,,give ,,the ,,man ,,room ,,by ,,robert ,j4 ,,casey ,travel ,four ,faces of ,siva ,baghdad and ,points ,east ,easter ,island ,the ,land of ,haunted ,castles ,the ,lost ,kingdom of ,burgundy ,the ,black ,hills ,the ,texas ,border ,personalities ,such ,interesting ,people ,more ,interesting ,people ,mr4 ,clutch ,war ,the ,cannoneers ,have ,hairy ,ears ,i ,can't ,forget ,torpedo ,junction ,battle ,below ,this ,is ,where ,i ,came ,in ,mystery ,the ,secret of ,no4 #cg ,hardy ,street ,the ,secret of the ,bungalow ,hot ,ice ,news ,reel ,the ,third ,owl ,romance ,the ,gentleman in ,armour ,cambodian ,quest ,satire ,the ,voice of the ,lobster ,technical ,manual of ,radio ,interference ,verse ,the ,vest ,pocket ,anthology ,,by ,,mary ,,borglum 7,,mary ,w4 ,,montgomery7 ,told in the ,gardens of ,araby 7with ,,izora ,,chandler7 ,illustration3 ,,gutzon ,,borglum ,,give ,,the ,,man ,,room ,the ,story of ,gutzon ,borglum ,by ,,robert ,j4 ,,casey and ,,mary ,,borglum ,,the ,,bobbs-,,merrill ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,publishers ,,indianapolis ,,new ,,york ,copyright1 #aieb1 by ,,mary ,,borglum ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,library of ,congress ,catalog ,card ,number3 #eb-ehjd ,first ,edition ,to ,,lincoln and ,,louella1 ,,mary ,,ellis and ,,david ,beauty is like a soul that hovers over the surface of form4 ,its presence is unmistakable in ,art or in ,life4 ,the measure of its revelation depends on the measure of our own soul-consciousness1 the boundaries of our own spirit4 --,,gutzon ,,borglum ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page #a4 ,,mountaintop #ae #b4 ,,the ,,dim ,,beginning #bb #c4 ,,alone #cj #d4 ,,california #cf #e4 ,,overseas ,,art #de #f4 ,,england #ee #g4 ,,quiet ,,in ,,new ,,york #ff #h4 ,,variety ,,of ,,life ,,in ,a ,,studio #gi #i4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,a ,,myth #hg #aj4 ,,public ,,memorials #id #aa4 ,,stamford ,,and ,,politics #ajd #ab4 ,,chicago ,,convention #aac #ac4 ,,and ,,dr4 ,,trudeau #abf #ad4 ,,aircraft ,,investigation #acg #ae4 ,,flight1 ,,patience ,,and ,,sheridan',s ,,horse #aea #af4 ,,wars ,,of ,,america ,,memorial #aei #ag4 ,,stone ,,mountain #aga #ah4 ,,the ,,imperishable ,,monument #ahb #ai4 ,,the ,,emergence ,,of ,,lee #aie #bj4 ,,money #bjd #ba4 ,,aftermath #bad #bb4 ,,backsight #bbj #bc4 ,,and ,,so ,,forward #bcj #bd4 ,,tribute ,,to ,,wilson #bch #be4 ,,for ,,the ,,parks #bdd #bf4 ,,the ,,czecho-,,slovak ,,army #bej #bg4 ,,the ,,noble ,,sport #bee #bh4 ,,friends ,,and ,,home #bfc #bi4 ,,shrine ,,of ,,democracy #bge #cj4 ,,dedication #bhd #ca4 ,,carving ,,the ,,mountain #bic #cb4 ,,conversation #cjj #cc4 --,,and ,,final ,,peace #cji ,,index #cba ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,gutzon ,borglum ,frontispiece ,,facing ,,page ,interior of #chth ,street ,studio #cj ,model of ,angel's ,face #ca ,borglum ,working in ,first ,improvised ,studio at ,stamford #dj 8,dr4 ,trudeau10 ,the ,beloved ,physician #da 8,general ,sheridan0 #ef 8,wars of ,america0 ,model #eg 8,abraham ,lincoln0 #fd ,gutzon and ,mary ,borglum #fe ,stone ,mountain #if ,working ,platform ,near ,summit of ,stone ,mountain #if ,model of ,stone ,mountain ,group #ig ,stone ,mountain1 ,showing ,superimposed ,carving of ,central ,group #abh ,north ,carolina ,memorial at ,gettysburg #abi 8,the ,trail ,drivers0 #afj ,the ,borglums' ,daughter #afa ,woodrow ,wilson ,memorial at ,poznan #aib ,torso and ,leg of ,dancer #aic ,gutzon ,borglum and ,son ,lincoln #bbd ,lincoln ,borglum #bbe ,lincoln and ,gutzon ,borglum in ,hoist #bef ,plaster ,model in ,mountain ,studio #beg ,view of ,rushmore ,showing ,heads of the ,four ,presidents #bhh ,f4,d4,r4 at the ,unveiling of ,jefferson1 ,august #aicf #bhi ,,give ,,the ,,man ,,room ,,chapter ,,one ,,mountaintop ,if you are studying the history of ,gutzon ,borglum1 the place to stand is at ,stone ,mountain1 ,georgia4 ,it is an impressive spot1 quiet1 little visited1 a vast bubble of granite rising abruptly some #hjj feet out of a grassy plain1 and thousands of feet long4 ,good roads lead to it from ,atlanta4 ,there is1 or used to be1 a little information office at the foot of its towering cliff1 and usually there is someone about to sell souvenirs or to give a sketchy and bewildering account of the mountain's history4 ,high on the cliff there is a flat place from which several acres of surface rock have been removed2 and to the left of the flat is the somewhat unidentifiable head of a man4 ,the guide will tell you that this is the representation of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 as indeed it might be--,lee or anybody4 ,there is little left to mark the handiwork of man in this neighborhood4 ,grass and brush have covered the fallen rock4 ,the scaffolds are down1 the tool sheds and storehouses vanished4 ,the steel hooks are gone from the face of the cliff4 ,there are no great funds in the hands of the local patriots4 ,but this is the place4 ,it was because of his work here1 because of what he discovered about granite at ,stone ,mountain1 and because of his carving of the head of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 which today nobody can rightfully attribute to him1 that ,gutzon ,borglum's memory will be a long time in dying4 ,stone ,mountain's story is often repeated and seldom--very seldom--authentic4 ,what you see of the place today is mostly what was here on one dire day in ,february #aibe when ,borglum's work on it came to an end--forever4 ,but there is much about it that anyone who cares may know4 ,mrs4 ,helen ,plane1 an aging ,daughter of the ,confederacy1 had dreamed one night that the history of the ,south's ,great ,cause might be carved in vast figures on the surface of this cliff1 ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 ,president ,jefferson ,davis and a list of towering generals marching forever across the granite at the head of the defiant troops4 ,she brought the matter to the attention of ,borglum1 and he was probably the one artist in the world who would understand what she wanted done and would find a way to get it done4 ,that was in #aiae4 ,borglum made a trip from ,washington to ,atlanta and inspected the mountain4 ,in #aibd this fantastic undertaking was no longer anybody's dream2 it was well under way4 ,the first group of figures1 ,lee and ,davis and ,jackson and the generals1 had been outlined on the mountain1 following the flag to perpetual glory4 ,lee himself was appearing in a stature that ,art had never before given to anyone anywhere4 ,machinery was in place for diagram projection1 power1 hoisting1 drilling1 carving1 hauling1 dynamiting4 ,the business of high-explosive carving had been brought to a point of almost unbelievable fineness and accuracy4 ,after years of money shortage the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association was looking into a debt-free future with a million or two dollars of surplus cash in the treasury4 ,the last march of the ,confederacy was definitely on its way4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,up in ,pierre1 ,south ,dakota1 ,state ,historian ,doane ,robinson1 a scholar with patriotism1 an extraordinary love for beauty and very little knowledge of magnificent finance1 looked at the news photographs of the ,stone ,mountain project and studied the rotogravure outlines of what the sculptured cliff would look like when ,gutzon ,borglum finished with it4 ,and he wondered that nobody had ever thought of trying a similar scheme in the mountains of ,south ,dakota1 the ,black ,hills4 ,he wrote a letter to ,borglum inquiring why4 ,the sculptor wrote that he was perfectly willing to look into the sculptural possibilities of the ,black ,hills if anybody in ,south ,dakota was willing to provide the necessary expenses4 ,a few months later ,robinson wrote1 somewhat erroneously1 that the state of ,south ,dakota would underwrite this not too considerable sum2 so ,borglum came out1 looked at the ,hills and toured their hinterland late in the summer of #aibe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,february #aibe the sculptor had a bitter disagreement with some of the executive committee of the ,confederate ,memorial4 ,he thought these men careless in handling public funds4 ,they made complaints and fired him4 ,he broke up his models and went away from ,georgia4 ,without him the mountain stayed uncarved4 ,that same year a group of ,black ,hills patriots guaranteed a fund of #be1jjj for a patriotic mountain carving4 ,gifts of #e1jjj each were received from ,senator ,coleman ,du,pont1 ,charles ,e4 ,rushmore--who gave his name to the peak later selected for the memorial in the ,black ,hills--,the ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway1 the ,chicago1 ,burlington and ,quincy ,railroad1 ,the ,chicago1 ,milwaukee and ,st4 ,paul ,railway and the ,homestake ,mine4 ,herbert ,myrick contributed a donation of #a1ejj4 ,the ,northwestern ,public ,service ,company of ,huron1 ,south ,dakota1 had offered a power plant4 ,doane ,robinson sent out another call to ,borglum1 and ,borglum made a second trip to the ,black ,hills4 ,in the summer of #aibg ,calvin ,coolidge1 ,president of the ,united ,states1 dedicated the ,rushmore ,mountain project4 ,and before the ending of the ,second ,world ,war the carving of this peak was finished--the only thing of its kind on the face of the earth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the top of ,mount ,rushmore four ,presidents of the ,united ,states--,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,lincoln and ,theodore ,roosevelt--gaze out from an unbelievable block of hard rock into glowing sunlight1 placid but remarkably alive4 ,hundreds of thousands of persons have come from the far corners of the world to look at them1 and are still coming in expanding companies4 ,the money spent by the ,treasury of the ,united ,states for the carving of this peak has long since been returned to its source through the gasoline tax of the tourists4 ,the faces of four men important in the history of the country will be preserved to us1 barring some unpredictable catastrophe1 until the mountains are worn as flat as the surrounding prairies4 ,and an interesting feature of all this is that there were only a handful of people in the world who believed it possible until it was done4 ,it is safe to say that the carving of ,mount ,rushmore would never have been attempted and could never have been carried out save for the early experiment on ,stone ,mountain4 ,borglum had to learn how to remove large masses of rock--more than #ej1jjj tons in his first twenty months in ,georgia4 ,so he had learned how to carve with dynamite and had trained stone workers so well that they could blast down to within three inches of the surface to be chiseled4 ,he learned about drills and their sharpening4 ,he learned how to suspend his workmen on slings that were easily maneuvered and entirely safe4 ,he found out how to project patterns from a distance onto the rock to be carved4 ,and he knew how to do all these things quickly when1 eventually1 he moved on to ,rushmore4 ,on the ,south ,dakota memorial his fame now rests and probably will continue to rest until the end of time4 ,he might possibly have felt bitter about that4 ,the sculpture into which he poured his greatest enthusiasm was undoubtedly the ,confederate memorial4 ,it had movement instead of stasis4 ,it told a story in a language that no man could fail to understand4 ,the piece of his carving that he himself loved best may have been the seated ,lincoln at ,newark1 ,new ,jersey4 ,none of his other works--nor any sculpture in the world--is as big as the work on ,rushmore4 ,but not at this time will any expert in sculpture come to select one of the carvings of ,mount ,rushmore as ,borglum's masterpiece4 ,that is not to say that the ,four ,faces are not well done4 ,they are4 ,lincoln's has the same pathos that marks ,borglum's head of him in the ,capitol at ,washington4 ,jefferson and ,washington come to us out of the unphotographed past of more than a century ago as real men4 ,theodore ,roosevelt many of us knew when he was alive1 and he is himself4 ,but all four of them are overpowering because of their size4 ,they are the product of an art that few men ever attempted before and none accomplished4 ,it is a striking thing about ,borglum that nobody knew very much about him1 even his friends4 ,more people know of him now than ever did when he was living1 and to most of them he is a man whose sole work was the carving of ,mount ,rushmore4 ,few of them know of the tragedy of ,stone ,mountain4 ,virtually none has ever heard of his ,wars of ,america ,memorial in ,newark--forty-two human figures and two horses cast in bronze4 ,some of his pieces that few people know about--his horses1 his figures of ,lincoln1 whom he devoutly loved1 his statue to ,james ,mc,connell on the ,university of ,virginia campus at ,charlottesville1 his simple tribute to ,edward ,l4 ,trudeau--show his genius as a sculptor4 ,his other pursuits are in dozens of record books1 already dusty and forgotten4 ,for example1 he was a member of the ,new ,york ,city ,parks ,association for a dozen years1 and until the day he quit he was a factor in keeping the parks free from injurious exploitation4 ,he organized a bus company in ,stamford4 ,he somehow became a leader of the ,progressive party in ,connecticut4 ,he conducted an investigation of airplane manufacture during the ,first ,world ,war4 ,in the same war he gave the use of his grounds and what money he could raise for the recruiting of a ,czecho-,slovak expeditionary force4 ,he designed roads and reconstructed historic old buildings4 ,he contrived waterways and beautified highways and rivers4 ,he designed coins and medals4 ,he invented projection apparatus and hoisting machinery4 ,he wrote magazine and newspaper articles and built up an amazing file of information about sculpture4 ,he invented an airplane4 ,he laid out a breakwater for ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas4 ,he experimented with dynamite so long that he could calculate stone removal in ounces4 ,and as he continued his work of mountain carving he made himself an engineer in a new and difficult trade4 ,it is interesting to note that he did all of these things well4 ,some have said that he had a touchy temper1 but those of us who knew him1 say1 over forty years didn't think so4 ,he could never understand that money might have a different value to other people than it had to him4 ,he would get annoyed when the treasurer of one of his projects would hesitate to empty the treasury for a power plant or some other machinery at the moment he needed it4 ,he got genuinely angry only at people he suspected of being dishonest4 ,neither did he make many enemies4 ,one man1 long a member of the executive committee of the ,mount ,rushmore ,national ,memorial ,commission1 probably knew him longer in irritating circumstances than anyone else on earth4 ,once he came down from ,mount ,rushmore to ,rapid ,city frothing at the mouth4 8,all he knows about money for this business is that somebody has to dig it up10 he roared4 8,he thinks ,i make it out of something just because he needs it4 ,he'd bust the whole state of ,south ,dakota in two weeks just because he needs some dynamite or an ,a-rig40 8,but10 someone inquired1 8do you think he'll get this memorial finished80 8,hell1 yes60 he roared4 8,and nobody else could do it either60 ,one is surprised that such a diversified character could have had much time left to spend in sculpture4 ,as a matter of fact1 he probably did more of it than any other individual in his profession and time4 ,he was a prodigious worker as well as a talented dilettante in fields where he thought his influence needed4 ,his paintings between #ahij and #aija seem to have been virtually numberless4 ,many of them are appearing now and then1 more valuable than ever4 ,some of his better sculpture has disappeared4 ,one of his pieces was used by a lady as security for a loan4 ,it has gone from human ken4 ,his study of ,woodrow ,wilson at ,poznan1 ,poland1 was uprooted and no doubt melted by the ,nazis in the ,second ,world ,war4 ,a second artist took the hat off ,robert ,e4 ,lee on ,stone ,mountain 8because ,lee would never wear a hat in a place where ladies were present40 ,the face as one sees it today was altered in this thoughtful improvement4 ,much of ,borglum's early work seems to have passed through similar vicissitudes4 ,however1 most of what he did throughout his creative years seems to be with us still--statues in a dozen states1 small ones1 grand ones1 but always anatomically perfect ones4 ,if he had never done anything but the ,newark ,lincoln and the ,wars of ,america group1 he would have done enough to put him among the leaders of his art4 ,but beside those and a generous scattering of bronze and marble all across the ,united ,states1 there is still ,rushmore4 ,his own criticism of ,rushmore is still the most apropos3 8,they'll be a long time wearing that one down40 ,,chapter ,,two ,,the ,,dim ,,beginning ,the beginnings of ,gutzon ,borglum are not easy to trace4 ,until more than fifty years after his birth nobody seems to have cared where he came from or when4 ,nobody was much interested in who his parents were or how or where he was brought up4 ,by that time the evidence of his boyhood was far away and hazy4 ,when in middle age he turned his head toward the ,far ,west he had known shortly after the ,civil ,war he saw a past that was exciting1 colorful and glamorous4 ,he was lyrical in talking about it and wrapped up in memories of unbelievably noble inspiration4 ,but the oddest feature of his reminiscence is that1 except for his stylistic urge1 he never wandered far from historic fact4 ,gutzon ,borglum was born in a frontier town in ,idaho4 ,his early childhood was spent in ,fremont1 ,nebraska1 jumping-off place of the covered wagons1 haunt of wild ,indians4 ,and whatever hints he conveys about ,gutzon1 he is probably telling the truth4 ,he was never anybody but ,gutzon4 ,he intended1 when he sat down to recall his youth1 to write an autobiography4 ,but writing an autobiography was just one more task that took its place in a tremendous program of brass casting1 airplane design1 mountain dressing1 sea-wall building1 picture projection1 boxing promotion1 park improvement1 old-building restoration1 motor-bus operation1 horse raising1 politics and--every now and then--colossal sculpture4 ,when he died he had written two chapters and several hundred thousand words of notes and journals1 an astonishing record1 presenting a picture of an old warrior battling for youth against a cynical world4 ,he said in his introduction3 ,this story is told to lend an encouraging1 believing hand to all lonely1 creative souls who are wandering into the uncharted1 untraveled wilderness of ,god's greater universe1 finding through their own understanding new and undreamed worlds2 and to those who continue alone to pour into unpeopled space their cry--unafraid1 expecting no answer4 ,courage to stand alone2 courage to master1 to know1 to do alone4 ,courage to spurn the tradesman's reward and popularity4 ,courage to be without great approval1 in spite of government1 in spite of today's laws1 tomorrow's threat--every threat--in spite of ,heaven4 ,god's greatest gift to us and ,his supreme test is courage bestowed only on those ,he trusts entirely4 ,there are two points in this worthy of attention3 his recognition of the need for courage and the stressing of his loneliness4 ,he had the courage4 ,no one in half a century of continuous battling had more4 ,his loneliness must have been in his soul1 not literal4 ,with friends and enemies who included a line of ,presidents of the ,united ,states1 senators1 congressmen and public officials1 artists1 writers1 singers1 politicians1 sheriffs1 policemen and such1 all of them in vast numbers and continuously present throughout the years1 he could have been lonely only in his more detached moments4 ,he certainly had a full life4 ,the portions of it unfilled with other people were of his own choosing4 ,in his chronicle he wrote3 ,i should like to begin this story with ,eric the ,red1 the great warlike ,dane1 driven from ,denmark to ,norway1 from ,norway to ,iceland1 and finally from ,iceland4 ,from there he drifted with the tide before the chill winds southward in his ,viking ships1 dodging the ice in the ,atlantic ,flow1 the cooled ,gulf ,stream1 circling up by ,greenland which he claimed and named4 ,or even better to have been with our fellow ,danes who invaded ,greece and gave that people their heroic age1 left in their bloodstream the blue in the eyes of ,pericles1 the gold of ,helen's hair1 the short nose of ,socrates and the one blue eye of ,alexander the ,great4 ,for ,i am as certain as ,i am of anything1 that the spirit and the ancient ,danish or ,borglum blood were with and in the raiders of the ,mediterranean who roused the geese in ,italy's imperial city and awoke drunken ,rome4 ,the fact that he had lived long enough to write these stirring words probably justifies his admiration for his forebears4 ,he must have sprung from hardy stock4 ,he had come through fifty years1 part of it in the parlous times of the new ,west1 where only the good started and only the strong survived4 ,the family of which ,gutzon was a part must have had good ancestry4 ,there were nine of them--six of them boys--and they lived as the pioneers did1 a routine without much luxury1 and all of them rounded out good long lives4 ,gutzon doesn't seem to be sure about their origins and early development any more than he is sure of his own4 ,he never gave a thought to such things until he was about fifty years old and inquisitive admirers began to ask questions4 ,somewhat confused1 he gave some ill-assorted answers1 many of which remain puzzling today4 ,in his notes1 for instance1 he says that he was born on ,march #be1 #ahfg4 ,this1 according to some evidence given by his brother ,solon1 seems to be correct4 ,yet the biographical sketch in ,who's ,who in ,america1 which he himself wrote1 says that he was born in ,idaho on ,march #be1 #ahga4 ,one must leave it at that4 ,borglum was a man of great imagination1 and he built up a fine character for the men of the hardy ,north country from which his ancestors had come4 ,in his mind they came from 8the ,north of ,denmark1 the land bending eastward under the cruel winds from ,greenland and ,iceland1 the rendezvous of ,vikings and high-sea rovers4 ,there we have what are called ,black ,danes4444 ,they are unquestionably an exchange token from ,spain1 ,rome or ,greece4444 ,in our own family of blonds there are always some with fine dark eyes and hair to remind us of our ancestral wanderings40 ,the best ,borglum's father did for this family research was to locate a prospective ,borglum with ,frederick of ,sweden in his crusade to the ,holy ,land4 ,this man seems to have been named ,reinhardt4 ,but he saved the prince from a charging goat in the south of ,france and was given the title de la ,mothe1 8the one of courage40 ,this forebear returned to ,denmark and1 ,borglum's father reported1 8his arms carry the crusader's shield in the center40 ,the founder of the modern branch of ,de la ,mothes was a priest who1 in due course1 joined ,luther and married a nun4 ,gutzon wrote3 ,the menfolk became priests1 soldiers1 adventurers1 and ,i have books left by them in their own scripts4 ,in this black dune1 the wind-swept northern part of ,denmark1 there is an ancient ,norman pile called the ,borglum ,kloster which1 in the nineteenth century1 was a hunting lodge for the kings and nobles4 ,the ,de la ,mothe family was closely connected with this cloister4 ,on a visit not so long ago ,i found in the great chapel1 buried in its floor1 the only memorial tablet to our ancestors extant4 ,some years ago1 after the unveiling of ,gutzon's statue of ,woodrow ,wilson in ,poznan1 he took his wife and two children on a flying visit to ,denmark4 ,they arrived in ,copenhagen about #h3jj ,a4,m41 and by #h3ae ,gutzon was a sensation4 ,he was a great sculptor by that time1 and he had an international reputation4 ,but the baggage carriers1 the cabdrivers and the early passers-by did not know that4 ,he was interesting to them only because he spoke to them unhesitatingly in archaic ,danish1 the ,danish of a hundred years ago4 8,i learned it at my mother's knee10 he explains1 8and she had learned it in her youth1 now a century past40 ,he was linguistically one with the ,danes of #ahjj4 ,the romantic swashbucklers of crusading times no longer seemed quite so close to him4 ,the ,king of ,denmark saw the ,borglums after their return from ,borglum ,kloster and 8the black duneland of the ,north40 ,he sent his chamberlain to the hotel with an invitation because ,gutzon1 fifteen years before1 had made a three-quarter bust of the king's grandfather4 ,it was proudly displayed on a gilt mantel4 8,is it a good portrait80 asked the sculptor4 ,the king smiled4 8,yes1 it is10 he said4 8,it is a good portrait with just a touch of ,american vigor40 ,his ,majesty then presented ,gutzon with the ,order of the ,knights of ,danenborg4 8,interesting10 the king said as he draped the ribbon about ,borglum's neck1 8to think that your people killed one of our kings40 8,i had heard of some disturbance in the old days at ,borglum ,kloster10 ,borglum said4 8,there was violence44440 8,that was it4 ,the king was seized4 ,they took him to a prison and a week later they hanged him4 ,but you1 of course1 hadn't much to do with that40 8,no10 admitted ,borglum1 8,i hadn't4 ,i don't know what to say40 ,the king smiled again4 8,i'll forgive you10 he said4 8,you know1 ,borglum1 your people1 the ,jutlanders1 may be said to have saved ,denmark4 ,they were the only ones the ,swedes could not defeat40 8,that makes me feel better10 declared ,gutzon4 ,but the king seemed not to have heard him4 8,yes10 ,his ,majesty went on1 8the ,swedes took virtually all the country4 ,they overran the villages and cities4 ,they captured ,copenhagen4 ,they took everything valuable4 ,but1 of course1 they never took ,jutland4 ,that's where your people were40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the financial situation in ,denmark in the middle of the nineteenth century was what caused ,james ,borglum1 ,gutzon's father1 to come to the ,united ,states4 ,the markets were bad1 the crop yield had been none too good and there was discontent in the family over the probable division of what little would be left of ,grandfather ,borglum's estate4 ,james de la ,mothe ,borglum at twenty-three was a ,latin-and-,greek scholar in his last year as a medical student4 ,he took passage with his sweetheart on a freighter from ,esbjerg across the ,north ,sea to ,london4 ,they were married in ,london and immediately afterward took passage in a three-masted sailing ship on a voyage from ,liverpool to ,new ,york4 ,of this voyage ,gutzon writes3 ,the trip was a nightmare4 ,the ship was dismasted in a violent storm4 ,the passengers helped to clear away the wreckage and drop it overboard4 ,then with a few spars for masts and sails made out of bedding they gathered wind enough to carry them to the ,new ,world4 ,they were six weeks on the way1 most of the time at the mercy of the mad sea4 ,the honeymooners lingered only a day or two in ,new ,york4 ,steam trains took them to ,nebraska ,city on the west bank of the ,missouri ,river4 ,there they joined an expedition of #abf wagons starting out for ,oregon4 ,they were months on the road1 rarely traveling more than ten miles a day4 ,the day's course depended on the distance between water holes4 ,they traveled without incident until they came into the land of the ,cheyennes at the confluence of the ,north and ,south ,platte rivers4 ,the team boss had died4 ,james ,borglum1 who was an able doctor and popular with the people in the train1 was chosen to converse with some visiting ,indians4 ,one of them asked permission to examine ,borglum's pistol and shot himself with it4 ,the chief blamed the mishap on the white spokesman because he had owned the pistol4 ,he demanded the surrender of ,borglum's person and was refused4 ,the ,indians1 loudly muttering1 went away4 ,they spent a restless night1 but the expected attack did not come4 ,toward midnight a band of wild horses rushed into the expedition's herd of mules1 horses and oxen4 ,these animals were well tied and guarded and there was no alarm save for the sudden screaming of a woman4 ,nothing amiss was discovered until a check was made toward morning and the wife of a teamster was found to be missing4 ,twenty years later she was found in ,montana1 the wife of a chief1 with grown children4 ,she refused to leave her adopted people or to return to the whites4 ,james ,borglum never forgot the tragedy of this long trip4 ,the desperate hardships came near the end4 ,there was scarcity of everything4 ,it is hard to realize the amount of food consumed by some #dej men1 women and children in four months1 or the amount of water necessary daily on a dry plain in midsummer to keep horses and oxen on their feet4 ,borglum used to tell of a small group of voyagers who had joined his party in ,wyoming4 ,they had been living on mule harness which they boiled to give salt and 8some strength0 to the water4 ,james de la ,mothe ,borglum crossed the line into ,idaho and reached ,bear ,lake on the road to ,oregon4 ,there1 literally1 he dug in--half the house in the ground1 then sod1 then log4 ,that was in #ahfb--or maybe #ahfc4 ,john ,gutzon de la ,mothe ,borglum joined the family there most likely1 as his unfinished autobiography says1 in #ahfg4 ,gutzon remembers his mother 7,ida ,michelson ,borglum7 as a great woman1 gifted and beautiful4 ,she had one other son1 ,solon1 born on ,december #bb1 #ahfh1 the boy to whom ,gutzon frequently referred as his little brother4 ,not many years after ,solon was born1 ,gutzon recalls1 8,she left us4 ,i was five4 ,she turned to see me as she lay ill4 ,there were tears in her eyes and she was trembling as she took my hand4444 ,and she told me to take care of little ,solon4 8,i never forgot it1 but ,i wondered why4 ,i thought she was going to stay with us4 ,she and ,father had always been with us4 ,i could not understand44440 ,gutzon was a baby4 ,he was at the age when children are said to be only slightly interested in family changes1 but he seems to have realized that something had happened4 8,by the time ,i was seven10 he says1 8,i knew what it meant not to have a mother of my own4 ,i thought ,i didn't want to stay around things that reminded me of her any more4 ,so ,i ran away40 ,,chapter ,,three ,,alone ,gutzon ,borglum was seven years old2 so the time must have been roughly #ahgd4 ,in the twelve or thirteen years since ,james de la ,mothe ,borglum's caravan had come to ,bear ,lake1 ,idaho1 he had been singularly restless4 ,gutzon had been born in ,idaho1 ,solon a year later in ,ogden1 ,utah4 ,father ,borglum had moved back eastward4 ,he had another wife4 ,he had acquired horses and cows1 a home and an office4 ,when ,gutzon ran away1 home was in ,fremont1 ,nebraska4 ,the child left suddenly1 accompanied only by his dog4 ,he hadn't thought to provide himself with food4 ,he had heard of ,omaha2 so he started in that direction4 ,he was three days on the way and had gone what seemed to be miles and miles when the sheriff caught up with him and brought him home4 ,the sheriff dropped him at the ,borglum house and went away4 ,fearful and hungry1 ,gutzon slept that night in the dog kennel4 ,next morning he had a memorable return to the bosom of the family4 ,his father was somewhere out of town1 and his grandfather on his mother's side had come for a visit4 ,the grandfather was a martinet who felt that children should be taught that it is wrong to run away from home4 ,he took charge of ,gutzon and ,gutzon never forgot him4 8,i was only seven10 the sculptor remembered1 8but ,i made up ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of #ch,,th ,,street ,,studio ,at the left is 8,i ,have ,piped and ,ye ,have ,not ,danced0 and at the right is the 8,mares of ,diomedes40 ,illustration3 ,,model ,,of ,,angel',s ,,face ,this is one of the offending feminine faces4 my mind that ,i would get away from there and that ,i would keep trying until ,i succeeded 444 and1 eventually1 that's what ,i did40 ,for all his muddled childhood1 ,gutzon loved his father4 ,james ,borglum was kind1 tolerant and a philosopher4 ,he sensed his son's unhappiness1 even though he would have had trouble explaining it1 and a great bond developed between them4 ,the boy went everywhere with him when not in school1 even on his sick calls out in the country4 ,gutzon remembered that they would ride along for miles and miles in sunshine or cold or wet1 sometimes talking1 sometimes silent1 but always in perfect peace4 ,one afternoon the doctor called to him and asked him to help hitch the horse4 ,gutzon at the time was a little over eight years old1 but he did what he could with the harness and thereafter believed that he had been just as skilled and agile as any professional horse handler4 8,i want you to come with me10 his father said4 8,there is a wounded man out on ,rawhide ,creek and ,i may need some help40 ,and ,gutzon saw nothing wrong about that1 either4 8,we'll fix him up fine10 he said4 8,maybe we'll have to sew him up40 8,sure10 said the doctor as he lifted ,gutzon into the buggy4 ,rawhide ,creek was a stream with a sorry reputation4 ,it had taken its name from an ,english hunter who had turned away from slaughtering buffalo long enough to murder a young squaw4 ,other squaws had tied him to a cottonwood tree near the creek and skinned him alive4 ,gutzon recalled in his chronicle3 ,as for our call for medical help1 we found our man in the cabin armed4 ,he was stern1 fine looking4 ,i admired him greatly and what followed made us lifelong friends4 ,he was an outlaw on the run who had been in some shooting scrape and had received a charge of goose shot in his arm4 ,father had no anaesthetic for him4 ,i doubt if at the time there was more than a pint of it in the whole state of ,nebraska4 ,the wounded man was bleeding terribly1 his arm resting on some blood-soaked blankets4 ,a piece of rope1 tightly drawn about the elbow1 partly stanched the flow4 ,he was alone with two inscrutable ,pawnees4 ,after they had washed the arm in warm water1 my father turned to me and said1 8,gutzon1 you will have to help hold his arm40 ,the ,indians gripped the man's hand2 my job was to keep the lacerations open so that ,father could find the shot4 ,we were still working when there was a sharp knock at the door4 ,sheriff ,gregg1 with a deputy at his heels1 came in and put our patient under arrest4 ,gregg and ,father were friends and ,father said1 8,he stays here till this job is done1 ,bob40 ,and we went on doing what we had to do4 ,the man1 whose name was ,fielding1 was then taken to jail to be held for trial4 ,there ,i visited him frequently with ,father and later alone with the permission of the sheriff who liked me4 ,fielding was an excellent draughtsman and ,i brought him red and blue pencils4 ,he loved to draw the ,american ,eagle and the flag as we saw them on the older coins4 ,weeks later when his arm was well healed there was a sudden alarm of 8,jailbreak60 ,fielding and another man had sawed through one of the bars with a hacked table knife4 ,it must have been the work of many days4 ,i prayed that he would escape4 ,but posses went out and caught him as he was crossing the river in an open skiff4 ,report came back that the sheriff had killed him in midstream with a lucky shot4 ,fielding was a kindly man4 ,he told me of his shooting trouble4 ,he'd been wronged1 robbed and shot at4 ,why he broke jail ,i never knew4 ,he dreaded imprisonment4 ,i shall always feel that he had a great deal to do with awakening my interest in drawing and developing my ability in that direction1 although ,i really had no idea of becoming an artist until ,i was fifteen4 ,we never know where little unsuspected impulses for good may lead1 or what is back of them4 ,often in a family of five or six children there is one who does not want to work4 ,he would like to write on birch bark1 examine a flower1 get a little color on a board or canvas 444 and there is an artist4 ,all very simple and natural1 but it comes out of the lives and struggles of perceptive men and women who follow these impulses along4 ,i believe music first started when some mother was trying to get her little child to sleep when he was scared to death about something4 ,she found that certain tones were pleasant when she repeated them4 ,and thus the thing that is behind all instrumental music--woman's voice--brought harmony and sweetness to life4 ,not all of ,dr4 ,borglum's errands had to do with wounded men1 and the little boy found that some of the simpler ones were more terrifying4 ,once they went on a long quest that had something to do with a baby4 ,gutzon stayed outside the house4 ,he sat on a knoll1 looking at the moon across a ravine4 ,of this incident ,gutzon writes3 ,i had watched it come out of the grass in front of me4 ,it was about three times its usual size as it came above the dull blue horizon4 ,my father came and ,i asked him1 8,what is the moon80 ,and without waiting for him to answer ,i told him how beautiful she was and how ,i loved the moon better than the sun1 better than anything in the world4 ,he picked me up and said1 8,i'll give her to you if you promise never to take her away from us40 ,i wriggled out of his arms and ran toward her4 ,i stumbled1 fell1 rose up1 ran on1 began to cry but kept on1 faster and faster1 ,father slowly following4444 ,but the moon was retreating faster than ,i could move4 ,and then the knowledge came to me--,i could not have my moon4 ,i stood weeping my heart out4444 ,that moon has hung in my heaven for well over half a century with the child fable written all over it4444 ,i have never reached it4 ,fremont was a town of bewildering experiences4 ,it was filled with fantastic excitement--,indian alarms1 the coming and going of prairie schooners1 visits of parties of ,cheyenne and ,sioux chiefs1 gun fights beyond the hills and reports of ,indian massacres on the ,niobrara4 ,against all this the simple village life of the ,swedes and ,danes looked like that of quaint foreigners4 ,yet there were tragedies among ,gutzon's own people--sickness and death and evil times1 thin crops and blizzards1 high winds and floods4 ,there was a brief school life at home1 then school life at a distance4 ,each year when the boy returned he would find that some of his ,fremont had vanished4 ,not exactly vanished1 he felt2 rather1 the town had grown and he had grown1 and somehow they had parted4 ,the doctor moved his family after years of this to ,omaha4 ,there didn't seem to be much difference4 ,he had been gone a long time--or so it seemed to him--when he was eighteen years old4 ,the thought came to him that he must see his old playground and playmates1 swim in the old ,rawhide1 go graping or be once more with the boys and girls with whom he had grown up4 ,he bought a train ticket for ,fremont and long remembered how he could hardly wait to reach the town4 ,the train slowed down at the platform and he was off before it stopped4 ,he looked at the crowd of strangers pressing about1 and tried to catch a glimpse of a familiar face4 ,at last he found a few 444 but very few4 ,he went into town and to the homes of friends4 ,he found the girls he had known4 ,their hair was piled high on top of their heads2 their dresses were long1 their manners awkward4 ,the boys stared at him and didn't say anything4 ,he couldn't tell what had happened to these people1 and1 he realized later1 they were puzzled in the same way about him4 ,all of them had grown4 ,there was no longer any school from which to play hooky1 no occasion to hang one's clothes on a cottonwood and dive into mud from an old stump4 ,gutzon was now a stranger to all that4 ,and1 though he refused to see it1 so were these close friends of a few years ago4 ,none of them could understand4 ,he wrote3 ,i turned like one frightened and hurt and brokenhearted and ran back to the station4 ,there on the platform ,i sat for hours waiting for any train to get away from ,fremont4 ,no--away from the reality that had blotted out my magic world1 the world that a boy of from six to twelve lives in4 ,and ,i have never had the courage to return4 ,the ,fremont1 ,nebraska1 of my boyhood days has gradually reconstructed itself and still lives in my memory with its two little streets and a half4 ,its quaint old citizens ,i know are still trading1 spinning yarns--the occasional ,indian or more1 single file1 quietly moving about4 ,there are some prairie schooners and the annual one-ring circus4 ,and as ,i pass the town1 as ,i have done many times1 it has always been at night--for which ,i have been strangely glad4 ,i watch in the dark for all the old ways and byways ,i know so well1 and the dark has always helped me to believe that they are all there just as ,i left them4 ,thus far the words of ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,he ceases to comment on his life in the forbidding period of early youth4 ,he is hopeless about what has gone by and terrified at what lies ahead4 ,but he need not have been4 ,he was alone1 a child of the night1 only in his imagination4 ,actually1 he was one of the very few human beings of his period who were singularly popular4 ,he might have succeeded at anything he tried4 ,,chapter ,,four ,,california ,dr4 ,james de la ,mothe ,borglum is somewhat difficult to see as he moves briefly and grayly through the background of ,gutzon ,borglum's records4 ,but it is quickly obvious that the restless-footed doctor never moved anywhere without being noticed4 ,he assuredly left one heritage to his son3 an inquiring1 seldom satisfied mind4 ,eventually this adventurous1 nervous1 eager spirit settled down in ,omaha to a long1 useful and almost uneventful life as a general physician4 ,he was much loved and quite successful1 but few of the mourners who turned out for his funeral had any idea of his questing past4 ,he had come from ,denmark to the settlement called ,st4 ,charles-on-,bear-,lake1 ,idaho4 ,he had moved with his family from there to ,fremont and on to ,omaha4 ,from ,omaha he had moved to ,los ,angeles and finally back again from ,los ,angeles to ,omaha4 ,his journey to ,los ,angeles in the middle eighties seems to have been of little importance except that ,gutzon was started definitely on his art career4 ,this was the father's last gift to his son4 ,ever after1 ,gutzon was independent and lived his own life4 ,the doctor1 in his earnest search for religious truth1 found time for the less argumentative features of a good education4 ,he tried to give a firm basis in ,greek and ,latin classics to his son ,solon ,hannibal4 ,he sent two other sons1 ,gutzon and ,august1 to ,st4 ,mary's1 a ,jesuit college in ,kansas4 ,he studied the ,sanskrit ,vedas and the doctrine of ,mormon1 and once served as president of the ,theosophical ,society of ,nebraska4 ,during his investigation of ,theosophy1 ,madame ,blavatsky1 ,russian-born founder of the ,theosophical ,society of ,america1 came touring from ,india4 ,she visited the ,borglums in ,omaha and sat for a portrait by young ,gutzon4 ,this portrait hung for many years in the ,borglum home1 and the brooding eyes of the lady seemed to follow the ,borglums about the room wherever they moved4 ,gutzon used to explain that this was a familiar trick in painting and not hard to achieve4 ,gutzon was interested in art while the family still lived in ,fremont4 ,his schoolmates there recalled that the margins of his books were covered with sketches and that he liked to draw maps and make caricatures of his teachers or of local men in public life4 ,his teachers at ,st4 ,mary's had readily noticed his talent4 ,they had set him to drawing saints and angels--subjects of which1 at the time1 he was not particularly fond4 ,he refers to his ,kansas experience in an article written in #aiai3 ,my interest in the beautiful began before ,i came to ,st4 ,mary's1 but it was due to encouragement there1 and to a definitely expressed desire on the part of two young men who were graduated the year ,i left that the determination was awakened in me to treat seriously what ,i had previously considered a delightful trick4 ,one of these men was named ,murphy1 and ,i shall never cease to remember with profoundest gratitude his earnest talk to me as we walked up and down during the evening recess4 ,he talked to me of the great masters4 ,he got books for me4 ,i came to know the whole ,italian school1 painters and sculptors4 ,and for years it seemed that ,i knew little else4 ,as a result ,i have never gone to ,italy4 ,nor did he until #aica4 ,as ,i grew older ,i found ,i had a powerful bias toward ,italian art and its melodrama4 ,but ,i did not want to go there1 even though ,i admire ,italian and ,grecian art more than all else4 ,murphy went out of my life and ,i have never heard of him since4 ,he may not--doubtless does not--remember what he did for me4 ,but in those evenings at school he set me afire4 ,and the goal he painted seems bigger1 better1 more wonderful and worthwhile now than it did1 even then4 ,so he served4 ,he may never have known it1 but ,i owe everything to his inspiring words4 ,the whereabouts of ,murphy was never traced because his first name apparently had been forgotten1 and hundreds of ,murphys passed through ,st4 ,mary's before it surrendered its charter and became a ,jesuit seminary sometime after the ,first ,world ,war4 ,people who knew the place in the eighties are not surprised at ,gutzon's declaration that his real inspiration came from there4 ,it was a small school that had grown out of an early mission to the ,potowatomi ,indians1 but it had few characteristics that identify the tank-town college4 ,out of it in half a century came a singular troop of famous persons1 many of whom no doubt crossed ,gutzon's path without realizing that he was a fellow alumnus4 ,judges1 lawyers1 bishops1 educators1 engineers1 builders1 doctors1 merchants1 chiefs1 sailors1 soldiers1 politicians1 inventors1 musicians and all the rest of them are included in the list4 ,it is interesting to note that ,borglum is the institution's only offering to sculpture4 ,his life at old ,st4 ,mary's seems to have been perfectly normal4 ,he had several fights which he remembered ever after4 ,he remembered1 too1 that he was always in the right1 which is likewise perfectly natural4 ,his chief exploit in fisticuffs was a wrangle with three rather hard lads in the dining room1 and there is a tradition that he won4 ,at any rate1 he learned how to protect himself with his bare fists--a skill that he always counted as a major asset4 ,he finished the academy course--the equivalent of high school--when1 at that period in the ,west1 he was considered sufficiently adult to find a job4 ,dr4 ,james suddenly moved his family to ,california4 ,gutzon quit ,st4 ,mary's and went to work as a lithographer's apprentice in ,los ,angeles1 and studied engraving and designing on stone4 ,at the end of six months he was producing work that he thought was good4 ,that1 of course1 was nothing to cause any emotional outbursts among the lithographers1 because ,gutzon thought that everything he produced was good4 ,the young man wanted better pay1 but he didn't get it4 ,the lithographer said that if he stayed at his work he would someday be an experienced hand4 ,but ,gutzon sacrificed this opportunity4 ,he went to work for a fresco painter1 and he got more money4 ,he rented a little studio and did part-time work as he pleased4 ,on a ranch somewhere in the vicinity was ,solon ,borglum4 ,of all the family he was closest to ,gutzon because he had shown interest in art4 ,gutzon eventually got him to leave the ranch and to take up the study of painting and sculpture seriously4 ,he contributed to ,solon's support and1 in time1 to his tuition in a ,cincinnati art school4 ,but there is little mention of this in his written record1 for he was shy about such things4 ,california was a constant surprise to him4 ,he was by himself and supporting himself4 ,he felt free and able1 and he was proud of himself4 ,his father had gone back ,east with a family that in time totaled nine4 ,someplace with that brood was ,august1 ,gutzon's companion at ,st4 ,mary's4 ,it was to be a long time before ,gutzon would see some of his other brothers and sisters4 ,but no matter6 ,california was warm in the winter1 and it didn't cost much to get things to eat4 ,and he kept meeting people who interested him4 ,while he was still with the lithographer he met an artist named ,eberlie1 a really good painter of the ,dsseldorf school4 ,eberlie turned out beautiful ensembles that seemed perfect in color and design4 ,gutzon yearned to do the same thing4 ,something had awakened in him4 ,he went on and on with his work in the tiny studio1 producing little that looked like anything1 learning slowly what was wrong4 ,he couldn't have quit4 ,he was still there even after ,dr4 ,borglum and the family had moved back to ,omaha4 ,information about his early years in this paradise1 however1 doesn't come so much from him as from strangers4 ,charles ,f4 ,lummis1 whom he knew well and with whom he later wrangled extensively1 wrote a piece about him in ,the ,land of ,sunshine 7later1 ,out ,west7 magazine in #aijf4 ,he said3 ,it was a matter of nine years ago4 ,los ,angeles was a country town1 just emerging from adobehood4 ,this writer found a green1 serious lad belaboring canvas in a bare room on what was then ,fort ,street4 ,he had no money and not many friends4 ,the painting he was at had many shortcomings and showed his lack of art education4 ,yet there was in them a creative breath that promised to make him heard from4444 ,he was born in the ,west and was ,western in every fibre4 ,soon after graduation from seminary he came to ,los ,angeles1 and presently began the long1 hard struggle of an unbefriended artist4 ,by and for himself1 by sheer dint of pluck and brains1 he hewed his way4 ,at last his pictures attracted the attention of one of the few connoisseurs then here4444 ,a couple have been sold to ,easterners at good prices4444 ,gutzon1 however1 was not long friendless4 ,he appears to have been discovered by ,george ,butler ,griffin1 who had married a ,castilian lady from ,colombia and lived in ,los ,angeles4 ,they had several gifted children1 one of whom was the mother of the actress1 ,bebe ,daniels4 ,another daughter1 ,mrs4 ,eva ,griffin ,turner1 herself a painter1 was among ,gutzon's early heralds4 ,she met him first in the eighties and never forgot a detail of their meeting4 ,she was twelve years old at the time and for a year or more had been sketching and painting in her own fashion with a child's color box4 ,she was allowed to trail along with him and a class he was instructing1 and she never forgot what he said as the pupils gazed at a sunset beyond ,los ,angeles4 8,the artist10 he declared--and it seemed to her that he was talking to himself--8,the artist should approach nature with great reverence40 ,illustration3 ,,borglum ,,working ,,in ,,first ,,improvised ,,studio ,,at ,,stamford ,illustration3 8,,dr4 ,,trudeau10 ,,the ,,beloved ,,physician ,he left the class for a while when he went to work with ,william ,keith1 an artist in ,san ,francisco4 ,gutzon was an extravagant admirer of ,keith1 who was called the 8,grand ,old ,man of ,california ,painting40 ,he stayed in his class for several months4 ,during that same period he took a short course under ,virgil ,williams4 ,mrs4 ,turner vividly remembered his home-coming and how his old students reassembled with him for outdoor sketching4 ,but he was not long for his old ways4 ,he had painted a picture called 8,stage ,coach0 and some rich man had seen it4 ,there was an immediate furor over the picture and ,gutzon4 ,and so presently he went to ,paris to study4 8,he won prizes10 ,mrs4 ,turner mentioned1 8and he was greatly admired40 ,and then we have the memory of ,bob ,davis1 onetime editor of ,munsey's ,magazine and a columnist for the ,new ,york ,evening ,sun4 ,in his ,california days he was a printer's apprentice with a job near ,gutzon's studio4 ,davis describes ,gutzon's studio thus3 ,his walls were the most fascinating thing in my life4 ,they were hung with pictures of stage coaches and horses leaping at you from every direction4 ,these things were painted in oils and ,i thought they were the finest things in ,california4 ,he also modeled in clay and chiseled a bit in stone4 ,during the lunch hour ,i visited his studio and struck up a friendly acquaintance4 ,he confided that his ambition was to excel in sculpture and that he painted only to get the sinews with which to go on4 ,one noon ,i entered his studio and found him in high spirits4 ,he was rigging a large canvas on the easel and making great preparations for something important4 8,i'm going to do a life-size1 seated portrait of ,general ,frmont in military regalia10 he told me4 8,mrs4 ,frmont is bringing him around this afternoon for the first sitting4 ,come around tomorrow at lunch time and ,i'll have the figure rounded in4 ,he has a strong face and ,i think ,i can make a pretty good picture40 ,i saw the painting from the first touch of the brush4 ,frmont always came in on the arm of his wife who seemed to be the one person he wanted to please4 ,she brought with her a military coat adorned with gold fringe and epaulets1 a garment the great ,indian fighter wore with dignity4 ,and it was a good picture4 ,day after day it assumed more life and grandeur until it was finished and taken away to be exhibited in an art gallery on ,spring ,street4 ,i went to see it there4 ,and ,i boasted about my acquaintance with the artist to anybody who would listen to me4 ,there seems to be no doubt that the ,frmont portrait was one of the most important works of ,gutzon's youth4 ,it got him attention and acclaim4 ,but more than that it got him the friendship and advice of ,mrs4 ,frmont4 ,the general was nearing death when ,gutzon first saw him4 ,the portrait was finished in #ahhh and ,frmont died in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahij4 ,but the motherly interest of ,jessie ,benton ,frmont in the artist went on unbroken for many years4 ,she helped him with letters to important people and with advice on how and where to sell his works4 ,some of these letters were still in ,gutzon's effects when he died4 ,the most discriminating patron of the young artist in ,california was1 perhaps1 ,spencer ,j4 ,smith4 ,smith bought enough canvases to give ,gutzon a start toward his training in ,paris4 ,these pictures1 tenderly cared for1 are still in the possession of ,smith's widow in the same house where the artist saw them hung some sixty years ago4 ,as then the house1 surrounded by gardens1 stands like an oasis in the heart of busy ,los ,angeles4 ,shortly before going abroad in #ahhi1 ,gutzon married ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,putnam1 whom the family called 8,lisa10 a painter of ability and a teacher of art4 ,unfortunately1 the details of the romance are lacking4 ,gutzon never talked about such intimate matters4 ,his father and other members of the family met her only after the marriage4 ,lisa seems to have loved her husband4 ,at any rate1 his worries during the early years in ,europe made little impression on her--nor on him4 ,yet1 that there was some difficulty in their relationship is evidenced in letters written to ,gutzon by friends of both of them4 ,a young sculptor pupil1 ,arthur ,putnam1 who lived with them at ,sierra ,madre1 mentioned the vague unhappiness he sensed in ,gutzon and tried delicately to probe into the matter4 ,but1 unfortunately1 only the question of ,putnam is extant4 ,gutzon's reply to his letter has not been kept4 ,from the sculptor's diary1 a sporadic and sketchy document1 it is plain that he was passionately anxious to have a child4 ,it is probable that the impossibility of this was the basis of whatever trouble he had with ,lisa4 ,moreover1 she was twenty years his senior and did not care much for his strenuous way of life4 ,such was ,gutzon's fear of hurting her1 and his almost abnormal dread of publicity in so personal a matter1 that the legal tie was not broken for several years4 ,few of ,gutzon's friends of later years knew of this marriage1 and his own children were in their teens before they heard of it4 ,a ,french servant1 ,jeanne1 who had lived with the ,borglums in ,europe1 accompanied ,lisa to ,california to live with her until her death4 ,in #aica she wrote to the sculptor about certain of his paintings that he had given to ,lisa and closed her letter with a significant and touching thought4 8,you have two beautiful children10 she said1 8and you are at last happy4 ,you deserve it44440 ,gutzon and ,lisa bought a little house among the orange groves in ,sierra ,madre1 near the base of the mountains back of ,pasadena1 not far from where the ,santa ,anita race track now stands4 8,lucky0 ,baldwin1 who had a horse ranch on land that included the site of the race track1 was a great friend and allowed ,gutzon to use his horses as models4 ,gutzon loved this place4 ,his favorite subjects for sculpture were horses1 and he never tired of looking at them4 ,mrs4 ,frmont1 after seeing his equestrian casts and drawings at his studio in #ahhi1 summed up his future with the gift of prophecy3 8,the boy is spirited4 ,here is one sculptor who will ride to fame on horseback60 ,that wasn't quite true1 but it was near enough4 ,within the year he was moving4 ,and never thereafter did he recognize the existence of anything that could hold him back4 ,,chapter ,,five ,,overseas ,,art ,gutzon left ,california in #ahij accompanied by his wife and forty unsold canvases4 ,he was fairly happy4 ,he had made a little money1 he had learned something about art and he had a growing circle of friends in ,california4 ,on the other hand1 he gave little evidence that he might be something other than one more simple art student from the ,pacific coast4 ,that is what makes his progress remarkable4 ,he stopped in ,omaha to visit with his father and1 almost unaccountably1 left a pile of his canvases with a ,mr4 ,leininger1 a dealer and patron of art4 ,it is a little difficult now to identify or appraise these works4 ,this is a pity1 for1 good or bad1 expensive or cheap1 they all seem to have found somebody who loved them4 ,they never came back to haunt his garret1 nor1 for that matter1 did the ones we are told he sold 8at an exhibition in ,new ,york40 ,there is little known about the 8exhibition in ,new ,york0 except that ,mrs4 ,frmont1 the general's widow1 had been informed of it4 ,she wrote a note to the one person in ,new ,york who might be able to give a lift to the young artist4 ,and that's how ,gutzon met ,theodore ,roosevelt1 then ,police ,commissioner1 who became a lasting friend4 ,through some similar effort ,gutzon also met ,collis ,p4 ,huntington1 one of the builders of the ,southern ,pacific railroad4 ,their encounter would be of no interest here save for the example it gave of the young man's purpose and directness and of his confidence in himself4 ,huntington1 impressed by ,gutzon's work and charm as well as his friends1 wanted to know what he could do to help him4 ,gutzon shook his head and smiled4 8,nothing10 he said4 8,when ,i get through with this exhibition ,i'm going to ,paris to study art40 ,this was something new to ,huntington--as it would have been to any art patron in ,new ,york4 8,i am amazed10 he said4 8,almost nobody comes to see me that doesn't want me to do something for them40 ,he bowed and went away and ,gutzon never saw him again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gutzon sailed on the ,bourgogne with plenty of hope and the proceeds of his art sales in ,omaha and ,new ,york4 ,he admitted that he felt proud of himself4 ,he had been out of ,st4 ,mary's seven years4 ,in #ahia a description of him was included in a passport issued by the ,u4 ,s4 ,embassy in ,paris and signed by ,whitelaw ,reid4 ,it gave his age as twenty-four years2 stature1 #e feet1 #h inches2 forehead1 broad2 eyes1 gray2 nose1 regular2 mouth1 medium2 chin1 round2 hair1 dark2 complexion1 dark2 face1 oval--and it is a matter of great puzzlement to one who knew ,gutzon for forty years4 ,it shows the picture of a somewhat thin1 energetic young man of dark complexion1 regular features1 broad forehead and no great height4 ,yet1 not until he had read this record did an old friend realize that ,borglum's complexion was anything save that contrived by weather and wind4 ,even more astoundingly came the revelation that ,gutzon was less than six feet in height4 ,he looked to be taller4 ,nobody seems to have found much about ,gutzon's art studies in ,europe worth recording4 ,he passed two years in ,paris1 studying at the ,julien ,acadmie1 at the cole des ,beaux ,arts and under individual masters4 ,he exhibited in the ,old ,salon as a painter in #ahia and #ahib4 ,his picture called 8,clouds0 attracted some attention4 ,in #ahia1 through a deliveryman's mistake1 a piece of bronze was taken to the ,new ,salon4 ,it was accepted by the ,new ,salon1 which made him a member of the society4 ,the notice informing him of this unexpected honor was followed by a personal letter of congratulation written by the celebrated painter ,puvis de ,chavannes1 who had succeeded ,meissonier as president of the ,salon4 ,borglum's work of sculpture was called 8,death of the ,chief0 7,mort du ,chef7 and represented a horse with lowered head beside the body of a dead ,indian4 ,a copy of the group was unveiled in ,los ,angeles in #aidg4 ,the great experience of ,gutzon's life in ,paris was meeting and forming a friendship with ,auguste ,rodin4 ,he said afterward that it wasn't a new experience4 8,it was rather a feeling of coming home10 he said1 and finding something he had dimly sensed in himself and was trying to express4 ,rodin at the time was having trouble with the ,academicians and would follow a long road before being acclaimed the great master the world now recognizes4 ,gutzon's attitude toward life was much the same4 ,he was also committed to a long quarrel with that state of mind which accepts stereotyped standards and resists change or improvement4 ,gutzon wrote this about ,rodin3 ,i hold ,rodin to be one of the great individuals of history4 ,he was one of the rarest souls of whom we have any record during the last #c1jjj years4 ,he is passing and there will be nothing left to speak for this man1 who stands with ,phidias1 ,donatello1 ,rembrandt and ,shakespeare1 but a trail of broken fancies4 ,the nineteenth century has made no adequate use of his incomparable gifts4 ,he quoted ,rodin's remarks as recorded by ,m4 ,gsell in his book about the master3 ,to any real artist worthy of the name1 all nature is beautiful1 because the eyes1 fearlessly accepting all exterior truth1 read there1 as in a book1 the inner truth4 ,not a feature deceives him4 ,hypocrisy is as transparent as truth4 ,the beauty of the ,greek ideal is ever present and there is as much loveliness in the human form today as when ,phidias immortalized his race4 ,but this loveliness is passing into oblivion unrecorded1 because the artists of today are blind4 ,that is all the difference4 ,whether or not we follow what ,rodin said1 there is no doubt that ,gutzon did4 ,he brought home with him from ,europe nothing that so continuously affected his life4 ,again he writes of ,rodin3 ,rodin meant more4 ,he meant what ,i will add4 ,the artists have not seen1 nor felt1 nor understood the present1 although they still seem to appreciate the beauty of the ,greek4 ,great emotion1 with great understanding1 again united with mastery over medium1 are indispensable in the production of masterpieces in song1 form or color4 ,prophetic insight1 coupled with great love and trained to be a master in one of the mediums which the human race has invented or discovered to express itself1 is lost in our day1 as ,rodin laments4 ,this paragraph seems to sum up ,gutzon ,borglum's position on the matter of art expression1 and it explains his reaction to much of what is called ,modern ,art4 ,years afterward he augmented it with another bit of learning out of his two years of study in ,france4 ,at a meeting in honor of the ,french during the ,first ,world ,war he said3 ,france has been a foster mother and ,i shall always remember her1 as ,hugo put it1 as my second birthplace1 because to be 8educated in another place is to be reborn there40 ,so ,i was born in ,france at ,auvers-sur-,oise4 ,here at ,auvers ,i had a quiet little home and for three years grubbed and labored with my stubborn ,americanism4 ,finally ,i returned to ,america after having tried while there to acquire ,french art4 ,and then it came to me in an hour4 ,i shall never forget that hour4 ,it came to me that the value and greatness of ,french influence are in their superiority and their devotion to the 8inspiration0 and not special concern for technique4 ,france has taught me respect for the sincere effort of other men1 courage in my own1 and that originality lies in being true to one's self4 ,i learned that what is known as 8,french ,art0 is not the art which has placed ,france as art mistress of the modern world4 ,rather1 it is ,millet1 ,corot1 ,rousseau1 ,chavannes4 ,it is not the ,parisian article1 any more than it was ,falguire or any other dozens of masters of the technique1 but ,rodin and ,dalou who helped ,french sculpture to its high place in our century and fixed ,france with the ancients4 ,gutzon was not a pupil of ,rodin1 but he was a frequent visitor in his studio4 ,he used to tell of watching ,rodin make quantities of water-color sketches of his model1 who was allowed to sit at ease and to change her position as she wished4 ,he gave ,gutzon some of these sketches1 which have been preserved4 ,they are inscribed 8,a mon ami1 ,borglum0 and signed 8,rodin40 ,letters from him across the years have also been kept4 ,during the ,first ,world ,war1 when ,paris was being bombed1 ,gutzon invited ,rodin to come to the ,united ,states and use his studio in ,stamford4 ,rodin declined and said he had decided to find refuge in ,rome4 ,during this early period in ,europe1 ,gutzon also passed an interesting year in ,spain about which his ,american friends seem to have known very little4 ,as a record of his stay1 many spirited sketches of bullfights are still extant4 ,one of them is owned by ,o4 ,r4 ,mc,guire1 the art connoisseur of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,he also made a copy of ,velasquez' portrait of the court jester1 and a wood carving done by ,gregory ,pardo1 pupil of ,michelangelo1 in the ,toledo cathedral4 ,his studies of ,cortez' conquest in ,mexico and the tragic fate of the ,aztecs made a deep impression on him4 ,he prepared background sketches for a large painting which he started on his return to ,california4 ,it depicted the gray dawn on the broken causeway of ,mexico ,city when the soldiers of ,cortez were floundering against the ,aztecs in the gap4 ,the episode1 known to history as noche triste1 was a subject that haunted ,gutzon through his life4 ,but although he first planned his picture of it for exhibition at the ,columbian ,world's ,fair in ,chicago in #ahic1 he seems never to have finished it4 ,other sidelights of his year in ,spain are found in a letter to ,mrs4 ,j4 ,seddon of ,hollywood who bought a painting labeled 8,don ,t41 ,toledo1 ,sept4 #ahib40 ,she had written to him for information about it1 and his reply to her query was this3 ,i am very much interested in the picture1 and ,i have wondered what had become of it4 ,it ought to be in good condition1 for it was honestly and well painted4 ,it is the portrait of a ,catholic priest1 ,don ,tomas1 pronounced ,to-mass4 ,he was the canon in charge of the great cathedral in ,toledo1 a remarkable little man1 very kindly and friendly1 but he belonged to the period of ,philip ,,ii4 ,he was extremely fond of bullfights4 ,he and ,i attended them regularly4 ,i first started to paint him smoking a cigarette1 but when he saw it1 he threw the cigarette away and said it was undignified for a priest4 ,he is sitting in the outer room1 the library room1 which forms the entrance to the ,council ,chamber where some #bej1jjj more or less heretics and ,protestants were tried1 burned1 exiled or condemned to the galleys4 ,the chamber beyond was like a court1 surrounded with seats against the wall in which the judges sat4 ,into the middle of the room1 the victim1 or the accused1 was brought4 ,i don't remember much of the carving of the background1 but the room was richly carved by ,gregory ,pardo1 pupil of ,michelangelo4 ,the work was done between #aedi and #aeea1 and this particular chamber is called the ,sala ,capitula and was executed under orders of the ,archbishop of ,toledo and in the reign of ,philip ,,ii4 ,gutzon returned from ,spain to ,california in #ahic and brought a bit of the ,old ,world with him4 ,he arrived to find a matter seemingly awaiting his attention1 as most matters did--the restoration of ,california's ,spanish missions4 ,it cannot be said that ,gutzon ,borglum ever came to lavish his indignation over affairs with which he was unfamiliar1 and admittedly he was indignant over no small number or variety of them before he died4 ,in this instance he found a battlefield made to order1 because he had been studying the old records of the ,spanish missions in ,spain4 ,his argument about the course and methods of the restoration became his first recorded controversy1 and was dragged out and redebated every time he had a disagreement with somebody about something else4 ,but1 for all that1 it wasn't much of a fight4 ,charles ,lummis1 the editor1 was at the head of a group of ,californians interested in restoring the ruined missions4 ,he appears to have been somewhat irritated when ,gutzon came home from ,spain and demanded an important share in the work4 ,the reconstruction plans1 the sculptor declared blithely1 were prodigiously wrong4 ,incensed by this1 ,lummis wrote several angry letters to ,gutzon4 ,gutzon1 never at a loss for words1 replied in kind4 ,unfortunately1 some steps in the correspondence seem to be lacking4 ,there is no indication of how this battle came to be resolved2 however1 the strong language presently ceased4 ,gutzon got his way about the methods that should be pursued in restoring the buildings1 and he and ,lummis became close friends4 ,it appears that many of ,borglum's arguments turned out that way4 ,gutzon's most important comment on the ,california missions never saw the light until some time around #aibg1 when he was discussing the missions of ,texas4 ,he wrote3 ,in the winter of #ahic-ahid we organized in ,california the ,association for the ,preservation of the ,franciscan ,missions1 founded or built by the followers of ,junpero ,serra4 ,in preparing for that work ,i made a trip to ,spain and spent a year there studying the ,spanish civilization and securing the records of ,junpero ,serra's work in the ,new ,world1 some original publications and the records of the building of the missions4 ,on my return ,i recovered and re-established the boundaries of perhaps the most beautiful ruins in ,america1 ,san ,juan ,capistrano1 thirty or forty miles from ,los ,angeles and the only mission ,i hold that is comparable to the ,san ,jose ,mission near ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,with the help of ,indians who carried the dirt on their backs1 ,i removed the debris from the dome of the main church which had fallen in during the earthquake of #ahab1 destroying some life4 ,under the debris we found diamond-shaped flagging that formed the floor4 ,i made careful drawings of all the buildings1 the pilasters and cornices in place1 cut beautifully by the ,spaniards1 much of it of limestone4 ,in this work we came suddenly face to face with the very serious question of how far we could go in the matter of reconstruction--what constituted human rights in the work of restoration1 retouching and rebuilding1 how much of our work would immediately become vandalism--how far could we go without meddling with the form and design and the actual work of the men who built these fine structures4 ,after much debate1 the kind of debate that took place in ,rome many years later1 it was determined that we must do nothing more than save and preserve the work as we found it4 ,where we found a stone that clearly had fallen out and where it was recognizable1 we might replace it4 ,but to rebuild or in any way reconstruct or restore what we conceived might have been the character of the building at the time1 all agreed would be vandalism4 ,there is no question that the ,franciscan missions are still a live subject of interest because they are not buried under modern debris of cement and make-believe restoration4 ,the late ,charles ,f4 ,lummis1 president of the association since #ahid1 was adamant in his resolution against any meddling with the ancient methods of the work4 ,of his art studies during this formative period ,gutzon wrote3 ,as ,i became acquainted with the masterpieces in the fine arts1 ,i soon became aware that a landscape painter could not draw or paint horses1 cattle or sheep2 that a cow painter could not paint a convincing landscape equal to his cow painting as a matter of creative production4 ,the same applied to figure painting4 ,i made up my mind that ,i should master each of these subjects1 and ,i began at once4 ,as ,i painted and drew almost exclusively in my first twenty years of art work1 ,i drew and painted incessantly dogs1 cattle1 horses1 portraits1 figures1 and never had to turn to a fellow artist and ask him to draw my figure or cow or horse or sheep4 ,reflection on this caused me to note that most men1 as well as artists1 were one-track minded--that the average layman knew nothing of art1 nor the place in civilization held by the masters of the fine arts1 or even that civilization in its crudest forms was solely the product of the arts1 or that the reaching urge in all civilization was the expressed mood of nature1 seeking through them an outlet4 ,the reaching1 enveloping soul of musical harmonies is the prelude to an understanding of the creative impulse4 ,and again1 who is insensible to the tremendous power of words8 ,the marriage of words8 ,the ,milky ,way of words which language conjures up and creates8 ,who has not been conscious of the strange beauty of words ancient as ,lancelot--of heart1 love1 soul loneliness1 craving and conflict8 ,and as these thoughts grew on me ,i became aware that the circle of any human group was too small to live deeply within2 that all moods of life were something alive in the cosmic in which the creative mind moves in limitless orbit1 sensitive to every impression2 that the larger the spoken language1 the greater1 more comprehending became one's expression4 ,gutzon1 in this period1 was no finished sculptor4 ,he did some work with stone and metal--but sporadically--for some three years4 ,he painted tirelessly4 ,he was back at ,sierra ,madre1 and life was placid and pleasant4 ,his friends made much of the ,baldwin ranch4 ,mrs4 ,frmont had already sent to him there1 before he went abroad1 young ,philip ,rollins1 who became his lifelong friend4 ,rollins was much interested in horses and in pictures4 ,he had seen a painting of ,gutzon's in ,mrs4 ,frmont's possession which he said was worth a thousand ,corots4 8,i have never looked so far into the sky in any painting10 he said4 ,and he brought that admiration into his friendship4 ,in ,san ,francisco ,gutzon had a little trouble with the estate of ,leland ,stanford4 ,mr4 ,stanford1 during his lifetime1 had ordered three pictures from ,gutzon1 who was then in ,paris4 ,one of these was a small canvas priced at #ejj1 accepted and paid for4 ,the others were larger4 ,stanford accepted them but died before any payment had been made4 ,rollins brought suit against the estate for ,borglum1 but the claim was rejected4 ,the widow declared that there was no written contract4 ,mrs4 ,frmont was much incensed and wrote ,gutzon a very gossipy letter about the worth of widows who needed written contracts4 ,in #ahif ,borglum left ,california again1 expecting to settle in ,england4 ,his last act before leaving was to model a bust of his dear friend and patron ,mrs4 ,frmont4 ,a photograph of the bust is the frontispiece of ,mrs4 ,phillip's biography of ,mrs4 ,frmont and is credited to 8,john ,gutzon ,borglum1 #bg years old1 painter and sculptor1 recently returned from ,spain1 following his triumphs in the ,paris salons of #ahia and #ahib40 ,what ,borglum thought of this credit he does not say4 ,he was headed for a permanent berth in a foreign country1 and for once he didn't seem to be quite certain of where he was going4 ,,chapter ,,six ,,england ,there are not many people alive in the ,united ,states today who remember 8the panic of #ahic0 and the 8hard times of '#id1 '#ie and '#if10 but the histories point out briefly that they were with us4 ,depression had begun to spread in #ahij4 ,the banking house of ,baring1 badly entangled with ,argentine investments1 closed its doors4 ,the ,british began to dump ,american securities4 ,the gold reserve began to disappear4 ,and1 in general1 that is how things went for five or six years4 ,nowhere in ,gutzon's record of the times is there much mention of panic or money shortage4 ,this may be a good place to record that in ,london he did show some concern about dollars--what they were and how they were kept4 ,one gathers1 indirectly1 that he liked to be working4 ,that he really enjoyed the pleasure of others in the things that he painted or carved was fairly obvious4 ,against that1 he knew all that was to be known about hunger4 ,his movement to ,england at a time when living in ,california was beginning to look difficult may indicate that somebody was taking thought4 ,life in ,england appears to have been no complete idyll4 ,gutzon himself was quite happy4 ,there was work for him to do and he had plenty of ,english friends1 but one gathers that ,mrs4 ,borglum found the exile a bit painful4 ,in #ahig ,jessie ,frmont wrote this to him3 ,if you come away or go away from ,london1 ,i shall be sorry and disappointed in you4 ,english people demand stability4 ,and there is to be no talk even of preference for any other place4 ,the time will surely come when you can put your preferences into execution1 but it does chill and turn away interest to have a vanishing prospect4 ,mrs4 ,borglum has too much sense and far too much affection for you not to see that this is for your true interest4 ,you cannot re-cast a national mold and ,england is set to its 8slow-and-sure10 sure being its complement to slow4 ,i do not blame ,mrs4 ,borglum's ,american impatience1 but 8stay where the money is40 ,the artist's prevailing mood during #ahig seems to have been one of profound melancholy and disillusionment regarding ,europe4 ,he kept a diary at this time which1 with his letters from ,mrs4 ,frmont1 is the chief source of information concerning his life in ,england4 ,mrs4 ,frmont's letters gave him great cheer and comfort4 ,general ,frmont had an artistic and sensitive nature with frequent ups and downs of mood4 ,circumstances beyond his control had ruined his dreams for developments in ,california4 ,the ,united ,states government itself had taken land from him for war purposes in #ahfa1 and he had never been paid for it4 ,his widow was still hoping to have her claim settled thirty-six years later4 ,she knew the value of money1 the need for patience and diplomacy2 and she could sympathize with a struggling artist in language that he could understand4 ,gutzon's diary opens with an indication that he needed the sympathy4 ,he begins3 ,now1 at last6 ,i feel some--enough--desire to make notes of steps and landings in this1 this curious life that we are doomed for a certain time to bear4 ,i must be honest with myself--else why record8 ,lies1 trivialities and the daily doings of the body are not worth thinking of much less making memoranda of4 ,but it's not ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,e4 ,k4 ,edwards 8,,general ,,sheridan0 ,this statue is in ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,illustration3 8,,wars ,,of ,,america0 ,,model for the public--not for one single soul4 ,for ,i am alone and who would understand8 ,six years ago ,i said to myself1 8,i'll be great at thirty1 or never40 ,i am thirty4 ,i have had the disturbing pleasure of being called 8master0 by the ,french critics and some ,americans1 yet at the moment ,i cannot spend sixpence without wondering where the next one will come from4 ,art is not self-sustaining until it becomes commercially valuable1 and a man is not to be counted until he is in popular demand4 ,gutzon's reach was far beyond his grasp1 and his ,heaven was far away4 ,undoubtedly he was extravagant4 ,he loved beauty and costly things1 rare books1 rich stuff and tapestries4 ,but the problem of where the next dollar was coming from began to worry him less and less4 ,he got big commissions in ,america1 in ,england and all through his life4 ,his trouble was not that he failed to make money but that he never learned how to keep it4 ,he never seemed to know the value of a dollar1 nor did he care4 ,his real extravagance was in putting into commissioned work added richness of detail or extra figures that he thought would add to the effect4 ,that was why he rarely came out of an undertaking with any great profit to himself and was hounded by debt all his life4 ,he rarely spent money on his person1 except for small lovely things that he could carry in his pocket4 ,he often had holes in his shoes1 and his unpressed clothes were always a distress to his friends4 ,to emphasize the sacrifices of a struggling artist1 he used to tell of buying baked potatoes on the street corners of ,london to keep his hands warm4 ,the potato-buying story was undoubtedly true1 but it was hardly a record of a typical condition4 ,building was his chief delight--always4 ,in ,london1 after he had lived for months in a studio apartment in ,west ,kensington1 he rented a villa in ,st4 ,john's ,wood and proceeded to make repairs and additions to it1 regardless of cost4 ,the villa had a rose garden1 and he frequently talked of how he mowed the lawn early in the morning before starting the day's work4 ,all his life he enjoyed the work of beautifying his surroundings4 ,during the years he built at least six other studios and houses for himself without ever being satisfied4 ,his ideal home1 which he was always ready to describe in detail and with feeling1 was a fabulous sort of place that existed only in his restless mind4 ,in his diary he mentions having gone shopping with the painter ,frank ,brangwyn to consider taking over ,sir ,edward ,leighton's studio4 ,they decided it was too pretentious4 ,in ,paris he rented a studio in the ,boulevard ,arago4 ,he still found some of his old friends and business acquaintances in the neighborhood when he visited it in #aica1 thirty years after he had moved out of it4 ,it was a place of rare memories4 ,he had fitted the little stove with a red isinglass front1 and he had burned a solitary candle in it in those freezing days to give the illusion of rosy warmth4 ,in ,gutzon's reminiscences it seems always to have been cold in the neighborhood of ,boulevard ,arago4 ,a sculptor1 living in one of the garrets with which the region seems to have been plentifully supplied1 fashioned a masterpiece4 ,it was still in the wet clay when the thermometer dropped below freezing4 ,the artist was frantic4 ,in the bitter cold of night he began to fear for his statue4 ,he got up and wrapped it in rags of clothing and finally in his only blanket to keep the ice away4 ,he died of the cold4 ,but the statue for which he froze to death now reposes in warm1 serene quarters in the ,luxembourg4 ,frank ,brangwyn1 some of whose work may be seen in ,rockefeller ,plaza in ,new ,york ,city1 was the one artist who made a deep impression on ,gutzon in ,england4 ,the ,borglum diary is filled with notations such as this3 8,november #ai1 #ahig--,short half hour with ,brangwyn4444 ,he belongs to art and will do work that will live40 ,and the feeling was mutual4 ,in later years ,brangwyn wrote1 8,i admire those strong virile things of yours4 ,it is like a strong sea breeze on a hot and listless day to see your honest works44440 ,each foresaw for the other a greatness that he could not hope for himself4 ,the sculptor met ,ruskin briefly and was so impressed with his features that he made a statuette of him4 ,the figure is seated with a rug over the knees and was one of ,borglum's most successful pieces4 ,a copy of it is now in the ,metropolitan ,museum in ,new ,york4 ,he also met ,george ,bernard ,shaw1 although little of art figured in their association4 ,in a letter years later he mentioned ,shaw's attendance at meetings of what he called the 8,kingsley ,society40 8,this10 wrote ,gutzon1 8was a lively debating society and we visited once a week at one another's homes4 ,i debated with ,shaw on #8,the ,ignorance of ,educating ,me4' ,i forget which side4 ,shaw likes to play smart1 but at heart he is a serious1 lovable1 great man40 ,gutzon may have been right about most of these points1 but he made an error in naming the club4 ,it was probably the ,fabian ,club4 ,shaw denied that he had ever heard of the 8,kingsley ,society10 and mentioned that for that matter he had hardly heard about ,kingsley4 ,gutzon remained in ,england until the turn of the century which1 considering the intensely modern impact of his life1 seems like a long time ago4 ,the days of quick success had become fewer in #ahig1 and they lessened rapidly thereafter4 ,there was trouble on the horizon and the people of ,england were uneasy and crotchety4 ,in the controversy preceding the ,boer ,war1 which broke out in #ahii1 he was loudly critical of the ,british for their oppression of 8the intrepid band in the ,transvaal10 and freely forecast that they would pay for it dearly4 ,and they did4 ,general ,baden-,powell1 another of ,borglum's friends1 was besieged with his troops in ,mafeking1 a little town north of ,kimberley4 ,there1 holding what appeared to be a hopeless position1 they came closer to starvation daily while ,england prayed4 ,years afterward1 in an article about the ,boy ,scouts1 which ,baden-,powell founded1 ,borglum recalled the turning point of that war3 ,i was in ,london4 ,i was sitting in the ,new ,globe theater4 ,duse1 the magnificent1 was giving one of her superb performances4 ,and during one of the curtains the director came onto the stage with an announcement4 ,at first he said1 8,i hope that everyone will remain in his seat4 ,i hope that you will be quiet and let the play go on40 ,the audience was dead still1 trying to understand4 ,and then the man said3 8,mafeking has been relieved40 ,the play ended right there4 ,i never saw a sedate audience so completely surrender to joy4 ,believe it or not1 every man everywhere in the theater kissed the others1 kissed the women1 shouted and cried4 ,they poured into the streets and jumped up and down4 ,they crawled onto the tops of buses and danced4 ,and then and there ,mafeking became historic4 ,mafeking had been relieved1 and that relieved the heart of ,great ,britain4 ,the siege1 with ,general ,cronje commanding the ,boers1 had lasted about six months4 ,it was lifted by ,lord ,methuen and sixteen thousand troops1 and it brought a new day to ,england4444 ,gutzon's work in ,england was widely talked of though little of it now remains4 ,one of his principal commissions came to him after he had left the country1 and the work was executed in the ,united ,states4 ,a somewhat incongruous product of the ,thirty-eighth ,street studio1 it was a series of murals for the ,midland ,hotel in ,manchester1 ,england1 nearing completion with advertising accompaniments that said it would be the finest in the ,british ,isles4 ,the order1 placed by the ,midland ,railway ,company1 owners of the hotel1 was remarkable in that it broke what had long been considered an untouchable precedent4 ,it was the first large order for fine art work ever placed by ,england in ,america1 and brought the painter wide publicity at a time when it seems to have been considerably needed4 ,twelve panels were included in the series1 and the ,midland ,railway ,company agreed to pay #be1jjj1 a sum almost incredible in those hard times2 but the fee was payable on delivery4 ,the ,midland's art committee knew what it was getting4 ,in #ahih ,borglum had painted a series of panels for the ,queen's ,hotel in ,leeds1 another property of the railroad4 ,they were a graceful1 joyous group1 and ,gutzon admitted in his diary that he was a little proud of them4 ,they represented the four seasons with lithe1 slender maidens as the central figures4 ,they were pleasant-looking and the critics liked them4 ,for 8,spring10 they danced with garlands of flowers1 the trees and background shrubbery in harmony with pale spring colors4 ,for 8,summer10 the same girls were shown relaxed on the bank of a bubbling pool with young ,pan playing his pipes for them4 ,the 8,autumn0 panel pictured them dancing out the juice of the grapes4 ,and in 8,winter10 ,pan1 now old and gray1 sat on a bleak shore gazing at the hardly visible wraiths of the maidens as they pirouetted away over the ocean4 ,these panels are still extant4 ,the group of murals for the ,midland ,hotel in ,manchester was finished in #aijc1 and it seems to have pleased the critics even more than it did ,borglum1 who admitted that he was pleased with it4 ,the central figure in a panel twenty-seven feet high showed ,sir ,lancelot escorting ,guenevere to ,king ,arthur's court4 ,lancelot1 8the chief of knights and darling of the court10 and ,queen ,guenevere1 the loveliest of the ladies1 were in the foreground on horseback1 traveling through a leafy ,english wood4 ,mounted men in armor followed at a distance4 ,the eleven paintings that accompanied ,lancelot and ,guenevere back to ,england were scenes from ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream--,queen ,titania asleep with ,oberon's love potion in her eyes2 ,titania's encounter with ,bottom1 the weaver2 her adventures with ,quince1 the carpenter1 ,starveling1 the tailor1 ,snout1 the tinker and ,flute1 the bellows-mender--all in a fine1 fantastic humor4 ,gutzon was still at work on this group on ,june #cj1 #aijc1 which was the day before he started for ,england to make delivery and supervise installation4 ,he was very ill with typhoid fever that year1 and his cash had disappeared4 ,friends about the studio took up a collection to pay his steamship fare to ,liverpool4 ,borglum's last years in ,england were marked by a tremendous emotional depression4 ,his journal1 in places1 becomes almost incoherent as he attempts to analyze mental suffering4 ,he found relief in work1 and he worked incessantly4 ,he painted murals for private homes and made the illustrations for at least two books1 ,the ,spanish ,main1 with pictures of old war galleys1 and ,king ,arthur1 with especially fine drawings of oak trees a thousand years old4 ,he had some success as a portrait artist4 ,he painted the likenesses of a large number of the aristocracy at whose country houses he was entertained4 ,one of these was the portrait of ,lord ,mowbray1 which was exhibited at ,liverpool with the ,lord ,mayor taking part in the ceremonies4 ,he mentions in his diary the painting of the composer1 ,clarence ,lucas1 who thought it a good portrait 8that possibly might also be a work of art40 ,there is also some evidence that during the late nineties he was doing more and more work with sculpture4 ,in his journal he mentions a lost piece1 8,the ,return of the ,boer10 which brought considerable attention to his carving4 ,it showed a man on horseback returning to his ruined home4 ,he was a figure of complete dejection1 his shoulders drooping1 his head bent down4 ,his rifle was before him across the saddle4 ,the horse was sniffing at the burned bits that remained of a house4 ,the statue brought plenty of criticism and discussion but no money4 ,the ,parisian who cast the group said it was trop personnel to be a financial success4 ,gutzon's only copy of it was borrowed by the dancer ,loie ,fuller for an exhibition and later left by her in a ,new ,york bank as security for a loan4 ,presumably it lies forgotten in some vault4 ,another bronze group1 8,apaches ,pursued10 had greater public appeal and was exhibited in several shows in ,europe4 ,it was decidedly popular in ,turin1 and a copy was bought for ,kaiser ,wilhelm ,,ii4 ,it shows two horses in full gallop1 one of the riders holding to a third man whom he has lifted off the ground in his flight4 ,the critics were pleased by its composition1 which was as striking as its animation4 ,oddly enough1 this group came back into public view in #aidf in an art dealer's window in ,fifty-seventh ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,it was found to have been purchased by a ,philadelphian at an auction sale of the effects of 8,diamond ,jim ,brady40 ,a copy made from this is now in the ,witte ,art ,museum1 ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,all in all1 in #aijj ,gutzon ,borglum was one of the most popular artists in ,england4 ,he lived in a comfortable villa1 he had plentiful work1 and what he did was enthusiastically received4 ,and mental dejection did not keep him from having a rather full and varied social life4 ,in a letter to ,mrs4 ,frmont he mentioned meeting a ,madame ,helen ,bricka1 who brought his work to the attention of the ,duke and ,duchess of ,teck of whose household she was a member4 ,gutzon visited the ,duke and ,duchess and so met1 and threw into the air1 a little boy who grew up to be the ,duke of ,windsor and1 for a time1 the ,king of ,england4 ,through ,madame ,bricka he was summoned by ,queen ,victoria to bring his work1 both painting and sculpture1 to ,windsor ,castle for an exhibition4 ,but for a young man born on the shore of ,bear ,lake1 ,idaho1 the invitation was not clear enough4 ,one may be permitted a bit of speculation as to what might have happened if he had caught the meaning--if he had paraded with his work under royal patronage before the aristocracy of ,great ,britain4 ,but it is futile thought4 ,he sent his art to ,windsor for an exhibition1 but he never met the queen4 ,it never occurred to him that a queen might want to see him4 ,he had a very successful one-man show at ,macmillan's in ,bond ,street1 and he made many friends in ,england and ,france1 some of them ,american artists4 ,some of these appeared later in his life and in his correspondence in the ,united ,states4 ,one of them was ,carl ,sobieski1 descendant of the famous ,polish general4 ,another1 who noted his experience entertainingly1 was the writer ,r4 ,m4 ,eassie4 ,he told ,gutzon of hearing of his connection with the ,angels of ,st4 ,john the ,divine1 in the heart of ,africa1 thirty-five miles from the nearest whites4 ,one of ,gutzon's last entries in his ,london journal tells of a party in #aija at his home1 8,harlestone ,villa10 in ,st4 ,john's ,wood4 ,it is worth mentioning in that it honored ,isadora ,duncan and marked her debut as a dancer4 ,gutzon had known the ,duncans in ,california4 ,isadora's father had recently been in ,london and was on his way back to ,america when his ship1 the ,mohegan foundered off the ,irish coast4 ,the sculptor had gone from ,england to take charge of ,duncan's body and to see that he was properly buried4 ,isadora1 her brother and sister had come from ,california after their father's death4 ,august ,borglum1 ,gutzon's brother1 was a guest at the party and always recalled the impression ,miss ,duncan made as she danced out from the studio onto the lawn1 scattering red rose petals that she had been gathering in the villa garden4 ,isadora1 ,gutzon observed1 brought an active revival of memories from home4 8,the fresh western breeze that came with her10 he said1 filled him with nostalgia4 ,very likely it did4 ,shortly afterward he had gone over to ,paris and was standing idly on a street corner4 ,it was a day like any other in his life except that he had had a brief meeting with a casual ,american tourist in a caf1 and that there was an unusual amount of cash in his pocket4 ,suddenly there came to him an irresistible urge to return to the ,united ,states--to go home4 ,all his pent-up irritation over spiritual repressions and his grievance over decadent art conditions in ,europe surged over him at once4 ,he leaped at a passing ,illustration3 8,,abraham ,,lincoln0 ,this statue1 in front of the ,newark courthouse1 was ,borglum's own favorite4 ,illustration3 ,,gutzon ,,and ,,mary ,,borglum cab1 offered double fare if he could get to the ,gare du ,nord in time for the boat train 444 and so1 presently1 he had passed through ,cherbourg and was on a ship headed for ,america4 ,this ended an era in his life and marked1 definitely1 the beginning of another4 ,he was never to return to ,europe except for the placing of work he had produced in the ,united ,states4 ,,chapter ,,seven ,,quiet ,,in ,,new ,,york ,the first thing ,gutzon ,borglum did in ,new ,york was to join--or1 perhaps1 originate--a movement whose object was to make ,american art distinctive and national4 ,this was a bit out of the ordinary4 ,gutzon1 so far as he had expressed himself1 hadn't much concern about ,american art4 ,what he had seen of it annoyed him1 and he didn't intend to give much time to its promotion4 ,he was presently to return to ,england 444 but somehow he could never find time to book a passage4 ,in the early days of the twentieth century his journal mentions1 and many of us unfortunately remember1 ,european and classic influences were dominant in art4 ,our public buildings were often ,greek or ,roman temples adorned with sculpture right out of ,homer's mythology4 ,in ,new ,york the extreme example of this tendency was a building erected by some art society on ,lexington ,avenue which was decorated across the front with a frieze from the ,parthenon in ,athens4 ,the ,new ,york version of the frieze was so exact as to include all the mutilations that the march of hundreds of years had inflicted on the original4 ,artists--painters1 sculptors1 musicians alike--had to have studied abroad before they could get a hearing in ,america4 ,but1 unfortunately1 most of the people who patronized art learned about the subject from a few simple home rules4 ,they were breaking out of the awesome1 gewgaw-enveloped homes of the eighties and nineties and moving into chateaus imported by the boatload from ,france4 ,but there is no record that any art dealer ever succeeded in selling an ,american house to some customer in ,paris4 ,it often happens that a convert to a religious sect is more fanatical in his beliefs than one born into the fold4 ,gutzon's father had come to the ,united ,states from ,denmark to escape the ancient fetters of thought1 and ,gutzon himself had become thoroughly disillusioned by his years abroad4 ,he considered ,america to be the last stronghold of freedom for the spirit4 ,and he believed that the time had come for the country to express itself culturally4 ,he had a theory that many people are born ,americans though their physical birthplace might have been ,denmark or ,poland or ,timbuktu4 ,he insisted that although ,america was comparatively a young nation1 the significance of her discovery1 colonization and development offered rich sources for the painter or sculptor seeking decorative themes4 ,he wanted architects to stop copying classic models4 ,he was a great admirer of ,louis ,sullivan's individual art1 and he understood it4 ,once1 driving through a small town in ,ohio that he had never seen before1 he suddenly stopped the car and went back to look at a red-brick building4 8,built by ,sullivan10 he said4 ,and so it was4 ,the subject of the ,prix de ,rome scholarships1 in his opinion1 was debatable4 ,he thought it a mistake to send talented young artists to ,rome during their most formative period and expose them to the overpowering influence of the great masters4 ,he lived his theory1 for he did not see ,italy until late in life1 rather than lose his individuality in the presence of those giants1 ,michelangelo1 ,da ,vinci and ,donatello1 whom he deeply revered4 ,borglum came to ,america a sculptor4 ,he painted very little after #aija4 ,among his first direct contacts with ,american art methods on the ,atlantic coast was a competition for an equestrian monument to ,general ,grant to be placed in ,washington4 ,he devoted a great deal of time and thought to the making of a model and worked it out in fine detail4 ,grant and two other officers on horseback were mounted on a high pedestal1 ,grant a little higher than the other two4 ,around the base of the pedestal and extending out on both sides was a rich frieze of figures more than life-size1 showing events leading to the ,civil ,war1 the struggle itself and the period of reconstruction4 ,gutzon was told afterward that ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 all-powerful in the selection1 had thrown out the model because he felt that no sculptor in ,america could carve so elaborate a frieze and that he suspected foreign help4 ,subsequent steps in the contest are interesting as an indication of how memorials were sometimes produced in those days4 ,the jury could not decide which of the two remaining models was best1 so each sculptor was asked to submit a second model4 ,it happened that ,solon ,borglum had made the horse on which the principal figure was riding in both models4 ,the two sculptors called for help and ,solon said that he would do what he could for whichever one got to his studio first4 ,the disappointed contestant went to ,gutzon and asked him to provide a horse1 but ,gutzon refused to compete with his brother4 ,as it turned out1 the one who received ,solon's help a second time was given the commission4 ,neither of the brothers thought that ,gutzon's unwillingness to enter a contest was anything but routine4 ,solon and he were devoted to each other4 ,gutzon had called him away from ranch life to develop an art sense that became remarkable4 ,gutzon had instructed him personally and had helped to finance his career in ,cincinnati4 ,he believed himself personally responsible for giving ,solon a chance at a sculptor's career2 he could never consider himself free to accept any commission in which he thought that his brother might have an interest4 ,only once again1 in ,cuba1 did ,gutzon ,borglum enter a competition4 ,he steadfastly refused to accept attractive offers on the ground that the principle was wrong4 ,a sculptor1 he said1 should be selected for his known ability to do what was asked of him and should be allowed to offer a variety of designs1 if necessary1 until he produced one that was satisfactory to the committee4 ,he declared flatly that it was unjust to ask an artist to risk his best effort on a gamble1 to ask him to spend his time1 energy and money on something that might only be thrown away4 ,it is interesting to note that his ultimate declaration on this subject was made after his ,cuban experience4 ,that was something that he failed to talk about4 ,the question of talented artists losing their identity in work for other artists1 sometimes of less or even mediocre ability1 was a grievous one to him and caused many heartaches with which he frankly sympathized4 ,often talented artists could not even get a job in another studio1 no matter what their ability4 ,such a one was ,paul ,nocquet4 ,paul ,nocquet was a ,belgian of real ability who had known ,gutzon in ,paris and had come over to be near him4 ,eventually he lost his life in a balloon ascension which he had undertaken in sheer despair4 ,in an open letter to the ,evening ,sun he called attention to the humiliating role played by unrecognized artists in this country1 all of which gave ,gutzon ,borglum new voice4 ,borglum wrote3 ,i have read with astonishment and pleasure the letter by ,paul ,nocquet pleading for the sculptor's art in ,america4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that a large part of the sculpture in this country is produced under false pretenses4 ,much of it is from the studios of celebrities1 the labor1 the thought and even the basic ideas of poor devils who are paid so much a day4 ,that the abuses ,mr4 ,nocquet speaks of exist1 there is abundance of proof4 ,a glamor has been thrown about sculpture here that is not deserved4 ,for a century the bulk of us have ambled along timidly1 following a single lead1 sniffing the trail1 only to assure our questioning souls that we were on the beaten path4 ,we fear a new lead4 ,we placard our homes with safe1 old sentiments4 ,we permit no passion1 no action1 nothing to disturb the even tenor of a puritanism that has hardly warmth enough or blood enough to produce great sculpture and that rarely ventures beyond the meaningless nudes that disgrace our museums4 ,if this were not so1 ,mr4 ,nocquet would have no complaint4 ,if character and individuality were even tolerated in ,american sculpture1 our production by proxy would cease in a fortnight4 ,let the people have what they feel the need of4 ,there is something deep in the souls of all of us which seeks the real thing4 ,then our ideals1 our lives and our passions will be expressed in our art4 ,when that is done each man will express himself1 and a new value will be placed on every work of art4 ,such outspoken criticism inevitably brought from the caves all the winds of controversy4 ,they merged in a tempest in #aijh when the sculptor wrote in ,the ,craftsman3 ,with the passing of ,saint-,gaudens the standard of good work was taken from us4444 ,not great work1 for he was not a great artist like ,rimmer1 ,rodin1 or ,meunier1 nor was he a great poet4 ,nor was he a great technician like ,falguire or a dozen other ,frenchmen4 ,but he had a quality that persisted to the end and wrought1 with few exceptions1 something beautiful1 often noble1 something that left the whole world better because it was made4 ,he gave us ,farragut 7in ,madison ,square7 and one or two other great statues4 ,then he dropped to the architect's standard1 the lay figure1 and there he remained4 ,curiously his ,farragut contains figures in the base that appear to have been made years after the figure of the ,admiral1 so quickly does he seem to have lost his youthful spontaneity4 ,saint-,gaudens' sense of refinement led to conventions1 and his lack of imagination to a repetition of these conventions4 ,another thing--,i do not recall in all his work one single group of creation that may be called a 8pipe dream40 ,in other words1 ,i do not know of one work of ,saint-,gaudens that was not commissioned1 that was not suggested to him and produced for another4 ,i speak thus because ,i believe few people realize how little sculptural art is shown in this country that is purely the output of the sculptor's imagination1 produced creatively because the sculptor has something he must say4 ,saint-,gaudens1 master that he was1 was a great workman2 he was not a creator4 ,it is but natural that his following should1 in their effort to catch his spirit1 acquire only his style4 ,his reserve becomes in their hands more reserved1 his architectural and impersonal manner more mannered1 and we have a pseudoclassic school which for dull mediocrity is without a rival in the whole field of art4 ,this analysis of another man's work did incalculable harm to ,gutzon's position in ,new ,york art circles4 ,the controversy became nationwide when the newspaper headlines announced1 8,borglum ,attacks ,saint-,gaudens40 ,partisans joined the argument with more zeal than discretion1 and the wrangling went on without end4 ,another controversy that swirled about ,george ,gray ,barnard and his undraped figures on the ,pennsylvania ,capitol in ,harrisburg caught up ,gutzon in its progress4 ,borglum had a wholehearted respect for ,barnard and took up cudgels in his defense1 thus further antagonizing the 8sourdoughs10 as he called the ,academicians4 ,long afterward when ,barnard was excluded from his studio on the ,billings estate1 which had been bought for a public park1 ,gutzon offered him his ,stamford studio to work in and1 at ,barnard's request1 appeared before the ,new ,york ,city ,board of ,aldermen in an effort to iron out his troubles with the city4 ,barnard's 8,two ,natures0 and ,gutzon's 8,mares of ,diomedes0 were the first pieces of ,american art purchased for the ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,of the former1 the sculptor wrote3 8,the #8sourdoughs' took #8,two ,natures1' perhaps the finest marble in its dimensions by an ,american in our country1 and as quickly and quietly as possible relegated it to the basement4 ,not long after my #8,mares of ,diomedes' followed the same descent40 ,his antipathy to the ,national ,academy was based on his observation that there was too little fraternity about it and always a lack of esprit de corps4 ,it followed too much the general tendency of all academic organizations against anything new1 he said4 ,it was probably his undiplomatic manner of expressing his convictions that aroused the enmity of the older set1 who successfully kept him out of any monumental work in ,new ,york ,city4 ,one grievance the younger artists did have4 ,there was no place where they could exhibit their work4 ,in harmony with ,gutzon's desire to establish a fairly representative ,american art was his crusade to obtain a fair deal for young ,american artists4 ,in #aiab he helped organize a new ,association of ,american ,painters and ,sculptors which would provide exhibition space for new and unknown youngsters4 ,a novel feature of the constitution of the new society was that it declared against juries4 ,every member was entitled to exhibit2 only the amount was to be decided by a committee4 ,a certain amount of space was reserved to invited work and no work not invited might be shown4 ,should any member wish to invite the work of a nonmember and fail to get the approval of the committee1 he was permitted to give up some of his own space to the stranger4 ,gutzon was delegated to publish this statement of the principles of the organization3 ,we have joined together for the purpose of holding exhibitions of our own work and the best procurable examples of contemporary art1 without relation to school1 size1 medium or nationality4 ,we shall make our exhibitions as interesting as they will be representative of ,american and ,european ,art activities4 ,we have no canons but honesty and ability to express one's self4 ,we do not believe that any artist has ever discovered or will discover the only way to create beauty4 ,unfortunately1 at its first exhibit the association was split on the very rock that was to have been its bulwark--the representative quality of the work4 ,this was the exhibition1 at the ,armory1 made famous by the 8,nude ,descending a ,staircase10 in which neither the nude nor the staircase made much difference4 ,the painting was an orgy of color and distortion4 ,gutzon had no quarrel with that4 ,he lived by ,voltaire's principle3 8,sir1 ,i absolutely deny the truth of your statement1 but ,i shall defend to the death your right to make it40 ,what hurt and angered him was that1 by election1 he was responsible for the exhibit1 and that the committee had rejected work which he had approved and had accepted work that he had not even seen4 ,their excuse was1 8,we don't care about the constitution4 ,we are trying to get up an exhibition40 ,sadly the sculptor resigned saying that no other course remained to him4 ,he came home to ,stamford profoundly dejected4 ,after a silent dinner he remarked3 8,i wish ,i had a million dollars in cash40 8,what in the world for80 ,mrs4 ,borglum inquired4 8,i'd shut all those struggling young painters in a room and throw it at them10 he replied4 8,it would keep them while they were hunting up something to do besides art40 ,he told of some of the studios he had visited while organizing the new association and of the hard time some of the students were having4 ,nearly all successful artists have been through such trials but not many of them remember4 ,the ,national ,sculpture ,society had elected ,gutzon to membership in #aijc shortly after his return from ,europe4 ,here1 too1 he found among the younger set a feeling of revolt against the older members4 ,he suggested changes in the constitution that enlisted strong support from some of the members4 ,however1 ,president ,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,ward took exception to this threat to his power and refused to let the report of the committee favoring changes come to a hearing4 ,promptly the sculptor denounced such tactics as 8unfair and discourteous10 which did not add to their friendship4 ,most of the reforms were later adopted4 ,with the ,national ,arts ,club his relations were more pleasant4 ,when the club had to move to other quarters he helped make the selection of the ,gramercy ,park site and was given full charge of the food department which had fallen deeply into debt4 ,under his personal management the dining room soon showed a profit--a most difficult thing to achieve in any art club4 ,borglum belonged to the ,salmagundi ,club1 to the ,fencers1 7where he used to take lessons from a ,cuban fencing master in the studio7 and to numerous flying clubs4 ,his lifelong memberships in the ,players of ,new ,york and the ,metropolitan of ,washington gave him constant pleasure and satisfaction4 ,he taught one year at the ,art ,students' ,league in ,new ,york and returned the fees he received for teaching as prizes to his pupils1 several of whom are now outstanding sculptors4 ,at the time of the ,san ,francisco earthquake and fire in #aijf1 he joined with other ,new ,york artists in donating works to a public auction for the relief of artists caught in the disaster4 ,through his old friend ,jacob ,schiff of ,kuhn1 ,loeb and ,company1 he got the fund through to ,california in record time4 ,another of his old friends1 ,arthur ,matthews1 ,san ,francisco painter1 was the custodian of the money4 ,he did so good a job of spending it that a considerable sum was left over4 ,the balance lay in a bank for forty years until it was turned over to a new committee by the ,state ,banking ,commission in #aidf4 ,the chairman of the committee was ,william ,b4 ,faville1 the architect1 another good friend4 ,but by that time both ,arthur and ,gutzon were gone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sculptor became involved in so many outside matters that one wonders how he could have found time for them4 ,his answer was that life and art are inseparable4 ,he wrote for a magazine in #aijh that the three elements absolutely joined for the production of great art are sincerity1 individuality and reverence4 ,he said3 ,of reverence1 ,i doubt if there is enough in all the ,united ,states to build one great temple4 ,i doubt if there are men enough in all this land with unselfishness enough and love enough to build one great and beautiful shrine for commerce or industry1 for liberty or art1 for religion--from the bottom up1 perfectly good1 like an altar upon which the most sacred thing in our lives shall be offered to all the rest who follow4 ,gutzon was a poet1 but he seems also to have been an observing realist4 ,he continued3 ,art applied to utilitarian purpose is1 proportionately1 a larger interest in our lives than what have come to be termed 8,fine ,arts40 ,i see no difference between them myself4 ,i find in my study of art that the real artist is nine tenths of the time a craftsman4 ,it is only in that small one tenth of his time that he rises to the elevated position of prophet and master4 ,the question of art education in general involves what ,i call 8betrayal by democracy10 though perhaps ,i speak with the prejudice of personal experience1 being one of nine children who had no college degree4 ,when democracy came into the ,american world the great mass of the people felt that the only advantage aristocracy had was 8higher education40 ,the world has taken that up in as blind a way as it takes up so many other things4 ,while higher education goes on apace1 machinery has to step in to supply the instant need of many things that before were made by hand1 and all kinds of work that we used in the building of our homes has deteriorated4 ,in man's essential world the water color has changed to the lithograph1 the drawing to the ,kodak1 and so on down through life4 ,man no longer sees4 ,his eyes no longer search the form1 line and color of any piece of work4 ,his fingers no longer test the art and finish found on old master crafts4 ,i never look at a spoon or a knife or a fork1 a table or a chair1 but ,i wish to correct and improve it4 ,i think our spoons are badly made4 ,the prongs of our forks are too long and the blades of our knives are too long and badly shaped4 ,it amazes me that such utilitarian articles are not designed for the purposes that they are intended to serve4 ,some years ago ,i was sketching in ,california4 ,a man wandered by and watched me a little while4 8,why do you do that80 he asked4 ,and when ,i wanted to know what he meant he told me4 8,i mean painting10 he said4 8,why do you do it at all80 ,with reference to art1 that is the most astute question ,i have ever heard asked4 ,why do we do it at all8 ,i hope that those of you who care anything about art will never forget it4 ,that question ought to be put to you in all you do in art1 and it ought to guide you in your work4444 ,why do you do it8 ,on the subject of art schools he wrote bitterly3 ,i have said1 that the higher education we were promised has failed1 for it has taken away from the great body of the people their only opportunity to express themselves4 ,that is why ,i am hammering on the value of craftsmanship for the real leaders in fine arts4 ,we have taken from the race that great body of workmen from whom artists should come1 and in order to supply a place for the man of an artistic temperament we have built art schools--institutions which1 so far as ,i have been able to find any record1 had no existence at all in the time of ,phidias or during the great period of the ,renaissance4 ,we are teaching art as a fine art--a subject that cannot ever be taught at all4 ,he urged reforms in art education--reforms that have since come about4 ,on this subject he wrote3 ,the art schools of this country turn out young men and women by the thousands every year1 and mostly they aren't worth fifty cents a day to any artist or sculptor4 ,it is a very sad fact4 ,the economic independence of every human being who feels that he or she wants to study art is something that we should not lose a moment to assure4 ,i think the sweetness of life is not so much affected by any other dozen causes as by the present inability of the race to express its emotions in a creative way4 ,if sociologists and humanitarians could help this great body of youths to put their little heartaches into some beautiful1 individual expression by creating some article in daily use1 this pent-up tension1 everywhere at the breaking point1 would be used up at its source1 as are springs of living water4 ,and their work1 their contentment and their power would be felt in every home4 ,the message seems important because so patently the truth4 ,gutzon ,borglum was certainly a master craftsman1 from the design of tools to the art that was his profession4 ,it is significant that while he always preached a doctrine of change and modernity and was soundly berated by the academicians1 he never produced anything cabalistic4 ,down deep in him was the understanding of what people were thinking about and what they could understand4 ,they understood him best1 perhaps1 when he was denouncing something4 ,he had a keen eye1 a vibrant voice1 and1 undoubtedly1 a fine vocabulary with which to do the denouncing4 ,,chapter ,,eight ,,variety ,,of ,,life ,,in ,a ,,studio ,gutzon's first studio in ,new ,york was originally a barn that extended across the rear of some ancient brownstone-front houses in ,thirty-eighth ,street near ,third ,avenue4 ,he transformed it into one large room with a high skylight and a narrow balcony across the end opposite the entrance4 ,under this1 behind the spiral stairway1 was a dressing room1 then a door leading to a little fountain and a storage place for clay and coal1 and finally an inglenook with built-in seats on both sides of the fireplace and shelves above them for books and bric-a-brac4 ,to enter the studio you passed through a green door opening from ,thirty-eighth ,street1 along the old driveway bordered by geraniums to the proper entrance which led into a small anteroom4 ,on the street door was a sign gruffly announcing that visitors were received 8,by appointment only40 ,but it was easy to get to the anteroom2 and no matter how hard a secretary might try to carry out orders1 ,gutzon would certainly call out a welcome to anybody who owned a voice he recognized4 ,his studio was only a step from ,grand ,central ,station2 so many of his friends dropped in just to watch him work4 ,and because he had decided to love all mankind and knew that many of these people had come from a long distance1 he would never let them be turned away4 ,there was always something going on in this place until the day he moved to ,stamford--politics1 social reform1 park improvements1 drama1 and sometimes sculpture4 ,and in the background was a phalanx of ,new ,york's clever people1 studio helpers1 secretaries1 models1 friends and acquaintances4 ,they flowed in and out at all hours of the day and night1 and there seemed never to be any end to them4 ,among his early helpers were ,marian ,bell1 daughter of the inventor of the telephone1 and her friend ,alice ,hill of ,washington4 ,gutzon probably enjoyed making the pair of them sweep up the studio and mix clay4 ,once he made them dye untold yards of muslin until their hands were completely discolored4 ,art was difficult1 he told them1 because it was made up of so many different1 disagreeable things4 ,but1 somehow1 they liked his instructions1 and they looked on the studio as a second home4 ,alice was married there to ,frank ,harris1 a musician and inventor of an electronic pickup system to transmit music over the telephone4 ,it was demonstrated successfully before an audience in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york4 ,other helpers developed into sculptors with independent studios of their own4 ,among them were ,george ,lober of ,new ,york2 ,merrill 78,bud07 ,gage of ,santa ,monica1 ,california2 8,bob0 ,garrison of ,denver and ,new ,york2 ,m4 ,f4 ,malin of ,salt ,lake ,city2 and ,william ,tolentino of the ,philippine ,islands4 ,tolentino had been recommended by ,mrs4 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,malvina ,hoffman1 though never a studio helper1 was a familiar practitioner in it and often a guest of the ,borglums4 ,gutzon gave her occasional technical advice1 beginning with her first attempt at carving4 ,she had modeled a head of her father on the end of a piece of lead pipe with no proper armature1 and was copying it in marble4 ,another ,new ,york sculptress1 ,ethel ,hood1 whom he met later1 impressed him so much that he invited her to work with him in the ,black ,hills1 but by that time she was too busy in the ,east4 ,perhaps the most indispensable worker and helper was ,robert 78,bob07 ,a4 ,baillie of ,closter1 ,new ,jersey4 ,gutzon repeatedly called him 8the best marble carver in the ,united ,states40 ,he started in the ,thirty-eighth ,street studio to work on the carving of figures for the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,john the ,divine1 and remained there steadily for ten years4 ,when ,gutzon began to be called away more and more from ,new ,york on distant commissions ,baillie's work for other sculptors increased1 and in time he was one of the most sought-after assistants in ,new ,york4 ,the models1 too1 were interesting1 but only a few are remembered now4 ,there was a man with a white beard who had posed for many sculptors1 including ,mr4 ,barnard4 ,there was ,lord ,methuen's former valet who had lost the weekly payroll while returning from the bank4 ,best of all was sweet1 gentle ,julia ,percy1 who posed for some of ,gutzon's best marbles4 ,she married a sculptor who had worked in the studio and went with him to ,california4 ,unfortunately the marriage was not happy and ended in divorce4 ,long afterward1 in #aidg1 she wrote a few recollections of her life in the studio3 ,during my youth while working as a model for ,mr4 ,borglum1 his talks to students talented enough to be invited to the studio were always of a constructive nature4 ,he gave advice as to their outlook on life and conduct of living4 ,the younger ones were told that they could set an example in their schools and be a help at home4 ,his reverence and respect for womanhood were well known by all who were acquainted with him4 ,talent and sincerity were what he looked for4 ,he had no use for plagiarists--8cribbers10 he called them--especially in the field of architecture4 ,he had a keen sense of humor and many a laugh we all had at the way he would tell of an amusing incident he had seen4 ,one of his sayings when referring to someone who lacked initiative was1 8,you can't pick up custard with a hook40 ,he also could tell a man's character by a look at his clothes4 ,if worn for any length of time1 he said1 they seem to take on the lines of the body4 ,when making a statue or a portrait bust in marble1 he would first model it in clay from life4 ,then a plaster cast from the clay figure was made by the studio help4 ,the stone cutter used the plaster figures to measure from and1 with the aid of a pointing machine 7with three points71 he would cut the stone to within an inch of the finished surface in some parts4 ,then ,mr4 ,borglum would take over1 working with mallet and chisel direct from the model upon the marble4 ,if a defect in the marble showed up 7which in my experience occurred only in the cream-colored ,maryland marble71 he would cut deeper and set the whole figure back or change the pose slightly to escape the flaw4 ,to do the finishing he used fine tools and sandpaper1 every now and then wetting the marble with a sponge to help bring out the lifelike effect he was striving for4 ,his high ideals inspired me to do my best to express in the pose the spirit of the idea he was portraying in the marble4 ,i consider it an honor and a great privilege to have worked for him4 ,an entertaining character who worked in the studio and slept there was a ,japanese called 8,humbo0 by the others2 and there was another student from ,japan1 scholarly ,takamura1 who was admitted by an introduction from ,daniel ,chester ,french and a somewhat exceptional letter written by himself4 ,this notice had begun3 ,if you will not take me1 ,i must greatly disappoint myself4 ,i must have no work1 no study1 no hope1 no pleasure4 ,my coming to this country must end by all in vain4 ,please1 please let me have your favor1 just like ,mr4 ,honpo4 ,i do not care much of money4 ,i shall be quite satisfied with only a little1 if you could4 ,i will do anything you order4 ,pray accept my request1 sympathising with a lonely little soul from a far country over the sea4 ,other models included young ,lieutenant ,phil ,sheridan1 who spent many hours posing for the equestrian statue of his father in ,washington4 ,among the horses were ,smoke1 a ,virginia hunter1 and ,halool1 a thoroughbred ,arab imported by ,walter ,davenport1 the cartoonist4 ,these horses wandered about the studio on the days they were needed1 and were perfectly gentle4 ,they were kept at a riding academy in the park where ,gutzon occasionally rode bareback with a group of army men4 ,edith ,wynne ,matthison1 the actress and a dear friend1 posed for the heroic-sized figure called 8,rabboni0 in ,rock ,creek ,cemetery at ,washington4 ,that figure is in startling contrast to the beautiful1 brooding figure of the ,adams ,memorial by ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens in the same place4 ,the 8,rabboni0 expresses joy and hope1 while the other is complete negation4 ,still others who came to pose were the ,mortimer ,schiff children of whom the sculptor made a portrait relief to accompany the portrait of the ,jacob ,schiff children made in the previous generation by ,saint-,gaudens4 ,one of the sculptor's most revered friends was ,john ,s4 ,clark1 much older than himself1 who came all too seldom from ,boston4 ,he was engaged in writing a life of ,john ,fiske1 the historian1 and took a great interest in the sculptor's work4 ,he liked most of all the marble figures of 8,conception10 8,motherhood0 and 8,martyr10 which he spoke of as a trilogy4 ,in a letter written in #aijg ,clark makes this interesting comparison of literary and sculptural work3 ,i daily realize that ,i am engaged in a task not unlike several you have in hand4 ,i have really to create an imaginary portrait of a great man with mere words4 ,my task is to create so distinct an image that it can be realized by the imagination as a truthful representation of the real man4 ,in the process of work ,i have to employ many of your methods for producing effects1 and ,i can see more clearly than ever before how widely different is genuine artistic work from imitative work of literal reproduction4 ,whether you come to ,boston or not1 know this--that you stand in my heart as one of my dearest friends and that there is no success or honor that comes to you that does not warm the 8cockles of my heart0 to a ruddy glow4 ,in those early days in ,new ,york1 before ,gutzon became involved in many big public memorials1 he had more time to express his creative fancies or 8pipe dreams0 in marble4 ,a larger than life-size nude figure of a woman which he called 8,conception0 or 8,inspiration0 caused some stir and was considered too daring in certain circles4 ,to him it represented the holiness of creation1 and his small marble called 8,wonderment of ,motherhood0 was produced in the same reverent1 humble spirit4 ,a second marble figure symbolic of motherhood represented a woman on her knees1 holding up her infant child in her arms as if offering it on an altar4 ,this was a step toward his marble 8,atlas10 a female figure on her knees1 about four feet high1 holding a globe representing the world in her arms1 lifting it up to ,god instead of balancing it on her back as in the old mythology4 ,of his 8,conception10 which with other of his works was exhibited at ,columbia ,university1 ,george ,luks1 the painter1 said3 ,here in all the sublimity of majesty we see the symbolism of life1 the symbolism of love1 affection1 devotion and piety4 ,like the chrysalis that liberates the butterfly1 we see the soul that hovers above this classic piece of marble4 ,we seem to feel the same thrill as we watch the distended lips that drink the breath of life4 ,we wonder4 ,there is something in this appealing countenance that strikes us with peculiar awe4 ,we see a soul rising above passion4 ,we feel the same admiration that we do for a flower that forces itself up through the muddy soil into a new life and light--a sort of emancipation4 ,we see the early morning sun break through the skies of splendor1 the unfolding of the rose1 the ,wille zum ,guten1 the revelation4 ,the group called 8,i ,have ,piped and ,ye ,have ,not ,danced0 was produced in the studio at about this time1 but never during his life got out of the plaster stage because ,gutzon could never afford a large enough piece of marble when he had the time to carve it4 ,the thought of it had been in his mind a long time4 ,the initial idea1 he said1 had come to him at a concert where ,ysaye1 the violinist1 had been playing4 ,the way the women stood up at the end of the concert1 arranging their furs and chattering about where they were going next made him feel that the music had passed completely over them1 leaving no impression4 ,he exhibited the female figure alone as a pastel sketch in ,boston in #aija1 where it elicited the following description of the group from ,lillian ,whiting1 poet and art critic3 ,it is the ideal figure of a girl1 her hands thrown up and clasped to the right1 the head turned a little to one side1 and the countenance bearing the most inscrutable expression4 ,she has been piping to ,pan1 who lies at her feet unmoved1 unrecognizing1 until she drops the pipes and the melody ceases4 ,then he is aroused and turns to see why the music is heard no more4 ,it is one of the most typical interpretations of life4 ,the artist paints his ideal vision4 ,the poet offers his dream4 ,the musician sings his song4 ,and the world goes on1 careless1 unheeding4 ,at last1 saddened and spent for want of that sympathy which should have made life all joy and ecstasy1 the painter turns his canvas to the wall4 ,the poet drops his pen4 ,the song of the singer is heard no more1 and the world turns to ask the meaning of this silence4 ,since ,borglum's death the figure has been carved in marble and is in ,california4 ,in the meantime a very large 8pipe dream10 something made for his own pleasure1 the sculptor said1 was gradually taking shape in his ,new ,york studio4 ,his love for horses and the exceptional opportunity for studying their movements at the ,baldwin ranch in ,california were still bright in his mind4 ,they always were4 ,he said once that he never saw a horse anywhere that he didn't study it and learn something new4 ,in his studies for the ,grant competition he had become acquainted with army equipment1 and he later began a group of artillery horses with their trappings4 ,because such externals were bothersome to his composition1 he abandoned them and concentrated on horses alone1 adding the figure of an ,indian for interest4 ,he was familiar with the ways of those expert riders--how a man could decoy horses out of a corral and by riding around and around them until they followed his mount could lead a dash into the open4 ,that was the moment chosen by the sculptor for his group--five wild horses in full gallop4 ,the group was cast in bronze by the ,gorham ,company and exhibited in their window on ,fifth ,avenue4 ,not only because the action of those horses was very lifelike but because the plan was wholly ,american in both subject and design1 it attracted instant attention and was purchased by ,james ,stillman and presented to the ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,it happened that ,sir ,purdon ,clarke1 an ,englishman1 was director of that institution at the time4 ,for a long time it stood in the entrance hall and was almost the first thing that caught the eye of the visitor4 ,near it was ,rodin's 8,age of ,bronze10 a slight figure which was one of ,gutzon's favorites4 ,school children1 who were taken on regular tours through the museum1 used to vote the horses as their favorite exhibit4 ,the name 8,mares of ,diomedes0 was given to the group by some classical scholar who recalled the story of ,hercules and the wild horses of ,king ,diomedes4 ,the sculptor never cared much for the name2 it harked back too loudly to outworn mythology4 ,more and more ,gutzon's sense of the bigness of ,america1 of her value to the world1 of the importance of her heroes1 was growing upon him4 ,he had bought a large block of marble and one day began to carve the head of ,abraham ,lincoln--his first experiment in colossal sculpture4 ,he worked on it for weeks until it became a perfect likeness of the man1 but still he worked while watchers feared that one more stroke of the chisel might ruin the whole work4 ,and then a miracle happened4 ,suddenly a real character seemed to look out from the carved features4 ,the face became inhabited4 ,a colored woman1 whose duty it was to sweep the studio and to whom that huge block of marble had always been a nuisance because she couldn't push it around1 at last raised her eyes from the floor and exclaimed in astonishment3 8,how's ,mista ,bo'glum know ol' ,abe was in dat rock80 ,the head was taken over to ,gorham's and exhibited in their window4 ,robert ,lincoln1 son of ,abraham ,lincoln1 happened along and he also exclaimed in astonishment1 8,i never expected to see ,father again40 ,later he wrote that he considered it the best likeness of his father that he had ever seen4 ,truman ,bartlett1 who had made a study of all the known portraits of ,lincoln1 went farther1 saying there had not yet been sculptured a head of ,lincoln that could compare with it4 ,it was the centenary of ,lincoln's birth1 and ,gutzon1 as a matter of sentiment1 asked ,president ,theodore ,roosevelt if he would let the head stand in the ,president's room at the ,white ,house during ,lincoln's birthday4 ,roosevelt welcomed it and after it had gone back to ,new ,york wrote to inquire what had become of it4 ,he said he wished it could be kept in ,washington permanently4 ,the letter was brought to the attention of ,eugene ,meyer1 ,jr41 who bought the colossal head and presented it to the nation4 ,congress1 in accepting the gift1 specified that it should be placed in the rotunda of the ,capitol1 never to be removed4 ,as a demand for replicas began to be heard1 the superintendent of the ,capitol grounds allowed the sculptor to make a copy of it in plaster4 ,bronze duplicates of it are now at ,lincoln's tomb in ,springfield1 ,illinois1 in the ,hall of ,fame in ,new ,york1 in the ,university of ,southern ,california and in the collection of the ,chicago ,historical ,society4 ,the sculptor made another head for himself1 which is now at the ,detroit ,museum of ,art4 ,the carving of this head in marble1 done as a labor of love1 had far-reaching consequences4 ,it brought to ,gutzon friends and admirers4 ,it led1 undoubtedly1 to his making the seated figure of ,lincoln in front of the courthouse in ,newark and finally to the carvings at ,stone ,mountain and ,mount ,rushmore4 ,,chapter ,,nine ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,a ,,myth ,the building of the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,john the ,divine at ,morningside ,heights1 ,new ,york1 might have been done for ,gutzon ,borglum alone4 ,at any rate1 it had his close and abiding interest for a number of years4 8,it is a fine example not only of medieval art but of the spirit of the early churchmen10 he said4 8,it is something out of another age untouched by pretentiousness and vanity40 ,so he was immensely pleased in #aije when he was asked to make the statues for the structure and to supervise the carving on the ,belmont chapel1 the first section of the cathedral to be finished4 ,it was a definite honor that must have been coveted by most of the sculptors in ,new ,york1 and out of sheer enthusiasm for the work he agreed to make models of a hundred saints and angels4 ,the fee wasn't anything that could be called remunerative in itself1 and ,borglum was presently to learn that medievalist sculptors had about as many troubles as moderns4 ,it was in this pious undertaking that he laid the groundwork for the first of the stories about his alleged evil temper4 ,he was profoundly disturbed by this development because1 he argued1 he didn't have any evil temper at all4 ,he could have admitted1 however1 that he was saltily vigorous in defense of what he decided was right4 ,but anyway1 the longevity of what he titled an unfounded legend frequently puzzled him4 ,he knew from the beginning that he had a large order4 ,in addition to the topmost figures on the outside of the chapel there were larger1 more detailed ones of the ,virgin1 the boy ,christ1 two saints and two angels4 ,about the inside were any number of historic church dignitaries1 bishops and saints4 ,and there was a concourse of other symbolic figures in the ,king and ,st4 ,columbia chapels4 ,altogether there were twenty life-size statues outside and about seventy-five smaller ones inside4 ,it has been pointed out by one shrewd observer that the chances for disagreement between the sculptor and the architects and committee members were virtually unlimited4 ,heins and ,lafarge1 the original architects1 had listened to discussions ten years before any of the building was started4 ,they had listened to the reports of sundry committees who never came to them with anything but grief4 ,and1 if they were like other men1 they must have become fairly callous and a little deaf to each new sound of woe4 ,g4 ,l4 ,heins1 ,state ,architect and a member of the firm that had designed ,st4 ,john's1 seemed to have some doubts about ,borglum4 ,it is not quite clear whether he thought the sculptor too headstrong or too argumentative4 ,gutzon wrote to him a singularly polite letter at the beginning of his commission1 outlining the ,borglum theories of ecclesiastical art4 ,and by that nobody could have been offended4 8,there it will stand to praise or damn us10 ,gutzon said1 8not so much concerned whether we have been wise or not1 but whether we have been sincere or not40 ,heins replied to that but1 unfortunately1 his letter has been mislaid4 ,one gathers the purport from the sculptor's answer4 ,gutzon wrote3 ,i agree with you about making the figures as archaic as possible4 ,still1 if a little of the unstudied natural charm that was creeping into sculpture about the time of ,donatello should appear in the figures of ,christ1 the ,virgin and the two saints1 ,i think that the gain in real beauty would be a great advantage4 ,it will be interesting to hit upon a character of interpretation in the sculpture of this great church that will be at once religious in the best sense1 profiting even by the mannerisms of the ,middle ,ages1 yet clearly a distinct product of the larger1 modern view4 ,the sculpture should be what ,i feel you are making your architecture1 no slavish interpretation of what has preceded1 but an intelligent adaptation of what has proved best1 not forgetting the large human view that our western civilization1 in its best moments1 holds in all matters religious4 ,that seems to have ended the architect's worries1 although the sculptor appears to have had plenty left4 ,shortly thereafter a visiting ,english architect1 ,e4 ,w4 ,hudson1 wrote this in the journal of the ,royal ,institute of ,british ,architects3 ,mr4 ,borglum's work shows a marked originality1 tending even to impressionism4 ,his determination not to sink his individuality has brought upon him the criticism of a passing generation of contemporaries working in ,gothic1 whose sympathies are with the archaeological exactitude of the ,revival1 and who strive to get as near as possible to the effects of a past age4 ,on this account ,mr4 ,borglum will probably have to wait awhile for full appreciation1 as ,m4 ,rodin himself has had to wait4 ,he seems1 however1 indifferent to praise or blame1 and appears determined to retain his individuality1 although it has involved the refusal of commissions for collaborating with architects whose buildings in ,american cities require as the summum bonum exact compliance with conventional precedent4 ,this critique seems a little out of step in view of ,gutzon's declaration that the figures on the cathedral should be 8made as archaic as possible40 ,but he never took notice of it4 ,he went on for months with his work1 vigorous and pleased with all that went on about him4 ,when he raised his voice1 however1 all of ,new ,york heard him4 ,he had discovered that ,john ,barr1 the contractor1 was sending his models to a ,hoboken stoneyard to be finished by machinery under contract4 ,this1 of course1 had not been written in the bond4 ,the machine treatment may have made the pieces look more archaic1 but it also made them look cheaper4 ,some of them looked less like saints than gargoyles1 and ,gutzon was angrily indignant4 ,for once the art committee gave him a quick hearing1 and presently he was allowed to exercise general supervision over the contractor's work and accept it or reject it as he saw fit4 ,but that wasn't the end of the controversy4 ,the contractor1 it seems1 wasn't so much interested in the shape of an angel as he was in the price of rock4 ,he began to change the position of arms and legs and wings to suit the contours of his blocks of stone4 ,borglum declared that these revised figures were caricatures1 and he condemned them4 ,the contractor wouldn't listen to him4 ,the committee gave him no satisfaction2 so this time he carried his complaint to the press4 ,borglum seems to have been his own best public-relations agent4 ,he demanded that the carving of the stone should be done on the cathedral grounds under his own eye4 ,inasmuch as this was strictly in keeping with the medieval tradition in church building1 he had one faction of the cathedral's congregation backing him to start off with4 ,the art critics generally thought his point well taken1 and thousands of people who knew nothing at all about sculpture wondered what was the use of models if they weren't to be followed4 ,borglum won his point4 ,a working studio was established on the cathedral grounds1 and there ,gutzon supervised the carving4 ,he shared honors with his assistant sculptors1 ,price and ,gregory1 who had come over from ,england4 ,their names are signed to the work they shared in4 ,only the contractor thought that the sculptor was hard to get along with4 ,many of the statues which ,gutzon had condemned were recut and properly placed4 ,the seventy-odd interior figures were one of the largest collections of images of religious leaders ever gathered under one roof since the beginning of the ,christian era4 ,they were also the largest collection ever carved by one artist4 ,and as revised1 they began to look somewhat respectable4 ,every detail of miter1 chasuble and coat of arms was perfect4 ,there had been much correspondence to determine the finger on which the pontifical ring should be placed4 ,by this time ,gutzon had worked amicably with the cathedral authorities for two years4 ,his early arguments about machine-cut statues were forgotten4 ,and then came an incident which made people conscious of him again4 ,a bit of newspaper confusion gave him a reputation for bad temper that he carried for the rest of his life4 ,it began in the meditations of ,dr4 ,john ,peters1 canon of the cathedral1 in a bourn far from newspapers and street-corner arguments4 ,dr4 ,peters1 all of a sudden1 had become a little uncertain about the sex of angels4 ,he wasn't at all controversial about the matter1 but he thought that he should convey what he had learned to ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,so1 in an innocent way1 he did4 ,in a letter to ,borglum he wrote3 ,dr4 ,huntington calls my attention to something that in the execution of the statues ,i had quite overlooked4 ,he points out that the ,angel of the ,incarnation is named in the ,bible as the ,archangel ,gabriel4 ,now ,gabriel is a masculine name1 and1 in point of fact1 unless ,i am mistaken1 the archangels are thought of as masculine--,michael1 ,gabriel1 ,raphael1 etc4 ,i am perfectly aware that in art one meets frequently a feminine angel type bearing the lily of the ,incarnation1 but is that really correct8 ,should not the heads of both these angels and the figures in general be made if not distinctly masculine1 at least not distinctly feminine8 ,there you have all the correspondence on one side of this important controversy4 ,gutzon's reply is appended because it is all that was said on the other side4 ,he wrote this to ,dr4 ,peters3 ,my ,dear ,dr4 ,peters1 ,i have your letter referring to the feminine character of the angels4 ,i fully recognize the correctness of your criticism from the standpoint of the ,bible1 though art and tradition have practically ignored this4 ,i shall change them as you suggest4 ,one might have thought that ,gutzon's quick acquiescence would have ended the 8controversy0 over the angels4 ,but things seem to have been different in the rarefied atmosphere of the cathedral grounds4 ,severe trouble was on its way the moment ,dr4 ,peters dropped his letter into the mailbox4 ,gutzon wasn't much concerned with the sex of the angels4 ,the model of the ,angel ,gabriel was still in soft clay4 ,it was a simple matter to remove the offending face and model one with sterner features4 ,gutzon kept the original face1 had it cast in silver and used a photograph of it as a ,christmas card4 ,it brought to the ,borglum home a signed photograph of ,bishop ,potter4 ,everything was sweetness and light until a reporter noticed that ,gabriel's countenance had quit being pretty and amiable and was now a little hard 444 and analytical and dour4 ,the discovery pleased him and he made a quick departure for his office4 ,the next morning his story appeared under a headline that didn't seem to fit it3 ,,borglum ,,smashes ,,angels ,,in ,a ,,huff ,other newspapers took up the cry and soon the subscribers were filling the press with their personal1 and no doubt authoritative1 opinions on the intriguing subject3 ,were angels men or women8 ,gutzon wasn't much concerned with this argument4 ,he didn't think it concerned him4 ,and1 save for the fact that the first story had pictured him smashing up things in a rage1 he was probably right4 ,it seemed good fun1 but twenty years later1 during the ,stone ,mountain disagreement1 a reporter dug up the original story to prove that ,gutzon's temper was ungovernable and always had been4 ,the ,atlanta ,constitution1 trying to ferret out the truth1 telegraphed the cathedral and got a reply from ,dr4 ,peters3 8,angels still stand serene in their places where ,borglum put them10 he said4 8,we never had any trouble with the sculptor40 ,the story of how ,borglum smashed the inoffensive angels went on1 however1 for years and years--and it still goes on4 ,the evil that men do1 somehow1 never lives as long as some of the evil that they never thought of doing4 ,borglum1 however1 did think that destruction might have been a good idea4 ,the last time he heard reports that he had gone berserk in his studio on the grounds of the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,john the ,divine1 he sadly shook his head4 8,i didn't think of it soon enough10 he said4 ,,chapter ,,ten ,,public ,,memorials ,it isn't remarkable that ,borglum had virtually all the work he could do in the early #aijjs4 ,nobody in ,new ,york seems to have been talking about anyone else4 ,he was no mute and long-suffering artist4 ,he was somebody who knew how to answer back 444 and he did 444 and the press loved him4 ,gutzon was not disturbed because many of his commissions came to him through people who knew nothing whatever about sculpture except that it was expensive4 8,it's no matter10 he would say4 8,if they knew anything about it1 they'd probably be calling for somebody else40 ,nevertheless1 it is true that the commissions came from people and localities as varied as those he had to do with in his own swirling life4 ,there is1 for instance1 the story of the ,john ,mackay statue in ,nevada4 ,it begins with the revival of his boyhood friendship with ,bob ,davis1 and it is typical of how things came to him4 ,one day in #aijh in some puzzlement he answered a telephone call from ,munsey's ,magazine and heard the explosive voice of ,editor ,bob ,davis1 a voice he hadn't heard in nearly twenty years4 8,i knew you in ,los ,angeles--remember80 the editor began4 8,i have something in your line ,i want to talk to you about4 ,can you have lunch with me80 ,so they had a reunion at a hotel near the studio and a pleasant meal during which nothing at all was said about sculpture4 ,gutzon thought that ,davis was going to ask him to write an article and had quickly decided to do it4 ,then suddenly ,davis came to his subject3 8,borglum10 he said1 8would you like to make a statue of ,john ,mackay80 8,of course10 ,gutzon answered in astonishment4 8,who wouldn't make a statue of a citizen like that80 8,well10 said ,davis1 8my brother ,sam is in town4 ,the state of ,nevada has trusted him with a commission4 ,the state has authorized and voted some money for the statue1 but ,clarence ,mackay has taken over the responsibility of financing it4 ,so if you will take the job----0 8,let us go and see ,sam10 ,gutzon suggested4 ,the next day1 after a meeting with ,mackay1 he got the commission4 ,gutzon was more than ordinarily pleased4 ,he was doing a lot of work but nothing spectacular4 ,he had known of ,mackay since boyhood and felt that a statue to him would attract national interest4 ,john ,w4 ,mackay1 lest people of our war-tossed world forget it1 was an international personality for several reasons4 ,he was1 among other things1 one of the ,big ,four of the ,comstock ,lode1 a silver king and a builder of the first cable laid across the ,atlantic4 ,he had been a consistent fighter with a tough constitution and no feeling1 ever1 that he could fail to win4 ,gutzon told ,clarence ,mackay that he would need all the photographs that might be available of the man and also all the data1 news and rumor about him that might still be extant4 ,mackay saw the point4 ,he not only gathered up all the information that his agents could find1 but he visited the studio every morning on his way from ,long ,island to ,broadway and spent a half hour reminiscing with the sculptor4 ,gutzon presently began to feel that he knew ,john ,w4 ,mackay pretty well4 ,the statue1 inasmuch as it had to stand in the open1 was scheduled to be eight or nine feet tall4 ,because of the static nature of the material1 ,gutzon said1 anything less than that would look smaller than human4 ,he made careful sketches to determine position1 expression and general composition1 and all of this took several months4 8,i want to show my father as he was10 ,mackay said1 8a workman in the mines out of which his wealth and his position in life came40 ,because of this the model showed the capitalist in the dress of a miner--top boots1 loose shirt open at the throat and shapeless working trousers4 ,the left hand was grasping a pick handle against which the body leaned4 ,the right hand was upturned1 holding a piece of quartz4 ,clarence ,mackay liked it4 ,when it was done he asked ,gutzon to take it to ,nevada and find a place to put it4 8,it is very difficult work to make a statue10 he said4 8,i think it is more difficult to find the right spot to display it4 ,and ,i think the man who is qualified for one job is best qualified for the other40 ,thus began a new and complicated adventure4 ,gutzon met ,sam ,davis and went to ,carson ,city1 ,nevada1 carrying letters of introduction to state officials4 ,there they met ,governor ,sparks1 who looked interested but extremely puzzled4 ,carson ,city was without parks1 city squares or1 for that matter1 any cultivated landscape4 ,the governor scratched his head and said1 8,doesn't seem to be much place where you could put a statue around here 444 unless you want to stick it out in the middle of the street40 ,the local organizations--patriotic1 political1 business1 social--all had something of the governor's attitude but were guided1 in public action1 by good old ,western individualism4 ,each one suggested where ,gutzon could put his statue1 but no two could reach an agreement4 ,the sculptor labored with them for several weeks and got very annoyed4 ,he began to think that there was no reason for locating the work in ,carson ,city4 ,the right place for it1 he ,illustration3 ,,stone ,,mountain ,illustration3 ,,working ,,platform ,,near ,,summit ,,of ,,stone ,,mountain ,illustration3 ,,model ,,of ,,stone ,,mountain ,,group ,this was the model which ,borglum destroyed4 thought1 was ,virginia ,city1 where ,mackay had operated4 ,but ,virginia ,city was in worse shape than ,carson4 ,he came one night to the home of ,sam ,davis1 after a weary day with a government committee1 and asked if he would object to communicating with ,mr4 ,mackay about where to put his father's statue4 ,sam burst into laughter4 8,you're growing up10 he said4 8,go as far as you please40 ,gutzon picked up the telephone and called ,joseph ,stubbs1 president of the ,university of ,nevada at ,reno4 ,he never could explain why he picked ,president ,stubbs except that he had met him and found him to be just the sort of man to develop a university in that sort of town4 ,at any rate1 he called and asked1 8,would it interest you to have a statue of ,john ,w4 ,mackay on the campus of your university80 ,and ,stubbs said1 8,certainly 444 or is this a joke80 ,at ,gutzon's suggestion the president sent a telegram to ,clarence ,mackay asking him if he would consider having the statue in ,reno on the university campus4 ,next morning the sculptor received a telegraphic order to call on ,president ,stubbs4 ,a place for the memorial was located at the upper end of the campus facing the sun4 ,it was behind a corrugated-iron shack which bore the label 8,school of ,mines40 ,in a short time the statue was dedicated with proper ceremonies and a tremendous turnout of important people4 ,clarence ,mackay1 who brought his friends from ,new ,york in a private car1 didn't like the ,school of ,mines structure as a background for his father4 ,so he telegraphed architect ,stanford ,white in ,new ,york to come out and lay plans for a new one4 ,the result was a new building which cost1 before ,mackay equipped it1 #dge1jjj4 ,after that came a second and a third building which1 with ,mackay's endowments1 cost somewhere over #a1ejj1jjj4 ,that1 to all intents and purposes1 was the beginning of a new life for the ,university of ,nevada4 ,the statue that led to it cost1 complete and erected1 #ab1jjj4 ,and it led to other things1 too4 ,clarence ,mackay was obviously a satisfied customer4 ,he wrote to ,sam ,davis that he was so pleased that he had tried to discharge some of his debt of gratitude by recommending the sculptor to the sponsors of the ,sheridan ,memorial to be erected in ,washington4 ,gutzon was definitely gratified4 ,his study of the ,civil ,war in preparing the model for the ,grant competition had made him familiar with its leaders4 ,and he loved ,sheridan's saltiness1 activity and audacious courage4 ,he respected the general's reputed ability to swear and his genius for making his men understand tirades that must have sounded like jabberwocky4 8,a great general60 declared ,borglum4 8,and unusual60 ,unfortunately1 the ,united ,states government had already placed the commission for this memorial and the field was now open to all because the original artist had not yet produced a model satisfactory to the committee4 ,he had been at it thirteen years4 ,a second misfortune lay in the fact that this sculptor was ,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,ward1 president of the ,national ,sculpture ,society1 who had failed to see eye to eye with ,gutzon on many subjects1 chief of which was the controversy over reorganizing the society4 ,in spite of this he and ,gutzon had exchanged letters expressing sorrow that there had been any bad feeling4 ,the last thing ,borglum wanted to do was to give further offense to the distinguished leader of the ,new ,york sculptors 444 but he did make the memorial4 ,art was art1 and he got it done on schedule4 ,gutzon found it easy to open correspondence with the committee in charge of the memorial4 ,he had long been acquainted with ,president ,theodore ,roosevelt1 and he had met some of his military aides through their common love for horses4 ,it was arranged to have ,mrs4 ,sheridan and her son visit the ,thirty-eighth ,street studio4 ,they came and reported that they liked what they had seen--the model for the ,grant monument with its three horses1 the dashing horses of the 8,mares of ,diomedes0 group1 the marble head of ,lincoln4 ,there was still some delay about the granting of a new contract4 ,gutzon was interviewed4 ,he sent photographs of his work to the committee4 ,presently1 however1 he was contemplating his old annoyance4 ,the committee suggested a competition4 ,gutzon ,borglum refused4 8,i shall be happy to make a sketch model for the committee's consideration10 he said1 8but only after ,i have received a contract40 ,after much discussion the committee gave in4 ,the contract was awarded1 and ,gutzon made the sketch model as he had agreed4 ,the sketch was eventually cast in bronze and presented to the ,officers' ,club of ,rio de ,janeiro as a gift from the ,officers' ,club of ,washington4 ,the uncovering of the general's life brought contacts with many of his old comrades in arms1 including a close friend1 ,general ,george ,forsyth4 ,colonel ,royal ,e4 ,whitman1 an old ,indian fighter who had ridden with ,sheridan in the ,civil ,war1 wrote ,gutzon dozens of letters covering all sorts of details4 ,he even declared he could produce the actual accouterments of ,sheridan's horse4 ,sheridan's horse1 as is well known1 is preserved stuffed and mounted on ,governor's ,island4 ,borglum wasn't much interested in it4 ,it was unthinkable to him that a dead horse could pose for the one that carried ,sheridan on his wild ride to ,winchester4 ,through ,colonel ,whitman he had bought a ,virginia hunter named 8,smoke0 who had the run of the studio and was a tractable pet4 ,in due course 8,smoke0 qualified as ,sheridan's mount4 ,one remarkable thing about the memorial--an innovation that now has become almost commonplace in art--assured its success4 ,sheridan was presented not as the older man he lived to be1 but in his prime and at a supreme moment in his career--the turn of the ,federal retreat at ,winchester4 ,gutzon pictured the moment when the general1 returning from a conference with ,lincoln1 came galloping to meet his fleeing soldiers4 ,in the statue he has pulled up his horse and is waving the men back into the fight4 ,there is fury in his eye and1 as the sculptor felt1 a historic phrase on his lips3 8,you will sleep in your tents tonight or you will sleep in hell60 ,gutzon modeled the horse and rider in clay1 in the size that they would have in bronze1 which was another important characteristic of his work4 ,he never turned over a small model to others to have it enlarged by mechanical process1 as was being done by some sculptors4 ,he wanted his own modeling1 the imprint of his thumb1 to appear in the finished work4 ,he wanted to get the spirit of the action and pose4 ,if he were to expend creative effort on a sketch1 he declared1 he would have lost interest by the time he came to make an exact copy on a larger scale4 ,there has been considerable controversy over ,sheridan's ride to ,winchester4 ,some writers1 like ,joseph ,hergesheimer1 have maintained that the wild gallop was only a mild trot4 ,general ,crosby and ,general ,forsyth1 brother officers of ,sheridan1 favored the accepted version4 ,so would any cavalry officer4 ,no matter how he might have been riding at the start1 he was certainly riding as fast as the horse could take him when he came up with his defeated command4 ,an eyewitness of the ride1 ,private ,frederick ,bullis of the ,new ,york ,state volunteers1 reported3 ,i was near enough to him to touch his horse when he got there4 ,there were lumps of foam as big as my fists on the horse's face1 and his nostrils were bleeding4 ,sheridan stood up in his stirrups and yelled 8,face the other way6 ,face the other way60 ,he kept yelling it over and over4 ,he was swinging his sword and swearing like a demon4 ,the monument was unveiled with much pomp and circumstance on ,november #be1 #aijh4 ,mrs4 ,sheridan herself pulled the cord that held the draperies in place4 ,there was a parade of the armed forces that included every branch of the services4 ,there were speeches by notables and concerts by brass bands4 ,there was also a long account of the event in the ,omaha ,bee4 ,the correspondent identified ,gutzon ,borglum as an ,omaha boy1 which1 indeed1 he once had been4 ,the turbulent figure of ,sheridan was acclaimed as one of the greatest military statues in ,america4 ,critics noted the anatomical perfection of the horse and the faithful picturing of the general as a young man4 ,but their praise was for the terrific action in bronze sculpture--the captured fear and climax of battle4 ,it is hard to imagine that this memorial and the monument to ,president ,lincoln in ,newark were both the work of the same artist4 ,lincoln1 shown in a moment of deep dejection during the ,civil ,war when the news from the front was bad1 is pathetic4 ,he is every man's friend just as he is every man's other self1 face to face with unhappiness1 harried by disaster4 ,it was ,lincoln's custom to visit the ,war ,office late at night to get the most recent dispatches1 and the memorial in ,newark shows him after such a call4 ,he is sitting on a bench1 his tall hat beside him1 dispirited and alone4 ,borglum's idea for the statue was inspired by a letter from ,lincoln to a friend shortly after his election4 8,i could appreciate the feelings of ,christ in the ,garden of ,gethsemane4444 ,i am now in my ,garden of ,gethsemane40 ,borglum received the commission to make this statue as a result of the exhibition of his marble head of ,lincoln in the ,capitol4 ,amos ,van ,horn1 ,civil ,war veteran and citizen of ,newark1 had bequeathed #aej1jjj for three public monuments1 one to ,washington1 one to ,lincoln and a third to the soldiers and sailors who had fought in the ,war between the ,states4 ,he appointed three executors1 chief of whom was ,ralph ,e4 ,lum1 a ,newark lawyer who knew nothing of ,borglum or his work except the ,lincoln head4 ,that seemed enough evidence4 ,he gave the sculptor the commission for the ,lincoln ,memorial and thereafter was always his steadfast friend4 ,the work was carried out under pleasant1 amicable1 understanding relations4 ,there was no competition4 ,the executors had virtually no suggestions4 ,they knew that ,gutzon ,borglum was a competent sculptor1 and they left the details of the production to him4 ,he submitted a small model which they considered and accepted4 ,after that he made a full-sized model in clay4 ,the location chosen for the memorial was in front of the ,newark courthouse where much grading and change was needed4 ,the city lacked a thousand dollars of enough to pay for what was needed2 so ,gutzon advanced the money to ,park ,superintendent ,carl ,bannwort4 ,the architect who drew the plans for the setting was an old friend1 ,william ,price4 ,the architect1 ,bannwort and ,gutzon contrived to give the statue a perfect environment1 and ,bannwort seemed surprised to see it finished4 8,it's the first time10 he said1 8that ,i ever heard of a sculptor ever giving back a part of his own pay40 ,work was begun in #aiji1 and a year later the ,gorham ,company announced the arrival of the full-sized plaster model at their foundry in ,providence1 ,rhode ,island4 ,the sculptor had asked that they cast the bronze in one piece1 which cost forty per cent more and took more time4 ,he thought it worth the extra expense because there would be no seams in the bronze and no danger of breakage due to extremes of heat and cold4 ,gutzon was pleased with the work when it appeared in bronze4 8,lincoln never left the ,garden of ,gethsemane10 he said4 8,he went right from ,springfield to the labor of war4 ,and ,lee had hardly surrendered when ,lincoln was shot4 ,it is a curious and charming picture when you realize that he wandered away constantly into this garden alone40 ,there was much favorable comment on the work after it was set in place4 ,the sculptor himself thought that he had never made a finer thing4 ,the appeal of the statue is evident in the actions of the children who cluster about it4 ,all day in summer they come here to play4 ,they sit in ,lincoln's lap1 clasp their arms about his neck1 roll about his feet1 completely pleased4 ,they could not say why4 ,they don't know much of who this man is supposed to be4 ,they don't know much about ,lincoln4 ,but they know his sadness and they feel his gentleness and friendliness4 ,former ,president ,theodore ,roosevelt was principal speaker when the monument was dedicated on ,memorial ,day1 #aiac4 ,wildly cheering throngs of men1 women and children lined his way of march and gave him an inspiring tribute all the way from ,new ,york ,city1 an experience which ,gutzon declared was what gave ,roosevelt the idea of running for ,president for a third term4 ,nobody seems to have remembered what he said as he pledged the country's support to what ,lincoln had stood for--,lincoln who sat with bowed head1 worried and disconsolate1 on a bench before him4 ,,chapter ,,eleven ,,stamford ,,and ,,politics ,in #aiji ,john ,gutzon ,borglum married ,mary ,williams ,montgomery1 to nobody's great surprise4 ,mary ,montgomery was born in ,turkey of missionary parents and had lived there twelve years4 ,she was educated at ,wellesley and received a ,ph4,d4 degree from the ,university of ,berlin4 ,she could argue with ,gutzon1 sometimes successfully4 ,their meeting1 in a way1 was accidental4 ,on her way back to the ,united ,states after her ,berlin studies1 she had boarded a ship at ,rotterdam4 ,it turned out to be the same one that the sculptor barely caught at ,cherbourg4 ,he joined her party for shipboard games and poker1 and they were quickly friends4 ,he met her family and she became well acquainted with his sisters2 and a family association went on for years4 ,miss ,montgomery taught ,french for a year in ,new ,haven1 then joined two other girls in a literary agency that did translations1 research work and special articles until they married and broke up the partnership4 ,she worked with ,dr4 ,henry ,smith ,williams on ,the ,historians' ,history of the ,world and there met ,rupert ,hughes1 another friend of ,gutzon's4 ,she also worked with ,dr4 ,isidore ,singer as manager in the preparation of ,the ,jewish ,encyclopedia4 ,much of her life was spent in the vicinity of ,thirty-eighth ,street4 ,after leaving ,dr4 ,williams she did secretarial work1 some of it for ,gutzon1 and became acquainted with many more of the ,borglum friends4 ,she learned a great deal about the operations of the ,thirty-eighth ,street studio4 ,so1 in #aiji they were married at ,short ,beach1 ,connecticut1 with a ,new ,haven divine1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,t4 ,munger1 and ,miss ,montgomery's two brothers officiating4 ,the ,borglums went for a honeymoon to some trout stream in ,canada and thence to a place on the ,gunnison ,river in ,colorado4 ,by that time ,mrs4 ,borglum was certain that her life was going to be vastly different4 ,and so it was4 ,in #aiaj ,gutzon announced that they would move to ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 where they would cultivate peace and associate with gentle1 quiet people4 ,almost overnight he was making speeches for the common man and beating the drums for politics4 ,in ,stamford he was promptly introduced to the famous ,connecticut ,town ,meeting and was intensely interested because he had never heard of anything like it4 ,he went home with staring eyes to write that he had just learned the part an individual could play1 first in his home town1 next in his state and finally in his native land4 ,he rewrote a pair of sentiments from his diary3 8,a man's first love is his mother2 his second1 his sweetheart2 his third1 art2 his fourth1 all40 ,and he underlined this warning3 8,no individual's life is worth the immortality he seeks unless he articulates the voice of his tribe40 ,you may take that as typical of ,gutzon4 ,he had been in ,stamford one or two nights and he belonged to it as much as the oldest inhabitant4 ,the moving from the old duplex apartment in ,new ,york to the country was a momentous undertaking4 ,the two horses1 ,smoke and ,halool1 were taken to ,new ,rochelle for the night by the faithful ,banks4 ,the next day ,gutzon and a friend1 like knights of old1 rode on horseback to the new domain4 ,the feat wasn't so startling to beholders as it might have been in ,new ,york4 ,horses in ,stamford in #aiaj were regularly in view and continuously in use4 ,gutzon himself became a familiar figure in the countryside as he drove ,smoke back and forth between the railroad station and home4 ,wife and furniture arrived in ,stamford on that first day by train and van4 ,most of the stable equipment came from the old establishment of ,colonel ,whitman in ,washington4 ,much of it accompanied the colonel1 who arrived to spend the summer4 ,the procession of visitors who came to luncheon1 to dinner or to spend the week seems appalling from this distance of time1 and emphasizes the contrast of that era when there was no difficulty about entertaining4 ,stamford grocery stores of the day were primitive4 ,they made no delivery to the ,borglum mnage six miles away2 so hampers of foodstuffs were shipped by express twice a week from ,new ,york4 ,the old farmhouse was completely rebuilt1 partitions pulled down and new rooms added4 ,the house stood on a slope1 and one large living room was dug out of the bank after the master bedroom1 above1 had been finished and was being lived in4 ,the barn1 which had been close to the house1 was hauled a thousand feet and placed beside a brook4 ,the brook was dammed to make a pond4 ,gutzon took an active part in all the digging1 trimming of trees and laying out of roads4 ,road building had always been one of ,gutzon's hobbies1 and in later years he was to become associated with national highway-building projects4 ,on his place in ,stamford he built a road1 cutting the arc on the ,wire ,mill ,road1 which until that time had passed close to the ,marshall ,house1 the new home4 ,the town accepted the sculptor's changed road and thirty-five years later it was still in use4 ,after the passing of those years a local highway engineer located and unearthed an old drainpipe1 placed there by ,gutzon4 8,well10 he said1 8,borglum was known throughout the town as a good builder40 ,filled with the old ,town ,meeting spirit1 the sculptor quickly organized the neighbors living along the main road leading into ,stamford as an association to beautify and improve their grounds bordering on it4 ,next he managed to get lighting for the road from the town electric company and a similar gift for the ,long ,ridge ,road1 which was equally important4 ,by studying the town1 county and state road-building and bonding regulations1 he discovered that the town could borrow money against the stipulated return to it of the same amount from the state or county1 thus securing funds for the building of improved roads at once4 ,the matter was taken to the ,town ,meeting1 of course1 and it caused much debate4 ,but eventually it passed1 and both ,high ,ridge and ,long ,ridge roads were benefited4 ,then1 presently1 he had a new and interesting idea4 ,he founded a bus company 8so that10 as he said1 8the farm women might have a chance to come to town when their husbands are using the horses in the fields40 ,he was very happy in the designing of bus bodies to be fitted onto ,reo ,truck chassis and in arranging a suitable pageant to celebrate the beginning of the service4 ,there is a lamentable lack of detail in available information about the bus company4 ,one doesn't know if the farm wives were able to ride into town on it more frequently1 or if ,gutzon was able to pasture his horse4 ,he got out of it after a while and turned his attention to new and more stirring projects4 ,the general belief is that he operated it until it needed rewinding4 ,one of the amazing things about him is that his art work always seemed to survive his other projects4 ,soon after moving up from ,new ,york he built a temporary studio out of glass cold-bed frames and there began a monument for ,north ,carolina of the first soldier killed on the ,southern side in the ,war between the ,states4 ,he also started a creative 8pipe dream0 in marble called 8,orpheus and ,eurydice40 ,the boy who had been guiding the oxen for much of the heavy work on the place was asked to pose for ,orpheus4 ,his wife's remarks1 as repeated by ,bill the husband1 were striking4 ,when she was informed of his new and startling occupation she demanded1 8,did you have to stand in your underwear80 8,no10 he said1 8,i just had to take everything off40 ,she prefaced her critique with a ladylike sniff4 8,well10 she said knowingly1 8you must have been a sight4444 ,just a perfect sight60 ,at this time a location for the permanent studio was chosen across the ,rippowam ,river1 nearly half a mile from the house4 ,the corner rock was christened in champagne1 accompanied by a stirring speech from ,colonel ,whitman4 ,for years the only way of reaching the studio by carriage or automobile was through a cement-based ford1 devised by ,gutzon4 ,there was a swing bridge for pedestrians4 ,at the very outset of the work ,gutzon had brought out his architect friend ,william ,price of ,rosedale1 near ,philadelphia1 who had helped him with the ,newark ,lincoln and other work4 ,on the river1 at some distance below the ford1 a group of campfire girls used to have a summer camp under the guidance of ,mrs4 ,lanier1 whose husband was the son of ,sidney ,lanier1 the poet4 ,on ,sunday mornings the sculptor used to give the girls talks on art and life which are still remembered4 ,the studio was built entirely of stone from huge1 pinkish granite boulders which ,gutzon had located within a few hundred feet of his location half buried in the soil4 ,these were dug out1 cut and scraped by a crew of ,italian stonecutters who came from a neighboring town the first of every week and returned on ,saturday1 camping out in the woods near the work4 ,the fireplace was unique4 ,it was made to accommodate six-to eight-foot logs and was open to a height of ten feet from the floor1 where sandstone blocks formed the mantel4 ,the size of the building was forty by sixty feet1 and the style was ,tudor ,gothic4 ,when it was time to lay the sills of the studio doors1 before the roof with its heavy steel was up1 ,gutzon invited the officers of the ,masonic ,grand ,lodge of both ,connecticut and ,new ,york1 together with members of his own ,howard ,lodge1 to take part in the dedication4 ,it was a grand affair although something merely on the rim of the arts4 ,gutzon was gradually increasing his interest in other matters4 ,for one thing1 he was being inducted into a knowledge of the working of an elected group in a community1 chosen to govern the finances and public interests of the electors4 ,this was his conception of the meaning of politics4 ,another matter to which he had given attention was the often debated question of consolidation of the town and city governments of ,stamford4 ,he worked out a scheme which he placed before the town selectmen in #aiab1 whereby1 in successive steps1 the selectmen would be placed in charge of departments as commissioners thereof1 and eventually the city government would be abolished4 ,the selectmen-commissioners would take over its powers4 ,thus a joint-commission form of government would be acquired for both town and city4 ,he wrote to ,frank ,butterworth1 a prominent ,progressive of ,connecticut3 ,i enclose herewith a scheme that was put before the selectmen of ,stamford4444 ,we cannot get rid of the town form of government in ,connecticut1 so it has occurred to me and a great many before me that we had better take the principle of town government with selectmen1 which from the very fact that it is primitive is good1 and develop that4 ,my plan here is to bring everything in town and city under one government4 ,in all these dealings ,gutzon had come into close touch with the political situation4 ,it was common gossip that both town and city1 more particularly the latter1 were boss-ridden and that it did not make much difference whether a ,republican or ,democratic administration was in control4 ,the same machine went on and on1 and expenditures for services rendered were out of all proportion to values received4 ,the time was the dawn of the ,progressive movement which aimed to do away with bossed and machine-controlled government1 demanding honesty and efficiency in high places4 ,a new national election1 that of #aiab1 was in the offing4 ,gutzon's old friend1 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 was running for ,president on a third-party ,progressive ticket4 ,what was more natural than that the sculptor should enter this campaign with gusto4 ,he became chairman of the ,progressive ,party of ,stamford1 and nearly wore himself out trying to arouse the progressive element in the citizenship of the whole state of ,connecticut4 ,there was a strong element of drama in the campaign as waged in the city and town of ,stamford4 ,in the first place1 the 8,old ,guard0 was not going to allow a newcomer to meddle unchallenged with their ancient customs4 ,one of the most respected members of the community wrote an indignant letter to the ,stamford ,advocate1 the only local paper1 protesting against the upstart sculptor who 8had not been able to achieve fame in his own calling0 and was trying to gain a little notoriety by attaching himself to ,roosevelt's kite4 ,gutzon addressed mass meetings from the ,town ,hall steps4 ,he spoke on street corners and in front of the huge ,yale and ,towne ,lock factory where men and women were going home from work4 ,he got to be a ready speaker and learned to think on his feet4 ,one incident was memorable4 ,some heckler had asked why ,roosevelt had suddenly changed his mind on a certain question4 8,don't you know10 ,gutzon shot back at him1 8that ,saint ,paul lived to be fifty-two before he suddenly changed his whole way of life and became a ,christian80 ,people in ,stamford still remember the picturesque and effective fight carried on by the ,progressives under the leadership of the imaginative ,gutzon4 ,on one occasion a torchlight procession was arranged in which the ,borglum donkey1 8,shamrock10 a large1 gray1 intelligent creature1 appeared as a symbol of both the old parties1 wearing on his rear end an elephant head1 the trunk of which concealed his tail4 ,two ,stamford citizens1 who were ,gutzon's chief lieutenants in the fray and remained his friends ever after1 were featured in the press of the day as 8,handsome ,harry0 ,abbot and 8,young0 ,arthur ,crandall4 ,the latter lived and worked with ,borglum at one time and never got over his youthful reverence for ,gutzon1 which was not diminished by close contact4 ,when he heard this book was being written he said3 8,don't forget to mention his real humility10 which was a side of the sculptor's nature revealed only to those who knew him best4 ,joseph ,alsop was state chairman of the ,progressive ,party of ,connecticut1 and ,gutzon developed a deep friendship with him4 ,mr4 ,whittaker1 editor of the ,stamford ,advocate for many years and a reactionary and autocratic individual1 came to the ,borglum farm one night about midnight to try to influence the sculptor to change his attitude4 ,the mayor of the city1 ,charles ,p4 ,rowell1 came out at dusk1 wearing a big black hat and a long cape1 like a villain in a play4 ,he would not come into the house1 where someone might hear what he had to say1 but asked ,gutzon to come outside4 ,they talked by the footbridge on the way to the studio4 ,mr4 ,rowell tried to make a deal1 and when the sculptor refused he exclaimed with conscious drama1 8,then it's a fight--a fight to the finish60 8,yes10 agreed ,gutzon solemnly1 8and a sword to the hilt60 ,a few days after the election ,s4 ,e4 ,vincent1 the newly elected ,progressive congressman1 wrote to ,gutzon4 ,with election over it is now time to figure up and take inventory of conditions4 ,if ,i have a clear idea of how the ,progressive party stands1 that party has every reason to be proud of the results accomplished in a campaign of only ninety days1 without funds or party machinery1 with all the papers against our cause and some of them not overcareful about telling the whole truth4 ,herbert ,knox ,smith1 a ,connecticut leader of the party1 wrote on ,november #d3 8,i cannot let this fight close without sending you my heartfelt personal thanks for what you have done4 ,it has certainly been fine1 and ,i appreciate it more deeply than ,i can say4 ,best regards to you40 ,and the colonel wrote from ,oyster ,bay1 ,november #ab1 #aiab3 ,my ,dear ,borglum3 ,in this great fight for elementary justice and decency1 for fair play in the industrial no less than in the political world1 and for honesty everywhere1 there are many men to whom ,i feel peculiarly grateful1 not only personally but because of what they have done for the people as a whole4 ,you come high among these men2 and in this very inadequate but far from perfunctory manner1 ,i wish to express my profound acknowledgment4 ,faithfully yours1 ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,in his records ,gutzon somehow fails to note that the ,progressives1 despite ,roosevelt's defeat1 did rather well in ,connecticut4 ,after all1 what interested ,gutzon was the fight4 ,,chapter ,,twelve ,,chicago ,,convention ,the ,first ,world ,war started in ,august #aiad1 and was catalogued as somebody else's trouble by nearly everybody in the ,united ,states4 ,its effect on local politics was to start arguments about whether or not our government should spend money to rearm4 ,anyway1 the situation in #aiad was different than that of #aiab4 ,woodrow ,wilson1 who had become ,president largely as a result of the ,progressive-party movement in #aiab1 was being looked at askance by manufacturers1 bankers1 shippers and conservative politicians who thought that he was a mistake4 ,borglum1 still standing fast by the ,progressive banner1 figured that another election would see his party in power if enough people got interested in the prospect4 ,at the moment1 he pointed out to those who would listen to him1 the policies of the federal government involved something besides a waste of money4 ,human lives were concerned4 ,he declared that if ,england had been prepared1 the ,kaiser would never have invaded ,belgium1 and that he would certainly have stayed at home if the ,united ,states and ,england had been prepared and had showed they would support ,france4 ,theodore ,roosevelt had always advocated preparedness4 ,his words1 8,speak softly and carry a big stick10 were well known and often quoted4 ,in the crisis during the ,congressional election of #aiad the sculptor did not advise ,progressives to return to the ,republican party4 ,instead he tried to persuade ,republicans to nominate candidates whom ,progressives could support4 ,in ,connecticut the ,progressives held the balance of power4 ,gutzon did not believe that they should put a ticket of their own into the field4 ,they should keep their identity1 he felt1 and place their power as a group behind the best candidates nominated by other parties4 ,at the same time1 he believed that the ,progressive element was stronger in the ,republican than in the ,democratic party4 ,he advised adopting a liberal attitude toward ,republicans to avoid a further breach with the parent organization4 ,by following such a policy in the #aiad election1 he hoped that by #aiaf it would be possible to elect ,theodore ,roosevelt ,president4 ,at all events1 he considered a strong ,congress essential in #aiad4 ,after careful consideration ,gutzon decided to support for ,congress ,ebenezer ,j4 ,hill of ,fairfield ,county1 a man who had previously been in ,congress and had been defeated by the ,progressives in the #aiab election4 ,he chose ,hill because of his stand on the nonpartisan tariff board1 which he favored1 and his open quarrel with boss rule4 ,the sculptor's stand for ,hill was strongly opposed by ,herbert ,knox ,smith of ,connecticut and ,george ,w4 ,perkins of ,new ,york1 national leader of the ,progressive party4 ,gutzon and ,perkins had an argument over the matter on ,mr4 ,childs's yacht on ,long ,island ,sound one night about midnight4 ,other ,progressives were there1 including ,colonel ,roosevelt1 who appears to have been noncommittal on the subject of ,progressives supporting ,republicans4 ,gutzon always believed1 however1 that ,roosevelt approved his action4 ,the sculptor was concerned only with what he believed to be right4 ,he walked out of a meeting in ,march #aiad when ,herbert ,knox ,smith had put through the state central committee a resolution that only enrolled ,progressives could vote in the primaries4 ,smith's methods were unfair1 ,gutzon declared1 and he wrote an open letter accusing him of gag rule4 ,despite such difficulties1 however1 he did take time to prepare and deliver a resolution of welcome and allegiance to ,roosevelt at a public rally held in ,hartford in ,august #aiad4 ,there is some evidence that to him politics had begun to look less like a fine tournament4 ,to ,isaac ,ullman of ,new ,haven he wrote3 8,i am pretty sick and discouraged with what is called politics4 ,you know only too well what ,i mean--the sordid and selfish side of the little ones and their own personal advancement4 ,the best we can do is to do our best1 and ,i try to do that all the time44440 ,another disappointment to the sculptor in this campaign was the placing in the field1 by the state central committee1 of an independent ,progressive ballot which he had consistently opposed4 ,the fact that he was named candidate for one of the offices in no way placated him4 ,he refused to let his name appear on the ticket1 and he was bitter in giving his reasons4 ,in the #aiaf campaign ,gutzon again supported ,mr4 ,hill1 who had been elected two years before with about eighty-five per cent of the ,progressives voting for him4 ,but by that time the sculptor had become conscious of the political boss ,john ,t4 ,king1 who had appeared at the first ,bridgeport meeting sponsoring ,mr4 ,hill4 ,the congressman entered into long correspondence with him explaining ,mr4 ,king's motivation4 ,a year later when ,colonel ,roosevelt met ,mr4 ,king in ,stamford the sculptor wrote an open letter of protest to ,roosevelt4 ,the former ,president took the rebuke good-naturedly4 ,when a reporter in #aiah1 during the aircraft investigation1 asked ,roosevelt if it was not true that ,borglum was a traitor on account of his charges against the administration1 ,roosevelt snapped back1 8,what6 ,borglum a traitor8 ,if he isn't a patriot there aren't any60 8,but ,colonel10 the newsman persisted1 8didn't ,borglum criticize even you80 ,roosevelt laughed4 8,oh1 that10 he said4 8,nothing6 ,borglum just didn't like the company ,i kept40 ,as for the national situation after #aiad1 the chief question was3 8,what will ,theodore ,roosevelt do in #aiaf80 ,it was discussed wherever men gathered4 ,come to think about it1 #aiaf is now some thirty-six years behind us1 and to much of the populace the interesting characters of that season's presidential campaign are merely a confused collection of names4 ,colonel ,theodore ,roosevelt1 veteran of the ,spanish-,american ,war1 governor of ,new ,york from #ahih-aijj1 had been drafted to run for the ,vice-,presidency of the ,united ,states in ,william ,mc,kinley's #aijj presidential campaign4 ,he became ,president in ,september #aija1 after ,mc,kinley was killed by the terrorist ,leon ,czolgosz1 and was re-elected in #aijd4 ,roosevelt was a man of vision4 ,he was popular and he was fearless4 ,he was also an experienced and naturally shrewd politician4 ,he began his service as ,president with an outcry against ,big ,business in politics4 ,he dissolved the ,northern ,securities ,company and other corporations for violation of the antitrust laws4 ,in #aijc he instituted the ,department of ,commerce and ,labor4 ,also in #aijc he promoted the ,elkins ,act which forbade railroad rebates to favored corporations4 ,in #aijf he sponsored the ,hepburn ,act which regulated railroad fares4 ,that same year he was behind the passage of the ,pure ,food and ,drugs ,act4 ,and it was his influence that made possible the ,reclamation ,act and the employers' liability laws4 ,he mediated the peace between ,japan and ,russia in #aije and won the ,nobel ,peace ,prize4 ,by recognizing ,panama he made possible the construction of the ,panama ,canal1 which was started during his administration4 ,he was a great showman and singularly active1 and most ,americans loved him whether they liked his political philosophy or not4 ,in #aijh he got the presidential nomination for his friend ,william ,howard ,taft1 and ,taft was elected4 ,but there was some difficulty during the next four years4 ,roosevelt turned a bit sour on the ,president because he thought ,taft wasn't liberal enough4 ,a real political crisis came in #aiab4 ,taft wanted the presidential nomination and he got it4 ,roosevelt1 it seems1 also wanted the presidential nomination4 ,so he walked his delegates out of the ,chicago convention and organized the ,progressive party4 ,woodrow ,wilson1 the ,democratic candidate1 was elected4 ,the ,progressives turned out to be a pretty strong organization1 and they made some gains during the next four years4 ,the split in ,republican thought was still pretty wide when it came time to think about the #aiaf campaign1 and ,theodore ,roosevelt was still one of the biggest men in the country4 ,there were some indications that in his promotion of harmony between the ,progressives and the regular ,republicans he might accept a nomination and run for a third term4 ,gossip had touched on two other men who might be considered by the delegates--,charles ,evans ,hughes1 who had been governor of ,new ,york for two terms1 and ,major ,general ,leonard ,wood1 former ,chief of ,staff of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 commander of the ,department of the ,east and close friend of ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,hughes was an old-line ,republican4 ,wood was a ,progressive4 ,to the former ,president1 ,gutzon sent a five-page letter showing his fear for the disunity between the different groups and the certain disaster it could bring to the nation4 ,he said3 ,you can be the next nominee for the ,presidency of the ,u4 ,s4 if that is what you wish4 ,but it will be wrung from the powerful grip of powerful forces1 and ,i very much question the result that would follow such a conquest4 ,i think you should boldly and frankly name a man close to you1 a man long known and tried by you1 a man who would include you in his private councils4 ,there is another advantage in this besides quieting the antagonism and putting the lie to a million or more irreconcilables4 ,you would enter for good that position so enviable as the ,first ,american4 ,there was no doubt whatever that ,general ,leonard ,wood was the man ,gutzon had in mind when he made this appeal4 ,he had been on friendly terms with the general for years1 and had boundless respect for the abilities he had shown as a soldier and as the chief administrator of ,cuban affairs after the ,spanish-,american ,war4 ,he had never been more cheered than when a newspaper reported that ,colonel ,roosevelt had himself proposed ,general ,wood as a nominee to be considered by the ,chicago convention4 ,promptly1 in ,april #aiaf1 he wrote to ,roosevelt1 8,in naming ,leonard ,wood1 your lifelong friend1 you have given the conservatives and the irreconcilables the key to the threatened deadlock1 or1 as some have boasted1 #8deathlock4' ,you have said the first thing that has been said to make impossible a bitter struggle40 ,he had many friends who did not share his belief that ,roosevelt would turn out to be altruistic at ,chicago4 ,it is interesting to see how he clung to his faith in his hero despite all indication that for once he might be wrong 444 and it is also a little pathetic4 ,meanwhile1 he went about the country on artistic commissions1 interviewing ,progressive leaders on the way for the information of ,george ,w4 ,perkins4 ,he was on his way home from ,atlanta in ,may when he got a mysterious call to stop in ,washington4 ,there he learned that ,progressives had made overtures to the ,republicans asking that a representative acceptable to both sides be chosen to act as a confidential go-between for the inside leaders4 ,an approach had been made to ,colonel ,roosevelt by ,congressman ,william ,b4 ,mc,kinley of ,illinois1 who asked if ,borglum would be acceptable4 ,the colonel had said that he would4 ,gutzon was notified4 ,and that is not the least fantastic thing that happened at this fantastic convention4 ,old ,guard ,republicans would not allow ,roosevelt to be nominated1 but they knew they couldn't win without his aid4 ,they were willing to accept ,leonard ,wood if ,roosevelt wanted him1 and they were glad to have ,borglum to carry such important messages4 ,the sculptor called on ,mc,kinley1 then interviewed ,colonel ,roosevelt and ,general ,wood4 ,their agreement1 plainly stated1 was that if ,roosevelt could not be nominated1 he would throw his influence to ,wood4 ,others aware of this agreement were ,john ,a4 ,stewart of ,new ,york1 and ,e4 ,b4 ,johns1 correspondent of the ,army and ,navy ,journal in ,washington4 ,gutzon went to ,chicago early in ,june and registered at the ,union ,league ,club4 ,there he met ,speaker ,joe ,cannon1 ,representative ,mc,kinley and other high-ranking ,republicans with whom he kept in constant touch4 ,also1 he visited ,perkins and ,governor ,hiram ,johnson and other ,progressive leaders at ,progressive headquarters4 ,he was as widely and officially informed of the situation1 he thought1 as any man could hope to be4 ,everybody was friendly and straightforward4 ,his great advantage1 he felt1 was that1 as a well-known artist who had no political ties or aspirations1 he was to be trusted4 ,well1 maybe4444 ,most of the lads he was meeting had never in all their lives trusted anybody4 ,what ,gutzon seems never to have realized is that he was squarely in the middle of what amounted to a species of civil war4 ,the ,republican party was definitely split--make no mistake about that--and its two factions1 after giving the ,presidency to the ,democrats1 had been doing well enough in other elections to survive4 ,neither side was as good as it said it was4 ,neither side could stand any losses4 ,so the leaders of each side wore broad1 confidential smiles in public1 and in private they moved in the fashion of morose and wary conspirators4 ,each side feared the other with a real1 practical fear1 and each side looked on a messenger from the other as a self-seeking ferret who must be lulled by soft--and wrong--answers4 ,excerpts from ,gutzon's detailed report to ,general ,wood give one coherent account of the convention1 many details of which are still the subject of controversy after more than thirty years4 ,the sculptor shows himself to have been an able observer1 though puzzled2 and he seems to have overlooked one fairly evident feature--that ,roosevelt in the midst of turmoil was serenely waiting for a miracle1 well aware of his importance and convinced that in the failure of others he might well grow stronger4 ,he certainly would have liked to be nominated 444 and who can say that he overestimated his chances8 ,in the beginning of his report to ,major ,general ,wood the sculptor said3 ,i had been in ,chicago hardly twenty-four hours when ,i found out that the ,progressives would not have anything to do with ,republicans4 ,they were playing a foolish game of waiting to be called on4 ,they had even turned down the proposition of entering the convention on equal terms for the first few ballots and adjourning at will4 ,apparently they were afraid to run the risk1 although they were boasting that they had as high as #djj votes4 ,where they could get half that number nobody knew but themselves4 ,on the subject of the ,progressives' failure to join ,republicans in presenting favorite sons in the early balloting1 the sculptor wired ,colonel ,roosevelt on ,thursday1 ,june #h3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,powerful ,,indianans ,,just ,,said ,,that ,,if ,,you ,,declared ,,now ,,publicly ,,for ,,any ,,candidate1 ,,the ,,rest ,,might ,,as ,,well ,,go ,,home4 ,,he ,,added ,,that ,,this ,,position ,,can',t ,,last4 ,,have ,,seen ,,leaders ,,of ,,ohio1 ,,pennsylvania1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,new ,,jersey1 ,,indiana1 ,,illinois1 ,,nebraska1 ,,california1 ,,massachusetts2 ,,also ,,hitchcock1 ,,whom ,i ,,knew ,,personally4 ,,bad ,,effect ,,created ,,by ,,progressives ,,not ,,daring ,,to ,,work ,,on ,,first ,,ballots ,,with ,,favorite ,,sons4 ,,progressives ,,passive ,,toward ,,hughes4 ,,old ,,guard ,,say ,,that ,,under ,,no ,,consideration ,,will ,,they ,,accept ,,hughes ,,unless ,,forced4 ,before this message he had sent two to the colonel on ,wednesday1 ,june #g3 ,the first message read3 ,,favorite ,,sons ,,succeeded ,,in ,,passing ,,rule ,,to ,,give ,a ,,man ,,as ,,much ,,time ,,as ,,desired ,,for ,,nominating ,,speeches4 ,,number ,,of ,,five-,,minute ,,speeches ,,unlimited4 ,,this ,,gives ,,us ,,time ,,to ,,arrange ,,forces ,,behind ,,wood ,,if ,,you ,,want ,,him4 ,and the second read3 ,,crisis ,,reached4 ,,if ,,anything ,,but ,,pulling ,,down ,,temple ,,on ,,our ,,heads ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,done ,,we ,,must ,,do ,,it ,,now4 ,,immeasurable ,,consequences ,,to ,,our ,,country ,,and ,,vast ,,inevitable ,,adjustments ,,facing ,,america ,,hang ,,in ,,the ,,balance4 ,,they ,,wait ,,for ,,you4 ,,delay ,,means ,,suicide4 ,but there was no response from the big man in ,oyster ,bay4 ,on ,wednesday and ,thursday ,gutzon received two telegrams from ,general ,wood on ,governor's ,island4 ,both were hopeful4 ,the first one read3 ,,no ,,indication ,,any ,,change ,,in ,,attitude ,,of ,,colonel4 ,,remain ,,in ,,touch ,,here ,,for ,,few ,,days4 ,and later3 ,,saw ,,the ,,chief ,,yesterday4 ,,policy ,,and ,,attitude ,,unchanged4 ,the sculptor1 putting all this together1 continued his report to ,general ,wood4 ,here is part of that revealing document3 ,before three o'clock the next morning 7,friday7 ,i was awakened by 'phone call telling me that the favorite-son group had over #eah votes and that they did not need the colonel4 ,that was the first definite rebuke1 and my telegram of ,thursday indicates my feeling at the time4 ,i am of course bearing in mind what ,i learned months ago1 and ,i cannot understand why ,progressive leaders do not know it1 or why the colonel did not know it--that he never had a chance in ,chicago4 ,when ,i found that he was not willing1 or that his agents in ,chicago were not willing to risk their ability on the floor of the convention against the favorite sons1 ,i felt1 and many felt1 that they were simply playing poker with the threat of an independent ,progressive convention back of them4 ,thursday night ,i sat with a number of gentlemen at ,union ,league ,club4 ,we went over the entire situation regarding the colonel's candidacy4 ,there were in this group men representing three states that had favorite sons4 ,finally1 after their declination to consider the colonel on any terms1 ,i urged upon them your availability4 ,i pointed out to them the colonel's friendship for you and his absolute faithfulness to the friendship1 and ,i urged upon them the desirability of nominating you directly4 ,they replied that they would be glad to do this and that in ordinary circumstances it would be done1 but1 because of their relation to the favorite-sons group1 such a step would be considered disloyal and would endanger the whole situation4 ,they further said that your great value as a candidate was the colonel's loyalty to your lifelong friendship and that your nomination would secure the colonel's support of the old organization4 ,after considerable debate ,i proposed sending a telegram to the colonel4 ,this telegram was duly approved and ,speaker ,cannon remarked1 8,if the colonel answers that in the right spirit1 we will know that he is sincere4 ,and if he doesn't----0 ,mr4 ,cannon shrugged his shoulders4 ,here is the telegram3 8,colonel ,roosevelt1 ,oyster ,bay1 ,new ,york1 ,thursday1 ,june #h1 #aiaf1 #b ,a4,m4 8,please send me a line confirming your approval of ,wood4 ,powerful members of ,old ,guard approve and ask your approval4 ,they say he can be nominated4 ,address me1 ,union ,league ,club40 ,i sent this telegram and1 as you see1 it contained my address and asked for a reply4 ,i waited twelve hours1 until about #b o'clock in the afternoon4 ,having promised a reply to these ,old ,guard gentlemen1 ,i was extremely anxious4 ,i called the colonel on the phone and succeeded in getting him4 ,the day was wet4 ,the wire was noisy and the connection bad4 ,i told the colonel that ,i had wired him and was waiting for an answer4 ,he replied1 8,didn't you get my telegram80 ,i told him ,i had not4 ,he then said he had answered my questions by telegram and told me that if there was anything else ,i wanted to know1 to see his son ,theodore4 ,the connection was bad1 the answer unsatisfactory4 ,i immediately tried to find ,theodore1 ,jr41 but could not locate him4 ,i searched political headquarters in ,chicago for the telegram the colonel said he had sent me4 ,i went to the head office and had them search the wires1 but could find no telegram4 ,none had reached ,chicago4 ,i requested both companies to go back over the lines to ,oyster ,bay and locate the message4 ,they did and reported in two hours that no message had been received at ,oyster ,bay or in ,new ,york for me from ,colonel ,roosevelt4 ,following the failure to receive a telegram from the colonel that would support you1 or any definite answer whatever on the subject1 ,i sent another telegram warning him of the situation and the loss of time4 ,and again ,i received no response4 ,that there might be nothing lost by oversight on my part1 ,i sent a copy of this telegram to you2 also one to ,mr4 ,perkins1 together with a letter4 ,perkins1 too1 remained silent and continued to believe that ,roosevelt would be nominated4 ,at least he said so1 and that no one else would be nominated or could be4 ,reports were being circulated bearing his name saying that you would not be nominated and that you could not be nominated4 ,perhaps ,i ought to add here that the only objection ,i have heard to your nomination came out of ,mr4 ,perkins' headquarters4 ,friday arrived4 ,the convention was ready to ballot4 ,we all waited on the result of the conference for which we had long worked and from which we believed some harmonious solution might come4 ,it reported--failure4 ,but we all still hoped4 ,by that time we knew that the conference was not a party conference2 that the ,progressive party no longer had any authority1 having lost what standing it possessed4 ,the only conference now was between ,oyster ,bay and ,republican leaders4 ,on the other hand1 this ,republican convention was the soundest1 solidest body of men of that sort ever assembled in ,america4 ,they were patient2 they were independent2 they knew the world of politics2 they wanted the ,progressives2 they wanted the colonel to join with them in naming a ,president4 ,they were even willing that he should try his strength with them openly4 ,but #ijj delegates absolutely declined to let him either force the convention or to destroy the party's chances of defeating ,wilson4 ,about #b ,a4,m4 ,saturday all hope was really abandoned1 and the most influential member of the ,central ,states group said1 8,well1 no man can say ,i have not done everything1 tried everything1 and waited till the last minute to harmonize this situation4 ,and here we are forced to move in the nomination none of us wants40 ,after two in the morning1 quick and definite plans were made for the ,saturday-morning session and wholly without consideration of ,oyster ,bay4 ,what happened at ,perkins' headquarters ,i do not know4 ,but results came quickly and everybody soon knew that a great harmonious plan1 each group compromising for the common interest1 had failed1 and the cause of its failure was at ,oyster ,bay4 ,the ,central ,states had the key1 and they had the moral courage to sacrifice personal advantage for the larger good4 ,at #b o'clock they took the bull by the horns and turned sharply to ,hughes4 ,illinois and ,indiana were from the beginning the brain and the power of that convention1 and it was this powerful group that wished to work with the colonel and who favored you4 ,when forced to follow another leader they showed their wisdom by selecting ,mc,cormick1 a late ,progressive1 to announce the move of ,illinois toward ,hughes--which swung the whole convention into line behind them4 ,the reading of the colonel's message was unfortunate4 ,it came too late4 ,it was too long4 ,in naming ,lodge1 it was as disappointing a thing as could be contributed by the colonel's worst enemy4 ,it was met without applause of any sort4 ,all ,roosevelt interest died then and there4 ,regarding your name at the ,convention1 it rose head and shoulders above the names of other candidates1 and ,i heard nothing but praise of you1 such as would most gratify a sincere man4 ,some fear of a military man was expressed1 but ,i heard no one among the influential inner group of ,republicans who did not always say1 8,wood has a record4 ,we can elect him if the colonel will work with us40 ,several years later ,gutzon learned1 from inside sources not to be doubted1 several items of information which threw light on the bewildering events of the last night of the convention4 ,in relation to that urgent telegram to the colonel that was never answered1 he learned that someone at ,progressive headquarters had tapped the line to ,oyster ,bay2 that ,gutzon's message1 which had been endorsed by ,republican leaders who anxiously awaited the answer1 was instantly followed by a message from ,progressive headquarters saying that ,borglum was all wrong1 the author or victim of a 8frame-up10 and that the colonel would surely be nominated by acclamation on ,saturday morning4 ,it was presented that he1 ,roosevelt1 should withdraw and nominate ,senator ,lodge1 who would refuse by agreement1 and the convention would then turn immediately to the colonel4 ,another item was that ,nicholas ,murray ,butler had likewise talked to ,colonel ,roosevelt on that fateful ,saturday at early dawn and in answer to a query about ,leonard ,wood's chances had shaken his head4 8,impossible10 he said4 8,at this juncture in the international situation it would be suicide for us to nominate a military man40 ,this was told to ,gutzon by ,herman ,hagedorn4 ,all parties returned from the convention in a state of complete exhaustion4 ,e4 ,b4 ,johns wrote1 8,it was three or four days before ,i got back to normal1 and ,i am still doing some mental swearing at the stupidity of ,colonel ,roosevelt and some of his advisors40 ,for ,gutzon it was one of the bitterest experiences of his life4 ,wilson1 it will be remembered1 was elected by the vote of ,california after most of his newspaper support had conceded the victory to ,hughes4 ,it took three days to find out who had won4 ,,chapter ,,thirteen ,,and ,,dr4 ,,trudeau ,three works that ,gutzon ,borglum completed around #aiae had nothing at all to do with war or politics4 ,one was a tablet with a bas-relief sketch in honor of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 the second a touching memorial to ,governor ,altgeld of ,illinois1 and the third a simple and beautiful memorial to 8,the ,beloved ,physician10 ,dr4 ,edward ,livingston ,trudeau4 ,the three are linked intangibly through the same fine quality of emotions that brought them into existence4 ,the subjects of all three accomplished much in the world and were well loved4 ,once in ,stevenson's wanderings as a consumptive vainly questing health he stayed for a year at ,lake ,saranac in the ,adirondacks in the care of the not-so-well-known ,dr4 ,trudeau4 ,trudeau1 also tubercular1 had cured others but had started too late to cure himself4 ,he was the central character of ,stephen ,chalmers' engaging book ,the ,beloved ,physician4 ,the idea of a memorial to ,stevenson originated with ,mr4 ,chalmers and was brought to the sculptor's attention by his friend ,bob ,davis4 ,gutzon was busy at the time working on two monuments in the ,south1 and ,davis caught up with him in ,grand ,central ,station as he was boarding a train for ,chicago4 ,his interest was aroused1 and from the train he wrote to ,davis to say he would be delighted to do anything 8to promote attention to this kind of men of genius40 ,he further offered to make the bronze tablet1 bas-relief of ,stevenson and an inscription to be decided on by the committee for just what it would cost--somewhere around #bjj4 ,the tablet would be placed on the cottage in ,saranac where ,stevenson had lived4 ,it was ,september #aiae before the sculptor could find time for a day at ,saranac1 where he looked over the ground1 listened to all that was told him about ,stevenson1 was taken to see ,dr4 ,trudeau and returned to ,new ,york on the night train4 ,the work was finished and ready for unveiling in ,october of the same year1 as the committee had hoped1 8because it was the gorgeous month of the year40 ,the only sad note was that ,dr4 ,trudeau was not well enough to take a prominent part in the proceedings4 ,he died the following month4 ,on receiving the preliminary photographs of the tablet1 ,mr4 ,chalmers wrote to ,borglum3 ,i congratulate you on the tablet4 ,you have done something in that bas-relief that ,saint-,gaudens didn't do4 ,you have brought out the spirit of the sick man who didn't believe in lying in bed1 and the little uplift of his head is a perfect expression of 8,come60 said ,i to my engine1 8let's work anyway60 ,this thing requires no study4 ,it hits you between the eyes first glance4 ,i showed it to ,mrs4 ,baker1 who owned the cottage where the ,stevensons lived1 and the best compliment from that old lady is this3 8,yes1 it's just the way he looked when he was here40 ,a few months later ,lord ,guthrie1 acknowledged leader of the ,stevenson cult in ,scotland1 wrote3 ,gutzon ,borglum the sculptor1 in his ,saranac memorial bas-relief1 has got beneath the surface and behind the mask as ,saint-,gaudens1 fine as his bas-relief is as a work of art1 never did4 ,i liked the first sight of ,borglum's work1 and it grows on me4 ,it has charm1 it has strength1 and it has pathos4 ,it is the invalid1 but the invalid who can say1 8,o ,pain1 where is thy victory80 ,it is the fascinating personality of a man of genius who1 with all his gaiety of manner1 was yet1 in the matter of essential principle1 like flint4 ,hundreds of people whom ,dr4 ,trudeau had cured were anxious to erect a memorial to him1 but were too poor to contribute substantial sums4 ,they appealed to ,gutzon1 who again responded generously4 ,he was deeply impressed by ,dr4 ,trudeau's self-sacrificing work and by the devotion of the afflicted ones he sought to heal4 ,he agreed to put up a bronze-and-marble memorial for the cost of materials--about #g1ejj4 ,after studying the matter for some weeks he made a life-size clay model of the beloved physician seated out of doors1 a rug over his knees1 and invited the committee to come to his studio and pass on it4 ,mr4 ,chalmers wrote in the ,saranac ,news3 ,by the end of the day something little short of miraculous had taken place1 the sort of thing that may be called a miracle of genius4 ,before the figure was again shrouded in the wet clothes that keep the clay from cracking1 it had become to us not a conventional photograph image but 8,the ,beloved ,physician0 himself4 8,well10 said the sculptor1 stepping back with a smile1 8are you satisfied80 8,yes10 said his visitor1 but with hesitation4 8,i know what you miss10 said ,mr4 ,borglum4 8,it's the artificial something you used to consider ,dr4 ,trudeau's expression40 ,as he spoke he was modeling a small piece of clay in his hands4 ,presently he placed over the strained eyes of the face the frame of a pince-nez4 ,and at that instant the illusion was miraculously complete4 ,it was as if the doctor would presently lean forward and say3 8,have you read ,osler's ,redemption of ,man8 ,no8 ,oh1 you must1 you must60 ,the figure was complete and ready for casting by the end of ,may #aiag1 but there were delays caused by the sculptor's enforced absence on other work and the beginning of the aircraft ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,lillian ,taylor ,,stone ,,mountain1 ,,showing ,,superimposed ,,carving ,,of ,,central ,,group ,illustration3 ,,north ,,carolina ,,memorial ,,at ,,gettysburg investigation4 ,also there were vexatious problems of cutting1 setting and preparing the site for the statue4 ,all these were generously solved by ,doctors ,walter ,james and ,lawrenson ,brown and others of ,trudeau's physician friends4 ,eventually the memorial was unveiled in ,august #aiah4 ,on the marble was carved ,dr4 ,trudeau's favorite quotation3 ,guerir quelquefois1 soulager souvent1 consoler toujours4 7,heal sometimes1 soothe often1 comfort always47 ,carl ,snyder1 the writer1 at that time connected with ,harper's1 after driving to ,saranac to examine the statue wrote this friendly word to the sculptor3 ,may ,i tell you that ,i have never seen a portrait that impressed me so deeply4 ,this was equally true of my wife4 ,she and ,i agreed that we never had seen a piece of sculpture that seemed so alive4 ,it seems to tell the whole life story of an extraordinary man4 ,and ,i am told you only saw him once6 ,man6 ,man6 ,man6 ,with the genius to do magnificent things like this1 to create and to embody the living likeness of a great man1 why1 why1 why do you waste your precious time on anything else8 ,one answer to the query1 which he was often heard to give1 was that he was never given half the work that he was capable of and wanted to do4 ,in quick succession members of the ,plymouth ,church in ,brooklyn wanted a monument to ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 the famous pulpit orator2 the ,wheeler family in ,bridgeport wanted a memorial fountain in honor of the inventor of the sewing machine4 ,for ,st4 ,john's ,church1 near by1 he was asked to make a reredos back of the altar4 ,from ,north ,carolina came a call from the ,daughters of the ,confederacy to build a memorial to ,henry ,wyatt1 the first ,southern soldier killed in the ,war between the ,states4 ,from ,england came a committee to join with ,americans to plan monuments along the border between the ,united ,states and ,canada to celebrate the hundred years of peace between the two nations4 ,all these were not enough to keep him busy4 ,he wrote an incredible number of letters to committees that were planning public monuments1 but he got very few commissions that way4 ,most of his jobs came through friends or others who had seen his work and liked it4 ,every commission brought a different set of characters and circumstances with it and threw different side lights on the sculptor's personality4 ,his commission to build a memorial to ,altgeld in ,chicago was due to the crusading spirit which had made him widely known as a champion of democracy in art as well as in politics4 ,governor ,altgeld of ,illinois had become widely and unfavorably known as 8the governor who pardoned the ,haymarket rioters0 after they had been tried and condemned as bomb throwers4 ,such was his reputation for a long time1 during which he remained silent4 ,then an unbiased study of his career brought about a reversal of public opinion4 ,it was presented that he was wholly unselfish2 that his life motive had been to help the underprivileged2 that1 in the words of the poet ,vachel ,lindsay1 8,he set himself tasks which took a lion's courage and a martyr's heart10 and that to carry out his purpose 8,he threw his reputation and his health into the furnace every hour40 ,so it happened in #aiac1 eleven years after ,altgeld's death1 the ,illinois legislature appropriated #be1jjj for an ,altgeld monument4 ,a committee of five was appointed1 including ,louis ,f4 ,post of the ,department of ,labor1 with instructions to select a sculptor after a public competition4 ,two competitions were held1 bringing over thirty models1 none satisfactory4 ,in a letter to the committee the landscape artist1 ,walter ,b4 ,griffin1 wrote3 ,this particular task should be committed to a sculptor who has attained in his art that fundamental character1 the ,american ideal1 which ,altgeld served in his own field and exemplified in his career4 ,there appears to be in our time at least one sculptor1 ,gutzon ,borglum1 who is recognized as bearing to the plastic arts a relation like ,whitman's to literature4 ,it would be a pity not to avail ourselves of the opportunity to bring together such a man and the work he is so eminently fitted for4 ,following this suggestion the committee awarded the commission to ,gutzon1 who received it with intense satisfaction as a recognition of what he stood for in public life as well as a testimonial to his ability as an artist4 ,when the news came out the ,chicago ,tribune published this comment3 ,a powerful illustration of how not to do it is the history of the competition for the ,altgeld monument4 ,the commission has now been awarded to ,gutzon ,borglum without his being required to furnish any preliminary sketch1 design or idea4 ,that is1 the committee has done what it should have done in the first place--selected a sculptor and left him free to do the work4 ,general competitions are so unjust to the competitors and so unproductive of good results as to be forbidden by the ,american ,institute of ,architects4 ,the best architects never enter them1 and the better sculptors have learned to follow their example4 ,when the contract was signed in ,april #aiad the sculptor began to work on two different models4 ,before they were done he wrote to his friend ,felix ,frankfurter saying that he had been reading up on ,altgeld's life and ending his letter with this statement3 8,that man has become a perfect giant to me4 ,he was a kind of hero when ,i was a kid1 but he lived out his governorship and died before ,i got back from ,europe4 ,so he comes along almost like a new star to me40 ,of the two small models submitted1 the one selected by the committee represented ,altgeld standing on a slight eminence1 his right hand extended as if quelling a disturbance1 his left stretched over a man1 woman and child beside him4 ,the pedestal was low1 so that the governor seemed to be near his audience1 his expression was noble1 almost defiant in his determination to protect his charges4 ,the committee unanimously accepted the full-size model of this statue except for slight changes which the sculptor approved4 ,the figure was cast in bronze and erected in ,lincoln ,park for unveiling on ,labor ,day1 #aiae4 ,then a thing occurred which to the sculptor was incomprehensible4 ,the model had been on exhibition in the ,chicago ,art ,institute for a whole year with no voice raised against it4 ,then various municipal art commissions suddenly declared they didn't approve of it and would not permit it to be unveiled4 ,the reason1 they said1 was that it was not big enough and that the laborer's family seemed to occupy a servile position4 ,to this the chairman of the purchasing committee1 ,daniel ,cruice1 made a quick and indignant reply3 ,i take exception to the criticisms which have attempted to show an insult to labor4 ,i do not believe that labor is making a fight on the statue4 ,altgeld's enemies in life are the enemies of his memory4 ,they do not wish the perpetuation of the principles for which he stood4 ,consequently they are doing all in their power to destroy any reminder that such a man lived4 ,when the sculptor declared in characteristic fashion that he forgot more about art overnight than ordinary art commissions learn in a lifetime the ,brooklyn ,eagle1 always quick to record a ,borglum controversy1 declared editorially3 ,the controversy between ,gutzon ,borglum and the ,municipal ,art ,commission of ,chicago over the statue of the late ,john ,p4 ,altgeld adds to the gaiety of nations4 ,the ,art ,commission criticizes the conception of the work--,altgeld raising a protecting hand over a man1 a woman and a child1 typifying the working classes4 ,it likewise objects to the proportions of the ,borglum design4 ,and the artist answers in his characteristic temper4 ,it was the fate of ,john ,p4 ,altgeld to be a storm center in his life4 ,now he becomes a post-mortem center4 ,large elements of the ,chicago electorate still doubt the historic proportions of the ,governor who pardoned the ,haymarket bomb men4 ,it is not to be wondered at if the proportions of the ,borglum ,altgeld annoy them4 ,nor is it surprising that the design1 representing the ,governor as the laboring people's defender1 gives offense to them4 ,it is a safe wager that this element in the electorate is represented by the ,municipal ,art ,commission4 ,the issue is really not an art issue at all4 ,in essence it is historic and political1 or rather sociological4 ,altgeld's keenness as a thinker and debater no one who ever heard him doubts4 ,that he showed moral courage in that historic pardon1 most of his enemies will concede4 ,our guess is that ,borglum will succeed in immortalizing him as the friend of labor1 though many obstacles may first have to be overcome4 ,the surprising denouement was furnished by ,william ,h4 7,big ,bill7 ,thompson4 ,he was then mayor and had made an appointment to discuss the matter with the ,art ,commission4 ,they were waiting for him at the ,art ,institute where his messenger rather bluntly announced to them that the ,commission was no longer in existence nor had any authority1 its term of office having expired4 8,the statue looks good to me10 said the mayor1 8and the committee doesn't40 ,so the memorial was unveiled as scheduled on ,labor ,day1 #aiae1 before an immense crowd including thousands of labor-union men and women4 ,governor ,edward ,f4 ,dunne presided1 and ,william ,jennings ,bryan delivered the speech of the day4 ,the sculptor made a puzzled comment3 ,i have been not a little surprised that in ,america1 the foster mother of mankind1 there exist no memorials of consequence dealing with the struggles and pathos of life4 ,it is a matter of amazement and regret that ,chicago1 a city whose life has been crowned through sacrifice and struggle as it has been sweetened by suffering1 should show antagonism to a memorial which develops or suggests a humane situation where one human being befriends another4 ,there is something stern and vital behind this4 ,but censorship1 be it ever so official1 will not arrest one beat in the natural heart of mankind1 nor stop the natural expression of what is true1 of what is good4 ,and that which is true and good is1 at least1 a full sister of that which is beautiful4 ,millet's 8,angelus0 and his 8,man ,with a ,hoe0 would be subjects of supreme beauty and pathos in sculpture1 admirably composed for public parks4 ,how much more human and akin would be this interpretation of life than the cheap allegories or conventional vagaries which the unthinking call art4 ,general ,daniel ,butterfield was a ,union hero who distinguished himself at 8,little ,round ,top0 in the battle of ,gettysburg4 ,his wife outlived him and at her death bequeathed a fortune1 part of which she specified should be spent on a monument for her husband4 ,she left instructions for the unknown sculptor who might be chosen by her executors4 ,he was to visit the battlefield1 familiarize himself with ,little ,round ,top and1 so far as possible1 incorporate the contour of that famous site in his design for the monument4 ,he was also to study certain photographs of the general1 one of which represented him standing with folded arms and wearing a cocked hat1 8as in the bas-relief at ,utica40 ,in the contract all that was said about the figure was that it was to be over eight feet high1 in the dress uniform of a major general1 supported by a foundation of natural work representing ,round ,top4 ,it was specified that the sculptor was to make a model forty inches high and that when that was approved he would proceed with a full-size model 8which shall be submitted to the executors for their approval and acceptance and shall be in accordance with the will of ,julia ,l4 ,butterfield40 ,all that appears plain enough1 but there was a catch which would presently cause the sculptor no end of tribulation4 ,to him it seemed that in financial reward it was the best commission he had ever received1 the only one from which he might expect a reasonable profit4 ,for a single figure1 with side panels at the base1 he was to receive #ed1jjj1 a generous allowance4 ,the chairman of the executive committee1 ,colonel ,e4 ,m4 ,ehlers1 a ,dane by birth1 showed him one photograph of the general in full-dress uniform1 arms folded1 wearing an imposing military hat with a plume4 ,another photograph showed him hatless1 with his hands at his side4 ,but this1 said ,colonel ,ehlers1 should be ignored because ,mrs4 ,butterfield preferred the other4 ,following his instructions in good faith the sculptor made a forty-inch model1 using the selected photograph as a guide for the pose4 ,one of the executors1 ,mr4 ,hagar1 criticized the nose and mustache of the model and the sculptor changed these features to his satisfaction4 ,all four executors then approved the model and signed the voucher for the payment due at this stage of the work4 ,when the full-size model was accepted only three executors were present1 but again the voucher for payment was signed by all four4 ,the model was then cast in plaster and sent to the ,gorham ,company to be put into bronze4 ,gutzon was delegated to find a place for the memorial1 preferably in ,central ,park1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,he was told that the park was out of the question but was offered a site near ,riverside ,drive1 opposite ,grant's ,tomb1 where the statue was placed in ,january #aiag4 ,the secretary of the executors1 ,dr4 ,may1 in formal acknowledgment that the work was completed1 added this friendly1 personal word3 ,i am sure that it will ever remain a monument to your art4 ,could ,mrs4 ,butterfield see it1 it would have her complete approval and gratify her pride in leaving a memorial so creditable to her husband and to the city4 ,it is located1 as ,i can tell you1 only a short distance from the home of her birth and girlhood4 ,and then the unbelievable happened4 ,the three executors with whom most of the sculptor's contacts had been made all died within a very short time of one another4 ,everything was left in the hands of the fourth1 ,albert ,hagar1 who announced that he had never liked the statue1 that the 8bas-relief in ,utica0 mentioned in the will showed the general without a hat1 with his arms down1 and that he didn't think the figure was big enough4 ,he wanted the whole thing done over and refused any further payment unless this was done4 ,the worst feature of this arbitrary decision was that many beneficiaries of ,mrs4 ,butterfield's will could not be paid until the status of the monument was settled4 ,hagar's sudden reversal was no doubt sincere but it made inconvenience and trouble for many4 ,the ,gorham ,company offered to handle the suit which had to be brought against ,hagar4 ,the case dragged into the time when the sculptor had the aircraft investigation on his hands4 ,meanwhile the contractors who had done the granite work sued ,gutzon for the payment of their bill4 ,gorham had not been paid for the casting1 the architects were clamoring for their money and ,stamford taxes were in arrears4 ,the suit was carried on at ,cold ,spring1 near ,poughkeepsie1 so far away that the sculptor lost a whole day every time he appeared as a witness4 ,of course the ,gorham ,company won the suit eventually1 but payments were not made until #aibj4 ,by that time the sculptor had assigned what little would have been left over for him to other debtors1 so it is doubtful if he ever received a penny for all his work on this big contract4 ,it was said by people who should know that some of the ,butterfield heirs went to the poorhouse while waiting for their inheritance4 ,gutzon blamed himself for having accepted the commission in the first place4 ,when later the location of the statue had to be changed on account of the ,rockefeller church construction he declared he wouldn't mind if they dropped it into the ,hudson ,river4 ,the ,vance memorial for ,north ,carolina1 of which a copy stands in ,statuary ,hall in the nation's capital1 was made during this period4 ,it remains where it was put in the first place4 ,,chapter ,,fourteen ,,aircraft ,,investigation ,the ,american ,congress appropriated over one thousand million dollars that were expended for aviation during the nineteen months of war4 ,when the armistice was signed1 not a single ,american-made fighting or combat plane had reached the front4 ,no ,american-made fighting or combat plane was ever produced4 ,america depended upon her allies to furnish a few obsolete fighting planes with which our armies were equipped4 ,our contribution to wartime aircraft consisted of two hundred and thirteen 8utterly dangerous0 observation planes that reached the front with others on the way4 ,that is the record4 7,report of aircraft investigation under ,house resolution of ,june #d1 #aiai47 ,mr4 ,borglum is the man who started the entire aircraft investigation at the outset and performed a great public service4 7,congressman ,james ,a4 ,frear1 ,wisconsin1 speech to ,house of ,representatives1 ,congressional ,record1 ,march #a1 #aibj47 ,you may have gathered from the record thus far that ,gutzon ,borglum was a bit unused to doing things the way other people did them4 ,there was only one of him1 and there were so many of the rest of the population that maybe one shouldn't be disturbed by this technique4 ,he had a genius' variety of talent2 so it probably isn't remarkable that his art studio should have been filled with frightening projects for roads1 transportation1 parks1 breakwaters1 engineering1 airplane models1 philosophy1 abstract science and the saving of the world4 ,he believed he could do anything--so he did it4 ,all of this is fairly obvious on his history sheet4 ,but1 for all that1 his investigation of the aircraft industry in #aiah remains today one of the most incredible things that ever happened to ,america4 ,we start our study of this attempt of one man to produce some honesty in a #a1jjj1jjj1jjj delusion with the knowledge that ,borglum was not only a fairly competent theoretical engineer1 but also a practical mechanic who had been following closely the growth of air power4 ,and that is fortunate1 because few other matters in the aircraft investigation are that obvious or sensible4 ,in ,november #aiag1 after the ,united ,states had been eight months in ,world ,war ,i1 he got a look at an airplane factory in ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,he was shocked1 as he admitted1 almost into a state of speechlessness4 ,he had a brief visit with a man in a high position in the direction of aircraft production1 listened to him1 and1 instead of going home1 made a quick trip to ,washington4 ,next morning he was at the ,white ,house1 demanding to see ,president ,wilson4 ,and here is the first amazing part of his procedure4 ,he had seen that the ,united ,states wasn't producing airplanes and he felt that something ought to be done about it4 ,but he didn't look for anybody to help him prepare the case for presentation to somebody who might be able to correct the situation4 ,it never occurred to him that he needed any4 ,the man best able to get quick action was1 undoubtedly1 the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,gutzon ,borglum knew ,woodrow ,wilson and ,woodrow ,wilson knew ,gutzon ,borglum1 but the pair took a dim view of each other1 as well they might4 ,borglum1 in his ,progressive-party campaign1 had been loudly critical of the ,wilson administration4 ,wilson1 who was a scholar1 appreciated ,borglum's art4 ,but1 as the record shows1 he didn't think enough of his politics to consider him a crusader for the democratic ideal4 ,and yet ,borglum was appointed1 with authority direct from the ,president1 to conduct his investigation from an office in the ,war ,department4 ,he ran the boys into corners for several months1 and he stirred up senators and congressmen and ,department heads and cabinet officers4 ,that in the end his inquiry failed to put anybody in jail or get back any of the #a1jjj1jjj1jjj is not surprising4 ,what is incredible about the whole affair is that he was allowed to start at all4 ,there isn't much doubt about our dismal performance in building airplanes in #aiag-aiah4 ,the propagandized public was a long time finding out that the chief trouble with our planes was their continued nonexistence4 ,but we did get to hear about the 8dangerous0 ,de ,haviland ,fours1 of which we sent #bac to ,france4 ,this plane was widely celebrated across the country as 8,the ,flaming ,coffin40 ,it had a large gas tank mounted in the most vulnerable position1 and a pilot was seldom able to get away from one after it was hit4 ,soldier after soldier from the front came before the ,frear committee to tell of seeing his comrades shot down in these planes4 ,yet reports of such catastrophes1 as the ,frear report scathingly pointed out1 did not prevent ,secretary of ,war ,newton ,d4 ,baker and ,aircraft ,director ,john ,d4 ,ryan from continuing the manufacture of ,,dh #ds4 ,after the war the taxpayers began to find out what they had purchased for #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,captain ,eddie ,rickenbacker1 ace flyer and national hero1 told them when he came home to testify before an investigating committee4 8,why did the army continue to use ,french planes80 he was asked4 ,this was his reply3 ,the answer is simple4 ,we hadn't any others except the two hundred and thirteen 8flaming coffins40 ,the ,american air forces were in dire need of machines of all kinds4 ,we were thankful to get any kind that would fly4 ,the ,french had already discarded the ,nieuport for the steadier1 stronger ,spad1 and our government was thus able to buy from the ,french a certain number of these out-of-date ,nieuports for ,american pilots--or got on without4 ,consequently our ,american pilots in ,france were compelled to venture out in ,nieuports against more experienced pilots in more modern machinery4 ,none of us in ,france could understand what prevented our great country from furnishing machines equal to the best in the world4 ,many a gallant life was lost to ,american aviation in those early months of #aiah1 the responsibility for which must lie heavily on some guilty consciences4 ,there had been a lot of inquiry before the ,house began its investigation4 ,and when ,congress had finished there was a widespread display of indignation with the aid of aeronautic associations1 farmers' associations and two ,new ,york daily newspapers4 ,for a while the scandals they dug up overshadowed what had caused the wrath of ,borglum4 ,he had worked in wartime and in a closed circle1 and what he found out was reported to the ,president and the few others who had a right to hear4 ,he was satisfied with that arrangement1 for he had no faith in the efficiency of official inquiries4 ,on this subject he said3 ,there is a radical defect in a system that occasions such investigations4 ,a political inquiry of this nature must inevitably arouse enmity and opposition in the most powerful quarters4 ,the credit1 nay1 the very existence1 of the government in power is at stake4 ,an inquiry may seem to start something1 but what it starts is an avalanche that will surely crush its initiators and the truth they seek to discover4 ,thus they will remain buried under the debris and obscured by the dust4 ,when ,gutzon ,borglum first took his demand for an aircraft investigation to the ,white ,house he was politely1 if somewhat shortly1 received by ,joseph ,tumulty1 the ,president's secretary4 ,mr4 ,wilson was frightfully busy on account of the war1 ,mr4 ,tumulty mentioned1 but he would undoubtedly be able to read a note explaining the purposes of ,mr4 ,borglum's visit4 ,mr4 ,borglum left the note and went home to ,stamford4 ,there in due time he received a short letter from ,mr4 ,tumulty saying that the ,president wished ,mr4 ,borglum to get in touch with ,mr4 ,howard ,coffin of the ,aeronautics ,board4 ,mr4 ,borglum thought this humorous inasmuch as ,mr4 ,coffin was principally interested in automobile production1 which was what ,borglum found wrong with the ,aeronautics ,board4 ,so he wrote something of the sort to the ,president's secretary on ,november #bb1 #aiag4 ,he finished it somewhat tartly3 ,the program of the ,aeronautics ,board was invented by ,automobile ,production men before they had picked up their representation on that board1 or even before the appropriations had been passed4 ,they are now engaged in a grandiose project1 incapable of fulfillment1 which cannot but bring scandal and disaster1 and which1 in turn1 can harm your administration4 ,president ,wilson was disturbed and sent a reply on ,december #e1 asking ,borglum to point out specifically the weaknesses in the aircraft organization as it then stood4 ,borglum replied at once and suggested that the ,aeronautics ,board should be really two boards1 one of design and one of production1 and that the military board should have nothing to do but order what sort of planes it needed4 ,when he had posted this suggestion he went back to ,dayton to take another look at the plant he had first seen1 and he loitered on his way home at the ,curtiss factory in ,buffalo4 ,that was a better-looking establishment1 but it seemed disorganized and full of idle men1 and it wasn't producing any airplanes4 ,then1 on ,christmas ,day1 #aiag1 he wrote to ,wilson the letter that1 no matter what you may think of it1 put his aircraft investigation in business4 ,he said3 ,since writing you1 ,i have visited two other factories and attended several aeronautics conferences4 ,this so disturbs me that ,i must write further with the hope that ,congressional investigation of the aeronautics bodies may be avoided while there is yet time to correct conditions from within and so avoid the ship-and-ordnance scandals4 ,if the opportunity arrives1 ,i will tell you of conditions which strike at the root of honest1 disinterested public service2 of irregularities1 graft1 self-interest and collateral profiting in the very heart of our production department4 ,but public knowledge of actual aeronautic conditions would be a military disaster to ,american arms1 as well as an unwarranted blow at our ,government4 ,therefore ,i suggest3 ,immediate selection of three competent1 fearless and incorruptible men1 whose loyalty to you is above question4 ,give them authority1 without publicity1 to go quickly over the present plan and accomplishment in our aircraft and report on3 ,engines1 planes and propellers4 ,contracts placed where1 system employed selecting contractors4 ,supply sources1 by whom held4 ,relation of members of production board to supply controls1 also to contractors4 ,test experiments4 ,why are our planes inferior to all foreign planes and vastly poorer than ,german planes8 ,what use is being made of data constantly being sent here covering ,germany's planes4 ,such inquiry should not audit accounts4 ,a larger principle is at stake4 ,for this report you need a highly trained engineer1 an expert production man and a man who knows the art of machine flying and the history and possibilities of machines4 #a4 ,your engineer should be an internal-combustion engine man who knows that an airplane engine is not merely a refined truck engine4 ,he should know propellers4 ,this latter item has almost been forgotten4 ,no reliable propeller exists that can safely be standardized4 #b4 ,your production manager should be trained as a specialist on organization4 #c4 ,the third position ,i should like to fill personally4 ,there are no principles related to flying heavier-than-air machines that ,i am not thoroughly familiar with4 ,i feel as ,da ,vinci did when seeking a commission4 ,he wrote3 8,as for that art1 ,i know all that is known40 ,the open-mindedness of this carries its own forgiveness4 ,i observe accurately1 avoid prejudices1 have no fears that ,i know of4 ,i know ,i'm a good organizer1 one who can handle and keep the confidence of men4 ,i am not only anxious but prepared to serve you and the great service which you1 for ,america1 have undertaken4 ,i could put into your hands in the briefest possible time a report on existing conditions and war needs1 and avoid scandal4 ,investigations during wartime should be periodic and automatic4 ,this would rob them of abnormal interest and make them policy affecting functions4 ,somebody slipped the letter out and published it4 ,the automobile industry was noisily indignant and ,borglum was much annoyed4 ,but those results somehow seem natural in the circumstances4 ,what must continue to confuse students of political procedure for some time is the fact that it brought a quick appointment4 ,on the second of ,january ,president ,wilson had written a letter4 ,the ,secretary of ,war would be pleased to give ,mr4 ,borglum full authority4 ,stanley ,king of the ,secretary's personal staff would be at ,mr4 ,borglum's disposal for advice or assistance4 ,mr4 ,borglum would be put in touch with ,general ,george ,squier1 whom he already knew1 and he was to have the assistance of any experts he might think required4 ,he was to report directly to ,president ,wilson4 ,why this appointment should have come through is one of the things that surpasses all understanding4 ,it is quite likely that ,wilson suspected what was wrong with aircraft production and thought an investigation by a recognized ,republican not connected with politics might stir up some action without hurting the administration4 ,that is one thought4 ,it also comes to anyone who has watched political maneuvering that a good way to get rid of an investigator who was getting troublesome would be to put him where he couldn't talk for publication4 ,anyway1 the sculptor went to ,washington1 notified the ,white ,house and the ,war ,department of his arrival1 called on the ,secretary of ,state and was assigned to a room on the second floor of the ,war ,department offices4 ,borglum felt that he would have every possible aid4 ,the ,secretary's office door was just across the hall4 ,gutzon went to work at once4 ,he asked ,mr4 ,king to get him a report on how many war planes had been ordered and how many delivered up to ,january #a1 #aiah4 ,the ,war ,department's answer was quickly brought and easily digested3 8,training planes contracted for1 #g1ejj2 delivered1 #a1ddd4 ,service planes contracted for1 #ab1ejj2 #d1jjj to be built by ,dayton ,wright4 ,service planes delivered to ,january #a1 #aiah1 none40 ,borglum called that same day on ,josephus ,daniels1 ,secretary of the ,navy1 who telephoned instructions to the ,intelligence ,bureau of the ,navy4 ,naval records were laid open to the sculptor and he went through them personally1 making what notes seemed relevant4 ,three days later when he went to the ,war ,department he was informed that they had none of the records he requested--nor any memory of any4 ,he was virtually compelled to pick up a copy of the ,aeronautics ,committee report from the office of the chairman1 who apparently did not even know of its existence4 ,he was blocked in an effort to get ,intelligence reports on spy activities in ,buffalo4 ,secret ,service men were assigned to follow him wherever he went4 ,one of his aides in the ,war ,department warned two of his witnesses not to talk to him4 ,he was informed of the looting of a bank in ,dayton1 ,ohio1 by an agile group which substituted ,aeronautics ,board agreements and checks for tangible assets4 ,he was invited to join the ,aeronautics ,board1 but he didn't accept4 ,he discovered that his office telephone was tapped and that his mail was being systematically examined4 ,he opened an outside office as headquarters for his own aides1 investigators and stenographers4 ,by the end of ,february he knew that we hadn't planes of any kind and that we hadn't engines of any kind and that1 nearing the second year of war1 we had less than #acj1jjj soldiers at the front and that they were using shoes1 socks and other equipment provided by ,france and ,england4 ,borglum went to talk about this to ,secretary ,baker4 ,baker1 slumped in his chair with his feet on his desk1 puffed his pipe and listened with indifference4 ,not until the condition of aircraft manufacture was reached did he show any animation4 ,then he shifted his feet and said casually1 8,why1 ,borglum1 you don't think we are actually getting into this war1 do you80 8,my ,god60 said ,borglum4 8,do you mean to tell me that all this is just a gesture80 ,baker nodded and puffed contentedly4 ,borglum couldn't contain himself4 8,do you mean to tell me10 he said1 8that all ,america has to do is hint that she is going into war1 loan ,europe a lot of money1 send over a regiment or two and that this is going to bluff ,germany into retirement80 8,i mean10 ,baker said1 8that there won't be any real war as far as we are concerned40 ,and so closed an astonishing interview4 ,hurriedly and in anger ,borglum made his second report to the ,president4 ,he hadn't been too successful with his first report2 there had been leaks concerning its contents4 ,his second report1 which he delivered himself on ,february #i1 was in the hands of ,secretary ,baker on ,february #aa4 ,baker made light of it after it had become public property4 ,who released the report was never learned1 but shortly the newspapers had it and were charging that ,america1 after spending hundreds of millions of dollars for aircraft1 had produced nothing but brag and bluster2 that we were in a war with no planes and no engines of our own4 ,white ,house and ,war ,office press departments began to make counter charges1 ridiculing the report and charging ,borglum with falsehood4 ,washington seethed for a couple of weeks4 ,some unknown person called the ,dayton factory to fill two freight trains with airplane parts and to paint on the boxcars in big letters1 8,planes for ,europe10 8,right of ,way10 8,our ,boys ,need ,these ,planes10 and similar legends4 ,newspaper reporters and government agents were posted between ,dayton and ,hoboken to see these trains pass with their painted signs4 ,from them the news flashed to all parts of the country1 and ,borglum was a liar by official count4 ,borglum had his own agents scattered over the route and he knew that not a single plane had left ,dayton for anywhere4 ,he was just getting part of the pay for his appointment4 ,verification of the reports of his own investigators was made two or three days later by ,general ,goethals1 whom he met at breakfast at the ,metropolitan ,club4 ,general ,goethals was then ,quartermaster ,general and well acquainted with what was shipped out of ,dayton4 ,borglum wrote in his journal3 ,about this time ,senator ,thomas of ,colorado turned bitterly upon me and introduced a resolution 8inquiring into the charges that ,gutzon ,borglum had so recklessly made40 ,a small committee1 composed of himself as chairman1 ,senator ,reed of ,missouri1 ,senator ,frelinghuysen of ,new ,jersey and ,senator ,wadsworth of ,new ,york was appointed4 ,its duty was to visit the factories against which ,borglum had cast aspersions4 ,this committee proceeded via ,new ,jersey up the ,hudson to the great ,curtiss plant1 on to ,detroit and down to ,dayton4 ,at ,elizabeth1 ,new ,jersey1 they reported that the speed and anxiety of the workmen to get parts of planes into cars and on their way to ,hoboken was 8little short of phenomenal40 ,the officer in charge was courteous to the senators but begged them to keep out of the way1 saying that the boys in ,europe needed planes and there must be no delay--all of which impressed the senators so much that they thanked him and left4 ,then they proceeded north to the ,curtiss plant at ,buffalo--a plant having #ad1jjj men on the payroll and producing only ten to twelve planes a day4 7,in ,toronto a factory employing #b1hjj people was producing twelve fighting planes and twenty-four training planes a day47 ,there was present the same kind of apparently furious activity which the senators had witnessed at ,elizabeth4 ,the committee then went on to ,dayton ,field1 where1 after watching a schooling of the officers and a workout of the young men1 they turned to leave4 ,as they were walking away1 the officer of the day approached ,senator ,reed and said1 8,aren't we going to be heard80 ,without waiting for a reply he said1 8,i'm through4 ,you can strip my buttons off1 but ,i'll have no more damned humbug4 ,i am killing two boys a day4 ,we dig two graves every morning before breakfast1 just to be ready for their deaths4 ,you may do what you like with me4 ,i am through40 ,as a result1 so the senator himself told me1 the committee determined to return secretly to the factories they had just visited4 ,there the men who had brusquely pushed the committee aside in their anxiety to ship planes to ,europe were disgorging the airplane parts they had so carefully boxed4 ,thomas1 who had been very rude to me1 wrote the report and presented it to a ,senate that had less than a dozen members in their seats4 ,he complained feelingly of the lack of interest1 the lack of patriotism in a matter which had impugned the honor and the integrity of our ,war ,department4 ,to one of his committee he said afterward1 8,i wish there were some way ,i could apologize to ,mr4 ,borglum and tell him how mistaken ,i have been40 ,there was a little more to come before ,gutzon could be through with his aircraft investigation4 ,his inquiry had brought reliable evidence of the theft of securities worth more than a million dollars from a ,western bank through the connivance of some members of the ,aeronautics ,board4 ,this matter he took to ,gilbert ,hitchcock of ,nebraska1 chairman of the ,senate ,military ,affairs ,committee1 whom he had known for many years4 ,with his own authority from the ,president he took it for granted that he would not have to tell the names of the people involved until after subpoenas for them had been issued4 ,hitchcock agreed4 ,the next day he declared he couldn't do it1 and the day after that he made a speech in the ,senate declaring that he had had a long conference with ,mr4 ,borglum1 had seen all the aircraft evidence and that there was nothing to it4 ,monday morning ,borglum saw ,hitchcock and was in the middle of his attack when ,senators ,joseph ,frelinghuysen1 ,james ,reed1 ,john ,thomas and ,james ,w4 ,wadsworth1 the military committee1 came into the room4 ,somewhat informally1 as everything in ,washington seems to have been done in those days1 they sat down and listened to ,borglum's demand for blank subpoenas4 ,senator ,reed nodded1 stood up1 and said1 8,mr4 ,chairman1 owing to the high character of this witness1 ,i move that the subpoenas he asks be given4 ,if he gets the evidence he says exists1 ,i will move from the floor of the ,senate the hanging of those men40 ,borglum thanked him4 8,senator ,reed10 he said1 8,i have not told you the half of it1 and ,i can't4 ,i beg of you to give me the subpoenas and assist me in getting the evidence40 ,frelinghuysen and ,wadsworth seconded the motion4 ,the subpoenas voted by the committee were never issued1 however4 ,the chairman1 in whose hands the matter was left1 never seemed to find time4 ,he retired to private life after the next election4 ,borglum's last interview with ,hitchcock relative to the subpoenas was just about the last of his aircraft investigation4 ,president ,wilson telegraphed that ,gutzon had 8misunderstood0 his letter of ,january #b1 and that he wished the inquiry stopped4 ,when the sculptor was slow in stopping1 the ,president made his order of dismissal public4 ,borglum published a letter in which he asked3 8,what is it1 ,mr4 ,president1 in this country that you are afraid of8 ,what is it in this ,america that the ,president of the ,united ,states dare not face80 ,charles ,evans ,hughes conducted the next investigation4 ,he worked from ,may until ,october in #aiah4 ,the ,new ,york ,times of ,november #a1 #aiah1 printed his report4 ,gutzon said of it that it reminded him of the story of an ,irishman who was sent to locate a bucket lost in the bottom of a well4 ,he climbed down and he climbed back with great difficulty4 ,then he returned to his office and reported3 8,sure1 it's there40 ,and that1 in truth1 was the result of the aircraft investigation4 ,there were other inquiries and other suggestions1 but nobody went to jail4 ,nobody seems to have been seriously discommoded4 ,there weren't any airplanes that anybody could lay a hand on4 ,and the #a1jjj1jjj1jjj just disappeared4 ,gutzon ,borglum was much disturbed about this4 ,he could get angry thinking of it to the day of his death4 ,but it always seemed to a casual friend that he was puzzled by the wrong side of airplane production4 ,what he should have contemplated as the scintillant miracle of all the days he was to live was the fact that he was allowed to make the investigation at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is a little late after all these years to try to figure out how a billion dollars could disappear without leaving a trace on somebody4 ,borglum used to get indignant about the matter ten or twelve years afterward1 but the targets of his wrath were always anonymous4 ,he had some shrewd suspicions1 but left at the bottom of the well was the evidence which in this situation would have been necessary to convict anyone of wrongdoing4 ,to give the fiasco a fair estimate1 it seems likely that we were very young then4 ,up to the time when war was declared we had left the building of our planes to rugged individuals who whittled out the parts for them with jackknives and put them together in moldering barns and sheds4 ,when we had to get an air force aloft we did the best we could1 which wasn't very good4 ,we didn't trust our cow-barn airplane manufacturers4 ,largely1 they weren't where we could find them anyway4 ,they had gone into the air corps themselves4 ,so the searchers for planes took a chance on some people who apparently knew something about a gasoline motor and how to make forms out of tin--that is to say1 of course1 the automobile makers4 ,these lads muddled through and nobody got any airplanes4 ,they produced pieces in large numbers and blithely shipped them away to places where they were supposed to be assembled into airplanes4 ,but1 apparently1 nobody had thought to provide an assembler4 ,it is one thought about this--a thought that would have meant nothing to ,gutzon ,borglum--that nobody about the airplane production1 if it can be called that1 got rich 444 not so far as can be determined4 ,nobody seems to have had the remotest idea of what he was doing1 and it takes at least a billion dollars to keep thousands of men in jobs where they have nothing to do but nothing4 ,,chapter ,,fifteen ,,flight1 ,,patience ,,and ,,sheridan',s ,,horse ,none of his sundry war activities seems to have had much of an effect on ,gutzon ,borglum's handiwork4 ,his figure of ,james ,mc,connell1 in the monument to him on the ,university of ,virginia campus at ,charlottesville1 is one of the first memorials to the ,first ,world ,war to be erected1 and it is surely one of the finest4 ,it was because of his intense interest in aeronautics that he knew about ,mc,connell and got this commission4 ,and his creative skill had certainly been enriched by new experiences4 ,the ,mc,connell figure was a labor of love and1 considering the nature of the subject1 could hardly have been otherwise4 ,its start is told in a prospectus of the project signed by ,edwin ,a4 ,alderman1 president of the university3 ,on ,march #ai1 #aiag1 ,james ,rogers ,mc,connell met his death fighting for ,france4 ,he had been flying for ,france for over a year1 and it was meet and fitting that he should encounter death in the upper air1 battling with her enemies4 ,the story of his life1 since the beginning of the ,great ,war1 is a beautiful and heroic story4 ,out of pure idealism and devotion to the idea of freedom as established in ,france1 he gave his service to the ,french ,republic1 first as an ambulance driver and then as one of the pioneer aviators of the famous ,lafayette ,escadrille4 ,mc,connell was a loyal son of the ,university of ,virginia4 ,he has enriched her traditions and bound about her brow some of his glory4 ,his fellow students and his teachers take a solemn pride in his great devotion to freedom and right1 and think of him as a new and secret tie binding us to the land of ,lafayette and the home of ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,they desire to place here some simple memorial of beauty and distinction that will recall to future generations of youth the beauty of heroic death1 the virtues of duty1 valor and self-sacrifice1 and will keep green the memory of one who counted it a gladness to give his life for a lofty end4 ,gutzon's sympathy for a boy of ,mc,connell's character1 and his acquaintance with others in the ,lafayette ,escadrille1 gave him a particular incentive to do this memorial4 ,the commission came to him through a very dear friend1 ,w4 ,w4 ,fuller of ,north ,carolina and ,new ,york4 ,borglum had also a deep admiration for ,dr4 ,alderman4 ,the sculptor's conception of the statue was new and extraordinary4 ,the form he chose was a male figure1 standing tiptoe on a globe representing the earth1 in the act of taking flight4 ,vast wings were strapped to his arms1 almost concealing them1 and to the calves of his legs were bound something like greaves1 showing that the youth was a mortal in armor and not the mythological figure that a first glimpse would suggest4 ,president ,alderman's letters were numerous and helpful4 ,he was much concerned about the wings4 ,in a letter to ,mr4 ,fuller he wrote3 ,will one tire of their mass8 ,are they needed in such mass to subtly suggest battle flight8 ,is there not some symbolism less realistic and obstructive that would turn the trick8 ,this thing cannot be near great4 ,it must either be great or miss greatness altogether4 ,hence my anxiety4444 ,i have faith in ,borglum and admire the calm1 fine way he receives the layman's counsel4 ,but this work is not a mere statue4 ,it is a daring spiritual expression4 ,it must not offend any canon of form or grace4 ,sometimes in writing ,i weary of seeking the hidden1 difficult1 aptest phrase and content myself from sheer ennui with a lesser form4 ,he cannot do that1 for my expression is ephemeral--his is eternal and unlimited4444 ,it is significant1 in view of later comments on his irascibility1 that the sculptor welcomed such criticism as this4 ,because of the positioning of the memorial--in clear space1 free from buildings and silhouetted against the sky--he made some changes in the figure4 ,the wings were made lighter1 the feathers outlined more distinctly1 and some of the feathers were separated to admit light between them4 ,characteristically1 there seems to have been no discussion of price or of compensation to the sculptor until the first model was completed4 ,at that time he wrote that the cost would be #ab1jjj1 owing to the increased cost of bronze4 ,then he moved on to some work in ,cuba4 ,there was delay in getting the marble from ,tennessee in time for the unveiling4 ,because of this the braces and rivets attaching the figure to its round base were not in place when the draperies were lifted4 ,dr4 ,alderman went through his speech in grave apprehension that the whole exhibit would fall on his head4 ,but it all came right in the end--through sheer luck1 perhaps4 ,mr4 ,fuller wrote that a friend of his1 8a learned physician and a just and judicious man10 had looked at the memorial from an unusual point of view4 ,this friend reported3 ,i am sure it is a great work of art1 but ,i studied it mostly from the position of the anatomist4 ,the lines are perfect4 ,what a grand specimen of the human architecture1 as if just from the hands of his ,maker6 ,a model of human architecture6 ,i noticed particularly the different prominent muscles1 tense and drawn in preparation for flight--how anatomically correct they were in location and function4444 ,i shall never forget4444 ,the aviator's father was deeply touched by the figure4 ,he wrote to ,gutzon3 ,i attended the unveiling of the memorial to my son at the ,university of ,virginia4 ,i want to congratulate you on this wonderful reproduction4 ,it is magnificently beautiful 444 expressive and highly inspiring4 ,i know of nothing in ,america that equals this splendid work4 ,i believe that not only the ,university of ,virginia but all ,america will regard this aviator as a triumph of art and will cherish it as a priceless possession4 ,then there came a committee which had thought about building a memorial to a former governor1 ,charles ,brantley ,aycock1 in ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina4 ,from ,josephus ,daniels came a letter enthusiastically outlining this project4 ,gutzon read it without much interest4 ,the committee had decided to hold a competition but wished ,borglum to submit a model before they made a decision4 ,gutzon replied that because ,daniels asked it1 he would be glad to lay aside his ideas about competitions1 but that he simply did not have the time to put in the work of several days on a model that might or might not be satisfactory4 8,committees do not realize10 he said1 8that the making of a model is about one third of the entire work4 ,neither do they realize that in at least nine cases out of ten1 no model is carried out as first presented4 ,not only the committee but the artist himself develops it40 ,so the committee abandoned the competition1 invited the sculptor to come to ,raleigh for a conference and gave him the commission the day after his arrival4 ,he telegraphed home1 8,returning this afternoon4 ,have contract eighteen thousand40 ,the family received the news with decent restraint4 ,they knew ,gutzon4 ,he was always sanguine4 ,a contract was always the same to him as money in the bank4 ,the ,aycock memorial was conceived by its promoters as the monument to an ideal rather than to a man4 ,aycock1 governor of ,north ,carolina from #aija to #aije1 had established two reforms of importance4 ,the first was to make suffrage dependent on education4 ,the second placed education within the reach of all1 rich or poor1 black or white4 ,and the sculptor soon realized that he was going to have some trouble telling about this in a statue4 ,most of his correspondence was with ,dr4 ,clarence ,poe1 son-in-law of ,governor ,aycock and editor of a widely circulated paper1 ,the ,progressive ,farmer4 ,he was a man of exceptional gifts1 but sculpture worried him4 ,his first worry was because ,gutzon was working on a life-size model without having made a plaster cast of the small-sketch model4 ,gutzon wrote him a long treatise on models in which he said3 ,i don't mind making three or four4 ,the man must be on his feet4 ,except for that every action of the body is changeable4444 ,in the work ,i do in my studio ,i keep my small model in clay and do not cast it in plaster in order not to be bound by it4 ,if it is in plaster it cannot be changed4444 ,i am anxious to keep it as flexible as possible1 and to keep in mind that the big figure is the sole thing and the permanent thing4444 ,there was more correspondence and eventually ,gutzon invited the committee to come and look at the life-size model4 ,in the fall of the year the party arrived--,colonel ,p4 ,m4 ,pearsall1 ,mrs4 ,charles ,aycock1 the widow1 and ,judge ,frank ,daniels1 ,josephus' brother4 ,after suggesting some slight changes they expressed complete satisfaction and went home4 ,the sculptor was on the point of casting the statue in plaster when he got a telegram from ,dr4 ,poe1 who had been unavoidably detained4 ,poe1 who had learned his lesson about models1 begged ,gutzon to delay the casting till he could get to ,stamford4 ,nobody had told him what work it is to keep a heroic-size clay figure moist for an indefinite time4 ,for the next three weeks ,gutzon had little else to occupy his time4 ,dr4 ,poe and a new committee were more critical than the first group had been4 ,dr4 ,poe shook his head and announced that for one thing the model was underweight4 ,aycock1 he said1 had weighed at least fifty pounds more than the sculptor allowed4 ,the rest of the committee agreed4 ,gutzon had acquired patience4 ,it was not serious1 he said4 ,he would adjust the governor's proportions4 ,sleeping quarters were engaged at a hotel for the committee4 ,and for three days ,dr4 ,poe and his friends sat around the studio while ,borglum added to the governor's girth4 ,for this work ,judge ,daniels was a voluntary model4 ,in the end everybody was pleased4 ,dr4 ,poe declared that 8,the result is a distinguished success40 ,the memorial was unveiled on ,march #ae1 #aibd1 a year later4 ,dr4 ,alderman and ,josephus ,daniels made the chief speeches4 ,thousands of the governor's old friends attended1 together with a crowd of school children4 ,it was a grand affair4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,sheridan equestrian statue1 which stands at the beginning of ,sheridan ,road in ,chicago1 came out of this same period and was one of the sculptor's favorites4 ,the technical perfection of it gratified him4 ,he used to say of the horse1 rearing with his front feet off the ground1 that he could see the play of the muscles under the skin--and that is very likely true4 ,the work was accomplished under external difficulties4 ,in the first place the construction of an armature for so huge a group was no small undertaking4 ,it was built of heavy timbers1 boards and lath and looked something like the pictures of the ,trojan ,horse4 ,it wasn't as commodious1 perhaps1 but several able-bodied men could work inside it--and did4 ,a new studio was under construction with the sculptor supervising all details4 ,and outweighing all physical handicaps was the mental strain of his work on ,stone ,mountain1 where things were rapidly approaching a crisis4 ,however1 for his creative work there was always one tranquil spot in his brain that no outside disturbance could enter4 ,he believed in changing his models frequently1 stopping only when he could see what he thought to be right4 ,jesse ,tucker1 the ,stone ,mountain engineer1 recalls that this was one feature of his sculpture in which he would permit no compromise4 ,at one stage of the ,sheridan memorial1 ,tucker pointed out1 the sculptor was seriously handicapped by lack of funds4 ,everybody in the studio knew that he would receive a substantial sum as soon as the group was finished and ready for casting4 ,and one evening it looked as though this happy moment had arrived4 ,gutzon walked around the model1 seriously studying it4 ,he stopped and picked up an ax4 8,tucker10 he said1 8,i believe ,i can improve that horse40 ,and without further discussion he began to hack down part of the armature and added two weeks to the work4 ,this habit was well known to his assistants4 ,once his colored attendant1 ,banks1 reported on the progress of a statue3 8,guess the boss is about through4 ,he's started pulling it to pieces40 ,the personal contacts he made during the production of the ,sheridan monument were particularly pleasing to ,gutzon4 8,big ,bill0 ,thompson1 storm center of political controversy1 was mayor of ,chicago at the time4 ,they became warm friends4 ,stamford political leaders declined an invitation to meet the mayor when he was due to look at the models1 but ,thompson knew nothing about that4 ,he arrived at the studio accompanied by nine carloads of ,new ,york politicians4 ,michael ,j4 ,faherty1 ,chicago's commissioner of public works1 was the mayor's first deputy in the memorial project4 ,he had a summer home near ,hartford and would drop in at the studio at unexpected moments on his frequent trips back and forth from ,chicago4 ,his chief interest was in the development of the oversize model of horse and rider that nearly filled the studio4 ,to save the expense of casting bronze in the ,united ,states the contract was given to ,vignali ,brothers of ,florence4 ,there was an endless interchange of letters and cables4 ,telephone wires had to be removed and replaced to permit the trucking of the bronze casts to ,genoa because some of them were too high4 ,this was the fault of the foundry and added expense for ,gutzon4 ,on its trip from ,new ,york to ,chicago the group encountered patches of the same difficulty and had to be rerouted on a wild course to avoid low underpasses4 ,faherty1 who was anxiously watching all this1 finally reported1 8,winchester and ,sheridan still twenty miles away40 ,sheridan eventually arrived for the unveiling4 ,a special 8,sheridan ,day0 had been declared4 ,and there was a big military display with speeches by the governor1 the mayor and other dignitaries4 ,all went as scheduled1 after which ,faherty found time to write of his own troubles4 ,to ,borglum he wrote3 ,surprises turn up as usual in reference to expense4 ,the governor has ordered the soldiers to turn out1 but the officers have no money2 and the ,sheridan ,monument ,association is called upon to pay #b1ejj to defray their expenses4 ,the total receipts from the ,state and others will amount to about #dc1jjj1 and the expenses will be about #ec1jjj4 ,however1 the job is done and meets with satisfaction1 for which ,i have to thank you and your wife4 ,gutzon felt that he had never had a more pleasant association4 ,,chapter ,,sixteen ,,wars ,,of ,,america ,,memorial ,the ,wars of ,america group in ,newark1 ,new ,jersey1 is the story of a nation told in figures from life and not by allegorical or classic symbols4 ,it is one of the largest bronze memorials in the world1 composed of forty-two human and two equestrian figures1 all of heroic size4 ,it is the first monument in ,america to depict mass action4 ,it took three years in the molding1 another three years to put it into bronze and ten years of preliminary thought and study4 ,the same patriotic ,amos ,van ,horn who had left money for the ,lincoln memorial had also provided for a monument to ,george ,washington1 which was created by the sculptor ,j4 ,massey ,rhind1 and for a third memorial to the soldiers and sailors of all our wars1 to the men who had given their lives in making and maintaining the republic4 ,since ,mr4 ,van ,horn's death1 ,world ,war ,i had been added to the list4 ,almost before the ,lincoln was finished1 ,ralph ,lum asked ,gutzon to begin thinking about the military monument1 but the sum of a hundred thousand dollars bequeathed for the purpose was not immediately available and he had to wait4 ,of his idea to portray mass action the sculptor wrote3 ,we do things in the mass1 not as individuals4 ,mass action is the keynote of our civilization4 ,why should it not inspire our monuments8 ,what opportunities there have been in our history for the inspiration of great sculpture animated by that mass spirit4 ,what ,i should like to see1 for instance1 is a monument to ,lincoln that would include his cabinet4 ,the more one grows1 the more his close associates grow with him4 ,and there are the colonial settlements1 the founders of the republic and the ,western pioneers still waiting to be memorialized in mass action4 ,the sculptor began his first designs in more or less the conventional way4 ,he adopted the shaft or the upright column1 which is often used as a symbol of civilization1 and surrounded that shaft with figures1 struggling1 rising above material difficulties4 ,in making this model he discovered that it failed completely to express the natural impulses of the human being under stress1 either attacking or defending himself against an enemy4 ,all war monuments1 he decided1 should be planned to depict emotions when threatened by loss of a way of life which was at once familiar and sacred to every family1 tribe or nation4 ,when that idea became clear the problem of a memorial to men who had sacrificed their lives for home and country became one of human anxiety and confusion out of which order1 organization and direction gradually developed4 ,this went hand in hand with the thought that the wars of ,america were defensive wars1 that ,america was not a crusader in a militant sense4 ,the war with ,england1 for example1 was a declaration of independence1 in no way a struggle for dominion beyond ,america's own boundaries4 ,and the ,first ,world ,war was1 in the sculptor's own words1 8probably the most remarkable example of utter disinterestedness in conquest40 ,monuments that are built for war1 he concluded1 generally treat battle and fighting as part of the process of civilization1 while in fact civilization develops its lines of peace on confidence and in ways that are antagonistic to war4 ,of how the plan slowly developed in his mind he said3 ,my first sketch1 following abandonment of the shaft idea1 represented a confused group of men who were attempting to organize ,illustration3 ,photo by ,lincoln ,borglum 8,,the ,,trail ,,drivers0 ,this group is in ,breckenridge ,park1 ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,borglums' ,,daughter ,mary ,ellis ,borglum is now ,mrs4 ,david ,vhay4 themselves and move toward leadership1 with ,washington and ,lincoln symbolically present4 ,but symbolism1 though necessary in a group of this kind1 had great disadvantages in that it introduced an unnecessary idea of unreality in the passing of great individuals1 which appeared to me to be hurtful in a work of art4 ,it seemed that ,lincoln and ,washington standing together as historic characters introduced a thought that was hurtful to the life and reality of the group4 ,it might give a mystical character that would detract from its vitality4 ,finally in the last sketch ,i introduced two horses because the horse is not only a companion to man but is his closest companion in times of danger1 as a carrier1 a weapon1 or a friend4 ,artistically and sculpturally his excitement and nervous tension can be used either realistically or symbolically in a group to add life and strength and to suggest a fear that we would not want to show in a human figure4 ,i felt also that in a group of so many figures an upward movement was preferable to keeping them flat on the ground4 ,when ,i elevated the center of the base of the monument the change instantly increased the sense of struggle and effect4 ,the defensive character of ,american wars is suggested in the first part of the work1 consisting of a group of four figures4 ,i have drawn the figures of men who will resist anything they think unjust4 ,i have clothed these men in the uniforms of three wars1 over a century apart1 and strangely enough there is no incongruity of effect4 ,although these figures represent mass resistance in the ,colonial and ,civil ,war and ,world ,war periods1 only one man in the group has drawn a weapon4 ,i have shown here four men who form the front and bulwark of a group of forty-odd characters1 representing an entire nation mobilizing under pressure of war1 and only one man among them displays an implement that could injure another4 ,i have chosen the sword because it is symbolic of authority4 ,immediately back of this group ,i have represented the only organized mass action indicating battle4 ,there are five or six figures1 infantry and marines1 charging forward with their rifles1 six guns in the hands of as many men1 and they represent the entire armament of this national monument4 ,just at this point1 as an allegro of the symphony1 ,i have introduced the two horses to accent the power and movement of an irresistible forward plunge1 with plain indication of the loss of control that always appears under great stress4 ,in these horses ,i have shown a different character to indicate their separate response to the movement4 ,from this point backward the composition indicates organization1 preparedness1 equipment and such confusion as extends behind the battle line to the recruiting source and into the home1 indicating1 ,i feel1 that ,america's battles are all for the defense of her homes4 ,nine different models were made1 and the development of the composition covered considerably over two years of time4 ,the entire composition was modeled full size1 as it appears in bronze1 without having been 8pointed out0 as is usually the custom4 ,about forty tons of clay were used4 ,every bit of it was handled four or five times4 ,the large group itself required about three years of incessant labor4 ,the characters of the group are known people of our time4 ,they are portraits which it is not necessary to indicate4 ,for example1 the aviator was a personal friend of mine1 ,john ,purroy ,mitchell1 former mayor of ,new ,york1 whom ,i included because of his patriotism and because he1 like so many other gallant airmen1 was a sacrifice1 ,i have been told1 not to battle but to criminal mismanagement behind the battle line4 ,this group in bronze is the first accomplished part of a plan ,i have had in mind for over thirty years--to develop monumental art into a living1 active1 historical record of moods1 lives and characters of the men and women who are responsible for our national development4 ,in the enlargement of the idea and the making of various models ,ralph ,lum1 whom the sculptor had come to know in the making of the ,lincoln memorial1 played an important part4 ,the mutual trust and regard established between the lawyer and the sculptor was a dominating factor in producing the memorial4 ,such a relationship between sponsor and creator is unique in the annals of public memorials in ,america4 ,a like relationship is not a matter of record anywhere else unless1 perhaps1 between ,pericles and ,phidias4 ,on ,february #aa1 #aiba1 ten years after the completion of the ,newark ,lincoln memorial1 ,mr4 ,lum1 acting for the three executors1 awarded the commission to ,gutzon ,borglum and authorized him to go to work4 ,when photographs of the model were published wagers were laid among artists that it would be impossible for any sculptor to keep his creative impulse fixed on one subject long enough to produce an art work of such proportions4 ,they did not know that monotony or dulled interest was an impossibility to an artist who regarded variety not as the spice of life but as its bread and butter4 ,always he had two or three productions on hand as well as an enormous correspondence1 a lecture to art students1 a promised magazine article and a political campaign in which a 8progressive0 candidate must be elected lest the heavens fall4 ,he was doing the ,sheridan memorial for ,chicago1 which nearly filled his ,stamford studio1 when he received the ,wars of ,america commission4 ,characteristically1 he immediately began to clear a place in the woods near his home and to dig out the ground for a foundation4 ,the foundation he built of stones covered with cement1 a support stout enough to be unshaken by any number of tons of clay or marble4 ,on this he built a bigger studio with walls of stone1 while at the same time he laid out the armature for the big group in the middle4 ,under his personal supervision large rocks for the base of the walls were dragged by horses and tackle from the bed of the near-by river4 ,the location of so huge a monument demanded much thought and preparation4 ,eventually the ,city of ,newark cheerfully spent another hundred thousand dollars for the setting of the group4 ,regarding this matter the sculptor wrote to ,carl ,bannwort1 of the ,newark ,parks ,department3 ,now that the monument matter is settled1 won't you get hold of ,caparn1 your landscape architect1 and let us have a conference about where it will be placed8 ,if you and he will come over and lunch with me1 we can talk this park proposition over in detail4 ,you have a chance to have the best memorial in the ,united ,states and ,i don't want any slip through my failing to be beforehand4 ,you are always in such a hurry yourself1 anyway1 you will be rebuking me if ,i don't keep one or two steps ahead of you4 ,a little later ,mr4 ,bannwort replied3 ,this is a subject ,i hardly dare mention4 ,the mere whisper of it may cause as great a stir in the large area of your cerebellum as when a brick is tossed into the pond and visibly agitates every molecule of water4 ,when we move the bandstand and other excrescences from ,military ,park1 the memorial site1 to make room for the monument1 we must have a tool shed4 ,is there no way of putting a door at the northern end of your plinth and using some of the space under the bronze group for this utilitarian purpose8 ,for fear that a whole load of bricks will be heaved by you with deadly aim1 ,i say no more at present4 ,the modeling was 8going splendidly10 as the sculptor wrote1 when ,mr4 ,lum brought up a subject of prime importance1 which of itself involved a whole volume of correspondence4 ,this was the casting in bronze of the huge memorial4 ,mr4 ,lum wrote3 ,i am wondering if you could within the next week secure some estimate for the casting from some reliable concern4 ,i have no thought of your giving the contract to anyone at present1 for ,i think the prices are apt to decline further2 but ,i would like to get some definite estimate4 ,the way many sculptors and other people are constantly putting it up to me--that the casting can never be completed and the work delivered for anything like your contract price--would unsettle my nerves were ,i not so sure of you and your ability to put through anything you undertake4 ,but ,i would feel relieved to see some cost estimates just the same4 ,in answer to ,mr4 ,lum1 whose chief concern now was that the sculptor was putting so much into the memorial that he could expect no profit for himself1 ,gutzon sent a list of bronzes he had produced1 with a careful comparison of size1 weight and cost4 ,his conclusion was that the forty-two figures of the ,wars of ,america were equal to about sixteen single figures and that the contract price of #ajj1jjj would 8see him through40 ,as a matter of safety1 he added1 he was corresponding with ,european bronze casters who might do the work for much less than would be charged in this country4 ,he was dismayed when the ,american estimates came in--from the ,gorham ,company1 #abc1jjj2 from ,roman ,bronze1 #hg1jjj2 from ,henry ,bonnard1 #gh1heg4 ,this meant that every bit of the available money would be spent for the bronze casting alone1 which is usually less than half the cost of a monument4 ,it was an immense relief when from the ,vignali ,brothers of ,florence1 ,italy1 came an estimate of #dge1jjj lire1 which at that time1 ,october #aiba1 was worth about #bj1jjj4 ,a contract was signed to the effect that the monument would be shipped from ,new ,york in eight sections 7plaster casts7 and that the first bronze section was to be returned not later than ,february #a1 #aibb1 and the other seven sections before the end of the same year4 ,and then the misfortune that had dogged the sculptor if ever he went into a business deal was again at his heels4 ,he had an ,italian friend in the ,united ,states who said he was going abroad and for the honor of being a part of so noble a work would gladly make all the business arrangements with the ,vignali firm4 ,into the contract the friend inserted two wholly unexpected clauses--that the sculptor was to be penalized for every day's delay in getting the plaster casts to ,florence1 and that the friend was to receive a ten-per-cent commission on such a penalty as well as on the contract with the sculptor himself4 ,it was later learned that the friend sued ,vignali for refusing to inflict the penalty on the sculptor4 ,vignali1 being familiar with the optimism of art1 had never expected ,gutzon to deliver the models on time4 ,there was a weary imbroglio4 ,the sculptor sent his assistant1 ,hugo ,villa1 to superintend the whole bronze-casting business4 ,hugo reported in #aibe that the first group of figures which had been shipped in #aibb were only partly cast2 that later groups to arrive had been cast and were scattered all over the foundry2 that the contract made by the sculptor's friend was a pretty bad one4 ,in ,newark1 meanwhile1 all the burden of explanation fell upon ,ralph ,lum1 a man of exemplary patience1 who was being constantly asked by artists1 reporters and expectant citizens what had become of the memorial4 ,in answer to one of his many letters ,gutzon wrote in #aibb3 ,the new studio ,i had to improvise for this memorial has been a great physical burden1 while the sheer labor of creating such a group has been terrible4 ,however1 that is all overcome now1 and ,i have simply to take up figure by figure and group by group1 with some concentrated work of course1 but it will be like revamping a manuscript you have written4 ,now about finishing the group of horses by the first of this month1 as you hope4 ,this is quite possible in point of time and labor1 but it would be bad and harmful4 ,you will be surprised to hear me say ,i'm a little sorry the main figures are gone to be cast so ,i cannot work more on them4 ,i do not need to tell you ,i shall do nothing that will hurt the final result1 but ,i ought to say that ,i work so rapidly no allowance is made for my slowing up4 ,this work is a colossal undertaking4 ,a true1 clear perspective of it as a whole must be maintained throughout its making4 ,handling a mountain of material is of itself a man's job continuously4 ,for that ,i calculated1 but the housing and the danger of freezing and the responsibility of caring for so much ,i did not consider as ,i now would4 ,if a sculptor should undertake to do one figure a month1 complete--twelve figures a year--it would be undertaking the unheard of in art4 ,yet as the work stands today1 ,i've done much more than that4 ,in the next sixty days ,i shall have done nineteen human figures and two horses4 ,i have spent at least half my working time1 by necessity1 to properly house and protect the work4 ,these nineteen or twenty figures are all separate and amount to about two thirds of the whole4 ,i don't believe anything like it was ever done before4 ,i certainly could not repeat it and should not want to4 ,as to its value1 you know better than anyone else that the group is worth half a million if it is worth a cent4 ,in a previous letter the sculptor had written in a different mood3 8,the work is going splendidly1 but ,i am terribly tired--more constantly tired than at any time in my life--and it's not because ,i have reached the age of one hundred40 ,answering both letters1 ,mr4 ,lum wrote3 ,i can realize1 as you know1 better than anyone else all that you say1 except the single fact of your having grown so terrifically fatigued by the labor of our great work4 ,i can't think of you as tired4 ,somehow ,i don't associate it with you4 ,can't you just go away from it all for a week or two and then get the labor of the rear group out of the way and get it shipped and boxed8 ,i am leaving for abroad next week1 and of course ,i realize now that we can't possibly unveil this fall4 ,but ,i know ,i will have to move out of town if everything isn't in readiness by early spring4 ,that you should have a million dollars and ten years' time for this work ,i know full well4 ,gutzon was still at his wit's end4 ,the first group of four figures had not been shipped until ,september #aibb1 and by contract all the forty-two figures in eight groups were to be returned before the end of ,december4 ,there had been delays in getting clay into wax1 delays which eventually made the unveiling four years late4 ,for these delays the dimensions of the group and the sculptor's determination that only his best work should be fixed in bronze were responsible4 ,the ,stone ,mountain project1 started in #aiae before the ,wars of ,america project had been authorized1 had now been suddenly revived and the sponsors were demanding ,gutzon's return to ,atlanta4 ,still the sculptor's work was virtually done when again1 as the ,italians say1 8,the devil put his tail in the business40 ,the total expense of shipping the crates of plaster casts to ,florence had been about #b1jjj1 as done by an ,american shipper1 ,caldwell and ,company4 ,now came a bill for twice that amount for returning bronzes which occupied less space4 ,the shipment was handled by an ,italian who added extra fees for trucking from ,florence to ,leghorn and 8deck charges40 ,finally there was a peremptory demand from ,gutzon's friend for #b1jjj as his commission4 ,in paying other bills that he thought to be legitimate the sculptor had already used all available funds while he himself worked for nothing because1 as he wrote to ,mr4 ,lum in #aibf1 8,this monument must be put up if ,i have to keep on paying for it to the end of my life and mortgage all ,i possess40 ,confronted now by demands that he thought unjust but could not carry to court1 he borrowed money to pay them and gave several of his small marbles as security4 ,troubles never come singly1 says an old proverb4 ,gutzon was at ,stone ,mountain1 absorbed in another work1 when word came that all the bronze casts had at last arrived in ,newark1 where no one had the slightest idea of what to do with them4 ,by keeping the wires hot the sculptor located his old friend ,bob ,baillie1 who dropped his own work and hurried to ,newark4 ,there presently he was joined by ,villa4 ,at the hands of these two1 and by what the sculptor gratefully accepted as an act of ,providence1 the great work moved swiftly to its climax4 ,several years later ,mr4 ,vignali asked the sculptor if he had found a case of champagne in the neck of one of the horses4 ,gutzon said he hoped that the welders made a party with it4 ,the unveiling at ,military ,park on ,memorial ,day1 #aibg1 was thrilling enough to efface all memory of the years of waiting4 ,the mayor of ,newark1 ,thomas ,l4 ,raymond1 had formally proclaimed a public festival2 he eulogized1 among other things1 8the excessive generosity and spirit of self-sacrifice of the sculptor ,gutzon ,borglum1 who has given without limit of his genius1 his time and effort40 ,because the memorial was national1 not local1 invitations had been sent to the ,president of the ,united ,states and his ,cabinet1 to all governors1 to senators1 congressmen and persons of distinction in national life1 scores of whom responded and were present in festival spirit with tens of thousands of ,new ,jersey citizens4 ,the orator of the day was ,secretary of the ,navy ,wilbur4 ,over the inspiring scene floated silvery captive balloons4 ,at a bugle signal they rose1 lifting the flags which had been concealed in the monument1 and out flew forty-eight pairs of carrier pigeons to speed the message of good will to every state in the union4 ,the sculptor's contribution had been to scatter poppies over the green around the memorial as an expression of his own feeling for the soldiers and sailors who had given their lives for the ,united ,states4 ,when it was his turn to speak he said3 ,it would be impossible for me to express the pleasure ,i feel and the gratitude to ,god that ,i am able today to deliver to you and through you to ,newark and to ,america this memorial monument to the people who have founded and protected a new freedom of the world4 ,the design in its dramatic sense is conceived as a moment of crisis when the life of the state is threatened and depicts ,america's manner of meeting such a crisis4 ,it is a memorial to soldiers and sailors4 ,it is a monument to the fortitude of the ,american people4 ,it is located here because here ,washington stood4 ,here he many times assembled his troops4 ,here ,lafayette was received by your forefathers1 and the building of this monument was prophesied4 ,here ,jackson met your citizens1 as did ,lincoln1 ,theodore ,roosevelt and the other great leaders4 ,all these staunch souls foregathered here on the very ground whereon this design is set1 to discuss their course or part or1 if necessary1 pay sacrifice to national service4 ,the design itself represents a great spearhead1 consistent with the character of ,military ,park4 ,upon the field of this spearhead we have placed a great ,tudor sword1 its blade the pool1 its hilt the monument representing the ,american nation at a crisis1 answering the call to arms4 ,as news of the unveiling spread through the country1 with descriptions of the impressive ceremony in the newspapers1 a flood of congratulatory letters came in1 some from old friends1 some from strangers1 many from distinguished sources4 ,all criticism of the sculptor who had undertaken two big jobs at once was now forgotten4 ,he was assured that such a work of art was well worth waiting for4 ,one of the letters was from ,robert ,baillie1 most valued by the sculptor because of its human quality and because the writer had worked in the studio and understood him and what he had been trying to do4 ,baillie wrote3 ,mrs4 ,baillie and myself want to say how much we thought of the group and the unveiling ceremony4 ,it was simply glorious in spite of the rain4 ,i liked what you said1 and ,mr4 ,lum's acceptance was well worded2 but what appealed to me most was the message from the governor of ,georgia4 ,i think that was the most sincere tribute to your efforts that ,i have heard at any time1 and well it may be so since they now know what they have lost4 ,you certainly have made a warm spot in the hearts of ,newark's citizens and one that will not be forgotten by them4 ,i am sure that you have had many letters of congratulations but none1 ,i can assure you1 more sincere than ours4 ,and ,ralph ,lum added3 8,you know how much the association with you has meant to me1 and my joy that it has all worked out so beautifully is an abiding and comfortable one40 ,,chapter ,,seventeen ,,stone ,,mountain ,you probably have heard the story of ,stone ,mountain1 ,georgia1 as who1 alive1 hasn't4 ,stone ,mountain is an isolated mass of granite that rises abruptly from a plain near ,atlanta1 and on its precipitous face ,gutzon ,borglum once started to carve the pageant of the ,confederate ,army4 ,the idea had its inception somewhere around #aiaj or #aiaa4 ,borglum was asked to look at the project in #aiae2 began his preliminary work on it shortly before the ,first ,world ,war2 carving was started in ,june #aibc2 the head of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 a gigantic sculpture1 was unveiled in ,january #aibd2 the figures of ,stonewall ,jackson and ,jefferson ,davis were roughed out during the summer of #aibd2 on ,february #ah1 #aibe1 there were words between the sculptor and a representative of the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association2 by midsummer the models were broken1 ,borglum had left ,georgia1 and what was probably the world's first attempt at mountain carving was abandoned4 ,the years have produced a variety of stories about what happened at ,stone ,mountain1 most of them untrue1 and there is little use now in summing them up4 ,but the wreckage on the mountain was an evident fact1 as was the finish of one of sculpture's most astounding efforts4 ,from what remained of the carving it was easy to envision the ,confederacy's last glorious march--the ride of the great leaders with horse1 foot and artillery across the vast granite wall toward what had looked like immortality4 ,but there wasn't going to be any immortality4 ,borglum's plan for the depiction of the army had kept pace with his far-reaching mind4 ,he hadn't overlooked a detail3 ,in the front would be the leaders4 ,behind them the men1 a horde of gray-uniformed men1 riding their horses or dragging their guns or staggering afoot from the brink of the great cliff top1 entering this last great parade from out of the sky4 ,he had made no count of the figures4 ,apparently there was to be no end to them 444 and no matter4 ,there was a tall precipice in front of him--thousands and thousands of square yards4 ,all that was gone now1 not only the first of the striking carvings1 but the hope for the memorial's completion4 ,gutzon ,borglum waited for a long time for the aid he felt must come--for the miraculous intervention that would bring the stone soldiers back to the mountain4 ,but nothing came of half a dozen efforts to put the hard-rock men back at work4 ,gutzon ,borglum died1 and nobody in ,atlanta talks about ,stone ,mountain any more4 ,borglum1 they figure1 is the only man who ever knew how to carve a mountain1 and they are at least partly right4 ,he is certainly the only man who ever did it4 ,on ,february #bg1 #aibg1 ,lynn ,haines1 who obviously knew something about this dramatic episode1 introduced ,gutzon ,borglum to the ,penguin ,club in ,washington4 ,what he said may not have been too reserved1 but anyone who knew anything about the ,georgia project would have admitted its truth4 ,haines declared3 ,borglum had an impossible dream for ,stone ,mountain4 ,its inception was beyond belief4 ,its execution was unimaginable4 ,every phase of it presented problems which his smart friends considered insurmountable4 ,he ignored human limitations and took up the job4 ,he created a national state of mind that accepted and approved his impossible project4 ,then he financed the memorial4 ,he calmly accomplished what it was said could not be done in engineering4 ,he had to have and therefore produced entirely new and hitherto unknown devices in photography1 and in mechanics and in his own art4 ,he proceeded to carry out his idea on a scale so colossal as to make it the most miraculous thing ever shaped by human hands4444 ,i have been at ,stone ,mountain several times with ,mr4 ,borglum4 ,it is rightly described as 8the largest upthrust of unbroken granite in the world40 ,it stands alone4 ,we have all wondered about ,mr4 ,borglum in that work4 ,he was so high that he was merely a small black spot moving across the mountain in the wind4 ,he was giving shape to statues some two hundred feet tall and giving them the grace and detail that you would find in figures in his studio4 ,they said it could not be done4444 ,so ,gutzon ,borglum did it4 ,and then ,lynn ,haines told the story of ,stone ,mountain4 ,or rather he told an important part of it4 ,he neglected to call attention to the fact that what one man can do another man can undo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #aiaj the ,civil ,war was still one of the ,south's active and bitter memories4 ,there were still plenty of people alive who could tell from personal experience of the pillaging of homes1 the burning of ,atlanta1 the devastation of the ,southern countryside by ,federal troops4 ,the women of the ,south had banded together as ,the ,united ,daughters of the ,confederacy to alleviate as well as they could the misery caused by the war and to cherish the memory of their heroes4 ,gutzon had been commissioned by a branch of the ,u4,d4,c4 to carve a memorial to the first ,southern soldier killed in battle2 so he came to meet many of the remarkable membership1 including the national president1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,helen ,plane of ,atlanta4 ,mrs4 ,plane was a singularly able woman4 ,although nearly eighty years old when ,gutzon first saw her1 she was still vigorous and highly opinionated4 ,she was a person for whom the ,war between the ,states had never ended4 ,she was living in ,mississippi in the first part of #ahfa when her husband1 a surgeon1 had been killed4 ,with her old colored nurse for company she had toured the battlefield in a one-horse wagon looking for his body4 ,she had found it and taken it home for burial4 ,years afterward1 when she and the sculptor had become friends1 she asked him if he had noticed that she didn't shake hands with him when they first met 444 and she explained4 8,i was afraid10 she said1 8that you might in some way have been responsible for my husband's death40 ,for many years there had been talk in ,atlanta about using the flat granite front of ,stone ,mountain to present some sort of ,confederate ,memorial4 ,the ,u4,d4,c4 approved the idea and ,mrs4 ,plane gave impetus to it4 ,her plan had little more form than anybody else's1 except that she had seen the head of ,lincoln1 by ,borglum1 in the national capital4 ,she said that she would like to have the same man carve a head of ,lee on ,stone ,mountain's great bare wall4 ,she interviewed the owner of the mountain1 ,sam ,venable1 who promised her a spot twenty feet square near the base of the cliff on which to carve the memorial to ,lee4 ,and armed with this promise1 she wrote to ,borglum4 ,gutzon did not know anything about ,stone ,mountain1 but he was interested in ,lee4 ,so1 in the summer of #aiae1 he came to ,atlanta to meet ,mrs4 ,plane and her committee4 ,the women met him at the railroad station1 drove him to ,stone ,mountain1 and pointed out the spot donated by ,venable4 ,he looked at it in puzzled silence4 8,well10 snapped ,helen ,plane1 8what do you think of it80 8,ladies10 gasped the sculptor1 8,i don't know what to think4 ,but it seems to me that a twenty-foot head of ,lee on the side of that mountain would look like a stamp on a barn door40 ,the stunned women wanted to take him back to ,atlanta where they had arranged a luncheon and a reception1 but he begged off4 ,he wanted to study the mountain1 he said1 to see if something could be done with it4 ,so the ,u4,d4,c4 committee left him in the rambling old summer home of the ,venables at the lower end of the mountain and trooped off without him4 ,on that day a friendship and mutual understanding sprang up between ,samuel ,venable and ,gutzon ,borglum that was to last as long as they lived4 ,the ,venable family at the time included ,mother ,venable1 who had been ,cornelia ,hoyt and had lived in ,atlanta during the ,civil ,war2 her son ,sam1 already in his fifties1 a whimsical bachelor and head of the family2 his two sisters1 ,leila and ,elizabeth2 their husbands1 ,dr4 ,james ,n4 ,ellis and ,frank ,mason2 and the two ,mason children1 ,sam and ,leila4 ,they all lived together in a huge house built of ,stone ,mountain granite in ,atlanta1 spending their summers at the home near the cliff which they called 8,mount ,rest40 ,sam ,venable had been in the granite business with his brother ,will who had died leaving two daughters1 both married and living in their own homes--,mrs4 ,robert ,thornton ,roper and ,mrs4 ,coribel ,kellogg ,orme4 ,with the ,venables at 8,mount ,rest0 ,gutzon passed three pleasant days4 ,he got up in the early morning to see whether or not the sun's first rays touched the cliff4 ,he watched the light traveling all day and studied the angles and shadows of its fall4 ,on the night of the third day he watched the mountain with a wisp of pale moon hovering over it4 ,he seemed to see a gray-uniformed host stealing quietly over the upper edge of the great wall1 moving northward across its face4 ,that evening he pointed out to ,sam ,venable what he had seen4 ,near the top and sweeping downward1 the ,confederate armies4 ,above1 the artillery1 appearing at the summit as if coming from beyond4 ,dropping down and over to the left across the cliff1 a procession of men1 guns1 horses4 ,left of these1 the cavalry in full forward motion4 ,and in the center1 where the wall bulged outward1 was a colossal group of the principal chieftains of the ,confederacy--,lee1 ,stonewall ,jackson and ,president ,jefferson ,davis4 ,swinging away to the left were column upon column of ,confederate infantry4 ,sam listened and smoked vigorously4 ,then1 after a long study he made his comment4 8,i suppose10 he said1 8it will take an awful lot of rock40 ,gutzon didn't smile4 8,a strip at least two hundred feet wide10 he said4 8,the whole of the steep side1 clear to the top for the central group alone40 8,that all80 asked ,venable sarcastically4 8,no1 ,i'll need the sky1 too4 ,can't have any buildings or chimneys sticking up from behind40 ,sam laughed4 8,all right10 he said1 8you can have it40 ,the next day ,gutzon went back to ,atlanta and told ,mrs4 ,plane and her committee of his additions to their dream4 8,we haven't got enough money60 declared the practical ,mrs4 ,plane4 ,but ,borglum talked to them4 ,enough people ,north and ,south would be willing to help1 he said4 ,he would go through the country and solicit funds4 ,people would come from all over the world to pay tribute to these heroes1 he said1 to pay tribute to the ones who had died for the right as they had been given to see the right4 ,it would be a shrine for ,americans who had fought1 without hope1 without money1 without arms1 for the things they believed in4 ,it would be the greatest memorial ever conceived4 ,that's what ,gutzon ,borglum believed1 and what he said1 and the women agreed with him4 ,there was to be a national convention of the ,u4,d4,c4 in ,san ,francisco in ,october #aiae and ,mrs4 ,plane and ,mrs4 ,walter ,lamar1 president of the ,georgia ,division1 called on ,gutzon to attend and tell the delegates about what he intended to do and why4 ,gutzon went1 marched the warriors down the mountainside as he had for ,sam ,venable1 and produced the same results4 ,it was the speech of his life4 ,the imagination of ,gutzon ,borglum was just as valuable in his speechmaking as in his sculpture4 ,that the national organization of the ,united ,daughters of the ,confederacy should rally in support of his prodigious memorial is not surprising4 ,the interest and support that the press stirred up in the ,north and ,east and ,west as well as in the ,south was something of a sensation4 ,in the spring of #aiaf the sculptor took his family1 ,mrs4 ,borglum and little ,lincoln1 to ,atlanta to live4 ,there ,mary ,ellis1 partly named for ,dr4 ,ellis of the ,venable family who saved her life1 was born4 ,sam ,venable and his two nieces consented to deed the necessary portions of the cliff face to the ,atlanta chapter of the ,u4,d4,c4 ,the deeds were formally presented on ,may #bj1 #aiaf4 ,at that time a stone marker was unveiled and a ceremony of dedicating the mountain for a memorial to the ,confederacy was performed with ,mrs4 ,plane and a number of ,atlanta citizens assisting4 ,in ,december of that year the businessmen of the community were invited to a meeting at ,decatur1 county seat of the county in which ,stone ,mountain is located4 ,some routine business was being transacted when the sculptor came in and sat in a chair with the audience4 ,he quickly heard the conversation of two men directly in front of him4 8,what's this meeting being held for80 whispered one of them4 ,the other sniffed4 8,oh10 he said1 8some damn fool artist from ,new ,york has a notion he can carve up ,stone ,mountain1 and they want him to tell us about it40 ,when ,gutzon rose to speak he addressed all his argument to this second man who turned out to be ,forrest ,adair1 one of the prominent citizens of ,atlanta4 ,at the end of the speech ,mr4 ,adair came forward and apologized4 8,i'll admit ,i was skeptical10 he said1 8but now ,i really think it can be done and that you're the one who can do it40 ,he was a firm supporter of the memorial plan ever after4 ,gutzon's success with the businessmen that day was general4 ,but although he could make mountain carving seem easy to a skeptical opponent1 he had more trouble convincing himself4 ,the difficulties began to haunt him day and night4 ,a mural painter facing a vast canvas has a uniform surface on which to lay out his design and balance its parts4 ,stone ,mountain1 however1 had an irregular1 uneven surface1 with a huge overhanging bulge which must be harmoniously utilized unless the sculptor wished to convert the side of the mountain into a flat wall before starting his design4 ,how was he ever going to locate his sketch on the mountain8 ,how could he be at once near enough to outline his figures and at the same time be far enough away to get a proper perspective of the whole and establish right proportions8 ,how was he to get his workers to their working stations without utter exhaustion8 ,how were they to work at ease1 unhampered by constant dread of a sudden fall8 ,how were they ever going to be able to remove enormous amounts of stone without growing old and gray in the process8 ,his friends begged him not to become involved in so hazardous and fantastic an undertaking4 ,his younger brother ,solon1 whom he had summoned to the spot in #aiae when the monument was first contemplated1 gave the only encouraging suggestion4 ,he said3 8,you have an advantage here over most sculptors4 ,all you have to do is remove what stone you don't want40 ,helen ,plane and her group had collected about two thousand dollars for their monument to ,lee4 ,for the time being ,gutzon decided to use that sum for a scaffold and for steps leading down over the side of the cliff to permit an examination of the rock and to make preliminary drawings4 ,a man by the name of ,jesse ,tucker happened to be working on the ,venable home1 and the sculptor became acquainted with him4 ,gutzon discovered that he had unusual intelligence1 ingenuity and resourcefulness--qualities indispensable in this entirely new and different kind of work4 ,he engaged him to construct a flight of steps going down over the face of the mountain from the top4 ,this was a hazardous undertaking4 ,at its northern end ,stone ,mountain slopes gradually to the ground level4 ,horse-drawn vehicles as well as automobiles can reach a point three fifths of the way up with difficulty4 ,the steep side1 the side chosen for the carving1 is precipitous4 ,the slope starts treacherously easy for some feet from the top and then swiftly changes to a sheer drop of hundreds of feet to the plains of ,georgia4 ,a red line shows where the danger begins4 ,many stories are told of those who have disregarded the line and plunged to their deaths4 ,at one or two points there is a narrow ledge1 which occasionally catches a goat or a child who is more lucky4 ,mr4 ,tucker depended largely on ,negro labor and was singularly successful in working with it4 ,he is a man who naturally inspires confidence and1 by going ahead and showing the men just where and how to step1 he soon had them crossing the red line and drilling holes in the rock4 ,into these holes steel bars were cemented4 ,the woodwork of the stairway was attached to the bars4 ,the first stairway was #dhj feet long and ended on a platform ten feet wide with a barrier twenty feet high on the outside4 ,conspicuous among ,tucker's ,negroes was one called ,homer1 by whom the ,borglums were adopted4 ,he could take a piece of timber four by eight inches and eighteen feet long1 lift it from the wagon1 put it on his shoulders1 carry it to the top of the cliff and down the stairs without dropping it or pausing for breath4 ,jesse ,tucker proved to be a helpful organizer and superintendent and a faithful friend4 ,he played an important part in all that followed4 ,over thirty years after this first meeting1 the ,borglum family was driving through the ,florida town in which he lives4 ,answering a phone call1 he came over with his whole family4 ,he refreshed ,mrs4 ,borglum's memory with many details of work that she had forgotten4 ,he made one memorable remark3 8,men didn't work for ,mr4 ,borglum4 ,they worked with him40 ,that1 possibly1 is an explanation of how he was able to carve mountains4 ,the immediate problem which faced the sculptor was how to get men to their work in the middle of a steep cliff #hjj feet high4 ,the quarry men who had been taking granite from ,stone ,mountain for years had never thought of taking any from the steep side4 ,how then were men who had to be able to handle drills freely and easily without fear on intricate work to get to their places4 ,engineers were consulted4 ,all advised against tackling such an insurmountable problem4 ,finally1 at the suggestion of the inventor ,lester ,barlow1 ,the ,brown ,hoist ,machinery ,company of ,cleveland1 ,barlow's firm1 sent two of its best engineers to ,stone ,mountain4 ,they went into the matter in great detail4 ,they evolved a grandiose plan for a steel mechanism #eej feet high1 with sliding platforms and elevators to carry the workers to their stations4 ,the cost of this structure was set at #bjj1jjj1 not too much1 probably1 but far beyond the reach of the sponsors of the project4 ,the sculptor1 however1 was undaunted4 ,he devised a strong leather harness with a seat attached1 to be buckled around the waist1 in which a man could sit and push himself around by his feet1 leaving his hands free to use drills or paintbrush4 ,the harness was attached to a steel cable fastened at the other end to a winch or wheel hoist1 which could be operated by one man turning the wheel so the worker could be pulled up or let down as was necessary4 ,the winches were firmly anchored to the stone4 ,by this device the sculptor could and did go all over the face of the cliff1 exploring the surface imperfections4 ,tucker got a bad jolt doing it in the dark4 ,even ,governor ,trinkle of ,virginia proved--to the terror of his wife watching from below--that he too could go adventuring over the rock4 ,by adding more platforms on which carvers could stand securely and on which stepladders could be placed to increase their reach1 it was found that men could soon learn to carve as comfortably as in a studio on the ground4 ,the sculptor had gone back to ,stamford to work on sketches and models for the carving when the ,first ,world ,war intervened4 ,the government needed all the engineers in the country4 ,jesse ,tucker joined the army and went overseas4 ,gutzon took up the aircraft investigation4 ,the project of ,stone ,mountain came to a stop4 ,work on it was to be delayed for some eight years4 ,,chapter ,,eighteen ,,the ,,imperishable ,,monument ,the sculptor came out of the war and the aircraft investigations heavily in debt4 ,fortunately he received some large commissions for carving public memorials1 but the sponsors of these projects wanted to have his exclusive attention4 ,there was the customary trouble of the setting for one finished piece1 and the creation of another1 the ,wars of ,america group1 was a matter that seemed impossible to finish4 ,as a result ,stone ,mountain1 which seems to have become his most important interest1 was a long time hearing from him4 ,jesse ,tucker1 back from the wars1 paid a visit to the old workings and made an earnest report4 8,the stairs and scaffolding need immediate repairs if they are to stay where we put them10 ,captain ,tucker said4 8,in fact1 ,i should earnestly ask you to come down here if you don't want to lose everything you accomplished before the war40 ,there wasn't much more money available4 ,people digging down in their pockets to support a world war didn't have much change for a memorial to the ,confederacy4 ,that had waited until now2 it could wait further4 ,but lack of cash did not delay ,gutzon after he had heard from ,tucker4 ,there never had been any cash anyway4 ,when ,borglum arrived at ,stone ,mountain in the summer of #aiba he was filled with new enthusiasms1 new ideas that had come to him during the war years and during his struggles with headstrong committeemen who couldn't decide what they wanted4 ,the sculptor looked at the granite mountain and took a deep breath4 ,after all1 this was home4 ,this was one place in ,america where he could never have harsh words with anybody4 ,here were people who thought as he did--people willing to sacrifice anything they had1 to glorify the spirit of those who had gone4 ,something more than a tremendous picture of the ,confederate ,army was to be left here1 ,gutzon decided4 ,he needed a studio in this area2 so he would build one at the foot of the mountain--a huge one made of permanent materials4 ,and when the project was finished this building could be converted into a vast art school of a sort much needed in the ,south4 ,the students1 he declared1 would be able to learn about sculpture by looking at it1 by being a part of a great work as they did in medieval ,italy4 ,he designed a great hall to be cut into the rock below the marching statues4 ,this was to be a memorial to the women of the ,south and a depository for their records4 ,in addition to that he was planning an open-air amphitheater at the base of the mountain4 ,he gave this some tests4 ,marie ,tiffany of the ,metropolitan ,opera ,company came down to sing for a select few and demonstrated the perfect acoustics of the place4 ,this will be a shrine to gladden the soul1 said ,gutzon4 ,and it looked as if it might be4 ,for a year the sculptor was forced to commute between ,stamford and ,atlanta4 ,but with ,tucker looking after the work on the cliff it began to progress4 ,sam ,venable and ,forrest ,adair took up the assignment of raising more money4 ,borglum decided to scaffold the entire area necessary for blocking and carving the central group1 nearly an acre of perpendicular granite wall4 ,this arrangement would have a higher initial cost but would make it easier and quicker to work the rock4 ,an entirely new approach to the project was built from below1 #gjj feet of steps up to a solid platform4 ,the platform was hung on the mountainside #eej feet above the base1 and on it were the blacksmith shops1 drill-sharpening apparatus1 hoists1 power plants1 supply rooms and machine shops4 ,air compressors were installed with air lines and feeders #a1gjj feet from the base4 ,a cable hoist was erected and the mountain electrified4 ,the cost of bringing electricity to the mountain was estimated by the ,georgia ,power ,company at #ae1jjj1 but it never came to that4 ,preston ,arkright1 president of the company1 was interested in ,gutzon's plan to carve a mountain4 ,he reduced the bill eighty per cent and presently canceled it altogether4 ,once the way was provided for the men to get to their working stations1 ,gutzon faced the problem of getting something arranged for them to work on4 ,he had next to place his design on the great wall of rock in exactly the right place and proper proportion to the scale of the mountain4 ,the size of the figures was so great and the surface of the wall such that the ordinary scale model which sculptors use was not satisfactory4 ,it was absolutely impossible to get any sense of correct proportion from a steel cage let down over the face of the mountain on cables4 ,large drawings were hung over the cliff without success4 ,then ,gutzon began experimenting with a lamp projector which could throw photographs of his models on the mountain face4 ,up to that time the largest projection machine had a range of only #cjj feet4 ,the manufacturers of such machines1 whom ,gutzon consulted1 declared that a lamp powerful enough to project a picture #hjj feet would produce such intense heat that the lens would be broken and the slide melted4 ,finally ,gutzon went to ,e4 ,s4 ,porter of the ,precision ,machine ,company of ,new ,york who promised to build a projector according to his requirements4 ,after months of experiment the lamp was ready for trying out on the photographic slides of ,lee and his generals taken from ,gutzon's sketches4 ,the test was made in ,stamford2 the lamp placed on a terrace near the house and the biggest sheets he could find stretched across the meadow several hundred feet away4 ,the ,connecticut ,power ,company ran the electricity through a special wire4 ,while the sculptor was fussing with the slide to get the proper focus1 his little girl began jumping up and down and pointing her little finger4 ,she exclaimed3 8,oh1 ,daddy1 look6 ,horses riding through the field40 ,and sure enough6 ,there were horses carrying ,generals ,lee and ,jackson riding like ghosts upon the slightly misty atmosphere1 far ahead of the sheets hung there to catch them4 ,the lamp was taken down to ,stone ,mountain where another difficulty was encountered4 ,the carving was at an elevation of #cej feet4 ,that meant that the light beam carrying the design traveled upward at an angle of a little more than fifty degrees1 which meant great distortion4 ,the sculptor discovered that by tipping the slide at a corresponding angle1 this distortion could be overcome4 ,consequently he first photographed the model on the level4 ,then he photographed the photograph tipped forward at an angle equal to overcoming the distortion in reverse4 ,thus a distorted slide was made to meet precisely the conditions on the mountain where the design was to be placed4 ,as a result the picture appeared at that high elevation as it would directly in front of the lens4 ,the picture was then traced on the mountainside in white to guide the blocking-out process of the carvers4 ,the lamp1 weighing about a ton1 was bolted to a concrete foundation to avoid the slightest movement4 ,it would be swung to any angle1 up and down1 right and left4 ,a slide three inches high produced a picture #bjj feet high4 ,the enlargement was so great that a pin scratch on the slide measured nine inches in width on the mountain4 ,the head of ,lee's horse was thirty feet from tip of ear to end of lip2 the stirrup was nine feet long4 ,a man standing on ,lee's shoulder needed a nine-foot stepladder to carve the ear4 ,in these dimensions absolute precision was of the utmost importance4 ,a telephone for communication between the operator and workers on the mountain was installed so that with micrometer adjustments1 the same picture could be superimposed night after night on the incomplete tracings4 ,in addition to locating the design on the mountain the lamp made possible infinite changes in the original plan4 ,even a complete change in the composition of a dozen horses or a hundred soldiers could be projected on the mountain and the effect of the change shown at once4 ,the picture as it appeared on the mountain shown at night was as clear as the scene in a movie4 ,in fact1 one night when the photograph was being shown a passer-by stopped in great excitement1 thinking that the figures had already been carved1 so lifelike was the illusion4 ,the projection machine1 ,gutzon estimated1 saved him at least two or three years' labor in placing his sketch upon the mountain4 ,a third problem1 equally important and seemingly insolvable1 was what could be done to remove the stone with the rapidity and facility that a sculptor enjoys when he works on a marble bust in his studio8 ,this thought occurred to ,gutzon before he even measured the acreage he intended to use for his carving4 ,how could he whip these enormous dimensions and reduce a mountain to a handful8 ,he related this experience in an article later produced in the ,dupont trade magazine4 ,he said3 ,when ,i first put drill to that eight-hundred-foot-high block1 directing the hands of men ,i could hardly see at a distance of fifteen hundred feet1 ,i was still impressed by the thought that without some effective substitute for the thousands of enslaved craftsmen of the ,egyptian days1 our undertaking would never come to an end4 ,i spent weeks experimenting with the ways and means of blocking out masses of unnecessary stone and trying by plug and feather and wedge drills to split them off4 ,all these efforts proved childish and inadequate4 ,after months of failures and careful calculation of costs ,i began to see that the work would be next to interminable with the labor we could afford and by the known means at our disposal4 ,i had thought of explosives but1 knowing little about them1 had vetoed their use4 ,the general idea is that high explosives can be used only to destroy4 ,as ,i thought this subject over1 much as ,i am writing it1 another thought came to me3 ,why not control explosive force8 ,firearms control it4 ,why not develop some means by which we could blow off just what material we wanted to be rid of1 in precisely the quantities we wished to remove1 and at the same time preserve the stone left in place1 intact and without injury8 ,that problem ,i pondered over for months without discussing it with anybody4 ,just at that time a ,belgian engineer1 who was passing through ,georgia1 visited me at ,stone ,mountain4 ,i told him what our difficulties were1 quite apart from the safety problem of carrying men to such a height apparently unprotected1 to work on the side of the mountain4 ,the removal of stone was costing too much and was too slow4 ,the old methods were detaining the development of the design4 8,why don't you use dynamite80 he calmly asked4 8,i've been thinking of it10 ,i said1 8and ,i am on the point of making experiments4 ,but it's close work40 ,he then told me that he had recently enlarged a tunnel through a ledge of granite only a few inches1 and that by arranging his drilling and adjusting the charges of dynamite1 he was literally able to cut off six or eight inches of the main ledge as cleanly as if it had been channeled4 ,of course anybody who knows anything about granite knows that it splits easily in some directions and in others is stubborn and cranky4 ,i spoke of this and he said he had found means of overcoming that trouble4 8,where ,i cross the grain of the granite10 he said1 8,i put my drill holes closer together4 ,while ,i drilled my holes to the same depth ,i did not place my dynamite at the bottom of each one1 but scattered the charge1 zigzagged it up and down the wall4 ,then ,i measured my charge carefully1 kept it so light that the six-inch shell often only cracked the stone loose and sometimes a hand bar would be required to release it40 ,if ever ,i had that gentleman's name and address ,i have lost it1 but that night in the lamp room ,i projected the photographs of my models of ,lee1 ,jackson and ,davis on ,stone ,mountain1 which was a little over eleven hundred feet from our location4 ,the slide was small enough so that ,i could hold it in the hollow of my hand1 but the picture projected without distortion over nearly an acre4 ,we studied it together4 ,it was this traveling engineer who gave me the assurance and impetus that resulted in the practical use of dynamite in the carving of gigantic figures1 in dimensions to harmonize with the colossal thought and life of our day4 ,i spoke of this experience to a great friend of the mountain memorial idea--the late ,coleman ,dupont--and1 following his suggestion1 ,i communicated with the ,dupont powder people at ,wilmington1 requesting that one of their experts be sent to ,stone ,mountain to instruct me and my assistants in the use of explosives4 ,they responded very graciously and sent a man who1 ,i believe1 was on special duty in ,florida4 ,so it was that the amazing1 almost fantastic idea of carving with dynamite came into being4 ,a charming letter from the ,belgian engineer has recently come to light1 written after the visit referred to above4 ,his name was ,jean ,vanophem1 and he appears to have been summoned back to ,belgium4 ,he did not have time to visit ,stone ,mountain again4 ,mr4 ,tucker remembers that the ,dupont man was recalled after a few days at ,tucker's own request1 because he insisted on using too large a charge--one or two sticks of half-pound strength--whereas ,mr4 ,tucker had found out that a half ounce was a successful charge4 ,mr4 ,tucker1 after much experimenting1 trained one of his crew in the use of dynamite so that the man1 ,cliff ,davis1 became such an expert in this artistic form of blasting that he was known as 8,dynamite ,davis40 ,cliff could place a row of charges1 draw a line on the rock under them and make bets that the result of the explosion would not be more than three inches from the line4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it soon became apparent that the women of the ,atlanta chapter of the ,united ,daughters of the ,confederacy alone could never raise funds for the tremendous undertaking1 estimates for which ranged from two to three and a half million dollars4 ,the first voluntary contribution had been #e1jjj from ,j4 ,s4 ,cobb1 a ,north ,carolinian as was his friend ,w4 ,w4 ,fuller1 both of whom were connected with the ,american ,tobacco ,company4 ,forrest ,adair1 one of the first and most loyal supporters of the memorial1 succeeded in raising a few thousand dollars for the most pressing necessities--lumber1 compressor1 electric motor1 etc4 ,venable and ,gutzon both advanced large sums for materials1 the sculptor going even more deeply into debt4 ,his ,stamford property was heavily mortgaged4 ,it was characteristic of him not to ask pay for services until creditors were making such insistent demands that he was obliged to take action of some kind4 ,this led to misunderstandings4 ,unfriendly persons called him mercenary4 ,he resented the charge and was called irascible4 ,and1 bitterly denying it1 he proved that he was4 ,it was decided to invite some of the bankers and businessmen of ,atlanta1 as well as other prominent ,southerners interested in the ,confederate cause1 to serve on the executive board of the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association4 ,neither the name nor the constitution of the original organization was changed in any way1 and the ,united ,daughters of the ,confederacy continued to comprise the main body of the membership1 annual dues for which were fixed at five dollars4 ,it was distinctly understood that the men were to help only in financing the design and plan created by ,gutzon ,borglum and adopted by the ,atlanta chapter4 ,it was not a question of a civic committee engaging a sculptor to carry out a design made by someone else4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,helen ,plane was made president-emeritus4 ,w4 ,w4 ,fuller was made nonresident honorary president and vice-chairman of the executive committee4 ,four members of the ,u4,d4,c4 were made vice-presidents1 and four others served on the board in different capacities4 ,hollins ,n4 ,randolph of ,atlanta was made president of the association4 ,r4 ,rivers1 familiarly known as 8,petie0 7not to be confused with a later governor of ,georgia named ,rivers71 was head of the executive committee4 ,rogers ,winter was made publicity director4 ,these three with their lawyer1 ,reuben ,arnold1 were the most active in controlling the policy of the memorial association4 ,david ,webb became executive secretary and furnished many constructive ideas for raising the necessary cash4 ,so did the sculptor4 ,the remaining members of the executive committee were ,sam ,h4 ,venable1 ,robert ,harvey1 ,eugene ,black1 ,w4 ,a4 ,sutton1 ,thomas ,w4 ,connally and ,mrs4 ,sam ,inman1 a woman of wealth and social prominence4 ,in ,march of #aibc the real financing of the memorial began4 ,a working organization was perfected1 and ,atlanta was asked to set a precedent for the ,united ,states as a whole4 ,the city responded and tentatively pledged #ajj1jjj1 payable in five years4 ,fulton ,county pledged a like amount4 ,individual subscriptions totaled approximately #dj1jjj4 ,dave ,webb suggested the idea of memorial tablets to be placed in the ,u4,d4,c4 ,hall1 at the base of the mountain1 to carry the names of relatives who had served in the ,confederate ,army4 ,each contributor of #a1jjj or more to this fund for carving the memorial was to have the privilege of designating a name for one of the tablets4 ,a family or group contributing a thousand dollars could designate the name of one man for a tablet4 ,each bronze tablet was to show the name1 rank1 company and regiment of the soldier or officer so immortalized4 ,this was known as the ,founders' ,roll and became very popular and lucrative4 ,in setting forth the purpose of the tablets an announcement was published with the following eloquent preamble by ,rogers ,winter3 ,as old as human nature is the yearning to memorialize the buried dead1 to perpetuate the tradition of illustrious heroes1 but never has mankind in all the centuries succeeded in erecting an imperishable monument4 ,stonehenge is a jumble of granite slabs4 ,the ,colossus of ,rhodes collapsed two hundred years before ,christ and lay in ruins for a thousand years4 ,the ,parthenon of ,greece1 whose marble figures were the most perfect sculpture ever produced1 has been virtually dismantled by vandals and art collectors4 ,the pyramids of ,egypt are slowly crumbling4 ,those marvelous temples which adorned the ,nile when ,egyptian civilization was in its glory are but mounds of debris4 ,the ,roman ,colosseum is a skeleton of pagan grandeur4 ,but now1 in the ,providence of ,god1 it becomes our privilege to create here in the heart of the ,south1 in memory of ,southern heroes1 the one supreme imperishable monument of human history4 ,the sculptor made all the designs for this hall1 working on them for weeks and delivering the blueprints of them to the committee in ,july #aibc4 ,it was to be cut in solid rock to a depth of sixty-seven feet2 in width it was to be #bfe feet4 ,it was divided into three rooms3 ,georgia ,hall in the center1 with ,venable ,hall on the right and ,u4,d4,c4 ,hall on the left4 ,there was to be room for #b1hij memorial tablets4 ,the first work of carving anything at all on ,stone ,mountain was started on ,june #ah1 #aibc4 ,the first figure to be carved was1 of course1 that of ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,the sculptor had made a heroic-size model of the head1 seven feet high1 in his ,stamford studio1 and a plaster model of this was brought to the mountain4 ,much blocking out and roughing off of the surface had to be done before the actual surface of the final figure was reached4 ,the whole area had been gone over carefully and marked out with the aid of the projection lamp4 ,the sculptor appointed ,mr4 ,tucker superintendent1 giving him complete charge of the work4 ,he was assisted by ,hugo ,villa1 an ,italian sculptor from ,milan1 who had crossed the ,atlantic years before with a commission to erect a monument in ,mexico4 ,a revolution had put an end to the project4 ,villa had worked his way up to ,new ,york and went to ,gutzon's studio1 where he soon became a permanent fixture as sculptor's assistant4 ,the best in the world1 ,gutzon called him4 ,with these two men in charge and on the spot1 the 8,master10 as ,villa called his chief1 felt that he could safely go back and forth to ,stamford or wherever else the business of the ,southern memorial called him4 ,he was greatly in demand to speak at ,u4,d4,c4 gatherings and women's clubs all over the ,united ,states1 and the ,memorial ,association expected him to attend such meetings4 ,it also expected him to be on hand to show off the work on the mountain whenever there was a convention of ,elks or ,rotarians or ,sunday-school workers1 and there was a continual procession of such events in ,atlanta4 ,in ,july #aibc the sculptor wrote to ,mr4 ,rivers1 reporting a meeting he had attended with ,hollins ,randolph in ,cleveland and their visit to the factory where some of the new machinery for the mountain work was being completed4 ,in the same letter he mentioned that ,mr4 ,tucker had reported to him several times that ,mr4 ,rivers had cautioned him to go slowly with the work on account of lack of funds4 ,gutzon warned ,mr4 ,rivers that no real carving could be done without the preliminary work ,tucker was doing1 repeating that the carving was the most important thing and the only thing that would get subscriptions4 ,he deplored the fact that he himself had to be concerned with the money-raising1 and cautioned ,mr4 ,rivers against spending more money in the office than was being spent on the mountain1 which he had learned was also a fact4 ,the goal set for the finishing of ,lee's head was ,january #ai1 the general's birthday4 ,the sculptor left ,stamford for ,atlanta more and more frequently as the work neared the final surface4 ,it was his practice to do the finishing himself4 ,he never finished a model perfectly and handed it over to someone else to copy or enlarge1 as is common practice among sculptors4 ,especially in enlargements1 he believed that better1 more individual results could be obtained if he himself modeled the figures in their full size4 ,if he had ,illustration3 ,,woodrow ,,wilson ,,memorial ,,at ,,poznan ,mrs4 ,wilson is at the center4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,lincoln ,borglum ,,torso ,,and ,,leg ,,of ,,dancer already expended much of his creative interest on finishing a small model1 the final figure1 he felt1 would lack spontaneity and vigor4 ,in mountain carving this practice was absolutely necessary1 owing to the unpredictable character of the stone surface4 ,blemishes are often found in a block of quarried marble when the sculptor starts to carve into it4 ,it requires little imagination to realize the imperfections that are bound to appear on a cliff exposed to all the elements for thousands of years4 ,as an example1 when the ,jackson head was being carved a crack suddenly appeared on the bridge of the nose4 ,in previous cases such cracks were not deep1 but in this instance the blemish persisted even after the position of the head had been pushed back four times4 ,one more move and the whole design would have had to be changed4 ,the crack was slight and might have been left1 except for the danger of water getting into it and freezing4 ,after fifty years or so it might have become a serious defect4 ,jackson's face in the original model was looking at ,lee4 ,the sculptor decided to turn it to look in the direction toward which ,jackson's arm seemed to be pointing4 ,thus that crack was lost in the six-foot hole of the eye socket1 and the nose occupied an area of solid stone4 ,only the sculptor made the change possible4 ,he stood over the carvers directing the work4 ,a man trained only to copy a model would have been helpless and hopeless in a situation like this4 ,during the final six weeks of working on ,lee's head1 when it appeared that the carving could not be finished otherwise1 the men worked all day and all night1 in shifts of eight hours each4 ,gutzon worked with them and was there virtually all the time4 ,frequently he worked the whole night through4 ,it was cold on the mountain in the winter1 and a canvas was stretched over the work to break the wind4 ,huge pots of burning coals were placed on the platform and slung along the surface of the rock4 ,the stoneworkers1 for the first time in the lives of many of them1 were dressed in heavy clothes4 ,they wore what they could keep tied to them and swathed their feet in bulky wrappings of burlap and blankets4 ,but the work was still cold and miserable1 and only the calm presence of ,borglum gave them any indication that it was ever going to be finished4 ,borglum1 however1 was tired but satisfied4 ,he had never carved a mountain before and in all truth he must have had his moments of misgiving4 ,but ,lee's face1 as it began to emerge human and understandable from the stone in those last weeks1 must have answered all his queries4 ,nobody would ever tell him again that he didn't know how to carve mountains4 ,here was the proof4 ,he knew4 ,,chapter ,,nineteen ,,the ,,emergence ,,of ,,lee ,there have been few days in the history of ,atlanta so festive as the one set for the dedication of the ,confederate memorial4 ,and1 possibly1 there will never be another4 ,the progress of the carving against unspeakable odds had been such that visitors were pouring in from all over the ,united ,states4 ,there were artists1 engineers1 dynamite salesmen1 machinery designers1 ,civil ,war veterans1 politicians and unaffiliated patriots4 ,when three governors--,brandon of ,alabama1 ,neff of ,texas and ,trinkle of ,virginia--had appeared two days before the unveiling1 ,gutzon decided that it would be proper to give them a luncheon on ,lee's shoulder4 ,it would give them some idea of the size1 he thought4 ,so1 with the aid of ,hetty ,mc,curdy1 who ran 8,the ,golden ,glow10 a ,stone ,mountain tearoom1 ,mrs4 ,borglum arranged the luncheon4 ,the stoneworkers hung out a pulley1 and hot fried chicken1 hot biscuits1 hot coffee and other things were served with very little trouble4 ,twenty leading citizens of ,atlanta sat down with the governors on ,lee's shoulder4 ,one of the governors turned pale when he descended the #djj-;foot stairway1 and sat down to rest several times4 ,at every move he seemed to be stepping off into the infinite4 ,three more governors--,morrison of ,north ,carolina1 ,mc,leod of ,south ,carolina and ,walker of ,georgia--were present when ,lee's head was presented to the world1 besides former governors1 representatives of governors1 two representatives of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 and a long list of distinguished individuals appearing for the ,daughters and ,sons of the ,confederacy and for ,georgia and other states4 ,the event was accompanied by all the pageantry and oratory that the ,south knows so well how to produce4 ,there were pieces about it1 too1 in the ,stone ,mountain ,magazine1 published by the ,confederate ,memorial ,association4 ,said one of these bits3 ,the dream of the world's greatest memorial began to come true ,saturday afternoon at #c o'clock4 ,with a stately dignity that held something of a caress1 a bright1 broad national emblem was lifted and gathered as a flowing coronet on the majestic brow of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 looking now and forever from the sheer wall of ,stone ,mountain4444 ,and nobody knew--or had even a remote inkling--how wrong that was4 ,mrs4 ,helen ,plane1 the ,old ,south's daughter1 who had hoped for this great memorial1 stood by the sculptor's side and leaned on his arm as she gave the signal for the unveiling4 ,under the gray sky of a typical ,january afternoon the flag swept aside and the calm1 sad eyes of ,lee looked down upon ten thousand of his people4 ,the crowd stood hushed in awe and admiration4 ,since before noon a pilgrimage had been under way from ,atlanta and surrounding communities toward ,stone ,mountain4 ,there were no good roads hereabouts--not in that day--so presently there was a crush of vehicles parked on the approaches for nearly a mile from the mountain4 ,they never reached the unveiling4 ,hundreds upon hundreds of automobiles were in fields along the highway1 and in ditches and on crossroads4 ,the occupants of some of them walked on miles and miles to the ceremony4 ,others were stopped in their tracks when the first trickle of cars back to ,atlanta began at #c3cj4 ,ten thousand people stood bareheaded and silent as the statue of ,lee was unveiled4 ,another ten thousand were in the group that could not see1 blocked in the crush of traffic miles from the mountain4 ,hollins ,randolph1 president of the ,memorial ,association1 stood on the platform briefly to introduce ,dr4 ,david ,marx1 who delivered the invocation4 ,mrs4 ,plane1 in a costume of the sixties1 was carried onto the rostrum by the sculptor4 ,with bared head he stood motionless as she waved her hand4 ,up on the mountain platform1 a thousand yards away in an air-drawn line1 tiny figures moved beneath the two vast ,american flags that hung like a curtain4 ,mrs4 ,plane's hand was scarcely raised before boulders of granite began to slip from resting places under the flags and flash down the sheer drop of the precipice--five seconds in their fall from the flags to the base of the mountain1 then two more seconds before the dull thunder of their impact rolled across the valley4 ,the flags parted and rose1 and between them1 to the thunder of cascading granite1 the head of ,lee appeared--a majestic head that even in its colossal size and distance seemed vibrant and lifelike4 ,the silence of the spectators was long4 ,then suddenly out of the stillness spoke a voice clear though quavering--an old man's voice3 8,it's ,general ,lee6 ,it's the general60 ,borglum turned wonderingly toward the source of this unscheduled salute4 ,it was a bent old man who spoke--an old man in a gray uniform4 ,his day seemed to be done4 ,not many had heard his outcry--not more than a hundred or so who happened to be standing near him--but his voice had brought the awakening of the throng4 ,applause--cheers1 screams and the shrill rebel yell--crashed across the valley and came echoing back again1 an amorphous sound like the din of a hurricane4 ,lee had been well acclaimed4 ,gutzon1 holding the trembling arm of ,mrs4 ,plane who seemed to have undergone a tremendous emotional shock1 suddenly realized what the people were cheering for3 the head of ,lee4 ,and he gazed up at it openmouthed1 conscious that he was looking at it for the first time4 ,gutzon ,borglum had worked on this massive carving for weeks on end1 day and night4 ,he knew every dimension of it1 every curve4 ,its magnitude was no surprise to him1 because standing on the upper lip of the statue he had been unable to reach the upper eyelid4 ,he had swung across the face in a bosun's chair1 drilled holes along the nose1 placed his dynamite sticks and exploded them4 ,but he had had no time to travel down the face of the mountain and into the distance to look at it4 ,it was a pleasing sight that day4 ,the monument looked logical1 perfect in scale on the great wall of granite4 ,the day was mild and gray1 and the light was fading2 but for all that1 there were lifting shadows in the face4 ,each part of it stood out in its proper place4 ,and for the first time in months ,gutzon was really happy4 ,after a time the cheering thousands were quiet again4 ,they moved in silence to the road1 slowly1 sedately1 like people emerging from a solemn religious service4 ,they got into their cars and just as silently and just as unhurriedly moved out toward ,atlanta4 ,then in an hour or two it was dark--a thick1 impenetrable dark4 ,gutzon escorted ,mrs4 ,plane to her car and she shook his hand4 8,i am ninety-four years old10 she said4 8,i have waited a long time for this day and ,i have never1 never in my life seen anything like it40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the unveiling of ,lee was merely a beginning for the ,confederate memorial4 ,work on the mountain was resumed immediately4 ,the bust of ,stonewall ,jackson was the next subject1 and that promised little trouble4 ,gutzon had made a model of the head in his ,stamford studio and had brought a seven-foot enlargement of it to ,georgia4 ,while the rough work was proceeding on the mountain1 a local studio was completed4 ,modeling stuff was moved in and ,borglum's horse 8,smoke0 was brought down from ,connecticut to pose for the mount of ,lee4 ,then the arguments began4 ,there had been no doubt about whose face would be the first to be carved out of ,stone ,mountain4 ,jackson was an easy second choice4 ,but after that nearly everybody in ,georgia had a departed ,confederate relative who should rightfully be memorialized in the first group4 ,in the original plan ,borglum had made room for five figures in this group4 ,lee1 ,jackson and ,davis were certain of their places4 ,forrest and ,longstreet had many supporters for the last two places4 ,then somebody suggested that seven men be given this immortal recognition1 and trouble renewed itself4 ,the committee squabbled4 ,the state legislature rattled with sonorous debate4 ,church societies and high-school debaters aired their views1 and ,gutzon ,borglum made a fine assortment of models4 ,the models were a disconcerting problem because modeling clay in the vicinity of ,atlanta was difficult to get and expensive to import4 ,for his preliminary work the sculptor modeled in plaster which turned out to be a pure makeshift1 because it is not pliable and cannot be used for fine work4 ,wax was better for small figures but out of the question for the stupendous casts used on the mountain4 ,in addition to these causes of delay1 funds began to get short4 ,borglum found the money situation an imposing study4 ,the executive committee seemed to be getting plenty of financial aid1 but this money didn't seem to be coming in quickly enough4 ,there were always enough funds to support the office and hire the stenographers and get the printing done4 ,but there was never enough of a residue to push the work on the mountain as fast as the sculptor wanted it pushed4 ,gutzon was hard-eyed about this situation4 ,some of the committee members declared that he was an irascible old obstructionist--that he didn't understand their difficulties nor give them credit for the work they were doing4 ,to this ,gutzon's reply1 generally delivered to them in a harsh tone1 was that the only thing of real importance about a carving on a mountain was the carving4 ,if the fund raisers couldn't raise enough funds to pay the hard-rock men1 he declared1 then there wasn't much use in their raising any funds4 ,during the first eight years of getting ready for the work on ,stone ,mountain--which started in #aiae--;,gutzon said that he had advanced #bj1jjj for labor1 materials and machinery4 ,he had kept no account of the expense of traveling around the country in support of the enterprise1 he said4 ,nor had he kept any record of what he had put out for experimentation with new tools1 his sketches1 studies1 drawings and models4 ,he observed more violently that for the first few months of the newly organized association he had worked without a definite agreement4 ,a contract was finally drawn by which the sculptor agreed to carve the central group for #bej1jjj1 he to furnish labor1 power1 machinery1 explosives and other materials and his own salary4 ,a portion of an old labor-and-lumber bill was paid to him on account of his advances during the preceding years4 ,other payments were postponed for future settlement4 ,for the time being the association was supposed to pay all expenses at the mountain1 together with a certain monthly stipend for the sculptor4 ,these payments were always in arrears4 8,and why is this80 the sculptor demanded witheringly4 8,but1 ,mr4 ,borglum10 answered the treasurer1 8we just haven't the money4 ,we're sure to have it next week40 ,out of nowhere came the plan to persuade the ,united ,states to issue fifty-cent pieces carrying the picture of ,stone ,mountain ,memorial to be turned over to the committee for resale at a dollar4 ,this looked like a wonderful solution to all money problems and1 to tell the truth1 that's what it was4 ,there was some argument about who had first disclosed the idea4 ,dave ,webb was warmly mentioned by some of those close to the subject4 ,but in the end1 ,henry ,stilwell ,edwards got official credit for it and is said to have received #cj1jjj as a reward from the ,stone ,mountain ,memorial ,association4 ,mr4 ,edwards was certainly a well-known writer1 and even without his fifty-cent-piece idea his support seemed to be worth paying for4 ,once the plan had been accepted and ,edwards properly acclaimed1 there seemed to be some difficulties4 ,it was a difficult matter1 some ,atlantans pointed out1 to ask the government to memorialize the valor of soldiers who had so recently been at war with that government4 ,nobody on the committee had friends in high places or1 for that matter1 knew much about where to go for help4 ,gutzon ,borglum had come into the ,stone ,mountain situation as a sculptor whose almost impossible task was the carving of a granite precipice1 but he had friends in ,washington from the ,president down4 ,so the executive committee approached him1 and all the labor of fostering the memorial coin fell on his shoulders4 ,it is common knowledge that many things annoyed ,gutzon during his vigorous lifetime and that he spoke of them sometimes loudly and witheringly4 ,a careless hard-rock man on ,stone ,mountain had once observed of him with reasonable fairness1 8,he's a pretty good stonecarver--but he ain't no sweet talker40 ,and there had been little cause for him to improve his ways since the committee began to think about finance4 ,the idea of the resalable half dollar appealed to him4 ,it would get funds--plenty of funds4 ,but1 he pointed out1 the promotion of it wasn't his job4 ,and he was cold and hard about it4 ,he would undertake the work1 he said1 because he was ready to do almost anything to see the monument finished1 but he didn't want to be tripped up every five minutes by petty politics or local interference or advice4 ,he would do the job in his own way1 he said1 or he would be just as glad not to do it at all4 ,they agreed and he went to ,washington4 ,borglum wasted no time with professional lobbyists4 ,his first call was on ,senator ,henry ,cabot ,lodge1 of ,boston1 cradle of the 8damyankees40 ,lodge thought the idea was grand and directed ,gutzon to take it to ,senator ,smoot4 ,senator ,smoot was chairman of the finance committee4 ,he was also leader of the ,republican party1 and the sculptor was a little worried about him4 ,he knew that he wasn't going to get votes for himself or his party in the ,south1 no matter what he might do1 and he must have been aware of possible censure in the ,north4 ,but ,smoot was a showman no less than ,borglum4 8,it is a noble idea10 he said4 8,it will be recognized as a gesture of friendship on the part of a victorious government toward its late enemy4 ,i shall be glad to handle it for you40 ,borglum then went to ,president ,calvin ,coolidge1 and what had looked like an almost impossible job was finished4 ,coolidge1 the skeptical1 taciturn and unemotional1 broke out with one of his rare enthusiasms4 ,he would give the matter his personal support1 he said4 ,and he did4 ,congressman ,mc,fadden1 who had helped ,gutzon in the aircraft investigation1 introduced in the ,house the bill authorizing the coin1 and presently it was through both houses4 ,but the making of a model for a coin and having it approved by the ,treasury ,department and the ,art ,commission and the ,director of the ,mint entails countless visits to offices in ,washington1 ,philadelphia and ,new ,york1 and it is a tedious process4 ,gutzon made nine different models before he got the approval of every detail4 ,there were arguments about the style of the lettering and the arrangement of the figures4 ,one member of the ,art ,commission thought that the eagle's legs were too gaunt and lifelike and should be enclosed in feather pantalettes4 ,secretary of the ,treasury ,andrew ,mellon wanted to know why the motto 8,in ,god ,we ,trust0 had been placed over the heads of ,lee and ,jackson4 8,because they did trust ,him10 said ,gutzon1 8and were sincere in their belief that they were right40 ,the secretary smiled4 8,and the thirteen stars10 he went on4 8,what are they there for80 ,gutzon knew then that his trouble was over4 8,it all depends on which side of ,mason and ,dixon's line you happen to live10 he said4 8,they could1 of course1 stand for the thirteen rebellious states40 ,and ,mellon laughed and gave in4 ,the first coin was struck at the mint in ,philadelphia on ,january #ba1 #aibe4 ,the first model had been approved six months before1 and the memorial fifty-cent piece differed from it in only one important particular4 ,the figure of ,president ,jefferson ,davis1 a part of the first group projected on ,stone ,mountain1 did not appear on the coin4 ,that was one concession the victorious government declined to make4 ,,chapter ,,twenty ,,money ,it became evident during the summer of #aibd that the ,confederate memorial of ,stone ,mountain was on its way to a considerable solvency4 ,the memorial half dollar would presently be minted1 whatever the ,yankee quarrels about the status of ,jefferson ,davis and the need for pants on eagles4 ,in the meantime a new project of the inventive ,david ,webb showed signs of lucrative popularity4 8,the ,children's ,founders' ,roll10 ,webb called this new appeal for cash4 ,and all he needed to recruit the eager children to the ,founders' ,roll was a children's medal that he could exchange for their donations4 ,this1 he thought1 didn't involve anything very difficult inasmuch as he had one side of the medal already depicted in the first model for the coin4 ,the other side was to carry an inscription of the committee's choosing4 ,but he didn't want the medal to cost too much1 and there came difficulty4 ,the ,united ,states mint maintains a rigid high standard in its coinage1 and ,gutzon wanted the children's medals to be equally fine4 ,he turned his model over to the ,medallic ,art ,company of ,new ,york1 whose workmanship satisfied him4 ,the company agreed to make the medals for six or seven cents apiece4 ,they were to be sold to the public for fifty cents or a dollar4 ,however1 there turned out to be competition4 ,another company had made overtures to the ,stone ,mountain ,memorial ,association offering to do the job for a cent or two less and intimating that somebody--they wouldn't of course say ,gutzon ,borglum--was to profit in some way on the difference in price4 ,gutzon1 who had put away his anger during his coin negotiations in ,washington1 suddenly went berserk again4 ,he turned over to the committee all his correspondence with the ,medallic ,art ,company1 showing that he was not getting a cent4 ,he reminded them that he had made all the models for the coin and children's medal without recompense1 and pointed out one after another the things he was doing on the mountain for love alone4 8,you seem to forget the promotion of your coin idea10 he snapped at them4 8,who paid me for that8 ,who paid me for the time ,i spent getting pushed from one office to another8 ,who around here ever pays for anything8 ,who is honest enough to think that he has to80 ,most of the directors tried to placate him1 but some weren't convinced4 ,borglum's blood pressure was still rising when he went out4 ,in another week there was another bitter quarrel4 ,gutzon1 whose view of his associates was still pretty dim1 came across some publicity material designed to promote the sale of the memorial coin4 ,he might not have liked it had he been untroubled by other things4 ,he certainly did not like it in his present state of mind1 and his criticism of the publicity director was sudden and bitter4 ,the publicity director answered him in kind1 bowed and retired1 and1 thereafter1 the two men never got along together4 ,amity was singularly lacking around the memorial headquarters for the rest of the summer4 ,unfortunate things just continued to happen4 ,the ,borglums1 toward the end of ,august1 went to ,nantucket where1 at the request of ,ed ,howe1 the sculptor was to give some talks at the summer school for social science4 ,they had barely arrived when ,gutzon got an emergency call to get back to ,new ,york4 ,in a heat wave of unexpected virulence the wax model of the children's medal had melted and the completion of the work had been stopped4 ,the records show that the ,stone ,mountain ,memorial ,association was loudly indignant and remarkably bitter4 ,letters subsequent to the telegrams complained about the sculptor idly vacationing while there was important work to be done4 ,gutzon replied that he hadn't melted the wax and that he had previously expressed himself on the subject of the company employing the thumb-fingered medal maker who did do it4 ,conditions of mutual trust and good will when he repaired the damage and returned to ,atlanta were no better than they had been4 ,work on the memorial1 however1 was proceeding smoothly4 ,gutzon had moved his family into a house near ,stone ,mountain4 ,the hard-rock men and dynamiters in the crew had learned their jobs4 ,the figure of ,jackson would be ready for unveiling in ,april and that of ,davis in ,june #aibe4 ,l4 ,m4 ,roberts1 the ,association's engineer1 had examined the work and reported that everything was going along according to contract4 ,gutzon was ahead of his schedule4 ,in ,march #aibd the fund-raising activities of the ,association began to pay their way4 ,at the end of the month receipts equaled expenditures4 ,in ,april1 before the start of any extraordinary fund-raising campaign1 receipts amounted to more than #bh1jjj and there was plentiful evidence that the flow of cash would continue during ,may4 ,the annual meeting of the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association was held in ,april #aibd and was marked by some political maneuvers that greatly irritated the ,u4,d4,c4 ,officers had to be elected4 ,a new board of directors and a new executive committee was to be chosen to act for the next twelve months4 ,it was an understanding in the ,association that the presidency would be passed around from year to year1 but this year the old president made a plea for re-election4 ,the national presidential campaign was in full progress4 ,the ,association president had been active in support of ,william ,gibbs ,mc,adoo and was having some friction with the editor of the ,atlanta ,constitution4 ,if he were re-elected president of the ,association1 he said1 he would have greater status in politics1 and he would resign immediately after the primary election4 ,his request1 unfortunately1 was granted4 ,it was no help to ,mc,adoo4 ,the date of the ,association's election day was the same as that of the selection of a presidential primary candidate4 ,the political meeting was held first4 ,after it had adjourned the ,association president went to the ,association's annual meeting accompanied by a large number of politicians4 ,up to that point the ,association hadn't had many active members4 ,the dues had been five dollars4 ,nobody seems to have known what the total membership was4 ,nobody ever counted the attendance4 ,and most of those present were members of the ,united ,daughters of the ,confederacy4 ,eighty-six politicians came into the hall with the re-elected ,association president4 ,somebody moved to reduce dues to one dollar1 and someone else slapped eighty-six dollars on the desk of the treasurer4 ,eighty-six new names were added to the roster of the ,association4 ,and these eighty-six1 along with the president1 dominated the meeting4 ,there had hitherto been five or six people on the board of directors4 ,the number was immediately changed to fifty4 ,the membership of the executive committee was increased from nine to fifteen and was to be chosen by the board of directors4 ,a resolution was passed to bar any increase in the membership of the ,association except with the approval of the president and a subcommittee of three appointed by him4 ,the president and the executive business manager1 as the result of these arrangements1 were then in absolute control of the organization4 ,the president forgot his promise to resign4 ,an executive committee of fourteen men and one woman was named4 ,the men were persons of big affairs--several of them bankers whose daily routine gave them little time for benevolent causes4 ,there was not a member to represent the ,u4,d4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there has been a lot of controversy over the ,stone ,mountain memorial4 ,there will1 no doubt1 continue to be4 ,nobody who ever knew ,gutzon ,borglum would attempt to say he was a complacent character4 ,decidedly he was not4 ,he knew what he thought was right1 and that is what he wanted4 ,he wanted nothing else4 ,calm argument could change his point of view1 of course1 for he was intelligent4 ,but he could not be browbeaten4 ,he was honest--so he could not be bribed4 ,his anger could be ,jovian1 and in his indignation he could be intolerant and insulting4 ,no one will deny these things4 ,there isn't much doubt that the executive committee of the ,stone ,mountain ,association encountered him in many moods1 for he was in and about the premises from #aiae to #aibe4 ,when things went wrong with ,gutzon's plans1 when anybody thwarted him1 the world knew about it1 and few will say that the early days of the work on the mountain were without confusion4 ,the story is still circulated in the ,south that ,gutzon ,borglum was a genius of evil temper with whom no one could possibly get along2 that he had quarreled bitterly with the ladies of the ,u4,d4,c4 and1 in a huff1 had destroyed his models and all that it was possible to destroy of the carving on ,stone ,mountain1 and had gone away4 ,but none of that is true except that he did destroy a pair of models4 ,if anybody thinks that the carving of the ,confederate memorial was a simple thing1 he may consider the odd politics that took over the project at the annual meeting of the ,association in #aibd4 ,there would have been nothing simple about that even if ,borglum had never lived4 ,little had changed in the atmosphere except that money had begun to roll into the treasury and there was prospect of more4 ,the ,children's ,founders' ,roll was getting a large number of members1 the children's medals were being distributed in quantities1 and presently the memorial coin would come out of the mint4 ,gutzon ,borglum1 back at work on the mountain1 paid little attention to the political maneuvering in the ,association4 ,if he was displeased with anything1 he went down to ,atlanta and told somebody about it4 ,otherwise he was getting ,president ,davis and ,general ,jackson out of the rock in shape for presentation on ,davis' birthday1 ,june #c4 ,he was looking forward to the completion of the entire central group by the end of #aibf4 ,he was called from this work to discuss the problem of selling the memorial half dollars4 ,commercial institutions experienced in such jobs wanted too large a percentage of the profit4 ,pseudo-patriotic associations wanted more4 ,at a bankers' meeting in the ,biltmore ,hotel early in #aibe it was suggested that a number of wealthy men might underwrite the coin so that the money or some part of it might be available at once4 ,the board of the ,association authorized the proponent of this scheme to find such a group4 ,and the man who had made the suggestion was ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,borglum wrote to ,john ,kirby of ,houston1 ,texas1 and got promise of #ajj1jjj toward a fund of #ejj1jjj4 ,with ,dave ,webb he went into ,mississippi and got promise of more money4 ,w4 ,w4 ,fuller urged him to come to ,new ,york and there1 with friends in the ,american ,tobacco ,company1 he lined up a sheaf of pledges4 ,judge ,elbert ,gary promised to find more4 ,gutzon invited these people to meet ,hollins ,randolph at a dinner in ,washington where the sums to be subscribed would be agreed on4 ,president ,randolph of the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association failed to show up or to answer telegrams4 ,he was out duck shooting4 ,nobody1 it appears1 had time to go and look for him4 ,gutzon considered the situation somewhat sadly4 ,the only problem in mountain carving that he could not solve was that caused by human ignorance or cupidity4 ,the ,stone ,mountain ,association somehow had been happy as long as its treasury had been empty4 ,there was now an expectation of an even two million dollars in the till4 ,the men of the ,association formed a quick plan to abandon most of the carving program4 ,it would be simpler1 they thought1 to spend #bej1jjj on the central group and reserve the rest of the money 8for future causes and purposes40 ,on ,february #ah1 #aibe1 ,gutzon was going through ,atlanta from ,stone ,mountain to ,washington with ,lester ,barlow1 inventor of a depth bomb4 ,barlow had promised that if the government were to pay him his back royalties1 he would donate #ajj1jjj of the sum to the ,confederate monument4,a ,barlow says that the sculptor was so outraged at the idea of holding up the spending of money for work on the mountain that he went straight to ,washington and got an immediate interview with ,president ,coolidge4 ,his single purpose was to stop the minting of any more ,stone ,mountain coins4 ,a ,his claim was settled in #aidj when he was given nearly #gjj1jjj4 ,coolidge1 who sat knee to knee with him in serious and intimate conversation1 became incensed4 ,he slapped ,gutzon on the shoulder and declared--as ,barlow remembers it--8,we won't let those rebels put anything like that over on us40 ,barlow does remember vividly that the ,president promised to put an end to the issuance of the coins4 ,gutzon slapped him on the knee and thanked him4 ,of course1 nothing more came of this than conversation4 ,gutzon had hardly reached the ,metropolitan ,club after his conference when ,bascom ,slemp1 ,presidential secretary1 called him on the phone4 ,the ,president1 it seems1 had not understood4 ,the promise to stop the coin must be considered unofficial4 ,things were moving fast in ,atlanta4 ,tucker was called in from ,stone ,mountain to meet with some of the men who were active in the ,association4 ,tucker refused to talk with them as a group1 and ,randolph met him alone4 ,the conversation was what the engineer had expected4 ,the directors were going to get rid of ,borglum and were offering him #ae1jjj a year to carry on the building of the memorial4 ,tucker laughed4 ,it was ,borglum's idea1 he said4 ,he wouldn't consider taking the job even if he thought himself qualified4 ,randolph seemed disappointed4 8,you could put something up there that would be satisfactory10 he said4 ,tucker telephoned to ,gutzon in ,washington and begged him to come back4 ,the sculptor said he would4 ,the next day ,hollins ,randolph gave out a statement which at least one ,atlanta newspaper printed under the heading3 8,borglum's ,dismissal as ,sculptor ,is ,imminent40 ,gutzon was back in ,atlanta twenty-four hours after receiving ,tucker's message4 ,a meeting of the executive committee of the ,association had been called for the next day4 ,but the sculptor fully believed that his contract would protect him1 and he was not so worried as his friends4 ,virtually everybody else in ,atlanta knew what the executive committee was going to do4 ,a full copy of the proceedings of the scheduled meeting1 to its climax in a resolution dismissing ,gutzon ,borglum1 had been given in advance to the ,atlanta ,journal and was in type hours before the committeemen were called to order4 ,the sculptor was met at the station in ,atlanta by ,tucker1 who drove him out to ,stone ,mountain4 ,sam ,venable was waiting for him there with his sister ,mrs4 ,mason2 ,mrs4 ,grace1 of ,macon1 ,georgia2 and ,mrs4 ,purdue1 president of the ,atlanta chapter of the ,u4,d4,c4 ,the women went up on the scaffolding to view the progress of the work4 ,word of what was happening in ,atlanta took the sculptor completely by surprise4 ,he listened1 stunned1 to the telephone message that the committee had voted to dismiss him4 ,quietly he broke the news to the little group about him1 then considered the situation4 8,i shall have to break up the models to protect my design10 he said4 ,the plaster model of ,lee's head had already served its purpose4 ,there was a copy of the ,jackson head in ,stamford4 ,he ordered these models to be dropped off the platform onto the rocks below4 ,and1 finally1 he told his man ,homer to break up the model in the studio1 the one showing ,davis on his horse4 ,mr4 ,venable said there were tears in his eyes as he took one last look at his work and turned his back4 ,he talked to the ,u4,d4,c4 women in ,mrs4 ,coribel ,venable ,orme's house1 urging them to carry on without him4 ,then suddenly ,tucker came bounding in from the road and took him by the arm4 8,quick60 ,tucker said4 8,kiss your wife good-by40 8,but where to80 asked ,gutzon4 8,i'll tell you that afterward10 said ,tucker1 pulling him toward the door4 ,shortly they were gone and the people in the house heard a car roaring out the back way on a road from the city that was virtually impassable4 ,the sound had died out and they were well on their way when the local constable arrived and sheepishly produced an order for ,gutzon's arrest on a charge of 8malicious mischief40 ,the complaint declared that the sculptor had destroyed a model valued at #be4 ,nobody has ever pointed out how the ,association directors found out about the smashing of the models within two hours after it happened4 ,the constable didn't know4 ,he had just been called on to serve it1 and1 well1 if ,mr4 ,borglum had gone away1 he couldn't do that4 ,so he accepted a drink and sat down to enjoy it4 ,not until long afterward did ,mrs4 ,borglum discover that the head ,gutzon was accused of having destroyed was the useless plaster image of ,lee4 ,the morning after the ,association meeting of ,february #be1 #aibe1 the ,atlanta newspapers gave roaring accounts of the affair1 one of them announcing in letters three inches high3 8,borglum ,fugitive ,from ,justice40 ,there were long lists of his crimes1 misdemeanors and delinquencies for which he had been driven away from ,stone ,mountain4 ,chief of these were 8loafing on the job10 8inordinate love of money10 8wasteful expenditures10 8ungovernable temper40 ,and there was the old story of the angels of the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,john the ,divine4 ,clarke ,howell1 editor of the ,atlanta ,constitution and ,francis ,clark1 the city editor1 were ,gutzon's friends1 and they sniffed at the angel story4 ,they were the ones who telegraphed the cathedral to get the straight of it4 ,but no matter4 ,there was no end to such charges nor to the people who believed them4 ,mrs4 ,borglum1 warned by her attorney1 ,albert ,howell1 to refrain from comment1 nevertheless issued one statement3 8,the ,greeks of old drove ,phidias into exile1 but his name has lived on while those who persecuted him are forgotten40 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,one ,,aftermath ,borglum and ,tucker sat down to rest on the plantation of ,colonel ,beniham ,cameron1 head of the ,bankhead ,highway ,commission1 near ,durham1 ,north ,carolina1 and entertained a great outpouring of their friends4 ,georgia made one weak effort at extradition1 but the warrant was promptly thrown out by a sympathetic judge4 ,governor ,angus ,mc,lean announced that he would call out the militia if necessary to prevent extradition1 and there the matter rested4 ,gutzon never condescended to answer the ,association's charges4 ,on ,july #g1 #aibe1 he wrote to ,gerald ,johnson3 ,it should be remembered that we undertook the building of a memorial to honor1 not to war4 ,we built it to the soul of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 to his conscious martyrdom1 to the valor and development of those the world said had failed4444 ,can we who have worked so disinterestedly and succeeded somewhat in reaching the ear of ,god for ,lee and his hosts forget8 ,can we fail in those qualities8 ,i am determined that history shall carry no such item in her record of our acts4 ,the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association eventually gave the job of finishing the mountain carving to a practitioner who was at ,stone ,mountain only briefly and with little success in furthering the art4 ,gutzon stayed at ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina1 seven or eight months preparing new models for the memorial1 with the aid of ,captain ,tucker and ,hugo ,villa4 ,one day came ,homer4 ,he had walked all the way from ,stone ,mountain1 more than #fjj miles4 ,tucker said that he had only to shout and they would all come 8a-runnin'40 ,but there was little work1 hardly any money1 and no place for them to stay4 ,villa made and sold some violins4 ,the others mostly had a hard time4 ,gutzon's family joined him in ,raleigh in a home next to that of ,josephus ,daniels1 and they were pleasantly received4 ,in ,georgia1 the ,association removed from the project everyone originally connected with the memorial except ,mrs4 ,helen ,plane4 ,but ,mrs4 ,plane was old and ill when the notification reached her4 ,she commented on what had happened to the great memorial and the men who had labored for it4 ,then she went to bed and died4 ,the ,association prepared statements repeating and enlarging the original charges against ,borglum4 ,gutzon saw enough of it to convince him that masses of this material were sent to every point where any sculpture was contemplated1 across the country from ,texas to the ,dakotas4 ,why all this tireless effort to discredit him8 ,his theory was that the ,association was in debt to the ,atlanta banks and had to stay alive long enough to sell its half dollars and pay its debts4 ,it must maintain the theory of its integrity by picturing ,borglum as a road-company villain4 ,in ,atlanta an active member of the ,u4,d4,c4 who had friends in both camps was disturbed because neither the sculptor nor ,sam ,venable would take legal steps against the ,association4 ,she declared the directors were destroying ,gutzon's business and would destroy him4 8,i cannot and will not add to this quarreling over a memorial to ,lee10 he wrote her4 8,after ,i got ,coolidge and ,smoot and ,lodge1 and the ,senate and ,congress to authorize a coin1 ,i was further bound by my own claims that the brotherhood of ,america must be strengthened and preserved40 ,but the battle of words went on4 ,and nobody called on ,gutzon to produce his new models4 ,the new sculptor had trouble4 ,the granite firm of ,weiblen ,brothers1 which had a lease from ,sam ,venable1 refused to permit the importation of outside stoneworkers4 ,eventually they reached an agreement to do the stonecutting themselves on a basis of cost plus ten-per-cent profit4 ,the ,association seized all of ,gutzon's papers and records as well as his personal possessions1 including art works in his studio and the machinery on the mountain4 ,when they refused to listen to the ,u4,d4,c4's suggestion of arbitration1 which was definitely provided for in ,borglum's contract1 the sculptor took one step in his own defense4 ,he sent to ,georgia a certified public accountant who disproved the charge that #ahe1jjj had been spent on his part of the project4 ,the books showed that only #aac1ibb4fa had gone to the mountain--and this included the sculptor's salary and every other expense of the work4 ,the office in ,atlanta at the same time had spent more than #aaf1jjj4 ,there was a persistent rumor through the ,united ,states that ,borglum's real trouble had been a quarrel with the ,united ,daughters of the ,confederacy4 ,that was not true if only for the fact that the political brothers in the ,memorial ,association's directorate had taken away the voice of these women in #aibd4 ,it was thoroughly refuted in a pamphlet issued by the ,atlanta chapter telling where the blame should be placed for the monument's loss4 ,the pamphlet was in the precise form of the statement sent out by the ,association and was distributed among ,u4,d4,c4 organizations throughout the country4 ,it never had so large a circulation as the ,association's statement for the reason that the women did not have so large a fund to draw on4 ,how so great a memorial could have been destroyed1 how the matter of the sale of the coin could have been so confused that few could understand anything beyond the fact that the money was dissipated and lost1 is a complicated story4 ,it cannot be dismissed in a few words and in fairness to all1 the story of the ,u4,d4,c4 should be told4 ,here are some extracts from the ,atlanta chapter's pamphlet3 ,the ,stone ,mountain debacle was the result of vandalism pure and simple4 ,it is no longer necessary to defend ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,time and the course of events have vindicated him4 ,borglum contracted to produce the central group in three years for #bej1jjj1 which was to cover his ideas1 his designs1 models1 labor1 a portion of his working equipment and his personal compensation4 ,at the end of seventeen months he had produced the first model1 master model and all working parts necessary to that date1 removed #be1jjj tons of granite1 completed head of ,lee1 half head of ,davis1 designed children's medal1 made model for ,stone ,mountain coin4 ,price for above1 official audit of ,march #ca1 #aibe1 #aac1ibb4fa4 ,during the thirty months since the employment of his successor1 the combined efforts of the sculptor1 ,weiblen ,brothers1 and the ,association have produced3 first models1 master models1 some working models1 blasting of mountain side1 roughing out of ,lee's horse4 ,cost1 as stated by ,randolph1 #aga1jjj4 ,mr4 ,borglum formed a syndicate to buy the entire coin issue4 ,this would immediately have placed #b1ejj1jjj or securities to that amount in the hands of the ,association4 ,a condition of the sale was that the money should be used exclusively in carving the mountain4 ,randolph declined the offer2 his reaction was as follows3 8,under the ,borglum proposition1 his friends could have sold the coins when they pleased1 at whatever price they pleased1 to whatever purchasers they pleased1 and could have spent the proceeds in whatever way they pleased to carve on the mountain whatever they pleased40 ,mr4 ,randolph has sold the coins wherever he pleased1 when he pleased1 to whomever he pleased1 and is now engaged in carving on the mountain what he pleases against the protest of the ,atlanta ,chapter and hundreds of ,southern people1 having discarded the plans and ignored the purpose entrusted to him4 ,the monument he is building is smaller and entirely different from the one endorsed and subscribed to by the people of the ,united ,states1 whose funds he has squandered and misspent4 ,the document goes on at considerable length to discuss the policy of ,atlanta banks in keeping the ,association alive1 and the piecemeal sale of coins to pay back loans that the banks advanced4 ,the banks at the time of ,borglum's departure from ,stone ,mountain held the ,association's notes for #gh1hfb4gb4 ,the marketable property owned by the ,association including its bank balances was listed at #f1djf4ci4 ,the banks in time were paid off by receipts from the coin sale4 ,the statement closes3 ,members of the ,atlanta ,chapter organized the original ,stone ,mountain ,memorial ,association and secured its charter4 ,members of the ,atlanta ,chapter personally invited ,mr4 ,randolph to become president of the ,association4 ,mr4 ,randolph has discarded the original models entrusted to him1 altered the style1 and reduced the size of the memorial4 ,he has plunged the work into a national scandal on false charges4 ,he has destroyed the confidence of the public in the work by false statements and lowered the standard of ,georgia and ,georgians throughout the ,united ,states4 ,and that isn't all of the story of ,stone ,mountain4 ,while ,sam ,venable and ,gutzon were quietly waiting for the group then in control to take a false step and fall1 the ,association's directors suddenly decided that something had to be done about ,stone ,mountain4 ,gutzon's first intimation that something was wrong came with the publication of a news story in which the new sculptor said that ,borglum had deliberately left large holes in the rock to interfere with further carving4 ,inasmuch as ,gutzon had not known that he was to have a successor and had not been in ,georgia since1 the accusation seemed silly4 ,next came ,randolph's announcement that ,lee would never have worn his hat in the presence of ladies and that the ,association was planning to remove the hat4 ,leading sculptors of the ,united ,states said that this could not be done without destroying the head4 ,but the public had nothing to do with it anyway4 ,there was little talk about it1 and the work was done behind a canvas4 ,the book ,famous ,statues and ,their ,stories1 published by ,edwin ,rayner in #aicf1 pictures ,stone ,mountain with a photograph of the second sculptor's designs superimposed upon it4 ,the horses' legs are very prominent4 ,the design is attributed to ,gutzon ,borglum1 and there is no suggestion in the text that he had left the work4 ,had ,gutzon suspected what was about to be done to his head of ,lee1 it is probable he would have fought to retain it4 ,it remained in his mind as one of the greatest things he had ever produced4 ,and one close to him recalls that its destruction was caused by men who had boasted that until the end of time nothing could injure it4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,two ,,backsight ,one of the most remarkable features of ,gutzon ,borglum's quarrel with ,georgia seems to be ,georgia's unawareness of it4 ,the sculptor left ,stone ,mountain ahead of the constables on ,february #be1 #aibe4 ,and he sat for a long time in ,raleigh aware that a large group of worthy patriots was demanding that he be extradited to stand trial in the municipal court for breaking up a worthless lot of plaster4 ,then in ,march #aibf he received a remarkable call4 ,the state of ,georgia1 which had him roughly classified as a fugitive from justice1 conferred on him the signal honor of asking him to make a statue of one of her most distinguished sons1 ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens1 vice-president of the ,confederacy4 ,the statue was to find permanent place in ,statuary ,hall of the ,capitol ,building at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,gutzon carried on conversations about this piece of work by mail and carved the figure in ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,it was a striking portrait1 fine1 strongly intellectual features1 lighted by an inner serenity and gentleness4 ,it was a seated figure1 for ,stephens could not stand4 ,and the hands1 resting on the arms of his chair1 were modeled to show great firmness of character4 ,hugo ,villa1 who had followed the sculptor to ,texas1 helped carve the statue1 slightly oversize1 in ,georgian marble4 ,the unveiling in ,washington in #aibg was a gala affair4 ,a special trainload of ,georgians had come to the capital with the governor of the state in the lead4 ,the ,national ,guard of ,georgia1 brilliantly uniformed1 was on hand to lend color4 ,most of these people were from ,atlanta4 ,some were even members of the ,stone ,mountain executive committee4 ,all seemed to ignore the tragic happenings of only two years before4 ,it must be noted1 however1 that ,gutzon was as good at that as they were4 ,he was calm1 pleasantly aloof and unconcerned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #aibh the time set for the finishing of the central group on ,stone ,mountain expired with only ,lee's head and part of his horse completed4 ,an attempt was made by the donors to reclaim the property4 ,they said that the work on ,stone ,mountain was at a standstill and that the operating ,association was insolvent4 ,sam ,venable circulated an open letter in which he charged that he had added together all the sums spent by the ,association on bank loans1 etc41 and had reached the stupendous figure of #a1dba1ffe which1 he said1 it had cost ,gutzon's successor to complete his model and change the bust of ,lee4 ,he added this comment3 ,furthermore1 ,mr4 ,borglum's head of ,lee everybody recognized4 ,his successor's head of ,lee1 nobody recognizes4 ,the nose is crooked4 ,the left arm is withered and paralyzed4 ,the hilt of the sword is gone and the stirrup of the saddle is broken off4 ,the money is all gone and the carving of ,lee1 in my opinion and the opinion of hundreds of others1 is a mutilated imperfection that cannot be rectified4 ,the ,association was in debt to the ,founders' ,roll for the use of #bfj1hjj paid for tablets1 and to the ,children's ,founders' ,roll for #ce1jai4ia4 ,suits were being brought by contributors to the first of these funds4 ,g4 ,f4 ,willis succeeded ,hollins ,randolph as president4 ,the ,association begged for an extension of time1 and the ,venable family agreed to allow work to proceed until ,may #aica4 ,however1 nothing was done on the mountain during that period4 ,in #aicj the ,atlanta ,chamber of ,commerce1 under the leadership of ,park ,committee ,chairman ,l4 ,lawrence ,mc,cord1 got interested in finishing the monument4 ,mayor-elect ,james ,l4 ,key1 largely celebrated for his huge ,sunday ,school ,bible ,class1 sent a telegram to ,gutzon who was then in the ,black ,hills4 ,he wanted to have ,mr4 ,borglum come to ,atlanta as his guest1 he said1 for the purpose of conference on ,stone ,mountain ,memorial4 ,the telegram was sent in ,august #aicj4 ,it might be mentioned that on ,july #d of that year the head of ,washington had been unveiled on ,mount ,rushmore with a great deal of publicity4 ,the sculptor arrived in ,atlanta on the first of ,september and was given a rousing welcome and reception by a capacity house at the ,fox theater4 ,it was the first chance public opinion had had to express itself1 and the result was gratifying to a man who had had to suffer in silence for five years4 ,he mentioned that if he had to do it over again1 he would make the ,stone ,mountain figures twice the size4 ,he had learned something of mountain carving4 ,the crowd cheered him enthusiastically1 and he came home4 ,but little came of it4 ,in #aica ,mc,cord got a bill through the ,georgia state legislature1 giving the state right of eminent domain to take over ,stone ,mountain and adjacent property for a park4 ,on this basis talks went on for years and years4 ,in #aicc ,sam ,venable with ,mrs4 ,frank ,mason1 to whom he gave his share of ,stone ,mountain1 presented a deed to ,mayor ,key for the portion of the cliff required for carving1 and an attempt was made to get ,w4,p4,a4 funds to finance the undertaking4 ,there was a vast amount of correspondence without result4 ,in #aicf the governor made an investigation of possibilities4 ,in #aicg ,w4 ,r4 ,ulrich of the ,atlanta ,chamber of ,commerce met ,borglum in ,washington and they had a friendly conference4 ,in the winter of #aici-aidj there was another revival of interest1 and once more ,gutzon was called to ,atlanta4 ,the hotel men of ,atlanta had suddenly become aware that tourists coming to see ,mount ,rushmore were dumping large amounts of cash into ,south ,dakota4 ,they were wondering why they had never foreseen this golden reward1 and they could see that they needed ,gutzon's help4 ,they were willing to put up enough money to pay for the labor week by week if he would donate his time and use his influence to get credit with the machinery and powder companies4 ,gutzon was jubilant4 ,dr4 ,ashby ,jones1 popular clergyman1 and ,preston ,arkright1 president of the ,georgia ,power ,company1 gave him their blessing4 ,success seemed so near that the sculptor wrote a letter to ,john ,kaufman1 who had succeeded ,cliff ,davis as stand-by on ,stone ,mountain1 to be ready for starting work next ,monday1 to lay out a program for a full week4 ,and then that too joined the futile history of the mountain4 ,the other half-owners of the mountain wanted a million dollars which they insisted must be paid to them before work could be resumed4 ,so this chance failed4 ,the matter of the carving on ,stone ,mountain remained unchanged a year later when the sculptor suddenly died4 ,despite the course of ill luck1 bickering and unexplained hatred that has accompanied it1 the dream of ,atlanta for a ,confederate memorial--or the dream of ,atlanta hotel men for a popular tourist attraction--is still showing signs of life4 ,the state of ,georgia has appropriated funds for the purchase of ,stone ,mountain and the establishment of a park at its base4 ,an ,atlanta sculptor has been appointed to take charge of any carving that may be done on the tremendous uplift of granite4 ,the wording of the commission is a bit indefinite as1 after all popular experience with the memorial1 it should be4 ,but1 somehow1 the emergence of the ,confederate armies from the rock seems a bit nearer than it did yesterday4 ,there is no recognizable trace today of ,gutzon ,borglum's magnificent head of ,lee1 or of anything else identifiable with the vision of ,helen ,plane4 ,there is a disfiguring scar1 the remnant of a head1 part of a horse4 ,but no matter4 ,some starry-eyed sculptor1 somewhere1 is figuring on a new supply of dynamite and drills1 and some epochal work--it will start any day now1 you may hear--to recover ,borglum's unfortunate plan4 ,the mark of his hand is dim1 perhaps1 but it is still to be found there on the rock--the reminder of what was certainly a noble and1 as it turns out1 continuous experiment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,borglum family moved to ,texas from ,north ,carolina in #aibe because the ,trail ,drivers' ,association wanted a monument and because the ,stone ,mountain ,confederate ,memorial ,association had definitely set its trail toward nothing4 ,texas would have been a remarkable spot for them in any case1 and it was one place in the universe that they knew little about4 ,the romantic history of the state--its gracious women1 tall men1 ,spanish warriors and grandees1 ,american pioneers and land seekers1 its ,alamo1 its victorious revolution1 its statehood1 ,indians1 rangers1 ranchmen1 cowboys1 trail drivers--all appealed to ,gutzon like a journey back to boyhood when he received the invitation of the ,trail ,drivers' ,association to their conference in #aibe4 ,these men1 now grown old1 wanted a memorial4 ,they wanted to perpetuate the heroes of an epoch when cowboys braved heat and cold1 drought and flood1 hostile ,indians and rustlers1 as they drove herds of longhorns northward across hundreds of miles of continent to ,kansas or ,montana4 ,it was disappointing to some of the newcomers to discover that ,san ,antonio was a highly civilized city with a cultural history antedating the landing of the ,pilgrim ,fathers4 ,as for their equipment1 ,mrs4 ,borglum's sidesaddle stood for years in a saddle-shop window as an eye-opening evidence of an effete custom4 ,a studio was improvised in a shed previously used to house floats before the annual 8,battle of ,flowers0 parade4 ,there1 while making the first model for the ,trail ,drivers' monument1 ,gutzon was initiated into the lore of the trail4 ,old cowmen came in ,illustration3 ,,gutzon ,,borglum ,,and ,,son ,,lincoln ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,borglum numbers and sat at ease as they yarned about how cattle behaved2 how cowboys talked1 rode1 ate and slept2 how they dressed by putting their big hats on2 how they soothed the bedded herd by singing a ballad of uncounted verses4 ,when the time came for the sculptor to make scenes in bas-relief around the base of the monument talk rose to feverish heat over such moot questions as whether thirsty cattle lift their tails when they scent water1 or whether cowboys squat on their heels around a campfire at night4 ,gutzon tracked down the few remaining longhorn cattle in the state and took time to witness driving1 riding1 roping--all the details of the cattle business as exposed in numerous rodeos4 ,a cowboy known as 8,red0 posed for one of the chief figures in the group4 ,and when a question arose as to who should be pictured in the other1 there was rivalry over the claims of ,george ,saunders1 president of the association1 and another old cowman1 ,tom ,russell1 recently deceased4 ,russell's widow was a prime mover in the memorial project1 but she wasn't looking for a personal monument4 ,she and her committee worked tirelessly to raise money for this tribute to the unsung heroism of their menfolk4 ,as the model was finally developed to their satisfaction it showed two riders1 one pointing with outstretched arm to indicate where water would be found1 while behind them were three longhorn steers1 their heads and tails raised as they scented the distant river4 ,to cast that group in bronze1 full size1 called for more money than the women could raise at a time when drought and low prices for beef put the cattle business in a decline4 ,even before the clay model was completed1 messages came from ,atlanta warning the ,trail ,drivers to have nothing to do with ,borglum4 ,the women seemed unconcerned4 ,when the model was exhibited in other cities there came lively bidding for its location4 ,mr4 ,goodnight1 a famous old ranchman1 offered to pay for the casting on condition that the monument be placed in ,abilene1 but the ,san ,antonio ,chamber of ,commerce was determined to keep the work where the idea originated4 ,only enough money for a bronze about one-fourth life size could be raised1 and the memorial was permanently placed outside ,trail ,drivers ,hall1 especially built for the purpose in ,breckenridge ,park4 ,this was a great disappointment to the sculptor who had planned for an enlarged group more than forty feet long to stand under the open sky in front of ,san ,antonio's auditorium4 ,as long as there was any hope of completing his work at ,stone ,mountain1 a hope that died hard1 the sculptor wanted to remain in the ,south1 where his chief need was a roomy studio4 ,he secured lease of space in a machine shop near the railroad tracks to complete the model of the ,trail ,drivers' memorial1 and then began to scout around ,san ,antonio for a more permanent location4 ,he found it eventually in an old stone building on the edge of ,breckenridge ,park which had been abandoned by the local water company4 ,the genial park commissioner allowed him to remodel it4 ,a new roof was built with its big skylight1 an ell added1 windows and doorways completely rebuilt and the interior decorated4 ,when finished it was a delightful place for work or play1 half hidden by pecan trees that shaded it from the ,southern sun1 with the sound of running water beneath4 ,here several new sculptural works were modeled1 but only one was destined to stand in ,texas4 ,when it came about that ,mount ,rushmore demanded all his time the sculptor gave this ,san ,antonio studio to the ,witte ,museum in the same park4 ,now known as the ,borglum ,memorial ,studio1 it is used for art classes and as a meeting place for art students4 ,in this city the sculptor became deeply involved in several projects promoted mostly by women1 who often took the lead in civic improvements4 ,there were women's clubs all over the state which invited the sculptor to tell his ideas on the art and beautification of one's surroundings4 ,the ,conservation ,society of ,san ,antonio interested him in their pet project of beautifying the banks of the ,san ,antonio ,river1 a lazy little stream that threaded its way through the city4 ,real-estate interests wanted to fill up the stream and use the space for more buildings1 but the women wouldn't hear of it4 ,in this the sculptor joined heartily1 but his ideas conflicted with theirs when it came to restoration of old ,spanish ruins4 ,from his experience in preserving the ,california missions the sculptor was keenly interested in these ,san ,antonio ruins1 one of which1 the ,san ,jose ,mission1 is especially beautiful4 ,a copy of its rose window was sent to the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc4 ,before he arrived1 its belfry tower had collapsed4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,p4 ,drought1 one of the most civic-minded leaders ,san ,antonio ever had1 had at her own expense hired workmen to collect the stones and wood blocks for the stairs and return them to their original places4 ,the belfry stairs1 triangular blocks of wood that unknown hands had carved out of big trees1 had been carried away as relics by ,mexican families1 and the same ,mrs4 ,drought had searched them out1 one by one1 and brought them back to the mission as a real work of restoration4 ,meanwhile the ,conservation ,society engaged a local architect to restore parts of the old church and a granary which had almost disappeared4 ,seeing what was going on and knowing that such a restoration would only destroy the original character of the mission1 ,gutzon wrote an article in protest against what seemed to him vandalism1 but never published it because he did not want to hurt the feelings of a friend who was most active in the undertaking4 ,instead1 he sent her the typed article with this friendly warning3 8,i alone am honest enough to tell you that you cannot restore the lost lines of a great poem1 the lost notes of a great opera1 the lost parts of a great building1 the lost parts of a great painting40 ,and there were other projects4 ,there were two large musical societies in the city1 both run by women1 with considerable rivalry between them4 ,the leader of one club came to the sculptor begging his help in building an open-air theater in an old quarry in ,breckenridge ,park where she could have performances by her ,civic ,opera ,company4 8,we have no money to pay an architect10 she said4 8,won't you design us a theater1 just for the love of art and music80 ,the project interested the sculptor and he went out to the quarry to study its possibilities4 ,mrs4 ,borglum vividly remembers one moonlight night when she and ,gutzon were accompanied by ,mrs4 ,drought and her guest1 a professor from ,dublin1 ,ireland1 a man well acquainted with the new ,irish ,theater in ,dublin1 who had come to ,texas on a lecture tour4 ,he bubbled over with enthusiasm when ,gutzon pointed out a little knoll overlooking the quarry which he had already selected as a stage4 ,on each side of this he planned a group of columns with dressing rooms behind4 ,for the curtain he designed something new--a barrage of water jets which could be turned on or off at will4 ,when the curtain was down1 colored lights would play on the water1 creating an eerie effect and concealing the stage from the audience4 ,all details were so carefully worked out that the only expense to the city would be for material and labor1 with no fee for the designer1 ,gutzon1 who would act also as superintendent of the work4 ,to make sure that his architectural plans were correct1 he summoned at his own expense ,mr4 ,kimball1 who had been president of the ,national ,institute of ,architects4 ,this helpful friend not only made blueprints and drew up specifications but made a pretty water-color sketch to show how the theater would look when finished4 ,naturally the members of the ,civic ,opera and the ,san ,antonio ,woman's ,club were delighted4 ,in a mass they went to the ,city ,hall when the plan was submitted to the council4 ,without a dissenting vote a resolution was passed accepting the open-air theater as the sculptor had planned it4 ,and that1 one grieves to record1 was the end of another ,gutzon ,borglum dream4 ,after a long delay a conventional design by a local architect was 8unanimously approved0 by the same city fathers4 ,the theater was built at city expense4 ,and the lady who had begged the sculptor to design the theater because she had no money to pay an architect told him that the wife of one of her leading singers was the local architect's sister4 ,the lady accepted the tenor's brother-in-law because it made her tenor happy4 8,and1 dear ,mr4 ,borglum1 what else could ,i do80 wailed the lady4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gutzon was much taken with the appearance of ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas2 however1 he felt the shore line was unsightly4 ,so he hired an aviator to take pictures of the town showing the residential portion on a plateau high above the gulf and the crowded business district along the shore line4 ,he took the mayor and some other citizens on a motor trip to ,galveston and along the ,gulf ,coast to ,florida to see how other cities had dealt with similar water-front problems4 ,he built a plaster model of ,corpus ,christi with a fine new--and artistic--concrete promenade along the sea front1 with steps down to the water's edge1 and exhibited it in the rooms of the ,chamber of ,commerce4 ,he designed approaches for a new bridge to replace the old drawbridge that frequently tied up traffic for half an hour at a time4 ,and he got a ,mr4 ,harrington of ,kansas ,city1 a reputable bridge builder1 to design a bridge4 ,the cost of this improvement1 he felt1 would speedily be paid by toll collected from the passing cars4 ,everybody was interested in ,borglum's great enterprise4 ,a loan project was placed before the ,r4,f4,c41 which turned it over to the ,w4,p4,a41 which started everything all over again4 ,in the end the whole business got into the hands of the state ,w4,p4,a4 at ,fort ,worth1 and the water-front-bridge development was changed to a sewer project4 ,probably the sewer was needed and anyhow it had not been proposed by a stranger4 ,texas1 the sculptor learned1 was a place where big things were done bigly2 but1 nevertheless1 in the accustomed fashion4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,three ,,and ,,so ,,forward ,texas owed something to ,gutzon for the suggestion of the ,four-,city ,centennial celebration of #aicf4 ,this hundredth year that ,texas had been independent of ,mexican rule had to be something unique4 ,the sculptor wrote a letter about his idea to ,jesse ,jones1 the managing director1 stating that the great fair should begin in ,san ,antonio1 the ancient ,mexican capital1 then proceed to ,dallas and ,fort ,worth and end in ,houston4 ,he outlined the historical features of these cities1 listed their natural advantages as exhibition towns and finished with an unusual thought3 8,these cities will draw enormous income from the tourist travel that the centennial will surely set in motion4 ,for that reason all exhibition buildings should be made permanent in character1 thus saving what might otherwise be considered an enormous total loss40 ,but though many of his suggestions were carried out1 and though an art committee from each of the four cities consulted him1 not one of the more than forty monuments they built was his design4 ,the explanation is that each committee was hidebound by the idea of a competition with prizes1 and ,gutzon would have none of that4 ,he worked hard for the beautification of roads in that part of ,texas where the greenery gives way to the desert4 ,he was appointed chairman of an advisory committee to supervise the spending of the ,w4,p4,a4 and the ,federal ,highway ,department funds4 ,but local rivalries kept many a town out of funds1 and the ,federal ,highway ,department's #e1jjj1jjj1 allotted for road beautification in ,texas1 was demanded by an influential highway engineer who outweighed ,gutzon4 ,all road funds1 he declared1 must be under the ,state ,highway ,department's control2 and to this simple proposition the federal government would not agree4 ,so ,texas got little1 and the beautification of ,texas roads was left to ,texas4 ,looking back over the record of those years1 one can't but figure them the most disheartening in all of ,borglum's life4 ,the sculptor himself hadn't changed much--except for the better4 ,he was still motivated by his love for the big things--for the projects that would give more joy1 more comfort or more safety to humankind4 ,but somehow none of the plans was working out well4 ,stone ,mountain1 as he must have known in his heart1 was finished4 ,the head of ,lee would presently be an outrageous blot on a tall cliff4 ,he had had no part in the ,texas ,four-,city ,centennial celebration2 he had been thrust out of any plans to beautify ,texas highways4 ,he had been thwarted in his effort to provide a sea-front development and bridge for ,corpus ,christi4 ,he had lost the job of designing the ,san ,antonio open-air theater1 which he would have enjoyed doing4 ,five times in a row he had put out his best effort and finished nowhere4 ,he might have been saved a lot of trouble had he known that few outsiders ever succeed in getting anything out of the preserves of ,texas politicians--especially those busy keeping happy a ,texas tenor4 ,but those who knew him in ,san ,antonio say that he showed no consciousness of his reverses4 ,he was gracious to the people he thought deserved his kind words4 ,he blasted the louts that he thought needed blasting4 ,and on the whole all went well4 ,he continued to be ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,his art work was by no means neglected because of his apparent absorption in civic improvements and expositions and music festivals4 ,nor had ill repute deriving from the ,stone ,mountain ,association's adverse publicity given him any lack of employment4 ,he had not quite finished the ,trail ,drivers' memorial when he was given a commission for the memorial to ,alexander ,stephens4 ,the armchair in which ,stephens is seated was made in the ,san ,antonio studio and cut out of marble at a local stoneyard4 ,the marble was the gift of the ,georgia ,marble ,company at ,marietta4 ,the place of this model in the studio was immediately taken by a memorial to ,general ,john ,greenway1 of ,rough ,rider and earlier ,yale football fame4 ,he was a resident of ,arizona1 engaged in copper mining when the ,first ,world ,war broke out4 ,though past the age limit1 he bought a uniform and1 with the aid of ,washington friends1 got into the army4 ,his widow1 ,isabella ,greenway1 one of the most distinguished women in the country1 came to the ,stamford studio1 bringing with her a request for the statue by the state of ,arizona4 ,greenway had been honored as a favorite son and chosen for a place in ,statuary ,hall1 ,washington4 ,unfortunately ,gutzon ,borglum was in ,texas4 ,telegrams were exchanged1 and he met ,mrs4 ,greenway in #aibh--;at the ,democratic ,national ,convention in ,houston4 ,mrs4 ,greenway brought to the ,san ,antonio studio not only photographs of her husband but some of his clothes and favorite gear4 ,she knew1 the sculptor said1 more about her husband's appearance and characteristics than any person he had ever met who tried to tell him what he wanted to know of a departed hero--and must know if he were to complete a perfect likeness4 ,the bronze statue was unveiled in ,washington in #aicj1 and ,mrs4 ,greenway ordered a replica to be placed in ,arizona4 ,the friendship between her and the sculptor which began at first sight was without a flaw during their lifetime4 ,from the state of ,north ,carolina1 meanwhile1 came a commission for a bronze group in memory of ,carolina soldiers who led the immortal ,pickett's ,charge at the ,battle of ,gettysburg1 a dramatic climax that marked the high tide of the ,confederacy and from which ,lee's army reeled back in defeat1 never to attempt another invasion of the ,north4 ,the sculptor had submitted a small-scale model of the group1 made in his ,breckenridge ,park studio at ,san ,antonio in #aibh4 ,this was accepted and he was busy with an improved large-scale model when the same wearisome correspondence began1 caused by some misunderstanding of the artist's habit of developing1 that is1 bettering1 the original plan4 ,here1 for example1 is a letter from ,mr4 ,barringer1 a member of the memorial committee1 written to another member1 ,mr4 ,fuller1 after seeing photographs of the large-scale model and noting with anxiety that changes had been made from the original4 ,he said3 ,it is out of the question for me to go to ,san ,antonio to examine the model4 ,i am perfectly willing1 however1 to abide by your judgment4 ,i confess to being somewhat disappointed1 particularly in the expressions of the faces4 ,they do not give promise of being as good as those on the smaller model4 ,moreover1 ,i cannot help agreeing with the governor that the model does not seem to be completely finished4 ,if ,borglum will put his best into this monument1 as we have the right to believe he will do1 it will be a great monument4 ,i feel sure of that4 ,such is my confidence in ,borglum ,i know that if he can make a good small model1 he can also make a good large one4 ,to the sculptor this same ,mr4 ,barringer made the following interesting comment about facial expressions3 ,it was ,darwin1 ,i think1 who pointed out that the sneer originated in an unconscious effort to uncover the canine or fighting tooth4 ,most men1 when very angry or about to go into a fight1 have a sneering expression4 ,i have seen somewhere the expression 8a snarling grin10 which conveys the idea very well4 ,might it not be well to put on one of your faces this 8snarling grin80 ,for it is doubtless the characteristic of many men when they are charging the enemy4 ,gutzon was quick to welcome any suggestion for improving his work from any interested source4 ,in answer he wrote3 ,thank you for your letter just received and also for the suggestion you have made4 ,i not only think it is good1 but ,i have just the man on whose face ,i would like to put that sinister expression4 ,the man in front must be too thoughtful1 too conscious of his danger and too indifferent to it1 to have any emotional feelings4 ,he is too determined4 ,the one just back of him1 the boy1 will express amazement1 fear--a little--but surprise and youth more4 ,to the bearded man next to him1 the one you thought was crowding him a little too close1 ,i will give an expression of anger and supply the snarling grin4 ,of course1 the boy back of him with the flag is too much occupied with the load he is carrying and too important to be anxious about anything but getting forward4 ,because the memorial was to stand on the ,gettysburg battlefield1 it was highly important to locate it properly in relation to other incidents and heroes of the great battle4 ,a special site committee was appointed1 and as its chairman the sculptor had the chief responsibility4 ,on one visit to the field he had the happy fortune to meet ,mrs4 ,elsie ,singmaster ,lewars1 a well-known writer who lived on ,seminary ,ridge1 another famous part of the battleground4 ,she was familiar with the whole historic region1 knew its charges and countercharges by heart1 and so gave invaluable help in selecting precisely the right site for the memorial4 ,the unveiling took place ,july #c1 #aibi1 just sixty-six years after ,pickett's ,charge failed to win its objective and the ,confederacy was plainly doomed4 ,governor ,gardner of ,north ,carolina presided1 and the sculptor's old friend1 former ,governor ,angus ,mc,lean1 delivered the principal address4 ,a special train brought hundreds of ,north ,carolina people to join in the dedication of their memorial4 ,an airplane1 engaged by the sculptor1 dropped roses over the battleground and dipped its wings in tribute to the honored dead4 ,by that time ,gettysburg had become1 as it has been ever since1 a lure for tourists and sight-seers from every part of our country4 ,only a year after the unveiling of the ,borglum monument ,c4 ,w4 ,mc,devett published in the ,raleigh ,news and ,observer a long description of a visit to the battlefield1 ending with this tribute3 ,it may be a quiet day at ,gettysburg with only a few hundred visitors scattered through its tens of thousands of acres1 while on other days the visitors are numbered by thousands4 ,but the biggest group anywhere1 any time1 will more than likely be found around ,north ,carolina's memorial4 ,that was the case on a day this summer4 ,it was a quiet day1 but there were dozens before the five bronze giants1 silent dozens1 studying the master's work in reverent admiration4 ,they were from ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,ohio and ,maryland1 as their automobile licenses indicated4 ,they murmured praise of the picture in stone and metal4 ,the men doffed their hats unconsciously4 ,all gazed into those faces of bronze--faces that seemed filled with life--and paid tribute to the likenesses of men--strong1 purposeful1 clean-limbed1 clean-minded men--who had been their fathers' and their grandfathers' foes4 ,borglum had imagined them worthy foemen1 indeed1 and his genius had made his hands the servant of his thoughts4 ,borglum carves mountains into battle panoramas4 ,borglum will never carve anything to equal his ,tar ,heel heroes at ,gettysburg4 ,a year before the ,gettysburg memorial was dedicated1 a foreign-looking letter1 postmarked ,morges1 ,switzerland1 came to ,gutzon at ,san ,antonio4 ,as he was away at the time and it was ,mrs4 ,borglum's job to oversee his vast correspondence1 she opened this letter with some curiosity4 ,she uncovered a six-page autograph beginning1 8,my great1 good friend10 and signed1 8,affectionately1 gratefully and devotedly yours1 ,i4 ,j4 ,paderewski40 ,the gist of the letter was that ,paderewski's compatriots desired to erect a monument 8to the memory of ,poland's most generous benefactor1 ,president ,wilson02 that a competition had been staged2 that the first prize had been awarded2 that the prize winner's model was 8horrible02 and that1 in despair of getting a satisfactory design at home1 the committee had left the decision to the writer4 ,the letter concluded3 8,my decision is that the statue of that great ,american should be done only by the greatest ,american artist1 by the greatest living sculptor in the whole world40 ,by way of explaining ,paderewski's greeting and highly emotional signature1 one should remember how close the two artists had become in their efforts to promote an association of mid-,european republics4 ,gutzon had been present when the representatives of these states had met in ,independence ,hall1 ,philadelphia4 ,paderewski was the first speaker at this convention1 and in the few minutes of his oratory he was transformed from a civilian pianist into a soaring apostle of freedom4 ,professor ,masaryk1 who followed him with what was expected to be the key speech1 could barely speak at all4 ,he threw away his prepared address because1 he said1 ,paderewski had said it all and said it better4 8,i have never listened to such an inspired speech10 he said in conclusion4 8,i can give no explanation other than that ,ignace ,jan ,paderewski is an artist40 ,paderewski's letter to ,gutzon in ,san ,antonio begged an immediate answer by cable1 inasmuch as it was hoped to have the memorial unveiled on ,wilson's birthday the next year4 ,gutzon was in ,georgia on another of his futile attempts to revive the ,confederate memorial2 so his wife sent him a telegram in care of the ,venables3 ,,six ,,page ,,letter ,,from ,,paderewski ,,wants ,,memorial ,,to ,,president ,,wilson ,,by ,,quote ,,the ,,greatest ,,sculptor ,,in ,,the ,,whole ,,world ,,end ,,quote4 ,,can ,,you ,,guess ,,who8 ,,wants ,,cable ,,answer4 ,the avowal of confidence by ,paderewski1 even more than his offer of the commission1 was something that ,gutzon appreciated4 ,his answer was eager and quick3 ,,mrs4 ,,mason ,,gave ,,me ,,your ,,message4 ,,send ,,paderewski ,,at ,,once ,,by ,,cable ,,quote ,,am ,,delighted ,,to ,,accept ,,double ,,honor ,,for ,,yourself ,,and ,,woodrow ,,wilson4 ,,time ,,ample ,,if ,,we ,,act ,,soon4 ,,means ,,also ,,ample ,,for ,,beautiful ,,memorial ,,unquote4 ,,love ,,to ,,you ,,all4 ,paderewski's response1 grateful and sympathetic1 settled the matter of the ,wilson statue in a few days4 ,because of the early date set for the unveiling1 the sculptor should first have gone to ,europe to confer with the committee and to study the proposed location of the memorial4 ,but the work on ,mount ,rushmore was getting critical and it was impossible for him to leave4 ,he decided to send his son ,lincoln to ,europe to arrange for the casting of the bronze in ,paris1 ,florence or ,naples1 and then to confer with ,paderewski at his home in ,morges1 ,switzerland4 ,lincoln1 accompanied by his mother1 went immediately4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,four ,,tribute ,,to ,,wilson ,the travelers never forgot ,paderewski as he met them at the ,morges station4 ,he was standing on the runway1 a little derby hat perched on the top of his head1 with his wave of hair floating out from it like a cloud4 ,he seemed serene and happy4 8,where are your trunks80 he asked in honest puzzlement4 ,and they told him that they carried no trunks1 that they were staying with him only between trains4 ,his surprise was genuine and his disappointment obvious4 8,i expected you to stay a month10 he said4 8,so now you must stay for at least a week40 ,he picked up the bags1 though his butler factotum hovered around anxious to help1 and led the way to his old-fashioned touring car4 ,and they stayed at his chalet1 with its wide-spreading trees1 its huge garden and its vineyard sloping down to the lake shore--they stayed a week4 ,gutzon had little trouble making sketches of his new subject4 ,he had known ,wilson fairly well2 they had traveled the ,atlantic in the same ship4 ,wilson had given him a degree at ,princeton4 ,they had seen much of each other when ,gutzon was working on the decorations for the dormitory built by the class of #ahgi4 ,and they had been close1 though hardly harmonious1 during the ,borglum investigation of the aircraft scandal4 ,however1 to amplify his own impressions of ,wilson's characteristics1 the sculptor wrote to several men who had known the ,president3 ,professor ,john ,grier ,hibben1 the new president of ,princeton ,university2 ,william ,allen ,white2 ,president ,coolidge2 and several senators4 ,he asked them to say frankly what characteristics he should portray4 ,wilson was then1 as he still is1 a subject of controversy4 ,gutzon got some amazing answers4 ,president ,coolidge thought he should be depicted as a kind of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,senator ,william ,e4 ,borah thought that his features should express humanitarianism and said1 8,the ,versailles ,treaty was a cruel1 destructive1 brutal document4 ,the only touches of humanity it contains were put there by ,wilson40 ,and a senator who shall be nameless said1 8,i feel incapable of making a suggestion along this line4 ,if ,i undertook to do so1 ,i'm afraid ,i should bear in mind that a man who is untruthful1 no matter how exalted his position1 should not be deified in sculpture or otherwise40 ,gutzon decided to represent ,wilson slipping out of his ,academic robes and standing alongside a martial female figure of ,poland on the capitol steps4 ,poland1 helmeted1 was defending herself with a sword4 ,forced back she stood at bay under the ,president's extended arm4 ,it was a composition of great charm and historic truth4 ,but it required more simple sentiment to be popular in ,poznan1 ,poland1 where it was to stand4 ,paderewski's message of regret1 contrived after he had looked at the photographs of the model1 was a shock4 ,he wired3 ,,deeply ,,impressed4 ,,majestic ,,greatness ,,of ,,your ,,composition ,,truly ,,wonderful4 ,,president',s ,,figure ,,splendid1 ,,superb1 ,,inspired4 ,,poland',s ,,enchanting ,,in ,,vigor ,,and ,,youth4 ,,entire ,,conception ,,extremely ,,poetic ,,and ,,beautiful4 ,,however ,,am ,,afraid ,,placing ,,poland',s ,,figure ,,would ,,create ,,serious ,,trouble ,,and ,,add ,,to ,,existing ,,political ,,strife4 ,,many ,,members ,,of ,,party ,,now ,,in ,,power1 ,,who ,,have ,,been ,,fighting ,,on ,,wrong ,,side1 ,,would ,,surely ,,interpret ,,your ,,idea ,,as ,,homage ,,to ,,and ,,triumph ,,of ,,their ,,disastrous ,,policy ,,and ,,would ,,arouse ,,indignation ,,of ,,vast ,,but ,,temporarily ,,paralyzed ,,majority4 ,,consequences ,,may ,,be ,,fatal4 ,,artist ,,myself1 ,,know ,,what ,,it ,,means ,,to ,,part ,,with ,,cherished ,,ideas1 ,,to ,,modify ,,plan ,,conceived ,,in ,,love ,,and ,,matured ,,by ,,long ,,meditation4 ,,and ,,yet ,,am ,,forced1 ,,pro ,,bono ,,publico1 ,,to ,,ask ,,sacrifice ,,in ,,eliminating ,,poland',s ,,figure ,,altogether4 ,,president',s ,,figure1 ,,no ,,matter ,,how ,,earnest1 ,,will ,,please ,,everybody ,,and ,,hurt ,,nobody4 ,,his ,,noble ,,gesture ,,will ,,seem ,,benediction ,,given ,,to ,,invisible ,,symbol ,,of ,,reborn ,,country ,,for ,,new1 ,,historic ,,life4 ,,that ,,gesture ,,could ,,but ,,enhance1 ,,intensify ,,deeply ,,religious1 ,,almost ,,apostolic ,,character ,,of ,,his ,,ideology4 ,,please ,,forgive ,,and ,,let ,,me ,,know ,,that ,i ,,have ,,not ,,offended ,,you4 ,,sorry ,,to ,,say1 ,,cannot ,,be ,,in ,,america ,,before ,,october4 ,,my ,,bank ,,cabling ,,ten ,,thousand ,,dollars4 ,,affectionate ,,regards ,,to ,,your ,,dear ,,wife ,,and ,,boy4 ,so here was another crushing blow to ,gutzon4 ,to him it was like asking ,beethoven to eliminate one of the movements of the ,fifth ,symphony4 ,but he accepted the verdict with grace4 ,and so he cabled ,paderewski4 ,from ,morges ,paderewski had sent to the sculptor a group of photographs of the ancient square of ,poznan where the statue was to be placed4 ,gutzon studied them closely to estimate how much light would strike his figure4 ,later1 after wearisome correspondence with a ,mr4 ,rucinski of the ,official ,council of ,building ,department1 it was decided to move the memorial to the newly created ,wilson ,park4 ,off and on1 all winter1 the sculptor worked on the model in his ,san ,antonio studio4 ,when completed it was generally acclaimed as a great portrait of the ,president4 ,it had in it the idealism and the spiritual quality that the sculptor could give it4 ,but he was never reconciled to the loss of the figure of ,poland4 ,he felt that the monument lacked something beautiful and significant that he could have given it4 ,gutzon took his whole family abroad for the unveiling of the monument in #aica4 ,it was his first visit to ,europe in thirty years4 ,because he had to attend to its erection and the preparation of the pediment1 they were several weeks in ,poznan4 ,one of the most interesting1 and rather tragic1 denizens was an old countess who had recently returned to her ancestral home4 ,the place was more than a thousand years old1 several miles out of town1 and was on exhibition certain days of the week because of its historic interest4 ,the countess had been in exile for many years1 and told an exciting tale of escape when the ,germans came to her home4 ,according to the tradition1 the family fortune had started with the levying of tribute on travelers at a near-by crossroads4 ,but most of it had been taken away by a similar process of collection4 ,little was left to her now4 ,one day she invited the ,borglums to 8high tea10 and as the family sat around the ancient table eating raspberries off priceless china1 they could hear the voices and steps of sight-seers in an adjoining room4 ,the exhibition fee undoubtedly eked out her scanty income4 ,gutzon took a great liking for this aged lady in her rusty black gown and pathetic shoes4 ,he hired a car and invited her to the opera4 ,his attentions and the unusual experience gave her great delight1 and she was sparkling4 ,during her exile she had cared for the ,polish children in ,paris4 ,now she was anxious to insure religious instruction for the large number of ,polish orphans there4 ,it hurt her to think1 she said1 that their bodies were well nourished and their souls were neglected4 ,as the day of the unveiling drew near1 it became known that ,paderewski would not be present4 ,this seemed evidence enough that there was something rotten in ,poland4 ,the man who had been ,premier2 who1 more than anyone else1 had brought the world's recognition to ,poland after the ,world ,war2 who had made possible the return of territory snatched fifty years before by ,germany2 the man who had given most of the money for the nation's tribute to ,wilson--this man alone wasn't going to be permitted to see the honoring of an ,american president whom he loved4 ,large numbers of ,polish-,americans came to share the tribute to ,wilson4 ,three hundred priests had come from the ,united ,states1 every one carrying a wreath of artificial flowers representing his district at home4 ,the flowers1 piled about the base of the statue with the fresh wreaths of local patriots1 made an impressive display4 ,on the morning of the unveiling day ,mrs4 ,woodrow ,wilson arrived with her niece and a group of men representing the ,united ,states4 ,among them were ,robert ,underwood ,johnson1 ambassador to ,italy1 and ,bernard ,baruch1 who had taken the opportunity to visit the early home of his parents not far from ,poznan4 ,mrs4 ,wilson went through the ordeal on the arm of ,general ,mosciki1 ,president of the ,polish ,republic1 and she bore up well despite interminable speechmaking4 ,the crowning event of the program was a banquet at the old ,royal ,schloss1 which at times had been occupied by ,kaiser ,wilhelm4 ,after that there was a reception for a thousand or more1 with ,general ,mosciki presiding4 ,at dinner ,mrs4 ,borglum was seated next to a delightful ,pole whom she had met before4 ,she asked him why there were so few at the table when she could hear the throng waiting for the reception in the next room4 ,he seemed surprised that she shouldn't know4 8,but ,madam10 he said4 8,there are only twenty-four plates in the old ,emperor's dining service40 ,and he turned over a plate to show the label 8,w4 ,rex0 stamped on the bottom4 ,paderewski sent this telegram to ,gutzon3 ,,today ,,on ,,the ,,solemn ,,occasion ,,of ,,the ,,unveiling ,,of ,,your ,,new ,,masterpiece1 ,,my ,,heartfelt ,,thanks ,,to ,,you1 ,,and ,,my ,,most ,,affectionate ,,greetings4 ,,your ,,peerless ,,art ,,has ,,enabled ,,my ,,compatriots ,,to ,,possess ,,and ,,present ,,an ,,enduring ,,proof ,,of ,,their ,,everlasting ,,gratitude ,,for ,,poland',s ,,freedom ,,and ,,integrity ,,to ,,america ,,and ,,her ,,noblest ,,symbol1 ,,president ,,woodrow ,,wilson4 ,and what happened to this noble ,wilson monument8 ,when ,hitler's troops came plowing through ,poland at the beginning of the ,second ,world ,war it was pulled down and1 presumably1 turned into ammunition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,borglums had several other chance encounters with ,paderewski4 ,on one occasion he was to give a concert in ,abilene1 ,texas1 and invited ,gutzon and his family to see him4 ,he was in a private car and the three met him for dinner after the concert4 ,the evening was delightful--at any rate it was delightful to ,paderewski and ,gutzon4 ,they talked all night until the car was coupled to an outbound train4 ,and then ,paderewski invited them to ride on to the next stop4 ,gutzon had an immense faith in ,paderewski4 ,one day in ,washington during the ,first ,world ,war1 he stated his theory to ,secretary of the ,interior ,franklin ,k4 ,lane4 8,one of these days10 he said1 8you people will realize that imagination and disinterestedness are powerful factors in the building of a state4 ,i believe ,paderewski is capable of rebuilding ,poland and of rebuilding ,europe if the occasion demanded4 ,he is capable of any sacrifice1 and he has the mind and soul to keep him going40 8,you artists always talk in big terms10 said ,lane4 8,so far ,i am with you4 ,but there's a great practical side to nation building40 8,don't you think ,paderewski has that1 too80 8,yes10 said ,lane1 8and that's why ,i'm interested4 ,that's why he's succeeding4 ,they tell me he's abandoned music and set aside his entire fortune to arm ,poland and place her on the side of the allies4 ,just as certainly as ,i'm sitting here1 this great artist is going to be the liberator of modern ,poland4 ,this artist60 8,yes10 commented ,gutzon4 8,that's what ,i've been telling you4 ,he's an artist40 ,when the next great crisis came for ,poland1 there were no great artists to deal with it--only politicians4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,five ,,for ,,the ,,parks ,it is one of the amazing things about a sculptor that the more work he does and the more recognition he gets1 the more his friends demand that he stick to his proper business4 ,and it is probably just as amazing that the sculptor doesn't want to and seldom does4 ,somebody1 commenting on the varied activities and interests of ,gutzon ,borglum1 quoted a bit of apt philosophy3 8,i am a man2 nothing human is alien to me10 which was ,borglum's estimate of the situation1 all right4 ,the constant urge to ,art was something1 he thought1 that made his friends seem normal4 ,he might have been an aviator had his reflexes been faster at the time the ,wright brothers made their test flights at ,kittyhawk4 ,his studio at ,stamford was big enough to be a fine air laboratory1 and for years it was cluttered with an odd assortment of things that were going to make flying better 444 and quicker1 and cheaper1 and easier and safer4 ,gutzon was one of the observers of ,orville ,wright's first sustained flight at ,fort ,myers when the inventors were trying to prove the value of their plane to the ,united ,states ,army4 ,he saw 8a little mechanism that looked like the wreck of a covered wagon0 travel around a half-mile course for sixty-seven minutes4 ,then1 after an enthusiastic greeting to the pilot1 he and ,orville1 ,colonel ,bromwell1 ,captain ,squier and ,lieutenant ,selfridge rode into town aboard a streetcar4 ,as a representative of the ,aeronautical ,society of ,america1 he saw the collapse of the plane the next day and the tragic death of ,lieutenant ,selfridge4 ,still he went on4 ,he became acquainted with ,alexander ,klemin and his wind tunnel4 ,he was greatly interested in ,major ,ocker's development of blind flying4 ,he invented an airplane brake which1 with modifications1 was the type used in the ,second ,world ,war4 ,in a speech before the ,aeronautical ,society at the ,astor ,hotel in ,new ,york early in #aijd he outlined his plans for a 8cylindrical type of machine with the engine in the pointed nose directly behind the propeller and winglike fins to steady the flight40 ,he demonstrated what he meant with two little models that flew gracefully over the audience4 ,he said3 ,consider the bird struggling with the power of a water freshet4 ,the model for the aeroplane should not be the bird1 but the fish4 ,the only fish that can move in stormy water is the trout1 and the trout1 ,i am convinced1 gives us an unbeatable design for an airship4 ,there is something in that speech to remind one of ,cellini's departures from art1 and the activities of ,da ,vinci when he was looking most clearly at the patterns of a future life4 ,but his friends weren't impressed4 ,mrs4 ,william ,brown ,meloney of the ,herald-,tribune and ,this ,week magazine1 with whom he carried on a ceaseless correspondence1 gave him a sharp rebuke and told him that art needed him more than the airplane business4 ,and he sent her this prompt answer3 ,dear ,missy3 ,you regret as many of my friends do that ,i am not eternally astride a ton of clay1 constantly modeling4 ,on the other hand1 the insistent application of a man's mind or his body to one activity creates lopsidedness4 ,i was hardly out of my teens before ,i discovered that it was only men of varied interest in life1 men of varied capacities1 whose minds survived middle age4444 ,i mean the sort of men who can turn from the study of an orchid to the building of a fortress1 to mending a sewer1 to designing a fleet1 to colonizing a continent4 ,gutzon spoke a lot4 ,he liked public speaking and he was good at it4 ,any good cause was his cause1 and1 inasmuch as he never seemed to be looking for any personal reward from his public fighting1 he made a lot of friends in unexpected places4 ,he loved children and he was disturbed by ,new ,york's lack of room for them4 ,he remembered his own childhood--so much of it in the fresh1 open air--and he campaigned vigorously for playgrounds or parks or unplanned pieces of the outdoors that would give them a chance to stretch their legs4 ,he began to write on such subjects for the newspapers and spent most of his days in wordy controversy4 ,he wrote largely on political subjects and was rated among the country's foremost essayists on the subject of world peace4 ,his peace article1 8,an ,essay on ,economic ,boycott10 was one of twelve selected from #bj1jjj for publication in the book 8,ways to ,peace40 ,it was widely reported in the newspapers1 widely discussed1 and carried abroad by ,president ,wilson when he went to make his futile treaty of ,versailles4 ,the park controversies pleased ,gutzon for two reasons4 ,he thought they might bring about a little better living for the children4 ,and they might promote a general love for flowers--bring a new generation into the open air and give it a consciousness of nature4 ,he loved growing things--green trees1 soft grass and the smell of aromatic shrubs4 ,he never forgot his chase to capture the moon in ,fremont4 ,in his early life he wished to be a horticulturist4 ,years afterward he found at the door of his ,new ,york studio an opportunity to practice his green thumb and at the same time to put his play-spot theories into practical development4 ,in #aijg he was invited to join the board of directors and serve on the executive committee of the ,metropolitan ,parks ,association which became the ,parks and ,playgrounds ,association of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,his membership was one of his special interests for twenty years4 ,he was appointed chairman of a subcommittee which later became an independent body looking after the affairs of ,central ,park4 ,gutzon was highly pleased with his work as permanent chairman4 ,forty years had passed since the country's two pioneer landscape artists had made one of the most famous parks in the world from some rocks and a swamp in the middle of ,manhattan ,island4 ,they had brought in hundreds of tons of soil and thousands of rare trees and shrubs4 ,they had laid out driveways for carriages and winding paths for pedestrians4 ,they had provided lakes and playgrounds for children4 ,in #aijg ,samuel ,parsons1 the landscape architect under ,mayor ,green1 was begging uselessly for better park equipment and a new watering system4 ,the sculptor felt that he had been cast in the right role4 ,an appropriation of #ajj1jjj for improving the water system was passed that year4 ,the sculptor gathered the curses of the old school of artists when he joined the parks association to keep the ,academy of ,design from putting up a building in ,bryant ,park4 ,he won a taxpayer's suit against the city in #aiaa to prevent the slovenly extension of ,riverside ,drive in the ,washington ,heights region4 ,in #aiah1 in a similar action1 he prevented the building of an unsightly pumping station in ,morningside ,park4 ,and routine park business1 outside of the courts1 amused him continuously because it was so full of trouble4 ,in #aiaj ,mayor ,hylan appointed ,charles ,stover1 who had worked under the direction of the park association1 his ,commissioner of ,parks4 ,stover promptly turned the park into a playground1 principally by digging swimming pools and wading puddles wherever there was room for them4 ,he came into direct opposition with ,parsons the landscape architect4 ,they quarreled4 ,the commissioner held up the architect's salary on the ground that he was absent from his office too much4 ,gutzon entered the fight with a letter to the ,new ,york ,sun1 pointing out that the new commissioner had 8not rotted enough manure to fertilize a ten-acre lot1 nor mustered enough courage to contract for a single manure pit40 ,he reminded his readers that 8,last year a #ajj1jjj high pressure water system remained absolutely idle for the lack of a little hose1 and #ajj1jjj worth of property was allowed to go to ruin40 ,he arrayed himself against a movement to impeach ,stover and put his own report on the needs of the park before the ,board of ,estimate and ,apportionment4 ,with him on the committee was a fine array of talent--,jacob ,schiff1 ,francis ,lynder ,stetson1 ,william ,j4 ,gibson1 ,george ,w4 ,perkins1 ,charles ,l4 ,burmeister and some others4 ,they got a respectful hearing4 ,the sculptor submitted with his report sixty samples of ,central ,park soil that had been analyzed by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the budget committee gave him hearty approval and allotted enough funds to save the park4 ,during the years ,gutzon served on its board of directors1 many important questions were discussed by the ,parks ,association1 such as what to do with the old ,arsenal building1 what about additions to the ,metropolitan ,museum1 what about monuments and statues1 what about ,riverside ,park and the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad tracts4 ,he deplored the usual attitude of the ,association which in its zeal to 8save the park0 objected to almost every new proposal1 regardless of merit4 ,he took most of his indignation to the newspapers4 ,in #aibb he fought for the request of the ,national ,sculpture ,society to hold an open-air exhibition near the ,metropolitan ,museum1 although he was not a member of the society4 ,the ,association opposed him4 ,he declared in the ,new ,york ,times3 ,the charm of ,central ,park lies in the development of its original1 natural contours4 ,the ,national ,sculpture ,society should be allowed an area of fifty to one hundred acres and there place their exhibit to suit the natural conditions1 precisely as they would place it if it were permanently located4 ,i feel certain if some such plan is inaugurated1 it will be successful4444 ,and he took an active part in the city's big stir about the proposed development of ,riverside ,park in connection with the ,new ,york ,central's right of way along the ,hudson ,river front4 ,it was part of his plan that 8,the park from the ,drive1 with its river glimpses1 should be the most tempting in ,manhattan1 and every walk into it should possess a separate individual interest40 ,and so in ,february #aiag he wrote to ,mayor ,mitchell4 ,the ,first ,world ,war put a stop to many of the plans of the park designers4 ,mayor ,mitchell went into a training camp in ,florida and was killed in an airplane crash4 ,gutzon resigned from the ,association in #aibb1 but he listened to the plea of ,george ,gordon ,battle1 the president1 and reconsidered4 ,he remained active for many years4 ,one of ,gutzon's last appearances in ,new ,york was in #aici at a dinner party given by 8,missy0 ,meloney4 ,present were the new ,park ,commissioner ,robert ,moses1 and ,mayor ,fiorello ,la ,guardia4 ,he was surprised to see them and obviously pleased4 8,i've been anxious to see you fellows10 he said as he sat down4 8,i've been wanting to tell you about my new plan for the development of ,central ,park4444 ,now what ,i've had in mind is this----0 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,six ,,the ,,czecho-,,slovak ,,army ,many people on the ,borglum visiting list figured that ,gutzon was a ,czecho-,slovak merely because he ran a ,czecho-,slovak army on his front lawn in ,stamford4 ,he wasn't1 of course1 but nobody got any evidence of that from the highway4 ,the sculptor's interest in the ,czecho-,slovak cause came about in a purely natural manner4 ,for some years he had had working with him1 on and off1 a young ,austrian sculptor's assistant named ,micka 7pronounced ,michka7 and ,micka had some odd ideas about the ,european war4 ,there was need for reapportionment of some parts of ,austria1 he mentioned4 ,and presently he began to talk about an independent republic that was to be formed by a group of ,bohemians and ,slovaks4 ,gutzon was interested in this1 as he was in all new republics that were brought to his attention4 ,he looked into the matter and shortly found himself in spirited correspondence with its leaders4 ,the republic makers1 he discovered1 called themselves ,czecho-,slovaks1 and with them1 as a sort of motivating influence1 was ,thomas ,masaryk4 ,the cause seemed to be popular4 ,large numbers of these foreigners who had found security and freedom in the ,united ,states were now volunteering to go back and fight for their countrymen in ,europe1 and1 since the draft law had not yet gone into effect1 nobody stopped them4 ,masaryk was mostly in ,washington trying to get the ,united ,states to aid his cause4 ,there ,borglum met him and helped him to get a #ab1jjj1jjj appropriation from the ,u4 ,s4 ,treasury4 ,the two then collaborated in writing a constitution for the new ,republic of ,czecho-,slovakia4 ,in ,gutzon's files was found a parchment-bound copy of this document with ,masaryk's signature on it1 together with a letter expressing the leader's gratitude for ,borglum's help4 ,that's how it came about that the sculptor offered a part of his property in ,stamford to serve as a military post4 ,the land was vacant1 there was plenty of space1 and there the ,czech volunteers could be trained while they waited for transports to carry them across the ,atlantic4 ,as headquarters ,gutzon donated an old farmhouse4 ,the volunteers built their own barracks and cleared a parade ground across the woods4 ,the first recruits to arrive at the camp looked a little confused4 ,as a military force they were a lonely lot4 ,the ,united ,states had nothing to do with them4 ,they were under command of the ,french and were to be sent to a ,french sector when they reached the front4 ,but there wasn't any ,french control of them in this country4 ,whatever military control they had was purely theoretical4 ,the ,czecho-,slovak organizers in ,new ,york and ,washington were pleased by the patriotism of the men who volunteered to fight4 ,but1 once they had expressed their satisfaction1 they forgot all about the army4 ,it was easy to send passage money to worthy young men all over the country and move them on to the camp in ,stamford4 ,as a result of this carefree policy1 most of the business of handling the volunteers fell automatically to the ,borglum family4 ,frequently a batch of recruits would be sent from ,new ,york without advance notice or arrangements for provisions4 ,the ,borglums would then have to scour the neighborhood to borrow blankets and appeal loudly to the ,red ,cross for a quick food supply4 ,once in #aiah when the painter ,george ,luks was spending the summer with ,gutzon he and the sculptor painted posters which were sold at auction to raise funds for the camp4 ,the boys needed some adequate kitchen materials1 such as a stove1 knives and a collection of pots and pans4 ,the ,czechs1 after a little pushing by ,borglum1 put on a sort of pageant which showed an attack on an ,austrian village by a band of the new republic's troops4 ,it was realistic1 and press reports said that it was very thrilling4 ,the soldiers had hurriedly put together a few thatched-roof cottages and hung up a background to give the illusion of the ,austrian village4 ,everyone who came to ,wire ,mill ,road that night was in ,czech costume1 and that included the ,borglums and their guests4 ,it was a gala night1 and it brought another tide of volunteers4 ,on another evening there was an impressive musical program4 ,masaryk came with his daughter ,anna and one of the ,benes brothers presently to become famous in ,europe4 ,miss ,kitty ,cheatham1 a singer who had made many concert tours in ,europe1 was present also4 ,she heard the massed male chorus of the soldiers sing her composition 8,america0 as it probably would never be sung again4 ,the boys were born singers1 and they meant what they sang4 ,gutzon telephoned one night that he had heard important news and would deliver it to the camp in person4 ,so the ,czecho-,slovak army stayed up late that night4 ,there was no radio4 ,the late evening papers would arrive with ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,so there was nothing to do but wait4 ,about #aj o'clock the sculptor arrived4 ,the boys stood at attention in dead silence4 8,i won't keep you long10 he said4 8,but ,i have heard good news and ,i wanted to tell it to you myself4444 ,president ,wilson this afternoon announced that the ,united ,states has recognized the independence of the ,republic of ,czechoslovakia40 ,the boys were enthusiastic that night4 ,they built a huge bonfire on the parade ground4 ,they marched around it and over most of the neighborhood singing and shouting for a large part of the night4 ,the camp commander1 a ,czech1 was a professional agnostic4 ,he said it hurt him to look at any sort of religious observance4 ,this made things difficult for him because the greater part of the ,czecho-,slovak volunteers were deeply religious4 ,they were always aware that they were going into danger1 and until they came to ,stamford they had always been able to go to church when and if they wanted to4 ,the conflict between the commander and his troops was rapidly approaching a state of open mutiny when ,borglum intervened4 ,he arranged to have mass celebrated in his home whenever a contingent of soldiers was due to go abroad4 ,father ,kubacec would come up from ,yonkers on the eve of their going1 to hear confessions4 ,in the morning he would celebrate mass on the open terrace4 ,and everybody in the camp would attend except the commander4 ,when the first group left for the front they wanted to carry the new republic's flag1 which1 so far1 they had seen only on the camp stationery4 ,gutzon requisitioned one from the headquarters in ,new ,york1 but there was none there1 either4 ,so he toured the ,new ,york shops for suitable flag material and brought it home4 ,it was cut by a ,bohemian tailor from ,chicago on the table in the ,borglum dining room4 ,four stars1 representing four provinces1 were eventually stitched to the field4 ,the camp commander said that very likely there was no other flag like it anywhere in the world4 ,he was probably right4 ,a hundred men marched with this flag down ,wire ,mill ,road to entrain in ,stamford for the boat from ,new ,york4 ,they were dressed in blue-gray uniforms with berets of the same color4 ,and somehow1 they looked like soldiers4 ,gutzon frequently wondered how many of them had survived the war4 ,every few weeks a similar pageant rolled out of the ,borglum estate4 ,altogether several thousand volunteers learned squad drill and the manual of arms on ,gutzon's front porch4 ,several hundred were still there on ,armistice ,day and went roaring to town to join in the general celebration4 ,in the meantime the sculptor and some other ,americans had formed an association of independent mid-,european nations4 ,leaders of the nations and ,american aides assembled on ,october #be1 #aiah1 in ,independence ,hall1 ,philadelphia1 where they drew up a declaration of common aims4 ,this much-bandied declaration of independence was signed by ,paderewski for the ,poles1 ,masaryk for the ,czechs and five other lesser lights for nations in being or about to be4 ,a preceding ,victory ,meeting had been held in ,carnegie ,hall with ,masaryk and ,paderewski as principal speakers4 ,it was a conclave volcanic in its enthusiasm for two nations that now have been allowed to die4 ,it is remembered chiefly for ,paderewski's remarkable speech4 ,much of the labor of getting these ill-assorted people together for the ,philadelphia meeting was the free gift of ,lieutenant ,john ,townsend1 a young ,american4 ,he had learned his ,europe while living with his father who was in the diplomatic service1 and he had given his time day and night to the campaign for the unity of the small nations4 ,he worked too hard and on the evening of the ceremony at ,independence ,hall1 he suddenly collapsed4 ,he never recovered4 ,gutzon was impressed by him4 ,to a group of ,czecho-,slovak officers he had this to say3 ,we can all take lesson from his shining example4 ,he was one of the young ,americans who gave their lives to save ,europe 444 eager to help1 uncomplaining1 self-sacrificing4 ,he was an example of the ,western spirit that seems always to be at the disposal of the rest of the world4 ,i1 for one1 will pray to live my life in the copy of his generous spirit4 ,everybody was touched4 ,nobody said anything about ,gutzon's part in the raising of the ,czecho-,slovak army4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,seven ,,the ,,noble ,,sport ,and then there was the matter of ,the ,international ,sporting ,club4 ,it was among ,gutzon ,borglum's most altruistic endeavors and certainly one that can be viewed without any reference at all to his art4 ,it may seem to some readers that there is something of a retrogression when an artist involves himself in a sporting club--that the whole effort militates against his ideals of his craft4 ,but that doesn't seem to be the way ,borglum felt about it4 ,boxing was just another odd subject that interested him and one with which he believed he could do something4 ,he may even have fancied himself as a fighter--and1 in view of later conduct1 it seems that he did4 ,critical opinion being what it is1 three propositions should be noted as a sort of prelude to what follows3 #a4 ,many physicians agree that boxing1 or1 as it is sometimes called1 8,the ,manly ,art10 is an excellent physical exercise1 particularly for those who win at it4 #b4 ,during the ,first ,world ,war1 the ,united ,states ,army made boxing an important part of the training of two million young men as soldiers4 #c4 ,after the war an extraordinary number of returned veterans 7the estimate of the trade is #bj1jjj7 wanted to take up boxing as a profession because they liked it1 or because there was a living in it with big money for those who reached the championship in any grade from bantam to heavyweight4 ,there was no tangible evidence that the sculptor had gone very deeply into the study of these matters4 ,but as a man who had raised an army on his own grounds he was one who undoubtedly would listen to any harangue about what was good for soldiers being just the stuff for virile men who were not soldiers4 ,and the appeal came to him without his making any move to ask for it4 ,one ,sunday afternoon in #aiag there came strolling up the driveway to the ,borglum home in ,stamford a stranger somewhat noticeably costumed4 ,as he alighted from his cab and started a leisurely march to the terrace the ,borglums were conscious of a broadly checked suit1 a flaming tie1 a monocle and a bright-yellow cane4 ,the man's face may have shown a hint of ,irish1 but otherwise he was unmistakably ,british and impressively advertising it4 ,at the door he introduced himself as ,william ,a4 ,gavin of ,london4 8,but ,i have come originally from old ,ireland10 he mentioned4 8,i was taught to love the arts at my mother's knee4 ,i have never forgotten the precepts she laid down for me4444 #8,a great artist1' she always said1 #8must live very close to ,god4' ,and ,i have come here1 sir1 as a humble pilgrim4 ,i have seen some of your magnificent work and ,i stand in great awe of it4 ,i should esteem it a great privilege1 ,mr4 ,borglum1 if ,i could go home and tell some of my friends that ,i have had the chance to shake your hand44440 ,mr4 ,borglum invited him in4 ,whatever else ,mr4 ,gavin may have been1 he was a finished worker4 ,he has been described by some of those who knew him best as a somewhat small1 round1 dapper gentleman with an amiable manner who was stiff enough to be nearly pompous4 ,but he knew how to take his time4 ,in due course he mentioned what had given him his interest ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,and ,,gutzon ,,borglum ,,in ,,hoist ,illustration3 ,,plaster ,,model ,,in ,,mountain ,,studio ,g4,b4 has his hand on ,t4,r4's nose4 ,lincoln ,borglum is at left in sculpture4 8,i have learned10 he said1 8what the human body looks like in motion4 ,i know there must be strange techniques in the art that permits the transfer of this motion to blocks of stone or metal4 ,i can sense it4 ,i can see it although ,i cannot comprehend it4 ,i have been able to recognize master productions4 ,i have never failed to see that they were master productions--and ,i may say that so far ,i have never seen any that move me the way that yours do40 8,and you are not an artist80 inquired ,mr4 ,borglum4 ,mr4 ,gavin sighed4 8,ah1 no10 he said4 8,i wished to be4 ,as a child ,i haunted the art galleries4 ,but there were financial difficulties in the family and ,i was discouraged4 ,i have given much of my life to sports40 8,interesting10 murmured the sculptor4 8,yes1 indeed10 returned ,mr4 ,gavin4 8,in a way it has been an odd path--and not one1 perhaps1 that ,i should have chosen if ,i had been given the selection4 ,but ,i feel that ,i have done a worthwhile thing4 ,the strength of the nation may be said to depend upon its horses1 rifle shots1 swimmers1 tennis champions1 boxers1 and1 of course1 cricket players4 ,i have tried to make these people constantly better--and1 in my small way1 ,i have succeeded40 8,i like boxing10 admitted the sculptor4 8,i had believed you would10 said ,gavin4 8,at the moment boxing is my own principal interest4 ,that is one of the reasons why ,i have come to talk with you4 ,unfortunately few people in ,new ,york have ever seen a boxing match4 ,they do not know what it means to watch the effortless movement of a pair of skilled boxers--to note the extreme precision with which their effort is controlled40 ,to him1 he said1 such contests were the most beautiful thing in the world--expressive of the fundamental male instincts1 inspiring4 ,and after that he got around to the reason for his visit4 ,it had occurred to him1 he said1 that ,mr4 ,borglum might be of help to him in raising the level of boxing in the ,united ,states4 ,he had come from ,england because he hoped to do what ,lord ,lonsdale had done over there to get outstanding people interested in the art instead of the heedless ruffians who now controlled it4 ,gutzon's name had been given him1 he said1 as that of a man whose integrity was well known to the community and who had expressed some sympathy with the people who were trying to make ring contests legal4 ,if ,gutzon would join his list of sponsors1 he said--and he named several highly respectable men of ,gutzon's acquaintance--he would form an immense club1 restore the manly art and form a national association to promote it4 ,he1 himself1 he mentioned1 would advance all preliminary expenses4 ,the sculptor joined this crusade without further pressure4 ,nobody connected with him could have doubted that he would4 ,boxing had some of the artistic appeal for him that it theoretically had for ,gavin4 ,he had known about fisticuffs since boyhood1 and1 as his sculpture progressed1 his continuous swinging of the tools had broadened his shoulders and put power behind his punch4 ,boxing had become one of the things that he thought he might learn to do better than anybody else1 and he had tried to prove it4 ,his friend ,bob ,davis had brought the world's heavyweight champion ,bob ,fitzsimmons to the sculptor's studio just as a test4 ,borglum had made a somewhat secondary showing against the champion1 but that hadn't hurt his enthusiasm4 ,maybe he didn't know as much about ring mayhem as a champion1 but he still knew as much about the theory of boxing as anybody else4 ,that's what he was thinking when he signed ,gavin's prospectus--which was quite a prospectus4 ,it turned out that there was a lot of business about the boxing reform movement that ,gutzon had not suspected4 ,in ,september #aiai there came into being ,the ,international ,sporting ,club1 ,inc41 of ,new ,york1 an organization that was to show the ,national ,sporting ,club of ,london how sports really should be conducted4 ,according to the plan ably outlined by ,mr4 ,gavin1 there would be #b1bej members4 ,each member1 to get the great movement started1 was to buy a gold-debenture bond for #ejj as a sort of initiation fee4 ,the bond was to pay six per cent annually4 ,after that the dues would be #ajj a year4 ,land was bought and plans were drawn for a magnificent clubhouse at ,lexington ,avenue and ,forty-ninth ,street4 ,excavators came with suitable tools and began to dig a hole for this great temple of sport4 ,members rushed in to buy their gold debentures4 ,the hole deepened and presently was surrounded by a high fence to keep ,new ,york's enthusiasts from falling into it4 ,by the end of #aibj ,gavin was beginning to be one of the most talked-about men in ,new ,york4 ,he1 of course1 was managing director of the club4 ,he was mentioned in press reports as the man in control of 8organization and development10 which seem to have been his chief concern4 ,major ,a4 ,j4 ,drexel ,biddle was first president of the organization4 ,gutzon ,borglum1 still eager for the return of boxing1 suddenly found himself treasurer4 ,the ,army and ,navy were well represented in the membership by people who had been active in the ,first ,world ,war--admirals and generals1 and commanders and colonels4 ,and there were so many more figures from financial and social eminences that the roster was a sort of ,who's ,who4 ,there was quite a sensation when this list of magnificent members moved into the struggle to get boxing back again4 ,whatever may be said about ,gavin's effort to raise the level of the boxing industry1 it is certain that the club presently began to make some headway4 ,senator ,james ,j4 ,walker1 presently to be known as ,new ,york's playboy mayor1 led the fight at ,albany and presently won it when the ,walker ,bill 7,chapter #gad1 ,laws of #aiba1 ,n4 ,y47 was passed4 ,but he had a lot of amateur assistance4 ,biddle made an impassioned plea to ,governor ,alfred ,smith and later broke through ,tammany obstructions to lay the matter before ,boss ,murphy and demand his support4 ,when the bill was passed1 as nearly everybody thought it would be1 a testimonial dinner was given to ,gavin4 ,jimmy ,walker declared that the legalization of boxing in ,new ,york was due to ,gavin's skill in organization and to his tireless energy4 ,he read a letter to the banqueters that ,borglum1 still full of crusading zeal1 had written to him3 ,you have recounted some of the obstacles ,gavin surmounted in the passage of the bill4 ,they were great1 no doubt1 but they were small compared with those he has encountered in the founding of the ,international ,sporting ,club4 ,and these are small compared with the obstacles that stood in the way of convincing the governors of twenty commonwealths of the wisdom and necessity of forming a national body4 ,it seems that boxing1 which has become the black sheep of the family of sports1 and of which ,maeterlinck says1 8,it is not a coincidence that the nations who love boxing do not know the knife10 is at last destined to come into its own4 ,gavin went on4 ,while the eager members were still peering through the fence at the empty hole at ,lexington ,avenue and ,forty-ninth ,street1 he began a series of gorgeous entertainments for celebrities4 ,at one of them1 entitled 8,ladies' ,night at the ,commodore ,hotel10 the women leaders of ,new ,york's society looked at a prize fight for the first time in their lives4 ,gavin was a good promoter4 ,the homeless club staged1 in all1 three bouts--,fulton vs4 ,wills1 ,carpentier vs4 ,levinsky1 ,herman vs4 ,lynch4 ,georges ,carpentier1 the ,french championship contender1 was the chief attraction and got considerably more publicity than he deserved4 ,champion ,jack ,dempsey1 who1 a few months later1 was to knock out ,m4 ,carpentier1 was present at the ,sporting ,club bout and was applauded with dignified acclaim4 ,with all this enthusiasm roaring through ,new ,york1 ,gavin got some new ideas for his building4 ,he arranged with ,gutzon to carve marble panels for the main room and to produce a large piece of sculpture for the entrance4 ,borglum started to make models of the specimens required 444 but it is hard to find any record of what became of them4 ,the third prize fight sponsored by ,gavin was between ,pete ,herman and ,joe ,lynch at ,ebbets ,field1 and it was not much of a success4 ,it ended in a riot that caused the club to lose its license to promote private bouts and something like #dj1cgg4cb in cash4 ,major ,a4 ,j4 ,drexel ,biddle walked out and trouble began to pile up4 ,in ,may #aiba some of the members who were no longer impressed by the empty hole in the ground on ,lexington ,avenue formed a committee and asked ,mr4 ,gavin to give an accounting of the ,international ,sporting ,club's finances4 ,he did so suavely and willingly4 ,there were #a1gjj members on the list1 he said4 ,that was because of his care in selection4 ,some of these had paid only part of the #ejj due on their debentures1 but a total of #gdb1jjj had been paid in and quite a lot had been paid out4 ,the price of the building lot had been something like #bej1jjj4 ,there had been a charge of #aje1jjj for the digging of the hole4 ,he had made an advance of #abj1jjj for steel1 contractors' fees and architects4 ,and then there had been some expense--about #abf1jjj--;for 8organization and development40 ,there was further inquiry4 ,borglum became president of the club to succeed ,major ,a4 ,j4 ,drexel ,biddle1 and to the end he looked upon ,mr4 ,gavin as a much maligned man4 ,it was discovered1 during what remained of #aiba1 that ,gavin had incorporated two organizations--,the ,international ,sporting ,club and ,the ,army1 ,navy1 and ,civilian ,board of ,boxing ,control--which everybody knew about1 and also ,the ,international ,sporting ,club ,corporation4 ,the ,international ,sporting ,club ,corporation was a holding company designed to control the real estate--and the money--of the other two4 ,when the membership investigating committee found out about it1 it was in 8an unhealthy condition40 ,in ,november #aiba1 after he had spent another #fb1jjj for 8organization and development10 ,mr4 ,gavin got tired of all the mistrust and bickering4 ,one night he and his attractive wife quietly slipped out of ,new ,york4 ,they left no word of explanation or farewell4 ,they left no purse to pay the current bills of the ,international ,sporting ,club4 ,the investigators found that the membership had paid in a total of #a1jac1dgh4 ,before the report was completed they received a nice letter from ,gavin saying good-by to everybody1 but they found no way to include it in the valuable assets which consisted chiefly of the hole in the ground4 ,they found #adi4fi in one bank4 ,in another there was #c4eb4 ,there were those who believed him incompetent to handle money1 and those who thought him extremely competent--in his own interest4 ,there were some1 like ,gutzon1 who still believed in him4 ,nobody sued him2 nobody charged him with any crime2 no crime was ever proved against him4 ,the money was spent4 ,the members disagreed whether he had given them their money's worth in excitement and novelty4 ,gutzon got words of sympathy from ,charles ,dana ,gibson1 ,postmaster ,general ,hitchcock1 ,senator ,coleman ,dupont1 ,major ,general ,leonard ,wood and others4 ,but nothing came of his efforts to retrieve the ,sporting ,club4 ,gavin was gone4 ,the ,club was gone4 ,after a while the hole in the ground was filled by another building1 the anguished creditors ceased their crying1 and presently nothing remained in ,new ,york to mark the regime of ,gavin except the boxing act4 ,borglum was never quite sure that it was worth bragging about4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,eight ,,friends ,,and ,,home ,one of the chief errors in the life of ,gutzon ,borglum was his belief that everybody loved him--or nearly everybody4 ,as a matter of fact1 he wasn't quite that popular4 ,his record for a public career that lasted just about half a century is1 of course1 the continuous story of a crusader who didn't mind the noise4 ,he was a positive1 stubborn character who could never see why some people didn't want his ministrations4 ,but it must be admitted that what he wanted to do for human beings was all intended for their own good--and not1 particularly1 his4 ,he was interested in beauty1 and in other people 444 and emphatically6 ,lester ,barlow1 the inventor1 who knew him well1 said that ,gutzon's ambition was to show that he could do anything better than anybody else1 from sculpture to tightrope walking4 ,in a way he was right1 for ,gutzon was a perfectionist with unbounded confidence in himself4 ,if he had gone in for tightrope walking1 he would have tried to do it better than it had ever been done before1 and1 possibly1 would have succeeded--possibly not4 ,but the point that ,barlow overlooked was that ,borglum was always a critic of method and never of results if the work showed progress in technique4 ,if a thing was better done1 he never cared much how4 ,many of those who knew him well thought he was a man of great humility4 ,he accepted criticism with great calm and respect4 ,he was an ideal father and husband and a pleasant1 unexacting friend4 ,that's what those closest to him say--which is one of the things that makes ,gutzon ,borglum so difficult to understand4 ,there were hundreds of people in the ,united ,states who weren't so close to him--the ones who thought he talked only about tons of rock1 and man hours1 and ,a-rigs1 and dynamite--and many of them figured him for a hard businessman with a ,class 8,c0 temper4 ,that1 unfortunately1 is the picture of ,gutzon that he left for himself in so many parts of this calm and pleasant land4 ,and the worst part of it is that in many particulars it is authentic4 ,gutzon was intense in his work4 ,he believed in himself4 ,and when he ran into opposition in what he considered a perfectly obvious course1 he had a devastating vocabulary and a voice like the crack of doom4 ,he was afraid of nothing4 ,it is odd1 of course1 that such a man could be a dreamer and a poet4 ,those who stood up to him toe to toe in bitter wrangles would never be convinced that he could see both sides of anything--that he could be tolerant and kindly4 ,but he was a poet1 and those who put flowers on his grave remember him for softness and gentleness4 ,once he said that a man who wasn't a great poet could never become a great artist4 ,he had a reverence for a child's unspoiled outlook on life1 and when asked what was his favorite poem he frequently cited ,francis ,thompson's essay on ,shelley and the lines that begin3 8,know you what it is to be a child80 ,for all that he was still the man whom the hard-rock worker epitomized with the comment that he was a good stonecutter but he didn't talk pretty4 ,he made a lot of remarkable friends1 about half of whom never knew a thing about art4 ,they liked him personally1 and when he talked they listened4 ,otherwise1 you can't very well explain the financing of ,stone ,mountain1 and ,mount ,rushmore1 the work of liaison between two great political parties1 the fantastic air investigation4 ,he knew countless people--politicians1 artists1 travelers1 writers1 soldiers1 actors1 cowhands1 drillers1 bankers--who would turn a hand for him if he asked them to4 ,quite likely he didn't talk sweet to them either4 8,any man1 in any walk of life1 has something to tell you if you'll listen10 he once explained4 ,and he listened4 8,it would be a godsend10 he mentioned when his bank balance was down nearly to zero after the ,stone ,mountain fiasco1 8if every man had enough money so that he could do what he wanted to do40 ,but even then he was never able to keep what money he got4 ,somebody else always needed it4 ,of his conflicting characteristics his friend 8,missy0 ,meloney1 the editor1 once wrote this to him3 ,dear ,gutzon1 ,heaven bless you4 ,what a glorious time ,god had of it when ,he made you4 ,a glorious thought that1 seeing the ,infinite ,hand reach down and gather up the dust of the mighty and the great and mold it with terrific force into the hardest--and softest--soul ,i have ever known4 ,out of ,milton and a speck of ,angelo1 and a grain of ,napoleon1 an atom from ,paul and a flame from the ,immortal ,redeemer4 ,it is a thought to play with4 ,such a strange1 complex1 unlimited person you are 444 counting a line of vital importance1 throwing away a fortune1 soothing a crying baby1 harboring an army1 fighting for peace1 loving a friend4 ,you and ,mary are destroyers of weak faith1 and ,i love you both4 8,missy's0 picture of him is the one that his friends knew best4 ,he never felt that he or anybody else had been endowed at birth with superior talents1 though he always felt that he had done well with what he had4 ,his ability to be successful as an artist1 he declared1 was due to trained observation and hard work4 ,as a matter of course1 he never talked down to an individual or to an audience4 ,once a ,texas friend of his1 ,ralph ,bradford1 remarked that he was going to a 8little hick town0 to give a speech and didn't need to prepare for it4 ,gutzon disagreed with him4 8,you never know the brains of an audience by the size of the town10 he said4 8,how do you know you won't be talking to some #8king maker' who's just there waiting for a train80 ,so ,bradford1 who presently moved on to an important post in ,washington1 did so because he stopped to prepare what he had to say--and the ambient 8king maker0 was in the audience4 8,if there hadn't been any #8king maker1'0 ,gutzon commented afterward1 8it would have been just the same2 somebody1 if it was only ,bradford1 would have known that the orator was doing a good job40 ,among the sculptor's oldest friends was the painter ,martin ,borgord1 a man of ,norwegian extraction whom he had known in ,california and ,france4 ,borgord received honors in ,paris and late in life returned to ,california4 ,he stopped to visit ,gutzon in ,south ,dakota4 ,through him ,gutzon met another well-known painter1 ,william ,singer1 and his wife1 and visited them in ,norway4 ,mrs4 ,singer bought two of his marbles for her museum in ,hagerstown1 ,maryland4 ,another friend of the early ,paris days was the ,belgian sculptor ,paul ,nocquet1 who came to ,new ,york to be near ,gutzon and lost his life in a balloon ascension4 ,after his death ,gutzon collected his art works1 had some of them cast in bronze and arranged an exhibition4 ,the sale netted several thousand dollars for ,nocquet's mother and sisters in ,belgium4 ,among the patrons of the show1 whose names appeared in a handsome catalogue1 were ,president ,theodore ,roosevelt1 ,sarah ,bernhardt1 and the ,french and ,belgian ambassadors to the ,united ,states4 ,gutzon took care of ,nocquet's burial in ,mt4 ,kisco and prepared a calf-bound volume1 ,in ,memoriam1 which contained1 among other mementos1 prints of the first air photographs of ,long ,island4 ,nocquet had taken a camera on his final trip1 and the films were found in his pocket4 ,though wet1 they were successfully developed and are probably the first pictures taken from the air to be reproduced in the public press4 ,gutzon1 after his return from ,europe in #aija1 met the ,herbert ,wadsworths of ,washington and the ,genesee ,valley4 ,they were horse enthusiasts4 ,so was ,gutzon4 ,martha ,wadsworth was a dominating personality1 and she was a social power in ,washington4 ,but once she motored all the way to ,hermosa1 ,south ,dakota1 and again to ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 just to visit with the ,borglums4 ,herbert ,wadsworth's attitude toward his wife's activities was one of whimsical tolerance and his view of ,gutzon's enthusiasms was much the same4 ,in #aiab he wrote this to ,borglum3 ,any indication that you are recovering from the ,too-,many-,things-at-,once disease is most gratifying4 ,once ,i wanted to reform the world and now ,i'm too exhausted to reform myself4 ,by and by1 when you can take a long time off1 come up to ,ashantee--,the ,dawdlers' ,do-,nothing ,roost--and do nothing with me4 ,say1 where is home1 anywhere8444 ,another equally old friend and brilliant woman who also motored out once to ,texas to spend the winter near ,gutzon was ,edith ,cornell ,smith1 wife of ,sydney4 ,she and her husband lived in ,thirty-eighth ,street1 near ,gutzon's studio4 ,they were old ,new ,yorkers to whom tickets at ,carnegie ,hall and the ,opera ,house1 and various club memberships1 were as much a part of the annual budget as taxes and rent4 ,edith was deeply artistic and after her husband's death spent most of her summers in ,stamford where she was a welcome part of the ,borglum family4 ,there were many such travelers4 ,in time ,gutzon came to look on their arrivals as he did the rains or the rising of the sun4 ,but he was overcome with wonderment when ,julian ,lee ,rayford1 then an obscure young artist1 thumbed his way from ,north ,carolina to ,texas just to talk to him4 8,i don't think ,i ever meant that much to anybody before10 said ,gutzon4 ,and he meant it4 ,during his bachelor days in ,new ,york1 ,gutzon occupied a quaint brick apartment on #ajdth ,street where other artists lived1 including the ,boardman ,robinsons4 ,it had been built by a strange woman who1 in her youth1 had gone abroad to study art and life4 ,she had come back with strong distaste for the respectability of her well-to-do relations4 ,after erecting this flat building1 she had taken up her abode in the basement amid an assortment of art treasures gathered up in ,europe4 ,the sculptor admired what he called her wild streak1 by which he meant her defiance of the conventions1 and they got along quite well4 ,she would allow him to do what he pleased to the second-floor rear apartment1 she said4 ,so he rented it and transformed it completely and extravagantly1 equipping it with furniture built from his own designs4 ,the dining room had a round mahogany table six feet in diameter4 ,around it were twelve circular chairs all painted green and rubbed to a soft patina4 ,there was a sideboard to match4 ,gutzon passed out twelve keys to twelve friends who could come when they pleased and find a place at his table4 ,among them was ,adolph ,e4 ,borie1 called 8,billy0 by ,gutzon and 8,doppie0 by everybody else4 ,as president of the ,savage ,arms ,company he was of considerable help in the aircraft investigation and in settling the affairs of the ,sporting ,club4 ,he was an ardent fisherman1 and1 therefore1 one of ,borglum's own kind4 ,the sculptor would go almost anywhere fishing with anybody he trusted4 ,but now and then he would decline to make a second trip4 ,bob and ,madge ,davis once invited him to fish with them in a ,canadian lake4 ,he didn't like it4 ,sitting in a boat and trolling was too tame a sport1 he said4 8,you might as well be pulling a suitcase aboard the boat as one of those lake trout40 ,the trout stream near ,hermosa was the chief reason for his buying the ,black ,hills ranch4 ,it was expensive and brought more debts and embarrassment4 ,but the fishing was a compensation--or so he said4 ,in the duplex apartment where he lived in ,new ,york before moving to ,stamford1 close friends1 ,charles ,rann ,kennedy and his wife ,edith ,wynne ,matthison1 occupied the flat upstairs4 ,gutzon became acquainted with them through a neighbor1 ,henry ,miller1 who first staged ,kennedy's play ,the ,servant in the ,house4 ,edith was leading lady1 and in the cast were ,walter ,hampden and his wife and the elder ,tyrone ,power4 ,the sculptor engaged the company for a special performance in honor of the ,howard ,lodge at the ,masonic ,temple4 ,a special edition of the play bound in vellum with the ,howard ,lodge emblem stamped in gold on the cover was presented to each of the players and to distinguished guests4 ,there wasn't much privacy about ,gutzon's home life4 ,at ,stamford there were usually more outsiders than he had room for4 ,he lived too far from town for studio assistants to go back and forth4 ,at least one of them lived with the family all the time4 ,and because he liked to do his writing after work hours or on holidays1 a secretary was another permanent member of the group4 ,a few of the outstanding ones came to be friends4 ,in the earlier days there were ,eugenia ,flagg and ,helen ,johnson ,keyes1 daughter of the historian4 ,in ,georgia1 ,lillian ,taylor1 who fought through the ,stone ,mountain war1 was always on ,gutzon's side and frequently stayed with the ,borglums in ,stamford or out at ,rushmore4 ,jean ,philip was also ready to take up cudgels for the chief and was frequently called4 ,when the barracks of the ,czecho-,slovak volunteers were vacated the ,borglum part of the community was enlarged to care for casual visitors and studio staff4 ,in looking after all these tides of people ,banks1 the chauffeur1 became an invaluable help and seemed so much like one of the family that ,mrs4 ,borglum's nieces and nephews referred to him in their prayers as 8,uncle ,banks40 ,another indispensable person came to ,stamford in those early days--,james ,reilley1 the ,irishman who has now been there for thirty years4 ,his children grew up with ,gutzon's1 and one of them reached a position of importance at ,rushmore4 ,old ,reilley is still there1 still keeping count of the empty acres4 ,the sculptor was likewise a dutiful son and brother4 ,very often some member of his family was living with him4 ,with the first large amount of money he received for a monument commission he sent his father and others on a six-month trip to ,denmark4 ,again he brought to ,new ,york a younger brother and his family1 to keep them for a whole year while the brother was taking a medical course4 ,there are many letters to show that moments of crisis were not infrequent in the ,borglum family and that ,gutzon was always ready to aid4 ,when his son ,lincoln was born ,gutzon's happiness was touching4 ,this was his miracle1 he virtually announced1 and his alone4 ,within a week he was quarreling with the trained nurse because she would not let him pick up the baby when he pleased1 day or night4 ,there was also some resentment about the timing of the boy's appearance4 ,he had arrived on ,april #i1 #aiab1 and1 in keeping with the name the sculptor had in mind for him1 his birth date should have been ,lincoln's birthday4 ,some friend fixed up this worrisome situation by mentioning that ,april #i was ,appomattox ,day4 ,in due course the baby was taken to ,bridgeport to pose for the baby faces spouting water from the rim of the ,wheeler ,fountain4 ,in that same fountain he was christened by his uncle1 ,rev4 ,marshall ,montgomery1 after which he was registered in near-by ,st4 ,john's ,church1 for which ,gutzon had made the reredos4 ,the child1 apparently1 was the most important thing that had yet come into the sculptor's life4 ,he took him everywhere he was allowed to1 presented him to friends up and down the ,atlantic coast1 and presumably was grateful that the child's mother was a calm and tolerant woman4 ,once1 when ,lincoln was four years old1 ,gutzon picked him up suddenly and said they were going to ,boston on a two-day trip4 ,but they weren't back in two days--or in thirty days4 ,by that time the anxious mother was telegraphing to every place where she thought ,gutzon might have chanced to go4 ,and from ,atlanta she got an answering wire3 8,don't worry4 ,both boys here4 ,and well40 ,when his daughter ,mary ,ellis was born on her father's birthday1 ,march #be1 #aiaf1 he began to make plans to have her with him wherever he went4 ,but he learned that the arrangements were not so easily taken care of4 ,however1 by the time of the ,stone ,mountain break1 ,mrs4 ,borglum had learned to drive a car and the four ,borglums were constantly on the go1 exiles from home1 but1 wherever humanly possible1 together4 ,life at the ,stamford home and studio is recalled by those who took part in it as a continuous carnival4 ,michow ,ito1 ,japanese dancer1 moved onto the old campsite of ,mrs4 ,lanier and the ,greenwich girls with a summer school4 ,he taught dancing and listed classes in history and provided some art theory1 taught by an old ,american artist4 ,his men pupils and his staff1 including a ,japanese cook1 lived in tents4 ,the girl students were billeted in the old ,czech barracks4 ,one of the girls1 ,angna ,enters1 stayed on after the rest had gone4 ,she wrote several books and became famous as a dancer1 but is known best locally for ,silly ,girl1 in which the days of the fantastic summer school are recalled4 ,ito1 who was an odd character1 is now known to history principally because one of his pupils posed for the leading figure in ,gutzon's 8,wars of ,america0 group4 ,ito had plans for establishing the peace of the world through the promotion of fine arts4 ,but he wasn't consistent at it4 ,one day1 when he heard that a ,japanese envoy had arrived in ,washington to take part in the #aibb naval conference1 he borrowed a ,bible and hurried down to the capital with a message4 ,there he created something of a sensation by arguing with the ,japanese delegate that it would be better to throw away the sword altogether than to haggle about its relative length4 ,the envoy thanked him kindly and paid no attention4 ,probably because of friendship with ,henry ,miller1 ,gutzon knew many actors4 ,they were in and out of ,stamford for years4 ,when ,margaret ,anglin was rehearsing her play ,the ,bronze ,woman she sent her leading man1 who was playing the part of a sculptor1 to the ,borglum studio to pick up local color4 ,he borrowed some authentic stage properties such as a mallet and chisel4 ,later ,gutzon1 who knew ,edgar ,davis1 tried to get a part for ,miss ,anglin in ,the ,ladder4 ,this play was about ,davis' thoughts on reincarnation1 but that is not what one remembers it for now4 ,its ,broadway record was established chiefly by the fact that nobody had to pay to see it4 ,the tickets were given away free4 ,and it went on almost to a performance record with virtually nobody in the house4 ,miss ,anglin1 however1 never played in it4 ,with much interest the sculptor liked ,laura ,hope ,crews4 ,she played in ,the ,great ,divide by ,william ,vaughn ,moody1 another of ,gutzon's favorites4 ,gutzon found a resemblance between ,moody's philosophy and his own1 particularly as shown in the poet's ,the ,fire ,bringer4 ,gutzon frequently talked of ,shelley's ,prometheus ,unbound as he might have concerned himself with somebody living1 breathing and immortal4 ,he was a glamorous1 free spirit1 and anyone who had anything to do with his chronicle was a demigod4 ,another seldom chronicled trait about ,gutzon is the fact that he was passionately fond of the violin4 ,he had to give it up in order to find time for his modeling1 but he cherished an old fiddle for years until vandals broke into his ,stamford studio and smashed it and other things to bits4 ,toward the end of his life ,congressman ,kent ,keller gave him another violin which is somewhat remembered by those about him4 ,he received the gift on the ranch in ,hermosa and1 thereafter1 it was his custom to rise at five in the morning to practice before the day's work began4 ,whatever one's criticism of this almost secret work as a virtuoso1 it must be conceded that he liked good music and probably tried to learn to play it4 ,he knew and loved the great classics--and also the country's folk tunes4 ,he hated grand opera1 but he liked brass bands4 ,he had a remarkable love for motion pictures4 ,this was partly due to the fact that at ,rushmore there was hardly any other diversion4 ,but it was likewise because actors who first appeared to him only as people who moved about the screen suddenly became real and interesting to him4 ,anyway1 he used to go to the theaters in ,rapid ,city several times a week whether they changed programs or not4 ,he saw ,jeanette ,mac,donald seven nights in succession in ,naughty ,marietta1 and ,grace ,moore1 ,irene ,dunne1 ,greta ,garbo1 ,marlene ,dietrich and others of the sisterhood with less concentration4 ,almost as much as the glamour girls he loved the pictured cowboys4 ,not that he cared whether the cowboy was a good hand or bad1 but he liked the horses4 ,for more quiet relaxation he enjoyed ,wild ,west stories of the good old dime-novel kind4 ,he and ,mrs4 ,borglum used to read them aloud to each other on long cross-country trips4 ,although there are countless ,wild ,west story magazines on the newsstands1 they discovered that only one is recognized by connoisseurs4 ,in the sparsely settled regions of the ,west--even in ,san ,antonio--this magazine was hard to find1 and ,gutzon sometimes used to lay out a trip so that on a special day he would be at a place where it would be available4 ,thus he would miss no time getting to the next installment of some continued story4 ,gutzon used to look for stories by ,max ,brand on the ground that his literary style was superior4 ,long afterward he discovered that ,max ,brand was actually a well-known writer who had made a fortune writing under different pseudonyms4 ,in meeting friends new or old the sculptor's outstanding trait was his unworldly attitude1 totally unaffected by praise or blame1 by newspaper gossip or radio commentators4 ,this is exemplified in a story that he used to tell on himself4 ,during his early days in ,new ,york the actress ,blanche ,bates1 who had known him in ,california1 invited him to a matinee where he found himself the lone male in a box of women4 ,he noticed that opera glasses were being turned on the box1 presumably because of the exceptional beauty of the woman beside him1 and tactfully he withdrew into the background4 ,as he was filing out after the performance he overtook ,miss ,bates and asked1 8,who was that striking woman sitting next to me80 ,her laugh was spontaneous as she called to her friend1 8,oh1 ,lillian1 here's one man in the world who never heard of you60 ,he had been spending the afternoon with the most glamorous woman in the world1 ,lillian ,russell1 and he hadn't realized it4 ,he was not embarrassed4 ,he never liked to be told in advance the names and positions of people he was likely to meet4 8,i don't care to be hampered by other people's opinions--or guesses10 he said4 8,i like to discover people for themselves4 ,and ,i do40 8,you certainly do10 conceded ,miss ,bates4 ,and1 of course1 he did4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,nine ,,shrine ,,of ,,democracy ,a monument's dimensions should be determined by the importance to civilization of the events memorialized4--,,gutzon ,,borglum4 ,back to the mountains came the boy who had felt kinship for them more than half a century before1 to put into form a dream that was as yet nebulous and disturbed4 ,vaguely he felt that he was going to preserve forever some symbol of a great national ideal4 ,the trouble was that he did not yet have an inkling of what the symbol looked like or how he was going to keep it intact for future generations to look at4 ,and he had the granite--the living rock of the mountains--that would turn the weather as it had been turning it for thousands of years4 ,it would keep what he carved on it down through time to the rim of eternity4 ,it sprang from the ,stone ,mountain conception1 this project4 ,but it wouldn't be the same thing4 ,there would be no army of horsemen riding across the white face of a cliff4 ,for this1 as he knew but found it hard to express1 must provide a quick glance at the history of the whole republic1 and not until he had accomplished it did he find the words4 ,he said3 ,the ,shrine of ,democracy1 carved on ,mount ,rushmore in the ,black ,hills of ,south ,dakota1 is the first of its kind in the ,western ,hemisphere and perhaps in the world4 ,it is a memorial to the conception and organization of this great government4 ,monuments have almost never been built deliberately to make note of the intellectual or political acts of a people4 ,the great memorials of ,china1 ,angkor1 ,india1 ,egypt and ,greece were incidental to the life and religion of the nations4 ,none1 ,i believe1 was deliberately so conceived1 so designed and so located that it would remain an understandable message to posterity ten thousand1 a hundred thousand1 or1 if the material survived1 a million years hence4 ,each succeeding race destroys or buries its predecessor1 appropriates what it can and throws the rest to the winds4 ,only the most enlightened of human beings revere the remains of others4 ,so it was thoughts of this sort regarding the failure of mankind to make suitable1 indestructible records of its attainments that led me to carve our national record on a cliff1 on rocks that are of communally useless material4 ,therefore our sons will not pull them down4 ,gutzon ,borglum arrived for the first time in ,rapid ,city1 accompanied by his son ,lincoln1 then #ab years old1 on ,september #be1 #aibd4 ,he was met by ,state ,historian ,doane ,robinson1 who had invited him on behalf of the ,black ,hills and ,yellowstone ,park ,association1 and was taken to the ,harney ,peak region by a group of citizens including ,dr4 ,cleophas ,c4 ,o',harra1 president of the ,south ,dakota ,school of ,mines4 ,the road led into a region of rising plateaus1 then past rocky spars that were called the ,needles1 and to the ,sylvan ,lake1 where they spent the night ,the next day they climbed ,harney ,peak4 ,gutzon observed several locations suitable for carving1 and he said so4 ,but there was nothing so fine in that area as the ,stone ,mountain cliff4 ,he reserved decision pending further inspection and went back ,east4 ,the result of this short visit was that ,mr4 ,robinson proceeded to get the permission of the government to undertake the carving in the ,harney ,forest area1 which was federal property1 and to try to get an appropriation from the ,south ,dakota state legislature4 ,there was no difficulty about his first effort4 ,he got his governmental permission through the ,congressional delegates from ,south ,dakota1 led by ,senator ,peter ,norbeck and ,congressman ,william ,williamson1 whose support and interest were valuable assets4 ,mr4 ,robinson almost as quickly discovered something that is undeniably true about mountain-carving projects3 ,they cost a lot and it is almost impossible to get anybody to donate money toward them4 ,the state authorized the formation of the ,mount ,harney ,memorial ,association1 but could find no money4 ,the state of ,south ,dakota1 as an organization1 never did find any4 ,the ,stone ,mountain storm burst in the spring of #aibe and was responsible for a lot of ,robinson's troubles1 for the desks of the legislators were shortly piled high with literature sent out by the ,stone ,mountain ,association trying to discredit ,borglum4 ,the only result of this warning call was a temporary delay4 ,senator ,norbeck reported that ,gutzon was a friend of the ,president and was known and respected as an artist and a patriot by both senators and congressmen4 ,so the legislators of ,south ,dakota figured that the gentlemen in ,atlanta were kindly but mistaken4 ,gutzon came back to the ,black ,hills in the fall of #aibe to look for available granite4 ,he was piloted on a camping trip by ,theodore ,shumaker1 an old bear hunter and former man-hunting sheriff4 ,before meeting ,gutzon he had been well acquainted with ,theodore ,roosevelt1 8,wild ,bill0 ,hickok and 8,calamity ,jane0 ,burke4 ,they entered the ,hills near ,harney ,peak through pathless1 rugged1 almost impassable timber and tree falls4 ,what ,borglum wanted was a granite cliff1 four or five hundred feet in height and towering that much above neighboring cliffs4 ,it must lie in such an angle that the main wall would face the southeast1 and there should be enough of fairly even1 unbroken stone to provide at least an acre of upright surface for carving4 ,the wall facing southeast was a necessary condition because on it the figures would be cut to face the sun4 ,it looked almost like an impossible requirement4 ,the party had been two weeks in the open1 clambering up and down over seemingly inaccessible mountains1 when they suddenly came face to face with ,mount ,rushmore4 ,gutzon was too tired to try to scale it in the waning day4 ,but he knew that1 barring serious cracks in the rock1 this cliff was the one he'd been seeking4 ,they camped in a quiet ravine in the mountain's shadow1 preparing for supper and a comfortable night's rest4 8,this looks like what ,i want10 said ,gutzon4 8,where is it80 ,one of his guides shook his head4 8,about due east of ,harney ,peak10 he said4 8,but ,i never saw it before4 ,there's probably never been a man within miles of this place40 ,so the next morning they started to climb and presently came to an entrance to the great dike they hoped to surmount4 ,wear and tear of wind1 water and ice had cut this opening1 piercing the cliff to half its depth4 ,the climbers were still #aej feet from the top--the top that became the heads of ,lincoln and ,roosevelt4 ,the heads of ,jefferson and ,washington were placed #bjj feet farther south and higher4 ,they surmounted this last perpendicular wall by pyramiding one man on the shoulders of two others and using a lariat over a projecting sliver of rock as a hoist line4 ,with torn hands and broken nails they reached the upper floor and looked down on the mining town of ,keystone1 about three miles away4 ,the sculptor related his impressions thus3 ,when ,i first saw the shoulders of ,rushmore ,i knew instinctively that ,i was a doomed man4 ,i knew that while the years and ,i reshaped the mountain1 ,i must be reshaped myself4 ,once before ,i had something of the same intense1 emotional shock4 ,that was when ,i stood in front of ,stone ,mountain and listened to ,helen ,plane pleading with me to cut into the wall the story of ,lee and his associates4 ,such thoughts passed through my mind as we lay prostrate to rest in the sun on the top of ,mount ,rushmore4 ,here great masses of rock of new dimensions1 of greater hardness1 rose above and about me4 ,i was conscious we were in another world4 ,we could imagine clouds moving over us and around us in stately dignity1 or driven by hurrying winds out of the north1 or falling as rain or snow against the chill white cliff4 ,and there a new thought seized me--a thought that frightened me and was to redirect me and dominate all my carving3 the scale of the mountain peak6 ,we were #f1bjj feet above sea level--#ejj feet above the surrounding cliffs4 ,we looked out over a horizon1 level and beaten like the rim of a great cartwheel1 #b1jjj feet below4 ,we had reached up toward the heavenly bodies2 we were looking at the forms removed from the detail of earth in the valleys1 with crude colossi piercing the sky4 ,i had worked seven years on ,stone ,mountain without real consciousness of this changing relationship of lofty mountain forms isolated in space4 ,and it came over me in an almost terrifying manner that ,i never had sensed what ,i was planning4 ,plans must change4 ,the vastness that ,i saw here demanded it4 ,the ,rushmore elevation is the highest elevation of granite1 except near-by ,harney ,peak1 between the ,rocky ,mountains and ,europe4 ,it is a hard formation called pegmatite1 peculiar to the ,black ,hills1 and on ,rushmore it is of a finer1 more even grain than that of surrounding rocks4 ,once there was a sea in this region1 then rising tracts of sediments compressed into complicated folds4 ,at some remote time the earth's interior intruded upon the sedimentary folds1 pushing steadily upward beneath the surface1 and so formed in time the granite batholith of the ,harney ,peak region4 ,the overload above the granite must have been of great height before it was destroyed by erosion4 ,it was torn down and now lies scattered across the ,bad ,lands and in valleys all the way to the sea4 ,there is no telling when ,mount ,rushmore was exposed to the sky4 ,dr4 ,o',harra believed it to be one of the oldest mountain formations in the world--older than the ,alps or the ,apennines or the ,pyrenees or the ,caucasus--older1 even1 than the ,himalayas4 ,said ,dr4 ,o',harra3 ,mount ,rushmore1 placed near the center of the ,black ,hills1 in the heart of the continent1 midst a galaxy of the world's profoundest splendors1 where every stone shows an imprint of sanctity and every bush is aflame with glory1 for thousands of years1 yes1 for millions of years1 has surveyed its entrancing surroundings and with uncovered head has looked into the benign face of a kindly creator4 ,so now a mountain had been discovered such as the sculptor had never hoped to see4 ,there remained the twin problems of getting the means to carve it and a majestic design to put on it4 ,senator ,norbeck1 notified the next day1 was cautious4 ,he declared flatly that the location wouldn't do4 ,it was inaccessible4 ,there were better cliffs and he could point them out4 ,he and the sculptor met in ,keystone1 twenty miles from ,rapid ,city1 and spent another day in the hot sun looking for the cliffs that ,norbeck remembered4 ,after that the senator gave in4 ,the parks of ,south ,dakota were ,senator ,norbeck's hobby4 ,he had antagonized farmers by including their lands in park areas1 and he had schemed to find money in the state and national treasuries that could be used for landscaping them4 ,virtually every road in the ,black ,hills and ,bad ,lands is his creation4 ,if he needed a new one1 he could make it4 ,so he wasn't much worried about the remoteness of ,rushmore4 8,we'll get a highway up to it10 he said4 8,now1 what are you going to put on it80 ,it was ,robinson who gave the clew4 ,years before1 in the shale hills west of old ,fort ,pierre on the ,missouri ,river1 some children had found a leaden plate left there in #agdc by the ,vrendrye brothers1 ,french explorers4 ,they had claimed the region for the ,french king as part of the ,louisiana ,territory4 ,and it was brought out that ,dakota was linked with the little colonial republic on the ,atlantic seaboard in #ahjc when ,president ,thomas ,jefferson sent out the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition4 ,considering these two episodes1 ,gutzon ,borglum in his own stepless way decided what he would do4 ,he would build a memorial to symbolize the creation and extension of the great republic1 the forming of its government1 the saving of its political union1 and the completion of the dream of ,columbus--a water route to ,india--by the cutting of the ,panama ,canal4 ,the characters he chose for the carving were obviously four3 ,jefferson1 author of the ,declaration of ,independence and our political gospel2 ,washington1 who made the visions of ,jefferson practicable2 ,lincoln1 who preserved the union2 and ,theodore ,roosevelt1 who was chiefly instrumental in the building of the ,panama ,canal4 ,when the design became clear in his mind ,gutzon said3 ,our forefathers wrote in the canon of human government that a man has the right to be free and happy4 ,they formed a sisterhood of states on that simple creed1 and their challenge became the tocsin cry of the world's oppressed souls4 ,those words have changed the philosophy of the world's governments4 ,they are the motive1 spirit and purpose back of the ,rushmore memorial4 ,we have not created a monument to ,washington or ,jefferson or ,lincoln or ,roosevelt1 but to the meaning of those eleven words as maintained in our government by those four great leaders4 ,those words--man has a right to be free and to be happy--hold the ,western experiment as the guide that leaped out of medieval ,europe1 more important to humanity's immortality than creeds and governments4 ,so the names of the ,presidents to be carved on ,mount ,rushmore were agreed on by ,norbeck1 ,robinson and ,borglum as early as the fall of #aibe4 ,but that wasn't the end of it4 ,of course not4 ,from press reports it was difficult to see that any two people agreed on any man as a possible candidate for the super carving4 ,the women's clubs got turned into a movement for ,dr4 ,susan ,b4 ,anthony1 the noted feminist4 ,and they argued bitterly and earnestly4 ,somebody introduced a bill in ,congress for her support4 ,gutzon1 however1 wasn't to be shaken4 ,he said that the men selected might not be the greatest the ,united ,states had produced1 but they exemplified the four great periods of the country's progress and so deserved their places in the memorial4 ,he would carve other figures later1 he said1 in some places where they would not be crowded4 ,he went to work first on the head of ,washington and studied long in an attempt to find out what kind of man he was4 ,of the familiar ,washington portraits he said3 ,i have examined all the available portraits of value--the ,stuart and ,trumbull portraits1 and the ,houdon portrait which ,i consider best of all4 ,not the statue by ,houdon in ,richmond1 the figure of which is poor1 but the unretouched mask by ,houdon which is now in the ,corcoran ,art ,gallery4 ,it is unquestionably the most valuable evidence of the appearance of ,washington extant4 ,i choose to represent him before retirement4 ,in retirement a certain fulness of cheek becomes apparent as in ,stuart's last picture4 ,his face1 definitely masculine1 takes on a more rugged form and reminds one of ,cromwell at forty-five4 ,there is much of the robust ,britisher1 the country squire or nobleman4 ,there is none of the prettified ,virginia gentleman that ,stuart always produced4 ,i recall a story to the effect that ,martha ,washington once told him that ,stuart had said he had an awful temper1 and that he must warn ,stuart not to circulate such stories4 ,washington is said to have pondered a moment and replied1 8,my dear1 ,i'm afraid ,mr4 ,stuart is right40 ,the sculptor made a small model of the group in ,san ,antonio in #aibf4 ,when he returned to ,rushmore that same year he made an enlarged plaster model of ,washington's head on a scale of an inch to a foot4 ,by this time he had determined to make the heads sixty feet high2 his previous thought of thirty-foot heads he found to be completely out of scale with the mountain4 ,to make sure of the size he had gone down over the face of the cliff1 located the nose line perpendicularly and the eyebrows and chin horizontally4 ,from those lines he was able to calculate the scale4 ,for the next several days he crawled about the cliff and valley studying the points he had marked on the mountain in red paint with a six-inch brush4 ,the enlargement of the ,washington head was made in an old log cabin more than two miles away from the cliff of ,rushmore4 ,plans were afoot to raise money for the vast work1 he was told4 ,but that summer1 at least1 nobody was able to find it4 ,gutzon and his family lived until ,september in ,keystone4 ,their living quarters were typical of the mining boom that had cluttered the valley with shacks in the late seventies4 8,compared with the setting of the rest of the project10 said ,gutzon1 8they were ultramodern40 ,,chapter ,,thirty ,,dedication ,one of the favorite jibes of the scoffers who didn't think the ,shrine of ,democracy would ever amount to more than a big scar on a hill was that the workmen spent all their time dedicating it ,gutzon listened to these charges gravely and without heat4 8,people like to go to dedications10 he said4 8,and if you don't get people out here1 nobody is going to know what you've got40 ,in addition to being a top sculptor he was also a good showman4 ,one remembers that the enterprise had virtually no friends in the summer of #aibg--;certainly no friends with ready money4 ,the citizenry knew about it4 ,that is to say1 the citizenry of the ,hill towns knew about it4 ,they had heard it was buried somewhere out in the bosque near ,keystone4 ,gutzon ,borglum and a couple of aides went up there each day on rented horses and surveyed and measured4 ,in ,keystone ,gutzon talked with representatives of the power company and salesmen from machinery companies4 ,but certainly nobody was cutting any rock off the surface of ,mount ,rushmore4 ,and then1 in one of the most fantastic journeys that the history of the ,presidents records1 ,calvin ,coolidge came out to look at the ,west4 ,the ,white ,house ,correspondents' ,corps has never reached a decision about why ,coolidge chose the ,black ,hills for his vacation that year4 ,he caught trout with bait4 ,somebody should have advised him not to put on ,sioux eagle feathers4 ,he played a weird game of golf on a private course that was nearly vertical4 ,and the best thought of the ,washington press on the subject was that he was just a ,new ,englander who had learned how to be a tourist4 ,now it is permitted to wonder4 ,coolidge came out to the ,game ,lodge1 thirty miles southwest of ,rapid ,city1 chiefly because ,peter ,norbeck suggested it and carefully laid the way for him4 ,norbeck was one of two ,south ,dakotans who was really enthusiastic about making the ,harney ,peak region an object of national interest4 ,norbeck and ,gutzon were friends who believed in each other's magic1 and ,gutzon was a friend of ,calvin ,coolidge4 ,you may make out of these premises anything you like4 ,but there isn't any doubt that the carving of ,rushmore ceased to be idle conversation when the ,president arrived and slogged three miles up the hill through the dust to raise his hand and give the project its sacred quality4 ,the ,president was rolled out over a new road from ,rapid ,city to the ,game ,lodge1 a hostelry on ,squaw ,creek1 handed a fishing rod and assigned to a preserve that had been packed with specimens from the state hatchery4 ,indian chiefs came and made obeisance4 ,the grumbling correspondents installed themselves in ,rapid ,city4 ,then1 on the second day1 ,gutzon ,borglum paid his respects to the distinguished visitor4 ,he hired an airplane--which nobody else had thought of--and flew over the ,game ,lodge to drop a huge bouquet of mountain flowers on ,mrs4 ,coolidge's lawn4 ,the next day he arrived more formally at the ,president's picnic plot to arrange1 as he afterward reported1 8a visit of dedication to ,mount ,rushmore40 ,and it is significant that the interview seems to have been previously arranged and the subject of the discussion well understood4 ,nobody was surprised when the date for the dedication was set--,august #aj1 #aibg4 ,by that time everybody near enough to see was convinced that the ,president was just doing the things he had his heart set on4 ,recalling his interview with ,president ,coolidge1 ,gutzon wrote3 ,it was a fine interview4 ,coolidge was a silent man4 ,but he always talked with me--fishing1 politics1 even a little about art4 ,he was happy he had come to the ,black ,hills for his summer outing4 ,he said they reminded him of the ,vermont mountains4 ,when the day arrived for the dedication we drove up as far as we could and walked the rest of the way4 ,the ,president was mounted on a safe horse1 led by an orderly on each side on foot1 until we reached the cabin ,i had taken over as a studio4 ,it was about #a1ejj feet from the cliff4 ,there were lots of specially invited guests who had struggled up the hill4 ,it was something new to see the consecrating of a mountain by the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,nothing had been left undone to make this an official act4 ,everything was done with the greatest of dignity and decorum4 ,coolidge was really impressed4 8,we have come here10 he said1 8to dedicate a cornerstone that was laid by the hand of the ,almighty4 ,on this towering wall of ,rushmore in the heart of the ,black ,hills is to be inscribed a memorial that will represent some of the outstanding events in ,american history1 and portraying the features of four of our ,presidents4 8,the progress of ,america has been due to the spirit of the people4 ,it is in no small degree due to that spirit that we have been able to produce such leaders4 ,if coming generations are to maintain a like spirit1 it will be because they continue to study the lives and times of the great men who have been leaders of this country1 and continue to support the principles those men represented4 ,it is for that purpose that we erect memorials4 ,we cannot hold our admiration for the historic figures which we shall see here without growing stronger in our determination to perpetuate the institutions that their lives revealed and accomplished40 ,that1 for the most part1 was the dedication4 ,and1 singularly enough1 it was very effective4 ,the hot and weary witnesses who had made the march out of ,keystone had suspected it would be1 and they had no reason to complain4 ,calvin ,coolidge1 for once in his life1 had been deeply moved4 ,the little crowd stood quiet and motionless for a minute4 ,gutzon was called over to the ,president's side4 8,look10 said ,coolidge abruptly1 8who's paying for all this80 8,well10 answered ,gutzon1 8the ,rapid ,city ,commercial ,club has been taking care of preliminary expenses4 ,and since the ,mount ,harney ,memorial ,association has been formed1 some money has been raised in the ,black ,hills and the state generally4 ,we've got donations from the ,homestake ,mine and the railroads and from people outside like ,charles ,rushmore1 ,herbert ,myrick and ,coleman ,dupont4 ,we are very grateful40 ,the ,president sniffed4 8,you'll not go far on that10 he said4 8,the people of ,south ,dakota can't even pay the interest on their farm mortgages40 8,they've had a dry year west of the ,missouri ,river10 explained ,gutzon4 8,we can hope for more water next year40 8,nonsense10 declared ,coolidge4 8,they never get water out there4 ,when ,i get back to ,washington ,i want you to come to the ,white ,house4 ,you know ,secretary ,mellon80 8,yes10 said ,borglum4 8,all right10 pursued the ,president4 8,he and you and ,i will sit down and figure out what can be done to promote this work4 ,i know great governments do things like this40 ,the ,president then handed the sculptor the drills and ,gutzon climbed to the top of the mountain4 ,the engines were turned on for the first time4 ,the huddled1 silent witnesses caught the sudden chatter of the drills4 ,the carving of ,mount ,rushmore had begun4 ,gutzon came down and presented the first drill in use to ,president ,coolidge4 ,the next two went to ,doane ,robinson and ,peter ,norbeck1 and he kept the fourth4 ,then everybody plodded back down the hill to ,keystone4 8,see me in ,washington10 repeated ,coolidge as they said good-by4 ,and that the historian might record as the beginning of ,rushmore financing4 ,norbeck and ,borglum disagreed as to the proper approach to the problem4 ,borglum said that he would ask the federal government to donate as much as the memorial promoters were able to collect from other sources4 ,norbeck said no1 that money was hard to collect privately1 that you couldn't run drills on promises and that ,mellon could be made to pay the full cost4 ,gutzon1 remembering how he had raised more than a million dollars for ,stone ,mountain1 refused to listen to this argument4 ,but1 it turned out1 ,norbeck was right4 ,toward the end of #aibg ,borglum was in ,washington4 ,he laid his plan before ,mellon just as he had said he would1 and ,mellon was pleased4 ,so was ,president ,coolidge1 for ,gutzon's modesty was something unusual at the time4 ,norbeck was not pleased4 8,you could have got it all10 he said4 8,now ,i don't know what you'll get40 ,he put a bill through the ,senate1 while ,congressman ,williamson was doing the same thing in the ,house1 providing for a twelve-member commission to take over the drawings1 contracts and material now held by ,borglum1 to be held and owned by the ,united ,states government4 ,the #ej1jjj fund in the ,rushmore treasury was exhausted in the middle of ,december #aibg2 so work was abandoned and nothing was done in #aibh while everybody in the ,black ,hills waited for ,congress to act4 ,norbeck was discouraged in #aibh4 ,in a letter to ,gutzon he wrote3 ,previous to this1 public sentiment has held up pretty well under our repeated assurances that everything would go right along4 ,but the fact that neither you nor ,i could scare up a few dollars for the work during the summer of #aibh has led people to believe that we were just talking hot air4 ,very few people in ,south ,dakota take the matter seriously any more4 ,doane ,robinson tries to1 but it keeps him awake nights and he needs sleep4444 ,this letter came to ,gutzon in ,san ,antonio1 where he was working on the memorial to ,woodrow ,wilson destined for ,poland1 and he was a bit put out4 ,to this letter he replied3 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,lincoln ,borglum ,,view ,,of ,,rushmore ,,showing ,,heads ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,presidents ,illustration3 ,f4,d4,r4 ,,at ,,the ,,unveiling ,,of ,,jefferson1 ,,august #aicf ,my dear ,senator1 if ,i didn't love you and sympathize with the difficulties you have had to face in the past year1 ,i would get cross4 ,but no one can respect you more than ,i do1 know you half so well1 agree with you so much and fail to feel that anything you write would be written in the best spirit4 ,if ,i say anything a bit harsh1 ,i am going to ask you to treat my remarks in the same spirit4 ,i have a feeling from your letter that you feel ,i have not raised the money that should have been raised2 that ,i have not carried through the matters ,i should have carried through4 ,now let us clear up a few of these points4 ,first1 because it was with great reluctance that ,i took up the ,black ,hills work1 for it is a terrific undertaking and ,i found the country and the people utterly uninformed in such matters and without funds4 ,i agreed to go to the ,hills and make a survey for a fixed sum4 ,that was accepted2 a bill was introduced in your state government with the result that nothing was paid for that service by the state4 ,i found1 in other words1 that whatever ,i undertook1 ,i had to carry much of the load all the time1 in financing and developing interest1 in engineering and production4 ,finally when the work was in hand it was always in ,south ,dakota that the inertia was felt most4 ,while ,i was there1 everything was promised2 immediately ,i left1 everything was put off until ,i returned4 ,i have made at least three complete rounds of the cities in the southwest of ,south ,dakota1 feeling out gatherings for the purpose of informing and interesting the people and securing help for the memorial4 ,i have been informed1 time and again1 at each of these gatherings1 that the necessary funds were available provided your committee1 or someone you designate1 would either be with me or go and collect the money4 ,this was told me even at the ,homestake ,mine1 where ,i talked for a solid hour to the manager and legal head of the concern1 and secured from them the statement that they were completely sold on the proposition and would do their part4 ,you yourself secured their contribution4 ,i am not blaming you for anything4 ,i have never questioned your wisdom1 or your politics1 or the reasons for delay in ,washington4 ,but ,i do think1 and you must bear me out in this1 that if the bill had been passed1 the past year would have been one of energy1 action and production1 with the head of ,washington completed on the mountain4 ,less than a month after this exchange of letters the ,rushmore bill was passed2 #bej1jjj was appropriated on a matching basis and more than #ej1jjj released to match sums previously subscribed4 ,considering the carving program1 this fund was still nothing to cause much celebration4 ,the making of monuments has always been expensive4 ,one such group alone--the ,jefferson ,memorial in ,washington--had an estimated cost of #c1jjj1jjj4 ,but one takes what one can get1 and ,gutzon was cheered again4 ,in one of his last ,presidential acts ,calvin ,coolidge appointed ten men and one woman as the ,mount ,rushmore ,national ,memorial ,commission3 ,john ,a4 ,boland1 ,rapid ,city1 ,south ,dakota2 ,charles ,r4 ,crane1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,joseph ,s4 ,cullinan1 ,houston1 ,texas2 ,c4 ,m4 ,day1 ,sioux ,falls1 ,south ,dakota2 ,d4 ,b4 ,gurney1 ,yankton1 ,south ,dakota2 ,hale ,holden1 ,chicago2 ,frank ,o4 ,lowden1 ,oregon1 ,illinois2 ,julius ,rosenwald1 ,chicago2 ,fred ,w4 ,sargent1 ,evanston1 ,illinois2 ,william ,williamson1 ,rapid ,city1 ,south ,dakota2 and ,mrs4 ,lorine ,jones ,spoonts1 ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas4 ,at their first meeting1 called by ,president ,hoover in the ,white ,house in ,june #aibi1 ,j4 ,s4 ,cullinan was elected president of the commission and ,john ,a4 ,boland chairman of the executive committee4 ,work on ,mount ,rushmore began at once4 ,some people remember #aibi because of renewed hope that the great memorial would be finished4 ,but most of the rest of the ,united ,states recall it as the year that started the big depression4 ,contributions came in slowly2 then they stopped4 ,cullinan1 with the blessing of ,president ,herbert ,hoover1 organized the ,rushmore ,national ,memorial ,society of the ,black ,hills to handle advertising1 fund raising1 memberships1 management of concessions1 maintenance of the park area1 publicity and other matters not directly connected with the building of the memorial4 ,memberships were set at #ajj apiece1 which brought in #f1jjj1 and that was the biggest sum that anyone in the undertaking saw for a long time4 ,then there was the matter of a suitable inscription4 ,the idea of such explanatory matter to accompany the carved figures had been set forth in the ,congressional bill4 ,it had been discussed by the sculptor and ,president ,coolidge in the summer of #aibg and again when the pair met two years later in ,texas4 ,borglum asked of the ex-,president some eight or nine terse paragraphs covering the territorial expansion of the republic and starting with the ,constitution and the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the available space on the mountain gave room for about #cge words in letters three feet high4 ,if reduced to two and a half feet1 there would be room for #dge words4 ,reporters spread word throughout the country that ,coolidge was writing a history of the ,united ,states in #ejj words4 ,he denied it4 ,gutzon wrote a letter to ,mr4 ,coolidge after that restating what he wanted4 ,he was about to dress the mountainside for the entablature1 he said1 and would appreciate some copy4 ,mr4 ,coolidge sent the two paragraphs which read3 ,the ,declaration of ,independence--,the eternal right to seek happiness through self-government and the divine duty to defend that right at any sacrifice4 ,the ,constitution--,charter of perpetual union of free people of sovereign states establishing a government of limited powers under an independent ,president1 ,congress and ,court1 charged to provide security for all citizens in their enjoyment of liberty1 equality and justice under the law4 ,gutzon changed the wording slightly4 ,he cut out the word through before self-government in the first paragraph4 ,in the second he eliminated the phrase under the law after the word justice4 ,mr4 ,coolidge objected to the editing4 ,the newspapers raised another storm4 ,coolidge complained of the publicity4 ,the sculptor assumed all blame and got this somewhat annoyed reply from ,coolidge3 ,i know that you are a great artist4 ,what ,i meant to convey is that ,i do not wish to be engaged in putting up a monument to myself4 ,i wished my name kept off the mountain4 ,i do not see any reason for your committee giving the press any statement of any kind in relation to me4 ,i wish you every success4444 ,then there were letters to the ,times1 and essay contests in the newspapers1 and speeches by high-school students1 and resolutions by the ,rushmore ,commission4 ,but in the end there was not one single contribution of the required length4 ,flaws in the granite caused a shift of figures that left no room for the entablature2 and the ,commission set the whole matter aside for future reference4 ,,chapter ,,thirty-,,one ,,carving ,,the ,,mountain ,some sons of ,god must stand upon the mountaintops ,and there through all the deathless generations guard ,the continents1 and guide the gracious stars of fate3 ,so ,god made mountains for the throne of these4 ,upon this mountaintop ,america enshrines ,her sturdy sires1 exalts her noblest knight4 ,where children of the earth may lift appraising eye ,and feel his virtue while his strength invests their souls4 --,,doane ,,robinson ,gutzon ,borglum carved a mountain4 ,and as the years went by he became a dynamiter1 a geologist1 a practical miner and1 very definitely1 an engineer4 ,he got used to crawling about on the face of a cliff1 and in time he used to say that his sculpture was not greatly different from the cutting of a large block of stone in a studio4 ,but1 of course1 the stone of the mountainside wasn't dressed or prepared4 ,it couldn't be shifted into the light or away from it4 ,the amount of stone to be removed was prodigious1 and injury of the material left for carving was always a serious possibility4 ,how one of these projects ever got itself done is something that he wasted thousands of words trying to explain4 ,when ,gutzon first used dynamite for carving on ,stone ,mountain it had been taken by the world as a fantastic idea4 ,but there was no coyness about its use when it came to ,rushmore4 ,it was laid out there in all proportions and all quantities4 ,the sculptor had experts who knew what could be done with a six-inch stick1 or half an ounce of it1 or with a percussion cap alone4 ,and they had to be in touch not only with the drilling of the moment but with the design of the whole monument to avoid the chance of an overcharge at one point injuring stone at a distance4 ,such drilling skill was developed that the sculptor could depend on them to block out a nose to within an inch of the finished surface1 to shape the lips1 grade the contours of the neck1 cheek1 brow and all round areas4 ,he could even shape the eyeball as a whole1 but the defining of the eyelids and the pupils was done by drills1 air tools and by hand4 ,the sculptor's first concern was the position of ,washington4 ,he put in days studying the surfaces1 shadows1 reflections and the course of the sun2 and eventually he chose the place where ,washington's head rises today4 ,it was the best spot on the mountain4 ,he began to make models to suit the cliff4 ,he discussed the angle of the head with ,carothers1 one of the literary secretaries of the ,hoover administration1 and he had long conferences about the character of the first ,president with ,hoover himself4 ,they decided that uprightness should be emphasized in ,washington's statue4 ,the head should not incline to right nor left1 nor forward nor back1 but should be set on the shoulders so that it would show dignity and poise4 ,carothers drew a straight line down the middle of a paper1 put a ball on the top of it to indicate the head and remarked quite gravely1 8,this is the way it should be drawn40 ,and that is the way it was drawn4 ,the center of ,washington's head was fixed at the point where the horizontal line going across the brows met the vertical line through the chin4 ,in roughing off they had to remove fifteen feet of rock before they found a hard1 undamaged surface4 ,this was done late in the summer of #aibg4 ,blasting was not resumed until #aibi4 ,work on ,washington taught them how to proceed quickly with other figures4 ,it established methods1 determined tools1 temper of steel1 arrangement of scaffolding for hoists and a labor gauge on the men who were to perform most of the rough toil on the monument4 ,the first preparation for carving was to draw in its proper position on the mountain an oval of the required length and width4 ,this oval was divided into three sections--one at the line of the eyebrows1 one at the end of the nose and a third at the end of the chin4 ,these measurements were in the scale of the model2 in other words1 a model sixty inches in height had an enlarged outline sixty feet in height4 ,the work on ,rushmore was done from swing harnesses developed at ,stone ,mountain4 ,they were made of a leather-covered steel frame and were quite strong4 ,the men were buckled into them4 ,thereafter they might be bumped or fall1 but they could not get out without unbuckling themselves4 ,the swings were suspended at the end of a #cjj-;foot steel cable from a winch on the top of the cliff4 ,they were housed in a shack on ,washington's head4 ,ordinarily the practical method would have been to determine precisely where in the cliff the head was to be located1 then fix the model at the same angle2 next1 to begin at the top1 peel off the rough stone and finish as you went down4 ,that's the way any good mechanic or engineer would carry on such work1 relieving the features1 finishing as he descended and using the stone shelf that the work always left under his feet to stand on4 ,but this was a work of art1 not of mechanics4 ,the revelation of the face by the sculptor was as if he were releasing a living thing4 ,each drill hole must pierce the stone with certainty1 so as not in any way to injure what was below4 ,gutzon said he could not allow mechanical methods to reduce his art production to a lifeless form4 ,each day they carefully surveyed the rough-blocked face4 ,when they reached the chin line they were thirty feet in from the original granite cliff4 ,there they stopped and built a scaffold from chin to forehead1 and the sculptor sent to ,texas for his old friend and assistant ,hugo ,villa4 ,it was then ,june and an unveiling was scheduled for ,july4 ,no man on the ,rushmore project had ever carved a mountain before4 ,but no matter4 ,he had less difficulty with them than with any other phase of the undertaking4 ,most of them were the so-called forgotten men of ,keystone--veteran miners1 the one-time workers of the idle ,holy ,terror ,gold ,mine4 ,they were hard-rock men2 they were used to explosives2 and they did not need many instructions4 ,in the end the sculptor had several experts on the mountain as adept as any in the country1 and a loyal group of helpers4 ,gutzon established a boardinghouse near the blacksmith shop1 engine room and other buildings at the foot of the cliff1 and frequently came with his guests to eat with them4 ,he knew them all4 ,gutzon's original contract with the ,mount ,harney ,memorial ,association had specified that ,captain ,jesse ,tucker of ,stone ,mountain be named superintendent of the work at ,rushmore and given a fixed salary of #aj1jjj4 ,to make this sum possible the sculptor reduced the amount to be paid to himself4 ,the reason for ,tucker's position1 he frankly stated1 was that he must give part of his time to other sculptural work1 and that while he was absent from ,rushmore he needed someone to take his place4 ,but presently the ,rushmore ,commission hadn't any money to pay to anybody4 ,there were arguments and misunderstandings1 and ,tucker resigned4 ,after that the full burden of the work fell on ,gutzon4 ,he moved with his family to the ,black ,hills and built a studio some distance from ,rushmore at ,hermosa4 ,gutzon probably missed ,tucker more than anybody else with whom he had ever worked4 ,correspondence between them during the first few months of construction on ,rushmore shows the great concern of both of them for the safety of the workers4 ,tucker1 who thought the men careless1 was certain that they would contrive some bad end for themselves4 ,but the years went on and the carving got done and somehow there were no serious accidents4 ,the nearest approach to disaster came when a lightning flash exploded a percussion cap just as the worker was making an artificial electrical connection4 ,the man in the swing harness was shot out into space but by instantaneous muscular reaction flexed his knees as he was hurled back against the side of the mountain4 ,he was badly bruised but not otherwise hurt4 ,the sun was shining when the accident happened4 ,thereafter no blasts were set off without the advice of the weatherman4 ,the other accident occurred when a steel wire controlling the hoist broke4 ,the open box in which three or four men were riding came hurtling down4 ,the quick wit of a young man from ,stamford1 the assistant superintendent1 prevented a serious crash4 ,he stuck an iron rod between the hoist wheel and the cable that retarded the descent of the car4 ,only one worker jumped out as the car hit4 ,he was treated for a minor chest injury4 ,some unknown friend whom ,gutzon always identified privately as ,sam ,insull set out a ,diesel engine for him at a town in the western part of the state4 ,for two years it furnished all the power needed not only to run the air compressors and drills on the mountain but the pumps of the ,holy ,terror ,mine as well4 ,a ,wyoming company was started and ,gutzon1 on the promise of electricity for less than his own plant would furnish it1 agreed to shut down4 ,shortly before the day scheduled for the unveiling of the ,washington head the power company informed him that he must sign a contract to use the company's electricity for twenty years or be cut off4 ,gutzon snorted and turned to the ,diesel engine4 ,but there was no hope from that source4 ,somebody had dismantled it and carried away most of the movable parts4 ,commissioner ,john ,boland rushed out from ,rapid ,city and thereafter ,gutzon bought power from the new company4 ,but he refused to sign the twenty-year contract4 ,the cost of the power was a matter of bitter discussion forever after4 ,lincoln came to the mountain in #aicb and worked two years without pay4 ,gutzon trained him to do the 8pointing10 which consists of measuring the models and locating their enlargements on the rock4 ,it is the direct translation of the work of the artist from studio to the material which he will cut1 and ,lincoln was carefully prepared4 ,gutzon declared that ,lincoln was a master of this work1 understanding its complicated mathematics1 and father had confidence in son4 ,under him a staff of three assistants served as a 8pointing crew0 for the measurement of all models to be enlarged on the mountain4 ,when not measuring they acted as aids and guides to the drillers4 ,the instructions given to ,lincoln at one period when the sculptor's arrival at ,rushmore was delayed indicate the dramatic quality of the work4 ,the sculptor instructed his son thus3 ,i want you1 in beginning the work and allotting the positions to the men1 to avoid the two finished faces completely4 ,do not touch the hairlines around the face of ,washington or his chin1 or under his chin4 ,do not approach the face lines of ,jefferson1 or to the side of his face or under his chin4 ,on ,photograph ,no4 #a1 ,i have drawn a circle where you can locate ,payne a driller to begin down-drilling under what will be ,washington's ear and the left-hand lapel of his coat4 ,put one or two men on the lapel1 which ,i have marked ,no4 #b4 ,put two men on ,washington's shoulders and work carefully from the top1 which ,i have marked ,no4 #c4 ,that will dispose of five or six men4 ,i have marked ,lincoln's eye4 ,you can put two men in cages in each of the eyes4 ,i would use ,anderson on the one side and ,bianco on the other1 putting ,bianco where the feldspar streaks run down1 and ,anderson on the outside4 ,i would give ,payne1 with ,bianco1 a position on the nose and have them begin to take off stone by drilling in squares and breaking it off down to within six or seven inches of the finished surface4 ,but do not try to cut the eyelid or eyeball4 ,make a round mass for each of these4 ,lincoln's face in that way will take up probably six more men4 ,you can put about three men on the ,roosevelt stone1 marking carefully the contour of ,lincoln's face so that none of that is disturbed1 and going back into the hole next to ,jefferson's face as deep as you can4 ,if you can put any men down on the block that ,i have marked ,no4 #h1 without any danger of tools and stone falling on them1 all right4 ,i would put about three men down on the big crag4 ,we still have seventy or eighty feet to take off that4 ,i think this will keep you busy until ,i get there4 ,it did4 ,,chapter ,,thirty-,,two ,,conversation ,in those days ,gutzon ,borglum found time to smile once in a while1 although anybody who knew the trials of mountain carving might have wondered why4 ,he had been written down for a comfortable part of a million-dollar memorial project4 ,seldom1 during any one carving period1 did he get much of it4 ,some years he got none4 ,people were donating toward ,rushmore begrudgingly in nickels and dimes4 ,he was always shorthanded4 ,the experts he needed couldn't exist on the cash available4 ,somebody raised the price of electricity4 ,somebody dismantled the ,diesel engine4 ,there were wrangles over concessions and concessionaires and small-town politics4 ,there were road troubles1 and supplies were late4 ,and there were other things4 ,the question of why anybody should wish to become a topflight sculptor seemed unlikely to be answered--ever4 ,the head of ,washington was officially unveiled on ,july #d1 #aicj4 ,the rest of the cliff was unchanged1 and ,washington's chin seemed to rest on the ledge from which it had been carved4 ,but when the great flag swung aside to reveal the sculptured face the witnesses1 strangers to ,stone ,mountain1 felt that from then on the memorial would never die4 ,j4 ,s4 ,cullinan1 first president of the ,rushmore ,commission1 presided and gave the monument its name3 8,the authority of ,congress to carve colossal portraits of these great men in the granite of the ,black ,hills has created a perpetual ,shrine for political ,democracy40 ,and ,borglum1 tired1 dejected1 almost conquered by a world where nobody ever seemed to want to do anything1 was pleased with that4 ,a head was finished on ,rushmore1 and the dullest of these laymen looking at it knew that it was a finely done piece of sculpture4 ,he heard someone saying that it would be there forever1 and he hoped that it would last longer than ,lee's at ,stone ,mountain4 ,the crowd at the unveiling got safely back to ,rapid ,city with no trouble at all4 ,and nobody thought of ,borglum's connection with the district's good roads4 ,in the spring of #aicj1 trying to get from ,rapid ,city to ,keystone with two cars and tow aids1 he had been ditched six times4 ,he never got to ,mount ,rushmore that week4 ,however1 he did get to the telegraph office and sent word to ,president ,hoover that the roads were impossible and that he would shut down the project unless conditions were improved and men could get to their work4 ,hoover sent the message to ,governor ,william ,j4 ,bulow1 who in turn made an appointment for his state road commission to meet the sculptor that week4 ,meanwhile the governor telegraphed this message to ,mr4 ,cullinan3 ,,borglum ,,has ,,the ,,temperament ,,of ,,all ,,good ,,artists1 ,,gets ,,mad ,,when ,,he ,,cannot ,,control ,,weather ,,conditions4 ,,nothing ,,serious ,,except ,,that ,,he ,,got ,a ,,new ,,experience ,,and ,a ,,new ,,touch ,,of ,,life4 ,,am ,,sending ,,highway ,,engineer ,,to ,,see ,,what ,,can ,,be ,,done4 ,,with ,,god',s ,,aid ,,and ,,patience ,,hope ,,to ,,get ,,him ,,smoothed ,,out4 ,within three days they had planned the beautiful road now leading from ,rapid ,city to the memorial4 ,strange as it seems1 ,south ,dakota spent #dhj1jjj1 plus a quarter of a million on other roads1 to reach a monument on which she had not spent a dollar4 ,meanwhile ,senator ,norbeck with his ,custer ,state ,park ,commission was working on a road approaching ,rushmore from the opposite direction by way of ,iron ,mountain4 ,iron ,mountain ,road is one of the country's finest examples of what can be done with economical engineering4 ,engineer ,charles ,e4 ,smith who laid it out hadn't much money to spend4 ,the highway runs along part of its highly beautiful journey between ,keystone and ,grace ,coolidge ,creek on two lanes that are widely separated4 ,it climbs terrific grades on corkscrew uplifts built of pine logs4 ,it is well paved1 well graded and safe4 ,one of the features of the highway is said to have come by accident4 ,work was started from the south end and presently struck a mountain that had to be tunneled4 ,the hole was surveyed with no plan save to keep it in line with the approach already built4 ,when the miners finally broke through they were looking into the face of ,washington on ,rushmore4 ,the two remaining tunnels were cut at the same angle1 framing the memorial with a showmanship worthy of ,gutzon ,borglum himself4 ,borglum was intensely pleased4 8,norbeck's ,iron ,mountain ,road10 he said1 8is as much a work of art as the carving of the mountain40 ,another ,norbeck road over the so-called ,pine ,creek route between ,rushmore and ,hill ,city1 again a masterpiece of scenic road building1 was the cause of the sculptor's abandoning his original plan of placing ,jefferson on ,washington's right in the ,rushmore grouping4 ,there was a contributing factor in this decision due partly1 he thought1 to poor work4 ,up to summer of #aica ,gutzon had been trying to place the figure of ,jefferson where he believed he belonged--on ,washington's right4 ,work had continued after the unveiling until the fall of #aicj and was resumed in the following spring4 ,in ,july of that year the sculptor went to ,poland1 taking ,lincoln ,borglum with him1 to erect his statue of ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,he left ,tallman and ,villa in charge4 ,there was no way of testing the stone in the location for the ,jefferson head1 so he had quickly roughed out the block and left ,villa pointing the face4 ,when he returned from ,europe and motored out to ,rushmore he noticed while still a mile away that something was radically wrong4 ,he exclaimed to ,villa1 8,what's wrong with the ,jefferson head80 ,villa answered by turning to ,tallman3 8,didn't ,i tell you the master would notice it from a long way off80 ,then he said1 8,well1 there was a little difficulty about the pointing40 ,the trouble1 he explained1 was too deep a depression under the eye and there was not enough stone to push the head farther back4 ,the sculptor did not wait to find out what had gone wrong--rock or work4 ,he was almost too angry for words4 ,gutzon thought he had taken all precautions4 ,about half the work was finished and it wouldn't do4 ,who or what was to blame did not matter4 ,the damage was done4 ,there was not enough stone to allow free modeling of ,jefferson's face1 and ,norbeck's new road1 exposing the back of the head1 made a change in the composition advisable4 ,the sculptor made a bold decision to abandon what had been done on ,jefferson and place his figure on ,washington's left4 ,this necessitated a change in the whole grouping1 while the flaws in the rock in ,jefferson's new position were so deep that he had to go back sixty feet before he found good stone for the carving4 ,senator ,norbeck1 the only one consulted in the matter1 gave complete approval4 ,villa left shortly after this incident1 but came to see his old master in ,texas a year or so later and greeted him with his old-time affection4 ,nothing ever came between them again4 ,subsequently he flitted in and out of the ,rushmore studio at unpredictable times4 ,but ,villa was a city man and was not at home in this rugged community4 ,gutzon missed him1 for he brought to the studio a breath of the charm found in the ,old ,world wherever art is active4 ,the year of ,washington's bicentennial1 #aicb1 witnessed the shutdown of work at ,rushmore for lack of funds1 which to the sculptor seemed an unforgivable disgrace4 ,however1 there on the mountain was the portrait of the first ,president1 which ,mr4 ,cullinan had declared was the best in existence4 ,the face seemed to belong to the mountain1 having taken on its elemental courage1 and ,gutzon figured it as vital as he could make it4 ,he occupied himself with regrouping the models in the studio4 ,it had disturbed him to have the figures as close together as in the original composition1 and now this had been opened up by putting ,jefferson so far inward that it gave room for the sun to pass back of ,washington and light ,jefferson's face4 ,the flaws in the rock which made this necessary began to appear a blessing in disguise4 ,the recomposition also involved changing ,washington's shoulders in relation to his head4 ,the left shoulder was moved back seven feet and then another seven feet1 while the right shoulder was moved seven feet forward4 ,when word got around that ,borglum was moving ,washington's head there were loud alarms4 ,norbeck was flustered4 ,monument lovers from ,rapid ,city rushed out to the mountain to see how a head that weighed several tons could be transported4 ,there was some disappointment when they saw nothing more novel than the chiseling of the shoulders2 but they talked1 and the story1 it is said1 made good publicity4 ,john ,a4 ,boland of ,rapid ,city1 chairman of the executive committee of the ,rushmore commission1 was charged with the hiring of workers1 purchase of materials and payment of salaries and bills4 ,and it must be said that these worthy endeavors were seldom fraught with any sweetness and light4 ,boland's office was in ,rapid ,city--too close to ,rushmore1 he thought--and he could not move it because of his statewide business4 ,he sat there quietly and never interfered with the carving operations4 ,he felt that ,borglum was a great artist and that the carving of ,mount ,rushmore was a noble undertaking4 ,he may one day be considered a great patriot4 ,one of ,boland's handicaps in the situation was his unwillingness to spend any money that he didn't happen to have4 ,this attitude was1 of course1 diametrically opposed to that of ,borglum1 who never could be convinced that money really mattered4 ,and it is said that these two stalwarts had 8occasional clashes40 8,occasional clashes10 one regrets to say1 is a highly erroneous and short-weight title for what they had4 ,gutzon once said that he could feel his blood pressure rising when he got within #ejj miles of ,rushmore and faced the prospect of seeing ,boland4 ,boland's blood pressure went up only when ,borglum needed money4 ,but the men met1 discussed the ,shrine of ,democracy1 swapped observations about the current financial situation and brought the language of toe-to-toe wrangling to a new high4 ,gutzon declared1 of course1 that he never took these arguments seriously4 ,no row1 he said1 was ever worth remembering after its cause was gone2 and that1 probably1 is a true report on his reactions4 ,the last time he and ,boland met he was pleased with the course of the world and mellow toward ,boland4 ,he had his arm across the chairman's shoulder and was calling him 8,johnny40 ,what ,boland thought about these goings on is1 of course1 an entirely different matter4 ,he never talks much about his struggles in behalf of majestic art4 8,borglum was a great sculptor10 he sums it up4 8,he certainly was that40 ,the matter of concessions on ,mount ,rushmore bothered ,gutzon considerably more than most people interested in the project realized4 ,continuous importunities for jobs and for permission to sell souvenirs and postcards and photographs near the work were petty annoyances with which he found it hard to cope4 ,he knew that some such items had to be provided as part of bringing knowledge of his work to the attention of faraway people1 but he would not tolerate cheap workmanship or poor taste in anything sold near the carvings4 ,he got along for a while by keeping this trade under supervision in the ,rushmore studio1 but the relief was only temporary4 ,a resurgence of what he called 8local petty politics0 presently involved him so that he called on the ,department of the ,interior to send someone to protect him4 ,the ,department of the ,interior complied and ,gutzon learned that nothing is so bad that government intervention can't make it worse4 ,the unimaginative1 bureaucratic routines taught to ,washington office workers were wholly out of place in a work so constantly changing and so free from fixed rules4 ,the protector sent by the department turned out to be an earnest young man who started out to confuse the ,south ,dakota politicians and did well at it4 ,but he wished to do greater things4 ,he became aloof and secretive4 ,after some weeks he was discovered to be corresponding with an engineering company in ,switzerland known chiefly for its construction of cog-wheel railroads4 ,he thought the company might be interested in building such a funicular line up and around the face of ,rushmore so that visitors might walk under ,washington's nose or sit in ,lincoln's eye4 ,gutzon's indignation set the young man right and was long remembered4 ,the ,park ,service of the ,department of the ,interior had formulas for all of its functions4 ,its personnel with whom ,borglum came into contact believed that the heads should be carved in orderly fashion4 ,first1 the figure of ,washington should be completely finished2 then the workers should move on to ,jefferson1 and so on4 ,this1 they pointed out1 would give people something to look at4 ,once more the sculptor who had asked only that he be protected from the harangues of would-be postcard peddlers made a protest against the continuous suggestions of ignoramuses4 ,harold ,ickes1 head of the department1 understood ,borglum's position clearly and told him in forceful language to ignore such suggestions4 ,but the subordinates never seemed to comprehend4 ,one of ,ickes' engineers went so far as to offer to relieve ,borglum of all worry4 8,why don't you finish your models and give them to us to reproduce on the mountain80 he inquired4 8,we have plenty of men who can do that sort of work--and quickly1 too40 8,somebody has to put the life and expression into carved faces10 ,gutzon began to explain as he had been explaining since his first days on ,stone ,mountain4 8,that's why more good mechanics don't turn out to be good sculptors40 ,there was also the question of 8hiring and firing0 workmen4 ,the bureaucrats could not understand that the sculptor had to discharge anyone who refused to obey orders1 or that he might suddenly need a certain type of workman for a particular job and then need him no longer4 ,it was such a complicated procedure to get a worker placed on the government payroll that it was no wonder they didn't want to discharge him again in a few days4 ,there are many letters to show that the sculptor's relationship with the various heads of the ,park ,service was most friendly4 ,difficulty was due to a misunderstanding of what an art production of this unprecedented character required4 ,even the ,rushmore ,commission suggested impractical sculptural plans and picked out certain parts of the work it would 8like to see finished40 ,and while ,gutzon was pushing the work1 begging more funds to get more power1 more workmen1 skilled carvers1 so that the work might be finished in his lifetime1 it was irritating to be told that certain commissioners and local interests would like to keep the project going as long as possible because more tourists would come if they could see the sculptor at work4 ,after #aicb the work dragged on with frequent interruptions and without sufficient funds4 ,workmen were complaining of the daily climb to their stations--#a1ejj feet with a rise of #ejj feet1 which the sculptor himself made several times a day--resulting in a working time loss of from an hour to an hour and a half every day for every man on the job4 ,to date1 approximately seventy per cent of the roughing out of the entire surface to be carved had been completed and thirty-five per cent of the finishing1 within a total working time of twenty-two months and an average of four to six drillers at work4 ,the personnel of the ,commission was so changed by illness1 death and lack of interest that it became increasingly hard to get a quorum at the semiannual meetings4 ,mr4 ,cullinan had resigned as president to be succeeded by ,fred ,sargent of the ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway4 ,only ,gutzon could not resign4 ,as he remarked1 the rock of ,rushmore was riveted to his neck4 ,a new phase of the work began in #aicd when the federal government assumed the burden of financing the memorial4 ,frequent stoppages1 constant lack of sufficient power and skilled workmen1 plus the unpredictable condition of the stone1 had greatly increased working costs4 ,congress first voted to remove the fifty-fifty matching restriction attached to the first appropriation1 making it immediately available1 and next passed a second appropriation of #bjj1jjj4 ,there were those near ,mount ,rushmore who said it was about time4 ,,chapter ,,thirty-,,three --,,and ,,final ,,peace ,so then there was no trouble at all save bureaucratic misunderstandings and the vagaries of ,rushmore rock4 ,accurate estimates of the time required to finish the work were impossible because of the constant shifting and reconstruction of design4 ,the stone on ,mount ,rushmore1 although the best in the ,black ,hills1 offered interesting surprises4 ,some new reddish substance appeared on ,lincoln's cheek4 ,silver and tin crystals were found at the end of his nose4 ,the feldspar crystals on ,rushmore are unusually large and add to the difficulties4 ,this was especially true on the lapels of ,washington's coat where no powder could be used4 ,finally ,jefferson's head had to be slightly turned so that the poor stone came in the hollow between his cheek and nose and could thus be removed entirely4 ,an unfailing support to the sculptor through these difficulties was ,president ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt1 who wrote a dozen or more sympathetic letters4 ,one of them he closed by saying1 8,i am very much interested in the work you are doing1 and will be glad to remove any drawbacks that may handicap you4444 ,with best wishes always44440 ,so it is not surprising that he was present at ,rushmore on ,august #cj1 #aicf1 for the unveiling of the head of ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,he had been touring the ,west to see for himself the results of desperate drought and had been routed to reach ,rapid ,city on time4 ,at the ,president's request the exercises were informal4 ,flags of ,bourbon ,france and ,hapsburg ,spain1 fluttering from the top of the mountain1 were lowered as the huge ,american flag was swung back to reveal the face of ,jefferson4 ,in a few words ,gutzon asked the ,president to dedicate this memorial as a shrine which for years to come would bring people of all the earth to see what manner of men struggled here to establish self-determining government in the ,western world4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt responded3 ,on many occasions when a new project is presented to you on paper and then later you see the accomplishment1 you are disappointed4 ,but it is just the opposite of that in what we are looking at now4 ,i had seen photographs4 ,i had seen the drawings4 ,i had talked with those who were responsible for this great work4 ,and yet ,i had no conception until about ten minutes ago1 not only of its magnitude but of its permanent beauty and of its permanent importance4 ,mr4 ,borglum has well said that this can be a monument and an inspiration for the continuance of the democratic-republican form of government1 not only in our beloved country but1 we hope1 throughout the world4 ,this is the second dedication4 ,there will be others by other ,presidents in other years4 ,when we get through there will be something for the ,american people that will last through not just generations but for thousands of thousands of years4 ,and ,i think that we can perhaps meditate a little on those ,americans ten thousand years from now when the weathering on the faces of ,washington and ,jefferson and ,lincoln shall have proceeded to perhaps a depth of a tenth of an inch1 meditate and wonder what our descendants--and ,i think they will still be here--will think about us4 ,let us hope that at least they will give us the benefit of the doubt1 that they will believe we have honestly striven every day and generation to preserve for our descendants a decent land to live in and a decent form of government to operate under4 ,doane ,robinson1 ,senator ,norbeck and ,william ,williamson occupied seats in the front row of the platform1 with ,john ,boland immediately behind4 ,the ,president remained in his automobile throughout the ceremony1 with his party1 including ,governor ,berry of ,south ,dakota1 around him4 ,it was ,senator ,norbeck's last public appearance4 ,at the end he smiled and handed to ,gutzon a note of a few lines reminding him touchingly of the satisfaction he must feel to see this accomplishment4 ,at this time1 the summer of #aicf1 the work on the ,lincoln face had advanced enough to show his eyes and part of his nose4 ,it was pushed on so that on ,september #ag1 #aicg1 the #aejth anniversary of the adoption of the ,constitution1 this head also was ready for unveiling4 ,for years ,gutzon had been undecided whether to carve ,lincoln with or without a beard4 ,he had tried it both ways in other carvings with almost equal effect4 ,but he had a feeling that a beard added strength to the face and that the world was more familiar with a bearded ,lincoln4 ,that was the face he finally decided to carve4 ,he sent a small model of it to ,franklin ,roosevelt1 carrying out his promise that ,roosevelt would be the first to know4 ,the ,lincoln head was dedicated on schedule and for the first time a ,rushmore program was carried by radio broadcast to the entire country4 ,former ,congressman ,williamson1 a member of the ,rushmore ,commission1 presided4 ,united ,states ,senator ,edward ,r4 ,burke was chief speaker4 ,there was an impressive moment when the sculptor called the roll of 8all those friends of ,rushmore whose understanding sympathy and instant aid made this great memorial possible1 and who are now with the gods--,calvin ,coolidge1 ,peter ,norbeck1 ,james ,cullinan40 ,then taps sounded from the distant heights4 ,the trooper who blew the call was suspended from the side of ,washington's head1 a quarter of a mile away4 ,during the rest of #aicg much work was done on the ,roosevelt head4 ,gutzon wanted it in condition to photograph for the appropriations committee4 ,he himself had to spend much time in ,washington worrying about the financing4 ,he also made a brief trip to ,france to look after the erection of his statue of ,tom ,paine1 modeled in the ,hermosa studio4 ,as a model for ,roosevelt he used a bust of the ,president that he had made during his lifetime4 ,there was trouble finding stone enough for the head4 ,he had to go back #abj feet in the rock before the model could be fitted4 ,this was trying work4 ,all in all1 #aicg was a typical ,borglum year4 ,his contract with the ,commission was due for revision4 ,the matter dragged along for months before an agreement could be reached4 ,the sculptor got no pay for all that year1 and he had to pay his lawyers a quarter of what he would have received to get any contract at all4 ,the new contract was1 in the main1 satisfactory4 ,it provided that the sculptor working with the ,commission should prosecute work on the memorial to a successful conclusion4 ,gutzon felt that nothing but his death could stop it now4 ,in #aich there was a tremendous rush of tourists who could hardly be accommodated4 ,congress appropriated #cjj1jjj for the comfort of visitors and the finishing of the carvings4 ,in the same year the ,rushmore ,commission was reorganized4 ,senator ,key ,pittman1 long a friend of ,rushmore1 became chairman1 succeeding ,fred ,sargent1 who had died4 ,kent ,keller1 chairman of the ,house ,library ,committee1 became vice-chairman4 ,an executive office was established at ,rushmore for the handling of accounts and materials4 ,the new commission met at ,rushmore in ,august #aich1 and the sculptor made a report4 ,he wasn't worried about the statues any more1 now that he'd hit enough rock to take ,roosevelt's face4 ,but his plans for the future included a lot of other things1 including a big storehouse1 more electric power1 an adequate water supply to replace the trucking of water four or five miles in cans4 ,he said it was time to begin work on the ,hall and ,stairway under the figures as specified in the original contract4 ,and he got everything but the ,hall and ,stairway4 ,the ,president's reorganization bill of #aici1 which conferred additional control over ,rushmore to the ,department of the ,interior1 caused havoc4 ,work on the ,hall was immediately discontinued over ,gutzon's protest4 ,construction of the storehouse was stopped4 ,lumber and materials were left strewn about to be ruined by the weather4 ,he complained to the ,president and got a compromise order4 ,the ,commission was authorized to control carving and finish the storehouse4 ,but the ,commission still refused to permit ,gutzon to dig his ,hall4 ,it would have been an amazing thing1 this ,hall1 and one day possibly will be4 ,it was to be a room cut out of the solid rock #ajj #hj #cb feet to an arched ceiling1 finished in dressed granite4 ,here ,borglum had planned to store the records of electricity beginning with ,franklin--light1 heat1 music1 radio1 telephone1 telegraph and controls of power as they were used in the spread of the republic4 ,man's accomplishments were to be preserved here1 sealed in airtight glass cases4 ,if such an exhibition could be provided1 he declared1 the world a thousand years from now would have something interesting and educational to look at4 ,in #aici ,south ,dakota celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its statehood1 and a meeting of the people was held at ,rushmore4 ,governor ,harlan ,j4 ,bushfield1 later ,u4 ,s4 ,senator1 said1 8,at this time1 when freedom and democracy have been challenged in so many parts of the world1 no better place for this ceremony could possibly be selected than the ,black ,hills and particularly this ,shrine of ,democracy40 ,the ,sioux ,indians were there under ,chief ,henry ,standing ,bear1 camped in wigwams around the base of ,rushmore cliff4 ,some #ae1jjj people had come from all parts of ,south ,dakota and neighboring states4 ,doane ,robinson appeared in the same suit of clothes and the same hat he had worn on statehood day fifty years before4 ,it seemed to be a fitting contribution to ,rushmore's most enthusiastic celebration4 ,across the country in ,washington1 ,congressman ,francis ,case1 now ,senator1 of ,south ,dakota1 whose home at ,custer was virtually in the shadow of the memorial1 was carrying on the old fight for funds4 ,to a ,congressional committee he said3 ,the best answer to every question about ,rushmore is to see it4444 ,i have seen it grow from a dream to a reality4444 ,the soundness of ,doane ,robinson's idea1 the dogged persistence of the late ,senator ,peter ,norbeck1 and the ability of ,gutzon ,borglum to inspire people with the works of his hands and with his vigorous exposition of ,american ideals1 have kept the project going on4444 ,and ,mr4 ,case read into the record a letter from ,john ,boland which said in part3 ,mr4 ,borglum is an artist4 ,i am a businessman4 ,therefore it is only natural that we should at times disagree regarding the business functions of the commission4 ,such differences1 however1 have never been serious and an amicable understanding has always been reached4 ,my only desire is to have the ,mount ,rushmore memorial completed in the best possible manner and to have ,mr4 ,borglum carry on his great work with the assistance of his son1 ,lincoln1 the continued co-operation of the commission and the efficient supervision of the ,national ,park ,service4 ,so presently all human troubles had been wafted away from ,rushmore1 and briefly the atmosphere was filled with the sweetness and light that ,gutzon had foreseen4 ,as the park was landscaped and the carving of the mountain went on with effortless speed1 nobody could remember the charge that ,gutzon ,borglum had an ungovernable temper4 ,he was a keen observer1 but he was temperate and he was polite4 ,one remembers the day when ,walter ,travis of the ,rapid ,city ,journal paid one of his routine calls at ,rushmore4 ,gutzon beamed on him4 ,travis knew that ,gutzon had recently been in a long and futile argument with ,rapid ,city's administration on the desirability of straightening and decorating ,rapid ,river4 ,but he smiled1 too4 ,it was none of his business4 ,gutzon pushed out his hand for a hearty greeting4 8,welcome1 ,speedy10 he said4 8,and how is everything in your backward and objectionable little village80 8,only a ,borglum could say10 answered ,travis1 8because ,borglums never forget40 ,people whose contacts with ,borglum spread over a long time know that in his own opinion he was indubitably right4 ,but looking back over the years they realize that most of the time he really was right1 and for the rest of the time1 however reluctantly1 he would listen to reason4 ,he wanted to get things done and he had a great impatience with people who stopped him4 ,but no one of his friends who knew his generosity and gentleness ever hinted that his most vocal indignation could be classed as ungovernable temper4 ,temper1 possibly 444 but not ungovernable4 ,he was one of this generation's most accomplished showmen4 ,he took the jibes of the newspapermen with good grace4 ,and he gave them back the same way4 ,you may remember the matter of ,washington's nose4 ,some reporter1 trying to spur him into a grand speech1 asked him if he would call the figures on ,rushmore as perfect as they might be4 ,the great sculptor shook his head4 8,not today10 he said4 8,the nose of ,washington is an inch too long4 ,it's better that way1 though4 ,we are slowly approaching perfection4 ,it will erode enough to be exactly right in #aj1jjj years40 ,borglum1 possibly1 was not the man that a dullard could understand4 ,it is not enough to say that he was a great sculptor--perhaps the greatest of his generation4 ,he had to be many more things to get the ,mount ,rushmore memorial finished4 ,looking back over his story one is definitely confused4 ,should he be given world honors for his art1 or for his remarkable aptitude for getting money out of smooth and experienced politicians1 or for his incredible knowledge about the weakness of stone1 or for his skill as a dynamiter1 or for his absolutely unbreakable will8 ,you may take your choice and be partly right4 ,if he had lacked any of these attributes1 ,rushmore would still be back in a wilderness with dead trees piling up about its base4 99 99 99 99 99 ,borglum died suddenly on ,march #f1 #aida1 in ,chicago4 ,he had spoken a few nights before for ,dr4 ,harry ,kelly1 a friend of many years' standing1 in ,park ,ridge4 ,he was in severe pain1 yet he stood for more than an hour to deliver an impassioned plea for faith in ,america and the principles of personal liberty on which the government was founded4 ,he was plainly ill at the close4 ,he was taken to a hospital the next day and eventually failed to survive a coronary thrombosis4 ,the years on ,rushmore had done his heart no good4 ,despite the fact that he was supposed to have been making his fortune in the ,black ,hills1 he died thousands of dollars in debt4 ,it was years before the hospital and doctor bills could be paid4 ,lincoln ,borglum knew what details were still lacking on the almost finished figures on ,rushmore4 ,the ,commission1 with the concurrence of the ,park ,service1 designated him to finish the work4 ,lincoln refused to make any changes or to carry the work any farther than indicated by his father's models4 ,congress passed a resolution for ,gutzon ,borglum's interment in a tomb to be carved in the rock at ,mount ,rushmore4 ,but ,gutzon1 some time before his death1 had extracted a promise from ,lincoln that he should be buried among the flowers in ,california4 ,his friends1 led by ,commander ,e4 ,f4 ,mc,donald1 ,jr41 decided with the family that his wishes should be carried out4 ,so he was buried in a memorial court of honor with the inscription composed by his lifelong friend ,rupert ,hughes close by him3 ,his birthplace was ,idaho2 ,california first taught him art1 ,then ,france who gave him fame2 ,england welcomed him3 ,america called him home4 ,his genius for the exquisite as for the colossal ,gave permanence on canvas1 in bronze1 ,in marble1 to moods of beauty or passion1 ,to figures of legend and history4 ,nations1 cities1 colleges paid him tribute4 ,as patriot he stripped corruption bare4 ,as ,statesman he toiled for equality in the ,rights of man4 ,at last he carved a ,mountain for a monument3 ,he made the mountain ,chant1 8,remember6 ,these giant ,souls set ,america free and kept her free4 ,hold fast your sacred heritage1 ,americans6 ,remember6 ,remember60 ,so1 for a time1 there is a pause in the story of ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,you may still rouse an argument about the art of mountain carving4 ,some relicts of the ,stone ,mountain ,association are still convinced that he was angry-tempered and erratic and that nobody could get along with him4 ,what they do not see is that all such things make no difference4 ,the ,four ,faces of ,rushmore stand looking into the sun4 ,and ,gutzon ,borglum seems likely to live as long as any human man who ever trod this earth1 except the four he helped make immortal4 ,,index ,,index ,abbot1 ,harry1 #aaj ,adair1 ,forrest1 #agg1 #ahc ,alderman1 ,edwin ,a41 #aea-aeb1 #aec ,altgeld1 ,governor ,john ,p41 #abf1 #acj-acc ,anglin1 ,margaret1 #bgb ,anthony1 ,susan ,b41 #bha ,arkright1 ,preston1 #ahd1 #bbc ,arnold1 ,reuben1 #aij ,art ,students' ,league1 #gd ,aycock ,memorial1 #aed-aef ,bad ,lands1 #bgi1 #bhj ,baillie1 ,robert 78,bob071 #hj1 #afh1 #agj ,baldwin1 8,lucky10 #dc ,baker1 ,newton ,d41 #aci1 #add-ade ,bannwort1 ,carl1 #afc-afd ,barlow1 ,lester1 #ahj1 #baj1 #bfc ,barnard1 ,george ,gray1 #ga ,bates1 ,blanche1 #bgc-bgd ,beecher1 ,henry ,ward1 #abi ,bell1 ,marian1 #gi ,biddle1 ,a4 ,j4 ,drexel1 #bei1 #bfa ,black ,hills1 #bgf-bhj et seq4 ,blavatsky1 ,madame ,elena1 #cg ,boland1 ,john ,a41 #bij1 #bih1 #cjd-cje1 #cad ,borglum1 ,elizabeth ,putnam1 #db-dc1 #ee-ef ,borglum1 ,gutzon1 #ae et seq4 ,borglum1 ,ida ,michelson1 #bh ,borglum1 ,james de la ,mothe1 #bg-bh1 #cj-cd1 #cf-ch ,borglum1 ,lincoln1 #agg1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bgj-bga1 #bih1 #cjb1 #cad1 #caf ,borglum1 ,mary ,ellis1 #agg1 #bga ,borglum1 ,mary ,montgomery1 #ajd et seq4 ,borglum1 ,solon1 #bh1 #ci1 #fh ,borglum ,kloster1 #be1 #bf ,borglum ,memorial ,studio1 #bbf ,borie1 ,adolph1 #bfh ,bradford1 ,ralph1 #bff ,brady1 8,diamond ,jim10 #fc ,brangwyn1 ,frank1 #eh ,bricka1 ,madame ,helen1 #fc ,bryan1 ,william ,jennings1 #acc ,bulow1 ,governor ,william ,j41 #cja ,burke1 8,calamity ,jane10 #bgg ,burke1 ,senator ,edward ,r41 #caa ,burmeister1 ,charles1 #bdh ,bushfield1 ,harlan ,j41 #cac ,butterfield1 ,general ,daniel1 #acd ,butterworth1 ,frank1 #aji ,cameron1 ,colonel ,beniham1 #bad ,cannon1 ,speaker ,joseph ,g41 #aai ,case1 ,francis1 #cad ,chalmers1 ,stephen1 #abf1 #abg ,chavannes1 ,puvis de1 #dg1 #di ,chicago1 ,burlington and ,quincy ,railroad1 #ag ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway1 #ag1 #cjh ,clarke1 ,sir ,purdon1 #he ,coolidge1 ,president ,calvin1 #ag1 #bjb1 #bhd-bhh1 #bij1 #bia1 #caa ,connally1 ,thomas ,w41 #aij ,corot1 ,jean ,baptiste ,camille1 #di ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas1 sea wall1 #bbi1 #bca ,crandall1 ,arthur1 #aaj-aaa ,crane1 ,charles ,r41 #bij ,crews1 ,laura ,hope1 #bgb ,cullinan ,joseph ,s41 #bij1 #cjj-cja1 #cjc-cjd1 #cjg-cjh1 #caa ,czecho-,slovak ,army1 #bej-bed ,dalou1 ,jules1 #di ,daniels1 ,bebe1 #dj ,daniels1 ,judge ,frank1 #aee ,daniels1 ,josephus1 #aed1 #aee1 #bae ,davis1 ,bob1 #da1 #id1 #abf1 #bfh ,davis1 ,cliff 78,dynamite071 #ahh1 #bbc ,davis1 ,jefferson1 #aga1 #age1 #ahh1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bji1 #bag ,davis1 ,madge1 #bfh ,davis1 ,sam1 #ie1 #if-ih ,day1 ,c4 ,m41 #bij ,dempsey1 ,jack1 #bfj 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#aad ,hitchcock1 ,senator ,gilbert1 #adg ,hoffman1 ,malvina1 #gi ,holden1 ,hale1 #bij ,homestake ,mine1 #bhg1 #bhi ,hood1 ,ethel1 #gi ,hoover1 ,president ,herbert1 #bij1 #bid ,howell1 ,albert1 #bac ,hoyt1 ,cornelia1 #age ,hudson1 ,e4 ,w41 #hi ,hughes1 ,charles ,evans1 #aag1 #abd1 #abe1 #adh ,hughes1 ,rupert1 #ajd1 #caf-cag ,huntington1 ,collis ,p41 #de-df ,inman1 ,mrs4 ,sam1 #aij ,insull1 ,samuel1 #big ,international ,sporting ,club1 #bee-bfb ,ito1 ,michow1 #bga ,jackson1 ,general ,thomas ,j4 78,stonewall071 #aga1 #age1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aic1 #aii1 #bji ,jefferson1 ,president ,thomas1 #aeb1 #bha1 #bih-bii1 #cjc1 #cji ,johnson1 ,governor ,hiram1 #aai ,jones1 ,dr4 ,ashby1 #bbc ,kaufman1 ,john1 #bbc ,keith1 ,william1 #da ,keller1 ,kent1 #bgb-cab ,kelly1 ,dr4 ,harry1 #caf ,kennedy1 ,charles ,rann1 #bfi ,key1 ,mayor ,james ,l41 #bbb ,king1 ,stanley1 #adc1 #add ,kingsley ,society1 #ei ,kirby1 ,john1 #bji ,lee1 ,general ,robert ,e41 #ba1 #ajb1 #aga1 #agd1 #age1 #ahd-ahe1 #aia-aii1 #bab1 #bah-bai1 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