whatever tends to produce putrid or malignant fevers1 may likewise occasion the putrid ulcerous sore throat1 as unwholesome air1 damaged provisions1 neglect of cleanliness1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,it begins with alternate fits of shivering and heat4 ,the pulse is quick1 but low and unequal1 and generally continues so through the whole course of the disease4 ,the patient complains greatly of weakness and oppression of the breast1 his spirits are low1 and he is apt to faint away when set upright2 he is troubled with a nausea1 and often with a vomiting or purging4 ,the two latter are most common in children4 ,the eyes appear red and watery1 and the face swells4 ,the urine is at first pale and crude2 but1 as the disease advances1 it turns more of a yellowish colour4 ,the tongue is white1 and generally moist1 which distinguishes this from an inflammatory disease4 ,upon looking into the throat it appears swelled1 and of a florid red colour4 ,pale or ash-coloured spots1 however1 are here and there interspersed1 and sometimes one broad patch or spot1 of an irregular figure1 and pale white colour1 surrounded with florid red1 only appears4 ,these whitish spots or sloughs cover so many ulcers4 ,an efflorescence1 or eruption upon the neck1 arms1 breast1 and fingers1 about the second or third day1 is a common symptom of this disease4 ,when it appears1 the purging and vomiting generally cease4 ,there is often a slight degree of delirium1 and the face frequently appears bloated1 and the inside of the nostrils red and inflamed4 ,the patient complains of a disagreeable putrid smell1 and his breath is very offensive4 ,the putrid1 ulcerous sore throat may be distinguished from the inflammatory by the vomiting and looseness with which it is generally ushered in2 the foul ulcers in the throat covered with a white or livid coat2 and by the excessive weakness of the patient2 with other symptoms of a putrid fever4 ,unfavourable symptoms are1 an obstinate purging1 extreme weakness1 dimness of the sight1 a livid or black colour of the spots1 and frequent shiverings1 with a weak1 fluttering pulse4 ,if the eruption upon the skin suddenly disappears1 or becomes of a livid colour1 with a discharge of blood from the nose or mouth1 the danger is very great4 ,if a gentle sweat break out about the third or fourth day1 and continue with a slow1 firm1 and equal pulse2 if the sloughs cast off in a kindly manner1 and appear clean and florid at the bottom2 and if the breathing is soft and free1 with a lively colour of the eyes1 there is reason to hope for a salutary crisis4 ,,regimen4----,the patient must be kept quiet1 and for the most part in bed1 as he will be apt to faint when taken out of it4 ,his food must be nourishing and restorative2 as sago-gruel with red wine1 jellies1 strong broths1 c4 ,his drink ought to be generous1 and of an antiseptic quality2 as red-wine negus1 white-wine whey1 and such like4 ,,medicine4----,the medicine in this kind of quinsey is entirely different from that which is proper in the inflammatory4 ,all evacuations1 as bleeding1 purging1 c4 which weaken the patient1 must be avoided4 ,cooling medicines1 as nitre and cream of tartar1 are likewise hurtful4 ,strengthening cordials alone can be used with safety2 and these ought never to be neglected4 ,if at the beginning there is a great nausea1 or inclination to vomit1 the patient must drink an infusion of green tea1 camomile flowers1 or carduus benedictus1 in order to cleanse the stomach4 ,if these are not sufficient1 he may take a few grains of the powder of ipecacuanha1 or any other gentle vomit4 ,if the disease is mild1 the throat may be gargled with an infusion of sage and rose leaves1 to a gill of which may be added a spoonful or two of honey1 and as much vinegar as will make it agreeably acid2 but when the symptoms are urgent1 the sloughs large and thick1 and the breath very offensive1 the following gargle may be used3 ,to six or seven ounces of the pectoral decoction1 when boiling1 add half an ounce of contrayerva-root2 let it boil for some time1 and afterwards strain the liquor2 to which add two ounces of white-wine vinegar1 an ounce of fine honey1 and an ounce of the tincture of myrrh4 ,this ought not only to be used as a gargle1 but a little of it should frequently be injected with a syringe to clean the throat1 before the patient takes any meat or drink4 ,this method is peculiarly necessary for children1 who cannot use a gargle4 ,it will be of great benefit if the patient frequently receives into his mouth1 through an inverted funnel1 the steams of warm vinegar1 myrrh1 and honey4 ,but when the putrid symptoms run high1 and the disease is attended with danger1 the only medicine that can be depended upon is the ,peruvian bark4 ,it may be taken in substance1 if the patient's stomach will bear it4 ,if not1 an ounce of bark grossly powdered1 with two drachms of ,virginian snake-root1 may be boiled in an ,english pint and a half of water to half a pint2 to which a tea-spoonful of the elixir of vitriol may be added1 and an ordinary tea-cupful of it taken every three or four hours4 ,blistering-plasters are very beneficial in this disease1 especially when the patient's pulse and spirits are low4 ,they may be applied to the throat1 behind the ears1 or upon the back part of the neck4 ,should the vomiting prove troublesome1 it will be proper to give the patient two table-spoonfuls of the saline julep every hour4 ,tea made of mint and a little cinnamon will be very proper for his ordinary drink1 especially if an equal quantity of red-wine be mixed with it4 ,in case of a violent looseness1 the size of a nutmeg of diascordium1 or the japonic confection1 may be taken two or three times a-day1 or oftener if necessary4 ,if a discharge of blood from the nose happens1 the steams of warm vinegar may be received up the nostrils frequently2 and the drink must be sharpened with spirits of vitriol1 or tincture of roses4 ,in case of a strangury1 the belly must be fomented with warm water1 and emollient clysters given three or four times a-day4 ,after the violence of the disease is over1 the body should still be kept open with mild purgatives2 as manna1 senna1 rhubarb1 or the like4 ,if great weakness and dejection of spirits1 or night-sweats1 with other symptoms of a consumption1 should ensue1 we would advise the patient to continue the use of the ,peruvian bark1 with the elixir of vitriol1 and to take frequently a glass of generous wine4 ,these1 together with a milk diet1 and riding on horseback1 are the most likely means for recovering his strength4 ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,,of ,,colds ,,and ,,coughs4 ,it has already been observed1 that colds are the effect of an obstructed perspiration2 the common causes of which we have likewise endeavoured to point out1 and shall not here repeat them4 ,neither shall we spend time in enumerating all the various symptoms of colds1 as they are pretty generally known4 ,it may not however be amiss to observe1 that almost every cold is a kind of fever1 which only differs in degree from some of those that have already been treated of4 ,no age1 sex1 or constitution1 is exempted from this disease2 neither is it in the power of any medicine or regimen to prevent it4 ,the inhabitants of every climate are liable to catch cold1 nor can even the greatest circumspection defend them at all times from its attacks4 ,indeed1 if the human body could be kept constantly in an uniform degree of warmth1 such a thing as catching cold would be impossible3 but as that cannot be effected by any means1 the perspiration must be liable to many changes4 ,such changes1 however1 when small1 do not affect the health2 but1 when great1 they must prove hurtful4 ,when oppression of the breast1 a stuffing of the nose1 unusual weariness1 pain of the head1 c4 give ground to believe that the perspiration is obstructed1 or1 in other words1 that the person has caught cold1 he ought immediately to lessen his diet1 at least the usual quantity of his solid food1 and to abstain from all strong liquors4 ,instead of flesh1 fish1 eggs1 milk1 and other nourishing diet1 he may eat light bread-pudding1 veal or chicken broth1 panado1 gruels1 and such like4 ,his drink may be water-gruel sweetened with a little honey2 an infusion of balm1 or linseed sharpened with the juice of orange or lemon2 a decoction of barley and liquorice1 with tamarinds1 or any other cool1 diluting1 acid liquor4 ,above all1 his supper should be light2 as small posset1 or water-gruel sweetened with honey1 and a little toasted bread in it4 ,if honey should disagree with the stomach1 the gruel may be sweetened with treacle or coarse sugar1 and sharpened with the jelly of currants4 ,those who have been accustomed to generous liquors may take wine-whey instead of gruel1 which may be sweetened as above4 ,the patient ought to lie longer than usual a-bed1 and to encourage a gentle sweat1 which is easily brought on towards morning1 by drinking tea1 or any kind of warm diluting liquor4 ,i have often known this practice carry off a cold in one day1 which in all probability1 had it been neglected1 would have cost the patient his life1 or have confined him for some months4 ,would people sacrifice a little time to ease and warmth1 and practice a moderate degree of abstinence when the first symptoms of a cold appear1 we have reason to believe1 that most of the bad effects which flow from an obstructed perspiration might be prevented4 ,but1 after the disease has gathered strength by delay1 all attempts to remove it often prove vain4 ,a pleurisy1 a peripneumony1 or a fatal consumption of the lungs1 are the common effects of colds which have either been totally neglected or treated improperly4 ,many attempt to cure a cold1 by getting drunk4 ,but this1 to say no worse of it1 is a very hazardous experiment4 ,no doubt it may sometimes succeed1 by suddenly restoring the perspiration2 but when there is any degree of inflammation1 which is frequently the case1 strong liquors1 instead of removing the malady1 will increase it4 ,by this means a common cold may be converted into an inflammatory fever4 ,when those who labour for their daily bread have the misfortune to catch cold1 they cannot afford to lose a day or two1 in order to keep themselves warm1 and take a little medicine2 by which means the disorder is often so aggravated as to confine them for a long time1 or even to render them ever after unable to sustain hard labour4 ,but even such of the labouring poor as can afford to take care of themselves1 are often too hardy to do it2 they affect to despise colds1 and as long as they can crawl about1 scorn to be confined by what they call a common cold4 ,hence it is1 that colds destroy such numbers of mankind4 ,like an enemy despised1 they gather strength from delay1 till at length they become invincible4 ,we often see this verified in travellers1 who1 rather than lose a day in the prosecution of their business1 throw away their lives by pursuing their journey1 even in the severest weather1 with this disease upon them4 ,it is certain1 however1 that colds may be too much indulged4 ,when a person1 for every slight cold1 shuts himself up in a warm room1 and drinks great quantities of warm liquor1 it may occasion such a general relaxation of the solids as will not be easily removed4 ,it will therefore be proper1 when the disease will permit1 and the weather is mild1 to join to the regimen mentioned above gentle exercise2 as walking1 riding on horseback1 or in a carriage1 c4 ,an obstinate cold1 which no medicine can remove1 will yield to gentle exercise and a proper regimen of the diet4 ,bathing the feet and legs in warm water has a great tendency to restore the perspiration4 ,but care must be taken that the water be not too warm1 otherwise it will do hurt4 ,it should never be much warmer than the blood1 and the patient should go immediately to bed after using it4 ,bathing the feet in warm water1 lying in bed1 and drinking warm water-gruel1 or other weak liquors1 will sooner take off a spasm1 and restore the perspiration1 than all the hot sudorific medicines in the world4 ,this is all that is necessary for removing a common cold2 and if this course be taken at the beginning1 it will seldom fail4 ,but when the symptoms do not yield to abstinence1 warmth1 and diluting liquors1 there is reason to fear the approach of some other disease1 as an inflammation of the breast1 an ardent fever1 or the like4 ,if the pulse therefore be hard and frequent1 the skin hot and dry1 and the patient complains of his head or breast1 it will be necessary to bleed1 and to give the cooling powders recommended in the scarlet fever every three or four hours1 till they give a stool4 ,it will likewise be proper to put a blistering-plaster on the back1 to give two table-spoonfuls of the saline mixture every two hours1 and in short to treat the patient in all respects as for a slight fever4 ,i have often seen this course1 when observed at the beginning1 remove the complaint in two or three days1 when the patient had all the symptoms of an approaching ardent fever1 or an inflammation of the breast4 ,the chief secret of preventing colds lies in avoiding1 as far as possible1 all extremes either of heat or cold1 and in taking care1 when the body is heated1 to let it cool gradually4 ,these and other circumstances relating to this important subject1 are so fully treated of under the article ,obstructed ,perspiration1 that it is needless here to resume the consideration of them4 ,,of ,a ,,common ,,cough4 ,a cough is generally the effect of a cold1 which has either been improperly treated1 or entirely neglected4 ,when it proves obstinate1 there is always reason to fear the consequences1 as this shews a weak state of the lungs1 and is often the forerunner of a consumption4 ,if the cough be violent1 and the patient young and strong1 with a hard quick pulse1 bleeding will be proper2 but in weak and relaxed habits1 bleeding rather prolongs the disease4 ,when the patient spits freely1 bleeding is unnecessary1 and sometimes hurtful1 as it tends to lessen that discharge4 ,when the cough is not attended with any degree of fever1 and the spittle is viscid and tough1 sharp pectoral medicines are to be administered2 as gum ammoniac1 squills1 c4 ,two table-spoonfuls of the solution of gum ammoniac may be taken three or four times a-day1 more or less1 according to the age and constitution of the patient4 ,squills may be given various ways2 two ounces of the vinegar1 the oxymel1 or the syrup1 may be mixed with the same quantity of simple cinnamon water1 to which may be added an ounce of common water and an ounce of balsamic syrup4 ,two table-spoonfuls of this mixture may be taken three or four times a-day4 ,a syrup made of equal parts of lemon-juice1 honey1 and sugar-candy1 is likewise very proper in this kind of cough4 ,a table-spoonful of it may be taken at pleasure4 ,but when the defluxion is sharp and thin1 these medicines rather do hurt4 ,in this case gentle opiates1 oils1 and mucilages1 are more proper4 ,a cup of an infusion of wild poppy leaves1 and marsh-mallow roots1 or the flowers of coltsfoot1 may be taken frequently2 or a tea-spoonful of the paregoric elixir may be put into the patient's drink twice a-day4 ,fuller's ,spanish infusion is also a very proper medicine in this case1 and may be taken in the quantity of a tea-cupful three or four times a-day#ajh4 ,when a cough is occasioned by acrid humours tickling the throat and fauces1 the patient should keep some soft pectoral lozenges almost constantly in his mouth2 as the ,pontefract liquorice cakes1 barley-sugar1 the common balsamic lozenges1 ,spanish juice1 c4 ,these blunt the acrimony of the humours1 and by taking off their stimulating quality1 help to appease the cough#aji4 ,in obstinate coughs1 proceeding from a flux of humours upon the lungs1 it will often be necessary1 besides expectorating medicines1 to have recourse to issues1 setons1 or some other drain4 ,in this case ,i have often observed the most happy effects from a ,burgundy-pitch plaster applied between the shoulders4 ,i have ordered this simple remedy in the most obstinate coughs1 in a great number of cases1 and in many different constitutions1 without ever knowing it fail to give relief1 unless where there were evident signs of an ulcer in the lungs4 ,about the bulk of a nutmeg of ,burgundy-pitch may be spread thin upon a piece of soft leather1 about the size of the hand1 and laid between the shoulder-blades4 ,it may be taken off and wiped every three or four days1 and ought to be renewed once a fortnight or three weeks4 ,this is indeed a cheap and simple medicine1 and consequently apt to be despised2 but we will venture to affirm1 that the whole materia medica does not afford an application more efficacious in almost every kind of cough4 ,it has not indeed always an immediate effect2 but1 if kept on for some time1 it will succeed where most other medicines fail4 ,the only inconveniency attending this plaster is the itching which it occasions2 but surely this may be dispensed with1 considering the advantage which the patient may expect to reap from the application2 besides1 when the itching becomes very uneasy1 the plaster may be taken off1 and the part rubbed with a dry cloth1 or washed with a little warm milk and water4 ,some caution indeed is necessary in discontinuing the use of such a plaster2 this however may be safely done by making it smaller by degrees1 and at length quitting it altogether in a warm season#aaj4 ,but coughs proceed from many other causes besides defluxions upon the lungs4 ,in these cases the cure is not to be attempted by pectoral medicines4 ,thus1 in a cough proceeding from a foulness and debility of the stomach1 syrups1 oils1 mucilages1 and all kinds of balsamic medicines do hurt4 ,the stomach cough may be known from one that is owing to a fault in the lungs by this1 that in the latter the patient coughs whenever he inspires1 or draws in his breath fully2 but in the former that does not happen4 ,the cure of this cough depends chiefly upon cleansing and strengthening the stomach2 for which purpose gentle vomits and bitter purgatives are most proper4 ,thus1 after a vomit or two1 the sacred tincture1 as it is called1 may be taken for a considerable time in the dose of one or two table-spoonfuls twice a-day1 or as often as it is found necessary1 to keep the body gently open4 ,people may make this tincture themselves1 by infusing an ounce of hiera picra#aaa in an ,english pint of white wine1 letting it stand a few days1 and then draining it4 ,in coughs which proceed from a debility of the stomach1 the ,peruvian bark is likewise of considerable service4 ,it may either be chewed1 taken in powder1 or made into a tincture along with other stomachic bitters4 ,a nervous cough can only be removed by change of air and proper exercise2 to which may be added the use of gentle opiates4 ,instead of the saponaceous pill1 the paregoric elixir1 c4 which are only opium disguised1 ten1 fifteen1 twenty1 or twenty-five drops of liquid laudanum1 more or less1 as circumstances require1 may be taken at bed-time1 or when the cough is most troublesome4 ,immersing the feet and hands in warm water will often appease the violence of a nervous cough4 ,when a cough is only the symptom of some other malady1 it is in vain to attempt to remove it without first curing the disease from which it proceeds4 ,thus when a cough is occasioned by teething1 keeping the body open1 scarifying the gums1 or whatever facilitates the cutting of the teeth1 likewise appeases the cough4 ,in like manner1 when worms occasion a cough1 such medicines as remove these vermin will generally cure the cough2 as bitter purgatives1 oily clysters1 and such like4 ,women1 during the last months of pregnancy1 are often greatly afflicted with a cough1 which is generally relieved by bleeding1 and keeping the body gently open4 ,they ought to avoid all flatulent food1 and to wear a loose easy dress4 ,a cough is not only a symptom1 but is often likewise the forerunner of diseases4 ,thus1 the gout is frequently ushered in by a very troublesome cough1 which affects the patient for some days before the coming on of the fit4 ,this cough is generally removed by a paroxysm of the gout1 which should therefore be promoted1 by keeping the extremities warm1 drinking warm liquors1 and bathing the feet and legs frequently in lukewarm water4 ,,of ,,the ,,hooping-,,cough1 ,,or ,,chin-,,cough4 ,this cough seldom affects adults1 but proves often fatal to children4 ,such children as live upon thin watery diet1 who breathe unwholesome air1 and have too little exercise1 are most liable to this disease1 and generally suffer most from it4 ,the chin-cough is so well known1 even to nurses1 that a description of it is unnecessary4 ,whatever hurts the digestion1 obstructs the perspiration1 or relaxes the solids1 disposes to this disease3 consequently its cure must depend upon cleansing and strengthening the stomach1 bracing the solids1 and at the same time promoting perspiration and the different secretions4 ,the diet must be light1 and of easy digestion2 for children1 good bread made into pap or pudding1 chicken-broth1 with other light spoon meats1 are proper2 but those who are farther advanced may be allowed sago-gruel1 and if the fever be not high1 a little boiled chicken1 or other white meats4 ,the drink may be hyssop1 or penny-royal tea1 sweetened with honey or sugar-candy1 small wine-whey2 or1 if the patient be weak1 he may sometimes be allowed a little negus4 ,one of the most effectual remedies in the chin-cough is change of air4 ,this often removes the malady1 even when the change seems to be from a purer to a less wholesome air4 ,this may in some measure depend on the patient's being removed from the place where the infection prevails4 ,most of the diseases of children are infectious2 nor is it at all uncommon to find the chin-cough prevailing in one town or village1 when another1 at a very small distance1 is quite free from it4 ,but whatever be the cause1 we are sure of the fact4 ,no time ought therefore to be lost in removing the patient at some distance from the place where he caught the disease1 and1 if possible1 into a more pure and warm air#aab4 ,when the disease proves violent1 and the patient is in danger of being suffocated by the cough1 he ought to be bled1 especially if there be a fever with a hard full pulse4 ,but as the chief intention of bleeding is to prevent an inflammation of the lungs1 and to render it more safe to give vomits1 it will seldom be necessary to repeat the operation2 yet if there are symptoms of an inflammation of the lungs1 a second or even a third bleeding may be requisite4 ,it is generally reckoned a favourable symptom when a fit of coughing makes the patient vomit4 ,this cleanses the stomach1 and greatly relieves the cough4 ,it will therefore be proper to promote this discharge1 either by small doses of ipecacuanha1 or the vomiting julep recommended in the ,appendix#aac4 ,it is very difficult to make children drink after a vomit4 ,i have often seen them happily deceived1 by infusing a scruple or half a drachm of the powder of ipecacuanha in a tea-pot1 with half an ,english pint of boiling water4 ,if this be disguised with a few drops of milk and a little sugar1 they will imagine it tea1 and drink it very greedily4 ,a small tea-cupful of this may be given every quarter of an hour1 or rather every ten minutes1 till it operates4 ,when the child begins to puke1 there will be no occasion for drinking any more1 as the water already on the stomach will be sufficient4 ,vomits not only cleanse the stomach1 which in this disease is generally loaded with viscid phlegm1 but they likewise promote the perspiration and other secretions1 and ought therefore to be repeated according to the obstinacy of the disease4 ,they should not however be strong2 gentle vomits frequently repeated are both less dangerous1 and more beneficial than strong ones4 ,the body ought to be kept gently open4 ,the best medicines for this purpose are rhubarb and its preparations1 as the syrup1 tincture1 c4 ,of these a tea-spoonful or two may be given to an infant twice or thrice a-day1 as there is occasion4 ,to such as are farther advanced1 the dose must be proportionally increased1 and repeated till it has the desired effect4 ,those who cannot be brought to take the bitter tincture1 may have an infusion of senna and prunes1 sweetened with manna1 coarse sugar1 or honey2 or a few grains of rhubarb mixed with a tea-spoonful or two of syrup1 or currant jelly1 so as to disguise the taste4 ,most children are fond of syrups and jellies1 and seldom refuse even a disagreeable medicine when mixed with them4 ,many people believe that oily1 pectoral1 and balsamic medicines possess wonderful virtues for the cure of the chin-cough1 and accordingly exhibit them plentifully to patients of every age and constitution1 without considering that every thing of this nature must load the stomach1 hurt the digestion1 and of course aggravate the disorder#aad4 ,the millepedes1 or woodlice1 are greatly recommended for the cure of a chin-cough4 ,those who chuse to make use of these insects1 may infuse two ounces of them bruised in an ,english pint of small white-wine for one night4 ,afterwards the liquor may be drained through a cloth1 and a table-spoonful of it given to the patient three or four times a-day4 ,opiates are sometimes necessary to allay the violence of the cough4 ,for this purpose a little of the syrup of poppies1 or five1 six1 or seven drops of laudanum1 according to the age of the patient1 may be taken in a cup of hyssop or penny-royal-tea1 and repeated occasionally#aae4 ,the garlic ointment is a well-known remedy in ,north ,britain for the chin-cough4 ,it is made by beating in a mortar garlic with an equal quantity of hogs lard4 ,with this the soles of the feet may be rubbed twice or thrice a-day2 but the best method is to spread it upon a rag1 and apply it in the form of plaster4 ,it should be renewed every night and morning at least1 as the garlic soon loses its virtue4 ,this is an exceeding good medicine both in the chin-cough1 and in most other coughs of an obstinate nature4 ,it ought not however to be used when the patient is very hot or feverish1 lest it should increase these symptoms4 ,the feet should be bathed once every two or three days in lukewarm water2 and a ,burgundy-pitch plaster kept constantly between the shoulders4 ,but when the disease proves very violent1 it will be necessary1 instead of it1 to apply a blistering-plaster1 and to keep the part open for some time with issue ointment4 ,when the disease is prolonged1 and the patient is free from a fever1 the ,peruvian bark1 and other bitters1 are the most proper medicines4 ,the bark may either be taken in substance1 or in a decoction or infusion1 as is most agreeable4 ,for a child1 ten1 fifteen1 or twenty grains1 according to the age of the patient1 may be given three or four times a day4 ,for an adult1 half a drachm or two scruples will be proper4 ,some give the extract of the bark with cantharides2 but to manage this requires a considerable attention4 ,it is more safe to give a few grains of castor along with the bark4 ,a child of six or seven years of age may take seven or eight grains of castor1 with fifteen grains of powdered bark1 for a dose4 ,this may be made into a mixture with two or three ounces of any simple distilled water1 and a little syrup1 and taken three or four times a-day4 ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,stomach1 ,,and ,,other ,,viscera4 ,all inflammations of the bowels are dangerous1 and require the most speedy assistance2 as they frequently end in a suppuration1 and sometimes in a mortification1 which is certain death4 ,,causes4----,an inflammation of the stomach may proceed from any of the causes which produce an inflammatory fever2 as cold liquor drank while the body is warm1 obstructed perspiration1 or the sudden striking in of any eruption4 ,it may likewise proceed from the acrimony of the bile1 or from acrid and stimulating substances taken into the stomach2 as strong vomits or purges1 corrosive poisons1 and such like4 ,when the gout has been repelled from the extremities1 either by cold or improper applications1 it often occasions an inflammation of the stomach4 ,hard or indigestible substances taken into the stomach1 as bones1 the stones of fruit1 c4 may likewise have that effect4 ,,symptoms4----,it is attended with a fixed pain and burning heat in the stomach2 great restlessness and anxiety2 a small1 quick1 and hard pulse2 vomiting1 or1 at least1 a nausea and sickness2 excessive thirst2 coldness of the extremities2 difficulty of breathing2 cold clammy sweats2 and sometimes convulsions and fainting fits4 ,the stomach is swelled1 and often feels hard to the touch4 ,one of the most certain signs of this disease is the sense of pain1 which the patient feels upon taking any kind of food or drink1 especially if it be either too hot or too cold4 ,when the patient vomits every thing he eats or drinks1 is extremely restless1 has a hiccup1 with an intermitting pulse1 and frequent fainting fits1 the danger is very great4 ,,regimen4----,all acrimonious1 heating1 and irritating food and drink are carefully to be avoided4 ,the weakness of the patient may deceive the bystanders1 and induce them to give him wines1 spirits1 or other cordials2 but these never fail to increase the disease1 and often occasion sudden death4 ,the inclination to vomit may likewise impose on the attendants1 and make them think a vomit necessary2 but that too is almost certain death4 ,the food must be light1 thin1 cool1 and easy of digestion4 ,it must be given in small quantities1 and should neither be quite cold nor too hot4 ,thin gruel made of barley or oatmeal1 light toasted bread dissolved in boiling water1 or very weak chicken broth1 are the most proper4 ,the drink should be clear whey1 barley-water1 water in which toasted bread has been boiled1 or decoctions of emollient vegetables2 as liquorice and marsh-mallow roots1 sarsaparilla1 c4 ,,medicine4----,bleeding in this disease is absolutely necessary1 and is almost the only thing that can be depended on4 ,when the disease proves obstinate1 it will often be proper to repeat this operation several times1 nor must the low state of the pulse deter us from doing so4 ,the pulse indeed generally rises upon bleeding1 and as long as that is the case1 the operation is safe4 ,frequent fomentations with lukewarm water1 or a decoction of emollient vegetables1 are likewise beneficial4 ,flannel cloths dipped in these must be applied to the region of the stomach1 and removed as they grow cool4 ,they must neither be applied too warm1 nor be suffered to continue till they become quite cold1 as either of these extremities would aggravate the disease4 ,the feet and legs ought likewise to be frequently bathed in lukewarm water1 and warm bricks or poultices may be applied to the soles of the feet4 ,the warm bath1 if it can be conveniently used1 will be of great service4 ,in this1 and all other inflammations of the bowels1 an epispastic1 or blistering-plaster1 applied over the part affected1 is one of the best remedies ,i know4 ,i have often used it1 and do not recollect one instance wherein it did not give relief to the patient4 ,the only internal medicines which we shall venture to recommend in this disease1 are mild clysters4 ,these may be made of warm water1 or thin water-gruel2 and if the patient is costive1 a little sweet oil1 honey1 or manna1 may be added4 ,clysters answer the purpose of an internal fomentation1 while they keep the body open1 and at the same time nourish the patient1 who is often in this disease unable to retain any food upon his stomach4 ,for these reasons they must not be neglected1 as the patient's life may depend on them4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,intestines4 ,this is one of the most painful and dangerous diseases that mankind is liable to4 ,it generally proceeds from the same causes as the inflammation of the stomach2 to which may be added costiveness1 worms1 eating unripe fruits1 or great quantities of nuts1 drinking hard windy malt liquors1 as stale bottled beer or ale1 sour wine1 cyder1 c4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by a rupture1 by schirrous tumours of the intestines1 or by their opposite sides growing together4 ,the inflammation of the intestines is denominated ,iliac passion1 ,enteritis1 c4 according to the name of the parts affected4 ,the treatment however is nearly the same whatever part of the intestinal canal be the seat of the disease2 we shall therefore omit these distinctions1 lest they should perplex the reader4 ,the symptoms here are nearly the same as in the foregoing disease2 only the pain1 if possible1 is more acute1 and is situated lower4 ,the vomiting is likewise more violent1 and sometimes even the excrements1 together with the clysters1 are discharged by the mouth4 ,the patient is continually belching up wind1 and has often an obstruction of his urine4 ,while the pain shifts1 and the vomiting only returns at certain intervals1 and while the clysters pass downwards1 there is ground for hope2 but when the clysters and fces are vomited1 and the patient is exceeding weak1 with a low fluttering pulse1 a pale countenance1 and a disagreeable or stinking breath1 there is great reason to fear that the consequences will prove fatal4 ,clammy sweats1 black ftid stools1 with a small intermitting pulse1 and a total cessation of pain1 are signs of a mortification already begun1 and of approaching death4 ,,regimen4----,the regimen in this disease is in general the same as in an inflammation of the stomach4 ,the patient must be kept quiet1 avoiding cold1 and all violent passions of the mind4 ,his food ought to be very light1 and given in small quantities2 his drink weak and diluting2 as clear whey1 barley-water1 and such like4 ,,medicine4----,bleeding in this1 as well as in the inflammation of the stomach1 is of the greatest importance4 ,it should be performed as soon as the symptoms appear1 and must be repeated according to the strength of the patient1 and the violence of the disease4 ,a blistering plaster is here likewise to be applied immediately over the part where the most violent pain is4 ,this not only relieves the pain of the bowels1 but even clysters and purgative medicines1 which before had no effect1 will operate when the blister begins to rise4 ,fomentations and laxative clysters are by no means to be omitted4 ,the patient's feet and legs should frequently be bathed in warm water2 and cloths dipped in it applied to his belly4 ,bladders filled with warm water may likewise be applied to the region of the navel1 and warm bricks1 or bottles filled with warm water1 to the soles of the feet4 ,the clysters may be made of barley-water or thin gruel with salt1 and softened with sweet oil or fresh butter4 ,these may be administered every two or three hours1 or oftener1 if the patient continues costive4 ,if the disease does not yield to clysters and fomentations1 recourse must be had to pretty strong purgatives2 but as these1 by irritating the bowels1 often increase their contraction1 and by that means frustrate their own intention1 it will be necessary to join them with opiates1 which1 by allaying the pain1 and relaxing the spasmodic contractions of the guts1 greatly assist the operation of purgatives in this case4 ,what answers the purpose of opening the body very well1 is a solution of the bitter purging salts4 ,two ounces of these may be dissolved in an ,english pint of warm water1 or thin gruel1 and a tea-cupful of it taken every half hour till it operates4 ,at the same time fifteen1 twenty1 or twenty-five drops of laudanum may be given in a glass of peppermint or simple cinnamon-water1 to appease the irritation1 and prevent the vomiting1 c4 ,acids have often a very happy effect in staying the vomiting1 and appeasing the other violent symptoms of this disease4 ,it will therefore be of use to sharpen the patient's drink with cream of tartar1 juice of lemon2 or1 when these cannot be obtained1 with vinegar4 ,but it often happens that no liquid whatever will stay on the stomach4 ,in this case the patient must take purging pills4 ,i have generally found the following answer very well3 ,take jalap in powder1 and vitriolated tartar1 of each half a drachm1 opium one grain1 ,castile soap as much as will make the mass fit for pills4 ,these must be taken at one dose1 and if they do not operate in a few hours1 the dose may be repeated4 ,if a stool cannot be procured by any of the above means1 it will be necessary to immerse the patient in warm water up to the breast4 ,i have often seen this succeed when other means had been tried in vain4 ,the patient must continue in the water as long as he can easily bear it without fainting1 and if one immersion has not the desired effect1 it may be repeated as soon as the patient's strength and spirits are recruited4 ,it is more safe for him to go frequently into the bath1 than to continue too long at a time2 and it is often necessary to repeat it several times before it has the desired effect4 ,it has sometimes happened1 after all other means of procuring a stool had been tried to no purpose1 that this was brought about by immersing the patient's lower extremities in cold water1 or making him walk upon a wet pavement1 and dashing his legs and thighs with the cold water4 ,this method1 when others fail1 at least merits a trial4 ,it is indeed attended with some danger2 but a doubtful remedy is better than none4 ,in desperate cases it is common to give quicksilver4 ,this may be given to the quantity of several ounces1 or even a pound1 but should not exceed that#aaf4 ,when there is reason to suspect a mortification of the guts1 this medicine ought not to be tried4 ,in that case it cannot cure the patient1 and will only hasten his death4 ,but when the obstruction is occasioned by any cause that can be removed by force1 quicksilver is not only a proper medicine1 but the best that can be administered1 as it is the fittest body we know for making its way through the intestinal canal4 ,if the disease proceed from a rupture1 the patient must be laid with his head very low1 and the intestines returned by gentle pressure with the hand4 ,if this1 with fomentations and clysters1 should not succeed1 recourse must be had to a surgical operation1 which may give the patient relief4 ,such as would avoid this excruciating and dangerous disease1 must take care never to be too long without a stool4 ,some who have died of it have had several pounds of hard dry fces taken out of their guts4 ,they should likewise beware of eating too freely of sour or unripe fruits1 or drinking stale windy liquors1 c4 ,i have known it brought on by living too much on baked fruits1 which are seldom good4 ,it likewise proceeds frequently from cold caught by wet clothes1 c4 but especially from wet feet4 ,,of ,,the ,,colic4 ,the colic has a great resemblance to the two preceding diseases1 both in its symptoms and method of cure4 ,it is generally attended with costiveness and acute pain of the bowels2 and requires diluting diet1 evacuations1 fomentations1 c4 ,colics are variously denominated according to their causes1 as the flatulent1 the bilious1 the hysteric1 the nervous1 c4 ,as each of these requires a particular method of treatment1 we shall point out their most general symptoms1 and the means to be used for their relief4 ,the flatulent1 or wind-colic1 is generally occasioned by an indiscreet use of unripe fruits1 meats of hard digestion1 windy vegetables1 fermenting liquors1 and such like4 ,it may likewise proceed from an obstructed perspiration1 or catching cold4 ,delicate people1 whose digestive powers are weak1 are most liable to this kind of colic4 ,the flatulent colic may either affect the stomach or intestines4 ,it is attended with a painful stretching of the affected part4 ,the patient feels a rumbling in his guts1 and is generally relieved by a discharge of wind1 either upwards or downwards4 ,the pain is seldom confined to any particular part1 as the vapour wanders from one division of the bowels to another till it finds a vent4 ,when the disease proceeds from windy liquor1 green fruit1 sour herbs1 or the like1 the best medicine on the first appearance of the symptoms is a dram of brandy1 gin1 or any good spirits4 ,the patient should likewise sit with his feet upon a warm hearth-stone1 or apply warm bricks to them2 and warm cloths may be applied to his stomach and bowels4 ,this is the only colic wherein ardent spirits1 spiceries1 or any thing of a hot nature1 may be ventured upon4 ,nor indeed are they to be used here unless at the very beginning1 before any symptoms of inflammation appear4 ,we have reason to believe1 that a colic occasioned by wind or flatulent food might always be cured by spirits and warm liquors1 if they were taken immediately upon perceiving the first uneasiness2 but when the pain has continued for a considerable time1 and there is reason to fear an inflammation of the bowels is already begun1 all hot things are to be avoided as poison1 and the patient is to be treated in the same manner as for the inflammation of the intestines4 ,several kinds of food1 as honey1 eggs1 c4 occasion colics in some particular constitutions4 ,i have generally found the best method of cure for these was to drink plentifully of small diluting liquors1 as water-gruel1 small posset1 water with toasted bread soaked in it1 c4 ,colics which proceed from excess and indigestion generally cure themselves by occasioning vomiting or purging4 ,these discharges are by no means to be stopped1 but promoted by drinking plentifully of warm water1 or weak posset4 ,when their violence is over1 the patient may take a dose of rhubarb1 or any other gentle purge1 to carry off the dregs of his debauch4 ,colics which are occasioned by wet feet1 or catching cold1 may generally be removed at the beginning1 by bathing the feet and legs in warm water1 and drinking such warm diluting liquors as will promote the perspiration1 as weak wine-whey1 or water-gruel1 with a small quantity of spirits in it4 ,those flatulent colics1 which prevail so much among country people1 might generally be prevented were they careful to change their clothes when they get wet4 ,they ought likewise to take a dram1 or to drink some warm liquor after eating any kind of green trash4 ,we do not mean to recommend the practice of dram-drinking1 but in this case ardent spirits prove a real medicine1 and indeed the best that can be administered4 ,a glass of good peppermint water will have nearly the same effect as a glass of brandy1 and in some cases is rather to be preferred4 ,the bilious colic is attended with very acute pains about the region of the navel4 ,the patient complains of great thirst1 and is generally costive4 ,he vomits a hot1 bitter1 yellow-coloured bile1 which being discharged1 seems to afford some relief1 but is quickly followed by the same violent pain as before4 ,as the distemper advances1 the propensity to vomit sometimes increases so as to become almost continual1 and the proper motion of the intestines is so far perverted1 that there are all the symptoms of an impending iliac passion4 ,if the patient be young and strong1 and the pulse full and frequent1 it will be proper to bleed1 after which clysters may be administered4 ,clear whey or gruel1 sharpened with the juice of lemon1 or cream of tartar1 must be drank freely4 ,small chicken-broth1 with a little manna dissolved in it1 or a slight decoction of tamarinds1 are likewise very proper1 or any other thin1 acid1 opening liquor4 ,besides bleeding and plentiful dilution1 it will be necessary to foment the belly with cloths dipped in warm water1 and if this should not succeed1 the patient must be immersed up to the breast in warm water4 ,in the bilious colic the vomiting is often very difficult to restrain4 ,when this happens1 the patient may drink a decoction of toasted bread1 or an infusion of garden-mint in boiling water4 ,should these not have the desired effect1 the saline draught1 with a few drops of laudanum in it1 may be given1 and repeated according to the urgency of the symptoms4 ,a small quantity of ,venice treacle may be spread in form of a cataplasm1 and applied to the pit of the stomach4 ,clysters1 with a proper quantity of ,venice treacle or liquid laudanum in them1 may likewise be frequently administered4 ,such as are liable to frequent returns of the bilious colic should use flesh sparingly1 and live chiefly upon a light vegetable diet4 ,they should likewise take frequently a dose of cream of tartar with tamarinds1 or any other cool acid purge4 ,the hysteric colic bears a great resemblance to the bilious4 ,it is attended with acute pains about the region of the stomach1 vomiting1 c4 ,but what the patient vomits in this case is commonly of a greenish colour4 ,there is a great sinking of the spirits1 with dejection of mind and difficulty of breathing1 which are the characteristic symptoms of this disorder4 ,sometimes it is accompanied with the jaundice1 but this generally goes off of its own accord in a few days4 ,in this colic all evacuations1 as bleeding1 purging1 vomiting1 c4 do hurt4 ,every thing that weakens the patient1 or sinks the spirits1 is to be avoided4 ,if however the vomiting should prove violent1 lukewarm water1 or small posset1 may be drank to cleanse the stomach4 ,afterwards the patient may take fifteen1 twenty1 or twenty-five drops of liquid laudanum in a glass of cinnamon water4 ,this may be repeated every ten or twelve hours till the symptoms abate4 ,the patient may likewise take four or five of the ftid pills every six hours1 and drink a cup of penny-royal tea after them4 ,if asaftida should prove disagreeable1 which is sometimes the case1 a tea-spoonful of the tincture of castor in a cup of penny-royal tea1 or thirty or forty drops of the balsam of ,peru dropped upon a bit of loaf-sugar1 may be taken in its stead4 ,the anti-hysteric plaster may also be used1 which has often a good effect#aag4 ,the nervous colic prevails among miners1 smelters of lead1 plumbers1 the manufacturers of white lead1 c4 ,it is very common in the cyder counties of ,england1 and is supposed to be occasioned by the leaden vessels used in preparing that liquor4 ,it is likewise a frequent disease in the ,west ,indies1 where it is termed the dry belly-ache4 ,no disease of the bowels is attended with more excruciating pain than this4 ,nor is it soon at an end4 ,i have known it continue eight or ten days with very little intermission1 the body all the while continuing bound in spite of medicine1 yet at length yield1 and the patient recover#aah4 ,it generally however leaves the patient weak1 and often ends in a palsy4 ,the general treatment of this disease is so nearly the same with that of the iliac passion1 or inflammation of the guts1 that we shall not insist upon it4 ,the body is to be opened by mild purgatives given in small doses1 and frequently repeated1 and their operation must be assisted by soft oily clysters1 fomentations1 c4 ,the castor oil is reckoned peculiarly proper in this disease4 ,it may both be mixed with the clysters and given by the mouth4 ,the ,barbadoes tar is said to be an efficacious medicine in this complaint4 ,it may be taken to the quantity of two drachms three times a day1 or oftner if the stomach will bear it4 ,this tar1 mixed with an equal quantity of strong rum1 is likewise proper for rubbing the spine1 in case any tingling1 or other symptoms of a palsy1 are felt4 ,when the tar cannot be obtained1 the back may be rubbed with strong spirits1 or a little oil of nutmegs or of rosemary4 ,if the patient remains weak and languid after this disease1 he must take exercise on horseback1 and use an infusion of the ,peruvian bark in wine4 ,when the disease ends in a palsy1 the ,bath-waters are found to be extremely proper4 ,to avoid this kind of colic1 people must shun all sour fruits1 acids1 and austere liquors1 c4 ,those who work in lead ought never to go to their business fasting1 and their food should be oily or fat4 ,they may take a glass of sallad oil1 with a little brandy or rum every morning1 but should never take spirits alone4 ,liquid aliment is best for them2 as fat broths1 c4 but low living is bad4 ,they should frequently go a little out of the tainted air2 and should never suffer themselves to be costive4 ,in the ,west ,indies1 and on the coast of ,guinea1 it has been found of great use1 for preventing this colic1 to wear a piece of flannel round the waist1 and to drink an infusion of ginger by way of tea4 ,sundry other kinds of this disease might be mentioned1 but too many distinctions would tend only to perplex the reader4 ,those already mentioned are the most material1 and should indeed be attended to1 as their treatment is very different4 ,but even persons who are not in a condition to distinguish very accurately in these matters1 may nevertheless be of great service to patients in colics of every kind1 by only observing the following general rules1 viz4 ,to bathe the feet and legs in warm water2 to apply bladders filled with warm water1 or cloths dipped in it1 to the stomach and bowels2 to make the patient drink freely of diluting mucilaginous liquors2 and to give him an emollient clyster every two or three hours4 ,should these not succeed1 the patient ought to be immersed in warm water4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys4 ,,causes4----,this disease may proceed from any of those causes which produce an inflammatory fever4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by wounds or bruises of the kidneys2 small stones or gravel lodging within them2 by strong diuretic medicines2 as spirits of turpentine1 tincture of cantharides1 c4 ,violent motion1 as hard riding or walking1 especially in hot weather1 or whatever drives the blood too forcibly into the kidneys1 may occasion this malady4 ,it may likewise proceed from lying too soft1 too much on the back1 involuntary contractions1 or spasms1 in the urinary vessels1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,there is a sharp pain about the region of the kidneys1 with some degree of fever1 and a stupor or dull pain in the thigh of the affected side4 ,the urine is at first clear1 and afterwards of a reddish colour2 but in the worst kind of the disease it generally continues pale1 is passed with difficulty1 and commonly in small quantities at a time4 ,the patient feels great uneasiness when he endeavours to walk or sit upright4 ,he lies with most ease on the affected side1 and has generally a nausea or vomiting1 resembling that which happens in the colic4 ,this disease however may be distinguished from the colic by the pain being seated farther back1 and by the difficulty of passing urine with which it is constantly attended4 ,,regimen4----,every thing of a heating or stimulating nature is to be avoided4 ,the food must be thin and light2 as panado1 small broths1 with mild vegetables1 and the like4 ,emollient and thin liquors must be plentifully drank2 as clear whey1 or balm-tea sweetened with honey1 decoctions of marsh-mallow roots1 with barley and liquorice1 c4 ,the patient1 notwithstanding the vomiting1 must constantly keep sipping small quantities of these or other diluting liquors4 ,nothing so safely and certainly abates the inflammation1 and expels the obstructing cause1 as copious dilution4 ,the patient must be kept easy1 quiet1 and free from cold1 as long as any symptoms of inflammation remain4 ,,medicine4----,bleeding is generally necessary1 especially at the beginning4 ,ten or twelve ounces may be let from the arm or foot with a lancet1 and if the pain and inflammation continue1 the operation may be repeated in twenty-four hours1 especially if the patient be of a full habit4 ,leeches may likewise be applied to the hmorrhoidal veins1 as a discharge from these will greatly relieve the patient4 ,cloths dipped in warm water1 or bladders filled with it1 must be applied as near as possible to the part affected1 and renewed as they grow cool4 ,if the bladders be filled with a decoction of mallows and camomile flowers1 to which a little saffron is added1 and mixed with about a third part of new milk1 it will be still more beneficial4 ,emollient clysters ought frequently to be administered2 and if these do not open the body1 a little salt and honey or manna may be added to them4 ,the same course is to be followed where gravel or stone is lodged in the kidney1 but when the gravel or stone is separated from the kidney1 and lodges in the ,ureter#aai1 it will be proper1 besides the fomentations1 to rub the small of the back with sweet oil1 and to give gentle diuretics2 as juniper-water sweetened with the syrup of marsh-mallows3 a tea-spoonful of the sweet spirits of nitre1 with a few drops of laudanum1 may now and then be put in a cup of the patient's drink4 ,he ought likewise to take exercise on horseback1 or in a carriage1 if he be able to bear it4 ,when the disease is protracted beyond the seventh or eighth day1 and the patient complains of a stupor and heaviness of the part1 has frequent returns of chillness1 shivering1 c4 there is reason to suspect that matter is forming in the kidney1 and that an abscess will ensue4 ,when matter in the urine shews that an ulcer is already formed in the kidney1 the patient must be careful to abstain from all acrid1 sour1 and salted provisions2 and to live chiefly upon mild mucilaginous herbs and fruits1 together with the broth of young animals1 made with barley1 and common pot-herbs1 c4 ,his drink may be whey1 and butter-milk that is not sour4 ,the latter is by some reckoned a specific remedy in ulcers of the kidneys4 ,to answer this character1 however1 it must be drank for a considerable time4 ,chalybeate waters have likewise been found beneficial in this disease4 ,this medicine is easily obtained1 as it is found in every part of ,great ,britain4 ,it must likewise be used for a considerable time1 in order to produce any salutary effects4 ,those who are liable to frequent returns of inflammation1 or obstructions of the kidneys1 must abstain from wines1 especially such as abound with tartar2 and their food ought to be light1 and of easy digestion4 ,they should use moderate exercise1 and should not lie too hot1 nor too much on their back4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,the inflammation of the bladder proceeds1 in a great measure1 from the same causes as that of the kidneys4 ,it is known by an acute pain towards the bottom of the belly1 and difficulty of passing urine1 with some degree of fever1 a constant inclination to go to stool1 and a perpetual desire to make water4 ,this disease must be treated on the same principles as the one immediately preceding4 ,the diet must be light and thin1 and the drink of a cooling nature4 ,bleeding is very proper at the beginning1 and in robust constitutions it will often be necessary to repeat it4 ,the lower part of the belly should be fomented with warm water1 or a decoction of mild vegetables2 and emollient clysters ought frequently to be administered1 c4 ,the patient should abstain from every thing that is of a hot1 acrid1 and stimulating quality1 and should live entirely upon small broths1 gruels1 or mild vegetables4 ,a stoppage of urine may proceed from other causes besides an inflammation of the bladder2 as a swelling of the hmorrhoidal veins1 hard fces lodged in the rectum2 a stone in the bladder2 excrescences in the urinary passages1 a palsy of the bladder1 hysteric affections1 c4 ,each of these requires a particular treatment1 which does not fall under our present consideration4 ,we shall only observe1 that in all of them mild and gentle applications are the safest1 as strong diuretic medicines1 or things of an irritating nature1 generally increase the danger4 ,i have known some persons kill themselves by introducing probes into the urinary passages1 to remove1 as they thought1 somewhat that obstructed the discharge of urine1 and others bring on a violent inflammation of the bladder1 by using strong diuretics1 as oil of turpentine1 c4 for that purpose4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,liver4 ,the liver is less subject to inflammation than most of the other viscera1 as in it the circulation is slower2 but when an inflammation does happen1 it is with difficulty removed1 and often ends in a suppuration or scirrhus4 ,,causes4----,besides the common causes of inflammation1 we may here reckon the following1 viz4 excessive fatness1 a scirrhus of the liver itself1 violent shocks from strong vomits when the liver was before unsound1 an adust or atrabiliarian state of the blood1 any thing that suddenly cools the liver after it has been greatly heated1 stones obstructing the course of the bile1 drinking strong wines and spirituous liquors1 using hot spicy aliment1 obstinate hypochondriacal affections1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,this disease is known by a painful tension of the right side under the false ribs1 attended with some degree of fever1 a sense of weight1 or fulness of the part1 difficulty of breathing1 loathing of food1 great thirst1 with a pale or yellowish colour of the skin and eyes4 ,the symptoms here are various1 according to the degree of inflammation1 and likewise according to the particular part of the liver where the inflammation happens4 ,sometimes the pain is so inconsiderable1 that an inflammation is not so much as suspected2 but when it happens in the upper or convex part of the liver1 the pain is more acute1 the pulse quicker1 and the patient is often troubled with a dry cough1 a hiccup1 and a pain extending to the shoulder1 with difficulty of lying on the left side1 c4 ,this disease may be distinguished from the pleurisy by the pain being less violent1 seated under the false ribs1 the pulse not so hard1 and by the difficulty of lying on the left side4 ,it may be distinguished from the hysteric and hypochondriac disorders by the degree of fever with which it is always attended4 ,this disease1 if properly treated1 is seldom mortal4 ,a constant hiccuping1 violent fever1 and excessive thirst1 are bad symptoms4 ,if it ends in a suppuration1 and the matter cannot be discharged outwardly1 the danger is great4 ,when the scirrhus of the liver ensues1 the patient1 if he observes a proper regimen1 may nevertheless live a number of years tolerably easy2 but if he indulge in animal food and strong liquors1 or take medicines of an acrid or irritating nature1 the scirrhus will be converted into a cancer1 which must infallibly prove fatal4 ,,regimen4----,the same regimen is to be observed in this as in other inflammatory disorders4 ,all hot things are to be carefully avoided1 and cool diluting liquors1 as whey1 barley-water1 c4 drank freely4 ,the food must be light and thin1 and the body1 as well as the mind1 kept easy and quiet4 ,,medicine4----,bleeding is proper at the beginning of this disease1 and it will often be necessary1 even though the pulse should not feel hard1 to repeat it4 ,all violent purgatives are to be avoided2 the body however must be kept gently open4 ,a decoction of tamarinds1 with a little honey or manna1 will answer this purpose very well4 ,the side affected must be fomented in the manner directed in the foregoing diseases4 ,mild laxative clysters should be frequently administered2 and1 if the pain should notwithstanding continue violent1 a blistering plaster may be applied over the part affected4 ,medicines which promote the secretion of urine have a very good effect here4 ,for this purpose half a drachm of purified nitre1 or a tea-spoonful of the sweet spirits of nitre1 may be taken in a cup of the patient's drink three or four times a-day4 ,when there is an inclination to sweat1 it ought to be promoted1 but not by warm sudorifics4 ,the only thing to be used for that purpose is plenty of diluting liquors drank about the warmth of the human blood4 ,indeed the patient in this case1 as well as in all other topical inflammations1 ought to drink nothing that is colder than the blood4 ,if the stools should be loose1 and even streaked with blood1 no means must be used to stop them1 unless they be so frequent as to weaken the patient4 ,loose stools often prove critical1 and carry off the disease4 ,if an abscess or imposthume is formed in the liver1 all methods should be tried to make it break and discharge itself outwardly1 as fomentations1 the application of poultices1 ripening cataplasms1 c4 ,sometimes indeed the matter of an abscess comes away in the urine1 and sometimes it is discharged by stool1 but these are efforts of ,nature which no means can promote4 ,when the abscess bursts into the cavity of the abdomen at large1 death must ensue2 nor will the event be more favourable when the abscess is opened by an incision1 unless in cases where the liver adheres to the peritonum1 so as to form a bag for the matter1 and prevent it from falling into the cavity of the abdomen2 in which case opening the abscess by a sufficiently large incision will probably save the patient's life#abj4 ,if the disorder1 in spite of all endeavours to the contrary1 should end in a scirrhus1 the patient must be careful to regulate his diet1 c4 in such a manner as not to aggravate the disease4 ,he must not indulge in flesh1 fish1 strong liquors1 or any highly seasoned or salted provisions2 but should1 for the most part1 live on mild vegetables1 as fruits and roots2 taking gentle exercise1 and drinking whey1 barley-water1 or butter-milk4 ,if he takes any thing stronger1 it should be fine mild ale1 which is less heating than wines or spirits4 ,we shall take no notice of inflammations of the other viscera4 ,they must in general be treated upon the same principles as those already mentioned4 ,the chief rule with respect to all of them1 is to let blood1 to avoid every thing that is strong1 or of a heating nature1 to apply warm fomentations to the part affected1 and to cause the patient to drink a sufficient quantity of warm diluting liquors4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,,of ,,the ,,cholera ,,morbus1 ,,and ,,other ,,excessive ,,discharges ,,from ,,the ,,stomach ,,and ,,bowels4 ,the cholera morbus is a violent purging and vomiting1 attended with gripes1 sickness1 and a constant desire to go to stool4 ,it comes on suddenly1 and is most common in autumn4 ,there is hardly any disease that kills more quickly than this1 when proper means are not used in due time for removing it4 ,,causes4----,it is occasioned by a redundancy and putrid acrimony of the bile2 cold2 food that easily turns rancid or sour on the stomach2 as butter1 bacon1 sweetmeats1 cucumbers1 melons1 cherries1 and other cold fruits#aba4 ,it is sometimes the effect of strong acrid purges or vomits1 or of poisonous substances taken into the stomach4 ,it may likewise proceed from violent passions or affections of the mind2 as fear1 anger1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,it is generally preceded by a cardialgia1 or heart-burn1 sour belchings1 and flatulencies1 with pain of the stomach and intestines4 ,to these succeed excessive vomiting1 and purging of green1 yellow1 or blackish-coloured bile1 with a distension of the stomach1 and violent griping pains4 ,there is likewise a great thirst1 with a very quick unequal pulse1 and often a fixed acute pain about the region of the navel4 ,as the disease advances1 the pulse often sinks low as to become quite imperceptible1 the extremities grow cold1 or cramped1 and are often covered with a clammy sweat1 the urine is obstructed1 and there is a palpitation of the heart4 ,violent hiccuping1 fainting1 and convulsions1 are the signs of approaching death4 ,,medicine4----,at the beginning of this disease the efforts of ,nature to expel the offending cause should be assisted1 by promoting the purging and vomiting4 ,for this purpose the patient must drink freely of diluting liquors2 as whey1 butter-milk1 warm water1 thin water-gruel1 small posset1 or1 what is perhaps preferable to any of them1 very weak chicken broth4 ,this should not only be drank plentifully to promote the vomiting1 but a clyster of it given every hour in order to promote the purging4 ,after these evacuations have been continued for some time1 a decoction of toasted oat-bread may be drank to stop the vomiting4 ,the bread should be toasted till it is of a brown colour1 and afterwards boiled in spring water4 ,if oat-bread cannot be had1 wheat-bread1 or oatmeal well toasted1 may be used in its stead4 ,if this does not put a stop to the vomiting1 two table-spoonfuls of the saline julep1 with ten drops of laudanum1 may be taken every hour till it ceases4 ,the vomiting and purging however ought never to be stopped too soon4 ,as long as these discharges do not weaken the patient1 they are salutary1 and may be allowed to go on1 or rather ought to be promoted4 ,but when the patient is weakened by the evacuations1 which may be known from the sinking of his pulse1 c4 recourse must immediately be had to opiates1 as recommended above2 to which may be added strong wines1 with spirituous cinnamon-waters1 and other generous cordials4 ,warm negus1 or strong wine-whey1 will likewise be necessary to support the patient's spirits1 and promote the perspiration4 ,his legs should be bathed in warm water1 and afterwards rubbed with flannel cloths1 or wrapped in warm blankets1 and warm bricks applied to the soles of his feet4 ,flannels wrung out of warm spirituous fomentations should likewise be applied to the region of the stomach4 ,when the violence of the disease is over1 to prevent a relapse1 it will be necessary for some time to continue the use of small doses of laudanum4 ,ten or twelve drops may be taken in a glass of wine1 at least twice a day1 for eight or ten days4 ,the patient's food ought to be nourishing1 but taken in small quantities1 and he should use moderate exercise4 ,as the stomach and intestines are generally much weakened1 an infusion of the bark1 or other bitters1 in small wine1 sharpened with the elixir of vitriol1 may be drank for some time4 ,though physicians are seldom called in due time in this disease1 they ought not to despair of relieving the patient even in the most desperate circumstances4 ,of this ,i lately saw a very striking proof in an old man and his son1 who had been both seized with it about the middle of the night4 ,i did not see them till next morning1 when they had much more the appearance of dead than of living men4 ,no pulse could be felt2 the extremities were cold and rigid2 the countenance was ghastly1 and the strength almost quite exhausted4 ,yet from this deplorable condition they were both recovered by the use of opiates and cordial medicines4 ,,of ,a ,,diarrh,a1 or ,,looseness4 ,a looseness1 in many cases1 is not to be considered as a disease1 but rather as a salutary evacuation4 ,it ought therefore never to be stopped1 unless when it continues too long1 or evidently weakens the patient4 ,as this however sometimes happens1 we shall point out the most common causes of a looseness1 with the proper method of treatment4 ,when a looseness is occasioned by catching cold1 or an obstructed perspiration1 the patient ought to keep warm1 to drink freely of weak diluting liquors1 to bathe his feet and legs frequently in lukewarm water1 to wear flannel next his skin1 and to take every other method to restore the perspiration4 ,in a looseness which proceeds from excess or repletion1 a vomit is the proper medicine4 ,vomits not only cleanse the stomach1 but promote all the secretions1 which renders them of great importance in carrying off a debauch4 ,half a drachm of ipecacuanha in powder will answer this purpose very well4 ,a day or two after the vomit1 the same quantity of rhubarb may be taken1 and repeated two or three times1 if the looseness continues4 ,the patient ought to live upon light vegetable food of easy digestion1 and to drink whey1 thin gruel1 or barley-water4 ,a looseness1 occasioned by the obstruction of any customary evacuation1 generally requires bleeding4 ,if that does not succeed1 other evacuations may be substituted in the room of those which are obstructed4 ,at the same time1 every method is to be taken to restore the usual discharges1 as not only the cure of the disease1 but the patient's life1 may depend on this4 ,a periodical looseness ought never to be stopped4 ,it is always an effort of ,nature to carry off some offending matter1 which1 if retained in the body1 might have fatal effects4 ,children are very liable to this kind of looseness1 especially while teething4 ,it is however so far from being hurtful to them1 that such children generally get their teeth with least trouble4 ,if these loose stools should at any time prove sour or griping1 a tea-spoonful of magnesia alba1 with four or five grains of rhubarb1 may be given to the child in a little panado1 or any other food4 ,this1 if repeated three or four times1 will generally correct the acidity1 and carry off the griping stools4 ,a diarrha1 or looseness1 which proceeds from violent passions or affections of the mind1 must be treated with the greatest caution4 ,vomits in this case are highly improper4 ,nor are purges safe1 unless they be very mild1 and given in small quantities4 ,opiates1 and other antispasmodic medicines1 are most proper4 ,ten or twelve drops of liquid laudanum may be taken in a cup of valerian or penny-royal tea every eight or ten hours1 till the symptoms abate4 ,ease1 cheerfulness1 and tranquillity of mind1 are here of the greatest importance4 ,when a looseness proceeds from acrid or poisonous substances taken into the stomach1 the patient must drink large quantities of diluting liquors1 with oil or fat broths1 to promote vomiting and purging4 ,afterwards1 if there be reason to suspect that the bowels are inflamed1 bleeding will be necessary4 ,small doses of laudanum may likewise be taken to remove their irritation4 ,when the gout1 repelled from the extremities1 occasions a looseness1 it ought to be promoted by gentle doses of rhubarb1 or other mild purgatives4 ,the gouty matter is likewise to be solicited towards the extremities by warm fomentations1 cataplasms1 c4 ,the perspiration ought at the same time to be promoted by warm diluting liquors2 as wine-whey1 with spirits of hartshorn1 or a few drops of liquid laudanum1 in it4 ,when a looseness proceeds from worms1 which may be known from the sliminess of the stools1 mixed with pieces of decayed worms1 c4 medicines must be given to kill and carry off these vermin1 as the powder of tin with purges of rhubarb and calomel4 ,afterwards lime-water1 either alone1 or with a small quantity of rhubarb infused1 will be proper to strengthen the bowels1 and prevent the new generation of worms4 ,a looseness is often occasioned by drinking bad water4 ,when this is the case1 the disease generally proves epidemical4 ,when there is reason to believe that this or any other disease proceeds from the use of unwholesome water1 it ought immediately to be changed1 or1 if that cannot be done1 it may be corrected by mixing with it quicklime1 chalk1 or the like4 ,in people whose stomachs are weak1 violent exercise immediately after eating will occasion a looseness4 ,though the cure of this is obvious1 yet it will be proper1 besides avoiding violent exercise1 to use such medicines as tend to brace and strengthen the stomach1 as infusions of the bark1 with other bitter and astringent ingredients1 in white-wine4 ,such persons ought likewise to take frequently a glass or two of old red port1 or good claret4 ,from whatever cause a looseness proceeds1 when it is found necessary to check it1 the diet ought to consist of rice boiled with milk1 and flavoured with cinnamon2 rice-jelly2 sago1 with red port2 and the lighter sorts of flesh-meat roasted4 ,the drink may be thin water-gruel1 rice-water1 or weak broth made from lean veal1 or with a sheep's head1 as being more gelatinous than mutton1 beef1 or chicken-broth4 ,persons who1 from a peculiar weakness1 or too great an irritability of the bowels1 are liable to frequent returns of this disease1 should live temperately1 avoiding crude summer fruits1 all unwholesome food1 and meats of hard digestion4 ,they ought likewise to beware of cold1 moisture1 or whatever may obstruct the perspiration1 and should wear flannel next their skin4 ,all violent passions1 as fear1 anger1 c4 are likewise carefully to be guarded against4 ,,of ,,vomiting4 ,vomiting may proceed from various causes2 as excess in eating and drinking2 foulness of the stomach2 the acrimony of the aliments2 a translation of the morbific matter of ulcers1 of the gout1 the erysipelas1 or other diseases1 to the stomach4 ,it may likewise proceed from a looseness having been too suddenly stopped2 from the stoppage of any customary evacuation1 as the bleeding piles1 the menses1 c4 from a weakness of the stomach1 the colic1 the iliac passion1 a rupture1 a fit of the gravel1 worms2 or from any kind of poison taken into the stomach4 ,it is an usual symptom of injuries done to the brain2 as contusions1 compressions1 c4 ,it is likewise a symptom of wounds or inflammations of the diaphragm1 intestines1 spleen1 liver1 kidneys1 c4 ,vomiting may be occasioned by unusual motions2 as sailing1 being drawn backwards in a cart or coach1 c4 ,it may likewise be excited by violent passions1 or by the idea of nauseous or disagreeable objects1 especially of such things as have formerly produced vomiting4 ,sometimes it proceeds from a regurgitation of the bile into the stomach3 in this case1 what the patient vomits is generally of a yellow or greenish colour1 and has a bitter taste4 ,persons who are subject to nervous affections are often suddenly seized with violent fits of vomiting4 ,lastly1 vomiting is a common symptom of pregnancy4 ,in this case it generally comes on about two weeks after the stoppage of the menses1 and continues during the first three or four months4 ,when vomiting proceeds from a foul stomach or indigestion1 it is not to be considered as a disease1 but as the cure of a disease4 ,it ought therefore to be promoted by drinking lukewarm water1 or thin gruel4 ,if this does not put a stop to the vomiting1 a dose of ipecacuanha may be taken1 and worked off with weak camomile-tea4 ,when the retrocession of the gout1 or the obstruction of customary evacuations1 occasion vomiting1 all means must be used to restore these discharges2 or1 if that cannot be effected1 their place must be supplied by others1 as bleeding1 purging1 bathing the extremities in warm water1 opening issues1 setons1 perpetual blisters1 c4 ,when vomiting is the effect of pregnancy1 it may generally be mitigated by bleeding1 and keeping the body gently open4 ,the bleeding however ought to be in small quantities at a time1 and the purgatives should be of the mildest kind1 as figs1 stewed prunes1 manna1 or senna4 ,pregnant women are most apt to vomit in the morning1 immediately after getting out of bed1 which is owing partly to the change of posture1 but more to the emptiness of the stomach4 ,it may generally be prevented by taking a dish of coffee1 tea1 or some light breakfast in bed4 ,pregnant women who are afflicted with vomiting ought to be kept easy both in body and mind4 ,they should neither allow their stomachs to be quite empty1 nor should they eat much at once4 ,cold water is a very proper drink in this case2 if the stomach be weak1 a little brandy may be added to it4 ,if the spirits are low1 and the person apt to faint1 a spoonful of cinnamon-water1 with a little marmalade of quinces or oranges1 may be taken4 ,if vomiting proceeds from weakness of the stomach1 bitters will be of service4 ,peruvian bark infused in wine or brandy1 with as much rhubarb as will keep the body gently open1 is an excellent medicine in this case4 ,the elixir of vitriol is also a good medicine4 ,it may be taken in the dose of fifteen or twenty drops1 twice or thrice a day1 in a glass of wine or water4 ,habitual vomitings are sometimes alleviated by making oysters a principal part of diet4 ,a vomiting1 which proceeds from acidities in the stomach1 is relieved by alkaline purges4 ,the best medicine of this kind is the magnesia alba1 a tea-spoonful of which may be taken in a dish of tea or a little milk1 three or four times a day1 or oftener if necessary1 to keep the body open4 ,when vomiting proceeds from violent passions1 or affections of the mind1 all evacuants must be carefully avoided1 especially vomits4 ,these are exceedingly dangerous4 ,the patient in this case ought to be kept perfectly easy and quiet1 to have the mind soothed1 and to take some gentle cordial1 as negus1 or a little brandy and water1 to which a few drops of laudanum may occasionally be added4 ,when vomiting proceeds from spasmodic affections of the stomach1 musk1 castor1 and other antispasmodic medicines1 are of use4 ,warm and aromatic plasters have likewise a good effect4 ,the stomach plaster of the ,london or ,edinburgh dispensatory may be applied to the pit of the stomach1 or a plaster of theriaca1 which will answer rather better4 ,aromatic medicines may likewise be taken inwardly1 as cinnamon or mint-tea1 wine with spiceries boiled in it1 c4 ,the region of the stomach may be rubbed with ther1 or1 if that cannot be had1 with strong brandy1 or other spirits4 ,the belly should be fomented with warm water1 or the patient immersed up to the breast in a warm bath4 ,i have always found the saline draughts taken in the act of effervescence1 of singular use in stopping a vomiting1 from whatever cause it proceeded4 ,these may be prepared by dissolving a drachm of the salt of tartar in an ounce and half of fresh lemon-juice1 and adding to it an ounce of peppermint-water1 the same quantity of simple cinnamon-water1 and a little white sugar4 ,this draught must be swallowed before the effervescence is quite over1 and may be repeated every two hours1 or oftner1 if the vomiting be violent4 ,a violent vomiting has sometimes been stopped by cupping on the region of the stomach after all other means had failed4 ,as the least motion will often bring on the vomiting again1 even after it has been stopped1 the patient must avoid all manner of action4 ,the diet must be so regulated as to sit easy upon the stomach1 and nothing should be taken that is hard of digestion4 ,we do not however mean that the patient should live entirely upon slops4 ,solid food1 in this case1 often sits easier on the stomach than liquids4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,,of ,,the ,,diabetes1 ,,and ,,other ,,disorders ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys ,,and ,,bladder4 ,the diabetes is a frequent and excessive discharge of urine4 ,it is seldom to be met with among young people2 but often attacks persons in the decline of life1 especially those who follow the more violent employments1 or have been hard drinkers in their youth4 ,,causes4----,a diabetes is often the consequence of acute diseases1 as fevers1 fluxes1 c4 where the patient has suffered by excessive evacuations2 it may also be occasioned by great fatigue1 as riding long journies upon a hard-trotting horse1 carrying heavy burdens1 running1 c4 ,it may be brought on by hard drinking1 or the use of strong stimulating diuretic medicines1 as tincture of cantharides1 spirits of turpentine1 and such like4 ,it is often the effect of drinking too great quantities of mineral waters4 ,many imagine that these will do them no service unless they be drank in great quantities1 by which mistake it often happens that they occasion worse diseases than those they were intended to cure4 ,in a word1 this disease may either proceed from too great a laxity of the organs which secrete the urine1 from something that stimulates the kidneys too much1 or from a thin dissolved state of the blood1 which makes too great a quantity of it run off by the urinary passages4 ,,symptoms4----,in a diabetes1 the urine generally exceeds in quantity all the liquid food which the patient takes4 ,it is thin and pale1 of a sweetish taste1 and an agreeable smell4 ,the patient has a continual thirst1 with some degree of fever2 his mouth is dry1 and he spits frequently a frothy spittle4 ,the strength fails1 the appetite decays1 and the flesh wastes away till the patient is reduced to skin and bone4 ,there is a heat of the bowels2 and frequently the loins1 testicles1 and feet are swelled4 ,this disease may generally be cured at the beginning2 but after it has continued long1 the cure becomes very difficult4 ,in drunkards1 and very old people1 a perfect cure is not to be expected4 ,,regimen4----,every thing that stimulates the urinary passages1 or tends to relax the habit1 must be avoided4 ,for this reason the patient should live chiefly on solid food4 ,his thirst may be quenched with acids2 as sorrel1 juice of lemon1 or vinegar4 ,the mucilaginous vegetables1 as rice1 sago1 and salop1 with milk1 are the most proper food4 ,of animal substances1 shell-fish are to be preferred2 as oysters1 crabs1 c4 ,the drink may be ,bristol-water4 ,when that cannot be obtained1 lime-water1 in which a due proportion of oak bark has been macerated1 may be used4 ,the white decoction#abb1 with isinglass dissolved in it1 is likewise a very proper drink4 ,the patient ought daily to take exercise1 but it should be so gentle as not to fatigue him4 ,he should lie upon a hard bed or matrass4 ,nothing hurts the kidneys more than lying too soft4 ,a warm dry air1 the use of the flesh-brush1 and every thing that promotes perspiration1 is of service4 ,for this reason the patient ought to wear flannel next his skin4 ,a large strengthening plaster may be applied to the back2 or1 what will answer better1 a great part of the body may be wrapt in plaster4 ,,medicine4----,gentle purges1 if the patient be not too much weakened by the disease1 have a good effect4 ,they may consist of rhubarb1 with cardamum seeds1 or any other spiceries1 infused in wine1 and may be taken in such quantities as to keep the body gently open4 ,the patient must next have recourse to astringents and corroborants4 ,half a drachm of powder made of equal parts of allum and the inspissated juice commonly called ,terra ,japonica1 may be taken four times a-day1 or oftner1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,the allum must first be melted in a crucible2 afterwards they may both be pounded together4 ,along with every dose of this powder the patient may take a tea-cupful of the tincture of roses#abc4 ,if the patient's stomach cannot bear the allum in substance1 whey may be made of it1 and taken in the dose of a tea-cupful three or four times a-day4 ,the allum-whey is prepared by boiling two ,english quarts of milk over a slow fire1 with three drachms of allum1 till the curd separates4 ,opiates are of service in this disease1 even though the patient rests well4 ,they take off spasm and irritation1 and at the same time lessen the force of the circulation4 ,ten or twelve drops of liquid laudanum may be taken in a cup of the patient's drink three or four times a-day4 ,the best corroborants which we know1 are the ,peruvian bark and wine4 ,a drachm of bark may be taken in a glass of red port or claret three times a-day4 ,the medicine will be both more efficacious and less disagreeable1 if fifteen or twenty drops of the acid elixir of vitriol be added to each dose4 ,such as cannot take the bark in substance may use the decoction1 mixed with an equal quantity of red wine1 and sharpened as above4 ,there is a disease incident to labouring people in the decline of life1 called an ,,incontinency of urine4 ,but this is very different from a diabetes1 as the water passes off involuntarily by drops1 and does not exceed the usual quantity4 ,this disease is rather troublesome than dangerous4 ,it is owing to a relaxation of the sphincter of the bladder1 and is often the effect of a palsy4 ,sometimes it proceeds from hurts1 or injuries occasioned by blows1 bruises1 preternatural labours1 c4 ,sometimes it is the effect of a fever4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by a long use of strong diuretics1 or of stimulating medicines injected into the bladder4 ,this disease may be mitigated by the use of astringent and corroborating medicines1 such as have been mentioned above2 but we do not remember ever to have seen it cured4 ,in an incontinency of urine1 from whatever cause1 a piece of sponge ought to be worn1 or a bladder applied in such a manner as to prevent the urine from galling and excoriating the parts4 ,,of ,a ,,suppression ,,of ,,urine4 ,it has already been observed1 that a suppression of urine may proceed from various causes2 as an inflammation of the kidneys1 or bladder2 small stones or gravel lodging in the urinary passages1 hard fces lying in the rectum1 pregnancy1 a spasm or contraction of the neck of the bladder1 clotted blood in the bladder itself1 a swelling of the hmorrhoidal veins1 c4 ,some of these cases require the catheter1 both to remove the obstructing matter1 and to draw off the urine2 but as this instrument can only be managed with safety by persons skilled in surgery1 we shall say nothing further of its use4 ,a bougee may be used by any cautious hand1 and will often succeed better than the catheter4 ,we would chiefly recommend1 in all obstructions of urine1 fomentations and evacuants4 ,bleeding1 as far as the patient's strength will permit1 is necessary1 especially where there are symptoms of topical inflammation4 ,bleeding in this case not only abates the fever1 by lessening the force of the circulation1 but1 by relaxing the solids1 it takes off the spasm or stricture upon the vessels which occasioned the obstruction4 ,after bleeding1 fomentations must be used4 ,these may either consist of warm water alone1 or of decoctions of mild vegetables2 as mallows1 camomile-flowers1 c4 ,cloths dipped in these may either be applied to the part affected1 or a large bladder filled with the decoction may be kept continually upon it4 ,some put the herbs themselves into a flannel bag1 and apply them to the part1 which is far from being a bad method4 ,these continue longer warm than cloths dipped in the decoction1 and at the same time keep the part equally moist4 ,in all obstructions of urine1 the body ought to be kept open4 ,this is not however to be attempted by strong purgatives1 but by emollient clysters1 or gentle infusions of senna and manna4 ,clysters in this case not only open the body1 but answer the purpose of an internal fomentation1 and greatly assist in removing the spasms of the bladder and parts adjacent4 ,the food must be light1 and taken in small quantities4 ,the drink may be weak broth1 or decoctions and infusions of mucilaginous vegetables1 as marsh-mallow roots1 lime-tree buds1 c4 ,a tea-spoonful of the sweet spirits of nitre1 or a drachm of ,castile soap1 may be frequently put into the patient's drink2 and1 if there be no inflammation1 he may drink small gin-punch4 ,persons subject to a suppression of urine ought to live very temperate4 ,their diet should be light1 and their liquor diluting4 ,they should avoid all acids and austere wines1 should take sufficient exercise1 lie hard1 and avoid study and sedentary occupations4 ,,of ,,the ,,gravel ,,and ,,stone4 ,when small stones are lodged in the kidneys1 or discharged along with the urine1 the patient is said to be afflicted with the gravel4 ,if one of these stones happens to make a lodgment in the bladder for some time1 it accumulates fresh matter1 and at length becomes too large to pass off with the urine4 ,in this case the patient is said to have the stone4 ,,causes4----,the stone and gravel may be occasioned by high living2 the use of strong astringent wines2 a sedentary life2 lying too hot1 soft1 or too much on the back2 the constant use of water impregnated with earthy or stony particles2 aliments of an astringent or windy nature1 c4 ,it may likewise proceed from an hereditary disposition4 ,persons in the decline of life1 and those who have been much afflicted with the gout or rheumatism1 are most liable to it4 ,,symptoms4----,small stones or gravel in the kidneys occasion pain in the loins2 sickness2 vomiting2 and sometimes bloody urine4 ,when the stone descends into the ureter1 and is too large to pass along with ease1 all the above symptoms are increased2 the pain extends towards the bladder2 the thigh and leg of the affected side are benumbed2 the testicles are drawn upwards1 and the urine is obstructed4 ,a stone in the bladder is known from a pain1 at the time1 as well as before and after making water2 from the urine coming away by drops1 or stopping suddenly when it was running in a full stream2 by a violent pain in the neck of the bladder upon motion1 especially on horseback1 or in a carriage on a rough road2 from a white1 thick1 copious1 stinking1 mucous sediment in the urine2 from an itching in the top of the penis2 from bloody urine2 from an inclination to go to stool during the discharge of urine2 from the patient's passing his urine more easily when lying than in an erect posture2 from a kind of convulsive motion occasioned by the sharp pain in discharging the last drops of the urine2 and lastly1 from sounding or searching with the catheter4 ,,regimen4----,persons afflicted with the gravel or stone should avoid aliments of a windy or heating nature1 as salt meats1 sour fruits1 c4 ,their diet ought chiefly to consist of such things as tend to promote the secretion of urine1 and to keep the body open4 ,artichokes1 asparagus1 spinnage1 lettuce1 parsley1 succory1 purslane1 turnips1 potatoes1 carrots1 and radishes1 may be safely eaten4 ,onions1 leeks1 and celery are1 in this case1 reckoned medicinal4 ,the most proper drinks are whey1 butter-milk1 milk and water1 barley-water2 decoctions or infusions of the roots of marsh-mallows1 parsley1 liquorice1 or of other mild mucilaginous vegetables1 as linseed1 lime-tree buds or leaves1 c4 ,if the patient has been accustomed to generous liquors1 he may drink small gin-punch4 ,gentle exercise is proper2 but violent motion is apt to occasion bloody urine4 ,we would therefore advise that it should be taken in moderation4 ,persons afflicted with gravel often pass a great number of stones after riding on horseback1 or in a carriage2 but those who have a stone in the bladder are seldom able to bear these kinds of exercise4 ,where there is a hereditary tendency to this disease1 a sedentary life ought never to be indulged4 ,were people careful1 upon the first symptoms of gravel1 to observe a proper regimen of diet1 and to take sufficient exercise1 it might often be carried off1 or at least prevented from increasing2 but if the same course which occasioned the disease is persisted in1 it must be aggravated4 ,,medicine4----,in what is called a fit of the gravel1 which is commonly occasioned by a stone sticking in the ureter or some part of the urinary passages1 the patient must be bled1 warm fomentations should likewise be applied to the part affected1 emollient clysters administered1 and diluting mucilaginous liquors drank1 c4 ,the treatment of this case has been fully pointed out under the articles1 inflammation of the kidneys and bladder1 to which we refer4 ,dr4 ,whytt advises patients who are subject to frequent fits of gravel in the kidneys1 but have no stone in the bladder1 to drink every morning1 two or three hours before breakfast1 an ,english pint of oyster or cockle-shell lime-water4 ,the ,doctor very justly observes1 that though this quantity might be too small to have any sensible effect in dissolving a stone in the bladder1 yet it may very probably prevent its growth4 ,when a stone is formed in the bladder1 the ,doctor recommends ,alicant soap1 and oyster or cockle-shell lime-water#abd1 to be taken in the following manner3 ,the patient must swallow every day1 in any form that is least disagreeable1 an ounce of the internal part of ,alicant soap1 and drink three or four ,english pints of oyster or cockle shell lime-water4 ,the soap is to be divided into three doses2 the largest to be taken fasting in the morning early2 the second at noon2 and the third at seven in the evening2 drinking above each dose a large draught of the lime-water2 the remainder of which he may take any time betwixt dinner and supper1 instead of other liquors4 ,the patient should begin with a smaller quantity of the lime-water and soap than that mentioned above2 at first an ,english pint of the former1 and three drachms of the latter1 may be taken daily4 ,this quantity1 however1 he may increase by degrees1 and ought to persevere in the use of these medicines1 especially if he finds any abatement of his complaints1 for several months2 nay1 if the stone be very large1 for years4 ,it may likewise be proper for the patient1 if he be severely pained1 not only to begin with the soap and lime-water in small quantities1 but to take the second or third lime-water instead of the first4 ,however1 after he has been for some time accustomed to these medicines1 he may not only take the first water1 but1 if he finds he can easily bear it1 heighten its dissolving power still more by pouring it a second time on fresh calcined shells4 ,the caustic alkali1 or soap-lees1 is the medicine chiefly in vogue at present for the stone4 ,it is of a very acrid nature1 and ought therefore to be given in some gelatinous or mucilaginous liquor2 as veal-broth1 new milk1 linseed-tea1 a solution of gum-arabic1 or a decoction of marsh-mallow roots4 ,the patient must begin with small doses of the lees1 as thirty or forty drops1 and increase by degrees1 as far as the stomach can bear it#abe4 ,though the soap-lees and lime-water are the most powerful medicines which have hitherto been discovered for the stone2 yet there are some things of a more simple nature1 which in certain cases are found to be beneficial1 and therefore deserve a trial4 ,an infusion of the seeds of daucus sylvestris1 or wild carrot1 sweetened with honey1 has been found to give considerable ease in cases where the stomach could not bear any thing of an acrid nature4 ,a decoction of raw coffee berries taken morning and evening1 to the quantity of eight or ten ounces1 with ten drops of sweet spirit of nitre1 has likewise been found very efficacious in bringing away large quantities of earthy matter in flakes4 ,honey is likewise found to be of considerable service1 and may be taken in gruel1 or in any other form that is more agreeable4 ,the only other medicine which we shall mention is the uva ursi4 ,it has been greatly extolled of late both for the gravel and stone4 ,it seems however to be in all respects inferior to the soap and lime-water2 but it is less disagreeable1 and has frequently1 to my knowledge1 relieved gravelly complaints4 ,it is generally taken in powder from half a drachm to a whole drachm1 two or three times a day4 ,it may however be taken to the quantity of seven or eight drachms a day1 with great safety and good effect4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,of ,,involuntary ,,discharges ,,of ,,blood4 ,spontaneous or involuntary discharges of blood1 often happen from various parts of the body4 ,these however are so far from being always dangerous1 that they often prove salutary4 ,when such discharges are critical1 which is frequently the case in fevers1 they ought not to be stopped4 ,nor indeed is it proper at any time to stop them1 unless they be so great as to endanger the patient's life4 ,most people1 afraid of the smallest discharge of blood from any part of the body1 fly immediately to the use of styptic and astringent medicines1 by which means an inflammation of the brain1 or some other fatal disease1 is occasioned1 which1 had the discharge been allowed to go on1 might have been prevented4 ,periodical discharges of blood1 from whatever part of the body they proceed1 must not be stopped4 ,they are always the efforts of ,nature to relieve herself2 and fatal diseases have often been the consequence of obstructing them4 ,it may indeed be sometimes necessary to check the violence of such discharges2 but even this requires the greatest caution4 ,instances might be given where the stopping of a small periodical flux of blood1 from one of the fingers1 has proved fatal4 ,in the early period of life1 bleeding at the nose is very common4 ,those who are farther advanced in years are more liable to hmoptoe1 or discharge of blood from the lungs4 ,after the middle period of life1 hmorrhoidal fluxes are most common2 and in the decline of life1 discharges of blood from the urinary passages4 ,involuntary fluxes of blood may proceed from very different1 and often from quite opposite causes4 ,sometimes they are owing to a particular construction of the body1 as a sanguine temperament1 a laxity of the vessels1 a plethoric habit1 c4 ,at other times they proceed from a determination of the blood towards one particular part1 as the head1 the hmorrhoidal veins1 c4 ,they may likewise proceed from an inflammatory disposition of the blood1 in which case there is generally some degree of fever3 this likewise happens when the flux is occasioned by an obstructed perspiration1 or a stricture upon the skin1 the bowels1 or any particular part of the system4 ,but a dissolved state of the blood will likewise occasion hmorrhages4 ,thus1 in putrid fevers1 the dysentery1 the scurvy1 the malignant small-pox1 c4 there are often very great discharges of blood from different parts of the body4 ,they may likewise be brought on by too liberal an use of medicines which tend to dissolve the blood1 as cantharides1 the volatile alkaline salts1 c4 ,food of an acrid or irritating quality may likewise occasion hmorrhages2 as also strong purges and vomits1 or any thing that greatly stimulates the bowels4 ,violent passions or agitations of the mind will likewise have this effect4 ,these often cause bleeding at the nose1 and ,i have known them sometimes occasion an hmorrhage in the brain4 ,violent efforts of the body1 by overstraining or hurting the vessels1 may have the same effect1 especially when the body is long kept in an unnatural posture1 as hanging the head very low1 c4 ,the cure of an hmorrhage must be adapted to its cause4 ,when it proceeds from too much blood1 or a tendency to inflammation1 bleeding1 with gentle purges1 and other evacuations1 will be necessary4 ,it will likewise be proper for the patient in this case to live chiefly upon a vegetable diet1 to avoid all strong liquors1 and food that is of an acrid1 hot1 or stimulating quality4 ,the body should be kept cool1 and the mind easy4 ,when an hmorrhage is owing to a putrid or dissolved state of the blood1 the patient ought to live chiefly upon acid fruits with milk1 and vegetables of a nourishing nature1 as sago1 salop1 c4 ,his drink may be wine diluted with water1 and sharpened with the juice of lemon1 vinegar1 or spirits of vitriol4 ,the best medicine in this case is the ,peruvian bark1 which may be taken according to the urgency of the symptoms4 ,when a flux of blood is the effect of acrid food1 or of strong stimulating medicines1 the cure is to be effected by soft and mucilaginous diet4 ,the patient may likewise take frequently about the bulk of a nutmeg of ,locatelli's balsam1 or the same quantity of sperma-ceti4 ,when an obstructed perspiration1 or a stricture upon any part of the system1 is the cause of an hmorrhage1 it may be removed by drinking warm diluting liquors1 lying a-bed1 bathing the extremities in warm water1 c4 ,,of ,,bleeding ,,at ,,the ,,nose4 ,bleeding at the nose is commonly preceded by some degree of quickness of the pulse1 flushing in the face1 pulsation of the temporal arteries1 heaviness in the head1 dimness of the sight1 heat and itching of the nostrils1 c4 ,to persons who abound with blood this discharge is very salutary4 ,it often cures a vertigo1 the head-ach1 a phrenzy1 and even an epilepsy4 ,in fevers1 where there is a great determination of blood towards the head1 it is of the utmost service4 ,it is likewise beneficial in inflammations of the liver and spleen1 and often in the gout and rheumatism4 ,in all diseases where bleeding is necessary1 a spontaneous discharge of blood from the nose is of much more service than the same quantity let with a lancet4 ,in a discharge of blood from the nose1 the great point is to determine whether it ought to be stopped or not4 ,it is a common practice to stop the bleeding1 without considering whether it be a disease1 or the cure of a disease4 ,this conduct proceeds from fear2 but it has often bad1 and sometimes fatal consequences4 ,when a discharge of blood from the nose happens in an inflammatory disease1 there is always reason to believe that it may prove salutary2 and therefore it should be suffered to go on1 at least as long as the patient is not weakened by it4 ,when it happens to persons in perfect health1 who are full of blood1 it ought not to be suddenly stopped1 especially if the symptoms of plethora1 mentioned above1 have preceded it4 ,in this case it cannot be stopped without risking the patient's life4 ,in fine1 whenever bleeding at the nose relieves any bad symptom1 and does not proceed so far as to endanger the patient's life1 it ought not to be stopped4 ,but when it returns frequently1 or continues till the pulse becomes low1 the extremities begin to grow cold1 the lips pale1 or the patient complains of being sick or faint1 it must immediately be stopped4 ,for this purpose the patient should be set nearly upright1 with his head reclining a little1 and his legs immersed in water about the warmth of new milk4 ,his hands ought likewise to be put in lukewarm water1 and his garters may be tied a little tighter than usual4 ,ligatures may be applied to the arms1 about the place where they are usually made for bleeding1 and with nearly the same degree of tightness4 ,these must be gradually slackened as the blood begins to stop1 and removed entirely as soon as it gives over4 ,sometimes dry lint put up the nostrils will stop the bleeding4 ,when this does not succeed1 dossils of lint dipped in strong spirits of wine1 may be put up the nostrils1 or if that cannot be had1 they may be dipped in brandy4 ,blue vitriol dissolved in water may likewise be used for this purpose1 or a tent dipped in the white of an egg beat up1 may be rolled in a powder made of equal parts of white sugar1 burnt allum1 and white vitriol1 and put up the nostril from whence the blood issues4 ,internal medicines can hardly be of use here1 as they have seldom time to operate4 ,it may not however be amiss to give the patient half an ounce of ,glauber's salt1 and the same quantity of manna1 dissolved in four or five ounces of barley-water4 ,this may be taken at a draught1 and repeated1 if it does not operate1 in a few hours4 ,ten or twelve grains of nitre may be taken in a glass of cold water and vinegar every hour1 or oftner1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,if a stronger medicine be necessary1 a tea-cupful of the tincture of roses1 with twenty or thirty drops of the weak spirit of vitriol1 may be taken every hour4 ,when these things cannot be had1 the patient may drink water1 with a little common salt in it1 or equal parts of water and vinegar4 ,if the genitals be immersed for some time in cold water1 it will generally stop a bleeding at the nose4 ,i have not known this fail4 ,sometimes1 when the bleeding is stopped outwardly1 it continues inwardly4 ,this is very troublesome1 and requires particular attention1 as the patient is apt to be suffocated with the blood1 especially if he falls asleep1 which he is very ready to do after losing a great quantity of blood4 ,when the patient is in danger of suffocation from the blood getting into his throat1 the passages may be stopped by drawing threads up the nostrils1 and bringing them out at the mouth1 then fastening pieces of spunge1 or small rolls of linen cloth to their extremities2 afterwards drawing them back1 and tying them on the outside with a sufficient degree of tightness4 ,after the bleeding is stopped1 the patient ought to be kept as easy and quiet as possible4 ,he should not pick his nose1 nor take away the tents or clotted blood1 till they fall off of their own accord1 and should not lie with his head low4 ,those who are affected with frequent bleeding at the nose ought to bathe their feet often in warm water1 and to keep them warm and dry4 ,they ought to wear nothing tight about their necks1 to keep their body as much in an erect posture as possible1 and never to view any object obliquely4 ,if they have too much blood1 a vegetable diet1 with now and then a cooling purge1 is the safest way to lessen it4 ,but when the disease proceeds from a thin dissolved flare of the blood1 the diet should be rich and nourishing2 as strong broths and jellies1 sago-gruel with wine and sugar1 c4 ,infusions of the ,peruvian bark in wine ought likewise to be taken and persisted in for a considerable time4 ,,of ,,the ,,bleeding ,,and ,,blind ,,piles4 ,a discharge of blood from the hmorrhoidal vessels is called the bleeding piles4 ,when the vessels only swell1 and discharge no blood1 but are exceeding painful1 the disease is called the blind piles4 ,persons of a loose spungy fibre1 of a bulky size1 who live high1 and lead a sedentary inactive life1 are most subject to this disease4 ,it is often owing to a hereditary disposition4 ,where this is the case1 it attacks persons more early in life than when it is accidental4 ,men are more liable to it than women1 especially those of a sanguine1 plethoric1 or a scorbutic habit1 or of a melancholy disposition4 ,the piles may be occasioned by an excess of blood1 by strong aloetic purges1 high-seasoned food1 drinking great quantities of sweet wines1 the neglect of bleeding1 or other customary evacuations1 much riding1 great costiveness1 or any thing that occasions hard or difficult stools4 ,anger1 grief1 or other violent passions1 will likewise occasion the piles4 ,i have often known them brought on by sitting on the damp ground4 ,a pair of thin breeches will excite the disorder in a person who is subject to it1 and sometimes even in those who never had it before4 ,pregnant women are often afflicted with the piles4 ,a flux of blood from the anus is not always to be treated as a disease4 ,it is even more salutary than bleeding at the nose1 and often prevents or carries off diseases4 ,it is peculiarly beneficial in the gout1 rheumatism1 asthma1 and hypochondriacal complaints1 and often proves critical in colics1 and inflammatory fevers4 ,in the management of the patient1 regard must be had to his habit of body1 his age1 strength1 and manner of living4 ,a discharge which might be excessive and prove hurtful to one1 may be very moderate1 and even salutary to another4 ,that only is to be esteemed dangerous which continues too long1 and is in such quantity as to waste the patient's strength1 hurt the digestion1 nutrition1 and other functions necessary to life4 ,when this is the case1 the discharge must be checked by a proper regimen1 and astringent medicines4 ,the ,,diet must be cool but nourishing1 consisting chiefly of bread1 milk1 cooling vegetables and broths4 ,the drink may be chalybeate water1 orange-whey1 decoctions or infusions of the astringent and mucilaginous plants1 as the tormentil root1 bistort1 the marsh-mallow-roots1 c4 ,old conserve of red roses is a very good medicine in this case4 ,it may be mixed with new milk1 and taken in the quantity of an ounce three or four times a-day4 ,this medicine is in no great repute1 owing to its being seldom taken in such quantity as to produce any effects2 but when taken as here directed1 and duly persisted in1 ,i have known it perform very extraordinary cures in violent hmorrhages1 especially when assisted by the tincture of roses2 a tea-cupful of which may be taken about an hour after every dose of the conserve4 ,the ,peruvian bark is likewise proper in this case1 both as a strengthener and astringent4 ,half a drachm of it may be taken in a glass of red-wine1 sharpened with a few drops of the elixir of vitriol1 three or four times a-day4 ,the bleeding piles are sometimes periodical1 and return regularly once a month1 or once in three weeks4 ,in this case they are always to be considered as a salutary discharge1 and by no means to be stopped4 ,some have entirely ruined their health by stopping a periodical discharge of blood from the hmorrhoidal veins4 ,in the blind piles bleeding is generally of use4 ,the diet must be light and thin1 and the drink cool and diluting4 ,it is likewise necessary that the body be kept gently open4 ,this may be done by small doses of the flowers of brimstone and cream of tartar4 ,these may be mixed in equal quantities1 and a tea-spoonful taken two or three times a-day1 or oftner if necessary4 ,or an ounce of the flowers of brimstone and half an ounce of purified nitre may be mixed with three or four ounces of the lenitive electuary1 and a tea-spoonful of it taken three or four times a-day4 ,emollient clysters are here likewise beneficial2 but there is sometimes such an astriction of the anus1 that they cannot be thrown up4 ,in this case ,i have known a vomit have a very good effect4 ,when the piles are exceeding painful and swelled1 but discharge nothing1 the patient must sit over the steams of warm water4 ,he may likewise apply a linen cloth dipped in warm spirits of wine to the part1 or poultices made of bread and milk1 or of leeks fried with butter4 ,if these do not produce a discharge1 and the piles appear large1 leeches must be applied as near them as possible1 or1 if they will fix upon the piles themselves1 so much the better4 ,when leeches will not fix1 the piles may be opened with a lancet4 ,the operation is very easy1 and is attended with no danger4 ,various ointments1 and other external applications1 are recommended in the piles2 but ,i do not remember to have seen any effects from these worth mentioning4 ,their principal use is to keep the part moist1 which may be done as well by a soft poultice1 or an emollient cataplasm4 ,when the pain however is very great1 a liniment made of two ounces of emollient ointment1 and half an ounce of liquid laudanum1 beat up with the yolk of an egg1 may be applied4 ,,spitting ,,of ,,blood4 ,we mean here to treat of that discharge of blood from the lungs only which is called an hmoptoe1 or spitting of blood4 ,persons of a slender make1 and a lax fibre1 who have long necks and strait breasts1 are most liable to this disease4 ,it is most common in the spring1 and generally attacks people before they arrive at the prime or middle period of life4 ,it is a common observation1 that those who have been subject to bleeding at the nose when young1 are afterwards most liable to an hmoptoe4 ,,causes4----,an hmoptoe may proceed from excess of blood1 from a peculiar weakness of the lungs1 or a bad conformation of the breast4 ,it is often occasioned by excessive drinking1 running1 wrestling1 singing1 or speaking aloud4 ,such as have weak lungs ought to avoid all violent exertions of that organ1 as they value life4 ,they should likewise guard against violent passions1 excessive drinking1 and every thing that occasions a rapid circulation of the blood4 ,this disease may likewise proceed from wounds of the lungs4 ,these may either be received from without1 or they may be occasioned by hard bodies getting into the wind-pipe1 and so falling down upon the lungs1 and hurting that tender organ4 ,the obstruction of any customary evacuation may occasion a spitting of blood2 as neglect of bleeding or purging at the usual seasons1 the stoppage of the bleeding piles in men1 or the menses in women1 c4 ,it may likewise proceed from a polypus1 scirrhous concretions1 or any thing that obstructs the circulation of the blood in the lungs4 ,it is often the effect of a long and violent cough2 in which case it is generally the forerunner of a consumption4 ,a violent degree of cold suddenly applied to the external parts of the body will occasion an hmoptoe4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by breathing air which is too much rarified to be able properly to expand the lungs4 ,this is often the case with those who work in hot places1 as furnaces1 glasshouses1 or the like4 ,it is likewise said to happen to such as ascend to the top of very high mountains1 as the ,peak of ,teneriff1 c4 ,spitting of blood is not always to be considered as a primary disease4 ,it is often only a symptom1 and in some diseases not an unfavourable one4 ,this is the case in pleurisies1 peripneumonies1 and sundry other fevers4 ,in a dropsy1 scurvy1 or consumption1 it is a bad symptom1 and shews that the lungs are ulcerated4 ,,symptoms4----,spitting of blood is generally preceded by a sense of weight1 and oppression of the breast1 a dry tickling cough1 hoarseness1 and a difficulty of breathing4 ,sometimes it is ushered in with shivering coldness of the extremities1 costiveness1 great lassitude1 flatulence1 pain of the back and loins1 c4 ,as these shew a general stricture upon the vessels1 and a tendency of the blood to inflammation1 they are commonly the forerunners of a very copious discharge4 ,the above symptoms do not attend a discharge of blood from the gums or fauces1 by which means these may always be distinguished from an hmoptoe4 ,sometimes the blood that is spit up is thin1 and of a florid red colour2 and at other times it is thick1 and of a dark or blackish colour2 nothing however can be inferred from this circumstance1 but that the blood has lain a longer or shorter time in the breast before it was discharged4 ,spitting of blood1 in a strong healthy person1 of a sound constitution1 is not very dangerous2 but when it attacks the tender and delicate1 or persons of a weak lax fibre1 it is with difficulty removed4 ,when it proceeds from a scirrhus or polypus of the lungs1 it is bad4 ,the danger is greater when the discharge proceeds from the rupture of a large vessel than of a small one4 ,when the extravasated blood is not spit up1 but lodges in the breast1 it corrupts1 and greatly increases the danger4 ,when the blood proceeds from an ulcer in the lungs1 it is generally fatal4 ,,regimen4----,the patient ought to be kept cool and easy4 ,every thing that heats the body or quickens the circulation1 increases the danger4 ,the mind ought likewise to be soothed1 and every occasion of exciting the passions avoided4 ,the diet should be soft1 cooling1 and slender2 as rice boiled with milk1 small broths1 barley-gruels1 panado1 c4 ,the diet1 in this case1 can scarce be too low4 ,even water-gruel is sufficient to support the patient for some days4 ,all strong liquors must be avoided4 ,the patient may drink milk and water1 barley-water1 whey1 butter-milk1 and such like4 ,every thing however should be drank cold1 and in small quantities at a time4 ,he should observe the strictest silence1 or at least speak with a very low voice4 ,,medicine4----,this1 like the other involuntary discharges of blood1 ought not to be suddenly stopped by astringent medicines4 ,more mischief is often done by these than if it were suffered to go on4 ,it may however proceed so far as to weaken the patient1 and even endanger his life2 in which case proper means must be used for restraining it4 ,the body should be kept gently open by laxative diet2 as roasted apples1 stewed prunes1 and such like4 ,if these should not have the desired effect1 a tea-spoonful of the lenitive electuary may be taken twice or thrice a-day1 as is found necessary4 ,if the bleeding proves violent1 ligatures may be applied to the extremities1 as directed for a bleeding at the nose4 ,if the patient be hot or feverish1 bleeding and small doses of nitre will be of use2 a scruple or half a drachm of nitre may be taken in a cup of his ordinary drink twice or thrice a-day4 ,his drink may likewise be sharpened with acids1 as juice of lemon1 or a few drops of the spirit of vitriol2 or he may take frequently a cup of the tincture of roses4 ,bathing the feet and legs in lukewarm water has likewise a very good effect in this disease4 ,opiates too are sometimes beneficial2 but these must be administered with caution4 ,ten or twelve drops of laudanum may be given in a cup of barley-water twice a-day1 and continued for some time1 provided they be found beneficial4 ,the conserve of roses is likewise a very good medicine in this case1 provided it be taken in sufficient quantity1 and long enough persisted in4 ,it may be taken to the quantity of three or four ounces a-day2 and1 if the patient be troubled with a cough1 it should be made into an electuary with balsamic syrup1 and a little of the syrup of poppies4 ,if stronger astringents be necessary1 fifteen or twenty drops of the elixir of vitriol may be given in a glass of water three or four times a-day4 ,those who are subject to frequent returns of this disease should avoid all excess4 ,their diet should be light and cool1 consisting chiefly of milk and vegetables4 ,above all1 let them beware of vigorous efforts of the body1 and violent agitations of the mind4 ,,vomiting ,,of ,,blood4 ,this is not so common as the other discharges of blood which have already been mentioned2 but it is very dangerous1 and requires particular attention4 ,vomiting of blood is generally preceded by pain of the stomach1 sickness1 and nausea2 and is accompanied with great anxiety1 and frequent fainting fits4 ,this disease is sometimes periodical2 in which case it is less dangerous4 ,it often proceeds from an obstruction of the menses in women2 and sometimes from the stopping of the hmorrhoidal flux in men4 ,it may be occasioned by any thing that greatly stimulates or wounds the stomach1 as strong vomits or purges1 acrid poisons1 sharp or hard substances taken into the stomach1 c4 ,it is often the effect of obstructions in the liver1 the spleen1 or some of the other viscera4 ,it may likewise proceed from external violence1 as blows or bruises1 or from any of the causes which produce inflammation4 ,in hysteric women1 vomiting of blood is a very common1 but by no means a dangerous symptom4 ,a great part of the danger in this disease arises from the extravasated blood lodging in the bowels1 and becoming putrid1 by which means a dysentery or putrid fever may be occasioned4 ,the best way of preventing this1 is to keep the body gently open1 by frequently exhibiting emollient clysters4 ,purges must not be given till the discharge is stopt1 otherwise they will irritate the stomach1 and increase the disorder4 ,all the food and drink must be of a mild cooling nature1 and taken in small quantities4 ,even drinking cold water has sometimes proved a remedy1 but it will succeed better when sharpened with the weak spirits of vitriol4 ,when there are signs of an inflammation1 bleeding may be necessary2 but the patient's weakness will seldom permit it4 ,opiates may be of use2 but they must be given in very small doses1 as four or five drops of liquid laudanum twice or thrice a-day4 ,after the discharge is over1 as the patient is generally troubled with gripes1 occasioned by the acrimony of the blood lodged in the intestines1 gentle purges will be necessary4 ,,of ,,bloody ,,urine4 ,this is a discharge of blood from the vessels of the kidneys or bladder1 occasioned by their being either enlarged1 broken1 or eroded4 ,it is more or less dangerous according to the different circumstances which attend it4 ,when pure blood is voided suddenly without interruption and without pain1 it proceeds from the kidneys2 but if the blood be in small quantity1 of a dark colour1 and emitted with heat and pain about the bottom of the belly1 it proceeds from the bladder4 ,when bloody urine is occasioned by a rough stone descending from the kidneys to the bladder1 which wounds the ureters1 it is attended with a sharp pain in the back1 and difficulty of making water4 ,if the coats of the bladder are hurt by a stone1 and the bloody urine follows1 it is attended with the most acute pain1 and a previous stoppage of urine4 ,bloody urine may likewise be occasioned by falls1 blows1 the lifting or carrying of heavy burdens1 hard riding1 or any violent motion4 ,it may also proceed from ulcers of the bladder1 from a stone lodged in the kidneys1 or from violent purges1 or sharp diuretic medicines1 especially cantharides4 ,bloody urine is always attended with some degree of danger3 but it is peculiarly so when mixed with purulent matter1 as this shews an ulcer somewhere in the urinary passages4 ,sometimes this discharge proceeds from excess of blood1 in which case it is rather to be considered as a salutary evacuation than a disease4 ,if the discharge however be very great1 it may waste the patient's strength1 and occasion an ill habit of body1 a dropsy1 or a consumption4 ,the treatment of this disorder must be varied according to the different causes from which it proceeds4 ,when it is owing to a stone in the bladder1 the cure depends upon an operation2 a description of which would be foreign to our purpose4 ,if it be attended with a plethora1 and symptoms of inflammation1 bleeding will be necessary4 ,the body must likewise be kept open by emollient clysters1 or cooling purgative medicines2 as cream of tartar1 rhubarb1 manna1 or small doses of lenitive electuary4 ,when bloody urine proceeds from a dissolved state of the blood1 it is commonly the symptom of some malignant disease2 as the small-pox1 a putrid fever1 or the like4 ,in this case the patient's life depends on the liberal use of the ,peruvian bark and acids1 as has already been shewn4 ,when there is reason to suspect an ulcer in the kidneys or bladder1 the patient's diet must be cool1 and his drink of a soft1 healing1 balsamic quality1 as decoctions of marsh-mallow roots with liquorice1 solutions of gum-arabic1 c4 ,three ounces of marsh-mallow roots1 and half an ounce of liquorice1 may be boiled in two ,english quarts of water to one2 two ounces of gum-arabic1 and half an ounce of purified nitre1 may be dissolved in the strained liquor1 and a tea-cupful of it taken four or five times a-day4 ,the early use of astringents in this disease has often bad consequences4 ,when the flux is stopped too soon1 the grumous blood1 by being confined in the vessels1 may produce inflammations1 abscess1 and ulcers4 ,if however the case be urgent1 or the patient seems to suffer from the loss of blood1 gentle astringents may be necessary4 ,in this case the patient may take three or four ounces of lime-water1 with half an ounce of the tincture of ,peruvian bark1 three times a-day4 ,,of ,,the ,,dysentery1 ,,or ,,bloody ,,flux4 ,this disease prevails in the spring and autumn4 ,it is most common in marshy countries1 where1 after hot and dry summers1 it is apt to become epidemic4 ,persons are most liable to it who are much exposed to the night-air1 or who live in places where the air is confined and unwholesome4 ,hence it often proves fatal in camps1 on shipboard1 in jails1 hospitals1 and such like places4 ,,causes4----,the dysentery may be occasioned by any thing that obstructs the perforation1 or renders the humours putrid2 as damp beds1 wet clothes1 unwholesome diet1 air1 c4 ,but it is most frequently communicated by infection4 ,this ought to make people extremely cautious in going near such persons as labour under the disease4 ,even the smell of the patient's excrements has been known to communicate the infection4 ,,symptoms4----,it is known by a flux of the belly1 attended with violent pain of the bowels1 a constant inclination to go to stool1 and generally more or less blood in the stools4 ,it begins1 like other fevers1 with chillness1 loss of strength1 a quick pulse1 great thirst1 and an inclination to vomit4 ,the stools are at first greasy and frothy1 afterwards they are streaked with blood1 and at last have frequently the appearance of pure blood1 mixed with small filaments resembling bits of skin4 ,worms are sometimes passed both upwards and downwards through the whole course of the disease4 ,when the patient goes to stool1 he feels a bearing down1 as if the whole bowels were falling out1 and sometimes a part of the intestine is actually protruded1 which proves exceeding troublesome1 especially in children4 ,flatulency is likewise a troublesome symptom1 especially towards the end of the disease4 ,this disease may be distinguished from a diarrha or looseness1 by the acute pain of the bowels1 and the blood which generally appears in the stools4 ,it may be distinguished from the cholera morbus by its not being attended with such violent and frequent fits of vomiting1 c4 ,when the dysentery attacks the old1 the delicate1 or such as have been wasted by the gout1 the scurvy1 or other lingering diseases1 it generally proves fatal4 ,vomiting and hiccuping are bad signs1 as they shew an inflammation of the stomach4 ,when the stools are green1 black1 or have an exceeding disagreeable cadaverous smell1 the danger is very great1 as it shows the disease to be of the putrid kind4 ,it is an unfavourable symptom when clysters are immediately returned2 but still more so1 when the passage is so obstinately shut1 that they cannot be injected4 ,a feeble pulse1 coldness of the extremities1 with difficulty of swallowing1 and convulsions1 are signs of approaching death4 ,,regimen4----,nothing is of more importance in this disease than cleanliness4 ,it contributes greatly to the recovery of the patient1 and no less to the safety of such as attend him4 ,in all contagious diseases the danger is increased1 and the infection spread1 by the neglect of cleanliness1 but in no one more than this4 ,every thing about the patient should be frequently changed4 ,the excrements should never be suffered to continue in his chamber1 but removed immediately1 and buried under ground4 ,a constant stream of fresh air should be admitted into the chamber2 and it ought frequently to be sprinkled with vinegar1 juice of lemon1 or some other strong acid4 ,the patient must not be discouraged1 but his spirits kept up in hopes of a cure4 ,nothing tends more to render any putrid disease mortal1 than the fears and apprehensions of the sick4 ,all diseases of this nature have a tendency to sink and depress the spirits1 and when that is increased by fears and alarms from those whom the patient believes to be persons of skill1 it cannot fail to have the worst effects4 ,a flannel waistcoat worn next the skin has often a very good effect in the dysentery4 ,this promotes the perspiration without overheating the body4 ,great caution however is necessary in leaving it off4 ,i have often known a dysentery brought on by imprudently throwing off a flannel waistcoat before the season was sufficiently warm4 ,for whatever purpose this piece of dress is worn1 it should never be left off but in a warm season4 ,in this disease the greatest attention must be paid to the patient's diet4 ,flesh1 fish1 and every thing that has a tendency to turn putrid or rancid on the stomach1 must be abstained from4 ,apples boiled in milk1 water-pap1 and plain light pudding1 with broth made of the gelatinous parts of animals1 may constitute the principal part of the patient's food4 ,gelatinous broth not only answers the purpose of food1 but likewise of medicine4 ,i have often known dysenteries1 which were not of a putrid nature1 cured by it after pompous medicines had proved ineffectual#abf4 ,another kind of food very proper in the dysentery1 which may be used by such as cannot take the broth mentioned above1 is made by boiling a few handfuls of fine flour1 tied in a cloth1 for six or seven hours1 till it becomes as hard as starch4 ,two or three table-spoonfuls of this may be grated down1 and boiled in such a quantity of new milk and water as to be of the thickness of pap4 ,this may be sweetened to the patient's taste1 and taken for his ordinary food#abg4 ,in a putrid dysentery the patient may be allowed to eat freely of most kinds of good ripe fruit2 as apples1 grapes1 gooseberries1 currant-berries1 strawberries1 c4 ,these may either be eaten raw or boiled1 with or without milk1 as the patient chuses4 ,the prejudice against fruit in this disease is so great1 that many believe it to be the common cause of dysenteries4 ,this however is an egregious mistake4 ,both reason and experience shew1 that good fruit is one of the best medicines1 both for the prevention and cure of the dysentery4 ,good fruit is in every respect calculated to counteract that tendency to putrefaction1 from whence the most dangerous kind of dysentery proceeds4 ,the patient in such a case ought therefore be allowed to eat as much fruit as he pleases1 provided it be ripe#abh4 ,the most proper drink in this disorder is whey4 ,the dysentery has often been cured by the use of clear whey alone4 ,it may be taken both for drink and in form of clyster4 ,when whey cannot be had1 barley-water sharpened with cream of tartar may be drank1 or a decoction of barley and tamarinds2 two ounces of the former and one of the latter may be boiled in two ,english quarts of water to one4 ,warm water1 water-gruel1 or water wherein hot iron has been frequently quenched1 are all very proper1 and may be drank in turns4 ,camomile-tea1 if the stomach will bear it1 is an exceeding proper drink4 ,it both strengthens the stomach1 and by its antiseptic quality tends to prevent a mortification of the bowels4 ,,medicine4----,at the beginning of this disease it is always necessary to cleanse the first passages4 ,for this purpose a vomit of ipecacuanha must be given1 and wrought off with weak camomile-tea4 ,strong vomits are seldom necessary here4 ,a scruple1 or at most half a drachm of ipecacuanha1 is generally sufficient for an adult1 and sometimes a very few grains will suffice4 ,the day after the vomit1 half a drachm1 or two scruples of rhubarb1 must be taken2 or1 what will answer the purpose rather better1 an ounce or an ounce and a half of ,epsom salts4 ,this dose may be repeated every other day for two or three times4 ,afterwards small doles of ipecacuanha may be taken for some time4 ,two or three grains of the powder may be mixed in a table-spoonful of the syrup of poppies1 and taken three times a day4 ,these evacuations1 and the regimen prescribed above1 will often be sufficient to effect a cure4 ,should it however happen otherwise1 the following astringent medicines may be used4 ,a clyster of starch or fat mutton-broth1 with thirty or forty drops of liquid laudanum in it1 may be administered twice a-day4 ,at the same time an ounce of gum-arabic1 and half an ounce of gum-tragacanth1 may be dissolved in an ,english pint of barley-water1 over a slow fire1 and a table-spoonful of it taken every hour4 ,if these have not the desired effect1 the patient may take1 four times a-day1 about the bulk of a nutmeg of the ,japonic confection1 drinking after it a tea-cupful of the decoction of logwood#abi4 ,persons who have been cured of this disease are very liable to suffer a relapse2 to prevent which1 great circumspection with respect to diet is necessary4 ,the patient must abstain from all fermented liquors1 except now and then a glass of good wine2 but he must drink no kind of malt-liquor4 ,he should likewise abstain from animal food1 as fish and flesh1 and live principally on milk and vegetables4 ,gentle exercise and wholesome air are likewise of importance4 ,the patient should go to the country as soon as his strength will permit1 and should take exercise daily on horseback1 or in a carriage4 ,he may likewise use bitters infused in wine or brandy1 and may drink twice a-day a gill of lime-water mixed with an equal quantity of new milk4 ,when dysenteries prevail1 we would recommend a strict attention to cleanliness1 a spare use of animal food1 and the free use of sound ripe fruits1 and other vegetables4 ,the night air is to be carefully avoided1 and all communication with the sick4 ,bad smells are likewise to be shunned1 especially those which arise from putrid animal substances4 ,the necessaries where the sick go are carefully to be avoided4 ,when the first symptoms of the dysentery appear1 the patient ought immediately to take a vomit1 to go to bed1 and drink plentifully of weak warm liquor1 to promote a sweat4 ,this1 with a dose or two of rhubarb at the beginning1 would often carry off the disease4 ,in countries where dysenteries prevail1 we would advise such as are liable to them1 to take either a vomit or a purge every spring or autumn1 as a preventive4 ,there are sundry other fluxes of the belly1 as the ,,lientery and ,c,,liac ,,passion1 which1 though less dangerous than the dysentery1 yet merit consideration4 ,these diseases generally proceed from a relaxed state of the stomach and intestines1 which is sometimes so great1 that the food passes through them without almost any sensible alterations2 and the patient dies merely from the want of nourishment4 ,when the lientery or cliac passion succeeds to a dysentery1 the case is bad4 ,they are always dangerous in old age1 especially when the constitution has been broken by excess or acute diseases4 ,if the stools be very frequent1 and quite crude1 the thirst great1 with little urine1 the mouth ulcerated1 and the face marked with spots of different colours1 the danger is very great4 ,the treatment of the patient is in general the same as in the dysentery4 ,in all obstinate fluxes of the belly1 the cure must be attempted1 by first cleansing the stomach and bowels with gentle vomits and purges2 afterwards such a diet as has a tendency to heal and strengthen the bowels1 with opiates and astringent medicines1 will generally perfect the cure4 ,the same observation holds with respect to a ,,tenesmus1 or frequent desire of going to stool4 ,this disease resembles the dysentery so much1 both in its symptoms and method of cure1 that we think it needless to insist upon it4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,of ,,the ,,head-,,ach4 ,aches and pains proceed from very different causes1 and may affect any part of the body2 but we shall point out those only which occur most frequently1 and are attended with the greatest danger4 ,when the head-ach is slight1 and affects a particular part of the head only1 it is called cephalalgia2 when the whole head is affected1 cephala2 and when on one side only1 hemicrania4 ,a fixed pain in the forehead1 which may be covered with the end of the thumb1 is called the clavis hystericus4 ,there are also other distinctions4 ,sometimes the pain is internal1 sometimes external2 sometimes it is an original disease1 and at other times only symptomatic4 ,when the head-ach proceeds from a hot bilious habit1 the pain is very acute and throbbing1 with a considerable heat of the part affected4 ,when from a cold phlegmatic habit1 the patient complains of a dull heavy pain1 and has a sense of coldness in the part4 ,this kind of head-ach is sometimes attended with a degree of stupidity or folly4 ,whatever obstructs the free circulation of the blood through the vessels of the head1 may occasion a head-ach4 ,in persons of a full habit1 who abound with blood1 or other humours1 the head-ach often proceeds from the suppression of customary evacuations2 as bleeding at the nose1 sweating of the feet1 c4 ,it may likewise proceed from any cause that determines a great flux of blood towards the head2 as coldness of the extremities1 or hanging down the head for a long time4 ,whatever prevents the return of the blood from the head will likewise occasion a head-ach2 as looking long obliquely at any object1 wearing any thing tight about the neck1 or the like4 ,when a head-ach proceeds from the stoppage of a running at the nose1 there is a heavy1 obtuse1 pressing pain in the fore-part of the head1 in which there seems to be such a weight1 that the patient can scarce hold it up4 ,when it is occasioned by the caustic matter of the venereal disease1 it generally affects the skull1 and often produces a caries of the bones4 ,sometimes the head-ach proceeds from the repulsion or retrocession of the gout1 the erysipelas1 the small-pox1 measles1 itch1 or other eruptive diseases4 ,what is called a hemicrania generally proceeds from crudities or indigestion4 ,inanition1 or emptiness1 will often also occasion head-achs4 ,i have often seen instances of this in nurses who gave suck too long1 or who did not take a sufficient quantity of solid food4 ,there is likewise a most violent1 fixed1 constant1 and almost intolerable head-ach1 which occasions great debility both of body and mind1 prevents sleep1 destroys the appetite1 causes a vertigo1 dimness of sight1 a noise in the ears1 convulsions1 epileptic fits1 and sometimes vomiting1 costiveness1 coldness of the extremities1 c4 ,the head-ach is often symptomatic in continual and intermitting fevers1 especially quartans4 ,it is likewise a very common symptom in hysteric and hypochondriac complaints4 ,when a head-ach attends an acute fever1 with pale urine1 it is an unfavourable symptom4 ,in excessive head-achs1 coldness of the extremities is a bad sign4 ,when the disease continues long1 and is very violent1 it often terminates in blindness1 an apoplexy1 deafness1 a vertigo1 the palsy1 epilepsy1 c4 ,in this disease the cool regimen in general is to be observed4 ,the diet ought to consist of such emollient substances as will correct the acrimony of the humours1 and keep the body open2 as apples boiled in milk1 spinage1 turnips1 and such like4 ,the drink ought to be diluting2 as barley-water1 infusions of mild mucilaginous vegetables1 decoctions of the sudorific woods1 c4 ,the feet and legs ought to be kept warm1 and frequently bathed in lukewarm water2 the head should be shaved1 and bathed with water and vinegar4 ,the patient ought as much as possible to keep in an erect posture1 and not to lie with his head too low4 ,when the head-ach is owing to excess of blood1 or an hot bilious constitution1 bleeding is necessary4 ,the patient may be bled in the jugular vein1 and the operation repeated if there be occasion4 ,cupping also1 or the application of leeches to the temples1 and behind the ears1 will be of service4 ,afterwards a blistering-plaster may be applied to the neck behind the ears1 or to any part of the head that is most affected4 ,in some cases it will be proper to blister the whole head4 ,in persons of a gross habit1 issues or perpetual blisters will be of service4 ,the body ought likewise to be kept open by gentle laxatives4 ,but when the head-ach proceeds from a copious vitiated serum stagnating in the membranes1 either within or without the skull1 with a dull1 heavy1 continual pain1 which will neither yield to bleeding nor gentle laxatives1 then more powerful purgatives are necessary1 as pills made of aloes1 resin of jalap1 or the like4 ,it will also be necessary in this case to blister the whole head1 and to keep the back part of the neck open for a considerable time by a perpetual blister4 ,when the head-ach is occasioned by the stoppage of a running at the nose1 the patient should frequently smell to a bottle of volatile salts2 he may likewise take snuff1 or any thing that will irritate the nose1 so as to promote a discharge from it2 as the herb mastich1 ground-ivy1 c4 ,a hemicrania1 especially a periodical one1 is generally owing to a foulness of the stomach1 for which gentle vomits must be administered1 as also purges of rhubarb4 ,after the bowels have been sufficiently cleared1 chalybeate waters1 and such bitters as strengthen the stomach1 will be necessary4 ,a periodical head-ach has been cured by wearing a piece of flannel over the forehead during the night4 ,when the head-ach arises from a vitiated state of the humours1 as in the scurvy and venereal disease1 the patient1 after proper evacuations1 must drink freely of the decoction of woods1 or the decoction of sarsaparilla1 with raisins and liquorice#acj4 ,these promote perspiration1 sweeten the humours1 and1 if duly persisted in1 will produce very happy effects4 ,when a collection of matter is felt under the skin1 it must be discharged by an incision1 otherwise it will render the bone carious4 ,when the head-ach is so intolerable as to endanger the patient's life1 or is attended with continual watching1 delirium1 c4 recourse must be had to opiates4 ,these1 after proper evacuations by clysters or mild purgatives1 may be applied both externally and internally4 ,the affected part may be rubbed with ,bate's anodyne balsam1 or a cloth dipped in it may be applied to the part4 ,the patient may1 at the same time1 take twenty drops of laudanum1 in a cup of valerian or penny-royal tea1 twice or thrice a day4 ,this is only to be done in case of extreme pain4 ,proper evacuations ought always to accompany and follow the use of opiates#aca4 ,when the patient cannot bear the loss of blood1 his feet ought frequently to be bathed in lukewarm water1 and well rubbed with a coarse cloth4 ,cataplasms with mustard or horse-radish ought likewise to be applied to them4 ,this course is peculiarly necessary when the pain proceeds from a gouty humour affecting the head4 ,when the head-ach is occasioned by great heat1 hard labour1 or violent exercise of any kind1 it may be allayed by cooling medicines2 as the saline draughts with nitre1 and the like4 ,a little of ,ward's essence1 dropt into the palm of the hand1 and applied to the forehead1 will sometimes remove a violent head-ach2 and so will ther1 when applied in the same manner4 ,,of ,,the ,,tooth-,,ach4 ,this disease is so well known1 that it needs no description4 ,it has great affinity with the rheumatism1 and often succeeds pains of the shoulders and other parts of the body4 ,it may proceed from obstructed perspiration1 or any of the other causes of inflammation4 ,i have often known the tooth-ach occasioned by neglecting some part of the usual coverings of the head1 by sitting with the head bare near an open window1 or exposing it any how to a draught of cold air4 ,food or drink taken either too hot or too cold is very hurtful to the teeth4 ,great quantities of sugar1 or other sweetmeats1 are likewise hurtful4 ,nothing is more destructive to the teeth than cracking nuts1 or chewing any kind of hard substances4 ,picking the teeth with pins1 needles1 or any thing that may hurt the enamel with which they are covered1 does great mischief1 as the tooth is sure to be spoiled whenever the air gets into it4 ,breeding women are very subject to the tooth-ach1 especially during the first three or four months of pregnancy4 ,the tooth-ach often proceeds from scorbutic humours affecting the gums4 ,in this case the teeth are sometimes wasted1 and fall out without any considerable degree of pain4 ,the more immediate cause of the tooth-ach is a rotten or carious tooth4 ,in order to relieve the tooth-ach1 we must first endeavour to lessen the flux of humours to the part affected4 ,this may be done by mild purgatives1 scarifying the gums1 or applying leeches to them1 and bathing the feet frequently with warm water4 ,the perspiration ought likewise to be promoted1 by drinking freely of weak wine-whey1 or other diluting liquors1 with small doses of nitre4 ,vomits too have often an exceeding good effect in the tooth-ach4 ,it is seldom safe to administer opiates1 or any kind of heating medicines1 or even to draw a tooth1 till proper evacuations have been premised2 and these alone will often effect the cure4 ,if this fails1 and the pain and inflammation still increase1 a suppuration may be expected1 to promote which a toasted fig should be held between the gum and the cheek2 bags filled with boiled camomile-flowers1 flowers of elder1 or the like1 may be applied near the part affected1 with as great a degree of warmth as the patient can bear1 and renewed as they grow cool3 the patient may likewise receive the steams of warm water into his mouth1 through an inverted funnel1 or by holding his head over the mouth of a porringer filled with warm water1 c4 ,such things as promote the discharge of saliva1 or cause the patient to spit1 are generally of service4 ,for this purpose1 bitter1 hot1 or pungent vegetables may be chewed2 as gentian1 calamus aromaticus1 or pellitory of ,spain4 ,allen recommends the root of yellow water flower-de-luce in this case4 ,this root may either be rubbed upon the tooth1 or a little of it chewed4 ,brookes says he hardly ever knew it fail to ease the tooth-ach4 ,it ought however to be used with caution4 ,many other herbs1 roots1 and seeds1 are recommended for curing the tooth-ach2 as the leaves of roots of millefoil or yarrow chewed1 tobacco smoked or chewed1 staves-acre1 or the seeds of mustard chewed1 c4 ,these bitter1 hot1 and pungent things1 by occasioning a greater flow of saliva1 frequently give ease in the tooth-ach4 ,opiates often relieve the tooth-ach4 ,for this purpose a little cotton wet with laudanum may be held between the teeth2 or a piece of sticking-plaster1 about the bigness of a shilling1 with a bit of opium in the middle of it1 of a size not to prevent the sticking of the other1 may be laid on the temporal artery1 where the pulsation is most sensible4 ,de la ,motte affirms1 that there are few cases wherein this will not give relief4 ,if there be a hollow tooth1 a small pill made of equal parts of camphire and opium1 put into the hollow1 is often beneficial4 ,when this cannot be had1 the hollow tooth may be filled with gum mastich1 wax1 lead1 or any substance that will stick in it1 and keep out the external air4 ,few applications give more relief in the tooth-ach than blistering-plasters4 ,these may be applied between the shoulders2 but they have the best effect when put behind the ears1 and made so large as to cover a great part of the lower jaw4 ,after all1 when a tooth is carious1 it is often impossible to remove the pain without extracting it2 and1 as a spoilt tooth never becomes sound again1 it is prudent to draw it soon1 lest it should affect the rest4 ,tooth-drawing1 like bleeding1 is very much practiced by mechanics1 as well as persons of the medical profession4 ,the operation however is not without danger1 and ought always to be performed with care4 ,a person unacquainted with the structure of the parts will be in danger of hurting the jaw-bone1 or of drawing a sound tooth instead of a rotten one#acb4 ,when the tooth-ach returns periodically1 and the pain chiefly affects the gums1 it may be cured by the bark4 ,some pretend to have found great benefit in the tooth-ach1 from the application of an artificial magnet to the affected tooth4 ,we shall not attempt to account for its mode of operation2 but1 if it be found to answer1 though only in particular cases1 it certainly deserves a trial1 as it is attended with no expence1 and cannot do any harm4 ,electricity has likewise been recommended1 and particular instruments have been invented for sending a shock through the affected tooth4 ,persons who have returns of the tooth-ach at certain seasons1 as spring and autumn1 might often prevent it by taking a purge at these times4 ,keeping the teeth clean has no doubt a tendency to prevent the tooth-ach4 ,the best method of doing this is to wash them daily with salt and water1 a decoction of the bark1 or with cold water alone4 ,all brushing and scraping of the teeth is dangerous1 and1 unless it be performed with great care1 does mischief4 ,,of ,,the ,,ear-,,ach4 ,this disorder chiefly affects the membrane which lines the inner cavity of the ear called the meatus auditorius4 ,it is often so violent as to occasion great restlessness1 anxiety1 and even delirium4 ,sometimes epileptic fits1 and other convulsive disorders1 have been brought on by extreme pain in the ear4 ,the ear-ach may proceed from any of the causes which produce inflammation4 ,it often proceeds from a sudden suppression of perspiration1 or from the head being exposed to cold when covered with sweat4 ,it may also be occasioned by worms1 or other insects getting into the ear1 or being bred there2 or from any hard body sticking in the ear4 ,sometimes it proceeds from the translation of morbific matter to the ear4 ,this often happens in the decline of malignant fevers1 and occasions deafness1 which is generally reckoned a favourable symptom4 ,when the ear-ach proceeds from insects1 or any hard body sticking in the ear1 every method must be taken to remove them as soon as possible4 ,the membranes may be relaxed by dropping into the ear oil of sweet almonds1 or olive oil4 ,afterwards the patient should be made to sneeze1 by taking snuff1 or some strong sternutatory4 ,if this should not force out the body1 it must be extracted by art4 ,i have seen insects1 which had got into the ear1 come out of their own accord upon pouring in oil1 which is a thing they cannot bear4 ,when the pain of the ear proceeds from inflammation1 it must be treated like other topical inflammations1 by a cooling regimen1 and opening medicines4 ,bleeding at the beginning1 either in the arm or jugular vein1 or cupping in the neck1 will be proper4 ,the ear may likewise be fomented with steams of warm water2 or flannel bags filled with boiled mallows and camomile flowers may be applied to it warm2 or bladders filled with warm milk and water4 ,an exceeding good method of fomenting the ear is to apply it close to the mouth of a jug filled with warm water1 or a strong decoction of camomile flowers4 ,the patient's feet should be frequently bathed in lukewarm water1 and he ought to take small doses of nitre and rhubarb1 viz4 a scruple of the former1 and ten grains of the latter1 three times a-day4 ,his drink may be whey1 or decoction of barley and liquorice with figs or raisins4 ,the parts behind the ear ought frequently to be rubbed with camphorated oil1 or a little of the volatile liniment4 ,when the inflammation cannot be discussed1 a poultice of bread and milk1 or roasted onions1 may be applied to the ear1 and frequently renewed1 till the abscess breaks1 or can be opened4 ,afterwards the humours may be diverted from the part by gentle laxatives1 blisters1 or issues2 but the discharge must not be suddenly dried up by any external application4 ,,pain ,,of ,,the ,,stomach1 c4 ,this may proceed from various causes2 as indigestion2 wind2 the acrimony of the bile2 sharp1 acrid1 or poisonous substances taken into the stomach1 c4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by worms2 the stoppage of customary evacuations2 a translation of gouty matter to the stomach1 the bowels1 c4 ,women in the decline of life are very liable to pains of the stomach and bowels1 especially such as are afflicted with hysteric complaints4 ,it is likewise very common to hypochondriac men of a sedentary and luxurious life4 ,in such persons it often proves so extremely obstinate as to baffle all the powers of medicine4 ,when the pain of the stomach is most violent after eating1 there is reason to suspect that it proceeds from some fault either in the digestion or the food4 ,in this case the patient ought to change his diet1 till he finds what kind of food agrees best with his stomach1 and should continue chiefly to use it4 ,if a change of diet does not remove the complaint1 the patient may take a gentle vomit1 and afterwards a dose or two of rhubarb4 ,he ought likewise to take an infusion of camomile flowers1 or some other stomachic bitter1 either in wine or water4 ,i have often known exercise remove this complaint1 especially sailing1 or a long journey on horseback1 or in a carriage4 ,when a pain of the stomach proceeds from flatulency1 the patient is constantly belching up wind1 and feels an uneasy distention of the stomach after meals4 ,this is a most deplorable disease1 and is seldom thoroughly cured4 ,in general1 the patient ought to avoid all windy diet1 and every thing that sours on the stomach1 as greens1 roots1 c4 ,this rule however admits of some exceptions4 ,there are many instances of persons very much troubled with wind1 who have received great benefit from eating parched pease1 though that grain is generally supposed to be of a windy nature#acc4 ,this complaint may likewise be greatly relieved by labour1 especially digging1 reaping1 mowing1 or any kind of active employment by which the bowels are alternately compressed and dilated4 ,the most obstinate case of this kind ,i ever met with was in a person of a sedentary occupation1 whom ,i advised1 after he had tried every kind of medicine in vain1 to turn gardener2 which he did1 and has ever since enjoyed good health4 ,when a pain of the stomach is occasioned by the swallowing of acrid or poisonous substances1 they must be discharged by vomit2 this may be excited by butter1 oils1 or other soft things1 which sheath and defend the stomach from the acrimony of its contents4 ,when pain of the stomach proceeds from a translation of gouty matter1 warm cordials are necessary1 as generous wines1 ,french brandy1 c4 ,some have drank a whole bottle of brandy or rum1 in this case1 in a few hours1 without being in the least intoxicated1 or even feeling the stomach warmed by it4 ,it is impossible to ascertain the quantities necessary upon these occasions4 ,this must be left to the feelings and discretion of the patient4 ,the safer way however is1 not to go too far4 ,when there is an inclination to vomit1 it may be promoted by drinking an infusion of camomile flowers1 or carduus benedictus4 ,if a pain of the stomach proceed from the stoppage of customary evacuations1 bleeding will be necessary1 especially in sanguine and very full habits4 ,it will likewise be of use to keep the body gently open by mild purgatives2 as rhubarb or senna1 c4 ,when this disease affects women1 in the decline of life1 after the stoppage of the menses1 making an issue in the leg or arm will be of peculiar service4 ,when the disease is occasioned by worms1 they must be destroyed1 or expelled by such means as are recommended in the following section4 ,when the stomach is greatly relaxed and the digestion bad1 which often occasion flatulencies1 the elixir of vitriol will be of singular service4 ,fifteen or twenty drops of it may be taken in a glass of wine or water twice or thrice a-day4 ,persons afflicted with flatulency are generally unhappy unless they be taking some purgative medicines2 these1 though they may give immediate ease1 tend to weaken and relax the stomach and bowels1 and consequently increase the disorder4 ,their best method is to mix purgatives and stomachics together4 ,equal parts of ,peruvian bark and rhubarb may be infused in brandy or wine1 and taken in such quantity as to keep the body gently open4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,,of ,,worms4 ,these are chiefly of three kinds1 viz4 the tnia1 or tape-worm2 the teres1 or round and long worm2 and the ascarides1 or round and short worm4 ,there are many other kinds of worms found in the human body2 but as they proceed1 in a great measure1 from similar causes1 have nearly the same symptoms1 and require almost the same method of treatment as these already mentioned1 we shall not spend time in enumerating them4 ,the tape-worm is white1 very long1 and full of joints4 ,it is generally bred either in the stomach or small intestines4 ,the round and long worm is likewise bred in the small guts1 and sometimes in the stomach4 ,the round and short worms commonly lodge in the rectum1 or what is called the end gut1 and occasion a disagreeable itching about the seat4 ,the long round worms occasion squeamishness1 vomiting1 a disagreeable breath1 gripes1 looseness1 swelling of the belly1 swoonings1 loathing of food1 and at other times a voracious appetite1 a dry cough1 convulsions1 epileptic fits1 and sometimes a privation of speech4 ,these worms have been known to perforate the intestines1 and get into the cavity of the belly4 ,the effects of the tape-worm are nearly the same with those of the long and round1 but rather more violent4 ,andry says1 the following symptoms particularly attend the solium1 which is a species of the tape-worm1 viz4 swoonings1 privation of speech1 and a voracious appetite4 ,the round worms called ascarides1 besides an itching of the anus1 cause swoonings1 and tenesmus1 or an inclination to go to stool4 ,,causes4----,worms may proceed from various causes2 but they are seldom found except in weak and relaxed stomachs1 where the digestion is bad4 ,sedentary persons are more liable to them than the active and laborious4 ,those who eat great quantities of unripe fruit1 or who live much on raw herbs and roots1 are generally subject to worms4 ,there seems to be a hereditary disposition in some persons to this disease4 ,i have often seen all the children of a family subject to worms of a particular kind4 ,they seem likewise frequently to be owing to the nurse4 ,children of the same family1 nursed by one woman1 have often worms1 when those nursed by another have none4 ,,symptoms4----,the common symptoms of worms are1 paleness of the countenance1 and at other times1 an universal flushing of the face2 itching of the nose2 this however is doubtful1 as children pick their noses in all diseases2 starting1 and grinding of the teeth in sleep2 swelling of the upper lip2 the appetite sometimes bad1 at other times quite voracious2 looseness2 a sour or stinking breath2 a hard swelled belly2 great thirst2 the urine frothy1 and sometimes of a whitish colour2 griping1 or colic pains2 an involuntary discharge of saliva1 especially when asleep2 frequent pains of the side1 with a dry cough1 and unequal pulse2 palpitations of the heart2 swoonings2 drowsiness2 cold sweats2 palsy2 epileptic fits1 with many other unaccountable nervous symptoms1 which were formerly attributed to witchcraft1 or the influence of evil spirits4 ,small bodies in the excrements resembling melon or cucumber seeds are symptoms of the tape-worm4 ,i lately saw some very surprising effect of worms in a girl about five years of age1 who used to lie for whole hours as if dead4 ,she at last expired1 and1 upon opening her body1 a number of the teres1 or long round worms1 were found in her guts1 which were considerably inflamed2 and what anatomists call an intus susceptio1 or involving of one part of the gut within another1 had taken place in no less than four different parts of the intestinal canal#acd4 ,,medicine4----,though numberless medicines are extolled for expelling and killing worms#ace1 yet no disease more frequently baffles the physician's skill4 ,in general1 the most proper medicines for their expulsion are strong purgatives2 and to prevent their breeding1 stomachic bitters1 with now and then a glass of good wine4 ,the best purge for an adult is jalap and calomel4 ,five and twenty or thirty grains of the former with six or seven of the latter1 mixed in syrup1 may be taken early in the morning1 for a dose4 ,it will be proper that the patient keep the house all day1 and drink nothing cold4 ,the dose may be repeated once or twice a week1 for a fortnight or three weeks4 ,on the intermediate days the patient may take a drachm of the powder of tin1 twice or thrice a-day1 mixed with syrup1 honey1 or treacle4 ,those who do not chuse to take calomel may make use of the bitter purgatives2 as aloes1 hiera picra1 tincture of senna1 and rhubarb1 c4 ,oily medicines are sometimes found beneficial for expelling worms4 ,an ounce of sallad oil and a table-spoonful of common salt may be taken in a glass of red port wine thrice a-day1 or oftner1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,but the more common form of using oil is in clysters4 ,oily clysters1 sweetened with sugar or honey1 are very efficacious in bringing away the short round worms called ascarides1 and likewise the teres4 ,the ,harrowgate water is an excellent medicine for expelling worms1 especially the ascarides4 ,as this water is impregnated with sulphur1 we may hence infer1 that sulphur alone must be a good medicine in this case2 which is found to be a fact4 ,many practitioners give flour of sulphur in very large doses1 and with great success4 ,it should be made into an electuary with honey or treacle1 and taken in such quantity as to purge the patient4 ,where ,harrowgate water cannot be obtained1 sea-water may be used1 which is far from being a contemptible medicine in this case4 ,if sea-water cannot be had1 common salt dissolved in water may be drank4 ,i have often seen this used by country nurses with very good effect4 ,some flour of sulphur may be taken over night1 and the salt-water in the morning4 ,but worms1 though expelled1 will soon breed again1 if the stomach remains weak and relaxed2 to prevent which1 we would recommend the ,peruvian bark4 ,half a drachm of bark in powder may be taken in a glass of red port wine three or four times a-day1 after the above medicines have been used4 ,lime-water is likewise good for this purpose1 or a table-spoonful of the chalybeate wine taken twice or thrice a-day4 ,infusions or decoctions of bitter herbs may likewise be drank2 as the infusion of tansy1 water-trefoil1 camomile flowers1 tops of wormwood1 the lesser centaury1 c4 ,for a child of four or five years old1 six grains of rhubarb1 five of jalap1 and two of calomel1 may be mixed in a spoonful of syrup or honey1 and given in the morning4 ,the child should keep the house all day1 and take nothing cold4 ,this dose may be repeated twice a-week for three or four weeks4 ,on the intermediate days the child may take a scruple of powdered tin and ten grains of thiops mineral in a spoonful of treacle twice a-day4 ,this dose must be increased or diminished according to the age of the patient4 ,bisset says1 the great bastard black hellebore1 or bear's foot1 is a most powerful vermifuge for the long round worms4 ,he orders the decoction of about a drachm of the green leaves1 or about fifteen grains of the dried leaves in powder for a dose to a child between four and seven years of age4 ,this dose is to be repeated two or three times4 ,he adds1 that the green leaves made into a syrup with coarse sugar1 is almost the only medicine he has used for round worms for three years past4 ,before pressing out the juice1 he moistens the bruised leaves with vinegar1 which corrects the medicine4 ,the dose is a tea-spoonful at bed-time1 and one or two next morning4 ,i have frequently known those big bellies1 which in children are commonly reckoned a sign of worms1 quite removed by giving them white soap in their pottage1 or other food4 ,tansy1 garlic1 and rue1 are all good against worms1 and may be used various ways4 ,we might here mention many other plants1 both for external and internal use1 as the cabbage-bark1 c4 but think the powder of tin with thiops mineral1 and the purges of rhubarb and calomel1 are more to be depended on4 ,ball's purging vermifuge powder is a very powerful medicine4 ,it is made of equal parts of rhubarb1 seammony1 and calomel1 with as much double refined sugar as is equal to the weight of all the other ingredients4 ,these must be well mixed together1 and reduced to a fine powder4 ,the dose for a child is from ten grains to twenty1 once or twice a-week4 ,an adult may take a drachm for a dose#acf4 ,parents who would preserve their children from worms ought to allow them plenty of exercise in the open air2 to take care that their food be wholesome and sufficiently solid2 and1 as far as possible1 to prevent their eating raw herbs1 roots1 or green trashy fruits4 ,it will not be amiss to allow a child who is subject to worms1 a glass of red wine after meals2 as every thing that braces and strengthens the stomach is good both for preventing and expelling these vermin#acg4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,of ,,the ,,jaundice4 ,this disease is first observable in the white of the eye1 which appears yellow4 ,afterwards the whole skin puts on a yellow appearance4 ,the urine too is of a saffron hue1 and dies a white cloth of the same colour4 ,there is likewise a species of this disease called the ,black ,jaundice4 ,,causes4----,the immediate cause of the jaundice is an obstruction of the bile4 ,the remote or occasional causes are1 the bites of poisonous animals1 as the viper1 mad dog1 c4 the bilious or hysteric colic2 violent passions1 as grief1 anger1 c4 ,strong purges or vomits will likewise occasion the jaundice4 ,sometimes it proceeds from obstinate agues1 or from that disease being prematurely stopped by astringent medicines4 ,in infants it is often occasioned by the meconium not being sufficiently purged off4 ,pregnant women are very subject to it4 ,it is likewise a symptom in several kinds of fever4 ,catching cold1 or the stoppage of customary evacuations1 as the menses1 the bleeding piles1 issues1 c4 will occasion the jaundice4 ,,symptoms4----,the patient at first complains of excessive weariness1 and has great aversion to every kind of motion4 ,his skin is dry1 and he generally feels a kind of itching or pricking pain over the whole body4 ,the stools are of a whitish or clay colour1 and the urine1 as was observed above1 is yellow4 ,the breathing is difficult1 and the patient complains of an unusual load or oppression on his breast4 ,there is a heat in the nostrils1 a bitter taste in the mouth1 loathing of food1 sickness at the stomach1 vomiting1 flatulency1 and other symptoms of indigestion4 ,if the patient be young1 and the disease complicated with no other malady1 it is seldom dangerous2 but in old people1 where it continues long1 returns frequently1 or is complicated with the dropsy or hypochondriac symptoms1 it generally proves fatal4 ,the black jaundice is more dangerous than the yellow4 ,,regimen4----,the diet should be cool1 light1 and diluting1 consisting chiefly of ripe fruits and mild vegetables2 as apples boiled or roasted1 stewed prunes1 preserved plums1 boiled spinage1 c4 ,veal or chicken-broth1 with light bread1 are likewise very proper4 ,many have been cured by living almost wholly for some days on raw eggs4 ,the drink should be butter-milk1 whey sweetened with honey1 or decoctions of cool opening vegetables2 or marsh-mallow roots1 with liquorice1 c4 ,the patient should take as much exercise as he can bear1 either on horseback1 or in a carriage2 walking1 running1 and even jumping1 are likewise proper1 provided he can bear them without pain1 and there be no symptoms of inflammation4 ,patients have been often cured of this disease by a long journey1 after medicines had proved ineffectual4 ,amusements are likewise of great use in the jaundice4 ,the disease is often occasioned by a sedentary life1 joined to a dull melancholy disposition4 ,whatever therefore tends to promote the circulation1 and to cheer the spirits1 must have a good effect2 as dancing1 laughing1 singing1 c4 ,,medicine4----,if the patient be young1 of a full sanguine habit1 and complains of pain in the right side about the region of the liver1 bleeding will be necessary4 ,after this a vomit must be administered1 and if the disease proves obstinate1 it may be repeated once or twice4 ,no medicines are more beneficial in the jaundice than vomits1 especially where it is not attended with inflammation4 ,half a drachm of ipecacuanha in powder will be a sufficient dose for an adult4 ,it may be wrought off with weak camomile-tea1 or lukewarm water4 ,the body must likewise be kept open by taking a sufficient quantity of ,castile soap1 or the pills for the jaundice recommended in the ,appendix4 ,fomenting the parts about the region of the stomach and liver1 and rubbing them with a warm hand or flesh-brush1 are likewise beneficial2 but it is still more so for the patient to sit in a bath of warm water up to the breast4 ,he ought to do this frequently1 and should continue in it as long as his strength will permit4 ,many dirty things are recommended for the cure of the jaundice2 as lice1 millepedes1 c4 ,but these do more harm than good1 as people trust to them1 and neglect more valuable medicines2 besides1 they are seldom taken in sufficient quantity to produce any effects4 ,people always expect that such things should act as charms1 and consequently seldom persist in the use of them4 ,vomits1 purges1 fomentations1 and exercise1 will seldom fail to cure the jaundice when it is a simple disease2 and when complicated with the dropsy1 a scirrhous liver1 or other chronic complaints1 it is hardly to be cured by any means4 ,numberless ,british herbs are extolled for the cure of this disease4 ,the author of the ,medicina ,britannica mentions near a hundred1 all famous for curing the jaundice4 ,the fact is1 the disease often goes off of its own accord2 in which case the last medicine is always said to have performed the cure4 ,i have sometimes however seen considerable benefit1 in a very obstinate jaundice1 from a decoction of hempseed4 ,four ounces of the seed may be boiled in two ,english quarts of ale1 and sweetened with coarse sugar4 ,the dose is half an ,english pint every morning4 ,it may be continued for eight or nine days4 ,i have likewise known ,harrowgate sulphur-water cure a jaundice of very long standing4 ,it should be used for some weeks1 and the patient must both drink and bathe4 ,the soluble tartar is a very proper medicine in the jaundice4 ,a drachm of it may be taken every night and morning in a cup of tea or water-gruel4 ,if it does not open the body1 the dose may be increased4 ,persons subject to the jaundice ought to take as much exercise as possible1 and to avoid all heating and astringent aliments4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,of ,,the ,,dropsy4 ,the dropsy is a preternatural swelling of the whole body1 or some part of it1 occasioned by a collection of watery humour4 ,it is distinguished by different names1 according to the part affected1 as the anasarca1 or a collection of water under the skin2 the ascites1 or a collection of water in the belly2 the hydrops pectoris1 or dropsy of the breast2 the hydrocephalus1 or dropsy of the brain1 c4 ,,causes4----,the dropsy is often owing to an hereditary disposition4 ,it may likewise proceed from drinking ardent spirits1 or other strong liquors4 ,it is true almost to a proverb1 that great drinkers die of a dropsy4 ,the want of exercise is also a very common cause of the dropsy4 ,hence it is justly reckoned among the diseases of the sedentary4 ,it often proceeds from excessive evacuations1 as frequent and copious bleedings1 strong purges often repeated1 frequent salivations1 c4 ,the sudden stoppage of customary or necessary evacuations1 as the menses1 the hmorrhoids1 fluxes of the belly1 c4 may likewise cause a dropsy4 ,i have known the dropsy occasioned by drinking large quantities of cold1 weak1 watery liquor1 when the body was heated by violent exercise4 ,a low1 damp1 or marshy situation is likewise a frequent cause of it4 ,hence it is a common disease in moist1 flat1 fenny countries4 ,it may also be brought on by a long use of poor watery diet1 or of viscous aliment that is hard of digestion4 ,it is often the effect of other diseases1 as the jaundice1 a scirrhus of the liver1 a violent ague of long continuance1 a diarrha1 a dysentery1 an empyema1 or a consumption of the lungs4 ,in short1 whatever obstructs the perspiration1 or prevents the blood from being duly prepared1 may occasion a dropsy4 ,,symptoms4----,the anasarca generally begins with a swelling of the feet and ancles towards night1 which for some time disappears in the morning4 ,in the evening the parts1 if pressed with the finger1 will pit4 ,the swelling gradually ascends1 and occupies the trunk of the body1 the arms1 and the head4 ,afterwards the breathing becomes difficult1 the urine is in small quantity1 and the thirst great2 the body is bound1 and the perspiration is greatly obstructed4 ,to these succeed torpor1 heaviness1 a slow wasting fever1 and a troublesome cough4 ,this last is generally a fatal symptom1 as it shews that the lungs are affected4 ,in an ascites1 besides the above symptoms1 there is a swelling of the belly1 and often a fluctuation1 which may be perceived by striking the belly on one side1 and laying the palm of the hand on the opposite4 ,this may be distinguished from a tympany by the weight of the swelling1 as well as by the fluctuation4 ,when the anasarca and ascites are combined1 the case is very dangerous4 ,even a simple ascites seldom admits of a radical cure4 ,almost all that can be done is1 to let off the water by tapping1 which seldom affords more than a temporary relief4 ,when the disease comes suddenly on1 and the patient is young and strong1 there is reason however to hope for a cure1 especially if medicine be given early4 ,but if the patient be old1 has led an irregular or a sedentary life1 or if there be reason to suspect that the liver1 lungs1 or any of the viscera are unsound1 there is great reason to fear that the consequences will prove fatal4 ,,regimen4----,the patient must abstain1 as much as possible1 from all drink1 especially weak and watery liquors1 and must quench his thirst with mustard-whey1 or acids1 as juice of lemons1 oranges1 sorrel1 or such like4 ,his aliment ought to be dry1 of a stimulating and diuretic quality1 as toasted bread1 the flesh of birds1 or other wild animals roasted2 pungent and aromatic vegetables1 as garlic1 mustard1 onions1 cresses1 horse-radish1 rocambole1 shalot1 c4 ,he may also eat sea-biscuit dipt in wine or a little brandy4 ,this is not only nourishing1 but tends to quench thirst4 ,some have been actually cured of a dropsy by a total abstinence from all liquids1 and living entirely upon such things as are mentioned above4 ,if the patient must have drink1 the ,spa-water1 or ,rhenish wine1 with diuretic medicines infused in it1 are the best4 ,exercise is of the greatest importance in a dropsy4 ,if the patient be able to walk1 dig1 or the like1 he ought to continue these exercises as long as he can4 ,if he is not able to walk or labour1 he must ride on horseback1 or in a carriage1 and the more violent the motion so much the better1 provided he can bear it4 ,his bed ought to be hard1 and the air of his apartments warm and dry4 ,if he lives in a damp country1 he ought to be removed into a dry one1 and1 if possible1 into a warmer climate4 ,in a word1 every method should be taken to promote the perspiration1 and to brace the solids4 ,for this purpose it will likewise be proper to rub the patient's body1 two or three times a day1 with a hard cloth1 or the flesh-brush2 and he ought constantly to wear flannel next his skin4 ,,medicine4----,if the patient be young1 his constitution good1 and the disease has come on suddenly1 it may generally be removed by strong vomits1 brisk purges1 and such medicines as promote a discharge by sweat and urine4 ,for an adult1 half a drachm of ipecacuanha in powder1 and half an ounce of oxymel of squills1 will be a proper vomit4 ,this may be repeated as often as is found necessary1 three or four days intervening between the doses4 ,the patient must not drink much after taking the vomit1 otherwise he destroys its effect4 ,a cup or two of camomile-tea will be sufficient to work it off4 ,between each vomit1 on one of the intermediate days1 the patient may take the following purge3 ,jalap in powder half a drachm1 cream of tartar1 two drachms1 calomel six grains4 ,these may be made into a bolus with a little syrup of pale roses1 and taken early in the morning4 ,the less the patient drinks after it the better4 ,if he be much griped1 he may now and then take a cup of chicken-broth4 ,the patient may likewise take every night at bed-time the following bolus3 ,to four or five grains of camphor add one grain of opium1 and as much syrup of orange-peel as is sufficient to make them into a bolus4 ,this will generally promote a gentle sweat1 which should be encouraged by drinking now and then a small cup of wine-whey1 with a tea-spoonful of the spirits of hartshorn in it4 ,a tea-cupful of the following diuretic infusion may likewise be taken every four or five hours through the day3 ,take juniper-berries1 mustard-seed1 and horse-radish1 of each half an ounce1 ashes of broom half a pound2 infuse them in a quart of ,rhenish wine or strong ale for a few days1 and afterwards strain off the liquor4 ,such as cannot take this infusion1 may use the decoction of seneka-root1 which is both diuretic and sudorific4 ,i have known an obstinate anasarca cured by an infusion of the ashes of broom in wine4 ,the above course will often cure an incidental dropsy1 if the constitution be good2 but when the disease proceeds from a bad habit1 or an unsound state of the viscera1 strong purges and vomits are not to be ventured upon4 ,in this case1 the safer course is to palliate the symptoms by the use of such medicines as promote the secretions1 and to support the patient's strength by warm and nourishing cordials4 ,the secretion of urine may be greatly promoted by nitre4 ,brookes says1 he knew a young woman who was cured of a dropsy by taking a drachm of nitre every morning in a draught of ale1 after she had been given over as incurable4 ,the powder of squills is likewise a good diuretic4 ,six or eight grains of it1 with a scruple of nitre1 may be given twice a-day in a glass of strong cinnamon-water4 ,ball says1 a large spoonful of unbruised mustard-seed taken every night and morning1 and drinking half an ,english pint of the decoction of the tops of green broom after it1 has performed a cure after other powerful medicines had proved ineffectual4 ,i have sometimes seen good effects from cream of tartar in this disease4 ,it promotes the discharges by stool and urine1 and will at least palliate1 if it does not perform a cure4 ,the patient may begin by taking an ounce every second or third day1 and may increase the quantity to two or even to three ounces1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,this quantity is not however to be taken at once1 but divided into three or four doses4 ,to promote perspiration1 the patient may use the decoction of seneka-root1 as directed above2 or he may take two table-spoonfuls of ,mindererus's spirit in a cup of wine-whey three or four times a-day4 ,to promote a discharge of urine1 the following infusion of the ,london hospitals will likewise be beneficial3 ,take of zedoary-root two drachms2 dried squills1 rhubarb1 and juniper-berries bruised1 of each a drachm2 cinnamon in powder1 three drachms2 salt of wormwood1 a drachm and a half2 infuse in an ,english pint and a half of old hock-wine1 and when fit for use1 filter the liquor4 ,a wine-glass of it may be taken three or four times a-day4 ,in the anasarca it is usual to scarify the feet and legs4 ,by this means the water is often discharged2 but the operator must be cautious not to make the incisions too deep2 they ought barely to pierce through the skin1 and especial care must be taken1 by spirituous fomentations and proper digestives1 to prevent a gangrene4 ,in an ascites1 when the disease does not evidently and speedily give way to purgative and diuretic medicines1 the water ought to be let off by tapping4 ,this is a very simple and safe operation1 and would often succeed1 if it were performed in due time2 but if it be delayed till the humours are vitiated1 or the bowels spoiled1 by long soaking in water1 it can hardly be expected that any permanent relief will be procured#ach4 ,after the evacuation of the water1 the patient is to be put on a course of strengthening medicines2 as the ,peruvian bark2 the elixir of vitriol2 warm aromatics1 with a due proportion of rhubarb1 infused in wine1 and such like4 ,his diet ought to be dry and nourishing1 such as is recommended in the beginning of the ,chapter2 and he should take as much exercise as he can bear without fatigue4 ,he should wear flannel next his skin1 and make daily use of the flesh-brush4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,of ,,the ,,gout4 ,there is no disease which shews the imperfection of medicine1 or sets the advantages of temperance and exercise in a stronger light1 than the gout4 ,excess and idleness are the true sources from whence it originally sprung1 and all who would avoid it must be active and temperate4 ,though idleness and intemperance are the principal causes of the gout1 yet many other things may contribute to bring on the disorder in those who are not1 and to induce a paroxysm in those who are subject to it2 as intense study2 too free an use of acidulated liquors2 night-watching2 grief or uneasiness of mind2 an obstruction or defect of any of the customary discharges1 as the menses1 sweating of the feet1 perspiration1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,a fit of the gout is generally preceded by indigestion1 drowsiness1 belching of wind1 a slight head-ach1 sickness1 and sometimes vomiting4 ,the patient complains of weariness and dejection of spirits1 and has often a pain in the limbs1 with a sensation as if wind or cold water were passing down the thigh4 ,the appetite is often remarkably keen a day or two before the fit1 and there is a slight pain in passing urine1 and sometimes an involuntary shedding of tears4 ,sometimes these symptoms are much more violent1 especially upon the near approach of the fit2 and some observe1 that as is the fever which ushers in the gout1 so will the fit be2 if the fever be short and sharp1 the fit will be so likewise2 if it be feeble1 long1 and lingering1 the fit will be such also4 ,but this observation can only hold with respect to very regular fits of the gout4 ,the regular gout generally makes its attack in the spring1 or beginning of winter1 in the following manner3 ,about two or three in the morning1 the patient is seized with a pain in his great toe1 sometimes in the heel1 and at other times in the ancle or calf of the leg4 ,this pain is accompanied with a sensation as if cold water were poured upon the part1 which is succeeded by a shivering1 with some degree of fever4 ,afterwards the pain increases1 and fixing among the small bones of the foot1 the patient feels all the different kinds of torture1 as if the part were stretched1 burnt1 squeezed1 gnawed1 or torn in pieces1 c4 ,the part at length becomes so exquisitely sensible1 that the patient cannot bear to have it touched1 or even suffer any person to walk across the room4 ,the patient is generally in exquisite torture for twenty-four hours1 from the time of the coming on of the fit3 he then becomes easier1 the part begins to swell1 appears red1 and is covered with a little moisture4 ,towards morning he drops asleep1 and generally falls into a gentle breathing sweat4 ,this terminates the first paroxysm1 a number of which constitutes a fit of the gout2 which is longer or shorter according to the patient's age1 strength1 the season of the year1 and the disposition of the body to this disease4 ,the patient is always worse towards night1 and easier in the morning4 ,the paroxysms however generally grow milder every day1 till at length the disease is carried off by perspiration1 urine1 and the other evacuations4 ,in some patients this happens in a few days2 in others1 it requires weeks1 and in some1 months1 to finish the fit4 ,those whom age and frequent fits of the gout have greatly debilitated1 seldom get free from it before the approach of summer1 and sometimes not till it be pretty far advanced4 ,,regimen4----,as there are no medicines yet known that will cure the gout1 we shall confine our observations chiefly to regimen1 both in and out of the fit4 ,in the fit1 if the patient be young and strong1 his diet ought to be thin and cooling1 and his drink of a diluting nature2 but where the constitution is weak1 and the patient has been accustomed to live high1 this is not a proper time to retrench4 ,in this case he must keep nearly to his usual diet1 and should take frequently a cup of strong negus1 or a glass of generous wine4 ,wine-whey is a very proper drink in this case1 as it promotes the perspiration without greatly heating the patient4 ,it will answer this purpose better if a tea-spoonful of sal volatile oleosum1 or spirits of hartshorn1 be put into a cup of it twice a-day4 ,it will likewise be proper to give at bed-time a tea-spoonful of the volatile tincture of guaiacum in a large draught of warm wine-whey4 ,this will greatly promote perspiration through the night4 ,as the most safe and efficacious method of discharging the gouty matter is by perspiration1 this ought to be kept up by all means1 especially in the affected part4 ,for this purpose the leg and foot should be wrapt in soft flannel1 fur1 or wool4 ,the last is most readily obtained1 and seems to answer the purpose better than any thing else4 ,the people of ,lancashire look upon wool as a kind of specific in the gout4 ,they wrap a great quantity of it about the leg and foot affected1 and cover it with a skin of soft dressed leather4 ,this they suffer to continue for eight or ten days1 and sometimes for a fortnight or three weeks1 or longer1 if the pain does not cease4 ,i never knew any external application answer so well in the gout4 ,i have often seen it applied when the swelling and inflammation were very great1 with violent pain1 and have found all these symptoms relieved by it in a few days4 ,the wool which they use is generally greased1 and carded or combed4 ,they chuse the softest which can be had1 and seldom or never remove it till the fit be entirely gone off4 ,the patient ought likewise to be kept quiet and easy during the fit4 ,every thing that affects the mind disturbs the paroxysm1 and tends to throw the gout upon the nobler parts4 ,all external applications that repel the matter are to be avoided as death4 ,they do not cure the disease1 but remove it from a safer to a more dangerous part of the body1 where it often proves fatal4 ,a fit of the gout is to be considered as ,nature's method of removing something that might prove destructive to the body1 and all that we can do1 with safety1 is to promote her intentions1 and to assist her in expelling the enemy in her own way4 ,evacuations by bleeding1 stool1 c4 are likewise to be used with caution2 they do not remove the cause of the disease1 and sometimes by weakening the patient prolong the fit3 but where the constitution is able to bear it1 it will be of use to keep the body gently open by diet1 or very mild laxative medicines4 ,many things will indeed shorten a fit of the gout1 and some will drive it off altogether3 but nothing has yet been found which will do this with safety to the patient4 ,in pain we eagerly grasp at any thing that promises immediate ease1 and even hazard life itself for a temporary relief4 ,this is the true reason why so many infallible remedies have been proposed for the gout1 and why such numbers have lost their lives by the use of them4 ,it would be as prudent to stop the small-pox from rising1 and to drive them into the blood1 as to attempt to repel the gouty matter after it has been thrown upon the extremities4 ,the latter is as much an effort of ,nature to free herself from an offending cause as the former1 and ought equally to be promoted4 ,when the pain however is very great1 and the patient is restless1 thirty or forty drops of laudanum1 more or less1 according to the violence of the symptoms1 may be taken at bed-time4 ,this will ease the pain1 procure rest1 promote perspiration1 and forward the crisis of the disease4 ,after the fit is over1 the patient ought to take a gentle dose or two of the bitter tincture of rhubarb1 or some other warm stomachic purge4 ,he should also drink a weak infusion of stomachic bitters in small wine or ale1 as the ,peruvian bark1 with cinnamon1 ,virginian snake-root1 and orange-peel4 ,the diet at this time should be light1 but nourishing1 and gentle exercise ought to be taken on horseback1 or in a carriage4 ,out of the fit1 it is in the patient's power to do many things towards preventing a return of the disorder1 or rendering the fit1 if it should return1 less severe4 ,this however is not to be attempted by medicine4 ,i have frequently known the gout kept off for several years by the ,peruvian bark and other astringent medicines2 but in all the cases where ,i had occasion to see this tried1 the persons died suddenly1 and1 to all appearance1 for want of a regular fit of the gout4 ,one would be apt1 from hence1 to conclude1 that a fit of the gout1 to some constitutions1 in the decline of life1 is rather salutary than hurtful4 ,though it may be dangerous to stop a fit of the gout by medicine1 yet if the constitution can be so changed by diet and exercise1 as to lessen or totally prevent its return1 there certainly can be no danger in following such a course4 ,it is well known that the whole habit may be so altered by a proper regimen1 as quite to eradicate this disease2 and those only who have sufficient resolution to persist in such a course have reason to expect a cure4 ,the course which we would recommend for preventing the gout1 is as follows3 ,in the first place1 universal temperance4 ,in the next place sufficient exercise#aci4 ,by this we do not mean sauntering about in an indolent manner1 but labour1 sweat1 and toil4 ,these only can render the humours wholesome1 and keep them so4 ,going early to bed1 and rising betimes1 are also of great importance4 ,it is likewise proper to avoid night studies1 and all intense thought4 ,the supper should be light1 and taken early4 ,all strong liquors1 especially generous wines and sour punch1 are to be avoided4 ,we would likewise recommend some doses of magnesia alba and rhubarb to be taken every spring and autumn2 and afterwards a course of stomachic bitters1 as tansey or water-trefoil tea1 an infusion of gentian and camomile flowers1 or a decoction of burdock root1 c4 ,any of these1 or an infusion of any wholesome bitter that is more agreeable to the patient1 may be drank for two or three weeks in ,march and ,october twice a-day4 ,an issue or perpetual blister has a great tendency to prevent the gout4 ,if these were more generally used in the decline of life1 they would not only often prevent the gout1 but also other chronic maladies4 ,such as can afford to go to ,bath1 will find great benefit from bathing and drinking the water4 ,it both promotes digestion1 and invigorates the habit4 ,though there is little room for medicine during a regular fit of the gout1 yet when it leaves the extremities1 and falls on some of the internal parts1 proper applications to recal and fix it become absolutely necessary4 ,when the gout affects the head1 the pain of the joints ceases1 and the swelling disappears1 while either severe head-ach1 drowsiness1 trembling1 giddiness1 convulsions1 or delirium come on4 ,when it seizes the lungs1 great oppression1 with cough and difficulty of breathing1 ensue4 ,if it attacks the stomach1 extreme sickness1 vomiting1 anxiety1 pain in the epigastric region1 and total loss of strength1 will succeed4 ,when the gout attacks the head or lungs1 every method must be taken to fix it in the feet4 ,they must be frequently bathed in warm water1 and acrid cataplasms applied to the soles4 ,blistering-plasters ought likewise to be applied to the ancles or calves of the legs4 ,bleeding in the feet or ancles is also necessary1 and warm stomachic purges4 ,the patient ought to keep in bed for the most part1 if there be any signs of inflammation1 and should be very careful not to catch cold4 ,if it attacks the stomach with a sense of cold1 the most warm cordials are necessary2 as strong wine boiled up with cinnamon or other spices2 cinnamon-water2 peppermint-water2 and even brandy or rum4 ,the patient should keep his bed1 and endeavour to promote a sweat by drinking warm liquors2 and if he should be troubled with a nausea1 or inclination to vomit1 he may drink camomile-tea1 or any thing that will make him vomit freely4 ,when the gout attacks the kidneys1 and imitates gravel-pains1 the patient ought to drink freely of a decoction of marsh-mallows1 and to have the parts fomented with warm water4 ,an emollient clyster ought likewise to be given1 and afterwards an opiate4 ,if the pain be very violent1 twenty or thirty drops of laudanum may be taken in a cup of the decoction4 ,persons who have had the gout should be very attentive to any complaints that may happen to them about the time when they have reason to expect a return of the fit4 ,the gout imitates many other disorders1 and by being mistaken for them1 and treated improperly1 is often diverted from its regular course1 to the great danger of the patient's life4 ,those who never had the gout1 but who1 from their constitution or manner of living1 have reason to expect it1 ought likewise to be very circumspect with regard to its first approach4 ,if the disease1 by wrong conduct or improper medicines1 be diverted from its proper course1 the miserable patient has a chance to be ever after tormented with head-achs1 coughs1 pains of the stomach and intestines2 and to fall at last a victim to its attack upon some of the more noble parts4 ,,of ,,the ,,rheumatism4 ,this disease has often a resemblance to the gout4 ,it generally attacks the joints with exquisite pain1 and is sometimes attended with inflammation and swelling4 ,it is most common in the spring1 and towards the end of autumn4 ,it is usually distinguished into acute and chronic2 or the rheumatism with and without a fever4 ,,causes4----,the causes of a rheumatism are frequently the same as those of an inflammatory fever1 viz4 an obstructed perspiration1 the immoderate use of strong liquors1 and the like4 ,sudden changes of the weather1 and all quick transitions from heat to cold1 are very apt to occasion the rheumatism4 ,the most extraordinary case of a rheumatism that ,i ever saw1 where almost every joint of the body was distorted1 was a man who used to work one part of the day by the fire1 and the other part of it in the water4 ,very obstinate rheumatisms have likewise been brought on by persons not accustomed to it1 allowing their feet to continue long wet4 ,the same effects are often produced by wet clothes1 damp beds1 sitting or lying on the damp ground1 travelling in the night1 c4 ,the rheumatism may likewise be occasioned by excessive evacuations1 or the stoppage of customary discharges4 ,it is often the effect of chronic diseases1 which vitiate the humours2 as the scurvy1 the lues venerea1 obstinate autumnal agues1 c4 ,the rheumatism prevails in cold1 damp1 marshy countries4 ,it is most common among the poorer sort of peasants1 who are ill clothed1 live in low damp houses1 and eat coarse unwholesome food1 which contains but little nourishment1 and is not easily digested4 ,,symptoms4----,the acute rheumatism commonly begins with weariness1 shivering1 a quick pulse1 restlessness1 thirst1 and other symptoms of fever4 ,afterwards the patient complains of flying pains1 which are increased by the least motion4 ,these at length fix in the joints1 which are often affected with swelling and inflammation4 ,if blood be let in this disease1 it has generally the same appearance as in the pleurisy4 ,in this kind of rheumatism the treatment of the patient is nearly the same as in an acute or inflammatory fever4 ,if he be young and strong1 bleeding is necessary1 which may be repeated according to the exigencies of the case4 ,the body ought likewise to be kept open by emollient clysters1 or cool opening liquors2 as decoctions of tamarinds1 cream of tartar whey1 senna-tea1 and the like4 ,the diet should be light1 and in small quantity1 consisting chiefly of roasted apples1 groat-gruel1 or weak chicken-broth4 ,after the feverish symptoms have abated1 if the pain still continues1 the patient must keep his bed1 and take such things as promote perspiration2 as wine-whey1 with spiritus ,mindereri1 c4 ,he may likewise take1 for a few nights1 at bed-time1 in a cup of wine-whey1 a drachm of the cream of tartar1 and half a drachm of gum guaiacum in powder4 ,warm bathing1 after proper evacuations1 has often an exceeding good effect4 ,the patient may either be put into a bath of warm water1 or have cloths wrung out of it applied to the parts affected4 ,great care must be taken that he do not catch cold after bathing4 ,the chronic rheumatism is seldom attended with any considerable degree of fever1 and is generally confined to some particular part of the body1 as the shoulders1 the back1 or the loins4 ,there is seldom any inflammation or swelling in this case4 ,persons in the decline of life are most subject to the chronic rheumatism4 ,in such patients it often proves extremely obstinate1 and sometimes incurable4 ,in this kind of rheumatism the regimen should be nearly the same as in the acute4 ,cool and diluting diet1 consisting chiefly of vegetable substances1 as stewed prunes1 coddled apples1 currants or gooseberries boiled in milk1 is most proper4 ,arbuthnot says1 8,if there be a specific in aliment for the rheumatism1 it is certainly whey10 and adds1 8,that he knew a person subject to this disease1 who could never be cured by any other method but a diet of whey and bread40 ,he likewise says1 8,that cream of tartar in water-gruel1 taken for several days1 will ease rheumatic pains considerably40 ,this ,i have often experienced1 but found it always more efficacious when joined with gum guaiacum1 as already directed4 ,in this case the patient may take the dose formerly mentioned twice a-day1 and likewise a tea-spoonful of the volatile tincture of gum guaiacum1 at bed-time1 in wine-whey4 ,this course may be continued for a week1 or longer1 if the case proves obstinate1 and the patient's strength will permit4 ,it ought then to be omitted for a few days1 and repeated again4 ,at the same time leeches or a blistering-plaster may be applied to the part affected4 ,what ,i have generally found answer better than either of these1 in obstinate fixed rheumatic pains1 is the warm plaster#adj4 ,i have likewise known a plaster of ,burgundy pitch worn for some time on the part affected give great relief in rheumatic pains4 ,my ingenious friend1 ,dr4 ,alexander of ,edinburgh1 says1 he has frequently cured very obstinate rheumatic pains by rubbing the part affected with tincture of cantharides4 ,when the common tincture did not succeed1 he used it of a double or treble strength4 ,cupping upon the part affected is likewise often very beneficial1 and is greatly preferable to the application of leeches4 ,though this disease may not seem to yield to medicines for some time1 yet they ought still to be persisted in4 ,persons who are subject to frequent returns of the rheumatism1 will often find their account in using medicines1 whether they be immediately affected with the disease or not4 ,the chronic rheumatism is similar to the gout in this respect1 that the most proper time for using medicines to extirpate it1 is when the patient is most free from the disorder4 ,to those who can afford the expence1 ,i would recommend the warm baths of ,buxton or ,matlock in ,derbyshire4 ,these have often1 to my knowledge1 cured very obstinate rheumatisms1 and are always safe either in or out of the fit4 ,when the rheumatism is complicated with scorbutic complaints1 which is not seldom the case1 the ,harrowgate waters1 and those of ,moffat1 are proper4 ,they should both be drank and used as a warm bath4 ,there are several of our own domestic plants which may be used with advantage in the rheumatism4 ,one of the best is the white mustard4 ,a table-spoonful of the seed of this plant may be taken twice or thrice a-day1 in a glass of water or small wine4 ,the water-trefoil is likewise of great use in this complaint4 ,it may be infused in wine or ale1 or drank in form of tea4 ,the ground-ivy1 camomile1 and several other bitters1 are also beneficial1 and may be used in the same manner4 ,no benefit however is to be expected from these1 unless they be taken for a considerable time4 ,excellent medicines are often despised in this disease1 because they do not perform an immediate cure2 whereas nothing would be more certain than their effect1 were they duly persisted in4 ,want of perseverance in the use of medicines is one reason why chronic diseases are so seldom cured4 ,cold bathing1 especially in salt-water1 often cures the rheumatism4 ,we would also recommend riding on horseback1 and wearing flannel next the skin4 ,issues are likewise very proper1 especially in chronic cases4 ,if the pain affects the shoulders1 an issue may be made in the arm2 but if it affects the loins1 it should be put into the leg or thigh4 ,persons afflicted with the scurvy are very subject to rheumatic complaints4 ,the best medicines in this case are bitters and mild purgatives4 ,these may either be taken separately or together1 as the patient inclines4 ,an ounce of ,peruvian bark1 and half an ounce of rhubarb in powder1 may be infused in a bottle of wine2 and one1 two1 or three wine glasses of it taken daily1 as shall be found necessary for keeping the body gently open4 ,in cases where the bark itself proves sufficiently purgative1 the rhubarb may be omitted4 ,such as are subject to frequent attacks of the rheumatism ought to make choice of a dry1 warm situation1 to avoid the night-air1 wet clothes1 and wet feet1 as much as possible4 ,their clothing should be warm1 and they should wear flannel next their skin1 and make frequent use of the flesh-brush4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,,of ,,the ,,scurvy4 ,this disease prevails chiefly in cold northern countries1 especially in low damp situations1 near large marshes1 or great quantities of stagnating water4 ,sedentary people1 of a dull melancholy disposition1 are most subject to it4 ,it proves often fatal to sailors on long voyages1 particularly in ships that are not properly ventilated1 have many people on board1 or where cleanliness is neglected4 ,it is not necessary to mention the different species into which this disease has been divided1 as they differ from one another chiefly in degree4 ,what is called the land-scurvy1 however1 is seldom attended with those highly putrid symptoms which appear in patients who have been long at sea1 and which1 we presume1 are rather owing to confined air1 want of exercise1 and the unwholesome food eaten by sailors on long voyages1 than to any specific difference in the disease4 ,,causes4----,the scurvy is occasioned by cold moist air2 by the long use of salted or smoke-dried provisions1 or any kind of food that is hard of digestion1 and affords little nourishment4 ,it may also proceed from the suppression of customary evacuations2 as the menses1 the hmorrhoidal flux1 c4 ,it is sometimes owing to a hereditary taint1 in which case a very small cause will excite the latent disorder4 ,grief1 fear1 and other depressing passions1 have a great tendency both to excite and aggravate this disease4 ,the same observation holds with regard to neglect of cleanliness2 bad clothing2 the want of proper exercise2 confined air2 unwholesome food2 or any disease which greatly weakens the body1 or vitiates the humours4 ,,symptoms4----,this disease may be known by unusual weariness1 heaviness1 and difficulty of breathing1 especially after motion2 rottenness of the gums1 which are apt to bleed on the slightest touch2 a stinking breath2 frequent bleeding at the nose2 crackling of the joints2 difficulty of walking2 sometimes a swelling and sometimes a falling away of the legs1 on which there are livid1 yellow1 or violet-coloured spots2 the face is generally of a pale or leaden colour4 ,as the disease advances1 other symptoms come on2 as rottenness of the teeth1 hmorrhages1 or discharges of blood from different parts of the body1 foul obstinate ulcers1 pains in various parts1 especially about the breast1 dry scaly eruptions all over the body1 c4 ,at last a wasting or hectic fever comes on1 and the miserable patient is often carried off by a dysentery1 a diarrha1 a dropsy1 the palsy1 fainting fits1 or a mortification of some of the bowels4 ,,cure4----,we know no way of curing this disease but by pursuing a plan directly opposite to that which brings it on4 ,it proceeds from a vitiated state of the humours1 occasioned by errors in diet1 air1 or exercise2 and this cannot be removed but by a proper attention to these important articles4 ,if the patient has been obliged to breathe a cold1 damp1 or confined air1 he should be removed1 as soon as possible1 to a dry1 open1 and moderately warm one4 ,if there is reason to believe that the disease proceeds from a sedentary life1 or depressing passions1 as grief1 fear1 c4 the patient must take daily as much exercise in the open air as he can bear1 and his mind should be diverted by cheerful company and other amusements4 ,nothing has a greater tendency either to prevent or remove this disease1 than constant cheerfulness and good humour4 ,but this1 alas6 is seldom the lot of persons afflicted with the scurvy2 they are generally surly1 peevish1 and morose4 ,when the scurvy has been brought on by a long use of salted provisions1 the proper medicine is a diet consisting chiefly of fresh vegetables2 as oranges1 apples1 lemons1 limes1 tamarinds1 water-cresses1 scurvy-grass1 brook lime1 c4 ,the use of these1 with milk1 pot-herbs1 new bread1 and fresh beer or cyder1 will seldom fail to remove a scurvy of this kind1 if taken before it be too far advanced2 but to have this effect1 they must be persisted in for a considerable time4 ,when fresh vegetables cannot be obtained1 pickled or preserved ones may be used2 and where these are wanting1 recourse must be had to the chymical acids4 ,all the patient's food and drink should in this case be sharpened with cream of tartar1 elixir of vitriol1 vinegar1 or the spirit of sea-salt4 ,these things however will more certainly prevent than cure the scurvy2 for which reason sea-faring people1 especially on long voyages1 ought to lay in plenty of them4 ,cabbages1 onions1 gooseberries1 and many other vegetables1 may be kept a long time by pickling1 preserving1 c4 and when these fail1 the chymical acids1 recommended above1 which will keep for any length of time1 may be used4 ,we have reason to believe1 if ships were well ventilated1 had good store of fruits1 greens1 cyder1 c4 laid in1 and if proper regard were paid to cleanliness and warmth1 that sailors would be the most healthy people in the world1 and would seldom suffer either from the scurvy or putrid fevers1 which are so fatal to that useful set of men2 but it is too much the temper of such people to despise all precaution2 they will not think of any calamity till it overtakes them1 when it is too late to ward off the blow4 ,it must indeed be owned1 that many of them have it not in their power to make the provision we are speaking of2 but in this case it is the duty of their employers to make it for them2 and no man ought to engage in a long voyage without having these articles secured4 ,i have often seen very extraordinary effects in the land-scurvy from a milk diet4 ,this preparation of ,nature is a mixture of animal and vegetable properties1 which of all others is the most fit for restoring a decayed constitution1 and removing that particular acrimony of the humours1 which seems to constitute the very essence of the scurvy1 and many other diseases4 ,but people despise this wholesome and nourishing food1 because it is cheap1 and devour with greediness1 flesh1 and fermented liquors1 while milk is only deemed fit for their hogs4 ,the most proper drink in the scurvy is whey or butter-milk4 ,when these cannot be had1 sound cyder1 perry1 or spruce-beer1 may be used4 ,wort has likewise been found to be a proper drink in the scurvy1 and may be used at sea1 as malt will keep during the longest voyage4 ,a decoction of the tops of the spruce fir is likewise proper4 ,it may be drank in the quantity of an ,english pint twice a-day4 ,tar-water may be used for the same purpose1 or decoctions of any of the mild mucilaginous vegetables2 as sarsaparilla1 marsh-mallow roots1 c4 ,infusions of the bitter plants1 as ground-ivy1 the lesser centaury1 marsh-trefoil1 c4 are likewise beneficial4 ,i have seen the peasants in some parts of ,britain express the juice of the last-mentioned plant1 and drink it with good effect in those foul scorbutic eruptions with which they are often troubled in the spring season4 ,harrowgate water is certainly an excellent medicine in the land-scurvy4 ,i have often seen patients who had been reduced to the most deplorable condition by this disease1 greatly relieved by drinking the sulphur-water1 and bathing in it4 ,the chalybeate water may also be used with advantage1 especially with a view to brace the stomach after drinking the sulphur-water1 which1 though it sharpens the appetite1 never fails to weaken the powers of digestion4 ,a slight degree of scurvy may be carried off by frequently sucking a little of the juice of a bitter orange1 or a lemon4 ,when the disease affects the gums only1 this practice1 if continued for some time1 will generally carry it off4 ,we would however recommend the bitter orange as greatly preferable to lemon2 it seems to be as good a medicine1 and is not near so hurtful to the stomach4 ,perhaps our own sorrel may be little inferior to either of them4 ,all kinds of sallad are good in the scurvy1 and ought to be eaten very plentifully1 as spinage1 lettuce1 parsley1 celery1 endive1 radish1 dandelion1 c4 ,it is amazing to see how soon fresh vegetables in the spring cure the brute animals of any scab or foulness which is upon their skins4 ,it is reasonable to suppose that their effects would be as great upon the human species1 were they used in proper quantity for a sufficient length of time4 ,i have sometimes seen good effects in scorbutic complaints of very long standing1 from the use of a decoction of the roots of water-dock4 ,it is usually made by boiling a pound of the fresh root in six ,english pints of water1 till about one-third of it be consumed4 ,the dose is from half a pint to a whole pint of the decoction every day4 ,but in all the cases where ,i have seen it prove beneficial1 it was made much stronger1 and drank in larger quantities4 ,the safest way1 however1 is for the patient to begin with small doses1 and increase them both in strength and quantity as he finds his stomach will bear it4 ,it must be used for a considerable time4 ,i have known some take it for many months1 and have been told of others who had used it for several years1 before they were sensible of any benefit1 but who nevertheless were cured by it at length4 ,the leprosy1 which was so common in this country long ago1 seems to have been near-akin to the scurvy4 ,perhaps its appearing so seldom now1 may be owing to the inhabitants of ,britain eating more vegetable food than formerly1 living more upon tea and other diluting diet1 using less salted meat1 being more cleanly1 better lodged and clothed1 c4--,for the cure of this disease we would recommend the same course of diet and medicine as in the scurvy4 ,,of ,,the ,,scrophula1 ,,or ,,king',s ,,evil4 ,this disease chiefly affects the glands1 especially those of the neck4 ,children and young persons of a sedentary life are very subject to it4 ,it is one of those diseases which may be removed by proper regimen1 but seldom yields to medicine4 ,the inhabitants of cold1 damp1 marshy countries are most liable to the scrophula4 ,,causes4----,this disease may proceed from a hereditary taint1 from a scrophulous nurse1 c4 ,children who have the misfortune to be born of sickly parents1 whose constitutions have been greatly injured by the pox1 or other chronic diseases1 are apt to be affected with the scrophula4 ,it may likewise proceed from such diseases as weaken the habit or vitiate the humours1 as the small-pox1 measles1 c4 ,external injuries1 as blows1 bruises1 and the like1 sometimes produce scrophulous ulcers2 but we have reason to believe1 when this happens1 that there has been a predisposition in the habit to this disease4 ,in short1 whatever tends to vitiate the humours or relax the solids1 paves the way to the scrophula2 as the want of proper exercise1 too much heat or cold1 confined air1 unwholesome food1 bad water1 the long use of poor1 weak1 watery aliments1 the neglect of cleanliness1 c4 ,nothing tends more to induce this disease in children than allowing them to continue long wet#ada4 ,,symptoms4----,at first small knots appear under the chin or behind the ears1 which gradually increase in number and size1 till they form one large hard tumour4 ,this often continues for a long time without breaking1 and when it does break1 it only discharges a thin sanies1 or watery humour4 ,other parts of the body are likewise liable to its attack1 as the armpits1 groins1 feet1 hands1 eyes1 breasts1 c4 ,nor are the internal parts exempt from it4 ,it often affects the lungs1 liver1 or spleen2 and ,i have frequently seen the glands of the mesentery greatly enlarged by it4 ,those obstinate ulcers which break out upon the feet and hands with swelling1 and little or no redness1 are of the scrophulous kind4 ,they seldom discharge good matter1 and are exceedingly difficult to cure4 ,the white swellings of the joints seem likewise to be of this kind4 ,they are with difficulty brought to a suppuration1 and when opened they only discharge a thin ichor4 ,there is not a more general symptom of the scrophula than a swelling of the upper lip and nose4 ,,regimen4----,as this disease proceeds1 in a great measure1 from relaxation1 the diet ought to be generous and nourishing1 but at the same time light and of easy digestion2 as well-fermented bread1 made of sound grain1 the flesh and broth of young animals1 with now and then a glass of generous wine1 or good ale4 ,the air ought to be open1 dry1 and not too cold1 and the patient should take as much exercise as he can bear4 ,this is of the utmost importance4 ,children who have sufficient exercise are seldom troubled with the scrophula4 ,,medicine4----,the vulgar are remarkably credulous with regard to the cure of the scrophula2 many of them believing in the virtue of the royal touch1 that of the seventh son1 c4 ,the truth is1 we know but little either of the nature or cure of this disease1 and where reason or medicines fail1 superstition always comes in their place4 ,hence it is1 that in diseases which are the most difficult to understand1 we generally hear of the greatest number of miraculous cures being performed4 ,here1 however1 the deception is easily accounted for4 ,the scrophula1 at a certain period of life1 often cures of itself2 and1 if the patient happens to be touched about this time1 the cure is imputed to the touch1 and not to ,nature1 who is really the physician4 ,in the same way the insignificant nostrums of quacks and old women often gain applause when they deserve none4 ,there is nothing more pernicious than the custom of plying children in the scrophula with strong purgative medicines4 ,people imagine it proceeds from humours which must be purged off1 without considering that these purgatives increase the debility and aggravate the disease4 ,it has indeed been found1 that keeping the body gently open for some time1 especially with sea-water1 has a good effect2 but this should only be given in gross habits1 and in such quantity as to procure one1 or at most two stools every day4 ,bathing in the salt-water has likewise a very good effect1 especially in the warm season4 ,i have often known a course of bathing in salt-water1 and drinking it in such quantities as to keep the body gently open1 cure a scrophula1 after many other medicines had been tried in vain4 ,when salt-water cannot be obtained1 the patient may be bathed in fresh water1 and his body kept open by small quantities of salt and water1 or some other mild purgative4 ,next to cold bathing1 and drinking the salt-water1 we would recommend the ,peruvian bark4 ,the cold bath may be used in summer1 and the bark in winter4 ,to an adult half a drachm of the bark in powder may be given in a glass of red wine four or five times a-day4 ,children1 and such as cannot take it in substance1 may use the decoction made in the following manner3 ,boil an ounce of ,peruvian bark and a drachm of ,winter's bark1 both grossly powdered1 in an ,english quart of water to a pint3 towards the end half an ounce of sliced liquorice-root1 and a handful of raisins may be added1 which will both render the decoction less disagreeable1 and make it take up more of the bark4 ,the liquor must be strained1 and two1 three1 or four table-spoonfuls1 according to the age of the patient1 given three times a-day4 ,the ,moffat and ,harrowgate waters1 especially the latter1 are likewise very proper medicines in the scrophula4 ,they ought not however to be drank in large quantities1 but should be taken so as to keep the body gently open1 and must be used for a considerable time4 ,the hemlock may sometimes be used with advantage in the scrophula4 ,some lay it down as a general rule1 that the sea-water is most proper before there are any suppuration or symptoms of tabes2 the ,peruvian bark1 when there are running sores1 and a degree of hectic fever1 and the hemlock in old inveterate cases1 approaching to the scirrhous or cancerous state4 ,either the extract or the fresh juice of this plant may be used4 ,the dose must be small at first1 and increased gradually as far as the stomach is able to bear it4 ,external applications are of little use4 ,before the tumour breaks1 nothing ought to be applied to it1 unless a piece of flannel1 or something to keep it warm4 ,after it breaks1 the sore may be dressed with some digestive ointment4 ,what ,i have always found to answer best1 was the yellow basilicon mixed with about a sixth or eighth part of its weight of red precipitate of mercury4 ,the sore may be dressed with this twice a-day2 and if it be very fungous1 and does not digest well1 a larger proportion of the precipitate may be added4 ,medicines which mitigate this disease1 though they do not cure it1 are not to be despised4 ,if the patient can be kept alive by any means till he arrives at the age of puberty1 he has a great chance to get well2 but if he does not recover at this time1 in all probability he never will4 ,there is no malady which parents are so apt to communicate to their offspring as the scrophula1 for which reason people ought to beware of marrying into families affected with this disease4 ,for the means of preventing the scrophula1 we must refer the reader to the observations on nursing1 at the beginning of the book4 ,,of ,,the ,,itch4 ,though this disease is commonly communicated by infection1 yet it seldom prevails where due regard is paid to cleanliness1 fresh air1 and wholesome diet4 ,it generally appears in form of small watery pustules1 first about the wrists1 or between the fingers2 afterwards it affects the arms1 legs1 thighs1 c4 ,these pustules are attended with an intolerable itching1 especially when the patient is warm a-bed1 or sits by the fire4 ,sometimes indeed the skin is covered with large blotches or scabs1 and at other times with a white scurf1 or scaly eruption4 ,this last is called the dry itch1 and is the most difficult to cure4 ,the itch is seldom a dangerous disease1 unless when it is rendered so by neglect1 or improper treatment4 ,if it be suffered to continue too long1 it may vitiate the whole mass of humours2 and1 if it be suddenly drove in1 without proper evacuations1 it may occasion fevers1 inflammations of the viscera1 or other internal disorders4 ,the best medicine yet known for the itch is sulphur1 which ought to be used both externally and internally4 ,the parts most affected may be rubbed with an ointment made of the flower of sulphur1 two ounces2 crude sal ammoniac finely powdered two drachms2 hog's lard1 or butter1 four ounces4 ,if a scruple or half a drachm of the essence of lemon be added1 it will entirely take away the disagreeable smell4 ,about the bulk of a nutmeg of this may be rubbed upon the extremities at bed-time twice or thrice a-week4 ,it is seldom necessary to rub the whole body2 but when it is1 it ought not to be done all at once1 but by turns1 as it is dangerous to stop too many pores at the same time4 ,before the patient begins to use the ointment1 he ought1 if he be of a full habit1 to bleed or take a purge or two4 ,it will likewise be proper1 during the use of it1 to take every night and morning as much of the flower of brimstone and cream of tartar1 in a little treacle or new milk1 as will keep the body gently open4 ,he should beware of catching cold1 should wear more clothes than usual1 and take every thing warm4 ,the same clothes1 the linen excepted1 ought to be worn all the time of using the ointment2 and such clothes as have been worn while the patient was under the disease1 are not to be used again1 unless they have been fumigated with brimstone1 and thoroughly cleaned1 otherwise they will communicate the infection anew#adb4 ,i never knew brimstone1 when used as directed above1 fail to cure the itch2 and ,i have reason to believe1 that1 if duly persisted in1 it never will fail2 but if it be only used once or twice1 and cleanliness neglected1 it is no wonder if the disorder returns4 ,the quantity of ointment mentioned above will generally be sufficient for the cure of one person2 but1 if any symptoms of the disease should appear again1 the medicine may be repeated4 ,it is both more safe and efficacious when persisted in for a considerable time1 than when a large quantity is applied at once4 ,as most people dislike the smell of sulphur1 they may use in its place the powder of white hellebore root made up into an ointment1 in the same manner1 which will seldom fail to cure the itch4 ,people ought to be extremely cautious lest they take other eruptions for the itch2 as the stoppage of these may be attended with fatal consequences4 ,many of the eruptive disorders to which children are liable1 have a near resemblance to this disease2 and ,i have often known infants killed by being rubbed with greasy ointments that made these eruptions strike suddenly in1 which ,nature had thrown out to preserve the patient's life1 or prevent some other malady4 ,much mischief is likewise done by the use of mercury in this disease4 ,some persons are so fool-hardy as to wash the parts affected with a strong solution of the corrosive sublimate4 ,others use the mercurial ointment1 without taking the least care either to avoid cold1 keep the body open1 or observe a proper regimen4 ,the consequences of such conduct may be easily guessed4 ,i have known even the mercurial girdles produce bad effects1 and would advise every person1 as he values his health1 to beware how he uses them4 ,mercury ought never to be used as a medicine without the greatest care4 ,ignorant people look upon these girdles as a kind of charm1 without considering that the mercury enters the body4 ,it is not to be told what mischief is done by using mercurial ointment for curing the itch and killing vermin2 yet it is unnecessary for either3 the former may be always more certainly cured by sulphur1 and the latter will never be found where due regard is paid to cleanliness4 ,those who would avoid this detestable disease ought to beware of infected persons1 to use wholesome food1 and to study universal cleanliness#adc4 ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,,of ,,the ,,asthma4 ,the asthma is a disease of the lungs1 which seldom admits of a cure4 ,persons in the decline of life are most liable to it4 ,it is distinguished into the moist and dry1 or humoural and nervous4 ,the former is attended with expectoration or spitting2 but in the latter the patient seldom spits1 unless sometimes a little tough phlegm by the mere force of coughing4 ,,causes4----,the asthma is sometimes hereditary4 ,it may likewise proceed from a bad formation of the breast2 the fumes of metals or minerals taken into the lungs2 violent exercise1 especially running2 the obstruction of customary evacuations1 as the menses1 hmorrhoids1 c4 the sudden retrocession of the gout1 or striking in of eruptions1 as the small-pox1 measles1 c4 violent passions of the mind1 as sudden fear or surprise4 ,in a word1 the disease may proceed from any cause that either impedes the circulation of the blood through the lungs1 or prevents their being duly expanded by the air4 ,,symptoms4----,an asthma is known by a quick laborious breathing1 which is generally performed with a kind of wheezing noise4 ,sometimes the difficulty of breathing is so great1 that the patient is obliged to keep in an erect posture1 otherwise he is in danger of being suffocated4 ,a fit or paroxysm of the asthma generally happens after a person has been exposed to cold easterly winds1 or has been abroad in thick foggy weather1 or has got wet1 or continued long in a damp place under ground1 or has taken some food which the stomach could not digest1 as pastries1 toasted cheese1 or the like4 ,the paroxysm is commonly ushered in with listlessness1 want of sleep1 hoarseness1 a cough1 belching of wind1 a sense of heaviness about the breast1 and difficulty of breathing4 ,to these succeed heat1 fever1 pain of the head1 sickness and nausea1 great oppression of the breast1 palpitation of the heart1 a weak and sometimes intermitting pulse1 an involuntary flow of tears1 bilious vomitings1 c4 ,all the symptoms grow worse towards night2 the patient is easier when up than in bed1 and is very desirous of cool air4 ,,regimen4----,the food ought to be light1 and of easy digestion4 ,boiled meats are to be preferred to roasted1 and the flesh of young animals to that of old4 ,all windy food1 and whatever is apt to swell in the stomach1 is to be avoided4 ,light puddings1 white broths1 and ripe fruits baked1 boiled1 or roasted1 are proper4 ,strong liquors of all kinds1 especially malt-liquor1 are hurtful4 ,the patient should eat a very light supper1 or rather none at all1 and should never suffer himself to be long costive4 ,his clothing should be warm1 especially in the winter-season4 ,as all disorders of the breast are much relieved by keeping the feet warm1 and promoting the perspiration1 a flannel shirt or waistcoat1 and thick shoes1 will be of singular service4 ,but nothing is of so great importance in the asthma as pure and moderately warm air4 ,asthmatic people can seldom bear either the close heavy air of a large town1 or the sharp1 keen atmosphere of a bleak hilly country2 a medium therefore between these is to be chosen4 ,the air near a large town is often better than at a distance1 provided the patient be removed so far as not to be affected by the smoke4 ,some asthmatic patients indeed breathe easier in town than in the country2 but this is seldom the case1 especially in towns where much coal is burnt4 ,asthmatic persons who are obliged to be in town all day1 ought at least to sleep out of it4 ,even this will often prove of great service4 ,those who can afford it ought to travel into a warmer climate4 ,many asthmatic persons who cannot live in ,britain1 enjoy very good health in the south of ,france1 ,portugal1 ,spain1 or ,italy4 ,exercise is likewise of very great importance in the asthma1 as it promotes the digestion1 preparation of the blood1 c4 ,the blood of asthmatic persons is seldom duly prepared1 owing to the proper action of the lungs being impeded4 ,for this reason such people ought daily to take as much exercise1 either on foot1 horseback1 or in a carriage1 as they can bear4 ,,medicine4----,almost all that can be done by medicine in this disease1 is to relieve the patient when seized with a violent fit4 ,this indeed requires the greatest expedition1 as the disease often proves suddenly fatal4 ,in the paroxysm or fit1 the body is generally bound2 a purging clyster1 with a solution of asaftida1 ought therefore to be administered1 and if there be occasion1 it may be repeated two or three times4 ,the patient's feet and legs ought to be immersed in warm water1 and afterwards rubbed with a warm hand1 or dry cloth4 ,bleeding1 unless extreme weakness or old age should forbid it1 is highly proper4 ,if there be a violent spasm about the breast or stomach1 warm fomentations1 or bladders filled with warm milk and water1 may be applied to the part affected1 and warm cataplasms to the soles of the feet4 ,the patient must drink freely of diluting liquors1 and may take a tea-spoonful of the tincture of castor and of saffron mixed together1 in a cup of valerian-tea1 twice or thrice a-day4 ,sometimes a vomit has a very good effect1 and snatches the patient1 as it were1 from the jaws of death4 ,this however will be more safe after other evacuations have been premised4 ,a very strong infusion of roasted coffee is said to give ease in an asthmatic paroxysm4 ,in the moist asthma1 such things as promote expectoration or spitting ought to be used2 as the syrup of squills1 gum ammoniac1 and such like4 ,a common spoonful of the syrup1 or oxymel of squills1 mixed with an equal quantity of cinnamon-water1 may be taken three or four times through the day1 and four or five pills made of equal parts of asaftida and gum-ammoniac1 at bed-time#add4 ,for the convulsive or nervous asthma1 antispasmodics and bracers are the most proper medicines4 ,the patient may take a tea-spoonful of the paregoric elixir twice a-day4 ,the ,peruvian bark is sometimes found to be of use in this case4 ,it may be taken in substance1 or infused in wine4 ,in short1 every thing that braces the nerves1 or takes off spasm1 may be of use in a nervous asthma4 ,it is often relieved by the use of asses milk2 ,i have likewise known cows milk drank warm in the morning have a very good effect in this case4 ,in every species of asthma1 setons and issues have a good effect2 they may either be set in the back or side1 and should never be allowed to dry up4 ,we shall here1 once for all1 observe1 that not only in the asthma1 but in most chronic diseases1 issues are extremely proper4 ,they are both a safe and efficacious remedy2 and though they do not always cure the disease1 yet they will often prolong the patient's life4 ,,chap4 ,,xli4 ,,of ,,the ,,apoplexy4 ,the apoplexy is a sudden loss of sense and motion1 wherein the patient is to all appearance dead2 the heart and lungs however still continue to move4 ,though this disease proves often fatal1 yet it may sometimes be removed by proper care4 ,it chiefly attacks sedentary persons of a gross habit1 who use a rich and plentiful diet1 and indulge in strong liquors4 ,people in the decline of life are most subject to the apoplexy4 ,it prevails most in winter1 especially in rainy seasons1 and very low states of the barometer4 ,,causes4----,the immediate cause of an apoplexy is a compression of the brain1 occasioned by an excess of blood1 or a collection of watery humours4 ,the former is called a sanguine1 and the latter a serous apoplexy4 ,it may be occasioned by any thing that increases the circulation towards the brain1 or prevents the return of the blood from the head2 as intense study2 violent passions#ade2 viewing objects for a long time obliquely2 wearing any thing too tight about the neck2 a rich and luxurious diet2 suppression of urine2 suffering the body to cool suddenly after having been greatly heated2 continuing long in a warm or a cold bath2 the excessive use of spiceries1 or high-seasoned food2 excess of venery2 the sudden striking in of any eruption2 suffering issues1 setons1 c4 suddenly to dry up1 or the stoppage of any customary evacuation2 a mercurial salivation pushed too far1 or suddenly checked by cold2 wounds or bruises on the head2 long exposure to excessive cold2 poisonous exhalations1 c4 ,,symptoms1 and method of cure4----,the usual forerunners of an apoplexy are giddiness1 pain and swimming of the head2 loss of memory2 drowsiness2 noise in the ears2 the night-mare2 a spontaneous flux of tears1 and laborious respiration4 ,when persons of an apoplectic make observe these symptoms1 they have reason to fear the approach of a fit1 and should endeavour to prevent it by bleeding1 a slender diet1 and opening medicines4 ,in the sanguine apoplexy1 if the patient does not die suddenly1 the countenance appears florid1 the face is swelled or puffed up1 and the blood-vessels1 especially about the neck and temples1 are turgid2 the pulse beats strong2 the eyes are prominent and fixed1 and the breathing is difficult1 and performed with a snorting noise4 ,the excrements and urine are often voided spontaneously1 and the patient is sometimes seized with vomiting4 ,in this species of apoplexy every method must be taken to lessen the force of the circulation towards the head4 ,the patient should be kept perfectly easy and cool4 ,his head should be raised pretty high1 and his feet suffered to hang down4 ,his clothes ought to be loosened1 especially about the neck1 and fresh air admitted into his chamber4 ,his garters should be tied pretty tight1 by which means the motion of the blood from the lower extremities will be retarded4 ,as soon as the patient is placed in a proper posture1 he should be bled freely in the neck or arm1 and1 if there be occasion1 the operation may be repeated in two or three hours4 ,a laxative clyster1 with plenty of sweet oil1 or fresh butter1 and a spoonful or two of common salt in it1 may be administered every two hours2 and blistering-plasters applied between the shoulders1 and to the calves of the legs4 ,as soon as the symptoms are a little abated1 and the patient is able to swallow1 he ought to drink freely of some diluting opening liquor1 as a decoction of tamarinds and liquorice1 cream-tartar-whey1 or common whey with cream of tartar dissolved in it4 ,or he may take any cooling purge1 as ,glauber's salt1 manna dissolved in an infusion of senna1 or the like4 ,all spirits and other strong liquors are to be avoided4 ,even volatile salts held to the nose do mischief4 ,vomits1 for the same reason1 ought not to be given1 nor any thing that may increase the motion of the blood towards the head4 ,in the serous apoplexy1 the symptoms are nearly the same1 only the pulse is not so strong1 the countenance is less florid1 and the breathing less difficult4 ,bleeding is not so necessary here as in the former case4 ,it may however generally be performed once with safety and advantage1 but should not be repeated4 ,the patient should be placed in the same posture as directed above1 and should have blistering-plasters applied1 and receive opening clysters in the same manner4 ,purges here are likewise necessary1 and the patient may drink strong balm-tea4 ,if he be inclined to sweat1 it ought to be promoted by drinking small wine-whey1 or an infusion of carduus benedictus4 ,a plentiful sweat kept up for a considerable time has often carried off a serous apoplexy4 ,when apoplectic symptoms proceed from opium1 or other narcotic substances taken into the stomach1 vomits are necessary4 ,the patient is generally relieved as soon as he has discharged the poison in this way4 ,persons of an apoplectic make1 or those who have been attacked by it1 ought to use a very spare and slender diet1 avoiding all strong liquors1 spiceries1 and high-seasoned food4 ,they ought likewise to guard against all violent passions1 and to avoid the extremes of heat and cold4 ,the head should be shaved1 and daily washed with cold water4 ,the feet ought to be kept warm1 and never suffered to continue long wet4 ,the body must be kept open either by food or medicine1 and a little blood may be let every spring and fall4 ,exercise should by no means be neglected2 but it ought to be taken in moderation4 ,nothing has a more happy effect in preventing an apoplexy than perpetual issues or setons2 great care however must be taken not to suffer them to dry up1 without opening others in their stead4 ,apoplectic persons ought never to go to rest with a full stomach1 or to lie with their heads low1 or wear any thing too tight about their necks4 ,,chap4 ,,xlii4 ,,of ,,costiveness1 ,,and ,,other ,,affections ,,of ,,the ,,stomach ,,and ,,bowels4 ,we do not here mean to treat of those astrictions of the bowels which are the symptoms of diseases1 as of the colic1 the iliac passion1 c4 but only to take notice of that infrequency of stools which sometimes happens1 and which in some particular constitutions may occasion diseases4 ,costiveness may proceed from drinking rough red wines1 or other astringent liquors2 too much exercise1 especially on horseback4 ,it may likewise proceed from a long use of cold insipid food1 which does not sufficiently stimulate the intestines4 ,sometimes it is owing to the bile not descending to the intestines1 as in the jaundice2 and at other times it proceeds from diseases of the intestines themselves1 as a palsy1 spasms1 torpor1 tumours1 a cold dry state of the intestines1 c4 ,excessive costiveness is apt to occasion pains of the head1 vomiting1 colics1 and other complaints of the bowels4 ,it is peculiarly hurtful to hypochondriac and hysteric persons1 as it generates wind and other grievous symptoms4 ,some people however can bear costiveness to a great degree4 ,i know persons who enjoy pretty good health1 yet do not go to stool above once a-week1 and others not above once a fortnight4 ,indeed ,i have heard of some who do not go above once a month4 ,persons who are generally costive should live upon a moistening and laxative diet1 as roasted or boiled apples1 pears1 stewed prunes1 raisins1 gruels with currants1 butter1 honey1 sugar1 and such like4 ,broths with spinage1 leeks1 and other soft pot-herbs1 are likewise proper4 ,rye-bread1 or that which is made of a mixture of wheat and rye together1 ought to be eaten4 ,no person troubled with costiveness should eat white bread alone1 especially that which is made of fine flour4 ,the best bread for keeping the body soluble is what in some parts of ,england they call meslin4 ,it is made of a mixture of wheat and rye1 and is very agreeable to those who are accustomed to it4 ,costiveness is increased by keeping the body too warm1 and by every thing that promotes the perspiration2 as wearing flannel1 lying too long a-bed1 c4 ,intense thought1 and a sedentary life1 are likewise hurtful4 ,all the secretions and excretions are promoted by moderate exercise without doors1 and by a gay1 cheerful1 sprightly temper of mind4 ,the drink should be of an opening quality4 ,all ardent spirits1 austere and astringent wines1 as port1 claret1 c4 ought to be avoided4 ,malt-liquor that is fine1 and of a moderate strength1 is very proper4 ,butter-milk1 whey1 and other watery liquors1 are likewise proper1 and may be drank in turns1 as the patient's inclination directs4 ,those who are troubled with costiveness1 ought1 if possible1 to remedy it by diet1 as the constant use of medicines for that purpose is attended with many inconveniencies1 and often with bad consequences#adf4 ,i never knew any one get into a habit of taking medicine for keeping the body open1 who could leave it off4 ,in time the custom becomes necessary1 and generally ends in a total relaxation of the bowels1 indigestion1 loss of appetite1 wasting of the strength1 and death4 ,when the body cannot be kept open without medicine1 we would recommend gentle doses of rhubarb to be taken twice or thrice a-week4 ,this is not near so injurious to the stomach as aloes1 jalap1 or the other drastic purgatives so much in use4 ,infusions of senna and manna may likewise be taken1 or half an ounce of soluble tartar dissolved in water-gruel4 ,about the size of a nutmeg of lenitive electuary taken twice or thrice a-day generally answers the purpose very well4 ,,want ,,of ,,appetite4 ,this may proceed from a foul stomach2 indigestion2 the want of free air and exercise2 grief2 fear2 anxiety2 or any of the depressing passions2 excessive heat2 the use of strong broths1 fat meats1 or any thing that palls the appetite1 or is hard of digestion1 the immoderate use of strong liquors1 tea1 tobacco1 opium1 c4 ,the patient ought1 if possible1 to make choice of an open dry air2 to take exercise daily on horseback or in a carriage2 to rise betimes2 and to avoid all intense thought4 ,he should use a diet of easy digestion2 and should avoid excessive heat and great fatigue4 ,if want of appetite proceeds from errors in diet1 or any other part of the patient's regimen1 it ought to be changed4 ,if nausea and reachings shew that the stomach is loaded with crudities1 a vomit will be of service4 ,after this a gentle purge or two of rhubarb1 or of any of the bitter purging salts1 may be taken4 ,the patient ought next to use some of the stomachic bitters infused in wine4 ,though gentle evacuations be necessary1 yet strong purges and vomits are to be avoided1 as they weaken the stomach1 and hurt digestion4 ,elixir of vitriol is an excellent medicine in most cases of indigestion1 weakness of the stomach1 or want of appetite4 ,from twenty to thirty drops of it may be taken twice or thrice a-day in a glass of wine or water4 ,it may likewise be mixed with the tincture of the bark1 one drachm of the former to an ounce of the latter1 and two tea-spoonfuls of it taken in wine or water1 as above4 ,the chalybeate waters1 if drank in moderation1 are generally of considerable service in this case4 ,the salt-water has likewise good effects2 but it must not be used too freely4 ,the waters of ,harrowgate1 ,scarborough1 ,moffat1 and most other ,spas in ,britain1 may be used with advantage4 ,we would advise all who are afflicted with indigestion and want of appetite1 to repair to these places of public rendezvous4 ,the very change of air1 and the cheerful company1 will be of service2 not to mention the exercise1 dissipation1 amusements1 c4 ,,of ,,the ,,heart-,,burn4 ,what is commonly called the heart-burn1 is not a disease of that organ1 but an uneasy sensation of heat or acrimony about the pit of the stomach1 which is sometimes attended with anxiety1 nausea1 and vomiting4 ,it may proceed from debility of the stomach1 indigestion1 bile1 the abounding of an acid in the stomach1 c4 ,persons who are liable to this complaint ought to avoid stale liquors1 acids1 windy or greasy aliments1 and should never use violent exercise soon after a plentiful meal4 ,i know many persons who never fail to have the heart-burn if they ride soon after dinner1 provided they have drank ale1 wine1 or any fermented liquor2 but are never troubled with it when they have drank rum or brandy and water without any sugar or acid4 ,when the heart-burn proceeds from debility of the stomach1 or indigestion1 the patient ought to take a dose or two of rhubarb2 afterwards he may use infusions of the ,peruvian bark1 or any other of the stomachic bitters1 in wine or brandy4 ,exercise in the open air will likewise be of use1 and every thing that promotes digestion4 ,when bilious humours occasion the heart-burn1 a tea-spoonful of the sweet spirit of nitre in a glass of water1 or a cup of tea1 will generally give ease4 ,if it proceeds from the use of greasy aliments1 a dram of brandy or rum may be taken4 ,if acidity or sourness of the stomach occasions the heart-burn1 absorbents are the proper medicines4 ,in this case an ounce of powdered chalk1 half an ounce of fine sugar1 and a quarter of an ounce of gum-arabic1 may be mixed in an ,english quart of water1 and a tea-cupful of it taken as often as is necessary4 ,such as do not chuse chalk may take a tea-spoonful of prepared oyster-shells1 or of the powder called crabs eyes1 in a glass of cinnamon or peppermint-water4 ,but the safest and bed absorbent is magnesia alba4 ,this not only acts as an absorbent1 but likewise as a purgative2 whereas chalk1 and other absorbents of that kind1 are apt to lie in the intestines1 and occasion obstructions4 ,this powder is not disagreeable1 and may be taken in a cup of tea1 or a glass of mint-water4 ,a large tea-spoonful is the usual dose2 but it may be taken in a much greater quantity when there is occasion4 ,these things are now generally made up into lozenges for the conveniency of being carried in the pocket1 and taken at pleasure4 ,if wind be the cause of this complaint1 the most proper medicines are those called carminatives2 as anniseeds1 juniper-berries1 ginger1 canella alba1 cardamom seeds1 c4 ,these may either be chewed1 or infused in wine1 brandy1 or other spirits4 ,one of the safest medicines of this kind is the tincture made by infusing an ounce of rhubarb1 and a quarter of an ounce of the lesser cardamom seeds1 in an ,english pint of brandy4 ,after this has digested for two or three days1 it ought to be strained1 and four ounces of white sugar-candy added to it4 ,it must stand to digest a second time till the sugar be dissolved4 ,a table-spoonful of it may be taken occasionally for a dose4 ,i have frequently known the heart-burn cured1 particularly in pregnant women1 by chewing green tea4 ,two table-spoonfuls of what is called the milk of gum-ammoniac1 taken once or twice a-day1 will sometimes cure the heart-burn4 ,,chap4 ,,xliii4 ,,of ,,nervous ,,diseases4 ,of all diseases incident to mankind1 those of the nervous kind are the most complicated and difficult to cure4 ,a volume would not be sufficient to point out their various appearances4 ,they imitate almost every disease2 and are seldom alike in two different persons1 or even in the same person at different times4 ,proteus-like1 they are continually changing shape2 and upon every fresh attack1 the patient thinks he feels symptoms which he never experienced before4 ,nor do they only affect the body2 the mind likewise suffers1 and is often thereby rendered extremely weak and peevish4 ,the low spirits1 timorousness1 melancholy1 and fickleness of temper1 which generally attend nervous disorders1 induce many to believe that they are entirely diseases of the mind2 but this change of temper is rather a consequence1 than the cause of nervous diseases4 ,,causes4----,every thing that tends to relax or weaken the body1 disposes it to nervous diseases1 as indolence1 excessive venery1 drinking too much tea1 or other weak1 watery liquors warm1 frequent bleeding1 purging1 vomiting1 c4 ,whatever hurts the digestion1 or prevents the proper assimilation of the food1 has likewise this effect2 as long fasting1 excess in eating or drinking1 the use of windy1 crude1 or unwholesome aliments1 an unfavourable posture of the body1 c4 ,nervous disorders often proceed from intense application to study4 ,indeed few studious persons are entirely free from them4 ,nor is this at all to be wondered at2 intense thinking not only preys upon the spirits1 but prevents the person from taking proper exercise1 by which means the digestion is impaired1 the nourishment prevented1 the solids relaxed1 and the whole mass of humours vitiated4 ,grief and disappointment likewise produce the same effects4 ,i have known more nervous patients1 who dated the commencement of their disorders from the loss of a husband1 a favourite child1 or from some disappointment in life1 than from any other cause4 ,in a word1 whatever weakens the body1 or depresses the spirits1 may occasion nervous disorders1 as unwholesome air1 want of sleep1 great fatigue1 disagreeable apprehensions1 anxiety1 vexation1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,we shall only mention some of the most general symptoms of these disorders1 as it would be both an useless and an endless task to enumerate the whole4 ,they generally begin with windy inflations or distentions of the stomach and intestines2 the appetite and digestion are usually bad2 yet sometimes there is an uncommon craving for food1 and a quick digestion4 ,the food often turns sour on the stomach2 and the patient is troubled with vomiting of clear water1 tough phlegm1 or a blackish-coloured liquor resembling the grounds of coffee4 ,excruciating pains are often felt about the navel1 attended with a rumbling or murmuring noise in the bowels4 ,the body is sometimes loose1 but more commonly bound1 which occasions a retention of wind and great uneasiness4 ,the urine is sometimes in small quantity1 at other times very copious and quite clear4 ,there is a great straitness of the breast1 with difficulty of breathing2 violent palpitations of the heart2 sudden flushings of heat in various parts of the body2 at other times a sense of cold1 as if water were poured on them2 flying pains in the arms and limbs2 pains in the back and belly1 resembling those occasioned by gravel2 the pulse very variable1 sometimes uncommonly slow1 and at other times very quick2 yawning1 the hiccup1 frequent sighing1 and a sense of suffocation1 as if from a ball or lump in the throat2 alternate fits of crying and convulsive laughing2 the sleep is unsound and seldom refreshing2 and the patient is often troubled with the night-mare4 ,as the disease increases1 the patient is molested with head-achs1 cramps1 and fixed pains in various parts of the body2 the eyes are clouded1 and often affected with pain and dryness2 there is a noise in the ears1 and often a dulness of hearing2 in short1 the whole animal functions are impaired4 ,the mind is disturbed on the most trivial occasions1 and is hurried into the most perverse commotions1 inquietudes1 terror1 sadness1 anger1 diffidence1 c4 ,the patient is apt to entertain wild imaginations and extravagant fancies2 the memory becomes weak1 and the judgment fails4 ,nothing is more characteristic of this disease than a constant dread of death4 ,this renders those unhappy persons who labour under it peevish1 fickle1 impatient1 and apt to run from one physician to another2 which is one reason why they seldom reap any benefit from medicine1 as they have not sufficient resolution to persist in any one course till it has time to produce its proper effects4 ,they are likewise apt to imagine that they labour under diseases from which they are quite free2 and are very angry if any one attempts to set them right1 or laugh them out of their ridiculous notions4 ,,regimen4----,persons afflicted with nervous diseases ought never to fast long4 ,their food should be solid and nourishing1 but of easy digestion4 ,fat meats and heavy sauces are hurtful4 ,all excess should be carefully avoided4 ,they ought never to eat more at a time than they can easily digest2 but if they feel themselves weak and faint between meals1 they ought to eat a bit of bread1 and drink a glass of wine4 ,heavy suppers are to be avoided4 ,though wine in excess enfeebles the body1 and impairs the faculties of the mind1 yet taken in moderation1 it strengthens the stomach1 and promotes digestion4 ,wine and water is a very proper drink at meals2 but if wine sours on the stomach1 or the patient is much troubled with wind1 brandy and water will answer better4 ,every thing that is windy or hard of digestion must be avoided4 ,all weak and warm liquors are hurtful1 as tea1 coffee1 punch1 c4 ,people may find a temporary relief in the use of these1 but they always increase the malady1 as they weaken the stomach and hurt digestion4 ,above all things1 drams are to be avoided4 ,whatever immediate ease the patient may feel from the use of ardent spirits1 they are sure to aggravate the malady1 and prove certain poisons at last4 ,these cautions are the more necessary1 as most nervous people are peculiarly fond of tea and ardent spirits2 to the use of which many of them fall victims4 ,exercise in nervous disorders is superior to all medicines4 ,riding on horseback is generally esteemed the best1 as it gives motion to the whole body1 without fatiguing it4 ,i have known some patients1 however1 with whom walking agreed better1 and others who were most benefited by riding in a carriage4 ,every one ought to use that which he finds most beneficial4 ,long sea-voyages have an excellent effect2 and to those who have sufficient resolution1 we would by all means recommend this course4 ,even change of place1 and the sight of new objects1 by diverting the mind1 have a great tendency to remove these complaints4 ,for this reason a long journey1 or a voyage1 is of much more advantage than riding short journeys near home4 ,a cool and dry air is proper1 as it braces1 and invigorates the whole body4 ,few things tend more to relax and enervate than hot air1 especially that which is rendered so by great fires1 or stoves in small apartments4 ,but when the stomach or bowels are weak1 the body ought to be well guarded against cold1 especially in winter1 by wearing a thin flannel waistcoat next the skin4 ,this will keep up an equal perspiration1 and defend the alimentary canal from many impressions to which it would otherwise be subject1 upon every sudden change from warm to cold weather4 ,rubbing the body frequently with a flesh-brush1 or a coarse linen cloth1 is likewise beneficial1 as it promotes the circulation1 perspiration1 c4 ,persons who have weak nerves ought to rise early1 and take exercise before breakfast1 as lying too long a-bed cannot fail to relax the solids4 ,they ought likewise to be diverted1 and to be kept as easy and cheerful as possible4 ,there is not any thing which hurts the nervous system1 or weakens the digestive powers1 more than fear1 grief1 or anxiety4 ,,medicines4----,though nervous diseases are seldom radically cured1 yet their symptoms may sometimes be alleviated1 and the patient's life rendered at least more comfortable by proper medicines4 ,when the patient is costive1 he ought to take a little rhubarb1 or some other mild purgative1 and should never suffer his body to be long bound4 ,all strong and violent purgatives are however to be avoided1 as aloes1 jalap1 c4 ,i have generally seen an infusion of senna and rhubarb in brandy answer very well4 ,this may be made of any strength1 and taken in such quantity as the patient finds necessary4 ,when digestion is bad1 or the stomach relaxed and weak1 the following infusion of ,peruvian bark and other bitters may be used with advantage3 ,take of ,peruvian bark an ounce1 gentian root1 orange-peel1 and coriander-seed1 of each half an ounce2 let these ingredients be all bruised in a mortar1 and infused in a bottle of brandy or whiskey1 for the space of five or six days4 ,a table-spoonful of the strained liquor may be taken in half a glass of water1 an hour before breakfast1 dinner1 and supper4 ,few things tend more to strengthen the nervous system than cold bathing4 ,this practice1 if duly persisted in1 will produce very extraordinary effects2 but when the liver or other viscera are obstructed1 or otherwise unsound1 the cold bath is improper4 ,it is therefore to be used with very great caution4 ,the most proper seasons for it are summer and autumn4 ,it will be sufficient1 especially for persons of a spare habit1 to go into the cold bath three or four times a-week4 ,if the patient be weakened by it1 or feels chilly for a long time after coming out1 it is improper4 ,in patients afflicted with wind1 ,i have always observed the greatest benefit from the elixir of vitriol4 ,it may be taken in the quantity of fifteen1 twenty1 or thirty drops1 twice or thrice a-day in a glass of water4 ,this both expels wind1 strengthens the stomach1 and promotes digestion4 ,opiates are generally extolled in these maladies2 but as they only palliate the symptoms1 and generally afterwards increase the disease1 we would advise people to be extremely sparing in the use of them1 lest habit render them at last absolutely necessary4 ,it would be an easy matter to enumerate many medicines which have been extolled for relieving nervous disorders2 but whoever wishes for a thorough cure must expect it from regimen alone2 we shall therefore omit mentioning more medicines1 and again recommend the strictest attention to ,,diet1 ,,air1 ,,exercise1 and ,,amusements4 ,,of ,,melancholy4 ,melancholy is that state of alienation or weakness of mind which renders people incapable of enjoying the pleasures1 or performing the duties of life4 ,it is a degree of insanity1 and often terminates in absolute madness4 ,,causes4----,it may proceed from an hereditary disposition2 intense thinking1 especially where the mind is long occupied about one object2 violent passions or affections of the mind1 as love1 fear1 joy1 grief1 over-weening pride1 and such like4 ,it may also be occasioned by excessive venery2 narcotic or stupefactive poisons2 a sedentary life2 solitude2 the suppression of customary evacuations2 acute fevers1 or other diseases4 ,violent anger will change melancholy into madness2 and excessive cold1 especially of the lower extremities1 will force the blood into the brain1 and produce all the symptoms of madness4 ,it may likewise proceed from the use of aliment that is hard of digestion1 or which cannot be easily assimilated2 from a callous state of the integuments of the brain1 or a dryness of the brain itself4 ,to all which we may add gloomy or mistaken notions of religion4 ,,symptoms4----,when persons begin to be melancholy1 they are timorous2 watchful2 fond of solitude2 fretful2 fickle2 captious and inquisitive2 solicitous about trifles2 sometimes niggardly1 and at other times prodigal4 ,the body is generally bound2 the urine thin1 and in small quantity2 the stomach and bowels inflated with wind2 the complexion pale2 the pulse slow and weak4 ,the functions of the mind are also greatly perverted1 in so much that the patient often imagines himself dead1 or changed into some other animal4 ,some have imagined their bodies were made of glass1 or other brittle substances1 and were afraid to move1 lest they should be broken to pieces4 ,the unhappy patient1 in this case1 unless carefully watched1 is apt to put an end to his own miserable life4 ,when the disease is owing to an obstruction of customary evacuations1 or any bodily disorder1 it is easier cured than when it proceeds from affections of the mind1 or an hereditary taint4 ,a discharge of blood from the nose1 looseness1 scabby eruptions1 the bleeding piles1 or the menses1 sometimes carry off this disease4 ,,regimen4----,the diet should consist chiefly of vegetables of a cooling and opening quality4 ,animal food1 especially salted or smoke-dried fish or flesh1 ought to be avoided4 ,all kinds of shell-fish are bad4 ,aliments prepared with onions1 garlic1 or any thing that generates thick blood1 are likewise improper4 ,all kind of fruits that are wholesome may be eaten with advantage4 ,boerhaave gives an instance of a patient who1 by a long use of whey1 water1 and garden-fruit1 recovered1 after having evacuated a great quantity of black-coloured matter4 ,strong liquors of every kind ought to be avoided as poison4 ,the most proper drink is water1 whey1 or very small beer4 ,tea and coffee are improper4 ,if honey agrees with the patient1 it may be eaten freely1 or his drink may be sweetened with it4 ,infusions of balm-leaves1 penny-royal1 the roots of wild valerian1 or the flowers of the lime-tree1 may be drank freely1 either by themselves1 or sweetened with honey1 as the patient shall chuse4 ,the patient ought to take as much exercise in the open air as he can bear4 ,this helps to dissolve the viscid humours1 it removes obstructions1 promotes the perspiration1 and all the other secretions4 ,every kind of madness is attended with a diminished perspiration2 all means ought therefore to be used to promote that necessary and salutary discharge4 ,nothing can have a more direct tendency to increase the disease than confining the patient to a close apartment4 ,were he forced to ride or walk a certain number of miles every day1 it would tend greatly to alleviate his disorder2 but it would have still a better effect1 if he were obliged to labour a piece of ground4 ,by digging1 hoeing1 planting1 sowing1 c4 both the body and mind would be exercised4 ,a long journey1 or a voyage1 especially towards a warmer climate1 with agreeable companions1 has often very happy effects4 ,a plan of this kind1 with a strict attention to diet1 is a much more rational method of cure1 than confining the patient within doors and plying him with medicines4 ,,medicine4----,in the cure of this disease particular attention must be paid to the mind4 ,when the patient is in a low state1 his mind ought to be soothed and diverted with variety of amusements1 as entertaining stories1 pastimes1 music1 c4 ,this seems to have been the method of curing melancholy among the ,jews1 as we learn from the story of ,king ,saul2 and indeed it is a very rational one4 ,nothing can remove diseases of the mind so effectually as applications to the mind itself1 the most efficacious of which is music4 ,the patient's company ought likewise to consist of such persons as are agreeable to him4 ,people in this state are apt to conceive unaccountable aversions against particular persons2 and the very sight of such persons is sufficient to distract their minds1 and throw them into the utmost perturbation4 ,when the patient is high1 evacuations are necessary4 ,in this case he must be bled1 and have his body kept open by purging medicines1 as manna1 rhubarb1 cream of tartar1 or the soluble tartar4 ,i have seen the last have very happy effects4 ,it may be taken in the dose of half an ounce1 dissolved in water-gruel1 every day1 for sundry weeks1 or even for months1 if necessary4 ,more or less may be given according as it operates4 ,vomits have likewise a good effect2 but they must be pretty strong1 otherwise they will not operate4 ,whatever increases the evacuation of urine or promotes perspiration1 has a tendency to remove this disease4 ,both these secretions may be promoted by the use of nitre and vinegar4 ,half a drachm of purified nitre may be given three or four times a-day in any manner that is most agreeable to the patient2 and an ounce and a half of distilled vinegar may be daily mixed with his drink4 ,dr4 ,locker seems to think vinegar the best medicine that can be given in this disease4 ,camphire and musk have likewise been used in this case with advantage4 ,ten or twelve grains of camphire may be rubbed in a mortar with half a drachm of nitre1 and taken twice a-day1 or oftner1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,if it will not sit upon the stomach in this form1 it may be made into pills with gum asaftida and ,russian castor1 and taken in the quantity above directed4 ,if musk is to be administered1 a scruple or twenty-five grains of it may be made into a bolus with a little honey or common syrup1 and taken twice or thrice a-day4 ,we do not mean that all these medicines should be administered at once2 but whichever of them is given1 must be duly persisted in1 and where one fails another may be tried4 ,as it is very difficult to induce patients in this disease to take medicines1 we shall mention a few outward applications1 which sometimes do good2 the principal of these are issues1 setons1 and warm bathing4 ,issues may be made in any part of the body1 but they generally have the best effect near the spine4 ,the discharge from these may be greatly promoted by dressing them with the mild blistering ointment1 and keeping what are commonly called the orrice pease in them4 ,the most proper place for a seton is between the shoulder-blades2 and it ought to be placed upwards and downwards1 or in the direction of the spine4 ,,of ,,the ,,palsy4 ,the palsy is a loss or diminution of sense or motion1 or of both1 in one or more parts of the body4 ,of all the affections called nervous1 this is the most suddenly fatal4 ,it is more or less dangerous1 according to the importance of the part affected4 ,a palsy of the heart1 lungs1 or any part necessary to life1 is mortal4 ,when it affects the stomach1 the intestines1 or the bladder1 it is highly dangerous4 ,if the face be affected1 the case is bad1 as it shews that the disease proceeds from the brain4 ,when the part affected feels cold1 is insensible1 or wastes away1 or when the judgment and memory begin to fail1 there is small hope of a cure4 ,,causes4----,the immediate cause of palsy is any thing that prevents the regular exertion of the nervous power upon any particular muscle or part of the body4 ,the occasional and predisposing causes are various1 as drunkenness2 wounds of the brain1 or spinal marrow2 pressure upon the brain or nerves2 very cold or damp air2 the suppression of customary evacuations2 sudden fear2 want of exercise2 or whatever greatly relaxes the system1 as drinking much tea#adg1 or coffee1 c4 ,the palsy may likewise proceed from wounds of the nerves themselves1 from the poisonous fumes of metals or minerals1 as mercury1 lead1 arsenic4 ,in young persons of a full habit1 the palsy must be treated in the same manner as the sanguine apoplexy4 ,the patient must be bled1 blistered1 and have his body opened by sharp clysters or purgative medicines4 ,but1 in old age1 or when the disease proceeds from relaxation or debility1 which is generally the case1 a quite contrary course must be pursued4 ,the diet must be warm and invigorating1 seasoned with spicy and aromatic vegetables1 as mustard1 horse-radish1 c4 ,the drink may be generous wine1 mustard-whey1 or brandy and water4 ,friction with the flesh-brush1 or a warm hand1 is extremely proper1 especially on the parts affected4 ,blistering-plasters may likewise be applied to the affected parts with advantage4 ,when this cannot be done1 they may be rubbed with the volatile liniment1 or the nerve ointment of the ,edinburgh dispensatory4 ,one of the best external applications is electricity4 ,the shocks1 or rather vibrations1 should be received on the part affected2 and they ought daily to be repeated for several weeks4 ,vomits are very beneficial in this kind of palsy1 and ought frequently to be administered4 ,cephalic snuff1 or any thing that makes the patient sneeze1 is likewise of use4 ,some pretend to have found great benefit from rubbing the parts affected with nettles2 but this does not seem to be any way preferable to blistering4 ,if the tongue is affected1 the patient may gargle his mouth frequently with brandy and mustard2 or he may hold a bit of sugar in his mouth wet with the palsy-drops or compound spirits of lavender4 ,the wild valerian-root is a very proper medicine in this case4 ,it may either be taken in an infusion with sage-leaves1 or half a drachm of it in powder may be given in a glass of wine three times a-day4 ,if the patient cannot use the valerian1 he may take of sal volatile oleosum1 compound spirits of lavender1 and tincture of castor1 each half an ounce2 mix these together1 and take forty or fifty drops in a glass of wine three or four times a-day4 ,a table-spoonful of mustard-seed taken frequently is a very good medicine4 ,the patient ought likewise to chew cinnamon bark1 ginger1 or other warm spiceries4 ,exercise is of the utmost importance in the palsy2 but the patient must beware of cold1 damp1 and moist air4 ,he ought to wear flannel next his skin2 and1 if possible1 should remove into a warmer climate4 ,,of ,,the ,,epilepsy1 ,,or ,,falling ,,sickness4 ,the epilepsy is a sudden deprivation of all the senses1 wherein the patient falls suddenly down1 and is affected with violent convulsive motions4 ,children1 especially those who are delicately brought up1 are most subject to it4 ,it more frequently attacks men than women1 and is very difficult to cure4 ,when the epilepsy attacks children1 there is reason to hope it may go off about the time of puberty4 ,when it attacks any person after twenty years of age1 the cure is difficult2 but when after forty1 a cure is hardly to be expected4 ,if the fit continues only for a short space1 and returns seldom1 there is reason to hope2 but if it continues long1 and returns frequently1 the prospect is bad4 ,it is a very unfavourable symptom when the patient is seized with the fits in his sleep4 ,,causes4----,the epilepsy is sometimes hereditary4 ,it may likewise proceed from blows1 bruises1 or wounds on the head2 a collection of water1 blood1 or serous humours in the brain2 a polypus2 tumours or concretions within the skull2 excessive drinking2 intense study2 excess of venery2 worms2 teething2 suppression of customary evacuations2 too great emptiness or repletion2 violent passions or affections of the mind1 as fear1 joy1 c42 hysteric affections2 contagion received into the body1 as the infection of the small-pox1 measles1 c4 ,,symptoms4----,an epileptic fit is generally preceded by unusual weariness2 pain of the head2 dulness2 giddiness2 noise in the ears2 dimness of sight2 palpitation of the heart2 disturbed sleep2 difficult breathing2 the bowels are inflated with wind2 the urine is in great quantity1 but thin2 the complexion is pale2 the extremities are cold2 and the patient often feels1 as it were1 a stream of cold air ascending towards his head4 ,in the fit1 the patient generally makes an unusual noise2 his thumbs are drawn in towards the palms of the hands2 his eyes are distorted2 he starts1 and foams at the mouth2 his extremities are bent or twitted various ways2 he often discharges his seed1 urine1 and fces involuntarily2 and is quite destitute of all sense and reason4 ,after the fit is over1 his senses gradually return1 and he complains of a kind of stupor1 weariness1 and pain of his head2 but has no remembrance of what happened to him during the fit4 ,the fits are sometimes excited by violent affections of the mind1 a debauch of liquor1 excessive heat1 cold1 or the like4 ,this disease1 from the difficulty of investigating its causes1 and its strange symptoms1 was formerly attributed to the wrath of the gods1 or the agency of evil spirits4 ,in modern times it has often1 by the vulgar1 been imputed to witchcraft or fascination4 ,it depends however as much upon natural causes as any other malady2 and its cure may often be effected by persisting in the use of proper means4 ,,regimen4----,epileptic patients ought1 if possible1 to breathe a pure and free air4 ,their diet should be light but nourishing4 ,they ought to drink nothing strong1 to avoid swine's flesh1 water-fowl1 and likewise all windy and oily vegetables1 as cabbage1 nuts1 c4 ,they ought to keep themselves cheerful1 carefully guarding against all violent passions1 as anger1 fear1 excessive joy1 and the like4 ,exercise is likewise of great use2 but the patient must be careful to avoid all extremes either of heat or cold1 all dangerous situations1 as standing upon precipices1 riding1 deep waters1 and such like4 ,,medicine4----,the intentions of cure must vary according to the cause of the disease4 ,if the patient be of a sanguine temperament1 and there be reason to fear an obstruction in the brain1 bleeding and other evacuations will be necessary4 ,when the disease is occasioned by the stoppage of customary evacuations1 these1 if possible1 must be restored2 if this cannot be done1 others may be substituted in their place4 ,issues or setons in this case have often a very good effect4 ,when there is reason to believe that the disease proceeds from worms1 proper medicines must be used to kill1 or carry off these vermin4 ,when the disease proceeds from teething1 the body should be kept open by emollient clysters1 the feet frequently bathed in warm water1 and1 if the fits prove obstinate1 a blistering-plaster may be put betwixt the shoulders4 ,the same method is to be followed1 when epileptic fits precede the eruption of the small-pox1 or measles1 c4 ,when the disease is hereditary1 or proceeds from a wrong formation of the brain1 a cure is not to be expected4 ,when it is owing to a debility1 or too great an irritability of the nervous system1 such medicines as tend to brace and strengthen the nerves may be used1 as the ,peruvian bark1 and steel2 or the anti-epileptic electuaries1 recommended by ,fuller and ,mead#adh4 ,the flowers of zinc have of late been highly extolled for the cure of the epilepsy4 ,though this medicine will not be found to answer the expectations which have been raised concerning it1 yet in obstinate epileptic cases it deserves a trial4 ,the dose is from one to three or four grains1 which may be taken either in pills or a bolus1 as the patient inclines4 ,the best method is to begin with a single grain four or five times a day1 and gradually to increase the dose as far as the patient can bear it4 ,i have known this medicine1 when duly persisted in1 prove beneficial4 ,musk has sometimes been found to succeed in the epilepsy4 ,ten or twelve grains of it1 with the same quantity of factitious cinnabar1 may be made up into a bolus1 and taken every night and morning4 ,sometimes the epilepsy has been cured by electricity4 ,convulsion-fits proceed from the same causes1 and must be treated in the same manner as the epilepsy4 ,there is one particular species of convulsion-fits which commonly goes by the name of ,st4 ,vitus's dance1 wherein the patient is agitated with strange motions and gesticulations1 which by the common people are generally believed to be the effects of witchcraft4 ,this disease may be cured by repeated bleedings and purges2 and afterwards using the medicines prescribed above for the epilepsy1 viz4 the ,peruvian bark and snake-root1 c4 ,chalybeate waters are found to be beneficial in this case4 ,the cold bath is likewise of singular service1 and ought never to be neglected when the patient can bear it4 ,,of ,,the ,,hiccup4 ,the hiccup is a spasmodic or convulsive affection of the stomach and midriff1 arising from any cause that irritates their nervous fibres4 ,it may proceed from excess in eating or drinking2 from a hurt of the stomach2 poisons2 inflammations or scirrhous tumours of the stomach1 intestines1 bladder1 midriff1 or the rest of the viscera4 ,in gangrenes1 acute and malignant fevers1 a hiccup is often the forerunner of death4 ,when the hiccup proceeds from the use of aliment that is flatulent1 or hard of digestion1 a draught of generous wine1 or a dram of any spirituous liquor1 will generally remove it4 ,if poison be the cause1 plenty of milk and oil must be drank1 as has been formerly recommended4 ,when it proceeds from an inflammation of the stomach1 c4 it is very dangerous4 ,in this case the cooling regimen ought to be strictly observed4 ,the patient must be bled1 and take frequently a few drops of the sweet spirits of nitre in a cup of wine-whey4 ,his stomach should likewise be fomented with cloths dipped in warm water1 or have bladders filled with warm milk and water applied to it4 ,when the hiccup proceeds from a gangrene or mortification1 the ,peruvian bark1 with other antiseptics1 are the only medicines which have a chance to succeed4 ,when it is a primary disease1 and proceeds from a foul stomach1 loaded either with a pituitous or a bilious humour1 a gentle vomit and purge1 if the patient be able to bear them1 will be of service4 ,if it arises from flatulencies1 the carminative medicines directed for the heart-burn must be used4 ,when the hiccup proves very obstinate1 recourse must be had to the most powerful aromatic and antispasmodic medicines4 ,the principal of these is musk2 fifteen or twenty grains of which may be made into a bolus1 and repeated occasionally4 ,opiates are likewise of service2 but they must be used with caution4 ,a bit of sugar dipped in compound spirits of lavender1 or the volatile aromatic tincture1 may be taken frequently4 ,external applications are sometimes also beneficial2 as the stomach plaster1 or a cataplasm of the ,venice treacle of the ,edinburgh or ,london dispensatory1 applied to the region of the stomach4 ,i lately attended a patient who had almost a constant hiccup for above nine weeks4 ,it was frequently stopped by the use of musk1 opium1 wine1 and other cordial and antispasmodic medicines1 but always returned4 ,nothing however gave the patient so much ease as brisk small-beer4 ,by drinking freely of this1 the hiccup was often kept off for several days1 which was more than could be done by the most powerful medicines4 ,the patient was at length seized with a vomiting of blood1 which soon put an end to his life4 ,upon opening the body1 a large scirrhous tumour was found near the pylorus or right orifice of the stomach4 ,the hiccup may be removed by taking vinegar1 or a few drops of the oil of vitriol taken in water4 ,,cramp ,,of ,,the ,,stomach4 ,this disease often seizes people suddenly1 is very dangerous1 and requires immediate assistance4 ,it is most incident to persons in the decline of life1 especially the nervous1 gouty1 hysteric1 and hypochondriac4 ,if the patient has any inclination to vomit1 he ought to take some draughts of warm water1 or weak camomile-tea1 to cleanse his stomach4 ,after this1 if he has been costive1 a laxative clyster may be given4 ,he ought then to take laudanum4 ,the best way of administering it is in a clyster4 ,sixty or seventy drops of liquid laudanum may be given in a clyster of warm water4 ,this is much more certain than laudanum given by the mouth1 which is often vomited1 and in some cases increases the pain and spasms in the stomach4 ,if the pain and cramps return with great violence1 after the effects of the anodyne clyster are over1 another1 with an equal or a larger quantity of opium1 may be given2 and every four or five hours a bolus1 with ten or twelve grains of musk1 and half a drachm of the ,venice treacle4 ,in the mean time1 the stomach ought to be fomented with cloths dipped in warm water1 or bladders filled with warm milk and water should be constantly applied to it4 ,i have often seen these produce the most happy effects4 ,the anodyne balsam may also be rubbed on the part affected2 and an anti-hysteric plaster worn upon it for some time after the cramps are removed1 to prevent their return4 ,in very violent and lasting pains of the stomach1 some blood ought to be let1 unless the weakness of the patient forbids it4 ,when the pain or cramps proceed from a suppression of the menses1 bleeding is of use4 ,if they be owing to the gout1 recourse must be had to spirits1 or some of the warm cordial waters4 ,blistering plasters ought likewise in this case to be applied to the ancles4 ,i have often seen violent cramps and pains of the stomach removed by covering it with a large plaster of ,venice treacle4 ,,of ,,the ,,night-,,mare4 ,in this disease the patient1 in time of sleep1 imagines he feels an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach1 which he can by no means shake off4 ,he groans1 and sometimes cries out1 though oftner he attempts to speak in vain4 ,sometimes he imagines himself engaged with an enemy1 and in danger of being killed1 attempts to run away1 but finds he cannot4 ,sometimes he fancies himself in a house that is on fire1 or that he is in danger of being drowned in a river4 ,he often thinks he is falling over a precipice1 and the dread of being dashed to pieces suddenly awakes him4 ,this disorder has been supposed to proceed from too much blood2 from a stagnation of blood in the brain1 lungs1 c4 ,but it is rather a nervous affection1 and arises chiefly from indigestion4 ,hence we find that persons of weak nerves1 who lead a sedentary life1 and live full1 are most commonly afflicted with the night-mare4 ,nothing tends more to produce it than heavy suppers1 especially when eaten late1 or the patient goes to bed soon after4 ,wind is likewise a very frequent cause of this disease2 for which reason those who are afflicted with it ought to avoid all flatulent food4 ,deep thought1 anxiety1 or any thing that oppresses the mind1 ought also to be avoided4 ,as persons afflicted with the night-mare generally moan1 or make some noise in the fit1 they should be waked1 or spoken to by such as hear them1 as the uneasiness generally goes off as soon as the patient is awake4 ,dr4 ,whytt says1 he generally found a dram of brandy1 taken at bed-time1 prevent this disease4 ,that however is a bad custom1 and in time loses its effect4 ,we would rather have the patient depend upon the use of food of easy digestion1 cheerfulness1 exercise through the day1 and a light supper taken early1 than to accustom himself to drams4 ,a glass of peppermint-water will often promote digestion as much as a glass of brandy1 and is much safer4 ,after a person of weak digestion1 however1 has eaten flatulent food1 a dram may be necessary2 in this case we would recommend it as the most proper medicine4 ,persons who are young1 and full of blood1 if troubled with the night-mare1 ought to take a purge frequently1 and use a spare diet4 ,,of ,,swoonings4 ,people of weak nerves or delicate constitutions are liable to swoonings or fainting fits4 ,these indeed are seldom dangerous when duly attended to2 but when wholly neglected1 or improperly treated1 they often prove hurtful1 and sometimes fatal4 ,the general causes of swoonings are1 sudden transition from cold to heat2 breathing air that is deprived of its proper spring or elasticity2 great fatigue2 excessive weakness2 loss of blood2 long fasting2 fear1 grief1 and other violent passions or affections of the mind4 ,it is well known1 that persons who have been long exposed to cold1 often faint or fall into a swoon1 upon coming into the house1 especially if they drink hot liquor1 or sit near a large fire4 ,this might easily be prevented by people taking care not to go into a warm room immediately after they have been exposed to the cold air1 to approach the fire gradually1 and not to eat or drink any thing hot1 till the body has been gradually brought into a warm temperature4 ,when any one1 in consequence of neglecting these precautions1 falls into a swoon1 he ought immediately to be removed to a cooler apartment1 to have ligatures applied above his knees and elbows1 and to have his hands and face sprinkled with vinegar or cold water4 ,he should likewise be made to smell to vinegar1 and should have a spoonful or two of water1 if he can swallow1 with about a third part of vinegar mixed with it1 poured into his mouth4 ,if these should not remove the complaint1 it will be necessary to bleed the patient1 and afterwards to give him a clyster4 ,as air that is breathed frequently loses its elasticity or spring1 it is no wonder if persons who respire in it often fall into a swoon or fainting fit4 ,they are in this case deprived of the very principle of life4 ,hence it is that fainting fits are so frequent in all crowded assemblies1 especially in hot seasons4 ,such fits however must be considered as a kind of temporary death2 and1 to the weak and delicate1 they sometimes prove fatal4 ,they ought therefore with the utmost care to be guarded against4 ,the method of doing this is obvious4 ,let assembly-rooms1 and all other places of public resort1 be large and well ventilated2 and let the weak and delicate avoid such places1 particularly in warm seasons4 ,a person who faints1 in such a situation1 ought immediately to be carried into the open air2 his temples should be rubbed with strong vinegar or brandy1 and volatile spirits of salts held to his nose4 ,he should be laid upon his back with his head low1 and have a little wine1 or some other cordial1 as soon as he is able to swallow it1 poured into his mouth4 ,if the person has been subject to hysteric fits1 castor or asaftida should be applied to the nose1 or burnt feathers1 horn1 or leather1 c4 ,when fainting fits proceed from mere weakness or exhaustion1 which is often the case after great fatigue1 long fasting1 loss of blood1 or the like1 the patient must be supported with generous cordials1 as jellies1 wines1 spirituous liquors1 c4 ,these however must be given at first in very small quantities1 and increased gradually as the patient is able to bear them4 ,he ought to be allowed to lie quite still and easy upon his back1 with his head low1 and should have fresh air admitted into his chamber4 ,his food should consist of nourishing broths1 sago-gruel with wine1 new milk1 and other things of a light and cordial nature4 ,these things are to be given out of the fit4 ,all that can be done in the fit is1 to let him smell to a bottle of ,hungary-water1 eau de luce1 or spirits of hartshorn1 and to rub his temples with warm brandy1 or to lay a compress dipped in it to the pit of the stomach4 ,in fainting fits that proceed from fear1 grief1 or other violent passions or affections of the mind1 the patient must be very cautiously managed4 ,he should be suffered to remain at rest1 and only made to smell to some vinegar4 ,after he is come to himself he may drink freely of warm lemonade1 or balm-tea1 with some orange or lemon-peel in it4 ,it will likewise be proper1 if the fainting fits have been long and severe1 to clean the bowels by throwing in an emollient clyster4 ,it is common in fainting fits1 from whatever cause they proceed1 to bleed the patient4 ,this practice may be very proper in strong persons of a full habit2 but in those who are weak and delicate1 or subject to nervous disorders1 it is dangerous4 ,the proper method with such people is1 to expose them to the free air1 and to use cordial and stimulating medicines1 as volatile salts1 ,hungary-water1 spirits of lavender1 tincture of castor1 and the like4 ,,of ,,flatulencies1 ,,or ,,wind4 ,all nervous patients1 without exception1 are afflicted with wind or flatulencies in the stomach and bowels1 which arise chiefly from the want of tone or vigour in these organs4 ,crude flatulent aliment1 as green peas1 beans1 coleworts1 cabbages1 and such like1 may increase this complaint2 but strong and healthy people are seldom troubled with wind1 unless they either overload their stomachs1 or drink liquors that are in a fermenting state1 and consequently full of elastic air4 ,while therefore the matter of flatulence proceeds from our aliments1 the cause which makes air separate from them in such quantity as to occasion complaints1 is almost always a fault of the bowels themselves1 which are too weak either to prevent the production of elastic air1 or to expel it after it is produced4 ,to relieve this complaint1 such medicines ought to be used as have a tendency to expel wind1 and by strengthening the alimentary canal1 to prevent its being produced there#adi4 ,the list of medicines for expelling wind is very numerous2 they often however disappoint the expectations of both the physician and his patient4 ,the most celebrated among the class of carminatives are juniper berries2 the roots of ginger and zedoary2 the seeds of anise1 caraway1 and coriander2 gum asaftida and opium2 the warm waters1 tinctures1 and spirits1 as the aromatic water1 the tincture of wood-soot1 the volatile aromatic spirit1 ther1 c4 ,dr4 ,whytt says1 he found no medicines more efficacious in expelling wind than ther and laudanum4 ,he generally gave the laudanum in a mixture with peppermint-water and tincture of castor1 or sweet spirits of nitre4 ,sometimes1 in place of this1 he gave opium in pills with asaftida4 ,he observes that the good effects of opiates are equally conspicuous1 whether the flatulence be contained in the stomach or intestines2 whereas those warm medicines1 commonly called carminatives1 do not often give immediate relief1 except when the wind is in the stomach4 ,with regard to ther1 the ,doctor says1 he has often seen very good effects from it in flatulent complaints1 where other medicines failed4 ,the dose is a tea-spoonful mixed with two table-spoonfuls of water#aej4 ,in gouty cases he observes1 that ther1 a glass of ,french brandy1 or of the aromatic water1 or ginger1 either taken in substance or infused in boiling water1 are among the best medicines for expelling wind4 ,when the case of flatulent patients is such as makes it improper to give them warm medicines inwardly1 the ,doctor recommends external applications1 which are sometimes of advantage4 ,equal parts of the anti-hysteric and stomach plaster may be spread upon a piece of soft leather1 of such size as to cover the greater part of the belly4 ,this should be kept on for a considerable time1 provided the patient be able to bear it2 if it should give great uneasiness1 it may be taken off1 and the following liniment used in its stead3 ,take of ,bates's anodyne balsam an ounce2 of the expressed oil of mace half an ounce2 oil of mint two drachms4 ,let these ingredients be mixed together1 and about a table-spoonful well rubbed on the parts at bed-time4 ,for strengthening the stomach and bowels1 and consequently for lessening the production of flatulence1 the ,doctor recommends the ,peruvian bark1 bitters1 chalybeates1 and exercise4 ,in flatulent cases1 he thinks some nutmeg or ginger should be added to the tincture of the bark and bitters1 and that the aromatic powder should be joined with the filings of iron4 ,when windy complaints are attended with costiveness1 which is often the case1 few things will be found to answer better than four or five of the following pills taken every night at bed-time3 ,take of asaftida two drachms2 succotorine aloes1 salt of iron1 and powdered ginger1 of each one drachm2 as much of the elixir proprietatis as will be sufficient to form them into pills4 ,on the other hand1 when the body is too open1 twelve or fifteen grains of rhubarb1 with half a drachm or two scruples of the ,japonic confection1 given every other evening1 will have very good effects4 ,in those flatulent complaints which come on about the time the menses cease1 repeated small bleedings often give more relief than any other remedy4 ,with regard to diet1 the ,doctor observes1 that tea1 and likewise all flatulent aliments1 are to be avoided2 and that for drink1 water with a little brandy or rum is not only preferable to malt liquor1 but in most cases also to wine4 ,as ,dr4 ,whytt has paid great attention to this subject1 and as his sentiments upon it in a great measure agree with mine1 ,i have taken the liberty to adopt them2 and shall only add to his observations1 that exercise is in my opinion superior to all medicine1 both for preventing the production and likewise for expelling of flatulencies4 ,these effects1 however1 are not to be expected from sauntering about1 or lolling in a carriage2 but from labour1 or such active amusements as give exercise to every part of the body4 ,,of ,,low ,,spirits4 ,all who have weak nerves are subject to low spirits in a greater or less degree4 ,generous diet1 the cold bath1 exercise1 and amusements1 are the most likely means to remove this complaint4 ,it is greatly increased by solitude and indulging gloomy ideas2 but may often be relieved by cheerful company and sprightly amusements4 ,when low spirits are owing to a weak relaxed state of the stomach and bowels1 an infusion of the ,peruvian bark with cinnamon or nutmeg will be proper4 ,steel joined with aromatics may likewise in this case be used with advantage2 but riding1 and a proper diet1 are most to be depended on4 ,when they arise from a foulness of the stomach and intestines1 or obstruction in the hypochondriac viscera1 aloetic purges will be proper4 ,i have sometimes known the ,harrowgate sulphur-water of service in this case4 ,when low spirits proceed from a suppression of the menstrual or of the hmorrhoidal flux1 these evacuations may either be restored1 or some others substituted in their place1 as issues1 setons1 or the like4 ,dr4 ,whytt observes1 that nothing has such sudden good effects in this case as bleeding4 ,when low spirits have been brought on by long-continued grief1 anxiety1 or other distress of mind1 agreeable company1 variety of amusements1 and change of place1 especially travelling into foreign countries1 will afford the most certain relief4 ,persons afflicted with low spirits should avoid all kinds of excess1 especially of venery and strong liquors4 ,the moderate use of wine and other strong liquors is by no means hurtful2 but when taken to excess they weaken the stomach1 vitiate the humours1 and depress the spirits4 ,this caution is the more necessary1 as the unfortunate and melancholy often fly to strong liquors for relief1 by which means they never fail to precipitate their own destruction4 ,,of ,,hysteric ,,affections4 ,these likewise belong to the numerous tribe of nervous diseases1 which may be justly reckoned the reproach of medicine4 ,women of a delicate habit1 whose stomach and intestines are relaxed1 and whose nervous system is extremely sensible1 are most subject to hysteric complaints4 ,in such persons a hysteric fit1 as it is called1 may be brought on by an irritation of the nerves of the stomach or intestines1 by wind1 acrid humour1 or the like4 ,a sudden suppression of the menses often gives rise to hysteric fits4 ,they may likewise be excited by violent passions or affections of the mind1 as fear1 grief1 anger1 or great disappointments4 ,sometimes the hysteric fit resembles a swoon or fainting fit1 during which the patient lies as in a sleep1 only the breathing is so low as scarce to be perceived4 ,at other times the patient is affected with catchings and strong convulsions4 ,the symptoms which precede hysteric fits are likewise various in different persons4 ,sometimes the fits come on with coldness of the extremities1 yawning and stretching1 lowness of spirits1 oppression and anxiety4 ,at other times the approach of the fit is foretold by a feeling1 as if there were a ball at the lower part of the belly1 which gradually rises towards the stomach1 where it occasions inflation1 sickness1 and sometimes vomiting2 afterwards it rises into the gullet1 and occasions a degree of suffocation1 to which quick breathing1 palpitation of the heart1 giddiness of the head1 dimness of the sight1 loss of hearing1 with convulsive motions of the extremities and other parts of the body1 succeed4 ,the hysteric paroxysm is often introduced by an immoderate fit of laughter1 and sometimes it goes off by crying4 ,indeed there is not much difference between the laughing and crying of an highly hysteric lady4 ,our aim in the treatment of this disease must be to shorten the fit or paroxysm when present1 and to prevent its return4 ,the longer the fits continue1 and the more frequently they return1 the disease becomes the more obstinate4 ,their strength is increased by habit1 and they induce so great a relaxation of the system1 that it is with difficulty removed4 ,it is customary1 during the hysteric fit or paroxysm1 to bleed the patient4 ,in strong persons of a plethoric habit1 and where the pulse is full1 this may be proper2 but in weak and delicate constitutions1 or where the disease has been of long standing1 or arises from inanition1 it is not safe4 ,the best course in such cases is to rouse the patient by strong smells1 as burnt feathers1 asaftida1 or spirits of hartshorn1 held to the nose4 ,hot bricks may also be applied to the soles of the feet1 and the legs1 arms1 and belly may be strongly rubbed with a warm cloth4 ,but the best application is to put the feet and legs into warm water4 ,this is peculiarly proper when the fits precede the flow of the menses4 ,in case of costiveness1 a laxative clyster with asaftida will be proper2 and as soon as the patient can swallow1 two table-spoonfuls of a solution of asaftida1 or of some cordial julep1 may be given#aea4 ,the radical cure of this disorder will be best attempted at a time when the patient is most free from the fits4 ,it will be greatly promoted by a proper attention to diet4 ,a milk and vegetable diet1 when duly persisted in1 will often perform a cure4 ,if however the patient has been accustomed to a more generous diet1 it will not be safe to leave it off all at once1 but by degrees4 ,the most proper drink is water with a small quantity of spirits4 ,a cool dry air is the best4 ,cold bathing and every thing that braces the nerves1 and invigorates the system1 is beneficial2 but lying too long in bed1 or whatever relaxes the body1 is hurtful4 ,it is of the greatest importance to have the mind kept constantly easy and cheerful1 and1 if possible1 to have it always engaged in some agreeable and interesting pursuit4 ,the proper medicines are those which strengthen the alimentary canal and the whole nervous system1 as the preparations of iron1 the ,peruvian bark1 and other bitters4 ,twenty drops of the elixir of vitriol1 in a cup of the infusion of the bark1 may be taken twice or thrice a day4 ,the bark and iron may likewise be taken in substance1 provided the stomach can bear them2 but they are generally given in too small doses to have any effect4 ,the chalybeate waters generally prove beneficial in this disorder4 ,if the stomach is loaded with phlegm1 vomits will be of use2 but they should not be too strong1 nor frequently repeated1 as they tend to relax and weaken the stomach4 ,if there be a tendency to costiveness1 it must be removed either by diet1 or by taking an opening pill as often as it shall be found necessary4 ,to lessen the irritability of the system1 antispasmodic medicines will be of use4 ,the best antispasmodic medicines are musk1 opium1 and castor4 ,when opium disagrees with the stomach1 it may either be applied externally1 or given in clysters4 ,it is often successful in removing those periodical head-achs to which hysteric and hypochondriac patients are subject4 ,castor has in some cases been found to procure sleep where opium failed2 for which reason ,dr4 ,whytt advises1 that they should be joined together4 ,he likewise recommends the anti-hysteric plaster to be applied to the abdomen#aeb4 ,hysteric women are often afflicted with cramps in various parts of the body1 which are most apt to seize them in bed1 or when asleep4 ,the most efficacious medicines in this case are opium1 blistering-plasters1 and warm bathing or fomentations4 ,when the cramp or spasm is very violent1 opium is the remedy most to be depended on4 ,in milder cases1 immersing the feet and legs in warm water1 or applying a blistering-plaster to the part affected1 will often be sufficient to remove the complaint4 ,in patients whose nerves are uncommonly delicate and sensible1 it will be better to omit the blistering-plaster1 and to attempt the cure by opiates1 musk1 camphire1 and the warm bath4 ,cramps are often prevented or cured by compression4 ,thus cramps in the legs are prevented1 and sometimes removed1 by tight bandages2 and when convulsions arise from a flatulent distention of the intestines1 or from spasms beginning in them1 they may be often lessened or cured by making a pretty strong compression upon the abdomen by means of a broad belt4 ,a roll of brimstone held in the hand is frequently used as a remedy for cramps4 ,though this seems to owe its effect chiefly to imagination2 yet1 as it sometimes succeeds1 it merits a trial#aec4 ,when spasms or convulsive motions arise from sharp humours in the stomach and intestines1 no lasting relief can be procured till these are either corrected or expelled4 ,the ,peruvian bark has sometimes cured periodic convulsions after other medicines had failed4 ,,of ,,hypochondriac ,,affections4 ,this disease generally attacks the indolent1 the luxurious1 the unfortunate1 and the studious4 ,it becomes daily more common in this country1 owing1 no doubt1 to the increase of luxury and sedentary employments4 ,it has so near a resemblance to the immediately preceding1 that many authors consider them as the same disease1 and treat them accordingly4 ,they require however a very different regimen2 and the symptoms of the latter1 though less violent1 are more permanent than those of the former4 ,men of a melancholy temperament1 whose minds are capable of great attention1 and whose passions are not easily moved1 are1 in the advanced periods of life1 most liable to this disease4 ,it is usually brought on by long and serious attention to abstruse subjects1 grief1 the suppression of customary evacuations1 excess of venery1 the repulsion of cutaneous eruptions1 long-continued evacuations1 obstructions in some of the viscera1 as the liver1 spleen1 c4 ,hypochondriac persons ought never to fast long1 and their food should be solid and nourishing4 ,all acescent and windy vegetables are to be avoided4 ,flesh-meats agree best with them1 and their drink should be old claret1 or good madeira4 ,should these disagree with the stomach1 water with a little brandy or rum in it may be drank4 ,cheerfulness and serenity of mind are by all means to be cultivated4 ,exercise of every kind is useful4 ,the cold bath is likewise beneficial2 and1 where it does not agree with the patient1 frictions with the flesh-brush or a coarse cloth may be tried4 ,if the patient has it in his power1 he ought to travel either by sea or land4 ,a voyage or a long journey1 especially towards a warmer climate1 will be of more service than any medicine4 ,the general intentions of cure1 in this disease1 are to strengthen the alimentary canal1 and to promote the secretions4 ,these intentions will be best answered by the different preparations of iron and the ,peruvian bark1 which1 after proper evacuations1 may be taken in the same manner as directed in the preceding disease4 ,if the patient be costive1 it will be necessary to make use of some gentle opening medicine1 as pills composed of equal parts of aloes1 rhubarb1 and asaftida1 with as much of the elixir proprietatis as is necessary to form the ingredients into pills4 ,two1 three1 or four of these may be taken as often as it shall be found needful1 to keep the body gently open4 ,such as cannot bear the asaftida may substitute ,spanish soap in its place4 ,though a cheerful glass may have good effects in this disease1 yet all manner of excess is hurtful4 ,intense study1 and every thing that depresses the spirits1 are likewise pernicious4 ,though the general symptoms and treatment of nervous disorders were pointed out in the beginning of this chapter2 yet1 for the benefit of the unhappy persons afflicted with those obstinate and complicated maladies1 ,i have treated several of their capital symptoms under distinct or separate heads4 ,these however are not to be considered as different diseases1 but as various modifications of the same disease4 ,they all arise from the same general causes1 and require nearly the same method of treatment4 ,there are many other symptoms that merit particular attention1 which the nature of my plan will not permit me to treat of at full length4 ,i shall therefore omit them altogether1 and conclude this chapter with a few general remarks on the most obvious means of preventing or avoiding nervous disorders4 ,in all persons afflicted with nervous disorders1 there is a great delicacy and sensibility of the whole nervous system1 and an uncommon degree of weakness of the organs of digestion4 ,these may be either natural or acquired4 ,when owing to a defect in the constitution1 they are hardly to be removed2 but may be mitigated by proper care4 ,when induced by diseases1 as long or repeated fevers1 profuse hmorrhages1 or the like1 they prove also very obstinate1 and will yield only to a course of regimen calculated to restore and invigorate the habit4 ,but nervous affections arise more frequently from causes1 which it is in a great measure in our own power to avoid1 than from diseases1 or an original fault in the constitution1 c4 ,excessive grief1 intense study1 improper diet1 and neglect of exercise1 are the great sources of this extensive class of diseases4 ,it has been already observed1 that grief indulged destroys the appetite and digestion1 depresses the spirits1 and induces an universal relaxation and debility of the whole system4 ,instances of this are daily to be seen4 ,the loss of a near relation1 or any other misfortune in life1 is often sufficient to occasion the most complicated series of nervous symptoms4 ,such misfortunes indeed are not to be avoided1 but surely their effects1 by a vigorous and proper exertion of the mind1 might be rendered less hurtful4 ,for directions in this matter we must refer the reader to the article ,,grief1 in the chapter on the passions4 ,the effects of intense study are pretty similar to those occasioned by grief4 ,it preys upon the animal spirits1 and destroys the appetite and digestion4 ,to prevent these effects1 studious persons ought1 according to the ,poet1 to toy with their books#aed4 ,they should never study too long at a time2 nor attend long to one particular subject1 especially if it be of a serious nature4 ,they ought likewise to be attentive to their posture1 and should take care frequently to unbend their minds by music1 diversions1 or going into agreeable company4 ,with regard to diet1 ,i shall only observe1 that nervous diseases may be induced either by excess or inanition4 ,both of these extremes hurt indigestion1 and vitiate the humours4 ,when ,nature is oppressed with fresh loads of food1 before she has had time to digest and assimilate the former meal1 her powers are weakened1 and the vessels are filled with crude humours4 ,on the other hand1 when the food is not sufficiently nourishing1 or is taken too seldom1 the bowels are inflated with wind1 and the humours1 for want of regular fresh supplies of wholesome chyle1 are vitiated4 ,these extremes are therefore with equal care to be avoided4 ,they both tend to induce a relaxation1 and debility of the nervous system1 with all its dreadful train of consequences4 ,but the most general cause of nervous disorders is indolence4 ,the active and laborious are seldom troubled with them4 ,they are reserved for the children of ease and affluence1 who generally feel their keenest force4 ,all we shall say to such persons is1 that the means of prevention and cure are both in their own power4 ,if the constitution of human nature be such1 that man must either labour or suffer diseases1 surely no individual has any right to expect an exemption from the general rule4 ,those however who are willing to take exercise1 but whose occupations confine them to the house1 and perhaps to an unfavourable posture1 really deserve our pity4 ,we have in a former part of the book endeavoured to lay down rules for their conduct2 and shall only add1 that where these cannot be complied with1 their place may1 in some measure1 be supplied by the use of bracing and strengthening medicines1 as the ,peruvian bark1 with other bitters2 the preparations of steel2 the elixir of vitriol1 c4 ,,chap4 ,,xliv4 ,,disorders ,,of ,,the ,,senses4 ,we do not mean to treat of the nature of our sensations1 or to give a minute description of the various organs by which they are performed2 but to point out some of the diseases to which these organs are most liable1 and to shew how they may be prevented or remedied4 ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 ,no organ of the body is subject to more diseases than the eye2 nor is there any one of which the diseases are more difficult to cure4 ,though more ignorant persons pretend to cure these than any other class of diseases2 yet a very superficial acquaintance with the structure of the eye1 and the nature of vision1 will be sufficient to convince any one of the danger of trusting to them4 ,these diseases often exceed the skill of the most learned physician2 hence we may easily infer the danger of trusting them to ignorant quacks1 who1 without all peradventure1 put out more eyes than they cure4 ,but1 though the diseases of the eye can seldom be cured1 they might often1 by due care1 be prevented2 and1 even where the sight is totally lost1 many things might be done1 which are generally neglected1 to render the unhappy person both more useful to himself and to society#aee4 ,the eyes are hurt by viewing bright or luminous objects2 keeping the head too long in a hanging posture2 violent head-achs2 excessive venery2 the long use of bitters2 the effluvia from acrid or volatile substances2 various diseases2 as the small-pox1 measles1 c4 but1 above all1 from night-watching1 and candle-light studies4 ,long fasting is likewise hurtful to the eyes1 and frequent heats and colds are no less pernicious4 ,the eyes are often hurt by the stoppage of customary evacuations2 as morning sweats2 sweating of the feet2 the menses in women2 and the bleeding piles in men4 ,all kinds of excess are likewise hurtful to the sight1 particularly the immoderate use of ardent spirits and other strong liquors4 ,in all diseases of the eyes1 especially those attended with inflammation1 the cool regimen ought to be observed4 ,the patient must abstain from all spirituous liquors4 ,the smoke of tobacco1 smoky rooms1 the vapours of onions and garlic1 and all vivid lights and glaring colours1 are carefully to be avoided4 ,the drink may be water1 whey1 or small beer2 and the aliment must be light and of easy digestion4 ,for preventing disorders of the eyes1 issues and setons are of prime use4 ,every person1 whose eyes are tender1 ought to have one or more of these in some part of the body4 ,it will likewise be of use to keep the body gently open1 and either to bleed or purge every spring and fall4 ,all excess and night studies are to be avoided4 ,such as do not chuse a seton or an issue1 will find benefit from wearing a small ,burgundy-pitch plaster between their shoulders4 ,a gutta serena1 or amaurosis1 is an abolition of the sight without any apparent cause or fault in the eyes4 ,when it is owing to a decay or wasting of the optic nerve1 it does not admit of a cure2 but when it proceeds from a compression of the nerves by redundant humours1 these may in some measure be drained off1 and the patient relieved4 ,for this purpose1 the body must be kept open with the laxative mercurial pills4 ,if the patient be young and of a sanguine habit1 he may be bled4 ,cupping1 with scarifications on the back part of the head1 will likewise be of use4 ,a running at the nose may be promoted by volatile salts1 stimulating powders1 c4 ,but the most likely means for relieving the patient are issues or blisters kept open for a long time on the back part of the head1 behind the ears1 or on the neck4 ,i have known these restore sight1 even after it had been for a considerable time lost4 ,should these fail1 recourse must be had to a mercurial salivation2 or what will perhaps answer the purpose better1 twelve grains of the corrosive sublimate of mercury may be dissolved in an ,english pint and a half of brandy1 and a table-spoonful of it taken twice a-day1 drinking half a pint of the decoction of sarsaparilla after it4 ,a cataract is an obstruction of the pupil1 by the interposition of some opaque substance which either diminishes or totally extinguishes the sight4 ,it is generally an opacity of the crystalline humour4 ,in a recent or beginning cataract1 the same medicines are to be used as in the gutta serena2 and they will sometimes succeed4 ,but when this does not happen1 and the cataract becomes firm1 it must be couched1 or rather extracted4 ,i have resolved a recent cataract by giving the patient frequent purges with calomel1 keeping a poultice of fresh hemlock constantly upon the eye1 and a perpetual blister on the neck4 ,the myopia1 or short sightedness1 and the presbyopia1 or seeing only at too great a distance1 are disorders which depend on the original structure or figure of the eye1 therefore admit of no cure4 ,the inconveniencies arising from them may however be1 in some measure1 remedied by the help of proper glasses4 ,the former requires the aid of a concave1 and the latter of a convex glass4 ,a strabismus1 or squinting1 depends upon an irregular contraction of the muscles of the eye from a spasm1 palsy1 epilepsy1 or an ill habit4 ,children often contract this disorder by having their eyes unequally exposed to the light4 ,they may likewise acquire it by imitation from a squinting nurse or play-fellow1 c4 ,as this disorder can hardly be cured1 parents ought to be careful to prevent it4 ,almost the only thing which can be done for it is1 to contrive a mask for the child to wear1 which will only permit him to see in a straight direction4 ,spots or specks on the eyes are generally the effect of inflammation1 and often appear after the small-pox1 the measles1 or violent ophthalmias4 ,they are very difficult to cure1 and often occasion total blindness4 ,if the specks are soft and thin1 they may sometimes be taken off by gentle caustics and discutients2 as vitriol1 the juice of celandine1 c4 ,when these do not succeed1 a surgical operation may be tried3 the success of this however is always very doubtful4 ,the blood-shot eye may be occasioned by a stroke1 a fall1 retching1 vomiting1 violent coughing1 c4 ,i have frequently known it happen to children in the hooping-cough4 ,it appears at first like a bit of scarlet1 and is afterwards of a livid or blackish colour4 ,this disorder generally goes off without medicine4 ,should it prove obstinate1 the patient may be bled1 and have his eyes fomented with a decoction of comphrey roots and elder flowers4 ,a soft poultice may be applied to the eyes2 and the body should be kept open by gentle purgatives4 ,the watery1 or weeping eye1 is generally occasioned by a relaxation or weakness of the glandular parts of that organ4 ,these may be braced and strengthened by bathing the eye with brandy and water1 ,hungary-water1 rose-water with white vitriol dissolved in it1 c4 ,medicines which make a revulsion are likewise proper2 as mild purgatives1 perpetual blisters on the neck1 bathing the feet frequently in lukewarm water1 c4 ,when this disease proceeds from an obstruction of the lachrymal duct1 or natural passage of the tears1 it is called a fistula lachrymalis1 and can only be cured by a surgical operation4 ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 ,the functions of the ear may be injured by wounds1 ulcers1 or any thing that hurts its fabric4 ,the hearing may likewise be hurt by excessive noise2 violent colds in the head2 fevers2 hard wax1 or other substances sticking in the cavity of the ear2 too great a degree of moisture or dryness of the ear4 ,deafness is very often the effect of old age1 and is incident to most people in the decline of life4 ,sometimes it is owing to an original fault in the structure or formation of the ear itself4 ,when this is the case1 it admits of no cure2 and the unhappy person not only continues deaf1 but generally likewise dumb1 for life#aef4 ,when deafness is the effect of wounds or ulcers of the ears1 or of old age1 it is not easily removed4 ,when it proceeds from cold of the head1 the patient must be careful to keep his head warm1 especially in the night2 he should likewise take some gentle purges1 and keep his feet warm1 and bathe them frequently in lukewarm water at bed-time4 ,when deafness is the effect of a fever1 it generally goes off after the patient recovers4 ,if it proceeds from dry wax sticking in the ears1 it may be softened by dropping oil into them2 afterwards they must be syringed with warm milk and water4 ,if deafness proceeds from dryness of the ears1 which may be known by looking into them1 half an ounce of the oil of sweet almonds1 and the same quantity of liquid apodeldoch1 or tincture of asaftida1 may be mixed together1 and a few drops of it put into the ear every night at bed-time1 stopping them afterwards with a little wool or cotton4 ,some1 instead of oil1 put a small slice of the fat of bacon into each ear1 which is said to answer the purpose very well4 ,when the ears abound with moisture1 it may be drained off by an issue or seton1 which should be made as near the affected parts as possible4 ,some1 for the cure of deafness1 recommend the gall of an eel mixed with spirit of wine1 to be dropped into the ear2 others1 equal parts of ,hungary-water and spirit of lavender4 ,etmuller extols amber and musk2 and ,brookes says1 he has often known hardness of hearing cured by putting a grain or two of musk into the ear with cottonwool4 ,but these and other applications must be varied according to the cause of the disorder#aeg4 ,though such applications may sometimes be of service1 yet they much oftner fail1 and frequently they do hurt4 ,neither the eyes nor ears ought to be tampered with2 they are tender organs1 and require a very delicate touch4 ,for this reason1 what we would chiefly recommend in deafness1 is1 to keep the head warm4 ,from whatever cause the disorder proceeds1 this is always proper2 and ,i have known more benefit from it alone1 in the most obstinate cases of deafness1 than from all the medicines ,i ever used4 ,,of ,,the ,,taste ,,and ,,smell4 ,though these senses are not of so great importance to man in a state of society1 as the sight and hearing2 yet1 as the loss of them is attended with some inconveniency1 they deserve our notice4 ,they are seldom to be restored when lost2 which ought to make us very attentive to their preservation1 by carefully avoiding whatever may in the least prove injurious to them4 ,as there is a very great affinity between the organs of tasting and smelling1 whatever hurts the one generally affects the other4 ,luxury is highly injurious to these organs4 ,when the nose and palate are frequently stimulated by fragrant and poignant dishes1 they soon lose the power of distinguishing tastes and odours with any degree of nicety4 ,man1 in a state of nature1 may perhaps have these faculties as acute as any other animal4 ,the sense of smelling may be diminished or destroyed by diseases2 as1 the moisture1 dryness1 inflammation or suppuration of that membrane which lines the inside of the nose1 commonly called the olfactory membrane2 the compression of the nerves which supply this membrane1 or some fault in the brain itself at their origin4 ,a defect1 or too great a degree of solidity1 of the small spungy bones of the upper jaw1 the caverns of the forehead1 c4 may likewise impair the sense of smelling4 ,it may also be injured by a collection of ftid matter in those caverns1 which keeps constantly exhaling from them4 ,few things are more hurtful to the sense of smelling than taking great quantities of snuff4 ,when the nose abounds with moisture1 after gentle evacuations1 such things as tend to take off irritation1 and coagulate the thin sharp serum1 may be applied2 as the oil of anise mixed with fine flour2 camphire dissolved in oil of almonds1 c4 ,the vapours of amber1 frankincense1 gum-mastic1 and benjamin1 may likewise be received into the nose and mouth4 ,for moistening the mucus when it is too dry1 some recommend snuff made of the leaves of marjoram1 mixed with the oil of amber1 marjoram and aniseed2 or a sternutatory of calcined white vitriol2 twelve grains of which may be mixed with two ounces of marjoram-water1 and filtrated4 ,the steam or vapour of vinegar upon hot iron received up the nostrils is likewise of use for softening the mucus1 opening obstructions1 c4 ,if there is an ulcer in the nose1 it ought to be dressed with some emollient ointment1 to which1 if the pain be very great1 a little laudanum may be added4 ,if it be a venereal ulcer1 it is not to be cured without mercury4 ,in that case1 the solution of the corrosive sublimate in brandy may be taken1 as directed in the gutta serena4 ,the ulcer ought likewise to be washed with it2 and the fumes of cinnabar may be received up the nostrils4 ,if there be reason to suspect that the nerves which supply the organs of smelling are inert1 or want stimulating1 volatile salts1 strong snuffs1 and other things which occasion sneezing1 may be applied to the nose4 ,the forehead may likewise be anointed with balsam of ,peru1 to which may be added a little of the oil of amber4 ,the taste may be diminished by crusts1 filth1 mucus1 aphth1 pellicles1 warts1 c4 covering the tongue3 it may be depraved by a fault of the saliva1 which1 being discharged into the mouth1 gives the same sensation as if the food which the person takes had really a bad taste2 or it may be entirely destroyed by injuries done to the nerves of the tongue and palate4 ,few things prove more hurtful either to the sense of tasting or smelling than obstinate colds1 especially those which affect the head4 ,when the taste is diminished by filth1 mucus1 c4 the tongue ought to be scraped and frequently washed with a mixture of water1 vinegar1 and honey1 or some other detergent4 ,when the saliva is vitiated1 which seldom happens unless in fevers or other diseases1 the curing of the disorder is the cure of this symptom4 ,to relieve it however in the mean time1 the following things may be of use2 if there be a bitter taste1 it may be taken away by vomits1 purges1 and other things which evacuate bile4 ,what is called a nidorous taste1 arising from putrid humours1 is corrected by the juice of citrons1 oranges1 and other acids4 ,a salt taste is cured by plentiful dilution with watery liquors4 ,an acid taste is destroyed by absorbents1 and alkaline salts1 as powder of oyster-shells1 salt of wormwood1 c4 ,when the sensibility of the nerves which supply the organs of taste is diminished1 the chewing of horse-radish1 or other stimulating substances1 will help to recover it4 ,,of ,,the ,,touch4 ,the sense of touching may be hurt by any thing that obstructs the nervous influence1 or prevents its being regularly conveyed to the organs of touching2 as pressure1 extreme cold1 c4 ,it may likewise be hurt by too great a degree of sensibility1 when the nerve is not sufficiently covered by the cuticle or scarf-skin1 or where there is too great a tension of it1 or it is too delicate4 ,whatever disorders the functions of the brain and nerves1 hurts the sense of touching4 ,hence it appears to proceed from the same general causes as palsy and apoplexy1 and requires nearly the same method of treatment4 ,in a stupor1 or defect of touching1 which arises from an obstruction of the cutaneous nerves1 the patient must first be purged2 afterwards such medicines as excite the action of the nerves1 or stimulate the system1 may be used4 ,for this purpose1 the spirit of hartshorn1 sal volatile oleosum1 horse-radish1 c4 may be taken inwardly2 the disordered parts1 at the same time1 may be frequently rubbed with fresh nettles or spirit of sal ammoniac4 ,blistering-plasters and sinapisms applied to the parts will likewise be of use1 as also warm bathing1 especially in the natural hot baths4 ,,chap4 ,,xlv4 ,,of ,a ,,scirrhus ,,and ,,cancer4 ,a scirrhus is a hard indolent tumour seated in some of the glands2 as the breasts1 the armpits1 c4 ,if the tumour becomes large1 unequal1 of a livid1 blackish1 or leaden colour1 and is attended with violent pain1 it gets the name of an occult cancer4 ,when the skin is broken1 and a sanies or ichorous matter of an abominably ftid smell is discharged from the sore1 it is called an open or ulcerated cancer4 ,persons after the age of forty-five1 particularly women1 and those who lead an indolent sedentary life1 are most subject to this disease4 ,,causes4----,this disease is often owing to suppressed evacuations2 hence it proves so frequently fatal to women of a gross habit1 particularly old maids and widows1 about the time when the menstrual flux ceases4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by excessive fear1 grief1 anger1 religious melancholy1 or any of the depressing passions4 ,hence the unfortunate1 the choleric1 and those persons who devote themselves to a religious life in convents or monasteries1 are often afflicted with it4 ,it may also be occasioned by the long-continued use of food that is too hard of digestion1 or of an acrid nature2 by barrenness2 celibacy2 indolence2 cold2 blows2 friction2 pressure2 or the like4 ,women often suffer from the last of these by means of their stays1 which squeeze and compress their breast so as to occasion great mischief4 ,sometimes the disease is owing to an hereditary disposition4 ,,symptoms4----,this disorder seems often very trifling at the beginning4 ,a hard tumour about the size of a hazle-nut1 or perhaps smaller1 is generally the first symptom4 ,this will often continue for a long time without seeming to increase1 or giving the patient great uneasiness2 but if the constitution be hurt1 or the tumour irritated by pressure1 or improper treatment of any kind1 it begins to extend itself towards the neighbouring parts by pushing out a kind of roots or limbs4 ,it then gets the name of cancer1 from a fancied resemblance between these limbs and the claws of a crab4 ,the colour of the skin begins to change1 which is first red1 afterwards purple1 then bluish1 livid1 and at last black4 ,the patient complains of heat1 with a burning1 gnawing1 shooting pain4 ,the tumour is very hard1 rough1 and unequal1 with a protuberance1 or rising1 in the middle2 its size increases daily1 and the neighbouring veins become thick1 knotty1 and of a blackish colour4 ,the skin at length gives way1 and a thin sharp ichor begins to flow1 which corrodes the neighbouring parts till it forms a large unsightly ulcer4 ,more occult cancers arise1 and communicate with the neighbouring glands4 ,the pain and stench become intolerable2 the appetite fails2 the strength is exhausted by a continual hectic fever2 at last1 a violent hmorrhage1 or discharge of blood1 from some part of the body1 with faintings1 or convulsion fits1 generally put an end to the miserable patient's life4 ,,regimen4----,the diet ought to be light1 but nourishing4 ,all strong liquors1 and high-seasoned or salted provisions1 are to be avoided4 ,the patient may take as much exercise as he can easily bear2 and should use every method to divert thought1 and amuse his fancy4 ,all kinds of external injury are carefully to be guarded against1 particularly of the affected part1 which ought to be defended from all pressure1 and even from the external air1 by covering it with fur or soft flannel4 ,,medicine4----,this is one of those diseases for which no certain remedy is yet known4 ,its progress however may sometimes be retarded1 and some of its most disagreeable symptoms mitigated1 by proper applications4 ,one misfortune attending the disease is1 that the unhappy patient often conceals it too long4 ,were proper means used in due time1 a cancer might often be cured2 but after the disorder has arrived at a certain height1 it generally sets all medicine at defiance4 ,when a scirrhous tumour is first discovered1 the patient ought to observe a proper regimen1 and to take twice or thrice a-week a dose of the common purging mercurial pill4 ,some blood may also be let1 and the part affected may be gently rubbed twice a-day with a little of the mercurial ointment1 and kept warm with fur or flannel4 ,the food must be light1 and an ,english pint of the decoction of woods or sarsaparilla may be drank daily4 ,i have sometimes discussed hard tumours1 which had the appearance of beginning cancers1 by a course of this kind4 ,should the tumour however not yield to this treatment1 but1 on the contrary1 become larger and harder1 it will be proper to extirpate it1 either by the knife or caustic4 ,indeed1 whenever this can be done with safety1 the sooner it is done the better4 ,it can answer no purpose to extirpate a cancer after the constitution is ruined1 or the whole mass of humours corrupted by it4 ,this however is the common way1 which makes the operation so seldom succeed4 ,few people will submit to the extirpation till death stares them in the face2 whereas1 if it were done early1 the patient's life would not be endangered by the operation1 and it would generally prove a radical cure4 ,when the cancer is so situated that it cannot be cut off1 or if the patient will not submit to the operation1 such medicines as will mitigate or relieve the most urgent symptoms may be used4 ,dr4 ,home says1 that half a grain of the corrosive sublimate of mercury1 dissolved in a proper quantity of brandy1 and taken night and morning1 will often be of service in cancers of the face and nose4 ,he likewise recommends an infusion of the solanum1 or night-shade1 in cancers of the breasts4 ,but the medicine most in repute at present for this disease is hemlock4 ,dr4 ,stork1 physician at ,vienna1 has of late recommended the extract of this plant as very efficacious in cancers of every kind4 ,the ,doctor says1 he has given some hundred weights of it without ever hurting any body1 and often with manifest advantage4 ,he advises the patient however to begin with very small doses1 as two or three grains1 and to increase the dose gradually till some good effect be perceived1 and there to rest without further increase4 ,from two or three grains at first1 the ,doctor says he has increased the dose to two1 three1 or four drachms a-day1 and finds that such doses may be continued for several weeks without any bad consequences4 ,the regimen which the ,doctor recommends during the use of the medicine1 is to avoid farinaceous substances not fermented1 and too acrid aromatics4 ,he says1 good wine will not be hurtful to those who are accustomed to it1 nor a moderate use of acids2 and adds1 that the patient should live in a pure free air1 and keep his mind as quiet and cheerful as possible4 ,the ,doctor does not pretend to fix the time in which a cancer may be resolved by the use of hemlock1 but says he has given it for above two years in large doses without any apparent benefit2 nevertheless the patient has been cured by persisting in the use of it for half a year longer4 ,this is at least encouragement to give it a fair trial4 ,though we are far from thinking the hemlock merits those extravagant encomiums which the ,doctor has bestowed upon it1 yet1 in a disease which has so long baffled the boasted powers of medicine1 we think it ought always to be tried4 ,the powder of hemlock is by some preferred to the extract4 ,they are both made of the fresh leaves1 and may be used nearly in the same manner4 ,dr4 ,nicholson of ,berwick says1 he gradually increased the dose of the powder from a few grains to half a drachm1 and gave near four drachms of it in the day with remarkably good effects4 ,the hemlock may also be used externally either as a poultice or fomentation4 ,the sore may likewise be kept clean by injecting daily a strong decoction of the tops and leaves into it4 ,few things contribute more to the healing of foul sordid ulcers of any kind than keeping them thoroughly clean4 ,this ought never to be neglected4 ,the best application for this purpose seems to be the carrot poultice4 ,the root of the common carrot may be grated1 and moistened with as much water as will bring it to the consistence of a poultice or cataplasm4 ,this must be applied to the sore1 and renewed twice a-day4 ,it generally cleans the sore1 eases the pain1 and takes away the disagreeable smell1 which are objects of no small importance in such a dreadful disorder#aeh4 ,wort1 or an infusion of malt1 has been recommended not only as a proper drink1 but as a powerful medicine in this disease1 ,it must be frequently made fresh1 and the patient may take it at pleasure4 ,two1 three1 or even four ,english pints of it may be drank every day for a considerable time4 ,no benefit can be expected from any medicine in this disease1 unless it be persisted in for a long time4 ,it is of too obstinate a nature to be soon removed2 and1 when it admits of a cure at all1 it must be brought about by inducing an almost total change of the habit1 which must always be a work of time4 ,setons or issues in the neighbourhood of the cancer have sometimes good effects#aei4 ,when all other medicines fail1 recourse must be had to opium1 as a kind of solace4 ,this will not indeed cure the disease1 but it will ease the patient's agony1 and render life more tolerable while it continues4 ,to avoid this dreadful disorder1 people ought to use wholesome food2 to take sufficient exercise in the open air2 to be as easy and cheerful as possible2 and carefully to guard against all blows1 bruises1 and every kind of pressure upon the breasts or other glandular parts#afj4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvi4 ,,of ,,poisons4 ,every person ought1 in some measure1 to be acquainted with the nature and cure of poisons4 ,they are generally taken unawares1 and their effects are often so sudden and violent1 as not to admit of delay1 or allow time to procure the assistance of physicians4 ,happily indeed no great degree of medical knowledge is here necessary2 the remedies for most poisons being generally at hand1 or easily obtained1 and nothing but common prudence needful in the application of them4 ,the vulgar notion1 that every poison is cured by some counter-poison1 as a specific1 has done much hurt4 ,people believe they can do nothing for the patient1 unless they know the particular antidote to that kind of poison which he has taken4 ,whereas the cure of all poisons taken into the stomach1 without exception1 depends chiefly on discharging them as soon as possible4 ,there is no case wherein the indications of cure are more obvious4 ,poison is seldom long in the stomach before it occasions sickness1 with an inclination to vomit4 ,this shews plainly what ought to be done4 ,indeed common sense dictates to every one1 that1 if any thing has been taken into the stomach which endangers life1 it ought immediately to be discharged4 ,were this duly regarded1 the danger arising from poisons might generally be avoided4 ,the method of prevention is obvious1 and the means are in the hands of every one4 ,we shall not take up the reader's time with a detail of the ridiculous notions which have prevailed among ignorant people in different ages with regard to poisons2 neither shall we mention the boasted antidotes1 which have been recommended either for preventing or obviating their effects2 but shall content ourselves with pointing out the poisons most common in this country1 and the means of avoiding their dangerous consequences4 ,poisons either belong to the mineral1 the vegetable1 or the animal kingdom4 ,mineral poisons are commonly of an acrid or corrosive quality2 as arsenic1 cobalt1 the corrosive sublimate of mercury1 c4 ,those of the vegetable kind are generally of a narcotic or stupefactive quality2 as poppy1 hemlock1 henbane1 berries of the deadly night-shade1 c4 ,poisonous animals communicate their infection either by the bite or sting4 ,this poison is very different from the former1 and only produces its effects when received into the body by a wound4 ,,mineral ,,poisons4----,arsenic is the most common of this class2 and1 as the whole of them are pretty similar both in their effects and method of cure1 what is said with respect to it will be applicable to every other species of corrosive poison4 ,when a person has taken arsenic1 he soon perceives a burning heat1 and a violent pricking pain in his stomach and bowels1 with an intolerable thirst1 and an inclination to vomit4 ,the tongue and throat feel rough and dry2 and1 if proper means be not soon administered1 the patient is seized with great anxiety1 hiccuping1 faintings1 and coldness of the extremities4 ,to these succeed black vomits1 ftid stools1 with a mortification of the stomach and intestines1 which are the immediate forerunners of death4 ,on the first appearance of these symptoms the patient should drink large quantities of new milk and sallad oil till he vomits2 or he may drink warm water mixed with oil4 ,fat broths are likewise proper1 provided they can be got ready in time4 ,where no oil is to be had1 fresh butter may be melted and mixed with the milk or water4 ,these things are to be drank as long as the inclination to vomit continues4 ,some have drank eight or ten ,english quarts before the vomiting ceased2 and it is never safe to leave off drinking while one particle of the poison remains in the stomach4 ,these oily or fat substances not only provoke vomiting1 but likewise blunt the acrimony of the poison1 and prevent its wounding the bowels2 but if they should not make the person vomit1 half a drachm or two scruples of the powder of ipecacuanha must be given1 or a few spoonfuls of the oxymel or vinegar of squills may be mixed with the water which he drinks4 ,vomiting may likewise be excited by tickling the inside of the throat with a feather4 ,should these methods however fail1 half a drachm of white vitriol1 or five or six grains of emetic tartar1 must be administered4 ,if tormenting pains are felt in the lower belly1 and there is reason to fear that the poison has got down to the intestines1 clysters of milk and oil must be very frequently thrown up2 and the patient must drink emollient decoctions of barley1 oatmeal1 marsh-mallows1 and such like4 ,he must likewise take an infusion of senna and manna1 a solution of ,glauber's salts1 or some other purgative4 ,after the poison has been evacuated1 the patient ought1 for some time1 to live upon such things as are of a healing and cooling quality2 to abstain from flesh and all strong liquors1 and to live upon milk1 broth1 gruel1 light puddings1 and other spoon meats of easy digestion4 ,his drink should be barley-water1 linseed-tea1 or infusions of any of the mild mucilaginous vegetables4 ,,vegetable ,,poisons1 besides heat and pain of the stomach1 commonly occasion some degree of giddiness1 and often a kind of stupidity or folly4 ,persons who have taken these poisons must be treated in the same manner as for the mineral or corrosive4 ,though the vegetable poisons1 when allowed to remain in the stomach1 often prove fatal2 yet the danger is generally over as soon as they are discharged4 ,not being of such a caustic or corrosive nature1 they are less apt to wound or inflame the bowels than mineral substances3 no time1 however1 ought to be lost in having them discharged4 ,opium1 being frequently taken by mistake1 merits particular attention4 ,it is used as a medicine both in a solid and liquid form1 which latter commonly goes by the name of laudanum4 ,it is indeed a valuable medicine when taken in proper quantity2 but as an over-dose proves a strong poison1 we shall point out its common effects1 together with the method of cure4 ,an over-dose of opium generally occasions great drowsiness1 with stupor and other apoplectic symptoms4 ,sometimes the person has so great an inclination to sleep1 that it is almost impossible to keep him awake4 ,every method must however be tried for this purpose4 ,he should be tossed1 shaked1 and moved about4 ,sharp blistering-plasters should be applied to his legs or arms1 and stimulating medicines1 as salts of hartshorn1 c4 held under his nose4 ,it will also be proper to let blood4 ,at the same time every method must be taken to make him discharge the poison4 ,this may be done in the manner directed above1 viz4 by the use of strong vomits1 drinking plenty of warm water with oil1 c4 ,mead1 besides vomits1 in this case1 recommends acid medicines with lixivial salts4 ,he says1 that he has often given salt of wormwood mixed with juice of lemon in repeated doses with great success4 ,if the body should remain weak and languid after the poison has been discharged1 nourishing diet and cordials will be proper2 but when there is reason to fear that the stomach or bowels are inflamed1 the greatest circumspection is necessary both with regard to food and medicine4 ,,of ,,the ,,bites ,,of ,,poisonous ,,animals4 ,we shall begin with the bite of a mad dog1 as it is both the most common and dangerous animal-poison in this country4 ,the creatures naturally liable to contract this disease are1 as far as we yet know1 all of the dog kind1 viz4 foxes1 dogs1 and wolves4 ,hence it is called the rabies canina1 or dog madness4 ,of the last we have none in this island2 and it so seldom happens that any person is bit by the first1 that they scarce deserve to be taken notice of4 ,if such a thing should happen1 the method of treatment is precisely the same as for the bite of a mad dog4 ,the symptoms of madness in a dog are as follow3 ,at first he looks dull1 shews an aversion to food and company3 he does not bark as usual1 but seems to murmur1 is peevish1 and apt to bite strangers3 his ears and tail droop more than usual1 and he appears drowsy3 afterwards he begins to loll out his tongue1 and froth at the mouth1 his eyes seeming heavy and watery3 he now1 if not confined1 takes off1 runs panting along with a kind of dejected air1 and endeavours to bite every one he meets4 ,other dogs are said to fly from him4 ,some think this a certain sign of madness1 supposing that they know him by the smell2 but it is not to be depended on4 ,if he escapes being killed1 he seldom runs above two or three days1 till he dies exhausted with heat1 hunger1 and fatigue4 ,this disease is most frequent after long1 dry1 hot seasons2 and such dogs as live upon putrid stinking carrion1 without having enough of fresh water1 are most liable to it4 ,when any person has been bit by a dog1 the strictest inquiry ought to be made whether the animal was really mad4 ,many disagreeable consequences arise from neglecting to ascertain this point4 ,some people have lived in continual anxiety for many years1 because they had been bit by a dog which they believed to be mad2 but1 as he had been killed on the spot1 it was impossible to ascertain the fact4 ,this should induce us1 instead of killing a dog the moment he has bit any person1 to do all in our power to keep him alive1 at least till we can be certain whether he be mad or not4 ,many circumstances may contribute to make people imagine a dog mad4 ,he loses his master1 runs about in quest of him1 is set upon by other dogs1 and perhaps by men4 ,the creature1 thus frightened1 beat1 and abused1 looks wild1 and lolls out his tongue as he runs along4 ,immediately a crowd is after him2 while he1 finding himself closely pursued1 and taking every one he meets for an enemy1 naturally attempts to bite him in self-defence4 ,he soon gets knocked on the head1 and it passes currently that he was mad1 as it is then impossible to prove the contrary4 ,this being the true history of1 by far1 the greater part of those dogs which pass for mad1 is it any wonder that numberless whimsical medicines have been extolled for preventing the effects of their bite8 ,this readily accounts for the great variety of infallible remedies for the bite of a mad dog1 which are to be met with in almost every family4 ,though not one in a thousand has any claim to merit1 yet they are all supported by numberless vouchers4 ,no wonder that imaginary diseases should be cured by imaginary remedies4 ,in this way1 credulous people first impose upon themselves1 and then deceive others4 ,the same medicine which was supposed to prevent the effects of the bite1 when the dog was not mad1 is recommended to a person who has had the misfortune to be bit by a dog that was really mad4 ,he takes it1 trusts to it1 and is undone4 ,to these mistakes we must impute the frequent ill success of the medicines used for preventing the effects of the bite of a mad dog4 ,it is not owing so much to a defect in medicine1 as to wrong applications4 ,i am persuaded1 if proper medicines were administered immediately after the bite is received1 and continued for a sufficient length of time1 we should not lose one in a thousand of those who have the misfortune to be bit by a mad dog4 ,this poison is generally communicated by a wound1 which nevertheless heals as soon as a common wound3 but afterwards it begins to feel painful1 and as the pain spreads towards the neighbouring parts1 the person becomes heavy and listless4 ,his sleep is unquiet with frightful dreams2 he sighs1 looks dull1 and loves solitude4 ,these are the forerunners1 or rather the first symptoms of that dreadful disease occasioned by the bite of a mad dog4 ,but as we do not propose to treat fully of the disease itself1 but to point out the method of preventing it1 we shall not take up time in shewing its progress from the first invasion to its commonly fatal end4 ,the common notion1 that this poison may lie in the body for many years1 and afterwards prove fatal1 is both hurtful and ridiculous4 ,it must render such persons as have had the misfortune to be bit very unhappy1 and can have no good effects4 ,if the person takes proper medicines for forty days after the time of his being bit1 and feels no symptoms of the disease1 there is reason to believe him out of danger4 ,the medicines recommended for preventing the effects of the bite of a mad dog1 are chiefly such as promote the different secretions1 and antispasmodics4 ,dr4 ,mead recommends a preventive medicine1 which he says he never knew fail1 though in the space of thirty years he had used it a thousand times4 ,the ,doctor's prescription is as follows3 8,take ash-coloured ground liver-wort1 cleaned1 dried1 and powdered1 half an ounce2 of black pepper powdered1 a quarter of an ounce4 ,mix these well together1 and divide the powder into four doses2 one of which must be taken every morning fasting1 for four mornings successively1 in half an ,english pint of cows milk warm4 8,after these four doses are taken1 the patient must go into the cold bath1 or a cold spring or river1 every morning fasting1 for a month2 he must be dipped all over1 but not stay in 7with his head above water7 longer than half a minute1 if the water be very cold4 ,after this he must go in three times a-week for a fortnight longer4 8,the person must be bled before he begins to use the medicine#afa40 ,we shall next mention the famous ,east ,india specific1 as it is called4 ,this medicine is composed of cinnabar and musk4 ,it is esteemed a great antispasmodic2 and1 by many1 extolled as an infallible remedy for preventing the effects of the bite of a mad dog4 8,take native and factitious cinnabar1 of each twenty-four grains1 musk sixteen grains4 ,let these be made into a fine powder1 and taken in a glass of arrack or brandy40 ,this single dose is said to secure the person for thirty days1 at the end of which it must be repeated2 but if he has any symptoms of the disease1 it must be repeated in three hours4 ,the following is likewise reckoned a good antispasmodic medicine3 8,take of ,virginian snake-root in powder1 half a drachm1 gum asaftida twelve grains1 gum camphire seven grains2 make these into a bolus with a little syrup of saffron40 ,camphire may also be given in the following manner3 8,take purified nitre half an ounce1 ,virginian snake-root in powder two drachms1 camphire one drachm2 rub them together in a mortar1 and divide the whole into ten doses40 ,mercury is likewise recommended as of great efficacy1 both in the prevention and cure of this kind of madness4 ,when used as a preventive1 it will be sufficient to rub daily a drachm of the ointment into the parts about the wound4 ,vinegar is likewise of considerable service1 and should be taken freely1 either in the patient's food or drink4 ,these are the principal medicines recommended for preventing the effects of the bite of a mad dog4 ,we would not however advise people to trust to any one of them2 but from a proper combination of their different powers1 there is the greatest reason to hope for success4 ,the great error in the use of these medicines lies in not taking them for a sufficient length of time4 ,they are used more like charms1 than medicines intended to produce any change in the body4 ,to this1 and not to the insufficiency of the medicines1 we must impute their frequent want of success4 ,dr4 ,mead says1 that the virtue of his medicine consists in promoting urine4 ,but how a poison should be expelled by urine1 with only three or four doses of any medicine1 however powerful1 it is not easy to conceive4 ,more time is certainly necessary1 even though the medicine were more powerful than that which the ,doctor prescribes4 ,the ,east ,india specific is still more exceptionable on this account4 ,as these and most other medicines1 taken singly1 have frequently been found to fail1 we shall recommend the following course3 ,if a person be bit in a fleshy part1 where there is no hazard of hurting any large blood-vessel1 the parts adjacent to the wound may be cut away4 ,but if this be not done soon after the bite has been received1 it will be better to omit it4 ,the wound may be dressed with salt and water1 or a pickle made of vinegar and salt1 and afterwards dressed twice a-day with yellow basilicon mixed with red precipitate of mercury4 ,the patient should begin to use either ,dr4 ,mead's medicine1 or some of the others mentioned above4 ,if he takes ,mead's medicine1 he may use it as the ,doctor directs for four days successively4 ,let him then omit it for two or three days1 and again repeat the same number of doses as before4 ,during this course1 he must rub into the parts about the wound1 daily1 one drachm of the mercurial ointment4 ,this may be done for ten or twelve days at least4 ,when this course is over1 he may take a purge or two1 and wait a few days till the effect of the mercury be gone off4 ,he must then begin to use the cold bath1 into which he may go every morning for five or six weeks4 ,if he should feel cold and chilly for a long time after coming out of the cold bath1 it will be better to use a tepid one1 or to have the water a little warmed4 ,in the mean time1 we would advise him not to leave off all internal medicines1 but to take either one of the boluses of snake-root1 asaftida1 and camphire2 or one of the powders of nitre1 camphire1 and snake-root1 twice a-day4 ,these may be used during the whole time he is bathing4 ,during the use of the mercurial ointment1 the patient must keep within doors1 and take nothing cold4 ,a proper regimen must be observed throughout the whole course4 ,the patient should abstain from flesh1 and all salted and high-seasoned provisions4 ,he must avoid strong liquors1 and live mostly upon a light and rather spare diet4 ,his mind should be kept as easy and cheerful as possible1 and all excessive heat and violent passions avoided with the utmost care4 ,i have never seen this course of medicine1 with proper regimen1 fail to prevent the hydrophobia1 and cannot help again observing1 that the want of success must generally be owing either to the application of improper medicines1 or not using proper ones for a sufficient length of time4 ,mankind are extremely fond of every thing that promises a sudden or miraculous cure4 ,by trusting to these they often lose their lives1 when a regular course of medicine would have rendered them absolutely safe4 ,this holds remarkably in the present case4 ,numbers of people1 for example1 believe if they or their cattle were once dipped in the sea1 it is sufficient2 as if the salt-water were a charm against the effects of the bite4 ,this1 and such like whims1 have proved fatal to many4 ,it is a common notion1 if a person be bit by a dog which is not mad1 that1 if he should go mad afterwards1 the person would be affected with the disorder at the same time2 but this notion is too ridiculous to deserve a serious consideration4 ,it is a good rule1 however1 to avoid dogs as much as possible1 as the disease is often upon them for some time before its violent symptoms appear4 ,the hydrophobia has been occasioned by the bite of a dog which shewed no other symptoms of the disease but listlessness and a sullen disposition4 ,though we do not mean to treat fully of the cure of the hydrophobia1 yet we are far from reckoning it incurable4 ,the notion that this disease could not be cured1 has been productive of the most horrid consequences4 ,it was usual either to abandon the unhappy persons1 as soon as they were seized with the disease1 to their fate1 to bleed them to death1 or to suffocate them between matrasses or feather-beds1 c4 ,this conduct certainly deserved the severest punishment6 ,we hope1 for the honour of human nature1 it will never again be heard of4 ,i have never had an opportunity of treating this disease1 and therefore can say nothing of it from my own experience2 but the learned ,dr4 ,tissot says1 it may be cured in the following manner3 #a4 ,the patient must be bled to a considerable quantity2 and this may be repeated twice1 or thrice1 or even a fourth time1 if circumstances require it4 #b4 ,the patient should be put1 if possible1 into a warm bath2 and this should be used twice a-day4 #c4 ,he should every day receive two1 or even three emollient clysters4 #d4 ,the wound1 and the parts adjoining to it1 should be rubbed with the mercurial ointment twice a-day4 #e4 ,the whole limb which contains the wound should be rubbed with oil1 and be wrapped up in an oily flannel4 #f4 ,every three hours a dose of ,cob's powder should be taken in a cup of the infusion of lime-tree and elder-flowers4 ,this powder is made1 by rubbing together in a mortar1 to a very fine powder1 of native and factitious cinnabar1 each twenty-four grains2 of musk1 sixteen grains#afb4 #g4 ,the following bolus is to be given every night1 and to be repeated in the morning1 if the patient is not easy1 washing it down with the infusion mentioned above3 ,take one drachm of ,virginian snake-root in powder2 of camphire and asaftida1 ten grains each2 of opium1 one grain2 and1 with a sufficient quantity of conserve1 or rob of elder1 make a bolus4 #h4 ,if there be a great nausea at the stomach1 with a bitterness in the mouth1 thirty-five or forty grains of ipecacuanha1 in powder1 may be taken for a vomit4 #i4 ,the patient's food1 if he takes any1 must be light2 as panado1 soups made of farinaceous or mealy vegetables1 c4 #aj4 ,if the patient should long continue weak1 and subject to terrors1 he may take half a drachm of the ,peruvian bark thrice a-day4 ,the next poisonous animal which we shall mention is the ,,viper4 ,the grease of this animal rubbed into the wound is said to cure the bite4 ,though that is all the viper-catchers generally do when bit1 we should not think it sufficient for the bite of an enraged viper4 ,it would surely be more safe to have the wound well sucked#afc1 and afterwards rubbed with warm salad-oil4 ,a poultice of bread and milk1 softened with salad-oil1 should likewise be applied to the wound2 and the patient ought to drink freely of vinegar whey1 or water-gruel with vinegar in it1 to make him sweat4 ,vinegar is one of the best medicines which can be used in any kind of poison1 and ought to be taken very liberally4 ,if the patient be sick1 he may take a vomit4 ,this course will be sufficient to cure the bite of any of the poisonous animals of this country4 ,with regard to poisonous insects1 as the bee1 the wasp1 the hornet1 c4 their stings are seldom attended with danger1 unless when a person happens to be stung by a great number of them at the same time2 in which case something should be done to abate the inflammation and swelling4 ,some1 for this purpose1 apply honey1 others lay pounded parsley to the part4 ,a mixture of vinegar and ,venice treacle is likewise recommended2 but ,i have always found rubbing the part with warm salad-oil succeed very well4 ,indeed1 when the stings are so numerous as to endanger the patient's life1 which is sometimes the case1 he must not only have oily poultices applied to the part1 but should likewise be bled1 and take some cooling medicines1 as nitre1 or cream of tartar1 and should drink plentifully of diluting liquors4 ,it is the happiness of this island to have very few poisonous animals1 and those which we have are by no means of the most virulent kind4 ,nine-tenths of the effects attributed to poison or venom in this country1 are really other diseases1 and proceed from quite different causes4 ,we cannot however make the same observation with regard to poisonous vegetables4 ,these abound every where1 and prove often fatal to the ignorant and unwary4 ,this indeed is chiefly owing to carelessness4 ,children ought early to be cautioned against eating any kind of fruit1 roots1 or berries1 which they do not know1 and all poisonous plants to which they can have access1 ought1 as far as possible1 to be destroyed4 ,this would not be so difficult a task as some people imagine4 ,poisonous plants have no doubt their use1 and they ought to be propagated in proper places2 but1 as they prove often destructive to cattle1 they should be rooted out of all pasture-grounds4 ,they ought likewise1 for the safety of the human species1 to be destroyed in the neighbourhood of all towns and villages2 which1 by the bye1 are the places where they most commonly abound4 ,i have seen the poisonous hemlock1 henbane1 wolfsbane1 and deadly night-shade1 all growing within the environs of a small town1 where1 though several persons1 within the memory of those living in it1 had lost their lives by one or other of these plants2 yet no method1 that ,i could hear of1 had ever been taken to root them out2 though this might be done at a very trifling expence4 ,seldom a year passes but we have accounts of several persons poisoned by eating hemlock-roots instead of parsnips1 or some kinds of fungus which they had gathered for mushrooms4 ,these examples ought to put people upon their guard with respect to the former1 and to put the latter entirely out of use4 ,mushrooms may be a delicate dish1 but they are a dangerous one1 as they are generally gathered by persons who do not know one kind of fungus from another1 and take every thing for a mushroom which has that appearance4 ,we might here mention many other plants and animals of a poisonous nature which are found in foreign countries2 but1 as our observations are chiefly intended for this island1 we shall pass these over4 ,it may not however be amiss to observe1 for the benefit of such of our countrymen as go to ,america1 that an effectual remedy is now said to be found for the bite of the rattle-snake4--,the prescription is as follows3 ,take of the roots of plantain and horehound1 in summer1 roots and branches together1 a sufficient quantity2 bruise them in a mortar1 and squeeze out the juice1 of which give1 as soon as possible1 one large spoonful2 if the patient be swelled1 you must force it down his throat4 ,this generally will cure2 but1 if he finds no relief in an hour after1 you may give another spoonful1 which never fails4--,if the roots are dried1 they must be moistened with a little water4 ,to the wound may be applied a leaf of good tobacco moistened with rum4 ,we give this upon the faith of ,dr4 ,brookes1 who says it was the invention of a negro2 for the discovery of which he had his freedom purchased1 and a hundred pounds per annum settled upon him during life1 by the ,general ,assembly of ,carolina4 ,it is possible there may be in nature specific remedies for every kind of poison2 but as we have very little faith in any of those which have yet been pretended to be discovered1 we shall beg leave again to recommend the most strict attention to the following rules1 viz4 ,that when any poisonous substance has been taken into the stomach1 it ought1 as soon as possible1 to be discharged by vomits1 clysters1 and purges2 and1 when poison has been received into the body by a wound1 that it be expelled by medicines which promote the different secretions1 especially those of sweat1 urine1 and insensible perspiration2 to which may be joined antispasmodics1 or such medicines as take off tension and irritation2 the chief of which are opium1 musk1 camphire1 and asaftida4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvii4 ,,of ,,the ,,venereal ,,disease4 ,in the first edition of this book the venereal disease was omitted4 ,the reasons however which at that time induced me to leave it out1 have upon more mature consideration vanished4 ,bad consequences1 no doubt1 may arise from ignorant persons tampering with medicine in this disorder2 but the danger from that quarter seems to be more than balanced by the great and solid advantages1 which must arise to the patient from an early knowledge of his case1 and an attention to a plan of regimen1 which1 if it does not cure the disease1 will be sure to render it more mild1 and less hurtful to the constitution4 ,it is peculiarly unfortunate for the unhappy persons who contract this disease1 that it lies under a sort of disgrace4 ,this renders disguise necessary1 and makes the patient either conceal his disorder altogether1 or apply to those who promise a sudden and secret cure2 but who in fact only remove the symptoms for a time1 while they fix the disease deeper in the habit4 ,by this means a slight infection1 which might have been easily removed1 is often converted into an obstinate1 and sometimes incurable malady4 ,another unfavourable circumstance attending this disease is1 that it assumes a variety of different shapes1 and may with more propriety be called an assemblage of diseases1 than a single one4 ,no two diseases can require a more different method of treatment than this does in its different stages4 ,hence the folly and danger of trusting to any particular nostrum for the cure of it4 ,such nostrums are however generally administered in the same manner to all who apply for them1 without the least regard to the state of the disease1 the constitution of the patient1 the degree of infection1 and a thousand other circumstances of the utmost importance4 ,though the venereal disease is generally the fruit of unlawful embraces1 yet it may be communicated to the innocent as well as the guilty4 ,infants1 nurses1 midwives1 and married women whose husbands lead dissolute lives1 are often affected with it1 and frequently lose their lives by not being aware of their danger in due time4 ,the unhappy condition of such persons will certainly plead our excuse1 if any excuse be necessary1 for endeavouring to point out the symptoms and cure of this too common disease4 ,to enumerate all its different symptoms1 however1 and to trace the disease minutely through its various stages1 would require a much larger space than falls to this part of my subject2 ,i shall therefore confine my observations chiefly to circumstances of importance1 omitting such as are either trifling1 or which occur but seldom4 ,i shall likewise pass over the history of the disease1 with the different methods of treatment which it has undergone since it was first introduced into ,europe1 and many other circumstances of a similar nature2 all of which1 though they might tend to amuse the reader1 yet could afford him little or no useful knowledge4 ,,of ,,the ,,virulent ,,gonorrh,a4 ,the virulent gonorrha is an involuntary discharge of infectious matter from the parts of generation in either sex4 ,it generally makes its appearance within eight or ten days after the infection has been received3 sometimes indeed it appears in two or three days1 and at other times not before the end of four or five weeks4 ,previous to the discharge1 the patient feels an itching with a small degree of pain in the genitals4 ,afterwards a thin glary matter begins to distil from the urinary passage1 which stains the linen1 and occasions a small degree of titillation1 particularly in the time of making water2 this gradually increasing1 arises at length to a degree of heat and pain1 which are chiefly perceived about the extremity of the urinary passage1 where a slight degree of redness and inflammation likewise begin to appear4 ,as the disorder advances1 the pain1 heat of urine1 and running1 increase1 while fresh symptoms daily ensue4 ,in men the erections become painful and involuntary1 and are more frequent and lasting than when natural4 ,this symptom is most troublesome when the patient is warm in bed4 ,the pain which was at first only perceived towards the extremity1 now begins to reach all up the urinary passage1 and is most intense just after the patient has done making water4 ,the running gradually recedes from the colour of seed1 grows yellow1 and at length puts on the appearance of matter4 ,when the disorder has arrived at its height1 all the symptoms are more intense2 the heat of urine is so great1 that the patient dreads the making water2 and though he feels a constant inclination this way1 yet it is rendered with the greatest difficulty1 and often only by drops3 the involuntary erections now become extremely painful and frequent2 there is also a pain1 heat1 and sense of fulness about the seat1 and the running is plentiful and sharp1 of a brown1 greenish1 and sometimes of a bloody colour4 ,by a proper treatment the violence of the symptoms gradually abates2 the heat of urine goes off2 the involuntary and painful erections1 and the heat and pain about the seat1 become easier2 the running also gradually decreases1 grows whiter and thicker1 till at last it entirely disappears4 ,by attending to these symptoms1 the gonorrha may be generally distinguished from any other disease4 ,there are however some few disorders for which it may be mistaken1 as an ulcer in the kidnies or bladder1 the fluor albus or whites in women1 c4 ,but in the former of these1 the matter comes away only with the urine1 or when the sphincter of the bladder is open2 whereas in a gonorrha1 the discharge is constant4 ,the latter is more difficult to distinguish1 and must be known chiefly from its effects1 as pain1 communicating the infection1 c4 ,,regimen4----,when a person has reason to suspect that he has caught the venereal infection1 he ought most strictly to observe a cooling regimen1 to avoid every thing of a heating nature1 as wines1 spirituous liquors1 rich sauces1 spiced1 salted1 high-seasoned and smoke-dried provisions1 c4 as also all aromatic and stimulating vegetables1 as onions1 garlic1 shallot1 nutmeg1 mustard1 cinnamon1 mace1 ginger1 and such like4 ,his food ought chiefly to consist of mild vegetables1 milk1 broths1 light puddings1 panado1 gruels1 c4 ,his drink may be barley-water1 milk and water1 decoctions of marsh-mallows and liquorice1 linseed-tea1 or clear whey4 ,of these he ought to drink plentifully4 ,violent exercise of all kinds1 especially riding on horseback1 and venereal pleasures1 are to be avoided4 ,the patient must beware of cold1 and when the inflammation is violent1 he ought to keep his bed4 ,,medicine4----,a virulent gonorrha cannot always be cured speedily and effectually at the same time4 ,the patient ought therefore not to expect1 nor the physician to promise it4 ,it will often continue for two or three weeks1 and sometimes for five or six1 even where the treatment has been very proper4 ,sometimes indeed a slight infection may be carried off in a few days1 by bathing the parts in warm milk and water1 and injecting frequently up the urethra a little sweet oil or linseed-tea about the warmth of new milk4 ,should these not succeed in carrying off the infection1 they will at least have a tendency to lessen its virulence4 ,to effect a cure1 however1 astringent injections will generally be found necessary4 ,these may be various ways prepared1 but ,i think those made with the white vitriol are both most safe and efficacious4 ,they can be made stronger or weaker as circumstances may require2 but it is best to begin with the more gentle1 and increase their power if necessary4 ,i generally order a drachm of white vitriol to be dissolved in eight or nine ounces of common or rose-water1 and an ordinary syringe full of it to be thrown up three or four times a-day4 ,if this quantity does not perform a cure1 it may be repeated1 and the dose increased#afd4 ,whether injections be used or not1 cooling purges are always proper in the gonorrha4 ,they ought not however to be of the strong or drastic kind4 ,whatever raises a violent commotion in the body increases the danger1 and tends to drive the disease deeper into the habit4 ,procuring two or three stools every second or third day for the first fortnight1 and the same number every fourth or fifth day for the second1 will generally be sufficient to remove the inflammatory symptoms1 to diminish the running1 and to change its colour and consistence4 ,it gradually becomes more white and ropy as the virulence abates#afe4 ,when the inflammatory symptoms run high1 bleeding is always necessary at the beginning4 ,this operation1 as in other topical inflammations1 must be repeated according to the strength and constitution of the patient1 and the vehemence and urgency of the symptoms4 ,medicines which promote the secretion of urine1 are likewise proper in this stage of the disorder4 ,for this purpose1 an ounce of nitre and two ounces of gum-arabic1 pounded together1 may be divided into twenty-four doses1 one of which may be taken frequently in a cup of the patient's drink4 ,if these should make him pass his urine so often as to become troublesome to him1 he may either take them less frequently1 or leave out the nitre altogether1 and take equal parts of gum-arabic and cream of tartar4 ,these may be pounded together1 and a tea-spoonful taken in a cup of the patient's drink four or five times a-day4 ,i have generally found this answer extremely well both as a diuretic1 and for keeping the body gently open4 ,when the pain and inflammation are seated high towards the neck of the bladder1 it will be proper frequently to throw up an emollient clyster1 which1 besides the benefit of procuring stools1 will serve as a fomentation to the inflamed parts4 ,soft poultices1 when they can conveniently be applied to the parts1 are of great service4 ,they may be made of the flour of linseed1 or of wheat-bread and milk1 softened with fresh butter or sweet oil4 ,when poultices cannot be conveniently used1 cloths wrung out of warm water1 or bladders filled with warm milk and water1 may be applied4 ,i have often known the most excruciating pains1 during the inflammatory state of the gonorrha1 relieved by one or other of these applications4 ,few things tend more to keep off inflammation in the spermatic vessels1 than a proper truss for the scrotum4 ,it ought to be so contrived as to support the testicles1 and should be worn from the first appearance of the disease till it has ceased some weeks4 ,the above treatment will sometimes remove the gonorrha so quickly1 that the person will be in doubt whether he really laboured under that disease4 ,this1 however1 is too favourable a turn to be often expected4 ,it more frequently happens1 that we are able only to procure an abatement or remission of the inflammatory symptoms1 so far as to make it safe to have recourse to the great antidote mercury4 ,many people1 on the first appearance of a gonorrha1 fly to the use of mercury4 ,this is a bad plan4 ,mercury is often not at all necessary in a gonorrha2 and when taken too early1 it does mischief4 ,it may be necessary to complete the cure1 but can never be proper at the commencement of it4 ,when bleeding1 purging1 fomentations1 and the other things recommended above1 have eased the pain1 softened the pulse1 relieved the heat of urine1 and rendered the involuntary erections less frequent1 the patient may begin to use mercury in any form that is least disagreeable to him4 ,if he takes the common mercurial pill1 two at night and one in the morning will be a sufficient dose at first4 ,should they affect the mouth too much1 the dose must be lessened2 if not at all1 it may be gradually increased to five or six pills in the day4 ,if calomel be thought preferable1 two or three grains of it1 formed into a bolus with a little of the conserve of hips1 may be taken at bed-time1 and the dose gradually increased to eight or ten grains4 ,one of the most common preparations of mercury now in use is the corrosive sublimate4 ,this may be taken in the manner afterwards recommended under the confirmed lues or pox4 ,i have always found it one of the most safe and efficacious medicines when properly used4 ,the above medicines may either be taken every day or every other day1 as the patient is able to bear them4 ,they ought never to be taken in such quantity as to raise a salivation1 unless in a very slight degree4 ,the disease may be more safely1 and as certainly1 cured without a salivation as with it4 ,when the mercury runs off by the mouth1 it is not so successful in carrying off the disease1 as when it continues longer in the body1 and is discharged gradually4 ,should the patient be purged or griped in the night by the mercury1 he must take an infusion of senna1 or some other purgative1 and drink freely of water-gruel to prevent bloody stools1 which are very apt to happen should the patient catch cold1 or if the mercury has not been duly prepared4 ,when the bowels are weak and the mercury is apt to gripe or purge1 these disagreeable consequences may be prevented by taking1 with the above pills or bolus1 half a drachm or two scruples of diascordium1 or of the ,japonic confection4 ,to prevent the disagreeable circumstance of the mercury's affecting the mouth too much1 or bringing on a salivation1 it may be combined with purgatives4 ,with this view the laxative mercurial pill has been contrived1 the usual dose of which is half a drachm1 or three pills1 night and morning1 to be repeated every other day2 but the safer way is for the patient to begin with two1 or even with one pill1 gradually increasing the dose4 ,to such persons as can neither swallow a bolus nor a pill1 mercury may be given in a liquid form1 as it can be suspended even in a watery vehicle1 by means of gum-arabic2 which not only serves this purpose1 but likewise prevents the mercury from affecting the mouth1 and renders it in many respects a better medicine#aff4 ,it happens very fortunately for those who cannot be brought to take mercury inwardly1 and likewise for persons whose bowels are too tender to bear it1 that an external application of it will answer equally well1 and in some respects better4 ,it must be acknowledged1 that mercury1 taken inwardly for any length of time1 greatly weakens and disorders the bowels2 for which reason1 when a plentiful use of it becomes necessary1 we would prefer rubbing to the mercurial pills4 ,the common mercurial or blue ointment will answer very well4 ,of that which is made by rubbing together equal quantities of hog's lard and quicksilver1 about a drachm may be used at a time4 ,the best time for rubbing it on is at night1 and the most proper place the inner side of the thighs4 ,the patient should stand before the fire when he rubs1 and should wear flannel drawers next his skin at the time he is using the ointment4 ,if ointment of a weaker or stronger kind be used1 the quantity must be increased or diminished in proportion4 ,if1 during the use of the ointment1 the inflammation of the genital parts1 together with the heat and feverishness1 should return1 or if the mouth should grow sore1 the gums tender1 and the breath become offensive1 a dose or two of ,glauber's salts1 or some other cooling purge1 may be taken1 and the rubbing intermitted for a few days4 ,as soon1 however1 as the signs of spitting are gone off1 if the virulency be not quite corrected1 the ointment must be repeated1 but in smaller quantities1 and at longer intervals than before4 ,whatever way mercury is administered1 its use must be persisted in as long as any virulency is suspected to remain4 ,during this1 which may be called the second stage of the disorder1 though so strict a regimen is not necessary as in the first or inflammatory state1 yet intemperance of every kind must be avoided4 ,the food must be light1 plain1 and of easy digestion2 and the greatest indulgence that may be allowed with respect to drink is1 a little wine diluted with a sufficient quantity of water4 ,spirituous liquors are to be avoided in every shape4 ,i have often known the inflammatory symptoms renewed and heightened1 the running increased1 and the cure rendered extremely difficult and tedious1 by one fit of excessive drinking4 ,when the above treatment has removed the heat of urine1 and soreness of the genital parts2 when the quantity of running is considerably lessened1 without any pain or swelling in the groin or testicle supervening2 when the patient is free from involuntary erections2 and lastly1 when the running becomes pale1 whitish1 thick1 void of ill smell1 and tenacious or ropy2 when all or most of these symptoms appear1 the gonorrha is arrived at its last stage1 and we may gradually proceed to treat it as a gleet with astringent and agglutinating medicines4 ,,of ,,gleets4 ,a gonorrha frequently repeated1 or improperly treated1 often ends in a gleet1 which may either proceed from relaxation1 or from some remains of the disease4 ,it is however of the greatest importance in the cure of the gleet1 to know from which of these causes it proceeds4 ,when the discharge proves very obstinate1 and receives little or no check from astringent remedies1 there is ground to suspect that it is owing to the latter2 but if the drain is inconstant1 and is chiefly observable when the patient is stimulated by lascivious ideas1 or upon straining to go to stool1 we may reasonably conclude that it is chiefly owing to the former4 ,in the cure of a gleet proceeding from relaxation1 the principal design is to brace1 and restore a proper degree of tension to the debilitated and relaxed vessels4 ,for this purpose1 besides the medicines recommended in the gonorrha1 the patient may have recourse to stronger and more powerful astringents1 as the ,peruvian bark#afg1 alum1 vitriol1 galls1 tormentil1 bistort1 baldustines1 tincture of gum kino1 c4 ,the injections may be rendered more astringent by the addition of a few grains of alum1 or increasing the quantity of vitriol as far as the parts are able to bear it4 ,the last remedy which we shall mention in this case is the cold bath1 than which there is not perhaps a more powerful bracer in the whole compass of medicine4 ,it ought never to be omitted in this species of gleet1 unless there be something in the constitution of the patient which renders the use of it unsafe4 ,the chief objections to the use of the cold bath are1 a full habit1 and an unsound state of the viscera4 ,the danger from the former may always be lessened1 if not removed1 by purging and bleeding2 but the latter is an insurmountable obstacle1 as the pressure of the water1 and the sudden contraction of the external vessels1 by throwing the blood with too much force upon the internal parts1 are apt to occasion ruptures of the vessels1 or a flux of humours upon the diseased organs4 ,but where no objection of this kind prevails1 the patient ought to plunge over head in water every morning fasting1 for three or four weeks together4 ,he should not however stay long in the water1 and should take care to have his skin dried as soon as he comes out4 ,the regimen proper in this case is the same as was mentioned in the last stage of the gonorrha3 the diet must be drying and astringent1 and the drink ,spa1 ,pyrmont1 or ,bristol waters1 with which a little claret or red wine may sometimes be mixed4 ,any person may now afford to drink these waters1 as they can be every where prepared at almost no expence1 by a mixture of common chalk and oil of vitriol4 ,when the gleet does not in the smallest degree yield to these medicines1 there is reason to suspect that it proceeds from ulcers4 ,in this case recourse must be had to mercury1 and such medicines as tend to correct any predominant acrimony with which the juices may be affected1 as the decoction of ,china1 sarsaparilla1 sassafras1 or the like4 ,mr4 ,fordyce says1 he has seen many obstinate gleets of two1 three1 or four years standing1 effectually cured by a mercurial inunction1 when almost every other medicine has been tried in vain4 ,dr4 ,chapman seems to be of the same opinion2 but says1 he has always found the mercury succeed best in this case when joined with terebinthinate and other agglutinating medicines4 ,for which reason the ,doctor recommends pills made of calomel and ,venice turpentine#afh2 and desires that their use may be accompanied with a decoction of guaiacum or sarsaparilla4 ,the last kind of remedy which we shall mention for the cure of ulcers in the urinary passage1 are the suppurating candles or bougies3 as these are prepared various ways1 and are generally to be bought ready made1 it is needless to spend time in enumerating the different ingredients of which they are composed1 or teaching the manner of preparing them4 ,before a bougie be introduced into the urethra1 however1 it should be smeared all over with sweet oil1 to prevent it from stimulating too suddenly2 it may be suffered to continue in from one to seven or eight hours1 according as the patient can bear it4 ,obstinate ulcers are not only often healed1 but tumours and excrescences in the urinary passages taken away1 and an obstruction of urine removed by means of bougies4 ,obstinate gleets may be removed by the use of bougies4 ,,of ,,the ,,swelled ,,testicle4 ,the swelled testicle may either proceed from infection lately contracted1 or from the venereal poison lurking in the blood3 the latter indeed is not very common1 but the former frequently happens both in the first and second stages of a gonorrha2 particularly when the running is unseasonably checked1 by cold1 hard drinking1 strong drastic purges1 violent exercise1 the too early use of astringent medicines1 or the like4 ,in the inflammatory stage bleeding is necessary1 which must be repeated according to the urgency of the symptoms#afi4 ,the food must be light1 and the drink diluting4 ,high-seasoned food1 flesh1 wines1 and every thing of a heating nature1 are to be avoided4 ,fomentations are of singular service4 ,poultices of bread and milk1 softened with fresh butter or oil1 are likewise very proper1 and ought constantly to be applied when the patient is in bed3 when he is up1 the testicles should be kept warm1 and supported by a bag or truss1 which may easily be contrived in such a manner as to prevent the weight of the testicle from having any effect4 ,if it should be found impracticable to clear the testicle by the cooling regimen now pointed out1 and extended according to circumstances1 it will be necessary to lead the patient through such a complete antivenereal course as shall ensure him against any future uneasiness4 ,for this purpose1 besides rubbing the mercurial ointment on the part1 if free from pain1 or on the thighs1 as directed in the gonorrha1 the patient must be confined to bed1 if necessary1 for five or six weeks1 suspending the testicle all the while with a bag or truss1 and plying him inwardly with strong decoctions of sarsaparilla4 ,when these means do not succeed1 and there is reason to suspect a scrophulous or cancerous habit1 either of which may support a scirrhous induration1 after the venereal poison is corrected1 the parts should be fomented daily with a decoction of hemlock1 the bruised leaves of which may likewise be added to the poultice1 and the extract at the same time taken inwardly#agj4 ,this practice is strongly recommended by ,dr4 ,stork in scirrhous and cancerous cases2 and ,mr4 ,fordyce assures us1 that by this method he has cured diseased testicles of two or three years standing1 even when ulcerated1 and when the scirrhus had begun to be affected with pricking and lancing pains4 ,,of ,,buboes4 ,venereal buboes are hard tumours seated in the groin1 occasioned by the venereal poison lodged in this part4 ,they are of two kinds2 viz4 such as proceed from a recent infection1 and such as accompany a confirmed lues4 ,the cure of recent buboes1 that is1 such as appear soon after impure coition1 may be first attempted by dispersion1 and1 if that should not succeed1 by suppuration4 ,to promote the dispersion of a bubo1 the same regimen must be observed as was directed in the first stage of a gonorrha4 ,the patient must likewise be bled1 and take some cooling purges1 as the decoction of tamarinds and senna1 ,glauber's salts1 and the like4 ,if1 by this course1 the swelling and other inflammatory symptoms abate1 we may safely proceed to the use of mercury1 which must be continued till the venereal virus is quite subdued#aga4 ,but if the bubo should1 from the beginning1 be attended with great heat1 pain1 and pulsation1 it will be proper to promote its suppuration4 ,for this purpose the patient may be allowed to use his ordinary diet1 and to take now and then a glass of wine4 ,emollient cataplasms1 consisting of bread and milk softened with oil or fresh butter1 may be applied to the part2 and1 in cold constitutions1 where the tumour advances slowly1 white lily-roots boiled1 or sliced onions raw1 and a sufficient quantity of yellow basilicon1 may be added to the poultice4 ,when the tumour is ripe1 which may be known by its conical figure1 the softness of the skin1 and a fluctuation of matter plainly to be felt under the finger1 it may be opened either by a caustic or a lancet1 and afterwards dressed with digestive ointment4 ,it sometimes however happens1 that buboes can neither be dispersed nor brought to a suppuration1 but remain hard1 indolent tumours4 ,in this case the indurated glands must be consumed by caustic2 if they should become scirrhous1 they must be dissolved by the application of hemlock1 both externally and internally1 as directed in the scirrhous testicle4 ,,of ,,chancres4 ,chancres are superficial1 callous1 eating ulcers2 which may happen either with or without a gonorrha4 ,they are commonly seated about the glans1 and make their appearance in the following manner3 ,first a little red pimple arises1 which soon becomes pointed at top1 and is filled with a whitish matter inclining to yellow4 ,this pimple is hot1 and itches generally before it breaks3 afterwards it degenerates into an obstinate ulcer1 the bottom of which is usually covered with a viscid mucus1 and whose edges gradually become hard and callous4 ,sometimes the first appearance resembles a simple excoriation of the cuticle2 which however1 if the cause be venereal1 soon becomes a true chancre4 ,a chancre is sometimes a primary affection1 but it is much oftner symptomatic1 and is the mark of a confirmed lues4 ,primary chancres discover themselves soon after impure coition1 and are generally seated in parts covered with a thin cuticle1 as the lips1 the nipples of women1 the glans penis of men1 c4#agb4 ,when a chancre appears soon after impure coition1 its treatment is nearly similar to that of the virulent gonorrha4 ,the patient must observe the cooling regimen1 lose a little blood1 and take some gentle doses of salts and manna4 ,the parts affected ought frequently to be bathed1 or rather soaked1 in warm milk and water1 and1 if the inflammation be great1 an emollient poultice or cataplasm may be applied to them4 ,this course will1 in most cases1 be sufficient to abate the inflammation1 and prepare the patient for the use of mercury4 ,symptomatic chancres are commonly accompanied with ulcers in the throat1 nocturnal pains1 scurfy eruptions about the roots of the hair1 and other symptoms of a confirmed lues4 ,though they may be seated in any of the parts mentioned above1 they commonly appear upon the private parts1 or the inside of the thigh4 ,they are also less painful1 but frequently much larger and harder than primary chancres4 ,as their cure must depend upon that of the pox1 of which they are only a symptom1 we shall take no further notice of them1 till we come to treat of a confirmed lues#agc4 ,thus we have related most of the symptoms which accompany or succeed a violent gonorrha1 and have also given a short view of their proper treatment2 there are1 however1 several others which sometimes attend this disease1 as a strangury or obstruction of urine1 phymosis1 paraphymosis1 c4 ,a strangury may be occasioned either by a spasmodic constriction1 or an inflammation of the urethra and parts about the neck of the bladder4 ,in the former case1 the patient begins to void his urine with tolerable ease2 but1 as soon as it touches the galled or inflamed urethra1 a sudden constriction takes place1 and the urine is voided by spurts1 and sometimes by drops only4 ,when the strangury is owing to an inflammation about the neck of the bladder1 there is a constant heat and uneasiness of the part1 a perpetual desire to make water1 while the patient can only render a few drops1 and a troublesome tenesmus1 or constant inclination to go to stool4 ,when the strangury is owing to spasm1 such medicines as tend to dilute and blunt the salts of the urine will be proper4 ,for this purpose1 besides the common diluting liquors1 soft and cooling emulsions1 sweetened with the syrup of poppies1 may be used4 ,should these not have the desired effect1 bleeding1 and emollient fomentations1 will be necessary4 ,when the complaint is evidently owing to an inflammation about the neck of the bladder1 bleeding must be more liberally performed1 and repeated according to the urgency of the symptoms4 ,after bleeding1 if the strangury still continues1 soft clysters1 with a proper quantity of laudanum in them1 may be administered1 and emollient fomentations applied to the region of the bladder4 ,at the same time1 the patient may take every four hours a tea-cupful of barley-water1 to an ,english pint of which six ounces of the syrup of marsh-mallows1 four ounces of the oil of sweet almonds1 and half an ounce of nitre1 may be added4 ,if these remedies should not relieve the complaint1 and a total suppression of urine should come on1 bleeding must be repeated1 and the patient set in a warm bath up to the middle4 ,it will be proper in this case to discontinue the diuretics1 and to draw off the water with a catheter2 but as the patient is seldom able to bear its being introduced1 we would rather recommend the use of mild bougies4 ,these often lubricate the passage1 and greatly facilitate the discharge of urine4 ,whenever they begin to stimulate or give any uneasiness1 they may be withdrawn4 ,the phymosis is such a constriction of the prepuce over the glans1 as hinders it from being drawn backwards2 the paraphymosis1 on the contrary1 is such a constriction of the prepuce behind the glans1 as hinders it from being brought forward4 ,the treatment of these symptoms is so nearly the same with that of the virulent gonorrha1 that we have no occasion to enlarge upon it4 ,in general1 bleeding1 purging1 poultices1 and emollient fomentations are sufficient4 ,should these1 however1 fail of removing the stricture1 and the parts be threatened with a mortification1 twenty or thirty grains of ipecacuanha1 and one grain of emetic tartar1 may be given for a vomit1 and may be worked off with warm water or thin gruel4 ,it sometimes happens1 that1 in spite of all endeavours to the contrary1 the inflammation goes on1 and symptoms of a beginning mortification appear4 ,when this is the case1 the prepuce must be scarified with a lancet1 and1 if necessary1 divided1 in order to prevent a strangulation1 and set the imprisoned glans at liberty4 ,we shall not describe the manner of performing this operation1 as it ought always to be done by a surgeon4 ,when a mortification has actually taken place1 it will be necessary1 besides performing the above operations1 to foment the parts frequently with cloths wrung out of a strong decoction of camomile-flowers and bark1 and to give the patient a drachm of the bark in powder every two or three hours4 ,with regard to the priapism1 chordee1 and other distortions of the penis1 their treatment is no way different from that of the gonorrha4 ,when they prove very troublesome1 the patient may take a few drops of laudanum at night1 especially after the operation of a purgative through the day4 ,,of ,a ,,confirmed ,,lues4 ,we have hitherto treated of those affections in which the venereal poison is supposed to be confined chiefly to the particular part by which it was received1 and shall next take a view of the lues in its confirmed state2 that is1 when the poison is actually received into the blood1 and1 circulating with it through every part of the body1 mixes with the several secretions1 and renders the whole habit tainted4 ,the symptoms of a confirmed lues are1 buboes in the groin1 pains of the head and joints1 which are peculiarly troublesome in the night1 or when the patient is warm in bed2 scabs and scurfs in various parts of the body1 especially on the head1 of a yellowish colour1 resembling a honey-comb2 corroding ulcers in various parts of the body1 which generally begin about the throat1 from whence they creep gradually1 by the palate1 towards the cartilage of the nose1 which they destroy2 excrescences or exostoses arise in the middle of the bones1 and their spongy ends become brittle1 and break upon the least accident2 at other times they are soft1 and bend like wax2 the conglobate glands become hard and callous1 and form1 in the neck1 armpits1 groin1 and mesentery1 hard moveable tumours1 like the king's evil2 tumours of different kinds are likewise formed in the lymphatic vessels1 tendons1 ligaments1 and nerves1 as the gummata1 ganglia1 nodes1 tophs1 c42 the eyes are affected with itching1 pain1 redness1 and sometimes with total blindness1 and the ears with a singing noise1 pain1 and deafness1 whilst their internal substance is exulcerated and rendered carious2 at length all the animal1 vital1 and natural functions are depraved2 the face becomes pale and livid2 the body emaciated and unfit for motion1 and the miserable patient falls into an atrophy or wasting consumption4 ,women have symptoms peculiar to the sex2 as cancers of the breast2 a suppression or overflowing of the menses2 the whites2 hysteric affections2 an inflammation1 abscess1 scirrhus1 gangrene1 cancer1 or ulcer of the womb2 they are generally either barren or subject to abortion2 or1 if they bring children into the world1 they have an universal erysipelas1 are half rotten1 and covered with ulcers4 ,such is the catalogue of symptoms attending this dreadful disease in its confirmed state4 ,indeed they are seldom all to be met with in the same person1 or at the same time2 so many of them1 however1 are generally present as are sufficient to alarm the patient2 and if he has reason to suspect the infection is lurking in his body1 he ought immediately to set about the expulsion of it1 otherwise the most tragical consequences will ensue4 ,the only certain remedy hitherto known in ,europe1 for the cure of this disease1 is mercury1 which may be used in a great variety of forms1 with nearly the same success4 ,some time ago it was reckoned impossible to cure a confirmed lues without a salivation4 ,this method is now however pretty generally laid aside1 and mercury is found to be as efficacious1 or rather more so1 in expelling the venereal poison1 when administered in such a manner as not to run off by the salivary glands4 ,though many are of opinion1 that the mercurial ointment is as efficacious as any other preparation of that mineral2 yet experience has taught me to think otherwise4 ,i have often seen the most obstinate venereal cases1 where great quantities of mercurial ointment had been used in vain1 yield to the saline preparations of mercury4 ,nor am ,i singular in this opinion4 ,my ingenious friend1 ,mr4 ,clare1 an eminent surgeon of this city1 assures me1 that for some time past he has employed1 in venereal cases1 a saline preparation of mercury with most happy success4 ,this preparation1 rubbed with a sufficient quantity of any mild powder1 he applies1 in small portions1 to the tongue1 where1 with a gentle degree of friction1 it is immediately absorbed1 and produces its full effect2 upon the system1 without doing the least injury to the stomach or bowels2 a matter of the greatest importance in the application of this most active and powerful remedy4 ,it is impossible to ascertain either the exact quantity of medicines that must be taken1 or the time they ought to be continued1 in order to perform a cure4 ,these will ever vary according to the constitution of the patient1 the season of the year1 the degree of infection1 the time it has lodged in the body1 c4 ,but though it is difficult1 as ,astruc observes1 to determine priori1 what quantity of mercury will1 in the whole1 be necessary to cure this distemper completely2 yet it may be judged of posteriori1 from the abatement and ceasing of the symptoms4 ,the same author adds1 that commonly not less than two ounces of the strong mercurial ointment is sufficient1 and not more than three or four ounces necessary4 ,the only chemical preparation of mercury which we shall take notice of1 is the corrosive sublimate4 ,this was some time ago brought into use for the venereal disease1 in ,germany1 by the illustrious ,baron ,van ,swieten2 and was soon after introduced into ,britain by the learned ,sir ,john ,pringle1 at that time physician to the army4 ,the method of giving it is as follows3 ,one grain of corrosive sublimate is dissolved in two ounces of ,french brandy or malt spirits2 and of this solution1 an ordinary table-spoonful1 or the quantity of half an ounce1 is to be taken twice a-day1 and to be continued as long as any symptoms of the disorder remain4 ,to those whose stomach cannot bear the solution1 the sublimate may be given in form of pill#agd4 ,several roots1 woods1 and barks1 have been recommended for curing the venereal disease2 but none of them have been found1 upon experience1 to answer the high encomiums which had been bestowed upon them4 ,though no one of these is to be depended upon alone1 yet1 when joined with mercury1 some of them are found to be very beneficial in promoting a cure4 ,one of the best we know yet is sarsaparilla1 which may be prepared and taken according to the directions in the ,appendix#age4 ,the mezereon root is likewise found to be a powerful assistant to the sublimate1 or any other mercurial4 ,it may either be used along with the sarsaparilla1 as directed in the ,appendix1 or by itself4 ,those who chuse to use the mezereon by itself1 may boil an ounce of the fresh bark1 taken from the root1 in twelve ,english pints of water to eight1 adding towards the end an ounce of liquorice4 ,the dose of this is the same as of the decoction of sarsaparilla4 ,we have been told that the natives of ,america cure the venereal disease1 in every stage1 by a decoction of the root of a plant called the ,lobelia4 ,it is used either fresh or dried2 but we have no certain accounts with regard to the proportion4 ,sometimes they mix other roots with it1 as those of the ranunculus1 the ceanothus1 c42 but whether these are designed to disguise or assist it1 is doubtful4 ,the patient takes a large draught of the decoction early in the morning1 and continues to use it for his ordinary drink through the day#agf4 ,many other roots and woods might be mentioned which have been extolled for curing the venereal disease1 as the china-root1 the roots of soap-wort1 burdock1 c4 as also the wood of guaiacum and sassafras2 but as none of these have been found to possess virtues superior to those already mentioned1 we shall1 for the sake of brevity1 pass them over1 and shall conclude our observations on this disease with a few general remarks concerning the proper management of the patient1 and the nature of the infection4 ,,general ,,observations4 ,the condition of the patient ought always to be considered previous to his entering upon a course of mercury in any form4 ,it would be equally rash and dangerous to administer mercury to a person labouring under any violent acute disease1 as a putrid fever1 pleurisy1 peripneumony1 or the like4 ,it would likewise be dangerous in some chronic cases2 as a slow hectic fever1 or the last stage of a consumption4 ,sometimes1 however1 these diseases proceed from a confirmed lues2 in which case it will be necessary to give mercury4 ,in chronic diseases of a less dangerous nature1 as the asthma1 the gravel1 and such like1 mercury1 if necessary1 may be safely administered4 ,if the patient's strength has been greatly exhausted by sickness1 labour1 abstinence1 or any other cause1 the use of mercury must be postponed1 till by time1 rest1 and a nourishing diet1 it can be sufficiently restored4 ,mercury ought not to be administered to women during the menstrual flux1 or when the period is near at hand4 ,neither should it be given in the last stage of pregnancy4 ,if1 however1 the woman be not near the time of her delivery1 and circumstances render it necessary1 mercury may be given1 but in smaller doses1 and at greater intervals than usual3 with these precautions1 both the mother and child may be cured at the same time2 if not1 the disorder will at least be kept from growing worse1 till the woman be brought to bed1 and sufficiently recovered1 when a more effectual method may be pursued1 which1 if she suckles her child1 will in all probability be sufficient for the cure of both4 ,mercury ought always to be administered to infants with the greatest caution4 ,their tender condition unfits them for supporting a salivation1 and makes it necessary to administer even the mildest preparations of mercury to them with a sparing hand4 ,a similar conduct is recommended in the treatment of old persons1 who have the misfortune to labour under a confirmed lues4 ,no doubt the infirmities of age must render people less able to undergo the fatigues of a salivation2 but this1 as was formerly observed1 is never necessary2 besides1 we have generally found1 that mercury had much less effect upon very old persons than on those who were younger4 ,hysteric and hypochondriac persons1 and such as are subject to an habitual diarrha or dysentery1 or to frequent and violent attacks of the epilepsy1 or who are afflicted with the scrophula1 or the scurvy1 ought to be cautious in the use of mercury4 ,where any one of these disorders prevails1 it ought either1 if possible1 to be cured1 or at least palliated1 before the patient enters upon a course of mercury4 ,when this cannot be done1 the mercury must be administered in smaller doses1 and at longer intervals than usual4 ,the most proper seasons for entering upon a course of mercury1 are the spring and autumn1 when the air is of a moderate warmth4 ,if the circumstances of the case1 however1 will not admit of delay1 we must not defer the cure on account of the season1 but must administer the mercury2 taking care at the same time to keep the patient's chamber warmer or cooler1 according as the season of the year requires4 ,the next thing to be considered is the preparation necessary to be observed before we proceed to administer a course of mercury4 ,some lay great stress upon this circumstance1 observing1 that by previously relaxing the vessels1 and correcting any disorder which may happen to prevail in the blood1 not only the mercury will be disposed to act more kindly1 but many other inconveniencies will be prevented4 ,we have already recommended bleeding and gentle purges1 previous to the administration of mercury1 and shall only now add1 that these are always to be repeated according to the age1 strength1 constitution1 and other circumstances of the patient4 ,afterwards1 if it can be conveniently done1 the patient ought to bathe once or twice a-day1 for a few days1 in lukewarm water4 ,his diet in the mean time must be light1 moist1 and cooling4 ,wine1 and all heating liquors1 also violent bodily exercise1 and all great exertions of the mind1 are carefully to be avoided4 ,a proper regimen is likewise to be observed by such as are under a course of mercury4 ,inattention to this not only endangers the patient's life but often also disappoints him of a cure4 ,a much smaller quantity of mercury will be sufficient for the cure of a person who lives low1 keeps warm1 and avoids all manner of excess1 than of one who cannot endure to put the smallest restraint upon his appetites3 indeed it but rarely happens that such are thoroughly cured4 ,there is hardly any thing of more importance1 either for preventing or removing venereal infection than cleanliness4 ,by an early attention to this1 the infection might often be prevented from entering the body2 and1 where it has already taken place1 its effects may be greatly mitigated4 ,the moment any person has reason to suspect that he has received the infection1 he ought to wash the parts with water and spirits1 sweet oil1 or milk and water2 a small quantity of the last may likewise be injected up the urethra1 if it can be conveniently done4 ,whether this disease at first took its rise from dirtiness is hard to say2 but wherever that prevails1 the infection is found in its greatest degree of virulence1 which gives ground to believe that a strict attention to cleanliness would go far towards extirpating it altogether#agg4 ,when the venereal disease has been neglected1 or improperly treated1 it often becomes a disorder of the habit4 ,in this case the cure must be attempted by restoratives1 as a milk diet1 the decoction of sarsaparilla1 and such like1 to which mercury may be occasionally added4 ,it is a common practice in ,north ,britain to send such patients to drink goat-whey4 ,this is a very proper plan1 provided the infection has been totally eradicated before-hand2 but when that is not the case1 and the patient trusts to the whey for finishing his cure1 he will often be disappointed4 ,i have frequently known the disease return with all its virulence after a course of goat-whey1 even when that course had been thought quite sufficient for completing the cure4 ,one of the most unfortunate circumstances attending patients in this disease1 is the necessity they are often laid under of being soon well4 ,this induces them to take medicine too fast1 and to leave it off too soon4 ,a few grains more of medicine1 or a few days longer confinement1 would often be sufficient to perfect the cure2 whereas1 by neglect of these1 a small degree of virulence is still left in the humours1 which gradually vitiates1 and at length contaminates the whole mass4 ,to avoid this1 we would advise1 that the patient should never leave off taking medicine immediately upon the disappearing of the symptoms1 but continue it for some time after1 gradually lessening the quantity1 till there is sufficient ground to believe that the disease is entirely eradicated4 ,it is not only difficult1 but absolutely impossible1 to ascertain the exact degree of virulence that may attend the disease2 for which reason it will always be a much safer rule to continue the use of medicine too long1 than to leave it off too soon4 ,this seems to be the leading maxim of a modern practitioner of some note for the venereal disease1 who always orders his patient to perform a quarantine of at least forty days1 during which time he takes forty bottles of1 ,i suppose1 a strong decoction of sarsaparilla1 or some other antivenereal simple4 ,whoever takes this method1 and adds a sufficient quantity of corrosive sublimate1 or some other active preparation of mercury to the decoction1 will seldom fail to cure a confirmed lues4 ,it is peculiarly unfortunate for the cure of this disease1 that not one in ten of those who contract it1 are either able or willing to submit to a proper plan of regimen4 ,the patient is willing to take medicine2 but he must follow his business1 and1 to prevent suspicions1 must eat and drink like the rest of the family4 ,this is the true source of nine-tenths of all the mischief arising from the venereal disease4 ,i never knew the cure attended with any great difficulty or danger where the patient strictly followed the physician's advice3 but a volume would not be sufficient to point out the dreadful consequences which proceed from an opposite conduct4 ,scirrhous testicles1 ulcerous sore throats1 madness1 consumptions1 carious bones1 and a rotten progeny1 are a few of the blessings derived from this source4 ,there is a species of false reasoning1 with regard to this disease1 which proves fatal to many4 ,a person of a sound constitution contracts a slight degree of the disorder4 ,he gets well without taking any great care1 or using much medicine1 and hence concludes that this will always be the case4 ,the next time the disease occurs1 though1 ten times more virulent1 he pursues the same course1 and his constitution is ruined4 ,indeed1 the different degrees of virulence in the small-pox are not greater than in this disease1 though1 as the learned ,sydenham observes1 in some cases the most skilful physicians cannot cure1 and in others the most ignorant old woman cannot kill the patient in that disorder4 ,though a good constitution is always in favour of the patient1 yet too great stress may be laid upon it4 ,it does not appear from observation1 that the most robust constitution is able to overcome the virulence of the venereal contagion1 after it has got into the habit4 ,in this case a proper course of medicine is always indispensably necessary4 ,although it is impossible1 on account of the different degrees of virulence1 c4 to lay down fixed and certain rules for the cure of this disease1 yet the following general plan will always be found safe1 and often successful1 viz4 to bleed and administer gentle purges with diuretics during the inflammatory state1 and as soon as the symptoms of inflammation are abated1 to administer mercury1 in any form that may be most agreeable to the patient4 ,the same medicine1 assisted by the decoction of sarsaparilla1 and a proper regimen1 will not only secure the constitution against the further progress of a confirmed pox1 but will generally perform a complete cure4 ,,chap4 ,,xlviii4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,women4 ,women1 in all civilized nations1 have the management of domestic affairs1 and it is very proper they should1 as ,nature has made them less fit for the more active and laborious employments4 ,this indulgence1 however1 is generally carried too far2 and females1 instead of being benefited by it1 are greatly injured1 from the want of exercise and free air4 ,to be satisfied of this1 one need only compare the fresh and ruddy looks of a milk-maid1 with the pale complexion of those females whose whole time is spent within doors4 ,though ,nature has made an evident distinction between the male and female with regard to bodily strength and vigour1 yet she certainly never meant1 either that the one should be always without1 or the other always within doors4 ,the confinement of females1 besides hurting their figure and complexion1 relaxes their solids1 weakens their minds1 and disorders all the functions of the body4 ,hence proceed obstructions1 indigestion1 flatulence1 abortions1 and the whole train of nervous disorders4 ,these not only unfit women for being mothers and nurses1 but often render them whimsical and ridiculous4 ,a sound mind depends so much upon a healthy body1 that where the latter is wanting the former is rarely to be found4 ,i have always observed1 that women who were chiefly employed without doors1 in the different branches of husbandry1 gardening1 and the like1 were almost as hardy as their husbands1 and that their children were likewise strong and healthy4 ,but as the bad effects of confinement and inactivity upon both sexes have been already shewn1 we shall proceed to point out those circumstances in the structure and design of females1 which subject them to peculiar diseases2 the chief of which are1 their monthly evacuations1 pregnancy1 and child-bearing4 ,these indeed cannot properly be called diseases1 but from the delicacy of the sex1 and their being often improperly managed in such situations1 they become the source of numerous calamities4 ,,of ,,the ,,menstrual ,,discharge4 ,females generally begin to menstruate about the age of fifteen1 and leave it off about fifty1 which renders these two periods the most critical of their lives4 ,about the first appearance of this discharge1 the constitution undergoes a very considerable change1 generally indeed for the better1 though sometimes for the worse4 ,the greatest care is now necessary1 as the future health and happiness of the female depends in a great measure upon her conduct at this period#agh4 ,if a girl about this time of life be confined to the house1 kept constantly sitting1 and neither allowed to romp about1 nor employed in any active business1 which gives exercise to the whole body1 she becomes weak1 relaxed1 and puny2 her blood not being duly prepared1 she looks pale and wan2 her health1 spirits1 and vigour decline1 and she sinks into a valetudinarian for life4 ,such is the fate of numbers of those unhappy females1 who1 either from too much indulgence1 or their own narrow circumstances1 are1 at this critical period1 denied the benefit of exercise and free air4 ,a lazy indolent disposition proves likewise very hurtful to girls at this period4 ,one seldom meets with complaints from obstructions amongst the more active and industrious part of the sex2 whereas the indolent and lazy are seldom free from them4 ,these are in a manner eaten up by the chlorosis1 or green-sickness1 and other diseases of this nature4 ,we would therefore recommend it to all who wish to escape these calamities1 to avoid indolence and inactivity1 as their greatest enemies1 and to be as much abroad in the open air as possible4 ,another thing which proves very hurtful to girls about this period of life1 is unwholesome food4 ,fond of all manner of trash1 they often indulge in it1 till their whole humours are quite vitiated4 ,hence ensue indigestions1 want of appetite1 and a numerous train of evils4 ,if the fluids be not duly prepared1 it is utterly impossible that the secretions should go properly on4 ,accordingly we find1 that such girls as lead an indolent life1 and eat great quantities of trash1 are not only subject to obstructions of the menses1 but likewise to glandular obstructions2 as the scrophula1 or king's evil1 c4 ,a dull disposition is also very hurtful to girls at this period4 ,it is a rare thing to see a sprightly girl who does not enjoy good health1 while the grave1 moping1 melancholy creature1 proves the very prey of vapours and hysterics4 ,youth is the season for mirth and cheerfulness4 ,let it therefore be indulged4 ,it is an absolute duty4 ,to lay in a stock of health in time of youth1 is as necessary a piece of prudence1 as to make provision against the decays of old age4 ,while1 therefore1 wise ,nature prompts the happy youth to join in sprightly amusements1 let not the severe dictates of hoary age forbid the useful impulse1 nor damp1 with serious gloom1 the season destined to mirth and innocent festivity4 ,another thing very hurtful to females about this period of life is strait clothes4 ,they are fond of a fine shape1 and foolishly imagine that this can be acquired by lacing themselves tight4 ,hence1 by squeezing the stomach and bowels1 they hurt the digestion1 and occasion many incurable maladies4 ,this error is not indeed so common as it has been2 but1 as fashions change1 it may come about again3 we therefore think it not improper to mention it4 ,i know many females who1 to this day1 feel the direful effects of that wretched custom which prevailed some years ago1 of squeezing every girl into as small a size in the middle as possible4 ,human invention could not possibly have devised a practice more destructive to health4 ,after a female has arrived at that period of life when the menses usually begin to flow1 and they do not appear1 but1 on the contrary1 her health and spirits begin to decline1 we would advise1 instead of shutting the poor girl up in the house1 and dosing her with steel1 asaftida1 and other nauseous drugs1 to place her in a situation where she can enjoy the benefit of free air and agreeable company4 ,there let her eat wholesome food1 take sufficient exercise1 and amuse herself in the most agreeable manner2 and we have little reason to fear1 but ,nature1 thus assisted1 will do her proper work4 ,indeed she seldom fails1 unless where the fault is on our side4 ,this discharge in the beginning is seldom so instantaneous as to surprise females unawares4 ,it is generally preceded by symptoms which foretel its approach2 as a sense of heat1 weight1 and dull pain in the loins2 distension and hardness of the breasts2 head-ach2 loss of appetite2 lassitude2 paleness of the countenance2 and sometimes a slight degree of fever4 ,when these symptoms appear about the age at which the menstrual flux usually begins1 every thing should be carefully avoided which may obstruct that necessary and salutary evacuation2 and all means used to promote it2 as sitting frequently over the steams of warm water1 drinking warm diluting liquors1 c4 ,after the menses have once begun to flow1 the greatest care should be taken to avoid every thing that may tend to obstruct them4 ,females ought to be exceeding cautious of what they eat or drink at the time they are out of order4 ,every thing that is cold1 or apt to sour on the stomach1 ought to be avoided2 as fruit1 butter-milk1 and such like4 ,fish1 and all kinds of food that are hard of digestion1 are also to be avoided4 ,as it is impossible to mention every thing that may disagree with individuals at this time1 we would recommend it to every female to be very attentive to what disagrees with herself1 and carefully to avoid it4 ,cold is extremely hurtful at this particular period4 ,more of the sex date their disorders from colds1 caught while they are out of order1 than from all other causes4 ,this ought surely to put them upon their guard1 and to make them very circumspect in their conduct at such times4 ,a degree of cold that will not at the least hurt them at another time1 will at this period be sufficient entirely to ruin their health and constitution4 ,the greatest attention ought likewise to be paid to the mind1 which should be kept as easy and cheerful as possible4 ,every part of the animal economy is influenced by the passions1 but none more so than this4 ,anger1 fear1 grief1 and other affections of the mind1 often occasion obstructions of the menstrual flux1 which prove absolutely incurable4 ,from whatever cause this flux is obstructed1 except in the state of pregnancy1 proper means should be used to restore it4 ,for this purpose we would recommend sufficient exercise1 in a dry1 open1 and rather cool air2 wholesome diet1 and1 if the body be weak and languid1 generous liquors2 also cheerful company and all manner of amusements4 ,if these fail1 recourse must be had to medicine4 ,when obstructions proceed from a weak relaxed state of the solids1 such medicines as tend to promote digestion1 to brace the solids1 and assist the body in preparing good blood1 ought to be used4 ,the principal of these are iron and the ,peruvian bark1 with other bitter and astringent medicines4 ,filings of iron may be infused in wine or ale1 two or three ounces to an ,english quart1 and after it has stood for two or three weeks it may be filtered1 and about half a wine-glass of it taken twice a-day3 or prepared steel may be taken in the dose of half a drachm1 mixed with a little honey or treacle1 three or four times a-day4 ,the bark and other bitters may either be taken in substance or infusion1 as is most agreeable to the patient4 ,when obstructions proceed from a viscid state of the blood2 or for women of a gross or full habit1 evacuations1 and such medicines as attenuate the humours1 are necessary4 ,the patient in this case ought to be bled1 to bathe her feet frequently in warm water1 to take now and then a cooling purge1 and to live upon a spare thin diet4 ,her drink should be whey1 water1 or small beer1 and she ought to take sufficient exercise4 ,a tea-spoonful of the tincture of black hellebore may also be taken twice a-day in a cup of warm water4 ,when obstructions proceed from affections of the mind1 as grief1 fear1 anger1 c4 every method should be taken to amuse and divert the patient4 ,and that she may the more readily forget the cause of her affliction1 she ought1 if possible1 to be removed from the place where it happened4 ,a change of place1 by presenting the mind with a variety of new objects1 has often a very happy influence in relieving it from the deepest distress4 ,a soothing1 kind1 and affable behaviour to females in this situation is also of the last importance4 ,an obstruction of the menses is often the effect of other maladies4 ,when this is the case1 instead of giving medicines to force that discharge1 which might be dangerous1 we ought by all means to endeavour to restore the patient's health and strength4 ,when that is effected1 the other will return of course4 ,but the menstrual flux may be too great as well as too small4 ,when this happens1 the patient becomes weak1 the colour pale1 the appetite and digestion are bad1 and dematous swellings of the feet1 dropsies1 and consumptions often ensue4 ,this frequently happens to women about the age of forty-five or fifty1 and is very difficult to cure4 ,it may proceed from a sedentary life2 a full diet1 consisting chiefly of salted1 high-seasoned1 or acrid food2 the use of spirituous liquors2 excessive fatigue2 relaxation2 a dissolved state of the blood2 violent passions of the mind1 c4 ,the treatment of this disease must be varied according to its cause4 ,when it is occasioned by any error in the patient's regimen1 an opposite course to that which induced the disorder must be pursued1 and such medicines taken as have a tendency to restrain the flux1 and counteract the morbid affections of the system from whence it proceeds4 ,to restrain the flux1 the patient should be kept quiet and easy both in body and mind4 ,if it be very violent1 she ought to lie in bed with her head low2 to live upon a cool and slender diet1 as veal or chicken broths with bread2 and to drink decoctions of nettle-roots1 or the greater comfrey4 ,if these be not sufficient to stop the flux1 stronger astringents may be used1 as ,japan earth1 allum1 elixir of vitriol1 the ,peruvian bark1 c4#agi ,the uterine flux may offend in quality as well as in quantity4 ,what is usually called the fluor albus1 or whites1 is a very common disease1 and proves extremely hurtful to delicate women4 ,this discharge1 however1 is not always white1 but sometimes pale1 yellow1 green1 or of a blackish colour2 sometimes it is sharp and corrosive1 sometimes foul and ftid1 c4 ,it is attended with a pale complexion1 pain in the back1 loss of appetite1 swelling of the feet1 and other signs of debility4 ,it generally proceeds from a relaxed state of the body1 arising from indolence1 the excessive use of tea1 coffee1 or other weak and watery diet4 ,to remove this disease1 the patient must take as much exercise as she can bear without fatigue4 ,her food should be solid and nourishing1 but of easy digestion2 and her drink rather generous1 as red port or claret1 mixed with ,pyrmont1 ,bristol1 or lime-water4 ,tea and coffee are to be avoided4 ,i have often known strong broths have an exceeding good effect1 and sometimes a milk diet alone will perform a cure4 ,the patient ought not to lie too long a-bed4 ,when medicine is necessary1 we know none preferable to the ,peruvian bark1 which in this case ought always to be taken in substance4 ,in warm weather1 the cold bath will be of considerable service4 ,that period of life at which the menses cease to flow1 is likewise very critical to the sex4 ,the stoppage of any customary evacuation1 however small1 is sufficient to disorder the whole frame1 and often to destroy life itself4 ,hence it comes to pass1 that so many women either fall into chronic disorders1 or die about this time4 ,such of them1 however1 as survive it1 without contracting any chronic disease1 often become more healthy and hardy than they were before1 and enjoy strength and vigour to a very great age4 ,if the menses cease all of a sudden1 in women of a full habit1 they ought to abate somewhat of their usual quantity of food1 especially of the more nourishing kind1 as flesh1 eggs1 c4 ,they ought likewise to take sufficient exercise1 and to keep the body open4 ,this may be done by taking1 once or twice a-week1 a little rhubarb1 or an infusion of hiera picra in wine or brandy4 ,it often happens that women of a gross habit1 at this period of life1 have ulcerous sores break out about their ancles1 or in other parts of the body4 ,such ulcers ought to be considered as critical1 and should either be suffered to continue open1 or have artificial drains substituted in their stead4 ,women who will have such sores dried up1 are often soon after carried off by acute diseases1 or fall into those of a chronic nature4 ,,of ,,pregnancy4 ,though pregnancy is not a disease1 yet that state is often attended with a variety of complaints which merit attention1 and which sometimes require the assistance of medicine4 ,some women indeed are more healthy during their pregnancy than at any other time2 but this is by no means the general case3 most of them breed in sorrow1 and are frequently indisposed during the whole time of pregnancy4 ,few fatal diseases1 however1 happen during that period2 and hardly any1 except abortion1 that can be called dangerous4 ,we shall therefore pay particular attention to it1 as it proves generally fatal to the child1 and sometimes so to the mother4 ,pregnant women are often afflicted with the heart-burn4 ,the method of treating this complaint has been already pointed out4 ,they are likewise1 in the more early periods of pregnancy1 often harassed with sickness and vomiting1 especially in the morning4 ,the method of relieving these complaints has also been shewn4 ,both the head-ach and tooth-ach are very troublesome symptoms of pregnancy4 ,the former may generally be removed by keeping the body gently open1 by the use of prunes1 figs1 roasted apples1 and such like4 ,when the pain is very violent1 bleeding may be necessary4 ,for the treatment of the latter1 we must refer to that article4 ,several other complaints incident to pregnant women might be mentioned1 as a cough and difficulty of breathing1 suppression and incontinency of urine1 c42 but as all of these have been taken notice of before1 it is needless to repeat them4 ,every pregnant woman is more or less in danger of abortion4 ,this should be guarded against with the greatest care1 as it not only weakens the constitution1 but renders the woman liable to the same misfortune afterwards#ahj4 ,abortion may happen at any period of pregnancy1 but it is most common in the second or third month4 ,sometimes1 however1 it happens in the fourth or fifth4 ,if it happens within the first month1 it is usually called a false conception2 if after the seventh month1 the child may often be kept alive by proper care4 ,the common causes of abortion are1 the death of the child2 weakness or relaxation of the mother2 great evacuations2 violent exercise2 raising great weights2 reaching too high2 jumping1 or stepping from an eminence2 vomiting2 coughing2 convulsion fits2 blows on the belly2 falls2 fevers2 disagreeable smells2 excess of blood2 indolence2 high living2 or the contrary2 violent passions or affections of the mind1 as fear1 grief1 c4 ,the signs of approaching abortion are1 pain in the loins1 or about the bottom of the belly2 a dull heavy pain in the inside of the thighs2 a slight degree of coldness1 or shivering2 sickness1 palpitation of the heart2 the breasts become flat and soft2 the belly falls2 and there is a discharge of blood or watery humours from the womb4 ,to prevent abortion1 we would advise women of a weak or relaxed habit to use solid food1 avoiding great quantities of tea1 and other weak and watery liquors2 to rise early and go soon to bed2 to shun damp houses2 to take frequent exercise in the open air1 but to avoid fatigue2 and never to go abroad in damp foggy weather1 if they can shun it4 ,women of a full habit ought to use a spare diet1 avoiding strong liquors1 and every thing that may tend to heat the body1 or increase the quantity of blood4 ,their diet should be of an opening nature1 consisting principally of vegetable substances4 ,every woman with child ought to be kept cheerful and easy in her mind4 ,her appetites1 even though depraved1 ought to be indulged as far as prudence will permit4 ,when any signs of abortion appear1 the woman ought to be laid in bed on a mattrass1 with her head low4 ,she should be kept quiet1 and her mind soothed and comforted4 ,she ought not to be kept too hot1 nor to take any thing of a heating nature4 ,her food should consist of broths1 rice and milk1 jellies1 gruels made of oatmeal1 and the like1 all of which ought to be taken cold4 ,if she be able to bear it1 she should lose at least half a pound of blood from the arm4 ,her drink ought to be barley-water sharpened with juice of lemon2 or she may take half a drachm of powdered nitre1 in a cup of water-gruel1 every five or six hours4 ,if the woman be seized with a violent looseness1 she ought to drink the decoction of calcined hartshorn prepared4 ,if she be affected with vomiting1 let her take frequently two table-spoonfuls of the saline mixture4 ,in general1 opiates are of service2 but they should always be given with caution4 ,sanguine robust women1 who are liable to miscarry at a certain time of pregnancy1 ought always to be bled a few days before that period arrives4 ,by this means1 and observing the regimen above prescribed1 they might often escape that misfortune4 ,though we recommend due care for preventing abortion1 we would not be understood as restraining pregnant women from their usual exercises4 ,this would generally operate the quite contrary way4 ,want of exercise not only relaxes the body1 but induces a plethora1 or too great a fulness of the vessels1 which are the two principal causes of abortion4 ,there are1 however1 some women of so delicate a texture1 that it is necessary for them to avoid almost every kind of exercise during the whole period of pregnancy4 ,,of ,,child-,,birth4 ,many diseases proceed from the want of due care in child-bed2 and the more hardy part of the sex are most apt to despise the necessary precautions in this state4 ,this is peculiarly the case with young wives4 ,they think1 when the labour-pains are ended1 the danger is over2 but in truth it may only then be said to be begun4 ,nature1 if left to herself1 will seldom fail to expel the ftus2 but proper care and management are certainly necessary for the recovery of the mother4 ,no doubt mischief may be done by too much as well as by too little care4 ,hence females who have the greatest number of attendants in child-bed generally recover worst4 ,but this is not peculiar to the state of child-bed4 ,excessive care always defeats its own intention1 and is generally more dangerous than none at all#aha4 ,during actual labour1 nothing of a heating nature ought to be given4 ,the woman may now and then take a little panado1 and her drink ought to be toast and water1 or thin groat-gruel4 ,spirits1 wines1 cordial waters1 and other things which are given with a view to strengthen the mother1 and promote the birth1 for the most part tend only to increase the fever1 inflame the womb1 and retard the labour4 ,besides1 they endanger the woman afterwards1 as they often occasion violent and mortal hmorrhages1 or dispose her to eruptive and other fevers4 ,when the labour proves tedious and difficult1 to prevent inflammations1 it will be proper to bleed4 ,an emollient clyster ought likewise frequently to be administered2 and the patient should sit over the steams of warm water4 ,the passage ought to be gently rubbed with a little soft pomatum or fresh butter1 and cloths wrung out of warm water applied over the belly4 ,if nature seems to sink1 and the woman is greatly exhausted with fatigue1 a draught of generous wine1 or some other cordial1 may be given1 but not otherwise4 ,these directions are sufficient in natural labours2 and in all preternatural cases1 a skilful surgeon1 or man-midwife1 ought to be called as soon as possible4 ,after delivery1 the woman ought to be kept as quiet and easy as possible#ahb4 ,her food should be light and thin1 as gruel1 panado1 c4 and her drink weak and diluting4 ,to this rule1 however1 there are many exceptions4 ,i have known several women1 whose spirits could not be supported in child-bed without solid food and generous liquors2 to such1 a glass of wine and a bit of chicken must be allowed4 ,sometimes an excessive hmorrhage or flooding happens after delivery4 ,in this case the patient should be laid with her head low1 kept cool1 and be in all respects treated as for an excessive flux of the menses4 ,if the flooding proves violent1 linen cloths1 which have been wrung out of a mixture of equal parts of vinegar and water1 or red wine1 should be applied to the belly1 the loins1 and the thighs3 these must be changed as they grow dry2 and may be discontinued as soon as the flooding abates#ahc4 ,if there be violent pains after delivery1 the patient ought to drink plentifully of warm diluting liquors1 as groat-gruel1 or tea with a little saffron in it2 and to take small broths1 with carrawayseeds1 or a bit of orange-peel in them2 an ounce of the oil of sweet almonds may likewise be frequently taken in a cup of any of the above liquors2 and if the patient be restless1 a spoonful of the syrup of poppies may now and then be mixed with a cup of her drink4 ,if she be hot or feverish1 one of the following powders may be taken in a cup of her usual drink every five or six hours#ahd4 ,an inflammation of the womb is a dangerous and not unfrequent disease after delivery4 ,it is known by pains in the lower part of the belly1 which are greatly increased upon touching2 by the tension or tightness of the parts2 great weakness2 change of countenance2 a constant fever1 with a weak and hard pulse2 a slight delirium or raving2 sometimes incessant vomiting2 a hiccup2 a discharge of reddish1 stinking1 sharp water from the womb2 an inclination to go frequently to stool2 a heat1 and sometimes total suppression of urine4 ,this must be treated like other inflammatory disorders1 by bleeding and plentiful dilution4 ,the drink may be thin gruel or barley-water2 in a cup of which half a drachm of nitre may be dissolved1 and taken three or four times a-day4 ,clysters of warm milk and water must be frequently administered2 and the belly should be fomented by cloths wrung out of warm water1 or by applying bladders filled with warm milk and water to it4 ,a suppression of the lochia1 or usual discharges after delivery1 and the milk-fever1 must be treated nearly in the same manner as an inflammation of the womb4 ,in all these cases1 the safest course is plentiful dilution1 gentle evacuations1 and fomentations of the parts affected4 ,in the milk-fever1 the breads may be embrocated with a little warm linseed oil1 or the leaves of red cabbage may be applied to them4 ,the child should be often put to the breast1 or it should be drawn by some other person4 ,nothing would tend more to prevent the milk-fever than putting the child early to the breast4 ,the custom of not allowing children to suck for the first two or three days1 is contrary to ,nature and common sense1 and is very hurtful both to the mother and child4 ,every mother who has milk in her breasts1 ought either to suckle her own child1 or to have her breasts frequently drawn1 at least for the first month4 ,this would prevent many of the diseases which prove fatal to women in child-bed4 ,when an inflammation happens in the breast1 attended with redness1 hardness1 and other symptoms of suppuration1 the safest application is a poultice of bread and milk1 softened with oil or fresh butter4 ,this may be renewed twice a-day1 till the tumour be either discussed or brought to suppuration4 ,the use of repellents1 in this case1 is very dangerous2 they often occasion fevers1 and sometimes cancers2 whereas a suppuration is seldom attended with any danger1 and has often the most salutary effects4 ,when the nipples are fretted or chapt1 they may be anointed with a mixture of oil and beeswax1 or a little powdered gum-arabic may be sprinkled on them4 ,i have seen ,hungary water applied to the nipples have a very good effect4 ,should the complaint prove obstinate1 a cooling purge may be given1 which generally removes it4 ,the miliary fever is a disease incident to women in child-bed2 but as it has been treated of already1 we shall take no further notice of it4 ,the celebrated ,hoffman observes1 ,that this fever of child-bed women might generally be prevented1 if they1 during their pregnancy1 were regular in their diet1 used moderate exercise1 took now and then a gentle laxative of manna1 rhubarb1 or cream of tartar2 not forgetting to bleed in the first months1 and avoid all sharp air4 ,when the labour is coming on1 it is not to be hastened with forcing medicines1 which inflame the blood and humours1 or put them into unnatural commotions4 ,care should be taken1 after the birth1 that the natural excretions proceed regularly2 and if the pulse be quick1 a little nitrous powder1 or some other cooling medicines1 should be administered4 ,the most fatal disorder consequent upon delivery is the puerperal1 or child-bed fever4 ,it generally makes its attack upon the second or third day after delivery4 ,sometimes indeed it comes on sooner1 and at other times1 though rarely1 it does not appear before the fifth or sixth day4 ,it begins1 like most other fevers1 with a cold or shivering fit1 which is succeeded by restlessness1 pain of the head1 great sickness at stomach1 and bilious vomiting4 ,the pulse is generally quick1 the tongue dry1 and there is a remarkable depression of spirits and loss of strength4 ,a great pain is usually felt in the back1 hips1 and region of the womb2 a sudden change in the quantity or quality of the lochia also takes place2 and the patient is frequently troubled with a tenesmus1 or constant inclination to go to stool4 ,the urine1 which is very high-coloured1 is discharged in small quantity1 and generally with pain4 ,the belly sometimes swells to a considerable bulk1 and becomes susceptible of pain from the slightest touch4 ,when the fever has continued for a few days1 the symptoms of inflammation usually subside1 and the disease acquires a more putrid form4 ,at this period1 if not sooner1 a bilious or putrid looseness1 of an obstinate and dangerous nature1 comes on1 and accompanies the disease through all its future progress4 ,there is not any disease that requires to be treated with more skill and attention than this2 consequently the best assistance ought always to be obtained as soon as possible4 ,in women of plethoric constitutions1 bleeding will generally be proper at the beginning2 it ought however to be used with caution1 and not to be repeated unless where the signs of inflammation rise high2 in which case it will also be necessary to apply a blistering-plaster to the region of the womb4 ,during the rigour1 or cold fit1 proper means should be used to abate its violence1 and shorten its duration4 ,for this purpose the patient may drink freely of warm diluting liquors1 and1 if low1 may take now and then a cup of whine-whey2 warm applications to the extremities1 as heated bricks1 bottles or bladders filled with warm water1 and such like1 may also be used with advantage4 ,emollient clysters of milk and water1 or of chicken water1 ought to be frequently administered through the course of the disease4 ,these prove beneficial by promoting a discharge from the intestines1 and also by acting as a kindly fomentation to the womb and parts adjacent4 ,great care however is requisite in giving them1 on account of the tenderness of the parts in the pelvis at this time4 ,to evacuate the offending bile from the stomach1 a vomit is generally given4 ,but as this is apt to increase the irritability of the stomach1 already too great1 it will be safer to omit it1 and to give in its stead a gentle laxative1 which will both tend to cool the body1 and to procure a free discharge of the bile#ahe4 ,the medicine which ,i have always found to succeed best in this disease is the saline draught4 ,this1 if frequently repeated1 will often put a stop to the vomiting1 and at the same time lessen the violence of the fever4 ,if it runs off by stool1 or if the patient be restless1 a few drops of laudanum1 or some syrup of poppies1 may occasionally be added4 ,if the stools should prove so frequent as to weaken and exhaust the patient1 a starch clyster1 with thirty or forty drops of laudanum in it1 may be administered as occasion shall require2 and the drink may be rice-water1 in every ,english pint of which half an ounce of gum-arabic has been dissolved4 ,should these fail1 recourse must be had to ,columbo-root1 or some other strong astringent4 ,though in general the food ought to be light1 and the drink diluting1 yet when the disease has been long protracted1 and the patient is greatly spent by evacuations1 it will be necessary to support her with nourishing diet and generous cordials4 ,it was observed that this fever1 after continuing for some time1 often acquires a putrid form4 ,in this case the ,peruvian bark must be given1 either by itself1 or joined with cordials1 as circumstances may require4 ,as the bark in substance will be apt to purge1 it may be given in decoction or infusion mixed with the tincture of roses1 or other gentle astringents2 or1 a scruple of the extract of bark with half an ounce of spirituous cinnamon-water1 two ounces of common water1 and ten drops of laudanum1 may be made into a draught1 and given every second1 third1 or fourth hour1 as shall be found necessary4 ,when the stomach will not bear any kind of nourishment1 the patient may be supported for some time by clysters of beef tea1 or chicken water4 ,to avoid this fever1 every woman in child-bed ought to be kept perfectly easy2 her food should be light and simple1 and her bed-chamber cool1 and properly ventilated4 ,there is not any thing more hurtful to a woman in this situation than being kept too warm4 ,she ought not to have her body bound too tight1 nor to rise too soon from bed1 after delivery2 catching cold is also to be avoided2 and a proper attention should be paid to cleanliness4 ,to prevent the milk-fever1 the breast ought to be frequently drawn2 and if they are filled previous to the onset of a fever1 they should1 upon its first appearance1 be drawn1 to prevent the milk from becoming acrid1 and its being absorbed in this state4 ,costiveness is likewise to be avoided4 ,this will be best effected by the use of mild clysters and a laxative diet4 ,we shall conclude our observations on child-bed women by recommending it to them1 above all things1 to beware of cold4 ,poor women1 whose circumstances oblige them to quit their bed too soon1 often contract diseases from cold1 of which they never recover4 ,it is pity the poor are not better taken care of in this situation4 ,but the better sort of women run the greatest hazard from too much heat4 ,they are generally kept in a sort of bagnio for the first eight or ten days1 and then dressed out to see company4 ,the danger of this conduct must be obvious to every one4 ,the superstitious custom of obliging women to keep the house till they go to church1 is likewise a very common cause of catching cold4 ,all churches are damp1 and most of them cold2 consequently they are the very word places to which a woman can go to make her first visit1 after having been confined in a warm room for a month4 ,,of ,,barrenness4 ,barrenness may be very properly reckoned among the diseases of females1 as few married women who have not children enjoy a good state of health4 ,it may proceed from various causes1 as high living1 grief1 relaxation1 c4 but it is chiefly owing to an obstruction or irregularity of the menstrual flux4 ,it is very certain that high living vitiates the humours1 and prevents fecundity4 ,we seldom find a barren woman among the labouring poor1 while nothing is more common among the rich and affluent4 ,the inhabitants of every country are prolific in proportion to their poverty2 and it would be an easy matter to adduce many instances of women1 who1 by being reduced to live entirely upon a milk and vegetable diet1 have conceived and brought forth children1 though they never had any before4 ,would the rich use the same sort of food and exercise as the better sort of peasants1 they would seldom have cause to envy their poor vassals and dependants the blessing of a numerous and healthy offspring1 while they pine in sorrow for the want of even a single heir to their extensive domains4 ,affluence begets indolence1 which not only vitiates the humours1 but induces a general relaxation of the solids2 a state1 highly unfavourable to procreation4 ,to remove this1 we would recommend the following course3 ,first1 sufficient exercise in the open air2 secondly1 a diet consisting chiefly of milk and vegetables#ahf2 thirdly1 the use of astringent medicines1 as steel1 allum1 dragon's blood1 elixir of vitriol1 the ,spaw or ,tunbridge waters1 ,peruvian bark1 c42 and lastly1 above all1 the cold bath4 ,barrenness is often the consequence of grief1 sudden fear1 anxiety1 or any of the passions which tend to obstruct the menstrual flux4 ,when barrenness is suspected to proceed from affections of the mind1 the person ought to be kept as easy and cheerful as possible2 all disagreeable objects are to be avoided1 and every method taken to amuse and entertain the fancy4 ,,chap4 ,,xlix4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,children4 ,miserable indeed is the lot of man in the state of infancy6 ,he comes into the world more helpless than any other animal1 and stands much longer in need of the protection and care of his parents2 but1 alas6 this care is not always bestowed upon him2 and when it is1 he often suffers as much from improper management as he would have done from neglect4 ,hence the officious care of parents1 nurses1 and midwives1 becomes one of the most fruitful sources of the disorders of infants#ahg4 ,it must be obvious to every attentive person1 that the first diseases of infants arise chiefly from their bowels4 ,nor is this in the least to be wondered at1 as they are in a manner poisoned with indigestible drugs and improper diet as soon as they come into the world4 ,every thing that the stomach cannot digest may be ,considered as a poison2 and unless it can be thrown up1 or voided by stool1 it must occasion sickness1 gripes1 spasmodic affections of the bowels1 or what the good women call inward fits1 and at last convulsions and death4 ,as these symptoms evidently arise from somewhat that irritates the intestines1 doubtless the proper method of cure must be to expel it as soon as possible4 ,the most safe and effectual method of doing this is by gentle vomits4 ,five or six grains of the powder of ipecacuanha may be mixed in two table-spoonfuls of water1 and sweetened with a little sugar4 ,a tea-spoonful of this may be given to the infant every quarter of an hour till it operates2 or1 what will more certainly answer the purpose1 a grain of emetic tartar may be dissolved in three ounces of water1 sweetened with a little syrup1 and given as above4 ,those who are unwilling to use the emetic tartar1 may give six or seven drops of the antimonial wine1 in a tea-spoonful of water or thin gruel4 ,small doses of the ipecacuanha wine will be found more gentle than any of the above1 and ought to be preferred4 ,these medicines will not only cleanse the stomach1 but will generally likewise open the body4 ,should this however not happen1 and if the child be costive1 some gentle purge will be necessary3 for this purpose1 some manna and pulp of cassia may be dissolved in boiling water1 and given in small quantities till it operates2 or1 what will answer rather better1 a few grains of magnesia alba may be mixed in any kind of food that is given to the child1 and continued till it has the desired effect4 ,if these medicines be properly administered1 and the child's belly and limbs frequently rubbed with a warm hand before the fire1 they will seldom fail to relieve those affections of the stomach and bowels from which infants suffer so much4 ,these general directions include most of what can be done for relieving the internal disorders of infants4 ,they will likewise go a considerable way in alleviating those which appear externally1 as the rash1 gum1 or fellon1 c4 ,these1 as was formerly observed1 are principally owing to too hot a regimen1 and consequently will be most effectually relieved by gentle evacuations4 ,indeed1 evacuations of one kind or other constitute a principal part of the medicine of infants1 and will seldom1 if administered with prudence1 in any of their diseases1 fail to give relief4 ,,of ,,the ,,meconium4 ,the stomach and bowels of a new-born infant are filled with a blackish-coloured matter of the consistence of syrup1 commonly called the meconium4 ,this is generally passed soon after the birth1 by the mere effort of ,nature2 in which case it is not necessary to give the infant any kind of medicine4 ,but if it should be retained1 or not sufficiently carried off1 a little manna or magnesia alba may be given1 as mentioned above2 or1 if these should not be at hand1 a common spoonful of whey1 sweetened with a little honey1 or raw sugar1 will answer the purpose4 ,the most proper medicine for expelling the meconium is the mother's milk1 which is always at first of a purgative quality4 ,were children allowed to suck as soon as they shew an inclination for the breast1 they would seldom have occasion for medicines to discharge the meconium2 but even where this is not allowed1 they ought never to have daubs of syrup1 oils1 and other indigestible stuff1 crammed down their throats4 ,,the ,,aphth ,,or ,,thrush4 ,the aphth are little whitish ulcers affecting the whole inside of the mouth1 tongue1 throat1 and stomach of infants4 ,sometimes they reach through the whole intestinal canal2 in which case they are very dangerous1 and often put an end to the infant's life4 ,if the aphth are of a pale colour1 pellucid1 few in number1 soft1 superficial1 and fall easily off1 they are not dangerous2 but if opake1 yellow1 brown1 black1 thick1 or running together1 they ought to be dreaded4 ,it is generally thought that the aphth owe their origin to acid humours2 we have reason however to believe1 they are more frequently owing to too hot a regimen both of the mother and child4 ,it is a rare thing to find a child who is not dosed with wine1 punch1 cinnamon-waters1 or some other hot and inflaming liquors1 almost as soon as it is born4 ,it is well known that these will occasion inflammatory disorders even in adults2 is it any wonder then that they should heat and inflame the tender bodies of infants1 and set as it were the whole constitution on a blaze8 ,the most proper medicines for the aphth are vomits1 such as have been already recommended1 and gentle laxatives4 ,five grains of rhubarb and half a drachm of magnesia alba may be rubbed together1 and divided into six doses1 one of which may be given to the infant every four or five hours till they operate4 ,these powders may either be given in the child's food1 or a little of the syrup of pale roses1 and may be repeated as often as is found necessary to keep the body open4 ,it is common in this case to administer calomel2 but as that medicine sometimes occasions gripes1 it ought always to be given to infants with caution4 ,many things have been recommended for gargling the mouth and throat in this disease2 but it is not easy to apply these in very young infants2 we would therefore recommend it to the nurse to rub the child's mouth frequently with a little borax and honey2 or with the following mixture3 ,take fine honey an ounce1 borax a drachm1 burnt alum half a drachm1 rose-water two drachms2 mix them together4 ,a very proper application in this case1 is a solution of ten or twelve grains of white vitriol in eight ounces of barley-water4 ,these may be applied with the finger1 or by means of a bit of soft rag tied to the end of a probe4 ,,of ,,acidities4 ,the food of children being for the most part of an acescent nature1 it readily turns sour upon the stomach1 especially if the body be any way disordered4 ,hence most diseases of children are accompanied with evident signs of acidity1 as green stools1 gripes1 c4 ,these appearances have induced many to believe1 that all the diseases of children were owing to an acid abounding in the stomach and bowels2 but whoever considers the matter attentively1 will find that these symptoms of acidity are oftner the effect than the cause of their diseases4 ,nature evidently intended1 that the food of children should be acescent2 and unless the body be disordered1 or the digestion hurt1 from some other cause1 we will venture to say1 that the acescent quality of their food is seldom injurious to them4 ,acidity1 however1 is often a symptom of disorders in children1 and1 as it is sometimes a troublesome one1 we shall point out the method of relieving it4 ,when green stools1 gripes1 purgings1 sour smells1 c4 shew that the bowels abound with an acid1 the child should have a little small broth1 with light white bread in it2 and should have sufficient exercise in order to promote the digestion4 ,it has been customary in this case to give the pearl-julep1 chalk1 crabs eyes1 and other testaceous powders4 ,these1 indeed1 by their absorbent quality1 may correct the acidity2 but they are attended with this inconvenience1 that they are apt to lodge in the bowels1 and occasion costiveness1 which may prove very hurtful to the infant4 ,for this reason they should never be given unless mixed with purgative medicines2 as rhubarb1 manna1 or such like4 ,the best medicine which we know1 in all cases of acidity1 is that fine insipid powder called magnesia alba4 ,it purges1 and at the same time corrects the acidity3 by which means it not only removes the disease1 but carries off its cause4 ,it may be given in any kind of food1 or in a mixture1 as recommended in the ,appendix#ahh4 ,when an infant is troubled with gripes1 it ought not at first to be dosed with brandy1 spiceries1 and other hot things1 but should have its body opened with an emollient clyster1 or the medicine mentioned above2 and at the same time a little brandy may be rubbed on its belly with a warm hand before the fire4 ,i have seldom seen this fail to ease the gripes of infants4 ,if it should happen1 however1 not to succeed1 a little brandy or other spirits may be mixed with thrice the quantity of warm water1 and a tea-spoonful of it given frequently till the infant be easier4 ,sometimes a little peppermint-water will answer this purpose very well4 ,,galling ,,and ,,excoriation4 ,these are very troublesome to children4 ,they happen chiefly about the groin and wrinkles of the neck1 under the arms1 behind the ears1 and in other parts that are moistened by the sweat or urine4 ,as these complaints are1 in a great measure1 owing to want of cleanliness1 the most effectual means of preventing them are1 to wash the parts frequently with cold water1 to change the linen often1 and1 in a word1 to keep the child in all respects thoroughly clean4 ,when this is not sufficient1 the excoriated parts may be sprinkled with absorbent or drying powders2 as burnt hartshorn1 tutty1 chalk1 crabs claws prepared1 and the like4 ,when the parts affected are very sore1 and tend to a real ulceration1 it will be proper to add a little sugar of lead to the powders2 or to anoint the place with the camphorated ointment4 ,if the parts be washed with spring water1 in which a little white vitriol has been dissolved1 it will dry and heal them very powerfully4 ,one of the best applications for this purpose1 is to dissolve some fuller's earth in a sufficient quantity of hot water2 and after it has stood till it is cold1 to rub it gently upon the galled parts once or twice a-day4 ,,stoppage ,,of ,,the ,,nose4 ,the nostrils of infants are often plugged up with a gross mucus1 which prevents their breathing freely1 and likewise renders it difficult for them to suck or swallow4 ,some in this case order1 after a suitable purge1 two or three grains of white vitriol dissolved in half an ounce of marjoram-water1 and filtered1 to be applied now and then to the nostrils with a linen rag4 ,wedelius says1 ,if two grains of white vitriol1 and the same quantity of elaterium1 be dissolved in half an ounce of marjoram-water1 and applied to the nose1 as above directed1 that it brings away the mucus without sneezing4 ,in obstinate cases these medicines may be tried2 but ,i have never found any thing necessary1 besides rubbing the nose at bed-time with a little sweet oil1 or fresh butter4 ,this resolves the filth1 and renders the breathing more free#ahi4 ,,of ,,vomiting4 ,from the delicate state of children1 and the great sensibility of their organs1 a vomiting or looseness may be induced by any thing that irritates the nerves of the stomach or intestines4 ,hence these disorders are much more common in childhood than in the more advanced periods of life4 ,they are seldom however dangerous1 and ought never to be considered as diseases1 unless when they are violent1 or continue so long as to exhaust the strength of the patient4 ,vomiting may be excited by an over-quantity of food2 by food that is of such a nature as to irritate the nerves of the stomach too much2 or by the sensibility of the nerves being so much increased as to render them unable to bear the stimulus of even the mildest element4 ,when vomiting is occasioned by too much food1 it ought to be promoted1 as the cure will depend upon cleansing the stomach4 ,this may be done either by a few grains of ipecacuanha1 or a weak solution of emetic tartar1 as mentioned before4 ,when it is owing to food of an acrid or irritating quality1 the diet ought to be changed1 and aliment of a milder nature substituted in its stead4 ,when vomiting proceeds from an increased degree of sensibility1 or too great an irritability of the nerves of the stomach1 such medicines as have a tendency to brace and strengthen that organ1 and to abate its sensibility1 must be used4 ,the first of these intentions may be answered by a slight infusion of the ,peruvian bark1 with the addition of a little rhubarb and orange-peel2 and the second by the saline draughts1 to which a few drops of liquid laudanum may be occasionally added4 ,in obstinate vomitings the operation of internal medicines may be assisted by aromatic fomentations made with wine1 applied warm to the pit of the stomach2 or the use of the stomach plaster1 with the addition of a little ,theriaca4 ,,of ,a ,,looseness4 ,a looseness may generally be reckoned salutary when the stools are sour1 slimy1 green1 or curdled4 ,it is not the discharge1 but the production of such stools1 which ought to be remedied4 ,even where the purging is thin and watery1 it ought not to be checked too suddenly1 as it often proves critical1 especially when the child has caught cold1 or an eruption on the skin has disappeared4 ,sometimes an evacuation of this kind succeeds a humid state of the atmosphere1 in which case it may also prove of advantage1 by carrying off a quantity of watery humours1 which would otherwise tend to relax the habit4 ,as the principal intention of the cure of a looseness is to evacuate the offending matter1 it is customary to give the patient a gentle vomit of ipecacuanha1 and afterwards to exhibit small and frequent doses of rhubarb2 interposing absorbent medicines1 to mitigate the acrimony of the humours4 ,the best purge1 however1 in this case1 is magnesia alba4 ,it is at the same time absorbent and laxative1 and operates without exciting gripes4 ,the antimonial wine1 which acts both as an emetic and purge1 is also an excellent medicine in this case4 ,by being diluted with water1 it may be proportioned to the weakest constitution2 and1 not being disagreeable to the palate1 it may be repeated as often as occasion requires4 ,even one dose will frequently mitigate the disease1 and pave the way for the use of absorbents4 ,if1 however1 the patient's strength will permit1 the medicine ought to be repeated every six or eight hours1 till the stools begin to assume a more natural appearance2 afterwards a longer space may be allowed to intervene between the doses4 ,when it is necessary to repeat the medicine frequently1 the dose ought always to be a little increased1 as its efficacy is generally diminished by use4 ,some1 upon the first appearance of a looseness1 fly immediately to the use of absorbent medicines and astringents4 ,if these be administered before the offending humours are discharged1 though the disease may appear to be mitigated for a little time1 it soon afterwards breaks forth with greater violence1 and often proves fatal4 ,after proper evacuations1 however1 these medicines may be administered with considerable advantage4 ,should any gripings or restlessness remain after the stomach and bowels have been cleansed1 a tea-spoonful of the syrup of poppies may be given in a little simple cinnamon-water1 three or four times a-day till these symptoms have ceased4 ,,of ,,eruptions4 ,children1 while on the breast1 are seldom free from eruptions of one kind or other4 ,these1 however1 are not often dangerous1 and ought never to be dried up but with the greatest caution4 ,they tend to free the bodies of infants from hurtful humours1 which1 if retained1 might produce fatal disorders4 ,the eruptions of children are chiefly owing to improper food and neglect of cleanliness4 ,if a child be stuffed at all hours with food that its stomach is not able to digest1 such food1 not being properly assimilated1 instead of nourishing the body1 fills it with gross humours4 ,these must either break out in form of eruptions upon the skin1 or remain in the body1 and occasion fevers and other internal disorders4 ,that neglect of cleanliness is a very general cause of eruptive disorders1 must be obvious to every one4 ,the children of the poor1 and of all who despise cleanliness1 are almost constantly found to swarm with vermin1 and are generally covered with the scab1 itch1 and other eruptions4 ,when eruptions are the effect of improper food1 or want of cleanliness1 a proper attention to these alone will generally be sufficient to remove them4 ,if this should not be the case1 some drying medicines will be necessary4 ,when they are applied1 the body ought at the same time to be kept open1 and cold is carefully to be avoided4 ,we know no medicine that is more safe for drying up cutaneous eruptions than sulphur1 provided it be prudently used4 ,a little of the flour of sulphur may be mixed with fresh butter1 oil1 or hog's lard1 and the parts affected frequently touched with it4 ,the most obstinate of all the eruptions incident to children are1 the tinea capitis1 or scabbed head1 and chilblains4 ,the scabbed head is often exceeding difficult to cure1 and sometimes indeed the cure proves worse than the disease4 ,i have frequently known children seized with internal disorders1 of which they died soon after their scabbed heads had been healed by the application of drying medicines#aij4 ,the cure ought always first to be attempted by keeping the head very clean1 cutting off the hair1 combing and brushing away the scabs1 c4 ,if this is not sufficient1 let the head be shaved once a-week1 washed daily with soap suds1 and gently anointed with a liniment made of train oil eight ounces1 red precipitate1 in fine powder1 one drachm4 ,and if there be proud flesh1 it should be touched with a bit of blue vitriol1 sprinkled with a little burnt allum4 ,while these things are doing1 the patient must be confined to a regular light diet1 the body should be kept gently open2 and cold1 as far as possible1 ought to be avoided4 ,to prevent any bad consequences from stopping this discharge1 it will be proper1 especially in children of a gross habit1 to make an issue in the neck or arm1 which may be kept open till the patient becomes more strong1 and the constitution be somewhat mended4 ,chilblains commonly attack children in cold weather4 ,they are generally occasioned by the feet or hands being kept long wet or cold1 and afterwards suddenly heated4 ,when children are cold1 instead of taking exercise to warm themselves gradually1 they run to the fire4 ,this occasions a sudden rarefaction of the humours1 and an infarction of the vessels2 which being often repeated1 the vessels are at last over-distended1 and forced to give way4 ,to prevent it1 violent cold and sudden heat must be equally avoided4 ,when the parts begin to look red and swell1 the patient ought to be purged1 and to have the affected parts frequently rubbed with mustard and brandy1 or something of a warming nature4 ,they ought likewise to be covered with flannel1 and kept warm and dry4 ,some apply warm ashes between cloths to the swelled parts1 which frequently help to reduce them4 ,when there is a sore1 it must be dressed with ,turner's cerate1 the ointment of tutty1 the plaster of cerus1 or some other drying ointment4 ,these sores are indeed troublesome1 but seldom dangerous4 ,they generally heal as soon as the warm weather sets in4 ,,of ,,the ,,croup4 ,children are often seized very suddenly with this disease1 which1 if not quickly relieved1 proves mortal4 ,it is known by various names in different parts of ,britain4 ,on the east coast of ,scotland it is called the croup4 ,on the west they call it the chock or stuffing4 ,in some parts of ,england1 where ,i have observed it1 the good women call it the rising of the lights4 ,it seems to be a species of asthma1 attended with very acute and violent catarrhal symptoms4 ,this disease generally prevails in cold and wet seasons4 ,it is most common upon the sea-coast1 and in low marshy countries4 ,children of a gross and lax habit are most liable to it4 ,i have sometimes known it hereditary4 ,it generally attacks children in the night1 after having been much exposed to damp cold easterly winds through the day4 ,damp houses1 wet feet1 thin shoes1 wet clothes1 or any thing that obstructs the perspiration1 may occasion the croup4 ,it is attended with a frequent pulse1 quick and laborious breathing1 which is performed with a peculiar kind of croaking noise1 that may be heard at a considerable distance4 ,the voice is sharp and shrill1 and the face is generally much flushed1 though sometimes it is of a livid colour4 ,when a child is seized with the above symptoms1 his feet should immediately be put into warm water4 ,he ought likewise to be bled#aia1 and to have a laxative clyster administered as soon as possible4 ,he should be made to breathe over the steams of warm water and vinegar2 or an emollient decoction1 and emollient cataplasms or fomentations may be applied round his neck4 ,if the symptoms do not abate1 a blistering plaster must be applied round the neck1 or between the shoulders1 and the child may take frequently a table-spoonful of the following julep3 ,take penny-royal water three ounces1 syrup of althea and balsamic syrup1 each one ounce1 mix them together4 ,asaftida is found to have a good effect in this case4 ,it may be both given in form of clyster1 and taken by the mouth4 ,two drachms of asaftida may be dissolved in one ounce of ,mindererus's spirit1 and three ounces of penny-royal water4 ,a table-spoonful of this mixture may be given every hour1 or oftner1 if the patient's stomach be able to bear it4 ,if the child cannot be brought to take this medicine1 two drachms of the asaftida may be dissolved in a common clyster1 and administered every six or eight hours1 till the violence of the disease abates#aib4 ,to prevent a return of the disorder1 all those things which occasion it must be carefully avoided2 as wet feet1 cold1 damp1 easterly winds1 c4 ,children who have had frequent returns of this disease1 or whose constitutions seem to dispose them to it1 ought to have their diet properly regulated2 all food that is viscid or hard of digestion1 and all crude1 raw1 trashy fruits1 are to be avoided4 ,they ought likewise to have a drain constantly kept open in some part of their body1 by means of a seton or issue4 ,i have sometimes known a ,burgundy-pitch plaster1 worn continually between the shoulders for several years1 have a very happy effect in preventing the return of this dreadful disorder4 ,,of ,,teething4 ,dr4 ,arbuthnot observes1 that above a tenth part of infants die in teething1 by symptoms proceeding from the irritation of the tender nervous parts of the jaws1 occasioning inflammations1 fevers1 convulsions1 gangrenes1 c4 ,these symptoms are in a great measure owing to the great delicacy and exquisite sensibility of the nervous system at this time of life1 which is too often increased by an effeminate education4 ,hence it comes to pass1 that children who are delicately brought up1 always suffer most in teething1 and often fall by convulsive disorders4 ,about the sixth or seventh month the teeth generally begin to make their appearance2 first1 the incisores1 or fore-teeth2 next1 the canini1 or dogteeth2 and1 lastly1 the molares1 or grinders4 ,about the seventh year1 there comes a new set2 and about the twentieth1 the two inner grinders1 called dentes sapienti1 the teeth of wisdom4 ,children1 about the time of cutting their teeth1 slaver much1 and have generally a looseness4 ,when the teething is difficult1 especially when the dogteeth begin to make their way through the gums1 the child has startings in his sleep1 tumours of the gums1 watchings1 gripes1 green stools1 the thrush1 fever1 difficult breathing1 and convulsions4 ,difficult teething requires nearly the same treatment as an inflammatory disease4 ,if the body be bound1 it must be opened either by emollient clysters or gentle purgatives2 as manna1 magnesia alba1 rhubarb1 senna1 or the like4 ,the food should be light1 and in small quantity2 the drink plentiful1 but weak and diluting1 as infusions of balm1 or of the lime-tree flowers2 to which about a third or fourth part of milk may be added4 ,if the fever be high1 bleeding will be necessary2 but this in very young children ought always to be sparingly performed4 ,it is an evacuation which they bear the worst of any4 ,purging1 vomiting1 or sweating1 agree much better with them1 and are generally more beneficial4 ,harris1 however1 observes1 that1 when an inflammation appears1 the physician will labour in vain1 if the cure be not begun with applying a leech under each ear4 ,if the child be seized with convulsion-fits1 a blistering-plaster may be applied between the shoulders1 or one behind each ear4 ,sydenham says1 that in fevers occasioned by teething1 he never found any remedy so effectual as two1 three1 or four drops of spirits of hartshorn in a spoonful of simple water1 or other convenient vehicle1 given every four hours4 ,the number of doses may be four1 five1 or six4 ,i have often prescribed this medicine with success1 but always found a larger dose necessary4 ,it may be given from five drops to fifteen or twenty1 according to the age of the child1 and1 when costiveness does not forbid it1 three or four drops of laudanum may be added to each dose4 ,in ,scotland1 it is very common1 when children are cutting their teeth1 to put a small ,burgundy-pitch plaster between their shoulders4 ,this generally eases the tickling cough which attends teething1 and is by no means an useless application4 ,when the teeth are cut with difficulty1 it ought to be kept on during the whole time of teething4 ,it may be enlarged as occasion requires1 and ought to be renewed at least once a fortnight4 ,several things have been recommended for rubbing the gums1 as oils1 mucilages1 c42 but from these much is not to be expected4 ,if any thing of this kind is to be used1 we would recommend a little fine honey1 which may be rubbed on with the finger three or four times a-day4 ,children are generally at this time disposed to chew whatever they get into their hands4 ,for this reason they ought never to be without somewhat that will yield a little to the pressure of their gums1 as a crust of bread1 a wax-candle1 a bit of liquorice-root1 or such like4 ,with regard to cutting the gums1 we have seldom known it of any great benefit4 ,in obstinate cases1 however1 it ought to be tried4 ,it may be performed by the finger-nail1 the edge of a six-penny piece that is worn thin1 or any sharp body which can be with safety introduced into the mouth2 but the lancet1 in a skilful hand1 is certainly the most proper4 ,in order to render the teething less difficult1 parents ought to take care that their children's food be light and wholesome1 and that their nerves be braced by sufficient exercise without doors1 the use of the cold bath1 c4 ,were these things duly regarded1 they would have a much better effect than teething necklaces1 or other nonsensical amulets worn for that purpose4 ,,of ,,the ,,rickets4 ,this disease generally attacks children between the age of nine months and two years4 ,it appeared first in ,england about the time when manufactures began to flourish1 and still prevails most in towns where the inhabitants follow sedentary employments1 by which means they neglect either to take proper exercise themselves1 or to give it to their children4 ,,causes4----,one cause of the rickets is diseased parents4 ,mothers of a weak relaxed habit1 who neglect exercise1 and live upon weak watery diet1 can neither be expected to bring forth strong and healthy children1 or to be able to nurse them1 after they are brought forth4 ,accordingly we find1 that the children of such women generally die of the rickets1 the scrophula1 consumptions1 or such like diseases4 ,children begotten by men in the decline of life1 who are subject to the gout1 the gravel1 or other chronic diseases1 or who have been often affected with the venereal disease in their youth1 are likewise very liable to the rickets4 ,any disorder that weakens the constitution1 or relaxes the habit of children1 as the small-pox1 measles1 teething1 the hooping-cough1 c4 disposes them to this disease4 ,it may likewise be occasioned by improper diet1 as food that is either too weak and watery1 or so viscid that the stomach cannot digest it4 ,bad nursing is the chief cause of this disease4 ,when the nurse is either diseased1 or has not enough of milk to nourish the child1 it cannot thrive4 ,but children suffer oftner by want of care in nurses than want of food4 ,allowing an infant to lie or sit too much1 or not keeping it thoroughly clean in its clothes1 has the most pernicious effects4 ,the want of free air is likewise very hurtful to children in this respect4 ,when a nurse lives in a close small house1 where the air is damp and confined1 and is too indolent to carry her child abroad into the open air1 it will hardly escape this disease4 ,a healthy child should always be in motion1 unless when asleep2 if it be suffered to lie1 or sit1 instead of being tossed and dandled about1 it will not thrive4 ,,symptoms4----,at the beginning of this disease the child's flesh grows soft and flabby2 its strength is diminished2 it loses its wonted cheerfulness1 looks more grave and composed than is natural for its age1 and does not chuse to be moved4 ,the head and belly become too large in proportion to the other parts2 the face appears full1 and the complexion florid4 ,afterwards the bones begin to be affected1 especially in the more soft and spungy parts4 ,hence the wrists and ancles become thicker than usual2 the spine or backbone puts on an unnatural shape2 the breast is likewise often deformed2 and the bones of the arms and legs grow crooked4 ,all these symptoms vary according to the violence of the disease4 ,the pulse is generally quick1 but feeble2 the appetite and digestion for the most part bad2 the teeth come slowly and with difficulty1 and they often rot and fall out afterwards4 ,ricketty children generally have great acuteness of mind1 and an understanding above their years4 ,whether this is owing to their being more in the company of adults than other children1 or to the preternatural enlargement of the brain1 is not material4 ,,regimen4----,as this disease is always attended with evident signs of weakness and relaxation1 our chief aim in the cure must be to brace and strengthen the solids1 and to promote digestion and the due preparation of the fluids4 ,these important ends will be best answered by wholesome nourishing diet1 suited to the age and strength of the patient1 open dry air1 and sufficient exercise4 ,if the child has a bad nurse1 who either neglects her duty1 or does not understand it1 she should be changed4 ,if the season be cold1 the child ought to be kept warm2 and when the weather is hot1 it ought to be kept cool2 as sweating is apt to weaken it1 and too great a degree of cold has the same effect4 ,the limbs should be rubbed frequently with a warm hand1 and the child kept as cheerful as possible4 ,the diet ought to be dry and nourishing1 as good bread1 roasted flesh1 c4 ,biscuit is generally reckoned the best bread2 and pigeons1 pullets1 veal1 rabbits1 or mutton roasted or minced1 are the most proper flesh4 ,if the child be too young for flesh-meats1 he may have rice1 millet1 or pearl-barley boiled with raisins1 to which may be added a little wine and spice4 ,his drink may be good claret1 mixed with an equal quantity of water4 ,those who cannot afford claret1 may give the child now and then a wine-glass of mild ale1 or good porter4 ,,medicine4----,medicines are here of little avail4 ,the disease may often be cured by the nurse1 but seldom by the physician4 ,in children of a gross habit1 gentle vomits and repeated purges of rhubarb may sometimes be of use1 but they will seldom carry off the disease2 that must depend chiefly upon such things as brace and strengthen the system3 for which purpose1 besides the regimen mentioned above1 we would recommend the cold bath1 especially in the warm season4 ,it must however be used with prudence1 as some ricketty children cannot bear it4 ,the best time for using the cold bath is in the morning1 and the child should be well rubbed with a dry cloth immediately after he comes out of it4 ,if the child should be weakened by the cold bath1 it must be discontinued4 ,sometimes issues have been found beneficial in this disease4 ,they are peculiarly necessary for children who abound with gross humours4 ,an infusion of the ,peruvian bark in wine or ale would be of service1 were it possible to bring children to take it4 ,we might here mention many other medicines which have been recommended for the rickets2 but as there is far more danger in trusting to these than in neglecting them altogether1 we chuse rather to pass them over1 and to recommend a proper regimen as the thing chiefly to be depended on4 ,,of ,,convulsions4 ,though more children are said to die of convulsions than of any other disease1 yet they are for the most part only a symptom of some other malady4 ,whatever greatly irritates or stimulates the nerves1 may occasion convulsions4 ,hence infants whose nerves are easily affected1 are often thrown into convulsions by any thing that irritates the alimentary canal2 likewise by teething2 strait clothes2 the approach of the small-pox1 measles1 or other eruptive diseases4 ,when convulsions proceed from an irritation of the stomach or bowels1 whatever clears them of their acrid contents1 or renders these mild and inoffensive1 will generally perform a cure3 wherefore1 if the child be costive1 the best way will be to begin with a clyster1 and afterwards to give a gentle vomit1 which may be repeated occasionally1 and the body in the mean time kept open by gentle doses of magnesia alba1 or small quantities of rhubarb mixed with the powder of crabs claws4 ,convulsions which precede the eruption of the small-pox or measles generally go off upon these making their appearance4 ,the principal danger in this case arises from the fears and apprehensions of those who have the care of the patient4 ,convulsions are very alarming1 and something must be done to appease the affrighted parents1 nurses1 c4 ,hence the unhappy infant often undergoes bleeding1 blistering1 and several other operations1 to the great danger of its life1 when a little time1 bathing the feet in warm water1 and throwing in a mild clyster1 would have set all to rights4 ,when convulsion fits arise from the cutting of teeth1 besides gentle evacuations1 we would recommend blistering1 and the use of antispasmodic medicines1 as the tincture of soot1 asaftida1 or castor4 ,a few drops of any of these may be mixed in a cup of white-wine whey1 and given occasionally4 ,when convulsions proceed from any external cause1 as the pressure occasioned by strait clothes or bandages1 c4 these ought immediately to be removed2 though in this case taking away the cause will not always remove the effect1 yet it ought to be done4 ,it is not likely that the patient will recover1 as long as the cause which first gave rise to the disorder continues to act4 ,when a child is seized with convulsions without having any complaint in the bowels1 or symptoms of teething2 or any rash or other discharge which has been suddenly dried up2 we have reason to conclude that it is a primary disease1 and proceeds immediately from the brain4 ,cases of this kind1 however1 happen but seldom1 which is very fortunate1 as little can be done to relieve the unhappy patient4 ,when a disease proceeds from an origial fault in the formation or structure of the brain itself1 we cannot expect that it should yield to medicine4 ,but as this is not always the cause1 even of convulsions which proceed immediately from the brain1 some attempts should be made to remove them4 ,the chief intention to be pursued for this purpose1 is to make some derivation from the head1 by blistering1 purging1 and the like4 ,should these fail1 issues or setons may be put in the neck1 or between the shoulders4 ,,of ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,head4 ,though water in the head1 or a dropsy of the brain1 may affect adults as well as children1 yet1 as the latter are more peculiarly liable to it1 we thought it would be most proper to place it among the diseases of infants4 ,,causes4----,a dropsy of the brain may proceed from injuries done to the brain itself by falls1 blows1 or the like2 it may likewise proceed from an original laxity or weakness of the brain2 from scirrhous tumours or excrescences within the skull2 a thin watery state of the blood2 a diminished secretion of urine2 and1 lastly1 from tedious and lingering diseases1 which waste and consume the patient4 ,,symptoms4----,this disease has at first the appearance of a slow fever2 the patient complains of a pain in the crown of his head1 or over his eyes2 he shuns the light2 is sick1 and sometimes vomits2 his pulse is irregular and generally low3 though he seems heavy and dull1 yet he does not sleep3 he is sometimes delirious1 and frequently sees objects double2 towards the end of this commonly fatal disease1 the pulse becomes more frequent1 the pupils are generally dilated1 the cheeks flushed1 the patient becomes comatose1 and convulsions ensue4 ,,medicine4----,no medicine has hitherto been found sufficient to carry off a dropsy of the brain4 ,it is laudable1 however1 to make some attempts1 as time or chance may bring many things to light1 of which at present we have no idea4 ,the medicines generally used are1 purges of rhubarb or jalap with calomel1 and blistering-plasters applied to the neck or back part of the head4 ,to which we would beg leave to add diuretics1 or medicines which promote the secretion of urine1 such as are recommended in the common dropsy4 ,a discharge from the nose ought likewise to be promoted by causing the patient to snuff the powder of asarum1 white hellebore1 or the like4 ,some practitioners have of late pretended to cure this disease by the use of mercury4 ,i have not been so happy as to see any instances of a cure being performed in a confirmed dropsy of the brain2 but in so desperate a malady every thing deserves a trial#aic4 ,,chap4 ,l4 ,,of ,,surgery4 ,to describe all the operations of surgery1 and to point out the different diseases in which these operations are necessary1 would extend this article far beyond the limits allotted to it3 we must therefore confine our observations to such cases as most generally occur1 and in which proper assistance is either not asked1 or not always to be obtained4 ,though an acquaintance with the structure of the human body is indispensably necessary to qualify a man for being an expert surgeon2 yet many things may be done to save the lives of their fellow-men in emergencies by those who are no adepts in anatomy4 ,it is amazing with what facility the peasants daily perform operations upon brute animals1 which are not of a less difficult nature than many of those performed on the human species2 yet they seldom fail of success4 ,indeed every man is in some measure a surgeon whether he will or not4 ,he feels an inclination to assist his fellow-men in distress1 and accidents happen every hour which give occasion to exercise this feeling4 ,the feelings of the heart1 however1 when not directed by the judgment1 are apt to mislead4 ,thus one1 by a rash attempt to save his friend1 may sometimes destroy him2 while another1 for fear of doing amiss1 stands still and sees his bosom-friend expire without so much as attempting to relieve him1 even when the means are in his power4 ,as every good man would wish to steer a course different from either of these1 it will no doubt be agreeable to him to know what ought to be done upon such emergencies4 ,,of ,,bleeding4 ,no operation of surgery is so frequently necessary as bleeding2 it ought therefore to be very generally understood4 ,but though practised by midwives1 gardeners1 blacksmiths1 we have reason to believe that very few know when it is proper4 ,even physicians themselves have been so much the dupes of theory in this article1 as to render it the subject of ridicule4 ,it is however an operation of great importance1 and must1 when seasonably and properly performed1 be of singular service to those in distress4 ,bleeding is proper at the beginning of all inflammatory fevers1 as pleurisies1 peripneumonies1 c4 ,it is likewise proper in all topical inflammations1 as those of the intestines1 womb1 bladder1 stomach1 kidnies1 throat1 eyes1 c4 as also in the asthma1 sciatic pains1 coughs1 head-achs1 rheumatisms1 the apoplexy1 epilepsy1 and bloody flux4 ,after falls1 blows1 bruises1 or any violent hurt received either externally or internally1 bleeding is necessary4 ,it is likewise necessary for persons who have had the misfortune to be strangled1 drowned1 suffocated with foul air1 the fumes of metal1 or the like4 ,in a word1 whenever the vital motions have been suddenly stopt from any cause whatever1 except in swoonings occasioned by mere weakness or hysteric affections1 it is proper to open a vein4 ,but in all disorders proceeding from a relaxation of the solids1 and an impoverished state of the blood1 as dropsies1 cacochymies1 c4 bleeding is improper4 ,bleeding for topical inflammations ought always to be performed as near the part affected as possible4 ,when this can be done with a lancet1 it is to be preferred to any other method2 but where a vein cannot be found1 recourse must be had to leeches or cupping4 ,the quantity of blood to be let must always be regulated by the strength1 age1 constitution1 manner of life1 and other circumstances relating to the patient4 ,it would be ridiculous to suppose that a child could bear to lose as much blood as a grown person1 or that a delicate lady should be bled to the same extent as a robust man4 ,from whatever part of the body blood is to be let1 a bandage must be applied between that part and the heart4 ,as it is often necessary1 in order to raise the vein1 to make the bandage pretty tight1 it will be proper in such cases1 as soon as the blood begins to flow1 to slacken it a little4 ,the bandage ought to be applied at least an inch1 or an inch and half from the place where the wound is intended to be made4 ,persons not skilled in anatomy ought never to bleed in a vein that lies over an artery or a tendon1 if they can avoid it4 ,the former may easily be known from its pulsation or beating1 and the latter from its feeling hard or tight like a whipcord under the finger4 ,it was formerly a rule1 even among those who had the character of being regular practitioners1 to bleed their patients in certain diseases till they fainted4 ,surely a more ridiculous rule could not be proposed4 ,one person will faint at the very sight of a lancet1 while another will lose almost the whole blood of his body before he faints4 ,swooning depends more upon the state of the mind than of the body2 besides1 it may often be occasioned or prevented by the manner in which the operation is performed4 ,children are generally bled with leeches4 ,this1 though sometimes necessary1 is a very troublesome and uncertain practice4 ,it is impossible to know what quantity of blood is taken away by leeches2 besides1 the bleeding is often very difficult to stop1 and the wounds are not easily healed4 ,would those who practice bleeding take a little more pains1 and accustom themselves to bleed children1 they would not find it such a difficult operation as they imagine4 ,certain hurtful prejudices with regard to bleeding still prevail among the country people4 ,they talk1 for instance1 of head-veins1 heart-veins1 breast-veins1 c4 and believe that bleeding in these will certainly cure all diseases of the parts from whence they are supposed to come1 without considering that all the blood-vessels arise from the heart1 and return to it again2 for which reason1 unless in topical inflammations1 it signifies very little from what part of the body blood is taken4 ,but this1 though a foolish prejudice1 is not near so hurtful as the vulgar notion that the first bleeding will perform wonders4 ,this belief makes them often postpone the operation when necessary1 in order to reserve it for some more important occasion1 and1 when they think themselves in extreme danger1 they fly to it for relief1 whether it be proper or not4 ,bleeding at certain dated periods or seasons has likewise bad effects4 ,it is a common notion that bleeding in the feet draws the humours downwards1 and consequently cures diseases of the head and other superior parts3 but we have already observed that1 in all topical affections1 the blood ought to be drawn as near the part as possible4 ,when it is necessary1 however1 to bleed in the foot or hand1 as the veins are small1 and the bleeding is apt to stop too soon1 the part ought to be immersed in warm water1 and kept there till a sufficient quantity of blood be let4 ,we shall not spend time in describing the manner of performing this operation3 that will be better learned by example than precept4 ,twenty pages of description would not convey so just an idea of the operation as seeing it once performed by an expert hand4 ,neither is it necessary to point out the different parts of the body from whence blood may be taken1 as the arm1 foot1 forehead1 temples1 neck1 c4 ,these will readily occur to every intelligent person1 and the foregoing observations will be sufficient for determining which of them is most proper upon any particular occasion4 ,in all cases where the intention is merely to lessen the general mass of blood1 the arm is the most commodious part of the body in which the operation can be performed4 ,,of ,,inflammations ,,and ,,abscesses4 ,from whatever cause an inflammation proceeds1 it must terminate either by dispersion1 suppuration1 or gangrene4 ,though it is impossible to foretel with certainty in which of these ways any particular inflammation will terminate1 yet a probable conjecture may be formed with regard to the event1 from a knowledge of the patient's age and constitution4 ,inflammations happening in a slight degree upon colds1 and without any previous indisposition1 will most probably be dispersed2 those which follow close upon a fever1 or happen to persons of a gross habit of body1 will generally suppurate2 and those which attack very old people1 or persons of a dropsical habit1 will have a strong tendency to gangrene4 ,if the inflammation be slight1 and the constitution sound1 the dispersion ought always to be attempted4 ,this will be best promoted by a slender diluting diet1 plentiful bleeding1 and repeated purges4 ,the part itself must be fomented1 and1 if the skin be very tense1 it may be embrocated with a mixture of three-fourths of sweet oil1 and one-fourth of vinegar1 and afterwards covered with a piece of wax plaster4 ,if1 notwithstanding these applications1 the symptomatic fever increases1 and the tumour becomes larger1 with violent pain and pulsation1 it will be proper to promote the suppuration4 ,the best application for this purpose is a soft poultice1 which may be renewed twice a day4 ,if the suppuration proceeds but slowly1 a raw onion cut small or bruised may be spread upon the poultice4 ,when the abscess is ripe or fit for opening1 which may easily be known from the thinness of the skin in the most prominent part of it1 a fluctuation of matter which may be felt under the finger1 and1 generally speaking1 an abatement of the pain1 it may be opened either with a lancet or by means of caustic4 ,the last way in which an inflammation terminates1 is in a gangrene or mortification1 the approach of which may be known by the following symptoms3 the inflammation loses its redness1 and becomes duskish or livid2 the tension of the skin goes off1 and it feels flabby2 little bladders filled with ichor of different colours spread all over it2 the tumour subsides1 and from a duskish complexion becomes black2 a quick low pulse1 with cold clammy sweats1 are the immediate forerunners of death4 ,when these symptoms first appear1 the part ought to be dressed with ,london treacle1 or a cataplasm made of lixivium and bran4 ,should the symptoms become worse1 the part must be scarified1 and afterwards dressed with basilicum softened with oil of turpentine4 ,all the dressings must be applied warm4 ,with regard to internal medicines1 the patient must be supported with generous cordials1 and the ,peruvian bark exhibited in as large doses as the stomach will bear it4 ,if the mortified parts should separate1 the wound will become a common ulcer1 and must be treated accordingly4 ,this article includes the treatment of all those diseases1 which1 in different parts of the country1 go by the names of biles1 imposthumes1 whitloes1 c4 ,they are all abscesses in consequence of a previous inflammation1 which1 if possible1 ought to be discussed2 but when this cannot be done1 the suppuration should be promoted1 and the matter discharged by an incision1 if necessary2 afterwards the sore may be dressed with yellow basilicum1 or some other digestive ointment4 ,,of ,,wounds4 ,no part of medicine has been more mistaken than the treatment or cure of wounds4 ,mankind in general believe that certain herbs1 ointments1 and plasters are possessed of wonderful healing powers1 and imagine that no wound can be cured without the application of them4 ,it is however a fact1 that no external application whatever contributes towards the cure of a wound1 any other way than by keeping the parts soft1 clean1 and defending them from the external air1 which may be as effectually done by dry lint1 as by the most pompous applications1 while it is exempt from many of the bad consequences attending them4 ,the same observation holds with respect to internal applications4 ,these only promote the cure of wounds as far as they tend to prevent a fever1 or to remove any cause that might obstruct or impede the operations of ,nature4 ,it is ,nature alone that cures wounds4 ,all that ,art can do is to remove obstacles1 and to put the parts in such a condition as is the most favourable to ,nature's efforts4 ,with this simple view we shall consider the treatment of wounds1 and endeavour to point out such steps as ought to be taken to facilitate their cure4 ,the first thing to be done when a person has received a wound1 is to examine whether any foreign body be lodged in it1 as wood1 stone1 iron1 lead1 glass1 dirt1 bits of cloth1 or the like4 ,these1 if possible1 ought to be extracted1 and the wound cleaned1 before any dressings be applied4 ,when that cannot be effected with safety1 on account of the patient's weakness1 or loss of blood1 they must be suffered to remain in the wound1 and afterwards extracted when he is more able to bear it4 ,when a wound penetrates into any of the cavities of the body1 as the breast1 the bowels1 c4 or where any considerable blood-vessel is cut1 a skilful surgeon ought immediately to be called1 otherwise the patient may lose his life4 ,but sometimes the discharge of blood is so great1 that if it be not stopt1 the patient may die even before a surgeon1 though at no great distance1 can arrive4 ,in this case1 something must be done by those who are present4 ,if the wound be in any of the limbs1 the bleeding may generally be stopt by applying a tight ligature or bandage round the member a little above the wound4 ,the best method of doing this is to put a strong broad garter round the part1 but so slack as easily to admit a small piece of stick to be put under it1 which must be twisted1 in the same manner as a countryman does a cart-rope to secure his loading1 till the bleeding stops4 ,whenever this is the case1 he must take care to twist it no longer1 as straining it too much might occasion an inflammation of the parts1 and endanger a gangrene4 ,in parts where this bandage cannot be applied1 various other methods may be tried to stop the bleeding1 as the application of styptics1 astringents1 c4 ,cloths dipped in a solution of blue vitriol in water1 or the styptic water of the ,dispensatories1 may be applied to the wound4 ,when these cannot be obtained1 strong spirits of wine may be used4 ,some recommend the agaric#aid of the oak as preferable to any of the other styptics2 and indeed it deserves considerable encomiums4 ,it is easily obtained1 and ought to be kept in every family1 in case of accidents4 ,a piece of it must be laid upon the wound1 and covered with a good deal of lint1 above which a bandage may be applied so tight as to keep it firmly on4 ,though spirits1 tinctures1 and hot balsams may be used1 in order to stop the bleeding when it is excessive1 they are improper at other times4 ,they do not promote but retard the cure1 and often change a simple wound into an ulcer4 ,people imagine1 because hot balsams congeal the blood1 and seem1 as it were1 to solder up the wound1 that they therefore heal it2 but this is only a deception4 ,they may indeed stop the flowing blood1 by searing the mouths of the vessels2 but1 by rendering the parts callous1 they obstruct the cure4 ,in slight wounds1 which do not penetrate much deeper than the skin1 the best application is a bit of the common black sticking-plaster4 ,this keeps the sides of the wound together1 and prevents the air from hurting it1 which is all that is necessary4 ,when a wound penetrates deep1 it is not safe to keep its lips quite close3 this keeps in the matter1 and is apt to make the wound fester4 ,in this case the best way is to fill the wound with soft lint1 commonly called caddis4 ,it however must not be stuffed in too hard1 otherwise it will do hurt4 ,the lint may be covered with a cloth dipped in oil1 or spread with the common wax plaster#aie2 and the whole must be kept on by a proper bandage4 ,we shall not spend time in describing the different bandages that may be proper for wounds in different parts of the body2 common sense will generally suggest the most commodious method of applying a bandage2 besides1 descriptions of this kind are not easily understood or remembered4 ,the first dressing ought to continue on for at least two days2 after which it may be removed1 and fresh lint applied as before4 ,if any part of the first dressing sticks so close as not to be removed with ease or safety to the patient1 it may be allowed to continue1 and fresh lint dipped in sweet oil laid over it4 ,this will soften it1 so as to make it come off easily at next dressing4 ,afterwards the wound may be dressed twice a-day in the same manner till it be quite healed4 ,those who are fond of salves or ointments1 may1 after the wound is become very superficial1 dress it with the yellow basilicum#aif2 and if fungous1 or what is called proud flesh1 should rise in the wound1 it may be checked1 by mixing with the ointment a little burnt alum or red precipitate of mercury4 ,when a wound is greatly inflamed1 the most proper application is a poultice of bread and milk1 softened with a little sweet oil or fresh butter4 ,this must be applied instead of a plaster1 and should be changed twice a-day4 ,if the wound be large1 and there is reason to fear an inflammation1 the patient should be kept on a very low diet4 ,he must abstain from flesh1 strong liquors1 and every thing that is of a heating nature4 ,if he be of a full habit1 and has lost but little blood from the wound1 he must be bled2 and1 if the symptoms be urgent1 the operation may be repeated4 ,but when the patient has been greatly weakened by loss of blood from the wound1 it will be dangerous to bleed him1 even though a fever should ensue4 ,nature should never be too far exhausted4 ,it is always more safe to allow her to struggle with the disease in her own way1 than to sink the patient's strength by excessive evacuations4 ,wounded persons ought to be kept perfectly quiet and easy4 ,every thing that ruffles the mind or moves the passions1 as love1 anger1 fear1 excessive joy1 c4 are very hurtful4 ,they ought above all things to abstain from venery4 ,the body should be kept gently open1 either by laxative clysters1 or by a cool vegetable diet1 as roasted apples1 stewed prunes1 boiled spinage1 and such like4 ,,of ,,burns4 ,in slight burns which do not break the skin1 it is customary to hold the part near the fire for a competent time1 to rub it with salt1 or to lay a compress upon it dipped in spirits of wine or brandy4 ,but when the burn has penetrated so deep as to blister or break the skin1 it must be dressed with some of the liniment for burns mentioned in the ,appendix1 or with the emollient and gently drying ointment1 commonly called ,turner's cerate#aig4 ,this may be mixed with an equal quantity of fresh olive oil1 and spread upon a soft rag1 and applied to the part affected4 ,when this ointment cannot be had1 an egg may be beat up with about an equal quantity of the sweetest salad-oil4 ,this will serve very well till a proper ointment can be prepared4 ,when the burning is very deep1 after the first two or three days1 it should be dressed with equal parts of yellow basilicum and ,turner's cerate mixed together4 ,when the burn is violent1 or has occasioned a high degree of inflammation1 and there is reason to fear a gangrene or mortification1 the same means must be used to prevent it as are recommended in other violent inflammations4 ,the patient1 in this case1 must live low1 and drink freely of weak diluting liquors4 ,he must likewise be bled1 and have his body kept open4 ,but if the burnt parts should become livid or black1 with other symptoms of mortification1 it will be necessary to bathe them frequently with warm camphorated spirits of wine1 tincture of myrrh1 or other antiseptics1 mixed with a decoction of the bark4 ,in this case the bark must likewise be taken internally1 and the patient's diet must be more generous4 ,as example teaches better than precept1 ,i shall relate the treatment of the most dreadful case of this kind that has occurred in my practice4 ,a middle-aged man1 of a good constitution1 fell into a large vessel full of boiling water1 and miserably scalded about one half of his body4 ,as his clothes were on1 the burning in some parts was very deep before they could be got off4 ,for the first two days the scalded parts had been frequently anointed with a mixture of lime-water and oil1 which is a very proper application for recent burnings4 ,on the third day1 when ,i first saw him1 his fever was high1 and his body costive1 for which he was bled1 and had an emollient clyster administered4 ,poultices of bread and milk1 softened with fresh butter1 were likewise applied to the affected parts1 to abate the heat and inflammation4 ,his fever still continuing high1 he was bled a second time1 was kept strictly on the cooling regimen1 took the saline mixture with small doses of nitre1 and had an emollient clyster administered once a-day4 ,when the inflammation began to abate1 the parts were dressed with a digestive composed of brown cerate and yellow basilicum4 ,where any black spots appeared1 they were slightly scarified1 and touched with the tincture of myrrh2 and1 to prevent their spreading1 the ,peruvian bark was administered4 ,by this course1 the man was so well in three weeks as to be able to attend his business4 ,,of ,,bruises4 ,bruises are generally productive of worse consequences than wounds4 ,the danger from them does not appear immediately1 by which means it often happens that they are neglected4 ,it is needless to give any definition of a disease so universally known2 we shall therefore proceed to point out the method of treating it4 ,in slight bruises it will be sufficient to bathe the part with warm vinegar1 to which a little brandy or rum may occasionally be added1 and to keep cloths wet with this mixture constantly applied to it4 ,this is more proper than rubbing it with brandy1 spirits of wine1 or other ardent spirits1 which are commonly used in such cases4 ,in some parts of the country the peasants apply to a recent bruise a cataplasm of fresh cow-dung4 ,i have often seen this cataplasm applied to violent contusions occasioned by blows1 falls1 bruises1 and such like1 and never knew it fail to have a good effect4 ,when a bruise is very violent1 the patient ought immediately to be bled1 and put upon a proper regimen4 ,his food should be light and cool1 and his drink weak1 and of an opening nature2 as whey sweetened with honey1 decoctions of tamarinds1 barley1 cream-tartar-whey1 and such like4 ,the bruised part must be bathed with vinegar and water1 as directed above2 and a poultice made by boiling crumb of bread1 elder-flowers1 and camomile-flowers1 in equal quantities of vinegar and water1 applied to it4 ,this poultice is peculiarly proper when a wound is joined to the bruise4 ,it may be renewed two or three times a-day4 ,as the structure of the vessels is totally destroyed by a violent bruise1 there often ensues a great loss of substance1 which produces an ulcerous sore very difficult to cure4 ,if the bone be affected1 the sore will not heal before an exfoliation takes place2 that is1 before the diseased part of the bone separates1 and comes out through the wound4 ,this is often a very slow operation1 and may even require several years to be completed4 ,hence it happens1 that these sores are frequently mistaken for the king's evil1 and treated as such1 though in fact they proceed solely from the injury which the solid parts received from the blow4 ,patients in this situation are pestered with different advices4 ,every one who sees them proposes a new remedy1 till the sore is so much irritated with various and opposite applications1 that it is often at length rendered absolutely incurable4 ,the best method of managing such sores is1 to take care that the patient's constitution does not suffer by confinement1 or improper medicine1 and to apply nothing to them besides simple ointment spread upon soft lint1 over which a poultice of bread and milk1 with boiled camomile-flowers1 or the like1 may be put1 to nourish the part1 and keep it soft and warm4 ,nature1 thus assisted1 will generally in time operate a cure1 by throwing off the diseased parts of the bone1 after which the sore soon heals4 ,,of ,,ulcers4 ,ulcers may be the consequence of wounds1 bruises1 or imposthumes improperly treated2 they may likewise proceed from an ill state of the humours1 or what may be called a bad habit of body4 ,in the latter case1 they ought not to be hastily dried up1 otherwise it may prove fatal to the patient4 ,ulcers happen most commonly in the decline of life2 and persons who neglect exercise1 and live grossly1 are most liable to them4 ,they might often be prevented by retrenching some part of the solid food1 or by opening artificial drains1 as issues1 setons1 or the like4 ,an ulcer may be distinguished from a wound by its discharging a thin watery humour1 which is often so acrid as to inflame and corrode the skin2 by the hardness and perpendicular situation of its sides or edges1 by the time of its duration1 c4 ,it requires considerable skill to be able to judge whether or not an ulcer ought to be dried up4 ,in general1 all ulcers which proceed from a bad habit of body1 should be suffered to continue open1 at least till the constitution has been so far changed by proper regimen1 or the use of medicine1 that they seem disposed to heal of their own accord4 ,ulcers which are the effect of malignant fevers1 or other acute diseases1 may generally be healed with safety after the health has been restored for some time4 ,the cure ought not however to be attempted too soon1 nor at any time without the use of purging medicines and a proper regimen4 ,when wounds or bruises have1 by wrong treatment1 degenerated into ulcers1 if the constitution be good1 they may generally be healed with safety4 ,when ulcers either accompany chronical diseases1 or come in their stead1 they must be cautiously healed4 ,if an ulcer conduces to the patient's health1 from whatever cause it proceeds1 it ought not to be healed2 but if1 on the contrary1 it wastes the strength1 and consumes the patient by a slow fever1 it should be healed as soon as possible4 ,we would earnestly recommend a strict attention to these particulars1 to all who have the misfortune to labour under this disorder1 particularly persons in the decline of life2 as we have frequently known people throw away their lives by the want of it1 while they were extolling and generously rewarding those whom they ought to have looked upon as their executioners4 ,the most proper regimen for promoting the cure of ulcers1 is to avoid all spices1 salted and high-seasoned food1 all strong liquors1 and to lessen the usual quantity of flesh meat4 ,the body ought to be kept gently open by a diet consisting chiefly of cooling laxative vegetables1 and by drinking butter-milk1 whey sweetened with honey1 or the like4 ,the patient ought to be kept cheerful1 and should take as much exercise as he can easily bear4 ,when the bottom and sides of an ulcer seem hard and callous1 they may be sprinkled twice a-day with a little red precipitate of mercury1 and afterwards dressed with the yellow basilicum ointment4 ,sometimes it will be necessary to have the edges of the ulcer scarified with the lancet4 ,lime-water has frequently been known to have very happy effects in the cure of obstinate ulcers4 ,it may be used in the same manner as directed for the stone and gravel4 ,my late learned and ingenious friend1 ,dr4 ,whytt1 strongly recommends the use of the solution of corrosive sublimate of mercury in brandy1 for the cure of obstinate ill conditioned ulcers4 ,i have frequently found this medicine1 when given according to the ,doctor's directions1 prove very successful4 ,the dose is a table-spoonful night and morning2 at the same time washing the sore twice or thrice a-day with it4 ,in a letter which ,i had from the ,doctor a little before his death1 he informed me1 8,that he observed washing the sore thrice a-day with the solution of a triple strength was very beneficial#aih40 ,a fistulous ulcer can seldom be cured without an operation4 ,it must either be laid open so as to have its callous parts destroyed by some corrosive application1 or they must be entirely cut away by the knife3 but as this operation requires the hand of an expert surgeon1 there is no occasion to describe it4 ,ulcers about the anus are most apt to become fistulous1 and are very difficult to cure4 ,some indeed pretend to have found ,ward's ,fistula paste very successful in this complaint4 ,it is not a dangerous medicine1 and being easily procured1 it may deserve a trial2 but as these ulcers generally proceed from an ill habit of body1 they will seldom yield to any thing except a long course of regimen1 assisted by medicines1 which are calculated to correct that particular habit1 and to induce an almost total change in the constitution4 ,,chap4 ,,li4 ,,of ,,dislocations4 ,when a bone is moved out of its place or articulation1 so as to impede its proper functions1 it is said to be luxated or dislocated4 ,as this often happens to persons in situations where no medical assistance can be obtained1 by which means limbs1 and even lives1 are frequently lost1 we shall endeavour to point out the method of reducing the most common luxations1 and those which require immediate assistance4 ,any person of common sense and resolution1 who is present when a dislocation happens1 may often be of more service to the patient1 than the most expert surgeon can after the swelling and inflammation have come on4 ,when these are present1 it is difficult to know the state of the joint1 and dangerous to attempt a reduction2 and by waiting till they are gone off1 the muscles become so relaxed1 and the cavity filled up1 that the bone can never afterwards be retained in its place4 ,a recent dislocation may generally be reduced by extension alone1 which must always be greater or less according to the strength of the muscles which move the joint1 the age1 robustness1 and other circumstances of the patient4 ,when the bone has been out of its place for any considerable time1 and a swelling or inflammation has come on1 it will be necessary to bleed the patient1 and1 after fomenting the part1 to apply soft poultices with vinegar to it for some time before the reduction is attempted4 ,all that is necessary after the reduction1 is to apply cloths dipt in vinegar or camphorated spirits of wine to the part1 and to keep it perfectly easy4 ,many bad consequences proceed from the neglect of this rule4 ,a dislocation seldom happens without the tendons and ligaments of the joint being stretched and sometimes torn4 ,when these are kept easy till they recover their strength and tone1 all goes on very well2 but is the injury be increased by too frequent an exertion of the parts1 no wonder if they be found weak and diseased ever after4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,jaw4 ,the lower jaw may be luxated by yawning1 blows1 falls1 chewing hard substances1 or the like4 ,it is easily known from the patient's being unable to shut his mouth1 or to eat any thing1 as the teeth of the under jaw do not correspond with those of the upper2 besides1 the chin either hangs down1 or is thrown toward one side1 and the patient is neither able to speak distinctly1 nor to swallow without considerable difficulty4 ,the usual method of reducing a dislocated jaw1 is to set the patient upon a low stool1 so as an assistant may hold the head firm by pressing it against his breast4 ,the operator is then to thrust his two thumbs1 being first wrapped up with linen cloths that they may not slip1 as far back into the patient's mouth as he can1 while his fingers are applied to the jaw externally4 ,after he has got firm hold of the jaw1 he is to press it strongly downwards and backwards1 by which means the elapsed heads of the jaw may be easily pushed into their former cavities4 ,the peasants in some parts of the country have a peculiar way of performing this operation4 ,one of them puts a handkerchief under the patient's chin1 then turning his back to that of the patient1 pulls him up by the chin so as to suspend him from the ground4 ,this method often succeeds1 but we think it a dangerous one1 and therefore recommend the former4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,neck4 ,the neck may be dislocated by falls1 violent blows1 or the like4 ,in this case1 if the patient receives no assistance1 he soon dies1 which makes people imagine the neck was broken2 it is1 however1 for the most part only partially dislocated1 and may be reduced by almost any person who has resolution enough to attempt it4 ,a complete dislocation of the neck is instantaneous death4 ,when the neck is dislocated1 the patient is immediately deprived of all sense and motion2 his neck swells1 his countenance appears bloated2 his chin lies upon his breast1 and his face is generally turned towards one side4 ,to reduce this dislocation1 the unhappy person should immediately be laid upon his back on the ground1 and the operator must place himself behind him so as to be able to lay hold of his head with both hands1 while he makes a resistance by placing his knees against the patient's shoulders4 ,in this posture he must pull the head with considerable force1 gently twisting it at the same time1 if the face be turned to one side1 till he perceives that the joint is replaced1 which may be known from the noise which the bones generally make when going in1 the patient's beginning to breathe1 and the head continuing in its natural posture4 ,this is one of those operations which it is more easy to perform than describe4 ,i have known instances of its being happily performed even by women1 and often by men of no medical education4 ,after the neck is reduced1 the patient ought to be bled1 and should be suffered to rest for some days1 till the parts recover their proper tone4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,ribs4 ,as the articulation of the ribs with the backbone is very strong1 they are not often dislocated4 ,it does however sometimes happen1 which is a sufficient reason for our taking notice of it4 ,when a rib is dislocated either upwards or downwards1 in order to replace it1 the patient should be laid upon his belly on a table1 and the operator must endeavour to push the head of the bone into its proper place4 ,should this method not succeed1 the arm of the disordered side may be suspended over a gate or ladder1 and1 while the ribs are thus stretched asunder1 the heads of such as are out of place may be thrust into their former situation4 ,those dislocations wherein the heads of the ribs are forced inwards1 are both more dangerous and the most difficult to reduce1 as neither the hand nor any instrument can be applied internally to direct the luxated heads of the ribs4 ,almost the only thing that can be done is1 to lay the patient his belly over a cask1 or some gibbous body1 and to move the fore-part of the rib inward towards the back1 sometimes shaking it2 by this means the heads of the luxated ribs may slip into their former place4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,shoulder4 ,the humerus or upper bone of the arm may be dislocated in various directions3 it happens however most frequently downwards1 but very seldom directly upwards4 ,from the nature of its articulation1 as well as from its exposure to external injuries1 this bone is the most subject to dislocation of any in the body4 ,a dislocation of the humerus may be known by a depression or cavity on the top of the shoulder1 and an inability to move the arm4 ,when the dislocation is downward or forward1 the arm is elongated1 and a ball or lump is perceived under the arm-pit2 but when it is backward1 there appears a protuberance behind the shoulder1 and the arm is thrown forwards toward the breast4 ,the usual method of reducing dislocations of the shoulder is to seat the patient upon a low stool1 and to cause an assistant to hold his body so that it may not give way to the extension1 while another lays hold of the arm a little above the elbow1 and gradually extends it4 ,the operator then puts a napkin under the patient's arm1 and causes it to be tied behind his own neck3 by this1 while a sufficient extension is made1 he lifts up the head of the bone1 and with his hands directs it into its proper place4 ,there are various machines invented for facilitating this operation1 but the hand of an expert surgeon is always more safe4 ,in young and delicate patients1 ,i have generally found it a very easy matter to reduce the shoulder1 by extending the arm with one hand1 and thrusting in the head of the bone with the other4 ,in making the extension1 the arm ought always to be a little bent4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,elbow4 ,the bones of the fore-arm may be dislocated in any direction4 ,when this is the case1 a protuberance may be observed on that side of the arm towards which the bone is pushed1 from which1 and the patient's inability to bend his arm1 a dislocation of this joint may easily be known4 ,two assistants are generally necessary for reducing a dislocation of the elbow2 one of them must lay hold of the arm above1 and the other below the joint1 and make a pretty strong extension1 while the operator returns the bones into their proper place4 ,afterwards the arm must be bent1 and suspended for some time with a sling about the neck4 ,luxations of the wrist and fingers are to be reduced in the same manner as those of the elbow1 viz4 by making an extension in different directions1 and thrusting the head of the bone into its place4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,thigh4 ,when the thigh-bone is dislocated forward and downward1 the knee and foot are turned out1 and the leg is longer than the other2 but when it is displaced backward1 it is usually pushed upward at the same time1 by which means the limb is shortened1 and the foot is turned inwards4 ,when the thigh-bone is displaced forward and downward1 the patient1 in order to have it reduced1 must be laid upon his back1 and made fast by bandages1 or held by assistants1 while by others an extension is made by means of slings fixed about the bottom of the thigh a little above the knee4 ,while the extension is made1 the operator must push the head of the bone outward1 till it gets into the socket4 ,if the dislocation be outward1 the patient must be laid upon his face1 and1 during the extension1 the head of the bone must be pushed inward4 ,dislocations of the knees1 ancles1 and toes1 are reduced much in the same manner as those of the upper extremities1 viz4 by making an extension in opposite directions1 while the operator replaces the bones4 ,in many cases1 however1 the extension alone is sufficient1 and the bone will slip into its place merely by pulling the limb with sufficient force4 ,it is not hereby meant1 that force alone is sufficient for the reduction of dislocations4 ,skill and address will often succeed better than force4 ,i have known a dislocation of the thigh reduced by one man1 after all the force that could be used by six had proved ineffectual4 ,,chap4 ,,lii4 ,,of ,,broken ,,bones1 c4 ,there is1 in most country villages1 some person who pretends to the art of reducing fractures4 ,though in general such persons are very ignorant1 yet some of them are very successful2 which evidently proves1 that a small degree of learning1 with a sufficient share of common sense and a mechanical head1 will enable a man to be useful in this way4 ,we would1 however1 advise people never to employ such operators1 when an expert and skilful surgeon can be had2 but when that is impracticable1 they must be employed3 we shall therefore recommend the following hints to their consideration3 ,when a large bone is broken1 the patient's diet ought in all respects to be the same as in an inflammatory fever4 ,he should likewise be kept quiet and cool1 and his body open by emollient clysters2 or1 if these cannot be conveniently administered1 by food that is4 of an opening quality2 as stewed prunes1 apples boiled in milk1 boiled spinage1 and the like4 ,it ought however to be here remarked1 that persons who have been accustomed to live high1 are not all of a sudden to be reduced to a very low diet4 ,this might have fatal effects4 ,there is often a necessity for indulging even bad habits1 in some measure1 where the nature of the disease might require a different treatment4 ,it will generally be necessary to bleed the patient immediately after a fracture1 especially if he be young1 of a full habit1 or has at the same time received any bruise or contusion4 ,this operation should not only be performed soon after the accident happens1 but if the patient be very feverish1 it may be repeated next day4 ,when several of the ribs are broken1 bleeding is peculiarly necessary4 ,if any of the large bones which support the body are broken1 the patient must keep his bed for several weeks4 ,it is by no means necessary1 however1 that he should lie all that time1 as is customary1 upon his back4 ,this situation sinks the spirits1 galls and frets the patient's skin1 and renders him very uneasy4 ,after the second week he may be gently raised up1 and may sit several hours1 supported by a bed-chair1 or the like1 which will greatly relieve him4 ,great care1 however1 must be taken in raising him up1 and laying him down1 that he make no exertions himself1 otherwise the action of the muscles may pull the bone out of its place#aii4 ,it is of great importance to keep the patient dry and clean while in this situation4 ,by neglecting this1 he is often so galled and excoriated1 that he is forced to keep shifting places for ease4 ,i have known a fractured thigh-bone1 after it had been kept straight for above a fortnight1 displaced by this means1 and continue bent for life1 in spite of all that could be done4 ,it has been customary when a bone was broken1 to keep the limb for five or six weeks continually upon the stretch4 ,but this is a bad posture4 ,it is both uneasy to the patient1 and unfavourable to the cure4 ,the best situation is to keep the limb a little bent4 ,this is the posture into which every animal puts its limbs when it goes to rest1 and in which fewest muscles are upon the stretch4 ,it is easily effected1 by either laying the patient upon his side1 or making the bed so as to favour this position of the limb4 ,bone-setters ought carefully to examine whether the bone be not shattered or broken into several pieces4 ,in this case it will sometimes be necessary to have the limb immediately taken off1 otherwise a gangrene or mortification may ensue4 ,the horror which attends the very idea of an amputation often occasions its being delayed in such cases till too late4 ,i have known this principle operate so strongly1 that a limb1 where the bones were shattered into more than twenty pieces1 was not amputated before the third day after the accident1 when the gangrene had proceeded so far as to render the operation useless4 ,when a fracture is accompanied with a wound1 it must be dressed in all respects as a common wound4 ,all that art can do towards the cure of a broken bone1 is to lay it perfectly straight1 and to keep it quite easy4 ,all tight bandages do hurt4 ,they had much better be wanting altogether4 ,a great many of the bad consequences which succeed to fractured bones are owing to tight bandages4 ,this is one of the ways in which the excess of art1 or rather the abuse of it1 does more mischief than would be occasioned by the want of it4 ,some of the most sudden cures of broken bones which were ever known1 happened where no bandages were applied at all4 ,some method however must be taken to keep the member steady2 but this may be done many ways without bracing it with a tight bandage4 ,the best method of retention is by two or more splints made of leather or pasteboard4 ,these1 if moistened before they be applied1 soon assume the shape of the included member1 and are sufficient1 by the assistance of a very slight bandage1 for all the purposes of retention4 ,the bandage which we would recommend is that made with twelve or eighteen tails4 ,it is much easier applied and taken off than rollers1 and answers all the purposes of retention equally well4 ,the splints should always be as long as the limb1 with holes cut for the ancles when the fracture is in the leg4 ,in fractures of the ribs1 where a bandage cannot be properly used1 an adhesive plaster may be applied over the part4 ,the patient in this case ought to keep himself quite easy1 avoiding every thing that may occasion sneezing1 laughing1 coughing1 or the like4 ,he ought to keep his body in a straight posture1 and should take care that his stomach be constantly distended1 by taking frequently some light food1 and drinking freely of weak watery liquors4 ,the most proper external application for a fracture is oxycrate1 or a mixture of vinegar and water4 ,the bandages should be wet with this at every dressing4 ,,of ,,strains4 ,strains are often attended with worse consequences than broken bones4 ,the reason is obvious2 they are generally neglected4 ,when a bone is broken1 the patient is obliged to keep the member easy1 because he cannot make use of it2 but when a joint is only strained1 the person1 finding he can still make a shift to move it1 is sorry to lose his time for so trifling an ailment4 ,in this way he deceives himself1 and converts into an incurable malady what might have been removed by only keeping the part easy for a few days4 ,country people generally immerse a strained limb in cold water4 ,this is very proper1 provided it be done immediately1 and not kept in too long4 ,but the custom of keeping the part immersed in cold water for a long time is certainly dangerous4 ,it relaxes instead of bracing the part1 and is more likely to produce a disease than remove one4 ,wrapping a garter1 or some other bandage1 pretty tight about the strained part1 is likewise of use4 ,it helps to restore the proper tone of the vessels1 and prevents the action of the parts from increasing the disease4 ,it should not however be applied too tight4 ,i have frequently known bleeding near the affected part have a very good effect3 but what we would recommend above all is ease4 ,it is more to be depended on than any medicine1 and seldom fails to remove the complaint#bjj4 ,,of ,,ruptures4 ,children and old people are most liable to this disease4 ,in the former it is generally occasioned by excessive crying1 coughing1 vomiting1 or the like4 ,in the latter1 it is commonly the effect of blows or violent exertions of the strength1 as leaping1 carrying great weights1 c4 ,in both1 a relaxed habit1 indolence1 and an oily or very moist diet1 dispose the body to this disease4 ,a rupture sometimes proves fatal before it is discovered4 ,whenever sickness1 vomiting1 and obstinate costiveness give reason to suspect an obstruction of the bowels1 all those places where ruptures usually happen ought carefully to be examined4 ,the protrusion of a very small part of the gut will occasion all these symptoms2 and1 if not returned in due time1 will prove mortal4 ,on the first appearance of a rupture in an infant1 it ought to be laid upon its back1 with its head very low4 ,while in this posture1 if the gut does not return of itself1 it may easily be put up by gentle pressure4 ,after it is returned1 a piece of sticking-plaster may be applied over the part1 and a proper truss or bandage must be constantly worn for a considerable time4 ,the method of making and applying these rupture-bandages for children is pretty well known4 ,the child must1 as far as possible1 be kept from crying1 and from all violent exertions1 till the rupture is quite healed4 ,in adults1 when the gut has been forced down with great violence1 or happens from any cause to be inflamed1 there is often great difficulty in returning it1 and sometimes the thing is quite impracticable without an operation2 a description of which is foreign to our purpose4 ,as ,i have been fortunate enough1 however1 always to succeed in my attempts to return the gut1 without having recourse to any other means than what are in the power of every man1 ,i shall briefly mention the method which ,i generally pursue4 ,after the patient has been bled1 he must be laid upon his back1 with his head very low1 and his breech raised high with pillows4 ,in this situation flannel cloths wrung out of a decoction of mallows and camomile-flowers1 or1 if these are not at hand1 of warm water1 must be applied for a considerable time4 ,a clyster made of this decoction1 with a large spoonful of butter and an ounce or two of salt1 may be afterwards thrown up4 ,if these should not prove successful1 recourse must be had to pressure4 ,if the tumour be very hard1 considerable force will be necessary2 but it is not force alone which succeeds here4 ,the operator1 at the same time that he makes a pressure with the palms of his hand1 must with his fingers artfully conduct the gut in by the same aperture through which it came out4 ,the manner of doing this can be much easier conceived than described4 ,should these endeavours prove ineffectual1 clysters of the smoke of tobacco may be tried4 ,these have been often known to succeed where every other method failed4 ,there is reason to believe that1 by persisting in the use of these1 and such other means as the circumstances of the case may suggest1 most hernias might be reduced without an operation4 ,cutting for the hernia is a nice and difficult matter4 ,i would therefore advise surgeons to try every method of returning the gut before they have recourse to the knife4 ,i have once and again succeeded by persevering in my endeavours1 after eminent surgeons had declared the reduction of the gut impracticable without an operation#bja4 ,an adult1 after the gut has been returned1 must wear a steel bandage4 ,it is needless to describe this1 as it may always be had ready made from the artists4 ,such bandages are generally uneasy to the wearer for some time1 but by custom they become quite easy4 ,no person who has had a rupture after he arrived at man's estate should ever be without one of these bandages4 ,persons who have a rupture ought carefully to avoid all violent exercise1 carrying great weights1 leaping1 running1 and the like4 ,they should likewise avoid windy aliment and strong liquors2 and should carefully guard against catching cold4 ,,chap4 ,,liii4 ,,of ,,casualties4 ,it is certain that life1 when to all appearance lost1 may often1 by due care1 be restored4 ,accidents frequently prove fatal1 merely because proper means are not used to counteract their effects1 ,no person ought to be looked upon as killed by any accident1 unless where the structure of the heart1 brain1 or some organ necessary to life1 is evidently destroyed4 ,the action of these organs may be so far impaired as even to be for some time imperceptible1 when life is by no means gone4 ,in this case1 however1 if the fluids be suffered to grow cold1 it will be impossible to put them again in motion1 even though the solids should recover their power of acting4 ,thus1 when the motion of the lungs has been stopt by unwholesome vapour1 the action of the heart by a stroke on the breast1 or the functions of the brain by a blow on the head1 if the person be suffered to grow cold1 he will in all probability continue so2 but1 if the body be kept warm1 as soon as the injured part has recovered its power of acting1 the fluids will again begin to move1 and all the vital functions will be restored4 ,it is a horrid custom immediately to consign over to death every person who has the misfortune1 by a fall1 a blow1 or the like1 to be deprived of the appearance of life4 ,the unhappy person1 instead of being carried into a warm house1 and laid by the fire1 or put to a warm bed1 is generally hurried away to church1 or a barn1 or some other cold damp house1 where1 after a fruitless attempt has been made to bleed him1 perhaps by one who knew nothing of the matter1 he is given over for dead1 and no further notice taken of him4 ,this conduct seems to be the result of ignorance1 supported by an ancient superstitious notion1 which forbids the body of any person killed by accident to be laid in an house that is inhabited4 ,what the ground of this superstition may be1 we shall not pretend to inquire2 but surely the conduct founded upon it is contrary to all the principles of reason1 humanity1 and common sense4 ,when a person seems to be suddenly deprived of life1 our first business is to inquire into the cause4 ,we ought carefully to observe whether any substance be lodged in the wind-pipe or gullet2 and1 if that is the case1 attempts must be made to remove it4 ,when unwholesome air is the cause1 the patient ought immediately to be removed out of it4 ,if the circulation be suddenly stopped1 from any cause whatever1 except mere weakness1 the patient should be bled4 ,if the blood does not flow1 he may be immersed in warm water1 or rubbed with warm cloths1 c4 to promote the circulation4 ,when the cause cannot be suddenly removed1 our great aim must be to keep up the vital warmth1 by rubbing the patient with hot cloths1 or salt1 and covering his body with warm sand1 ashes1 or the like4 ,i should now proceed to treat more fully of those accidents1 which1 without immediate assistance1 would often prove fatal1 and to point out the most likely means for relieving the unhappy sufferers2 but as ,i have been happily anticipated in this part of my subject by the learned and humane ,dr4 ,tissot1 ,i shall content myself with selecting such of his observations as seem to be the most important1 and adding such of my own as have occurred in the course of practice4 ,,of ,,substances ,,stopt ,,between ,,the ,,mouth ,,and ,,stomach4 ,though accidents of this kind are very common1 and extremely dangerous1 yet they are generally the effect of carelessness4 ,children should be taught to chew their food well1 and to put nothing into their mouths which it would be dangerous for them to swallow4 ,but children are not the only persons guilty of this piece of imprudence4 ,i know many adults who put pins1 nails1 and other sharp-pointed substances in their mouths upon every occasion1 and some who even sleep with the former there all night4 ,this conduct is exceedingly injudicious1 as a fit of coughing1 or twenty other accidents1 may force over the substance before the person is aware#bjb4 ,when any substance is detained in the gullet1 there are two ways of removing it1 viz4 either by extracting it1 or pushing it down4 ,the safest and most certain way is to extract it2 but this is pot always the easiest2 it may therefore be more eligible sometimes to thrust it down1 especially when the obstructing body is of such a nature1 that there is no danger from its reception into the stomach4 ,the substances which may be pushed down without danger are1 all common nourishing ones1 as bread1 flesh1 fruits1 and the like4 ,all indigestible bodies1 as cork1 wood1 bones1 pieces of metal1 and such like1 ought if possible to be extracted1 especially if these bodies be sharp pointed1 as pins1 needles1 fish-bones1 bits of glass1 c4 ,when such substances have not passed in too deep1 we should endeavour to extract them with our fingers1 which method often succeeds4 ,when they are lower1 we must make use of nippers1 or a small pair of forceps1 such as surgeons use4 ,but this attempt to extract rarely succeeds1 if the substance be of a flexible nature1 and has descended far into the gullet4 ,if the fingers and nippers fail1 or cannot be duly applied1 crotchets1 a kind of hooks1 must be employed4 ,these may be made at once1 by bending a piece of pretty strong iron wire at one end4 ,it must be introduced in the flat way2 and for the better conducing it1 there should likewise be a curve or bending at the end it is held by1 to serve as a kind of handle to it2 which has this further use1 that it may be secured by a string tied to it1 a circumstance not to be omitted in any instrument employed on such occasions1 to avoid such ill accidents as have sometimes ensued from these instruments slipping out of the operator's hand4 ,after the crotchet has passed below the substance that obstructs the passage1 it is drawn up again1 and hooks up the body along with it4 ,the crotchet is also very convenient1 when a substance somewhat flexible1 as a pin or fish-bone1 sticks across the gullet1 the hook1 in such cases1 seizing them about their middle part1 crooks and thus disengages them2 or1 if they are very brittle substances1 serves to break them4 ,when the obstructing bodies are small1 and only stop up a part of the passage1 and which may either easily elude the hook1 or straiten it by their resistance1 a kind of rings1 made either of wire1 wool1 or silk1 may be used4 ,a piece of fine wire of a proper length may be bent into a circle1 about the middle1 of about an inch diameter1 and the long unbent sides brought parallel1 and near each other3 these are to be held in the hand1 and the circular part or ring introduced into the gullet1 in order to be conduced about the obstructing body1 and so to extract it4 ,more flexible rings may be made of wool1 thread1 silk1 or small pack-thread1 which may be waxed for their greater strength and consistence4 ,one of these is to be tied fast to a handle of iron wire1 whale-bone1 or any kind of flexible wood1 and by this means introduced1 in order to surround the obstructing substance1 and to draw it out4 ,several of these rings passed through one another may be used1 the more certainly to lay hold of the obstructing body1 which may be involved by one1 if another should miss it4 ,these rings have one advantage1 which is1 that when the substance to be extracted is once laid hold of1 it may then1 by turning the handle1 be retained so strongly in the ring thus twitted1 as to be moved every way1 which must in many cases be a considerable advantage4 ,another material employed on these unhappy occassions is the sponge4 ,its property of swelling considerably on being wet is the principal foundation of its usefulness here4 ,if any substance is stopt in the gullet1 but without filling up the whole passage1 a bit of sponge may be introduced into that part which is unstopt1 and beyond the substance4 ,the sponge soon dilates1 and grows larger in this moist situation2 and indeed the enlargement of it may be forwarded by making the patient swallow a few drops of water4 ,afterwards it is to be drawn back by the handle to which it is fastened2 and as it is now too large to return through the small cavity by which it was conveyed in1 it draws out the obstructing body along with it4 ,the compressibility of sponge is another foundation of its usefulness in such cases4 ,a pretty large piece of sponge may be compressed or squeezed into a small size1 by winding a string of tape closely about it1 which may be easily unwound1 and withdrawn1 after the sponge has been introduced4 ,a bit of sponge may likewise be1 compressed by a piece of whale-bone split at one end2 but this can hardly be introduced in such a manner as not to hurt the patient4 ,i have often known pins and other sharp bodies1 which had stuck in the throat1 brought up by causing the person to swallow a bit of tough meat tied to a thread1 and drawing it quickly up again4 ,this is safer than swallowing sponge1 and will often answer the purpose equally well4 ,when all these methods prove unsuccessful1 there remains one more1 which is1 to make the patient vomit3 but this can scarcely be of any service1 unless when such obstructing bodies are simply engaged in1 and not hooked or stuck into the sides of the gullet1 as in this case vomiting might sometimes occasion further mischief4 ,if the patient can swallow1 vomiting may be excited by taking half a drachm or two scruples of ipecacuanha in powder made into a draught4 ,if he is not able to swallow1 an attempt may be made to excite vomiting1 by tickling his throat with a feather2 and1 if that should not succeed1 a clyster of tobacco may be administered4 ,it is made by boiling an ounce of tobacco in a sufficient quantity of water3 this has often been found to succeed1 when other attempts to excite vomiting had failed4 ,when the obstructing body is of such a nature that it may with safety be pushed downwards1 this may be attempted by means of a wax-candle oiled1 and a little heated1 so as to make it flexible2 or a piece of whale-bone1 wire1 or flexible wood1 with a sponge fastened to one end4 ,should it be impossible to extract even those bodies which it is dangerous to admit into the stomach1 we must then prefer the least of two evils1 and rather run the hazard of pushing them down than suffer the patient to perish in a few minutes2 and we ought to scruple this resolution the less1 as a great many instances have happened1 where the swallowing of such hurtful and indigestible substances has been followed by no disorder4 ,whenever it is manifest that all endeavours either to extract or push down the substance must prove ineffectual1 they should be discontinued2 because the inflammation occasioned by persisting in them might be as dangerous as the obstruction itself4 ,some have died in consequence of the inflammation1 even after the body which caused the obstruction had been entirely removed4 ,while the means recommended above are making use of1 the patient should often swallow1 or1 if he cannot1 he should frequently receive by injection through a crooked tube or pipe that may reach down to the gullet1 some emollient liquor1 as warm milk and water1 barley-water1 or a decoction of mallows4 ,injections of this kind not only soften and sooth the irritated parts1 but1 when thrown in with force1 are often more successful in loosening the obstruction than all attempts with instruments4 ,when1 after all our endeavours1 we are obliged to leave the obstructing body in the part1 the patient must be treated as if he had an inflammatory disease4 ,he should be bled1 kept upon a low diet1 and have his whole neck surrounded with emollient poultices4 ,the like treatment must also be used1 if there be any reason to suspect an inflammation of the passages1 though the obstructing body be removed4 ,a proper degree of agitation has sometimes loosened the inhering body more effectually than instruments4 ,thus1 a blow on the back has often forced up a substance which stuck in the gullet2 but this is still more proper and efficacious when the substance gets into the wind-pipe4 ,in this case1 vomiting and sneezing are likewise to be excited4 ,pins1 which stuck in the gullet1 have been frequently discharged by riding on horseback1 or in a carriage4 ,when any indigestible substance has been forced down into the stomach1 the patient should use a very mild and smooth diet1 consisting chiefly of fruits and farinaceous substances1 as puddings1 pottage1 and soups4 ,he should avoid all heating and irritating things1 as wine1 punch1 pepper1 and such like2 and his drink should be milk and water1 barley-water1 or whey4 ,when the gullet is so strongly and fully closed1 that the patient can receive no food by the mouth1 he must be nourished by clysters of soup1 jelly1 and the like4 ,when the patient is in danger of being immediately suffocated1 and all hope of freeing the passage is vanished1 so that death seems at hand1 if respiration be not restored2 the operation of bronchotomy1 or opening of the wind-pipe1 must be directly performed4 ,as this operation is neither difficult to an expert surgeon1 nor very painful to the patient1 and is often the only method which can be taken to preserve life in these emergencies1 we thought proper to mention it1 though it should only be attempted by persons skilled in surgery4 ,,of ,,drowned ,,persons4 ,when a person has remained above a quarter of an hour under water1 there can be no considerable hopes of his recovery4 ,but as several circumstances1 may happen to have continued life1 in such an unfortunate situation1 beyond the ordinary term1 we should never too soon resign the unhappy object to his fate1 but try every method for his relief1 as there are many well attested proofs of the recovery of persons to life and health who had been taken out of the water apparently dead1 and who remained a considerable time without exhibiting any signs of life4 ,the first thing to be done1 after the body is taken out of the water1 is to convey it as soon as possible to some convenient place where the necessary operations for its recovery may be performed4 ,in doing this1 care must be taken not to bruise or injure the body by carrying it in any unnatural posture with the head downwards1 or the like4 ,if an adult body1 it ought to be laid on a bed1 or on straw1 with the head a little raised1 and carried on a cart or on men's shoulders1 and kept in as natural and easy a position as possible4 ,a small body may be carried in the arms4 ,in attempting to recover persons apparently drowned1 the principal intention to be pursued is1 to restore the natural warmth1 upon which all the vital functions depend2 and to excite these functions by the application of stimulants1 not only to the skin1 but likewise to the lungs1 intestines1 c4 ,though cold was by no means the cause of the person's death1 yet it will prove an effectual obstacle to his recovery4 ,for this reason1 after stripping him of his wet clothes1 his body must be strongly rubbed for a considerable time with coarse linen cloths1 as warm as they can be made2 and1 as soon as a well-heated bed can be got ready1 he may be laid in it1 and the rubbing should be continued4 ,warm cloths ought likewise to be frequently applied to the stomach and bowels1 and hot bricks1 or bottles of warm water1 to the soles of his feet1 and to the palms of his hands4 ,strong volatile spirits should be frequently applied to the nose2 and the spine of the back and pit of the stomach may be rubbed with warm brandy or spirit of wine4 ,the temples ought always to be chafed with volatile spirits2 and stimulating powders1 as that of tobacco or marjoram1 may be blown up the nostrils4 ,to renew the breathing1 a strong person may blow his own breath into the patient's mouth with all the force he can1 holding his nostrils at the same time4 ,when it can be perceived by the rising of the chest or belly that the lungs are filled with air1 the person ought to desist from blowing1 and should press the breast and belly so as to expel the air again2 and this operation may be repeated for some time1 alternately inflating and depressing the lungs so as to imitate natural respiration4 ,if the lungs cannot be inflated in this manner1 it may be attempted by blowing through one of the nostrils1 and at the same time keeping the other close4 ,dr4 ,monro for this purpose recommends a wooden pipe fitted at one end for filling the nostril1 and at the other for being blown into by a person's mouth1 or for receiving the pipe of a pair of bellows1 to be employed for the same purpose1 if necessary4 ,when air cannot be forced into the chest by the mouth or nose1 it may be necessary to make an opening into the wind-pipe for this purpose4 ,it is needless1 however1 to spend time in describing this operation1 as it should not be attempted unless by persons skilled in surgery4 ,to stimulate the intestines1 the fume of tobacco may be thrown up in form of clyster4 ,there are various pieces of apparatus contrived for this purpose1 which may be used when at hand2 but where these cannot be obtained1 the business may be done by a common tobacco-pipe4 ,the bowl of the pipe must be filled with tobacco well kindled1 and1 after the small tube has been introduced into the fundament1 the smoke may be forced up by blowing through a piece of paper full of holes wrapped round the mouth of the pipe1 or by blowing through an empty pipe1 the mouth of which is applied close to that of the other4 ,this may also be done in the following manner3 ,a common clyster-pipe with a bag mounted upon it may be introduced into the fundament1 and the mouth of the bag may be applied round the small end of a tobacco-pipe1 in the bowl of which tobacco is to be kindled1 and the smoke blown up as directed above4 ,should it be found impracticable to throw up the smoke of tobacco1 clysters of warm water1 with the addition of a little salt and some wine or spirits1 may be frequently administered4 ,this may be done by a common clyster-bag and pipe2 but1 as it ought to be thrown well up1 a pretty large syringe will answer the purpose better4 ,while these things are doing1 some of the attendants ought to be preparing a warm bath1 into which the person should be put1 if the above endeavours prove ineffectual4 ,where there are no conveniencies for using the warm bath1 the body may be covered with warm salt1 sand1 ashes1 grains1 or such like4 ,tissot mentions an instance of a girl who was restored to life1 after she had been taken out of the water1 swelled1 bloated1 and to all appearance dead1 by laying her naked body upon hot ashes1 covering her with others equally hot1 putting a bonnet round her head1 and a stocking round her neck stuffed with the same1 and heaping coverings over all4 ,after she had remained half an hour in this situation1 her pulse returned1 she recovered speech1 and cried out1 ,i freeze1 ,i freeze2 a little cherry-brandy was given her1 and she remained buried as it were under the ashes for eight hours2 afterwards she was taken out1 without any other complaint except that of lassitude or weariness1 which went off in a few days4 ,the ,doctor mentions likewise an instance of a man who was restored to life1 after he had remained six hours under water1 by the heat of a dunghill4 ,till the patient shews some signs of life1 and is able to swallow1 it would be useless and even dangerous to pour liquors into his mouth4 ,his lips1 however1 and tongue1 may be frequently wet with a feather dipt in warm brandy or other strong spirits2 and1 as soon as he has recovered the power of swallowing1 a little warm wine1 or some other cordial1 ought every now and then to be administered4 ,some recommend a vomit after the patient is a little re-animated2 but if he can be made to puke without the sickening draught1 it will be more safe3 this may generally be done by tickling the throat and fauces with an oiled feather1 or some other soft substance1 which will not injure the parts4 ,tissot in this case recommends the oxymel of squills1 a table-spoonful of which1 diluted with water1 may be given every quarter of an hour1 till the patient has taken five or six doses4 ,where that medicine is not at hand1 a strong infusion of sage1 camomile-flowers1 or carduus benedictus1 sweetened with honey1 or some warm water1 with the addition of a little salt1 may1 he says1 supply its place4 ,the ,doctor does not intend that any of these things should be given in such quantity as to occasion vomiting4 ,he thinks emetics in this situation are not expedient4 ,we are by no means to discontinue our assistance as soon as the patients discover some tokens of life1 since they sometimes expire after these first appearances of recovering4 ,the warm and stimulating applications are still to be continued1 and small quantities of some cordial liquor ought frequently to be administered4 ,lastly1 though the person should be manifestly re-animated1 there sometimes remain an oppression1 a cough1 and feverishness1 which effectually constitute a disease4 ,in this case it will be necessary to bleed the patient in the arm1 and to cause him to drink plentifully of barley-water1 elder-flower-tea1 or any other soft pectoral infusions4 ,such persons as have the misfortune to be deprived of the appearances of life1 by a fall1 a blow1 suffocation1 or the like1 must be treated nearly in the same manner as those who have been for some time under water4 ,i once attended a patient who was so stunned by a fall from a horse1 that for above six hours he scarcely exhibited any signs of life2 yet this man1 by being bled1 and proper methods taken to keep up the vital warmth1 recovered1 and in a few days was perfectly well4 ,dr4 ,alexander gives an instance to the same purpose1 in the ,edinburgh ,physical and ,literary ,essays1 of a man who was to all appearance killed by a blow on the breast1 but recovered upon being immersed for some time in warm water4 ,these1 and other instances of a similar nature1 which might be adduced1 amount to a full proof of this fact1 that many of those unhappy persons who lose their lives by falls1 blows1 and other accidents1 might be saved by the use of proper means duly persisted in4 ,,of ,,noxious ,,vapours4 ,air may be many ways rendered noxious1 or even destructive to animals4 ,this may either happen from its vivifying principle being destroyed1 or from subtle exhalations with which it is impregnated4 ,thus air that has passed through burning fuel is neither capable of supporting fire nor the life of animals4 ,hence the danger of sleeping in close chambers with charcoal fires4 ,some indeed suppose the danger here proceeds from the sulphureous oil contained in the charcoal1 which is set at liberty and diffused all over the chamber2 while others imagine it is owing to the air of the room being charged with phlogiston4 ,be this as it may1 it is a situation carefully to be avoided4 ,indeed1 it is dangerous to sleep in a small apartment with a fire of any kind4 ,i lately saw four persons who had been suffocated by sleeping in an apartment where a small fire of coal had been left burning4 ,the vapour which exhales from wine1 cyder1 beer1 or other liquors1 in the state of fermentation1 contains something poisonous1 which kills in the same manner as the vapour of coal4 ,hence there is always danger in going into cellars where a large quantity of these liquors is in a state of fermentation1 especially if they have been close shut up for some time4 ,there have been many instances of persons struck dead on entering such places1 and of others who have with difficulty escaped4 ,when subterraneous caves1 that have been very long shut1 are opened1 or when deep wells are cleaned1 which have not been emptied for several years1 the vapours arising from them produce the same effects as those mentioned above4 ,for this reason1 no person ought to venture into a well1 pit1 cellar1 or any place that is damp1 and has been long shut up1 till the air has been sufficiently purified1 by burning gunpowder in it4 ,it is easy to know1 as has been observed in a former part of this work1 when the air of such places is unwholesome1 by letting down a lighted candle1 throwing in burning fuel1 or the like4 ,if these continue to burn1 people may safely venture in2 but where they are suddenly extinguished1 no one ought to enter till the air has been first purified by fire4 ,the offensive smell of lamps and of candles1 especially when their flames are extinguished1 operate like other vapours1 though with less violence1 and less suddenly4 ,there have however been instances of people killed by the fumes of lamps which had been extinguished in a close chamber1 and persons of weak delicate breasts generally find themselves quickly oppressed in apartments illuminated with many candles4 ,such as are sensible of their danger in these situations1 and retreat seasonably from it1 are generally relieved as soon as they get into the open air1 or1 if they have any remaining uneasiness1 a little water and vinegar1 or lemonade1 drank hot1 affords them relief4 ,but when they are so far poisoned1 as to have lost their feeling and understanding1 the following means must be used for their recovery3 ,the patient should be exposed to a very pure1 fresh1 and open air2 and volatile salts1 or other stimulating substances1 held to his nose4 ,he should next be bled in the arm1 or if that does not succeed1 in the neck4 ,his legs ought to be put into warm water1 and well rubbed4 ,as soon as he can swallow1 some lemonade1 or water and vinegar1 with the addition of a little nitre1 may be given him4 ,nor are sharp clysters by any means to be neglected2 these may be made1 by adding to the common clyster1 syrup of buckthorn and tincture of senna1 of each two ounces2 or1 in their stead1 half an ounce of ,venice turpentine dissolved in the yolk of an egg4 ,should these things not be at hand1 two or three large spoonfuls of common salt may be put into the clyster4 ,the same means1 if necessary1 which were recommended in the former part of this chapter1 may be used to restore the circulation1 warmth1 c4 ,mr4 ,tossach1 surgeon at ,alloa1 relates the case of a man suffocated by the steam of burning coal1 whom he recovered by blowing his breath into the patient's mouth1 bleeding him in the arm1 and causing him to be well rubbed and tossed about4 ,and ,dr4 ,frewen1 of ,sussex1 mentions the case of a young man who was stupified by the smoke of sea-coal1 but was recovered by being plunged into cold water1 and afterwards laid in a warm bed4 ,the practice of plunging persons suffocated by noxious vapours in cold water1 would seem to be supported by the common experiment of suffocating dogs in the grotto del cani1 and afterwards recovering them1 by throwing them into the neighbouring lake4 ,,effects ,,of ,,extreme ,,cold4 ,when cold is extremely severe1 and a person is exposed to it for a long time1 it proves mortal1 in consequence of its stopping the circulation in the extremities1 and forcing too great a proportion of blood towards the brain2 so that the patient dies of a kind of apoplexy1 preceded by great sleepiness4 ,the traveller1 in this situation1 who finds himself begin to grow drowsy1 should redouble his efforts to extricate himself from the imminent danger he is exposed to4 ,this sleep1 which he might consider as some alleviation of his sufferings1 would1 if indulged1 prove his last4 ,such violent effects of cold are happily not very common in this country2 it frequently happens1 however1 that the hands or feet of travellers are so benumbed or frozen1 as to be in danger of a mortification1 if proper means are not used to prevent it4 ,the chief danger in this situation arises from the sudden application of heat4 ,it is very common1 when the hands or feet are pinched with cold1 to hold them to the fire2 yet reason and observation shew that this is a most dangerous and imprudent practice4 ,every peasant knows1 if frozen meat1 fruits1 or roots of any kind1 be brought near the fire1 or put into warm water1 they will be destroyed1 by rottenness1 or a kind of mortification2 and that the only way to recover them1 is to immerse them for some time in very cold water4 ,the same observation holds with regard to animals in this condition4 ,when the hands or feet are greatly benumbed with cold1 they ought either to be immersed in cold water1 or rubbed with snow1 till they recover their natural warmth and sensibility3 after which the person may be removed into an apartment a little warmer1 and may drink some cups of tea1 or an infusion of elder flowers sweetened with honey4 ,every person must have observed1 when his hands were even but slightly affected with cold1 that the best way to warm them was by washing them in cold water1 and continuing to rub them well for some time4 ,when a person has been so long exposed to the cold1 that all appearances of life are gone1 it will be necessary to rub him all over with snow or cold water2 or1 what will answer better1 if it can be obtained1 to immerse him in a bath of the very coldest water4 ,there is the greatest encouragement to persist in the use of these means1 as we are assured that persons who had remained in the snow1 or had been exposed to the freezing air during five or six successive days1 and who had discovered no marks of life for several hours1 have nevertheless been revived4 ,i have always thought1 that the whitloes1 kibes1 chilblains1 and other inflammations of the extremities1 which are so common among the peasants in the cold season1 were chiefly occasioned by their sudden transitions from cold to heat4 ,after they have been exposed to an extreme degree of cold1 they immediately apply their hands and feet to the fire1 or1 if they have occasion1 plunge them into warm water1 by which means1 if a mortification does not happen1 an inflammation seldom fails to ensue4 ,most of the ill consequences from this quarter might be easily avoided1 by only observing the precautions mentioned above4 ,,effects ,,of ,,extreme ,,heat4 ,the effects of extreme heat1 though not so common in this country1 are no less fatal1 and much more sudden than those of cold4 ,in hot countries people frequently drop down dead in the streets1 exhausted with heat and fatigue4 ,in this case1 if any warm cordial can be poured into the mouth it ought to be done4 ,if this cannot be effected1 they may be thrown up in form of a clyster4 ,volatile spirits1 and other things of a stimulating nature1 may be applied to the skin1 which should be well rubbed with coarse-cloths1 whipped with nettles1 or other stimulating things4 ,some of the ancient physicians are said to have restored to life persons apparently dead1 by beating them with rods4 ,,chap4 ,,liv4 ,,of ,,fainting ,,fits1 ,,and ,,other ,,cases ,,which ,,require ,,immediate ,,assistance4 ,strong and healthy persons1 who abound with blood1 are often seized with sudden fainting fits1 after violent exercise1 drinking freely of warm or strong liquors1 exposure to great heat1 intense application to study1 or the like4 ,in such cases the patient should be made to smell to some vinegar4 ,his temples1 forehead1 and wrists ought at the same time to be bathed with vinegar mixed with an equal quantity of warm water2 and two or three spoonfuls of vinegar1 with four or five times as much water1 may1 if he can swallow1 be poured into his mouth4 ,if the fainting proves obstinate1 or degenerates into a syncope1 that is1 an abolition of feeling and understanding1 the patient must be bled4 ,after the bleeding1 a clyster will be proper1 and then he should be kept easy and quiet1 only giving him every half hour a cup or two of an infusion of any mild vegetable1 with the addition of a little sugar and vinegar4 ,when swoonings1 which arise from this cause1 occur frequently in the same person1 he should1 in order to escape them1 confine himself to a light diet1 confiding chiefly of bread1 fruits1 and other vegetables4 ,his drink ought to be water or small beer1 and he should deep but moderately1 and take much exercise4 ,but fainting fits proceed much oftner from a defect than an excess of blood4 ,hence they are very ready to happen after great evacuations of any kind1 obstinate watching1 want of appetite1 or such like4 ,in these an almost directly opposite course to that mentioned above must be pursued4 ,the patient should be laid in bed1 with his head low1 and being covered1 should have his legs1 thighs1 arms1 and his whole body rubbed strongly with hot flannels4 ,hungary water1 volatile salts1 or strong smelling herbs1 as rue1 mint1 or rosemary1 may be held to his nose4 ,his mouth may be wet with a little rum or brandy2 and1 if he can swallow1 some hot wine1 mixed with sugar and cinnamon1 which is an excellent cordial1 may be poured into his mouth4 ,a compress of flannel dipt in hot wine or brandy must be applied to the pit of his stomach1 and warm bricks1 or bottles filled with hot water1 laid to the feet4 ,as soon as the patient is recovered a little1 he should take some strong soup or broth1 or a little bread or biscuit soaked in hot-spiced wine4 ,to prevent the return of the fits1 he ought to take often1 but in small quantities1 some light yet strengthening nourishment1 as panado made with soup instead of water1 new laid eggs lightly poached1 chocolate1 light roast meats1 jellies1 and such like4 ,those fainting fits1 which are the effect of bleeding1 or of the violent operation of purges1 belong to this class4 ,such as happen after artificial bleeding are seldom dangerous1 generally terminating as soon as the patient is laid upon the bed2 indeed persons subject to this kind should always be bled lying1 in order to prevent it4 ,should the fainting however continue longer than usual1 volatile spirits may be held to the nose1 and rubbed on the temples1 c4 ,when fainting is the effect of too strong or acrid purges or vomits1 the patient must be treated in all respects as if he had taken poison4 ,he should be made to drink plentifully of milk1 warm water1 and oil1 barley-water1 or suck like2 emollient clysters will likewise be proper1 and the patient's strength should afterwards be recruited1 by giving him generous cordials1 and anodyne medicines4 ,faintings are often occasioned by indigestion4 ,this may either proceed from the quantity or quality of the food4 ,when the former of these is the cause1 the cure will be best performed by vomiting1 which may be promoted by causing the patient to drink a weak infusion of camomile-flowers1 carduus benedictus or the like4 ,when the disorder proceeds from the nature of the food1 the patient1 as in the case of weakness1 must be revived by strong smells1 c4 after which he should be made to swallow a large quantity of light warm fluid1 which may serve to drown1 as it were1 the offending matter1 to soften its acrimony1 and either to effect a discharge of it by vomiting1 or force it down into the intestines4 ,even disagreeable smells will sometimes occasion swoonings1 especially in people of weak nerves4 ,when this happens1 the patient should be carried into the open air1 have stimulating things held to his nose1 and those substances which are disagreeable to him ought immediately to be removed4 ,but we have already taken notice of swoonings which arise from nervous disorders1 and shall therefore say no more upon that head4 ,fainting fits often happen in the progress of diseases4 ,in the beginning of putrid diseases they generally denote an oppression at stomach1 or a mass of corrupted humours1 and they cease after evacuations either by vomit or stool4 ,when they occur at the beginning of malignant fevers1 they indicate great danger4 ,in each of these cases1 vinegar used both externally and internally is the best remedy during the paroxysm1 and plenty of lemon-juice and water after it4 ,swoonings which happen in diseases accompanied with great evacuations1 must be treated like those which are owing to weakness1 and the evacuations ought to be restrained4 ,when they happen towards the end of a violent fit of an intermitting fever1 or at that of each exacerbation of a continual fever1 the patient must be supported by small draughts of wine and water4 ,delicate and hysteric women are very liable to swooning or fainting fits after delivery4 ,these might be often prevented by generous cordials1 and the admission of fresh air4 ,when they are occasioned by excessive flooding1 it ought by all means to be restrained4 ,they are generally the effect of mere weakness or exhaustion4 ,dr4 ,engleman relates the case of a woman 8in child-bed1 who1 after being happily delivered1 suddenly fainted1 and lay upwards of a quarter of an hour apparently dead4 ,a physician was sent for2 her own maid1 in the mean while1 being out of patience at his delay1 attempted to assist her herself1 and extending herself upon her mistress1 applied her mouth to her's1 blew in as much breath as she possibly could1 and in a very short time the exhausted woman awaked as out of a profound sleep2 when proper things being given her1 she soon recovered4 8,the maid being asked how she came to think of this expedient1 said she had seen it practised at ,altenburgh1 by midwives1 upon children with the happiest effect40 ,we mention this case chiefly that other midwives may be induced to follow so laudable an example4 ,many children are born without any signs of life1 and others expire soon after the birth1 who might1 without all doubt1 by proper care1 be restored to life4 ,from whatever cause fainting fits proceed1 fresh air is always of the greatest importance to the patient4 ,by not attending to this circumstance1 people often kill their friends while they are endeavouring to save them4 ,alarmed at the patient's situation1 they call in a crowd of people to his assistance1 or perhaps to witness his exit1 whose breathing exhausts the air1 and increases the danger4 ,there is not the least doubt but this practice1 which is very common among the lower sort of people1 often proves fatal1 especially to the delicate1 and such persons as fall into fainting fits from mere exhaustion1 or the violence of some disease4 ,no more persons ought ever to be admitted into the room where a patient lies in a swoon than are absolutely necessary for his assistance1 and the windows of the apartment should always be opened1 at least as far as to admit a stream of fresh air4 ,persons subject to frequent swoonings1 or fainting fits1 should neglect no means to remove the cause of them1 as their consequences are always injurious to the constitution4 ,every fainting fit leaves the person in dejection and weakness2 the secretions are thereby suspended1 the humours disposed to stagnation1 coagulations and obstructions are formed1 and1 if the motion of the blood be totally intercepted1 or very considerably checked1 polypuses are sometimes formed in the heart or larger vessels4 ,the only kind of swoonings not to be dreaded are those which sometimes mark the crisis in fevers2 yet even these ought1 as soon as possible1 to be removed4 ,,of ,,intoxication4 ,the effects of intoxication are often fatal4 ,no kind of poison kills more certainly than an over-dose of ardent spirits4 ,sometimes1 by destroying the nervous energy1 they put an end to life at once2 but in general their effects are more slow1 and in many respects similar to those of opium4 ,other kinds of intoxicating liquors may prove fatal when taken to excess1 as well as ardent spirits2 but they may generally be discharged by vomiting1 which ought always to be excited when the stomach is overcharged with liquor4 ,more of those unhappy persons1 who die intoxicated1 lose their lives from an inability to conduct themselves than from the destructive quality of the liquor4 ,unable to walk1 they tumble down1 and lie in some awkward posture1 which obstructs the circulation or breathing1 and often continue in this situation till they die4 ,no drunken person should be left by himself1 till his clothes have been loosened1 and his body laid in such a posture as is most favourable for continuing the vital motions1 discharging the contents of the stomach1 c4 ,the best posture for discharging the contents of the stomach is to lay the person upon his belly2 when asleep he may be laid on his side1 with his head a little raised1 and particular care must be taken that his neck be no way bent1 twisted1 or have any thing too tight about it4 ,the excessive degree of thirst occasioned by drinking strong liquors1 often induces people to quench it by taking what is hurtful4 ,i have known fatal consequences even from drinking freely of milk after a debauch of wine or sour punch2 these acid liquors1 together with the heat of the stomach1 having coagulated the milk in such a manner that it could never be digested4 ,the safest drink after a debauch is water with a toast1 tea1 infusions of balm1 sage1 barley-water1 and such like4 ,if the person wants to vomit1 he may drink a weak infusion of camomile-flowers1 or lukewarm water and oil2 but in this condition vomiting may generally be excited by only tickling the throat with the finger or a feather4 ,instead of giving a detail of all the different symptoms of intoxication which indicate danger1 and proposing a general plan of treatment for persons in this situation1 ,i shall briefly relate the history of a case which lately fell under my own observation1 wherein most of those symptoms usually reckoned dangerous concurred1 and where the treatment was successful4 ,a young man1 about fifteen years of age1 had1 for a hire1 drank ten glasses of strong brandy4 ,he soon after fell fast asleep1 and continued in that situation for near twelve hours1 till at length his uneasy manner of breathing1 the coldness of the extremities1 and other threatening symptoms1 alarmed his friends1 and made them send for me4 ,i found him still sleeping1 his countenance ghastly1 and his skin covered with a cold clammy sweat4 ,almost the only signs of life remaining were1 a deep laborious breathing1 and a convulsive motion or agitation of his bowels4 ,i tried to rouse him1 but in vain1 by pinching1 shaking1 applying volatile spirits1 and other stimulating things to his nose1 c4 ,a few ounces of blood were likewise taken from his arm1 and a mixture of vinegar and water was poured into his mouth2 but1 as he could not swallow1 very little of this got into the stomach4 ,none of these things having the least effect1 and the danger seeming to increase1 ,i ordered his legs to be put into warm water1 and a sharp clyster to be immediately administered4 ,this gave him a stool1 and was the first thing that relieved him4 ,it was afterwards repeated with the same happy effect1 and seemed to be the chief cause of his recovery4 ,he then began to shew some signs of life1 took drink when it was offered him1 and came gradually to his senses4 ,he continued1 however1 for several days weak and feverish1 and complained much of a soreness in his bowels1 which gradually went off1 by means of a slender diet1 and cool mucilaginous liquors4 ,this young man would probably have been suffered to die1 without any assistance being called1 had not a neighbour1 a few days before1 who had been advised to drink a bottle of spirits to cure him of an ague1 expired under very similar circumstances4 ,,of ,,suffocation ,,and ,,strangling ,these may sometimes proceed from an infarction of the lungs1 produced by viscid clammy humours1 or a spasmodic affection of the nerves of that organ4 ,persons who feed grossly1 and abound in rich blood1 are very liable to suffocating fits from the former of these causes4 ,such ought1 as soon as they are attacked1 to be bled1 to receive an emollient clyster1 and to take frequently a cup of diluting liquor with a little nitre in it4 ,they should likewise receive the steams of hot vinegar into their lungs by breathing4 ,nervous and asthmatic persons are most subject to spasmodic affections of the lungs4 ,in this case the patient's legs should be immersed in warm water1 and the steams of vinegar applied as above4 ,warm diluting liquors should likewise be drank2 to a cup of which a tea-spoonful of the parygoric elixir may occasionally be added4 ,burnt paper1 feathers1 or leather1 may be held to the patient's nose1 and fresh air should be freely admitted to him4 ,infants are often suffocated by the carelessness or inattention of their nurses#bjc4 ,an infant when in bed should always be laid so1 that it cannot tumble down with its head under the bed-clothes2 and when in a cradle1 its face ought never to be covered4 ,a small degree of attention to these two simple rules would save the lives of many infants1 and prevent others from being rendered weak and sickly all their days by the injuries done to their lungs4 ,instead of laying down a plan for the recovery of infants who are suffocated1 or overlaid1 as it is termed by their nurses1 ,i shall give the history of a case related by ,monsieur ,janin1 of the ,royal ,college of ,surgery at ,paris1 as it was attended with success1 and contains almost every thing that can be done on such occasions4 ,a nurse having had the misfortune to over-lay a child1 he was called in1 and found the infant without any signs of life2 no pulsation in the arteries1 no respiration1 the face livid1 the eyes open1 dull1 and tarnished1 the nose full of snivel1 the mouth gaping1 in short it was almost cold4 ,whilst some linen clothes and a parcel of ashes were warming1 he had the boy unswathed1 and laid him in a warm bed1 and on the right side4 ,he then was rubbed all over with fine linen1 for fear of fretting his tender and delicate skin4 ,as soon as the ashes had received their due degree of heat1 ,mr4 ,janin buried him in them1 except the face1 placed him on the side opposite to that on which he had been at first laid1 and covered him with a blanket4 ,he had a bottle of eau de luce in his pocket1 which he presented to his nose from time to time2 and between whiles some puffs of tobacco were blown up his nostrils3 to these succeeded the blowing into his mouth1 and squeezing tight his nose4 ,animal heat began thus to be excited gradually2 the pulsations of the temporal artery were soon felt1 the breathing became more frequent and free1 and the eyes closed and opened alternately4 ,at length the child fetched some cries expressive of his want of the breast1 which being applied to his mouth1 he catched at it with avidity1 and sucked as if nothing had happened to him4 ,though the pulsations of the arteries were by this time very well re-established1 and it was hot weather1 yet ,mr4 ,janin thought it advisable to leave his little patient three quarters of an hour longer under the ashes4 ,he was afterwards taken out1 cleaned and dressed as usual2 to which a gentle sleep succeeded1 and he continued perfectly well4 ,mr4 ,janin mentions likewise an example of a young man who had hanged himself through despair1 to whom he administered help as effectually as in the preceding case4 ,mr4 ,glover1 surgeon in ,doctors ,commons1 ,london1 relates the case of a person who was restored to life after twenty-nine minutes hanging1 and continued in good health for many years after4 ,the principal means used to restore this man to life were1 opening the temporal artery and the external jugular2 rubbing the back1 mouth1 and neck1 with a quantity of volatile spirits and oil2 administering the tobacco clyster by means of lighted pipes1 and strong frictions of the legs and arms4 ,this course had been continued for about four hours1 when an incision was made into the wind-pipe1 and air blown strongly through a canula into the lungs4 ,about twenty minutes after this1 the blood at the artery began to run down the face1 and a slow pulse was just perceptible at the wrist4 ,the frictions were continued for some time longer2 his pulse became more frequent1 and his mouth and nose being irritated with spirit of sal ammoniac1 he opened his eyes4 ,warm cordials were then administered to him1 and in two days he was so well as to be able to walk eight miles4 ,these cases are sufficient to shew what may be done for the recovery of those unhappy persons who strangle themselves in a fit of despair4 ,,of ,,persons ,,who ,,expire ,,in ,,convulsion ,,fits4 ,convulsion fits often constitute the last scene of acute or chronic disorders4 ,when this is the case1 there can remain but small hopes of the patient's recovery after expiring in a fit4 ,but when a person1 who appears to be in perfect health1 is suddenly seized with a convulsion fit1 and seems to expire1 some attempts ought always to be made to restore him to life4 ,infants are most liable to convulsions1 and are often carried off very suddenly by one or more fits about the time of teething4 ,there are many well-authenticated accounts of infants having been restored to life1 after they had to all appearance expired in convulsions2 but we shall only relate the following instance mentioned by ,dr4 ,johnson in his pamphlet on the practicability of recovering persons visibly dead4 ,in the parish of ,st4 ,clemens in ,colchester1 a child of six months old1 lying upon its mother's lap1 having had the breast1 was seized with a strong convulsion fit1 which lasted so long1 and ended with so total a privation of motion in the body1 lungs1 and pulse1 that it was deemed absolutely dead4 ,it was accordingly stripped1 laid out1 the passing-bell ordered to be tolled1 and a coffin to be made2 but a neighbouring gentlewoman who used to admire the child1 hearing of its sudden death1 hastened to the house1 and upon examining the child found it not cold1 its joints limber1 and fancied that a glass she held to its mouth and nose was a little damped with the breath2 upon which she took the child in her lap1 sat down before the fire1 rubbed it1 and kept it in gentle agitation4 ,in a quarter of an hour she felt the heart begin to beat faintly2 she then put a little of the mother's milk into its mouth1 continued to rub its palms and soles1 found the child begin to move1 and the milk was swallowed2 and in another quarter of an hour she had the satisfaction of restoring to its disconsolate mother the babe quite recovered1 eager to lay hold of the breast1 and able to suck again4 ,the child throve1 had no more fits1 is grown up1 and at present alive4 ,these means1 which are certainly in the power of every person1 were sufficient to restore to life an infant to all appearance dead1 and who1 in all probability1 but for the use of these simple endeavours1 would have remained so4 ,there are however many other things which might be done in case the above should not succeed2 as rubbing the body with strong spirits1 covering it with warm ashes or salt1 blowing air into the lungs1 throwing up warm stimulating clysters1 or the smoke of tobacco1 into the intestines1 and such like4 ,when children are dead born1 or expire soon after the birth1 the same means ought to be used for their recovery1 as if they had expired in circumstances similar to those mentioned above4 ,these directions may likewise be extended to adults1 attention being always paid to the age and other circumstances of the patient4 ,the foregoing cases and observations afford sufficient proof of the success which may attend the endeavours of persons totally ignorant of medicine1 in assisting those who are suddenly deprived of life by any accident or disease4 ,many facts of a similar nature might be adduced1 were it necessary2 but these1 it is hoped1 will be sufficient to call up the attention of the public1 and to excite the humane and benevolent to exert their utmost endeavours for the preservation of their fellow-men4 ,the society for the recovery of drowned persons1 instituted at ,amsterdam in the year #agfg1 had the satisfaction to find that not fewer than #aej persons in the space of four years had been saved by the means pointed out by them1 many of whom owed their preservation to peasants and people of no medical knowledge4 ,but the means used with so much efficacy in recovering drowned persons are1 with equal success1 applicable to a number of cases where the powers of life seem in reality to be only suspended1 and to remain capable of renewing all their functions1 on being put into motion again4 ,it is shocking to reflect1 that for want of this consideration many persons have been committed to the grave1 in whom the principles of life might have been revived4 ,the cases wherein such endeavours are most likely to be attended with success1 are all those called sudden deaths from an invisible cause1 as apoplexies1 hysterics1 faintings1 and many other disorders wherein persons in a moment sink down and expire4 ,the various casualties in which they may be tried are1 suffocations1 from the sulphureous damps of mines1 coal-pits1 c42 the unwholesome air of long unopened wells or caverns2 the noxious vapours arising from fermenting liquors2 the steams of burning charcoal2 sulphureous mineral acids2 arsenical effluvia1 c4 ,the various accidents of drowning1 strangling1 and apparent deaths1 by blows1 falls1 hunger1 cold1 c4 likewise furnish opportunities of trying such endeavours4 ,those perhaps who to appearance are killed by lightning1 or by any violent agitation of the passions1 as fear1 joy1 surprise1 and such like1 might also be frequently recovered by the use of proper means1 as blowing strongly into their lungs1 c4 ,the means to be used for the recovery of persons suddenly deprived of life are nearly the same in all cases2 they are practicable by every one who happens to be present at the accident1 and require no great expence1 and less skill4 ,the great aim is to restore the warmth and vital motions4 ,this may in general be attempted by means of heat1 frictions1 bleeding1 blowing air into the lungs1 administering clysters and generous cordials4 ,these must be varied according to circumstances4 ,common sense1 and the situation of the patient1 will suggest the proper manner of conducting them4 ,above all we would recommend perseverance4 ,people ought never to despair on account of discouraging circumstances1 or to leave off their endeavours as long as there is the least hope of success4 ,where much good and no hurt can be done1 no one ought to grudge his labour4 ,it were greatly to be wished1 that an institution1 similar to that of ,amsterdam1 was established1 upon a more extensive plan1 in ,great ,britain2 and that a reward was allowed to every one who should be instrumental in restoring to life a person seemingly dead#bjd4 ,men will do much for fame1 but still more for money4 ,should no profit1 however1 be annexed to those benevolent offices1 the heartfelt pleasure which a good man must enjoy1 on reflecting that he has been the happy instrument of saving one of his fellow-creatures from an untimely grave1 is itself a sufficient reward4 ,,chap4 ,,lv4 ,,cautions ,,concerning ,,cold ,,bathing1 ,,and ,,drinking ,,the ,,mineral ,,waters4 ,as it is now fashionable for persons of all ranks to plunge into the sea1 and drink the mineral waters1 ,i was desirous of rendering this work still more extensively useful1 by the addition of some practical remarks on these active and useful medicines4 ,finding it impossible to bring these observations within so narrow a compass as not to swell the book1 already too large1 into an enormous size1 ,i resolved to confine myself to a few hints or cautions2 which may be of service to persons who bathe1 or drink the mineral waters1 without being able to put themselves under the care of a physician4 ,no part of the practice of medicine is of greater importance1 or merits more the attention of the physician1 as many lives are lost1 and numbers ruin their health1 by cold bathing1 and an imprudent use of the mineral waters4 ,on some future occasion ,i may probably resume this subject1 as ,i know not any work that contains a sufficient number of practical observations to regulate the patient's conduct in the use of these active and important medicines4 ,we have indeed many books on the mineral waters1 and some of them are written with much ingenuity2 but they are chiefly employed in ascertaining the contents of the waters by chymical analysis4 ,this no doubt has its use1 but it is by no means of such importance as some may imagine4 ,a man may know the chymical analysis of all the articles in the materia medica1 without being able properly to apply any one of them in the cure of diseases4 ,one page of practical observations is worth a whole volume of chymical analysis4 ,but where are such observations to be met with8 ,few physicians are in a situation to make them1 and fewer still are qualified for such a task4 ,it can only be accomplished by practitioners who reside at the fountains1 and who possessing minds superior to local prejudices1 are capable of distinguishing diseases with accuracy1 and of forming a sound judgment respecting the genuine effects of medicines4 ,without a proper discrimination with regard to the disease and the constitution of the patient1 the most powerful medicine is more likely to do harm than good4 ,every one knows that the same physician who1 by cold bathing1 cured ,augustus1 by an imprudent use of the same medicine killed his heir4 ,this induced the ,roman senate to make laws for regulating the baths1 and preventing the numerous evils which arose from an imprudent and promiscuous use of those elegant and fashionable pieces of luxury4 ,but as no such laws exist in this country1 every one does that which is right in his own eyes1 and of course many must do wrong4 ,people are apt to imagine that the simple element of water can do no hurt1 and that they may plunge into it at any time with impunity4 ,in this1 however1 they are much mistaken4 ,i have known apoplexies occasioned by going into the cold bath1 fevers excited by staying too long in it1 and other maladies so much aggravated by its continued use1 that they could never be wholly eradicated4 ,nor are examples wanting1 either in ancient or modern times1 of the baneful consequences which have arisen also from an injudicious application of the warm bath2 but as warm baths are not so common in this country1 and are seldom used but under the direction of a physician1 ,i shall not enlarge on that part of the subject4 ,immersion in cold water is a custom which lays claim to the most remote antiquity3 indeed it must have been coval with man himself4 ,the necessity of water for the purpose of cleanliness1 and the pleasure arising from its application to the body in hot countries1 must very early have recommended it to the human species4 ,even the example of other animals was sufficient to give the hint to man4 ,by instinct many of them are led to apply cold water in this manner2 and some1 when deprived of its use1 have been known to languish1 and even to die4 ,but whether the practice of cold bathing arose from necessity1 reasoning1 or imitation1 is an inquiry of no importance2 our business is to point out the advantages which may be derived from it1 and to guard people against an improper use of it4 ,the cold bath recommends itself in a variety of cases1 and is peculiarly beneficial to the inhabitants of populous cities1 who indulge in idleness1 and lead sedentary lives4 ,in persons of this description the action of the solids is always too weak1 which induces a languid circulation1 a crude indigested mass of humours1 and obstructions in the capillary vessels and glandular system4 ,cold water1 from its gravity as well as its tonic power1 is well calculated either to obviate or remove these symptoms4 ,it accelerates the motion of the blood1 promotes the different secretions1 and gives permanent vigour to the solids4 ,but all these important purposes will be more essentially answered by the application of salt-water4 ,this ought not only to be preferred on account of its superior gravity1 but likewise for its greater power of stimulating the skin1 which promotes the perspiration1 and prevents the patient from catching cold4 ,it is necessary1 however1 to observe1 that cold bathing is more likely to prevent1 than to remove obstructions of the glandular or lymphatic system4 ,indeed1 when these have arrived at a certain pitch1 they are not to be removed by any means4 ,in this case the cold bath will only aggravate the symptoms1 and hurry the unhappy patient into an untimely grave4 ,it is therefore of the utmost importance1 previous to the patient's entering upon the use of the cold bath1 to determine whether or not he labours under any obstinate obstructions of the lungs or other viscera2 and where this is the case1 cold bathing ought strictly to be prohibited#bje4 ,in what is called a plethoric state1 or too great a fulness of the body1 it is likewise dangerous to use the cold bath1 without due preparation4 ,in this case there is great danger of bursting a blood-vessel1 or occasioning an inflammation of the brain1 or some of the viscera4 ,this precaution is the more necessary to citizens1 as most of them live full1 and are of a gross habit4 ,yet1 what is very remarkable1 these people resort in crowds every season to the sea-side1 and plunge in the water without the least consideration4 ,no doubt they often escape with impunity1 but does this give a sanction to the practice8 ,persons of this description ought by no means to bathe1 unless the body has been previously prepared by suitable evacuations4 ,another class of patients1 who stand peculiarly in need of the bracing qualities of cold water1 is the nervous4 ,this includes a great number of the male1 and almost all the female inhabitants of great cities4 ,yet even those persons ought to be cautious in using the cold bath4 ,nervous people have often weak bowels1 and may1 as well as others1 be subject to congestions and obstructions of the viscera2 and in this case they will not be able to bear the effects of the cold water4 ,for them1 therefore1 and indeed for all delicate people1 the best plan would be to accustom themselves to it by the most pleasing and gentle degrees4 ,they ought to begin with the temperate bath1 and gradually use it cooler1 till at length the coldest proves quite agreeable4 ,nature revolts against all great transitions2 and those who do violence to her dictates1 have often cause to repent of their temerity4 ,wherever cold bathing is practised1 there ought likewise to be tepid baths for the purpose mentioned above4 ,indeed it is the practice of some countries to throw cold water over the patient as soon as he comes out of the warm bath2 but though this may not injure a ,russian peasant1 we dare not recommend it to the inhabitants of this country4 ,the ancient ,greeks and ,romans1 we are told1 when covered with sweat and dust1 used to plunge into rivers1 without receiving the smallest injury4 ,though they might often escape danger from this imprudent conduct1 yet it was certainly contrary to sound reason4 ,i have known many robust men throw away their lives by such an attempt4 ,we would not however advise patients to go into the cold water when the body is chilly2 as much exercise1 at least1 ought to be taken1 as may excite a gentle glow all over the body1 but by no means so as to overheat it4 ,to young people1 and particularly to children1 cold bathing is of the last importance4 ,their lax fibres render its tonic powers peculiarly proper4 ,it promotes their growth1 increases their strength#bjf1 and prevents a variety of diseases incident to childhood4 ,were infants early accustomed to the cold bath1 it would seldom disagree with them2 and we should see fewer instances of the scrofula1 rickets1 and other diseases1 which prove fatal to many1 and make others miserable for life4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 these disorders render infants incapable of bearing the shock of cold water2 but this is owing to their not having been early and regularly accustomed to it4 ,it is however necessary here to caution young men against too frequent bathing2 as ,i have known many fatal consequences result from the daily practice of plunging into rivers1 and continuing there too long4 ,the most proper time of the day for using the cold bath is no doubt the morning1 or at least before dinner2 and the best mode1 that of quick immersion4 ,as cold bathing has a constant tendency to propel the blood and other humours towards the head1 it ought to be a rule always to wet that part as soon as possible4 ,by due attention to this circumstance1 there is reason to believe1 that violent head-achs1 and other complaints1 which frequently proceed from cold bathing1 might be often prevented4 ,the cold bath1 when too long-continued in1 not only occasions an excessive flux of humours towards the head1 but chills the blood1 cramps the muscles1 relaxes the nerves1 and wholly defeats the intention of bathing4 ,hence1 by not adverting to this circumstance1 expert swimmers are often injured1 and sometimes even lose their lives4 ,all the beneficial purposes of cold bathing are answered by one immersion at a time2 and the patient ought to be rubbed dry the moment he comes out of the water1 and should continue to take exercise for some time after4 ,when cold bathing occasions chillness1 loss of appetite1 listlessness1 pain of the breast or bowels1 a prostration of strength1 or violent head-achs1 it ought to be discontinued4 ,though these hints are by no means intended to point out all the cases where cold bathing may be hurtful1 nor to illustrate its extensive utility as a medicine2 yet it is hoped they may serve to guard people against some of those errors into which1 from mere inattention1 they are apt to fall1 and thereby not only endanger their own lives1 but bring an excellent medicine into disrepute4 ,of drinking the ,mineral ,waters4 ,the internal use of water1 as a medicine1 is no less an object of the physician's attention than the external4 ,pure elementary water is indeed the most inoffensive of all liquors1 and constitutes a principal part of the food of every animal4 ,but this element is often impregnated with substances of a very active and penetrating nature2 and of such an insidious quality1 that1 while they promote certain secretions1 and even alleviate some disagreeable symptoms1 they weaken the powers of life1 undermine the constitution1 and lay the foundation of worse diseases than those which they were employed to remove4 ,of this every practitioner must have seen instances2 and physicians of eminence have more than once declared that they have known more diseases occasioned than removed by the use of mineral waters4 ,this doubtless has proceeded from the abuse of these powerful medicines1 which evinces the necessity of using them with caution4 ,by examining the contents of the mineral waters which are most used in this country1 we shall be enabled to form an idea of the danger which may arise from an improper application of them either externally or internally1 though it is to the latter of these that the present observations are chiefly confined4 ,the waters most in use for medical purposes in ,britain1 are those impregnated with salts1 sulphur1 iron1 and mephitic air1 either separately1 or variously combined4 ,of these the most powerful is the saline sulphureous water of ,harrowgate1 of which ,i have had more occasion to observe the pernicious consequences1 when improperly used1 than of any other4 ,to this1 therefore1 the following remarks will more immediately relate1 though they will be found applicable to all the purging waters in the kingdom which are strong enough to merit attention#bjg4 ,the errors which so often defeat the intention of drinking the purgative mineral waters1 and which so frequently prove injurious to the patient1 proceed from the manner of using them1 the quantity taken1 the regimen pursued1 or using them in cases where they are not proper4 ,a very hurtful prejudice still prevails in this country1 that all diseases must be cured by medicines taken into the stomach1 and that the more violently these medicines operate1 they are the more likely to have the desired effect4 ,this opinion has proved fatal to thousands1 and will1 in all probability1 destroy many more before it can be wholly eradicated4 ,purging is often useful in acute diseases1 and in chronical cases may pave the way for the operation of other medicines2 but it will seldom perform a cure2 and by exhausting the strength of the patient1 will often leave him in a worse condition than it found him4 ,that this is frequently the case with regard to the more active mineral waters1 every person conversant in these matters will readily allow4 ,strong stimulants applied to the stomach and bowels for a length of time1 must tend to weaken and destroy their energy2 and what stimulants are more active than salt and sulphur1 especially when these substances are intimately combined1 and carried through the system by the penetrating medium of water8 ,those bowels must be strong indeed1 which can withstand the daily operation of such active principles for months together1 and not be injured4 ,this however is the plan pursued by most of those who drink the purging mineral waters1 and whose circumstances will permit them to continue long enough at those fashionable places of resort4 ,many people imagine that every thing depends on the quantity of water taken1 and that the more they drink they will the sooner get well4 ,this is an egregious error2 for1 while the unhappy patient thinks he is by this means eradicating his disorder1 he is often in fact undermining the powers of life1 and ruining his constitution4 ,indeed nothing can do this so effectually as weakening the powers of digestion by the improper application of strong stimulants4 ,the very essence of health depends on the digestive organs performing their due functions1 and the most tedious maladies are all connected with indigestion4 ,drinking the water in too great quantity1 not only injures the bowels and occasions indigestion1 but generally defeats the intention for which it is taken4 ,the diseases for the cure of which mineral waters are chiefly celebrated1 are mostly of the chronic kind2 and it is well known that such diseases can only be cured by the slow operation of alteratives1 or such medicines as act by inducing a gradual change in the habit4 ,this requires length of time1 and never can be effected by medicines which run off by stool1 and operate chiefly on the first passages4 ,those who wish for the cure of any obstinate malady from the mineral waters1 ought to take them in such a manner as hardly to produce any effect whatever on the bowels4 ,with this view a half-pint glass may be drank at bed-time#bjh1 and the same quantity an hour before breakfast1 dinner1 and supper4 ,the dose1 however1 must vary according to circumstances4 ,even the quantity mentioned above will purge some persons1 while others will drink twice as much without being in the least moved by it4 ,its operation on the bowels is the only standard for using the water as an alterative4 ,no more ought to be taken than barely to move the body2 nor is it always necessary to carry it this length1 provided the water goes off by the other emunctories1 and does not occasion a chillness1 or flatulency in the stomach or bowels4 ,when the water is intended to purge1 the quantity mentioned above may be all taken before breakfast4 ,i would not only caution patients who drink the purging mineral waters over night to avoid heavy suppers1 but also from eating heavy meals at any time4 ,the stimulus of water1 impregnated with salts1 seems to create a false appetite4 ,i have seen a delicate person1 after drinking the ,harrowgate waters of a morning1 eat a breakfast sufficient to have served two ploughmen1 devour a plentiful dinner of flesh and fish1 and1 to crown all1 eat such a supper as might have satisfied a hungry porter4 ,all this1 indeed1 the stomach seemed to crave2 but this craving had better remain not quite satisfied1 than that the stomach should be loaded with what exceeds its powers4 ,to starve patients was never my plans2 but ,i am clearly of opinion1 that1 in the use of all the purging mineral waters1 a light and rather diluting diet is the most proper2 and that no person1 during such a course1 ought to eat to the full extent to what his appetite craves4 ,to promote the operation of mineral waters1 and to carry them through the system1 exercise is indispensably necessary4 ,this may be taken in any manner that is most agreeable to the patient2 but he ought never to carry it to excess4 ,the best kinds of exercise are those connected with amusement4 ,every thing that tends to exhilarate the spirits1 not only promotes the operation of the waters1 but acts as a medicine4 ,all who resort to the mineral waters ought therefore to leave every care behind1 to mix with the company1 and to make themselves as cheerful and happy as possible4 ,from this conduct1 assisted by the free and wholesome air of those fashionable places of resort1 and also the regular and early hours which are usually kept1 the patient often receives more benefit than from using the waters4 ,but the greatest errors in drinking the purging mineral waters arise from their being used in cases where they are absolutely improper1 and adverse to the nature of the disease4 ,when people hear of a wonderful cure having been performed by some mineral water1 they immediately conclude that it will cure every thing1 and accordingly swallow it down1 when they might as well take poison4 ,patients ought to be well informed1 before they begin to drink the more active kinds of mineral waters1 of the propriety of the course1 and should never persist in using them when they are found to aggravate the disorder4 ,in all cases where purging is indicated1 the saline mineral waters will be found to fulfil this intention better than any other medicine4 ,their operation1 if taken in proper quantity1 is generally mild2 and they are neither found to irritate the nerves1 nor debilitate the patient so much as the other purgatives4 ,as a purgative1 these waters are chiefly recommended in diseases of the first passages1 accompanied with1 or proceeding from1 inactivity of the stomach and bowels1 acidity1 indigestion1 vitiated bile1 worms1 putrid sordes1 the piles1 and jaundice4 ,in most cases of this kind they are the best medicines that can be administered4 ,but when used with this view1 it is sufficient to take them twice1 or at most three times a-week1 so as to move the body three or four times2 and it will be proper to continue this course for some weeks4 ,but the operation of the more active mineral waters is not confined to the bowels4 ,they often promote the discharge of urine1 and not unfrequently increase the perspiration4 ,this shews that they are capable of penetrating into every part of the body1 and of stimulating the whole system4 ,hence arises their efficacy in removing the most obstinate of all disorders1 obstructions of the glandular and lymphatic system4 ,under this class is comprehended the scrofula or ,king's evil1 indolent tumours1 obstructions of the liver1 spleen1 kidnies1 and mesenteric glands4 ,when these great purposes are to be effected1 the waters must be used in the gradual manner mentioned above1 and persisted in for a length of time4 ,it will be proper however now and then to discontinue their use for a few days4 ,the next great class of diseases where mineral waters are found to be beneficial1 are those of the skin1 as the itch1 scab1 tetters1 ringworms1 scaly eruptions1 leprosies1 blotches1 foul ulcers1 c4 ,though these may seem superficial1 yet they are often the most obstinate which the physician has to encounter1 and not unfrequently set his skill at defiance3 but they will sometimes yield to the application of mineral waters for a sufficient length of time1 and in most cases of this kind these waters deserve a trial4 ,the saline sulphureous waters1 such as those of ,moffat in ,scotland1 and ,harrowgate in ,england1 are the most likely to succeed in diseases of the skin2 but for this purpose it will be necessary not only to drink the waters1 but likewise to use them externally4 ,to enumerate more particularly the qualities of the different mineral waters1 to specify those diseases in which they are respectively indicated1 and to point out their proper modes of application1 would be an useful1 and by no means a disagreeable employment2 but as the limits prescribed to these remarks will not allow me to treat the subject at more length1 ,i shall conclude by observing1 that whenever the mineral waters are found to exhaust the strength1 depress the spirits1 take away the appetite1 excite fevers1 distend the bowels1 or occasion a cough1 they ought to be discontinued4 ,these ,cautions having been printed and sold separately for the accommodation of those who had purchased the former editions of this book1 has induced some persons to consider them as a ,treatise on sea-bathing and drinking the mineral waters2 whereas the author's sole intention was to furnish a few general hints to persons who frequent those fashionable places of resort1 without putting themselves under the care of a physician4 ,as he looks upon this subject however to be of the greatest importance to the sick1 he pledges himself to treat it at more length on a future occasion4 ,,appendix3 ,,containing ,a ,list of ,simples and of such ,medicinal ,preparations as ought to be kept in ,readiness for private ,practice3 ,the ,method of preparing and compounding such ,medicines as are recommended in the former ,part of the ,book1 with the ,addition of several others of a similar ,nature3 ,remarks on the ,doses1 ,uses1 and ,manner of applying the different ,preparations4 ,medicamentorum varietas ignoranti filia est4 ,,bacon4 ,,introduction4 ,ignorance and superstition have attributed extraordinary medical virtues to almost every production of nature4 ,that such virtues were often imaginary1 time and experience have sufficiently shewn4 ,physicians1 however1 from a veneration for antiquity1 still retain in their lists of medicine many things which owe their reputation entirely to the superstition and credulity of our ancestors4 ,the instruments of medicine will always be multiplied1 in proportion to men's ignorance of the nature and cause of diseases3 when these are sufficiently understood1 the method of cure will be simple and obvious4 ,ignorance of the real nature and permanent properties of those substances employed in the cure of diseases1 is another reason why they have been so greatly multiplied4 ,physicians thought they could effect by a number of ingredients1 what could not be done by any one of them4 ,hence arose those amazing farragos which have so long disgraced the medical art1 and which were esteemed powerful in proportion to the number of simples that entered their composition4 ,the great variety of forms into which almost every article of medicine has been manufactured1 affords another proof of the imperfection of the medical art4 ,a drug which is perhaps most efficacious in the simplest form in which it can be administered1 has been nevertheless served up in so many different shapes1 that one would be induced to think the whole art of physic lay in exhibiting medicine under as many different modes as possible4 ,different forms of medicine1 no doubt1 have their use2 but they ought never to be wantonly increased4 ,they are by no means so necessary as is generally imagined4 ,a few grains of powdered rhubarb1 jalap1 or ipecacuanha1 will actually perform all that can be done by the different preparations of these roots1 and may also be exhibited in as safe and agreeable a manner4 ,the same observation holds with regard to the ,peruvian bark1 and many other simples of which the preparations are very numerous4 ,multiplying the ingredients of a medicine1 not only renders it more expensive1 but also less certain1 both in its dose and operation4 ,nor is this all4 ,the compound1 when kept1 is apt to spoil1 or acquire qualities of a different nature4 ,when a medicine is rendered more safe1 efficacious1 or agreeable1 by the addition of another1 they ought1 no doubt1 to be joined2 in all other cases1 they are better kept asunder4 ,the combination of medicines embarrasses the physician1 and retards the progress of medical knowledge4 ,it is impossible to ascertain the precise effect of any one medicine1 as long as it is combined with others1 either of a similar or dissimilar nature4 ,in the exhibition of medicine1 regard should not only be had to simplicity1 but likewise to elegance4 ,patients seldom reap much benefit from things that are highly disagreeable to their senses4 ,to taste or smell like a drug1 is become a proverb2 and to say truth1 there is too much ground for it4 ,indeed no art can take away the disagreeable taste and flavour of some drugs1 without entirely destroying their efficacy3 it is possible1 however1 to render many medicines less disgustful1 and others even agreeable2 an object highly deserving the attention of all who administer medicine4 ,the design of the following pages is1 to exhibit such a list of drugs and medicines as may be necessary for private practice4 ,they are considerably more numerous indeed than those recommended in the former part of the ,book1 but are still greatly within the number contained in the most reformed dispensatories4 ,the same medicine is seldom exhibited under different forms2 and where different medicines answer nearly the same intention1 there is commonly no more than one of them retained4 ,multiplying forms of medicine for the same intention tends rather to bewilder than assist the young practitioner1 and the experienced physician can never be at a loss to vary his prescriptions as occasion requires4 ,the chemical and other difficult preparations are for the most part omitted4 ,all of them that are used by any private practitioner are not worth preparing4 ,he will buy them much cheaper than he can make them4 ,great care however is necessary to obtain them genuine4 ,they are often adulterated1 and ought never to be purchased unless from persons of known veracity4 ,such of them as are in common use are inserted in the list of drugs and medicines4 ,their proper doses and manner of application1 are mentioned in the practical part of the ,book1 wherever they are prescribed4 ,such articles of medicine as are to be found in the house or garden of almost every peasant1 as barley1 eggs1 onions1 c4 are likewise1 for the most part1 omitted4 ,it is needless to swell a list of medicines with such things as can be obtained whenever they are wanted1 and which spoil by being kept4 ,the preparations made and sold by distillers and confectioners are also generally left out4 ,these people1 by operating upon a larger plan1 generally make things better1 while it is in their power to afford them much cheaper1 than they can be prepared by any private hand4 ,the quantity ordered of every medicine is as small as could well be prepared1 both to prevent unnecessary expence1 and that the medicine might not spoil by keeping4 ,almost every medicine suffers by being kept1 and should be used as soon after it has been prepared as possible4 ,even simple drugs are apt to spoil1 and should therefore be laid in in small quantities2 they either rot1 are consumed by insects1 or evaporate so as to lose their peculiar taste or flavour1 and often become quite insignificant4 ,in the preparation of medicines1 ,i have generally followed the most improved dispensatories2 but have taken the liberty to differ from them wherever my own observations1 or those of other practical writers1 on whose judgment ,i could depend1 suggested an improvement4 ,in several compositions1 the ingredient on which the efficacy of the medicine principally depends is increased1 while the auxiliaries1 which are generally ordered in such trifling quantities as to be of no importance1 are left out1 or only such of them retained as are necessary to give the medicine a proper consistence1 or the like4 ,the colouring ingredients are likewise for the most part omitted4 ,they increase the bulk and price of the medicine2 without adding any thing to its value4 ,it would be well if they were never used at all4 ,medicines are often adulterated for the sake of a colour4 ,acrid and even poisonous substances are1 for this purpose1 sometimes introduced into those medicines which ought to be most bland and emollient4 ,ointment of elder1 for example1 is often mixed with verdegrise to give it a fine green colour1 which entirely frustrates the intention of that mild ointment4 ,those who wish to obtain genuine medicines should pay no regard to their colour4 ,some regard is likewise paid to expence4 ,such ingredients as greatly increase the price of any composition1 without adding considerably to its virtue1 are generally either omitted1 or somewhat less expensive substituted in their place4 ,medicines are by no means powerful in proportion to their price4 ,the cheapest are often the best2 besides1 they are the least apt to be adulterated1 and are always most readily obtained4 ,with regard to the method of compounding medicines1 ,i have generally followed that which seemed to be the most simple and natural1 mentioning the different steps of the process in the same order in which they ought to be taken1 without paying an implicit regard to the method of other dispensatories4 ,for many of the remarks concerning the preparation1 c4 of medicines1 ,i have been obliged to the author of the ,new ,dispensatory4 ,the other observations are either such as have occurred to myself in practice1 or have been suggested in the course of reading1 by authors whose names ,i am not able distinctly to recollect4 ,i have followed the alphabetical order1 both with regard to the simples and preparations4 ,a more scientific method would have been agreeable to some persons1 but less useful to the generality of readers4 ,the different classes of medicine have no great dependance upon one another2 and1 where they have1 it is hard to say which should stand first or last2 no doubt the simple preparations ought to precede the more compound4 ,but all the advantages arising from this method of arrangement do not appear equal to that single one1 of being able1 on the first opening of the book1 to find out any article1 which1 by the alphabetical order1 is rendered quite easy4 ,the dose of every medicine is mentioned whenever it appeared necessary4 ,when this is omitted it is to be understood that the medicine may be used at discretion4 ,the dose mentioned is always for an adult1 unless when the contrary is expressed4 ,it is not an easy matter to proportion the doses of medicine exactly to the different ages1 constitutions1 c4 of patients2 but1 happily for mankind1 mathematical exactness here is by no means necessary4 ,several attempts have been made to ascertain the proportional doses for the different ages and constitutions of patients2 but1 after all that can be said upon this subject1 a great deal must be left to the judgment and skill of the person who administers the medicine4 ,the following general proportions may be observed2 but they are by no means intended for exact rules4 ,a patient between twenty and fourteen may take two thirds of the dose ordered for an adult2 from fourteen to nine1 one half2 from nine to six1 one-third2 from six to four1 one-fourth2 from four to two1 one-sixth2 from two to one1 a tenth2 and below one1 a twelfth4 ,dispensatories are usually written in the ,latin language4 ,even authors who write in ,english1 generally give their prescriptions in ,latin2 and some of them shew so great an attachment to that language1 as first to write their recipes in it1 and afterwards translate them2 while others1 to compromise the matter1 write the one half in ,latin and the other in ,english4 ,what peculiar charm a medical prescription1 when written in ,latin1 may have1 ,i shall not pretend to say2 but have ventured to make use of the plainest ,english ,i could1 and hope my prescriptions will succeed no worse for it4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the ,apothecary's weights1 and the ,english wine measures1 are used throughout the whole book1 the different denominations of which will appear from the following ,table3 ,a pound contains twelve ounces4 ,an ounce eight drachms4 ,a drachm three scruples4 ,a scruple twenty grains4 ,a gallon contains eight pints4 ,a pint sixteen ounces4 ,an ounce eight drachms4 ,a spoonful is the measure of half an ounce4 ,a ,,list of ,,simples1 and of such ,,medicinal ,,preparations1 as ought to be kept in readiness for private ,practice4 ,agaric ,alum ,antimony1 crude ---- cinnabar of ---- sulphur of ,balsam of ,capivi ---- of ,peru ---- of ,tolu ,bark1 cascarilla ---- cinnamon ---- mezereon ---- ,peruvian ---- ,winter's1 or canella alba ,borax ,calamine stone1 levigated ,castor1 ,russian ,caustic1 common ---- lunar ,earth1 ,fuller's ---- ,japan ---- ,armenian bole ---- ,french ditto ,extracts of gentian ---- of guaiacum ---- of hellebore1 black ---- of hemlock ---- of jalap ---- of liquorice ---- of ,peruvian bark ---- of poppies ---- of wormwood ,flowers of camomile ---- colt's foot ---- elder ---- rosemary ---- damask roses ---- red ditto ,fruits1 almonds ---- bitter apple ---- cassia fistularis ---- ,curassao oranges ---- figs1 dried ---- ,french prunes ---- ,jamaica pepper ---- juniper berries ---- nutmegs ---- tamarinds ,gums1 aloes ---- ammoniac1 in tears ---- arabic ---- asaftida ---- camphor ---- galbanum ---- gamboge ---- guaiacum ---- kino ---- myrrh ---- opium ,hartshorn1 calcined ---- shavings of ,herbs1 lesser centaury ---- peppermint ---- spearmint ---- penny-royal ---- savin ---- trefoil ---- uva ursi ---- wormwood ,lead1 ,litharge ---- white ---- sugar of ,lemon-peel ,mace ,magnesia alba ,manna ,mercury1 crude ---- calcinated ---- thiop's mineral ---- calomel ---- corrosive sublimate ---- red precipitate ---- white ditto ,musk ,oil1 essential1 of amber ---- ---- of annise ---- ---- of cinnamon ---- ---- of juniper ---- ---- of lemon-peel ---- ---- of peppermint ---- expressed1 of almonds ---- ---- of linseed ,oil of olives1 or ,florence oil ---- of palms ---- of turpentine ,orange-peel ,oyster-shells prepared ,poppy-heads ,resins1 benzoin ---- ---- flowers of ---- ,burgundy pitch ---- dragon's blood ---- frankincense ---- liquid storax ---- white1 or rosin ---- scammony ,roots1 birthwort ---- calamus aromaticus ---- contrayerva ---- garlic ---- gentian ---- ginger ---- hellebore1 black1 white ---- jalap ---- ipecacuanha ---- lily1 white ---- liquorice ---- marsh-mallow ---- mezerion ---- rhubarb ---- sarsaparilla ---- seneka ---- squills ---- tormentil ---- turmeric ---- ,virginian snake ---- wild valerian ---- zedoary ,saffron ,sal ammoniac1 crude ---- volatile ,salt1 ,epsom ---- of ,glauber ---- of hartshorn ---- nitre1 purified1 or prunel ---- ,polychrest ---- ,rochel ---- of tartar ,seeds1 anise ---- carraway ---- cardamom ---- coriander ---- cummin ---- mustard ---- sweet fennel ---- wild carrot ,senna ,spanish flies ,sperma ceti ,spirits1 thereal1 or ther ---- of hartshorn ---- of lavender1 compound ---- of nitre ---- ditto dulcified ---- of sal ammoniac ---- of sea salt ---- of vinegar ---- of vitriol ---- of wine rectified ---- volatile aromatic ,steel1 filings of ---- rust of1 prepared ---- soluble salt of ,sulphur vivum ---- balsam of ,sulphur1 flowers of ,tar ---- ,barbadoes ,tartar1 cream of ---- emetic ---- soluble ---- vitriolated ,tin prepared ,tutty1 levigated ,turpentine1 ,venice ,verdegrise ,vitriol1 green ---- blue ---- white ,wax1 white ---- yellow ,woods1 guaiacum ---- logwood ---- sassafras ---- saunders1 red ,zinc1 flowers of ,,medicinal ,,preparations4 ,,balsams4 ,the subject of this section is not the natural balsams1 but certain compositions1 which1 from their being supposed to possess balsamic qualities1 generally go by that name4 ,this class of medicines was formerly very numerous1 and held in great esteem3 modern practice1 however1 has justly reduced it to a very narrow compass4 ,anodyne ,balsam4 ,take of white ,spanish soap1 one ounce2 opium1 unprepared1 two drachms2 rectified spirit of wine1 nine ounces4 ,digest them together in a gentle heat for three days2 then strain off the liquor1 and add to it three drachms of camphor4 ,this balsam1 as its title expresses1 is intended to ease pain4 ,it is of service in violent strains and rheumatic complaints1 when not attended with inflammation4 ,it must be rubbed with a warm hand on the part affected2 or a linen rag moistened with it may be applied to the part1 and renewed every third or fourth hour1 till the pain abates4 ,if the opium is left out1 this will be the saponacious balsam4 ,locatelli's ,balsam4 ,take of olive oil1 one pint2 ,strasburg turpentine and yellow wax1 of each half a pound2 red saunders1 six drachms4 ,melt the wax with some part of the oil over a gentle fire2 then adding the remaining part of the oil and the turpentine2 afterwards mix in the saunders1 previously reduced to a powder1 and keep them stirring together till the balsam is cold4 ,this balsam is recommended in erosions of the intestines1 the dysentery1 hmorrhages1 internal bruises1 and in some complaints of the breast4 ,outwardly it is used for healing and cleansing wounds and ulcers4 ,the dose1 when taken internally1 is from two scruples to two drachms4 ,the vulnerary ,balsam4 ,take of benzoin1 powdered1 three ounces2 balsam of ,peru1 two ounces2 hepatic aloes1 in powder1 half an ounce2 rectified spirit of wine1 two pints4 ,digest them in a gentle heat for three days1 and then strain the balsam4 ,this balsam1 or rather tincture1 is applied externally to heal recent wounds and bruises4 ,it is likewise employed internally to remove coughs1 asthmas1 and other complaints of the breast4 ,it is said to ease the colic1 cleanse the kidnies1 and to heal internal ulcers1 c4 ,the dose is from twenty to sixty drops4 ,this1 though a medicine of some value1 does not deserve the extravagant encomiums which have been bestowed on it4 ,it has been celebrated under the different names of ,the ,commander's ,balsam1 ,persian ,balsam1 ,balsam of ,berne1 ,wade's ,balsam1 ,friar's ,balsam1 ,jesuit's ,drops1 ,turlington's ,drops1 c4 ,,boluses4 ,as boluses are intended for immediate use1 volatile salts and other ingredients improper for being kept1 are admitted into their composition4 ,they are generally composed of powders1 with a proper quantity of syrup1 conserve1 or mucilage4 ,the lighter powders are commonly made up with syrup1 and the more ponderous1 as mercury1 c4 with conserve2 but those of the lighter kind would be more conveniently made up with mucilage1 as it increases their bulk less than the other additions1 and likewise occasions the medicine to pass down more easily4 ,astringent ,bolus4 ,take of alum1 in powder1 fifteen grains2 gum kino1 five grains2 syrup1 a sufficient quantity to make a bolus4 ,in an excessive flow of the menses1 and other violent discharges of blood1 proceeding from relaxation1 this bolus may be given every four or five hours1 till the discharge abates4 ,diaphoretic ,bolus4 ,take of gum guaiacum1 in powder1 ten grains2 flowers of sulphur and cream of tartar1 of each one scruple2 simple syrup1 a sufficient quantity4 ,in rheumatic complaints1 and disorders of the skin1 this bolus may be taken twice a day4 ,it will also be of service in the inflammatory quinsey4 ,mercurial ,bolus4 ,take of calomel1 six grains2 conserve of roses1 half a drachm4 ,make a bolus4 ,where mercury is necessary1 this bolus may be taken twice or thrice a week4 ,it may be taken over night2 and if it does not operate1 a few grains of jalap will be proper next day to carry it off4 ,bolus of ,rhubarb and ,mercury4 ,take of the best rhubarb1 in powder1 from a scruple to half a drachm2 of calomel1 from four to six grains2 simple syrup1 a sufficient quantity to make a bolus4 ,this is a proper purge in hypochondriac constitutions2 but its principal intention is to expel worms4 ,where a stronger purge is necessary1 jalap may be used instead of the rhubarb4 ,pectoral ,bolus4 ,take of sperma-ceti1 a scruple2 gum ammoniac1 ten grains2 salt of hartshorn1 six grains2 simple syrup1 as much as will make them into a bolus4 ,this bolus is given in colds and coughs of long standing1 asthmas1 and beginning consumptions of the lungs4 ,it is generally proper to bleed the patient before he begins to use it4 ,purging ,bolus4 ,take of jalap1 in powder1 a scruple2 cream of tartar1 two scruples4 ,let them be rubbed together1 and formed into a bolus1 with simple syrup4 ,where a mild purge is wanted1 this will answer the purpose very well4 ,if a stronger dose is necessary1 the jalap may be increased to half a drachm or upwards4 ,,cataplasms ,,and ,,sinapisms4 ,cataplasms possess few or no virtues superior to a poultice1 which may be so made1 as1 in most cases1 to supply their place4 ,they are chiefly intended either to act as discutients1 or to promote suppuration2 and as they may be of service in some cases1 we shall give a specimen of each kind4 ,discutient ,cataplasm4 ,take of barley-meal1 six ounces2 fresh hemlock leaves1 bruised2 two ounces2 vinegar1 a sufficient quantity4 ,boil the meal and hemlock in the vinegar for a little1 and then add two drachms of the sugar of lead4 ,ripening ,cataplasm4 ,take of white lily root1 four ounces2 fat figs and raw onions1 bruised1 of each one ounce2 yellow basilicum ointment1 two ounces2 gum galbanum1 half an ounce2 linseed meal1 as much as necessary4 ,boil the roots along with the figs in a sufficient quantity of water2 then bruise and add to them the other ingredients1 so as to form the whole into a soft cataplasm4 ,the galbanum must be previously dissolved with the yolk of an egg4 ,where it is necessary to promote suppuration1 this cataplasm may be used by those who chuse to be at the trouble and expence of making it4 ,for my part1 ,i have never found any application more proper for this purpose than a poultice of bread and milk1 with a sufficient quantity of either boiled or raw onion in it1 and softened with oil or fresh butter4 ,sinapisms4 ,sinapisms are employed to recal the blood and spirits to a weak part1 as in the palsy and atrophy4 ,they are also of service in deep-seated pains1 as the sciatica1 c4 ,when the gout seizes the head or the stomach1 they are applied to the feet to bring the disorder to these parts4 ,they are likewise applied to the patient's soles in the low state of fevers4 ,they should not be suffered to lie on1 however1 till they have raised blisters1 but till the parts become red1 and will continue so when pressed with the finger4 ,the sinapism is only a poultice made with vinegar instead of milk1 and rendered warm and stimulating by the addition of mustard1 horse-radish1 or garlic4 ,the common sinapism is made by taking crumb of bread and mustard-seed in powder1 of each equal quantities2 strong vinegar1 as much as is sufficient1 and mixing them so as to make a poultice4 ,when sinapisms of a more stimulating nature are wanted1 a little bruised garlic may be added to the above4 ,,clysters4 ,this class of medicines is of more importance than is generally imagined4 clysters serve1 not only to evacuate the contents of the belly1 but also to convey very active medicines into the system4 ,opium1 for example1 may be administered in this way when it will not sit upon the stomach1 and also in larger doses than at any time it can be taken by the mouth4 ,the ,peruvian bark may likewise be1 with good effect1 administered in form of clyster to persons who cannot take it by the mouth4 ,a simple clyster can seldom do hurt1 and there are many cases where it may do much good4 ,a clyster even of warm water1 by serving as a fomentation to the parts1 may be of considerable service in inflammations of the bladder1 and the lower intestines1 c4 ,some substances1 as the smoke of tobacco1 may be thrown into the bowels in this way1 which cannot by any other means whatever4 ,this may be easily effected by means of a pair of hand-bellows1 with an apparatus fitted to them for that purpose4 ,nor is the use of clysters confined to medicines4 ,aliment may also be conveyed in this way4 ,persons unable to swallow1 have been1 for a considerable time1 supported by clysters4 ,emollient ,clyster4 ,take of linseed-tea and new milk1 each six ounces4 ,mix them4 ,if fifty or sixty drops of laudanum be added to this1 it will supply the place of the ,anodyne ,clyster4 ,laxative ,clyster4 ,take of milk and water1 each six ounces2 sweet oil or fresh butter1 and brown sugar1 of each two ounces4 ,mix them4 ,if an ounce of ,glauber's salt1 or two table-spoonfuls of common salt1 be added to this1 it will be the ,purging ,clyster4 ,carminative ,clyster4 ,take of camomile flowers1 an ounce2 anise-seeds1 half an ounce4 ,boil in a pint and a half of water to one pint4 ,in hysteric and hypochondriac complaints this may be administered instead of the ,ftid ,clyster1 the smell of which is so disagreeable to most patients4 ,oily ,clyster4 ,to four ounces of the infusion of camomile flowers1 add an equal quantity of ,florence oil4 ,this clyster is beneficial in bringing off the small worms lodged in the lower parts of the alimentary canal4 ,when given to children the quantity must be proportionably lessened4 ,starch ,clyster4 ,take jelly of starch1 four ounces2 linseed oil1 half an ounce4 ,liquify the jelly over a gentle fire1 and then mix in the oil4 ,in the dysentery or bloody flux1 this clyster may be administered after every loose stool1 to heal the ulcerated intestines and blunt the sharpness of corroding humours4 ,forty or fifty drops of laudanum may be occasionally added2 in which case1 it will generally supply the place of the ,astringent ,clyster4 ,turpentine ,clyster4 ,take of common decoction1 ten ounces2 ,venice turpentine1 dissolved with the yolk of an egg1 half an ounce2 ,florence oil1 one ounce4 ,mix them4 ,this diuretic clyster is proper in obstructions of the urinary passages1 and in colicky complaints1 proceeding from gravel4 ,vinegar ,clyster4 ,this clyster is made by mixing three ounces of vinegar with five of water-gruel4 ,it answers all the purposes of a common clyster1 with the peculiar advantage of being proper either in inflammatory or putrid disorders1 especially in the latter4 ,we think it unnecessary to give more examples of this class of medicines1 as ingredients adapted to any particular intention may be occasionally added to one or other of the above forms4 ,,collyria1 or ,,eye-,,waters4 ,eye-waters have been multiplied without number1 almost every person pretending to be possessed of some secret preparation for the cure of sore eyes4 ,i have examined many of them1 and find that they are pretty much alike1 the basis of most of them being either alum1 vitriol1 or lead4 ,their effects evidently are1 to brace and restore the tone of the parts2 hence they are principally of service in slight inflammations2 and in that relaxed state of the parts which is induced by obstinate ones4 ,camphor is commonly added to these compositions2 but as it seldom incorporates properly with the water1 it can be of little use4 ,boles and other earthy substances1 as they do not dissolve in water1 are likewise unfit for this purpose4 ,collyrium of ,alum4 ,take of alum1 half a drachm2 agitate it well together with the white of one egg4 ,this is the ,collyrium of ,riverius4 ,it is used in inflammation of the eyes1 to allay heat1 and restrain the flux of humours4 ,it must be spread upon linen1 and applied to the eyes2 but should not be kept on above three or four hours at a time4 ,vitriolic ,collyrium4 ,take of white vitriol1 half a drachm2 rose-water1 six ounces4 ,dissolve the vitriol in the water1 and filter the liquor4 ,this1 though simple1 is perhaps equal in virtue to most of the celebrated collyria4 ,it is an useful application in weak1 watery1 and inflamed eyes4 ,though the slighter inflammations will generally yield to it1 yet in those of a more obstinate nature the assistance of bleeding and blistering will often be necessary4 ,when a strong astringent is judged proper1 a double or triple quantity of the vitriol may be used4 ,i have seen a solution of four times the strength of the above used with manifest advantage4 ,collyrium of ,lead4 ,take sugar of lead1 and crude sal ammoniac1 of each four grains4 ,dissolve them in eight ounces of common water4 ,forty or fifty drops of laudanum may be occasionally added to this collyrium4 ,those who chuse may substitute instead of this the collyrium of lead recommended by ,goulard2 which is made by putting twenty-five drops of his ,extract of ,lead to eight ounces of water1 and adding a tea-spoonful of brandy4 ,indeed1 common water and brandy1 without any other addition1 will in many cases answer very well as a collyrium4 ,an ounce of the latter may be added to five or six ounces of the former2 and the eyes1 if weak1 bathed with it night and morning4 ,,confections4 ,confections containing above sixty ingredients are still to be found in some of the most reformed dispensatories4 ,as most of their intentions1 however1 may be more certainly1 and as effectually answered by a few glasses of wine or grains of opium1 we shall pass over this class of medicines very slightly4 ,japonic ,confection4 ,take of ,japan earth1 three ounces2 tormentil root1 nutmeg1 olibanum1 of each two ounces2 opium dissolved in a sufficient quantity of ,lisbon wine1 a drachm and a half2 simple syrup and conserve of roles1 of each fourteen ounces4 ,mix and make them into an electuary4 ,this supplies the place of the ,diascordium4 ,the dose of this electuary is from a scruple to a drachm4 ,,conserves ,,and ,,preserves4 ,every ,apothecary's shop was formerly so full of these preparations1 that it might have passed for a confectioner's warehouse4 ,they possess very few medicinal properties1 and may rather be classed among sweetmeats than medicines4 ,they are sometimes1 however1 of use1 for reducing into boluses or pills some of the more ponderous powders1 as the preparations of iron1 mercury1 and tin4 ,conserves are compositions of fresh vegetables and sugar1 beaten together into an uniform mass4 ,in making these preparations1 the leaves of vegetables must be freed from their stalks1 the flowers from their cups1 and the yellow part of orange-peel taken off with a rasp4 ,they are then to be pounded in a marble mortar1 with a wooden pestle1 into a smooth mass2 after which1 thrice their weight of fine sugar is commonly added by degrees1 and the beating continued till they are uniformly mixed2 but the conserve will be better if only twice its weight of sugar be added4 ,those who prepare large quantities of conserve generally reduce the vegetables to a pulp by the means of a mill1 and afterwards beat them up with the sugar4 ,conserve of ,red ,roses4 ,take a pound of red rose buds1 cleared of their heels2 beat them well in a mortar1 and1 adding by degrees two pounds of double-refined sugar1 in powder1 make a conserve4 ,after the same manner are prepared the conserves of orange-peel1 rosemary flowers1 sea-wormwood1 of the leaves of wood-sorrel1 c4 ,the conserve of roses is one of the most agreeable and useful preparations belonging to this class4 ,a drachm or two of it1 dissolved in warm milk1 is ordered to be given as a gentle restringent in weakness of the stomach1 and likewise in phthisical coughs1 and spitting of blood4 ,to have any considerable effects1 however1 it must be taken in larger quantities4 ,conserve of ,sloes4 ,this may be made by boiling the sloes gently in water1 being careful to take them out before they burst2 afterwards expressing the juice1 and beating it up with three times its weight of fine sugar4 ,in relaxations of the uvula and glands of the throat1 this makes an excellent gargle1 and may be used at discretion4 ,preserves are made by steeping or boiling fresh vegetables first in water1 and afterwards in syrup1 or a solution of sugar4 ,the subject is either preserved moist in the syrup1 or taken out and dried1 that the sugar may candy upon it4 ,the last is the most useful method4 ,candied ,orange ,peel4 ,soak ,seville orange-peel in several waters1 till it loses its bitterness2 then boil it in a solution of double-refined sugar in water1 till it becomes tender and transparent4 ,candied lemon-peel is prepared in the same manner4 ,it is needless to add more of these preparations1 as they belong rather to the art of the confectioner than that of the apothecary4 ,,decoctions4 ,water readily extracts the gummy and saline parts of vegetables2 and though its action is chiefly confined to these1 yet the resinous and oily being intimately blended with the gummy and saline1 are in great part taken up along with them4 ,hence watery decoctions and infusions of vegetables1 constitute a large1 and not unuseful1 class of medicines4 ,although most vegetables yield their virtues to water1 as well by infusion as decoction1 yet the latter is often necessary1 as it saves time1 and does in a few minutes what the other would require hours1 and sometimes days1 to effect4 ,the medicines of this class are all intended for immediate use4 ,decoction of ,altha4 ,take of the roots of marsh-mallows1 moderately dried1 three ounces2 raisins of the sun1 one ounce2 water1 three pints4 ,boil the ingredients in the water till one-third of it is consumed2 afterwards strain the decoction and let it stand for some time to settle4 ,if the roots be thoroughly dried1 they must be boiled till one half the water be consumed4 ,in coughs1 and sharp defluctions upon the lungs1 this decoction may be used for ordinary drink4 ,the ,common ,decoction4 ,take of camomile flowers1 one ounce2 elder flowers1 and sweet fennel seeds1 of each half an ounce2 water1 two quarts4 ,boil them for a little1 and then strain the decoction4 ,a medicine equally good may be prepared by infusing the ingredients for some hours in boiling water4 ,this decoction is chiefly intended as the basis of clysters1 to which other ingredients may be occasionally added4 ,it will likewise serve as a common fomentation1 spirit of wine or other things being added in such quantity as the case may require4 ,decoction of ,logwood4 ,boil three ounces of the shavings1 or chips1 of logwood1 in four pints of water1 till one half the liquor is wasted4 ,two or three ounces of simple cinnamon-water may be added to this decoction4 ,in fluxes of the belly1 where the stronger astringents are improper1 a tea-cupful of this decoction may be taken with advantage three or four times a-day4 ,decoction of the ,bark4 ,boil an ounce of the ,peruvian bark1 grossly powdered1 in a pint and a half of water to one pint2 then strain the decoction4 ,if a tea-spoonful of the weak spirit of vitriol be added to this medicine1 it will render it both more agreeable and efficacious4 ,compound ,decoction of the ,bark4 ,take of ,peruvian bark and ,virginian snake-root1 grossly powdered1 each three drachms4 ,boil them in a pint of water to one half4 ,to the strained liquor add an ounce and a half of aromatic water4 ,sir ,john ,pringle recommends this as a proper medicine towards the decline of malignant fevers1 when the pulse is low1 the voice weak1 and the head affected with a stupor but with little delirium4 ,the dose is four spoonfuls every fourth or sixth hour4 ,decoction of ,sarsaparilla4 ,take of fresh sarsaparilla root1 sliced and bruised1 two ounces2 shavings of guaiacum wood1 one ounce4 ,boil over a slow fire1 in three quarts of water1 to one2 adding towards the end1 half an ounce of sassafras wood1 and three drachms of liquorice4 ,strain the decoction4 ,this may either be employed as an assistant to a course of mercurial alteratives1 or taken after the mercury has been used for some time4 ,it strengthens the stomach1 and restores flesh and vigour to habits emaciated by the venereal disease4 ,it may also be taken in the rheumatism1 and cutaneous disorders proceeding from foulness of the blood and juices4 ,for all these intentions it is greatly preferable to the ,decoction of ,woods4 ,this decoction may be taken1 from a pint and a half to two quarts in the day4 ,the following decoction is said to be similar to that used by ,kennedy1 in the cure of the venereal disease1 and may supply the place of ,lisbon diet drink3 ,take of sarsaparilla1 three ounces2 liquorice and mezereon root1 of each half an ounce2 shavings of guaiacum and sassafras wood1 of each one ounce2 crude antimony1 powdered1 an ounce and a half4 ,infuse these ingredients in eight pints of boiling water for twenty-four hours1 then boil them till one half of the water is consumed2 afterwards strain the decoction4 ,this decoction may be used in the same manner as the preceding4 ,decoction of ,seneka4 ,take of seneka rattle-snake root1 one ounce2 water1 a pint and a half4 ,boil to one pint1 and strain4 ,this decoction is recommended in the pleurisy1 dropsy1 rheumatism1 and some obstinate disorders of the skin4 ,the dose is two ounces1 three or four times a-day1 or oftner1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,white ,decoction4 ,take of the purest chalk1 in powder1 two ounces2 gum arabic1 half an ounce2 water1 three pints4 ,boil to one quart1 and strain the decoction4 ,this is a proper drink in acute diseases1 attended with1 or inclining to1 a looseness1 and where acidities abound in the stomach or bowels4 ,it is peculiarly proper for children when afflicted with sourness of the stomach1 and for persons who are subject to the heart-burn4 ,it may be sweetened with sugar1 as it is used1 and two or three ounces of simple cinnamon-water added to it4 ,an ounce of powdered chalk1 mixed with two pints of water1 will occasionally supply the place of this decoction1 and also of the chalk julep4 ,,draughts4 ,this is a proper form for exhibiting such medicines as are intended to operate immediately1 and which do not need to be frequently repeated2 as purges1 vomits1 and a few others1 which are to be taken at one dose4 ,where a medicine requires to be used for any length of time1 it is better to make up a larger quantity of it at once1 which saves both trouble and expence4 ,anodyne ,draught4 ,take of liquid laudanum1 twenty-five drops2 simple cinnamon water1 an ounce2 common syrup1 two drachms4 ,mix them4 ,in excessive pain1 where bleeding is not necessary1 and in great restlessness1 this composing draught may be taken and repeated occasionally4 ,diuretic ,draught4 ,take of the diuretic salt1 two scruples2 syrup of poppies1 two drachms2 simple cinnamon-water and common water1 of each an ounce4 ,this draught is of service in an obstruction or deficiency of urine4 ,purging ,draughts4 ,take of manna1 an ounce2 soluble tartar1 or ,rochel salt1 from three to four drachms4 ,dissolve in three ounces of boiling water2 to which add ,jamaica pepper water1 half an ounce4 ,as manna sometimes will not sit upon the stomach1 an ounce or ten drachms of the bitter purging salts1 dissolved in four ounces of water1 may be taken instead of the above4 ,those who cannot take salts may use the following draught3 ,take of jalap in powder1 a scruple2 common water1 an ounce2 aromatic tincture1 six drachms4 ,rub the jalap with twice its weight of sugar1 and add to it the other ingredients4 ,sweating ,draught4 ,take spirit of ,mindererus1 two ounces2 salt of hartshorn1 five grains2 simple cinnamon-water1 and syrup of poppies1 of each half an ounce4 ,make them into a draught4 ,in recent colds and rheumatic complaints1 this draught is of service4 ,to promote its effects1 however1 the patient ought to drink freely of warm water-gruel1 or of some other weak diluting liquor4 ,vomiting ,draughts4 ,take of ipecacuanha1 in powder1 a scruple2 water1 an ounce2 simple syrup1 a drachm4 ,mix them4 ,persons who require a stronger vomit may add to the above half a grain1 or a grain1 of emetic tartar4 ,those who do not chuse the powder1 may take ten drachms of the ipecacuanha wine2 or half an ounce of the wine1 and an equal quantity of the syrup of squills4 ,,electuaries4 ,electuaries are generally composed of the lighter powders1 mixed with syrup1 honey1 conserve1 or mucilage1 into such a consistence1 that the powders may neither separate by keeping1 nor the mass prove too stiff for swallowing4 ,they receive chiefly the milder alterative medicines1 and such as are not ungrateful to the palate4 ,astringent electuaries1 and such as have pulps of fruit in them1 should be prepared only in small quantities2 as astringent medicines lose their virtues by being kept in this form1 and the pulps of fruits are apt to ferment4 ,for the extraction of pulps it will be necessary to boil unripe fruits1 and ripe ones if they are dried1 in a small quantity of water till they become soft4 ,the pulp is then to be pressed out through a strong hair sieve1 or thin cloth1 and afterwards boiled to a due consistence1 in an earthen vessel1 over a gentle fire1 taking care to prevent the matter from burning by continually stirring it4 ,the pulps of fruit that are both ripe and fresh may be pressed out without any previous boiling4 ,lenitive ,electuary4 ,take of senna1 in fine powder1 eight ounces2 coriander seed1 also in powder1 four ounces2 pulp of tamarinds and of ,french prunes1 each a pound4 ,mix the pulps and powders together1 and with a sufficient quantity of simple syrup1 reduce the whole into an electuary4 ,a tea-spoonful of this electuary1 taken two or three times a day1 generally proves an agreeable laxative4 ,it likewise serves as a convenient vehicle for exhibiting more active medicines1 as jalaps1 scammony1 and such like4 ,this may supply the place of the electuary of ,cassia4 ,electuary for the ,dysentery4 ,take of the ,japonic confection1 two ounces2 ,locatelli's balsam1 one ounce2 rhubarb in powder1 half an ounce2 syrup of marsh-mallows1 enough to make an electuary4 ,it is often dangerous in dysenteries to give opiates and astringents1 without interposing purgatives4 ,the purgative is here joined with these ingredients1 which renders this a very safe and useful medicine for the purposes expressed in the title4 ,about the bulk of a nutmeg should be taken twice or thrice a-day1 as the symptoms and constitution may require4 ,electuary for the ,epilepsy4 ,take of ,peruvian bark1 in powder1 an ounce2 of powdered tin1 and wild valerian-root1 each half an ounce2 simple syrup1 enough to make an electuary4 ,dr4 ,mead directs a drachm of an electuary similar to this to be taken evening and morning1 in the epilepsy1 for the space of three months4 ,it will be proper1 however1 to discontinue the use of it for a few days every now and then4 ,i have added the powdered tin1 because the epilepsy often proceeds from worms4 ,electuary for the ,gonorrha4 ,take of lenitive electuary1 three ounces2 jalap and rhubarb1 in powder1 of each two drachms2 nitre1 half an ounce2 simple syrup1 enough to make an electuary4 ,during the inflammation and tension of the urinary passages1 which accompany a virulent gonorrha1 this cooling laxative may be used with advantage4 ,the dose is a drachm1 or about the bulk of a nutmeg1 two or three times a-day2 more or less1 as may be necessary to keep the body gently open4 ,an electuary made of cream of tartar and simple syrup will occasionally supply the place of this4 ,after the inflammation is gone off1 the following electuary may be used3 ,take of lenitive electuary1 two ounces2 balsam of capivi1 one ounce2 gum guaiacum and rhubarb1 in powder1 of each two drachms2 simple syrup1 enough to make an electuary4 ,the dose is the same as of the preceding4 ,electuary of the ,bark4 ,take of ,peruvian bark1 in powder1 three ounces2 cascarilla1 half an ounce2 syrup of ginger1 enough to make an electuary4 ,in the cure of obstinate intermitting fevers1 the bark is assisted by the cascarilla4 ,in hectic habits1 however1 it will be better to leave out the cascarilla1 and put three drachms of crude sal ammoniac in its stead4 ,electuary for the ,piles4 ,take flowers of sulphur1 one ounce2 cream of tartar1 half an ounce2 treacle1 a sufficient quantity to form an electuary4 ,a tea-spoonful of this may be taken three or four times a-day4 ,electuary for the ,palsy4 ,take of powdered mustard-seed1 and conserve of roses1 each an ounce2 syrup of ginger1 enough to make an electuary4 ,a tea-spoonful of this may be taken three or four times a-day4 ,electuary for the ,rheumatism4 ,take of conserve of roses1 two ounces2 cinnabar of antimony1 levigated1 an ounce and a half2 gum guaiacum1 in powder1 an ounce2 syrup of ginger1 a sufficient quantity to make an electuary4 ,in obstinate rheumatisms1 which are not accompanied with a fever1 a tea-spoonful of this electuary may be taken twice a-day with considerable advantage4 ,,emulsions4 ,emulsions1 beside their use as medicines1 are also proper vehicles for certain substances1 which could not otherwise be conveniently taken in a liquid form4 ,thus camphor1 triturated with almonds1 readily unites with water into an emulsion4 ,pure oils1 balsams1 resins1 and other similar substances1 are likewise rendered miscible with water by the intervention of mucilages4 ,common ,emulsion4 ,take of sweet almonds1 an ounce2 bitter almonds1 a drachm2 water1 two pints4 ,let the almonds be blanched1 and beat up in a marble mortar2 adding the water by little and little1 so as to make an emulsion2 afterwards let it be strained4 ,arabic ,emulsion4 ,this is made in the same manner as the above1 adding to the almonds while beating1 two ounces and a half of the mucilage of gum arabic4 ,where soft cooling liquors are necessary1 these emulsions may be used as ordinary drink4 ,camphorated ,emulsion4 ,take of camphor1 half a drachm2 sweet almonds1 half a dozen2 white sugar1 half an ounce2 mint-water1 eight ounces4 ,grind the camphor and almonds well together in a stone mortar1 and add by degrees the mint water2 then strain the liquor1 and dissolve in it the sugar4 ,in fevers1 and other disorders which require the use of camphor1 a table-spoonful of this emulsion may be taken every two or three hours4 ,emulsion of ,gum ,ammoniac4 ,take of gum ammoniac1 two drachms2 water1 eight ounces4 ,grind the gum with the water poured upon it by little and little1 till it is dissolved4 ,this emulsion is used for attenuating tough1 viscid phlegm1 and promoting expectoration4 ,in obstinate coughs1 two ounces of the syrup of poppies may be added to it4 ,the dose is two table-spoonfuls three or four times a-day4 ,oily ,emulsion4 ,take of soft water1 six ounces2 volatile aromatic spirit1 two drachms2 ,florence oil1 an ounce2 shake them well together1 and add1 of simple syrup1 half an ounce4 ,in recent colds and coughs1 this emulsion is generally of service2 but if the cough proves obstinate1 it will succeed better when made with the paregoric elixir of the ,edinburgh ,dispensatory1 instead of the volatile aromatic spirit4 ,a table-spoonful of it may be taken every two or three hours4 ,,extracts4 ,extracts are prepared by boiling the subject in water1 and evaporating the strained decoction to a due consistence4 ,by this process some of the more active parts of plants are freed from the useless1 indissoluble earthy matter1 which makes the larger share of their bulk4 ,water1 however1 is not the only menstruum used in the preparation of extracts2 sometimes it is joined with spirits1 and at other times rectified spirit alone is employed for that purpose4 ,extracts are prepared from a variety of different drugs1 as the bark1 gentian1 jalap1 c42 but as they require a troublesome and tedious operation1 it will be more convenient for a private practitioner to purchase what he needs of them from a professed druggist1 than to prepare them himself4 ,such of them as are generally used are inserted in our list of such drugs and medicines as are to be kept for private practice4 ,,fomentations4 ,fomentations are generally intended either to ease pain1 by taking off tension and spasm2 or to brace and restore the tone and vigour of those parts to which they are applied4 ,the first of these intentions may generally be answered by warm water1 and the second by cold4 ,certain substances1 however1 are usually added to water1 with a view to heighten its effects1 as anodynes1 aromatics1 astringents1 c4 ,we shall therefore subjoin a few of the most useful medicated fomentations1 that people may have it in their power to make use of them if they chuse4 ,anodyne ,fomentation4 ,take of white poppy-heads1 two ounces2 elder flowers1 half an ounce2 water1 three pints4 ,boil till one pint is evaporated1 and strain out the liquor4 ,this fomentation1 as its title expresses1 is used for relieving acute pain4 ,aromatic ,fomentation4 ,take of ,jamaica pepper1 half an ounce2 red wine1 a pint4 ,boil them for a little1 and then strain the liquor4 ,this is intended1 not only as a topical application for external complaints1 but also for relieving the internal parts4 ,pains of the bowels1 which accompany dysenteries and diarrhas1 flatulent colics1 uneasiness of the stomach1 and reachings to vomit1 are frequently abated by fomenting the abdomen and region of the stomach with the warm liquor4 ,common ,fomentation4 ,take tops of wormwood and camomile flowers1 dried1 of each two ounces2 water1 two quarts4 ,after a slight boiling1 pour off the liquor4 ,brandy or spirit of wine may be added to this fomentation1 in such quantity as the particular circumstances of the case shall require2 but these are not always necessary4 ,emollient ,fomentation4 ,this is the same as the common decoction4 ,strengthening ,fomentation4 ,take of oak bark1 one ounce2 granate peel1 half an ounce2 alum1 two drachms2 smith's forge water1 three pints4 ,boil the water with the bark and peel to the consumption of one-third2 then strain the remaining decoction1 and dissolve it in alum4 ,this astringent liquor is employed as an external fomentation to weak parts2 it may also be used internally4 ,,gargles4 ,however trifling this class of medicines may appear1 they are by no means without their use4 ,they seldom indeed cure diseases1 but they often alleviate very disagreeable symptoms2 as parchedness of the mouth1 foulness of the tongue and fauces1 c4 they are peculiarly useful in fevers and sore throats4 ,in the latter1 a gargle will sometimes remove the disorder2 and in the former1 few things are more refreshing or agreeable to the patient1 than to have his mouth frequently washed with some soft detergent gargle4 ,one advantage of these medicines is1 that they are easily prepared4 ,a little barley-water and honey may be had any where2 and if to these be added as much vinegar as will give them an agreeable sharpness1 they will make a very useful gargle for softening and cleansing the mouth4 ,gargles have the best effect when injected with a syringe4 ,attenuating ,gargle4 ,take of water1 six ounces2 honey1 one ounce2 nitre1 a drachm and a half4 ,mix them4 ,this cooling gargle may be used either in the inflammatory quinsey1 or in fevers1 for cleaning the tongue and fauces4 ,common ,gargle4 ,take of rose-water1 six ounces2 syrup of clove ,july-flowers1 half an ounce2 spirit of vitriol1 a sufficient quantity to give it an agreeable sharpness4 ,mix them4 ,this gargle1 besides cleansing the tongue and fauces1 acts as a gentle repellent1 and will sometimes remove a slight quinsey4 ,detergent ,gargle4 ,take of the emollient gargle1 a pint2 tincture of myrrh1 an ounce2 honey1 two ounces4 ,mix them4 ,when exulcerations require to be cleansed1 or the excretion of tough viscid saliva promoted1 this gargle will be of service4 ,emollient ,gargle4 ,take an ounce of marsh-mallow roots1 and two or three figs2 boil them in a quart of water till near one half of it be consumed2 then strain out the liquor4 ,if an ounce of honey1 and half an ounce of spirit of sal ammoniac1 be added to the above1 it will then be an exceeding good attenuating gargle4 ,this gargle is beneficial in fevers1 where the tongue and fauces are rough and parched1 to soften these parts1 and promote the discharge of saliva4 ,the learned and accurate ,sir ,john ,pringle observes1 that in the inflammatory quinsey1 or strangulation of the fauces1 little benefit arises from the common gargles2 that such as are of an acid nature do more harm than good1 by contracting the emunctories of the saliva and mucus1 and thickening those humours2 that a decoction of figs in milk and water has a contrary effect1 especially if some sal ammoniac be added2 by which the saliva is made thinner1 and the glands brought to secrete more freely2 a circumstance always conducive to the cure4 ,,infusions4 ,vegetables yield nearly the same properties to water by infusion as by decoction2 and though they may require a longer time to give out their virtues in this way1 yet it has several advantages over the other2 since boiling is found to dissipate the finer parts of many bitter and aromatic substances1 without more fully extracting their medicinal principles4 ,the author of the ,new ,dispensatory observes1 that even from those vegetables which are weak in virtue1 rich infusions may be obtained1 by returning the liquor upon fresh quantities of the subject1 the water loading itself more and more with the active parts2 and that these loaded infusions are applicable to valuable purposes in medicine1 as they contain in a small compass the finer1 more subtile1 and active principles of vegetables1 in a form readily miscible with the fluids of the human body4 ,bitter ,infusion4 ,take tops of the lesser centaury and camomile flowers1 of each half an ounce2 yellow rind of lemon and orange peel1 carefully freed from the inner white part1 of each two drachms4 ,cut them in small pieces1 and infuse them in a quart of boiling water4 ,for indigestion1 weakness of the stomach1 or want of appetite1 a tea-cupful of this infusion may be taken twice or thrice a day4 ,infusion of the ,bark4 ,to an ounce of the bark1 in powder1 add four or five table-spoonfuls of brandy1 and a pint of boiling water4 ,let them infuse for two or three days4 ,this is one of the best preparations of the bark for weak stomachs4 ,in disorders where the corroborating virtues of that medicine are required1 a tea-cupful of it may be taken two or three times a-day4 ,infusion of ,carduus4 ,infuse an ounce of the dried leaves of carduus benedictus1 or blessed thistle1 in a pint of common water1 for six hours1 without heat2 then filter the liquor through paper4 ,this light infusion may be given1 with great benefit1 in weakness of the stomach1 where the common bitters do not agree4 ,it may be flavoured at pleasure with cinnamon1 or other aromatic materials4 ,infusion of ,linseed4 ,take of linseed1 two spoonfuls2 liquorice root1 sliced1 half an ounce2 boiling water1 three pints4 ,let them stand to infuse by the fire for some hours1 and then strain off the liquor4 ,if an ounce of the leaves of colt's foot be added to these ingredients1 it will then be the pectoral infusion4 ,both these are emollient mucilaginous liquors1 and may be taken with advantage as ordinary drink in difficulty of making water2 and in coughs and other complaints of the breast4 ,infusion of ,roses4 ,take of red roses1 dried1 half an ounce2 boiling water1 a quart2 vitriolic acid1 commonly called oil of vitriol1 half a drachm2 loaf sugar1 an ounce4 ,infuse the roses in the water for four hours1 in an unglazed earthen vessel2 afterwards pour in the acid1 and having strained the liquor1 add to it the sugar4 ,in an excessive flow of the menses1 vomiting of blood1 and other hmorrhages1 a tea-cupful of this gently astringent infusion may be taken every three or four hours4 ,it likewise makes an exceeding good gargle4 ,as the quantity of roses used here can have little or no effect1 an equally valuable medicine may be prepared by mixing the acid and water without infusion4 ,infusion of ,tamarinds and ,senna4 ,take of tamarinds1 one ounce2 senna1 and crystals of tartar1 each two drachms4 ,let these ingredients be infused four or five hours in a pint of boiling water2 afterwards let the liquor be strained1 and an ounce or two of the aromatic tincture added to it4 ,persons who are easily purged may leave out either the tamarinds or the crystals of tartar4 ,this is an agreeable cooling purge4 ,a tea-cupful may be given every half hour till it operates4 ,this supplies the place of the decoction of tamarinds and senna4 ,spanish ,infusion4 ,take of ,spanish juice1 cut into small pieces1 an ounce2 salt of tartar1 three drachms4 ,infuse in a quart of boiling water for a night4 ,to the drained liquor add an ounce and a half of the syrup of poppies4 ,in recent colds1 coughs1 and obstructions of the breast1 a tea-cupful of this infusion may be taken with advantage three or four times a-day4 ,infusion for the ,palsy4 ,take of horse-radish root shaved1 mustard-seed bruised1 each four ounces2 outer rind of orange-peel1 one ounce4 ,infuse them in two quarts of boiling water1 in a close vessel1 for twenty-four hours4 ,in paralytic complaints1 a tea-cupful of this warm stimulating medicine may be taken three or four times a-day4 ,it excites the action of the solids1 proves diuretic1 and1 if the patient be kept warm1 promotes perspiration4 ,if two or three ounces of the dried leaves of marsh-trefoil be used instead of the mustard1 it will make the antiscorbutic infusion4 ,,juleps4 ,the basis of juleps is generally common water1 or some simple distilled water1 with one-third or one-fourth its quantity of distilled spirituous water1 and as much sugar or syrup as is sufficient to render the mixture agreeable4 ,this is sharpened with vegetable or mineral acids1 or impregnated with other medicines suitable to the intention4 ,camphorated ,julep4 ,take of camphor1 one drachm2 rectified spirit of wine1 ten drops2 double refined sugar1 half an ounce2 boiling distilled water1 one pint4 ,rub the camphor first with the spirit of wine1 then with the sugar2 lastly1 add the water by degrees1 and strain the liquor4 ,in hysterical and other complaints where camphor is proper1 this julep may be taken in the dose of a spoonful or two as often as the stomach will bear it4 ,cordial ,julep4 ,take of simple cinnamon-water1 four ounces2 ,jamaica pepper water1 two ounces2 volatile aromatic spirit1 and compound spirit of lavender1 of each two drachms2 syrup of orange-peel1 an ounce4 ,mix them4 ,this is given in the dose of two spoonfuls three or four times a day1 in disorders accompanied with great weakness and depression of spirits4 ,expectorating ,julep4 ,take of the emulsion of gum ammoniac1 six ounces2 syrup of squills1 two ounces4 ,mix them4 ,in coughs1 asthmas1 and obstructions of the breast1 two table-spoonfuls of this julep may be taken every three or four hours4 ,musk ,julep4 ,rub half a drachm of musk well together with half an ounce of sugar1 and add to it1 gradually1 of simple cinnamon and peppermint water1 each two ounces2 of the volatile aromatic spirit1 two drachms4 ,in the low state of nervous fevers1 hiccuping1 convulsions1 and other spasmodic affections1 two table-spoonfuls of this julep may be taken every two or three hours4 ,saline ,julep4 ,dissolve two drachms of salt of tartar in three ounces of fresh lemon-juice1 strained2 when the effervescence is over1 add1 of mint-water1 and common water1 each two ounces2 of simple syrup1 one ounce4 ,this removes sickness at the stomach1 relieves vomiting1 promotes perspiration1 and may be of some service in fevers1 especially of the inflammatory kind4 ,vomiting ,julep4 ,dissolve four grains of emetic tartar in eight ounces of water2 and add to it half an ounce of the syrup of clove ,july flowers4 ,in the beginning of fevers1 where there is no topical inflammation1 this julep may be given in the dose of one table-spoonful every quarter of an hour till it operates4 ,antimonial vomits serve not only to evacuate the contents of the stomach1 but likewise to promote the different excretions4 ,hence they are found in fevers to have nearly the same effects as ,dr4 ,james's ,powder4 ,,mixtures4 ,a mixture differs from a julep in this respect1 that it receives into its composition not only salts1 extracts1 and other substances dissoluble in water1 but also earths1 powders1 and such substances as cannot be dissolved4 ,a mixture is seldom either an elegant or agreeable medicine4 ,it is nevertheless necessary4 ,many persons can take a mixture1 who are not able to swallow a bolus or an electuary3 besides1 there are medicines which act better in this than in any other form4 ,astringent ,mixture4 ,take simple cinnamon-water and common water1 of each three ounces2 spirituous cinnamon-water1 an ounce and a half2 ,japonic confection1 half an ounce4 ,mix them4 ,in dysenteries which are not of long standing1 after the necessary evacuations1 a spoonful or two of this mixture may be taken every four hours1 interposing every second or third day a dose of rhubarb4 ,diuretic ,mixture4 ,take of mint-water1 five ounces2 vinegar of squills1 six drachms2 sweet spirit of nitre1 half an ounce2 syrup of ginger1 an ounce and a half4 ,mix them4 ,in obstructions of the urinary passages1 two spoonfuls of this mixture may be taken twice or thrice a-day4 ,laxative ,absorbent ,mixture4 ,rub one drachm of magnesia alba in a mortar with ten or twelve grains of the best ,turkey rhubarb1 and add to them three ounces of common water2 simple cinnamon-water1 and syrup of sugar1 of each one ounce4 ,as most diseases of infants are accompanied with acidities1 this mixture may either be given with a view to correct these1 or to open the body4 ,a table-spoonful may be taken for a dose1 and repeated three times a-day4 ,to a very young child half a spoonful will be sufficient4 ,when the mixture is intended to purge1 the dose may either be increased1 or the quantity of rhubarb doubled4 ,this is one of the most generally useful medicines for children with which ,i am acquainted4 ,saline ,mixture4 ,dissolve a drachm of the salt of tartar in four ounces of boiling water2 and1 when cold1 drop into it spirit of vitriol till the effervescence ceases2 then add1 of peppermint-water1 two ounces1 simple syrup1 one ounce4 ,where fresh lemons cannot be had1 this mixture may occasionally supply the place of the saline julep4 ,squill ,mixture4 ,take of simple cinnamon-water1 five ounces2 vinegar of squills1 one ounce2 syrup of marsh-mallows1 an ounce and a half4 ,mix them4 ,this mixture1 by promoting expectoration1 and the secretion of urine1 proves serviceable in asthmatic and dropsical habits4 ,a table-spoonful of it may be taken frequently4 ,,ointments1 ,,liniments1 and ,,cerates4 ,notwithstanding the extravagant encomiums which have been bestowed on different preparations of this kind1 with regard to their efficacy in the cure of wounds1 sores1 c4 it is beyond a doubt1 that the most proper application to a green wound is dry lint4 ,but though ointments do not heal wounds and sores1 yet they serve to defend them from the external air1 and to retain such substances as may be necessary for drying1 deterging1 destroying proud flesh1 and such like4 ,for these purposes1 however1 it will be sufficient to insert only a few of the most simple forms1 as ingredients of a more active nature can occasionally be added to them4 ,yellow ,basilicum ,ointment4 ,take of yellow wax1 white resin1 and frankincense1 each a quarter of a pound2 melt them together over a gentle fire2 then add1 of hogs' lard prepared1 one pound4 ,strain the ointment while warm4 ,this ointment is employed for cleansing and healing wounds and ulcers4 ,ointment of ,calamine4 ,take of olive oil1 a pint and a half2 white wax1 and calamine stone levigated1 of each half a pound4 ,let the calamine stone1 reduced into a fine powder1 be rubbed with some part of the oil1 and afterwards added to the rest of the oil and wax1 previously melted together1 continually stirring them till quite cold4 ,this ointment1 which is commonly known by the name of ,turner's ,cerate1 is an exceeding good application in burns and excoriations1 from whatever cause4 ,emollient ,ointment4 ,take of palm oil1 two pounds2 olive oil1 a pint and a half2 yellow wax1 half a pound2 ,venice turpentine1 a quarter of a pound4 ,melt the wax in the oils over a gentle fire2 then mix in the turpentine1 and strain the ointment4 ,this supplies the place of ,alth ,ointment4 ,it may be used for anointing inflamed parts1 c4 ,eye ,ointment4 ,take of hogs' lard prepared1 four ounces2 white wax1 two drachms2 tutty prepared1 one ounce2 melt the wax with the lard over a gentle fire1 and then sprinkle in the tutty1 continually stirring them till the ointment is cold4 ,this ointment will be more efficacious1 and of a better confidence1 if two or three drachms of camphor be rubbed up with a little oil1 and intimately mixed with it4 ,another4 ,take of camphor1 and calamine stone levigated1 each six drachms2 verdegrise well prepared1 two drachms2 hogs' lard1 and mutton suet prepared1 of each two ounces4 ,rub the camphor well with the powder2 afterwards mix in the lard and suet1 continuing the triture till they be perfectly united4 ,this ointment has been long in esteem for diseases of the eyes4 ,it ought1 however1 to be used with caution1 when the eyes are much inflamed or very tender4 ,issue ,ointment4 ,mix half an ounce of ,spanish flies1 finely powdered1 in six ounces of yellow basilicum ointment4 ,this ointment is chiefly intended for dressing blisters1 in order to keep them open during pleasure4 ,ointment of ,lead4 ,take of olive oil1 half a pint2 white wax1 two ounces2 sugar of lead1 three drachms4 ,let the sugar of lead1 reduced into a fine powder1 be rubbed up with some part of the oil1 and afterwards added to the other ingredients1 previously melted together1 continually stirring them till quite cold4 ,this cooling and gently astringent ointment may be used in all cases where the intention is to dry and skin over the part1 as in scalding1 c4 ,mercurial ,ointment4 ,take of quicksilver1 two ounces2 hogs' lard1 three ounces2 mutton suet1 one ounce4 ,rub the quicksilver with an ounce of the hogs' lard in a warm mortar1 till the globules be perfectly extinguished2 then rub it up with the rest of the lard and suet1 previously melted together4 ,the principal intention of this ointment is to convey mercury into the body by being rubbed upon the skin4 ,ointment of ,sulphur4 ,take of hogs' lard prepared1 four ounces2 flowers of sulphur1 an ounce and a half2 crude sal ammoniac1 two drachms2 essence of lemon1 ten or twelve drops4 ,make them into an ointment4 ,this ointment1 rubbed upon the parts affected1 will generally cure the itch4 ,it is both the safest and best application for that purpose1 and1 when made in this way1 has no disagreeable smell4 ,white ,ointment4 ,take of olive oil1 one pint2 white wax and sperma-ceti1 of each three ounces4 ,melt them with a gentle heat1 and keep them constantly and briskly stirring together1 till quite cold4 ,if two drachms of camphor1 previously rubbed with a small quantity of oil1 be added to the above1 it will make the ,white camphorated ,ointment4 ,liniment for ,burns4 ,take equal parts of ,florence oil1 or of fresh drawn linseed oil1 and lime-water2 shake them well together in a wide mouthed bottle1 so as to form a liniment4 ,this is found to be an exceeding proper application for recent scalds or burns4 ,it may either be spread upon a cloth1 or the parts affected may be anointed with it twice or thrice a-day4 ,white ,liniment4 ,this is made in the same manner as the white ointment1 two-thirds of the wax being left out4 ,this liniment may be applied in cases of excoriation1 where1 on account of the largeness of the surface1 the ointments with lead or calamine might be improper4 ,liniment for the ,piles4 ,take of emollient ointment1 two ounces2 liquid laudanum1 half an ounce4 ,mix these ingredients with the yolk of an egg1 and work them well together4 ,volatile ,liniment4 ,take of ,florence oil1 an ounce2 spirit of hartshorn1 half an ounce4 ,shake them together4 ,this liniment1 made with equal parts of the spirit and oil1 will be more efficacious1 where the patient's skin is able to bear it4 ,sir ,john ,pringle observes1 that in the inflammatory quinsey1 a piece of flannel1 moistened with this liniment1 and applied to the throat1 to be renewed every four or five hours1 is one of the most efficacious remedies2 and that it seldom fails1 after bleeding1 either to lessen or carry off the complaint4 ,the truth of this observation ,i have often experienced4 ,camphorated ,oil4 ,rub an ounce of camphor1 with two ounces of ,florence oil1 in a mortar1 till the camphor be entirely dissolved4 ,this antispasmodic liniment may be used in obstinate rheumatisms1 and in some other cases accompanied with extreme pain and tension of the parts4 ,,pills4 ,medicines which operate in a small dose1 and whose disagreeable taste1 or smell1 makes it necessary that they should be concealed from the palate1 are most commodiously exhibited in this form4 ,no medicine1 however1 that is intended to operate quickly1 ought to be made into pills1 as they often lie for a considerable time on the stomach before they are dissolved1 so as to produce any effect4 ,as the ingredients which enter the composition of pills are generally so contrived1 that one pill of an ordinary size may contain about five grains of the compound1 in mentioning the dose we shall only specify the number of pills to be taken2 as one1 two1 three1 c4 ,composing ,pill4 ,take of purified opium1 ten grains2 ,castile soap1 half a drachm4 ,beat them together1 and form the whole into twenty pills4 ,when a quieting draught will not sit upon the stomach1 one1 two1 or three of these pills may be taken1 as occasion requires4 ,ftid ,pill4 ,take of asaftida1 half an ounce2 simple syrup1 as much as is necessary to form it into pills4 ,in hysteric complaints1 four or five pills1 of an ordinary size1 may be taken twice or thrice a-day4 ,they may likewise be of service to persons afflicted with the asthma4 ,when it is necessary to keep the body open1 a proper quantity of rhubarb1 aloes1 or jalap1 may occasionally be added to the above mass4 ,hemlock ,pill4 ,take any quantity of the extract of hemlock1 and adding to it about a fifth part its weight of the powder of the dried leaves1 form it into pills of the ordinary size4 ,the extract of hemlock may be taken from one grain to several drachms in the day4 ,the best method1 however1 of using these pills1 is to begin with one or two1 and to increase the dose gradually1 as far as the patient can bear them1 without any remarkable degree of stupor or giddiness4 ,mercurial ,pill4 ,take of purified quicksilver and honey1 each half an ounce4 ,rub them together in a mortar1 till the globules of mercury are perfectly extinguished2 then add1 of ,castile soap1 two drachms1 powdered liquorice1 or crumb of bread1 a sufficient quantity to give the mass a proper consistence for pills4 ,when stronger mercurial pills are wanted1 the quantity of quicksilver may be doubled4 ,the dose of these pills is different1 according to the intention with which they are given4 ,as an alterant1 two or three maybe taken daily4 ,to raise a salivation1 four or five will be necessary4 ,equal parts of the above pill and powdered rhubarb made into a mass1 with a sufficient quantity of simple syrup1 will make a ,mercurial purging ,pill4 ,mercurial sublimate ,pill4 ,dissolve fifteen grains of the corrosive sublimate of mercury in two drachms of the saturated solution of crude sal ammoniac1 and make it into a paste1 in a glass mortar1 with a sufficient quantity of the crumb of bread4 ,this mass must be formed into one hundred and twenty pills4 ,this pill1 which is the most agreeable form of exhibiting the sublimate1 has been found efficacious1 not only in curing the venereal disease1 but also in killing and expelling worms1 after other powerful medicines had failed#bji4 ,for the venereal disease1 four of these pills may be taken twice a-day1 as an alterant three1 and for worms two4 ,plummer's ,pill4 ,take of calomel1 or sweet mercury1 and precipitated sulphur of antimony1 each three drachms2 extract of liquorice1 two drachms4 ,rub the sulphur and mercury well together2 afterwards add the extract1 and1 with a sufficient quantity of the mucilage of gum arabic1 make them into pills4 ,this pill has been found a powerful1 yet safe1 alterative in obstinate cutaneous disorders2 and has completed a cure after salivation had failed4 ,in venereal cases it has likewise produced excellent effects4 ,two or three pills of an ordinary size may be taken night and morning1 the patient keeping moderately warm1 and drinking after each dose a draught of decoction of the woods1 or of sarsaparilla4 ,purging ,pills4 ,take of succotorine aloes1 and ,castile soap1 each two drachms2 of simple syrup1 a sufficient quantity to make them into pills4 ,four or five of these pills will generally prove a sufficient purge4 ,for keeping the body gently open1 one may be taken night and morning4 ,they are reckoned both deobstruent and stomachic1 and will be found to answer all the purposes of ,dr4 ,anderson's pills1 the principal ingredient of which is aloes4 ,where aloetic purges are improper1 the following pills may be used3 ,take extract of jalap1 and vitriolated tartar1 of each two drachms2 syrup of ginger1 as much as will make them of a proper consistence for pills4 ,these pills may be taken in the same quantity as the above4 ,pill for the ,jaundice4 ,take of ,castile soap1 succotorine aloes1 and rhubarb1 of each one drachm4 ,make them into pills with a sufficient quantity of syrup or mucilage4 ,these pills1 as their title expresses1 are chiefly intended for the jaundice1 which1 with the assistance of proper diet1 they will often cure4 ,five or six of them may be taken twice a-day1 more or less1 as is necessary to keep the body open4 ,it will be proper1 however1 during their use1 to interpose now and then a vomit of ipecacuanha or tartar emetic4 ,stomachic ,pill4 ,take extract of gentian1 two drachms2 powdered rhubarb and vitriolated tartar1 of each one drachm2 oil of mint1 thirty drops2 simple syrup1 a sufficient quantity4 ,three or four of these pills may be taken twice a-day1 for invigorating the stomach1 and keeping the body gently open4 ,squill ,pills4 ,take powder of dried squills1 a drachm and a half2 gum ammoniac1 and cardamom seeds1 in powder1 of each three drachms2 simple syrup1 a sufficient quantity4 ,in dropsical and asthmatic complaints1 two or three of these pills may be taken twice a-day1 or oftner1 if the stomach will bear them4 ,strengthening ,pill4 ,take soft extract of the bark1 and salt of steel1 each a drachm4 ,make into pills4 ,in disorders arising from excessive debility1 or relaxation of the solids1 as the chlorosis1 or green-sickness1 two of these pills may be taken three times a-day4 ,,plasters4 ,plasters ought to be of a different consistence1 according to the purposes for which they are intended4 ,such as are to be applied to the breasts or stomach ought to be soft and yielding2 while those designed for the limbs should be firm and adhesive4 ,it has been supposed1 that plasters might be impregnated with the virtues of different vegetables1 by boiling the recent vegetable with the oil employed for the composition of the plaster2 but this treatment does not communicate to the oils any valuable qualities4 ,the calces of lead boiled with oils unite with them into a plaster of a proper consistence1 which make the basis of several other plasters4 ,in boiling these compositions1 a quantity of hot water must be added from time to time to prevent the plaster from burning or growing black4 ,this1 however1 should be done with care1 lest it cause the matter to explode4 ,common ,plaster4 ,take of common olive oil1 six pints2 litharge reduced to a fine powder1 two pounds and a half4 ,boil the litharge and oil together over a gentle fire1 continually stirring them1 and keeping always about half a gallon of water in the vessel3 after they have boiled about three hours1 a little of the plaster may be taken out and put into cold water1 to try if it be of a proper consistence3 when that is the case1 the whole may be suffered to cool1 and the water well pressed out of it with the hands4 ,this plaster is generally applied in slight wounds and excoriations of the skin4 ,it keeps the part soft and warm1 and defends it from the air1 which is all that is necessary in such cases4 ,its principal use1 however1 is to serve as a basis for other plasters4 ,adhesive ,plaster4 ,take of common plaster1 half a pound2 of ,burgundy pitch1 a quarter of a pound4 ,melt them together4 ,this plaster is principally used for keeping on other dressings4 ,anodyne ,plaster4 ,melt an ounce of adhesive plaster1 and1 when it is cooling1 mix with it a drachm of powdered opium1 and the same quantity of camphor1 previously rubbed up with a little oil4 ,this plaster generally gives ease in acute pains1 especially of the nervous kind4 ,blistering ,plaster4 ,take of ,venice turpentine1 six ounces2 yellow wax1 two ounces2 ,spanish flies in fine powder1 three ounces2 powdered mustard1 one ounce4 ,melt the wax1 and while it is warm1 add to it the turpentine1 taking care not to evaporate it by too much heat4 ,after the turpentine and wax are sufficiently incorporated1 sprinkle in the powders1 continually stirring the mass till it be cold4 ,though this plaster is made in a variety of ways1 one seldom meets with it of a proper consistence4 ,when compounded with oils and other greasy substances1 its effects are blunted1 and it is apt to run2 while pitch and resin render it too hard and very inconvenient4 ,when the blistering plaster is not at hand1 its place may be supplied by mixing with any soft ointment a sufficient quantity of powdered flies2 or by forming them into a paste with flour and vinegar4 ,gum ,plaster4 ,take of the common plaster1 four pounds2 gum ammoniac and galbanum1 strained1 of each half a pound4 ,melt them together1 and add1 of ,venice turpentine1 six ounces4 ,this plaster is used as a digestive1 and likewise for discussing indolent tumours4 ,mercurial ,plaster4 ,take of common plaster1 one pound2 of gum ammoniac1 strained1 half a pound4 ,melt them together1 and1 when cooling1 add eight ounces of quicksilver1 previously extinguished by triture1 with three ounces of hog's lard4 ,this plaster is recommended in pains of the limbs arising from a venereal cause4 ,indurations of the glands1 and other violent tumours1 are likewise found sometimes to yield to it4 ,stomach ,plaster4 ,take of gum plaster1 half a pound2 camphorated oil1 an ounce and a half2 black pepper1 or capsicum1 where it can be had1 one ounce4 ,melt the plaster1 and mix with it the oil2 then sprinkle in the pepper1 previously reduced to a fine powder4 ,an ounce or two of this plaster1 spread upon soft leather1 and applied to the region of the stomach1 will be of service in flatulencies arising from hysteric and hypochondriac affections4 ,a little of the expressed oil of mace1 or a few drops of the essential oil of mint1 may be rubbed upon it before it is applied4 ,this may supply the place of the ,anti-hysteric ,plaster4 ,warm ,plaster4 ,take of gum plaster1 one ounce2 blistering plaster1 two drachms4 ,melt them together over a gentle fire4 ,this plaster is useful in the sciatica and other fixed pains of the rheumatic kind3 it ought1 however1 to be worn for some time1 and to be renewed1 at least1 once a-week4 ,if this is found to blister the part1 which is sometimes the case1 it must be made with a smaller proportion of the blistering plaster4 ,wax ,plaster4 ,take of yellow wax1 one pound2 white resin1 half a pound2 mutton suet1 three quarters of a pound4 ,melt them together4 ,this is generally used instead of the ,melilot ,plaster4 ,it is a proper application after blisters1 and in other cases where a gentle digestive is necessary4 ,,powders4 ,this is one of the most simple forms in which medicine can be administered4 ,many medicinal substances1 however1 cannot be reduced into powder1 and others are too disagreeable to be taken in this form4 ,the lighter powders may be mixed in any agreeable thin liquor1 as tea or water-gruel4 ,the more ponderous will require a more consistent vehicle1 as syrup1 conserve1 jelly1 or honey4 ,gums1 and other substances which are difficult to powder1 should be pounded along with the drier ones2 but those which are too dry1 especially aromatics1 ought to be sprinkled during their pulverization with a few drops of any proper water4 ,aromatic powders are to be prepared only in small quantities at a time1 and kept in glass vessels closely stopped4 ,indeed1 no powders ought to be exposed to the air or kept too long1 otherwise their virtues will be in great measure destroyed4 ,astringent ,powder4 ,take of alum and ,japan earth1 each two drachms4 ,pound them together1 and divide the whole into ten or twelve doses4 ,in an immoderate flow of the menses1 and other hmorrhages1 one of these powders may be taken every hour1 or every half hour1 if the discharge be violent4 ,powder of ,bole4 ,take of bole armenic1 or ,french bole1 two ounces2 cinnamon1 one ounce2 tormentil root and gum arabic1 of each six drachms2 long pepper1 one drachm4 ,let all these ingredients be reduced into a powder4 ,this warm1 glutinous astringent powder1 is given in fluxes1 and other disorders where medicines of that class are necessary1 in the dose of a scruple1 or half a drachm4 ,if a drachm of opium be added1 it will make the ,powder of ,bole with ,opium1 which is a medicine of considerable efficacy4 ,it may be taken in the same quantity as the former1 but not above twice or thrice a day4 ,carminative ,powder4 ,take of coriander-seed1 half an ounce2 ginger1 one drachm2 nutmegs1 half a drachm2 fine sugar1 a drachm and a half4 ,reduce them into powder for twelve doses4 ,this powder is employed for expelling flatulencies arising from indigestion1 particularly those to which hysteric and hypochondriac persons are so liable4 ,it may likewise be given in small quantities to children in their food1 when troubled with gripes4 ,diuretic ,powder4 ,take of gum arabic1 four ounces2 purified nitre1 one ounce4 ,pound them together1 and divide the whole into twenty-four doses4 ,during the first stage of the venereal disease1 one of these cooling powders may be taken three times a-day1 with considerable advantage4 ,aromatic ,opening ,powder4 ,take of the best ,turkey rhubarb1 cinnamon1 and fine sugar1 each two drachms4 ,let the ingredients be pounded1 and afterwards mixed well together4 ,where flatulency is accompanied with costiveness1 a tea-spoonful of this powder may be taken once or twice a-day1 according to circumstances4 ,saline ,laxative ,powder4 ,take of soluble tartar1 and cream of tartar1 each one drachm2 purified nitre1 half a drachm4 ,make them into a powder4 ,in fevers1 and other inflammatory disorders1 where it is necessary to keep the body gently open1 one of these cooling laxative powders may be taken in a little gruel1 and repeated occasionally4 ,steel ,powder4 ,take filings of steel1 and loaf-sugar1 of each two ounces2 ginger1 two drachms4 ,pound them together4 ,in obstructions of the menses1 and other cases where steel is proper1 a tea-spoonful of this powder may be taken twice a-day1 and washed down with a little wine or water4 ,sudorific ,powder4 ,take purified nitre and vitriolated tartar of each half an ounce2 opium and ipecacuanha1 of each one drachm4 ,mix the ingredients1 and reduce them to a fine powder4 ,this is generally known by the name of ,dover's ,powder4 ,it is a powerful sudorific4 ,in obstinate rheumatisms1 and other cases where it is necessary to excite a copious sweat1 this powder may be administered in the dose of a scruple or half a drachm4 ,some patients will require two scruples4 ,it ought to be accompanied with the plentiful use of some warm diluting liquor4 ,worm-powders4 ,take of tin reduced into a fine powder1 an ounce2 thiop's mineral1 two drachms4 ,mix them well together1 and divide the whole into six doses4 ,one of these powders may be taken in a little syrup1 honey1 or treacle1 twice a-day4 ,after they have been all used1 the following anthelmintic purge may be proper4 ,purging ,worm-powder4 ,take of powdered rhubarb1 a scruple2 scammony and calomel1 of each five grains4 ,rub them together in a mortar for one dose4 ,for children the above doses must be lessened according to their age4 ,if the powder of tin be given alone1 its dose may be considerably increased4 ,the late ,dr4 ,alston gave it to the amount of two ounces in three days1 and says1 when thus administered1 that it proved an egregious anthelmintic4 ,he purged his patients both before they took the powder and afterwards4 ,powder for the ,tape-worm4 ,early in the morning the patient is to take in any liquid1 two or three drachms1 according to his age and constitution1 of the root of the male fern reduced into a fine powder4 ,about two hours afterwards1 he is to take of calomel and resin of scammony1 each ten grains2 gum gamboge1 six grains4 ,these ingredients must be finely powdered and given in a little syrup1 honey1 treacle1 or any thing that is most agreeable to the patient4 ,he is then to walk gently about1 now and then drinking a dish of weak green tea1 till the worm is passed4 ,if the powder of the fern produces nausea1 or sickness1 it may be removed by sucking the juice of an orange or lemon4 ,this medicine1 which had been long kept a secret abroad for the cure of the tape-worm1 was some time ago purchased by the ,french ,king1 and made public for the benefit of mankind4 ,not having had an opportunity of trying it1 ,i can say nothing from experience concerning its efficacy4 ,it seems1 however1 from its ingredients1 to be an active medicine1 and ought to be taken with care4 ,the dose here prescribed is sufficient for the strongest patient2 it must1 therefore1 be reduced according to the age and constitution4 ,,syrups4 ,syrups were some time ago looked upon as medicines of considerable value4 ,they are at present1 however1 regarded chiefly as vehicles for medicines of greater efficacy1 and are used for sweetening draughts1 juleps1 or mixtures2 and for reducing the lighter powders into boluses1 pills1 and electuaries4 ,as all these purposes may be answered by the simple syrup alone1 there is little occasion for any other2 especially as they are seldom found but in a state of fermentation2 and as the dose of any medicine given in this form is very uncertain4 ,persons who serve the public must keep whatever their customers call for2 but to the private practitioner nine-tenths of the syrups usually kept in the shops are unnecessary4 ,simple ,syrup ,is made by dissolving in water1 either with or without heat1 about double its weight of fine sugar4 ,if twenty-five drops of laudanum be added to an ounce of the simple syrup1 it will supply the place of diacodium1 or the syrup of poppies1 and will be found a more safe and certain medicine4 ,the lubricating virtues of the syrup of marsh-mallows may likewise be supplied1 by adding to the common syrup a sufficient quantity of mucilage of gum arabic4 ,those who chuse to preserve the juice of lemons in form of syrup1 may dissolve in it1 by the heat of a warm bath1 nearly double its weight of fine sugar4 ,the juice ought to be previously strained1 and suffered to stand till it settles4 ,the syrup of ginger is sometimes of use as a warm vehicle for giving medicines to persons afflicted with flatulency4 ,it may be made by infusing two ounces of bruised ginger in two pints of boiling water for twenty-four hours4 ,after the liquor has been strained1 and has stood to settle for some time1 it may be poured off1 and a little more than double its weight of fine powdered sugar dissolved in it4 ,,tinctures1 ,,elixirs1 c4 ,rectified spirit is the direct menstruum of the resins and essential oils of vegetables1 and totally extracts these active principles from sundry substances1 which yield them to water1 either not at all1 or only in part4 ,it dissolves likewise those parts of animal substances in which their peculiar smells and tastes reside4 ,hence the tinctures prepared with rectified spirits form an useful and elegant class of medicines1 possessing many of the most essential virtues of simples1 without being clogged with their inert or useless parts4 ,water1 however1 being the proper menstruum of the gummy1 saline1 and saccharine parts of medicinal substances1 it will be necessary1 in the preparation of several tinctures1 to make use of a weak spirit1 or a composition of rectified spirit and water4 ,aromatic ,tincture4 ,infuse two ounces of ,jamaica pepper in two pints of brandy1 without heat1 for a few days2 then strain off the tincture4 ,this simple tincture will sufficiently answer all the intentions of the more costly preparations of this kind4 ,it is rather too hot to be taken by itself2 but is very proper for mixing with such medicines as might otherwise prove too cold for the stomach4 ,compound ,tincture of the ,bark4 ,take of ,peruvian bark1 two ounces2 ,seville orange-peel and cinnamon1 of each half an ounce4 ,let the bark be powdered1 and the other ingredients bruised2 then infuse the whole in a pint and a half of brandy1 for five or six days1 in a close vessel2 afterwards strain off the tincture4 ,this tincture is not only beneficial in intermitting fevers1 but also in the slow1 nervous1 and putrid kinds1 especially towards their decline4 ,the dose is from one drachm to three or four1 every fifth or sixth hour4 ,it may be given in any suitable liquor1 and occasionally sharpened with a few drops of the spirit of vitriol4 ,volatile ,ftid ,tincture4 ,infuse two ounces of asaftida in one pint of volatile aromatic spirit1 for eight days1 in a close bottle1 frequently shaking it2 then strain the tincture4 ,this medicine is beneficial in hysteric disorders1 especially when attended with lowness of spirits1 and faintings4 ,a tea-spoonful of it may be taken in a glass of wine1 or a cup of penny-royal tea4 ,volatile ,tincture of ,gum ,guaiacum4 ,take of gum guaiacum1 four ounces2 volatile aromatic spirit1 a pint4 ,infuse without heat1 in a vessel well stopped1 for a few days2 then strain off the tincture#baj4 ,in rheumatic complaints1 a tea-spoonful of this tincture may be taken in a cup of the infusion of water-trefoil1 twice or thrice a-day4 ,tincture of ,black ,hellebore4 ,infuse two ounces of the roots of black hellebore1 bruised1 in a pint of proof spirit1 for seven or eight days2 then filter the tincture through paper4 ,a scruple of cochineal may be infused along with the roots1 to give the tincture a colour4 ,in obstructions of the menses1 a tea-spoonful of this tincture may be taken in a cup of camomile or penny-royal tea twice a-day4 ,astringent ,tincture4 ,digest two ounces of gum kino1 in a pint and a half of brandy1 for eight days2 afterwards strain it for use4 ,this tincture1 though not generally known1 is a good astringent medicine4 ,with this view1 an ounce1 or more1 of it may be taken three or four times a-day4 ,tincture of ,myrrh and ,aloes4 ,take of gum myrrh1 an ounce and a half2 hepatic aloes1 one ounce4 ,let them be reduced to a powder1 and infused in two pints of rectified spirits1 for six days1 in a gentle heat2 then strain the tincture4 ,this is principally used by surgeons for cleansing foul ulcers1 and restraining the progress of gangrenes4 ,it is also1 by some1 recommended as a proper application to green wounds4 ,tincture of ,opium1 or ,liquid ,laudanum4 ,take of crude opium1 two ounces2 spirituous aromatic water1 and mountain wine1 of each ten ounces4 ,dissolve the opium1 sliced1 in the wine1 with a gentle heat1 frequently stirring it2 afterwards add the spirit1 and strain off the tincture4 ,as twenty-five drops of this tincture contain about a grain of opium1 the common dose may be from twenty to thirty drops4 ,sacred ,tincture1 or ,tincture of ,hiera ,picra4 ,take of succotorine aloes in powder1 one ounce2 ,virginian snake-root and ginger1 of each two drachms4 ,infuse in a pint of mountain wine1 and half a pint of brandy1 for a week1 frequently shaking the bottle1 then strain off the tincture4 ,this is a safe and useful purge for persons of a languid and phlegmatic habit2 but is thought to have better effects1 taken in small doses as a laxative4 ,the dose1 as a purge1 is from one to two ounces4 ,compound ,tincture of ,senna4 ,take of senna1 one ounce2 jalap1 coriander seeds1 and cream of tartar1 of each half an ounce4 ,infuse them in a pint and a half of ,french brandy for a week2 then strain the tincture1 and add to it four ounces of fine sugar4 ,this is an agreeable purge1 and answers all the purposes of the ,elixir salutis1 and of ,daffy's ,elixir4 ,the dose is from one to two or three ounces4 ,tincture of ,spanish ,flies4 ,take of ,spanish flies1 reduced to a fine powder1 two ounces2 spirit of wine1 one pint4 ,infuse for two or three days2 then strain off the tincture4 ,this is intended as an acrid stimulant for external use4 ,parts affected with the palsy or chronic rheumatism may be frequently rubbed with it4 ,tincture of the ,balsam of ,tolu4 ,take of the balsam of ,tolu1 an ounce and a half2 rectified spirit of wine1 a pint4 ,infuse in a gentle heat until the balsam is dissolved2 then strain the tincture4 ,this tincture possesses all the virtues of the balsam4 ,in coughs1 and other complaints of the breast1 a tea-spoonful or two of it may be taken in a bit of loaf-sugar4 ,but the best way of using it is in syrup4 ,an ounce of the tincture1 properly mixed with two pounds of simple syrup1 will make what is commonly called the ,balsamic ,syrup4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb4 ,take of rhubarb1 two ounces and a half2 lesser cardamom seeds1 half an ounce2 brandy1 two pints4 ,digest for a week1 and strain the tincture4 ,those who chuse to have a vinous tincture of rhubarb may infuse the above ingredients in a bottle of ,lisbon wine1 adding to it about two ounces of proof spirits4 ,if half an ounce of gentian root1 and a drachm of ,virginian snake-root be added to the above ingredients1 it will make the bitter tincture of rhubarb4 ,all these tinctures are designed as stomachics and corroborants as well as purgatives4 ,in weakness of the stomach1 indigestion1 laxity of the intestines1 fluxes1 colicky and such like complaints1 they are frequently of great service4 ,the dose is from half a spoonful to three or four spoonfuls or more1 according to the circumstances of the patient1 and the purposes it is intended to answer4 ,paregoric ,elixir4 ,take of flowers of benzoin1 half an ounce2 opium1 two drachms4 ,infuse in one pound of the volatile aromatic spirit1 for four or five days1 frequently shaking the bottle2 afterwards strain the elixir4 ,this is an agreeable and safe way of administering opium4 ,it eases pain1 allays tickling coughs1 relieves difficult breathing1 and is useful in many disorders of children1 particularly the hooping cough4 ,the dose to an adult is from fifty to a hundred drops4 ,sacred ,elixir4 ,take of rhubarb cut small1 ten drachms2 succotorine aloes1 in powder1 six drachms2 lesser cardamom seeds1 half an ounce2 ,french brandy1 two pints4 ,infuse for two or three days1 and then strain the elixir4 ,this useful stomachic purge may be taken from one ounce to an ounce and a half4 ,stomachic ,elixir4 ,take of gentian root1 two ounces2 ,curassao oranges1 one ounce2 ,virginian snake-root1 half an ounce4 ,let the ingredients be bruised1 and infused for three or four days in two pints of ,french brandy2 afterwards1 strain out the elixir4 ,this is an elegant stomachic bitter4 ,in flatulencies1 indigestion1 want of appetite1 and such like complaints1 a small glass of it may be taken twice a-day4 ,it likewise relieves the gout in the stomach1 when taken in a large dose4 ,acid ,elixir of ,vitriol4 ,take of the aromatic tincture1 one pint2 oil of vitriol1 three ounces4 ,mix them gradually1 and after the fces have subsided1 filter the elixir through paper1 in a glass funnel4 ,this is one of the best medicines which ,i know for hysteric and hypochondriac patients1 afflicted with flatulencies arising from relaxation or debility of the stomach and intestines4 ,it will succeed where the most celebrated stomachic bitters have no effect4 ,the dose is from ten to forty drops1 in a glass of wine or water1 or a cup of any bitter infusion1 twice or thrice a-day4 ,it should be taken when the stomach is most empty4 ,camphorated ,spirit of ,wine4 ,dissolve an ounce of camphor in a pint of rectified spirits4 ,this solution is chiefly employed as an embrocation in bruises1 palsies1 the chronic rheumatism1 and for preventing gangrenes4 ,the above quantity of camphor1 dissolved in half a pound of the volatile aromatic spirit1 makes ,ward's ,essence4 ,spirit of ,mindererus4 ,take of volatile sal ammoniac1 any quantity4 ,pour on it gradually distilled vinegar1 till the effervescence ceases4 ,this medicine is useful in promoting a discharge both by the skin and urinary passages4 ,it is also a good external application in strains and bruises4 ,when intended to raise a sweat1 half an ounce of it in a cup of warm gruel may be given to the patient in bed every hour till it has the desired effect4 ,,vinegars4 ,vinegar is an acid produced from vinous liquors by a second fermentation4 ,it is an useful medicine both in inflammatory and putrid disorders4 ,its effects are1 to cool the blood1 quench thirst1 counteract a tendency to putrefaction1 and allay inordinate motions of the system4 ,it likewise promotes the natural secretions1 and in some cases excites a copious sweat1 where the warm medicines1 called alexipharmic1 tend rather to prevent that salutary evacuation4 ,weakness1 faintings1 vomitings1 and other hysteric affections1 are often relieved by vinegar applied to the mouth and nose1 or received into the stomach4 ,it is of excellent use also in correcting many poisonous substances1 when taken into the stomach2 and in promoting their expulsion1 by the different emunctories1 when received into the blood4 ,vinegar is not only an useful medicine1 but serves likewise to extract1 in tolerable perfection1 the virtues of several other medicinal substances4 ,most of the odoriferous flowers impart to it their fragrance1 together with a beautiful purplish or red colour4 ,it also assists or coincides with the intention of squills1 garlic1 gum ammoniac1 and several other valuable medicines4 ,these effects1 however1 are not to be expected from every thing that is sold under the name of vinegar1 but from such as is sound and well prepared4 ,the best vinegars are those prepared from ,french wines4 ,it is necessary for some purposes that the vinegar be distilled2 but as this operation requires a particular chemical apparatus1 we shall not insert it4 ,vinegar of ,litharge4 ,take of litharge1 half a pound2 strong vinegar1 two pints4 ,infuse them together in a moderate heat for three days1 frequently shaking the vessel2 then filter the liquor for use4 ,this medicine is little used1 from a general notion of its being dangerous4 ,there is reason1 however1 to believe1 that the preparations of lead with vinegar are possessed of some valuable properties1 and that they may be used in many cases with safety and success4 ,a preparation of a similar nature with the above has of late been extolled by ,goulard1 a ,french surgeon1 as a safe and extensively useful medicine1 which he calls the ,extract of ,saturn1 and orders to be made in the following manner3 ,take of litharge1 one pound2 vinegar made of ,french wine1 two pints4 ,put them together into a glazed earthen pipkin1 and let them boil1 or rather simmer1 for an hour1 or an hour and a quarter1 taking care to stir them all the while with a wooden spatula4 ,after the whole has stood to settle1 pour off the liquor which is upon the top into bottles for use4 ,with this extract ,goulard makes his vegeto-mineral water#baa1 which he recommends in a great variety of external disorders1 as inflammations1 burns1 bruises1 sprains1 ulcers1 c4 ,he likewise prepares with it a number of other forms of medicine1 as poultices1 plasters1 ointments1 powders1 c4 ,vinegar of ,roses4 ,take of red roses1 half a pound2 strong vinegar1 half a gallon4 ,infuse in a close vessel for several weeks1 in a gentle heat2 and then strain off the liquor4 ,this is principally used as an embrocation for head-achs1 c4 ,vinegar of ,squills4 ,take of dried squills1 two ounces2 distilled vinegar1 two pints4 ,infuse for ten days or a fortnight in a gentle degree of heat1 afterwards strain off the liquor1 and add to it about a twelfth part its quantity of proof spirits4 ,this medicine has good effects in disorders of the breast1 occasioned by a load of viscid phlegm4 ,it is also of use in hydropic cases for promoting a discharge of urine4 ,the dose is from two drachms to two ounces1 according to the intention for which it is given4 ,when intended to act as a vomit1 the dose ought to be large4 ,in other cases1 it must not only be exhibited in small doses1 but also mixed with cinnamon water1 or some other agreeable aromatic liquor1 to prevent the nausea it might otherwise occasion4 ,,waters ,,by ,,infusion1 c4 ,lime-,water4 ,pour two gallons of water gradually upon a pound of fresh burnt quicklime2 and when the ebullition ceases1 stir them well together2 then suffer the whole to stand at rest1 that the lime may settle1 and afterwards filter the liquor through paper1 which is to be kept in vessels closely stopt4 ,the lime-water from calcined oyster-shells1 is prepared in the same manner4 ,lime-water is principally used for the gravel2 in which case1 from a pint to two or more of it may be drunk daily4 ,externally it is used for washing foul ulcers1 and removing the itch1 and other diseases of the skin4 ,compound ,lime-,water4 ,take shavings of guaiacum wood1 half a pound2 liquorice root1 one ounce2 sassafras bark1 half an ounce2 coriander seeds1 three drachms2 simple lime-water1 six pints4 ,infuse without heat for two days1 and then strain off the liquor4 ,in the same manner may lime-water be impregnated with the virtues of other vegetable substances4 ,such impregnation not only renders the water more agreeable to the palate1 but also a more efficacious medicine1 especially in cutaneous disorders1 and foulness of the blood and juices4 ,it may be taken in the same quantity as the simple water4 ,sublimate ,water4 ,dissolve eight grains of the corrosive sublimate in a pint of cinnamon water4 ,if a stronger solution is wanted1 a double or triple quantity of sublimate may be used4 ,the principal intention of this is to cleanse foul ulcers1 and consume proud flesh4 ,styptic ,water4 ,take of blue vitriol and alum1 each an ounce and a half2 water1 one pint4 ,boil them until the salts are dissolved1 then filter the liquor1 and add to it a drachm of the oil of vitriol4 ,this water is used for stopping a bleeding at the nose1 and other hmorrhages2 for which purpose cloths or dossils dipt in it must be applied to the part4 ,tar ,water4 ,pour a gallon of water on two pounds of ,norway tar1 and stir them strongly together with a wooden rod3 after they have stood to settle for two days1 pour off the water for use4 ,though tar-water falls greatly short of the character which has been given of it1 yet it possesses some medicinal virtues4 ,it sensibly raises the pulse1 increases the secretions1 and sometimes opens the body1 or occasions vomiting4 ,a pint of it may be drank daily1 or more1 if the stomach can bear it4 ,it is generally ordered to be taken on an empty stomach1 viz4 four ounces morning and evening1 and the same quantity about two hours after breakfast and dinner4 ,,simple ,,distilled ,,waters4 ,a great number of distilled waters were formerly kept in the shops1 and are still retained in some ,dispensatories4 ,but we consider them chiefly in the light of grateful diluents1 suitable vehicles for medicines of greater efficacy1 or for rendering disgustful ones more agreeable to the palate and stomach4 ,we shall therefore insert only a few of those which are best adapted to these intentions4 ,the management of a still being now generally understood1 it is needless to spend time in giving directions for that purpose4 ,cinnamon ,water4 ,steep one pound of cinnamon bark1 bruised1 in a gallon and a half of water1 and one pint of brandy1 for two days2 and then distil off one gallon4 ,this is an agreeable aromatic water1 possessing in a high degree the fragrance and cordial virtues of the spice4 ,pennyroyal ,water4 ,take of penny-royal leaves1 dried1 a pound and a half2 water1 from a gallon and a half to two gallons4 ,draw off by distillation one gallon4 ,this water possesses1 in a considerable degree1 the smell1 taste1 and virtues of the plant4 ,it is given in mixtures and juleps to hysteric patients4 ,an infusion of the herb1 in boiling water answers nearly the same purposes4 ,peppermint ,water4 ,this is made in the same manner as the preceding4 ,spearmint ,water4 ,this may also be prepared in the same way as the penny-royal water4 ,both these are useful stomachic waters1 and will sometimes relieve vomiting1 especially when it proceeds from indigestion1 or cold viscid phlegm4 ,they are likewise useful in some colicky complaints1 the gout in the stomach1 c4 particularly the peppermint water4 ,an infusion of the fresh plant is frequently found to have the same effects as the distilled water4 ,rose ,water4 ,take of roses fresh gathered1 six pounds2 water1 two gallons4 ,distil off one gallon4 ,this water is principally valued on account of its fine flavour4 ,jamaica ,pepper ,water4 ,take of ,jamaica pepper1 half a pound2 water1 a gallon and a half4 ,distil off one gallon4 ,this is a very elegant distilled water1 and may in most cases supply the place of the more costly spice waters4 ,,spirituous ,,distilled ,,waters4 ,spirituous ,cinnamon ,water4 ,take of cinnamon bark1 one pound2 proof spirit1 and common water1 of each one gallon4 ,steep the cinnamon in the liquor for two days2 then distil off one gallon4 ,spirituous ,jamaica ,pepper ,water4 ,take of ,jamaica pepper1 half a pound2 proof spirit1 three gallons2 water1 two gallons4 ,distil off three gallons4 ,this is a sufficiently agreeable cordial1 and may supply the place of the ,aromatic ,water4 ,,wheys4 ,alum ,whey4 ,boil two drachms of powdered alum in a pint of milk till it is curdled2 then strain out the whey4 ,this whey is beneficial in an immoderate flow of the menses1 and in a diabetes1 or excessive discharge of urine4 ,the dose is two1 three1 or four ounces1 according as the stomach will bear it1 three times a-day4 ,if it should occasion vomiting1 it may be diluted4 ,mustard-,whey4 ,take milk and water1 of each a pint2 bruised mustard-seed1 an ounce and a half4 ,boil them together till the curd is perfectly separated2 afterwards strain the whey through a cloth4 ,this is the most elegant1 and by no means the least efficacious method of exhibiting mustard4 ,it warms and invigorates the habit1 and promotes the different secretions4 ,hence1 in the low state of nervous fevers1 it will often supply the place of wine4 ,it is also of use in the chronic rheumatism1 palsy1 dropsy1 c4 ,the addition of a little sugar will render it more agreeable4 ,the dose is an ordinary tea-cupful four or five times a-day4 ,scorbutic ,whey4 ,this whey is made by boiling half a pint of the scorbutic juices in a quart of cow's milk4 ,more benefit1 however1 is to be expected from eating the plants1 than from their expressed juices4 ,the scorbutic plants are1 bitter oranges1 brooklime1 garden scurvy-grass1 and water-cresses4 ,a number of other wheys may be prepared nearly in the same manner1 as orange whey1 cream of tartar whey1 c4 ,these are cooling pleasant drinks in fevers1 and may be rendered cordial1 when necessary1 by the addition of wine4 ,,wines4 ,the effects of wine are1 to raise the pulse1 promote perspiration1 warm the habit1 and exhilarate the spirits4 ,the red wines1 besides these effects1 have an astringent quality1 by which they strengthen the tone of the stomach and intestines1 and by this means prove serviceable in restraining immoderate secretions4 ,the thin sharp wines have a different tendency4 ,they pass off freely by the different emunctories1 and gently open the body4 ,the effects of the full bodied wines are1 however1 much more durable than those of the thinner4 ,all sweet wines contain a glutinous substance1 and do not pass off freely4 ,hence they will heat the body more than an equal quantity of any other wine1 though it should contain fully as much spirit4 ,from the obvious qualities of wine1 it must appear to be an excellent cordial medicine4 ,indeed1 to say the truth1 it is worth all the rest put together4 ,but to answer this character1 it must be sound and good4 ,no benefit is to be expected from the common trash that is often sold by the name of wine1 without possessing one drop of the juice of the grape4 ,perhaps no medicine is more rarely obtained genuine than wine4 ,wine is not only used as a medicine1 but is also employed as a menstruum for extracting the virtues of other medicinal substances2 for which it is not ill adapted1 being a compound of water1 inflammable spirit1 and acid2 by which means it is enabled to act upon vegetable and animal substances1 and also to dissolve some bodies of the metallic kind1 so as to impregnate itself with their virtues1 as steel1 antimony1 c4 ,anthelmintic ,wine4 ,take of rhubarb1 half an ounce2 worm-seed1 an ounce4 ,bruise them1 and infuse without heat in two pints of red port wine for a few days1 then strain off the wine4 ,as the stomachs of persons afflicted with worms are always debilitated1 red wine alone will often prove serviceable3 it must1 however1 have still better effects when joined with bitter and purgative ingredients1 as in the above form4 ,a glass of this wine may be taken twice or thrice a-day4 ,antimonial ,wine4 ,take glass of antimony1 reduced to a fine powder1 half an ounce2 ,lisbon wine1 eight ounces4 ,digest1 without heat1 for three or four days1 now and then shaking the bottle2 afterwards filter the wine through paper4 ,the dose of this wine varies according to the intention4 ,as an alterative and diaphoretic1 it may be taken from ten to fifty or sixty drops4 ,in a larger dose it generally proves cathartic1 or excites vomiting4 ,bitter ,wine4 ,take of gentian root1 yellow rind of lemon-peel1 fresh1 each one ounce2 long pepper1 two drachms2 mountain wine1 two pints4 ,infuse without heat for a week1 and strain out the wine for use4 ,in complaints arising from weakness of the stomach1 or indigestion1 a glass of this wine may be taken an hour before dinner and supper4 ,ipecacuanha ,wine4 ,take of ipecacuanha1 in powder1 one ounce2 mountain wine1 a pint4 ,infuse for three or four days2 then filter the tincture4 ,this is a safe vomit1 and answers extremely well for such persons as cannot swallow the powder1 or whose stomachs are too irritable to bear it4 ,the dose is from one ounce to an ounce and a half4 ,chalybeate or ,steel ,wine4 ,take filings of iron1 two ounces2 cinnamon and mace1 of each two drachms2 ,rhenish wine1 two pints4 ,infuse for three or four weeks1 frequently shaking the bottle2 then pass the wine through a filter4 ,in obstructions of the menses1 this preparation of iron may be taken1 in the dose of half a wine-glass twice or thrice a-day4 ,the medicine would probably be as good if made with ,lisbon wine1 sharpened with half an ounce of the cream of tartar1 or a small quantity of the vitriolic acid4 ,stomach ,wine4 ,take of ,peruvian bark1 grossly powdered1 an ounce2 cardamom seeds1 and orange peel1 bruised1 of each two drachms4 ,infuse in a bottle of white port or ,lisbon wine for five or six days2 then drain off the wine4 ,this wine is not only of service in debility of the stomach and intestines1 but may also be taken as a preventive1 by persons liable to the intermittent fever1 or who reside in places where this disease prevails4 ,it will be of use likewise to those who recover slowly after fevers of any kind1 as it assists digestion1 and helps to restore the tone and vigour of the system4 ,a glass of it may be taken two or three times a-day4 ,a ,,glossary4 ,although terms of art have been sedulously avoided in the composition of this treatise1 it is impossible entirely to banish technical phrases when writing on medicine1 a science that has been less generally attended to by mankind1 and continues therefore to be more infected with the jargon of the schools1 than perhaps any other4 ,several persons having expressed their opinion that a ,glossary would make this work more generally intelligible1 the following concise explanation of the few terms of art that occur1 has been added in compliance with their sentiments1 and to fulfil the original intention of this treatise1 by rendering it intelligible and useful to all ranks and classes of mankind4 ,a4 ,abdomen4 ,the belly4 ,absorbents4 ,vessels that convey the nourishment from the intestines1 and the secreted fluids from the various cavities into the mass of blood4 ,acrimony4 ,corrosive sharpness4 ,acute4 ,a disease1 the symptoms of which are violent1 and tend to a speedy termination1 is called acute4 ,adult4 ,of mature age4 ,adust4 ,dry1 warm4 ,antispasmodic4 ,whatever tends to prevent or remove spasm4 ,aphth4 ,small whitish ulcers appearing in the mouth4 ,astriction4 ,a tightening or lessening4 ,atrabilarian4 ,an epithet commonly applied to people of a certain temperament1 marked by a dark complexion1 black hair1 spare habit1 c4 which the ancients supposed to arise from the atra bilis1 or the black bile4 ,b4 ,bile1 or ,gall4 ,a fluid which is secreted by the liver into the gall-bladder1 and from thence passes into the intestines1 in order to promote digestion4 ,c4 ,cacochymie4 ,an unhealthy state of the body4 ,caries4 ,a rottenness of a bone4 ,chyle4 ,a milky fluid separated from the aliment in the intestines1 and conveyed by the absorbents into the blood to supply the waste of the animal body4 ,chronic4 ,a disease whose progress is slow1 in opposition to acute4 ,circulation4 ,the motion of the blood1 which is driven by the heart through the arteries1 and returns by the veins4 ,comatose4 ,sleepy4 ,conglobate ,gland4 ,a simple gland4 ,conglomerate4 ,a compound gland4 ,contagion4 ,infectious matter4 ,cutis4 ,the skin4 ,cutaneous4 ,of or belonging to the skin4 ,crisis4 ,a certain period in the progress of a disease1 from whence a decided alteration either for the better or the worse takes place4 ,critical4 ,decisive or important4 ,critical ,days4 ,the fourth1 fifth1 seventh1 ninth1 eleventh1 thirteenth1 fourteenth1 seventeenth1 and twenty-first1 are by some authors denominated critical days1 because febrile complaints have been observed to take a decisive change at these periods4 ,d4 ,debility4 ,weakness4 ,delirium4 ,a temporary disorder of the mental faculties4 ,diaphragm4 ,a membrane separating the cavity of the chest from that of the belly4 ,diuretic4 ,a medicine that promotes the secretion of urine4 ,drastic4 ,is applied to such purgative medicines as are violent or harsh in their operation4 ,e4 ,empyema4 ,a collection of purulent matter in the cavity of the breast4 ,endemic4 ,a disease peculiar to a certain district of country4 ,epidemic4 ,a disease generally infectious4 ,exacerbation4 ,the increase of any disease4 ,f4 ,fces4 ,excrements4 ,ftid4 ,emitting an offensive smell4 ,ftus4 ,the child before birth1 or when born before the proper period1 is thus termed4 ,flatulent4 ,producing wind4 ,fungus4 ,proud flesh4 ,g4 ,gangrene4 ,mortification4 ,gummata4,venereal excrescences4 ,ganglia4 ,gymnastic4 ,exercise taken with a view to preserve or restore health4--,the ancient physicians reckoned this an important branch of medicine4 ,h4 ,hectic fever4 ,a slow consuming fever1 generally attending a bad habit of body1 or some incurable and deep rooted disease4 ,hmorrhoids4 ,the piles4 ,hmorrhage4 ,discharge of blood4 ,hypochondriacism4 ,low spirits4 ,hypochondriac viscera4 ,the liver1 spleen1 c4 so termed from their situation in the hypochondriac or upper and lateral parts of the belly4 ,i4 ,ichor4 ,thin bad matter4 ,imposthume4 ,a collection of purulent matter4 ,inflammation4 ,a surcharge of blood1 and an increased action of the vessels1 in any particular part of the body4 ,l4 ,ligature4 ,bandage4 ,lixivium4 ,ley4 ,m4 ,miliary ,eruption4 ,eruption of small pustules resembling the seeds of millet4 ,morbific4 ,causing disease1 or diseased4 ,mucus4 ,the matter discharged from the nose1 lungs1 c4 ,mysentery4 ,a double membrane which connects the intestines to the back bone4 ,n4 ,nervous4 ,irritable4 ,nausea4 ,an inclination to vomit4 ,nodes4 ,enlargements of the bones produced by the venereal disease4 ,p4 ,pectoral4 ,medicines adapted to cure diseases of the breast4 ,pelvis4 ,the bones situated at the lower part of the trunk2 thus named from their resembling in some measure a bason4 ,peritonum4 ,a membrane lining the cavity of the belly and covering the intestines4 ,pericardium4 ,membrane containing the heart4 ,perspiration4 ,the matter discharged from the pores of the skin in form of vapour or sweat4 ,phlogiston4 ,is here used to signify somewhat rendering the air unfit for the purposes of respiration4 ,phlegmatic4 ,watery1 relaxed4 ,plethoric4 ,replete with blood4 ,polypus4 ,a diseased excrescence1 or a substance formed of coagulable lymph1 frequently found in the large blood vessels4 ,pus4 ,matter contained in a boil4 ,r4 ,regimen4 ,regulation of diet4 ,rectum4 ,the straight gut1 in which the fces are contained4 ,respiration4 ,the act of breathing4 ,s4 ,saliva4 ,the fluid secreted by the glands of the mouth4 ,sanies4 ,a thin bad matter1 discharged from an ill conditioned sore4 ,scirrhous4 ,a state of diseased hardness4 ,slough4 ,a part separated and thrown off by suppuration4 ,spasm4 ,a diseased contraction4 ,spine4 ,the back bone4 ,styptic4 ,a medicine for stopping the discharge of blood4 ,syncope4 ,a fainting fit attended with a complete abolition of sensation and thought4 ,t4 ,tabes4 ,a species of consumption4 ,temperament4 ,a peculiar habit of body1 of which there are generally reckoned four1 viz4 the sanguine1 the bilious1 the melancholic1 and the phlegmatic4 ,u4 ,vertigo4 ,giddiness4 ,ulcer4 ,an ill conditioned sore4 ,ureters4 ,two long and small canals which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder4 ,urethra4 ,the canal which conveys the urine from the bladder4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,ablutions1 ,jewish and ,mahometan1 well calculated for the preservation of health1 #ajc4 ,abortion1 causes and symptoms of1 #eca4 ,means of prevention1 #ecb4 ,proper treatment in the case of1 ibid4 ,abscesses1 how to be treated1 #cjh4 #egc4 ,accidents4 ,see ,casualties4 ,acids1 of peculiar service in consumptions1 #ahc4 ,in putrid fevers1 #aii4 ,not suitable to the measles1 #bdb4 ,acidities in the bowels of infants1 the origin of1 #edh4 ,method of cure1 #edi4 ,ackworth1 foundling hospital at1 cause of the children there being afflicted with scabbed heads1 and fatal consequences of their ill treatment1 #eee1 note4 ,addison1 his remark on the luxury of the table1 #ie4 ther1 very serviceable in removing fits of the asthma1 #dji4 ,is excellent for flatulencies1 #ddd4 thiops mineral1 strongly recommended by ,dr4 ,cheyne in inflammations of the eyes1 #bfc4 ,africans1 their treatment of children1 #aa1 note4 ,agaric of the oak1 its merit as a styptic1 #egg4 ,method of gathering1 preparing1 and applying it1 ibid4 note4 ,agriculture1 a healthful1 constant1 and profitable employment1 #dh4 ,is too much neglected in favour of manufactures1 ibid4 ,gardening the most wholesome amusement for sedentary persons1 #ec4 ,ague1 a species of fever no person can mistake1 and the proper medicine for1 generally known1 #adg4 ,causes of1 #adh4 ,symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen for1 ibid4 ,under a proper regimen will often go off1 without medicine1 #aej4 ,medical treatment of1 #aea4 ,often degenerates into obstinate chronical diseases1 if not radically cured1 #aed4 ,peruvian bark the only medicine to be relied on in1 #aee4 ,children how to be treated in1 ibid4 ,preventive medicine for those who live in marshy countries1 #aef4 ,air1 confined1 poisonous to children1 #cj4 ,a free open air will sometimes cure the most obstinate disorders in children1 #cc4 ,occupations which injure the health by unwholesome air1 #cg4 #di4 ,the qualities of1 act more sensibly on the body1 than is generally imagined1 #ge4 ,the several noxious qualities of1 specified1 ibid4 ,in large cities1 polluted by various circumstances1 #gf4 ,the air in churches1 how rendered unwholesome1 ibid4 ,houses ought to be ventilated daily1 #gh4 ,the danger attending small apartments1 ibid4 ,persons whose business confines them to town ought to sleep in the country1 ibid4 ,high walls obstruct the free current of air1 #gi4 ,trees should not be planted too near to houses1 ibid4 ,fresh air peculiarly necessary for the sick1 #hj4 ,the sick in hospitals in more danger from the want of fresh air1 than from their disorders1 ibid4 ,wholesomeness of the morning air1 #hd4 ,the changeableness of1 one great cause of catching cold1 #abf4 ,those who keep most within doors1 the most sensible of these changes1 #abg4 ,of the night1 to be carefully guarded against1 #abh4 ,fresh air often of more efficacy in diseases than medicine1 #aci4 ,its importance in fevers1 #ade4 #afj4 ,states of1 liable to produce putrid fevers1 #aie4 ,must be kept cool and fresh in sick chambers under this disorder1 #aii4 ,change of1 one of the most effectual remedies for the hooping-cough1 #bhe4 ,the qualities of1 a material consideration for asthmatic patients1 #djh4 ,the various ways by which it may be rendered noxious1 #fad4 ,confined1 how to try1 and purify1 ibid4 ,method of recovering persons poisoned by foul air1 #fae4 ,fresh1 of the greatest importance in fainting fits1 #fbb4 ,aitken1 ,mr4 his treatise on the nature and cure of fractures1 recommended1 #eid1 note4 ,alcali1 caustic1 recommended in the stone1 #cbg4 ,how to prepare it1 ibid4 note4 ,aliment is capable of changing the whole constitution of the body1 #fb4 ,will in many cases answer every intention in the cure of diseases1 ibid4 ,the calls of hunger and thirst1 sufficient for regulating the due quantity of1 #fc4 ,the quality of1 how injured1 ibid4 ,a due mixture of vegetables necessary with our animal food1 #fe4 ,to what the bad effects of tea are principally owing1 #fe4 ,water1 good and bad1 distinguished1 #ff4 ,inquiry into the qualities of fermented liquors1 with instructions for the due making of them1 #fi4 ,the qualities of good bread1 and why adulterated by bakers1 #gj4 ,general rules for the choice of food1 ibid4 ,ought not to be too uniform1 #ga4 ,meals ought to be taken at regular times1 #gb4 ,long fasting injurious both to old and young1 #gc4 ,breakfasts and suppers1 ibid4 ,changes of diet ought to be gradually made1 #gd4 ,amaurosis4 ,see ,gutta serena4 ,american ,indians1 their method of curing the venereal disease1 #eac4 ,amusements1 sedentary1 improper for sedentary persons1 #ea4 ,ought always to be of an active kind1 #he4 ,anasarca4 ,see ,dropsy4 ,anger1 violent fits of1 injurious to the constitution1 #aab4 ,tranquillity of mind essential to health1 ibid4 ,animal food1 cautions in giving it to children1 #ah4 ,animals that die of themselves1 unfit for food1 #fc4 ,overdriven cattle rendered unwholesome1 #fd4 ,the artifices of butchers exposed1 #fe4 ,too great a quantity of1 generates the scurvy1 ibid4 ,animals and plants1 the analogy in the nourishment of1 stated1 #id4 ,anthony's ,fire1 ,st4 ,see ,erysipelas4 ,aphth4 ,see ,thrush4 ,apoplexy1 who most liable to this disorder1 #daj4 ,causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms and method of cure1 #daa4 ,cautions to persons of an apoplectic make1 #dac4 ,apothecaries weights1 a table of1 #fec4 ,apparel1 ,see ,clothing4 ,appetite1 want of1 causes and remedies for1 #dag4 ,arbuthnot1 ,dr4 his advice in the inflammation of the lungs1 #agb4 ,his advice for persons troubled with costiveness1 #dae1 note4 ,arsenic1 the effects of1 on the stomach1 #dgd4 ,medical treatment when the symptoms appear1 ibid4 ,arts4 ,see ,manufactures4 ,ascites4 ,see ,dropsy4 ,asses milk1 why it seldom does any good1 #agi4 ,instructions for taking it1 ibid4 ,asthma1 the different kinds of this disorder distinguished1 with its causes1 #djf4 ,symptoms1 #djg4 ,regimen1 ibid4 ,medical treatment1 #djh4 ,remedies proper in the moist asthma1 #dji4 ,atmosphere4 ,see ,air4 ,b4 ,ball's purging vermifuge powder1 preparation of1 #cfi4 ,balsams1 how to prepare4 ,anodyne balsam1 #feg4 ,locatelli's balsam1 ibid4 ,vulnerary balsam1 ibid4 ,bandages1 tight1 produce most of the bad consequences attending fractured bones1 #eie4 ,bark1 ,peruvian1 the best antidote for sailors against disorders on a foreign coast1 #dg4 ,how to be administered in the ague1 #aea4 ,distinction between the red bark and quill bark1 ibid4 note4 ,a decoction or infusion of1 may be taken by those who cannot swallow it in substance1 #aec4 ,is often adulterated1 ibid4 note4 ,is the only medicine to be depended on in agues1 #aee4 ,how it may be rendered more palatable1 ibid4 ,may be administered by clyster1 #aef4 ,cold water the best menstruum for extracting the virtues of this drug1 #ahe4 ,how to be administered in the putrid fever1 #bjb2 and in the erysipelas1 #beb4 ,in an inflammation of the eyes1 #bfc4 ,its efficacy in a malignant quinsey1 #bgd4 ,in the hooping-cough1 #bhh4 ,a good medicine in vomiting1 when it proceeds from weakness of the stomach1 #cag4 ,its efficacy in a diabetes1 and how to take it1 #cba4 ,is good against the piles1 #ccf2 and worms1 #cfh4 ,its use dangerous for preventing a fit of the gout1 #che4 ,a good remedy in the ,king's evil1 #dja2 and in the fluor albus1 #ebi4 ,barley water1 how made1 #afe4 ,barrenness in women1 the general causes of1 #edb4 ,course of relief1 #edc4 ,dr4 ,cheyne's observations on1 ibid4 note4 ,bath waters1 good in the gout1 #chf4 ,bath1 cold1 the good effects of1 on children1 #bi4 ,recommended to the studious1 #fb4 ,is peculiarly excellent for strengthening the nervous system1 #dbe4 ,therefore should never be omitted in gleets1 #eja4 ,is good for rickety children1 #efd4 ,cautions concerning the improper use of1 in adults1 #fcc-fci4 ,bath1 warm1 of great service in an inflammation of the stomach1 #bia4 ,bathing1 a religious duty under the ,judaic and ,mahometan laws1 #ajc4 ,is conducive to health1 #ajd4 ,bears foot1 recommended as a powerful remedy against worms1 #cfi4 ,beds1 instead of being made up again as soon as persons rise from them1 ought to be turned down and exposed to the air1 #gg4 ,bad effects of too great indulgence in bed1 #hd4 ,damp1 the danger of1 #abh4 ,soft1 are injurious to the kidneys1 #cbj4 #cbd4 ,beer1 the ill consequences of making it too weak1 #fi4 ,pernicious artifices of the dealers in1 ibid4 ,bells1 parish1 the tolling them for the dead1 a dangerous custom1 #aad4 ,biles1 #ege4 ,bilious colic1 symptoms and treatment of1 #bih4 ,bilious fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,bite of a mad dog4 ,see ,dog4 ,bitters1 warm and astringent1 antidotes to agues1 #aea4 ,are serviceable in vomiting when it proceeds from weakness in the stomach1 #cag4 ,bladder1 inflammation of1 its general causes1 #cje4 ,medical treatment of1 ibid4 ,bladder1 stone in4 ,see ,stone4 ,blast4 ,see ,erysipelas4 ,bleeding1 cautions for the operation of1 in fevers1 #adf4 ,in the ague1 #aej4 ,its importance in the acute continual fever1 #afa4 ,in the pleurisy1 #aff4 ,when necessary in an inflammation of the lungs1 #agc4 ,caution against1 in a nervous fever1 #aib4 ,in the putrid fever1 #bja4 ,in the miliary fever1 #bji4 ,when necessary in the small-pox1 #bba4 ,when useful in the measles1 #bdc4 ,when necessary in the bilious fever1 #bdg4 ,under what circumstances proper in the erysipelas1 #bea4 ,mode of1 proper in an inflammation of the brain1 #beg4 ,is always necessary in an inflammation of the eyes1 #bfa4 ,when proper1 and improper1 in a cough1 #bhj4 ,when proper in the hooping-cough1 #bhe4 ,is almost the only thing to be depended on in an inflammation of the stomach1 #bij4 ,and in an inflammation of the intestines1 #bib4 ,is necessary in an inflammation of the kidneys1 #cjc4 ,its use in a suppression of urine1 #cbc4 ,is proper in an asthma1 #dji4 ,is dangerous in fainting fits1 without due caution1 #ddb4 ,cautions proper in the puerperal fever1 #eci4 ,is an operation generally performed by persons who do not understand when it is proper1 #egj4 ,in what case it ought to be had recourse to1 ibid4 ,the quantity taken away1 how to be regulated1 #ega4 ,general rules for the operation1 ibid4 ,objections to bleeding by leeches1 #egb4 ,prevailing prejudices relating to bleeding1 ibid4 ,the arm the most commodious part to take blood from1 #egc4 ,bleeding at the nose1 spontaneous1 is of more service1 where bleeding is necessary1 than the operation with the lancet1 #cba4 ,ought not to be stopped without due consideration1 ibid4 ,how to stop it when necessary1 #ccb4 ,cautions to prevent frequent returns of1 #ccd4 ,blind persons1 when born so1 might be educated to employments suited to their capacity1 #def1 note4 ,blisters1 peculiarly advantageous in the nervous fever1 #aib4 ,when only to be applied in the putrid fever1 #bja4 ,when proper in the miliary fever1 #bji4 ,seldom fail to remove the most obstinate inflammation of the eyes1 #bfb4 ,a good remedy in the quinsey1 #bfi4 ,proper for a violent hooping-cough1 #bhh4 ,is one of the best remedies for an inflammation of the stomach1 #bia4 ,are efficacious in the tooth-ach1 #cei4 ,blood1 involuntary discharges of1 often salutary1 and ought not to be rashly stopped1 #cbi4 ,the several kinds of these discharges1 with their usual causes1 ibid4 ,methods of cure1 #ccj4 ,blood1 spitting of1 who most subject to1 and at what seasons1 #ccg4 ,its causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms1 #cci4 ,proper regimen in1 ibid4 ,medical treatment1 #cdj4 ,cautions for persons subject to it1 #cda4 ,blood1 vomiting of1 its causes and symptoms1 #cda4 ,medical treatment1 #cdb4 ,blood-shot eye1 how to cure1 #dej4 ,bloody-flux4 ,see ,dysentery4 ,boerhaave1 his observation on dress1 #ic1 note4 ,his mechanical expedients to relieve an inflammation of the brain1 #bef4 ,boluses1 general rules for the preparing of1 #feh4 ,the astringent bolus1 ibid4 ,diaphoretic bolus1 ibid4 ,mercurial bolus1 ibid4 ,bolus of rhubarb and mercury1 #fei4 ,pectoral bolus1 ibid4 ,purging bolus1 ibid4 ,bones1 the exfoliation of1 a very slow operation1 #ehc4 ,bones1 broken1 often successfully undertaken by ignorant operators1 #eic4 ,regimen to be adopted after the accident1 #eid4 ,hints of conduct if the patient is confined to his bed1 ibid4 ,cleanliness to be regarded during this confinement1 #eie4 ,the limb not to be kept continually on the stretch1 ibid4 ,cautions to be observed in setting a bone1 ibid4 ,tight bandages condemned1 #eif4 ,how to keep the limb steady by an easy method1 ibid4 ,fractures of the ribs1 ibid4 ,bowels1 inflammation of4 ,see ,stomach4 ,boys1 the military exercise proper for them1 #bf4 ,braidwood1 ,mr4 his skill in teaching the dumb to speak1 #dfa1 note4 ,brain1 inflammation of1 who most liable to it1 with its causes and symptoms1 #bed4 ,regimen1 #bef4 ,medical treatment1 #beg4 ,bread1 proper food for children1 as soon as they can chew it1 #ag4 ,a crust of1 the best gum-stick1 ibid4 ,the best modes of preparing it in food for children1 #ah4 ,good1 the qualities of1 and for what purpose adulterated by the bakers1 #gj4 ,toasted1 a decoction of1 good to check the vomiting in a cholera morbus1 #caj4 ,brimstone4 ,see ,sulphur4 ,broth1 gelatinous1 recommended in the dysentery1 how to make1 #cdg4 ,bruises1 why of worse consequence than wounds1 #ehb4 ,proper treatment of1 ibid4 ,the exfoliation of injured bones a very slow operation1 #ehc4 ,how to cure sores occasioned by1 ibid4 ,buboes1 two kinds of1 distinguished1 with their proper treatment1 #ejd4 ,burdens1 heavy1 injurious to the lungs1 #dj4 ,burgundy pitch1 a plaster of1 between the shoulders1 an excellent remedy in a cough1 #bha4 ,in a hooping-cough1 #bhh4 ,and for children in teething1 #efj4 ,burials1 the dangers attending their being allowed in the midst of populous towns1 #gf4 ,burns1 slight1 how to cure1 #ehj4 ,treatment of1 when violent1 ibid4 ,extraordinary case of1 #eha4 ,liniment for1 #fhj4 ,butchers1 their professional artifices explained1 and condemned1 #fe4 ,butter ought to be very sparingly given to children1 #ba4 ,c4 ,cabbage leaves1 topical application of1 in a pleurisy1 #afg4 ,camphor1 why of little use in eye-waters1 #ffb4 ,camphorated oil1 preparation of1 #fhd4 ,camphorated spirit of wine1 #fii4 ,camps1 the greatest necessity of consulting cleanliness in1 #ajc4 ,cancer1 its different stages described1 with the producing causes1 #dfj4 ,symptoms1 #dfg4 ,regimen1 and medical treatment1 #dfh4 ,dr4 ,stork's method of treating this disorder1 #dfi4 ,cautions for avoiding it1 #dgb4 ,cancer scroti1 a disorder peculiar to chimney-sweepers1 owing to want of cleanliness1 #ajj1 note4 ,carriages1 the indulgence of1 a sacrifice of health to vanity1 #hb4 ,carrot1 wild1 recommended in the stone1 #cbh4 ,carrot poultice for cancers1 how to prepare1 #dga4 ,casualties1 which apparently put an end to life1 necessary cautions respecting1 #fjj4 #fjh4 #fac4 #fca4 ---- substances stopped in the gullet1 #fjb4 ---- drowning1 #fji4 ---- noxious vapours1 #fac4 ---- extremity of cold1 #faf4 ---- extreme heat1 #fah4 ,cataplasms1 their general intention1 #fei4 ,preparation of the discutient cataplasm1 ibid4 ,ripening cataplasm1 ibid4 ,cataract1 the disorder and its proper treatment described1 #deh4 ,cattle1 stall fed1 are unwholesome food1 #fd4 ,overdriven1 are killed in a high fever1 ibid4 ,the artifices of butchers exposed1 #fe4 ,cellars1 long shut1 ought to be cautiously opened1 #gh4 ,and sunk stories of houses1 unhealthy to live in1 #acj4 ,of liquors in a state of fermentation1 dangerous to enter1 #fad4 ,how to purify the air in1 ibid4 ,celsus1 his rules for the preservation of health1 #acd4 ,chancres1 described1 #ejf4 ,primary1 how to treat1 ibid4 ,symptomatic1 #ejg4 ,charcoal fire1 the danger of sleeping in the fume of1 #fac4 ,charity1 the proper exercise of1 #dc4 ,cheyne1 ,dr4 his persuasive to the use of exercise1 #hc4 ,his judgment of the due quantity of urine1 not to be relied on1 #abd4 ,strongly recommends thiops mineral in inflammations of the eyes1 #bfc4 ,his observations on barrenness1 #edc1 note4 ,chilblains1 cause of1 #eef4 ,how to cure1 ibid4 ,child-bed women1 how to be treated under a miliary fever1 #baj4 ,child-bed fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,child-birth1 the season of1 requires due care after the labour pains are over1 #ecc4 ,medical advice to women in labour1 #ecd4 ,ill effects of collecting a number of women on such occasions1 #ece1 note4 ,how to guard against the miliary fever1 #ech4 ,symptoms of the puerperal fever1 ibid4 ,proper treatment of this fever1 #eci4 ,general cautions for women at this season1 #eda1 #edb4 ,children1 their diseases generally acute1 and delay dangerous1 #f4 ,their disorders less complicated1 and easier cured1 than those of adults1 ibid4 ,are often the heirs of the diseases of their parents1 #g4 ,those born of diseased parents1 require peculiar care in the nursing1 #h4 ,are often killed or deformed by injudicious clothing1 ibid4 ,how treated in ,africa1 #aa1 note4 ,the usual causes of deformity in1 explained1 ibid4 ,their clothes ought to be fastened on with strings1 #ac4 ,general rule for clothing them1 #ad4 ,cleanliness an important article in their dress1 ibid4 ,the milk of the mother the most natural food for1 #ae4 ,absurdity of giving them drugs as their first food1 #af4 ,the best method of expelling the meconium1 ibid4 ,how they ought to be weaned from the breast1 #ag4 ,a crust of bread the best gum-stick for them1 ibid4 ,how to prepare bread in their food1 #ah4 ,cautions as to giving them animal food1 ibid4 ,cautions as to the quantity of their food1 ibid4 ,errors in the quality of their food more frequent than in the quantity1 #ai4 ,the food of adults improper for children1 ibid4 ,strong liquors expose them to inflammatory disorders1 ibid4 ,ill effects of unripe fruit1 #bj4 ,butter1 #ba4 ,honey1 a wholesome article of food for them1 ibid4 ,the importance of exercise to promote their growth and strength1 ibid4 ,rules for their exercise1 #bb4 ,poverty of parents occasions their neglect of children1 #bc4 ,the utility of exercise demonstrated from the organical structure of children1 #bd4 ,philosophical arguments shewing the necessity of exercise1 ibid4 ,ought not to be sent to school too soon1 #be4 ,nor be put too soon to labour1 #bh4 ,dancing an excellent exercise for them1 #bi4 ,the cold bath1 ibid4 ,want of wholesome air destructive to children1 #cj4 ,to wrap them up close in cradles1 pernicious1 #cb4 ,are treated like plants in a hot-house1 ibid4 ,the usual faulty conduct of nurses pointed out1 #cd4 ,are crammed with cordials by indolent nurses1 #ce4 ,eruptions ignorantly treated by nurses1 ibid4 ,loose stools1 the proper treatment of1 ibid4 ,every method ought to be taken to make them strong and hardy1 #cg4 ,indications of the small-pox in1 #bad4 ,chincough4 ,see ,cough4 ,cholera morbus1 the disorder defined1 with its causes and symptoms1 #cji4 ,medical treatment1 #caj4 ,churches1 the several circumstances that render the air in1 unwholesome1 #gf4 ,churching of women after lying in1 a dangerous custom1 #edb4 ,church-yards1 the bad consequences of having them in large towns1 #gf4 ,cities1 large1 the air in1 contaminated by various means1 #gf4 ,the bad effects of burying the dead in1 ibid4 ,houses ought to be ventilated daily1 #gg4 ,the danger attending small apartments1 #gh4 ,all who can ought to sleep in the country1 ibid4 ,disorders that large towns are peculiarly hurtful to1 #gi4 ,cleanliness not sufficiently attended to in1 #aja4 ,should be supplied with plenty of water1 #aje1 note4 ,the best means to guard against infection in1 #aji4 ,clare1 ,mr4 his method of applying saline preparations of mercury in venereal cases1 #eab4 ,cleanliness1 an important article of attention in the dress of children1 #ad2 and to sedentary artists1 #eb4 ,finery in dress often covers dirt1 #ic4 ,is necessary to health1 #ajj4 ,disorders originating from the want of1 ibid4 ,is not sufficiently attended to in large towns1 #aja4 ,nor by country peasants1 #ajb4 ,great attention paid to1 by the ancient ,romans1 ibid4 note4 ,necessity of consulting cleanliness in camps1 #ajc4 ,was the principal object of the whole system of the ,jewish laws1 ibid4 ,is a great part of the religion of the ,eastern countries1 ibid4 ,bathing and washing greatly conducive to health1 #ajd4 ,cleanliness peculiarly necessary on board of ships1 ibid4 and to the sick1 ibid4 ,general remarks on1 #aje4 ,many disorders may be cured by cleanliness alone1 #adj4 ,the want of1 a very general cause of putrid fevers1 #aif4 ,is a great preservative against venereal infection1 #eag2 and against galling in infants1 #eej4 ,clergy1 exhorted to remove popular prejudices against inoculation1 #bca4 ,might do great good by undertaking the practice of it themselves1 #bcf4 ,clothing1 the only natural use of1 #i4 ,that of children1 has become a secret art1 #aj4 ,ought to be fastened on infants with strings instead of pins1 #ac4 ,pernicious consequences of stays1 #ad4 ,importance of cleanliness to children1 ibid4 ,the due quantity of1 dictated by the climate1 #id4 ,should be increased in the decline of life1 ibid4 and adapted to the seasons1 ibid4 ,is often hurtful by being made subservient to the purposes of vanity1 #ia4 ,pernicious consequences of attempting to mend the shape by dress1 ibid4 ,stays1 ibid4 ,shoes1 ibid4 ,garters1 buckles1 and other bandages1 #ib4 ,the perfection of1 to be easy and clean1 #ic4 ,general remarks on1 ibid4 ,wet1 the danger of1 and how to guard against it1 #abg4 ,clysters1 a proper form of1 for an inflammation of the stomach1 #bia4 ,and for an inflammation of the intestines1 #bic4 ,of tobacco smoke1 its efficacy in procuring a stool1 #cjj1 note4 ,of chicken broth salutary in the cholera morbus1 #caj4 ,their use in a suppression of urine1 #cbc4 ,ought to be frequently administered in the puerperal fever1 #eci4 ,of tobacco1 to excite a vomit1 #fjf4 ,of tobacco fumes1 to stimulate the intestines1 #faj4 ,the general intention of1 #ffj4 ,preparation of the emollient clyster1 #ffa4 ,laxative clyster1 ibid4 ,carminative clyster1 ibid4 ,oily clyster1 ibid4 ,starch clyster1 #ffb4 ,turpentine clyster1 ibid4 ,vinegar clyster1 ibid4 ,cliac passion1 proper treatment for1 #cea4 ,coffee berries recommended in the stone1 #cbh4 ,cold1 extreme1 its effects on the human frame1 #faf4 ,the sudden application of heat dangerous in such cases1 ibid4 ,how to recover frozen or benumbed limbs1 #fag4 ,cold ,bath4 ,see ,bath4 ,colds1 frequently occasioned by imprudent changes of clothes at the first approaches of summer1 #ij1 note4 ,various causes of1 specified1 #abf4 ,their general causes1 #bgf4 ,proper regimen on the symptoms of1 appearing1 ibid4 ,danger of neglecting the disorder1 #bgh4 ,the chief secret for avoiding1 #bhj4 ,colic1 different species of1 #bif4 ,medical treatment of1 according to their species and causes1 #big4 ,bilious colic1 #bih4 ,hysteric colic1 #bii4 ,nervous colic1 ibid4 ,cautions necessary to guard against the nervous colic1 #cjj4 ,general advice in colics1 #cja4 ,collyria4 ,see ,eye-waters4 ,commerce often imports infectious disorders1 #ajg4 ,means suggested to guard against this danger1 #ajh1 note4 ,confections often very needlessly compounded1 #ffc4 ,preparation of the ,japonic confection1 #ffd4 ,conserves and preserves1 general remarks on1 and their composition1 #ffd4 ,of red roses1 ibid4 ,of sloes1 #ffe4 ,candied orange-peel1 ibid4 ,constitution1 good or bad1 the foundation of1 generally laid during infancy1 #a4 ,consumptions1 the increase of this disorder may be attributed to hard drinking1 #ig4 ,who most liable to1 and its causes1 #agd4 ,symptoms1 #agf4 ,regimen1 #agg4 ,riding1 ibid4 ,much benefit to be expected from going a long voyage1 #agh4 ,travelling1 ibid4 ,diet1 #agi4 ,great efficacy of milk in1 ibid4 ,medical treatment1 #ahb4 ---- ,nervous1 defined1 and the persons most liable to1 #ahf4 ,proper treatment of1 ibid4 ---- ,symptomatic1 the treatment of1 must be directed to the producing cause1 #ahg4 ,convulsions1 why new-born infants are so liable to1 #ab4 ,those preceding the eruption in the small-pox favourable symptoms1 #bag4 ,the general causes of1 #efe4 ,proper treatment of1 #eff4 ,extraordinary recovery of an infant seemingly killed by1 #fbi4 ,farther instructions in like cases1 #fcj4 ,cook1 ,captain1 the circumnavigator1 his means of preserving the health of his men1 #df1 note4 ,cookery1 the arts of1 render many things unwholesome1 that are not naturally so1 #fg4 ,cordials1 ought not to be given to infants1 #af4 ,are the common refuge of nurses who neglect their duty to children1 #ce4 ,are often fatal in an inflammation of the stomach1 #bij4 ,when good in the colic1 #big4 ,ought not to be given to a pregnant woman during labour1 #ecd4 ,corn1 damaged1 will produce the putrid fever1 #aie4 ,corns in the feet are occasioned by wearing tight shoes1 #ia4 ,cortex4 ,see ,bark4 ,costiveness1 a frequent recourse to medicines for the prevention of1 injurious to the constitution1 #abb4 ,is rather to be removed by diet than by drugs1 #abc4 ,its general causes1 and ill effects1 #dad4 ,regimen1 ibid4 ,remedies for1 #daf4 ,cough1 the proper remedies for1 #bhj4 ,a plaster of ,burgundy pitch laid between the shoulders an excellent remedy for1 #bha4 ,the stomach cough1 and cough of the lungs1 distinguished1 #bhb4 ,treatment for the nervous cough1 #bhc4 ,cough1 hooping1 who most liable to1 with its disposing causes1 #bhd4 ,remedies1 #bhe4 ,is infectious1 ibid4 ,vomits1 their use1 and how to administer them to children1 #bhf4 ,garlic ointment a good remedy for1 #bhg4 ,cough1 phthisical1 incident to sedentary artificers1 from their breathing confined air1 #di4 ,cradles1 on many accounts hurtful to children1 #cb4 ,cramp1 proper remedies for1 #dea4 ,cramp of the stomach1 who most subject to1 #dch4 ,medical treatment of1 ibid4 ,crotchets1 how to use for extracting substances detained in the gullet1 #fjc4 ,croup in children1 described1 #eeg4 ,its symptoms and proper treatment1 ibid4 ,cyder1 the ill consequences of making it too weak1 #fi4 ,d4 ,dancing1 an excellent kind of exercise for young persons1 #bi4 ,daucus sylvestris4 ,see ,carrot4 ,deafness1 when a favourable symptom in the putrid fever1 #aih1 note4 ,methods of cure1 according to its causes1 #dfa4 ,death1 the evidences of1 sometimes fallacious1 and ought not to be too soon credited1 #fja4 #fjh4 #fab4 #fca4 ,the means to be used for the recovery of persons from1 nearly the same in all cases1 #fcb4 ,decoctions1 general remarks on1 #ffe4 ,preparation of the decoction of altha1 ibid4 ,common decoction1 #fff4 ,of logwood1 ibid4 ,of bark1 ibid4 ,compound decoction of bark1 ibid4 ,of sarsaparilla1 #ffg4 ,of seneka1 ibid4 ,white decoction1 ibid4 ,deformity1 often occasioned by the injudicious manner of dressing children1 #i4 ,is seldom found among savage nations1 #aj4 ,the usual causes of1 explained1 ibid4 ,dews1 night1 dangerous to health1 #abh4 ,diabetes1 who most liable to this disorder1 #cai4 ,its causes and symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen1 and medical treatment1 #cbj4 ,distinguished from incontinency of urine1 #cbb4 ,diarrha4 ,see ,looseness4 ,diet1 will often answer all the indications of cure in diseases1 #ach4 ,illustrations1 #aci4 ,see ,aliment4 ,digestion1 the powers of1 equally impaired by repletion or inanition1 #gb4 ,diseases1 hereditary1 cautions to persons afflicted with1 #h4 ,peculiar disorders attending particular occupations1 #ch4 ,many of them infectious1 #ajf4 ,the knowledge of1 depends more upon experience and observation than upon scientifical principles1 #ace4 ,are to be distinguished by the most obvious and permanent symptoms1 ibid4 ,the differences of sex1 age1 and constitution1 to be considered1 #acf4 ,of the mind1 to be distinguished from those of the body1 ibid4 ,climate1 situation1 and occupation1 to be attended to1 #acg4 ,other collateral circumstances1 ibid4 ,many indications of cure1 to be answered by diet alone1 #ach4 ,cures often effected by fresh air1 by exercise1 or by cleanliness1 #aci4 ,nervous diseases1 of a complicated nature1 and difficult to cure1 #dbj4 ,dislocations1 should be reduced before the swelling and inflammation come on1 and how1 #ehg4 ,of the jaw1 #ehh4 ,of the neck1 #ehi4 ,of the ribs1 #eij4 ,of the shoulder1 ibid4 ,of the elbow1 #eia4 ,of the thigh1 #eib4 ,of the knees1 ancles1 and toes1 ibid4 ,diuretic infusion for the ,dropsy1 how to prepare1 #cgg1 #cgh4 ,dog1 symptoms of madness in1 #dgg4 ,ought to be carefully preserved after biting any person1 to ascertain whether he is mad or not1 #dgh4 ,is often reputed mad when he is not so1 ibid4 ,symptoms of the bite of a mad dog1 #dgi4 ,the poison cannot lie many years dormant in the body1 as is supposed1 ibid4 ,dr4 ,mead's receipt for the bite1 #dhj4 ,the famous ,east ,indian specific for1 ibid4 ,other recipes1 #dha4 ,vinegar of considerable service in this disorder1 ibid4 ,medical course of treatment recommended1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #dha4 ,dipping in the sea not to be relied on1 #dhc4 ,dr4 ,tissot's medical course for the cure of the hydrophobia1 #dhd4 ,remarks on the ,ormskirk medicine1 #dhe1 note4 ,doses of medicines1 the relative proportions of1 for different ages1 #fec4 ,drams ought to be avoided by persons afflicted with nervous disorders1 #dbc4 ,draught1 is the proper form for such medicines as are intended for immediate operation1 #ffh4 ,how to prepare the anodyne draught1 ibid4 ,diuretic draught1 ibid4 ,purging draught1 ibid4 ,sweating draught1 #ffi4 ,vomiting draught1 ibid4 ,dress4 ,see ,clothing4 ,drinking1 persons who are seldom intoxicated may nevertheless injure their constitutions by1 #ig4 ,the habit of drinking frequently originates from misfortunes1 #ih4 ,frequently destroys the powers of the mind1 #ii4 ,persons often forced to it by mistaken hospitality1 ibid4 note4 ,leads to other vices1 ibid4 ,dropsy1 the several distinctions of1 with its causes1 #cgd4 ,symptoms1 #cge4 ,regimen1 #cgf4 ,medical treatment1 #cgg4 ,tapping1 a safe and simple operation1 #cgi4 ,dropsy of the brain4 ,see ,water in the head4 ,drowned persons1 ought not to be rashly given up for dead1 #fjh4 ,proper trials for the recovery of1 ibid4 ,endeavours ought not to be suspended upon the first returns of life1 #fab4 ,success of the ,amsterdam society for the recovery of1 #fca4 ,drunkenness4 ,see ,intoxication4 ,dumb persons may be taught to read1 write1 and discourse1 #dfa1 note4 ,dysentery1 where and when most prevalent1 #cde4 ,its causes and symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #cdf4 ,fruit1 one of the best remedies for1 #cdh4 ,proper drink for1 #cdi4 ,medical treatment1 ibid4 ,cautions to prevent a relapse1 #cej4 ,e4 ,ear1 the several injuries it is liable to1 #dfj4 ,deafness1 medical treatment of1 according to its causes1 #dfa4 ,ought not to be tampered with1 #dfb4 ,ear-ach1 its causes1 and proper treatment for1 #cfj4 ,how to drive insects out of1 ibid4 ,education of children1 should be begun at home by the parents1 #be1 note4 ,that of girls hurtful to their constitution1 #bg4 ,effluvia1 putrid1 will occasion the spotted fever1 #aie4 ,electricity beneficial in the palsy1 #dca4 ,electuaries1 general rules for making1 #ffi4 ,preparation of lenitive electuary1 #fgj4 ,electuary for the dysentery1 ibid4 ,for the epilepsy1 ibid4 ,for the gonorrha1 ibid4 ,of the bark1 #fga4 ,for the piles1 ibid4 ,for the palsy1 ibid4 ,for the rheumatism1 ibid4 ,elixir1 paregoric1 how to prepare1 #fih4 ,sacred elixir1 ibid4 ,stomachic elixir1 ibid4 ,acid elixir of vitriol1 #fii4 ,emulsions1 their uses1 #fgb4 ,preparation of the common emulsion1 ibid4 ,arabic emulsion1 ibid4 ,camphorated emulsion1 ibid4 ,emulsion of gum ammoniac1 ibid4 ,oily emulsion1 #fgc4 ,engleman1 ,dr4 his account of the ,german method of recovering persons from fainting fits1 #fbb4 ,entrails4 ,see ,intestines4 ,epilepsy1 the disorder defined1 #dcb4 ,its causes and symptoms1 #dcc4 ,due regimen1 #dcd4 ,medical treatment1 ibid4 ,eruption in children often free them from bad humours1 but are mistaken and ill-treated by nurses1 #ce4 ,ought never to be stopped without proper advice1 #cf4 ,in fevers1 how to be treated1 #aic4 #bja4 #bjg4 #bji4 ,in the small-pox1 #bag4 #bba4 ,in children1 the causes of1 #eea4 ,how to cure1 #eed4 ,erysipelas1 a disorder incident to the laborious1 #da4 ,its causes explained1 and who most subject to it1 #bdi4 ,its symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #bej4 ,medical treatment1 #bec4 ,the scorbutic erysipelas1 #bec4 ,instructions for those who are subject to this disorder1 ibid4 ,evacuations of the human body1 the principal1 specified1 #aba4 ,by stool1 ibid4 ,urine1 #abc4 ,perspiration1 #abe4 ,exercise1 the importance of1 to promote the growth and strength of children1 #ba4 ,all young animals exert their organs of motion as soon as they are able1 #bb4 ,the utility of1 proved from anatomical considerations1 #bd4 ,and from philosophical deductions1 ibid4 ,military exercise recommended for boys1 #bf4 ,benefits of dancing1 #bi4 ,is better for sedentary persons under lowness of spirits than the tavern1 #eb4 ,gardening the best exercise for the sedentary1 #ec4 ,violent1 ought not to be taken immediately after a full meal1 #fa4 ,is as necessary as food for the preservation of health1 #ha4 ,our love of activity1 an evidence of its utility1 #hb4 ,indolence relaxes the solids1 ibid4 ,the indulgence of carriages as absurd as pernicious1 ibid4 ,is almost the only cure for glandular obstructions1 #hc4 ,will prevent and remove those disorders that medicine can not cure1 ibid4 ,is the best cure for complaints in the stomach1 #hd4 ,how to be taken within doors1 when not to be done in the open air1 #he4 ,active sports better than sedentary amusements1 ibid4 ,the golf1 a better exercise than cricket1 ibid4 note4 ,exercise should not be extended to fatigue1 #hf4 ,is as necessary for the mind as for the body1 #aah4 ,is often of more efficacy than any medicine whatever1 #aci4 ,the best mode of taking it in a consumption1 #agg4 ,is of the greatest importance in a dropsy1 #cgf4 ,muscular1 for the gout1 #che4 ,is necessary for the asthmatic1 #djh4 ,is superior to all medicine in nervous disorders1 #dbc4 ,and in the palsy1 #dcb4 ,is proper for pregnant women1 unless they are of a very delicate texture1 #ecc4 ,want of1 the occasion of rickets in children1 #efc4 ,extracts1 general rules for making2 but are more conveniently purchased ready made1 #fgc4 ,eyes1 inflammation of1 its general causes1 #beh4 ,symptoms1 #bei4 ,medical treatment1 #bfj4 ,how to be treated when it proceeds from a scrophulous habit1 #bfc4 ,advice to those who are subject to this complaint1 #bfd4 ,are subject to many diseases which are difficult to cure1 #def4 ,the means by which they are frequently injured1 #deg4 ,general means of prevention1 ibid4 ,the several disorders of1 with their medical treatment1 #deh4 ,eye-waters1 general remarks on1 and their principal intentions1 #ffb4 ,collyrium of alum1 #ffc4 ,vitriolic collyrium1 ibid4 ,collyrium of lead1 ibid4 ,f4 ,fainting fits1 how to cure1 #dda4 #fah4 ,cautions to persons subject to them1 #fbc4 ,falling sickness4 ,see ,epilepsy4 ,fasting1 long1 injurious to those who labour hard1 #dc4 ,is hurtful both to old and young1 #gc4 ,fathers1 culpably inattentive to the management of their children1 #e4 ,their irregular lives often injure the constitution of their children1 #g4 ,fear1 the influence of1 very great1 in occasioning and aggravating diseases1 #aab4 ,its various operations1 #aac4 ,feet1 injured by wearing tight shoes1 #ia4 ,the washing of1 an agreeable article of cleanliness1 #ajd4 ,wet1 the danger of1 #abg4 ,bathing them in warm water1 a good remedy in a cold1 #bgi4 ,and in the hooping-cough1 #bhh4 ,fermentation1 the vapour of liquors in a state of1 noxious1 #fad4 ,fevers1 of a bad kind1 often occasioned among labourers by poor living1 #dc4 ,frequently attack sedentary persons after hard drinking1 #eb4 ,nervous1 often the consequence of intense study1 #eg4 ,putrid and malignant1 often occasioned by want of cleanliness1 #ajj4 ,the most general causes of1 enumerated1 #adj4 ,the distinguishing symptoms of1 #ada4 ,the several species of1 ibid4 ,is an effort of nature1 which ought to be assisted1 #adb4 ,how this is to be done1 #adc4 ,cordials and sweetmeats improper in1 #add4 ,fresh air of great importance in1 #ade4 ,the mind of the patient ought not to be alarmed with religious terrors1 ibid4 ,cautions as to bleeding and sweating in1 #adf4 ,longings1 the calls of nature1 and deserve attention1 ibid4 ,cautions to prevent a relapse1 #adg4 ,fever1 acute continual1 who most liable to1 #aeg4 ,causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms1 #aeh4 ,regimen1 ibid4 ,medical treatment1 #afa4 ,symptoms favourable and unfavourable1 ibid4 ,regimen to be observed during recovery1 #afb4 ,fever1 bilious1 general time of its appearance1 #bdg4 ,proper treatment of1 according to its symptoms1 #bdh4 ,fever1 intermitting4 ,see ,ague4 ,fever1 miliary1 from what the name derived1 and its general appearances1 #bje4 ,who most liable to it1 ibid4 ,causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms1 #bjf4 ,regimen1 #bjg4 ,account of a miliary fever at ,strasburg1 #bjh1 note4 ,proper medical treatment1 #bji4 ,cautions for avoiding this disorder1 #baj4 ,how to prevent1 in child-bed-women1 #ech4 ,fever1 milk1 how occasioned1 #ecg4 ,how to prevent1 #eda4 ,fever1 nervous1 why more common now than formerly1 and who most liable to it1 #ahh4 ,its causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms and proper regimen1 #ahi4 ,medical treatment1 #aia4 ,fever1 puerperal1 or child-bed1 the time of its attack1 and symptoms1 #ech4 ,medical treatment of1 #eci4 ,cautions for the prevention of this fever1 #eda4 ,fever1 putrid1 is of a pestilential nature1 and who most liable to it1 #aie4 ,its general causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms of1 #aif4 ,other fevers may be converted to this1 by improper treatment1 #aig4 ,favourable and unfavourable symptoms of1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #aih4 ,medical treatment1 #bja4 ,cautions for the prevention of this disorder1 #bjc4 ,fever1 remitting1 derivation of its name1 #baj4 ,its causes and symptoms1 #baa4 ,proper regimen1 #bab4 ,medical treatment1 #bac4 ,cautions for avoiding this fever1 ibid4 ,fever1 scarlet1 why so named1 and its usual season of attack1 #bde4 ,proper treatment of1 #bdf4 ,is sometimes attended with putrid and malignant symptoms1 ibid4 ,medicines adapted to this stage of the malady1 ibid4 ,history of a fever of this kind at ,edinburgh1 #bdg1 note4 ,fever1 secondary1 in the small-pox1 proper treatment of1 #bbd4 ,flatulencies in the stomach1 remedies against1 #cfc4 ,the several causes of1 #ddc4 ,medical treatment of1 #ddd4 ,flatulent colic1 its causes1 and seat of the disorder1 #bif4 ,remedies for1 ibid4 ,flower-de-luce1 the yellow water1 the root of1 recommended for the tooth-ach1 #ceh4 ,fluor albus described1 with its proper treatment1 #ebi4 ,fomentations1 how to make and apply1 #fgc4 ,general intentions of1 ibid4 ,anodyne fomentation1 #fgd4 ,aromatic fomentation1 ibid4 ,common fomentation1 ibid4 ,emollient fomentation1 ibid4 ,strengthening fomentation1 #fge4 ,food4 ,see ,aliment4 ,forgiveness of injuries1 ought to be practised from a regard to our own health1 #aab4 ,fractures4 ,see ,bones1 broken4 ,frozen limbs1 how to recover1 #fag4 ,fruit1 unripe1 very hurtful to children1 #bj4 ,one of the best medicines1 both for the prevention and cure of a dysentery1 #cdh4 ,funerals1 the great number of visitors attending them1 dangerous to their health1 #ajg4 ,g4 ,galling1 in infants1 the cause and cure of1 #eej4 ,gangrene1 proper treatment of1 #egd4 ,gardening1 a wholesome amusement for sedentary persons1 #eb4 ,gargles for the throat1 how to make1 #bfg4 #bgj4 #bgd4 ,general intentions of1 #fge4 ,method of making the attenuating gargle1 ibid4 ,common gargle1 ibid4 ,detergent gargle1 ibid4 ,emollient gargle1 ibid4 ,for the mouth of infants in the thrush1 #edh4 ,garlic ointment1 a ,north ,british remedy for the hooping-cough1 how to apply it1 #bhg4 ,generals of armies1 how they ought to consult the health of the men they command1 #dd4 ,gilders4 ,see ,miners4 ,ginger1 syrup of1 how to prepare1 #fid4 ,girls1 the common mode of education prejudicial to their constitution1 #bg4 ,means of rectifying it recommended1 ibid4 ,gleet1 how occasioned1 and its symptoms1 #ejj4 ,method of cure1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #eja4 ,obstinate gleets cured by mercurial inunctions1 #ejb4 ,how to apply bougies1 ibid4 ,glover1 ,mr4 his course of treatment for the recovery of a hanged man1 #fbh4 ,gonorrha1 virulent1 the nature of1 and its symptoms1 #dia4 ,regimen1 #dib4 ,medical treatment1 #dic4 ,is often cured by astringent injections1 ibid4 ,cooling purges always proper in1 #did4 ,mercury seldom necessary in a gonorrha1 #dif4 ,how to administer it when needful1 #dig4 ,goulard1 ,m4 preparation of his celebrated extract of ,saturn1 #gjj4 ,his various applications of it1 ibid4 ,gout1 the general causes of1 #ee4 ,how to treat a looseness occasioned by repelling it from the extremities1 #cac4 ,the sources of this disorder1 and its symptoms1 #chj1 #cha4 ,regimen for1 #chb4 ,wool the best external application in1 #chc4 ,why there are so many nostrums for1 #chd4 ,proper medicines after the fit1 ibid4 ,proper regimen in the intervals between fits to keep off their return1 #che4 ,how to remove it from the nobler parts to the extremities1 #chf4 ,general cautions to prevent danger by mistaking it for other disorders1 #chg4 ,gravel1 how formed in the bladder1 #abe4 ,how distinguished from the stone1 #cbd4 ,causes and symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #cbe4 ,medical treatment1 #cbf4 ,green-sickness originates in indolence1 #ebc4 ,grief1 its effects permanent1 and often fatal1 #aaf4 ,danger of the mind dwelling long upon one subject1 especially if of a disagreeable nature1 #aag4 ,the mind requires exercise as well as the body1 #aah4 ,innocent amusements not to be neglected1 ibid4 ,is productive of nervous diseases1 #dba4 ,gripes in infants1 proper treatment of1 #edi4 ,guaiacum1 gum1 a good remedy for the quinsey1 #bfh2 and rheumatism1 #cij4 ,gullet1 how to remove substances detained in1 #fjc4 ,cautions for the use of crotchets with this intention1 ibid4 ,other mechanical expedients1 #fjd4 ,treatment if the obstruction cannot be removed1 #fjg4 ,gums of children1 applications to1 during teething1 and how to cut them1 #efa4 ,gutta serena1 proper treatment of1 #deh4 ,h4 ,hmoptoe1 spitting of blood4 ,see ,blood4 ,hmorrhages4 ,see ,blood4 ,harrowgate water1 an excellent medicine for expelling worms1 #cfh4 ,and for the jaundice1 #cgc4 ,in the scurvy1 #cia4 ,head-ach1 the species of1 distinguished1 #ceb4 ,causes of1 #cec4 ,regimen1 #ced4 ,medical treatment1 #cee4 ,health of the people in general1 a proper object of attention for the magistrates1 xi4 ,ought to be attended to in matrimonial contracts1 #h4 ,is often laboured for after it is destroyed1 #fa4 ,rules given by ,celsus for the preservation of1 #acd4 ,heart-burn1 the nature of this disorder1 with its causes1 and remedies for1 #dah4 ,heat1 extreme1 how to recover persons overcome by1 #fah4 ,hemlock1 a good remedy in the ,king's evil1 #djb4 ,is recommended by ,dr4 ,stork for the cure of cancers1 #dfi4 ,hemp-seed1 a decoction of1 good in the jaundice1 and how to prepare it1 #cgc4 ,hiccup1 its causes1 and method of treatment1 #dcf4 ,hoffman1 his rules for guarding child-bed women against the miliary fever1 #ech4 ,honey1 a wholesome article of food for children1 #ba4 ,is recommended in the stone1 #cbh4 ,hooping-cough4 ,see ,cough4 ,hospitals1 the want of fresh air in1 more dangerous to the patients than their disorders1 #ha4 ,cleanliness peculiarly necessary in1 #aje4 ,often spread infection by being situated in the middle of populous towns1 #ajh4 ,how they might be rendered proper receptacles for the sick1 #aaj4 ,particularly in infectious disorders1 #aaa4 ,the sick in1 ought not to be crowded together1 #bai1 note4 ,horse-radish1 the chewing of1 will restore sensibility to the organs of taste when injured1 #dfe4 ,houses1 instead of contrivances to make them close and warm1 ought to be regularly ventilated1 #gh4 ,in marshy situations unwholesome1 #hj4 ,ought to be built in a dry situation1 #acj4 ,danger of inhabiting new-built houses before thoroughly dry1 ibid4 ,are often rendered damp by unseasonable cleanliness1 ibid4 ,are dangerous when kept too close and hot1 #acc4 ,husbandmen1 the peculiar disorders they are exposed to1 from the vicissitudes of the weather1 #dj4 ,huxham1 ,dr4 recommends the study of the dietetic part of medicine1 xiii4 ,hydrocephalus4 ,see ,dropsy4 ,hydrophobia1 ,dr4 ,tissot's method of curing1 #dhd4 ,hydrops pectoris4 ,see ,dropsy4 ,hypochondriac affections1 frequently produced by intense study1 #eh4 ,their causes1 and who most subject to them1 #deb4 ,the general intentions of cure1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #ded4 ,hysterics1 a disorder produced by the habitual use of tea1 #ff4 ,general causes of1 #ddg4 ,symptoms1 #ddh4 ,proper treatment of1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #ddi4 ,medicines adapted to1 #dej4 ,hysteric colic1 symptoms and treatment of1 #bii4 ,j4 ,jails1 why malignant fevers are often generated in them1 #gg4 ,often spread infection by being situated in the middle of populous towns1 #ajh4 ,ought to be removed1 #aaj4 ,janin1 ,m4 his relation of the recovery of an overlaid infant1 #fbg4 ,and of a man who had hanged himself1 #fbh4 ,jaundice1 the different stages of its appearance1 with the causes of this disorder1 #cgj1 #cga4 ,symptoms and regimen1 #cga4 ,medical treatment1 #cgb4 ,jesuits ,bark4 ,see ,bark4 ,jews1 the whole system of their laws tending to promote cleanliness1 #ajc4 #ajg4 ,iliac passion1 a particular kind of inflammation of the intestines1 #bib4 ,imposthume in the breast1 in consumptions1 how to make it break inwardly1 when not to be discharged by other means1 #ahe4 ,imposthumes after the small-pox1 proper treatment of1 #bbg4 ,incontinency of urine1 distinguished from a diabetes1 #cbb4 ,expedient for relief1 ibid4 ,indigestion1 is one consequence of intense study1 #ef4 ,general causes1 and remedies for1 #daf4 ,indolence1 its bad effects on the constitution1 #hb4 ,occasions glandular obstructions1 #hc4 ,ill consequences of too much indulgence in bed1 #hd4 ,is the parent of vice1 #hf4 ,is the general cause of most nervous disorders1 #dee4 ,infancy1 the foundation of a good or bad constitution1 generally laid in this season of life1 #a4 ,infants1 nearly one half of those born in ,great ,britain die under twelve years of age1 #a4 ,perish mostly by art1 #b4 ,ought not to be suckled by delicate women1 #c4 ,importance of their being nursed by their mothers1 #d4 ,often lose their lives1 or become deformed1 by errors in clothing them1 #i4 ,how the art of bandaging them became the province of the midwife1 #aj4 ,how treated in ,africa1 #aa1 note4 ,philosophical observations on their organical structure1 and on the causes of deformity1 ibid4 ,why they so frequently die of convulsions1 #ab4 ,why exposed to fevers1 #ac4 ,and colds1 #ad4 ,rules for their dress1 ibid4 ,their food1 #ae4 ,reflections on the many evils they are exposed to1 #edd4 ,why their first disorders are in their bowels1 ibid4 ,how to cleanse their bowels1 #ede4 ,the meconium1 #edf4 ,thrush1 #edg4 ,acidities1 #edh4 ,gripes1 #edi4 ,galling and excoriations1 #eej4 ,stoppage of the nose1 ibid4 ,vomiting1 #eea4 ,looseness1 #eeb4 ,eruptions1 #eec4 ,scabbed heads1 #eee4 ,chilblains1 #eef4 ,the croup1 #eeg4 ,teething1 #eei4 ,rickets1 #efb4 ,convulsions1 #efe4 ,water in the head1 #efg4 ,how to recover infants seemingly dead1 #fbb4 ,ought never to sleep in the same bed with their mothers or nurses1 #fbf1 note4 ,case of the recovery of an overlaid infant1 #fbg4 ,case of an infant seemingly killed by a strong convulsion fit1 and recovered1 #fbi4 ,see ,children4 ,infection1 the danger of1 incurred by injudicious or unnecessary attendance on the sick1 #ajf4 ,and on funerals1 #ajg4 ,is often communicated by clothes1 ibid4 ,is frequently imported1 #ajh4 ,is spread by hospitals and jails being situated in the middle of populous towns1 ibid4 ,how to prevent infection in sick chambers1 #aji4 ,physicians liable to spread infection1 ibid4 note4 ,in what respects the spreading of infection might be checked by the magistrate1 #aaj4 ,bleeding and purging increase the danger of1 by debilitating the body1 #bjd4 ,small-pox1 #bad4 ,of the small-pox may be received again1 #bah1 note4 ,inflammations1 how the laborious part of mankind expose themselves to1 #db4 ,proper treatment of1 #egd4 ,inflammation of the bladder4 ,see ,bladder4 ---- of the brain4 ,see ,brain4 ---- of the eyes4 ,see ,eyes4 ---- of the intestines4 ,see ,intestines4 ---- of the kidneys4 ,see ,kidneys4 ---- of the liver4 ,see ,liver4 ---- of the lungs4 ,see ,peripneumony4 ---- of the stomach4 ,see ,stomach4 ---- of the throat4 ,see ,quinsey4 ---- of the womb4 ,see ,womb4 ,infusions1 advantages of1 over decoctions1 #fgf4 ,how to obtain rich infusions from weak vegetables1 ibid4 ,preparation of the bitter infusion1 ibid4 ,infusion of the bark1 ibid4 ,infusion of carduus1 #fgg4 ,of linseed1 ibid4 ,of roses1 ibid4 ,of tamarinds1 and senna1 ibid4 ,spanish infusion1 #fgh4 ,for the palsy1 ibid4 ,inns1 the great danger of meeting with damp beds in them1 #abh4 ,the sheets in1 how treated to save washing1 #abi4 ,inoculation of the small-pox1 more favourably received here than in neighbouring countries1 #bbg4 ,cannot prove of general utility while kept in the hands of a few1 #bbh4 ,no mystery in the process1 ibid4 ,may safely be performed by parents or nurses1 #bbi4 ,various methods of doing it1 ibid4 ,the clergy exhorted to remove the prejudices against the operation1 #bca4 ,arguments cited from ,dr4 ,mackenzie in favour of inoculation1 ibid4 note4 ,ought to be rendered universal1 #bcc4 ,means of extending the practice of1 #bcd4 ,two obstacles to the progress of1 stated1 #bce4 ,might be performed by clergymen1 or by parents themselves1 #bcf4 ,the proper seasons and age for performing it1 #bci4 ,will often mend the habit of body1 ibid4 ,necessary preparation and regimen for1 ibid4 ,insects1 when they creep into the ear1 how to force them out1 #cfa4 ,poisonous1 the bites of1 how to be treated1 #dhf4 ,intemperance1 one great cause of the diseases of seamen1 #de4 ,the danger of1 argued from the constructions of the human body1 #id4 ,the analogy in the nourishment of plants and animals1 ibid4 ,is the abuse of natural passions1 ibid4 ,in diet1 #ie4 ,in liquor and carnal pleasures1 ibid4 ,the bad consequences of1 involve whole families1 #if4 ,effects of drunkenness on the constitution1 ibid4 ,persons who seldom get drunk1 may nevertheless injure their constitutions by drink1 #ig4 ,the habit of drinking frequently acquired under misfortunes1 #ih4 ,is peculiarly hurtful to young persons1 #ii4 ,leads to all other vices1 ibid4 ,intermitting fever4 ,see ,ague4 ,intestines1 inflammation of1 general causes from whence it proceeds1 #bia4 ,the symptoms1 regimen1 and medical treatment1 #bib4 ,cautions to guard against it1 #bie4 ,intoxication produces a fever1 #if4 ,fatal consequences of a daily repetition of this vice1 ibid4 ,persons who seldom get drunk1 may nevertheless injure their constitution by drinking1 ibid4 ,getting drunk1 a hazardous remedy for a cold1 #bgg4 ,often produces fatal effects1 #fbc4 ,proper cautions for treating persons in liquor1 #fbd4 ,the safest drink after a debauch1 ibid4 ,remarkable case1 #fbe4 ,johnson1 ,dr4 extraordinary recovery of an infant seemingly killed by a strong convulsion fit1 related by1 #fbi4 ,issues1 how to make them take the best effect1 #dcj4 ,itch1 the nature and symptoms of this disease described1 #djc4 ,sulphur1 the best remedy against1 ibid4 ,great danger of the injudicious use of mercurial preparations for1 #dje4 ,cleanliness the best preservative against1 #djf1 note4 ,juleps1 the form of1 explained1 #fgh4 ,preparation of the camphorated julep1 ibid4 ,cordial julep1 #fgi4 ,expectorating julep1 ibid4 ,musk julep1 ibid4 ,saline julep1 ibid4 ,vomiting julep1 ibid4 ,k4 ,kermes mineral1 recommended by ,dr4 ,duplanil for the hooping cough1 #bhg1 note4 ,kidneys1 inflammation of1 its general causes1 #cja4 ,its symptoms and proper regimen1 #cjb4 ,medical treatment1 #cje4 ,where it proceeds from the stone and gravel1 ibid4 ,cautions for those subject to this disorder1 ibid4 ,see ,gravel4 ,king's evil4 ,see ,scrophula4 ,l4 ,laborious employments1 the peculiar disorders incident to1 #dj4 ,the folly of men emulating each other in trials of strength1 #da4 ,disadvantages attending their diet1 ibid4 ,how they expose themselves to inflammations1 #db4 ,danger of sleeping in the sun1 ibid4 ,long fasting hurtful to them1 ibid4 ,injuries arising from poor living1 #dc4 ,many of the diseases of labourers1 not only occasioned1 but aggravated1 by poverty1 ibid4 ,labour should not be imposed too early on children1 #bh4 ,labour in child-bed1 medical advice for1 #ecd4 ,inconveniencies of collecting a number of women at1 #ece1 note4 ,laudanum1 its efficacy in fits of an ague1 #adi1 note4 ,how to be administered in a cholera morbus1 #caa4 ,in a looseness1 #cac4 ,in a diabetes1 #cba4 ,when proper for the head-ach1 #cef4 ,how to apply1 for the tooth-ach1 #ceh4 ,will ease pain in the gout1 #chd4 ,how to administer for the cramp in the stomach1 #dch4 ,is good for flatulences1 #ddd4 ,effects of an over-dose of1 #dgj4 ,medical treatment in this case1 #dgf4 ,leading-strings1 injurious to young children1 #bc4 ,leeches1 may be successfully applied to inflamed testicles1 #ejc1 note4 ,and to disperse buboes1 #eje1 note4 ,are proper to apply to children where inflammations appear in teething1 #efj4 ,objections to bleeding with them1 #egb4 ,lemons4 ,see ,oranges4 ,leprosy1 why less frequent in this country now than formerly1 #cih4 ,requires the same treatment as the scurvy1 ibid4 ,lientery1 proper treatment for1 #cea4 ,life may frequently be restored1 when the appearances of it are suspended by sudden casualties1 #fja4 #fjh4 #fac4 #fca4 ,lightning1 persons apparently killed by1 might possibly be recovered by the use of proper means1 #fca4 ,lime-water recommended to prevent gravel in the kidneys from degenerating to the stone in the bladder1 #cbf4 ,is a good remedy for worms1 #cfh4 ,happy effects of1 in the cure of obstinate ulcers1 #ehe4 ,lind1 ,dr4 his prescription to abate fits of an ague1 #adi1 note4 ,his directions for the treatment of patients under putrid remitting fevers1 #bab1 note4 ,liniment for burns1 preparation of1 #fhc4 ,white liniment1 #fhd4 ,for the piles1 ibid4 ,volatile liniment1 ibid4 ,liquors1 strong1 expose children to inflammatory disorders1 #ai4 ,fermented1 the qualities of1 examined1 #fh4 ,the bad consequences of making them too weak1 #fi4 ,why all families ought to prepare their own liquors1 ibid4 ,cold1 the danger of drinking1 when a person is hot1 #aca4 ,liver1 schirrous1 produced by sedentary employments1 #ef4 ,liver1 inflammation of1 its causes and symptoms1 #cjf4 ,regimen and medical treatment1 #cjg4 ,abscess in1 how to be treated1 #cjh4 ,cautions in the event of a schirrous being formed1 ibid4 ,lobelia1 an ,american plant used by the natives in the venereal disease1 #ead4 ,lochia1 a suppression of1 how to be treated1 #ecg4 ,longings1 in diseases1 are the calls of nature1 and often point out what may be of real use1 #adf4 ,looseness1 habitual1 general directions for persons subject to1 #abb4 ,its general causes1 #cab4 ,a periodical looseness ought never to be stopped1 #cac4 ,medical treatment of1 according to its various causes1 ibid4 ,means of checking it when necessary1 #cad4 ,in children1 proper treatment of1 #eeb4 ,love1 why perhaps the strongest of all the passions1 #aai4 ,is not rapid in its progress1 and may therefore be guarded against at its commencement1 ibid4 ,to pretend to it for amusement1 cruelty to the object1 ibid4 ,children often real martyrs between inclination and duty1 #abj1 note4 ,lues1 confirmed1 symptoms of1 #eaj4 ,mercury the only certain remedy known in ,europe for this disease1 #eaa4 ,saline preparations of mercury more efficacious than the ointment1 #eab4 ,how to administer corrosive sublimate1 ibid4 ,american method of curing this disease1 #eac4 ,lungs1 injured by artists working in bending postures1 #ej4 ,studious persons liable to consumptions of1 #ef4 ,luxury1 highly injurious to the organs of taste and smell1 #dfc4 ,m4 ,mackenzie1 ,dr4 his arguments in favour of inoculating in the small-pox1 #bca1 note4 ,mad dog4 ,see ,dog4 ,magnesia alba1 a remedy for the heart-burn1 #dai4 ,is the best medicine in all cases of acidity1 #edi4 ,magnets1 artificial1 their reputed virtue in the tooth-ach1 #cei4 ,malt liquors1 hurtful in the asthma1 #djg4 ,see ,beer4 ,man1 why inferior to brutes in the management of his young1 #a4 ,was never intended to be idle1 #hg4 ,manufactures1 the growth of1 produced the rickets in children1 #ba4 ,more favourable to riches than to health1 #bh4 ,some1 injurious to health by confining artists in unwholesome air1 #cg4 ,cautions to the workmen1 #ch4 ,compared with agriculture1 #dh4 ,are injurious to health from artists being crowded together1 #di4 ,and from their working in confined postures1 ibid4 ,cautions offered to sedentary artists1 #ej4 ,sedentary arts better suited to women than to men1 #hc1 note4 ,matrimony ought not to be contracted without a due attention to health and form1 #h4 ,mead1 ,dr4 his famous recipe for the bite of a mad dog1 #dhj4 ,his character as a physician1 ibid4 note4 ,meals ought to be taken at regular times1 #gb4 ,reasons for this uniformity1 ibid4 ,measles1 have great affinity with the small-pox1 #bdj4 ,cause and symptoms1 ibid4 ,proper regimen and medicine1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,inoculation of1 might prove very salutary1 #bde1 note4 ,mechanics ought to employ their leisure hours in gardening1 #ed4 ,meconium1 the best mode of expelling it1 #af4 #edf4 ,medicine1 the origin of the art of1 xii4 ,the operation of1 doubtful at best1 xiv4 ,is made a mystery of1 by its professors1 xxi4 ,the study of1 neglected by gentlemen1 xxii4 ,this ignorance lays men open to pretenders1 xxiii4 ,ought to be generally understood1 xxiv4 ,a diffusion of the knowledge of1 would destroy quackery1 xxvii4 ,objections to the cultivation of medical knowledge answered1 xxviii4 ,the theory of1 can never supply the want of experience and observation1 #ace4 ,medicines have more virtue attributed to them than they deserve1 #ach4 ,ought not to be administered by the ignorant1 nor without caution1 #adj4 ,want of perseverance in the use of1 one reason why chronic diseases are so seldom cured1 #cib4 ,many retained1 which owe their reputation to credulity1 #fdi4 ,are multiplied and compounded in proportion to ignorance of the causes and nature of diseases1 ibid4 ,disadvantages of compounded medicines1 ibid4 ,are often adulterated for the sake of colour1 ibid4 ,the relative proportions of doses of1 for different ages1 #feb4 ,a list of such medical preparations as ought to be kept for private practice1 #fed4 ,melancholy1 religious1 its effects1 #abj4 ,leads to suicide1 ibid4 ,defined1 with its causes1 #dbf4 ,symptoms and regimen1 #dbf1 #dbg4 ,medicinal treatment1 #dbh4 ,menstrual discharge in women1 the commencement and decline of1 the most critical periods of their lives1 #ebb4 ,confinement injurious to growing young women1 #ebc2 and tight lacing for a fine shape1 #ebd4 ,symptoms of the first appearance of this discharge1 #ebe4 ,objects of attention in regimen at this time1 ibid4 ,ought to be restored whenever unnaturally obstructed1 and how1 #ebf4 ,when an obstruction proceeds from another malady1 the first cause is to be removed1 #ebg4 ,treatment under a redundancy of the discharge1 #ebh4 ,regimen and medicine proper at the final decline of the menses1 #ebi4 ,mercury1 may be given in desperate cases of an inflammation of the intestines1 #bid4 ,cautions for administering it1 ibid4 note4 ,great caution necessary in using mercurial preparations for the itch1 #dje4 ,is seldom necessary in a gonorrha1 #dif4 ,how to administer it when needful in that disorder1 #dig4 ,solution of mercury1 how to make1 #dih1 note4 ,is the only certain remedy known in ,europe for the cure of a confirmed lues1 #eaa4 ,saline preparations of1 more efficacious than the mercurial ointment1 ibid4 ,how to administer corrosive sublimate in venereal cases1 #eab4 ,necessary cautions in the use of mercury1 #eae4 ,proper seasons for entering on a course of1 #eaf4 ,preparations for1 ibid4 ,regimen under a course of1 #eag4 ,mezereon root1 a powerful assistant in venereal cases1 #eac4 ,midwifery1 ought not to be allowed to be practiced by any woman not properly qualified1 #ecd1 note4 ,midwives1 historical view of the profession1 #i4 ,how they became intrusted with the care of bandaging infants1 with the ill effects of their attempts at dexterity in this office1 #aj4 ,instances of their rashness and officious ignorance1 #edj1 note1 #edd1 note4 ,miliary fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,military exercise recommended for boys to practise1 #bf4 ,milk1 that of the mother1 the most natural food for an infant1 #ae4 ,cows milk1 better unboiled than boiled1 #ah4 ,is a good antidote against the scurvy1 #ff4 ,of more value in consumptions than the whole ,materia ,medica1 #agi4 ,its great efficacy in the scurvy1 #cif4 ,a milk diet proper both for men and women1 in cases of barrenness1 #edc4 ,milk fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,millipedes1 how to administer for the hooping-cough1 #bhg4 ,mind1 diseases of1 to be distinguished from those of the body1 #acf4 ,see ,passions4 ,miners1 exposed to injuries from unwholesome air1 and mineral particles1 #ch4 ,cautions to1 #ci4 ,mineral waters1 the danger of drinking them in too large quantities1 #cai4 ,are of considerable service in weaknesses of the stomach1 #dag4 ,cautions concerning the drinking of1 #fci-fdf4 ,mixtures1 general remarks on this form of medicines1 #fhj4 ,composition of the astringent mixture1 ibid4 ,diuretic mixture1 ibid4 ,laxative absorbent mixture1 ibid4 ,saline mixture1 #fha4 ,squill mixture1 ibid4 ,molasses1 an intoxicating spirit much used by the common people at ,edinburgh1 #ia4 ,mothers1 preposterous1 when they think it below them to nurse their own children1 #b4 ,under what circumstances they may be really unfit to perform this task1 ibid4 ,importance of their suckling their own children1 #c1 note4 ,delicate mothers produce unhealthy short-lived children1 #g4 ,their milk1 the best food for children1 #ae4 ,ought to give their children proper exercise1 #bc2 and air1 #ca4 ,mouth1 cautions against putting pins or other dangerous articles into1 #fjc4 ,muscular exercise a cure for the gout1 #che4 ,mushrooms1 a dangerous article of food1 as other funguses are often gathered instead of them1 #dhh4 ,music1 the performance of1 recommended as a proper amusement for studious persons1 #fj4 ,musk1 extraordinary effects produced by1 under particular circumstances1 in the nervous fever1 #aic4 ,is a good remedy in the epilepsy1 #dce4 ,and for the hiccup1 #dcg4 ,deafness cured by1 #dfb4 ,mustard1 white1 a good remedy in the rheumatism1 #cia4 ,n4 ,natural history1 the study of1 necessary to the improvement of agriculture1 xx4 ,nervous diseases1 the most complicated and difficult to cure of all others1 #dbj4 ,general causes of1 ibid4 ,symptoms of1 #dba4 ,regimen1 #dbb4 ,medical treatment1 #dbd4 ,a cure only to be expected from regimen1 #dbf4 ,the several symptoms of1 though differently named1 all modifications of the same disease1 #dec4 ,nervous colic1 its causes and symptoms1 #bii4 ,medical treatment of1 #cjj4 ,nervous fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,night-mare1 its causes and symptoms described1 #dci4 ,proper treatment of1 #ddj4 ,nightshade1 an infusion of1 recommended in a cancer1 #dfi4 ,nitre1 purified1 its good effects in a quinsey1 #bfh4 ,is an efficacious remedy for the dropsy1 #cgh4 ,promotes urine and perspiration1 #dbi4 ,nose1 ulcer in1 how to cure1 #dfd4 ,stoppage of1 in children1 how to cure1 #eea4 ,see ,bleeding at4 ,nurses1 their superstitious prejudices in bathing of children1 #cj4 ,the only certain evidence of a good one1 #cc4 ,their usual faults pointed out1 #cd4 ,administer cordials to remedy their neglect of duty toward children1 #ce4 ,their mistaken treatment of eruptions1 ibid4 ,and loose stools1 ibid4 ,are apt to conceal the disorders of children that arise from their own negligence1 #cf4 ,ought to be punished for the misfortunes they thus occasion1 ibid4 ,sensible1 often able to discover diseases sooner than persons bred to physic1 #ace4 ,are liable to catch the small-pox again from those they nurse in that disorder1 #bah1 note4 ,nursery ought to be the largest and best aired room in a house1 #ca4 ,o4 ,oil1 an antidote to the injuries arising from working in mines or metals1 #ci4 ,sallad oil1 the best application to the bite of a wasp or bee1 #dhf4 ,camphorated1 how to prepare1 #fhd4 ,oils1 essential1 of vegetables1 the proper menstruum for1 #fid4 ,ointment for the itch1 #djc4 ,use of ointments when applied to wounds and sores1 #fha4 ,preparation of yellow basilicum1 ibid4 ,emollient ointment1 #fhb4 ,eye ointments1 ibid4 ,issue ointment1 ibid4 ,ointment of lead1 #fhc4 ,mercurial ointment1 ibid4 ,ointment of sulphur1 ibid4 ,white ointment1 ibid4 ,see ,liniment4 ,ophthalmia4 ,see ,eye4 ,opiates1 efficacious in a cholera morbus1 #caa4 ,in a diabetes1 #cbj4 ,when proper for the head-ach1 #cef4 ,recommended for the tooth-ach1 ibid4 ,are delusive remedies in nervous diseases1 #dbe4 ,see ,laudanum4 ,orange and lemon-peel1 how to candy1 #ffe4 ,how to preserve orange and lemon-juice in the form of syrup1 #fid4 ,ormskirk medicine for the bite of a mad dog1 remarks on1 #dhe1 note4 ,oxycrate1 the most proper external application in a fracture1 #eif4 ,oysters of great service in consumptions1 #ahb1 note4 ,p4 ,painters4 ,see ,miners4 ,palsy1 the nature of this disorder explained1 with its causes1 #dcj4 ,medical treatment1 #dca4 ,paraphrenitis1 its symptoms and treatment1 #agj4 ,parents1 their interested views in the disposal of their children in marriage1 often a source of bitter repentance1 #abj1 note4 ,see ,fathers1 and ,mothers4 ,passions1 intemperance the abuse of1 #id4 ,have great influence both in the cause and cure of diseases1 #aaa4 ,anger1 #aab4 ,fear1 ibid4 ,grief1 #aaf4 ,love1 #aai4 ,religious melancholy1 #abj4 ,the best method of counteracting the violence of any of the passions1 ibid4 ,peas1 parched1 good in cases of flatulency1 #cfc4 ,peruvian bark4 ,see ,bark4 ,penis1 ulcerated1 cured1 and partly regenerated1 by a careful attention to cleanliness1 #eah1 note4 ,peripneumony1 who most subject to1 #aga4 ,its causes1 symptoms1 and proper regimen1 ibid4 #agb4 ,perspiration1 insensible1 the obstruction of1 disorders the whole frame1 #abf4 ,the various causes of its being checked1 ibid4 ,changes in the atmosphere1 ibid4 ,wet clothes1 #abg4 ,wet feet1 ibid4 ,night air1 #abh4 ,damp beds1 ibid4 ,damp houses1 #acj4 ,sudden transitions from heat to cold1 #aca4 ,philosophy1 advantages resulting from the study of1 xxiii4 ,phrenitis4 ,see ,brain4 ,phymosis described1 and how to treat1 #eji4 ,physicians1 ill consequences of their inattention to the management of children1 #e4 ,are liable to spread infection1 #aji1 note4 ,their custom of prognosticating the fate of their patients1 a bad practice1 #aae4 ,are seldom called in1 until medicine can give no relief1 #aeh4 ,the faculty oppose every salutary discovery1 #cbh4 ,pickles1 provocatives injurious to the stomach1 #fg4 ,piles1 bleeding and blind1 the distinction between1 #ccd4 ,who most subject to the disorder1 ibid4 ,general causes1 ibid4 ,medical treatment of1 #cce4 ,periodical discharges of1 ought not to be stopped1 #ccf4 ,proper treatment of the blind piles1 ibid4 ,external ointments of little use1 #ccg4 ,pills1 purging1 proper form of1 for an inflammation of the intestines1 #bid4 ,the general intention of this class of medicines1 #fhd4 ,preparation of the composing pill1 #fhe4 ,ftid pill1 ibid4 ,hemlock pill1 ibid4 ,mercurial pill1 ibid4 ,mercurial sublimate pills1 #fhf4 ,plummer's pill1 ibid4 ,purging pill1 #fhg4 ,pill for the jaundice1 ibid4 ,squill pills1 ibid4 ,strengthening pills1 #fhh4 ,pins ought never to be used in the dressing of children1 #ac4 ,swallowed1 discharged from an ulcer in the side1 #fjc1 note4 ,plasters1 the general intentions of1 and their usual basis1 #fhh4 ,preparation of the common plaster1 ibid4 ,adhesive plaster1 #fhi4 ,anodyne plaster1 ibid4 ,blistering plaster1 ibid4 ,gum plaster1 ibid4 ,mercurial plaster1 ibid4 ,stomach plaster1 #fij4 ,warm plaster1 ibid4 ,wax plaster1 ibid4 ,pleurisy1 the nature of the disorder explained1 with its causes1 #afc4 ,symptoms1 #afd4 ,regimen1 ibid4 ,medical treatment1 #afe4 ,a decoction of seneka reckoned a specific in1 #afh4 ,bastard pleurisy1 #afi4 ,plumbers4 ,see ,miners4 ,poisons1 the nature and cure of1 a general concern1 and easily acquired1 #dgb4 ,mineral poisons1 #dgc4 ,vegetable poisons1 #dge4 ,bites of poisonous animals1 #dgg4 ,bite of a mad dog1 #dgi4 ,bite of a viper1 #dhe4 ,the practice of sucking the poison out of wounds recommended1 #dhf1 note4 ,poisonous plants ought to be destroyed in the neighbourhood of towns1 #dhg4 ,negro remedy to cure the bite of a rattle-snake1 #dhh4 ,general rules for security against poisons1 #dhi4 ,poor living1 the dangers of1 #dc4 ,porters subject to disorders of the lungs1 #dj4 ,postures1 confined1 injurious to the health of sedentary artists1 #ej4 ,poverty1 occasions parents to neglect giving their children proper exercise1 #bc4 ,destroys parental affection1 #bd1 note4 ,not only occasions1 but aggravates1 many of the diseases of labourers1 #dc4 ,the poor great sufferers by the sale of bad provisions1 #fc4 ,and by bad air in large cities1 #gg4 ,poultices proper for inflamed wounds1 #egi4 ,powders1 general instructions for making and administering1 #fia4 ,astringent powder1 preparation and doses of1 #fib4 ,powder of bole1 ibid4 ,carminative powder1 ibid4 ,diuretic powder1 #fic4 ,aromatic purging powder1 ibid4 ,saline laxative powder1 ibid4 ,steel powder1 ibid4 ,sudorific powder1 ibid4 ,worm powder1 #fid4 ,purging worm powder1 ibid4 ,powder for the tape-worm1 ibid4 ,pox1 small1 who most liable to1 and at what seasons1 #bad4 ,its causes and symptoms1 ibid4 #bae4 ,favourable and unfavourable symptoms in1 #bae1 #baf4 ,regimen1 #baf4 ,how the patient ought to be treated during the eruptive fever1 #bag4 ,children in this disorder ought not to lie together in the same bed1 #bai4 ,should be allowed clean linen1 ibid4 ,patients under this disorder ought not to appear in public view1 #bbj4 ,medical treatment1 ibid4 ,the secondary fever1 #bbd4 ,when and how to open the pustules1 #bbe4 ,of inoculation1 #bbg4 ,pregnancy1 how to treat vomiting when the effect of1 #caf4 ,rules of conduct for women under the disorders incident to1 #ecj4 ,causes and symptoms of abortion1 #ecb4 ,how to guard against abortion1 ibid4 ,treatment in cases of abortion1 ibid4 ,childbirth1 #ecc4 ,prescriptions1 medical1 patients exposed to danger by their being written in ,latin1 xxvi4 ,provisions1 unsound1 the sale of1 a public injury1 #fc4 ,puerperal fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,purges1 the frequent taking of them renders the habitual use of them necessary1 #abc4 ,their efficacy in agues1 #aej4 ,proper form of1 for an inflammation of the intestines1 #bic4 ,cooling purges always proper in a gonorrha1 #did4 ,midwives too rash in the giving of purges1 #edj1 note4 ,form of a gentle purge for infants disordered in the bowels1 #ede4 ,for the thrush1 #edg4 ,pustules in the small-pox1 favourable and unfavourable appearances of1 #bae1 #baf4 ,the suppuration of1 to be promoted1 #bba4 ,when and how to open1 #bbe4 ,putrid fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,q4 ,quacks put out more eyes than they cure1 #def4 ,quackery1 how to destroy1 xxv4 ,quakers1 their mode of dressing recommended1 #ic4 ,quinsey1 a common and dangerous disorder1 and to whom most fatal1 #bfd4 ,its causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms1 #bfe4 ,regimen1 #bff4 ,medical applications1 #bfh4 ,how to promote suppuration1 #bfi4 ,how to nourish the patient when he cannot swallow1 #bgj4 ,advice to persons subject to this disorder1 ibid4 ----1 malignant1 who most subject to1 and its causes1 #bga4 ,its symptoms1 #bgb4 ,regimen and medical treatment1 #bgc4 ,r4 ,rattlesnake1 ,negro remedy for the cure of its bite1 #dhh4 ,regimen ought to co-operate with medicine to accomplish the cure of diseases1 xiii4 ,will often cure diseases without medicine1 #adj4 ,see ,aliment4 ,religion1 true1 calculated to support the mind under every affliction1 #abj4 ,the instructions in1 ought not to dwell too much on gloomy subjects1 #aba4 ,remitting fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,repletion1 impairs the digestive power1 #gb4 ,diseases occasioned by1 #gd4 ,how to treat a looseness produced by1 #cab4 ,resentment1 the indulgence of1 injurious to the constitution1 #aab4 ,resins1 and essential oils1 the proper menstruum for1 #fie4 ,respiration1 how to restore in a drowned person1 #fji4 ,rheumatism acute and chronic1 distinguished1 #chh4 ,causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms1 #chi4 ,medical treatment1 ibid4 ,cautions to persons subject to this disorder1 #cij4 ,rickets1 the appearance of1 in ,britain1 dated from the growth of manufactures and sedentary employments1 #bc4 ,the causes of1 #efb4 ,symptoms1 #efc4 ,regimen1 and medical treatment1 ibid4 ,rollers1 pernicious tendency of applying them round the bodies of infants1 #ab4 ,romans1 ancient1 their great attention to the cleanliness of their towns1 #ajb1 note4 ,roses1 conserve of1 its great virtue against hmorrhages1 #ccf1 #cda4 ,rosemary1 the external application of1 a popular remedy for the cramp1 #dea1 note4 ,ruptures1 are chiefly incident to children and very old persons1 #eih4 ,the causes respectively1 ibid4 ,method of treatment1 ibid4 ,cutting should be avoided if possible1 #eii4 ,cautions for persons afflicted with a rupture1 #fjj4 ,often prove fatal before discovered1 ibid4 note4 ,rutherford1 ,dr4 his preparation for the cure of a dysentery1 #cdg1 note4 ,s4 ,sailors1 their health injured by change of climate1 hard weather1 and bad provisions1 #de4 ,many of their diseases spring from intemperance1 ibid4 ,ought to guard against wet clothes1 ibid4 ,how the ill effects of salt provisions might be corrected1 ibid4 ,peruvian bark the best antidote to sailors on a foreign coast1 #dg4 ,cleanliness greatly conducive to their health1 #ajc4 ,sal prunell1 its good effects in a quinsey1 #bfh4 ,saline draughts1 of good use for stopping a vomiting1 #cah4 ,preparation of1 for this purpose1 ibid4 ,peculiarly good in the puerperal fever1 #edj4 ,salivation not necessary in the cure of the venereal disease1 #eaa4 ,sarsaparilla1 a powerful assistant in venereal cases1 #eac4 ,scabbed head in children1 difficult to cure1 #eee4 ,medical treatment1 ibid4 ,scarlet fever4 ,see ,fever4 ,school1 sending children there too young1 its bad consequences1 #be4 ,ought to be seated in a dry air1 and not to be too much crowded1 #cc4 ,scirrhus in the liver1 proper regimen in the case of1 #cjh4 ,see ,cancer4 ,scrophula1 nature of this disease1 and its causes1 #cih4 ,symptoms1 and regimen1 #cii4 ,medical treatment1 #djj4 ,scurvy1 why prevalent among the ,english1 #fe4 ,where most prevalent1 and the two distinctions of1 #cic4 ,causes of1 ibid4 ,symptoms and cure1 #cid4 ,instructions to sea-faring men1 #cie4 ,extraordinary effects of milk1 #cif4 ,proper liquors1 ibid4 ,sedentary life1 includes the greater part of the human species1 #dg4 ,few persons follow agriculture who are capable of other business1 #dh4 ,sedentary and active employments ought to be intermixed1 for the sake of health1 ibid4 ,artists suffer from unwholesome air1 by being crowded together1 ibid4 ,the postures artists are confined to1 injurious to health1 #di4 ,disorders produced by1 ibid4 ,cautions offered to the sedentary1 #ej4 ,sedentary amusements improper for sedentary persons1 #ea4 ,hints relating to improper food1 #eb4 ,exercise a surer relief for low spirits than drinking1 ibid4 ,gardening a wholesome amusement for the sedentary1 ibid4 ,disorders occasioned by intense study1 #ee4 ,dietetical advice to the sedentary1 #ga4 ,sedentary occupations better adapted to women than men1 #hc1 note4 ,sea water1 a good remedy in the ,king's evil1 #djj4 ,senses1 disorders of1 #def4 ,seton1 sometimes has extraordinary effects in an inflammation of the eyes1 #bfb4 ,is of service for preventing apoplexies1 #dac4 ,the best method of making it1 #dcj4 ,shoes1 tight1 the bad consequences resulting from1 #ia4 ,the high heels of women's shoes1 #ib4 ,sibbins1 a venereal disorder so termed in the west of ,scotland1 how to cure1 #eah1 note4 ,sick1 the mutual danger incurred by unnecessary visitors to1 #ajf4 ,persons in health to be kept at a distance from the sick1 #ajg4 ,proper nurses ought to be employed about them1 #aji4 ,instructions for avoiding infection1 ibid4 ,physicians too unguarded in their visits to them1 ibid4 note4 ,tolling of bells for the dead very dangerous to1 #aad4 ,their fears ought not to be alarmed1 #aaf4 ,sight injured by studying by candle-light1 #eg4 ,simples1 a list of those proper to be kept for private practice1 #fed4 ,sinapisms1 the general intentions of1 #ffj4 ,directions for making of1 ibid4 ,sleep1 the due proportion of1 not easy to fix1 #hg4 ,how to make it refreshing1 #hh4 ,complaints of the want of1 chiefly made by the indolent1 ibid4 ,heavy suppers cause uneasy nights1 ibid4 ,anxiety destructive of sleep1 #hi4 ,that in the fore-part of the night most refreshing1 ibid4 ,early risers the longest livers1 #ij1 note4 ,sleeping in the sun1 the danger of1 #db4 ,small pox4 ,see ,pox4 ,smell1 injuries to which the sense of1 is liable1 with the remedies applicable to1 #dfc4 ,soap1 ,alicant1 recommended in the stone1 #cbg4 ,soap-lees1 how to take1 ibid4 ,solanum4 ,see ,nightshade4 ,soldiers1 exposed to many disorders from the hardships they undergo1 #dd4 ,ought to be employed in moderate labour in times of peace1 #dd1 note4 ,spine1 often bent by artists working in unfavourable postures1 #ej4 ,spirit1 rectified1 the direct menstruum for resins and essential oils of vegetables1 #fie4 ,of wine1 camphorated1 how to prepare1 #fii4 ,spirit of ,mindererus1 ibid4 ,spirits1 lowness of1 the general forerunner of a nervous fever1 #ahi4 ,the proper remedies for1 #ddf4 ,cautions to persons under this complaint1 #ddg4 ,spirituous liquors1 when good in the colic1 #bif4 ,and for gouty complaints in the stomach1 #cfc4 ,should be avoided by all persons afflicted with nervous disorders1 #dbc4 ,the use of1 often fatal1 #fbc4 ,spitting of blood4 ,see ,blood4 ,spunge1 may be used to supply the want of agaric as a styptic1 #egg1 note4 ,its use in extracting substances stopped in the gullet1 #fje4 ,sports1 active1 far more wholesome than sedentary amusements1 #he4 ,golf1 a better exercise than cricket1 ibid4 note4 ,spots in the eye1 how to treat1 #dei4 ,squinting1 how to correct the habit of1 #dei4 ,stays1 a ridiculous and pernicious article of female dress1 #ad1 #ia4 ,the wearing of1 tends to produce cancers in the breasts1 #dfg4 ,sternutatories1 preparations of1 recommended for restoring lost smell1 #dfd4 ,sticking-plaster is the best application for slight wounds1 #egh4 ,stomach1 exercise the best cure for disorders of1 #hd4 ,inflammation of1 a disorder that calls for speedy assistance1 #bhi4 ,its causes1 ibid4 ,symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #bij4 ,medical treatment1 ibid4 ,pain in1 its causes1 #cfb4 ,remedies for1 #cfc4 ,instructions for persons subject to1 #cfd4 ,stone1 the formation of1 in the bladder1 explained1 #abd4 ,this disorder how distinguished from the gravel1 #cbd4 ,causes and symptoms1 ibid4 ,regimen1 #cbe4 ,medical treatment1 #cbf4 ,alicant soap and lime-water1 how to take for this disorder1 #cbg4 ,the uva ursi1 a remedy in present request for1 #cbh4 ,stool1 loose1 the benefit of1 to children1 #ce4 ,proper treatment of1 when excessive1 #cf4 ,the discharge by1 cannot be regular1 if the mode of living be irregular1 #aba4 ,one in a day generally sufficient for an adult1 #abb4 ,how to produce a regularity of1 ibid4 ,frequent recourse to medicines for costiveness1 injurious to the constitution1 #abc4 ,stork1 ,dr4 his method of treating cancers1 #dfi4 ,strabismus4 ,see ,squinting4 ,strains1 proper method of treating1 #eig4 ,the safest external applications1 ibid4 note4 ,strangury1 from a blistering plaster1 how to guard against1 #afg4 ,in the small-pox1 how to relieve1 #bbb4 ,from a venereal cause1 described1 with its proper treatment1 #ejg4 ,strangulation1 course of treatment for the recovery of persons from1 #fbh4 ,strasburgh1 successful treatment of a miliary fever there1 #bjh1 note4 ,strength1 the folly of trials of1 from emulation1 #dj4 #dd4 ,study1 intense1 injurious to health1 #ed4 ,the disorders occasioned by1 #ee4 ,character of a mere student1 #eh4 ,hints of advice to studious persons1 #ei4 ,danger of their having recourse to cordials1 #fj4 ,health often neglected while in possession1 and laboured for after it is destroyed1 #fa4 ,no person ought to study immediately after a full meal1 #fb4 ,diatetical advice to the studious1 #ga4 ,the general effects of1 on the constitution1 #dbj4 ,sublimate1 corrosive1 how to administer in venereal cases1 #eab4 ,suffocation1 by the fumes of charcoal1 liable to happen in close chambers1 #fac4 ,general causes of suffocation1 #fbf4 ,overlaying of infants1 #fbg4 ,sugar1 an improper article in the food of children1 #ah4 ,sulphur1 a good remedy for expelling worms1 #cfh4 ,and for the itch1 #djc4 ,suppers1 ought not to destroy the appetite for breakfast1 #gc4 ,heavy suppers sure to occasion uneasy nights1 #hh4 ,surgery1 many of the operations of1 successfully performed by persons unskilled in anatomy1 #efi4 ,humanity induces every one more or less to be a surgeon1 ibid4 ,sweating1 generally excited in an improper manner1 in fevers1 #adf4 #afj4 ,swoonings1 the several causes of1 described1 #dbd4 ,proper treatment of this disorder1 #dbe4 #fah4 ,cautions to persons subject to them1 #fbb4 ,sydenham1 ,dr4 his method of treating fevers in children from teething1 #efj4 ,symptoms1 diseases better distinguished by1 than by the systematical arrangement of1 #ace4 ,the differences of sex1 age1 and constitution1 to be considered1 #acf4 ,diseases of the mind to be distinguished from those of the body1 #acg4 ,syncope1 proper treatment in1 #fai4 ,syrups1 the general intention of1 #fie4 ,how to make simple syrup1 and to modify it for particular purposes1 ibid4 ,t4 ,tacitus1 his remark on the degeneracy of the ,roman ladies1 #d1 note4 ,tallow-chandlers1 and others working on putrid animal substances1 cautions to1 #ci4 ,tapping for the dropsy1 a safe and simple operation1 #cgi4 ,tar1 ,barbadoes1 its efficacy in the nervous colic1 #cjj4 ,tartar1 soluble1 a good remedy for the jaundice1 #cgc4 ,cream of1 a good remedy in a dropsy1 #cgh4 ,and rheumatism1 #cij4 ,taste1 how to restore the sense of1 when injured1 #dfe4 ,taylors1 are exposed to injuries from breathing confined air1 #di4 ,are subject to consumptions1 ibid4 note4 ,often lose the use of their legs1 #ej4 ,hints of instruction offered to them in regard to their health1 #ea4 ,tea1 the customary use of1 injurious to female constitutions1 #g4 ,destroys their digestive powers1 and produces hysterics1 #ff4 ,the bad qualities of1 principally owing to imprudence in the use of it1 ibid4 ,green1 chewing of1 a remedy for the heart-burn1 #dai4 ,has a powerful effect upon the nerves1 #dca1 note4 ,is bad for persons troubled with flatulences1 #dde4 ,teething1 the disorders attending1 #eei4 ,regimen1 and medical treatment in1 #efj4 ,applications to the gums1 and how to cut them1 #efa4 ,temperance1 the parent of health1 #id4 ,testicles1 swelled1 the cause of1 #ejc4 ,regimen and medicine in1 ibid4 ,treatment under a cancerous or scrophulous habit1 #ejd4 ,thirst1 how it may be quenched when a person is hot1 without danger1 #acb4 ,thought1 intense1 destructive of health1 #ed4 ,thrush in infants1 the disorder and its causes described1 #edg4 ,medical treatment of1 ibid4 ,tinctures and elixirs1 the proper medicines to exhibit in the form of1 #fif4 ,preparations of the aromatic tincture1 ibid4 ,compound tincture of the bark1 ibid4 ,volatile ftid tincture1 ibid4 ,volatile tincture of gum guaiacum1 #fig4 ,tincture of black hellebore1 ibid4 ,astringent tincture1 ibid4 ,tincture of myrrh and aloes1 ibid4 ,tincture of opium1 or liquid laudanum1 ibid4 ,tincture of hiera picra1 #fih4 ,compound tincture of senna1 ibid4 ,tincture of ,spanish flies1 ibid4 ,tincture of the balsam of ,tolu1 ibid4 ,tincture of rhubarb1 #fii4 ,tissot1 ,dr4 character of his ,avis au ,peuple1 xiv4 ,his medical course for the cure of the hydrophobia1 #dhd4 ,his directions for gathering1 preparing1 and applying agaric of the oak as a styptic1 #egg1 note4 ,instances from1 of the recovery of drowned persons1 #faa4 ,tobacco1 a clyster of a decoction of1 useful to excite a vomit1 #fjf4 ,a clyster of the fumes of1 will stimulate the intestines1 and produce a stool1 #cjj4 #faj4 ,toes1 the free motion of1 destroyed by wearing tight shoes1 #ib4 ,tooth ach1 the general causes of1 #ceg4 ,medical treatment of1 ibid4 ,when recourse must be had to extraction1 #cei4 ,directions for cleaning the teeth1 #cfj4 ,touch1 injuries to which the sense of1 is liable1 with the remedies applicable to1 #dfe4 ,towns1 great1 the air of1 destructive to the children of the poor1 #cj4 ,children bred in the country ought not to be sent too early into towns1 #cb4 ,cleanliness not sufficiently attended to in1 #aja4 ,ought to be supplied with plenty of water for washing the streets1 #aje1 note4 ,the best means to guard against infection in1 #aji4 ,trades1 some injurious to health by making artists breathe unwholesome air1 #cg4 #di4 ,transitions1 sudden1 from heat to cold1 the ill effects of1 to the constitution1 #aca4 ,travellers1 the use of vinegar recommended to1 #df4 ,ought to be very careful not to sleep in damp beds1 #abh4 ,fevers why often fatal to1 #add4 ,trees should not be planted too near to houses1 #gi4 ,trefoil water1 a good remedy in the rheumatism1 #cia1 ,tumours1 proper treatment of1 #egd4 ,turnbull1 ,dr4 his method of treating the croup in children1 #eeh1 note4 ,turner's cerate1 preparation of1 #fhb4 ,v4 ,vapour of fermenting liquors1 noxious nature of1 #fac4 ,vegetables1 wholesome corrections of the bad qualities of animal food1 #fe4 ,their extraordinary effects in the scurvy1 #cig4 ,venereal disease1 why omitted in the first edition of this work1 #dhi4 ,unfavourable circumstances attending this disorder1 #dij4 ,the virulent gonorrha1 #dia4 ,gleets1 #ejj4 ,swelled testicles1 #ejc4 ,buboes1 #ejd4 ,chancres1 #eji4 ,strangury1 #ejg4 ,phymosis1 #eji4 ,a confirmed lues1 #eaj4 ,american method of curing this disease1 #eac4 ,general observations1 #eae4 ,cleanliness a great preservative against1 #eag4 ,the use of medicines ought not to be hastily dropped1 #eai4 ,is often too much disregarded1 #ebj4 ,ventilators1 the most useful of all modern medical improvements1 #gh4 ,vertigo often produced by intense study1 #eg4 ,vinegar1 a great antidote against diseases1 and ought to be used by all travellers1 #ef4 ,should be sprinkled in sick chambers1 #aji4 #afj4 #aii4 ,is of considerable service in the bite of a mad dog1 #dha2 and in any kind of poison1 #dhf4 ,its medical properties1 #gjj4 ,is of use to extract the virtues of several medicinal substances1 ibid4 ,how to prepare vinegar of litharge1 ibid4 ,vinegar of roses1 #gja4 ,vinegar of squills1 ibid4 ,viper1 the bite of1 the sufficiency of the grease for the cure of1 doubted1 #dhf4 ,method of treatment recommended1 ibid4 ,vitriol1 elixir of1 an excellent medicine in weaknesses of the stomach1 #dag4 ,and for windy complaints1 #dbe4 ,vitus1 ,st4 his dance1 method of cure of1 #dcf4 ,ulcers1 proper treatment of1 according to their different natures1 #ehc4 ,lime-water a good remedy1 #ehe4 ,dr4 ,whytt's method of treating them1 ibid4 ,fistulous ulcers1 #ehf4 ,vomits1 their use in agues1 #aej2 and in the nervous fever1 #aia4 ,caution for administering in the putrid fever1 #bja4 ,ought by no means to be administered in an inflammation of the stomach1 #bij4 ,are useful in cases of repletion1 #cab4 ,are powerful remedies in the jaundice1 #cgb4 ,are the first object to be pursued when poison has been received into the stomach1 #dgc4 ,their use in the hooping cough1 and how to administer them to children1 #bhf4 ,midwives too rash in the use of1 #edj1 note4 ,form of a gentle one for infants disordered in the bowels1 #ede4 ,vomiting1 the several causes of1 #cae4 ,medical treatment of1 #caf4 ,saline draught for stopping of1 #cag4 ,causes of1 in children1 #eea4 ,how to be treated1 #eeb4 ,of blood3 ,see ,blood4 ,voyage1 a long one frequently cures a consumption1 #agh4 ,voyages have an excellent effect on persons afflicted with nervous disorders1 #dbc4 ,ureters1 and their use1 described1 #cjc1 note4 ,urine1 the appearances and quantity of1 too uncertain to form any determined judgment from1 #abc4 ,dr4 ,cheyne's judgment as to the due quantity of1 not to be relied on1 #abd4 ,the secretion and discharge of1 how obstructed1 ibid4 ,bad consequences of retaining it too long1 #abe4 ,too great a quantity of1 tends to a consumption1 ibid4 ,stoppage of1 its general causes1 #cje4 ,caution as to the treatment of1 ibid4 ,diabetes1 #cai4 ,incontinency of1 #cbb4 ,suppression of1 medical treatment in1 ibid4 ,cautions to persons subject to this disorder1 #cbd4 ,bloody1 causes of1 ibid4 ,medical treatment of1 #cdd4 ,an obstinate deafness cured by warm urine1 #dfb1 note4 ,urine doctors1 their impudence1 and great success from the credulity of the populace1 #abd1 note4 ,uva ursi1 a remedy in present request for the stone1 #cbh4 ,w4 ,walls1 high1 unwholesome1 by obstructing the free current of air1 #gi4 ,ward's essence1 preparation of1 #fii4 ,his fistula paste1 a popular remedy that may deserve trial1 #ehf4 ,wars occasion putrid fevers1 by tainting the air with the effluvia of dead carcases1 #aif4 ,wasps1 hornets1 or bees1 how the bite of1 ought to be treated1 #dhf4 ,water1 frequently unwholesome by mineral impregnations1 #fg4 ,cautions for the choice of1 #fh4 ,cold1 the danger of drinking when a person is hot1 #aca4 ,water in the head1 is a disorder chiefly incident to children1 #efg4 ,its causes1 symptoms1 and proper treatment1 ibid4 ,the nature of the disorder seldom discovered in due time for cure1 #efh1 note4 ,waters by infusion1 how to prepare3 ,lime-water1 #gja4 ,compound lime-water1 #gjb4 ,sublimate water1 ibid4 ,styptic water1 ibid4 ,tar water1 ibid4 ,waters1 simple distilled1 their medical uses1 #gjc4 ,preparation of cinnamon water1 ibid4 ,pennyroyal water1 ibid4 ,peppermint water1 ibid4 ,spearmint water1 ibid4 ,rose-water1 #gjd4 ,jamaica pepper water1 ibid4 ,waters1 spirituous distilled1 how to prepare3 ,spirituous cinnamon water1 #gjd4 ,spirituous ,jamaica pepper water1 ibid4 ,watery eye1 how to cure1 #dfj4 ,weaning of children from the breast1 the proper mode of1 #ag1 #ah4 ,weather1 states of1 which produce the putrid fever1 #aie4 ,wells1 caution to persons going down into them1 #gg1 note4 ,deep1 ought not to be entered until the air in1 is purified1 #fad4 ,whey1 an excellent drink in a dysentery1 #cdi2 and in the rheumatism1 #cij4 ,orange-whey1 how to make1 #aei4 ,alum whey1 #cba4 #gjd4 ,mustard-whey1 #gje4 ,scorbutic whey1 ibid4 ,whitlow1 #ege4 ,whytt1 ,dr4 his remedies for flatulences1 #ddd4 ,wind4 ,see ,flatulences4 ,windows1 the danger of throwing them open on account of heat1 and sitting near them1 #acc4 ,wine1 good1 almost the only medicine necessary in a nervous fever1 #aij4 ,wines1 the medical properties of1 #gje4 ,their use in extracting the virtues of medicinal substances1 #gjf4 ,preparation of anthelminthic wine1 ibid4 ,antimonial wine1 ibid4 ,bitter wine1 ibid4 ,ipecacuanha wine1 #gjg4 ,chalybeate or steel wine1 ibid4 ,stomachic wine1 ibid4 ,womb1 inflammation of1 its symptoms1 #ecf4 ,medical treatment of1 #ecg4 ,women1 errors in their education pointed out1 #d4 ,why subject to hysterics1 #ff4 ,are better adapted to follow sedentary occupations than men1 #hc1 note4 ,in child-bed1 often die from their apprehensions of death1 #aac4 ,their disorders rendered epidemical by the force of imagination1 #aad4 ,every thing that can alarm them to be carefully guarded against1 ibid4 ,evil tendency of tolling bells for the dead1 ibid4 ,how exposed to a miliary fever during pregnancy1 #bje4 ,their constitutions injured by living too much within doors1 #eba4 ,those who work in the open air almost as hardy as men1 #ebb4 ,advice to1 with reference to the menstrual discharge1 ibid4 ,at the commencement1 #ebc4 ,fluor albus1 with its proper treatment1 described1 #ebi4 ,advice to1 at the ceasing of the menses1 #ecj4 ,rules of conduct during pregnancy1 ibid4 ,causes and symptoms of abortion1 #eca4 ,how to guard against abortion1 #ecb4 ,treatment in cases of abortion1 ibid4 ,instructions at the time of child-birth1 #ecc4 ,cause of the milk-fever1 #ecg4 ,how to guard against the miliary fever1 #ech4 ,the puerperal fever1 ibid4 ,general cautions for women in child-bed1 #edb4 ,causes of barrenness1 ibid4 ,wool1 the best external application in the gout1 #chc4 ,workhouses poisonous to infants1 #cj4 ,worms1 how to treat a looseness produced by1 #cad4 ,three principal kinds of1 distinguished1 #cfe4 ,symptoms of1 ibid4 ,causes1 #cff4 ,medical treatment for1 #cfg4 ,remedy for children1 #cfh4 ,general cautions for preserving children from them1 #cgj4 ,danger of taking quack medicines for them1 ibid4 note4 ,wort1 recommended for the scurvy1 and proper to drink at sea1 #cif4 ,is a powerful remedy in cancerous cases1 #dga4 ,wounds1 are not cured by external applications1 #ege4 ,are cured by nature1 #egf4 ,proper course of treatment1 ibid4 ,how to stop the bleeding1 ibid4 ,caution against improper styptics1 #egg4 ,method of dressing them1 #egh4 ,poultices for inflamed wounds1 #egi4 ,regimen in1 ibid4 ,writing1 hints of advice to those who are much employed in1 #ef4 #ei4 ,y4 ,yaws1 general hint for the cure of1 #eah1 note4 ,young animals1 all exert their organs of motion as soon as they are able1 #bb4 ,z4 ,zinc1 the flowers of1 a popular remedy for the epilepsy1 #dce4 ,,the ,,end4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,observations on the ,duties and ,offices of a ,physician4 ,footnote #b3 ,arbuthnot4 ,footnote #c3 ,many advantages would arise to society1 as well as to individuals1 from mothers suckling their own children4 ,it would prevent the temptation which poor women are laid under of abandoning their children to suckle those of the rich for the sake of gain3 by which means society loses many of its most useful members1 and mothers become in some sense the murderers of their own offspring4 ,i am sure ,i speak within the truth when ,i say1 that not one in twenty of those children live1 who are thus abandoned by their mothers4 ,for this reason no mother should be allowed to suckle another's child1 till her own is either dead1 or fit to be weaned4 ,a regulation of this kind would save many lives among the poorer sort1 and could do no hurt to the rich1 as most women who make good nurses are able to suckle two children in succession upon the same milk4 ,footnote #d3 ,tacitus1 the celebrated ,roman historian1 complains greatly of the degeneracy of the ,roman ladies in his time1 with regard to the care of their offspring4 ,he says that1 in former times1 the greatest women in ,rome used to account it their chief glory to keep the house and attend their children2 but that now the young infant was committed to the sole care of some poor ,grecian wench1 or other menial servant4--,we are afraid1 wherever luxury and effeminacy prevail1 there will be too much ground for this complaint4 ,footnote #e3 ,the common opinion1 that the diseases of infants are hard to discover and difficult to cure1 has deterred many physicians from paying that attention to them which they deserve4 ,i can1 however1 from experience declare1 that this opinion is without foundation2 and that the diseases of infants are neither so difficult to discover1 nor so ill to cure1 as those of adults4 ,footnote #f3 ,rousseau4 ,footnote #g3 ,the ,lacedemonians condemned their king ,archidamus for having married a weak1 puny woman2 because1 said they1 instead of propagating a race of heroes1 you will fill the throne with a progeny of changelings4 ,footnote #h3 ,the ,jews1 by their laws1 were1 in certain cases1 forbid to have any manner of commerce with the diseased2 and indeed to this all wise legislators ought to have a special regard4 ,in some countries1 diseased persons have actually been forbid to marry4 ,this is an evil of a complicated kind1 a natural deformity1 and political mischief2 and therefore requires a public consideration4 ,footnote #i3 ,a friend of mine1 who was several years on the coast of ,africa1 tells me1 that the natives neither put any clothes upon their children1 nor apply to their bodies bandages of any kind1 but lay them on a pallet1 and suffer them to tumble about at pleasure2 yet they are all strait1 and seldom have any disease4 ,footnote #aj3 ,this is by no means inveighing against a thing that does not happen4 ,in many parts of ,britain at this day1 a roller1 eight or ten feet in length1 is applied tightly round the child's body as soon as it is born4 ,footnote #aa3 ,stays made of bend-leather are worn by all the women of lower station in many parts of ,england4 ,i am sorry to understand1 that there are still mothers mad enough to lace their daughters very tight in order to improve their shape4 ,as reasoning would be totally lost upon such people1 ,i shall beg leave just to ask them1 ,why there are ten deformed women for one man8 and likewise to recommend to their perusal a short moral precept1 which forbids us to deform the human body4 ,footnote #ab3 ,children are always sickly in the fruit season1 which may be thus accounted for3 ,two-thirds of the fruit which comes to market in this country is really unripe2 and children not being in a condition to judge for themselves1 eat whatever they can lay their hands upon1 which often proves little better than a poison to their tender bowels4 ,servants1 and others who have the care of children1 should be strictly forbid to give them any fruit without the knowledge of their parents4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the nurse ought to be careful to keep the child in a proper position2 as deformity is often the consequence of inattention to this circumstance4 ,its situation ought also to be frequently changed4 ,i have known a child's legs bent all on one side1 by the nurse carrying it constantly on one arm4 ,footnote #ad3 ,if it were made the interest of the poor to keep their children alive1 we should lose very few of them4 ,a small premium given annually to each poor family1 for every child they have alive at the year's end1 would save more infant lives than if the whole revenue of the crown were expended on hospitals for this purpose4 ,this would make the poor esteem fertility a blessing2 whereas many of them think it the greatest curse that can befal them2 and in place of wishing their children to live1 so far does poverty get the better of natural affection1 that they are often very happy when they die4 ,footnote #ae3 ,it is undoubtedly the duty of parents to instruct their children1 at least till they are of an age proper to take some care of themselves4 ,this would tend much to confirm the ties of parental tenderness and filial affection1 of the want of which there are at present so many deplorable instances4 ,though few fathers have time to instruct their children1 yet most mothers have2 and surely they cannot be better employed4 ,footnote #af3 ,i am happy to find that the masters of academies now begin to put in practice this advice4 ,each of them ought to keep a drill serjeant for teaching the boys the military exercise4 ,this1 besides contributing to their health and vigour of body1 would have many other happy effects4 ,footnote #ag3 ,i have been told that in ,china1 where the police is the best in the world1 all the children are employed in the easier part of gardening and husbandry2 as weeding1 gathering stones off the land1 and such like4 ,footnote #ah3 ,it is amazing how children escape suffocation1 considering the manner in which they are often rolled up in flannels1 c4 ,i lately attended an infant1 whom ,i found muffled up over head and ears in many folds of flannel1 though it was in the middle of ,june4 ,i begged for a little free air to the poor babe2 but though this indulgence was granted during my stay1 ,i found it always on my return in the same situation4 ,death1 as might be expected1 soon freed the infant from all its miseries2 but it was not in my power to free the minds of its parents from those prejudices which proved fatal to their child4 ,i was very lately called to see an infant which was said to be expiring in convulsion fits4 ,i desired the mother to strip the child1 and wrap it in a loose covering4 ,it had no more convulsion fits4 ,footnote #ai3 ,i have often known people so imposed upon1 as to give an infant to a nurse to be suckled who had not one drop of milk in her breast4 ,footnote #bj3 ,if a mother on visiting her child at nurse find it always asleep1 ,i would advise her to remove it immediately2 otherwise it will soon sleep its last4 ,footnote #ba3 ,armstrong4 ,footnote #bb3 ,when persons heated with labour have drank cold liquor1 they ought to continue at work for some time after4 ,footnote #bc3 ,it is indeed to be regretted1 that soldiers suffer not less from indolence and intemperance in time of peace1 than from hardships in time of war4 ,if men are idle they will be vicious4 ,it would therefore be of great importance1 could a scheme be formed for rendering the military1 in times of peace1 both more healthy and more useful4 ,these desirable objects might1 in our opinion1 be obtained1 by employing them for some hours every day1 and advancing their pay accordingly4 ,by this means1 idleness1 the mother of vice1 might be prevented1 the price of labour lowered1 public works1 as harbours1 canals1 turnpike roads1 c4 might be made without hurting manufactures2 and soldiers might be enabled to marry1 and bring up children4 ,a scheme of this kind might easily be conducted1 so as not to depress the martial spirit1 provided the men were only to work four or five hours every day1 and always to work without doors3 no soldier should be suffered to work too long1 or to follow any sedentary employment4 ,sedentary employments render men weak and effeminate1 quite unfit for the hardships of war3 whereas working for a few hours every day without doors would inure them to the weather1 brace their nerves1 and increase their strength and courage4 ,footnote #bd3 ,our countryman1 the celebrated ,captain ,,cook1 has shewn how far1 by proper care and attention1 the diseases formerly so fatal to seamen may be prevented4 ,in a voyage of three years and eighteen days1 during which he was exposed to every climate1 from the #eb north to the #ga of south latitude1 of one hundred and eighteen men composing the ship's company1 he lost only one1 who died of a phthisis pulmonalis4 ,the principal means he used were1 to preserve a strict attention to cleanliness1 to procure abundance of vegetables and fresh provisions1 especially good water1 and to allow his people sufficient time for rest4 ,footnote #be3 ,the appellation of sedentary has generally been given only to the studious2 we can see no reason1 however1 for restricting it to them alone4 ,many artificers may1 with as much propriety1 be denominated sedentary as the studious1 with this particular disadvantage1 that they are often obliged to sit in very awkward postures1 which the studious need not do1 unless they please4 ,footnote #bf3 ,a person of observation in that line of life told me1 that most taylors die of consumptions2 which he attributed chiefly to the unfavourable postures in which they sit1 and the unwholesomeness of those places where their business is carried on4 ,if more attention was not paid to profit than to the preservation of human lives1 this evil might be easily remedied2 but while masters only mind their own interest1 nothing will be done for the safety of their servants4 ,footnote #bg3 ,the poor1 indeed1 are generally the first who suffer by unsound provisions2 but the lives of the labouring poor are of great importance to the state3 besides1 diseases occasioned by unwholesome food often prove infectious1 by which means they reach people in every station4 ,it is therefore the interest of all to take care that no spoilt provisions of any kind be exposed to sale4 ,footnote #bh3 ,in most eastern countries it was customary to bury the dead at some distance from any town4 ,as this practice obtained among the ,jews1 the ,greeks1 and also the ,romans1 it is strange that the western parts of ,europe should not have followed their example in a custom so truly laudable4 ,footnote #bi3 ,one cannot pass through a large church or cathedral1 even in summer1 without feeling quite chilly4 ,footnote #cj3 ,we have daily accounts of persons who lose their lives by going down into deep wells and other places where the air stagnates2 all these accidents might be prevented by only letting down a lighted candle before them1 and stopping when they perceive it go out2 yet this precaution1 simple as it is1 is seldom used4 ,footnote #ca3 ,a year seldom passes that we do not hear of some hospital physician or surgeon having lost his life by an hospital fever caught from his patients4 ,for this they have themselves alone to blame4 ,their patients are either in an improper situation1 or they are too careless with regard to their own conduct4 ,footnote #cb3 ,it is not necessity1 but fashion1 which makes the use of carriages so common4 ,there are many people who have not exercise enough to keep their humours wholesome1 who yet dare not venture to make a visit to their next neighbours1 but in a coach or sedan1 lest they should be looked down upon4 ,strange1 that men should be such fools as to be laughed out of the use of their limbs1 or to throw away their health1 in order to gratify a piece of vanity1 or to comply with a ridiculous fashion6 ,footnote #cc3 ,cheyne4 ,footnote #cd3 ,sedentary occupations ought chiefly to be followed by women4 ,they bear confinement much better than men1 and are fitter for every kind of business which does not require much strength4 ,it is ridiculous enough to see a lusty fellow making pins1 needles1 or watch-wheels1 while many of the laborious parts of husbandry are carried on by the other sex4 ,the fact is1 we want men for laborious employments1 while one half of the other sex are rendered useless for want of occupations suited to their strength1 c4 ,were girls bred to mechanical employments1 we should not see such numbers of them prostitute themselves for bread1 nor find such a want of men for the important purposes of navigation1 agriculture1 c4 ,an eminent silk manufacturer told me1 that he found women answer better for that business1 than men2 and that he had lately taken a great many girls apprentices as silk-weavers4 ,i hope his example will be followed by many others4 ,footnote #ce3 ,golff is a diversion very common in ,north ,britain4 ,it is well calculated for exercising the body1 and may always be taken in such moderation1 as neither to overheat nor fatigue4 ,it has greatly the preference over cricket1 tennis1 or any of those games which cannot be played without violence4 ,footnote #cf3 ,men of every occupation1 and in every situation of life1 have lived to a good old age2 nay some have enjoyed this blessing whose plan of living was by no means regular3 but it consists with observation1 that all very old men have been early risers4 ,this is the only circumstance attending longevity1 to which ,i never knew an exception4 ,footnote #cg3 ,that colds kill more than plagues1 is an old observation2 and1 with regard to this country1 it holds strictly true4 ,every person of discernment1 however1 will perceive1 that most of the colds which prove so destructive to the inhabitants of ,britain are owing to their imprudence in changing clothes4 ,a few warm days in ,march or ,april induce them to throw off their winter garments1 without considering that our most penetrating colds generally happen in the spring4 ,footnote #ch3 ,this madness seems to have pervaded the minds of mothers in every age and country4 ,terence1 in his ,comedy of the ,eunuch1 ridicules the ,roman matrons for attempting to mend the shape of their daughters4 ,footnote #ci3 ,we often see persons1 who are rendered quite lame by the nails of their toes having grown into the flesh1 and frequently hear of mortifications proceeding from this cause4 ,all these1 and many other inconveniences attending the feet1 must be imputed solely to the use of short and strait shoes4 ,footnote #dj3 ,the celebrated ,boerhaave used to say1 that no body suffered by cold save fools and beggars2 the latter not being able to procure clothes1 and the former not having sense to wear them4 ,be this as it may1 ,i can with the strictest truth declare1 that in many cases where the powers of medicine had been tried in vain1 ,i have cured the patient by recommending thick shoes1 a flannel waistcoat and drawers1 a pair of under stockings1 or a flannel petticoat1 to be worn during the cold season at least4 ,footnote #da3 ,rousseau4 ,footnote #db3 ,addison4 ,footnote #dc3 ,we may form some notion of the immense quantity of ardent spirits consumed in ,great ,britain from this circumstance1 that in the city of ,edinburgh and its environs1 besides the great quantity of foreign spirits duly entered1 and the still greater quantity which is supposed to be smuggled1 it is computed that above two thousand private stills are constantly employed in preparing a poisonous liquor called ,molasses4 ,the common people have got so universally into the habit of drinking this base spirit1 that when a porter or labourer is seen reeling along the streets1 they say1 he has got molassed4 ,footnote #dd3 ,it is amazing that our improvements in arts1 learning1 and politeness1 have not put the barbarous custom of drinking to excess out of fashion4 ,it is indeed less common in ,south ,britain than it was formerly2 but it still prevails very much in the ,north1 where this relic of barbarity is mistaken for hospitality4 ,there no man is supposed to entertain his guests well1 who does not make them drunk4 ,forcing people to drink1 is certainly the greatest piece of rudeness that any man can be guilty of4 ,manliness1 complaisance1 or mere good-nature1 may induce a man to take his glass1 if urged to it1 at a time when he might as well take poison4 ,the custom of drinking to excess has long been out of fashion in ,france2 and1 as it begins to lose ground among the politer part of the ,english1 we hope it will soon be banished from every part of this island4 ,footnote #de3 ,mr4 ,pot1 in his surgical observations1 mentions a disease which he calls the chimney-sweeper's cancer1 as it is almost peculiar to that unhappy set of people4 ,this he attributes to neglect of cleanliness1 and with great justice4 ,i am convinced1 that if that part of the body which is the seat of this cruel disease was kept clean by frequent walking1 it would never happen4 ,the climbing boys1 as they are called1 are certainly the most miserable wretches on the face of the earth2 yet1 for cleaning chimnies1 no such persons are necessary4 ,footnote #df3 ,in ancient ,rome the greatest men did not think cleanliness an object unworthy of their attention4 ,pliny says1 the ,cloac1 or common sewers for the conveyance of filth and nastiness from the city1 were the greatest of all the public works2 and bestows higher encomiums upon ,tarquinius1 ,agrippa1 and others who made and improved them1 than on those who achieved the greatest conquests4 ,how truly great does the emperor ,trajan appear1 when giving directions to ,pliny his proconsul1 concerning the making of a common sewer for the health and convenience of a conquered city8 ,footnote #dg3 ,thou shalt have a place also without the camp1 whither thou shalt go forth abroad2 and thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon3 and it shall be when thou shalt ease thyself abroad1 thou shalt dig therewith1 and shalt turn back1 and cover that which cometh from thee1 c4 ,deuter1 chap4 xxii4 ver4 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #dh3 ,as it is impossible to be thoroughly clean without a sufficient quantity of water1 we would earnestly recommend it to the magistrates of great towns to be particularly attentive to this article4 ,most great towns in ,britain are so situated as to be easily supplied with water2 and those persons who will not make a proper use of it1 after it is brought to their hand1 certainly deserve to be severely punished4 ,the streets of great towns1 where water can be had1 ought to be washed every day4 ,this is the only effectual method for keeping them thoroughly clean2 and1 upon trial1 we are persuaded it will be found the cheapest4 ,some of the most dreadful diseases incident to human nature might1 in my opinion1 be entirely eradicated by cleanliness4 ,footnote #di3 ,were the tenth part of the care taken to prevent the importation of diseases1 that there is to prevent smuggling1 it would be attended with many happy consequences4 ,this might easily be done by appointing a physician at every considerable sea-port1 to inspect the ship's company1 passengers1 c4 before they came ashore1 and1 if any fever or other infectious disorder prevailed1 to order the ship to perform a short quarantine1 and to send the sick to some hospital or proper place to be cured4 ,he might likewise order all the clothes1 bedding1 c4 which had been used by the sick during the voyage1 to be either destroyed1 or thoroughly cleansed by fumigation1 c4 before any of it were sent ashore4 ,a scheme of this kind1 if properly conducted1 would prevent many fevers1 and other infectious diseases1 from being brought by sailors into sea-port towns1 and by this means diffused all over the country4 ,footnote #ej3 ,there is reason to believe that infection is often conveyed from one place to another by the carelessness of the faculty themselves4 ,many physicians affect a familiar way of sitting upon the patient's bedside1 and holding his arm for a considerable time4 ,if the patient has the small-pox1 or any other infectious disease1 there is no doubt but the doctor's hands1 clothes1 c4 will carry away some of the infection2 and1 if he goes directly to visit another patient without washing his hands1 changing his clothes1 or being exposed to the open air1 which is not seldom the case1 is it any wonder that he should carry the disease along with him8 ,physicians not only endanger others1 but also themselves1 by this practice4 ,and indeed they sometimes suffer for their want of care4 ,footnote #ea3 ,the ancients would not suffer even the temples of their gods1 where the sick resorted1 to be built within the walls of a city4 ,footnote #eb3 ,the conduct of parents with regard to the disposal of their children in marriage is often very blamable4 ,an advantageous match is the constant aim of parents2 while their children often suffer a real martyrdom betwixt their inclinations and duty4 ,the first thing which parents ought to consult in disposing their children in marriage1 is certainly their inclinations4 ,were due regard always paid to these1 there would be fewer unhappy couples1 and parents would not have so often cause to repent the severity of their conduct1 after a ruined constitution1 a lost character1 or a distracted mind1 has shewn them their mistake4 ,footnote #ec3 ,it has long been an observation among physicians1 that the appearances of the urine are very uncertain1 and very little to be depended on4 ,no one will be surprised at this who considers how many ways it may be affected1 and consequently have its appearance altered4 ,the passions1 the state of the atmosphere1 the quantity and quality of the food1 the exercise1 the clothing1 the state of the other evacuations1 and numberless other causes1 are sufficient to induce a change either in the quantity or appearance of the urine4 ,any one who attends to this1 will be astonished at the impudence of those daring quacks1 who pretend to find out diseases1 and prescribe to patients from the bare inspection of their urine4 ,these impostors1 however1 are very common all over ,britain1 and by the amazing credulity of the populace1 many of them amass considerable fortunes4 ,of all the medical prejudices which prevail in this country1 that in favour of urine doctors is the strongest4 ,the common people have still an unlimited faith in their skill1 although it has been demonstrated that no one of them is able to distinguish the urine of a horse1 or any other animal1 from that of a man4 ,footnote #ed3 ,i never knew a more remarkable instance of the uncertainty of the weather in this country1 than happened while ,i was writing these notes4 ,this morning1 ,august #ad1 #aghc1 the thermometer in the shade was down at fifty-three degrees1 and a very few days ago it stood above eighty4 ,no one who reflects on such great and sudden changes in the atmosphere1 will be surprised to find colds1 coughs1 rheums1 with other affections of the breast and bowels1 so common in this country4 ,footnote #ee3 ,if a person suspects that his bed is damp1 the simple precaution of taking off the sheets and lying in the blankets1 with all1 or most of his clothes on1 will prevent all the danger4 ,i have practised this for many years1 and never have been hurt by damp beds1 though no constitution1 without care1 is proof against their baneful influence4 ,footnote #ef3 ,people imagine if a good fire is made in a room after it has been washed1 that there is no danger from sitting in it2 but they must give me leave to say that this increases the danger4 ,the evaporation excited by the fire generates cold1 and renders the damp more active4 ,footnote #eg3 ,the tap-rooms in ,london and other great towns1 where such numbers of people spend their evenings1 are highly pernicious4 ,the breath of a number of people crowded into a low apartment1 with the addition of fires1 candles1 the smoke of tobacco1 and the fumes of hot liquor1 c4 must not only render it hurtful to continue in such places1 but dangerous to go out of them into a cold and chilly atmosphere4 ,footnote #eh3 ,dr4 ,lind says1 that twenty or twenty-five drops of laudanum put into a cup of the patient's drink1 and given about half an hour after the commencement of the hot fit1 promotes the sweat1 shortens the fit1 relieves the head1 and tends greatly to remove the disease4 ,footnote #ei3 ,it has lately been observed1 that the red bark is more powerful than that which has for some time been in common use4 ,its superior efficacy seems to arise from its being of a more perfect growth than the quill bark1 and consequently more fully impregnated with the medical properties of the plant4 ,footnote #fj3 ,in intermitting fevers of an obstinate nature1 ,i have found it necessary to throw in the bark much faster4 ,indeed the benefits arising from this medicine depend chiefly upon a large quantity of it being administered in a short time4 ,several ounces of bark given in a few days will do more than as many pounds taken in the course of some weeks4 ,when this medicine is intended either to stop a mortification1 or cure an obstinate ague1 it ought to be thrown in as fast as the stomach can possibly bear it4 ,inattention to this circumstance has hurt the reputation of one of the best medicines of which we are in possession4 ,footnote #fa3 ,there is reason to believe1 that sundry of our own plants or barks1 which are very bitter and astringent1 would succeed in the cure of intermittent fevers1 especially when assisted by aromatics4 ,but as the ,peruvian bark has been long approved in the cure of this disease1 and is now to be obtained at a very reasonable rate1 it is of less importance to search after new medicines4 ,we cannot however omit taking notice1 that the ,peruvian bark is very often adulterated1 and that it requires considerable skill to distinguish between the genuine and the false4 ,this ought to make people very cautious of whom they purchase it4 ,footnote #fb3 ,in obstinate agues1 when the patient is old1 the habit phlegmatic1 the season rainy1 the situation damp1 or the like1 it will be necessary to mix with two ounces of the bark1 half an ounce of ,virginian snake-root1 and a quarter of an ounce of ginger1 or some other warm aromatic2 but when the symptoms are of an inflammatory nature1 half an ounce of salt of wormwood or salt of tartar may be added to the above quantity of bark4 ,footnote #fc3 ,arsenic has of late been recommended as an infallible remedy in the ague2 but ,i would advise that it should be used only under the eye of a physician4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,appendix1 ,saline mixture4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see ,appendix1 ,pectoral decoction4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,appendix1 ,pectoral infusion4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,appendix1 ,volatile liniment4 ,footnote #fh3 ,see ,appendix1 ,arabic emulsion4 ,footnote #fi3 ,see ,appendix1 ,oily emulsion4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see ,appendix1 ,solution of gum ammoniac4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,appendix1 ,decoction of seneka-root4 ,footnote #gb3 ,two things chiefly operate to prevent the benefits which would arise from sailing4 ,the one is1 that physicians seldom order it till the disease is too far advanced2 and the other is1 that they seldom order a voyage of a sufficient length4 ,a patient may receive no benefit by crossing the channel1 who1 should he cross the ,atlantic1 might be completely cured4 ,indeed we have reason to believe1 that a voyage of this kind1 if taken in due time1 would seldom fail to cure a consumption4 ,footnote #gc3 ,though ,i do not remember to have seen one instance of a genuine consumption of the lungs cured by medicine1 yet ,i have known a ,west ,india voyage work wonders in that dreadful disorder4 ,footnote #gd3 ,sheffield4 ,footnote #ge3 ,i have often known persons of a consumptive habit1 where the symptoms were not violent1 reap great benefit from the use of oysters4 ,they generally ate them raw1 and drank the juice along with them4 ,footnote #gf3 ,see ,appendix1 ,vulnerary decoction4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ,appendix1 ,chalybeate wine4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see ,appendix1 ,mustard-whey4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,appendix1 ,vomiting ,julep4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,appendix1 ,white ,decoction4 ,footnote #ha3 ,when the patient is low1 ten grains of ,virginian snake-root1 and the same quantity of contrayerva-root1 with five grains of ,russian castor1 all in fine powder1 may be made into a bolus with a little of the cordial confection or syrup of saffron4 ,one of these may be taken every four or five hours4 ,the following powder may be used with the same intention3 ,take wild ,valerian-root in powder one scruple1 saffron and castor each four grains4 ,mix these by rubbing them together in a mortar1 and give one in a cup of wine-whey1 three or four times a-day4 ,footnote #hb3 ,the bark may likewise be very properly administered1 along with other cordials1 in the following manner3 ,take an ounce of ,peruvian bark1 orange-peel half an ounce1 ,virginian snake-root two drachms1 saffron one drachm4 ,let all of them be powdered1 and infused in an ,english pint of the best brandy for three or four days4 ,afterwards the liquor may be strained1 and two tea-spoonfuls of it given three or four times a-day in a glass of small wine or negus4 ,footnote #hc3 ,deafness is not always a favourable symptom in this disease4 ,perhaps it is only so when occasioned by abscesses formed within the ears4 ,footnote #hd3 ,the late ,sir ,john ,pringle expressed a concern lest these cautions should prevent people from attending their friends or relations when afflicted with putrid fevers4 ,i told him ,i meant only to discourage unnecessary attendance1 and mentioned a number of instances where putrid fevers had proved fatal to persons1 who were rather hurtful than beneficial to the sick4 ,this sagacious physician agreed with me1 in thinking that a good doctor and a careful nurse were the only necessary attendants2 and that all others not only endangered themselves1 but generally1 by their solicitude and ill-directed care1 hurt the sick4 ,footnote #he3 ,take two ounces of the shavings of hartshorn1 and the same quantity of sarsaparilla1 boil them in two ,english quarts of water4 ,to the strained decoction add a little white sugar1 and let the patient take it for his ordinary drink4 ,footnote #hf3 ,in the commercium literarium for the year #agce1 we have the history of an epidemical miliary fever1 which raged at ,strasburgh in the months of ,november1 ,december1 and ,january2 from which we learn the necessity of a temperate regimen in this malady1 and likewise that physicians are not always the first who discover the proper treatment of diseases4 8,this fever made terrible havock even among men of robust constitutions1 and all medicine proved in vain4 ,they were seized in an instant with shivering1 yawning1 stretching1 and pains in the back1 succeeded by a most intense heat2 at the same time there was a great loss of strength and appetite4 ,on the seventh or ninth day the miliary eruptions appeared1 or spots like flea-bites1 with great anxiety1 a delirium1 restlessness1 and tossing in bed4 ,bleeding was fatal4 ,while matters were in this unhappy situation1 a midwife1 of her own accord1 gave to a patient1 in the height of the disease1 a clyster of rain-water and butter without salt1 and for his ordinary drink a quart of spring water1 half a pint of generous wine1 the juice of a lemon1 and six ounces of the whitest sugar1 gently boiled till a scum arose1 and this with great success2 for the belly was soon loosened1 the grievous symptoms vanished1 and the patient was restored to his senses1 and snatched from the jaws of death40 ,this practice was imitated by others with the like happy effects4 ,footnote #hg3 ,the ingenious ,dr4 ,lind1 of ,edinburgh1 in his inaugural dissertation concerning the putrid remitting fever of ,bengal1 has the following observation3 8,indusia1 lodices1 ac stragula1 spius sunt mutanda1 ac ari exponenda2 fces sordesque quam primum removend2 oportet etiam ut loca quibus gri decumbunt sint salubria1 et aceto conspersa2 denique ut gris cura quanta maxima prospiciatur4 ,compertum ego habeo1 medicum hc fedulo observantem1 quique ea exequi potest1 multo magis gris profuturum1 quam medicum peritiorem hisce commodis destitutum40 8,the patient's shirt1 bed-clothes1 and bedding1 ought frequently to be changed1 and exposed to the air1 and all his excrements immediately removed2 the bed-chamber should be well ventilated1 and frequently sprinkled with vinegar2 in short1 every attention should be paid to the patient4 ,i can affirm1 that a physician who puts these in practice will much oftener succeed than one who is even more skilful1 but has not opportunity of using these means40 ,footnote #hh3 ,convulsion-fits are no doubt very alarming1 but their effects are often salutary4 ,they seem to be one of the means made use of by ,nature for breaking the force of a fever4 ,i have always observed the fever abated1 and sometimes quite removed1 after one or more convulsion-fits4 ,this readily accounts for convulsions being a favourable symptom in the fever which precedes the eruption of the small-pox1 as every thing that mitigates this fever lessens the eruption4 ,footnote #hi3 ,i have known a nurse1 who had the small-pox before1 so infected by lying constantly a-bed with a child in a bad kind of small-pox1 that she had not only a great number of pustules which broke out all over her body1 but afterwards a malignant fever1 which terminated in a number of imposthumes or boils1 and from which she narrowly escaped with her life4 ,we mention this to put others upon their guard against the danger of this virulent infection4 ,footnote #ij3 ,this observation is likewise applicable to hospitals1 workhouses1 c4 where numbers of children happen to have the small-pox at the same time4 ,i have seen above forty children cooped up in one apartment all the while they had this disease1 without any of them being admitted to breathe the fresh air4 ,no one can be at a loss to see the impropriety of such conduct4 ,it ought to be a rule1 not only in hospitals for the small-pox1 but likewise for other diseases1 that no patient should be within sight or hearing of another4 ,this is a matter to which too little regard is paid4 ,in most hospitals and infirmaries1 the sick1 the dying1 and the dead1 are often to be seen in the same apartment4 ,footnote #ia3 ,though this operation can never do harm1 yet it is only necessary when the patient has a great load of small-pox1 or when the matter which they contain is of so thin and acrid a nature1 that there is reason to apprehend bad consequences from its being too quickly resorbed1 or taken up again into the mass of circulating humours4 ,footnote #ib3 ,i have of late been accustomed1 after the small-pox1 to give one1 two1 three1 four1 or five grains of calomel1 according to the age of the patient1 over night1 and to work it off next morning with a suitable dose of jalap4 ,footnote #ic3 ,a critical situation1 too often to be met with1 first put me upon trying this method4 ,a gentleman who had lost all his children except one son by the natural small-pox1 was determined to have him inoculated4 ,he told me his intention1 and desired ,i would persuade the mother and grandmother1 c4 of its propriety4 ,but that was impossible4 ,they were not to be persuaded1 and either could not get the better of their fears1 or were determined against conviction4 ,it was always a point with me not to perform the operation without the consent of the parties concerned4 ,i therefore advised the father1 after giving his son a dose or two of rhubarb1 to go to a patient who had the small-pox of a good kind1 to open two or three of the pustules1 taking up the matter with a little cotton1 and as soon as he came home to take his son apart1 and give his arm a slight scratch with a pin1 afterwards to rub the place well with the cotton1 and take no farther notice of it4 ,all this he punctually performed2 and at the usual period the small-pox made their appearance1 which were of an exceeding good kind1 and so mild as not to confine the boy an hour to his bed4 ,none of the other relations knew but the disease had come in the natural way1 till the boy was well4 ,footnote #id3 ,mr4 ,,tronchin communicates this disease by a little bit of thread dipt in the matter1 which he covers with a small blistering-plaster4 ,this method may no doubt be used with advantage in those cases where the patient is very much alarmed at the sight of any cutting instrument4 ,footnote #ie3 8,many and great10 says this humane author1 8are the dangers attending the natural infection1 from all which the inoculation is quite secure4 ,the natural infection may invade weaker distempered bodies1 by no means disposed for its kindly reception4 ,it may attack them at a season of the year either violently hot or intensely cold4 ,it may be communicated from a sort of small-pox impregnated with the utmost virulence4 ,it may lay hold upon people unexpectedly1 when a dangerous sort is imprudently imported into a maritime place4 ,it may surprise us soon after excesses committed in luxury1 intemperance1 or lewdness4 ,it may likewise seize on the innocent after indispensably watchings1 hard labour1 or necessary journies4 ,and is it a trivial advantage1 that all these unhappy circumstances can be prevented by inoculation8 ,by inoculation numbers are saved from deformity as well as from death4 ,in the natural small-pox1 how often are the finest features1 and the most beautiful complexions1 miserably disfigured8 ,whereas inoculation rarely leaves any ugly marks of scars1 even where the number of pustules on the face has been very considerable1 and the symptoms by no means favourable4 ,and many other grievous complaints1 that are frequently subsequent to the natural sort1 seldom follow the artificial4 ,does not inoculation also prevent those inexpressible terrors that perpetually harass persons who never had this disease1 insomuch that when the small-pox is epidemical1 entire villages are depopulated1 markets ruined1 and the face of distress spread over the whole country8 ,from this terror it arises1 that justice is frequently postponed1 or discouraged1 at sessions or assizes where the small-pox rages4 ,witnesses and juries dare not appear2 and by reason of the necessary absence of some gentlemen1 our honourable and useful judges are not attended with that reverence and splendour due to their office and merit4 ,does not inoculation1 in like manner1 prevent our brave sailors from being seized with this distemper on shipboard1 where they must quickly spread the infection among such of the crew who never had it before1 and where they have scarce any chance to escape1 being half stifled with the closeness of their cabins1 and but very indifferently nursed8 ,lastly1 with regard to the soldiery1 the miseries attending these poor creatures1 when attacked by the small-pox on a march1 are inconceivable1 without attendance1 without lodgings1 without any accommodation2 so that one of three commonly perishes40 ,footnote #if3 ,by a well-laid plan for extending inoculation1 more lives might be saved at a small expence1 than are at present preserved by all the hospitals in ,england1 which cost the public such an amazing sum4 ,footnote #ig3 ,i do not know any disease wherein bleeding is more necessary than in the measles1 especially when the fever runs high3 in this case ,i have always found it relieve the patient4 ,footnote #ih3 ,attempts have been made to communicate the measles1 as well as the small-pox1 by inoculation1 and we make no doubt but in time the practice may succeed4 ,dr4 ,home of ,edinburgh says1 he communicated the disease by the blood4 ,others have tried this method1 and have not found it succeed4 ,some think the disease would be more certainly communicated by rubbing the skin of a patient who has the measles with cotton1 and afterwards applying the cotton to a wound1 as in the small-pox2 while others recommend a bit of flannel which had been applied to the patient's skin1 all the time of the disease1 to be afterwards laid upon the arm or leg of the person to whom the infection is to be communicated4 ,there is no doubt but this disease1 as well as the small-pox1 may be communicated various ways2 the most probable1 however1 is either from cotton rubbed upon the skin1 as mentioned above1 or by introducing a little of the sharp humour which distils from the eyes of the patient into the blood4 ,it is agreed on all hands1 that such patients as have been inoculated had the disease very mildly2 we therefore wish the practice were more general1 as the measles have of late become very fatal4 ,footnote #ii3 ,sydenham4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,in the year #aggd1 during winter1 a very bad species of this fever prevailed in ,edinburgh4 ,it raged chiefly among young people4 ,the eruption was generally accompanied with a quinsey1 and the inflammatory symptoms were so blended with others of a putrid nature1 as to render the treatment of the disease very difficult4 ,many of the patients1 towards the decline of the fever1 were afflicted with large swellings of the submaxillary glands1 and not a few had a suppuration in one or both ears4 ,footnote #aja3 ,see ,appendix1 ,white ,decoction4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,appendix1 ,spirit of ,mindererus4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,the country people in many parts of ,britain call this disease a blast1 and imagine it proceeds from foul air1 or ill wind1 as they term it4 ,the truth is1 they often lie down to rest them1 when warm and fatigued1 upon the damp ground1 where they fall asleep1 and lie so long as to catch cold1 which occasions the erysipelas4 ,this disease may indeed proceed from other causes1 but we may venture to say1 that nine times out of ten it is occasioned by cold caught after the body has been greatly heated or fatigued4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see ,appendix1 ,decoction of ,woods4 ,footnote #aje3 ,any foreign body lodged in the eye may be expeditiously removed by passing a small hair pencil between the eye-lid and the ball of the eye4 ,in some places1 the peasants do this very effectually1 by using their tongue in the same manner4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,as most people are fond of using eye-waters and ointments in this and other diseases of the eyes1 we have inserted some of the most approved forms of these medicines in the ,appendix4 ,see ,appendix1 ,eye-water and ,eye-salve4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,dr4 ,home4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,see ,appendix1 ,spanish ,infusion4 ,footnote #aji3 ,in a former edition of this book ,i recommended1 for an obstinate tickling cough1 an oily emulsion1 made with the paregoric elixir of the ,edinburgh ,dispensatory1 instead of the common alkaline spirit4 ,i have since been told by several practitioners1 that they found it to be an excellent medicine in this disorder1 and every way deserving of the character which ,i had given it4 ,where this elixir is not kept1 its place may be supplied by adding to the common oily emulsion1 an adequate proportion of the ,thebaic tincture1 or liquid laudanum4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,some complain that the pitch plaster adheres too fast1 while others find difficulty in keeping it on4 ,this proceeds from the different kinds of pitch made use of1 and likewise from the manner of making it4 ,i generally find it answer best when mixed with a little beeswax1 and spread as cool as possible4 ,the clear1 hard1 transparent pitch answers the purpose best4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,see ,appendix1 ,hiera ,picra4 ,footnote #aab3 ,some think the air ought not to be changed till the disease is on the decline2 but there seems to be no sufficient reason for this opinion1 as patients have been known to reap benefit from a change of air at all periods of the disease4 ,it is not sufficient to take the patient out daily in a carriage4 ,this seldom answers any good purpose2 but often does hurt1 by giving him cold4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see ,appendix1 ,vomiting ,julep4 ,footnote #aad3 ,dr4 ,,duplanil says1 he has seen many good effects from the kermes mineral in this complaint1 the cough being frequently alleviated even by the first dose4 ,the dose for a child of one year old1 is a quarter of a grain dissolved in a cup of any liquid1 repeated two or three times a-day4 ,for a child of two years the dose is half a grain2 and the quantity must be thus increased in proportion to the age of the patient4 ,footnote #aae3 ,some recommend the extract of hemlock as an extraordinary remedy in the hooping-cough2 but so far as ,i have been able to observe1 it is no way superior to opium1 which1 when properly administered1 will often relieve some of the most troublesome symptoms of this disorder4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,when quicksilver is given in too large quantities1 it defeats its own intention1 as it drags down the bottom of the stomach1 which prevents it getting over the ,pylorus4 ,in this case the patient should be hung up by the heels1 in order that the quicksilver may be discharged by his mouth4 ,footnote #aag3 ,see ,appendix1 ,anti-hysteric ,plaster4 ,footnote #aah3 ,as the smoke of tobacco thrown into the bowels will often procure a stool when all other means have failed1 an apparatus for this purpose ought to be kept by every surgeon4 ,it may be purchased at a small expence1 and will be of service in several other cases1 the recovery of drowned persons1 c4 ,footnote #aai3 ,the ,ureters are two long and small canals1 one on each side1 which carry the urine from the bason of the kidneys to the bladder4 ,they are sometimes obstructed by small stones of gravel falling down from the kidneys1 and lodging in them4 ,footnote #abj3 ,i knew a gentleman who has had several abscesses of the liver opened1 and is now a strong and healthy man1 though above eighty years of age4 ,footnote #aba3 ,i have been twice brought to the gates of death by this disease1 and both times it was occasioned by eating rancid bacon4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see ,appendix1 ,white ,decoction4 ,footnote #abc3 ,see ,appendix1 ,tincture of ,roses4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see ,appendix1 ,lime-water4 ,footnote #abe3 ,the caustic alkali may be prepared by mixing two parts of quicklime with one of pot-ashes1 and suffering them to stand till the lixivium be formed1 which must be carefully filtrated before it be used4 ,if the solution does not happen readily1 a small quantity of water may be added to the mixture4 ,footnote #abf3 ,the manner of making this broth is1 to take a sheep's head and feet with the skin upon them1 and to burn the wool off with a hot iron2 afterwards to boil them till the broth is quite a jelly4 ,a little cinnamon or mace may be added1 to give the broth an agreeable flavour1 and the patient may take a little of it warm with toasted bread three or four times a-day4 ,a clyster of it may likewise be given twice a-day4 ,such as cannot use the broth made in this way1 may have the head and feet skinned2 but we have reason to believe that this hurts the medicine4 ,it is not our business here to reason upon the nature and qualities of medicine1 otherwise this might be shewn to possess virtues every way suited to the cure of a dysentery which does not proceed from a putrid state of the humours4 ,one thing we know1 which is preferable to all reasoning1 that whole families have often been cured by it1 after they had used many other medicines in vain4 ,it will1 however1 be proper that the patient take a vomit1 and a dose or two of rhubarb1 before he begins to use the broth4 ,it will likewise be necessary to continue the use of it for a considerable time1 and to make it the principal food4 ,footnote #abg3 ,the learned and humane ,dr4 ,rutherford1 late professor of medicine in the university of ,edinburgh1 used to mention this food in his public lectures with great encomiums4 ,he directed it to be made by tying a pound or two of the finest flour1 as tight as possible1 in a linen rag1 afterwards to dip it frequently in water1 and to dredge the outside with flour1 till a cake or crust was formed around it1 which prevents the water from soaking into it while boiling4 ,it is then to be boiled till it becomes a hard dry mass1 as directed above4 ,this1 when mixed with milk and water1 will not only answer the purpose of food1 but may likewise be given in clysters4 ,footnote #abh3 ,i lately saw a young man who had been seized with a dysentery in ,north ,america4 ,many things had been tried there for his relief1 but to no purpose4 ,at length1 tired out with disappointments from medicine1 and reduced to skin and bone1 he came over to ,britain1 rather with a view to die among his relations1 than with any hopes of a cure4 ,after taking sundry medicines here with no better success than abroad1 ,i advised him to leave off the use of drugs1 and to trust entirely to a diet of milk and fruits1 with gentle exercise4 ,strawberries was the only fruit he could procure at that season4 ,these he ate with milk twice1 and sometimes thrice a-day4 ,the consequence was1 that in a short time his stools were reduced from upwards of twenty in a-day1 to three or four1 and sometimes not so many4 ,he used the other fruits as they came in1 and was in a few weeks so well as to leave that part of the country where ,i was1 with a view to return to ,america4 ,footnote #abi3 ,see ,appendix1 ,decoction of ,logwood4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ,appendix1 ,decoction of ,sarsaparilla4 ,footnote #aca3 ,when the pain is very violent1 and does not yield to small doses of laudanum1 the quantity may be increased4 ,i have known a patient in extreme pain take three hundred drops in twenty-four hours2 but such doses ought only to be administered by a person of skill4 ,footnote #acb3 ,this may always be prevented by the operator striking upon the teeth with any piece of metal1 as this never fails to excite the pain in the carious tooth4 ,footnote #acc3 ,these are prepared by steeping or soaking pease in water1 and afterwards drying them in a pot or kiln till they be quite hard4 ,they may be used at pleasure4 ,footnote #acd3 ,that worms exist in the human body there can be no doubt2 and that they must sometimes be considered as a disease1 is equally certain3 but this is not the case so often as people imagine4 ,the idea that worms occasion many diseases1 gives an opportunity to the professed worm-doctors of imposing on the credulity of mankind1 and doing much mischief4 ,they find worms in every case1 and liberally throw in their antidotes1 which generally consist of strong1 drastic purges4 ,i have known these given in delicate constitutions to the destruction of the patient1 where there was not the least symptom of worms4 ,footnote #ace3 ,a medical writer of the present age has enumerated upwards of fifty ,british plants1 all celebrated for killing and expelling worms4 ,footnote #acf3 ,a powder for the tape-worm resembling this1 was long kept a secret on the ,continent2 it was lately purchased by the ,french king1 and will be found under the article ,powder1 in the ,appendix4 ,footnote #acg3 ,we think it necessary here to warn people of their danger who buy cakes1 powders1 and other worm medicines1 at random from quacks1 and give them to their children without proper care4 ,the principal ingredients in most of these medicines is mercury1 which is never to be trifled with4 ,i lately saw a shocking instance of the danger of this conduct4 ,a girl who had taken a dose of worm powder1 bought of a travelling quack1 went out1 and perhaps was so imprudent as to drink cold water during its operation4 ,she immediately swelled1 and died on the following day1 with all the symptoms of having been poisoned4 ,footnote #ach3 ,the very name of an operation is dreadful to most people1 and they wish to try every thing before they have recourse to it4 ,this is the reason why tapping so seldom succeeds to our wish4 ,i have had a patient who was regularly tapped once a month for several years1 and who used to eat her dinner as well after the operation as if nothing had happened4 ,she died at last rather worn out by age than by the disease4 ,footnote #aci3 ,some make a secret of curing the gout by muscular exercise4 ,this secret1 however1 is as old as ,celsus1 who strongly recommends that mode of cure2 and whoever will submit to it1 in the fullest extent1 may expect to reap solid and permanent advantages4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,appendix1 ,warm ,plaster4 ,footnote #ada3 ,the scrophula1 as well as the rickets1 is found to prevail in large manufacturing towns1 where people live gross1 and lead sedentary lives4 ,footnote #adb3 ,sir ,john ,pringle observes1 that though this disease may seem trifling1 there is no one in the army that is more troublesome to cure1 as the infection often lurks in clothes1 c4 and breaks out a second1 or even a third time4 ,the same inconveniency occurs in private families1 unless particular regard is paid to the changing or cleaning of their clothes1 which last is by no means an easy operation4 ,footnote #adc3 ,the itch is now by cleanliness banished from every genteel family in ,britain4 ,it still however prevails among the poorer sort of peasants in ,scotland1 and among the manufacturers in ,england4 ,these are not only sufficient to keep the seeds of the disease alive1 but to spread the infection among others4 ,it were to be wished that some effectual method could be devised for extirpating it altogether4 ,several country clergymen have told me1 that by getting such as were infected cured1 and strongly recommending an attention to cleanliness1 they have banished the itch entirely out of their parishes4 ,why might not others do the same8 ,footnote #add3 ,after copious evacuations1 large doses of ther have been found very efficacious in removing a fit of the asthma4 ,i have likewise known the following mixture produce very happy effects3 ,to four or five ounces of the solution of gum-ammoniac add two ounces of simple cinnamon-water1 the same quantity of balsamic syrup1 and half an ounce of paregoric elixir4 ,of this two table-spoonfuls may be taken every three hours4 ,footnote #ade3 ,i knew a woman who in a violent fit of anger was seized with a sanguine apoplexy4 ,she at first complained of extreme pain1 as if daggers had been thrust through her head1 as she expressed it4 ,afterwards she became comatose1 her pulse sunk very low1 and was exceeding slow4 ,by bleeding1 blistering1 and other evacuations1 she was kept alive for about a fortnight4 ,when her head was opened1 a large quantity of extravasated blood was found in the left ventricle of the brain4 ,footnote #adf3 ,the learned ,dr4 ,arbuthnot advises those who are troubled with costiveness to use animal oils1 as fresh butter1 cream1 marrow1 fat broths1 especially those made of the internal parts of animals1 as the liver1 heart1 midriff1 c4 ,he likewise recommends the expressed oils of mild vegetables1 as olives1 almonds1 pastaches1 and the fruits themselves2 all oily and mild fruits1 as figs2 decoctions of mealy vegetables2 these lubricate the intestines2 some saponaceous substances which stimulate gently1 as honey1 hydromel1 or boiled honey and water1 unrefined sugar1 c4 ,the ,doctor observes1 that such lenitive substances are proper for persons of dry atrabilarian constitutions1 who are subject to astriction of the belly1 and the piles1 and will operate when stronger medicinal substances are sometimes ineffectual2 but that such lenitive diet hurts those whose bowels are weak and lax4 ,he likewise observes1 that all watery substances are lenitive1 and that even common water1 whey1 sour milk1 and butter-milk1 have that effect2--,that new milk1 especially asses milk1 stimulates still more when it sours on the stomach2 and that whey turned sour will purge strongly2--,that most garden fruits are likewise laxative2 and that some of them1 as grapes1 will throw such as take them immoderately into a cholera morbus1 or incurable diarrha4 ,footnote #adg3 ,many people imagine1 that tea has no tendency to hurt the nerves1 and that drinking the same quantity of warm water would be equally pernicious4 ,this however seems to be a mistake4 ,many persons drink three or four cups of warm milk and water daily1 without feeling any bad consequences2 yet the same quantity of tea will make their hands shake for twenty-four hours4 ,that tea affects the nerves1 is likewise evident from its preventing sleep1 occasioning giddiness1 dimness of the sight1 sickness1 c4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,appendix1 ,electuary for the ,epilepsy4 ,footnote #adi3 ,many nervous people find great benefit from eating a dry biscuit1 especially when the stomach is empty4 ,i look upon this as one of the best carminative medicines2 and would recommend it in all complaints of the stomach1 arising from flatulence1 indigestion1 c4 ,footnote #aej3 ,though the patient may begin with this quantity1 it will be necessary to increase the dose gradually as the stomach can bear it4 ther is now given in considerably greater doses than it was in ,dr4 ,whytt's time4 ,footnote #aea3 ,when hysteric fits are occasioned by sympathy1 they may be cured by exciting an opposite passion4 ,this is said to have been the case of a whole school of young ladies in ,holland1 who were all cured by being told1 that the first who was seized should be burnt to death4 ,but this method of cure1 to my knowledge1 will not always succeed4 ,i would therefore advise1 that young ladies who are subject to hysteric fits should not be sent to boarding schools1 as the disease may be caught by imitation4 ,i have known madness itself brought on by sympathy4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,though antispasmodics and anodynes are universally recommended in this disease1 yet all the extraordinary cures that ,i ever knew in hysteric cases1 were performed by means of tonic and corroborating medicines4 ,footnote #aec3 ,some persons afflicted with cramps pretend to reap great benefit from small bundles of rosemary tied all night about their feet1 ancles1 and knees4 ,footnote #aed3 ,armstrong on ,health4 ,footnote #aee3 ,it is a pity those who have the misfortune to be born blind1 or who lose their sight when young1 should be suffered to remain in ignorance1 or to beg4 ,this is both cruelty and want of economy4 ,there are many employments of which blind persons are very capable1 as knitting1 carding1 turning a wheel1 teaching languages1 c4 ,nor are instances wanting of persons who have arrived at the highest pitch of learning1 without having the least idea of light4 ,witness the late famous ,nicholas ,sanderson of ,cambridge1 and my worthy friend ,dr4 ,thomas ,blacklock of ,edinburgh4 ,the former was one of the first mathematicians of his age1 and the latter1 besides being a good poet and philosopher1 is master of all the learned languages1 and a very considerable adept in the liberal arts4 ,footnote #aef3 ,though those who have the misfortune to be born deaf are generally suffered to continue dumb1 and consequently are in a great measure lost to society1 yet nothing is more certain than that such persons may be taught not only to read and write1 but also to speak1 and to understand what others say to them4 ,teaching the dumb to speak will appear paradoxical to those who do not consider that the formation of sounds is merely mechanical1 and may be taught without the assistance of the ear4 ,this is not only capable of demonstration1 but is actually reduced to practice by the ingenious ,mr4 ,thomas ,braidwood of ,edinburgh4 ,this gentleman has1 by the mere force of genius and application1 brought the teaching of dumb persons to such a degree of perfection1 that his scholars are generally more forward in their education than those of the same age who enjoy all their faculties4 ,they not only read and write with the utmost readiness1 but likewise speak1 and are capable of holding conversation with any person in the light4 ,what a pity any of the human species should remain in a state of idiotism1 who are capable of being rendered as useful and intelligent as others6 ,we mention this not only from humanity to those who have the misfortune to be born deaf1 but also in justice to ,mr4 ,braidwood1 whose success has far exceeded all former attempts this way2 and indeed it exceeds imagination itself so far1 that no person who has not seen and examined his pupils1 can believe what they are capable of4--,as this gentleman1 however willing1 is only able to teach a few1 and as the far greater part of those who are born deaf cannot afford to attend him1 it would be an act of great humanity1 as well as of public utility1 to erect an academy for their benefit4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,a gentleman1 on whose veracity ,i can depend1 told me1 that after using many things to no purpose for an obstinate deafness1 he was at last advised to put a few drops of his own urine warm into his ears every night and morning1 from which he received great benefit4 ,it is probable that a solution of sal ammoniac1 in water1 would produce the same effect4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,london ,medical ,essays4 ,footnote #aei3 ,in a cancer which had set all medicines1 and even surgery1 at defiance1 ,i lately saw remarkable effects from an obstinate perseverance in a course of antiseptics4 ,i ordered the deep ulcers to be washed to the bottom by means of a syringe1 twice or thrice a-day1 either with an infusion of the bark1 or a decoction of carrot1 and that the patient should take four or five times a-day1 a glass of good wine1 with half a drachm of the best powdered bark in it4 ,the sores1 after being washed1 were likewise sprinkled with the same powder4 ,when the patient began this course1 her death was daily expected4 ,she continued it for above two years1 with manifest advantage2 but being told by an eminent surgeon1 that the bark would not cure a cancer1 and that the sores ought not to be washed1 she discontinued the practice1 and died in a few weeks4 ,this course was not expected to cure the cancer1 but to prolong the patient's life1 which it evidently did almost to a miracle4 ,footnote #afj3 ,as hemlock is the principal medicine recommended in this disease1 we would have given some directions for the gathering and preparing of that plant2 but as its different preparations are now kept in the shops1 we think it much safer for people to get them there1 with proper directions for using them4 ,footnote #afa3 ,though we give this prescription on the credit of ,dr4 ,mead1 yet we would not advise any person1 who has reason to believe that he has been bit by a dog which was really mad1 to trust to it alone4 ,mead was an able physician1 but he seems to have been no great philosopher1 and was some times the dupe of his own credulity4 ,footnote #afb3 ,the ,ormskirk medicine1 as it is called1 seems to me to consist chiefly of cinnabar4 ,though it is said to be infallible1 as a preventive2 yet ,i would not advise any one to trust to it alone4 ,indeed it is ordered to be taken in a manner which gives it more the appearance of a charm than of a medicine4 ,surely if a medicine is to produce any change in the body1 it must be taken for some considerable time1 and in sufficient quantity4 ,footnote #afc3 ,the practice of sucking out poisons is very ancient2 and indeed nothing can be more rational4 ,where the bite cannot be cut out1 this is the most likely way for extracting the poison4 ,there can be no danger in performing this office1 as the poison does no harm unless it be taken into the body by a wound4 ,the person who sucks the wound ought however to wash his mouth frequently with salad-oil1 which will secure him from even the least inconveniency4 ,the ,psylli in ,africa1 and the ,marsi in ,italy1 were famed for curing the bites of poisonous animals by sucking the wound2 and we are told1 that the ,indians in ,north ,america practise the same at this day4 ,footnote #afd3 ,although it is now very common to cure the gonorrha by astringent injections1 there are still many practitioners who do not approve this mode of practice4 ,i can1 however1 from much experience1 assert1 that it is both the most easy1 elegant1 and efficacious method of cure2 and that any bad consequences arising from it must be owing to the ignorance or misconduct of the practitioner himself1 and not to the remedy4 ,many1 for example1 use strong preparations of lead1 all of which are dangerous when applied to the internal surfaces of the body2 others use escharotics1 which inflame and injure the parts4 ,i have known a gonorrha actually cured by an injection made of green tea1 and would always recommend gentle methods where they will succeed4 ,footnote #afe3 ,if the patient can swallow a solution of salts and manna1 he may take six drachms1 or1 if his constitution requires it1 an ounce of the former1 with half an ounce of the latter4 ,these may be dissolved in an ,english pint of boiling water1 whey1 or thin water-gruel1 and taken early in the morning4 ,if an infusion of senna and tamarinds be more agreeable1 two drachms of the former1 and an ounce of the latter1 may be infused all night in an ,english pint of boiling water4 ,the infusion may be strained next morning1 and half an ounce of ,glauber's salts dissolved in it4 ,a tea-cupful of this infusion may be taken every half hour till it operates4 ,should the patient prefer an electuary1 the following will be found to answer very well4 ,take of the lenitive electuary four ounces1 cream of tartar two ounces1 jalap in powder two drachms1 rhubarb one drachm1 and as much of the syrup of pale roses as will serve to make up the whole into a soft electuary4 ,two or three tea-spoonfuls of this may be taken over-night1 and about the same quantity next morning1 every day that the patient chuses to take a purge4 ,the doses of the above medicines may be increased or diminished according as the patient finds it necessary4 ,we have ordered the salts to be dissolved in a large quantity of water1 because it renders their operation more mild4 ,footnote #aff3 ,take quicksilver one drachm1 gum-arabic reduced to a mucilage two drachms2 let the quicksilver be rubbed with the mucilage1 in a marble mortar1 until the globules of mercury entirely disappear2 afterwards add gradually1 still continuing the trituration1 half an ounce of balsamic syrup1 and eight ounces of simple cinnamon-water4 ,two table-spoonfuls of this solution may be taken night and morning4 ,some reckon this the best form in which quicksilver can be exhibited for the cure of a gonorrha4 ,footnote #afg3 ,the ,peruvian bark may be combined with other astringents1 and prepared in the following manner3 ,take of ,peruvian bark bruised six drachms1 of fresh galls bruised two drachms2 boil them in a pound and a half of water to a pound2 to the strained liquor add three ounces of the simple tincture of the bark4 ,a small tea-cupful of this may be taken three times a-day1 adding to each cup fifteen or twenty drops of the acid elixir of vitriol4 ,footnote #afh3 ,take ,venice turpentine1 boiled to a sufficient degree of hardness1 half an ounce1 calomel half a drachm4 ,let these be mixed and formed into sixty pills1 of which five or six may be taken night and morning4 ,if1 during the use of these pills1 the mouth should grow sore1 or the breath become offensive1 they must be discontinued till these symptoms disappear4 ,footnote #afi3 ,i have been accustomed for some time past to apply leeches to inflamed testicles1 which practice has always been followed with the most happy effects4 ,footnote #agj3 ,the extract of hemlock may be made into pills1 and taken in the manner directed under the article ,cancer4 ,footnote #aga3 ,for the dispersion of a bubo1 a number of leeches applied to the part affected will be found equally efficacious as in the inflamed testicle4 ,footnote #agb3 ,when venereal ulcers are seated in the lips1 the infection may be communicated by kissing4 ,i have seen very obstinate venereal ulcers in the lips1 which ,i had all the reason in the world to believe were communicated in this manner4 ,nurses ought to beware of suckling infected children1 or having their breasts drawn by persons tainted with the venereal disease4 ,this caution is peculiarly necessary for nurses who reside in the neighbourhood of great towns4 ,footnote #agc3 ,i have found it answer extremely well to sprinkle chancres twice a-day with calomel4 ,this will often perform a cure without any other application whatever4 ,if the chancres are upon the glans1 they may be washed with milk and water1 a little warm1 and afterwards the calomel may be applied as above4 ,footnote #agd3 ,the sublimate may be given in distilled water1 or any other liquor that the patient chuses4 ,i commonly order ten grains to be dissolved in an ounce of the spirit of wine1 for the conveniency of carriage1 and let the patient take twenty or thirty drops of it night and morning in half a glass of brandy or other spirits4 ,mr4 ,debraw1 an ingenious chymist of this place1 informs me1 that he prepares a salt of mercury much more mild and gentle in its operation than the sublimate1 though equally efficacious4 ,footnote #age3 ,see ,appendix1 ,decoct4 of ,sarsaparilla4 ,footnote #agf3 ,though we are still very much in the dark with regard to the method of curing this disease among the natives of ,america1 yet it is generally affirmed1 that they do cure it with speed1 safety1 and success1 and that without the least knowledge of mercury4 ,hence it becomes an object of considerable importance to discover their method of cure4 ,this might surely be done by making trials of the various plants which are found in those parts1 and particularly of such as the natives are known to make use of4 ,all people in a rude state take their medicines chiefly from the vegetable kingdom1 and are often possessed of valuable secrets with regard to the virtues of plants1 of which more enlightened nations are ignorant4 ,indeed we make no doubt but some plants of our own growth1 were proper pains taken to discover them1 would be found as efficacious in curing the venereal disease as those of ,america4 ,it must however be remembered1 that what will cure the venereal disease in one country1 will not always be found to have equal success in another4 ,footnote #agg3 ,i have not only often seen a recent infection carried off in a few days by means of cleanliness1 viz4 bathing1 fomentations1 injections1 c4 but have likewise found it of the greatest advantage in the more advanced stages of the disease4 ,of this ,i had lately a very remarkable instance1 in a man whose penis was almost wholly consumed by venereal ulcers2 the matter had been allowed to continue on the sores1 without any care having been taken to clean them1 till1 notwithstanding the use of mercury and other medicines1 it had produced the effects above mentioned4 ,i ordered warm milk and water to be injected three or four times a-day into all the sinuous ulcers1 in order to wash out the matter2 after which they were stuffed with dry lint to absorb the fresh matter as it was generated4 ,the patient at the same time took every day half a grain of the corrective sublimate of mercury1 dissolved in an ounce of brandy1 and drank an ,english quart of the decoction of sarsaparilla4 ,by this treatment1 in about six weeks1 he was perfectly cured2 and1 what was very remarkable1 a part of the penis was actually regenerated4 ,doctor ,gilchrist has given an account of a species of the lues venerea which prevails in the west of ,scotland1 to which the natives give the name of ,sibbins or ,sivvins4 ,the ,doctor observes1 that the spreading of this disease is chiefly owing to a neglect of cleanliness1 and seems to think1 that by due attention to that virtue1 it might be extirpated4 ,the treatment of this disease is similar to that of a confirmed lues or pox4 ,the yaws1 a disease which is now very common both in ,america and the ,west ,india islands1 may also be cured in the same manner4 ,footnote #agh3 ,it is the duty of mothers1 and those who are intrusted with the education of girls1 to instruct them early in the conduct and management of themselves at this critical period of their lives4 ,false modesty1 inattention1 and ignorance of what is beneficial or hurtful at this time1 are the sources of many diseases and misfortunes in life1 which a few sensible lessons from an experienced matron might have prevented4 ,nor is care less necessary in the subsequent returns of this discharge4 ,taking improper food1 violent affections of the mind1 or catching cold at this period1 is often sufficient to ruin the health1 or to render the female ever after incapable of procreation4 ,footnote #agi3 ,two drachms of allum and one of ,japan earth may be pounded together1 and divided into eight or nine doses1 one of which may be taken three times a day4 ,persons whose stomachs cannot bear the allum1 may take two table-spoonfuls of the tincture of roses three or four times a-day1 to each dose of which ten drops of laudanum may be added4 ,if these should fail1 half a drachm of the ,peruvian bark1 in powder1 with ten drops of the elixir of vitriol1 may be taken1 in a glass of red wine1 four times a-day4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,every mother who procures an abortion does it at the hazard of her life2 yet there are not a few who run this risk merely to prevent the trouble of bearing and bringing up children4 ,it is surely a most unnatural crime1 and cannot1 even in the most abandoned1 be viewed without horror2 but in the decent matron1 it is still more unpardonable4--,those wretches who daily advertise their assistance to women in this business1 deserve1 in my opinion1 the most severe of all human punishments4 ,footnote #aha3 ,though the management of women in child-bed has been practised as an employment since the earliest accounts of time2 yet it is still in most countries on a very bad footing4 ,few women think of following this employment till they are reduced to the necessity of doing it for bread4 ,hence not one in a hundred of them have any education1 or proper knowledge of their business4 ,it is true1 that ,nature1 if left to herself1 will generally expel the ftus2 but it is equally true1 that most women in child-bed require to be managed with skill and attention1 and that they are often hurt by the superstitious prejudices of ignorant and officious midwives4 ,the mischief done in this way is much greater than is generally imagined2 most of which might be prevented by allowing no women to practise midwifery but such as are properly qualified4 ,were due attention paid to this1 it would not only be the means of saving many lives1 but would prevent the necessity of employing men in this indelicate and disagreeable branch of medicine1 which is1 on many accounts1 more proper for the other sex4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,we cannot help taking notice of that ridiculous custom which still prevails in some parts of the country1 of collecting a number of women together upon such occasions4 ,these1 instead of being useful1 serve only to crowd the house1 and obstruct the necessary attendants4 ,besides1 they hurt the patient with their noise2 and often1 by their untimely and impertinent advice1 do much mischief4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,in a violent flooding after delivery1 ,i have seen very good effects from the following mixture3 ,take of penny-royal water1 simple cinnamon-water1 and syrup of poppies1 each two ounces1 elixir of vitriol a drachm4 ,mix1 and take two table-spoonfuls every two hours1 or oftner1 if necessary4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,take of crabs claws prepared half an ounce1 purified nitre two drachms1 saffron powdered half a drachm2 rub them together in a mortar1 and divide the whole into eight or nine doses4 ,when the patient is low-spirited1 or troubled with hysterical complaints1 she ought to take frequently twelve or fifteen drops of the tincture of asaftida in a cup of penny-royal tea4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,midwives ought to be very cautious in administering vomits or purges to women in child-bed4 ,i have known a woman1 who was recovering extremely well1 thrown into the most imminent danger1 by a strong purge which was given her by an officious midwife4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,dr4 ,cheyne avers1 that want of children is oftner the fault of the male than of the female1 and strongly recommends a milk and vegetable diet to the former as well as the latter2 adding1 that his friend ,dr4 ,taylor1 whom he calls the ,milk-doctor of ,croydon1 had brought sundry opulent families in his neighbourhood1 who had continued some years after marriage without progeny1 to have several fine children1 by keeping both parents1 for a considerable time1 to a milk and vegetable diet4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,of the officious and ill-judged care of midwives1 we shall adduce only one instance1 viz4 the common practice of torturing infants by squeezing their breasts1 to draw off the milk1 as they call it4 ,though a small quantity of moisture is generally found in the breasts of infants1 yet1 as they are certainly not intended to give suck1 this ought never to be drawn off4 ,i have seen this cruel operation bring on hardness1 inflammation1 and suppuration of the breasts2 but never knew any ill consequences from its being omitted4 ,when the breasts are hard1 the only application that we would recommend is a soft poultice1 or a little of the diachylon plaster1 spread thin upon a bit of soft leather1 about the size of half a crown1 and applied over each nipple4 ,these may be suffered to continue till the hardness disappears4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,see ,appendix1 ,laxative absorbent ,mixture4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,some nurses remove this complaint by sucking the child's nose4 ,this is by no means a cleanly operation2 but when nurses have the resolution to do it1 ,i am far from discouraging the practice4 ,footnote #aij3 ,i some time ago saw a very striking instance of the danger of substituting drying medicines in the place of cleanliness and wholesome food1 in the ,foundling ,hospital at ,ackworth1 where the children were grievously afflicted with scabbed heads and other cutaneous disorders4 ,upon inquiry it was found1 that very little attention was paid either to the propriety or soundness of their provisions1 and that cleanliness was totally neglected2 accordingly it was advised that they should have more wholesome food1 and be kept thoroughly clean4 ,this advice1 however1 was not followed4 ,it was too troublesome to the servants1 superintendants1 c4 ,the business was to be done by medicine2 which was accordingly attempted1 but had nearly proved fatal to the whole house4 ,fevers and other internal disorders immediately appeared1 and at length a putrid dysentery1 which proved so infectious1 that it carried off a great many of the children1 and spread over a considerable part of the neighbouring country4 ,footnote #aia3 ,in this disease bleeding is not always proper2 but in very full habits it must certainly be of use4 ,footnote #aib3 ,i was lately favoured with a letter from ,dr4 ,william ,turnbull in ,london1 a physician of great experience1 and who1 from his former situation on the north-east coast of ,england1 had many opportunities of observing the symptoms and progress of this dangerous disease4 ,i am sorry the letter came too late to be inserted at length2 but as the ,doctor's sentiments differ very little from my own1 this misfortune is the less to be regretted4 ,the ,doctor indeed observes1 that he never found blistering of any service2 but recommends cataplasms of garlic1 camphor1 and ,venice treacle1 to be applied both to the throat and soles of the feet4 ,he likewise recommends boluses of camphor1 castor1 valerian root1 salt of hartshorn1 and musk1 adapted to the age1 strength1 c4 of the patient2 after which he advises two spoonfuls of the following decoction3--,take of garlic and distilled vinegar each an ounce1 hysop-water eight ounces2 beat up the ingredients together1 gradually mixing the water1 and adding three ounces of honey4 ,let the whole be simmered over a gentle fire1 and afterwards drained for use4 ,footnote #aic3 ,one reason why this disease is seldom or never cured1 may be1 that it is seldom known till too far advanced to admit of remedy4 ,did parents watch the first symptoms1 and call a physician in due time1 ,i am inclined to think that something might be done4 ,but these symptoms are not yet sufficiently known1 and are often mistaken even by physicians themselves4 ,of this ,i lately saw a striking instance in a patient attended by an eminent practitioner of this city1 who had all along mistaken the disease for teething4 ,footnote #aid3 ,dr4 ,tissot1 in his ,advice to the ,people1 gives the following directions for gathering1 preparing1 and applying the agaric4--8,gather in autumn10 says he1 8while the fine weather lasts1 the agaric of the oak1 which is a kind of fungus or excrescence issuing from the wood of that tree4 ,it consists at first of four parts1 which present themselves successively3 #a4 ,the outward rind or skin1 which may be thrown away4 #b4 ,the part immediately under this rind1 which is the best of all4 ,this is to be beat well with a hammer1 till it becomes soft and very pliable4 ,this is the only preparation it requires1 and a slice of it of a proper size is to be applied directly over the bursting open blood vessels4 ,it constringes and brings them close together1 stops the bleeding1 and generally falls off at the end of two days4 #c4 ,the third part adhering to the second may serve to stop the bleeding from the smaller vessels2 and the fourth and last part may be reduced to powder as conducing to the same purpose40--,where the agaric cannot be had1 sponge may be used in its stead4 ,it must be applied in the same manner1 and has nearly the same effects4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see ,appendix1 ,wax plaster4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see ,appendix1 ,yellow basilicum4 ,footnote #aig3 ,see ,appendix1 ,turner's cerate4 ,footnote #aih3 ,in ulcers of the lower limbs great benefit is often received from tight rollers1 or wearing a laced stocking1 as this prevents the flux of humours to the sores1 and disposes them to heal4 ,footnote #aii3 ,various pieces of machinery have been contrived for counteracting the force of the muscles1 and retaining the fragments of broken bones2 but as descriptions of these without drawings would be of little use1 ,i shall refer the reader to a cheap and useful performance on the nature and cure of fractures1 lately published by my ingenious friend ,mr4 ,aitken1 surgeon in ,edinburgh2 wherein that gentleman has not only given an account of the machines recommended in fractures by former authors1 but has likewise added several improvements of his own1 which are peculiarly useful in compound fractures1 and in cases where patients with broken bones are obliged to be transported from one place to another4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,a great many external applications are recommended for strains1 some of which do good1 and others hurt4 ,the following are such as may be used with the greatest safety1 viz4 poultices made of stale beer or vinegar and oatmeal1 camphorated spirits of wine1 ,mindererus's spirit1 volatile liniment1 volatile aromatic spirit diluted with a double quantity of water1 and the common fomentation1 with the addition of brandy or spirit of wine4 ,footnote #bja3 ,i would here beg leave to recommend it to every practitioner1 when his patient complains of pain in the belly with obstinate costiveness1 to examine the groins and every place where a rupture may happen1 in order that it may be immediately reduced4 ,by neglecting this1 many perish who were not suspected to have had ruptures till after they were dead4 ,i have known this happen where half a dozen of the faculty were in attendance4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,a woman in one of the hospitals of this city lately discharged a great number of pins1 which she had swallowed in the course of her business1 through an ulcer in her side4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,these accidents are not always the effects of carelessness4 ,i have known an infant overlaid by its mother being seized in the night with an hysteric fit4 ,this ought to serve as a caution against employing hysteric women as nurses2 and should likewise teach such women never to lay an infant in the same bed with themselves1 but in a small adjacent one4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,the ,author is happy to observe1 that1 since the first publication of this work1 several societies have been instituted in ,britain with the same benevolent intention as that of ,amsterdam1 and that their endeavours have proved no less successful4 ,he is likewise happy to observe1 that premiums have been awarded to those who have been active in their endeavours to restore to life persons who had been drowned1 or suddenly deprived of life by any accident4 ,how much is this superior to the superstitious institution1 which allows any man a premium who brings a dead person out of the water1 so that he may receive ,christian burial2 but allows nothing to the person who brings him out alive1 or who recovers him after he has been to all appearance dead4 ,footnote #bje3 ,the late celebrated ,dr4 ,smollet has indeed said1 that if he were persuaded he had an ulcer in the lungs1 he would jump into the cold bath3 but here the ,doctor evidently shews more courage than discretion2 and that he was more a man of wit than a physician1 every one will allow4 ,a nervous asthma1 or an atrophy1 may be mistaken for a pulmonary consumption2 yet1 in the two former1 the cold bath proves often beneficial1 though ,i never knew it to in the latter4 ,indeed1 all the phthisical patients ,i ever saw1 who had tried the cold bath1 were evidently hurt by it4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,the celebrated ,galen says1 that immersion in cold water is fit only for the young of lions and bears2 and recommends warm bathing1 as conducive to the growth and strength of infants4 ,how egregiously do the greatest men err whenever they lose sight of facts1 and substitute reasoning in physic in place of observation and experience6 ,footnote #bjg3 ,the greatest class of mineral waters in this country is the chalybeate4 ,in many parts of ,britain these are to be found in almost every field2 but those chiefly in use1 for medical purposes1 are the purging chalybeates1 as the waters of ,scarborough1 ,cheltenham1 ,thorp ,arch1 ,nevil ,holt1 c4 ,of those which do not purge1 the waters of ,tunbridge stand in the highest repute4 ,the saline purging waters1 as those of ,acton1 ,epsom1 ,kilburn1 c4 are also in very general esteem2 but the fountains most frequented by the sick in this country1 are those to which the minerals impart a certain degree of heat1 as ,bath1 ,bristol1 ,buxton1 c4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,when ,i speak of drinking a glass of the water over-night1 ,i must beg leave to caution those who follow this plan against eating heavy suppers4 ,the late ,dr4 ,daultry of ,york1 who was the first that brought the ,harrowgate waters into repute1 used to advise his patients to drink a glass before they went to bed2 the consequence of which was1 that having eat a flesh supper1 and the water operating in the night1 they were often tormented with gripes1 and obliged to call for medical assistance4 ,footnote #bji3 ,see a paper on this subject in the ,edinburgh ,physical and ,literary ,essays1 by the ingenious ,dr4 ,john ,gardener4 ,footnote #baj3 ,a very good tincture of guaiacum1 for domestic use1 may be made by infusing two or three ounces of the gum in a bottle of rum or brandy4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ,collyrium of ,lead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,page ,changed from ,changed to #afa ,if the patient be afflicted with ,if the patient be afflicted with reaching1 or an inclination retching1 or an inclination #ceg sitting with the head bear near sitting with the head bare near an open window1 or an open window1 or #dae as wearing flannel1 lying to as wearing flannel1 lying too long a-bed long a-bed #ecc but induces a plethora1 or two but induces a plethora1 or too great a fulness of great a fulness of ,typos fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect retained4 ,used numbers for footnotes1 placing them all at the end of the last chapter4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4