,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,consci5ce ,,( ,a ,,cons]vative by ,,b>ry ,,goldwat] #aifj ,,victor ,,publi%+ ,,company1 ,,inc4 #a #d? ,av5ue1 ,%eph]dsville1 ,k5tucky 99 99 99 99 99 ,copyright #aifj ,by ,,victor ,,publi%+ ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4 ,no reproduction 9 any =m ( ?is book1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 7except = brief quotation 9 critical articles or reviews7 may be made )\t writt5 au?orization f ! publi%]4 ,fir/ ,pr9t+ #aj1jjj copies ,m>* #aifj ,second ,pr9t+ #aj1jjj copies ,april #aifj ,?ird ,pr9t+ #ej1jjj copies ,may #aifj ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb] #fj-abbfi ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,=eword ,?is book is n writt5 ) ! idea ( add+ to or improv+ on ! ,cons]vative philosophy4 ,or ( 8br++ x up to date40 ,! anci5t & te/$ tru?s t guid$ our ,republic ?r\gh its e>ly days w d equally well = u4 ,! *all5ge to ,cons]vatives today is q simply to demon/rate ! be>+ ( a prov5 philosophy on ! problems ( our own "t4 ,i %\ld expla9 ! consid]ations t l$ me to jo9 9 ?is ef=t4 ,i am a politician1 a ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator4 ,z su*1 ,i h _h an opportunity to le>n some?+ ab\t ! political in/9cts ( ! ,am]ican p1 ,i h cross$ ! l5g? & bread? ( ?is great l& hundr$s ( times & talk$ ) t5s ( ?\s&s ( p1 ) ,democrats & ,republicans1 ) f>m]s & labor]s & bus9essm54 ,i f9d t ,am]ica is fundam5tally a ,cons]vative nation4 ,! prepond]ant judgm5t ( ! ,am]ican p1 especially ( ! "y p1 is t ! radical1 or ,lib]al1 approa* has n work$ & is n work+4 ,!y ye>n = a return to ,cons]vative pr9ciples4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i h be5 9 a position to obs]ve fir/ h& h[ ,cons]vatism is f>+ 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,& x is all too cle> t 9 spite ( a ,cons]vative revival among ! p ! radical ideas t 7 promot$ by ! ,new & ,fair ,deals "u ! guise ( ,lib]alism /ill dom9ate ! c\ncils ( our national gov]nm5t4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood & proclaim$ t ! p's welf>e dep5ds on individual self reliance r ?an on /ate pat]nalism1 ,congress annually delib]ates ov] :e!r ! increase 9 gov]nm5t welf>ism %\ld be small or l>ge4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood & proclaim$ t ! f$]al gov]nm5t sp5ds too mu*1 ,congress annually delib]ates ov] :e!r to raise ! f$]al budget by a few billion doll>s or by _m billion4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood & proclaim$ t individual lib]ty dep5ds on dec5traliz$ gov]nm5t1 ,congress annually delib]ates ov] :e!r vigor\s or halt+ /eps %\ld be tak5 to br+ /ate gov]nm5t into l9e ) f$]al policy4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood & proclaim$ t ,communism is an enemy b\nd to de/roy u1 ,congress annually delib]ates ov] means ( 8co-exi/+0 ) ! ,soviet ,union4 ,& s ! "q arises3 ,:y h ,am]ican p be5 unable to translate _! views into appropriate political action8 ,:y %\ld ! nation's und]ly+ allegiance to ,cons]vative pr9ciples h fail$ to produce correspond+ de$s 9 ,wa%+ton8 ,i d n blame my bre?r5 9 gov]nm5t1 all ( :om "w h>d & consci5ti\sly at _! jobs4 ,i blame ,cons]vatives--ourselves--myself4 ,our failure1 z "o ,cons]vative writ] has put x1 is ! failure ( ! ,cons]vative demon/ration4 ,?\gh we ,cons]vatives are deeply p]suad$ t our society is ail+1 & "k t ,cons]vatism holds ! key to national salvation--& feel sure ! c\ntry agrees ) u--we seem unable to demon/rate ! practical relevance ( ,cons]vative pr9ciples to ! ne$s ( ! day4 ,we sit by impot5tly :ile ,congress seeks to improvise solutions to problems t are n ! real problems fac+ ! c\ntry1 :ile ! gov]nm5t attempts to assuage imag9$ conc]ns & ignores ! real conc]ns & real ne$s ( ! p4 ,p]haps we suff] f an ov]-s5sitivity to ! judgm5ts ( ^? :o rule ! mass communications m$ia4 ,we are daily consign$ by 8enlight5$0 comm5tators to political oblivion3 ,cons]vatism1 we are told1 is out-(-date4 ,! *>ge is prepo/]\s & we ought boldly to say s4 ,! laws ( ,god1 & ( nature1 h no datel9e4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ! ,cons]vative political position is bas$ h be5 e/abli%$ by a process t has no?+ to d ) ! social1 economic & political l&scape t *anges f decade to decade & f c5tury to c5tury4 ,^! pr9ciples are d]iv$ f ! nature ( man1 & f ! tru?s t ,god has reveal$ ab\t ,8 creation4 ,circum/ances d *ange4 ,s d ! problems t are %ap$ by circum/ances4 ,b ! pr9ciples t gov]n ! solution ( ! problems d n4 ,to sugge/ t ! ,cons]vative philosophy is out ( date is ak9 to say+ t ! ,gold5 ,rule1 or ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts or ,ari/otle's ,politics are out ( date4 ,! ,cons]vative approa* is no?+ m or less ?an an attempt to apply ! wisdom & exp]i5ce & ! reveal$ tru?s ( ! pa/ to ! problems ( today4 ,! *all5ge is n to f9d new or diff]5t tru?s1 b to le>n h[ to apply e/abli%$ tru?s to ! problems ( ! contempor>y _w4 ,my hope is t "o m ,cons]vative voice w be helpful 9 meet+ ?is *all5ge4 ,?is book is an attempt to bridge ! gap betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,i %all draw ^u my spee*es1 ! radio & television broadca/s & ! notes ,i h made ov] ! ye>s 9 ! hope ( do+ :at "o is (t5 unable to d 9 ! c\rse ( a h>ri$ day's "w on ! ,s5ate floor3 to %[ ! connection betwe5 ,cons]vative pr9ciples s widely esp\s$1 & ,cons]vative action1 s g5]ally neglect$4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,page ,,numb] ,,=eword ,,! ,,consci5ce ,,( ,a ,,cons]vative #i ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,p[] #ae ,,/ates' ,,rights #bd ,,& ,,civil ,,rights #ca ,,fre$om ,,= ,,! ,,f>m] #ch ,,fre$om ,,= ,,labor #dd ,,taxes ,,& ,,sp5d+ #eh ,,! ,,welf>e ,,/ate #fh ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,education #gf ,,! ,,soviet ,,m5ace #hf ,,*apt] ,,"o ,! ,consci5ce ( a ,cons]vative ,i h be5 mu* conc]n$ t s _m p today ) ,cons]vative in/9cts feel compell$ to apologize = !m4 ,or if n to apologize directly1 to qualify _! commitm5t 9 a way t am\nts to brea/-beat+4 8,republican c&idates10 ,vice ,presid5t ,nixon has said1 8%\ld be economic cons]vatives1 b cons]vatives ) a he>t40 ,presid5t ,eis5h[] ann\nc$ dur+ 8 fir/ t]m1 8,i am cons]vative :5 x comes to economic problems b lib]al :5 x comes to human problems40 ,/ill o!r ,republican lead]s h insi/$ on call+ !mselves 8progressive0 ,cons]vatives4#a ,^! =mulations are tantam\nt to an admission t ,cons]vatism is a n>r[1 me*ani/ic economic !ory t may "w v well z a bookkeep]'s guide1 b _c be reli$ ^u z a compreh5sive political philosophy4 ,! same judgm5t1 ?\gh 9 ! =m ( an attack r ?an an admission1 is advanc$ by ! radical camp4 8,we lib]als10 !y say1 8are int]e/$ 9 p4 ,our conc]n is ) human be+s1 :ile y ,cons]vatives are preoccupi$ ) ! pres]vation ( economic privilege & /atus40 ,take !m a /ep fur!r1 & ! ,lib]als w turn ! accusations into a class argum5t3 x is ! little p t conc]n u1 n ! 8malefactors ( great weal?40 ,su* /atem5ts1 f fri5d & foe alike1 d great inju/ice to ! ,cons]vative po9t ( view4 ,cons]vatism is n an economic !ory1 ?\gh x has economic implications4 ,! %oe is precisely on ! o!r foot3 x is ,socialism t subord9ates all o!r consid]ations to man's mat]ial well-be+4 ,x is ,cons]vatism t puts mat]ial ?+s 9 _! prop] place--t has a /ructur$ view ( ! human be+ & ( human society1 9 :i* economics plays only a subsidi>y role4 ,! root diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,cons]vatives & ! ,lib]als ( today is t ,cons]vatives take acc\nt ( ! :ole man1 :ile ! ,lib]als t5d to look only at ! mat]ial side ( man's nature4 ,! ,cons]vative believes t man is1 9 "p1 an economic1 an animal creature2 b t he is also a spiritual creature ) spiritual ne$s & spiritual desires4 ,:at is m1 ^! ne$s & desires reflect ! sup]ior side ( man's nature1 & ?us take prec$5ce ov] 8 economic wants4 ,cons]vatism !re=e looks ^u ! enhancem5t ( man's spiritual nature z ! prim>y conc]n ( political philosophy4 ,lib]als1 on ! o!r h&1--9 ! "n ( a conc]n = 8human be+s0--reg>d ! satisfaction ( economic wants z ! dom9ant mission ( society4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 9 a hurry4 ,s t _! *>act]i/ic approa* is to h>ness ! society's political & economic =ces into a collective ef=t to compel 8progress40 ,9 ?is approa*1 ,i believe !y fight aga9/ ,nature4 ,surely ! fir/ obligation ( a political ?9k] is to und]/& ! nature ( man4 ,! ,cons]vative does n claim special p[]s ( p]ception on ?is po9t1 b he does claim a famili>ity ) ! accumulat$ wisdom & exp]i5ce ( hi/ory1 & he is n too pr\d to le>n f ! great m9ds ( ! pa/4 ,! fir/ ?+ he has le>n$ ab\t man is t ea* memb] ( ! species is a unique creature4 ,man's mo/ sacr$ possession is 8 individual s\l--:i* has an immortal side1 b also a mortal "o4 ,! mortal side e/abli%es 8 absolute diff]5tness f e o!r human be+4 ,only a philosophy t takes into acc\nt ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 m51 &1 accord+ly1 makes provision = develop+ ! diff]5t pot5tialities ( ea* man c claim to be 9 accord ) ,nature4 ,we h he>d mu* 9 our "t ab\t 8! common man40 ,x is a concept t pays little att5tion to ! hi/ory ( a nation t grew great ?r\gh ! initiative & ambition ( uncommon m54 ,! ,cons]vative kn[s t to reg>d man z "p ( an undiff]5tiat$ mass is to consign him to ultimate slav]y4 ,secondly1 ! ,cons]vative has le>n$ t ! economic & spiritual aspects ( man's nature are inextricably int]tw9$4 ,he _c be economically free1 or ev5 economically effici5t1 if he is enslav$ politically2 conv]sely1 man's political fre$om is illusory if he is dep5d5t = 8 economic ne$s on ! ,/ate4 ,! ,cons]vative realizes1 ?irdly1 t man's developm5t1 9 bo? its spiritual & mat]ial aspects1 is n some?+ t c be direct$ by outside =ces4 ,e man1 = 8 individual good & = ! good ( 8 society1 is responsible = 8 own developm5t4 ,! *oices t gov]n 8 life are *oices t he mu/ make3 !y _c be made by any o!r human be+1 or by a collectivity ( human be+s4 ,if ! ,cons]vative is less anxi\s ?an 8 ,lib]al bre?r5 to increase ,social ,security 8b5efits10 x is because he is m anxi\s ?an 8 ,lib]al bre?r5 t p be free ?r\gh\t _! lives to sp5d _! e>n+s :5 & z !y see fit4 ,s x is t ,cons]vatism1 ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 has reg>d$ man nei!r z a pot5tial pawn ( o!r m51 nor z a "p ( a g5]al collectivity 9 :i* ! sacr$ness & ! sep>ate id5tity ( individual human be+s are ignor$4 ,?r\gh\t hi/ory1 true ,cons]vatism has be5 at w> equally ) autocrats & ) 8democratic0 ,jacob9s4 ,! true ,cons]vative 0 sympa!tic ) ! plight ( ! hapless peasant "u ! tyranny ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y4 ,& he 0 equally revolt$ at ! attempt to solve t problem by a mob tyranny t p>ad$ "u ! bann] ( egalit>ianism4 ,! consci5ce ( ! ,cons]vative is prick$ by anyone :o w\ld debase ! dignity ( ! individual human be+4 ,today1 !re=e1 he is at odds ) dictators :o rule by t]ror1 & equally ) ^? g5tl] collectivi/s :o ask our p]mission to play ,god ) ! human race4 ,) ?is view ( ! nature ( man1 x is und]/&able t ! ,cons]vative looks ^u politics z ! art ( a*iev+ ! maximum am\nt ( fre$om = individuals t is consi/5t ) ! ma9t5ance ( social ord]4 ,! ,cons]vative is ! fir/ to und]/& t ! practice ( fre$om requires ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]3 x is impossible = "o man to be free if ano!r is able to d5y him ! ex]cise ( 8 fre$om4 ,b ! ,cons]vative also recognizes t ! political p[] on :i* ord] is bas$ is a self-aggr&iz+ =ce2 t its appetite gr[s ) eat+4 ,he kn[s t ! utmo/ vigilance & c>e are requir$ to keep political p[] )9 its prop] b\nds4 ,9 our day1 ord] is pretty well tak5 c>e (4 ,! delicate balance t ideally exi/s betwe5 fre$om & ord] has long s9ce tipp$ aga9/ fre$om practically ev]y:]e on e>?4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 fre$om is altoge!r d[n & ord] holds absolute sway4 ,9 our c\ntry ! tr5d is less f> advanc$1 b x is well along & ga!r+ mom5tum e day4 ,?us1 = ! ,am]ican ,cons]vative1 !re is no difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! day's ov]rid+ political *all5ge3 x is to pres]ve & ext5d fre$om4 ,z he surveys ! v>i\s attitudes & in/itutions & laws t curr5tly prevail 9 ,am]ica1 _m que/ions w occur to him1 b ! ,cons]vative's fir/ conc]n w always be3 ,are we maximiz+ fre$om8 ,i sugge/ we exam9e "s ( ! critical issues fac+ u today ) ?is "q 9 m9d4 ,,footnote3 #a ,?is is a /range label inde$3 x implies t 8ord9>y0 ,cons]vatism is oppos$ to progress4 ,h we =gott5 t ,am]ica made its greate/ progress :5 ,cons]vative pr9ciples 7 honor$ & pres]v$4 ,,*apt] ,,two ,! ,p]ils ( ,p[] ,! ,new ,deal1 ,dean ,a*eson wrote approv+ly 9 a book call$ ,a ,democrat ,looks ,at ,8 ,p>ty1 8conceiv$ ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t z ! :ole p organiz$ to d :at _h to be done40 ,a ye> lat] ,mr4 ,l>son wrote ,a ,republican ,looks ,at ,8 ,p>ty1 & made mu* ! same claim 9 8 book = ,mod]n ,republicans4 ,! 8und]ly+ philosophy0 ( ! ,new ,republicanism1 said ,mr4 ,l>son1 is t 8if a job has to be done to meet ! ne$s ( ! p1 & no "o else c d x1 !n x is ! prop] function ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t40 ,"h we h1 by prom95t spokesm5 ( bo? political p>ties1 an unqualifi$ repudiation ( ! pr9ciple ( limit$ gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no ref]5ce by ei!r ( !m to ! ,con/itution1 or any attempt to def9e ! legitimate functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t c d :atev] ne$s to be done2 note1 too1 ! implicit b necess>y assumption t x is ! gov]nm5t itself t det]m9es :at ne$s to be done4 ,we mu/ n1 ,i ?9k und]rate ! importance ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,!y reflect ! view ( a majority ( ! lead]s ( "o ( our p>ties1 & ( a /rong m9ority among ! lead]s ( ! o!r1 & !y prop\nd ! fir/ pr9ciple ( totalit>ianism3 t ! ,/ate is compet5t to d all ?+s & is limit$ 9 :at x actually does only by ! w ( ^? :o control ! ,/ate4 ,x is cle> t ?is view is 9 direct conflict ) ! ,con/itution :i* is an in/rum5t1 above all1 = limit+ ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 & :i* is z b9d+ today z :5 x 0 writt54 ,b we are advis$ to g a /ep fur!r & ask :y ! ,con/itution's fram]s re/rict$ ! scope ( gov]nm5t4 ,cons]vatives are (t5 *>g$1 & 9 a s5se rightly s1 ) hav+ an ov]ly me*ani/ic view ( ! ,con/itution3 8,x is ,am]ica's enabl+ docum5t2 we are ,am]ican citiz5s2 !re=e10 ! ,cons]vatives' !me runs1 8we are morally & legally oblig$ to comply ) ! docum5t40 ,all true4 ,b ! ,con/itution has a broad] claim on our loyalty ?an t4 ,! f\nd+ fa!rs _h a reason = endors+ ! pr9ciple ( limit$ gov]nm5t2 & ?is reason recomm5ds def5se ( ! con/itutional s*eme ev5 to ^? :o take _! citiz5%ip obligations lightly4 ,! reason is simple1 & x lies at ! he>t ( ! ,cons]vative philosophy4 ,?r\gh\t hi/ory1 gov]nm5t has prov$ to be ! *ief in/rum5t = ?w>t+ man's lib]ty4 ,gov]nm5t repres5ts p[] 9 ! h&s ( "s m5 to control & regulate ! lives ( o!r m54 ,& p[]1 z ,"l ,acton said1 corrupts m54 8,absolute p[]10 he add$1 8corrupts absolutely40 ,/ate p[]1 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 ne$ n re/rict fre$om3 b absolute /ate p[] always does4 ,! legitimate functions ( gov]nm5t are actually conducive to fre$om4 ,ma9ta9+ int]nal ord]1 keep+ =eign foes at bay1 adm9i/]+ ju/ice1 remov+ ob/acles to ! free int]*ange ( goods--! ex]cise ( ^! p[]s makes x possible = m5 to foll[ _! *os5 pursuits ) maximum fre$om4 ,b note t ! v in/rum5t by :i* ^! desirable ends are a*iev$ c be ! in/rum5t = a*iev+ undesirable ends--t gov]nm5t c1 in/ead ( ext5d+ fre$om1 re/rict fre$om4 ,& note1 secondly1 t ! 8c0 quickly becomes 8w0 ! mom5t ! hold]s ( gov]nm5t p[] are left to _! own devices4 ,?is is because ( ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( p[]1 ! natural t5d5cy ( m5 :o possess "s p[] to take unto !mselves m p[]4 ,! t5d5cy leads ev5tually to ! acquisition ( all p[]--:e!r 9 ! h&s ( "o or _m makes little diff]5ce to ! fre$om ( ^? left on ! outside4 ,su*1 !n1 is hi/ory's lesson1 :i* ,messrs4 ,a*eson & ,l>son evid5tly did n read3 release ! hold]s ( /ate p[] f any re/ra9ts o!r ?an ^? !y wi% to impose ^u !mselves1 & y are sw++ d[n ! well-travell$ road to absolutism4 ,! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution _h le>n$ ! lesson4 ,!y 7 n only /ud5ts ( hi/ory1 b victims ( x3 !y knew f vivid1 p]sonal exp]i5ce t fre$om dep5ds on effective re/ra9ts aga9/ ! accumulation ( p[] 9 a s+le au?ority4 ,& t is :at ! ,con/itution is3 a sy/em ( re/ra9ts aga9/ ! natural t5d5cy ( gov]nm5t to exp& 9 ! direction ( absolutism4 ,we all "k ! ma9 compon5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! fir/ is ! limitation ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t's au?ority to specific1 delegat$ p[]s4 ,! second1 a coroll>y ( ! fir/1 is ! res]vation to ! ,/ates & ! p ( all p[] n delegat$ to ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! ?ird is a c>eful division ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t's p[] among ?ree sep>ate bran*es4 ,! f\r? is a prohibition aga9/ impetu\s alt]ation ( ! sy/em--namely1 ,article ,v's tortu\s1 b wise1 am5dm5t proc$ures4 ,0 x !n a ,democracy ! fram]s creat$8 ,h>dly4 ,! sy/em ( re/ra9ts1 on ! face ( x1 0 direct$ n only aga9/ individual tyrants1 b also aga9/ a tyranny ( ! masses4 ,! fram]s 7 well aw>e ( ! dang] pos$ by self-seek+ demagogues--t !y might p]suade a majority ( ! p to conf] on gov]nm5t va/ p[]s 9 return = deceptive promises ( economic ga94 ,& s !y =bade su* a transf] ( p[]--fir/ by decl>+1 9 effect1 t c]ta9 activities are outside ! natural & legitimate scope ( ! public au?ority1 & secondly by disp]s+ public au?ority among sev]al levels & bran*es ( gov]nm5t 9 ! hope t ea* seat ( au?ority1 jeal\s ( its own pr]ogatives1 w\ld h a natural inc5tive to resi/ aggression by ! o!rs4 ,b ! fram]s 7 n vision>ies4 ,!y knew t rules ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev] brilliantly calculat$ to cope ) ! imp]fect nature ( man1 h[ev] c>efully design$ to avoid ! pitfalls ( p[]1 w\ld be no mat* = m5 :o 7 det]m9$ to disreg>d !m4 ,9 ! la/ analysis _! sy/em ( gov]nm5t w\ld prosp] only if ! gov]n$ 7 suffici5tly det]m9$ t x %\ld4 8,:at h y giv5 u80 a woman ask$ ,b5 ,frankl9 t[>d ! close ( ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion4 8,a ,republic10 he said1 8if y c keep x60 ,we h n kept x4 ,! ,a*esons & ,l>sons h _h _! way4 ,! sy/em ( re/ra9ts has fall5 into disrepair4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t has mov$ into e field 9 :i* x believes its s]vices are ne$$4 ,! /ate gov]nm5ts are ei!r exclud$ f _! rightful functions by f$]al preemption1 or !y are all[$ to act at ! suff]ance ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,inside ! f$]al gov]nm5t bo? ! executive & judicial bran*es h roam$ f> outside _! con/itutional b\nd>y l9es4 ,& all ( ^! ?+s h come to pass )\t reg>d to ! am5dm5t proc$ures prescrib$ by ,article ,v4 ,! result is a ,levia?an1 a va/ national au?ority out ( t\* ) ! p1 & out ( _! control4 ,?is monoli? ( p[] is b\nd$ only by ! w ( ^? :o sit 9 high places4 ,!re are a numb] ( ways 9 :i* ! p[] ( gov]nm5t c be measur$4 ,"o is ! size ( its f9ancial op]ations4 ,f$]al sp5d+ is n[ approa*+ a hundr$ billion doll>s a ye> 7comp>$ ) ?ree & "o-half billion less ?an ?ree decades ago47 ,ano!r is ! scope ( its activities4 ,a /udy rec5tly conduct$ by ! ,*icago ,tribune %[$ t ! f$]al gov]nm5t is n[ ! 8bigge/ l& own]1 prop]ty manag]1 r5t]1 mov] & haul]1 m$ical cl9ician1 l5d]1 insur]1 mortgage brok]1 employ]1 debtor1 tax] & sp5d] 9 all hi/ory40 ,/ill ano!r is ! portion ( ! peoples' e>n+s gov]nm5t appropriates = its own use3 ne>ly a ?ird ( e>n+s are tak5 e ye> 9 ! =m ( taxes4 ,a f\r? is ! ext5t ( gov]nm5t int]f]5ce 9 ! daily lives ( individuals4 ,! f>m] is told h[ mu* :eat he c gr[4 ,! wage e>n] is at ! m]cy ( national union lead]s ^: great p[] is a direct consequ5ce ( f$]al labor legislation4 ,! bus9essman is hamp]$ by a maze ( gov]nm5t regulations1 & (t5 by direct gov]nm5t competition4 ,! gov]nm5t takes six p] c5t ( mo/ payrolls 9 ,social ,security ,taxes & ?us compels millions ( individuals to po/pone until lat] ye>s ! enjoym5t ( weal? !y might o!rwise enjoy today4 ,increas+ly1 ! f$]al gov]nm5t sets /&>ds ( education1 heal? & safety4 ,h[ did x happ58 ,h[ did our national gov]nm5t gr[ f a s]vant ) %>ply limit$ p[]s into a ma/] ) virtually unlimit$ p[]8 ,9 "p1 we 7 sw9dl$4 ,!re are occasions :5 we h elevat$ m5 & political p>ties to p[] t promis$ to re/ore limit$ gov]nm5t & !n proce$$1 aft] _! election1 to exp& ! activities ( gov]nm5t4 ,b let u be hone/ ) ourselves4 ,brok5 promises are n ! major causes ( our tr\ble4 ,kept promises are4 ,all too (t5 we h put m5 9 (fice :o h sugge/$ sp5d+ a little m on ?is1 a little m on t1 :o h propos$ a new welf>e program1 :o h ?\ght ( ano!r v>iety ( 8security40 ,we h tak5 ! bait1 pref]r+ to put (f to ano!r day ! recapture ( fre$om & ! re/oration ( our con/itutional sy/em4 ,we h gone ! way ( _m a democratic society t has lo/ its fre$om by p]suad+ itself t if 8! p0 rule1 all is well4 ,! ,fr5*man1 ,alexis de ,tocqueville1 probably ! mo/ clairvoyant political obs]v] ( mod]n times1 saw ! dang] :5 he visit$ ?is c\ntry 9 ! #ahcj's4 ,ev5 !n he =esaw decay = a society t t5d$ to put m emphasis on its democracy ?an on its republicanism4 ,he pr$ict$ t ,am]ica w\ld produce1 n tyrants b 8gu>dians40 ,& t ! ,am]ican p w\ld 8console !mselves = be+ 9 tutelage by ! reflection t !y h *os5 _! own gu>dians4 ,e man all[s himself to be put 9 lead-/r+s1 because he sees t x is n a p]son nor a class ( p]sons1 b ! p at l>ge t hold ! end ( 8 *a940 ,our t5d5cy to conc5trate p[] 9 ! h&s ( a few m5 deeply conc]ns me4 ,we c be conqu]$ by bombs or by subv]sion2 b we c also be conqu]$ by neglect--by ignor+ ! ,con/itution & disreg>d+ ! pr9ciples ( limit$ gov]nm5t4 ,our def5ses aga9/ ! accumulation ( unlimit$ p[] 9 ,wa%+ton are 9 poor] %ape1 ,i fe>1 ?an our def5ses aga9/ ! aggressive designs ( ,mosc[4 ,l s _m o!r nations be=e u1 we may succumb ?r\gh int]nal weakness r ?an fall be=e a =eign foe4 ,i am conv9c$ t mo/ ,am]icans n[ want to rev]se ! tr5d4 ,i ?9k t conc]n = our vani%+ fre$oms is g5u9e4 ,i ?9k t ! p's uneas9ess 9 ! /ifl+ omnipres5ce ( gov]nm5t has turn$ into some?+ approa*+ al>m4 ,b bemoan+ ! evil w n drive x back1 & accus+ f+]s w n %r9k gov]nm5t4 ,! turn w come :5 we entru/ ! conduct ( our affairs to m5 :o und]/& t _! fir/ duty z public (ficials is to dive/ !mselves ( ! p[] !y h be5 giv54 ,x w come :5 ,am]icans1 9 hundr$s ( communities ?r\gh\t ! nation1 decide to put ! man 9 (fice :o is pl$g$ to en=ce ! ,con/itution & re/ore ! ,republic4 ,:o w proclaim 9 a campaign spee*3 8,i h little int]e/ 9 /reaml9+ gov]nm5t or 9 mak+ x m effici5t1 = ,i mean to r$uce its size4 ,i d n und]take to promote welf>e1 = ,i propose to ext5d fre$om4 ,my aim is n to pass laws1 b to repeal !m4 ,x is n to inaugurate new programs1 b to cancel old ones t d viol5ce to ! ,con/itution1 or t h fail$ 9 _! purpose1 or t impose on ! p an unw>rant$ f9ancial burd54 ,i w n attempt to discov] :e!r legislation is #8ne$$' be=e ,i h fir/ det]m9$ :e!r x is con/itutionally p]missible4 ,& if ,i %\ld lat] be attack$ = neglect+ my con/itu5ts' #8int]e/s1' ,i %all reply t ,i 0 in=m$ _! ma9 int]e/ is lib]ty & t 9 t cause ,i am do+ ! v be/ ,i c40 ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,/ates' ,rights ,! ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 9 #aicj1 po9t$ out t ! ,con/itution does n emp[] ! ,congress to deal ) 8a great numb] ( 444 vital problems ( gov]nm5t1 su* z ! conduct ( public utilities1 ( banks1 ( insurance1 ( bus9ess1 ( agriculture1 ( education1 ( social welf>e1 & a doz5 o!r important features40 ,& he add$ t 8,wa%+ton mu/ n be enc\rag$ to int]f]e0 9 ^! areas4 ,frankl9 ,roosevelt's rapid conv]sion f ,con/itutionalism to ! doctr9e ( unlimit$ gov]nm5t1 is an (t-told /ory4 ,b ,i am "h conc]n$ n s mu* by ! ab&onm5t ( ,/ates' ,rights by ! national ,democratic ,p>ty--an ev5t t occurr$ "s ye>s ago :5 t p>ty 0 captur$ by ! ,sociali/ ideologues 9 & ab\t ! labor movem5t--z by ! unmi/akable t5d5cy ( ! ,republican ,p>ty to adopt ! same c\rse4 ,! result is t today nei!r ( our two p>ties ma9ta9s a mean+ful commitm5t to ! pr9ciple ( ,/ates' ,rights4 ,?us1 ! corn]/one ( ! ,republic1 our *ief bulw>k aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( individual fre$om by ,big ,gov]nm5t1 is fa/ disappe>+ "u ! pil+ s&s ( absolutism4 ,! ,republican ,p>ty1 to be sure1 gives lip-s]vice to ,/ates' ,rights4 ,we (t5 talk ab\t 8return+ to ! ,/ates _! rightful p[]s02 ! ,adm9i/ration has ev5 gone s f> z to sponsor a f$]al-/ate conf]5ce on ! problem4 ,b de$s are :at c\nt1 & ,i regret to say t 9 actual practice1 ! ,republican ,p>ty1 l ! ,democratic ,p>ty1 summons ! co]cive p[] ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t :5ev] national lead]s conclude t ! ,/ates are n p]=m+ satisfactorily4 ,let u focus att5tion on "o me?od ( f$]al int]f]5ce--"o t t5ds to be neglect$ 9 mu* ( ! public discussion ( ! problem4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! f$]al gov]nm5t has cont9u$1 & 9 _m cases has increas$1 f$]al 8grants-9-aid0 to ! ,/ates 9 a numb] ( areas 9 :i* ! ,con/itution recognizes ! exclusive jurisdiction ( ! ,/ates4 ,^! grants are call$ 8mat*+ funds0 & are design$ to 8/imulate0 /ate sp5d+ 9 heal?1 education1 welf>e1 cons]vation or any o!r area 9 :i* ! f$]al gov]nm5t decides !re is a ne$ = national action4 ,if ! ,/ates agree to put up money = ^! purposes1 ! f$]al gov]nm5t und]takes to mat* ! appropriation accord+ to a ratio prescrib$ by ,congress4 ,sometimes ! ratio is fifty-fifty2 (t5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t contributes ov] half ! co/4 ,!re are two ?+s to note ab\t ^! programs4 ,! fir/ is t !y are f$]al programs--!y are conceiv$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t bo? z to purpose & z to ext5t4 ,! second is t ! 8/imulative0 grants are1 9 effect1 a mixture ( blackmail & brib]y4 ,! ,/ates are told to g along ) ! program 8or else40 ,once ! f$]al gov]nm5t has (f]$ mat*+ funds1 x is unlikely1 z a practical matt]1 t a memb] ( a ,/ate ,legislature w turn d[n 8 ,/ate's fair %>e ( rev5ue collect$ f all ( ! ,/ates4 ,und]/&ably1 _m legislators feel t to refuse aid w\ld be political suicide4 ,?is is an indirect =m ( co]cion1 b x is effective none!less4 ,a m direct me?od ( co]cion is = ! f$]al gov]nm5t to ?reat5 to move 9 unless /ate gov]nm5ts take action t ,wa%+ton deems appropriate4 ,n s long ago1 = example1 ! ,secret>y ( ,labor gave ! ,/ates a lecture on ! wisdom ( enact+ 8up-to-date0 unemploym5t comp5sation laws4 ,he made no ef=t to disguise ! alt]native3 if ! ,/ates fail$ to act1 ! f$]al gov]nm5t w\ld4 ,"h are "s examples ( ! 8/imulative0 approa*4 ,late 9 #aieg a 8,jo9t ,f$]al-,/ate ,action ,committee0 recomm5d$ t c]ta9 mat*+ funds programs be 8return$0 to ! ,/ates on ! sc>cely disguis$ gr\nds t ! ,/ates1 9 ! view ( ! ,committee1 _h le>n$ to live up to _! responsibilities4 ,^! are ! areas 9 :i* ! ,/ates 7 le>n+ to behave3 8vocational education0 programs 9 agriculture1 home economics1 practical nurs+1 & ! fi%]ies trade2 local sewage projects2 slum cle>ance & urban r5ewal2 & en=cem5t ( heal? & safety /&>ds 9 connection ) ! atomic en]gy program4 ,n[ ! po9t is n t ,congress fail$ to act on ^! recomm5dations1 or t ! ,adm9i/ration gave !m only half-he>t$ support2 b r t ! f$]al gov]nm5t _h no bus9ess ent]+ ^! fields 9 ! fir/ place1 & ?us _h no bus9ess tak+ ^u itself ! pr]ogative ( judg+ ! ,/ates' p]=mance4 ,! ,republican ,p>ty %\ld h said ?is pla9ly & =?rightly & dem&$ ! imm$iate )drawal ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,we c be/ und]/& our error1 ,i ?9k1 by exam9+ ! !ory beh9d x4 ,i h already allud$ to ! book1 ,a ,republican ,looks at ,8 ,p>ty1 :i* is an elaborate rationalization ( ! 8,mod]n ,republican0 approa* to curr5t problems4 7,x does ! job j z well1 ,i might add1 = ! ,democrats' approa*47 ,mr4 ,l>son devotes a good deal ( space to ! "q ( ,/ates' ,rights4 ,he cont5ds t :ile !re is 8a g5]al presumption0 9 favor ( ,/ates' ,rights1 ?anks to ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ?is presumption mu/ give way :5ev] x appe>s to ! f$]al au?orities t ! ,/ates are n respond+ satisfactorily to 8! ne$s ( ! p40 ,?is is a p>aphrase ( 8 position b n1 ,i ?9k1 an unju/ "o4 ,& if ?is approa* appe>s to be a high-h&$ way ( deal+ ) an explicit con/itutional provision1 ,mr4 ,l>son ju/ifies ! argum5t by summon+ ! concept t 8= e "r !re is a correspond+ duty40 8,:5 we speak ( ,/ates' ,rights10 he writes1 8we %\ld nev] =get to add t !re g ) ^? rights ! correspond+ ,/ates' responsibilities40 ,!re=e1 he concludes1 if ! ,/ates fail to d _! duty1 !y h only !mselves to blame :5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t int]v5es4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is argum5t is t x treats ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a k9d ( h&book 9 political !ory1 to be he$$ or ignor$ dep5d+ on h[ x fits ! plans ( contempor>y f$]al (ficials4 ,! ,t5? ,am5dm5t is n 8a g5]al assumption10 b a prohibitory rule ( law4 ,! ,t5? ,am5dm5t recognizes ! ,/ates' jurisdiction 9 c]ta9 areas4 ,/ates' ,rights means t ! ,/ates h a "r to act or n to act1 z !y see fit1 9 ! areas res]v$ to !m4 ,! ,/ates may h duties correspond+ to ^! rights1 b ! duties are ow$ to ! p ( ! ,/ates1 n to ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,!re=e1 ! rec\rse lies n ) ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 :i* is n sov]eign1 b ) ! p :o are1 & :o h full p[] to take discipl9>y action4 ,if ! p are unhappy ) say1 _! ,/ate's disability insurance program1 !y c br+ pressure to be> on _! /ate (ficials &1 if t fails1 !y c elect a new set ( (ficials4 ,& if1 9 ! unhappy ev5t !y %\ld wi% to dive/ !mselves ( ?is responsibility1 !y c am5d ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,con/itution1 ,i repeat1 draws a %>p & cle> l9e betwe5 f$]al jurisdiction & /ate jurisdiction4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t's failure to recognize t l9e has be5 a cru%+ bl[ to ! pr9ciple ( limit$ gov]nm5t4 ,b aga91 ,i caution aga9/ a def5sive1 or apologetic1 appeal to ! ,con/itution4 ,!re is a reason = its res]vation ( ,/ates' ,rights4 ,n only does x prev5t ! accumulation ( p[] 9 a c5tral gov]nm5t t is remote f ! p & relatively immune f popul> re/ra9ts2 x also recognizes ! pr9ciple t ess5tially local problems are be/ dealt ) by ! p mo/ directly conc]n$4 ,:o kn[s bett] ?an ,new ,york]s h[ mu* & :at k9d ( publicly-f9anc$ slum cle>ance 9 ,new ,york ,city is ne$$ & c be af=d$8 ,:o kn[s bett] ?an ,nebraskans :e!r t ,/ate has an adequate nurs+ program8 ,:o kn[s bett] ?an ,arizonans ! k9d ( s*ool program t is ne$$ to educate _! *ildr58 ,! p ( my own ,/ate--& ,i am confid5t t ,i speak = ! majority ( !m--h long s9ce se5 ?r\gh ! spuri\s sugge/ion t f$]al aid comes 8free40 ,!y "k t ! money comes out ( _! own pockets1 & t x is return$ to !m m9us a brok]'s fee tak5 by ! f$]al bureaucracy4 ,!y "k1 too1 t ! p[] to decide h[ t money %all be sp5t is )drawn f !m & ex]cis$ by "s plann+ bo>d deep 9 ! cav]ns ( "o ( ! f$]al ag5cies4 ,!y und]/& ?is repres5ts a great & p]haps irrep>able loss--n only 9 _! weal?1 b 9 _! priceless lib]ty4 ,no?+ c\ld s f> advance ! cause ( fre$om z = /ate (ficials ?r\gh\t ! l& to ass]t _! rightful claims to lo/ /ate p[]2 & = ! f$]al gov]nm5t to )draw promptly & totally f e jurisdiction :i* ! ,con/itution res]v$ to ! /ates4 ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,& ,civil ,rights ,an attempt has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s to disp>age ! pr9ciple ( ,/ates' ,rights by equat+ x ) def5se ( ! ,s\?'s position on racial integration4 ,i h already indicat$ t ! rea* ( ,/ates' ,rights is mu* broad] ?an t--t x affects ,nor!rn]s z well z ,s\!rn]s1 & conc]ns _m matt]s t h no?+ to d ) ! race "q4 ,/ill1 x is q true t ! integration issue is affect$ by ! ,/ates' ,rights pr9ciple1 & t ! ,s\?'s position on ! issue is1 today1 ! mo/ conspicu\s expression ( ! pr9ciple4 ,s mu* s t ! c\ntry is n[ 9 ! grips ( a spirit$ & sometimes ugly controv]sy ov] an imag9$ conflict betwe5 ,/ates' ,rights1 on ! "o h&1 & :at are call$ 8civil rights0 on ! o!r4 ,i say an imag9$ conflict because ,i d5y t !re c be a conflict betwe5 ,/ates' ,rights1 prop]ly def9$--& civil rights1 prop]ly def9$4 ,if ,/ates' 8,rights0 are s ass]t$ z to encroa* ^u individual rights t are protect$ by valid f$]al laws1 !n ! ex]cise ( /ate p[] is a nullity4 ,conv]sely1 if individual 8rights0 are s ass]t$ z to infr+e ^u valid /ate p[]1 !n ! ass]tion ( ^? 8rights0 is a nullity4 ,! rights !mselves d n cla%4 ,! conflict arises f a failure to def9e ! two categories ( rights correctly1 & to ass]t !m lawfully4 ,/ates' ,rights are easy en\gh to def9e4 ,! ,t5? ,am5dm5t does x succ9ctly3 8,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p40 ,civil rights %\ld be no h>d]4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]--?anks to extravagant & %ameless misuse by p :o ought to "k bett]--x is "o ( ! mo/ badly und]/ood concepts 9 mod]n political usage4 ,civil rights is frequ5tly us$ synonym\sly ) 8human rights0--or ) 8natural rights40 ,z (t5 z n1 x is simply a "n = describ+ an activity t someone deems politically or socially desirable4 ,a sociologi/ writes a pap] propos+ to aboli% "s inequity1 or a politician makes a spee* ab\t x--&1 behold1 a new 8civil "r0 is born6 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has display$ ! same creative p[]s4 ,a civil "r is a "r t is ass]t$ & is !re=e protect$ by "s valid law4 ,x may be ass]t$ by ! common law1 or by local or f$]al /atutes1 or by ! ,con/itution2 b unless a "r is incorporat$ 9 ! law1 x is n a civil "r & is n en=ceable by ! in/rum5ts ( ! civil law4 ,!re may be "s rights--8natural10 8human10 or o!rwise--t %\ld also be civil rights4 ,b if we desire to give su* rights ! protection ( ! law1 our rec\rse is to a legislature or to ! am5dm5t proc$ures ( ! ,con/itution4 ,we mu/ n look to politicians1 or sociologi/s--or ! c\rts--to correct ! defici5cy4 ,9 ! field ( racial relations1 !re are "s rights t are cle>ly protect$ by valid laws & are !re=e 8civil0 rights4 ,"o ( !m is ! "r to vote4 ,! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t provides t no "o %all be d5i$ ! fran*ise on acc\nt ( race1 color or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,simil>ly ) c]ta9 legal privileges en=c$ by ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,! legislative hi/ory ( t am5dm5t makes x cle> 7,i quote f ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff :i* ! ,am5dm5t 0 design$ to legitimize7 t p ( all races %all be equally entitl$ 8to make & en=ce contracts1 to sue1 be p>ties1 & give evid5ce1 to inh]it1 to pur*ase1 lease1 sell1 hold & convey real & p]sonal prop]ty & to full & equal b5efit ( all laws & proce$+s = ! security ( p]sons & prop]ty40 ,aft] ! passage ( t ,act & ! ,am5dm5t1 all p]sons1 ,negroes includ$1 _h a 8civil0 "r to ^! protections4 ,x is o!rwise1 let u note1 ) education4 ,= ! f$]al ,con/itution does n require ! ,/ates to ma9ta9 racially mix$ s*ools4 ,despite ! rec5t hold+ ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,i am firmly conv9c$--n only t integrat$ s*ools are n requir$--b t ! ,con/itution does n p]mit any int]f]5ce :atsoev] by ! f$]al gov]nm5t 9 ! field ( education4 ,x may be j or wise or exp$i5t = negro *ildr5 to att5d ! same s*ools z :ite *ildr51 b !y d n h a civil "r to d s :i* is protect$ by ! f$]al con/itution1 or :i* is en=ceable by ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! int5tions ( ! f\nd+ fa!rs 9 ?is matt] are beyond any d\bt3 no p[]s reg>d+ education 7 giv5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 "u ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 jurisdiction ov] ! entire field 0 res]v$ to ! ,/ates4 ,! rema9+ "q is :e!r ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t--concretely1 t am5dm5t's 8equal protection0 clause--modifi$ ! orig9al prohibition aga9/ f$]al int]v5tion4 ,to my k x has nev] be5 s]i\sly argu$--! argum5t c]ta9ly 0 n made by ! ,supreme ,c\rt--t ! au?ors ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t int5d$ to alt] ! ,con/itutional s*eme ) reg>d to education4 ,inde$1 9 ! fam\s s*ool integration decision1 ,br[n v4 ,bo>d ( ,education 7#aied71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ices expressly ackn[l$g$ t !y 7 n be+ guid$ by ! int5tions ( ! am5dm5t's au?ors4 8,9 approa*+ ?is problem10 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,w>r5 said 8we _c turn ! clock back to #ahfh :5 ! am5dm5t 0 adopt$4444 ,we mu/ consid] public education 9 ! light ( its full developm5t & 9 its pres5t place 9 ,am]ican life ?r\gh\t ! nation40 ,9 effect1 ! ,c\rt said t :at matt]s is n ! ideas ( ! m5 :o wrote ! ,con/itution1 b ! ,c\rt's ideas4 ,x 0 only by engraft+ its own views onto ! e/abli%$ law ( ! l& t ! ,c\rt 0 able to rea* ! decision x did4 ,! int5tions ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t's au?ors are p]fectly cle>4 ,consid] ^! facts4 #a4 ,dur+ ! entire congressional debate on ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t x 0 nev] once sugge/$ by any propon5t ( ! am5dm5t t x w\ld outlaw segregat$ s*ools4 #b4 ,at ! same "t t x approv$ ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t1 ,congress e/abli%$ s*ools 9 ,wa%+ton 9 ,georget[n 8= ! sole use ( 444 color$ *ildr540 #c4 ,9 all ! debates on ! am5dm5t by ! ,/ate ,legislatures !re 0 only "o legislator1 a man 9 ,indiana1 :o ?\ght ! am5dm5t w\ld affect s*ools4 #d4 ,! great majority ( ! ,/ates t approv$ ! am5dm5t p]mitt$ or requir$ segregat$ s*ools at ! v "t !y approv$ ! am5dm5t4 ,!re is n room "h = exhau/ive treatm5t ( ?is evid5ce1 b ! facts are well docum5t$1 & !y are all we h to "k ab\t ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t's be>+ on ?is problem4 ,! am5dm5t 0 n int5d$ to1 & !re=e x did n outlaw racially sep>ate s*ools4 ,x 0 n int5d$ to1 & !re=e x did n1 au?orize any f$]al int]v5tion 9 ! field ( education4 ,i am !re=e n impress$ by ! claim t ! ,supreme ,c\rt's decision on s*ool integration is ! law ( ! l&4 ,! ,con/itution1 & ! laws 8made 9 pursuance !re(10 are ! 8supreme law ( ! l&04 ,! ,con/itution is :at its au?ors int5d$ x to be & said x 0--n :at ! ,supreme ,c\rt says x is4 ,if we condone ! practice ( sub/itut+ our own int5tions = ^? ( ! ,con/itution's fram]s1 we reject1 9 effect1 ! pr9ciple ( ,con/itutional ,gov]nm5t3 we endorse a rule ( m51 n ( laws4 ,i h great respect = ! ,supreme ,c\rt z an in/itution1 b ,i _c believe t ,i display t respect by submitt+ abjectly to abuses ( p[] by ! ,c\rt1 & by condon+ its uncon/itutional trespass into ! legislative sph]e ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,congress & ! ,/ates1 equally ) ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 are oblig$ to int]pret & comply ) ! ,con/itution accord+ to _! own lights4 ,i !re=e support all ef=ts by ! ,/ates1 exclud+ viol5ce ( c\rse1 to pres]ve _! rightful p[]s ov] education4 ,z = ! ,congress1 ,i w\ld hope t ! national legislature w\ld help cl>ify ! problem by propos+ to ! ,/ates a ,con/itutional am5dm5t t w\ld reaffirm ! ,/ates' exclusive jurisdiction 9 ! field ( education4 ,?is am5dm5t w\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 ass]t :at is already provid$ unmi/akably by ! ,con/itution2 b x w\ld put ! matt] beyond any fur!r "q4 ,x s happ5s t ,i am 9 agreem5t ) ! objectives ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt z /at$ 9 ! ,br[n decision4 ,i believe t x is bo? wise & j = negro *ildr5 to att5d ! same s*ools z :ites1 & t to d5y !m ?is opportunity c>ries ) x /rong implications ( inf]iority4 ,i am n prep>$1 h[ev]1 to impose t judgm5t ( m9e on ! p ( ,mississippi or ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 or to tell !m :at me?ods %\ld be adopt$ & :at pace %\ld be kept 9 /riv+ t[>d t goal4 ,t is _! bus9ess1 n m9e4 ,i believe t ! problem ( race relations1 l all social & cultural problems1 is be/ h&l$ by ! p directly conc]n$4 ,social & cultural *ange1 h[ev] desirable1 %\ld n be effect$ by ! eng9es ( national p[]4 ,let u1 ?r\gh p]suasion & education1 seek to improve in/itutions we deem defective4 ,b let u1 9 do+ s1 respect ! ord]ly processes ( ! law4 ,any o!r c\rse en?rones tyrants & dooms fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,five ,fre$om ,= ,! ,f>m] 8444 sup]vision ( agriculture & o!r conc]ns ( a simil> nature 444 :i* are prop] to be provid$ = by local legislation1 c nev] be desirable c>es ( a g5]al jurisdiction4 ,x is !re=e improbable t !re %\ld exi/ a disposition 9 ! f$]al c\ncils to usurp ! p[]s ) :i* !y are connect$2 because ! attempt to ex]cise ^? p[]s w\ld be z tr\blesome z !y 7 nugatory40 ,alex&] ,hamilton 9 ! ,f$]ali/ ,pap]s1 ,no4 #ag4 ,hamilton 0 wrong 9 8 pr$iction z to :at m5 w\ld d1 b q "r 9 =esee+ ! consequ5ces ( _! foolh>d9ess4 ,f$]al int]v5tion 9 agriculture has1 inde$1 prov$ 8tr\blesome40 ,disreg>d ( ! ,con/itution 9 ?is field has br\ght ab\t ! inevitable loss ( p]sonal fre$om2 & x has creat$ economic *aos4 ,unmanageable surpluses1 an imm5se tax burd51 high consum] prices1 vexati\s controls--,i d\bt if ! folly ( ignor+ ! pr9ciple ( limit$ gov]nm5t has ev] be5 m conv9c+ly demon/rat$4 ,we h blund]$ on s gr& a scale t ev5 our critical faculties seem to h be5 damag$ 9 ! process4 ,no man :o is famili> ) ! subject w d5y t ! policy ( price supports & production controls has be5 a colossal failure4 ,yet1 today1 "s ( our be/ m9ds h no bett] solution to ! problem ?an to raise ! supports & increase ! controls6 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,con/itution on ?is matt] is p]fectly cle>4 ,no p[] ov] agriculture 0 giv5 to any bran* ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,! sponsors ( ! fir/ ,agriculture ,adju/m5t ,act1 pass$ 9 #aicc1 tri$ to ju/ify ! law "u ! s-call$ g5]al welf>e clause ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt promptly /ruck d[n t legislation on ! gr\nds t ! phrase1 8g5]al welf>e10 0 simply a qualification ( ! tax+ p[] & did n give ,congress ! p[] to control any?+4 8,! regulation 7( agricultural production710 ! ,c\rt said 9 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,butl] 7#aicf7 8is n 9 fact volunt>y4 ,! f>m]1 ( c\rse1 may refuse to comply a privilege n giv5 him "u pres5t legislation1 b ! price ( su* refusal is loss ( b5efits 444 ! p[] to conf] or )hold unlimit$ b5efits is ! p[] to co]ce or de/roy44440 ,! ,new ,deal ,congress repli$ by enact+ sub/antially id5tical legislation1 ! second ,,aaa1 & n[ s\ght to ju/ify ! program z a 8regulation ( int]/ate comm]ce40 ,?is 0 a transp>5t evasion ( ! ,butl] case2 b ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :i* by ?is "t 0 "u heavy political fire = hav+ ?w>t$ ! 8,roosevelt ,revolution10 made "o ( its celebrat$ ab\t-faces & upheld ! new act4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t has usurp$ _m p[]s "u ! guise ( 8regulat+ comm]ce10 b ?is in/ance ( di/ort+ ! pla9 mean+ ( ! ,con/itution's language is p]haps ! mo/ flagrant on record4 ,9 ! case t upheld ! second ,,aaa1 ,wick>d v4 ,filburn1 7#aidb71 a f>m] _h be5 f9$ = plant+ #bc acres ( :eat1 in/ead ( ! elev5 acres ! gov]nm5t _h allott$ him--not)/&+ t ! 8excess0 :eat _h be5 consum$ on 8 own f>m4 ,n[ h[ 9 ! _w1 ! f>m] want$ to "k1 c x be said t ! :eat ,i fe$ my own /ock is 9 int]/ate comm]ce8 ,t's easy1 ! ,c\rt said4 ,if y _h n us$ y\r own :eat = fe$1 y might h b\ght fe$ f someone else1 & t pur*ase might h affect$ ! price ( :eat t 0 transport$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce6 ,by ?is biz>re reason+ ! ,c\rt made ! comm]ce clause z wide z ! _w & nullifi$ ! ,con/itution's cle> res]vation to ! ,/ates ( jurisdiction ov] agriculture4 ,! trag$y1 ( c\rse1 is t ! f$]al gov]nm5t's uncon/itutional intrusion into ,agriculture has n br\ght u any clos] to a solution ( ! 8f>m problem40 ,! problem1 :5 f$]al int]v5tion began1 0 decl9+ f>m incomes4 ,today1 _m f>m incomes are /ill l[4 ,b n[ we h additional problems--production controls t re/rict fre$om1 high consum] prices1 huge crop surpluses & a gigantic tax bill t is runn+ close to six billion doll>s a ye>4 ,no matt] :at v>iant ( ! price support-production control approa* we adopt1 ! solution to ^! problems cont9ues to elude u4 ,! reason gov]nm5t int]v5tion has creat$ m problems ?an x has solv$ is q simple4 ,f>m production1 l any o!r production is be/ controll$ by ! natural op]ation ( ! free m>ket4 ,if ! nation's f>m]s are p]mitt$ to sell _! produce freely1 at price consum]s are will+ to pay1 !y w1 "u ! law ( supply & dem&1 end up produc+ r\ghly :at c be consum$ 9 national & _w m>kets4 ,& if f>m]s1 9 g5]al1 f9d !y are n gett+ high en\gh prices = _! produce1 "s ( !m w move into o!r k9ds ( economic activity4 ,! result w be r$uc$ agricultural production & high] incomes = ^? :o rema9 on ! f>ms4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nm5t int]f]es ) ?is natural economic process1 & pegs prices high] ?an ! consum] is will+ to pay1 ! result w be1 9 ,hamilton's phrase1 8tr\blesome40 ,! nation w pay exorbitant prices = "w t is n ne$$ & = produce t _c be consum$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ! gov]nm5t has s\ght to alleviate ! problem ( ov]-production by ! soil bank & acreage retirem5t programs4 ,actually1 ^! programs are simply a mod]n v]sion ( ! hog-kill+ & potato-burn+ s*emes promot$ by ,h5ry ,wallace dur+ ! ,new ,deal4 ,& !y h be5 no m successful 9 r$uc+ surpluses ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,b !re is also a positive evil 9 ^! programs3 9 effect1 !y rew>d p = n produc+4 ,= a nation t is express+ great conc]n ov] its 8economic gr[?10 ,i _c conceive ( a m absurd & self-defeat+ policy ?an "o :i* subsidizes non-production4 ,! problem ( surpluses w n be solv$ until we recognize t te*nological progress & o!r factors h made x possible = ! ne$s ( ,am]ica1 & ^? ( accessible _w m>kets1 to be satisfi$ by a f> few] numb] ( f>m]s ?an n[ till ! soil4 ,i _c believe t any s]i\s /ud5t ( ! f>m problems fails to appreciate ?is fact4 ,:at has be5 lack+ is n an und]/&+ ( a problem t is really q impossible n to und]/&1 b ! political c\rage to d some?+ ab\t x4 ,do+ some?+ ab\t x means--& !re c be no equivocation "h--prompt & f9al t]m9ation ( ! f>m subsidy program4 ,! only way to p]suade f>m]s to ent] o!r fields ( endeavor is to /op pay+ ineffici5t f>m]s = produce t _c be sold at free m>ket prices4 ,is ?is a cruel solution8 ,is x he>tless to p]mit ! natural laws ( economics to det]m9e h[ _m f>m]s !re %all be 9 ! same way t ^? laws det]m9e h[ _m bank]s1 or druggi/s1 or wat*mak]s !re %all be8 ,x 0 nev] consid]$ s be=e ! subsidy program began4 ,let u rememb] t ! movem5t f ! f>m to o!r fields ( endeavor has be5 proce$+ 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce its beg9n+--& ) good effects1 n ill4 ,i _c believe t ?is c\rse w lose politicians z _m votes z "s ( !m seem to fe>4 ,mo/ f>m]s want to /& on _! own feet4 ,!y are prep>$ to take _! *ances 9 ! free m>ket4 ,!y h a m intimate k ?an mo/ ( u ( ! consequ5ces ( unlimit$ gov]nm5t p[]1 & s1 x w\ld seem1 a great] int]e/ ?an mo/ 9 return+ agriculture to fre$om & economic sanity4 ,,*apt] ,,six ,fre$om ,= ,labor ,if ,i _h to select ! vote ,i reg>d z ! mo/ important ( my ,s5ate c>e] x w\ld be ! "o ,i ca/ on ! ,k5n$y-,erv9 8,labor ,re=m0 ,bill ( #aiei4 ,! ,s5ate pass$ ! measure #ij-a2 ! diss5t+ vote 0 m9e4 ,! measure _h be5 adv]tis$ z a cure-all = ! evils uncov]$ by ! ,mc,clellan ,committee inve/igation4 ,i oppos$ x because ,i felt c]ta9 t legislation :i* pret5d$ to respond to ! popul> dem& = safegu>ds aga9/ union p[]1 b actually did n d s1 w\ld preclude ! possibility ( mean+ful legislation = "s "t to come4 ,t op9ion 0 v9dicat$ lat] on4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives reject$ ,k5n$y-,erv91 & sub/itut$ 9 its place a mu* bett] measure1 ! ,l&rum-,griff9 bill4 ,! ensu+ conf]5ce betwe5 repres5tatives ( ! two h\ses made only m9or *anges 9 ! ,h\se v]sion2 ,i w\ld guess t #ij ( ! orig9al ,l&rum-,griff9 bill surviv$ 9 ! conf]ees' report4 ,! ,s5ate adopt$ ! report ) only two diss5t+ votes--pro( to me t my initial prote/ _h be5 wise4 ,b ! prote/ /ill holds3 ?\gh ! ,l&rum-,griff9 ,bill 0 an improvem5t ov] ! ,k5n$y measure1 ,congress has /ill to come to grips ) ! real evil 9 ! ,labor field4 ,graft & corruption are symptoms ( ! illness t besets ! labor movem5t1 n ! cause ( x4 ,! cause is ! enorm\s economic & political p[] n[ conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( union lead]s4 ,su* p[] hurts ! nation's economy by =c+ on employ]s contract t]ms t enc\rage ineffici5cy1 l[] production & high prices--all ( :i* result 9 a l[] /&>d ( liv+ = ! ,am]ican p4 ,x corrupts ! nation's political life by ex]t+ undue influ5ce on ! selection ( public (ficials4 ,x gravely compromises ! fre$om ( millions ( individual work]s :o are able to regi/] a diss5t aga9/ ! practice ( union lead]s only at ! risk ( los+ _! jobs4 ,all ( u h he>d ! *>ge t to ?us criticize ! p[] ( ,big ,labor is to be anti-labor & anti-union4 ,?is is an argum5t t s]ves ! int]e/ ( union lead]s1 b x does n usually fit ! facts1 & x c]ta9ly does n d ju/ice to my views4 ,i believe t unionism1 kept )9 its prop] & natural b\nds1 accompli%es a positive good = ! c\ntry4 ,unions c be an in/rum5t = a*iev+ economic ju/ice = ! work+ man4 ,moreov]1 !y are an alt]native to1 & ?us disc\rage ,/ate ,socialism4 ,mo/ important ( all1 !y are an expression ( fre$om4 ,trade unions prop]ly conceiv$1 are an expression ( man's inali5able "r to associate ) o!r m5 = ! a*ievem5t ( legitimate objectives4 ,! natural function ( a trade union & ! "o = :i* x 0 hi/orically conceiv$ is to repres5t ^? employees :o want collective repres5tation 9 b>ga9+ ) _! employ]s ov] t]ms ( employm5t4 ,b note t ?is function is p]v]t$ ! mom5t a union claims ! "r to repres5t employees :o d n want repres5tation1 or conducts activities t h no?+ to d ) t]ms ( employm5t 7e4g4 political activities71 or tries to deal ) an indu/ry z a :ole in/ead ( ) individual employ]s4 ,z ,am]ica turn$ increas+ly1 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 f an agricultural nation into an indu/rial "o1 & z ! size ( bus9ess ent]prises exp&$1 individual wage e>n]s f\nd !mselves at a di/9ct disadvantage 9 deal+ ) _! employ]s ov] t]ms ( employm5t4 ,! economic p[] ( ! l>ge ent]prises1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! individual employee1 0 su* t wages & conditions ( employm5t 7 pretty mu* :at ! employ] decid$ !y w\ld be4 ,"u ^! conditions1 z a means ( increas+ _! economic p[]1 _m employees *ose to b& toge!r & create a common ag5t = negotiat+ ) _! employ]s4 ,z "t w5t on1 we f\nd t ! work+ man's "r to b>ga9 ?r\gh a collective ag5t ne$$ legal protection2 accord+ly ,congress enact$ laws--notably c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,clayton ,act1 ! ,norris ,la,guardia ,act & ! ,wagn] ,act--to make sure t employees w\ld be able to b>ga9 collectively4 ,?is is n ! place to exam9e ^? laws 9 detail4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t !y h ov]-accompli%$ _! purpose4 ,?anks to "s unwise provisions & to ! abs5ce ( o!rs t %\ld h be5 includ$1 ! delicate balance ( p[] we s\ght to a*ieve betwe5 labor & managem5t has %ift$1 9 avalan*e proportions1 to labor's advantage4 ,or1 m correctly to ! advantage ( union lead]s4 ,?is mammo? conc5tration ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( a few m5 is1 ,i repeat1 a grave ?reat to ! nation's economic /ability1 & to ! nation's political processes4 ,m important1 x has tak5 f ! individual wage e>n] a l>ge portion ( 8 fre$om4 ,! "t has come1 n to aboli% unions or deprive !m ( des]v$ ga9s2 b to r$ress ! balance--to re/ore unions to _! prop] role 9 a free society4 ,we h se5 t unions p]=m _! natural function :5 ?ree conditions are obs]v$3 association ) ! union is volunt>y2 ! union conf9es its activities to collective b>ga9+2 ! b>ga9+ is conduct$ ) ! employ] ( ! work]s conc]n$4 ,let u briefly treat ) ea* ( ^! conditions1 not+ ! ext5t to :i* !y are violat$ today1 & ! rem$ial action we are call$ ^u to take4 ,fre$om ( ,association4 ,"h ! argum5t is s pla9 t ,i wond] :y elaboration is necess>y4 ,:at c\ld be m fundam5tal ?an ! fre$om to associate ) o!r m51 or n to associate1 z ea* man's consci5ce & reason dictates8 ,yet compulsory unionism is ! rule r ?an ! exception today 9 ! ranks ( organiz$ labor4 ,millions ( labor+ m5 are requir$ to jo9 ! union t is ! recogniz$ b>ga9+ ag5t at ! place !y "w4 ,union %op agreem5ts d5y to ^! labor+ m5 ! "r to decide = !mselves :at union !y w jo91 or inde$1 :e!r !y w jo9 at all4 ,! ex]cise ( fre$om = _m ( ^! citiz5s1 means ! loss ( _! jobs4 ,"h is ! k9d ( ?+ t c happ5 z ! result ( compulsory unionism4 ,x1 a family man 9 ,p5nsylvania _h be5 a union memb] 9 good /&+ = ov] tw5ty ye>s4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,electrical ,work]s became ! recogniz$ b>ga9+ ag5t at 8 plant1 he refus$ to jo9 on ! gr\nds ! ,,uew 0 ,communi/ dom9at$--a judgm5t t _h be5 made by ! ,,cio itself :5 x expell$ ! ,,uew 9 #aiej4 ,! result1 s9ce 8 employ] _h a union %op agreem5t ) ! ,,uew1 0 t ,x lo/ 8 job4 ,! rem$y "h is to give fre$om ( association legal protection4 ,& t is :y ,i /rongly favor enactm5t ( ,/ate "r-to-"w laws :i* =bid contracts t make union memb]%ip a condition ( employm5t4 ,^! laws are aim$ at remov+ a great blight on ! contempor>y ,am]ican sc5e1 & ,i am at a loss to und]/& :y s _m p :o s (t5 pr(ess conc]n = 8civil rights0 & 8civil lib]ties0 are vehem5tly oppos$ to !m4 ,fre$om ( association is "o ( ! natural rights ( man4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 x %\ld also be a 8civil0 "r4 ,"r-to-"w laws d]ive f ! natural law3 !y are simply an attempt to give fre$om ( association ! add$ protection ( civil law4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! 8free load]0 argum5t1 s (t5 advanc$ by union lead]s 9 def5se ( compulsory unionism4 ,! cont5tion is t a man ought n to enjoy ! b5efits ( an organization's activities unless he contributes 8 fair %>e ( _! co/4 ,i am unaw>e1 h[ev]1 ( any o!r organization or in/itution t seeks to en=ce ?is !ory by compulsion4 ,! ,r$ ,cross b5efits all ( u1 directly or indirectly1 b no "o sugge/s t ,r$ ,cross donations be compulsory4 ,x is "o ?+ to say t a man %\ld contribute to an association t is purport$ly act+ 9 8 int]e/2 x is q ano!r ?+ to say t he mu/ d s4 ,i believe t a man ought to jo9 a union if x is a good union t is s]v+ ! int]e/s ( its memb]s4 ,i believe1 moreov]1 t mo/ m5 w give support to a union provid$ x is des]v+ ( t support4 ,!re w always be "s m51 ( c\rse1 :o w try to sponge (f o!rs2 b let u n express our contempt = "s m5 by d5y+ fre$om ( *oice to all m54 ,! union lead]s' fur!r argum5t t "r to "w legislation is a 8union-bu/+0 device is simply n borne out by ! facts4 ,a rec5t survey disclos$ t 9 all ( ! n9ete5 ,/ates :i* h enact$ "r-to-"w laws union memb]%ip increas$ aft] ! "r-to-"w laws 7 pass$4 ,x is also well to rememb] t ! union movem5t ?r\gh\t ! _w has prosp]$ :5 x has be5 put on a volunt>y basis4 ,contr>y to popul> belief compulsory unionism is n typical ( ! labor movem5t 9 ! free _w4 ,x prevails 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 b 9 ! o!r c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe & 9 ,au/ralia1 union memb]%ip is g5]ally on a volunt>y basis4 ,inde$ ! greate/ p]c5tage ( unioniz$ work]s are f\nd 9 c\ntries t prohibit compulsion by law4 ,! unions 9 ^? c\ntries op]ate on ! pr9ciple t a union is /rong] & bett] if its memb]s give _! adh]5ce ( _! own free w4 ,"h1 x seems to me1 is ! s5sible way to combat graft & corruption 9 ! labor movem5t4 ,z long z union lead]s c =ce work]s to jo9 _! organization1 !y h no inc5tive to act responsibly4 ,b if work]s c\ld *oose to belong or n to belong dep5d+ on h[ ! union p]=m$1 ! pressure to /amp out malpractice w\ld become irresi/ible4 ,if unions _h to e>n ! adh]5ce ( _! memb]s ! result w\ld be--n only m fre$om = ! work+ man--b mu* less di%one/y & high h&$ness 9 ! managem5t ( ! union affairs4 ,political ,fre$om4 ,"o way we ex]cise political fre$om is to vote = ! c&idate ( our *oice4 ,ano!r way is to use our money to try to p]suade o!r vot]s to make a simil> *oice--t is1 to contribute to our c&idate's campaign4 ,if ei!r ( ^! fre$oms is violat$1 ! consequ5ces are v grave n only = ! individual vot] & contributor1 b = ! society ^: free political processes dep5d on a wide di/ribution ( political p[]4 ,x is 9 ! second ( ^! areas1 t ( political contributions1 t labor unions s]i\sly compromise ,am]ican fre$om4 ,!y d ?is by sp5d+ ! money ( union memb]s )\t prior consultation = purposes ! individual memb]s may or may n approve (1 purposes t are decid$ ^u by a relatively small numb] ( union lead]s4 ,probably ! greate/ sp5d] 9 ! labor movem5t is ! p[]ful ,,afl_/,,cio ,committee on ,political ,education 7,,cope7 :i* is support$ 9 its 8educational0 "w entirely by union g5]al funds4 ,x is impossible to say j h[ mu* unions sp5d on political campaigns2 c]ta9ly "o c't tell f ! am\nts (ficially report$1 :i* inv>iably pres5t a grossly di/ort$ picture4 ,9 #aief1 = example1 ,labor (ficially ackn[l$g$ exp5ditures ( #ida1bga4 ,accord+ to t (ficial report1 #gi1ici ( ! total 0 sp5t 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan4 ,h[ev]1 a ,s5ate inve/igat+ committee obta9$ evid5ce t 9 t ye> ea* ( ,mi*igan's #gjj1jjj union memb]s _h be5 assess$ #a4bj z a contribution to a 8citiz5%ip fund10 & t ?is money 0 made available = political activities4 ,?is sugge/s t labor sp5t1 f t "o s\rce alone1 almo/ a million doll>s 9 ,mi*igan in/ead ( #gi1jjj4 ,by project+ ! diff]5ce on a nation-wide scale we get a m reali/ic idea ( ! size ( ,labor's political contributions4 ,union political activity is n conf9$1 ( c\rse1 to direct f9ancial contributions4 ,9 fact1 ?is is "o ( its smalle/ endeavors4 ,unions provide manp[] = election day *ores--= mak+ phone calls1 driv+ c>s1 mann+ ! polls & s on4 ,(t5 ! union memb]s :o p]=m ^! *ores are reimburs$ = _! "t-(f out ( union funds4 ,unions also sponsor radio & television programs & di/ribute a huge volume ( pr9t$ mat]ial design$ to support ! c&idate ( ! union's *oice4 ,9 %ort1 !y p]=m all ! functions ( a regul> p>ty organization4 ,n[ ! evil "h is tw(old4 ,= "o ?+1 ! union's decision :e!r to support c&idate ,x or c&idate ,y--:e!r to help ! ,republican ,p>ty or ! ,democratic ,p>ty--is n rea*$ by a poll ( ! union memb]%ip4 ,x is made by a h&ful ( top union (fic]s4 ,^! few m5 are ?us able to wield trem5d\s political p[] 9 virtue ( _! ability to sp5d o!r p's money4 ,no "o else 9 ,am]ica is s privileg$4 ,! o!r evil is m s]i\s4 ,individual union memb]s are d5i$ ! "r to decide = !mselves h[ to sp5d _! money4 ,c]ta9ly a moral issue is at /ake "h4 ,is x morally p]missible to take ! money ( a ,republican union memb]1 = example1 & sp5d x on behalf ( a ,democrat8 ,! trave/y is deep]1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! money takes ! =m ( compulsory union dues4 ,"u union %op conditions1 ! only way an individual c avoid contribut+ to ! political campaign ( a c&idate :om he may n approve is to give up 8 job4 ,! passage ( "r-to-"w laws w help ! situation4 ,b putt+ unionism on a volunt>y basis is only "p ( ! answ]4 ,= ev5 ?\gh a man c leave or refuse to jo9 a union t sp5ds money = purposes t he does n approve1 !re may be o!r factors t w\ld dissuade him f do+ s4 ,9 _m communities /rong economic & social pressures are ex]t$ on behalf ( jo9+ a union--q aside f ! ?reat ( loss ( employm5t4 ,z a result1 a man may decide to jo9 a union not)/&+ 8 disapproval ( its political activities4 ,& ! "q rema9s3 ,%\ld t man's union dues be us$ = political purposes8 ,! answ] is cle>ly1 no4 ,unions exi/1 presumably to conf] economic advantages on _! memb]s1 n to p]=m political s]vices = !m4 ,unions %\ld !re=e be =bidd5 to engage 9 any k9d ( political activity4 ,i believe t ! ,f$]al ,corrupt ,practices ,act does =bid su* activity4 ,t legislation has be5 circumv5t$ by ! 8education0 approa* & o!r devices2 & ,congress & ! c\rts1 9 effect1 h look$ ! o!r way4 ,! only rem$y1 x appe>s1 is new legislation4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve ! wide/ possible di/ribution ( political p[]1 f9ancial contributions to political campaigns %\ld be made by individuals & individuals alone4 ,i see no reason = labor unions--or corporations--to p>ticipate 9 politics4 ,bo? 7 creat$ = economic purposes & _! activities %\ld be re/rict$ accord+ly4 ,economic ,fre$om4 ,am]icans h be5 mu* di/urb$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ! app>5t p[] ( ,big ,labor to impose its w on ! nation's economic life :5ev] ! impulse /rikes4 ,! rec5t /eel controv]sy1 & ! t]ms ( its settlem5t1 are ! late/ illu/ration ( ,labor's ability to get its way not)/&+ ! co/ to ! re/ ( society4 ,:5 ! /rike began1 neutral obs]v]s--includ+ gov]nm5t economi/s normally fri5dly to ! unions--agre$ t ! ,/eel ,work]s' wage dem&s 7 exorbitant & w\ld inevitably cause fur!r inflation2 & t ! /eel companies 7 q "r 9 insi/+ t c]ta9 8"w rules0 promot$ ineffici5cy & ret>d$ production4 ,nev]!less1 ! /eel companies 7 =c$ to accept a settlem5t t po/pon$ indef9itely revision ( "w rules & grant$ a l>ge portion ( ! union's wage dem&s4 ,! reason ! union won is q simple3 x pos$ to ! c\ntry ! *oice ( tol]at+ /oppages 9 /eel production t w\ld imp]il national security1 or ( cons5t+ to an ab&onm5t ( ! collective b>ga9+ process4 ,s9ce nei!r ! /eel companies nor ! c\ntry at l>ge want$ to resort to compulsory arbitration1 ! alt]native 0 to give ! unions :at !y ask$4 ,9 ?is situation1 ! only p[] sup]ior to union p[] 0 gov]nm5t p[]1 & ! gov]nm5t *ose to yield4 ,"o way to *eck ! unions' p[] is = ! gov]nm5t to dictate ?r\gh compulsory arbitration1 ! t]ms ( employm5t ?r\gh\t an entire indu/ry4 ,i am oppos$ to ?is c\rse because x simply transf]s economic p[] f ! unions to ! gov]nm5t1 & enc\rages ,/ate ,socialism4 ,! o!r way is to disp]se union p[] & ?us ext5d fre$om 9 labor-managem5t relations4 ,eighty ye>s ago ! nation 0 fac$ ) a comp>able conc5tration ( economic p[]4 ,l>ge corporations1 by ga9+ monopoly control ov] entire indu/ries1 _h nullifi$ ! laws ( competition t are conducive to fre$om4 ,we respond$ to t *all5ge by outlaw+ monopolies ?r\gh ! ,%]man ,act & o!r anti-tru/ legislation4 ,^! laws1 h[ev]1 h nev] be5 appli$ to labor unions4 ,& ,i am at a loss to und]/& :y4 ,if x is wrong = a s+le corporation to dictate prices ?r\gh\t an entire indu/ry1 x is also wrong = a s+le union--or1 z is ! actual case1 a small numb] ( union lead]s--to dictate wages & t]ms ( employm5t ?r\gh\t an entire indu/ry4 ,! evil to be elim9at$ is ! p[] ( unions to en=ce indu/ry-wide b>ga9+4 ,employees h a "r1 z we h se51 to select a common ag5t = b>ga9+ ) _! employ] b !y d n h a "r to select a national ag5t to b>ga9 ) all employ]s 9 ! indu/ry4 ,if a union has ! p[] to en=ce uni=m conditions ( employm5t ?r\gh\t ! nation its p[] is comp>able to t ( a ,sociali/ gov]nm5t4 ,employ]s are =bidd5 to act collusively = s\nd reasons4 ,! same reasons apply to unions4 ,indu/ry-wide price-fix+ causes economic dislocations4 ,s does indu/ry-wide wage-fix+4 ,a wage t is appropriate 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry may n be 9 ano!r area :]e economic conditions are v diff]5t4 ,corporate monopolies impair ! op]ation ( ! free m>ket1 & ?us injure ! consum+ public4 ,s d union monopolies4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,automobile ,work]s dem& a wage increase f ! auto indu/ry1 a s+le monoli? is pitt$ aga9/ a numb] ( sep>ate1 compet+ companies4 ,! conte/ is an unequal "o1 = ! union is able to play (f "o company aga9/ ano!r4 ,! result is t individual companies are unable to resi/ excessive wage dem&s & mu/1 9 turn1 raise _! prices4 ,! consum] ultimately suff]s = he pays prices t are fix$ n by free m>ket competition--! law ( supply & dem&--b by ! arbitr>y decision ( national union lead]s4 ,f> bett] if ! employees ( ,=d 7 requir$ to deal ) ,=d1 & ^? ( ,*rysl] ) ,*rysl] & s on4 ,! collective b>ga9+ process w "w = ! common good 9 all indu/ries if x is conf9$ to ! employ]s & employees directly conc]n$4 ,let u h5ce=? make w> on all monopolies--:e!r corporate or union4 ,! enemy ( fre$om is unre/ra9$ p[]1 & ! *ampions ( fre$om w fight aga9/ ! conc5tration ( p[] :]ev] !y f9d x4 ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,taxes & ,sp5d+ ,we all h he>d mu* ?r\gh\t our lifetimes1 & se5 little happ51 on ! subject ( high taxes4 ,:]e is ! politician :o has n promis$ 8 con/itu5ts a fight to ! dea? = l[] taxes--& :o has n proce$$ to vote = ! v sp5d+ projects t make tax cuts impossible8 ,!re are "s ! %oe does n fit1 b ,i am afraid n _m4 ,talk ( tax r$uction has ?us come to h a holl[ r+4 ,! p li/51 b d n believe4 ,& worse3 z ! public gr[s m & m cynical1 ! politician feels less & less compell$ to take 8 promises s]i\sly4 ,i suspect t ?is vici\s circle ( cynicism & failure to p]=m is prim>ily ! result ( ! ,lib]als' success 9 read+ out ( ! discussion ! moral pr9ciples ) :i* ! subject ( taxation is s intimately connect$4 ,we h be5 l$ to look ^u taxation z m]ely a problem ( public f9anc+3 ,h[ mu* money does ! gov]nm5t ne$8 ,we h be5 l$ to disc\nt1 & (t5 to =get altoge!r1 ! be>+ ( taxation on ! problem ( individual fre$om4 ,we h be5 p]suad$ t ! gov]nm5t has an unlimit$ claim on ! weal? ( ! p1 & t ! only p]t95t "q is :at portion ( its claim ! gov]nm5t %\ld ex]cise4 ,! ,am]ican taxpay]1 ,i ?9k1 has lo/ confid5ce 9 8 claim to 8 money4 ,he has be5 h&icapp$ 9 resi/+ high taxes by ! feel+ t he is1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 oblig$ to accommodate :atev] ne$ = 8 weal? gov]nm5t *ooses to ass]t4 ,! 8nature ( ?+s10 ,i submit1 is q diff]5t4 ,gov]nm5t does n h an unlimit$ claim on ! e>n+s ( individuals4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ precepts ( ! natural law is man's "r to ! possession & ! use ( 8 prop]ty4 ,& a man's e>n+s are 8 prop]ty z mu* z 8 l& & ! h\se 9 :i* he lives4 ,inde$1 9 ! indu/rial age1 e>n+s are probably ! mo/ preval5t =m ( prop]ty4 ,x has be5 ! fa%ion 9 rec5t ye>s to disp>age 8prop]ty rights0--to associate !m ) gre$ & mat]ialism4 ,?is attack on prop]ty rights is actually an attack on fre$om4 ,x is ano!r in/ance ( ! mod]n failure to take into acc\nt ! :ole man4 ,h[ c a man be truly free if he is d5i$ ! means to ex]cise fre$om8 ,h[ c he be free if ! fruits ( 8 labor are n 8 to dispose (1 b are treat$1 in/ead1 z "p ( a common pool ( public weal?8 ,prop]ty & fre$om are insep>able3 to ! ext5t gov]nm5t takes ! "o 9 ! =m ( taxes1 x intrudes on ! o!r4 ,"h is an indication ( h[ taxation curr5tly infr+es on our fre$om4 ,a family man e>n+ #d1ejj a ye> works1 on ! av]age1 tw5ty-two days a mon?4 ,taxes1 visible & invisible1 take approximately #cb ( 8 e>n+s4 ,?is means t "o-?ird1 or sev5 :ole days1 ( 8 mon?ly labor goes = taxes4 ,! av]age ,am]ican is !re=e work+ "o-?ird ( ! "t = gov]nm5t3 a ?ird ( :at he produces is n available = 8 own use b is confiscat$ & us$ by o!rs :o h n e>n$ x4 ,let u note t by ?is measure ! ,unit$ ,/ates is already "o-?ird 8socializ$40 ,! late ,s5ator ,taft made ! po9t (t54 8,y c socialize10 he said 8j z well by a /eady increase 9 ! burd5 ( taxation beyond ! #cj we h already rea*$ z y c by gov]nm5t seizure4 ,! v imposition ( heavy taxes is a limit on a man's fre$om40 ,b hav+ said t ea* man has an inali5able "r to 8 prop]ty1 x also mu/ be said t e citiz5 has an obligation to contribute 8 fair %>e to ! legitimate functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t1 9 o!r words1 has "s claim on our weal?1 & ! problem is to def9e t claim 9 a way t gives due consid]ation to ! prop]ty rights ( ! individual4 ,! size ( ! gov]nm5t's rightful claim--t is1 ! total am\nt x may take 9 taxes--w be det]m9$ by h[ we def9e ! 8legitimate functions ( gov]nm5t40 ,) reg>d to ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 ! ,con/itution is ! prop] /&>d ( legitimacy3 its 8legitimate0 p[]s1 z we h se5 are ^? ! ,con/itution has delegat$ to x4 ,!re=e1 if we adh]e to ! ,con/itution1 ! f$]al gov]nm5t's total tax bill w be ! co/ ( ex]cis+ su* ( its delegat$ p[]s z our repres5tatives deem necess>y 9 ! national int]e/4 ,b conv]sely1 :5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t enacts programs t are n au?oriz$ by its delegat$ p[]s1 ! taxes ne$$ to pay = su* programs exce$ ! gov]nm5t's rightful claim on our weal?4 ,! di/ribution ( ! gov]nm5t's claim is ! next "p ( ! def9ition4 ,:at is a 8fair %>e80 ,i believe t ! requirem5ts ( ju/ice "h are p]fectly cle>3 gov]nm5t has a "r to claim an equal p]c5tage ( ea* man's weal?1 & no m4 ,prop]ty taxes are typically levi$ on ?is basis4 ,excise & sales taxes are bas$ on ! same pr9ciple--?\gh ! tax is levi$ on a transaction r ?an on prop]ty4 ,! pr9ciple is equally valid ) reg>d to incomes1 inh]itances & gifts4 ,! idea t a man :o makes #ajj1jjj a ye> %\ld be =c$ to contribute n9ety p] c5t ( 8 income to ! co/ ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ! man :o makes #aj1jjj is made to pay tw5ty p] c5t is repugnant to my notions ( ju/ice4 ,i d n believe 9 puni%+ success4 ,to put x m broadly1 ,i believe x is contr>y to ! natural "r to prop]ty to :i* we h j allud$--& is !re=e immoral--to d5y to ! man ^: labor has produc$ m abundant fruit ?an t ( 8 neighbor ! opportunity ( enjoy+ ! abundance he has creat$4 ,z = ! claim t ! gov]nm5t ne$s ! graduat$ tax = rev5ue purposes1 ! facts are to ! contr>y4 ,! total rev5ue collect$ f income taxes beyond ! tw5ty p] c5t level am\nts to less ?an #e billion--less ?an ! f$]al gov]nm5t n[ sp5ds on ! "o item ( agriculture4 ,! graduat$ tax is a confiscatory tax4 ,its effect1 & to a l>ge ext5t its aim1 is to br+ d[n all m5 to a common level4 ,_m ( ! lead+ propon5ts ( ! graduat$ tax frankly admit t _! purpose is to r$i/ribute ! nation's weal?4 ,_! aim is an egalit>ian society--an objective t does viol5ce bo? to ! *>t] ( ! ,republic & ! laws ( ,nature4 ,we are all equal 9 ! eyes ( ,god b we are equal 9 no o!r respect4 ,artificial devices = en=c+ equality among unequal m5 mu/ be reject$ if we w\ld re/ore t *>t] & honor ^? laws4 ,"o problem ) reg>d to taxes1 !n1 is to en=ce ju/ice--to aboli% ! graduat$ features ( our tax laws2 & ! soon] we get at ! job1 ! bett]4 ,! o!r1 & ! "o t has ! greate/ impact on our daily lives1 is to r$uce ! volume ( taxes4 ,& ?is takes u to ! "q ( gov]nm5t sp5d+4 ,:ile !re is some?+ to be said = ! proposition t sp5d+ w nev] be r$uc$ s long z !re is money 9 ! f$]al treasury1 ,i believe t z a practical matt] sp5d+ cuts mu/ come be=e tax cuts4 ,if we r$uce taxes be=e firm1 pr9cipl$ decisions are made ab\t exp5ditures1 we w c\rt deficit sp5d+ & ! inflation>y effects t inv>iably foll[4 ,x is 9 ! area ( sp5d+ t ! ,republican ,p>ty's p]=mance1 9 its sev5 ye>s ( p[]1 has be5 mo/ disappo9t+4 ,9 ! ,summ] ( #aieb1 %ortly aft] ! ,republican ,conv5tion1 ! two m5 :o _h battl$ = ! ,presid5tial nom9ation met at ,morn+side ,heights1 ,new ,york1 to discuss ! problem ( taxes & sp5d+4 ,aft] ! conf]5ce1 ,s5ator ,taft ann\nc$3 8,g5]al ,eis5h[] emphatically agrees ) me 9 ! proposal to r$uce dra/ically ov]all exp5ses4 ,our goal is ab\t #gj billion 9 fiscal #aied 7,presid5t ,truman _h propos$ #ha billion7 & #fj billion 9 fiscal #aiee4444 ,( c\rse1 ,i hope we may d bett] ?an t & t ! r$uction c /eadily cont9ue40 ,!reaft]1 ! idea ( a #fj billion budget 9 #aiee1 plus ! promise ( fur!r r$uctions lat] on1 became an integral "p ( ! ,republican campaign4 ,n[ x w\ld be bad en\gh if we _h simply fail$ to r$eem our promise to r$uce sp5d+2 ! fact1 h[ev]1 is t f$]al sp5d+ has greatly increas$ dur+ ! ,republican ye>s4 ,in/ead ( a #fj billion budget1 we are confront$1 9 fiscal #aifa1 ) a budget ( approximately #hj billion4 ,if we add to ! =mal budget figure disbursem5ts f ! s-call$ tru/ funds = ,social ,security & ! ,f$]al ,highway ,program--z we mu/ if we are to obta9 a reali/ic picture ( f$]al exp5ditures--total f$]al sp5d+ w be 9 ! neighborhood ( #ie billion4 ,we are (t5 told t increas$ f$]al sp5d+ is simply a reflection ( ! increas$ co/ ( national def5se4 ,?is is untrue4 ,9 ! la/ t5 ye>s purely dome/ic exp5ditures h increas$ f #ae4b billion1 9 fiscal #aiea1 to a propos$ #cg4j billion 9 fiscal #aifab--;an increase ( #adc6 ,"h are ! figures measur$ by a slightly diff]5t y>d/ick3 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( ! ,truman ,adm9i/ration ! av]age annual f$]al exp5diture = dome/ic purposes 0 #ag4g billion2 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( ! ,eis5h[] ,adm9i/ration x 0 #cc4f billion1 an increase ( #hi4 ,"s all[ance mu/ be made1 ( c\rse1 = ! increase 9 population2 obvi\sly ! same welf>e program w co/ m if !re are m p to be c>$ =4 ,b ! increase 9 population does n beg9 to acc\nt = ! increase 9 sp5d+4 ,dur+ ! t5-ye> p]iod 9 :i* f$]al sp5d+ w h increas$ by #adc1 our population w h increas$ by r\ghly #ah4 ,nor does inflation acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! value ( ! doll> has decreas$ less ?an #bj4 ,f9ally1 we are (t5 told t ! gov]nm5t's %>e ( total sp5d+ 9 ! c\ntry is :at is important & consequ5tly we mu/ take into acc\nt ! increase 9 gross national product4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ! increase 9 ,,gnp1 :i* 0 r\ghly #dj ov] ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 is n comp>able to a #adc increase 9 f$]al sp5d+4 ,! conclusion "h is inescapable--t f> f arre/+ f$]al sp5d+ & ! tr5d t[>d ,/atism we ,republicans h kept ! tr5d mov+ =w>d4 ,i d n mean to sugge/1 ( c\rse1 t ?+s w\ld h be5 diff]5t "u a ,democratic ,adm9i/ration4 ,e ye> ! ,democratic national lead]%ip dem&s t ! f$]al gov]nm5t sp5d m ?an x is sp5d+1 & t ,republicans propose to sp5d4 ,& ?is ye>1 sev]al weeks be=e ,presid5t ,eis5h[] submitt$ 8 #aifa budget1 ,! ,democratic ,national ,advisory ,c\ncil issu$ a manife/o call+ = pr(ligate sp5d+ increases 9 ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t2 ! dem&s = increases 9 dome/ic sp5d+ alone c\ld h>dly co/ less ?an #bj billion a ye>4 ,i d mean to say1 h[ev]1 t nei!r ( our political p>ties has s]i\sly fac$ up to ! problem ( gov]nm5t sp5d+4 ,! recomm5dations ( ! ,hoov] ,commission :i* c\ld save ! taxpay] 9 ! neighborhood ( #g billion a ye> h be5 l>gely ignor$4 ,yet ev5 ^! recomm5dations1 deal+ z !y d = ! mo/ "p ) extravagance & wa/e1 d n g to ! he>t ( ! problem4 ,! root evil is t ! gov]nm5t is engag$ 9 activities 9 :i* x has no legitimate bus9ess4 ,z long z ! f$]al gov]nm5t ackn[l$ges responsibility 9 a giv5 social or economic field1 its sp5d+ 9 t field _c be sub/antially r$uc$4 ,z long z ! f$]al gov]nm5t ackn[l$ges responsibility = education1 = example1 ! am\nt ( f$]al aid is b\nd to increase1 at ! v lea/1 9 direct proportion to ! co/ ( support+ ! nation's s*ools4 ,! only way to curtail sp5d+ sub/antially1 is to elim9ate ! programs on :i* excess sp5d+ is consum$4 ,! gov]nm5t mu/ beg9 to )draw f a :ole s]ies ( programs t are outside its con/itutional m&ate--f social welf>e programs1 education1 public p[]1 agriculture1 public h\s+1 urban r5ewal & all ! o!r activities t c be bett] p]=m$ by l[] levels ( gov]nm5t or by private in/itutions or by individuals4 ,i d n sugge/ t ! f$]al gov]nm5t drop all ( ^! programs ov]night4 ,b ,i d sugge/ t we e/abli%1 by law1 a rigid timetable = a /ag$ )drawal4 ,we might provide1 = example1 = a #aj sp5d+ r$uction ea* ye> 9 all ( ! fields 9 :i* f$]al p>ticipation is undesirable4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?is k9d ( det]m9$ assault on ! pr9ciple ( unlimit$ gov]nm5t t ,am]ican p w obta9 relief f high taxes1 & w />t mak+ progress t[>d rega9+ _! fre$om4 ,& let u1 by all means1 rememb] ! nation's int]e/ 9 r$uc+ taxes & sp5d+4 ,! ne$ = 8economic gr[?0 t we he> s mu* ab\t ^! days w be a*iev$1 n by ! gov]nm5t h>ness+ ! nation's economic =ces1 b by emancipat+ !m4 ,by r$uc+ taxes & sp5d+ we w n only return to ! individual ! means ) :i* he c ass]t 8 fre$om & dignity1 b also gu>antee to ! nation ! economic /r5g? t w always be its ultimate def5se aga9/ =eign foes4 ,,footnote3 #b ,^! figures d n include int]e/ paym5ts on ! national debt4 ,,*apt] ,,eight ,! ,welf>e ,/ate ,wa%+ton--,! ,presid5t e/imat$ t ! exp5ditures ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,education & ,welf>e 9 ! fiscal ye> #aifa 7includ+ ,social ,security paym5ts7 w\ld exce$ #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?us ! curr5t results ( ,new ,deal legislation are ,f$]al disbursem5ts = human welf>e 9 ?is c\ntry second only to national def5se4 ,! ,new ,york ,times1 ,janu>y #ah1 #aifj1 p4 #a4 ,= _m ye>s x appe>$ t ! pr9cipal dome/ic ?reat to our fre$om 0 conta9$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ,k>l ,m>x4 ,! collectivi/s--non-,communi/s z well z ,communi/s--_h adopt$ ! ,m>xi/ objective ( 8socializ+ ! means ( production40 ,& s x seem$ t if collectivization 7 impos$1 x w\ld take ! =m ( a ,/ate own$ & op]at$ economy4 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is is ! ma9 ?reat any long]4 ,! collectivi/s h f\nd1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 o!r indu/rializ$ nations ( ! ,we/1 t free ent]prise has remov$ ! economic & social conditions t might h made a class /ruggle possible4 ,mammo? productivity1 wide di/ribution ( weal?1 high /&>ds ( liv+1 ! trade union movem5t--^! & o!r factors h elim9at$ :atev] inc5tive !re might h be5 = ! 8prolet>iat0 to rise up1 peaceably or o!rwise1 & assume direct own]%ip ( productive prop]ty4 ,significantly1 ! bankruptcy ( doctr9aire ,m>xism has be5 expressly ackn[l$g$ by ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty ( ,we/ ,g]many1 & by ! dom9ant faction ( ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,m>xi/ approa* 7outside ! ,communi/ ,p>ty1 ( c\rse7 is atte/$ to by ! negligible /r5g? ( ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty1 & m tell+ly p]haps1 by ! cont5t ( left w+ lit]ature & by ! programs ( left w+ political organizations su* z ! ,am]icans ,= ,democratic ,action4 ,! curr5tly favor$ in/rum5t ( collectivization is ! ,welf>e ,/ate4 ,! collectivi/s h n ab&on$ _! ultimate goal--to subord9ate ! individual to ! ,/ate--b _! /rategy has *ang$4 ,!y h le>n$ t ,socialism c be a*iev$ ?r\gh ,welf>ism q z well z ?r\gh ,nationalization4 ,!y und]/& t private prop]ty c be confiscat$ z effectively by taxation z by expropriat+ x4 ,!y und]/& t ! individual c be put at ! m]cy ( ! ,/ate--n only by mak+ ! ,/ate 8 employ]--b by dive/+ him ( ! means to provide = 8 p]sonal ne$s & by giv+ ! ,/ate ! responsibility ( c>+ = ^? ne$s f cradle to grave4 ,moreov]1 !y h discov]$--& "h is ! critical po9t--t ,welf>ism is mu* m compatible ) ! political processes ( a democratic society4 ,nationalization ran into popul> opposition1 b ! collectivi/s feel sure ! ,welf>e ,/ate c be erect$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( buy+ votes ) promises ( 8free0 f$]al b5efits--8free0 h\s+1 8free0 s*ool aid1 8free0 hospitalization1 8free0 retirem5t pay & s on4444 ,! correctness ( ?is e/imate c be se5 f ! portion ( ! f$]al budget t is n[ allocat$ to welf>e1 an am\nt second only to ! co/ ( national def5se4#c ,i d n welcome ?is %ift ( /rategy4 ,socialism-?r\gh-,welf>ism poses a f> great] dang] to fre$om ?an ,socialism-?r\gh-,nationalization precisely because x is m difficult to combat4 ,! evils ( ,nationalization are self-evid5t & imm$iate4 ,^? ( ,welf>ism are veil$ & t5d to be po/pon$4 ,p c und]/& ! consequ5ces ( turn+ ov] own]%ip ( ! /eel indu/ry1 say1 to ! ,/ate2 & !y c be c\nt$ on to oppose su* a proposal4 ,b let ! gov]nm5t increase its contribution to ! 8,public ,assi/ance0 program & we w1 at mo/1 grumble ab\t excessive gov]nm5t sp5d+4 ,! effect ( ,welf>ism on fre$om w be felt lat] on--aft] its b5efici>ies h become its victims1 aft] dep5d5ce on gov]nm5t has turn$ into bondage & x is too late to unlock ! jail4 ,b a f> m important factor is ,welf>ism's /rong emotional appeal to _m vot]s1 & ! consequ5t temptations x pres5ts ! av]age politician4 ,x is h>d1 z we h se51 to make out a case = ,/ate own]%ip4 ,x is v diff]5t ) ! rhetoric ( humanit>ianism4 ,h[ easy x is to rea* ! vot]s ) e>ne/ importunities = help+ ! ne$y4 ,& h[ difficult = ,cons]vatives to resi/ ^! dem&s )\t appe>+ to be call\s & contemptu\s ( ! plight ( less =tunate citiz5s4 ,"h1 p]haps1 is ! be/ illu/ration ( ! failure ( ! ,cons]vative demon/ration4 ,i "k1 = ,i h he>d ! que/ions (t54 ,h y no s5se ( social obligation8 ! ,lib]als ask4 ,h y no conc]n = p :o are out ( "w8 = sick p :o lack m$ical c>e8 = *ildr5 9 ov]cr[d$ s*ools8 ,are y unmov$ by ! problems ( ! ag$ & disabl$8 ,are y aga9/ human welf>e8 ,! answ] to all ( ^! que/ions is1 ( c\rse1 no4 ,b a simple 8no0 is n en\gh4 ,i feel c]ta9 t ,cons]vatism is ?r\gh unless ,cons]vatives c demon/rate & communicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ conc]n$ ) ^! problems & believ+ t ! f$]al gov]nm5t is ! prop] ag5t = _! solution4 ,! long range political consequ5ces ( ,welf>ism are pla9 en\gh3 z we h se51 ! ,/ate t is able to deal ) its citiz5s z w>ds & dep5d5ts has ga!r$ unto itself unlimit$ political & economic p[] & is ?us able to rule z absolutely z any ori5tal despot4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 weigh ! consequ5ces ( ,welf>ism on ! individual citiz54 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! effect ( ,welf>ism on ! donors ( gov]nm5t welf>e--n only ^? :o pay = x b also ! vot]s & _! elect$ repres5tatives :o decide t ! b5efits %all be conf]r$4 ,does "s cr$it r$\nd on !m = try+ to c>e = ! ne$s ( _! fell[ citiz5s8 ,are !y to be comm5d$ & rew>d$1 at "s mom5t 9 et]nity1 = _! 8*>ity80 ,i ?9k n4 ,suppose ,i %\ld vote = a measure provid+ = free m$ical c>e3 ,i am unaw>e ( any moral virtue t is atta*$ to my decision to confiscate ! e>n+s ( ,x & give !m to ,y4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,x approves ( ! program--t he has vot$ = welf>i/ politicians ) ! idea ( help+ 8 fell[ man4 ,surely ! :olesom5ess ( 8 act is dilut$ by ! fact t he is vot+ n only to h 8 own money tak5 b also t ( 8 fell[ citiz5s :o may h diff]5t ideas ab\t _! social obligations4 ,:y does n su* a man1 in/ead1 contribute :at he reg>ds z 8 j %>e ( human welf>e to a private *>ity8 ,consid] ! consequ5ces to ! recipi5t ( welf>ism4 ,= "o ?+1 he mortgages himself to ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,9 return = b5efits--:i*1 9 ! majority ( cases1 he pays =--he conc$es to ! gov]nm5t ! ultimate 9 political p[]--! p[] to grant or )hold f him ! necessities ( life z ! gov]nm5t sees fit4 ,ev5 m important1 h[ev]1 is ! effect on him--! elim9ation ( any feel+ ( responsibility = 8 own welf>e & t ( 8 family & neighbors4 ,a man may n imm$iately1 or ev]1 compreh5d ! h>m ?us done to 8 "*4 ,inde$1 ?is is "o ( ! great evils ( ,welf>ism--t x trans=ms ! individual f a dignifi$1 indu/ri\s1 self-reliant spiritual be+ into a dep5d5t animal creature )\t 8 kn[+ x4 ,!re is no avoid+ ?is damage to "* "u ! ,welf>e ,/ate4 ,welf>e programs _c help b promote ! idea t ! gov]nm5t owes ! b5efits x conf]s on ! individual1 & t ! individual is entitl$1 by "r1 to receive !m4 ,su* programs are sold to ! c\ntry precisely on ! argum5t t gov]nm5t has an obligation to c>e = ! ne$s ( its citiz5s4 ,is x possible t ! message w rea* ^? :o vote = ! b5efits1 b n ^? :o receive !m8 ,h[ diff]5t x is ) private *>ity :]e bo? ! giv] & ! receiv] und]/& t *>ity is ! product ( ! humanit>ian impulses ( ! giv]1 n ! due ( ! receiv]4 ,let u1 !n1 n blunt ! noble impulses ( mank9d by r$uc+ *>ity to a me*anical op]ation ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,let u1 by all means1 enc\rage ^? :o are =tunate & able to c>e = ! ne$s ( ^? :o are un=tunate & disabl$4 ,b let u d ?is 9 a way t is conducive to ! spiritual z well z ! mat]ial well-be+ ( our citiz5s--& 9 a way t w pres]ve _! fre$om4 ,let welf>e be a private conc]n4 ,let x be promot$ by individuals & families1 by *ur*es1 private hospitals1 religi\s s]vice organizations1 community *>ities & o!r in/itutions t h be5 e/abli%$ = ?is purpose4 ,if ! objection is rais$ t private in/itutions lack suffici5t funds1 let u rememb] t e p5ny ! f$]al gov]nm5t does n appropriate = welf>e is pot5tially available = private use--& )\t ! ov]head *>ge = process+ ! money ?r\gh ! f$]al bureaucracy4 ,inde$1 high taxes1 = :i* gov]nm5t ,welf>ism is s l>gely responsible1 is ! bigge/ ob/acle to fund rais+ by private *>ities4 ,f9ally1 if we deem public int]v5tion necess>y1 let ! job be done by local & /ate au?orities t are incapable ( accumulat+ ! va/ political p[] t is s inimical to our lib]ties4 ,! ,welf>e ,/ate is n inevitable1 z its propon5ts are s fond ( tell+ u4 ,!re is no?+ inh]5t 9 an indu/rializ$ economy1 or 9 democratic processes ( gov]nm5t t mu/ produce de ,tocqueville's 8gu>dian society40 ,our future1 l our pa/1 w be :at we make x4 ,& we c %att] ! collectivi/s' designs on individual fre$om if we w impress ^u ! m5 :o conduct our affairs ?is "o tru?3 t ! mat]ial & spiritual sides ( man are int]tw9$2 t x is impossible = ! ,/ate to assume responsibility = "o )\t intrud+ on ! ess5tial nature ( ! o!r2 t if we take f a man ! p]sonal responsibility = c>+ = 8 mat]ial ne$s1 we take f him also ! w & ! opportunity to be free4 ,,footnote3 #c ,! total figure is sub/antially high] ?an ! #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj not$ above if we take into acc\nt welf>e exp5ditures outside ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,education & ,welf>e--= f$]al h\s+ projects1 = example4 ,,*apt] ,,n9e ,"s ,notes ,on ,education ,i agree ) lobbyi/s = f$]al s*ool aid t education is "o ( ! great problems ( our day4 ,i am afraid1 h[ev]1 t _! views & m9e reg>d+ ! nature ( ! problem are _m miles ap>t4 ,!y t5d to see ! problem 9 quantitative t]ms--n en\gh s*ools1 n en\gh tea*]s1 n en\gh equipm5t4 ,i ?9k x has to d ) quality3 ,h[ good are ! s*ools we h8 ,_! solution is to sp5d m money4 ,m9e is to raise /&>ds4 ,_! rec\rse is to ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,m9e is to ! local public s*ool bo>d1 ! private s*ool1 ! individual citiz5--z f> away f ! f$]al gov]nm5t z "o c possibly g4 ,& ,i suspect t if we knew :i* ( ^! two views on education w ev5tually prevail1 we w\ld "k also :e!r ,we/]n civilization is due to survive1 or w pass away4 ,to put ?is some:at diff]5tly1 ,i believe t our ability to cope ) ! great crises t lie ahead w be enhanc$ 9 direct ratio z we recapture ! lo/ art ( le>n+1 & w dim9i% 9 direct ratio z we give responsibility = tra9+ our *ildr5's m9ds to ! f$]al bureaucracy4 ,b let u put ^! diff]5ces aside = ! mom5t & note f\r reasons :y f$]al aid to education is objectionable ev5 if we grant t ! problem is prim>ily quantitative4 ,! fir/ is t f$]al int]v5tion 9 education is uncon/itutional4 ,x is ! fa%ion ^! days to say t responsibility = education 8traditionally0 re/s ) ! local community--z a prelude to propos+ an exception to ! tradition 9 ! =m ( f$]al aid4 ,?is 8tradition10 let u rememb]1 is also ! law4 ,x is sanction$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = education is "o ( ! p[]s res]v$ to ! ,/ates by ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,!re=e1 any f$]al aid program1 h[ev] desirable x might appe>1 mu/ be reg>d$ z illegal until su* "t z ! ,con/itution is am5d$4 ,! second objection is t ! alleg$ ne$ = f$]al funds has nev] be5 conv9c+ly demon/rat$4 ,x all dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on h[ ! "q is put4 ,if y ask1 ,does ,/ate ,x ne$ additional educational facilities8 ! answ] may be yes4 ,b if y ask1 ,does ,/ate ,x require additional facilities t are beyond ! rea* ( its own f9ancial means8 ! answ] is inv>iably no4 ,! ,:ite ,h\se ,conf]5ce on ,education 9 #aiee 01 mo/ ( u w rememb]1 an elaborate ef=t to demon/rate popul> support = f$]al aid4 ,z expect$1 ! 8cons5sus0 ( ! conf]5ce 0 t m f$]al aid 0 ne$$4 ,h[ev]1 ! conf]ees rea*$ ano!r conclusion t 0 h>dly notic$ by ! press4 8,no /ate repres5t$10 ! ,conf]5ce report /at$1 8has a demon/rat$ f9ancial incapacity to build ! s*ools !y w ne$ dur+ ! next five ye>s40 ,:at is lack+1 ! report w5t on1 is n money1 b a 8political det]m9ation p[]ful en\gh to ov]come all ! ob/acles04 ,?r\gh ! succe$+ five ye>s1 congressional committees h li/5$ to hundr$s ( h\rs ( te/imony 9 favor ( f$]al aid1 b !y h nev] he>d t #aiee f9d+ successfully contradict$4 ,:at ! ,:ite ,h\se conf]ees 7 say+ 9 #aiee1 & :at propon5ts ( f$]al aid to education h be5 say+ ev] s9ce1 is t because a few ,/ates h n se5 fit to take c>e ( _! s*ool ne$s1 x is incumb5t ^u ! f$]al gov]nm5t to take up ! slack4 ,my view is t if ,/ate ,x possesses ! weal? to educate its *ildr5 adequately1 b has fail$ to utilize its weal? = t purpose1 x is up to ! p ( ,/ate ,x to take rem$ial action ?r\gh _! local & /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t has nei!r ! "r nor ! duty to int]v5e4 ,let u1 moreov]1 keep ! problem 9 prop] p]spective4 ,! national s*ool sy/em is n 9 di/ress4 ,%ortly be=e ! ,s5ate debate ?is ye> on increas$ f$]al aid1 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,flemm+ ! ,secret>y ( ,heal?1 ,education & ,welf>e1 h[ _m ( ! ,nation's s*ool di/ricts 7 9 actual tr\ble--h[ _m1 t is1 _h rea*$ _! bond$ limit4 ,8 answ] 0 approximately #bcj4 ,n[ !re are r\ghly #db1jjj s*ool di/ricts 9 ,am]ica4 ,?us1 propon5ts ( f$]al aid are talk+ ab\t a problem t affects only "o-half ( "o p] c5t ( our s*ool di/ricts6 ,i _c believe t ! /ate gov]nm5ts responsible = ^? areas are incapable ( mak+ up :atev] defici5cies exi/4 ,x s happ5s t ! same defici5cy figure--"o-half ( "o p] c5t--applies to my own /ate ( ,arizona4 ,& ,arizona pr\dly turn$ d[n f$]al funds "u ! #aieh ,national ,def5se ,education ,act on ! gr\nds t ,arizonans1 !mselves1 7 q capable ( clos+ ! gap4 ,?is may be ! place1 :ile we are speak+ ( ne$1 to lay to re/ ! notion t ! ,am]ican p h be5 nigg>dly 9 support ( _! s*ools4 ,s9ce ! end ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 ,am]icans h built #eej1jjj classrooms at a co/ ( approximately #ai billion--almo/ all ( :i* 0 rais$ at ! local level4 ,?is new con/ruction provid$ space = ov] #ae million pupils dur+ a p]iod :5 ! s*ool population increas$ by only #aj million pupils4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t increas$ s*ool exp5ditures h m ?an kept pace ) increas$ s*ool ne$s4 ,"h are "s ( ! figures4 ,9 ! s*ool ye> #aidi-ej !re 7 #be million /ud5ts enroll$ 9 v>i\s education in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ye> #aiei-fj !re 7 #cd4g million--an increase ( #ch4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod rev5ues = s*ool use1 rais$ l>gely at ! local level1 increas$ f #e4d billion to #ab4a billion--an increase ( #abd4 ,:5 s*ool exp5ditures increase ?ree & a half times z fa/ z ! s*ool population1 ,i d n ?9k t ! adequacy ( ,am]ica's 8traditional0 approa* to education is op5 to s]i\s "q4 ,! ?ird objection to f$]al aid is t x promotes ! idea t f$]al s*ool money is 8free0 money1 & ?us gives ! p a di/ort$ picture ( ! co/ ( education4 ,i 0 di/ress$ to f9d t five out ( six high s*ool & junior college /ud5ts rec5tly int]view$ 9 ,pho5ix said !y favor$ f$]al aid because x w\ld mean m money = local s*ools & ease ! f9ancial burd5 on ,arizona taxpay]s4 ,! tru?1 ( c\rse1 is t ! f$]al gov]nm5t has no funds except ^? x extracts f ! taxpay]s :o reside 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates4 ,! money t ! f$]al gov]nm5t pays to ,/ate ,x = education has be5 tak5 f ! citiz5s ( ,/ate ,x 9 f$]al taxes & comes back to !m1 m9us ! ,wa%+ton brok]age fee4 ,! less weal?y ,/ates1 to be sure1 receive slightly m ?an !y give1 j z ! m weal?y ,/ates receive some:at less4 ,b ! diff]5ces are negligible4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 f$]al aid simply sub/itutes ! tax-collect+ facilities ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t = ^? ( local gov]nm5ts4 ,?is fact _c be /ress$ (t5 en\gh2 = /ripp$ ( ! idea t f$]al money is free money1 f$]al aid to education is expos$ z an act ( nak$ compulsion--a decision by ! f$]al gov]nm5t to =ce ! p ( ! ,/ates to sp5d m money ?an !y *oose to sp5d = ?is purpose volunt>ily4 ,! f\r? objection is t f$]al aid to education inevitably means f$]al control ( education4 ,= _m ye>s1 advocates ( f$]al aid d5i$ t aid implies control1 b 9 ! light ( ! ,national ,def5se ,education ,act ( #aieh !y _c v well ma9ta9 _! position4 ,f$]al aid "u ! act is condition$ ^u compliance by ! ,/ates & local educational in/itutions ) v>i\s /&>ds & specifications laid d[n by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,education & ,welf>e4 ,!re are no less ?an twelve direct controls ( ?is k9d 9 ! act4 ,moreov]1 ! ackn[l$g$ purpose ( ! act is to p]suade local educational in/itutions to put great] emphasis on ! physical sci5ces & o!r subjects directly relat$ to national def5se4 ,i d n "q ! desirability ( enc\rag+ increas$ pr(ici5cy 9 ! physical sci5ces1 b :5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t does ! enc\rag+ ?r\gh ! )hold+ & grant+ ( funds1 ,i d n see h[ x c be d5i$ t ! f$]al gov]nm5t is help+ to det]m9e ! cont5t ( education2 & influ5c+ cont5t is ! la/1 n ! fir/1 /age ( control4 ,nobody %\ld be surpris$ t aid has l$ to controls4 ,x c\ld1 & %\ld n be o!rwise4 ,congress _c be expect$ to appropriate ! p's money & make no provision = h[ x w be sp5t4 ,congress w\ld be %irk+ its responsibilities to ! taxpay] if x di/ribut$ 8 money willy-nilly1 )\t reg>d to its use4 ,%\ld ,congress p]mit ! use ( f$]al funds to subsidize ,communi/ s*ools & ?us promote ! cause ( our enemies8 ,( c\rse n4 ,b a prohibition ( su* use is cle>ly an ex]cise ( f$]al control4 ,congress w always feel impell$ to e/abli% conditions "u :i* p's money is to be sp5t1 & :ile "s controls may be wise we are n gu>ante$ aga9/ unwise controls any m ?an we are gu>ante$ aga9/ unwise ,congressm54 ,! mi/ake is n ! controls b appropriat+ ! money t requires controls4 ,s mu* = ! evils & dang]s ( f$]al aid4 ,note t ,i h n d5i$ t _m ( our *ildr5 are be+ inadequately educat$1 or t ! problem is nation-wide4 ,i h only d5i$ t x is ! k9d ( problem t requires a solution at ! national level4 ,to ! ext5t ! problem is quantitative--to ! ext5t we h too few classrooms & pay "s ( our tea*]s too little money--! %ortages c be tak5 c>e ( by ! localities conc]n$4 ,b m3 to ! ext5t ! problem is qualitative--:i* 9 my op9ion x ma9ly is--x is manife/ly "o t l5ds itself to correction at ! local level4 ,!re is no place :]e defici5cies 9 ! cont5t ( an educational sy/em c be bett] und]/ood ?an locally :]e a community has ! opportunity to view & judge ! product ( its own s*ool sy/em4 ,9 ! ma91 ! tr\ble ) ,am]ican education is t we h put into practice ! educational philosophy exp\nd$ by ,john ,dewey & 8 disciples4 ,9 v>y+ degrees we h adopt$ :at has be5 call$ 8progressive education40 ,subscrib+ to ! egalit>ian notion t e *ild mu/ h ! same education1 we h neglect$ to provide an educational sy/em :i* w tax ! tal5ts & /ir ! ambitions ( our be/ /ud5ts & :i* w ?us insure u ! k9d ( lead]s we w ne$ 9 ! future4 ,9 our desire to make sure t our *ildr5 le>n to 8adju/0 to _! environm5t1 we h giv5 !m insuffici5t opportunity to acquire ! k t w enable !m to ma/] _! environm5t4 ,9 our attempt to make education 8fun10 we h neglect$ ! academic discipl9es t develop s\nd m9ds & are conducive to s\nd *>act]s4 ,respond+ to ! ,deweyite attack on me?ods ( tea*+1 we h enc\rag$ ! tea*+ pr(ession to be m conc]n$ ) h[ a subject is taught ?an ) :at is taught4 ,mo/ important ( all3 9 our anxiety to 8improve0 ! _w & insure 8progress0 we h p]mitt$ our s*ools to become laboratories = social & economic *ange accord+ to ! pr$ilections ( ! pr(essional educators4 ,we h =gott5 t ! prop] function ( ! s*ool is to transmit ! cultural h]itage ( "o g5]ation to ! next g5]ation1 & to s tra9 ! m9ds ( ! new g5]ation z to make !m capable ( absorb+ anci5t le>n+ & apply+ x to ! problem ( its own day4 ,! fundam5tal explanation ( ?is di/ortion ( values is t we h =gott5 t purpose ( education4 ,or bett]3 we h =gott5 = :om education is int5d$4 ,! function ( our s*ools is n to educate1 or elevate1 society2 b r to educate individuals & to equip !m ) ! k t w enable !m to take c>e ( society's ne$s4 ,we h =gott5 t a society progresses only to ! ext5t t x produces lead]s t are capable ( guid+ & inspir+ progress4 ,& we _c develop su* lead]s unless our /&>ds ( education are ge>$ to excell5ce in/ead ( m$iocrity4 ,we mu/ give full re9 to individual tal5ts1 & we mu/ enc\rage our s*ools to en=ce ! academic discipl9es--to put prepond]ant emphasis on ,engli%1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 =eign languages & ! natural sci5ces4 ,we %\ld look ^u our s*ools--n z a place to tra9 ! 8:ole "*0 ( ! *ild--a responsibility t prop]ly belongs to 8 family & *ur*--b to tra9 8 m9d4 ,our c\ntry's pa/ progress has be5 ! result1 n ( ! mass m9d apply+ av]age intellig5ce to ! problems ( ! day1 b ( ! brilliance & d$ication ( wise individuals :o appli$ _! wisdom to advance ! fre$om & ! mat]ial well-be+ ( all ( our p4 ,& s if we w\ld improve education 9 ,am]ica--& advance ! =tunes ( fre$om--we w n ru% to ! f$]al treasury ) reque/s = money4 ,we w focus att5tion on our local community1 & make sure t our s*ools1 private & public1 are p]=m+ ! job ! ,nation has ! "r to expect ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,t5 ,! ,soviet ,m5ace ,& /ill ! awful tru? rema9s3 ,we c e/abli% ! dome/ic conditions = maximiz+ fre$om1 along ! l9es ,i h indicat$1 & yet become slaves4 ,we c d ?is by los+ ! ,cold ,w> to ! ,soviet ,union4 ,am]ican fre$om has always dep5d$1 to an ext5t1 on :at is happ5+ beyond our %ores4 ,ev5 9 ,b5 ,frankl9's day1 ,am]icans _h to reckon ) =eign ?reats4 ,our =ebe>]s knew t 8keep+ a ,republic0 meant1 above all1 keep+ x safe f =eign transgressors2 !y knew t a p _c live & "w freely1 & develop national in/itutions conducive to fre$om1 except 9 peace & ) indep5d5ce4 ,9 ^? e>ly days ! ?reat to peace & indep5d5ce 0 v real4 ,we 7 a fl$gl+-nation & ! slighte/ mis/ep--or fa9t he>ts--w\ld h laid u op5 to ! ravages ( pr$atory ,european p[]s4 ,x 0 only because wise & c\rage\s m5 und]/ood t def5se ( fre$om requir$ risks & sacrifice1 z well z _! belief 9 x1 t we surviv$ ! crisis ( national infancy4 ,z we grew /rong]1 & z ! oceans cont9u$ to int]pose a physical b>ri] betwe5 ourselves & ,european milit>ism1 ! =eign dang] gradually rec$$4 ,?\gh we always _h to keep a wea!r eye on w\ld-be conqu]ors1 our indep5d5ce 0 ackn[l$g$ & peace1 unless we *ose o!rwise1 0 e/abli%$4 ,inde$1 aft] ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 we 7 n only ma/] ( our own de/9y2 we 7 ma/] ( ! _w4 ,) a monopoly ( atomic weapons1 & ) a conv5tional milit>y e/abli%m5t sup]ior to any 9 ! _w1 ,am]ica 0--9 relative & absolute t]ms--! mo/ p[]ful nation ! _w _h ev] kn[n4 ,am]ican fre$om 0 z secure z at any "t 9 our hi/ory4 ,n[1 a decade & half lat]1 we h come full circle & our national exi/5ce is once aga9 ?reat5$ z x 0 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,republic4 ,?\gh we are /ill /rong physically1 we are 9 cle> & imm95t dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$ by ali5 =ces4 ,we are confront$ by a revolution>y _w movem5t t possesses n only ! w to dom9ate absolutely e squ>e mile ( ! globe1 b increas+ly ! capacity to d s3 a milit>y p[] t rivals our own1 political w>f>e & propag&a skills t are sup]ior to ours1 an int]national fif? column t op]ates conspiratorially 9 ! he>t ( our def5ses1 an ideology t imbues its adh]5ts ) a s5se ( hi/orical mission2 & all ( ^! res\rces controll$ by a ru?less despotism t brooks no deviation f ! revolution>y c\rse4 ,?is ?reat1 moreov]1 is gr[+ day by day4 ,& x has n[ rea*$ ! po9t :]e ,am]ican lead]s1 bo? political & intellectual1 are se>*+ desp]ately = means ( 8appeas+0 or 8accommodat+0 ! ,soviet ,union z ! price ( national survival4 ,! ,am]ican p are be+ told t1 h[ev] valuable _! fre$om may be1 x is ev5 m important to live4 ,a crav5 fe> ( dea? is ent]+ ! ,am]ican consci\sness2 s mu* s t _m rec5tly felt t honor+ ! *ief despot himself 0 ! price we _h to pay to avoid nucle> de/ruction4 ,! temptation is /rong to blame ! det]ioration ( ,am]ica's =tunes on ! ,soviet ,union's acquisition ( nucle> weapons4 ,b ?is is self-delusion4 ,! rot _h set 91 ! crumbl+ ( our position 0 already obs]vable1 long be=e ! ,communi/s detonat$ _! fir/ ,atom ,bomb4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly #aiejs1 :5 ,am]ica /ill held unque/ion$ nucle> sup]iority1 x 0 cle> t we 7 los+ ! ,cold ,w>4 ,"t & aga9 9 my campaign spee*es ( #aieb ,i w>n$ my fell[ ,arizonans t 8,am]ican ,=eign ,policy has br\ght u f a position ( undisput$ p[]1 9 sev5 %ort ye>s1 to ! br9k ( possible disa/]40 ,& 9 ! succe$+ sev5 ye>s1 t tr5d1 because its cause rema9s1 has cont9u$4 ,! real cause ( ! det]ioration c be simply /at$4 ,our enemies h und]/ood ! nature ( ! conflict1 & we h n4 ,!y are det]m9$ to w9 ! conflict1 & we are n4 ,i hesitate to re/ate ! obvi\s--to say aga9 :at has be5 said s _m times be=e by s _m o!rs3 t ! ,communi/s' aim is to conqu] ! _w4 ,i repeat x because x is ! beg9n+ & ! end ( our k ab\t ! conflict betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,i repeat x because ,i fe> t h[ev] (t5 we h giv5 lip-s]vice to ?is c5tral political fact ( our "t1 v few ( u h believ$ x4 ,if we _h1 our entire approa* to =eign policy ov] ! pa/ f\rte5 ye>s w\ld h be5 radically diff]5t1 & ! c\rse ( _w ev5ts radically *ang$4 ,if an enemy p[] is b5t on conqu]+ y1 & proposes to turn all ( 8 res\rces to t end1 he is at w> ) y2 & y--unless y contemplate surr5d]--are at w> ) him4 ,moreov]--unless y contemplate treason--y\r objective1 l 81 w be victory4 ,n 8peace10 b victory4 ,n[1 :ile traitors 7& p]haps c[>ds7 h at times occupi$ key positions 9 our gov]nm5t1 x is cle> t our national lead]%ip ov] ! pa/ f\rte5 ye>s has favor$ nei!r surr5d] nor treason4 ,x is equally cle>1 h[ev]1 t our lead]s h n made victory ! goal ( ,am]ican policy4 ,& ! reason t !y h n done s1 ,i am say+1 is t !y h nev] believ$ deeply t ! ,communi/s are 9 e>ne/4 ,our av[$ national objective is 8peace40 ,we h1 ) great s9c]ity1 8wag$0 peace1 :ile ! ,communi/s wage w>4 ,we h s\ght 8settlem5ts10 :ile ! ,communi/s seek victories4 ,we h tri$ to pacify ! _w4 ,! ,communi/s mean to own x4 ,"h is :y ! conte/ has be5 an unequal "o1 & :y1 ess5tially1 we are los+ x4 ,peace1 to be sure1 is a prop] goal = ,am]ican policy--z long z x is und]/ood t peace is n all we seek4 ,= we d n want ! peace ( surr5d]4 ,we want a peace 9 :i* fre$om & ju/ice w prevail1 & t--giv5 ! nature ( ,communism--is a peace 9 :i* ,soviet p[] w no long] be 9 a position to ?reat5 u & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,a tol]able peace1 9 o!r words1 mu/ foll[ victory ov] ,communism4 ,we h be5 f\rte5 ye>s try+ to bury t unpleasant fact4 ,x _c be buri$ & any =eign policy t ignores x w lead to our ext9ction z a nation4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 want to a*ieve victory by =ce ( arms4 ,if possible1 ov]t ho/ilities %\ld always be avoid$2 especially is ?is s :5 a %oot+ w> may cause ! dea? ( _m millions ( p1 includ+ our own4 ,b we _c1 = t reason1 make ! avoidance ( a %oot+ w> our *ief objective4 ,if we d t--if we tell ourselves t x is m important to avoid %oot+ ?an to keep our fre$om--we are committ$ to a c\rse t has only "o t]m9al po9t3 surr5d]4 ,we _c1 by proclamation1 make w> 8un?9kable40 ,= x is n un?9kable to ! ,communi/s3 naturally1 !y w\ld pref] to avoid w>1 b !y are prep>$ to risk x1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to a*ieve _! objectives4 ,we mu/1 9 our he>ts1 be equally d$icat$ to our objectives4 ,if w> is un?9kable to u b n to !m1 ! fam\s 8balance ( t]ror0 is n a balance at all1 b an in/rum5t ( blackmail4 ,u4 ,s4-,soviet p[] may be 9 balance2 b if we1 & n !y1 rule out ! possibility ( us+ t p[]1 ! ,kreml9 c create crisis aft] crisis1 & =ce ! ,u4 ,s41 because ( our great] fe> ( w>1 to back d[n e "t4 ,& x _c be long be=e a univ]sal ,communi/ ,empire sits a/ride ! globe4 ,! rally+ cry ( an appeasem5t organization1 portray$ 9 a rec5t novel on ,am]ican politics1 0 8,i w\ld r crawl on my knees to ,mosc[ ?an die "u an ,atom bomb40 ,?is s5tim5t1 ( c\rse1 repudiates ev]y?+ t is c\rage\s & honorable & dignifi$ 9 ! human be+4 ,we mu/--z ! fir/ /ep t[>d sav+ ,am]ican fre$om--affirm ! contr>y view & make x ! corn]/one ( our =eign policy3 t we w\ld r die ?an lose our fre$om4 ,!re are ways :i* ,i w sugge/ lat] on--n easy ways1 to be sure--9 :i* we may save bo? our fre$om & our lives2 b all su* sugge/ions are mean+less & va9 unless we fir/ und]/& :at ! objective is4 ,we want to /ay alive1 ( c\rse2 b m ?an t we want to be free4 ,we want to h peace2 b be=e t we want to e/abli% ! conditions t w make peace tol]able4 8,l x or n10 ,eug5e ,lyons has writt51 8! great & inescapable task ( our epo* is n to end ! ,cold ,w> b to w9 x40 ,i sugge/ t we look at ,am]ica's pres5t =eign policy1 & ask :e!r x is conducive to victory4 ,!re are sev]al aspects ( ?is policy4 ,let u measure ea* ( !m by ! te/3 ,does x help defeat ! enemy8 ,,def5sive ,,alliances ,?r\gh ,,nato1 ,,seato & ! ,c5tral ,treaty ,organization 9 mid-,asia1 we h s]v$ notice on ! ,kreml9 t ov]t ,communi/ aggression 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! _w w be oppos$ by ,am]ican arms4 ,x is likely t ! exi/5ce ( ^! alliances has help$ disc\rage milit>y adv5turism by ! ,communi/s4 ,/ill1 we %\ld n ov]e/imate ! value ( ! alliances4 ,?\gh !y play a significant role 9 safegu>d+ ,am]ican fre$om1 !re are a numb] ( reasons :y x is a limit$ role4 ,fir/1 ! alliance sy/em is n co-ext5sive ) ! l9e t mu/ be held if enemy expansion is to be prev5t$4 ,!re are huge areas ( ! non-,communi/ _w t ! alliances d n t\*4 ,nor--ev5 assum+ ,am]ica is /rong en\gh to gu>d a _w-wide def5se p]imet]--is !re any prospect ( br++ ^! areas into ! sy/em4 ,! s-call$ neutral c\ntries ( ! ,middle ,ea/1 ,africa & ,s\!rn ,asia h refus$ to align !mselves ) ! anti-,communi/ cause1 & x is 9 ^? areas1 z we might expect1 t ! ,communi/s are mak+ significant /rides4 ,?is is a critical weakness4 ,if all ( ^? areas %\ld fall "u ,communi/ rule1 ! alliances w\ld be outflank$ ev]y:]e3 ! sy/em w\ld be r$uc$ to a s]ies ( outpo/s1 & probably indef5sible ones at t1 9 a :olly ho/ile _w4 ,secondly1 ! alliance sy/em does n protect ev5 its memb]s aga9/ ! mo/ preval5t k9d ( ,communi/ aggression3 political p5etration & int]nal subv]sion4 ,iraq is a case 9 po9t4 ,we _h pl$g$ ourselves to support ! ,iraqi aga9/ ov]t ,soviet aggression--n only "u ! ,baghdad ,pact ( :i* ,iraq 0 ! corn]/one1 b also "u ! ,eis5h[] ,doctr9e4 ,iraq fell victim to a pro-,communi/ c\p )\t an ,am]ican or ,russian %ot be+ fir$4 ,cuba is ano!r example4 ,if ! ,r$ ,army _h l&$ 9 ,havana1 we w\ld h come to ,cuba's aid4 ,ca/ro's =ces1 h[ev]1 7 native ,cubans2 z a result1 a pro-,communi/ regime has become entr5*$ on our v door/ep ?r\gh ! te*nique ( int]nal subv]sion4 ,& s x w always be ) an enemy t lays ev5 m emphasis on political w>f>e ?an on milit>y w>f>e4 ,s x w be until we le>n to meet ! enemy on 8 own gr\nds4 ,b ?irdly1 ! alliance sy/em _c adequately protect its memb]s ev5 aga9/ ov]t aggression4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! ,communi/s h be5 kept 9 *eck by ,am]ica's /rategic air arm4 ,inde$1 9 ! light ( ! weakness ( ! alli$ nations' conv5tional milit>y =ces1 our nucle> sup]iority has be5 ! alliances' only real weapon4 ,b z ! ,soviet ,union draws abrea/ ( u 9 nucle> /r5g?1 t weakness c\ld prove our undo+4 ,9 a nucle> /alemate1 :]e nei!r side is prep>$ to g 8all out0 ov] local issues1 ! side ) ! sup]ior conv5tional =ces has an obvi\s advantage4 ,moreov]1 x is cle> t we _c hope to mat* ! ,communi/ _w man = man1 nor are we capable ( furni%+ ! guns & tanks necess>y to def5d ?irty nations scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! globe4 ,! long-ov]due answ]1 z we w see lat] on1 lies 9 ! developm5t ( a nucle> capacity = limit$ w>s4 ,f9ally--& ,i consid] ?is ! mo/ s]i\s defect ( all--! alliance sy/em is completely def5sive 9 nature & outlook4 ,?is fact1 9 ! light ( ! ,communi/s' dynamic1 (f5sive /rategy1 ultimately dooms x to failure4 ,no nation at w>1 employ+ an exclusively def5sive /rategy1 c hope to survive = long4 ,l ! box] :o refuses to ?r[ a pun*1 ! def5se-b\nd nation w be cut d[n soon] or lat]4 ,z long z e enc\nt] ) ! enemy is f\ght on 8 initiative1 on gr\nds ( 8 *oos+ & ) weapons ( 8 *oos+1 we %all keep on los+ ! ,cold ,w>4 ,,=eign ,,aid ,ano!r aspect ( our policy is ! ,=eign ,aid program4 ,to x1 9 ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s1 we h committ$ ov] eighty billions ( ,am]ican treasure--9 grants1 loans1 mat]ial1 & te*nical assi/ance4 ,i w n develop "h :at e ?9k+ ,am]ican kn[s ab\t ?is ,g>gantuan exp5diture--t x has _h dire consequ5ces1 n only = ! ,am]ican taxpay]1 b = ! ,am]ican economy2 t x has be5 *>act]iz$ by wa/e & extravagance bo? ov]seas & 9 ! ag5cies t adm9i/] x2 & t x has creat$ a va/ res]voir ( anti-,am]icanism among pr\d peoples :o1 h[ev] irrationally1 res5t dep5d5ce on a =eign dole4 ,i w\ld r put ! "q1 ,has ! ,=eign ,aid program1 = all ( its drawbacks1 made a comp5sat+ contribution t[>d w9n+ ! ,cold ,w>8 ,& ?is te/1 let me say p>5!tically1 is ! only "o "u :i* ! ,=eign ,aid program c be ju/ifi$4 ,x _c1 t is to say1 be def5d$ z a *>ity4 ,! ,am]ican gov]nm5t does n h ! "r1 mu* less ! obligation1 to try to promote ! economic & social welf>e ( =eign peoples4 ,( c\rse1 all ( u are int]e/$ 9 combat+ pov]ty & disease :]ev] x exi/s4 ,b ! ,con/itution does n emp[] our gov]nm5t to und]take t job 9 =eign c\ntries1 no matt] h[ wor?:ile x might be4 ,!re=e1 except z x c be %[n to promote ,am]ica's national int]e/s1 ! ,=eign ,aid program is uncon/itutional4 ,x c be argu$1 b n prov$1 t ,am]ican aid help$ prev5t ,we/]n ,europe f go+ ,communi/ aft] ! ,second ,_w ,w>4 ,x is true1 = example1 t ! ,communi/ p>ties 9 ,france & ,italy 7 some:at weak] aft] economic recov]y ?an be=e x4 ,b x does n foll[ t recov]y caus$ ! r$uction 9 ,communi/ /r5g?1 or t ,am]ican aid caus$ ! recov]y4 ,x is also true1 let u rememb]1 t ,we/ ,g]many recov]$ economically at a f> fa/] rate ?an ,france or ,italy1 & receiv$ comp>atively little ,am]ican aid4 ,x also c be argu$ t ,am]ican milit>y aid has made ! diff]5ce betwe5 fri5dly c\ntries hav+ ! p[] to fight (f or disc\rage ,communi/ aggression1 & n hav+ t p[]4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 fri5dly c\ntries t 7 n able to build _! own milit>y =ces1 & ^? t 74 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,free ,*9a1 ,s\? ,korea & ,s\? ,vietnam ne$$ our help4 ,o!r c\ntries1 ,engl& & ,france1 = example1 7 able to ma9ta9 milit>y =ces ) _! own res\rces4 ,= _m ye>s n[1 our allies 9 ,we/]n ,europe h devot$ small] portions ( _! national budgets to milit>y =ces ?an we h4 ,! result is t ! ,am]ican p1 9 ! "n ( milit>y aid1 h be5 giv+ an economic h&\t to ^! nations2 we h p]mitt$ !m to transf] to _! dome/ic economy funds :i*1 9 ju/ice1 %\ld h be5 us$ 9 ! common def5se ef=t4 ,n[ let u note a significant fact4 ,9 ea* ( ! situations we h m5tion$ s f>--situations :]e "s evid5ce exi/s t ,=eign ,aid has promot$ ,am]ican int]e/s--!re is a common d5om9ator3 9 e case1 ! recipi5t gov]nm5t 0 already committ$ to our side4 ,we may h made ^! nations1 on balance1 /rong] & m con/ant allies1 ?\gh ev5 t is debatable4 ,b we did n cause !m to alt] _! basic political commitm5ts4 ,?is br+s u to ! re/ ( ! ,=eign ,aid program--& to ! great fallacy t und]lies x4 ,increas+ly1 our =eign aid goes n to our fri5ds1 b to pr(ess$ neutrals--& ev5 to pr(ess$ enemies4 ,we furni% ?is aid "u ! !ory t we c buy ! allegiance ( =eign peoples--or at lea/ disc\rage !m f 8go+ ,communi/0--by mak+ !m economically prosp]\s4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! 8/oma* !ory ( ,communism10 & x implies t a man's politics are det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( food 9 8 belly4 ,ev]y?+ we h le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 & f our obs]vation ( ! nature ( man1 refutes ?is !ory4 ,a man's politics are1 prim>ily1 ! product ( 8 m9d4 ,mat]ial weal? c help him fur!r 8 political goals1 b x w n *ange !m4 ,! fact t "s poor1 illit]ate p h 8gone ,communi/0 does n prove t pov]ty caus$ !m to d s any m ?an ! fact t ,alfr$ ,k4 & ,m>?a ,d4 ,/]n are ,communi/s proves t great weal? & a good education make p g ,communi/4 ,let u rememb] t ,communism is a political movem5t1 & t its weapons are prim>ily political4 ,! movem5t's effectiv5ess dep5ds on small cadres ( political activi/s1 & ^! cadres are1 typically1 compos$ ( lit]ate & well-f$ p4 ,we are n go+ to *ange ! m9ds ( su* political activi/s1 or imp$e _! agitation ( ! masses by a 8w> on pov]ty10 h[ev] wor?y su* an ef=t might be on humanit>ian gr\nds4 ,x ?us makes little s5se to try to promote anti-,communism by giv+ money to gov]nm5ts t are n anti-,communi/1 t are1 inde$1 f> m incl9$ to ! ,soviet-type society ?an to a free "o4 ,& let u rememb] t ! =eign policies ( _m ( ! alleg$ly neutral nations t receive our aid are n 8neutral0 at all4 ,is ,suk>no's ,indonesia neutral :5 x enc\rages ,r$ ,*9ese aggression8 ,or ,nehru's ,india :5 x c5sures ! ,we/]n ef=t to recov] ,suez b refuses to c5sure ! ,soviet invasion ( ,hung>y8 ,or ,nass]'s ,unit$ ,arab ,republic :i* equips its arm$ =ces ) ,communi/ weapons & ,communi/ p]sonnel8 ,is ,am]ican aid likely to make ^! nations less pro-,communi/8 ,has x8 ,b let u1 = ! mom5t1 conc$e ! validity ( ! 8/oma* !ory10 & ask a fur!r "q3 ,is our =eign aid program ! k9d t w br+ prosp]ity to und]develop$ c\ntries8 ,we ,am]icans believe--& we c cite "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( exp]i5ce to support ! belief--t ! way to build a /rong economy is to enc\rage ! free play ( economic =ces3 free capital1 free labor1 a free m>ket4 ,yet e "o ( ! 8neutral0 c\ntries we are aid+ is committ$ to a sy/em ( ,/ate ,socialism4 ,our pres5t policy ( gov]nm5t-to-gov]nm5t aid /r5g!ns ,socialism 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,we are n only p]petuat+ ! ineffici5cy & wa/e t always att5ds gov]nm5t-controll$ economies2 by /r5g!n+ ! h& ( ^? gov]nm5ts1 we are mak+ x m difficult = free ent]prise to take hold4 ,= ?is reason alone1 we %\ld elim9ate all gov]nm5t-to-gov]nm5t capital assi/ance & enc\rage ! sub/itution ( ,am]ican private inve/m5t4 ,our pres5t ,=eign ,aid program1 9 sum1 is n only ill-adm9i/]$1 b ill-conceiv$4 ,x has n1 9 ! majority ( cases1 made ! free _w /rong]2 x has made ,am]ica weak]2 & x has creat$ 9 m9ds ! _w ov] an image ( a nation t puts prime reliance1 n on spiritual & human values1 b on ! mat]ial ?+s t are ! /ock-9-trade ( ,communi/ propag&a4 ,to ?is ext5t we h adopt$ ,communi/ doctr9e4 ,9 ! future1 if our me?ods are to be 9 tune ) our true objectives1 we w conf9e =eign aid to milit>y & te*nical assi/ance to ^? nations t ne$ x & t are committ$ to a common goal ( defeat+ _w ,communism4 ,,negotiations ,z ,i write1 ! _w is wait+ = ano!r r\nd ( diplomatic conf]5ces betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,a full scale summit meet+ is s*$ul$ = ,spr+2 lat] on1 ,presid5t ,eis5h[] & ,premi] ,khru%*ev w h fur!r talks 9 ! ,soviet ,union4 ,& we are told t ?is is only ! beg9n+ ( a long-range ,am]ican policy to try to settle _w problems by 8negotiation40 ,z ! prep>ations = ! ,spr+ meet+s g =w>d1 ,i am /ruck by a s+ul> fact3 no "o on our side claims--let alone believes--t ! ,we/ w be /rong] aft] ^! new negotiations ?an x is today4 ,! same 0 true la/ ,summ]4 ,we agre$ to 8negotiate0 ab\t ,b]l9--n because we hop$ to ga9 any?+ by su* talks--b because ! ,communi/s _h creat$ a 8crisis10 & we c\ld ?9k ( no?+ bett] to d ab\t x ?an g to ! conf]5ce table4 ,aft] all1 we assur$ ourselves1 !re is no h>m 9 talk+4 ,i ma9ta9 !re is h>m 9 talk+ "u pres5t conditions4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ?is is s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,communi/s d n look ^u negotiations1 z we d1 z an ef=t to rea* an agreem5t4 ,= !m1 negotiations are simply an in/rum5t ( political w>f>e4 ,= !m1 a summit meet+ is ano!r battle 9 ! /ruggle = ! _w4 ,a diplomatic conf]5ce1 9 ,communi/ language1 is a 8propag&a =um f :i* to speak to ! masses ov] ! heads ( _! lead]s40 ,( c\rse1 if ! ,communi/s c obta9 a =mal agreem5t b5eficial to !m1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,b if n ! negotiations !mselves w provide victory en\gh4 ,= example1 :5 ! ,soviets *all5g$ our rights 9 ,we/ ,b]l91 we h&$ !m a victory by ! m]e act ( sitt+ d[n at ! conf]5ce table4 ,by agree+ to negotiate on t subject1 we agre$ t our rights 9 ,b]l9 7 8negotiable0--some?+ !y nev] 7 be=e4 ,?us we ackn[l$g$1 9 effect1 ! inadequacy ( our position1 & ! _w n[ expects u to adju/ x z pro( ( our good fai?4 ,our answ] to ,khru%*ev's ultimatum %\ld h be5 t ! /atus ( ,we/ ,b]l9 conc]ns only ,we/ ,b]l9]s & ! occupy+ p[]s1 & is !re=e n a matt] t we are prep>$ to discuss ) ! ,soviet ,union4 ,t w\ld h be5 ! end ( ! ,b]l9 8crisis40 ,! ,b]l9 situation illu/rates ano!r reason :y ! ,we/ is at an inh]5t disadvantage 9 negotiat+ ) ! ,communi/s4 ,! c5tral /rategic fact ( ! ,cold ,w>1 z x is pres5tly f\ght1 is t ! ,communi/s are on ! (f5sive & we are on ! def5sive4 ,! ,soviet ,union is always mov+ ahead1 always try+ to get some?+ f ! free _w2 ! ,we/ endeavors1 at be/1 to hold :at x has4 ,!re=e1 ! focal po9t ( negotiations is inv>iably some:]e 9 ! non-,communi/ _w4 ,e conf]5ce betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ deals ) "s t]ritory or "r belong+ to ! free _w :i* ! ,communi/s covet4 ,conv]sely1 s9ce ! free _w does n seek ! lib]ation ( ,communi/ t]ritory1 ! possibility ( ,communi/ concessions nev] arises4 ,once ! ,we/ did attempt to use ! conf]5ce table = positive ga94 ,at ,g5eva1 9 #aiee1 ,presid5t ,eis5h[] told ! ,soviets he want$ to discuss ! /atus ( ! satellite nations ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,he 0 promptly advis$ t ! ,soviet ,union did n consid] ! matt] a legitimate subject = negotiation1 & t 0 t4 ,n[ s9ce we are n p]mitt$ to talk ab\t :at we c get1 ! only int]e/+ "q at an ,ea/-,we/ conf]5ce is :at ! ,communi/s c get4 ,"u su* conditions1 we c nev] w94 ,at be/ we c hope = a /alemate t w place u exactly :]e we />t$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason = que/ion+ ! value ( negotiations4 ,assume t someh[ we a*ieve an agreem5t we ?9k advances our int]e/s4 ,is !re any reason = suppos+ ! ,communi/s w keep x "o mom5t long] ?an suits _! purpose8 ,we1 & !y1 are diff]5t 9 ?is respect4 ,we keep our ^w4 ,! long & p]fidi\s ,communi/ record ( break+ agreem5ts & treaties proves t ! ,soviet ,union w n keep any agreem5t t is n to its advantage to keep4 ,x foll[s t ! only agreem5t wor? mak+ ) ! ,soviets is "o t w be self-en=ceable--:i* means "o t is 9 ! ,kreml9's int]e/ to keep4 ,b if t is ! case1 :y bo!r to 8negotiate0 ab\t x8 ,if an action is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,soviet ,union1 ! ,kreml9 w g ahead & p]=m x )\t feel+ any ne$ to make x ! subject ( a =mal treaty4 ,! next "t we are urg$ to ru% to ! conf]5ce table 9 ord] to 8relax _w t5sions10 let our reaction be det]m9$ by ?is simple fact3 ! only 8t5sions0 t exi/ betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ h be5 creat$1 & delib]ately s1 by ! ,communi/s4 ,!y c !re=e be 8relax$0 by ! ,kreml9's unilat]al act4 ,! mom5t we decide to relax t5sions by a 8negotiat$ compromise0 we h decid$ to yield some?+ ( value to ! ,we/4 ,,! 8,,ex*ange0 ,,program ,9 rec5t mon?s1 ! s-call$ ex*ange program has become an increas+ly prom95t feature ( ,am]ican =eign policy4 ,! program began mode/ly en\gh 9 #aiee at ! ,g5eva ,summit ,meet+1 :5 we agre$ ) ! ,soviets to promote 8cultural ex*anges0 betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,s9ce !n we h ex*ang$ ev]y?+ f op]a companies & basketball teams to trade exhibitions & heads ( gov]nm5ts4 ,we are told t ^! ex*anges are our be/ hope ( peace--t if only ! ,am]ican & ,russian peoples c le>n to 8und]/&0 ea* o!r1 !y w be able to reconcile _! diff]5ces4 ,! claim t ! conflict betwe5 ! ,soviets & ourselves /ems f a 8lack ( und]/&+0 is "o ( ! great political fables ( our "t4 ,^: lack ( und]/&+8 ,are ! ,am]ican p ill-in=m$ z to ! nature ( ,communism & ( ! ,soviet /ate8 ,true1 "s ,am]icans fail to grasp h[ evil ! ,soviet sy/em really is4 ,b a p]=mance by ! ,bol%oi ,ballet1 or a t\r ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,nikita ,khru%*ev1 is c]ta9ly n calculat$ to correct t defici5cy4 ,:at ( ! ,soviet lead]s8 ,are !y misl$8 ,all ( ! evid5ce is t ! m5 9 ! ,kreml9 h a great] k ( ,am]ica ?an _m ( our own lead]s4 ,!y "k ab\t our political sy/em1 our indu/rial capacity1 our way ( life--& w\ld l to de/roy x all4 ,:at ab\t ! ,russian p8 ,we are repeat$ly told t ! ,russian man-on-!-/reet is woefully ignorant ( ! ,am]ican way1 & t our trade exhibition 9 ,mosc[1 = example1 contribut$ va/ly to 8 k & ?us to 8 appreciation ( ,am]ica4 ,assume ?is is true4 ,is x relevant8 ,z long z ! ,russian p d n control _! gov]nm5t1 x makes little diff]5ce :e!r !y ?9k well ( u or ill4 ,x is high "t t our lead]s /opp$ treat+ ! ,russian p & ! ,soviet gov]nm5t z "o & ! same ?+4 ,! ,russian p1 we may safely assume1 are basically on our side 7:e!r or n !y h ! opportunity to li/5 to ,am]ican musicians72 b _! sympa?y w n help u w9 ! ,cold ,w> z long z all p[] is held firmly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,communi/ rul+ class4 ,! ex*ange program1 9 ,soviet eyes1 is simply ano!r op]ation 9 ,communi/ political w>f>e4 ,! p ! ,kreml9 s5ds ov] "h are1 to a man1 tra9$ ag5ts ( ,soviet policy4 ,"s ( !m are spies1 seek+ in=mation2 all ( !m are tru/$ c>ri]s ( ,communi/ propag&a4 ,_! mission is n cultural1 b political4 ,_! aim is n to in=m1 b to mislead4 ,_! assignm5t is n to convey a true image ( ! ,soviet ,union1 b a false image4 ,! ,kreml9's hope is t !y w p]suade ! ,am]ican p to =get ! ugly aspects ( ,soviet life1 & ! dang] t ! ,soviet sy/em poses to ,am]ican fre$om4 ,x is a mi/ake to measure ! success ( ?is ,communi/ op]ation by ! ext5t to :i* x conv]ts ,am]icans to ,communism4 ,by t te/1 ( c\rse1 ! op]ation is almo/ a complete failure4 ,b ! ,kreml9's aim is n to make ,am]icans approve ( ,communism1 mu* z !y w\ld l t2 x is to make u tol]ant ( ,communism4 ,! ,kreml9 kn[s t our will+ness to make sacrifices to halt ,communi/ expansion v>ies 9 direct ratio z we are ho/ile to ,communism4 ,!y "k t if ,am]icans reg>d ! ,soviet ,union z a dang]\s1 implacable enemy1 ,communism w n be able to conqu] ! _w4 ,! ,communi/s' purpose1 !n1 is to %[ t ,khru%*ev does n h horns1--t he is fundam5tally a nice fell[2 t ! ,soviet p are--8ord9>y p0 j l ourselves2 t ,communism is j ano!r political sy/em4 ,x w\ld n h made s5se1 midway 9 ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 to promote a ,nazi-,am]ican ex*ange program or to invite ,hitl] to make a /ate visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unless we *]i% victory less today ?an we did !n1 we w be equally reluctant to treat ,communi/ ag5ts z fri5ds & welcome gue/s4 ,! ex*ange program is a ,communi/ confid5ce game4 ,let u n be tak5 9 by x4 ,let u rememb] t ,am]ican confid5ce 9 ! ,soviet gov]nm5t is ! v la/ ?+ we want4 ,_m p cont5d t a 8normalization0 ( ,soviet-,am]ican relations1 z envisag$ by ! ex*ange program1 is only a logical ext5sion ( grant+ diplomatic recognition to ,communi/ gov]nm5ts4 ,i agree4 ,accord+ly1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be wise = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to re-exam9e ! "q ( its diplomatic relations ) ,communi/ regimes4 ,we (t5 he> t recognition p]mits u to ga!r in=mation 9 ,communi/ c\ntries4 ,i am unaw>e1 h[ev]1 ( any advantage t our diplomatic mission 9 ,mosc[ conf]s along ^! l9es t does n d\bly accrue to ! ,soviet ,union f its diplomatic spy corps 9 ,wa%+ton & o!r ,am]ican cities4 ,espionage possibilities aside1 ,i am q c]ta9 t our entire approa* to ! ,cold ,w> w\ld *ange = ! bett] ! mom5t we ann\nc$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n reg>d ,mr4 ,khru%*ev's murd]\s claque z ! legitimate rul]s ( ! ,russian p or ( any o!r p4 ,n only w\ld )drawal ( recognition /iff5 ! ,am]ican p's attitude t[>d ,communism2 x w\ld also give he>t to ! enslav$ peoples & help !m to ov]?r[ _! captors4 ,our pres5t policy ( n recogniz+ ,r$ ,*9a is em95tly "r1 & ! reasons beh9d t policy apply equally to ! ,soviet ,union & its ,european satellites4 ,if our objective is to w9 ! ,cold ,w>1 we w />t n[ by d5y+ our moral support to ! v regimes we mean to defeat4 ,,dis>mam5t ,= _m ye>s1 our policy-mak]s h paid lip-s]vice to ! idea ( dis>mam5t4 ,?is seems to be "o ( ! ways1 9 mod]n diplomacy1 ( prov+ y\r virtue4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]--"u /rong ,communi/ propag&a pressure--we h act$ z ?\gh we mean ?is talk to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,i cite our gov]nm5t's mom5t\s decision to susp5d nucle> te/s4 ,/ud5ts ( hi/ory h always recogniz$ t armam5t races are a symptom ( int]national friction--n a cause ( x4 ,peace has nev] be5 a*iev$1 & x w n 9 our "t1 by rival nations sudd5ly decid+ to turn _! swords into pl[%>es4 ,no nation 9 its "r m9d w give up ! means ( def5d+ itself )\t fir/ mak+ sure t ho/ile p[]s are no long] 9 a position to ?reat5 x4 ,! ,communi/ lead]s are1 ( c\rse1 9 _! "r m9ds4 ,!y w\ld n dream ( adopt+ a policy t w\ld leave !m1 on balance1 relatively weak] ?an be=e !y adopt$ su* a policy4 ,!y might prea* g5]al dis>mam5t = propag&a purposes4 ,!y also might s]i\sly promote mutual dis>mam5t 9 c]ta9 weapons 9 ! k t _! sup]ior /r5g? 9 o!r weapons w\ld leave !m1 on balance1 decisively /rong] ?an ! ,we/4 ,?us1 9 ! light ( ! ,we/'s weakness 9 conv5tional weapons1 x might make s5se = ! ,communi/s to seek dis>mam5t 9 ! nucle> field2 if all nucle> weapons sudd5ly ceas$ to exi/1 mu* ( ! _w w\ld imm$iately be laid op5 to conque/ by ! masses ( ,russian & ,*9ese manp[]4 ,am]ican lead]s h n %[n a comp>able solicitude = our security ne$s4 ,aft] ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h a conv5tional milit>y e/abli%m5t rival+ ! ,soviet ,union's1 & an absolute monopoly 9 nucle> p[]4 ,! =m] weapon we ha/ily & irresponsibly dismantl$4 ,! latt] we fail$ to exploit politically1 & !n we proce$$ to fritt] away our lead by belat$ entry into ! hydrog5 bomb & guid$ missile fields4 ,! result is t we are out-class$ 9 ! conv5tional means = wag+ l& w>f>e2 reg>d+ nucle> weapons1 we are approa*+ ! po9t1 if x has n already be5 rea*$1 :]e ,communi/ p[] is equal to our own4 ,to ! imp5d+ physical p>ity 9 nucle> weapons mu/ be add$ a psy*ological factor assidu\sly cultivat$ by ,communi/ propag&a4 ,! horrors ( all-out w>f>e are said to be s great t no nation w\ld consid] resort+ to nucle> weapons unless "u direct attack by ^? same weapons4 ,n[ ! mom5t our lead]s really accept ?is1 /rategic nucle> weapons w be neutraliz$ & ,communi/ armies w be able to laun* limit$ w>s )\t fe> ( retaliation by our ,/rategic ,air ,comm&4 ,i fe> !y are com+ to accept x1 & ?us t a milit>y & psy*ological situation is fa/ develop+ 9 :i* aggressive ,communi/ =ces w be free to maneuv] "u ! umbrella ( nucle> t]ror4 ,x is 9 ?is context t we mu/ view ! ,communi/ propag&a drive = a p]man5t ban on ! te/+ ( nucle> weapons1 & ! incl9ation ( our own lead]s to g along ) ! proposal4 ,!re are two prelim9>y reasons :y su* proposals ought to be firmly reject$4 ,fir/1 !re is no reliable means ( prev5t+ ! ,communi/s f secretly break+ su* an agreem5t4 ,our mo/ rec5t te/s demon/rat$ t und]gr\nd atomic explosions c be set (f )\t detection4 ,secondly1 we _c hope to ma9ta9 ev5 an effective /rategic det]r5t unless we keep our pres5t nucle> ars5al up to date2 ?is requires te/+4 ,b ! ma9 po9t ,i want to make is t te/s are ne$$ to develop tactical nucle> weapons = possible use 9 limit$ w>s4 ,our milit>y exp]ts h long recogniz$ t = limit$ w>f>e purposes we mu/ h a weapons sup]iority to (fset ! ,communi/s' manp[] sup]iority4 ,?is means we mu/ develop & p]fect a v>iety ( small1 clean nucle> weapons2 & ?is 9 turn means3 te/+4 ,! developm5t ( su* a weapons sy/em is ! only way 9 :i* ,am]ica w be able to fight itself out ( ! dilemma--"o horn ( :i* is sup]ior ,communi/ manp[]1 ! o!r1 ! imp5d+ neutralization ( /rategic nucle> weapons4 ,our gov]nm5t 0 orig9ally pu%$ into susp5d+ te/s by ,communi/-induc$ hy/]ia on ! subject ( radio-active fall\t4 ,h[ev] "o may rate t dang]1 x simply has no be>+ on ! problem at h&4 ,! facts are t !re is practically no fall\t f te/s conduct$ above ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & none at all f und]gr\nd te/s4 ,!re=e1 ! only excuse = susp5d+ te/s is t our =be>ance someh[ contributes to peace4 ,& my answ] is t ,i am unable to see h[ peace is br\ght any ne>] by a policy t may r$uce our relative milit>y /r5g?4 ,su* a policy makes s5se only "u ! assumption t ,communi/ lead]s h giv5 up _! plan = _w revolution & w settle = peaceful coexi/5ce--an assumption we make at ! risk ( los+ our national life4 ,if our objective is victory ov] ,communism1 we mu/ a*ieve sup]iority 9 all ( ! weapons--milit>y1 z well z political & economic--t may be useful 9 rea*+ t goal4 ,su* a program co/s money1 b s long z ! money is sp5t wisely & effici5tly1 ,i w\ld sp5d x4 ,i am n 9 favor ( 8economiz+0 on ! nation's safety4 ,z a ,cons]vative1 ,i deplore ! huge tax levy t is ne$$ to f9ance ! _w's numb]-"o milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,b ev5 m d ,i deplore ! prospect ( a =eign conque/1 :i* ! abs5ce ( t e/abli%m5t w\ld quickly accompli%4 ,,unit$ ,,nations ,support ( ! ,unit$ ,nations1 our lead]s e>ne/ly proclaim1 is "o ( ! corn]/ones ( ,am]ican =eign policy4 ,i confess to be+ m int]e/$ 9 :e!r ,am]ican =eign policy has ! support ( ! ,unit$ ,nations4 ,"h1 aga91 x seems to me t our approa* to =eign affairs suff]s f a confusion 9 objectives4 ,is ! p]petuation ( an int]national debat+ =um1 = its own sake1 ! prim>y objective ( ,am]ican policy8 ,if s1 !re is mu* to be said = our pa/ record ( subord9at+ our national int]e/ to t ( ! ,unit$ ,nations4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 our prim>y objective is victory ov] ,communism1 we w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 view su* organizations z ! ,,un z a possible means to t end4 ,once ! "q is ask$--,does ,am]ica's p>ticipation 9 ! ,unit$ ,nations help or h9d] h] /ruggle aga9/ _w ,communism8--x becomes cle> t our pres5t commitm5t to ! ,,un des]ves re-exam9ation4 ,! ,unit$ ,nations1 we mu/ rememb]1 is 9 "p a ,communi/ organization4 ,! ,communi/s always h at lea/ "o seat 9 its major policy-mak+ body1 ! ,security ,c\ncil2 & ! ,soviet ,union's p]man5t veto p[] 9 t body all[s ! ,kreml9 to block any action1 on a sub/antial issue1 t is contr>y to its int]e/s4 ,! ,communi/s also h a sizeable memb]%ip 9 ! ,,un's o!r policy-mak+ body1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,moreov]1 ! ,,un's work+ /aff1 ! ,secret>iat1 is mann$ by hundr$s ( ,communi/ ag5ts :o are frequ5tly 9 a position to sabotage ^? few ,,un policies t are contr>y to ,communi/ int]e/s4 ,f9ally1 a great numb] ( non-,communi/ ,unit$ ,nations are sympa!tic to ,soviet aims--or1 at be/1 are unsympa!tic to ours4 ,we !re=e %\ld n be surpris$ t _m ( ! policies t em]ge f ! delib]ations ( ! ,unit$ ,nations are n policies t are 9 ! be/ int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unit$ ,nations policy is1 necess>ily1 ! product ( _m diff]5t views--"s ( !m fri5dly1 "s ( !m indiff]5t to our int]e/s1 "s ( !m mortally ho/ile4 ,& ! result is t our national int]e/s usually suff] :5 we subord9ate our own policy to ! ,,un's4 ,9 ne>ly e case 9 :i* we h call$ ^u ! ,unit$ ,nations to d our ?9k+ = u1 & to make our policy = u--:e!r dur+ ! ,korean ,w>1 or 9 ! ,suez crisis1 or foll[+ ! revolution 9 ,iraq--we h be5 a less effective foe ( ,communism ?an we o!rwise might h be54 ,unlike ,am]ica1 ! ,communi/s d n respect ! ,,un & d n p]mit _! policies to be affect$ by x4 ,if ! 8op9ion ( mank9d10 z reflect$ by a ,,un resolution1 goes aga9/ !m1 !y--9 effect--tell mank9d to g fly a kite4 ,n s ) u2 we w\ld r be approv$ ?an succe$1 & s are likely to adju/ our own views to con=m ) a ,unit$ ,nations majority4 ,?is is n ! way to w9 ! ,cold ,w>4 ,i repeat3 ,communism w n be beat5 by a policy t is ! common d5om9ator ( ! =eign policies ( #hj-odd nations1 "s ( :i* are our enemies1 ne>ly all ( :i* are less det]m9$ ?an we to save ! _w f ,communi/ dom9ation4 ,let u1 !n1 h done ) submitt+ major policy decisions to a =um :]e ! op9ions ( ! ,sultan ( ,yeman c\nt equally ) ours2 :]e ! vote ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be cancell$ out by ! likes ( 8,byelorussia40 ,i am tr\bl$ by sev]al o!r aspects ( our ,,un commitm5t4 ,fir/--& "h aga9 our ,cold ,w> int]e/s are damag$--! ,unit$ ,nations provides a unique =um = ,communi/ propag&a4 ,we too1 ( c\rse1 c voice our views at ! ,,un2 b ! ,communi/s' special advantage is t _! lies & misrepres5tations are elevat$ to ! level ( s]i\s int]national debate4 ,by recogniz+ ! "r ( ,communi/ regimes to p>ticipate 9 ! ,,un z equals1 & by (ficially ackn[l$g+ !m z 8peace-lov+10 we grant ,communi/ propag&a a presumption ( reasonabl5ess & plausibility x o!rwise w\ld n h4 ,second1 ! ,,un places an unw>rant$ f9ancial burd5 on ! ,am]ican taxpay]4 ,! ,m>xi/ =mula1 8f ea* accord+ to 8 ability 4440--"u :i* contributions to ! ,,un & its specializ$ ag5cies are det]m9$--does n tally ) ! ,am]ican concept ( ju/ice4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is curr5tly defray+ r\ghly a ?ird ( all ,unit$ ,nations exp5ses4 ,t assessm5t %\ld be dra/ically r$uc$4 ,! ,,un %\ld n op]ate z a *>ity4 ,assessm5ts %\ld take into acc\nt ! b5efits receiv$ by ! contributor-nation4 ,f9ally1 ,i fe> t our involvem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,nations may be lead+ to an uncon/itutional surr5d] ( ,am]ican sov]eignty4 ,_m ,,un activities h already made /rong inroads aga9/ ! sov]eign p[]s ( ,memb] ,nations4 ,?is is nei!r ! "t nor place to discuss ! m]its ( yield+ sov]eign ,am]ican rights--o!r ?an to record my unequivocal opposition to ! idea4 ,x is bo? ! "t & place1 h[ev]1 to insi/ t any su* discussion take place )9 ! framework ( a propos$ con/itutional am5dm5t--& n1 cl&e/9ely1 9 ! headqu>t]s ( "s ,,un ag5cy4 ,)drawal f ! ,unit$ ,nations is probably n ! answ] to ^! problems4 ,= a numb] ( reasons t c\rse is unfeasible4 ,we %\ld make sure1 h[ev]1 t ! nature ( our commitm5t is su* z to advance ,am]ican int]e/s2 & t w involve *anges 9 "s ( our pres5t attitudes & policies t[>d ! ,,un4 ,let ! ,,un fir/]s--( :om !re are _m 9 ?is c\ntry--put _! en?usiasm = 8int]national coop]ation0 9 prop] p]spective4 ,let !m und]/& t victory ov] ,communism mu/ come be=e ! a*ievem5t ( la/+ peace4 ,let !m1 9 a ^w1 keep _! eyes on ! t>get4 ,,aid ,,to ,,communi/ ,,gov]nm5ts ,!re is "o aspect ( our policy t is (f5sive-m9d$--9 ! m9ds ( its au?ors1 anyway4 ,its effect1 un=tunately1 is exactly opposite to ! "o int5d$4 ,"s "t ago our lead]s advanc$ ! !ory t ,communi/ satellite regimes w\ld1 ) our help1 gradually break _! ties ) ! ,soviet ,union & 8evolve0 political sy/ems m 9 keep+ ) our notions ( fre$om & ju/ice4 ,accord+ly1 ,am]ica adopt$ ! policy ( giv+ aid to ,communi/ gov]nm5ts ^: relations ) ,mosc[ seem$ to be /ra9$4 ,& t policy gave bir? to a slogan3 8,am]ica seeks ! lib]ation ( enslav$ peoples--n by revolution--b ?r\gh evolution40 ,"u ! aegis ( ?is slogan1 we are s5d+ hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s to ! ,communi/ gov]nm5t ( ,pol&1 hav+ already giv5 m ?an a billion doll>s to ! ,communi/ gov]nm5t ( ,yugoslavia4 ,9 my view1 ?is money has n only be5 wa/$2 x has positively promot$ ! ,communi/ cause4 ,x has n made ,communi/ gov]nm5ts less ,communi/4 ,x has n caus$ ,communi/ gov]nm5ts to *ange sides 9 ! ,cold ,w>4 ,x has made x easi] = ,communi/ gov]nm5ts to keep _! subjects enslav$4 ,& none ( ^! results %\ld h come z a surprise4 ,"o does n h to take ! view t a ,communi/ regime w nev] 8evolve0 into a non-,communi/ "o 7?\gh ,i t5d to x7 9 ord] to see t ?is is practically impossible z long z ! ,soviet ,union possesses ! milit>y & political p[] to prev5t x4 ,! ,kreml9 may1 = its own purposes1 p]mit c]ta9 8lib]alization0 t5d5cies 9 satellite c\ntries2 x may ev5 p]mit small deviations f ! approv$ ,soviet =eign policy l9e4 ,x w d s sometimes to confuse ! ,we/1 sometimes z a prud5t means ( reliev+ int]nal pressures4 ,b x w nev] let ?+s g too f>4 ,hung>y prov$ t4 ,! mom5t a ,communi/ gov]nm5t ?reat5s to become a non-,communi/ "o1 or ?reat5s to align itself ) ! ,we/ aga9/ ! ,soviet ,union1 ! ,kreml9 w take /eps to br+ ! defect+ gov]nm5t into l9e4 ,hung>y prov$ ?is tru?1 & ,pol& has prov$ t dissid5t ,communi/s le>n$ x4 ,we/]n lead]s1 un=tunately1 7 mu* less p]ceptive4 ,9 ! ,fall ( #aief1 !re appe>$ to be a brea* betwe5 ,gomulka's gov]nm5t & ! ,kreml94 ,_m ,we/]n]s joyfully proclaim$ t ,pol& 0 pull+ away f ,communism1 & hop+ to ha/5 ?is movem5t1 our gov]nm5t began to s5d ! ,gomulka regime ,am]ican aid4 ,! succe$+ ye>s witness$ two facts3 #a4 ,our money made x easi] = ,gomulka's regime to deal ) its economic problems2 #b4 ,gomulka mov$ into an ev5 clos] relation%ip ) ! ,soviet gov]nm5t4 ,gomulka knew1 z ,am]ican policy-mak]s ought to h kn[n1 t ! price ( ab&on+ ,communism is a ,budape/-type blood ba?4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ne$ n be ! case 7 ,am]ica prep>$ to come to ! aid ( p :o want to /rike out = fre$om4 ,b z long z we give ,soviet milit>y =ces a free h& 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 x is ! height ( folly to try to bribe ,communi/ gov]nm5ts into becom+ our fri5ds4 ,we mu/ realize t ! captive peoples are our fri5ds & pot5tial allies--n _! rul]s4 ,a truly (f5sive-m9d$ /rategy w\ld recognize t ! captive peoples are our /ronge/ weapon 9 ! w> aga9/ ,communism1 & w\ld enc\rage !m to ov]?r[ _! captors4 ,a policy ( /r5g!n+ _! captors c only po/pone t upheaval )9 ! ,communi/ ,empire t is our be/ hope ( defeat+ ,communism )\t resort+ to nucle> w>4 ,,t[>d ,,victory ,by measur+ ea* aspect ( our =eign policy aga9/ ! /&>d--,is x helpful 9 defeat+ ! enemy8--we c und]/& :y ! pa/ f\rte5 ye>s h be5 m>k$ by fru/ration & failure4 ,we h n gott5 ahead because we h be5 travell+ ! wrong road4 ,x is less easy to /ake out ! "r road4 ,= 9 t]ms ( our own exp]i5ce x is a new road we seek1 & "o !re=e t w hold *all5ges & p]ils t are diff]5t 7?\gh h>dly grav]7 f ^? ) :i* we are n[ famili>4 ,actually1 ! 8new0 road is z old z human hi/ory3 x is ! "o t successful political & milit>y lead]s1 hav+ arriv$ at a dispassionate 8e/imate ( ! situation10 always foll[ :5 !y are 9 a w> !y mean to w94 ,f our own e/imate ( ! situation1 we "k ! direction we mu/ take2 & our /&>d--,is x helpful 9 defeat+ ,communism8--w provide guidepo/s all along ! way4 ,!re are "s t c be obs]v$ ev5 n[3 #a4 ,! key guidepo/ is ! ,objective1 & we mu/ nev] lose sight ( x4 ,x is n to wage a /ruggle aga9/ ,communism1 b to w9 x4 ,,our ,,goal ,,mu/ ,,be ,,victory #b4 ,our /rategy mu/ be prim>ily (f5sive 9 nature4 ,giv5 ! dynamic1 revolution>y "* ( ! enemy's *all5ge1 we _c w9 m]ely by try+ to hold our own4 ,9 addition to p>ry+ 8 bl[s1 we mu/ /rike our own4 ,9 addition to gu>d+ our fronti]s1 we mu/ try to puncture 84 ,9 addition to keep+ ! free _w free1 we mu/ try to make ! ,communi/ _w free4 ,to ^! ends1 we mu/ always try to engage ! enemy at times & places1 & ) weapons1 ( our own *oos+4 #c4 ,we mu/ /rive to a*ieve & ma9ta9 milit>y sup]iority4 ,m]e p>ity w n d4 ,s9ce we c nev] mat* ! ,communi/s 9 manp[]1 our equipm5t & weapons mu/ m ?an (fset 8 advantage 9 numb]s4 ,we mu/ also develop a limit$ w> capacity4 ,= ?is latt] purpose1 we %\ld make e ef=t to a*ieve decisive sup]iority 9 small1 clean nucle> weapons4 #d4 ,we mu/ make ,am]ica economically /rong4 ,we h already se5 :y economic en]gy mu/ be releas$ f gov]nm5t /rangulation if individual fre$om is to survive4 ,economic emancipation is equally imp]ative if ! nation is to survive4 ,am]ica's maximum economic p[] w be =g$1 n "u bureaucratic direction1 b 9 fre$om4 #e4 ,9 all ( our deal+s ) =eign nations1 we mu/ behave l a great p[]4 ,our national po/ure mu/ reflect /r5g? & confid5ce & purpose1 z well z good w4 ,we ne$ n be bellicose1 b nei!r %\ld we enc\rage o!rs to believe t ,am]ican rights c be violat$ ) impunity4 ,we mu/ protect ,am]ican nationals & ,am]ican prop]ty & ,am]ican honor--ev]y:]e4 ,we may n make =eign peoples love u--no nation has ev] succe$$ 9 t--b we c make !m respect u4 ,& respect is ! /uff ( :i* endur+ fri5d%ips & firm alliances are made4 #f4 ,we %\ld adopt a discrim9at+ =eign aid policy4 ,am]ican aid %\ld be furni%$ only to fri5dly1 anti-,communi/ nations t are will+ to jo9 ) u 9 ! /ruggle = fre$om4 ,moreov]1 our aid %\ld take ! =m ( loans or te*nical assi/ance1 n gifts4 ,& we %\ld insi/1 moreov]1 t su* nations contribute _! fair %>e to ! common cause4 #g4 ,we %\ld decl>e ! _w ,communi/ movem5t an outlaw 9 ! community ( civiliz$ nations4 ,accord+ly1 we %\ld )draw diplomatic recognition f all ,communi/ gov]nm5ts includ+ t ( ! ,soviet ,union1 !reby s]v+ notice on ! _w t we reg>d su* gov]nm5ts z nei!r legitimate nor p]man5t4 #h4 ,we %\ld enc\rage ! captive peoples to revolt aga9/ _! ,communi/ rul]s4 ,?is policy mu/ be pursu$ ) caution & prud5ce1 z well z c\rage4 ,= :ile our enslav$ fri5ds mu/ be told we are anxi\s to help !m1 we %\ld disc\rage premature upris+s t h no *ance ( success4 ,! fre$om fight]s mu/ und]/& t ! "t & place & me?od ( su* upris+s w be dictat$ by ! ne$s ( an ov]all _w /rategy4 ,to ?is end we %\ld e/abli% close liaison ) und]gr\nd lead]s beh9d ! ,iron ,curta91 furni%+ !m ) pr9t+ presses1 radios1 weapons1 in/ructors3 ! p>aph]nalia ( a full-fl$g$ ,resi/ance4 #i4 ,we %\ld enc\rage fri5dly peoples t h ! means & desire to d s to und]take (f5sive op]ations = ! recov]y ( _! homel&s4 ,= example1 %\ld a revolt occur inside ,r$ ,*9a1 we %\ld enc\rage & support gu]rilla op]ations on ! ma9l& by ! ,free ,*9ese4 ,%\ld ! situation develop favorably1 we %\ld enc\rage ! ,s\? ,koreans & ! ,s\? ,vietnamese to jo9 ,free ,*9ese =ces 9 a comb9$ ef=t to lib]ate ! enslav$ peoples ( ,asia4 #aj4 ,we mu/--ourselves--be prep>$ to und]take milit>y op]ations aga9/ vuln]able ,communi/ regimes4 ,assume we h develop$ nucle> weapons t c be us$ 9 l& w>f>e1 & t we h equipp$ our ,european divisions accord+ly4 ,assume also a major upris+ 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 su* z occurr$ 9 ,budape/ 9 #aief4 ,9 su* a situation1 we ought to pres5t ! ,kreml9 ) an ultimatum =bidd+ ,soviet int]v5tion1 & be prep>$1 if ! ultimatum is reject$1 to move a highly mobile task =ce equipp$ ) appropriate nucle> weapons to ! sc5e ( ! revolt4 ,our objective w\ld be to confront ! ,soviet ,union ) sup]ior =ce 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! upris+ & to compel a ,soviet )drawal4 ,an actual cla% betwe5 ,am]ican & ,soviet armies w\ld be unlikely2 ! m]e ?reat ( ,am]ican action1 c\pl$ ) ! ,kreml9's k t ! fight+ w\ld occur amid a ho/ile population & c\ld easily spread to o!r areas1 w\ld probably result 9 ,soviet acceptance ( ! ultimatum4 ,! ,kreml9 w\ld also be put on notice1 ( c\rse1 t resort to long-range bomb]s & missiles w\ld prompt automatic retaliation 9 k9d4 ,on ?is level1 we w\ld invite ! ,communi/ lead]s to *oose betwe5 total de/ruction ( ! ,soviet ,union1 & accept+ a local defeat4444 ,_h we ! w & ! means = x 9 #aief1 su* a policy w\ld h sav$ ! ,hung>ian ,revolution4 ,?is is h>d c\nsel4 ,b x is h>d1 ,i ?9k1 n = :at x says1 b = say+ x op5ly4 ,su* a policy involves ! risk ( w>8 ,( c\rse2 b any policy1 %ort ( surr5d]1 does t4 ,any policy t successfully fru/rates ! ,communi/s' aim ( _w dom9ation runs ! risk t ! ,kreml9 w *oose to lose 9 a kamikaze-f9i%4 ,x is h>d c\nsel because x frankly ackn[l$ges t w> may be ! price ( fre$om1 & ?us intrudes on our national complac5cy4 ,b is x really s h>d :5 x goes on to se>* = ! mo/ likely means ( safegu>d+ bo? our lives & our fre$om8 ,is x s h>d :5 we ?9k ( ! risks t 7 tak5 to create our c\ntry8--risks on :i* our ance/ors op5ly & pr\dly /ak$ _! 8lives1 =tunes1 & sacr$ honor40 ,w we d less to save our c\ntry8 ,! risks ,i speak ( are risks on our t]ms1 in/ead ( on ,communi/ t]ms4 ,we1 n !y1 w\ld select ! "t & place = a te/ ( wills4 ,we1 n !y1 w\ld h ! opportunity to br+ maximum /r5g? to be> on t te/4 ,!y1 n we1 w\ld h to decide betwe5 fight+ = limit$ objectives "u unfavorable circum/ances1 or back+ d[n4 ,& ^! are imm5se advantages4 ,! future1 z ,i see x1 w unfold along "o ( two pa?s4 ,ei!r ! ,communi/s w reta9 ! (f5sive2 w lay d[n "o *all5ge aft] ano!r2 w invite u 9 local crisis aft] local crisis to *oose betwe5 all-out w> & limit$ retreat2 & w =ce u1 ultimately1 to surr5d] or accept w> "u ! mo/ disadvantage\s circum/ances4 ,or we w summon ! w & ! means = tak+ ! initiative1 & wage a w> ( attrition aga9/ !m--& hope1 !reby1 to br+ ab\t ! int]nal dis9tegration ( ! ,communi/ empire4 ,"o c\rse runs ! risk ( w>1 & leads1 9 any case1 to probable defeat4 ,! o!r runs ! risk ( w>1 & holds =? ! promise ( victory4 ,= ,am]icans :o *]i% _! lives1 b _! fre$om m1 ! *oice _c be difficult4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,publi%]s ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,,inc4 ,,%eph]dsville1 ,,k5tucky ,quality ,book ,manufactur]s ,s9ce #ahff 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt] & relabel$ consecutively ?r\gh ! docum5t4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! foll[+ *anges 7 made3 p4 #df3 is *ang$ to are 7conceiv$1 are an7 p4 #aah3 p>+ *ang$ to p>ry+ 7to p>ry+ 87