,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,this book includes many accented charactors4 ,these will display using ,unicode combining diacriticals4 ,some examples of how these will appear on this device3 and 7h and ,h with dot below7 and 7a and ,a with macron above7 ,g,h 7,g and ,h with a combining macron below7 ,footnote anchors are denoted by number1 and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the chapter4 ,reference numbers to notes have been updated to continuous numbering4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,,the ,b,z-,n,,ma-,,yi ,n,,ir ,a ,,persian ,,treatise ,,on ,,falconry ,illustration3 ,i ,,hunting ,,and ,,hawking ,,scene 7,,from ,a ,,painting ,,in ,,an ,,ancient ,,persian ,,ms47 ,,the ,b,z-,n,,ma-,,yi ,n,,ir ,a ,,persian ,,treatise ,,on ,,falconry ,,translated ,,by ,,lieut4-,,colonel ,d4 ,c4 ,,phillott ,,secretary1 ,,board ,,of ,,examiners1 ,,calcutta1 ,,general ,,secretary ,,and ,,philological ,,secretary1 ,,asiatic ,,society ,,of ,,bengal1 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,calcutta ,,university1 ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,persian ,,text ,,of ,,the ,,qaw,n,nu '-,,ayy,d ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,london ,,bernard ,,quaritch #aijh #ejj copies of this book have been printed ,,to ,,his ,,excellency ,,the ,,ala,u ',l-,,mulk ,,formerly ,,governor-,,general ,,of ,,kirm,n ,,and ,,persian ,,baluchistan ,,this ,,translation ,,is ,,affectionately ,,dedicated ,,in ,,memory ,,of ,,certain ,,days ,,not ,,unpleasant ,,when ,,we ,,met ,,in ,,the ,b,g,h ,,and ,,mingled ,,our ,,tears ,,over ,,our ,,exile ,illustration3 7,persian ,writing7 ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,the author of this work was usmu 'd-,dawlah ,taymr ,mrz1#a one of the nineteen sons of usayn ,al ,mrz1#a ,farmn-,farm1 the ,governor of the ,province of ,frs1 and one of the sons of ,fat ,al ,shh1 ,qjr4 ,on the death of ,fat ,al ,shh1 in ,a4,h4 #abej 7,a4,d4 #ahcd71 general confusion prevailed3 the claimants to the ,crown were many4 ,the details of these claims and the actions of the various aspirants to establish them are exceedingly complicated and difficult to follow4 ,the old ,zillu 's-,sultn first mounted the throne at ,teheran4 ,his nephew the young ,muammad ,mrz was then ,governor of ,tabrz1 and his troops had not been paid for some time4 ,however1 receiving pecuniary support from the ,english ambassador1 and moral support from the ,russian1 he marched on ,teheran 7putting out the eyes of a brother or two en route71 and was met by the army 7hastily paid up to date1 and even in advance71 of the ,zillu 's-,sultn4 ,the moving spirit in ,muammad ,mrz's army appears to have been an ,englishman named ,lynch1 who1 nominally in command of the artillery1 virtually managed what cannot be better described than as 8the whole show40 ,the camp of the ,zillu 's-,sultn awoke in the morning to discover that1 during the night1 their ,general had gone over to the enemy2 and that ,mr4 ,lynch1 having pointed four big guns at their camp1 was haranguing them from his position1 and exhorting them to go home4 ,his arguments appeared reasonable4 ,part of the ,zillu 's-,sultn's army crossed over to ,mr4 ,lynch1 and part returned home4 8,in a moment1 this fine army was disbanded1 scattered like the stars of the ,great ,bear1 every man going to his own place40 ,muammad ,mrz now entered ,teheran without the slightest opposition1 and his uncle the ,zillu 's-,sultn1 8in the greatest despondency10 placed the crown on his head and handed him the state jewels4 ,muammad ,shh 7no longer ,mrz7 then proceeded to despatch the ,zillu 's-,sultn and most of his uncles and brothers to the dreaded fortress of ,ardabl4 ,shaykh ,al ,mrz1 ,shaykhu 'l-,mulk1 8though he had none of the requisites of sovereignty except a band of music10 was another prince that made an even more feeble bid for the throne4 ,he was then ,governor of ,ty ,sarkn4 ,royal governors1 in ,persia1 have bands that play in the evening2 but a morning band is a prerogative of the ,shh4 ,shaykh ,al ,mrz ordered his band to play in the morning as well as in the evening1 and thought that by so doing he had become ,shh4 ,however1 on receiving the unexpected news that ,muammad ,shh was in ,teheran1 he tendered his submission1 and was soon packed off to join the 8caravan0 at ,ardabl4 aydar ,qul ,mrz1 ib ,ikhtiyr1 another royal prince1 also made a burlesque attempt to obtain sovereignty4 ,his own adherents split into two parties1 quarrelled amongst themselves1 and then at a moment's notice turned him out of the city of which he was ,governor4 ,on his way to ,isfahan he fell off his horse1 and was carried into that city in a prostrate condition4 ,once or twice1 after this1 he flits across the page of history as a fugitive from the wrath of ,muammad ,shh4 ,it must not be supposed that all this time the ,farmn-,farm1 the father of our author and the eldest living son of the late ,fat ,al ,shh1 was idle4 ,he seems to have been popular in ,frs1 for ,shrz was kind enough to offer him the crown of ,persia4 ,he induced his brother the ,shuju 's-,saltanah1 the ,governor of ,kirmn1 to have coins struck in his name there1 and also the ,khutbah read in his name at the ,friday prayers4 ,he further sat on a throne in ,shrz4 ,a few days later1 news of the arrival of ,muammad ,shh in ,teheran and of the abdication of the ,zillu 's-,sultn1 reached him4 ,the ,shuju 's-,saltanah1 who had arrived at ,shrz from ,kirmn1 was then placed in command of an army1 and under him were two of the ,farmn-,farm's sons1 ,najaf ,qul ,mrz in command of the ,cavalry1 and ,ri ,qul ,mrz in command of the ,infantry4 ,the destination of the army appears to have been ,isfahan1 the inhabitants of which1 it was hoped1 would declare for the ,farmn-,farm4 ,the season was winter4 ,the second march was commenced in a storm of snow and rain4 ,the plains became a lake3 the hill passes were blocked by snow3 men and horses died3 guns sank in the mud3 property was lost4 ,rations1 too1 ran short1 and the country had lately been visited by locusts4 ,even proper guides were wanting4 ,but worst of all1 one march from ,isfahan1 ,mr4 ,lynch was discovered blocking the way4 ,in the night1 three of ,mr4 ,lynch's artillerymen 8deserted0 to the ,shrz camp1 and tampered with its artillery4 ,in the skirmish next morning1 all the artillery horses of the ,shrz camp went bodily over to ,mr4 ,lynch4 ,the remainder of the ,shrz army scattered and disappeared1 got entangled in the mountains1 and retraced its steps to find ,mr4 ,lynch with some artillery blocking one path1 and a ,mr4 8,shir0--apparently another ,englishman--blocking another4 ,the ,shrz ,commander-in-,chief1 with his two nephews1 and presumably a remnant of the army1 eventually slunk back into ,shrz1 in a miserable plight from hunger and exhaustion4 ,a grand ,council was then held1 and everybody talked1 and the ,farmn-,farm listened to all in turn4 ,one thing seems quite certain1 no one did anything4 ,strange rumours now began to reach ,shrz of weird ,turkish troops that spoke no ,persian1 and were commanded by an ubiquitous ,englishman4 ,the merchants1 panic-stricken1 fled with their property4 ,the city people revolted1 and seized some towers2 while the troops1 of course1 deserted to the other side4 ,a faithful eunuch then informed the ,farmn-,farm that he had met some of the city people on their way to seize the gates1 and that a plan had been concocted for capturing the ,farmn-,farm with all his relations1 adding that the delay of one minute meant the loss of everything4 ,still the ,farmn-,farm shilly-shallied3 still he maintained his attitude of keeping 8one foot in the stirrup and one on the ground10 giving ear1 first to the advice of his son to flee1 and then to the advice of his brother the ,shuju 's-,saltanah to stay4 ,the result was1 that the two elder princes were taken4 ,the ,farmn-,farm was deported to ,teheran1 where he was honourably treated but speedily died4 ,the ,shuju 's-,saltanah was carried to ,teheran1 deprived of his sight en route1 and then sent to enliven the family party at ,ardabl4 ,the princes1 ,najaf ,qul ,mrz1 ,ri ,qul ,mrz1 ,taymr ,mrz the author of this ,bz-,nma1 with ,nawb jiya the mother of ,najaf ,qul ,mrz1 and three more princes1 brothers or half-brothers1 narrowly effected their escape1 and a month later reached ,baghdd in safety4 ,at that time relations between the ,english and ,persian ,courts were extremely friendly4 ,the eldest prince1 ,ri ,qul ,mrz1 with his brothers ,najaf ,qul ,mrz1 and ,taymr ,mrz our author1 started for ,england to obtain the mediation of ,william ,,iv41 reaching ,london vi ,damascus and ,beyrout in the summer of #ahcf4 ,their journey from ,damascus to ,beyrout was as feckless and mismanaged as their expedition to ,isfahan4 ,for four months the princes were a popular feature of ,london ,society1 and during that time succeeded in losing their hearts several times4 ,then1 as they had obtained the object of their journey1 ,lord ,palmerston having arranged matters to their satisfaction1 they returned to ,baghdd and exile4 ,najaf ,qul ,mrz wrote an account in ,persian of the events that occurred on the death of their grandfather ,fat ,al ,shh1 and of their own adventures in consequence1 and he also kept a diary of their tour to ,england and back4 ,asad ,yaqb ,khayyt1#b a ,syrian ,christian who had accompanied the princes to ,europe as ,dragoman1 secured this ,,ms4 in ,baghdd2 but on his journey back to ,syria he was held up by ,bedouins and deprived of that portion of the ,,ms4 that treated of the actual flight of the princes from ,shrz and of the arrest of their father--the illiterate ,arabs mistaking these pages for the ,holy ,qurn4 ,the remainder of the journal was translated by him into ,english1 and under the title of a 8,journal of a ,residence in ,england and of a ,journey from and to ,syria1 of their ,royal ,highnesses ,reeza ,koolee ,meerza1 ,najaf ,koolee ,meerza1 and ,taymoor ,meerza of ,persia10 was printed in ,london for private circulation only4 ,the present tragi-comic page of ,persian history has been compiled1 partly from this narrative1 and partly from ,persian sources4 ,some twenty-eight years after the bid for sovereignty1 and fourteen years after the death of their cousin ,muammad ,shh1 the two princes ,ri ,qul ,mrz and ,taymr ,mrz started from ,baghdd to revisit their native land4 ,who knows what secret hopes they cherished1 what dreams they dreamt of royal favour8 ,in a few pathetic words1 our author1 in his ,preface1 informs us that1 at the second stage of their journey1 the truth of the sacred text1 #8,and ye know not in what land death shall overtake you1' was forcibly revealed to him3 his brother suddenly sickened and died4 ,taymr ,mrz was well received by ,niru 'd-,dn ,shh1 whose constant companion he became in all sporting expeditions4 ,he died in ,a4,h4 #abia 7,a4,d4 #ahgd72 ,i am told1 in ,teheran4 ,in ,persia1 and round ,baghdd1 ,taymr ,mrz's name is still a household word4 8,ah10 exclaim the ,persians when hawking is mentioned1 8if ,taymr ,mrz were only here40 ,his treatise on ,falconry1 of which the present book is a translation1 was composed in ,a4,h4 #abhe 7,a4,d4 #ahfh7 and was originally lithographed in ,teheran4 ,a second1 and perhaps a third1 edition was lithographed in ,bombay1 a few pages on pigeons and game-fowl1 apparently written in ,india1 being added as an ,appendix4 ,the present translation has been made from a copy of the original ,teheran edition to which marginal notes have been added by a former owner4 ,for the versification ,i am indebted to the assistance of poetical friends4 ,d4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,mrz after 7not before7 a name signifies ,prince4 #b ,in his translation of the ,journal he transliterates his name ,asaad ,y4 ,kayat4 ,khayyt is a common family name amongst ,syrian ,christians4 ,illustration3 ,,ii ,,facsimile ,,of ,a ,,page ,,of ,,the ,,teheran ,,lithographed ,,edition ,,the 8,b,z-,n,,ma-,,yi ,n,,ir0 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,falconry ,,dedicated ,,to ,n,,ir,u ',d-,d,n ,,sh,h ,,of ,,persia ,,in ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,god1 ,,the ,,merciful1 ,,the ,,compassionate ,let us embroider this ,treatise on ,falconry with the design of the ,praise of the ,all-,sufficient2 and let us exalt our ,pen by a votive offering of praise to the ,great ,fashioner1 in the path of whose worship the wings of those falcon-like ,pure ,spirits of the ,saints are spread wide open1#c like as the portals of ,his ,mercy are opened wide in the faces of those that truly love ,him4 ,let us also praise the matchless beauty and grandeur and perfection of that high-soaring ,bird1#d the robe of whose being ,god adorned with this sacred verse3 8,and was at the distance of two bow-strings1 or even less40#e ,we further extol the ,family1 the ,hum#f of whose noble spirit soars aloft on the pinions of sure belief and true knowledge1 winging its way to the eyrie of union with the ,eternal ,phnix3-- ,falcons thrice four and twain1#g that on the wing ,of ,unity soar ever hovering ,round ,caucasus 7within whose rocky caves ,dwells the ,smurgh72 while ever on their graves ,the clouds of ,god's ,grace every moment pour ,unnumbered blessings from ,his bounteous store4 ,thus says this writer1 ,his ,royal ,highness ,prince ,taymr ,mrz1#h son of the ,blessed#i usayn ,al ,mrz1 ,farmn-,farm1#aj and grandson of the ,blessed#i ,king ,fat ,al ,shh1 ,qjr 7whom ,allah has clothed in the ,robes of ,light73--,at the beginning of the reign of ,king ,muammad ,shh 7the ,receiver of ,god's ,pardon#aa and a ,dweller in ,paradise71 in the year of the ,flight #abej 7a thousand blessings and praises on ,him that performed it#ab7 ,i with my brothers ,ri ,qul ,mrz#h1 ,nqibu 'l-,iyla1 and ,najaf ,qul ,mrz1 ,wl1 both my elders1 and ,shh-rukh ,mrz1 and ,iskandar ,mrz1 younger than the writer1 departed from the ,province of ,frs on a pilgrimage to the ,sacred ,karbal#ac--;best of blessings and perfect benedictions on its silent#ad inmates6 ,after a residence of some months in that ,celestial ,city1 ,i1 as ,god and ,fate decreed1 with my brother ,ri ,qul ,mrz and ,najaf ,qul ,mrz took a journey to ,europe1 returning to the ,holy ,places#ae after the space of a year and a half4 ,by the grace of ,god we spent the long space of thirty years1 in peace and freedom1 in those ,abodes of ,peace1 visiting the ,holy ,shrines and hawking and hunting in their environs4 ,when the throne of the ,kingdom of rn--which ,god protect from the changes and vicissitudes of ,time--was adorned and illuminated by the splendour of the auspicious accession of ,his ,majesty ,shh ,niru 'd-,dn1 a ,jamshd in rank1 the shade of ,god's ,grace and ,his ,blessing to men1 the ,divinely-aided1 a ,king and the son of ,kings2 and when the fame of the ,justice and the echo of the ,clemency of this peerless ,monarch spread and resounded throughout the world1 nay reached even to the high oratories of ,heaven's ,dome1 ,i1 your humble slave1 with ,ri ,qul ,mrz1 left ,baghdd1 the ,abode of ,peace1#af in the year of the ,flight #abgi1 on a pilgrimage to ,holy ,meshed1 in order to kiss the sacred shrine of the ,eighth ,imm1--the blessings of ,god ,almighty on him1 his honoured forefathers1 and his descendants the ,leaders of men6 ,in ,kirmnshh his pre-destined death overtook ,ri ,qul ,mrz1 in the ,fort known as j ,karm1 one of the stages on our journey2 and in accordance with the passage1 8,all that breathes shall taste of death10 he passed away1 and the hidden mystery of1 8,no living thing knoweth in what land it shall die0 was manifested to us4 ,when the bird of his spirit spread its wings and soared to the eyrie of ,rest we despatched his bier to the ,holy ,city of ,najaf#ag 7thousands of blessings on him that has sanctified it7 where was his dwelling-place and ancestral home1 so that he might there be buried with his fathers1 while ,i1 alone1 with my burden of grief continued on my way to the most ,sacred ,city4#ah ,when ,i was blessed by the pilgrimage to ,harat-i ,abdu 'l-,azm#ai--,peace and ,honour be to him--the intense heat had already set in1 and ,his ,majesty and his ,court were moving to the summer residence at ,shimrnt4 ,certain well-wishers of ,his ,majesty and of the ,state informed him of my circumstances4 ,since the ,creator of ,existence1 ,he who has made the heights and the depths1 has decreed for every low estate a high estate1 and for every grief a joy1 and for every disgrace an honour1 and for every pain a cure1 the ,royal mind was inspired to appoint ,dst ,al ,khn1 the ,minister of ,public ,works1 to summon this attached slave to the ,presence4 ,so1 according to ,royal ,mandate1 ,i drove with the ,minister in his carriage to ,nayvarn1#bj where the ,royal ,camp then was4 ,after a short wait in the shade of the tent we were honoured by admittance to the sun-like ,presence of the ,king--,may our souls be his sacrifice6 ,such kindness he showed and so wide did he open the doors of his favour and kingly condescension1 that what ,i had heard was but a thousandth part of the reality--as it were but a handful as a sample of an ass-load4 ,i exclaimed3-- ,when the poor traveller's glance on thee alight1 ,thy beauty charms his vision with its sight4 ,no longer wishful through the world to roam1 ,his heart but seeks to find with thee a home4 ,he spoke on various topics and strung the pearls of kingly words--and kings' words are the kings of words--on the string of discourse4 ,i too1 his slave1 according to my mean ability1 presented my poor contribution to the conversation1 which at last turned on sport4 ,the ,shadow of ,god 7may our souls be his sacrifice7 is an expert of experts in all sports1 but especially in shooting4 ,i have never seen or heard of his equal in shooting1 either on foot1 or off a galloping horse4 ,for example1 one day in the ,kh-i ,shahristnak1 ,i and ,mahd ,qul ,khn the ,ghulm bachcha-bsh1 and q ,kush ,khn the gun-keeper1 were sitting with him behind a stone--,mutaf ,qul ,khn the ,mrshikr#ba with several other rifles having made a circuit to drive the herd of wild sheep within range of the king's rifle--when the herd suddenly turned aside and made off4 ,five three-year old rams that had not scented the danger came fearlessly on towards the stone behind which ,his ,majesty and the rest of us were crouching4 ,his ,majesty had with him a double-barrelled gun for slugs1 and three rifles4 ,when the rams arrived within forty paces1 ,his ,majesty fired the gun and brought down one with one barrel1 and a second with the second barrel4 ,the three remaining rushed down the hill4 ,his ,majesty seized the rifles with his auspicious hand1 and by the will of the ,one ,god brought down all three head one after the other3-- ,the ,heavens exclaimed 8,bravo60 ,the ,angels cried 8,well-done60#bb ,now only an expert shot knows at what ranges to fire five successive and successful shots at a fleeing herd4 ,no sport is this but miracle and wonder6 ,true it is that kings are the shadow of ,god and able to accomplish all by the help of their ,master4 ,as long as in the heavens the ,lord shall reign1 ,may our ,king's rule upon the earth remain2 ,for surely so long will a shadow last ,as ,he by whom the shadow's self is cast4#bc ,many other feats1 too1 like this ,i've seen1 up till now1 the year #abhebd 7of the ,flight74 ,sixty-four years of my life have now passed1 all spent in hunting and shooting4 ,i have had no hobby but sport1 no recreation but it4 ,this slave of the ,king's ,court1 ,taymr1 desired that like the ant he should present his offering to the ,court of the ,solomon of the ,age1#be that is1 compose a treatise on ,falconry and its branches1 and on the various species of hawks and their treatment in health and disease4 ,although the old ,falconers have written treatises on this subject1 still in my humble opinion those old writers were by no means experts in their science and should not be classed as masters in their art4 ,i1 therefore1 thought of myself writing on the subject and leaving a memento for all lovers of the sport1 whether tyros or experts4 ,when these are seated by a stream1 refreshed and rested after the morning's sport1 ,i hope they will recall the writer in their prayers and pass over the shortcomings of his work4 ,i have honoured my book with the auspicious name of ,his ,majesty the ,king1 and have named it the ,bz-,nma-yi ,nir and have divided it into several bbs4#bf ,,footnotes3 #c ,tajns3 a play upon the words bz1 8a goshawk10 and bz1 8open40 #d i4e41 ,muammad4 #e ,qurn1 liii1 #i4 #f ,hum1 the ,lammergeyer2 vide ,journal and ,proceedings ,asiatic ,society of ,bengal1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #aj1 #aijf4 #g i4e41 the #ad ,mams1 which are ,muammad1 ,ftimah1 and his descendants the #ab ,imms4 #h ,mrz after a name signifies ,prince3 ,mrz before a name signifies one whose mother is a ,sayyida4 ,but ,mrz 7with short i7 before a name signifies a 8clerk1 writer1 etc40 #i ,marm1 8blessed0 7usually only of ,muslims by ,muslims71 signifies 8dead and pardoned by ,god10 i4e41 8late40 #aj ,farmn-,farm--a title1 and also a ,governor or ,viceroy4 usayn ,al ,mrz1 much lauded by the ,poet ,q1n1 was ,governor of ,frs4 #aa i4e41 8deceased20 vide note #i4 #ab i4e41 on the ,prophet4 #ac ,atabt-i ,alyt1 the 8,exalted ,thresholds10 is a ,shah term for the city of ,kerbal1 the burial place of the martyrs ,imm usayn1 his family and his followers2 sometimes ,najaf and ,kzimayn are included4 #ad i4e41 those buried in those sacred spots4 #ae ,amkin-i ,musharrafa4 #af ,dru 's-,salm is an epithet or a name of ,baghdad4 #ag ,najaf-i ,ashraf2 near ,kerbal and the burial place of ,al4 #ah ,ar-i ,aqdas is ,mash1had-i ,muqaddas4 #ai ,probably the place of this name near ,teheran1 the burial place of the saint from which the place takes its name4 #bj ,near ,shimrnt4 #ba ,mr-shikr2 in ,persia a head game-keeper1 but in ,india a title of any bird-catcher1 assistant falconer1 etc4 #bb ,from the ,shh-,nma4 #bc ,the ,shh1 and in fact all kings1 are styled 8,the ,shadow of ,god40 #bd ,a4,d4 #ahfh4 #be ,the allusion is to some story of the ant presenting ,solomon with the leg of a locust4 #bf ,the book1 however1 contains only two numbered bbs2 the first1 pages #a to #bf 7#ast ,edition7 on 8,the species of ,hunting-birds20 and the second1 the remaining #aeg pages of the book on other subjects4 ,the #bnd bb1 however1 commences with3 8,on the black-eyed birds of prey that have at various times of my life come into my possession and which44440 ,,contents ,,page ,,translator',s ,,introduction xi ,,persian ,,author',s ,,introduction xvii ,,part ,i ,,the ,,yellow-,,eyed ,,birds ,,of ,,prey ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,on ,,the ,,short-,,winged ,,hawks ,,used ,,in ,,falconry #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,goshawks #c ,,iii4 ,,the ,,sparrow-,,hawk #aa ,,iv4 ,,the ,p,q ,,sparrow-,,hawk #ae ,v4 ,,the ,,shikra #ag ,,vi4 ,,the ,,serpent ,,eagle #ag ,,vii4 ,,the ,,eagle ,,owl #ah ,,viii4 ,,other ,,species ,,of ,,owls #bb ,,ix4 ,,the ,,harriers #be ,x4 ,,the ,,lammergeyer ,,or ,,bearded ,,vulture #bg ,,xi4 ,,the ,,osprey #bi ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,dark-,,eyed ,,birds ,,of ,,prey ,,xii4 ,,the ,,eagles ,,and ,,buzzards #cj ,,xiii4 ,,kites ,,and ,,harriers #cc ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,vultures #cd ,,xv4 ,,the ,,raven #ce ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,shunq,r ,,or ,,jerfalcon #cf ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,sh,h,n #db ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,peregrine 7,,ba,r7 #dg ,,xix4 ,,the ,,saker ,,falcon 7,f4 ,cherrug7 #di ,,xx4 ,,the ,,eyess ,,saker ,,falcon #ee ,,xxi4 ,,strange ,,arab ,,devices ,,for ,,catching ,,the ,,passage ,,saker #eg ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,merlin #fa ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,hobby #fe ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,sangak #fh ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,kestril #fh ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,shrike #gb ,,xxvii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,notes #gc ,,xxviii4 ,,method ,,of ,,snaring ,a ,,wild ,,goshawk ,,with ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,a ,,lamp #ge ,,xxix4 ,,training ,,the ,t,,arl,n ,,or ,,passage ,,goshawk #gh ,,xxx4 8,,reclaiming0 ,,the ,,passage ,,saker #id ,,xxxi4 ,,anecdotes ,,of ,a ,,baghdad ,,falconer #ih ,,xxxii4 ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,gazelle #ii ,,xxxiii4 ,,training ,,the ,,eyess ,,saker ,,to ,,eagles #aaj ,,xxxiv4 ,,eyess ,,saker ,,and ,,gazelle #aae ,,xxxv4 ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,training ,,the ,,eyess ,,and ,,passage ,,sakers ,,to ,,gazelle #abd ,,xxxvi4 ,,training ,,the 8,,sh,h,n0 #abe ,,xxxvii4 ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,common ,,heron #acf ,,xxxviii4 ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,common ,,crane #adj ,,xxxix4 ,,on ,,management ,,during ,,the ,,moult #adh ,,xl4 ,,remedies ,,for ,,slow ,,moulting #aea ,,xli4 ,,on ,,feeding ,,on ,,jerboas ,,during ,,the ,,moult #aeb ,,xlii4 ,,on ,,feeling ,,the ,,pulse1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,health #aec ,,xliii4 ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,head ,,and ,,eyes #aed ,,xliv4 ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,mouth #aee ,,xlv4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,nose #aeg ,,xlvi4 ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,ear #aeg ,,xlvii4 ,,on ,,epilepsy #aeh ,,xlviii4 ,,on ,,palpitation #afj ,,xlix4 ,,the ,,sickness ,,called ,,karaj1 ,,which ,,is ,,costiveness #afb ,l4 ,,hectic ,,fever ,,or ,,phthisis #afc ,,li4 ,,on ,,canker ,,of ,,the ,,feathers #aff ,,lii4 ,,lice #afh ,,liii4 ,,worms #afi ,,liv4 ,,heat ,,stroke #agj ,,lv4 ,,palsy1 ,,etc4 #agj ,,lvi4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,feet3 ,,the 8,,pinne0 ,,in ,,the ,,feet #agb ,,lvii4 ,,on ,,paralysis ,,of ,a ,,toe #agf ,,lviii4 ,,feathers ,,plucked ,,out ,,by ,,the ,,root #agf ,,lix4 ,,operation ,,of ,,opening ,,the ,,stomach #agi ,,lx4 ,,on ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,feathers ,,in ,,the ,,wing ,,and ,,tail #aha ,,lxi4 ,,counsels ,,and ,,admonitions #ahb ,,lxii4 ,,accidental ,,immersion ,,during ,,winter #ahc ,,lxiii4 ,,expedient ,,if ,,meat ,,fail #ahd ,,lxiv4 ,,restoration ,,after ,,drowning #ahd ,,lxv4 ,,sage ,,advice #ahe ,,lxvi4 ,,cure ,,for ,,the ,,vice ,,of 8,,soaring0 #ahf ,,lxvii4 ,,on ,,branding ,,the ,,nostrils ,,before ,,setting ,,down ,,to ,,moult #ahi ,,lxviii4 ,a ,,hawk ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,fed ,,when 8,,blown0 #aij ,,lxix4 ,,miscellaneous ,,notes #aib ,,illustrations ,i4 ,hunting and ,hawking ,scene 7from a painting in an ancient ,persian ,,ms47 ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,facsimile of a page of the ,teheran ,lithographed ,edition xvi ,,iii4 ,persian ,carpet depicting ,hawking ,scene #b ,,iv4 ,from an old ,persian painting1 ,indian1 probably of the ,mughal ,period #e ,v4 ,from a painting in an ancient ,persian ,,ms4 written in ,india #g ,,vi4 ,persian ,carpet depicting the ,court of a ,sikh ,mahrj #i ,,vii4 ,intermewed ,peregrine #dc ,,viii4 ,young ,peregrine 7,indian ,hood7 #de ,,ix4 ,young ,passage ,saker 7dark variety7 #ea ,x4 ,young ,passage ,saker 7dark variety7 #ec ,,xi4 ,hobby with ,seeled ,eyes #fd ,,xii4 ,hobby with ,seeled ,eyes #ff ,,xiii4 ,hobby with ,seeled ,eyes #fg ,,xiv4 ,persian ,falconer with ,intermewed ,goshawk 7from a photograph by a ,persian7 #gg ,,xv4 ,intermewed ,goshawk on ,eastern ,padded ,perch 7from a ,persian painting7 #gi ,,xvi4 ,arab ,falconer with ,young ,saker on ,padded and ,spiked ,perch #ie ,,xvii4 ,young ,gazelle #aja ,,xviii4 ,young ,passage ,saker 7light variety7 on ,hubara #aag ,,xix4 ,young ,passage ,saker 7dark variety7 on ,hubara #aai ,,xx4 ,hubara sunning itself #aba ,,xxi4 ,stone-,plover #abg ,,xxii4 ,heron ,struck ,down by ,peregrine 7photo taken just before the ,heron touched the ground7 #abi ,,xxiii4 ,young ,peregrine 7,english ,block and ,indian ,hood7 #aca ,,xxiv4 ,intermewed ,peregrines 7from a photograph by ,lieut4-,col4 ,s4 ,biddulph7 #acc ,,xxv4 ,hunting and ,hawking ,scene #aie ,part ,i ,,the ,,yellow-,,eyed ,,birds ,,of ,,prey ,,chapter ,i ,,on ,,the ,,short-,,winged ,,hawks ,,used ,,in ,,falconry ,the ,birds of ,prey are divided into two great divisions1 the 8,yellow-eyed0 and the 8,black-eyed10 these being again sub-divided into numerous species4 ,we will first treat of the ,yellow-eyed ,division4 ,illustration3 ,,iii ,,persian ,,carpet ,,depicting ,,hawking ,,scene ,tughral ,,crested ,,goshawk8--,the first species worthy of note is the ,tughral4#bg ,during my many wanderings ,i have searched diligently for this species1 but in vain1 and am1 therefore1 unable to describe it from personal knowledge4 ,there is a current tradition1 that a single specimen was once brought to ,persia from ,china1#bh and presented as a curiosity to ,king ,bahrm-i ,gr1#bi who treasured it greatly and guarded it jealously4 ,one sad day1 when the king was out hawking1 the tughral suddenly took to 8soaring0 and was quickly lost to the sight of the disconsolate monarch4 ,his retinue were soon scattered in every direction in search of the missing hawk1 and the king was left almost alone1 being attended by a few only of the royal favourites4 ,bahrm-i ,gr and his party also took up the search2 and wandering far and wide1 at length happened on a large and shady garden1 where they alighted4 ,the bewildered owner of the garden advanced exclaiming3-- 8,the simple peasant on whose #8kulhed'#cj head ,the ,sultan1 ,phoebus-like1 his grandeur shed1 ,trembles within his soul and well nigh dies1 ,that on him shines the ,sultan's kindly eyes40 ,on being questioned about the lost hawk he replied1 8,what a ,tughral may be1 ,i know not1 but not two hours since a hawk with bells and a jewelled #8halsband1'#ca took stand in a tree of this very garden2 but taking fright at my attempt to secure it1 it flew off and settled in that grove yonder40 ,bahrm was overjoyed at this clue1 which enabled him to recover his lost favourite4#cb ,from this reference to a 8halsband0 and bells1 and to the tughral's habit of sitting on trees1 the author concludes that this unknown species belongs to the yellow-eyed division of the birds of prey4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,tughral2 a species frequently mentioned in old ,persian ,,mss4 on falconry4 ,it is probably the 8,crested ,goshawk0 7,astur trivirgatus7 which is said to have been formerly trained in ,india4 ,jerdon1 quoting ,layard1 says it is trained in ,ceylon4 ,the ,tughral is confused by ,indian falconers with the ,shh-bz1 or 8,royal ,goshawk0 which1 according to ,jerdon1 is the name given by native falconers of ,southern ,india to the ,crested ,hawk-,eagle 7,limntus cristatellus74 ,the same author also quotes ,major ,pearse as his informant that the ,rufous-bellied ,hawk-,eagle 7,l4 kienierii7 is1 8,very rarely procured from the ,n4,w4 ,himalayas and trained for hunting and is known as the ,shh-bz40 #bh ,chn2 under this name are included ,yarkand1 ,khutan1 ,mongolia1 ,manchuria1 etc4 #bi ,bahrm was surnamed ,gr1 from his passion for hunting the gr or wild ass4 ,he belonged to the ,sassanian dynasty of ,persian kings and his name frequently occurs in ,persian poetry4 ,the ,greek ,varanes is said to be a corruption of ,bahrm4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,goshawks ,,three ,,species4--,the author now describes three races of goshawk1 which he distinguishes by the names of ,tqn2 ,tarln2 and ,qizil3#cc each of these three he sub-divides into varieties1 only distinguishable from each other by slight differences in colouring1 in marking1 or in size4 ,the first-named species is the white goshawk2 the second is that variety or race of the common goshawk that is caught after migration into ,persia2 while the third is the local race that breeds in the country4 ,after hazarding a conjecture that the white goshawks#cd are not a true species like the ,tarln and ,qizil1 but are either albinos1 or else accidental varieties produced by the pairing1 for one or more generations1 of two exceptionally light specimens of the common goshawk1 the author proceeds to describe a pure white variety of the ,tqn1 which1 he says1 is known to the people of ,turkistan by the name of ,kfr4#ce ,he remarks that he has caught albino specimens of the ,saker ,falcon1 and has further observed albinos of the ,shhn1 8piebald crow10#cf peacock1 sparrow1 sparrow-hawk1 pin-tailed sand-grouse1 chukor1 hoopoe1 ,english merlin1 kkul lark1 and common crane4 ,as regards the ,kfr1 he states his opinion that it is the offspring of albino ,tarlns that happen to have paired for two generations4 ,he continues3-- ,,white ,,goshawk ,,or ,tqn-i kfr4--,the female of this variety of ,tqn is noted for its large size1 the male on the contrary for being extremely small4 ,the head1 neck1 back1 and breast are totally devoid of markings1 the plumage being white as driven snow4#cg ,in the immature bird the eyes have only a slightly reddish tinge1 but after the first moult their hue generally deepens and turns to a ruby-red4#ch ,the claws and beak1 though frequently white1 are more often a light grey1 while the cere is greenish4 ,e'en such the noble thorough-bred ,tqn2 ,may ,god in mercy grant us such a boon6 ,illustration3 ,,iv ,,from ,,an ,,old ,,persian ,,painting1 ,,indian1 ,,probably ,,of ,,the ,,mug,,hal ,,period ,i remember having once seen a 8cast0#ci of this variety--male and female--in the possession of ,fat ,al ,shh#dj 7now a resident of ,paradise71 both of which were exceptionally fine performers in the field4 ,the people of ,turkistan1 who are highly skilled in the art of training goshawks1 call this variety lziq4#da ,it is commonly believed by falconers and bird-catchers1 that in the early spring1 when the female goshawk is desirous of the attentions of a male1 she utters loud and plaintive cries1 which attract to her many species of birds4 ,from these she selects a male of a species different from herself1#db and the result of this union is a diversiform progeny4 ,however1 the kfr or lziq variety is the offspring of two white parents4 ,the following circumstance lends some colouring of truth to this quaint belief3-- ,some years ago a hawk of this species was brought from ,russia and presented as a curiosity to the late ,shh1 who1 in turn1 bestowed it on usayn ,al ,mrz1#dc ,governor of the ,province of ,frs4 ,the ,governor 7now in the abode of the ,blessed7 forwarded it to me--the contemptible4 ,it must have been a bird of four or five moults1 when it came into the possession of this slave4 ,after infinite pains ,i succeeded in taking with it one solitary chukor1#dd and that1 too1 a bird harried and worn out by another hawk4 ,it had a very villainous and scurvy disposition4 ,the plumage of this hawk1 an unusually large female1 was peculiar1 in that its feathers were alternately snow-white and raven-black2 the claws and beak were of the colour of mother-of-pearl1 and the eyes were a reddish yellow4 ,i feel confident her albino mother had mated with a raven1 and that this spurious half-caste was the result of the union4 ,there is some truth in the statements of the bird-catchers4 ,the above description is given1 as it seems in some measure to support the stories of the bird-catchers4 ,sure and certain knowledge1 however1 rests with ,god4 ,illustration3 ,v ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,in ,,an ,,ancient ,,persian ,,ms4 ,,written ,,in ,,india ,,goshawk 7,tarln74--,there are three varieties of ,tarln1 the dark1 the light1 and the tawny4 ,the last two are common1 but though tractable and easily reclaimed1#de they are not good at large quarry4 ,the dark variety that has a reddish tinge1 is universally acknowledged to be the best1 and ,i have myself taken with it common crane and great bustard4#df ,the colouring should be very dark1 with a tinge of red in it2 though this variety may be sullen and self-willed1 it is also hardy and keen1 and1 once thoroughly reclaimed1 will be as docile and obedient as any falconer could desire4 ,,local ,,race ,,of ,,goshawk 7,qizil74--,the third species1 the ,qizil1#dg breeds in ,mzendern1#dh and in many other parts of ,persia1 and a fair number are captured in nets1 each ,autumn1 together with the ,tarlns4 ,like the last-described species1 this also contains three varieties1 the dark1 the light1 and the tawny4 ,the dark variety with the cheek-stripe#di is the best1 and the darker this marking--with a tinge of red in it--the better the bird4 ,with a 8passage-bird0#ej of this last variety1 the author has himself taken common cranes1 great bustards1 and 8ravine-deer0#ea fawns4 ,the difference between the wild caught ,qizil and the ,tarln is in reality very small4 ,the latter has a somewhat finer presence1 a more noble disposition1 and is rather faster in flight2 also from its habit of mounting higher and thus commanding a more extensive view1 it is better able to mark down or 8put in0#eb its quarry4 ,it is for these reasons only that the ,tarln has a higher value than the ,qizil4#ec ,illustration3 ,,vi ,,persian ,,carpet ,,depicting ,,the ,,court ,,of ,a ,,sikh ,,mah,r,j ,,eyess ,,of ,qizil4--,the eyess#ed of the ,qizil is more courageous than the 8passage hawk10#ee for it has the courage of inexperience4 ,reared with fostering care from its nestling days1 what recks it of the frowns of ,fortune8 ,untaught by ,time1 what knows it of the spoiling ,eagle's might8 ,though the eyess may at first excel the passage-hawk in courage1 it is inferior to it in powers of flight4 ,with increased knowledge1 comes decreased courage4 ,in a word1 the nestling bears the same relation to the passage-hawk that the town-bred man does to the desert tentman4 ,,passage ,,and ,,eyess ,qizil ,,compared ,,with ,tarln4--,compared with the eyess1 the passage ,qizil is the better1 especially that variety which has the reddish-black cheek-stripe4#ef ,although inferior in powers of flight to the ,tarln1 it is better at taking large quarry1 and in this quality1 as well as in affection for its master1 it improves moult by moult4 ,the ,tarln1 on the contrary1 with increasing age becomes a regular old soldier3 it wastes the day excusing itself and shirking its duty and saying3 8,oh6 an eagle put me off that time20 or 8,why6 ,i didn't see the partridge20 or else1 8,how clumsily you cast me6 ,you hurt my back40 ,when the sun is near sinking1 the cunning truant will suddenly rouse itself1 and by a grand effort kill in the finest style4 ,well it knows that at that late hour1 a full crop and no more work must needs be the reward of its single exertion4 ,with hopes excited1 its gulled master will rise early next day1 and start off to make a big bag4 ,alas for the fair promise of last night6 ,like yestere'en1 to-day she fails to kill1 ,the truant bird1 blaming her master's skill4 ,the ,tarln1 however1 brings luck to its owner4 ,besides it has a nature sweet1 and docile1 and loyal1 and true4 ,hence of the ,tarln it has been said3-- ,one day a ,knight in splendour bright ,his ,hawk at quarry flew4 ,the ,royal ,bird1 soon lost to sight1 ,soared high into the blue1 ,when lo6 mid-air she meets a mate1 ,who says in tones imploring1 8,return no more to leash or cage ,but stay in freedom soaring40 ,the ,hawk replied3--8,true friends are rare2 ,i cannot break my oath2 ,to stop with thee ,i do not dare2 ,to lose man's love1 ,i'm loth40 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,kulh is the felt hat worn by ,muslims4 #ca ,jalq2 8,halsband1 lit4 neck-band2 a contrivance of soft twisted silk1 placed like a collar round the hawk's neck and the end held in the hand2 4440--,harting4 ,the object of the halsband is to steady the hawk and enable it to start collectedly when the falconer casts it at the quarry4 ,in the ,east it is considered an indispensable portion of the equipment of every ,sparrow-,hawk4 ,it is also very frequently attached to the ,goshawk1 but is not1 however1 used with the ,shikra4 ,zang 8bell40 #cb ,this anecdote is from the ,shh-,nma4 #cc ,the ,tarln and the ,qizil are the same species2 the latter is the local race that breeds in ,persia4 #cd ,in ,blandford's ,zoology of ,eastern ,persia the author states his opinion that the white goshawk is merely a variety of the common goshawk4 #ce ,kfr2 adj4 from kfr1 8camphor10 an emblem of whiteness4 #cf ,kulgh-i psa 8the pied crow02 qil-i quiruq ,t4 8the pin-tailed sand-grouse02 hudhud 8hoopoe02 kkul1 vide page #bd1 note #ajd1 8a species of crested lark02 durn 8common crane40 #cg ,jerdon mentions a pure white goshawk as being found in ,new ,holland1 and states that ,pallas notices a white goshawk from the extreme north-east part of ,asia4 ,some ,afghan falconers call albinos of any species taighn 7tqn74 #ch ,in the adult shikra 7wild caught71 the iris is sometimes a deep red and sometimes a bright yellow4 ,in 8eyess0 shikras1 even after the moult1 the iris is frequently almost colourless1 the result perhaps of confinement in dark native houses4 #ci 8,cast of hawks1 i4e41 two2 not necessarily a pair40--,harting4 #dj ,a contemporary of ,napoleon4 #da ,lziq ,t41 is said to be the name of a white flower3 this is said to be the same as the gul-i rziq ,p41 a kind of jasmine 7the bel phul of the ,hindus74 #db ,a similar belief is current in parts of ,england with regard to the cuckoo1 which1 by some country people1 is supposed to mate with the wryneck or 8cuckoo's mate40 #dc ,this usayn ,al ,mrz was apparently the father of the author4 #dd ,the chukor 7,caccabis chukor7 of ,india and kabk of ,persia1 with its 8joyous laughter10 enters largely into ,oriental fable4 ,on account of its cheery cry1 it is a favourite cage-bird with both ,hindus and ,muslims4 ,the male is also trained to fight4 ,it is not an uncommon sight to see a man strolling along the road with a chukor1 or a grey partridge1 trotting behind him like a little fox terrier4 #de 8#8,reclaim1' v4 ,fr4 rclamer1 to make a hawk tame1 gentle1 and familiar40--,harting4 #df ,msh-murgh1 lit4 8sheep-bird0 7,otis tarda74 ,in ,albin's ,natural ,history of ,birds1 it is stated that the goshawk used to be flown at geese and cranes as well as at partridges and pheasants4 ,in ,hume's ,rough ,notes1 there is an account by ,mr4 ,r4 ,thompson of hawking with the goshawk in the forests of ,gurhwal and the ,terai1 the quarry killed being jungle fowl1 klij pheasants1 hares1 peacocks1 ducks and teal4 ,the peacock knows well how to use its formidable feet and legs as weapons of defence1 and is a more dangerous quarry than even the common crane4 #dg ,qizil ,t41 means 8red40 #dh ,mzendern1 a hilly province on the south coast of the ,caspian4 #di ,madmi ,pl4 ,ar4 ,the author explains this to mean 8having black under the eyes and under the chin40 ,vide also note #bjj1 page #ej4 #ej 8#8,passage-,hawk1' a wild hawk caught upon the passage or migration40--,harting4 #ea h2 the ,persian gazelle 7,gazella subgutterosa74 ,unlike its congener1 the ,indian gazelle 7the well-known chikra or 8ravine-deer0 of the ,panjab71 the female of this species is hornless4 ,a full-grown ,indian gazelle weighs about thirty-six pounds1 and stands a little over two feet high at the shoulder4 8,it the goshawk takes not only partridges and pheasants but also greater fowls as geese and cranes40--,albin's ,nat4 ,hist4 of ,birds4 #eb 8#8,put in1' to drive the quarry into covert40--,harting4 #ec ,a ,persian falconer informed me that the ,qizil is smaller1 slower1 and inferior in courage to the other races1 and that it can readily be distinguished while in the immature plumage1 but not after the first moult4 ,i was shown a moulted qizil and a moulted bz side by side2 except that the former was slightly smaller1 there was no outward difference between the two4 #ed 8#8,eyess2' a nestling or young hawk taken from the #8eyrie' or nest2 from the ,fr4 ,niais44440--,harting4 #ee ,vide page #h1 note #ej4 ,chapter ,v of ,bert's treatise is headed3 8,of the ,eyas ,hawke1 ,goshawk upon whom ,i can fasten no affection1 for the multitude of her follies and faults40 ,the following quaint derivation is from the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans3--8,an hawke is called an ,eyes of hir ,eyghen1 for an hauke that is broght up under a ,bussard or a ,puttocke3 as mony be3 hath ,wateri ,eghen4 ,for ,whan thay be disclosed and kepit in ferme tyll thay be full summyd4 ye shall knawe theym by theyr ,wateri ,eyghen4 ,and also hir looke ,will not be so quycke as a ,brawncheris is4 and so be cause the best knawlege is by the ,eygh1 they be calde ,eyeses40 8,now to speke of hawkys4 first thay ben ,egges4 and afterwarde they bene disclosed hawkys44440 #ef ,siyh-yashmghl ,t42 yashmghl ,t41 is a black handkerchief worn by women round the head4 ,perhaps in the text it means 8black-headed40 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,sparrow-,,hawk ,much that has been written of the ,tarln ,goshawk is also applicable to the ,common ,sparrow-hawk4#eg ,there are four varieties1 the light1 the dark1 the khaki1 and the tawny4 ,of these four1 the khaki has the best heart4 ,the eyes in this variety are small2 and the smaller the markings on the breast1 the more the hawk will be esteemed1 for the more courageous it will prove3 it is the opposite of the ,qizil4 ,into the azure vault of ,heaven1 my hawk ,i flew1 ,whispering to it a prayer1 8,oh ,bird of ,mine be true2 ,come back to me60 ,but my foolish heart did not discern ,that a hawk mid-air1 well on the wing1 could not return4 ,o ,fate1 whose face is veiled to me6 ,return my hawk--propitious be6 ,with the ,sparrow-hawk1 ,i have myself taken teal1 chukor1 stone-plover1#eh black-bellied sand-grouse#ei and short-eared owl4#fj ,considering its size1 the ,sparrow-hawk is the boldest as well as the most powerful of all the short-winged hawks used in falconry4#fa ,i have frequently seen sparrow-hawks 7especially eyesses7 8bate0#fb at hares1 but ,i could never muster up courage to let one go1 to see the result4 ,,young ,,passage ,,sparrow-,,hawk4--,should a very good young sparrow-hawk be brought to you about the time of year that the ,sun first enters into ,virgo1#fc which is about the time the ,sparrow-hawks first arrive in the country1 nurse her carefully1 for she is well worth keeping4 ,at this time she will be a mere nestling1 scarcely in fact more than seven weeks old4 ,her bones will not be properly set and her whole appearance will be spare and weakly4 ,now1 don't be in a hurry to fly her1 unless indeed you wish to spoil her4 ,if you destine her for large quarry1 such as chukor1 seesee1#fd black-bellied sand-grouse1 and the like1 8man0 her very carefully1 and let her take no fright at dogs or water1 etc4 ,next train her to come to the lure1 or fist4 ,when she will fly readily to the fist1 kill a small chicken under her daily1#fe and gorge her on it1--day by day increasing the size of the chicken1 till she will fly readily to it1 and seize it in your hand1 the moment that you present it held firmly by both its legs4 ,proud of the progress made by your pupil1 you may feel inclined to release your grasp of the chicken's legs1 in order to allow her to kill it unaided2 but on no account must this fatal inclination be yielded to4 ,now1 after the hawk has been called to1 and gorged on1 two or three chickens given in the hand1 she must be entered to two or three flying pigeons2 the pigeons1 with shortened wings1 being released before her1 in such a manner that she may take them4 ,each time she takes the pigeon1 kill it cautiously1 and let her take her pleasure on it4 ,when she has taken a few pigeons in this manner1 call her as before to a live fowl held by the legs1 but this time call her to it from some distance4 ,as soon as she comes and seizes it1 which she ought to without hesitation1 kill it1 and gorge her on it4 ,as soon as her training reaches this point1 she should be confined in a cupboard1 some seven feet long by three and a half broad4 ,the cupboard1 which should first be thoroughly swept and cleaned1 must be kept to such a pitch of darkness1 that it will be impossible for its occupant to distinguish the day from the night4 ,if much more light be admitted1 the hawk1 by bating against the door or wall1 will probably do herself some irremediable injury4 ,she should be fed every evening1 three or four hours after dark1 by the light of a lamp1 being taken on the fist for the purpose1 and allowed to eat her fill4 ,her principal food should be sparrows and young pigeons1 but in any case she must have constant change of diet4 ,when so gorged that she can eat no more1 offer her water in a cup1 flicking the water with the finger to attract her attention to it4 ,if she drink1 so much the better1 let her drink her fill3 but if she evince no inclination to drink1 remove the water and replace her in her prison4 ,this treatment must be continued for at least forty days4 ,after the expiration of forty days1 reduce the quantity of her food for four or five nights1 and carry her by lamp light2 in fact treat her in every respect like a wild-caught hawk4 ,evening by evening1 the amount of carriage must be increased1 until she is thoroughly 8manned10#ff when she will be ready to obey her master's every behest4 ,the above method has certain special advantages4 ,during the rest in confinement1 the hawk's bones will become thoroughly hard and set2#fg and from the high feeding during that forty days1 she will attain the growth and strength of a twelvemonth2 and her toes will be long and thick2 and even large quarry1 such as chukor1 pigeons1 and black-bellied sand-grouse1 will stand a poor chance of breaking away from her clutches4 ,it is of course understood that1 if destined for large quarry1 she must never have been flown at sparrows nor even given any small bagged bird whole1 from the day you first get her till the present4 ,she must be made to forget that there is such a thing as small quarry in existence1 or that any bird is fit for food except partridge1 and sand-grouse1 or such large game4 ,,eyess ,,sparrow-,,hawk4--,i will now instruct you in another method of training the ,sparrow-hawk1 by which1 in the field1 it will be no whit inferior to the goshawks of most falconers4 ,in the early ,spring1 get some trusty fowler to mark down a tree1 in which a pair of ,sparrow-hawks are 8timbering40#fh ,a strict watch must be kept on the nest1 and the first time the parent birds are observed carrying food to their young1 the tree must be scaled1 and all the nestlings1 except the largest female1 removed4 ,the nest will contain from three to five nestlings4 ,the whole attention of the parent birds will now be bestowed on the solitary occupant1 which1 by thriving apace1 will fully repay the care lavished on it4 ,the nestling must be inspected by the fowler almost daily1 until the whole of the quill feathers of the tail and wings are out4#fi ,then four or five days before it is ready to fly1 he must 8seel0#gj its eyes while it is still in the nest and remove it1 substituting for it1 one of the nestlings originally abducted4 ,the nest will not then be forsaken3 the parent birds will rear the restored substitute1 and will year after year build in the same tree4 ,the nestling1 its eyes 8seeled10 must be conveyed carefully home1 and its education conducted in precisely the same manner as already described4 ,when taken up at the end of the forty days of confinement1 your friends will probably delight you by mistaking her for a male goshawk1#ga so great will be her size4 ,what a goshawk will do1 she will do4 ,the author has also adopted the above plan with nestlings of the ,shhn1 the ,saker and the ,qizil ,goshawk1 with eminently satisfactory results4 ,he humbly begs leave to add that the idea is an original one4 ,,footnotes3 #eg ,bsha ,p42 qirgh1 qirq1 etc4 ,t4 7,accipiter nisus74 #eh ,chkhrq1 also called bachcha hubara1 the common stone-plover 7dicnemus crepitans74 #ei ,pterocles arenarius4 ,the common ,persian name is siyh sna or 8black breast40 ,the author1 however1 invariably gives it its ,turki name bqir-qara or bghir qara1 a word having the same signification4 ,the ,pin-tailed ,sand-grouse is called qil-i quiruq ,t43 it is the qat of the ,arabs4 #fj ,yplq1 ,t42 vide under short-eared owl4 #fa ,the late ,sir ,henry ,lumsden 7who used to hawk 8ravine deer0 with charghs in ,hoti ,mardan71 told the translator in ,scotland that he had frequently seen wild sparrow-hawks kill wood-pigeons1 and that he had that very morning seen a sparrow-hawk knock over an old cock pheasant on the lawn1 which is was of course unable to hold4 ,hume1 in ,my ,scrap ,book 7page #acb71 under the description of his 8,dove ,hawk0 expresses a doubt whether the 8true nisus0 would kill a bird as large as a dove3 vide note #gb1 page #ae4 #fb ,tapdan1 8to bate40 8#8,bate1 bating2' fluttering or flying off the fist4444 ,literally to beat the air with the wings1 from the ,french battre40--,harting4 #fc i4e41 about the middle of ,september4 #fd ,th or tayh2 the desert or sand-partridge1 called in the ,panjab s-s or s-s from its cry4 ,it is not such a favourite cage-bird as the black partridge or the chukor4 ,it is not used for fighting3 both sexes are spurless4 ,in ,oudh the sparrow-hawk is flown at grey partridges without the assistance of dogs4 #fe ,the value of a fowl is about four pence4 #ff 8#8,manning1 manned'2 making a hawk tame by accustoming her to man's presence40--,harting4 #fg ,maghz-i ustukhwn-ash siyh m-shavad1 lit4 8the marrow of her bones becomes black40 #fh 8,and we shall say that hawkys doon draw ,when they bere tymbering to their nestes40--,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 8,to timber10 in old ,english1 is 8to build a nest40 #fi ,parh-yi all1 lit4 8lawful feathers40 ,there is a belief that until the quills of the tail and wings are produced a bird is not #8lawful' for food4 #gj 8,to seel10 is to sew up the eyes3 a thread is passed through the centre of each lower eye-lid1 near its edge2 the two threads are then knotted together on the top of the head1 being drawn so tight that the lower eye-lids cover and close the eyes4 ,wild birds so treated sit quite still and do not injure themselves4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,p,q#gb ,,sparrow-,,hawk ,,the ,pq 7,shikra74--,the next hawk to be described is the ,pq4 ,there are two varieties4 ,the first1 or tawny variety1 has the markings on the breast large and distinct4 ,the second1 or dark variety1 has a reddish tinge running through the darker colour of its plumage4 ,these hawks arrive in the country about the beginning of ,september1 some twenty days before the advent of the ,sparrow-hawks4 ,,inferiority ,,of ,,eyess ,pq4--,unlike the ,sparrow-hawk1 the eyess of the ,pq is much inferior to the passage-hawk2 the eyess1 from its craven spirit1 being with difficulty entered to quarry4 ,for this reason it is little esteemed4 ,the eyess of the ,sparrow-hawk1 on the contrary1 surpasses the passage-hawk4 ,of the two varieties1 the tawny is the better1 surpassing1 as it does1 the ,sparrow-hawk in appearance1 more especially so after the first or second moult4 ,the dark variety1 however1 is sulky and runaway4 ,though slower on the wing than the ,sparrow-hawk1 the tawny variety can take with success any quarry that the former can4 ,in fact1 from a working point of view1 there is little to choose between them4 ,the ,pq is1 however1 by far the hardier of the two1 enduring with indifference the extremes of heat and cold4 ,flown in the hot weather from morning till night1 it shows no signs of distress1 but rather seems to get brisker and brisker after each successive flight3 it is impervious to fatigue4 ,it is certainly quite ten times hardier than the ,sparrow-hawk4 ,in affection for its master1 it also surpasses the ,sparrow-hawk1 but as before stated1 it is slow on the wing1 and to be flown with success1 requires to be thrown skilfully4#gc ,if unskilfully thrown1 the quarry will get a start1 and the hawk will meet with nothing but disappointment4 ,the ,pq must take its quarry right off or not at all4 ,in appearance the ,pq very nearly resembles the ,sparrow-hawk1 but its feet are stouter1 its 8arms0#gd more powerful1 and its wings shorter3 it has also a conspicuous dark line under the chin4 ,the larger this chin-line1 the better the bird4#ge ,,footnotes3 #ga ,jurra-bz4 ,a 8tiercel0 goshawk3 vide page #be1 note #ajg4 #gb ,the ,pq is merely the common ,shikra of ,india 7,astur badius--,blan474 ,in a wild state this hawk preys on lizards1 small birds1 rats1 mice1 locusts1 and occasionally doves4 ,i have once or twice seen it chase the common ,indian ground squirrel round and round a tree1 hovering in the air close to the tree and making sudden darts to the opposite side1 the squirrel all the time keeping the trunk between it and its pursuer and chattering shrilly4 ,i once caught a 8haggard0 shikra in a do-gaza1 with a very large homing pigeon--a cock ,antwerp--as a bait4 ,the net had been set up for an eagle4 ,vide note #fa1 page #ab4 #gc ,the ,shikra1 held in the right hand protected by a pad or glove1 the breast lying in the palm of the hand held upwards1 and the tail1 legs1 and points of the wings coming out between the fore-finger and thumb1 is thrown at the quarry while the quarry is still on the ground1 or else the moment it rises4 ,the ,sparrow-hawk being a bird of swift flight is carried on the fist in the usual manner1 a 8halsband0 being used to steady it4 ,it must be a very poor and badly trained ,sparrow-hawk that requires to be thrown from the hand4 ,the ,sparrow-hawk1 being a bird of nervous disposition1 is hooded only when carried by rail1 or on other necessary occasions3 not so the ,shikra4 #gd 8#8,arms2' the legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot40--,harting4 #ge ,the chin-stripe is not always present4 ,the author describes its eyes as 8,chashm-ash qarb bi-zq ast40 ,the meaning of bi-zq ,i am unable to discover4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,shikra ,the ,shikra#gf is said to be of stouter and finer appearance than either the ,pq or the ,sparrow-hawk and to be trained in ,india to take the pied crow4#gg ,it is rarely found in ,persia4 ,i have never come across it4 ,god alone knows the facts of the case4#gh ,,footnotes3 #gf ,the author1 writing from hearsay1 has imagined the ,shikra 7,astur badius7 to be a separate species from the ,pq4 ,in ,india1 shikras are flown1 or rather cast1 at partridges1 quails1 mains1 and common crows4 ,vide also note to scavenger vulture4 #gg ,kulgh-i ablaq2 the ,royston crow1 the common crow of ,persia1 is a different species from the common crow of ,india4 ,the ,royston or ,hooked ,crow is1 for a falcon1 a far easier quarry than the rook4 #gh ,muhammadans frequently qualify their statements by some such expression1 the inference being that men are prone to err and that exact knowledge lies with ,god alone4 ,it is related of the ,prophet that once1 on being asked how many legs his horse had1 he dismounted1 counted with care1 and then said1 8,four40 ,had he made a positive statement from memory1 the ,almighty might have altered the number to two1 or to three1 and so convicted him of error4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,serpent ,,eagle ,we now come to the ,serpent ,eagle1#gi so well known to every fowler4 ,should one be desired as a pet1 it can either be captured by any of the ordinary fowler's devices1 or else taken with a charkh trained to eagles4#hj ,it must be fed principally on snakes1 as it will not thrive on any other food4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,sanj4 ,perhaps the ,common ,serpent ,eagle 7,circatus gallicus74 ,the author in two lines of imperfect description--omitted in the translation--also states that in size and appearance it so nearly resembles the buzzard 7sr71 vide p4 #cb1 note #acc1 that even an experienced falconer might easily mistake the two4 ,the author does not include this amongst the ,uqb or ,eagles1 vide ,chapter ,,xii4 #hj ,for this poaching flight1 vide pages #aac-aad4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,eagle ,,owl ,we now come to the owls1 of which there are eight or nine species1 the most magnificent of them all being the ,great ,eagle ,owl4#ha ,,great ,,eagle ,,owl4--,nestlings of this species are frequently taken by fowlers1 reared by hand1 and then trained#hb for the sport of 8owling40 ,when first taken from the nest1 they must be well and frequently fed1 and be kept in as high condition as possible2 for if at all neglected at this age1 the immature feathers become 8strangled0 and fall out4 ,as soon as ,autumn commences and the weather begins to cool1 i4e41 as soon as the birds of prey and other birds have commenced their in-migration from the hills and other summer-quarters1 the nestling owl is taken up1 fitted with jesses1#hc carried on the fist1 sparely dieted1 and 8manned10 just like a young hawk in training4 ,when thoroughly 8manned10 a stick is procured about twenty inches long3 to one end of this a circular piece of black horse-blanket1 or felt1 is securely fastened4 ,to this again a twist of black goat-hair rope#hd is attached1 so that by its means the owl's meat may be tied on to the black felt4 ,the fowler1 in the morning1 places the stick1 garnished with meat1 about two paces from him on the ground4 ,he then takes the owl on his fist and shows it the meat on the stick4 ,the owl will leave the fowler's fist and fly to the meat4 ,it is allowed to eat a little only of the meat1 being taken up and flown at this lure a second1 and a third time4 ,it is then permitted to make a light meal and is removed4 ,in the late afternoon the lesson of the morning is repeated1 the distance from which the owl is flown being slightly increased4 ,the above training is continued daily1 the distance being increased step by step1 till the owl will fly a good long way to the garnished stick laid on the ground4 ,when this stage of the owl's education is reached1 the stick is no longer laid down1 but1 felt-side upwards1 is planted lightly in the ground1 in such a manner that the moment the owl settles on the felt to feed1 the stick collapses4 ,if the stick is planted too firmly1 it will not fall flat to the ground1 the result being that the owl remains suspended half way4 ,as soon as the owl will fly readily to the upright stick1 from a distance of five- or six-hundred paces1#he its education may be considered complete4 ,now1 if accidents are to be avoided1 the owl1 during the whole of its training1 must have been fed on nothing but red meat1 meat without the vestige of a feather4 ,if fed on pigeons or fowls1 or any kind of 8feather10 it may learn the fatal vice of bird-killing1 a vice that will be fully appreciated by the fowler the first time a fine falcon becomes entangled in his net2 for seeing the falcon struggling in the net1 that dog-begotten owl will abandon the lure1 and fastening on to the captive1 will by a single squeeze of its deadly feet deprive her of life4 ,before the fowler can arrive1 the murder is done1 and his regrets--of what avail are they8 ,in addition to the owl1 the fowler must procure a fine silk net4 ,the silk thread from which it is made should be woven of six or seven fibres and should be dyed to match the ground where the net will eventually be set up4 ,when in position1 the net should be invisible4 ,in size it should be about ten feet long by sixteen to eighteen feet broad4#hf ,a very long fine silk cord of the same colour as the net is threaded through its top meshes1 and the net 7erected much in the same manner as an ordinary du-gaza#hg for catching sparrow-hawks71 is supported in an upright position by two very light poles#hh as long as the breadth of the net1 and these are placed under the cord1 at fourteen to fifteen paces distance from the ends of the net4 ,the ends of the cord are made fast to pegs driven into the ground at a good distance from the ends of the net4 ,the poles must be so erected that1 at any slight shock to the net1 they will collapse suddenly4 ,the 8luring-stick10 garnished with a shank of sheep or goat securely tied to the black felt1 is now erected exactly in the centre of the net1 and about five feet#hi from it4 ,the net so arranged is in position for use4 ,the fowler now takes the owl on his fist1 shows it the garnished 8luring-stick10 and then turns about and walks off in the opposite direction for a distance of five- or six-hundred paces3 he then halts1 turns about again1 and casting off the owl into the air1 quickly conceals himself4 ,the owl1 in accordance with its previous training1 flies straight for the lure1 and is soon closely mobbed by all the birds of the neighbourhood4 ,do not leave your ambush2 watch4 ,if you are near the hills1 perhaps a goshawk1 qizil or tarln1 or else a saker falcon will come down and join the crowd4 ,the owl1 however1 having no other object but to reach its goal1 ignores the clamouring presence of its pursuers and continues on its straight course4 ,the first bird to buffet the owl1 on its alighting on the lure1 is a fast prisoner in the net4 ,let us suppose a noble saker falcon has thus fallen a victim to your fowler toils4 ,leave your ambush1 and1 cautiously and gently1 ,i adjure thee by ,god1 go and secure thy prisoner1 treating her with all honour and respect4 ,the eyes of a newly caught hawk should be 8seeled0 on the spot1 and if a fine needle and fine thread 7not silk7 be used for the purpose1 the falconer into whose hands the hawk eventually falls1 will call down blessings1 not curses1 on the operator's head4 ,,nestling ,,of ,,eagle-,,owl ,,preferred4--,for the above sport1 the nestling is preferred to the wild caught bird4 ,being ignorant and inexperienced1 and consequently more courageous1 it treats eagles and other unknown dangers1 with contempt4 ,the nestling has also greater staying power4#ij ,the hours it should be flown are from early morning till about eleven o'clock1 and from three in the afternoon till within half an hour of sunset4 ,a hundred flights in the day are not too much for a really good bird4#ia ,,disadvantages ,,of ,,wild-,,caught ,,owl4--,the wild-caught owl soon gets done up1 and after a few flights gets sulky and flies off aimlessly and settles on the ground4 ,,arab ,,name ,,for ,,eagle-,,owl4--,the ,arabs call the ,eagle-,owl ,fahdu 'l-,layl1 or 8,panther#ib of the ,night40 ,what the ,golden ,eagle is to the day1 the ,eagle-,owl is to the night4 ,hares and foxes fall an easy prey to it4#ic ,,riding ,,down ,,eagle-,,owl4--,should you1 by chance1 when riding out in the open country1 put up an ,eagle-,owl1 set your horse into a gallop and start in hot chase4 ,if closely pressed1 the owl will not rise more than thrice2 after that it may be easily captured4#id ,,treatment ,,of ,,newly ,,caught ,,eagle-,,owl4--,it is not at all necessary to 8seel0 the eyes of an owl captured in the above manner4 ,it should at once be placed on the fist and 8carried0 like a short-winged hawk2 if it declines to sit up1 duck its head under water three or four times in rapid succession4 ,this will soon bring it to its senses and send away its perversity3 plunging its head in cold water extinguishes the fire of pride in its heart and makes it steady as a rock4#ie ,,footnotes3 #ha ,shh-bf4 #hb ,rasndan1 8to train40 #hc ,pcha-band4 8,jesses1 the short narrow straps of leather fastened round a hawk's legs to hold her by40--,harting4 ,the jesses are never removed from the hawk's legs4 ,in the ,east the jesses are frequently made of woven silk or cotton1 with small rings or 8varvels0 attached to their ends3 with the short-winged hawks1 the use of leather jesses is the exception4 ,the 8leash0 is a long narrow thong 7or in the ,east a silk or cotton cord7 that is attached to the end of the 8jesses0 by means of a swivel1 or otherwise1 and is used for tying up a hawk to a perch or block4 ,vide also page #gh1 note #cae4 #hd ,qtima1 a word used by the ,e4 ,turks and ,kurds for a rope of goat hair4 ,in ,india gut1 or the sinews of cranes1 are used for binding lures1 etc4 #he ,qadam2 a short pace of about twenty inches4 #hf ira4 8,three ira long1 by five or six ira broad40 ,the ,persian ira is variously stated to be a measure of forty1 and forty-two inches in length4 #hg ,du-gaza2 a light1 large-meshed net1 six feet or more long1 by four and a half feet or more broad1 and suspended between two light bamboos or sticks1 which are shod with iron spikes4 ,this net is planted upright1 twenty yards or more away from a resting hawk1 while a live bird is pegged down in the centre of the net1 a few feet from it1 and on the side opposite to the hawk4 ,a certain amount of spare net is gathered towards its centre and allowed to rest loose on the ground4 ,the hawk makes straight for the fluttering bait1 through the invisible net2 the loose portion on the ground permits the net to 8belly0 like a sail1 while the shock given causes the light uprights to collapse inwards1 thus effectually enveloping the hawk4 #hh ,presumably the length of these poles should be somewhat less than the breadth of the net4 #hi 8,one and a half ira40 ,the old ,english name for hawk-catching nets was 8urines0 or 8uraynes40 #ij ,perhaps it can be kept in higher condition4 #ia ,it must not be supposed from this description that hawk-catching is by any means an easy business4 ,in ,india1 in the course of two or three weeks1 the fowler may not catch more than three hawks worth keeping1 and that1 too1 at the season the birds are migrating into the country4 #ib ,apparently a slip on the author's part4 ,fahd is properly the cheeta or hunting-leopard and not the panther4 ,in ,persian the former is called yz and sometimes yz-palang1 while the latter is called palang only4 #ic ,in ,seebohm's ,british ,birds1 it is stated that the eagle owl preys on capercailzie and fawns1 besides hares and other game4 #id ,partridges are caught in this manner by the ,baluchis round ,dera ,ghazi ,khan4 ,vide also ,shaw's ,high ,tartary1 ,yarkand and ,kashgar4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,other ,,species ,,of ,,owls ,,short-,,eared ,,owl2 ,,long-,,eared ,,owl4--,the author now imperfectly describes five or six species of owl1 which the translator is unable with any certainty to identify4 ,the first species mentioned by him is the ,yplgh or ,yplq1 and this species he again divides into two sub-species or races1 viz41 the 8,desert or ,plain ,yplq10 and the 8,garden or ,grove ,yplq40 ,the colour of the latter is said to be somewhat darker than that of the former4 ,the first species is probably the ,short-eared ,owl 7,otus brachyotus72 while the second is probably either the ,common ,long-eared ,owl 7,otus vulgaris71 or the ,tawny ,wood-,owl4 ,the author also states that the former species1 once it has successfully shifted from the first stoop of the falcon and has begun to 8tower10#if is an exceedingly difficult quarry1 and that only a passage ,shhn or ,peregrine is equal to the flight1 the ,saker not being swift enough4#ig ,the latter species of owl1 he adds1 is a poor performer and unable to 8ring up0#if to any great distance without being overtaken and killed4 ,,indian ,,grass-,,owl4--,the ,short-eared ,owl is1 however1 an easier quarry than the ,indian ,grass-,owl 7,strix candida71 which in ,india is taken both with ,sakers and ,peregrines4 ,if1 however1 the ,saker is not in high condition 7in much higher condition than it is usually kept by natives of ,india71 both hawk and quarry will soon be lost to view1 ringing up1 on a calm day completely out of sight and almost perpendicularly into the sky4 ,in this species the iris is dark2 it is therefore presumed that neither it nor any nearly allied species can be included under the name yplq4 ,indian falconers1 however1 in the ,panjab1 have only one name for both the ,short-eared and the ,grass-,owl4 ,afghan falconers state that1 in their country1 the ,short-eared ,owl is a common quarry for the ,saker1 as well as for the ,peregrine4 ,the author continues3-- ,,bride ,,of ,,the ,,well4--,the next species of owl is smaller than the ,yplq1 and is hornless4 ,its prevailing colour is a yellowish white1 something like that of the ,tqn ,goshawk4 ,this species is especially common in ,baghdad and other sacred places4#ih ,it is known to the ,arabs by the name of the 8,bride of the ,well40#ii ,it preys principally on the pigeons of the 8,sacred ,precincts20#ajj for that cuckoldy pimp1 lacking regard and consideration1 has settled that the pigeons of the precincts#ajj are its proper prey1 so it hunts them in the night-watches4 ,in the ,spring the attendants pull out the young owls from their holes in the walls1 or from the interiors of the domes1 and slay them4 ,this species is smaller than the ,yplq4 ,,little ,,owl 7,spotted owlet874--,the author next mentions a small owl that he styles ,bya-qsh or ,chughd4 ,in the ,panjab1 the spotted owlet 7,athene ,brama7 is known by the latter name4#aja ,the author says of this species3--,it frequents old ruins4 ,a young shhn1 intended for the flight of the stone-plover1 should first be given two or three pigeons from the hand1 and then flown at a wild chughd or two4 ,after that it may be entered to stone-plover4 ,the chughd is useful for no other purpose but this4 8,,bird ,,of ,,night-,,melody0#ajb ,,or 8,,bird ,,of ,,testimony40#ajc--,the next species we come to is the 8,bird of ,night-melody10#ajb better known under its popular name of 8,the ,bird of ,testimony40#ajc ,the male of this beautifully marked little owlet is scarcely larger than a lark4#ajd ,all the above species of owl are strictly nocturnal in their habits4 ,too whit1 too whoo6 ,the helpless owl1 ,in evening shades alone can prowl2 ,to find its food1 to chase its prey1 ',tis helpless quite in light of day4 ,,footnotes3 #ie ,the following description of owling is taken from ,blaine's ,encyclopedia of ,rural ,sports4 ,it is stated there that any owl may be used1 but that the great horned owl is the usual bait3--8,the owl1 confined between two wooden stands or rests1 is taught to fly from one rest to the other without touching the ground4 ,between the rests1 a cord is stretched1 on which a ring plays1 and to which another slacker cord is attached by one end1 the other being fastened to the jesses on the legs of the owl1 whose movements are thus confined to flying from one block or rest to the other4 ,to this change of posture he is accustomed by presenting him with food on the opposite side to that on which he may happen to be resting1 until he becomes completely habituated to this method of exercising himself4 ,a saloon is now formed in the midst of a copse1 of boughs1 in the centre of which a log or stand rests1 and without the saloon a similar one is placed about a hundred paces distant1 the intermediate space on which the owl is placed being cleared away4 ,it is necessary that the top and sides of this saloon should be covered with boughs in such a manner that although the outside is distinctly seen there is no opening that will admit any bird to enter with unfolded wings4 ,nets are placed against the top and sides1 leaving open that part only opposite to the resting place of the owl4 ,the fowler1 now concealing himself1 keeps watch1 and when he observes the owl lower his head and turn it on one side1 he becomes certain that some bird of prey is in the air4 ,the hawk1 now marking the owl for his own1 follows him into his retreat2 when1 becoming hampered in the meshes of the net1 he is easily secured40 ,vide also ,history of ,fowling1 by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,macpherson3 ,edinburgh3 ,david ,douglas1 #ahif4 #if 8#8,tower2' #8ring up2' to rise spirally to a height40--,harting4 #ig ,the ,indian grass-owl1 ,strix candida1 though a much more difficult quarry than the short-eared owl1 can be successfully flown by a trained saker1 provided the latter is in high condition3 a saker is not fit for this flight unless she weighs at least #b lbs4 #d oz41 better #b lbs4 #f oz4 #ih ,such as ,kzimayn1 ,najaf1 ,karbal1 etc4 #ii ,ars-i chh2 ars is the ,arabic for 8bride10 but chh1 8well10 is ,persian4 #ajj arm3 the sacred precincts round both ,mecca and ,medina are known as arm1 and certain acts such as slaying game are forbidden within the boundaries4 arm is also a name for the women's apartments4 ,the author by arm probably means the sacred precincts of ,mecca1 but from the context his meaning is not clear4 #aja ,in the ,derajat this owlet1 called there chhapk1 is a quarry for the shikra1 and also for the common and the red-headed merlin4 ,its blood is supposed to be a cure for prickly heat1 hence its local name4 7,chhapk is a corruption of shapk1 8prickly heat047 ,in some parts of ,india it is used as a decoy for small birds4 #ajb ,murgh-i shab-hang4 #ajc ,murgh-i aqq4 aqq means the 8,truth0 or 8,god40 ,this little owl1 which is probably the ,persian owlet 7,athene ,persica71 is reverenced by ,muhammadans3 it clings to walls and cries 8aqq1 aqq10 after the manner of the dervishes4 #ajd ,kkul4 ,elsewhere the author states that the ,arabs call this lark quburah1 which is an ,arab name for the ,crested ,lark 7,alauda cristata74 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,harriers ,,harriers4--,the author next proceeds to describe what appear to be two species of harriers4 ,he says3-- ,we now come to the ,bayl-bqil1 called by the ,kurds1 ,dasht-mla1#aje and by the ,arabs1 ,ab-ikb4 ,there are two species1 one yellow-eyed1 and one dark-eyed4#ajf ,,yellow-,,eyed ,,species4--,in the yellow-eyed species1 the plumage of the young bird is henna-coloured chestnut brown1 but after its first moult1 some white feathers make their appearance4 ,after the second or third moult1 the plumage is very like that of the ,tqn ,goshawk1 the back turning a bluish grey and the breast becoming white4 ,the female is about the size of a small ,qizil 8tiercel40#ajg ,only a falconer could distinguish the adult female from a ,tqn tiercel4 ,the 8stalke0 of this species is long and slender4 ,,dark-,,eyed ,,species4--,in the dark-eyed species1 there is no material difference between the plumage of the young and the adult bird4 ,in the latter1 however1 the markings on the breast are larger4 ,the general colouring of the dark-eyed species is darker than that of the yellow-eyed4 ,in habits1 both species are similar2 they haunt open plains1 preying on mice and sparrows1 and occasionally on quails4 ,they are mean-spirited1 ignoble birds1 with poor and weakly frames4 ,,wager ,,with ,,the ,,sh,h4--,when in attendance on the ,shh 7may our souls be sacrificed for him67 ,i once made a bet with some fellow sportsmen that ,i would catch a harrier#ajh and train it to take chukor4 ,i made no idle boast4 ,praise be to ,god1 ,i won my bet and proved myself a man of my word1 for ,i trained it and took a chukor with it4 ,the puissant ,king of ,kings1 who has surpassed in renown even ,jamshed and ,cyrus1 regarded me with extreme condescension1 and in just appreciation of my skill bestowed on me lavish commendation and a rich robe of honour4 ,on a second occasion1 in ,baghdad1 ,i laid a wager of a ,nejd mare with some sportsmen of that city1 that within a space of fifty days ,i would 8reclaim0#aji one of these hawks and successfully fly it at wild quarry4 ,i flew it in the presence of my friends1 and took with it one black partridge1#aaj one quail1 and one rail4#aaa ,as previously stated1 it is quite possible to train these hawks1 as indeed it is possible to train many other useless birds of prey3 even-- ,the ,bird whose ,soul ,delights the night ,with care and trouble you can train1 ,to use its senses1 use its sight1 ,in flying quarry on the plain4 ,the harrier is an ill-tempered bird with no great powers of flight4 ,to train it is a matter of extreme difficulty1 and the result by no means repays the labour4 ,however1 give the devil his due3 it is very long-winded4 ,,footnotes3 #aje ,dasht-mla may be translated 8desert-quarterer40 ,in the ,panjab this is the name of the ,pale ,harrier 7,circus ,swainsonii7 and probably also of ,montague's ,harrier 7,circus cineraceus74 #ajf ,in the young of the ,marsh ,harrier1 the iris is hazel4 ,the iris of the female of ,montague's ,harrier is also said to be hazel4 #ajg 8#8,tiercel1 ,tercel1 ,tassel' 7,shakespeare7 and #8,tarsell' 7,bert71 the male of any species of hawk1 the female being termed a falcon4 ,the tiercel is said by some to be so called from being about one-third smaller in size than the falcon2 by others it is derived from the old belief that each nest contained three young birds1 of which two were females and the third and smallest a male4 ,note the familiar line in ,romeo and ,juliet3 #8,oh6 for a falconer's voice to lure this tassel gentle back again4'0--,harting4 #ajh ,it is not clear which of the two species the author trained1 but apparently the 8black-eyed40 #aji 8,reclaim20 ,fr4 rclamer1 to make a hawk tame1 gentle and familiar4--,harting4 #aaj ,durrj2 the ,common ,francolin 7,f4 vulgaris74 ,it is a favourite cage-bird in ,india1 especially with the ,muhammadans1 who liken its call to the words ,subhn ,teri ,qudrat 8,oh ,lord6 ,thy ,power0 7i4e41 who can fathom it874 ,the practical ,hindus say its call is1 ,chha ser k kachar1 8,twelve pounds of kachar40 #aaa ,yalva is a name incorrectly applied to several species of bird with long beaks1 as the woodcock and snipe1 etc4 ,i am told that in ,teheran it is applied to a rail4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,lammergeyer ,,or ,,bearded ,,vulture ,the description of the ,bearded ,vulture#aab as given by the author is sufficiently accurate for identification4 ,he1 however1 adorns it with 8two horns or ears like those of the horned owls40 ,he then continues3-- ,the ,lammergeyer is noted for its wondrous powers of flight4 ,it soars aloft1 bearing with ease a bone as large as the bleached thigh-bone of a donkey4 ,this it drops on a rock1 and then descends to eat the shattered fragments4#aac ,the ,poet has said of it3-- 8,the ,hum o'er other birds has flown ,because its food is only bone40#aad ,,popular ,,superstition4--,it is a popular superstition that any one wilfully slaying a ,lammergeyer will meet his death within forty days4 ,once1 when out hawking1 ,i saw one of these fateful birds seated on a stone a short distance from me4 ,with me was a servant1 a sturdy villain fearing nothing4 ,gun in hand he approached the ,lammergeyer1 bent on slaughter4 ,do all ,i could1 ,i failed to dissuade him4 ,i told him the popular superstition1 but he laughed and said1 8,oh6 that's an old woman's story40 ,heedless of my advice he shot the ,lammergeyer1 and died himself on the fortieth day4 ,this is a fact3 ,i myself was an eye-witness4 ,was his death a mere coincidence1 or is there truth in the vulgar belief8 ,god knows4 ,,taking ,a ,,lammergeyer ,,with ,a ,charkh4--,i was once hawking in ,sulaymnya ,shahrzr#aae and saw what ,i took to be an eagle1#aaf seated on a stone some little way off4 ,i had with me a very fine charkh#aag trained to eagles4#aah ,to unhood and cast it off was the work of a moment1 and it was not till ,i had actually secured the quarry1 that ,i discovered it was no eagle but a ,lammergeyer4 ,i recollected the fate of my servant1 and hastily released it4 ,by a play on the words hum and humyn1 the author here pays the ,shh a flowery and far-fetched compliment1 difficult to render in ,english4 ,he pretends that the popular belief mentioned in the first note on the previous page was certainly fulfilled in his case1 since the ,king of ,kings had always distinguished him by his especial friendship and bounty1 and thus raised him to the dignity of ordinary kingship4 ,he adds3-- ,through the lucky shadow of the ,hum's wing ,am ,i thus highly honoured by the ,king4 ,honoured of him1 ,lord of my fate ,i stand1 ,and rich as ,korah1 through his bounteous hand4 ,,footnotes3 #aab ,hum2 the ,lammergeyer1 ,bearded ,vulture1 or ,ossifrage4 ,translators1 imagining the ,hum to be a fabulous creature1 have identified it with the ,phnix4 ,it was a popular ,persian superstition that the shadow of a ,hum falling on a person's head predicted his rise to sovereignty4 ,the adjective 7and proper name7 humyn1 signifying 8august10 8fortunate10 and 8royal10 is derived from this bird4 ,in the ,panjab1 the ,lammergeyer1 common as it is1 seems to have no special native name4 #aac ,it is well-known that the ,lammergeyer does not confine itself to dry bones4 ,i once saw one shot in the ,tochi valley over a dead fowl laid out as a bait4 ,when shot it was carrying off the fowl in its beak and not in its feet4 ,the most contradictory statements exist regarding its habits4 ,as it sweeps round the hill side1 the fowls in the compounds show no alarm and will let it pass within a very few yards of them4 ,at ,kingri1 in ,baluchistan1 ,i saw one stoop at a flock of chukor and sent a sowar to the spot to see what had happened3 the man returned with a chukor1 unbroken and still warm4 ,some years ago at ,sheikh-budin1 the hill station near ,dera ,ismail ,khan1 ,i saw one stoop repeatedly at a mrkhor kid1 on a narrow ledge on the cliff-face below me4 ,at each stoop the plucky mother lowered her horns to the 8charge10 and effectually repulsed the attacks of the assailant4 ,whether the ,lammergeyer was really trying to brush the kid off the cliff1 with intent to feed on its mangled remains1 or whether it was merely animated by that spirit of mischief that enters into birds as well as beasts1 ,i cannot say4 ,the ,pathan shikrs with me stated that they knew from experience that the former was the case4 ,a shot ,lammergeyer shown to a tame monkey will drive it into a paroxysm of terror4 ,can it be that the latter recognizes in it a natural enemy1 or does it mistake it for an eagle8 #aad ,sad3 ,gulistan1 ,chap4 ,i1 ,st4 #c4 #aae ,in ,kurdistn1 and a little over a hundred miles south of ,lake ,urmiah4 #aaf ,uqb4 ,the author uses this word as a generic term4 ,by falconers of certain parts of the ,panjab the name is specially applied to the ,tawny ,eagle4 #aag ,the author applies the name charkh only to nestlings of the ,saker ,falcon3 passage falcons he calls blbn4 ,in the ,panjab1 and in ,kabul1 the species is termed respectively chargh and charkh1 the word blbn being unknown except to a travelled few4 #aah ,qara-qsh4 ,any eagle1 but specially the golden eagle4 ,for a description of this 8flight0 see pages #aac-aad4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,osprey#aai ,the author gives only a very brief description of the ,osprey and its habits1 mentioning the peculiar structure of its feet1 and its habit of hovering over water4 ,he also mentions that like the ,shikra ,sparrow-hawk 7,pgh71 and the ,sangak1 the iris is sometimes dark and sometimes yellow4#abj ,he adds3-- ,i once took one alive with a charkh and kept it in confinement for some little time4 ,it could not be induced to eat meat1 refusing all food except fish4 ,it is with reference to the osprey that the poet has said3-- 8,thro' the mercy of ,god and ,his tender care ,the sea yields her fish to the fowl of the air40 ,,footnotes3 #aai ,damirdizinq ,t4 ,another name is damir-qayngh ,t41 from damir ,t4 8iron0 and qayngh ,t4 8claws0 7nkhn ,p474 ,the author does not include this amongst the ,uqb or ,eagles4 ,according to ,f4 ,o4 ,morris1 the osprey in olden times was occasionally trained for falconry4 #abj ,in the only living specimen examined by me1 the iris was light brown1 possibly a mark of nonage4 ,in several standard works consulted1 the iris is stated to be yellow4 ,part ,,ii ,,the ,,dark-,,eyed ,,birds ,,of ,,prey ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,eagles#aba ,,and ,,buzzards#abb ,the author commences this chapter with the statement that it is his intention to describe those species of the black-eyed birds of prey that have at different times come into his possession1 or that have been trained by him 8according to their several capabilities40 ,his descriptions of the eagles are too vague for identification4 ,all the eagles1 he says1 are migratory1 with the exception of the ,uqb-i mh-dum or 8,moon-tailed eagle10#abc which he describes as follows3-- ,uqb-i mh-dum1 8,,the ,,moon-,,tailed ,,eagle40--,the whole of the tail of this eagle is white1 with the exception of the end1 which is black4 ,the plumage of the breast1 back1 and head1 is uniformly dark1 without markings of any description4 ,its powers of fasting are extraordinary3 it can endure seven or eight days without food and yet be not one whit the worse4 ,migration1 too1 is not a necessity for it4 ,even in the depth of ,winter ,i have observed it high up in the snows4 ,it seldom descends into the plains4 ,the fierce rays of the sun and the bitter blasts of the snows are all one to its proud1 enduring nature4 ,i have observed it in the hills1 preying on partridges1 hares1 and 8lambs40#abd ,it is the most daring and powerful of all the eagles4 ,uqb-i kchign ,,white-,,tailed ,,sea ,,eagle84--,the next species is the ,uqb-i kchign4 ,in this species the whole of the tail 7which is rather short7 is white4 ,the wings are long1 and the flight is exceedingly swift4 ,the plumage of the back and breast is dark4 ,the beak1 which is large and powerful as a vulture's1 is of the colour of amber4 ,this eagle always hunts and feeds in couples1 preying chiefly on water-fowl2 hence it is seldom found far from water4 ,uqb-i 1na-l ,,imperial ,,eagle84--,in this eagle1 which is smaller than either of the preceding1 the back1 breast1 claws and beak are all uniformly dark2 the colouring of the head is a dark reddish brown4 ,fowlers have named it 1na-l#abe from the fact of its having a few white feathers in its back4 ,karlak4--,this eagle equals the first-named species1 i4e41 the ,mh-dum1 in size4 ,the beak and claws are black and extraordinarily powerful4 ,the plumage is generally brown1 and covered with markings4 ,the head and back are1 however1 one uniform colour4 ,in habits it resembles all the eagles4 ,,black ,,eagle4--,another species is black without markings1 but the colour of the head is slightly different from that of the body4 ,it is not a very noble species4 ,uqb-i zard 78,,yellow ,,eagle407--,description4 ,the plumage of the back is very dark1 with a tinge of yellow in it1 while that of the breast is tawny 7yellow71 and marked with longitudinal black drops4 ,the head and neck are very handsome1 and somewhat like a goshawk's4 ,this eagle1 in the immature plumage1 is called the ,uqb-i sna-bz4 ,once1 when in attendance on the ,shh1 ,i trained a single specimen of this species1 and took a certain amount of quarry with it4 ,bq-khura2 ,,the 8,,frog-,,eater0 ,,spotted ,,eagle84--,another species of eagle is the ,uqb-i qurbqa-ch#abf 78,frog-eater071 called by the people of ,kurdistan ,sulemniya1 ,bq-khura4 #abf ,the plumage of the head1 neck1 back1 and breast is blackish yellow4 ,this eagle frequents marshes and reed beds1 preying on wounded or dead water-fowl4 ,failing these1 it contents itself with frogs1 dead fish1 or other stranded material4 ,it is from this habit of eating frogs that it has earned its names of 8,frog-eagle0 and 8,frog-eater40 ,dbarr ,a ,,hawk-,,eagle84--,in habits the ,dbarr resembles the eagles1 but not in size1 the male being scarcely larger than a female goshawk4#abg ,this species always hunts in couples and is very daring and bold by nature4 ,in the immature bird1 the plumage of the back is a yellowish black1 while that of the breast is a dark red without spot or marking4 ,after the moult1 the plumage of the breast assumes a deeper and brighter hue4 ,the 8pendant0#abh feathers of the thigh hang down to the tarsus4 ,when in ,arabistn1#abi ,i once took one with a charkh ,i had trained to eagles4 ,i succeeded in training it in the space of about forty days and flew it successfully at black partridge1 parah mal1#acj hare1 and common heron4#aca ,a friend of mine then took it from me4 ,large numbers of these eagles breed in the vicinity of ,hamadn4#acb ,i have trained nestlings1 but never with success3 they are poor performers on the wing4 ,the wild-caught bird is superior in every way4 ,still ,i found this species swifter and more tractable than any other kind of eagle4 ,,the ,sr 7,,or ,,buzzard74--,another kind of eagle is the buzzard1#acc of which there are two common species4 ,in the first the general colouring of the plumage is very dark without spot or marking3 the feet and cere are a deep orange yellow4 ,the plumage of the second is tawny4 ,both species are ill-conditioned and villainous by nature4 ,their prey is rats1 mice1 frogs1 lizards1 and wounded or sickly birds4 ,when they dare1 they rob their more weakly neighbours4 ,they are too mean-spirited for the purposes of falconry4 ,,footnotes3 #aba ,uqb ,ar41 or qara-qush ,t4 ,the latter word properly means 8black bird of prey10 and is a term specially applied to the ,golden ,eagle4 #abb ,sr1 vide note #acc1 page #cb4 #abc ,uqb-i mh-dum1 8moon-tailed eagle40 ,can this be ,pallas's sea eagle8 ,the author does not mention that it is found in the vicinity of water4 #abd ,barra2 properly a lamb4 ,the author elsewhere uses this word for the fawn of the 8ravine-deer40 #abe ,uqb-i 1na-l4 1na means 8mirror40 #abf ,uqb-i qurbqa-ch2 bq-khura4 ,qurbqa and bqa are both ,turki names for a frog4 ,bq ,t4 is 8ordure10 and figuratively anything filthy4 ,the ,spotted ,eagle 7,aquila nvia7 feeds largely on frogs4 #abg ,the length of the female goshawk is said to be #bb to #bf inches3 of the male #ah to #ba inches4 ,there is in ,persia a species of small eagle or hawk-eagle that always hunts in pairs and that is known to ,persians by the name of ,du-,bardarn or 8,the ,two ,brothers40 ,the ,dbarr of the author is perhaps a corruption of ,du-,bardarn4 ,in the yatu 'l-aywn1 the ,arab name of the latter is said to be ,zumaj1 a word that occurs in old ,arabic and ,persian ,,mss4 on falconry4 #abh ,parh-yi rn-ash t pcha rkhta4 ,possibly by this expression the author means that the whole of the tarsus is feathered4 8#8,pendant ,feathers1' those behind the thighs of a hawk40--,harting4 #abi ,arabistn or ,khuzistn3 its capital ,shuster is about #acj miles north of the head of the ,persian ,gulf4 #acj ,parah mal 7872 possibly for ,parl ,t41 which is said to be the name of a 8black water-bird with a white beak40 ,the coot8 #aca aqar3 variously spelt in old ,persian ,,mss4 on falconry awqr1 aqr and uqr2 latter correct4 #acb ,hamadn3 about #ajj miles ,north-,east of ,kirmnshh4 #acc ,sr 7for s873 ,apparently two species of large buzzard are so-called by the author4 ,this word must not be confused with sr the common ,persian word for starling4 ,in ,dr4 ,scully's list of the ,turkish names of birds1 s is said to be the name applied to ,buzzards1 ,harriers1 and ,kites4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,kites ,,and ,,harriers ,,kites ,,and ,,harriers4--,there are three common species of kites4#acd ,in the first1 the two centre tail-feathers1 called by the ,arabs amd1#ace and by ,persian and ,turkish#acf falconers qpq1#acg are shorter than the rest1 the outer feathers being longer4 ,the general colouring of the plumage is a dirty brown with dark coloured drops on the breast4 ,the feet are small and the tarsi#ach short4 #b,,nd ,,species ,,marsh ,,harrier84--,the second species haunts marshes and reedy pools in quest of frogs and rats4 ,in this species the tarsus is long#aci and unfeathered1 and the feet are small1 ill-looking1 and black4 ,there is also a certain amount of white on the head4 #c,,rd ,,species4--,in the third species the general colouring of the plumage--with the exception of the head1 which is reddish--is very dark4 ,in habits it resembles the two preceding4 ,all three species are cowardly and mean-spirited4 ,a good ,tarln1 trained to large quarry1 will generally take them4#adj ,should the fork-tailed kite#ada see a sparrow-hawk or merlin with a bird in its feet1 it will fuss round it1 doing its utmost to steal it from the lucky possessor4 ,if unsuccessful1 it returns to its quest of mice and garbage4 ,these above-described species are related to the eagles4 ,under this head1 too1 ,i have even included the ,carrion ,vulture#adb and the ,scavenger ,vulture4#adc ,,footnotes3 #acd ,chlq ,t4 ,the kite is rare in ,persia4 ,it is1 however1 fairly common near ,bushire4 #ace ,amd ,ar41 8a prop1 a pillar40 #acf ,turk4 ,this word properly includes ,turks1 ,tartars1 and all who claim their descent from ,turk the son of ,japhet4 ,a large proportion of the population of ,persia is ,turkish4 #acg ,qpq1 the 8deck-feathers0 of old ,english falconers4 ,according to the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans the centre or uppermost tail-feather was called the beme feder of the tayle1 the flight-feathers being called the beme federes of the wyng4 #ach ,sq1 properly the shin or shank of a man1 animal1 or bird4 ,elsewhere the author1 with one other exception1 uses the word qalam1 8a pen1 etc410 for 8tarsus40 #aci ,the ,kites have short tarsi1 the ,harriers1 long4 ,in the adult ,harriers the iris is yellow1 but in the immature birds1 of several species at any rate1 the iris is brown4 ,the iris of the common ,pariah ,kite 7,milvus govinda7 is brown1 while that of the 8,common ,kite0 of ,england 7,m4 regalis7 is said to be yellow4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,vultures ,,vulture4--,the author now briefly describes a species of bare-necked vulture that he calls ,dl1 apparently the only species of true vulture known to him4 ,the description contains nothing of interest4 ,he continues3-- ,,scavenger ,,or ,,egyptian ,,vulture4--,before the first moult the plumage of the ,scavenger ,vulture is dark1 with a few small light-coloured spots on the back and breast4 ,the head is nude and yellow4 ,after the first moult1 a certain number of white feathers make their appearance4 ,after the second1 the bird becomes quite white1 with the exception of the ends of the flight-feathers1 which remain black4 ,the gut#add of this vulture1 which is at the end of the sternum1#ade applied as a poultice1 fresh and warm1 for three consecutive days1 is a certain cure for scabbed eyes that water1 and from which the lashes have dropped off1 or for fistulous sores that will yield to no ointment4 ,the poultices should not be removed for twelve hours3 it will then be noticed that numerous minute worms have been drawn by them from the wound4 ,at the third application1 if it please ,god1 a cure will be effected4 ,the author can testify to the efficacy of this remedy4 ,,use ,,as ,a 8,,train40--,if it is intended to train a charkh to take eagles1 it should first be given the necessary 8trains0 by hand1 and then entered to wild quarry by being flown a few times at young scavenger vultures in the dark immature plumage4 ,as they are slow on the wing and show no fight1#adf the young charkh can take them with ease4 ,though purely carrion feeders1 the ,vultures 7as also the ,raven described in the next chapter7 are generally included amongst the ,rapacious ,birds3 these huge birds1 with beaks powerful enough to tear open the skin of a dead camel or ass1 are unable to catch and kill even a helpless partridge4 ,,footnotes3 #adj ,haggard ,sakers will generally fly at harriers1 refusing to give up the chase and so getting lost4 ,a haggard peregrine ,i had killed a harrier4 #ada ,chlq-i qpq-i kth4 #adb ,dl2 elsewhere dl-i murdr-khur4 #adc ,kachal charkas2 the ,egyptian ,vulture3 kachal means 8scald-headed20 charkas is corrupted form of karkas1 a common term for a vulture4 ,the ,egyptian vulture feeds largely on human ordure1 a habit that can be traced in the popular name given to it by soldiers in ,india4 #add ,khazna1 khazna1 8the gut40 ,this word does not mean the 8crop40 #ade ,azm-i zawraq1 lit4 8boat-bone40 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,raven ,,raven4--,the ,raven1#adg though a carrion feeder1 has just claims to be considered a ,bird of ,prey4 ,i recollect once seeing a raven in the jungle seize a wild chukor2 ,i eventually succeeded in releasing the bird from its clutches4 ,it is a peculiarity of the ,raven that if it is deprived of sight by having its eyeballs pierced with a needle1 it may1 by confinement in darkness for the space of twenty-four hours1 be completely restored to sight4 ,in ,arabistn it is caught in traps and trained for fowling in the same manner that the ,kestril#adh is trained in the ,dashtistn#adi of ,frs1 and the eagle-owl in ,kirmnshh#aej and elsewhere4 ,,footnotes3 #adf ,some thirty odd years ago the shikra used to be trained in the ,kapurthala ,state to take the ,egyptian ,vulture4 ,the young shikra was entered by being fed on a live vulture with seeled eyes1 meat being tied on the back or head4 ,the ,egyptian ,vulture is slow in taking flight1 and when on the ground will let a man approach to within a few feet of it4 ,the falconer1 shikra in hand1 has only to walk up to within a few feet of the unsuspecting vulture while it is resting on the ground1 throw the shikra1 and secure the quarry before it has even got so far as to spread its wings for flight4 ,it is probably this 8flight0 that is referred to by old travellers who state that the shikra is flown at eagles4 ,the ,egyptian ,vulture is also a quarry easily taken by a trained lynx4 ,the lynx simply bounds quietly and quickly up to it1 and springs as the vulture prepares to spread its wings4 ,partridges and such quarry are1 however1 scientifically stalked by it4 #adg ,kulgh-i siyh-i quzqn4 ,i once saw a pair of ravens harassing a wild hare by pulling tufts of hair and skin out of it4 ,had ,i not interfered they would have killed it4 ,wild ravens in ,india will chase house-pigeons and occasionally enter the dovecot and kill them4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,shunq,r ,,or ,,jerfalcon ,,shunq,r ,,or ,,jerfalcon4--,the ,jerfalcon#aea is a species known to me only by description4 ,during the whole of my sporting career1 ,i have neither come across it myself1 nor known a falconer to whom it was more than a name4 ,,specimen ,,brought ,,from ,,russia4--,in the year of the ,flight #abhdaeb a strange falcon which ,i take to be a ,shunqr was bought in ,russia for a great price1 and presented as a curiosity to ,his ,lofty and ,imperial ,highness1 the ,shh of ,shhs1 the ,shadow of ,god4 ,out of the plenitude of his bounty and the immensity of his condescension1 ,his ,most ,noble and ,exalted ,majesty delivered it into the humble keeping of his servant i4e41 the author1 decreeing that it should be trained to the flight of the ,common ,crane4 ,the ,royal ,gift was accepted by this slave1 with due tokens of humility3 he kissed the falcon's jesses and then placed it on his obedient head3-- ,i stood before the ,king as might a slave2 ,the ,royal hand to me the falcon gave4 ,i placed it on my head in fashion meet ,when ,i'd imprinted kisses on its feet4 ,scanning the bird with a falconer's eye1 ,i saw that three flight-feathers of each wing were old and unshed4 ,it was evident it had been taken up while still in the moult1 so ,i had it replaced in the mew#aec and fed on fresh birds1 with frequent changes of diet4 ,three months later it was taken up clean moulted1 not a single old feather remaining4 ,as it may interest falconers1 ,i append a description of this particular falcon4 ,,description4--,in size it was about half as large again as a fine female ,saker ,falcon4#aed ,the plumage of the back and head was a brown ash colour1 and each feather of the back and tail was marked with two tiny white spots4 ,from the back of the neck to the rump1 the plumage was ash-coloured1 and covered with small yellowish-white spots4 ,the breast was white1 each breast feather being tipped with one small black spot and margined with black marks interlacing each other like the links of a chain4 ,the tarsi#aee were robust and short2 the feet small in proportion to its size1 but stout and powerful2 the claws and beak black2 the iris dark1 and the thighs#aef as thick as those of a male eagle4#aeg ,the wing in length was something betwixt that of the long-winged and short-winged hawks1 longer than that of a qizil or tarln1 and shorter than that of a shhn or a saker4 ,the tail was broad and full of spots and markings4 ,like the ,qara-qsh-i 1na-l1#aeh it had a few stiff white feathers in the back1 whether a mark of the species or merely a sign of old age1 ,i am unable to say4 7,white feathers do occasionally make their appearance in aged sakers47 ,in weight it equalled nearly three sakers4#aei ,from my experience of hawks ,i should say that1 when it reached me1 it was in its tenth or twelfth moult4 ,what its immature plumage may have been like1 ,i cannot even guess4 ,,teaching ,,the ,,falcon ,,to ,,know ,,its ,,name4--,after removing this falcon from the mew1#afj ,i commenced her training with the utmost care4 ,i named her 8,shunqr40 ,by feeding her through the hood1 calling her by name the while1 she quickly learnt to recognize her name and associate it with a good meal4#afa ,when she had somewhat abated her high condition and had begun to show a proper inclination for food1 ,i attached a strong 8creance0#afb to her jesses and carried her out into the field to lure her to a lure of crane's wings4 ,unhooded by my falconer she started with eagerness1 but had hardly flown a few feet before she subsided to the ground and attempted to finish the distance on foot4 ,i examined her carefully4 ,her feathers were perfect1 and she appeared sound in wind and limb4 ,what could be the cause of her extraordinary behaviour8 ,puzzled and perplexed1 ,i buried my head in the collar of reflection1 determined to unravel the tangled skein of the difficulty4 ,still1 ransack my brains as ,i might1 the clue to the mystery eluded me4 ,i then screwed up my courage1 and putting my trust in ,god1 removed the 8creance0 from her feet1 and called her again4 ,the result was much as before4 ,i bit the finger of astonishment1 and by reason of the falcon's great infirmity became plunged in the abyss of despondency4 ,burying my head in the collar of reflection my thoughts drifted to those animal-gardens in ,europe1 where people buy strange beasts and birds for ridiculous prices1 and after turning them into a public show for a few years1 tire of them and put them up to public auction4 ,it then dawned on me that my falcon must have come from one of those very gardens1 and that1 like a long-caged parrot1 which1 wild defied the swiftness of the ,sparrow-,hawk1#afc can now flutter no higher than its own perch1 it too from long imprisonment had grown stiff-jointed and wing-tied4 ,,daily ,,exercise4--,that the falcon might recover her lost powers of flight1 ,i set about exercising her daily4 ,morning and evening ,i used to bear her to the top of a high mound#afd and cast her off1 giving her five flights at each exercise4 ,on the sixteenth day1 instead of1 as usual1 merely flying down to the level1 she went off some distance and settled on a second mound4 ,i decided this was sufficient and commenced calling her to the lure1 luring her at first from high ground to a lower level4 8,,trains40--,when her powers of flight were fully recovered ,i gave her a certain number of 8trains10 and gradually succeeded in thoroughly entering her to common crane4 ,at last one joyous day1 on the auspicious occasion of the ,royal return from a pilgrimage to ,qum1#afe ,i unhooded her at a common crane near the caravan stage of ,pul-i ,dallk1#aff and in the ,imperial presence of the ,shh--let our souls be sacrificed for him6 ,right nobly the falcon acquitted herself1 8towering0 up into the clouds1 and striking a huge crane down to the dust of the earth4 ,and on the spot ,kshn's spirit fled1 ,you might have said he ne'er was else than dead4 ,,disposition ,,of ,,the 8,shunqr40--,judging from my small experience1 ,i should say that the ,shunqr ,falcon has naturally a docile and fearless disposition4 ,at the moment ,i write 7i4e41 in the year of the ,flight1 #abhe71afg the bird ,i have described has been in my possession just two years4 ,during this period she has twice moulted4 ,this year1 ,i rejoice to say1 she was 8full summed0#afh quite three months earlier than last4 ,,suffers ,,from ,,heat4--,though kept on a damp bed of pebbles and sand1 in the ,bgh-i ,raz-kanda1 in the cool region of ,shimrnt1#afi she yet feels the heat greatly1 so that even in this cool climate of ,shimrn she has to be well supplied with ice and snow1 both of which she swallows freely4 ,,haggard ,,tiercel4--,this year--it being the ,spring of ,a4,h4 #abhf--owing to the high fortune of ,his ,majesty 7sacrificed be our souls for him671 and the kindly aid of ,heaven1 the royal trappers have snared a 8tiercel0 of this species4 ,it was caught in the district of ,khr and ,varamn1#agj and is a fully moulted 8haggard40#aga ,it is now1 in the beginning of this ,spring1 something less than two months since it first came into my hands2 and ,i have now placed it in the mew4 ,i have taken with it both purple#agb and common heron4 ,this 8tiercel0 is a stout and heavy bird about as large as a female saker4 ,its flight is lofty and swift2 its nature noble and generous4 ,i have now set it down to moult and am anxious as to the result4 ,of the ,shunqr it is fabled that when flown at a flock#agc of cranes it does not act like ordinary falcons and single out and kill a solitary individual2 that its lofty and imperious nature permits it to cease from slaughter only when every crane in the flock is a carcass on the ground4 ,now this is a superlative falsehood4 ,my shunqr1 like other hawks1 kills only one4 ,it has1 indeed1 chanced to me that1 when flying a passage saker at a flock of cranes1 the falcon1 stooping from a height and dealing a crane a deadly blow1 has then shot upwards by its impetus1 and finding itself close to a second bird1 has seized the unexpected opportunity1 and 8bound0#agd to the second crane's head and so added a second victim to the bag4 ,once indeed ,i saw three cranes killed in this manner by a single hawk4 ,such occurrences are1 however1 lucky accidents4 ,no hawk that ,i ever knew systematically acted in this manner4#age ,it is also commonly believed that the ,shunqr is the acknowledged sovereign of the hawk tribe1 and that should one be placed in the mew1 every hawk will step down from its perch in token of humble submission4 ,this1 too1 is a falsehood1 pure and simple1--or else my young man is not a shunqr4 ,at the moment ,i write ,i have more than fifty hawks of various kinds in my mews1 but not one of them has ever left its perch1 or honoured this sovereign1 or shown respect in any manner of way4 ,what is more1 my fine gentleman the ,shunqr stands very much in awe of eagles4 ,of course ,i am assuming that this hawk is a 8shunqr20 equally of course ,i may be mistaken4 ,all ,i know is that neither have ,i1 nor has the oldest falconer in ,persia1 ever seen a falcon like it4 ,the manner it stoops and recovers#agf is unequalled1 either by the ,shahin or the ,saker4 ,i have several times flown it at common crane with a good shhn#agg trained to this flight1 and it has always reached the quarry and bound to it before the latter came up4#agh ,every one says it is a shunqr4 ,i say so1 too4 ,of the 8'tis0 and the 8'tisn't0 of the case1 ,god alone is the ,judge4 ,,footnotes3 #adh ,vide chapter ,,xxv1 page #fi for method of training for fowling purposes4 ,i heard of the raven being thus trained and used as a 8lure0 for charghs1 in ,baghdad1 ,barah1 and ,muhammara4 #adi ,dashtistn of ,frs2 a warm region fringing the west of the ,persian ,gulf3 ,bushire is nearly the centre of its coast line4 #aej ,kirmnshh is a district about #bej miles north of ,barah 7,bussora73 its capital is said to be locally called ,kirmnshhn4 #aea ,shunqr4 ,in old ,persian ,,mss4 on falconry1 this disputed name is undoubtedly applied to a ,jerfalcon1 a species of which is said to exist in ,northern ,asia4 ,the following is a footnote from ,falconry in the ,british ,isles3-- 8,we have been informed by travellers that some few large white falcons1 which must be ,greenland falcons1 are caught annually on their passing over the ,caspian ,sea and that they are highly prized by the falconers of ,syria and ,persia40 ,the late ,sirdar ,sher ,ali ,khan1 the exiled ,wl of ,kandahar1 told the translator that he kept shunqrs in ,afghanistan1 and that he once had one that was pure white4 ,jerdon1 quoting ,pallas1 states that it is the ,baschkir ,tartar name of the ,jerfalcon4 ,also in ,courteille's ,dictionnaire ,turk-,oriental we find3--8,shnqr1 faucon1 proprement le gerfaut40 ,dr4 ,scully1 however1 in his ,turki vocabulary of birds states that shunqr is the name of ,falco ,hendersoni1 and tlg of its female4 ,if the coloured illustration of ,f4 ,hendersoni 7supposed by its describer to be identical with the shunqr7 that was published in the account of the ,government ,mission to ,yarkand be a correct representation of the original1 then no falconer1 however experienced1 can discriminate between ,f4 ,hendersoni and many old charghs 7,f4 ,cherrug or ,f4 ,sacer7 caught annually in the ,panjab4 ,further1 the ,turks of ,persia call the chargh tlg1 ,aitalgu1 etc4 #aeb ,a4,d4 #ahfg4 #aec ,qsh-khna4 #aed ,the average length of some living specimens of the female immature saker measured by the translator was #bb inches4 ,the average weight of young passage sakers1 caught in the ,panjab in ,october1 is #b lbs4 #e oz4 ,haggards very seldom exceed #b lbs4 #aj oz4 ,an exceptionally fine chargh in the translator's possession in #ahib weighed1 when in flying condition1 #b lbs4 #ac oz42 while a second bird received in ,april1 #ahig1 weighed #c lbs4 when fattened up for the moult4 ,both these last were young passage hawks4 ,all weights were taken with the crop and stomach empty4 #aee ,sq1 vide note #ach on page #cc4 #aef ,rn4 #aeg ,qara-qsh4 #aeh ,vide page #ca4 #aei ,an unconscious exaggeration on the author's part4 ,a mounted falconer1 who will carry for six or seven hours at a stretch1 without complaint1 a hawk that weighs #b lbs41 will tire at the end of an hour if this weight is exceeded by half a pound or even less4 ,at such moments it is difficult to avoid forming an exaggerated estimate of the burden4 #afj 8#8,mew2' the place where hawks are set down to moult4444 ,mew1 v4 to moult1 from the ,fr4 muer1 to change the feathers40--,harting4 #afa ,vide ,chapter on training the newly caught 8passage0 ,saker ,falcon4 ,neither ,english nor ,indian falconers attempt to make hawks recognize their names4 ,as1 however1 hawks are naturally very intelligent and can easily be trained to come to any distinct call1 there would probably be no great difficulty in the matter4 ,the idea seems novel4 #afb 8#8,creance1' s41 ,fr4 crance1 ,lat4 credentia1 a long line attached to the swivel1 and used when #8calling off'2 flying a hawk as it were on credit44440--,harting4 #afc ,for a straight short flight1 ,oriental falconers are generally agreed that the ,sparrow-,hawk is one of 8the swiftest birds that fly40 #afd ,mhr1 prop4 8up and down land0 7whether sand hills or hard ground74 #afe ,qum is about eighty miles south of ,teheran4 #aff ,pul-i ,dallk or 8,barber's ,bridge0 is ,n4,e4 of and close to ,qum3 it spans the ,qara-s or ,qara-chay4 #afg ,a4,d4 #ahfh4 #afh 8,a hawk is said to be #8summed' or #8full summed' when1 after moulting1 she has got all her new feathers and is fit to be taken out of the mew40--,harting4 #afi ,shimrnt1 a name given to the summer-quarters in the hills1 near ,teheran4 #agj ,khr is a plain in ,irq-i ,ajam1 some thirty miles east of ,teheran and separated from ,varamn by hills4 #aga 8#8,haggard1' a hawk that has been caught after assuming its adult plumage1 that is1 after having moulted in a wild state40--,harting4 #agb ,jarda4 ,i believe this is the purple heron4 #agc ,under 8the compaynys of beeftys and ,fowlys0 in the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans we learn that it is correct to speak of 8an ,herde of ,cranys0 or of 8swannys0 but a 8,gagle of ,gees0 or of 8women40 #agd 8#8,bind1' to fasten to the quarry in the air40--,harting4 #age ,it is1 of course1 not the habit of wild hawks to kill more than one bird at a time4 ,major ,c4 ,h4 ,fisher1 commenting on this fact1 writes 7p4 #adj73 8,nevertheless ,i have seen it done more than once by a wild falcon1 and many times by my own trained birds--in the case of the wild falcon from having at her first stoop struck down her prey too close to a man2 from over-keenness1 ,i think1 by the tame hawk40 #agf ,in this quality of shooting up and preparing for a second stoop the ,saker excels the ,peregrine4 ,the stoop1 however1 of the ,saker is not as quick and sudden as the ,peregrine's4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,sh,h,n#agi ,this species is very widely distributed4 ,it is divided into three varieties--namely1 the dark1 the light and the yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,vii ,,intermewed ,,peregrine ,the best shhns are procured from three districts3 from ,urm#ahj in ,ottoman territory1 from ,ardabl#aha in ,persia1 and from the hills of ,shammar#ahb in ,arabia on the road to the holy city of ,mecca4 ,the ,urm shahin is particularly common in ,svs1#ahc which place may be described as the 8mine0 of this variety4 ,my private opinion1 however1 is that this1 the shahin of ,urm1 is not a shahin at all1 but the young of the ,peregrine2 i4e41 when snared it is a 8peregrine10 when taken from the nest a 8shahin40 ,my reason for forming this opinion is that ,i happened one ,spring to be in ,svs and called on the ,governor4 ,at my request he gave me a guide1 who conducted me to a spot about two farsakh from the city1 where there was a shahin's eyrie in the hill-side4 ,i sat down to observe it4 ,my patience was soon rewarded by the appearance of the parent birds1 bringing food for their young4 ,i observed the birds closely1 and discovered that they were not shahins but peregrines4 ,this strengthened my previous supposition that confusion existed between the nestling and the passage hawk of the same species4 ,on another occasion ,i met a shikrch#ahd in ,svs1 with a peregrine on his fist4 8,what have you there10 ,i asked1 8and what does it kill80 ,his reply was1 8,this is a shahin1 which ,i took myself from the nest1 and which ,i have trained to take eagles40 ,i accompanied him to his house1 where he showed me ten or fifteen live eagles with clipped wings1 which he kept loose near the house4 ,it appeared that they had all been taken with the falcon then on his fist4 ,i was seized with a desire to possess her1 and offered him a large price2 but he declined to part with his treasure4 ,,the ,shhn ,,of ,jabal ,shammar4--,although the shahin from the mountains of ,shammar is small1 the female not exceeding in size the male of the other two species1 still it is swift1 bold1 and easily entered to quarry1 small or great4 ,one eyrie1 known by the name ,jarza1 is especially famous2 eyesses obtained from it are better and bolder than all others4 ,illustration3 ,,viii ,,young ,,peregrine 7,,indian ,,hood7 ,though the passage shahin has more pace and a better wind than the eyess1 it is far less tractable1 for it has preyed for itself in the jungle1 and is filled with overweening pride of its powers of flight4 ,say you have1 with infinite pains1 succeeded in training one to large quarry1 and have unhooded her at a common crane or a heron1 and that suddenly1 beneath her1 she spies a wild duck1 or a pigeon1 or some other small quarry4 ,what does she do8 ,she 8checks10 forsaking the large quarry for the small1 and fills you with bitter disappointment4 ,now an eyess shahin will not act in this scurvy manner4 ,supposing a passage falcon1 shahin or peregrine1 comes into your possession and you have no choice but to enter her to large quarry1 you should blind her in the left eye1 for when her right eye is on the quarry she has no spare eye to cast elsewhere1 and her whole attention is necessarily occupied with the quarry at which she has been unhooded4 ,this is in accordance with the saying of the poet3-- 8,my left eye ,i will darken to the light1#ahe ,so that ,i view thee only with my right40 ,i have successfully made the experiment and speak from experience4 ,should you1 however1 wish to keep her for small quarry1 on no account blind her4 ,for small quarry you will find her better than the eyess3 she will ring up better1 especially after ,royston ,crows#ahf and those blackguardly yplq owls4#ahg ,as remarked previously1 the passage shahin and the peregrine are one and the same1 with this difference1 that the peregrine is stronger and larger4 ,the courage of the peregrine1 too1 is greater than that of the passage shahin4 ,rmal#ahh eyess shahins are bolder than all others--especially the dark variety4 ,,footnotes3 #agg ,it must be recollected that the term shhn includes the peregrine4 #agh ,good evidence1 but not proof1 since there is nothing to show that the 8shhn0 was flying its fastest1 or that the condition of both birds was the same4 ,vide also note #bcf1 page #ef4 #agi ,blanford 7,eastern ,persia1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #ajc71 writes3--8,persian falconers distinguished three varieties of ,shahin1 the ,stambul1 ,karabgh and ,frs1 the first from ,western ,asia ,minor1 the second from ,circassia1 ,georgia and ,armenia1 and the third from ,southern ,persia4 ,the first has the darkest plumage1 the last the lightest4444 ,the ,shahin is1 however1 not so much used in ,persia as formerly2 indeed1 ,i have never seen it out of the royal mews1 except when brought to ,bushire1 for sale to the ,arabs of the opposite coast4 ,the falcon described by ,marco ,polo as found in the mountains of ,parz near ,karmn1 can be no other than the ,shhn4 ,the old traveller says1 #8,in the mountains of ,parz near ,karmn are found the best falcons in the world4 ,they are inferior in size to the peregrine1 red on the breast1 under the neck and between the thighs2 their flight is so swift that no bird can escape them'40 ,considerable confusion exists as to the term ,shhn4 ,arab falconers in the ,persian ,gulf and the ,persians of ,bushire call the female peregrine shhna1 and rarely barya4 ,the ,shaykhs of ,barayn ,island procure peregrines from ,bushire4 ,the shhn 7but not the peregrine7 seems to be unknown in ,barah and ,baghdd4 ,an ,arabic ,,ms4 composed in the tenth century says1 8,if you desire to possess a shhn1 then procure one of the peregrine 7bar7 kind1 especially if it be black-backed1 ugly-faced1 narrow-bodied1 short-tailed1 large-headed1 sunken-eyed1 piercing-eyed1 large-beaked1 deep-mouthed1 short-backed1 with long flight-feathers1 and wings far apart from the body40 ,the peregrine 7bar7 is unknown to the falconers of ,kirman except by name4 ,the shhn1 however1 is not uncommon in the district4 ,the translator1 who was for eighteen months in ,kirman1 found three nests of the shhn and one of the chargh4 ,the shhns of ,prz are1 however1 no longer famous4 #ahj ,is this meant for ,erzerum8 #aha ,ardabl is ,east of ,tabrz and almost on the ,caspian4 ,it is a convict station4 #ahb ,shammar is a hilly district in ,central ,arabia4 #ahc ,svs4 ,is this the town in ,asia ,minor on the river ,kizl ,irmak and south of ,trebizond8 #ahd ,shikrch is the ,turkish equivalent of the ,hindustani shikr4 ,these words do not necessarily refer to professionals4 #ahe ,in ,persian1 8to regard with the left eye0 is an idiom for 8to gaze at with contempt2 to regard as an enemy40 #ahf ,kulgh-i ablaq1 lit4 8the piebald crow10 is the ,royston ,crow or a species exactly like it2 it is common round ,baghdad and in ,persia4 7,the ,english magpie is also common in ,persia and may locally be so named47--,vide page #ee1 note #bbg4 #ahg ,yplgh-i pidar-sag1 8the dog-fathered yplq10 is perhaps the ,indian grass-owl or a species like it4 ,the ,author also calls another species1 probably the ,short-eared ,owl1 yplgh1 but omits the epithet 8son of a dog0 when mentioning it4 ,the former is a difficult quarry1 the latter an easy one4--,vide note #b1 page #bc4 #ahh ,apparently an adjective from ,urm4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,peregrine 7,,ba,r7 ,bar4--,i have already stated my opinion that the ,peregrine is merely the ,rmal ,shhn caught after it has left the nest4 ,at any rate the best variety of peregrine is the yellowish1 almond#ahi-;coloured1 variety4 ,i have trained peregrines#aij to gazelle4 ,they are1 however1 delicate#aia birds1 as well as bold and daring3 they dash themselves impetuously against the gazelle's horns and thus frequently injure themselves fatally4 ,this is the reason that falconers do not care to train them to gazelle4 ,further1 on account of the flightiness#aib of their disposition they are not so very highly prized4 ,when choosing a peregrine1 select one with large feet1 short legs1 and long slender wings4 ,count the scales on the middle toe4 ,ordinarily there are only seventeen or eighteen4#aic ,if you find a bird with twenty-one1 you have a treasure4 ,a good peregrine should have a fine full breast1 a broad back1 and toes that are long and lean2 and its body should be round and compact4 ,an old master has not without reason sung3-- ,if ,i could have my fancy free1 ,goshawks like wagtails#aid all should be1 ,and ,sparrow-hawks like ,goshawks all2 ,but ,shhns round and ,charghs tall4#aie ,should ,bars too from faults be free1 ,in truth broad-shouldered they must be4 ,,footnotes3 #ahi i4e41 the colour of the skin of an almond4 ,the yellow variety of peregrine is avoided by ,panjab falconers4 #aij ,the only ,englishman who attempted gazelle hawking in ,india was the late ,sir ,harry ,lumsden who raised the ,corps of ,guides4 ,he told the translator that the ,amir used to send him from ,kabul1 at the beginning of the cold weather1 trained hawks and greyhounds1 as well as falconers4 ,in an article in the ,badminton ,magazine on ,sir ,harry ,lumsden's gazelle hawks1 there is an illustration of a peregrine striking at a gazelle4 ,this is an error4 ,sir ,harry used only charghs for gazelle4 #aia ,delicate compared to the saker1 the falcon most prized by ,orientals4 ,in ,baghdad 7in #aijj-ja7 the price of a peregrine had risen from three to ten rupees1 whereas a saker was said to be worth as much as seventy rupees4 ,in the ,panjab1 sakers range from ,rs4 #c to ,rs4 #g4 ,the ,saker is1 by most ,easterns1 preferred to the ,peregrine1 as it is hardier and can1 to a certain extent1 be fed on butcher's meat1 and still work well2 whereas it is impossible to keep a peregrine in first-class condition without a constant supply of doves and pigeons1 or birds whose flesh is equally good4 ,further1 in the desert1 the crops are scanty1 and in consequence the houbara cannot always be marked down in their feeding grounds1 but have to be laboriously beaten for by a long line of mounted men in open order2 even a young saker will sit barefaced on the rider's fist without bating1 but keeping a sharp look out for the quarry1 which1 by running round the line or dodging through the intervals1 may escape the keen sight of the beaters1 but not the keener sight of the falcon4 #aib ,hence the epithet yw applied to it and to the shahin1 in the ,kapurthala ,state4 #aic ,that is there are1 in the female peregrine1 seventeen or eighteen large scut 7plak7 that extend across the whole breadth of the toe4 ,these scut vary greatly in size1 and their number is no guide to the length of the toe3 a hawk with a large number may have a short toe4 #aid awa4 ,i believe this is properly a wagtail1 but the term is by some ,turks also applied to a species of sparrow4 ,miyn ,mahmd ,shibzda1 of ,taunsa1 a ,muslim friend of mine1 and a keen and successful falconer of considerable experience1 is of opinion that though a goshawk should be long1 it should have a short tail and a short tarsus4 ,as a matter of course the hawk should be heavy and well furnished1 the flesh being hard1 not soft4 8,never10 said this authority1 8buy a camel1 a horse1 or a goshawk1 with a short neck4 ,a long neck is a sign of staying power and vigour40 ,the present ,nawb of ,teri says that1 in his experience1 goshawks with sharp clean claws are inferior to those with worn and blunted nails1 and this experience is confirmed by other ,panjab falconers4 ,blunt and worn nails probably indicate that a hawk is keen and persevering2 that after it 8puts in0 the partridge1 it runs round and round the cover on foot and does not give up the chase4 ,indians1 or rather ,panjabis1 object to light eyes in a goshawk4 84442 the worst you can say by an hawke for their shape is1 that shee is a long slender and beesome-tailed hawke40--,bert4 8,in yor choice observe when yo buy1 a larg beake1 a larg foote1 a short train1 an upright stande1 and all of a peece40--,harting 7quoting a ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum73 vide page ix1 ,introduction1 ,booke for ,keping of ,sparchawkes4 ,in the latter work the 8,tokens of a ,good ,hawke0 are3 8,large3 heade slender3 beake thick and greate like a parot3 seare sayre3 nares wyde3 stalke short and bygg3 foote large1 wyde1 and full of strengeth3 mail thick3 wynges large wt narow fethers3 heye of fleshe and euer disposed to feede egerly40 #aie ,many ,panjab falconers assert that long charghs are faster and stoop in better style4 ,they are certainly not inferior to the shorter birds4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,saker#aif ,,falcon 7,f4 ,cherrug7 ,the author now mentions fourteen races and varieties of blbn1#aig each of which he distinguishes by some special epithet4 ,kabd 7874--,the first race or variety described is apparently named kabd3#aii--;,it has a white head1 without any cheek-stripe or dark mark under the eyes4#bjj ,with this exception the colouration is dark3 the feathers of both the body and the tail#bja are without spots4 ,it is large in size and bold in nature1 and good for either crane#bjb or gazelle1 but1 alas1 it is scarce4 ,in the whole of my experience ,i have met with only one4 ,blbn-i ,frs4--,next is the ,blbn-i ,frs1 or 8,saker of ,frs10 which is subdivided into the red and the white varieties4 ,neither has cheek stripes4 ,the back1 from the neck to the oil-bottle1#bjc is covered with spots and markings1 and the redder these are in tint1 the better the bird4 ,the flight-feathers1#bjd seven in each wing1 are also covered with spots4 ,the feet are a very light slate-colour4 ,the darker and smaller the beak1 tongue1 and nails1 the better4 ,the feet are lean1 the tarsi short1 the thighs stout1 the chest and back broad1 the wings fine and pointed1 the eyes sunken1 the eyebrows prominent2 the neck is long1 the forehead broad1 the 8waist0 small4 ,if the hawk has all these points1 it is incomparable4 ,illustration3 ,,ix ,,young ,,passage ,,saker 7,,dark ,,variety7 ,blbn-i ,amar-i ,shm4--,next is the ,blbn-i amar-i ,shm or the 8,red ,syrian ,saker10 of which there are two varieties1 the red and the black4 ,in a good bird of this race1 the two centre tail-feathers1 called by the ,arabs amd or 8props10 and by the ,turks qpq1#bje as well as the two outer tail-feathers1 one on each side1#bjf should be without spot or marking4 ,blbn-i ,badr4--,the next race is called badr4#bjg ,it has a white head and no cheek stripe4 ,the general colouration is reddish1 and the back and breast are without markings4 ,the two centre tail-feathers are sometimes with spots and sometimes without3 if with spots the smaller and redder they are the better4 ,these four races or varieties are by the ,arabs styled urr f4#bjh ,bad-pasand 7874--,a variety of the ,badr has a name#bji that cannot be deciphered with certainty4 ,this is a variety of the ,badr1 but the whole of the tail is white without the admixture of any other colouring4 ,it is uncommon1 and though it belongs to the class of urr1#bjh it is poor-spirited and not prized4 ,jibl4--,the next race is the ,mountain#baj 787 ,saker4 ,it has a little black only1 under the eye4 ,it has on the back1 two1 four1 or six white spots1 called by the ,arabs ,pleiades 7,thurayy74 ,the 8prop0 feathers have sometimes spots and sometimes none4 ,in any case it is not styled by the ,arabs urr f1 for the urr f must not only be without cheek stripes1 but must also have certain other points4 ,the first four described are1 however1 all included in the urr f4 ,according to the idiom of ,arab falconers1 the urr f must have the back 8free from ,pleiades10#baa the 8prop0 feathers 8clear of marks10#bab and the two outside feathers 7one on each side7 8void of stain40#bac ,also it must have no cheek stripe1 nor black under the eyes4 ,should the hawk not have these points1 they class it as jibl and not as urr f4 ,illustration3 ,x ,,young ,,passage ,,saker 7,,dark ,,variety7 ,blbn-i ,laff4--,next is the blbn-i laff1#bad and of this there are three varieties1 the yellowish1 the dark1 and the light4 ,all three have cheek-stripes or dark feathers under the eyes4 ,as in the case of the eyess charkh1 if this race is taken from the nest it is called in ,turki aitlg1 in ,arabic wachar1#bae and in ,persian charkh4 ,should it have left the nest and be caught in a net1 it is called 7in ,persian7 blbn-i laff4 ,now as for those four races described above as urr f1 ,i have in my many travels and constant inquiries never met with any hawk-catcher or sportsman#baf who has taken a urr f from the nest4 ,no one even knows in what country1 birds of this race breed4 ,all ,i know for certain is1 that in the beginning of ,autumn they come to us from across the sea1 from the direction of ,muscat and ,barayn4#bag ,god knows where they breed and whence they travel4 ,those that ,i have seen in ,persia1 ,turkey1#bah and ,europe#bai have all been laff and have all had cheek stripes4 ,the laff is to the urr f what the tarln is to the qizil1 or what the ,nejd#bbj horse is to the ,turkoman pony4#bba ,moult after moult the urr f becomes better1 whereas the laff flies well for not more than three seasons3 after that it becomes cunning4#bbb ,i have at present two blbn of the urr f race1 one of sixteen and one of seventeen moults2 one is 8,persian0 and the other 8,red ,syrian40#bbc ,both are still excellent at common crane4#bbd ,birds of this race1 while life lasts1 year by year improve1 for their nature is noble4 ,,the ,b,l,b,n-,i ,,laf,f ,,of ,,baghdad4--,a variety of the ,laff that ,i have met with nowhere except in ,baghdad1 is called by ,baghdad falconers ,wachar4#bbe ,in general colouring1 it is dark with a tinge of red on the head4 ,the flight-feathers are dark in colour and long1 extending beyond the tail4 ,it has small feet and the female is about the same size as the tiercel of the eyess charkh4#bbf ,it is very swift1 nearly as swift as the shhn4 ,it takes the small piebald crow1#bbg black partridge1#bbh and stone-plover1 with ease4 ,some few ,i have seen that would take houbara4 ,it has a great outward resemblance to the ,hobby which is found round ,teheran4 ,,footnotes3 #aif aqar 7sometimes pronounced agar or aghar7 is one of the names by which this falcon 7,f4 ,sacer of ,jerdon and ,f4 cherrug of ,blanford7 is known to the ,arabs4 ,possibly the word aqar is by ,arabs applied to other falcons also4 #aig ,considerable confusion exists with regard to the various names of this falcon4 ,by ,indians this species is called chargh1 by ,afghans charkh4 ,by ,persians the passage falcon is styled blbn and the eyess charkh1 while by the ,turks of ,persia the passage falcon and the eyess are often both called aitlg4 ,the ,author1 however1 himself a ,turk1 states that the nestling of a particular variety is by ,turkish falconers distinguished by the name aitlg4 ,in ,lahore to ,yarkand1 a report on some of the scientific results of the expedition to ,yarkand in #ahgj1 there is a coloured figure of an old and not uncommon variety of the ,saker1 to which the scientific name of ,falco ,hendersoni is appended2 and it is stated that ,mr4 ,hume considered this falcon to be the ,shunqr of ,eastern falconers4 ,apparently following up this idea1 ,scully1 in his vocabulary of the ,turki names of birds1 gives as the equivalent of the ,turki aitalg1 8the female of the #8shunqr1' ,falco ,hendersoni40 ,there is1 however1 evidence to show that1 in ancient times1 ,shunqr was a name given by ,indian falconers to a species of ,jerfalcon1 vide page #cf1 note #aea4 ,modern ,indian falconers1 proverbial for inaccuracy1 have a habit of calling any ,saker 7chargh7 that is unusual in size and markings a 8shunqr10 and so1 by exciting emulation1 obtain a fictitious price from some credulous native gentleman4 ,though seemingly only one species of chargh visits the ,panjab1 individuals so vary in size1 shape1 markings1 and colouration1 that it is at first sight difficult to believe that they are of the same species4 ,amongst young birds some are whole-coloured1 others have some small white specks on the back1 while others again have white heads with spotted tails4 ,in some varieties the tail spots are barely visible2 in others they are so white and numerous that the spread tail appears to be nearly all white4 ,peculiarities may disappear to a great extent in the first moult4 ,the colouring of the 8intermewed0#aih falcon depends1 to a great extent1 on feeding and exposure4 8,haggards0 vary1 nearly1 if not quite1 as much as the immature hawks4 ,a rare variety is said1 by ,panjab falconers and others1 to have the tarsus feathered 8like certain breeds of pigeons40 ,in the ,derajat this variety is distinguished by the term p-moz or 8booted10 while in the ,pindi ,gheb district it is considered a distinct species and called ,sang-sang4 ,the evidence of the existence of this peculiar variety 7which is also supposed to be above the average in size7 is detailed and corroborative4 ,arab falconers of ,barah have described this variety to the translator1 and stated that it is known to them by the name of ,shunghr4 ,by the name ,sang-sang some species of falcon 7probably a charkh7 is known to the ,afghans4 ,the ,chargh breeds in ,afghanistan1 ,persia1 and elsewhere1 but not in ,india4 ,apparently more than one race visits ,india4 ,in the ,panjab it is flown only at large quarry--kite1 hare1 houbara1 and occasionally at black ibis and common heron4 ,in ,baghdad it is said to be flown at geese4 ,corballis1 in ,forty-five ,years of ,sport1 says1 8,this falcon is good at smaller game1 such as grouse1 partridges1 etc40 ,apparently he is speaking of ,syria4 ,the ,saker is too slow for sand-grouse in ordinary circumstances4 #aih 8#8,intermewed4' ,a hawk that has been moulted in confinement40--,lascelles4 #aii ,this word is perhaps a copyist's error4 #bjj ,madma ,ar4 sing4 8,the place where the tears collect in the sides of the eye02 the pl4 madmi comprises the inner and outer angles of the eyes1 but is especially applied to the inner4 ,vide note #di1 page #h4 #bja ,in ,india a hawk with a tail without marks is called laga-dum1 or 8tailed like the ,lagar ,falcon40 #bjb ,in ,dresser's ,birds of ,europe it is stated that ,jerdon once took a ,srus crane 7,grus ,antigone7 with a ,saker4 #bjc ,mudhun ,a4 and rghan-dn ,p4 #bjd ,shh-par1 8flight-feather40 #bje ,qpq2 derivation unknown4 #bjf ,these two feathers are apparently called by the ,arabs rudf4 ,this word is the plural of radf which literally signifies 8to ride pillion40 ,in m4 c4 it is the name given by ,persians and ,turks to the 8,army ,reserve40 ,vide also page #gc1 note #cje4 #bjg ,possibly from badr1 8the full moon40 #bjh urr ,ar4 8free-born02 hence 8noble40 ,the ,saker and ,goshawk are styled urr1 and also the young of certain animals4 f1 8pure1 unmixed1 etc40 #bji ,apparently ,bad-pasand1 8liked by the ,bedouins40 #baj ,jibl1 adj4 from jibl 8mountains10 plural of jabal4 #baa ,slimu ,surayy4 #bab ,mutlaqu 'l-amd4 #bac ,mi rudf4 #bad ,laff3 meaning of laff obscure4 #bae ,there is no letter ch in ,arabic4 ,in ,irq1 however1 k is sometimes pronounced ch4 ,wakr 7wachr7 in ,arabic is a nest1 so 8wachr0 might signify 8nestling40 ,an ,arab gentleman in ,barah 7a falconer7 told me that the white ,saker with drops on the back is called urr f2 the same if of a reddish tinge urr ,shm2 and that these races are supposed to come from 8,persia0 and 8,syria40 ,the dark ,saker with drops on the back is1 he said1 called ,wachar ,jard1 and without drops ,wachar4 ,the best for gazelle1 he stated1 was the 8,persian0 and 8,syrian40 ,the ,baghdad ,sakers are preferred to those of ,barah4 ,sakers are caught in ,bushire and taken for sale to ,barah1 where they fetch as much as seventy rupees4 ,in the ,panjab their price varies from three to ten rupees1 according to locality and season4 #baf ,shikrch1 a comprehensive term2 8sportsman1 fisherman1 bird-catcher1 etc41 etc40 #bag ,the ,sheikh of ,barayn keeps many sakers and peregrines which are flown at houbara on the opposite ,persian ,coast4 ,the translator once travelled with the ,sheikh's two sons in a ,b4 ,i4 boat3 they had fifty or sixty falconers and as many peregrines and sakers1 all1 with one exception1 young and newly trained4 #bah ,by ,turkey1 the ,author probably means ,asia ,minor4 #bai ,probably ,turkey in ,europe4 #bbj ,the best bred ,arab horses are from ,nejd4 #bba ,yb1 a pony of a coarse breed4 #bbb ,duzd1 lit4 8a thief40 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,the ,,eyess ,,saker ,,falcon ,the eyess charkh#bbi is of four kinds4 ,first there is the variety that in the ,spring#bcj months breeds in the hills of ,persia and ,turkey4#bca ,another is found in ,nejd#bcb in ,turkish territory1 where it lays its eggs on the bare ground1 like the black-breasted sand-grouse1#bcc and the houbara bustard4 ,this variety is called charkh-i mni4#bcd ,another kind nests in the hills and dry water-courses of ,nejd4 ,from thence nestlings are obtained by the ,arabs who style them ijz4#bce ,all these kinds1 if obtained from the nest1 are charkh1 and if snared after they have left the nest are laff4 ,the charkh-i mni is exceptionally good1 whether for gazelle1 or common crane1 or golden eagle3 you can train it to anything4 ,i am able to state that it is faster even than the shhn1 for ,i have often flown one at crane in company with a shhn1 and it has reached and 8bound0 to the crane a long way ahead of it4#bcf ,the colouration of the mni varies1 but that variety that has very red markings on the back1 like a kestril1#bcg is the best4 ,of all the charkhs of the world the mni with red spots on the back is the best4 ,although it is an eyess 7charkh7 and is obtained from the nest1 it is equal to any noble passage falcon 7blbn7 of the urr f race4 ,it is to be obtained only from the ,arabs of ,unayza4#bch ,in that waterless part of ,arabistn its chief prey is houbara and hare4#bci ,,footnotes3 #bbc ,frs and ,amar ,shm4 #bbd ,the common crane is1 in the air1 an easier quarry than the heron4 ,the struggle on the ground is1 however1 severe and highly dangerous1 as the crane uses its sharp claw with great effect4 #bbe ,vide page #ed1 note #bae4 #bbf ,some ,indian and ,persian falconers ,i questioned in ,baghdad had never met with a falcon that answered this description4 ,the ,laga falcon 7,f4 ,jugger7 of ,india--a desert falcon--does not answer to the description4 ,also it does not appear to be found in ,persia or ,asia ,minor4 #bbg ,kulgh-i kchak u ablaq1 presumably 8the hooded crow10 common around ,baghdad and in ,persia4 ,the author probably styles it 8small0 as compared to the raven1 which is sometimes called by the same name4 ,vide page #df1 note #ahf4 #bbh ,durrj1 8the francolin40 #bbi ,charkh is the eyess saker1 and blbn the passage saker4 #bcj ,there are four distinct seasons of the year1 in ,persia4 ,the ,spring1 unlike the ,indian ,spring1 is long and cool4 ,the ,saker falcon migrates from the ,panjab much earlier than the peregrine4 #bca i4e41 ,turkish territory4 #bcb ,nejd1 in central ,arabia1 directly west of ,barayn ,island4 #bcc ,bqir-qara ,t4 and ,siyh-snah ,p43 both words signify literally 8black breast40 ,the ,arab gentleman mentioned in note #bae1 page #ed1 informed me that in certain localities the saker nests on the bare ground4 ,vide also page #aae1 note #dia4 ,an ,englishman told me that he once1 in ,wales1 found two peregrine's eggs laid on the bare open ground close to a cliff edge4 #bcd ,has mni here the signification of 8difficult of access08 #bce ijz1 a province on the ,red ,sea4 ,it is not in ,nejd4 #bcf ,this is no sure test of swiftness1 for a peregrine flown with a large and powerful saker often flies 8cunning40 ,vide note #agh1 page #db4 #bcg ,i have known a saker that in the immature plumage was white and covered with spots 7such a saker is styled in the ,kapurthala ,state chtal chargh and is there considered useless for anything except hare7 assume this red kestril-like plumage on its first moult4 #bch ,unayza1 name of a tribe and of a place in ,west ,nejd4 ,the tribe is famous for a breed of horses1 larger and coarser than the ,nejd breed4 ,the name is said to be the diminutive of either anza1 a 8she-goat0 or of anaza1 a 8javelin40 #bci ,all sakers in a wild state occasionally prey on houbara4 ,trained haggards1 but not young passage hawks1 will as a rule take hare without being entered by a 8train40 ,perhaps during the nesting season1 the parent birds are driven to killing hare4 ,i have seen a young passage hawk of mine1 flying close to the ground1 carry a hare for two or three hundred yards4 ,the hare1 a fine hill specimen1 weighed #d lbs41 while the saker weighed only #b lbs4 #d oz4 ,i have seen an 8intermewed0 saker stoop at1 and strike1 a large hare on the head1 with such force that the hare never moved again4 ,in ,dresser's ,birds of ,europe it is stated on the authority of ,colonel ,przevalsky that in ,mongolia1 in ,winter1 the chief food of the saker is the ,alpine hare4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,strange ,,arab ,,devices ,,for ,,catching ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,the ,arabs have two strange devices for catching the blbn4 ,it chances sometimes that1 while out hawking1 a wild blbn will suddenly drop from the sky1 and seize a flushed houbara4 ,the ,arabs wait till the falcon has broken into the quarry and has begun to eat4 ,then they go slowly towards the falcon1 which1 unable to carry off the heavy quarry1 perforce abandons it3 the falcon will retire to a distance of five- or six-hundred yards and regard her quarry with eyes of regret4 ,two shikr-chs go up to the dead houbara and quickly and deftly dig a pit in the sand with their sticks4 ,one of them stealthily gets into this pit and is completely covered with sand1 his nose only being above ground4 ,one arm is extended1 but concealed by a light sprinkling of sand4 ,the dead houbara is then placed on his open palm and the other men all withdraw to a distance4 ,after a short time1 the blbn1 seeing the coast clear1 returns without suspicion to its prey4 ,poor thing1 what knows it of what is underground8 ,slowly it returns to its quarry and re-settles on it4 ,that cuckoldy pimp in his living grave feels the falcon settle2 then slowly1 very slowly1 under cover of the houbara's feathers his hand searches for his victim's feet4 ,the hapless falcon1 in dread of a robber eagle1 eagerly busies itself with pluming and eating3 its whole attention is directed to its food4 ,sooner or later some part of its foot or leg touches the hidden hand1 and the freedom of the noble bird is gone4 ,the dead man then comes to life and rises from his sandy grave4#bdj ,,another ,,device4--,there is another cunning device1 which can be practised only during the season of the terrible east wind of ,baghdad--8,we take refuge in ,god from it40#bda ,this wind blows with incessant severity for two to nine days at a time4 ,day and night it rages1 ceasing not for one minute4 ,none dare venture out in it2 everything comes to a standstill4 ,all sorts of wild birds1 fearing to be swept away far from their hunting and feeding grounds1 take refuge from the force of the wind by settling on the ground4 ,perhaps some luckless sportsmen1 when out hawking1 get caught in this wind1 and by chance spy a blbn seated on the sandy gritty soil4 ,one of the party will go directly up-wind of it1 and raising all the dust and sand#bdb he can with his hands and feet1 will scatter it on the wind4 ,under cover of this cloud of dust1 which is carried by the wind on to the falcon1 he quickly advances1 stirring up the while all the sand he can with his hands and feet4 ,the falcon's eyes get filled with the sand3 in vain it rubs them on its feathers3 the sand-storm continues1 while the man behind it ceases not advancing with rapidity4 ,the falcon is first forced to close its eyes1 but the sand stops up its nostrils1 and it soon has no choice but to seek protection for its head under its wing4 ,in this unsuspecting and helpless attitude it is secured by hand4 ,,author ,,captures ,a ,,vulture4--,once ,i went on a pilgrimage to ,harat-i ,salmn-i ,frs1#bdc and intending to kill two birds with one stone took with me four or five charkhs and blbns that were trained to gazelle1 and nine or ten mounted falconers4 ,i started early in the morning1 and expected to secure during the day five or six gazelles at least4 ,we had gone about two farsakh#bdd when the east wind began to rise4 ,it gradually increased in force till about two hours before noon1 by which time we had reached the very 8mine0#bde of gazelle4 ,to the right and left of us there was nothing but gazelle1 but1 on account of the wind1 it was impossible to fly the hawks4 ,soon the air became darkened1 and so strong was the wind that it could have borne aloft a thousand thrones of ,solomon4#bdf ,we were nearly lifted off our horses to be hurled far into the desert4 ,there was nothing for it but to 8mail0#bdg the charkhs and blbns and carry them under our arms1 or in the skirts of our robes4 ,we were now in ground that is called awr ,sada#bdh3 it is low-lying ground1 void of dust or sand1 for when the ,tigris overflows its banks in the ,spring1 the hollow retains water1 and grass and reeds spring up4 ,this hollow was about two farsakh broad by six or seven long1 and was a favourite feeding-ground of gazelle4 ,the well-known medicinal herb galingale#bdi is produced here in abundance2 hence the name of awr ,sada given to the spot4 ,well1 as soon as we emerged from this awr1 we lost sight of the ,arch of ,ctsesiphon and the dome of ,harat-i ,sulaymn4 ,though we knew the ground thoroughly1 having hawked gazelle there hundreds of times1 we completely lost our bearings and wandered about aimlessly and perplexedly1 we knew not whither4 ,at last we emerged on to the sandy desert1 and realized that we had left the shrine of ,sulaymn on our left4 ,our horses were unable to proceed1 for their eyes and nostrils were soon choked with sand4 ,suddenly a huge carrion vulture#bej dropped to earth and settled before us4 ,i told my attendants to stop still while ,i circumvented it by the ,arab method4 ,i made a circuit and got up-wind of it1 and assisted the wind in covering it with sand and dust4 ,at last ,i reached the vulture and saw that the poor thing had tucked away its head1 and was to all appearance asleep4 ,i cast myself on it and secured it1 and saw that its eyes and nostrils were so choked with sand that it could scarcely breathe4 ,i made the bdr#bea carry it till we reached the shrine4 ,not having enough food for the hawks1 ,i bought a fat young sucking-lamb1#beb and killed it4 ,the liver and heart were given to the vulture1 which1 when the wind subsided1 was duly released4 ,i could have captured gazelle by the same method had it not been for their sense of smell4 ,,footnotes3 #bdj ,an ,afghan acquaintance told the translator that he had seen demoiselle cranes 7khar-khare7 caught in the following manner at ,kabul4 ,small boys were buried in the sand at intervals1 their noses above ground and their arms extended--the arms carefully covered with sand and shingle4 ,the unsuspecting cranes were then slowly driven towards the hidden children4 ,sometimes two or three birds are caught in this manner4 ,the children are buried on the spot where the cranes rest at night4 ,in ,chitral1 goshawks are said to be caught by the following device3 ,the top of a bare hillock is selected1 scooped out and roofed over1 the chamber thus made being sufficiently large to conceal a man4 ,the trapper enters the chamber from the side1 and closes the entrance4 ,he then puts through a hole in the roof a live chukor fitted with jesses1 and with a leash five or six feet long4 ,the hole in the roof is closed1 and the partridge flutters at the extent of its leash4 ,when the goshawk appears1 the cries of the chukor warn the trapper4 ,when the goshawk seizes the partridge1 it is slowly drawn towards the hole by the trapper4 ,the hawk1 feeling resistance1 only 8binds0 the tighter1 till it is suddenly seized by the legs from within the hut4 ,the chief places for catching goshawks near ,chitral are said to be the ,singr forest2 the ,bakamak hill2 the ,makhtmbd hill2 and the ,urgutch hill4 ,these are the four ,mihtar places1 i4e41 hawks caught there are the property of the ,mihtar4 #bda ,a common exclamation amongst ,muslims2 used in time of danger1 on hearing of an accident1 and on seeing one afflicted with a horrible disease such as leprosy4 #bdb ,shin va mssa4 #bdc ,salmn-i ,frs was a ,persian of ,abyssinian extraction4 ,he was one of the 8,companions of the ,prophet40 ,his tomb1 on a bank of the ,tigris1 not far from ,baghdad1 is close to the old ruined palace of ,kisra1 called by the ,arabs ,tq-,kisr 8,the arch of ,cyrus40 ,here1 too1 is the site of ,madin or 8,the cities10 the capital of ,persia at the time of the ,muslim conquest4 ,seven cities are said to have existed on this site1 ,taysafn or ,ctsesiphon being one of them4 ,it was in the latter that the ,tq-,kisr existed1 built1 according to some accounts1 by ,nshravn the ,just4 #bdd ,a farsakh is about #c miles4 #bde 8,mine10 an ,arab idiom for any place where the game is found in abundance4 #bdf ,arsh-i ,sulaymn4 ,the winds were subject to ,solomon4 ,his throne was placed on an immense carpet of green silk1 and his forces1 men on the right1 jinn on the left1 took their stand upon it1 and the wind bore it aloft under ,solomon's orders1 while the army of birds formed a canopy above4 #bdg ,qapncha kardan1 8to mail0 a hawk1 i4e41 to wrap it up in a 8sock0 or cloth1 so that it is in a kind of strait-jacket4 ,even on foot it is impossible to carry hawks in a strong desert wind4 #bdh awr is low-lying ground or dried marsh land that is full of grass and reeds4 ,sada is an adjective from the grass sad-i kf mentioned later4 #bdi ,sad-i kf is a tall sweet-smelling grass used in medicine4 ,the scientific name is said to be ,cyperus ,scariosus4 ,the ,hindi name is1 ,i think1 ngar moth4 8,the dale ,was seen far inland and the yellow down ,border'd with palm1 and many a winding vale ,and meadow1 set with slender galingale40 --,lotus ,eaters4 #bej ,dl-i murdr-khwr4 #bea ,abdr1 a servant in charge of the drinks1 tea-things1 etc4 ,he would of course be mounted1 probably on a mule4 #beb ,barra-yi shr-mast4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,merlin ,this little falcon is beyond all praise4 ,there are three varieties1 the dark1 the light1 and the yellow1 the first being the best4 ,no ,persian falconer has yet found the nest of the merlin1 nor is it known in what country it breeds4 ,all ,i know is that1 about two months after the beginning of ,autumn1 it is spread over the face of the land1 and is then caught in nets by the bird-catchers4 ,like the blbn there are three kinds1 the urr f1 the ,amar ,shm1#bec and the ,laff4 ,the dark variety1 which is the ,laff and has cheek-stripes1#bed is better than the urr f4 ,unlike the ,saker1 this falcon is somewhat forgetful by nature4 ,if you want to train a 8cast0#bee of merlins to fly larks1#bef train them quickly1 luring them three times or four times a day to a lure made of pigeons' wings4#beg ,now get a live lark1 and for three days1--after the merlin has been made hot and excited by being called to the lure--tie the lark to the end of a long stick1 and fly the hawk at that1 making it stoop four or five times4#beh ,then let the hawk take1 and eat half of the lark4 ,do this three times a day1 flying it after it has digested its meal4#bei ,after the merlins are well entered to the lark at the end of the stick1#bfj go out into the open country4 ,show them1 by hand1 a good lark1 unruffled and strong on the wing2 then let it fly1 casting off both merlins after it4#bfa ,they will stoop at it and take it4 ,when they do1 feed them up together4 ,do this for three or four days4 ,now go into the open country and fly them at a wild lark1 choosing some spot free from wells or gardens3 for1 if your hawk chases a lark into a well1 it will probably get destroyed2 if it chases it into a garden1 it will not only lose the lark1 but lose itself4 ,you require a clear open plain4 ,the quicker you train these little falcons the better1 but with other hawks the contrary holds good3 in training the latter1 use deliberation4 ,,method ,,of ,,snaring ,,larks4--,i am certain the reader has been saying to himself1 8,where am ,i to get all these live larks8 ,surely the author is wrong somewhere40 ,no1 my friend1 it is you that are wrong4 ,now listen to me while ,i tell you how to snare larks4 ,get a long1 light pole1#bfb about eleven feet long1 and bind to the end of it1 a horse-hair noose#bfc 7of white horse-hair for choice7 made of a single hair1 and use white thread for the binding4#bfd ,as soon as your merlin is keen on the lure1 go out into the open country with an assistant4 ,when you come across a lark1 give the merlin to your assistant1 and then move aside ten or fifteen paces4 ,now1 alongside of the lark1 lure the merlin to your fist4 ,as soon as the lark spies the hawk1 it will crouch on the ground1 its eyes glued on the hawk4 ,now hand over the hawk to your assistant4 ,make him hold his hand high1 and by lowering it and raising it cause the hawk to extend and flutter its wings1 so that the attention of the lark may remain engrossed on it4 ,tell your man to go to the left of the lark and to stand about ten paces from it1 making the hawk flutter all the time4 ,do you go to its right1 and1 advancing very slowly1 extend the pole1 slip the horse-hair noose on to the poor lark's neck1 and draw it to you1 and--there is your 8train40 ,this device is the invention of your humble servant4 ,it is most successful in the ,autumn and ,winter months4 ,a lark1 before a cast of merlins1 gives a very pretty ringing flight4 ,in the ,spring1 however1 and even on warm days in the ,winter1#bfe they will not ring up4 ,a very good female merlin will take 8chukor10 8seesee10#bff quail1 woodcock1#bfg and other small quarry4 ,,defect ,,of ,,merlins4--,merlins are inveterate 8carriers10#bfh a great defect in their character1 and should therefore be flown as a 8cast10 and not singly4 ,another defect is that1 if allowed to get very hungry1 they begin to tear their own feet2 and if the falconer be inattentive1 they will tear away the flesh till they reach the shank bone4#bfi ,once they learn this vice1 the only remedy is to give them their freedom4 ,the falconer must therefore be careful to keep them always in high condition1 for otherwise they will not only not 8ring up0 well1 but will also contract the vice just mentioned4 ,a good1 young1 merlin may be kept and moulted1 but just as is the case of a young passage saker and an 8intermewed0#bgj one1 an intermewed#bga merlin will not ring up as well as a young passage hawk4 ,the young hawk is light in body1 and ignorant as well2 but after the moult it becomes not only heavy1 but cunning also1 and will give up the moment it sees that the lark it is chasing is very strong on the wing4 ,a 8haggard0 blbn1#bgb however1 will1 in the hands of a skilful falconer1 ring up better than a young passage blbn4 ,there are two varieties of merlin4 ,in one variety the immature and mature plumage are1 even after many moults1 the same4 ,in the other1 the plumage of the back1 after the first moult1 becomes blue-grey1 while the cere and legs become bright yellow like amber4 ,i have never been able to discriminate which kind it is that will remain the same1 and which kind will assume the blue plumage and yellow cere4 ,,footnotes3 #bec ,vide note #bjh1 page #eb4 #bed ,madmi1 pl4 of madma1 vide p4 #ej1 note #bjj4 #bee 8#8,cast1' s41 a #8cast of hawks1' i4e41 two2 not necessarily a pair40--,harting4 #bef ,kkul ,p41 which elsewhere the author says is called quburah by the ,arabs2 it is the ,crested ,lark4 #beg ,a lure made of pigeons' wings is not very durable4 #beh ,the lark at the end of the stick will be in the air the whole time1 and the merlin1 though raw1 will not therefore sit on the ground4 #bei ,bad az burdan-i gsht4 ,a merlin will eat in a day1 two sparrows or larks4 #bfj ,kkul-yi mkh-band4 #bfa ,har du r juft bi-yandz4 #bfb ,in the ,dera ,ismail ,khan district1 in the ,panjab1 the common desert lark called chandr used to be snared in this fashion1 the wand used being a stalk of the grass called kn4 #bfc alqa-yi m-yi dum-i asp4 #bfd ,the surface of the desert ground would be whitish in colouration4 #bfe ,not clear whether the author means that it is the larks or the hawks that will not ring up1 or both4 #bff ,kabk1 the ,red-legged ,partridge of ,india3 th1 the ,seesee of ,india4 #bfg ,yalva ,t41 is a name of the woodcock1 but it is probably a name given also to some species of rail4 ,one ,persian ,turk tells me that it is called by the ,persians khursak1 and 8is of a reddish brown colour1 has a long bill1 yellow legs1 and frequents damp or marshy ground40 #bfh 8#8,carry1' v41 to fly away with the quarry40--,harting4 #bfi ,qalam4 #bgj 8#8,intermewed'4--,a hawk that has been moulted in confinement40--,lascelles4 #bga ,khna-tlak4 #bgb 8,haggard10 a hawk that has moulted in a wild condition4 ,the author here calls this dsh-tlak ,t4 8moulted outside40 ,illustration3 ,,xi ,,hobby ,,with ,,seeled ,,eyes ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,hobby#bgc ,the hobby resembles the merlin somewhat1 but is larger1 darker in colouring1 and prettier in appearance4 ,it has long broad wings1 dark in colouring4 ,its feet are small and yellow4 ,in a wild state it kills larks and such-like small quarry1 hunting well1 like the merlin1 but it is evil-natured and cowardly4#bgd ,in the ,shamrnt and in ,mzandarn#bge it nests in the gardens4#bgf ,nestlings1 however1 are useless4 ,the female is about the size of a shahin tiercel4 ,it can be trained1 but with much trouble4 ,you can1 however1 train one easily to fly in company with a merlin1 and make it kill by means of the merlin's assistance4 ,more than this is not to be expected of it4#bgg ,if1 as ,i say1 you get a fine female passage falcon1 call it to the lure and fly it at 8trains0 and wild quarry1 in company with a merlin1 but never bother yourself with an eyess4 ,,footnotes3 #bgc ,layl1 8,the ,hobby40 #bgd ,a hobby is too cowardly to be caught by a common quail as a bait4 ,i have frequently tried and failed1 but on substituting a sparrow have succeeded instantly4 ,lieut4-,colonel ,e4 ,delm ,radcliffe in his pamphlet on ,falconry states that the ,european ,hobby is sometimes trained in ,india and flown at the ,hoopoe and the male at the ,diongo-,shrike or 8,king-crow40 ,i have1 however1 never met with any ,panjab falconer who had heard of one being trained with success4 #bge ,for ,shamrnt1 vide note #afi1 page #dj4 ,mazenderan is a province on the south coast of the ,caspian4 #bgf ,in the desert1 the baghs or 8gardens0 are the only places where there are tall trees4 #bgg ,the hobby is not trained in the ,panjab4 ,in ,albin's ,natural ,history of ,birds 7pub4 #agch7 it is stated that 8,the ,fowlers1 to catch these ,hawks1 take a ,lark and having blinded her and fastened ,lime-twigs to her legs1 let her fly where they see the ,hobby is1 which striking at the ,lark is entangled with the ,lime-twigs40 ,illustration3 ,,xii ,,hobby ,,with ,,seeled ,,eyes ,illustration3 ,,xiii ,,hobby ,,with ,,seeled ,,eyes ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,sangak#bgh ,this 8falcon0 closely resembles the ,indian ,sparrow-,hawk1#bgi but the young bird is smaller and darker in colouration4 ,also it has not the dark stripe under the chin4#bhj ,the only difference between the two is that the ,sangak is black-eyed while the ,pq is yellow-eyed4#bha ,in the jungle it preys chiefly on locusts and frogs1 but occasionally kills a small wounded or diseased bird4 ,it haunts 8gardens10 and1 like the hobby1 nests in trees4 ,however1 it is a bird impotent and unvalued1 except for its tail1 which can be used for 8imping0#bhb that of a pq4 ,the 8intermewed0 bird and the nestling are identical in plumage1 and cannot be distinguished from each other4 ,,footnotes3 #bgh ,i am unable to identify this hawk4 #bgi ,pq or pgh1 the shikra of ,india4 #bhj ,usually present in the young as well as in the old shikra4 #bha ,arzaq-chashm1 properly 8blue-eyed40 ,young shikras have sometimes bluish grey eyes4 #bhb 8,imp to0 is to repair broken flight- or tail-feathers by sewing in1 8grafting10 etc43 for methods vide ,badminton ,library4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,kestril#bhc ,there are two species of kestril4 ,one species is yellowish in colouration and is covered with very pretty spots and markings2 the other is yellowish but without markings1 whilst its claws are small and white4 ,the first species1 the 8black-clawed0 kestril1#bhd kills in a wild state1 sparrows1 quails1 starlings#bhe and such small quarry1 but as it is ill-tempered and slow of flight1 falconers care little for it4 ,it1 however1 serves several purposes4 ,first3 ,in ,bushire and the desert tract of ,frs#bhf it is caught and trained as the ,raven is trained by the ,arabs4#bhg ,a raven is caught and so trained to 8wait0 on1 that it will circle above the head for half an hour4 ,a fine cord about forty inches long is fastened to its legs having at the end a bunch of feathers the size of a sparrow4 ,thus prepared it is cast off to 8wait on40 ,from a distance it has the appearance of some bird of prey attempting to seize a small bird1 and this1 arousing jealousy1 attracts blbns and other birds of prey from a distance4 ,then1 on the arrival of1 say1 a blbn with the other birds1 the raven settles1 when the fowler lets fly a pigeon in front of the blbn4 ,the latter fancies this is the quarry the raven was chasing4#bhh ,the moment it seizes the pigeon it is snared4 ,blbns are also caught with kestrils trained in this manner4#bhi ,second3 ,if you want to take passage sakers with an eyess saker 7charkh71 catch one or two kestrils in a du-gaza or sparrow-hawk net1#bij 8seel0 their eyes and fly them as 8trains40 ,next fly your eyess#bia at a wild blbn3 it will certainly not fail to take it4#bib ,for an eyess saker that is being trained to take eagles and sakers1 kestrils and buzzards#bic are necessary 8trains40 ,when giving a buzzard as a 8train0 the hind claw must be firmly bound back to the shank4 ,also for the first three or four times meat must be tied to its back before it is shown to and released for the eyess4 ,when the young hawk takes the 8train10 she should be fed on freshly-killed pigeon or chicken flesh4 ,it is not1 however1 necessary to tie back the hind claw of a kestril1 as it is too weak to inflict an injury4 ,third3 the tail1 especially that of the moulted and mature bird1 is excellent for imping the broken tail-feathers of a sparrow-hawk4 ,,lesser ,,kestril4--,as for the 8,white-clawed the ,lesser ,kestril0 the only useful thing about it is its tail1 which can be used for 8imping40 ,in a wild state it preys on nothing but locusts and lizards4 ,in the country of ,syria1 on the way to ,constantinople1 ,i have observed this species nesting inside the rooms of houses1 in the niches in the walls1 and on the ledges#bid in the rooms4 ,no one molests the birds4 ,they fly in flocks#bie like pigeons4 ,whenever you see kestrils flying in a flock you may feel assured that they are the 8white-clawed0 species1 for the black-clawed species never flies in flocks4 ,,training ,,greyhound ,,pup ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,common ,,kestril4--,the ,arabs of ,unayza and ,shammar1#bif as ,i have myself witnessed1 rear the nestling of the ,common ,kestril1 and when it is 8hard-penned10#big lure it with a lump of meat4 ,as soon as it will somewhat come to this lure1 they catch an antelope-rat or jerboa-rat1 tie a cord to its leg1 and fly the kestril at it4 ,they next tie a long cord of ten or twelve ells in length to a rat's leg1 and then fly the kestril at it from a distance4 ,after that they break one leg of a jerboa1 and let it go in front of a two months' old greyhound pup1 and then cast off the kestril at it4 ,the rat is taken after a few stoops4 ,next a jerboa is loosed in front of two greyhound pups three or four months old4#bih ,the pups start in pursuit1 and the kestril is then cast off4 ,at one time the pups make a dash1 at another the kestril makes a stoop1 till at last the rat is taken4 ,after killing a few rats with broken legs1 a sound rat is released1 a fine stick1 four fingers' breadth in length1 having previously been passed cross-ways through the ears4 ,this stick hinders the rat from taking refuge in a hole1 for of course two-months-old pups cannot1 unaided1 overtake and kill a kangaroo-rat in the open country4 ,well1 the rat is let go1 and the kestril and the pups give chase4 ,it is exactly like hawking gazelle with a charkh4 ,after about thirty or forty stoops and dashes1 the rat is taken4 ,the whole object of this play is to teach the pups1 while growing up1 to recognize the charkh2#bii so that should a hawk be flown at a herd of even a thousand gazelle1 the hounds will chase none but the one at which the hawk is stooping4 ,in puppyhood the hound has learnt that without the assistance of the kestril it cannot overtake an antelope-rat1 and hence it has learnt to watch the hawk2 and gradually it becomes so knowing1 that instead of at once starting in pursuit of the gazelle-herd when it is slipped1 it will fix its gaze skywards1 and wait on the movements of the charkh4 ,,footnotes3 #bhc ,dalja or dalcha4 #bhd ,dalja-yi nkhn-siyh1 the 78,black-clawed07 ,common ,kestril3 dalja-yi nkhn safd1 the 78,white-clawed07 ,lesser ,kestril4 8,although the two species 7the ,common ,kestril and the ,lesser ,kestril7 are so closely allied1 there can be no difficulty in discriminating the eggs1 and we found that the ,arab boys knew the difference between the two species at once1 calling one the black-nailed and the other the white-nailed #8bashk'40--,rev4 ,h4 ,b4 ,tristram's ,ornithology of ,palestine2 ,ibis1 #ahei4 #bhe ,sr2 ,i believe this is the common starling4 #bhf ,bushire is nearly the centre of the coast line of the warm desert tract of ,fars4 #bhg ,vide ,chapter ,,xv4 #bhh ,wild ravens in ,india not only chase house-pigeons but will enter a dove-cot and kill them4 #bhi ,for the use of a peregrine as a decoy vide ,badminton ,library volume1 page #bfd4 #bij ,the best bait for a kestril is a mole-cricket4 #bia ,wild peregrines and sakers will occasionally kill and eat kestrils and shikras4 ,trained hawks will also do so4 ,under a lagar's eyrie1 in a cliff1 ,i have found the feathers of quite a number of kestrils4 ,major ,c4 ,h4 ,fisher1 in his ,reminiscences of a ,falconer 7page #ei71 mentions that he once took a sparrow-hawk with a trained falcon4 #bib ,presumably the birds would 8crab10 and the eyess being tame would not let go on the approach of the falconer4 ,more than once1 had ,i had a butterfly net1 ,i could have placed it over a wild peregrine that was engrossed in a fight on the ground with a trained hawk4 #bic ,sr1 8buzzard40 #bid ,of the ,eastern ,red-,legged ,falcon 7,erythropus vespertinus of ,jerdon1 and ,e4 amurensis of ,blanford71 ,jerdon writes3--8,although the adult male in its mode of colouration resembles the kestrils1 especially the lesser kestril1 yet the colours of the young bird and female approach more to that of the ,hobbies44440 8,fellowes says that it is very common in ,asia ,minor1 building its nests under the roofs and sometimes even in the interior of houses40 ,jerdon also says that the claws are 8fleshy40 ,dresser1 in the ,birds of ,europe1 writes3--8,in many ,turkish villages 7as1 for instance1 ,turbali7 the place swarms with these hawks 7,f4 ,cenchris3 ,lesser ,kestril74444 ,its eggs are placed without any nest under the eaves on the clay walls of houses and stables44440 #bie ,in ,kirman1 ,persia1 in the beginning of ,april1 #aijb1 a flock of ,lesser ,kestrils roosted for some days in the trees in the ,consulate garden4 #bif ,two hostile tribes that live in the ,syrian desert4 ,they are noted for their breed of horses4 #big 8,hard-penned10 i4e41 hard-feathered4 #bih 8444 ,when the pups greyhound are three or four months old1 their education commences4 ,the boys drive out of their holes the jerboa or the rat called 8boualal0 and set the pups at them4 ,the latter by degrees get excited1 dash after them at full speed1 bark furiously at their holes1 and only give up the pursuit to begin another4 ,at the age of five or six months they are assigned a prey more difficult to catch--the hare44440--,the ,horses of the ,sahara and the ,manners of the ,desert1 by ,e4 ,daumas4 8,mc,master says of its agility the ,indian ,jerboa-rat or ,kangaroo-rat--,gerbillus indicus3 #8,i have seen them when released from a trap baffle and elude dogs in the most extraordinary manner by wonderful jumps made over the backs1 and apparently into the very teeth of their pursuers'40--,mammalia of ,india2 ,sterndale4 #bii ,charkh-shins1 adj4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,shrike ,amongst the 8black-eyed0 birds of prey must be classed a small sparrow-like bird1 grey and black in colouring4 ,in the ,kurdish language it is called bzr1 and in ,persian l gzkina4#cjj ,in size it is somewhat larger than a sparrow3 the wings are dark3 the eyes have a dark line of antimony3#cja the claws and beak are black1 sharp1 and powerful4 ,when trained1 it kills with ease sparrows and the small tisks#cjb found in the wheat and barley1 in ,spring4 ,it also comes well to the lure from a distance4 ,there are two species4 ,one grey and black with the antimony line under the eyes1 and one yellowish4 ,the former is decidedly the better4#cjc ,,footnotes3 #cjj ,this is ,turkish1 not ,persian4 ,persian ,turks call the shrike l gzina also4 ,in ,shaw's ,turki ,vocabulary 7,appendix by ,scully71 ,lanius ,homeyeri1 the ,grey ,shrike1 is said to be called l ghurli1 and ,lanius arenarius1 the ,desert ,shrike1 boz ghurli4 ,the word l in ,turki means 8variegated0 or 8spotted40 ,in ,lahore to ,yarkand 7page #ahb7 the ,brown ,shrike1 ,lanius ,cristatus1 is said to be called urulia in ,turki4 #cja ,surma kashda2 antimony is applied by means of a needle to an ,eastern's eye1 underneath the lashes of the under lids1 and to the outer corners of the eyes4 #cjb ,tisk may be the ,short-toed or ,social ,lark4 ,in ,shiraz1 however1 tisk is the name of a warbler like a white-throat1 called in ,kirman turnusk1 and also bardar-i bulbul1 8the nightingale's brother40 ,sisk and tirnisk are names that are probably both applied to the same warbler4 #cjc ,the ,indian ,grey ,shrike 7,lanius lahtora71 called in the ,derajat laor and maml1 used to be trained in ,dera ,ismail ,khan to catch small birds4 ,a smaller species called maml--probably the ,rufous-backed ,shrike1 the harwj of ,kashmir 7,lanius erythronotus7--does not appear to have been trained4 ,of the former ,jerdon writes3--8,mr4 ,philipps states that he has seen it capture small birds2 and that in the ,north-,west1 it is occasionally trained to do so4 ,he also relates that it is sometimes picketed to the ground1 closely attached to a starling1 the neighbouring bushes1 twigs1 etc41 being well smeared with bird-lime4 ,all sorts of birds come to witness the supposed fight and to separate the combatants1 and many are captured by the limed branches40 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,miscellaneous ,,notes ,i have described to you the chief peculiarities of the 8,yellow-,eyed0 and the 8,black-,eyed0 birds of prey4 ,i will now teach you a few matters that will make the masters of the ,art of ,falconry approve of this poor slave of the ,shh--,may our souls be his sacrifice6 ,,term ,,of ,,natural ,,life4--,know that the term of natural life of the birds of prey is considerable4 ,in captivity they attain to twenty-five or thirty years at least--provided they remain in the possession of one man1 a skilful falconer1 and are not constantly changing hands4 ,i myself kept a passage saker for twenty moults1 and although it was not as good as it had been1 still it continued to take quarry4 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,the ,,age ,,of ,a ,,hawk4--,after a hawk has passed its fourth or fifth year1 none can tell its age--except ,god and its owner4 ,however1 there are certain signs that mark a hawk of ten or fifteen years4 ,first2 it is short-winged4#cjd ,second2 its feet and soles become full of wrinkles4 ,third2 the two outside feathers of the tail1 one on each side1 called by the ,arabs rudf1#cje are shorter than the remainder1 and the older the hawk the shorter these rudf4#cje ,,impossibility ,,of ,,snaring ,,long-,,winged ,,hawks ,,by ,,aid ,,of ,a ,,lamp4--,never try to snare 8black-eyed0 hawks by aid of a lamp1 for as soon as they see the light they will fly off4 ,the 8yellow-eyed10 however1 with the exception of owls and birds that hunt by night1 can be snared by means of a lamp1 as will be described later4 ,qualifications of a ,falconer4--,the first requisite in a falconer is patience4 ,the second2 that he be a sportsman and have a genuine love for his hawks1 and fly them himself4 ,let him not say3--8,i will take a lot of chukor2 my master will reward me20 or1 8,such and such quarry is unlawful for food 7arm72 ,i won't fly at it4 ,what is the use of taking ravens and eagles8 ,i'll hawk chukor and seesee1 and take them to my master2 he'll have them roasted1 and will eat them in front of the fire and will reward me40 ,this ass is an ignoramus1 and cares naught for hawks4 ,does he not know that if a short-winged hawk is flown on level ground1 and wedded to large quarry such as ravens and duck and ruddy shieldrake and such-like1 that it will in the hills with the advantage of gravity fly at the poor chukor all the better8#cjf ,his object should not be money and rewards4 ,he must be fond of hawks and hawking2 he must know his business2 he must be at heart a sportsman4 ,the third2 that he be good-tempered1 pleasant-spoken1 and of a cheerful and cheery countenance1 so that the ,good ,god may grant him his daily bread in abundance1 and the quarry may come to him of its own accord4 ,let him be clean of hand1 clean in person1 and observant of the ordained prayers1 so that ,god1 who knows all1 may not send him and his hawk home in the evening empty-handed4 ,when mounting1 the falconer should repeat the 8,four ,qul0 and the 8,holy ,verse10 which is the 8,verse of the ,throne10#cjg and then exhale the breath on the person1 so that the ,munificent ,god may shelter from evil1 him and his companions1 guard his hawk from the persecutions of eagles1 and send him home at night with a full bag and a happy heart4 ,these are the requisites for a sportsman4 ,if ,he who made the game be not forgot1 ,the best of sport will ever be thy lot2 ,how can ,he be1 in granting sport1 unkind ,if thou hold fast this fact within thy mind8 ,fourth2 if you lose your hawk and despair of its recovery1 then with earnest sincerity repeat three times the ,nd-i ,al1#cjh each time exhaling the breath towards the direction you imagine the hawk to be1 and saying1 8,o ,god6 by virtue of these words ,i adjure ,thee to restore to me my lost hawk40 ,there is no doubt but that you will recover her instantly4 ,this is my belief and my practice1 and ,i have now in my possession two or three passage sakers seventeen or eighteen years of age4 ,my son1 these are my counsels3 give ear to them1 and bear them in your mind1 and you will experience no ill4 ,,footnotes3 #cjd ,these remarks are presumably meant to apply only to hawks in captivity4 #cje ,rudf is the plural of radf4 ,in the text1 here and elsewhere1 the word is given as radni1 but as this is no correct ,arabic 8form10 it is probably a copyist's error for rudf4 ,vide also note #bjf1 page #eb4 #cjf ,the author frequently uses the phrase mya dshtan to indicate the advantage a hawk has when flying downwards from a height1 as from the fist of a mounted man1 etc4 ,chukor in the hills1 and1 ,i think1 pheasants too1 go down-hill when a hawk is after them4 ,at any rate they are beaten for and flown at down-hill1 the falconer taking his stand up-hill4 #cjg ,for these four chapters and the 8,verse of the ,throne10 vide page #ajh1 note #ded4 ,the texts are first repeated and the breath is then exhaled on the breast1 shoulders1 and hands4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,method ,,of ,,snaring ,a ,,wild ,,goshawk ,,with ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,a ,,lamp ,,method ,,of ,,snaring ,a ,,goshawk ,,with ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,a ,,lamp4--,should you happen to see a goshawk 7tarln7 settle on a tree towards sunset1 keep a careful watch on it from a distance till three or four hours after dusk1 and see that it is not disturbed4 ,then take a long light pole of sufficient length to reach the hawk1 and firmly bind to one end a horse-hair noose2 a span's distance below the noose fasten a lighted wax-candle4 ,take this pole and proceed alone towards the tree on which the goshawk is sleeping1 till within thirty yards of it4 ,now1 with noiseless steps1 advance very slowly for ten yards2 and then halt for seven or eight minutes3 next extinguish the candle and remain in the dark for two or three minutes4 ,re-light the candle and advance ten yards more1 very very slowly2 and then halt for some minutes3 then extinguish the candle and wait another two or three minutes in the dark4 ,re-light the candle1 and1 holding it aloft1 advance stealthily to the foot of the tree4 ,keep the lighted candle in front of the goshawk's face4 ,now1 my son1 pull yourself together and keep your eyes open2 let hand and foot be steady2 don't get flurried3 think not you are after a goshawk4 ,say to yourself3 8,it is a leaf of a tree1 or a barn-door fowl40 ,don't let your hand shake4 ,this is the advice ,i give you3 ,i cannot myself act up to it1 nor do ,i believe that any falconer can4 ,well1 hold the light#cji close to the goshawk's breast4 ,if she is asleep1 head under wing1 gently1 ever so gently1 stroke her breast with the horse-hair noose to awaken her1 but have a care your nervous hand does not tremble but keeps the pole well away from her breast1 or else she is off4 ,stroke her breast with the noose1 ever so gently1 till she withdraws her head from under her wing4 ,then pass the noose on to her neck1 and pull her down to you4#caj ,on the spot1 8seel0 her eyes with blue#caa thread1 using a fine needle1#cab and 8mail0#cac her tightly4 ,,footnotes3 #cjh ,nd-i ,al for the ,arabic ,ndi ,alyan 78call on ,al071 a prayer to ,al much used by ,shiahs3 an amulet on which the following prayer is inscribed1 is also so-called3-- 8,cry aloud to ,al the possessor of wonders6 ,from him thou wilt find help from trouble6 ,he quickly removes all grief and anxiety6 ,by the ,mission of ,muammad and his own sanctity60 ,colonel ,j4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 in his ,reminiscences of an ,old ,sportsman1 writes3 8,the following superstitious ceremonies are mentioned in a book on falconry1 supposed to be in the time of ,edward the ,confessor3--,after a hawk has been ill and is sufficiently recovered to pursue the game1 the owner has this admonition given to him3 ,on the morrow tyde when thou goest out hawking1 say1 #8,in the name of the ,lord1 the birds of heaven shall be beneath thy feet4' ,also if he be hurt by the heron1 say1 #8,the lion of the tribe of ,judah1 the root of ,david1 has conquered4 ,hallelujah4' ,and if he be bitte of any man1 say1 #8,he that the wicked man doth bind1 the ,lord at his coming shall set free'40 ,in the middle ages1 at the festival of ,st4 ,hubert1 8dogs and falcons were brought into the church to receive the priest's benediction1 to the sound of horn and trumpet3444403 vide ,science and ,literature in the ,middle ,ages1 by ,paul ,lacroix4 #cji ,chirgh in m4 c4 is often incorrectly used in the sense of #8light' instead of #8lamp4' #caj 8,a praty craft to take an hawke that is brokyn owt of mew4 and all maner of fowlys that syt in trees if a man wyll4 8,looke ,where an hawke perchith for all nyght3 in any maner place4 and softe and layserly clymbe to her ,with a sconce or a lanterne that hath bot oon light4 in yowre hande and let the light be towarde the hawke so that she se not yowr face and ye may take hir by the leggys or oder ,wise as ye lyst4 and in lyke ,wise all other maner fowle40--,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 #caa ,that is with thread dyed with indigo3 indigo is good for wounds4 #cab ,hawk-catchers are careless about the manner they 8seel0 a hawk's eyes3 they generally use a coarse1 large1 needle and not infrequently a thorn4 #cac ,qapncha kardan1 8,to mail0 a hawk3 vide page #ei1 note #bdg4 ,illustration3 ,,xiv ,,persian ,,falconer ,,with ,,intermewed ,,goshawk 7,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,a ,,persian7 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,training ,,the ,t,,arl,n ,,or ,,passage ,,goshawk ,after treating the hawk as described at the end of the last chapter1 keep her 8mailed0#cad for an hour or two1 and furnish her with jesses1 leash1 and halsband4#cae ,after two hours or so 8un-mail0 her1 and carry her on the fist for about an hour1 gently stroking her breast and wings the while4 ,then place her on her perch to rest4 ,next morning at daybreak take her on the fist1 and1 as gently as possible stroking her breast and back1#caf carry her till four or five hours after sunrise4 ,use any device or trick you can to get her to feed2 scratch her feet between the digits to induce her to eat4 ,if she will eat1 give her a small quantity of meat2 but if she won't1 let her remain hungry till the afternoon#cag and then try again3 if then she will eat1 well and good2 give her a full meal that she may remember it1 and learn to look to you for food4 ,if she won't eat1 on no account force meat down her throat1 or this will become a habit with her4 ,again in the evening take her on the fist1 her eyes being still seeled1 and carry her for five or six hours1#cah stroking her and scratching her feet to induce her to eat4 ,if still she won't eat1 it is of no consequence3 set her down to rest for the night4 ,the next morning try her again in the same way3 she will probably feed4 ,however1 some goshawks will sulk for three days1 refusing all food4 ,don't be alarmed if your hawk does so1 for it is of no consequence2#cai she will eat on the fourth day4 ,illustration3 ,,xv ,,intermewed ,,goshawk ,,on ,,eastern ,,padded ,,perch 7,,from ,a ,,persian ,,painting7 ,a soon as she has learnt to eat freely with seeled eyes1 whether on your fist or off it1 slightly unseel them1 i4e41 loosen the seeling thread so that she may see a little out of the tops of her eyes1#cbj and feed her well1 so4 ,the next evening open her eyes a little more4 ,the third evening unseel her eyes completely1 and sit near a lamp with your back to the wall that none may pass to and fro behind you4 ,this evening she must be on your fist for four or five hours4 ,after that1 carry her into a dark spot and place her on her perch to rest4 ,early next morning take her up1 and sit1 back to the wall1 in some quiet spot1 where people can be seen at a distance4 ,near noon1 feed her up for the day1 and then set her on a perch in a place where people cannot pass to and fro1 except at a distance4 ,two or three hours before sunset1 take her on the fist again and carry her till two hours after nightfall1 i4e41 much less than on the previous night4 ,in the morning take her up as before4 ,to-day you must feed her twice1 giving her less in the morning and more in the evening4 ,during these few days you must on no account give her feathers or casting1 for she will1 from fear1 retain them in her stomach1 and her temperament will be upset4 ,on the sixth night you must carry her till midnight1 stroking her at frequent intervals4 ,by this time she will have become perfectly quiet4 ,then carry her to her perch1 and set her down to rest4 ,early next morning take her on the fist1 and carry her in a place where no one can pass behind you4 ,then take her to some quiet1 private spot1 and place a live chicken or pigeon in her feet1 and get her to seize it4 ,then cut the chicken's throat and give her a little to eat4 ,try and induce her to step on to your fist1 either from the ground or from her perch4 ,during these few days that you are giving her live birds1 feed her while close to a hound1#cba so that she may get accustomed to the presence of such dogs4 ,tie a long cord to the leash1 and placing her on an assistant's fist induce her to fly a few paces to your fist4 ,do not give her live pigeons and chickens every day or she will learn to come to your fist only for the 8pelt10#cbb and that is an error4 ,call her rather to plain meat so that1 should you in the field not happen to have a live bird about you1 she will1 the moment you raise your fist1 come readily to a meat-lure4 ,there is no harm if you kill in her feet a live bird1 say every eight or ten days4 ,when she is thoroughly trained to the lure1 i4e41 when she will without a 8creance0#cbc come with eagerness to your fist1 starting without hesitation from any spot where you may place her1 cast her on the ground and play with her so as to teach her to run round and round you1 so that when1 in the field1 she puts a quarry into a bush#cbd she may run round the bush just as you have taught her to run round you1 so that by this means the chukor she has 8put in0 may not trick her by making off from the far edge of the bush4 ,the object of this instruction on the ground is to teach her to run round the bush and block the quarry after she has 8put it in10 and then to rise and take up a commanding position on a tree#cbe to watch the bush from thence1 so that the partridge escape her not4 ,the more familiar you make your hawk1 and the keener you make her on the lure1#cbf the better4 ,now1 if you have trained#cbg your hawk in less than forty days1 you have hurried her training1 and 8,hurry is of the ,devil1 but ,deliberation is from ,god40#cbh ,be not overhasty or you will spoil her4 ,such and such a falconer is sure to vaunt his skill1 boasting that he has trained and flown his hawk in fifteen days4 ,he has erred and blundered3 he is not a lover of a hawk but a lover of the pot2#cbi he is one who would not sacrifice one partridge for a hundred goshawks4 ,as for you1 your hawk must not be trained#ccj in less than forty days4#cca ,when your hawk is trained1 that is when she is perfect at the lure and accustomed to hounds1 horses1 and mounted men1 go1 the day before you intend flying her at wild quarry1 into the open country and lure her from a distance with a chicken two or three months old4 ,as soon as she comes1 let her take it1 and feed her up on it for the day1 giving her feathers and bones1 that she may throw up her casting#ccb early the following morning4 ,although it is the custom of many ,ostringers#ccc to give to a goshawk1 the day before she is to be flown1 washed meat--that is meat cut small1 cast into luke-warm water and given with a lot of water--still in my opinion the practice is wrong2 for if a hawk be alternately given washed meat one day and flown the next1 and habituated to this custom1 the custom becomes second nature to her4 ,now suppose your friends and acquaintances1 together with their falconers1 some fifty persons in all1 have settled to go for a ten days' hawking trip to a certain spot where there is an abundance of chukor and other quarry1 and have invited you to join them1 you ought1 during these short ten days1 to hawk every day4 ,however1 your hawk will only give you five days' sport1 for you have habituated her to fly on alternate days1 after she has been 8set20#ccd she certainly will not now fly every day4 ,do not therefore teach her this custom4 ,give her the day before you go hawking1 not washed meat but a chicken as ,i have said1 for a chicken's flesh has little nourishment and will 8set0 her as though she had been given washed meat4 ,by giving her a chicken you will not accustom her to washed meat2 and when on that ten days' outing you will not have to stay at home and twiddle your thumbs4#cce ,another objection to washed meat is that your hawk gradually loses condition4 ,to resume4 ,after luring your hawk from a distance and killing the chicken under her and feeding her upon it1 set her on the edge of some water3 she will perhaps drink and bathe1#ccf and oil1#ccf and preen her feathers1 and so be in fettle for to-morrow's flight4 ,one hour before sunset take her on the fist4 7,my son1 never1 never1 go up to a new hawk without meat in your hand4#ccg ,always approach a new1 sitting hawk very1 very slowly1 and sit down to one side of her4 ,do not look at the hawk's eyes1 for a man's eyes and face have a terrifying effect on hawks1 especially when the gazer's head is crowned with a ,turcoman cap4 ,take meat in your hand and get her to jump from the perch to your fist1 and let her eat one or two beakfuls3 then carry her away4 ,falconer1 listen3 should you ever require to go to your hawk in the dark to take her on the fist1 having no light with you1 talk to yourself in a low tone the while2 for she will recognize your voice and not be scared74 ,in short take her on your fist an hour before sunset1 and carry her till an hour after dark4 ,if you ride about with her on a quiet horse1 so much the better4 ,after that set her down to rest for the night4 7,there should be a light in your hawk's room all night that she may feel secure4 ,it is a mistake to keep a goshawk in the dark1 for goshawks are ever fearful47 ,very early next morning take up your own hawk1 and be afield before the eagles have begun their daily questing4#cch ,you must not have with you more than one dog1 well-mannered and well-trained4 ,let your hawk have a beakful or two#cci of meat to whet her appetite and make her keen4 ,now go into a good spot1 mark down a chukor that will give a fairly easy flight1#cdj and1 saying 8,oh ,god6 my hope is in ,thee10 cast off your hawk4 ,my son1 though falconers and sportsmen do not approve of this1 yet ,i approve it3 act as ,i instruct thee and thou wilt experience no ill4 ,give ear to my teaching2 my precepts obey3 ,in the training of hawks ,i have spent all my day4 ,a truly-trained bird can see from afar1 ,and choose for its quarry 8,aquilla0 the star4 ,if your hawk to fly rightly you wish and desire1 ,to ,god say a prayer1 for ,he is thy ,sire4 ,when the ,portal of ,hope is open to all#cda ,before ,god1 on thy knees1 with reverence fall4 ,take care of thy bird1 for ,god made it too1 ,the earth and the sea1 the ,heavens and you4 ,at any rate this hawk of yours has been perfected in every part of her training4 ,perhaps1 too1 she is fast4 ,if1 as she leaves your fist1 she at once take the 8chukor0 in the air1 on no account feed her up3 give her only the brain4 ,when by this act of hers you have discovered that she is fast1 go and put up another 8chukor40 ,if it rise close to you1 let it get away a little distance before you cast off your hawk so that the partridge may not be taken1 but be 8put into0 a bush4 ,now go with a very little meat in your hand1 and dismount near the bush4 ,go very gently and take your hawk on your fist4 ,set on your dog#cdb and make it put up the partridge out of the bush4 ,as soon as the partridge rises1 cast off your hawk4 ,however she take it1 whether at once in the air1 or at a distance before it can 8put in10 go slowly up to her and cut the 8chukor's0 throat4 ,if you want to fly your hawk again next day1 give her one thigh1 the heart1 and the liver together with feathers as 8casting40 ,if you don't intend to fly her next day1 give her in addition one side of the breast4#cdc ,while feeding her1 call the dog to your side that she may become accustomed to it4 ,if your hawk be a tiercel1#cdd one thigh of the 8chukor0 with the head and neck and their bones will be a sufficient feed4 ,now let us suppose that you are out with your friends on that ten days' hawking expedition and that your hawk has daily killed five or six partridges without misbehaving herself1 and that you have duly fed her up after the last flight1 at the place she put in2 do not suppose that now1 after she is thoroughly entered to quarry1#cde you must necessarily during these ten days act so every day4 ,should you1 for instance1 now prefer to stay at home one day1 lure her from a distance2 but should you take the field1 then at the last flight1 when she has taken her partridge1 give her the head and brain to eat4 ,on the spot where she has killed or 8put in10 place her on a stone and go yourself a long way off1 and then lure her to you and feed her up4 ,she has learnt how to kill partridges1 and your present action is to prevent her forgetting the lure4 ,let us suppose that the first day your new goshawk takes the partridge in the air you feed her up on it4 ,well1 the next time you go out hawking1 she will1 on the partridge rising1 try her best2#cdf if she take it in the air1 well and good1 but if not1 she will either return to you or give up2 she will not continue to chase the partridge till she puts it in4#cdg ,many a good hawk have ,i seen spoilt like this through the gross ignorance of the falconer4 ,a hawk cannot always take a partridge in the air3 it should therefore learn to follow and 8put in40#cdg ,though ,i have warned you once1 ,i warn you again2 do not go hawking chickens and house-pigeons1#cdh for this is a mistake4 ,the goshawk falcon#cdi is in every respect better than the tiercel4 ,i have proved this by experience4 ,many falconers say that the tiercel is faster and more adroit1 but these do not know that a hundred tiercels cannot do what one 8falcon0#cdi does4 ,it appears to them that the tiercel is faster1 because he is smaller and moves his wings with greater rapidity4 ,but the falcon is larger and longer1 and can1 from the summits of high hills make a partridge 8put in40 ,the tiercel cannot do this2 it gives up half way4 ,there is no question but that the falcon is a hundred degrees better than the tiercel1#cej either for quarry as small as the ,quail1 or for quarry as large as the ,common ,crane and the ,great ,bustard4#cea ,my son1 if you want to be counted by keepers of short-winged hawks a past master in the art1 and to reap a full enjoyment from the sport1 then train your goshawks1#ceb sparrow-hawks1 and shikras1 etc41 as ,i have described4 ,you should try to finish your day's hawking before noon1 so that you1 your horse1 your hawk1 and your hound1 may all rest till the next day4 ,hawking prolonged into the afternoon#cec is bad1 because eagles and other birds of prey are then in search of their evening meal1 and they will come down on you even from afar off4 ,should you lose your hawk in the afternoon1 you have little time to search for her and also reach your house before nightfall4 ,should you not lose her1 but manage to add a few more partridges to your bag1 it is difficult to know the proper amount of food to give3 the ,winter nights are long and cold1 and if you give her but a small feed she will lose condition2#ced if through fear of the cold you give a full feed1 she1 tired though she be1 will not sleep2 or if she sleep1 she will not 8put over0#cee nor digest#cef properly1 and next day your friends will start off hawking before your hawk has cast#ceg or got her appetite4 ,these are the reasons ,i do not approve of hawking in the afternoon4 ,if your friends force you to go out hawking with them in the afternoon1 feed up your hawk after her first flight4 ,do not overfly your hawk4 ,she should fly no more than she can fly with delight to herself4 ,two or three flights are sufficient1 and ,i consider it unlawful 7arm7 to give her more than five flights4#ceh ,if she be flown only two or three times1 she will remain keen on her quarry4#cei ,this is the way to treat all goshawks and sparrow-hawks4 ,know that all these sporting-birds are naturally good1 and the ,wise ,god has created them all for the pleasure and delight of man2 but it rests with the falconer to make or mar them4 ,except in two particulars1 their good or bad points are the result of training4 ,first1 the falconer1 however good1 cannot make slow hawks fast1 nor vice vers4 ,second1 he cannot increase the courage of his hawk4 ,now1 although ,i have seen it stated in works on falconry#cfj that to increase a hawk's courage you should feed her for three days on pigeon's flesh steeped in wine1#cfa when if she have previously taken only partridges she will now take even cranes1 yet this is not the case2 the statement is falsehood1 pure and unalloyed1 for ,i have tested it3 my hawk took no cranes--that was of minor importance--but what she did do was to fall sick4 ,it is ,god1 not the falconer1 that bestows swiftness and courage4 ,in these two matters the falconer is powerless4 ,god gave the hawk her courage and her speed1 ,can'st thou thyself increase what ,he ,himself decreed8 ,for instance1 if ten horses be trained for a race1#cfb one will win1 and whenever you race them the same one will win--unless1 of course1 some accident happen1 or the horse is out of sorts4 ,so1 too1 with greyhounds and other animals4 ,in short1 courage and powers of flight have nothing whatever to do with the falconer3 for these the ,grace of ,god is necessary4 ,now1 first you must train your hawk to come eagerly to the fist from any spot where your voice reaches her4 ,further1 you must not encourage her to become so bold and familiar with dogs that she lay hands on them2#cfc for it may happen that one day when you have cast her at a partridge1 a fox or a jackal crosses her path3 if she has acquired a habit of binding to dogs she will fasten on to the fox or jackal1 and so suffer instant destruction4 ,neither must you allow her to be too bold with small children1 lest one day1 while you are absent1 your small boy come to her on her perch and she seize him1 and none be there to hear his cries1 and so he be blinded or killed4 ,both these accidents have happened frequently1 i4e41 a goshawk has killed a child1 and a jackal a goshawk4 ,this evil habit seldom exists in passage hawks1#cfd qizil1 or tarln2 it is generally the eyess qizil#cfe that acts like this1 and hence falconers are not very fond of the eyess4#cfe ,in short1 your hawk should stand somewhat in fear of all dogs except your own hound2 it is better for her to remain in fear of strange hounds that might injure her1 and of the dogs of the wandering tribes4#cff ,secondly1 your hawk should make the partridge 8put in0 7or take it just as it is going to 8put in071#cfg and then after circling round the covert two or three times take stand on the top of the covert till you arrive1 when she should leave her perch and come to your fist4 ,she should not fly off and leave the place where the partridge 8put in10 else by the time you have followed her and recovered her1 the partridge will have escaped4 ,such is hawking with short-winged hawks in hilly country1 that is1 hawking 8chukor0 and 8seesee0#cfh4 ,as for hawking in flat country1 a goshawk will there take duck1 geese1 common cranes1#cfi great bustards1 ravens1 hubara1 stone-plovers1#cgj saker falcons1#cga and even imperial sand-grouse1#cgb quail1#cgc pin-tailed sand-grouse1#cgb and ruddy shieldrakes4#cgc ,all this quarry--7pheasants#cgd and black partridges#cge are excepted7--she can take at the first or second dash#cgf only1 otherwise she will fail in doing so4 ,if you come across any of this quarry in open country and desire to fly at it1 then1 if your hawk1 by crouching and resting its breast on your hand and becoming rigid1#cgg shows that she has a natural inclination for it1#cgh be sure you take notice of the direction of the wind4 ,with your hawk's breast towards the wind1#cgi gallop your horse towards the quarry4 ,the horse must indeed move1 but you must so hold and keep your fist that your hawk does not open her wings2 for she must1 while the quarry has still a foot on the ground1 quit your fist like a bullet2 she will then take the quarry in the air before it has got away ten yards4 ,on no account cast your hawk off with her back to the wind1 for this is dangerous4 ,first1 by casting her off back to the wind1 her loins will be strained2 and leaving your fist uncollectedly1 she will fail to reach the quarry1 and your falconer friends will jeer at you and at your action4 ,should you even manage to cast her off so close that it is as though you are giving the quarry into her hand1 she and the quarry1 when she 8binds0#chj to it1 will fall to the ground 7i4e41 if the wind be at all strong71 and the quarry will1 breaking away from her1 not again be overtaken4 ,should your hawk even bind so firmly that1 on falling1 the quarry does not break away1 still she will suffer for that folly1 and will get injured or fall sick4 ,it is the habit of all birds of prey1 when within the distance of five or six spans of their quarry1 to cease beating their wings1 in order to get ready to seize it4 ,now if you cast off your hawk1 breast to the wind1 even though she cease to beat her wings for the last three or four feet of her flight1 still by the help of the impetus gained by the cast1 by your horse's galloping1 and by the beating of her own wings1 she will reach and 8bind0 to the quarry and sportsmen will compliment you and commend your hawk4 ,if1 however1 you cast her off up-wind of the quarry1 the moment when1 according to her nature1 she ceases beating her wings on nearing the quarry1 the wind will strike her loins and overturn her2 and she will therefore fail to 8bind40 ,hence it is a law never to fly a hawk with her back to the wind3 to do so is botchery4 ,when1 however1 hawking partridges in the hills with a goshawk1 or when hawking gazelles in the plains with a saker1 the rule allows of exceptions4 ,in the former case your hawk is cast off from a height1 and with the aid of gravity#cha follows the partridge till it 8puts in20 in the hills1 too1 the force of the wind is broken4 ,in the latter case you have no choice but to fly your charkh or blbn at gazelle from up-wind1 for as soon as the falcon stoops and the greyhound arrives1 the gazelle has no choice but to put its nose into the wind and to flee windwards4#chb ,if the wind is strong1 the falcon1 flying against the wind1 will probably not overtake it2 but if she does make sufficient headway to overtake it--which she may do with great difficulty--she will1 while stooping and recovering and again rising high1 lose ground and fall about a thousand paces behind4 ,in the meantime the greyhounds are too blown#chc to seize the gazelle4 ,for these reasons the gazelle must be flown at from up-wind2#chd this will also be explained later1 in the chapter on the ,charkh4 ,these observations do not apply to hawking chukor and seesee1 for these 8put in40 ,still1 it is better to fly at even these1 from up-wind1 whether in the hills or in the plains1 for then the advantage is with the hawk4 ,when your hawk is thoroughly entered to chukor and seesee1#che and never fails you1 you should fly her in the plains at some of the quarry mentioned above2 for flying a hawk in the plains1 after she has been thoroughly entered to chukor and seesee1 has several special advantages1 though these are not commonly known to falconers4 ,many falconers fancy that if you fly your hawk at large quarry in the plains1 thoroughly accustoming her to it1 she will not thereafter take chukor and seesee4 ,this is an error4 ,now a goshawk can only take duck and hubara and such-like quarry of the plains1 at the first or second dash3 if not taken at once such quarry will speedily outstrip the hawk4 ,therefore the hawk must1 on level open ground1 fly her fastest and strive her utmost at the beginning1 and this habit soon becomes second nature4 ,if a man wrestle with a famed wrestler1 thereafter novices and ordinary people are to him as nothing4#chf ,so1 too1 it is with a hawk flown at large quarry4 ,even at the commencement1 partridges are a mere nothing to her2 but when1 after acquiring the habit of swift flight by being flown in the plains1 she is again flown in the hills with the additional advantage of gravity1 her swiftness will astonish you2 it will truly be something to see4 ,you must1 of course1 not weary her by overflying1 for by overflying you make her stale4#chg ,a second advantage derived from flying her in the plains1 is that she necessarily sees a large number of buzzards1 vultures1 kites1 eagles1 and such-like birds1 and so1 becoming speedily familiarized to them1 ceases to be in terror of them4 ,a third advantage is1 that when she fails to take the quarry and 8falls at marke10#chh she will1 on your riding up1 readily rise and take stand on your fist1 for goshawks have a natural dislike to resting on a flat surface2 they love to perch on trees1 hillocks1 or rocks4 ,a fourth2 your hawk learns to take every quarry at which she is flown3 should you fail to find partridges you need not return with an empty bag1 tired and cross2 for you can fly her at hubara1 ravens1 stone-plovers1 etc41 instead4 ,my son1 teach your hawk the habits that ,i have described4 ,also accustom her to drink freely2#chi accustom her after each meal to drink a beakful or two4 ,always1 about two hours after dark1 offer her water in a cup held close in front of her2 try to induce her#cij to take a few beakfuls1 as by so doing she will digest easily4#cia ,accustom her to drinking at least two or three times a day1 either from a cup or from a stream4 ,if she drink only one beakful1 it is an advantage1 especially at night4 ,drinking keeps her in health4 ,now my son1 know that it is the pride and glory of a falconer to train long-winged1 not short-winged hawks2 for the natural quarry of the former is rats1 black-breasted sand-grouse1 pigeons1 duck1 and small birds2 but when falcons fall into the hands of a competent falconer1 they are required to take common cranes1 geese1 and gazelles4 ,if the falconer be not skilled1 how can such quarry be taken by the falcon8 ,as for goshawks1 their natural quarry in the hills is partridges and pigeons1 and in the hands of the falconer they do no more than kill partridges3 it is merely incumbent on the falconer to familiarize them with horses1 dogs and men1 so that after 8putting in0 they may take stand and not make off4 ,now ,i1 the slave of the ,royal ,court1 was once in attendance on ,his ,majesty 7may our souls be his sacrifice7 in the hills of 7----87#cib in ,mzendern4 ,one day a flight of snow-cock#cic rose suddenly in front of the ,august ,presence of the ,king of ,kings4 ,i had on my fist a female tarln of two moults4 ,the moment the covey1 consisting of twenty or thirty birds1#cid rose1 ,i cast off my hawk1 and she promptly took one cock in the air4#cie ,i hastily dismounted and gave her the brain only2 ,i did not feed her up4 ,meanwhile the 8,qibla#cif of the ,universe0 dismounted and became busy with his breakfast4 ,i took the snow-cock into the ,presence3 it was examined and ,i was complimented4 ,i remounted and rode on a short distance1 when three more snow-cock rose in front of me4 ,i flew the same hawk and took one1#cig and the ,shh had not finished breakfast when ,i bore it into the ,presence4 ,he applauded me and bestowed on me a shawl1 for it is most unusual for a goshawk to succeed in taking a snow-cock4 ,a goshawk may indeed take one straight away1 in the air1 just as it has risen1#cih but she cannot make one 8put in10 for a snow-cock will fly for miles4#cii ,,footnotes3 #cad ,qapncha kardan1 8to mail0 a hawk3 vide page #ei1 note #bdg4 #cae ,pcha-band1 8jesses40 ,in the ,derajat1 ,panjab1 the term is restricted to cotton or silk jesses1 fitted with 8varvels0 7rings72 vide page #ah1 note #hc4 ,shikr-band 8leash20 but in the ,derajat the thin leather thong that attaches the swivel to the jesses is so called3 vide page #ah1 note #hc4 ,for 8halsband0 vide page #c1 note #ca4 #caf ,much stroking on the back is to be avoided1 as it removes the oil that makes the back feathers impervious to rain4 #cag ,asr1 that is two and a half hours before sunset2 the time mid-way between noon and sunset4 #cah ,in countries under ,muslim rule the watch is set daily at sunset1 which is #ab o'clock4 #cai ,if a newly caught goshawk tear off bits of meat and cast them aside1 she should be tried with a small bird with the feathers on4 #cbj ,bla-bn1 adj4 #cba ,tla1 vide p4 #hi1 note #cff4 #cbb ,tuma-yi zinda hama rz bi-dast-ash na-dih t pay-i kushta bi-dast-i tu bi-yyad3 ,i think the meaning of the author has been rendered4 ,kushta1 the 8pelt0 or the dead quarry1 especially when used as a lure4 #cbc 8,creance10 vide p4 #ch1 note #afb4 #cbd ,buna1 8bush10 is used by the author for the quarry put into the bush4 ,in ,urdu ,bz ne buna kiy 8the goshawk has put in the quarry10 and ,buna uh1o 8beat out the quarry that has been put in40 ,a bird has 8put in0 when it is forced to take refuge in a bush1 covert1 etc41 etc4 #cbe 8,note1 use to call her from the grounde furst1 and that will make her fall at marke in the plaine felde otherwyse she will to a tree40--,a ,perfect ,booke for ,kepinge of ,sparhawkes3 ,edited by ,harting4 ,for 8,fall at marke10 vide p4 #ib1 note #chh4 ,for remarks on 8taking stand10 vide 8,notes on the ,falconid used in ,india in ,falconry10 by ,lieut4-,colonel ,e4 ,delm ,radcliffe 7pp4 #bj-a74 ,natives of the ,panjab do not consider 8taking stand0 a vice4 #cbf ,garm-i talab4 #cbg ,rasndan1 ,tr4 #cbh ,a tradition of the ,prophet4 #cbi ,bz-dst nst2 kabk-khwur ast4 #ccj ,rasdan1 ,intr4 #cca ,forty days3 this is an axiom amongst ,indian falconers also1 who usually try and make out that the 8watching0 occupies forty days1 and that they must therefore have extra assistants1 blankets1 oil1 etc41 etc4 #ccb ,tumah1 ,ar4 8meat1 meal1 food1 etc420 this word is frequently used by the author for 8casting10 tuma andkhtan1 ,p4 8to cast40 ,a 8casting0 is fur1 feathers1 etc41 given to the hawk with its food4 #ccc ,shikr-ch-yi zard-chashm1 8,ostringer40 8,an ostringer or austringer1 etc41 one who keeps short-winged hawks1 especially the ,goshawk40--,harting4 ,in the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans the term is confined to those that keep 8,goshawkys or ,tercellis10 while 8,those that kepe ,sperhawkys and musketys ben called ,speruiteris40 #ccd ,ishtih ddan1 8to give an appetite0 is by the author always used for giving washed1 or rather wetted1 meat4 #cce alavt firistdan1 i4e41 pass the time telling the beads while saying 8,oh ,god1 bless ,muammad and the family of ,muammad40 #ccf b-bz kardan1 8to bathe40 ,rughan-kash kardan1 8to oil the feathers40 #ccg ,this was the practice of a certain ,panjab falconer who had a great reputation for training goshawks4 ,he never went empty-handed to a goshawk to take her on the fist1 even after she was trained3 he always took with him a bit of meat1 about the size of a pea1 concealed in his palm4 #cch ,eagles are late risers and do not leave their roosting places till the sun has warmed the air1 that is in the winter not till after eight o'clock4 ,peregrines leave their roosts while it is still dark4 #cci ,ching1 8beak10 but chang1 8claw1 talons1 fingers1 etc403 ching zadan1 8to strike with the beak1 peck1 etc40 #cdj ,kabk-i munsib-2 this is ,i presume the author's meaning4 ,munsib1 8fitting1 suitable10 often has the meaning1 both in ,india and in ,persia1 of 8medium-sized1 of average size40 #cda ,at dawn the doors of ,heaven are open and the ,angels descend to fix each man's daily portion4 ,morning prayers are accepted by ,god4 #cdb ,tla r hay zadan4 #cdc ,yak sna the baghal of ,panjab falconers4 #cdd ,jurra qsh2 vide page #be1 note #ajg4 #cde ,garm shudan4 #cdf ,yak zr bi-pardan mi-varad4 #cdg ,bi-buna burdan or--rasndan4 #cdh ,vide note #cbb1 page #hj4 #cdi ,qsh-i tavr4 ,the female of the goshawk used to be dignified by the title 8falcon03 vide also page #be1 note #ajg4 #cej ,the females of all species of hawks and falcons are1 ,i think1 faster and better-winded than the males1 though the latter are probably more adroit4 #cea ,ttughl ,t4 is explained by the author in more than one marginal note as being the msh-murgh or 8sheep-bird30 tuitugl1 ta1tugl1 ddgh and t are other forms of the word4 7,persians that are not sportsmen often call the ,egyptian or ,white ,scavenger ,vulture msh-murgh47 #ceb ,tarln u qizil4 #cec ,asr1 the time between noon and sunset4 #ced ,a hawk in just proper condition1 if underfed1 will1 if the night be very cold1 become thin in one night4 ,in the ,indian ,spring1 when the nights are temperate1 ,i have known a saker falcon go up two ounces in weight in one night1 from a slight overfeed of hubara flesh4 #cee ,a good ,indian falconer would carry his hawk after dark till she had 8put over0 completely1 first allowing her an hour's rest or more4 8,carrying10 with its constant shifting of position1 not only causes a hawk to 8put over0 quicker1 but induces it to digest and empty the bowel3 on the fist she will 8mute0 thrice for every twice on the perch4 ,after a hard day's work1 water should be offered her at night1 especially if she has been fed on the rich flesh of the hubara3 after a feed on hubara flesh1 ,i have known some sakers drink two or three times between nightfall and midnight4 ,if a hawk has been fed late and is to be flown early next day1 it should be taken on the fist before sunrise 7a lamp being lit in the room7 and 8carried10 the hawk being made to change its position frequently3 this induces it to 8cast0 earlier than it would otherwise do4 ,when hubara-hawking all day long in the desert for ten or fifteen days at a stretch1 my falconers would carry the hawks from #c or #d a4m4 till daybreak1 and the hawks 7peregrines or sakers7 would be ready to fly by #h a4m4 7,a hawk 8puts over0 when it takes down any portion of the meat from its crop into its stomach74 8,putting over0 quickly is the sign of a good digestion4 #cef arf kardan is properly 8to eat10 but by it the author evidently means either to 8put over10 or 8to digest10 ,i do not know which4 ,qsh gsht-ash m-shikanad ,p4 and atn prir ,t4 are the ordinary expressions for 8the hawk is #8putting over'40 #ceg ,tuma andkhtan1 8to cast10 i4e41 to throw up the casting in the morning4 ,vide page #hb1 note #ccb4 #ceh ,it must be recollected that the quarry is the chukor partridge which is usually found in the hills1 and five flights might represent a lot of work4 ,with the grey partridge of ,india five flights would be nothing for a good goshawk4 #cei ,for ,falcons--peregrines or sakers--five flights at hubara are sufficient1 two in the morning and three in the afternoon3 at heron or kite one flight4 #cfj ,bz-,nma3 many of these ,persian ,,mss4 exist both in ,persia and ,india4 #cfa ,the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans gives the following 8,medecyne for an hawke that has lost here corage03--8,take ,oyle of spayne and tempere it ,with clere ,wine4 and ,with the yolke of an egge and put therein befe4 and thereof geue to youre hawke4 v4 morcellis4 and then set hir in the sonne4 and at euen fede hir ,with an old hote coluer4 and if ye fede hir th iii tymys that hawke ,was neuer so lusty nor so ,joly before4 as she ,will be after and come to hir owne corege0 7page #bf74 ,in ,bert's ,treatise of ,hawks and ,hawking1 #afai 7page #aja of ,harting's ,edition2 reprinted by ,quaritch7 there is a somewhat similar receipt for a 8,hawke that hath lost her courage and ioyeth not1 or is lowe in flesh40 ,for 8turning tayle0 and 8to bring stomake10 ,a ,perfect ,booke for ,kepinge of ,sparhawkes or ,goshawkes 7written about #aege and first printed from the original ,,ms4 by ,j4 ,e4 ,harting in #ahhf71 says1 8stepe her meate in claret wyne and the yoke of an egg and nyp it drye and so give it1 and it will bring her stomake40 #cfb ,sawghn kardan1 8to train for a race40 #cfc 8,i haue knowne some of them likewise that would sooner catche a dogge in the field then a ,partridge1 and although she had flown a ,partridge very well to marke1 and sat well1 yet so soone as a dog had but come in to the retroue1 she would have had him by the face40--,bert1 ,chap4 ,v4 #cfd ,the translator's experience is that passage goshawks are particularly afraid of small children4 ,indian falconers account for this by saying that the hawk mistakes children for its jungle-enemies the monkeys4 #cfe ,qizil-i shiyn1 8eyess goshawk30 qizil is the local race that breeds in ,persia4 #cff ,tla is a hound1 or any sporting dog except a tz or greyhound3 sag 7gen4 term71 any ordinary pariah or other breed of dog3 sag-i lt1 8a dog of the breed kept by wandering tribes20 it is large and fierce4 ,tla also means 8a pup40 #cfg ,the author probably means that the hawk should chase till the partridge puts in2 that if she is fast and taught to take quarry quickly in the air1 she will acquire the habit of only doing so1 and will consequently give up whenever she sees that the quarry is fast enough to take her to a distance4 #cfh ,kabk u th4 #cfi ,in ,india geese and common cranes are1 by means of a stalking bullock1 sometimes stalked while feeding1 and thus taken by a goshawk4 #cgj ,chkhrq1 8stone-plover40 #cga ,blbn1 8passage saker40 #cgb ,vide page #ab1 note #ei4 #cgc ,buldurchn ,t4 8,the ,common ,quail40 ,anqd1 8,the ,ruddy ,sheldrake40 #cgd ,qarqvul 7,phaseanus colchicus74 #cge ,durrj1 the ,francolin or ,black ,partridge of ,india4 #cgf ,bi-yak sar du sar agar girift fa-bi-h3 sar1 8attack1 stoop1 etc40 #cgg ,mt shudan1 is 8to be astonished1 perplexed2 to become rigid from astonishment30 the author applies this idiom more than once to the goshawk1 apparently in the last sense4 #cgh ,lieut4-,colonel ,e4 ,delm ,radcliffe states that a goshawk he owned and sent to a friend afterwards killed grouse on the ,scottish moors4 ,he also says that an exceptional goshawk tiercel he once had took 8storks1 white-necked storks 7,m4 episcopus71 bar-headed geese 7,a4 indicus71 sheldrakes 7,c4 rutila71 kestrels1 rollers 7,c4 indica71 white-eyed buzzards 7,poliornis teesa71 on one occasion a merlin 7,l4 chiquera71 pigeons and other exceptional quarry without number1 and yet was in the constant habit of catching partridges and small quarry20 7page #ai74 #cgi ,tu sna-yi qsh ra bar sna-yi bd bi-dih4 #chj 8,to bind10 is to seize and hold on to the quarry1 especially in the air1 while 8to ruff0 is to stoop at and hit the quarry1 making the feathers fly3 vide ,bibliotheca ,accipitraria1 by ,harting4 #cha ,tarln r mya-dr az buland m-andz4 #chb --ki dimgh-ash r bi-bd dihad va r bi-bd farr kunad4 #chc ,nafas-i tz m-szad4 #chd ,bl-yi bd4 #che ,garm bi-giriftan-i kabk u th shud4 #chf ,misl-i b-khurdan1 8as easy as drinking water40 #chg ,sar-i dimgh bdan1 8to be in the humour for1 to be keen on40 #chh 8,to fall at marke10 8to alight and there await the owner40 #chi b-khur kardan4 #cij ,with a new hawk it is a good thing to attract her attention by flicking the water in the cup with the finger4 #cia --t bi-istirat arf bi-kunad4 #cib ,place illegible4 #cic ,kabk-i dar1 ,tetraogallus ,caspius4 #cid --galla-yi kabk-i dar ki bi-qadar-i bst si dna bdand4 #cie ,dast-raw dar hav girift4 #cif ,qibla is the point to which ,muslims turn in prayer4 ,applied to the ,shh it signifies that he is one to whom all bear their requests4 ,,chapter ,,xxx 8,,reclaiming0#djj ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,should a passage falcon with 8seeled0#dja eyes come into your possession the first thing is to examine it carefully and classify it4 ,having decided on the race to which the falcon belongs1 fit her with some suitable name such as ultn1 arghm1 ,fris1 ,shabb1 abb1 ,mabb1 ,shahb1 ,badrn1 etc4#djb ,next fit her with an old hood that is soft and easy1 one that will not1 by hurting her eyes1 make her hood-shy4#djc ,let her eyes remain seeled under the hood for three days4 ,every day when you feed her1 call her name4 ,on the third or fourth day1 i4e41 as soon as she has learnt to feed freely1 which she will show by searching eagerly for food when you mention her name1 unseel her eyes about two hours to sunset1 and then rehood her4 ,call her name1 and when she bends her hooded head in search of food1 give her a mouthful or two4 ,then stroke her on the breast1 the thighs1 and the wings1 and again remove the hood that she may see daylight1 and quickly replace it4 ,continue this treatment till half an hour before sunset4 ,then set her down and leave her till after the evening prayer4#djd ,then again take her on the fist and sit near the lamp1 with your back to the wall1 so that none may come behind you and your hawk4 ,again call her name1 and when she lowers her head reward her with a mouthful4 ,stroke her as before4 ,carry her thus for three or four hours4 ,after that1 set her on her perch for the night1 fastening the hood tight that she may not cast it during the night4 ,illustration3 ,,xvi ,,arab ,,falconer ,,with ,,young ,,saker ,,on ,,padded ,,and ,,spiked ,,perch ,early next morning1 before sunrise1 take the hawk on your fist2 sit with a few friends near a lamp or a fire sipping your tea or coffee1 and perform your prayers4 ,every now and then remove the hood for about five seconds1 and then rehood4 ,for about three days feed her under the hood1 calling her name4 ,now at early sunrise1#dje on the morning of the third or fourth day1 take just sufficient meat for one meal2 well wet your hawk under her wings1#djf wash her nostrils1 letting a little water enter them1 and set her perch#djg in a quiet place in the sun where none can disturb you1 and seat yourself near on the ground4 ,now remove the hood and handle her a little1 stroking her breast1 head1 and neck2 then slowly carry your fist close to her perch and induce her to step on to the perch of her own accord4#djh ,hold the leash in your hand1 and occasionally draw it tight gently to induce her to 8rouse40#dji ,she is sure1 after one of these rousings1 to commence oiling her feathers4#daj ,when you see that she has carried her beak to the oil-bottle#daa near her tail1 preparatory to oiling her feathers1 you must sit absolutely still2 do not pull the leash2 keep a guard even over the way you breathe1 and let her oil her feathers to her heart's content4 ,if she oils her feathers very quickly and then rouses1 it is a sign she is well-manned4#dab ,if after oiling and rousing1 she a second time applies her beak to her oil-bottle1 it is a sign that she is both well-manned and well-plucked4 ,let her remain on the perch a little longer while she preens#daj and straightens#dac her feathers and again rouses with vigour4 ,immediately she rouses1 take in your hand the meat you have ready1 and calling her name1 induce her to step on to your fist1 and reward her as before4 ,do this a third time1 but this time try and induce her to jump to your fist the length of her leash or less4 ,then call her name and reward her by a good feed4 ,now hood her and place her on the ground4 ,call her name and strike on the ground with your hand1 in front of her4#dad ,if she advances even two finger breadths towards the sound1 it is sufficient4 ,reward her by letting her pull and eat two or three mouthfuls of meat1 and while she is eating pull off the hood and let her finish her meal and enjoy herself4 ,she will by this means learn that no one wishes to harm her1 and that being tame is not at all a bad thing4 ,after feeding her take a small piece of wool1 or cotton-wool1 and clean her nostrils4#dae ,then fasten the braces of the hood tight1 and set her on her perch in the shade4#daf ,,footnotes3 #cig ,yak dna4 #cih ,agar bi-dast raw qsh girift fa-bi-h4 #cii ,a farsakh or farsang2 8a parasang10 about #c ,english miles4 ,the author uses the word merely to signify a long distance4 #djj 8,reclaim10 to make a hawk tame1 etc4 #dja ,chashm-dkhta1 8with seeled eyes03 vide page #ad1 note #gj4 #djb arghm is one of the many ,arabic words for a 8lion03 ,shabb1 8of brilliant youth03 abb and ,mabb1 8loved0 and 8beloved03 ,shahb1 8meteor03 ,badrn1 an old ,persian word1 seems to mean 8wicked40 ,all these names1 however1 are masculine4 #djc ,bad-kulh1 8hood-shy40 #djd ,the time limit for the evening prayer expires half an hour after sunset4 #dje ,the author is probably writing of ,october in the vicinity of either ,bushire or ,baghdad4 #djf ,presumably as in ,india1 water would be blown in a spray out of the mouth and with force1 the falconer's hand being raised and lowered to make the falcon expand her wings and expose the soft feathers underneath4 ,the outer feathers are so arranged as to be a protection against rain1 and it is not easy to soak them4 #djg ,the perch would probably be of the ,arab pattern and consist of a pad on an iron spike2 vide page #ie4 #djh ,hawks1 even those that have never yet been unhooded since they were caught1 know their own perches and have preferences4 #dji 8,to rouse02 said of a hawk when she makes her feathers stand on end and then shakes herself violently4 #daj ,rghan-kash or rghan-gr kardan1 8to oil the feathers40 ,par-khn or par-kash kardan1 8to preen and straighten the feathers40 #daa ,mudhun1 8oil-bottle10 called in the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans the 8note0 7nut874 #dab 8,to man0 a hawk is to make it tame and accustomed to the presence of human beings4 #dac ,khadang kardan1 lit4 8to make straight like an arrow40 ,according to the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans a hawk 8reformith0 her feathers when she straightens them without oiling them4 #dad ,in the ,kapurthala ,state1 sakers that were to be entered to kite were trained in this manner4 ,the hawk1 excited by being fed1 was hooded and placed on the ground4 ,then1 the lure being banged on the ground1 it was taught to snatch at it 7in the dark71 and rewarded when it 8bound0 to the lure4 ,the first live kite given as a 8train0 was presented to it in this manner1 i4e41 the hooded hawk was induced to 8bind0 to it as to the lure and was duly rewarded4 ,the hood was then removed and perhaps a little more meat presented through the kite's feathers4 ,the kite was then forcibly removed and thrown to the distance of one or two feet1 and as soon as the hawk bound to it1 it was fed up on a fresh warm bird4 ,the eyes of the kite were seeled1 its claws tied up1 and a string was of course fastened to its leg4 #dae ,a tame hawk's nostrils get choked up with blood and dust4 ,eastern falconers are generally particular about keeping the nostrils clean4 ,one of the advantages of 8tiring0 is that it induces a flow of water that keeps the nostrils clean4 8#8,tiring1' s41 any tough piece 7as the leg of a fowl with little on it7 given to a hawk when in training to pull at1 in order to prolong the meal and exercise the muscles of the back and neck40--,harting4 #daf ,the mid-day sun would be too powerful at that time of the year4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,anecdotes ,,of ,a ,,baghdad ,,falconer ,,anecdotes ,,of ,a ,,baghdad ,,falconer4--,there is a well-known story of a famous falconer of ,baghdad1 named ,sayyid ,adham4 ,for a long time he was blessed with no offspring1 but at length the ,lord of the ,world bestowed on him one son4 ,at the time of our story1 the boy had arrived at the age of two years1 and had conceived a great affection and fascination for a certain blbn1 the property of his father4 ,a hawk-catcher#dag had captured a fine blbn-i amar-i shm1 a young passage falcon1 and had carried it as a 8present0#dah to ,d1d1 the ,pasha of ,baghdad4 ,sayyid ,adham1 the ,grand ,falconer1#dai was summoned and the hawk made over to him with directions to train it to gazelle4 ,he took it to his home1 named it 8,meteor10 and unseeled its eyes on the third day4 ,in the morning1 he was seated at the edge of the sunshine1#dbj his new hawk preening her feathers1 etc41 in the manner ,i have just described4 ,he was1 of course1 watchful that his unmanned hawk should not be suddenly scared2 for you must know that1 should a new hawk be suddenly scared1 it is difficult to efface from her memory#dba the remembrance of the fright1 and she is perhaps spoilt for ever after4 ,while the hawk was engaged in her preening1 ,sayyid ,adham was suddenly horrified to see his small two-year-old son toddling towards him4 ,quietly intervening himself between the boy and the hawk he beckoned to the former to come to him4 ,as soon as the child came up to him1 he deftly took his head under his arm and kept it there till the hawk1 having finished her toilet1 was fed and rehooded4 ,he released his son and found that the poor child had been suffocated3-- ,to save his hawk from starting in alarm ,he seized the child and thrust him 'neath his arm1 ,and pressing tight and tighter in his dread1 ,he killed the boy by crushing up his head4 ,though ,i myself never saw the ,sayyid1#dbb ,i was well acquainted with his immediate descendants4 ,in training blbn to gazelle they had no equal1 and were justly proud of their skill4 ,they used to pride themselves on the incident narrated above as being a proof of their father's devotion to sport4 ,,bet ,,with ,,the ,,pasha4--,it is also well known that ,sayyid ,adham once laid a wager with the ,pasha of ,baghdad that he would1 within twelve days1 fly at gazelle1 with success1 a certain newly caught blbn4 ,he did so2 on the twelfth day1 in the presence of the ,pasha1 the blbn took its first gazelle in noble style1 and the ,sayyid his wager4 ,only a falconer knows the difficulty of taking a wild gazelle with a passage falcon within twelve days of its capture4#dbc ,concerning these two matters ,god is the ,knower#dbd--;but all the old men#dbe of ,baghdad bore constant testimony to their truth4 ,,footnotes3 #dag ayyd1 ,ar41 as comprehensive a word as shikrch2 vide page #ed1 note #baf4 #dah ,pshkash1 8present10 a polite word for 8sale40 ,the ,pasha would give him a 8present0 in return4 ,such is the etiquette4 #dai ,qsh-ch ,bsh4 #dbj ,bar-i ftb1 i4e41 in the shade 7or half in the shade71 but close to the sunshine4 #dba 8444 ,and thereby catch some sudden fear1 which at the first you ought to be careful to prevent1 for it is hard to work that out again which she is suffered to take at the first1 and most commonly she will be subject to it ever after1 whether it be good or evil40--,latham4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,gazelle#dbf ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,gazelle4--,procure the head of a freshly-killed gazelle4 ,excite your hawk's appetite by calling her name1 and then remove her hood that she may instantly jump from your fist to the head4 ,let her tear off and eat two or three mouthfuls of flesh2 then seize the gazelle-head and agitate it1 so that the excited and hungry hawk may 8bind0 the tighter4 ,after this let her feed a little4 ,you must practise her daily in this manner1 twice or thrice by day1 and twice by night4 ,each morning set aside the exact amount of meat that she should receive in the twenty-four hours1 and feed her from that1 otherwise in the irregular feedings you will lose count of the quantity she has eaten1 and will in consequence overfeed her4 ,after making her play with the head1 and after giving her to eat the quantity fixed for her1 remove her1 and hood her1 and carry her off to the bazar4#dbg ,in the bazar sit in some spot with your hawk's back to the wall1 so that nothing can come behind her4 ,now remove her hood that1 by viewing the varied throng of men and horses1 she may rid her of her natural fear4 ,nay1 more than this2 you must give your man a bit of meat the size of a pea and let him1 as he passes1 hand it to her1 so that she may look with the eye of expectation at each passer-by and say to herself1 8,here comes some one with meat for me40 ,now hood her and 8carry0 her4 ,never for one moment let her be off the fist4#dbh ,the ,old ,masters have ruled that the falconer may1 when seated on the ground1 place his hawk on the point of his knee1#dbi but that with this exception she must know no other perch than his fist4 ,great stress have they laid on the observance of this rule3 8,break it10 they have said1 8and let your hawk go wild40 ,do thou act likewise1 my son1 and keep thy hawk ever on thy fist4 ,during the twenty-four hours1 she will indeed get four or five hours' sleep4#dcj ,illustration3 ,,xvii ,,young ,,gazelle ,an hour after nightfall1 make her as before 8play0 with the deer's head4 ,do this by lamp light and while in the company of your friends4 ,let her eat on the head a little meat1 a quantity about the size of a filbert4 ,then take her up and carry her4 ,at one time unhood her and place her on her perch in front of you2 at another shake her jesses to arouse her and induce her to 8rouse10 and look about1 and take notice4 ,now after her preening1 hood her and take her on the fist4 ,anon call her name while she is hooded1 and reward her response by a morsel of meat1 so that she may thus learn to connect her name with food4 ,in short1 you must till four hours after nightfall1 keep her on your fist or on your knee1 in a crowded room where people come and go continually4#dca ,just before you retire for the night take her up1 carry her near a lamp and make her play with the gazelle-head1 agitating it well4 ,if the head has no meat on it1 have a few small bits of other meat ready1 and place them on the gazelle's eyes in such a manner that the hawk may of her own accord pull out the meat and eat it4 ,hood her while she is still 8binding0 to the head1 and draw tight the braces#dcb of the hood1 so that there is no possibility of the hood coming off during the night2 then remove her and replace her on her perch1 and leave her for the night4 ,the remembrance of the gazelle-head and of her food will remain in her mind1 and keep her keen and excited for another hour4 ,she will not sleep at all1 or if she does1 it will not be for more than two hours4 ,rise at daybreak#dcc and take her on your fist1 for she must not be allowed to even try to 8cast0#dcd while her hood is on1 and if she be hindered from casting she will fall sick4 ,hence trouble yourself and relieve her4 ,to comfort friends1 discomfort do not dread3 ,strive that the good call blessings on thy head4 ,the author here cites some copy-book maxims on early rising3 these are not translated4 444 ,lastly1 by early rising you will be in the field before the eagles are on their prowls4#dce ,after she has 8cast10 proceed to feed her on the head1 and to 8carry0 her in the bazaar1 etc41 etc41 as on the previous day2 and continue this treatment till she is thoroughly trained to the gazelle-head4 ,now as soon as she thoroughly understands and is keen on the gazelle's head1 procure a live fawn and bind firmly to one of its hind#dcf legs an iron ring2 then take a fine strong cord about twelve yards#dcg long1 pass one end through this ring and tie it to the opposite foreleg4#dcf ,next1 with fine cord1 bind between the fawn's ears a lump of tough meat1 one to two pounds#dch in weight4 ,in the morning call your hawk first to the dead head as before1 agitating it well1 etc41 and hood her on the head4 ,now produce the live fawn and make it lie down4 ,call your hawk by name and then remove her hood4 ,in accordance with her daily and nightly teaching she will at once 8bind0 to the meat on the fawn's head4#dci ,you must instruct your assistant1 who has hold of the fawn's tether1 to hold his hand high1 so that the fawn cannot toss or shake its head4 ,let your hawk tear a mouthful or two of meat and then remove her4 ,let her fly and 8bind0 to the meat on the fawn's head a second time1 and let her eat a little of it4 ,then hood her and remove her1 and handle her1 etc4 7,you must so feed her that she will be fit by the evening to be again flown at the dead head and the live fawn47 ,now carry her to the house and wash her nostrils with a little luke-warm water4 ,remove her hood and let her preen and rouse till evening4 ,in the evening repeat the morning's lesson and do this for three days4 ,on the second and third day1 however1 after making the fawn lie down1 you must get your assistant to drag it slowly in this position on the ground4 ,then while it is moving you must fly her at it1 at the 8crouching0 fawn4 ,on the fourth day you must fly her at the fawn standing4 ,first call her1 in the morning1 to the dead head and play with it1 etc41 etc41 as on previous occasions4 ,now place the duly prepared fawn in a standing position in front of you4 ,fly your hawk at it as before1 but instruct your assistant that the moment the hawk 8binds0 he must pull the cord and cast the fawn4 ,repeat this lesson in the evening4 ,you must be careful during these lessons that you do not overfeed your hawk and make her too fat4 ,to avoid such an accident1 you must1 each morning1 weigh and put aside the exact quantity of meat she is to be given during the day4 ,as for the meat on the fawn's head1 it must be so tough that your hawk can only1 with difficulty and delay1 tear off and swallow a small mouthful3 on no account must it be the tender meat from the backbone4#ddj ,in short you must first fly your hawk three days in the manner described1 i4e41 at the 8crouching0 gazelle1 and then three days at the standing gazelle4 ,next you must fly her three days at the gazelle in motion1 its head being still garnished with meat4 ,the moment the hawk 8binds10 the cord must be pulled and the gazelle made to fall4 ,fly her twice in the morning and twice in the evening4 ,next1 after this nine days' training1 you must instruct your assistant to drive the deer in front of him at a quickened pace1 he himself running behind4 ,when the gazelle is about twenty paces distant1 you must let go your hawk4 ,as soon as the hawk reaches and 8binds10 your assistant must pull the cord and cast the gazelle as before4 ,give the hawk a little meat1 hood her1 remove her1 and then fly her a second time from a rather longer distance2 feed her on the head1 hood and remove her2 but you must not give her so much meat that she will not be fit to fly again in the evening4 ,for three days you must fly her at the driven fawn1 in the manner just described2 but every day increase1 by twenty paces1 the distance from which she is cast off at the fawn4 ,now1 during this twelve days' training1 you must gradually decrease the size of the lump of meat that is bound on to the live fawn's head1 so that at last no meat is visible1 i4e41 you must bind on the fawn's head only a small bit of dry hard meat the size of a filbert1 or a portion of the dried neck of a chicken4 ,you must next1 taking the same poor fawn that you have been using all along as a 8train10#dda go out into the open country4 ,the tether must be removed from the fawn's leg1 and the fawn must be in the keeping of your falconer1 who should be mounted1 and at a distance from you of say a hundred paces4 ,first you must call your hawk to the same old dead and dried gazelle-head1 agitating it well as before4 ,while your hawk is 8binding0 to it in a state of hungry excitement1 rehood her4 ,with you there must be a quiet and obedient greyhound4 ,now order your mounted falconer to release the fawn with its head to the wind1 and to gallop after it4 ,you1 having meanwhile mounted1 must now unhood the hawk4 ,now at this point there is an accident to be guarded against1 an accident that often happens at this stage of the training4 ,a plucky impetuous hawk1 suddenly unhooded1 may in her excitement bind to the head of the horse#ddb on which you are mounted2 therefore you must keep your eyes fixed on those of the falcon1 and release her only when you perceive that she has spied the fawn and intends flying at it4#ddc ,as soon as the falcon has ten yards' start of you1 slip the greyhound#ddd after her4 ,the falcon will arrive1 stoop at and bind to the fawn's head1 and the greyhound will come up and pull down the fawn4 ,you must make in1 secure the fawn's legs1 and cut its throat4 ,let your falcon tear the eyes and tongue a little 7for that small bit of dried flesh on the head contains no reward71 and then cut the fawn's throat and feed her up4#dde ,give her only such a quantity of flesh that at sunset she will still have in her crop#ddf a quantity of meat the size of a walnut4 ,hood your falcon and return home4 ,the dead gazelle should be tied under the belly of a horse1 and while riding home have the horse led in front of you4 ,twice1 on the way1 remove the hawk's hood that she may view the gazelle and recognize that that was her quarry1 and that from the flesh of that quarry she was fed4#ddg ,when you reach home1 with warm water cleanse your falcon's nostrils from blood1 and wash off any blood stains from her feathers4 ,unhood her and let her 8rouse and preen40 ,after her preening1 take her up1 hood her1 and carry her till sunset4 7,you must now no longer call her in the evening to the dead gazelle's head as on former evenings1 for her training is near its completion47 ,then set her down#ddh and let her rest till the morning4 ,now1 before dawn1 take her up so that she may cast while on your fist4 ,take a sr#ddi or less of good lamb and wash it well in warm water until it becomes bloodless and white4 ,to-day the hawk need not be lured or called3 she should be fed on her perch4 ,if your hawk is fat1 give her at sunset1 as a 8casting10 a little lamb's wool well wetted3 if lean1 give her chicken feathers1 or a little of the skin and fur of a gazelle4 ,to-night1 too1 let her rest on her perch4 ,at dawn take her up1 so that she may cast on your fist4 ,about an hour after dawn1 go out into the open country1 taking with you a couple of quiet trusty greyhounds1 as well as a brisk and lively gazelle4 ,as before1 call the hawk to the dead gazelle-head1 agitating it as on previous occasions1 etc41 etc4 ,the live gazelle should be released at a distance of five hundred paces1 your assistant falconer galloping after it as before4 ,the hawk should next be unhooded and cast off1 and when she has flown about ten yards1 the greyhounds should be slipped4 ,the hawk will reach the gazelle and make one or two stoops before the greyhounds arrive and pull down the gazelle4 ,you must make in quickly and secure the hind legs of the gazelle1 so that the falcon1 which will have bound to the gazelle-head1 may blood herself well on its head and eyes4#dej ,then1 cut the gazelle's throat and feed the hawk1 giving her just so much food as will leave a quantity the size of a walnut still in her crop#dea at sunset4 ,her nostrils1 etc41 must be cleansed as before4 ,it is no longer necessary to keep the hawk hooded at night4 ,let her sleep unhooded4 ,you must now carry the hawk till two hours after nightfall and then set her down to rest4#deb ,take note of your hawk's action when flown at these last two gazelles4 ,if she makes three or four stoops at the head before binding1 it is a sign that she has risen too much in condition3 if she makes no stoop1 but binds immediately on reaching1 it is a sign that she is somewhat low in condition3 if she makes one stoop only1 or two stoops1 and then binds1 she is in her proper condition4 ,now if she be too fat1 you must1 by feeding her for two days on washed meat1 lower her condition4 ,if she be too low1 you must fly her for two more days at a live gazelle1 cast on the ground as on the first day1 and as soon as she binds1 you must stealthily substitute a freshly-slaughtered white lamb or white kid3 or failing these a white chicken1 placing the flesh of the chicken's breast over the gazelle's head4 ,feed up your hawk on the warm flesh4 ,in two days she will regain her condition4 ,on the following day1 again give washed meat#dec in the manner described above4 ,on the day after1 fly her at a gazelle that is as stout and brisk as a wild one4 ,for this go into the open country as before1 and first call your hawk to the head of the dead gazelle1 agitating it as on previous occasions1 etc41 etc4 ,this time the gazelle must be freed at a distance of a thousand yards1 and your assistant must gallop after it4 ,cast off your hawk1 and when she has got a start of ten or fifteen yards1 slip the greyhounds1 and gallop4 ,your hawk will make one or two stoops before the greyhounds arrive to pull down the gazelle4 ,make in1 cut the gazelle's throat1 feed the hawk1 and treat her in other respects as before4 ,on the day after this she must be keenly 8set0 by being given well-washed meat4 ,at sunset give her a casting of feathers4 ,on the following morning start from your house about two hours before dawn1 and let your hawk throw up her casting while you are on your way to your destination4 ,repeating the four ,qul and the verse of the ,throne1#ded breathe the sacred words over yourself and over your hawk4 ,you must early that morning mark down a single half-tame gazelle4#dee ,after marking it down1 call your falcon to the dead gazelle-head and agitate1 etc41 etc41 as before4 ,then rehood her and go after the wild gazelle4 ,the nearer you get to it the better4 ,unhood the falcon1 and as soon as she spies the gazelle and shows an inclination to give chase1 cast her off and shortly after slip the greyhounds4 ,most probably you are wondering why you should not first slip the greyhounds and then cast off the falcon behind them4 ,now in this thought you err1 for your falcon is probably full of courage and eagerness1 and her training has so excited her that she might bind to a greyhound instead of to the gazelle1 and so be spoilt for ever4 ,for this reason you must first1 when there is nothing ahead of her but the gazelle1 cast off your hawk2 and if it please ,god1 with the help of the hounds1 she will take it4 ,on no account must you1 this first day1 fly your hawk at two gazelle in company4 ,you must either fly her at a single gazelle or at three together4 ,doubtless you wonder why you can cast her off at three gazelle but not at two8 ,let me explain4 ,two gazelle together will be either two fawns that have grown up together after their dam has been destroyed by some accident1 or else a couple1 male and female2 or possibly they may be dam and young2 in any case domestic affection will prevent them separating4 ,your hawk1 being still raw and inexperienced1#def or rather quite ignorant1#deg will stoop1 first at one and then at the other1 while the greyhounds1 being trained and experienced1 will chop and change1 always making for the gazelle at which the hawk stoops4 ,your hounds1 tired out1 will fall behind and 8get left10 and the hawk1 without their assistance being unable to take the deer1 will get lost4 ,should you happen to regain sight of her1 you will find it difficult to lure her2 if successful in luring her1 the labour of twenty days will have been lost4 ,however1 a single gazelle by itself is the same as the hand-train#deh that you have all along been training her to1 and this whether it be a male or a female4 ,if there are three gazelle together1 your falcon will single out#dei one and stoop at it2 and as soon as she does so1 the remaining two will make off together in company1 while the greyhounds will only follow the single remaining gazelle at which your hawk is stooping4 ,now be warned and do as ,i tell you4 ,should the gazelle be taken1 feed her up1 etc41 as on previous occasions and return home4 ,should1 however1 any accident happen2 should your falcon get tired out and the greyhounds get 8left10 or should an eagle appear1 then act as before2 or if you have the carcass of a gazelle with you1 cast your falcon at its head and give her a very light meal1 together with a 8casting0 from the skin2 feed her so that she will 8cast0 early the following morning4 ,if it please ,god she will not fail next morning4 ,should she1 however1 be again unsuccessful1 you must feed her up well and let her rest for two or for three days4 ,on the third day1 feed her on the head of a live gazelle1 giving her only a light meal4 ,on the fourth day1 fly her in the open country at a single bright and active#dfj gazelle1 but so act that she cannot tell that the gazelle is not a wild one4 ,kill the gazelle under her and act as before4 ,the next day 8set0 her by giving her washed meat1 and the day after fly her at a wild gazelle4 ,she certainly--please ,god--will not fail4 ,,footnotes3 #dbb ,a ,sayyid is a descendant of the ,prophet4 #dbc ,had the falcon been netted 7and its eyes seeled7 some days before its twelve days' education commenced1 the matter would have been much simpler4 ,even though a hawk be not carried nor handled1 the mere fact of having its eyes seeled has a quieting effect4 ,it learns to eat from the fist1 becomes accustomed to human voices1 and loses a little of its high jungle condition4 #dbd ,vide note #gh1 page #ag4 #dbe ,kummaln1 8old men1 elders10 double ,arabic plural of kmil3 inadmissible in ,arabic and incorrect in ,persian3 perhaps a misprint for akmaln4 #dbf ,h4,h4 the late ,mir ,al ,murd of ,sindh used1 at one time1 to train laga falcons to ravine deer1 but with what success ,i cannot say4 ,he afterwards1 for this flight1 abandoned lagas in favour of passage charghs4 #dbg ,in ,urdu this is called bzr k mr4 #dbh ,in the ,east1 hawks1 even when fully trained1 are daily 8carried0 in the bazar4 ,keeping hawks unhooded on a block is a western practice that does away with the necessity for a certain amount of carriage4 ,most hawks1 however1 even 8intermewed0 hawks1 are the better for much 8carriage40 #dbi ,in this ,eastern attitude the hawk is nearly on a level with1 and is close to1 the face of the falconer4 #dcj ,birds need but little sleep4 #dca ,in a ,persian majlis1 servants would constantly be coming and going with pipes and sherbet and coffee in the large bare room4 ,in addition to friends and relations1 there would be all the servants of these friends and relations4 #dcb ,the ,persian1 unlike the ,indian1 hood1 is opened and loosened by straps at the back4 #dcc ,as the hawk was irregularly fed the previous day she would probably 8cast0 late4 ,as a rule sakers do not 8cast0 as early as peregrines4 #dcd afr1 ,ar4 8bile2 the #8casting' of a hawk03 tamah1 lit4 8food10 also means 8casting40 ,the ,turkish for a 8casting0 is tuk-samik1 i4e41 tuk1 8feather10 and samik1 8bone40 ,in a good ,indian hood1 the beak aperture is so cut away that a hooded hawk can1 with a little difficulty1 both eat and cast1 but in the ,persian hood a hawk cannot open its beak sufficiently wide to give exit to the casting4 #dce ,in the cold weather1 eagles are late risers3 they do not leave their resting spots till the sun is warm4 ,a peregrine will leave its roosting place before it is light4 #dcf ,p or py means any leg1 but especially the hind leg4 ,as the fore leg is here called qalam 7shank71 it is concluded the author means1 by p1 8hind leg40 #dcg ,dah zar4 ,the ,persian zar is about #dj inches4 #dch ,nm sr1 yak sr3 vide page #ajf1 note #ddi4 #dci ,in a ,persian manuscript written in ,india1 it is stated that a goat may be substituted for the fawn1 and that the head should be protected by a piece of leather with two holes for the horns4 ,vide also chapter ,,xxxiv 7page #abb74 #ddj ,gsht-i pusht-i mza1 ,p42 this term occurs also in ,arabic ,,mss4 on falconry4 #dda ,the ordinary word for a 8train0 7bird or beast7 for a greyhound or falcon is bavl or bvl1 in ,india b1l4 ,the present author also uses dast-par for a bird2 and for a gazelle given as a 8train0 maraj and dakl3 the last two words are probably ,arab terms2 ,i am1 however1 unable to trace them4 #ddb ,a young saker the translator had1 the first time she was flown at hubara1 left his fist and bound to the head of a white pony about twenty yards off4 ,the pony spun round and round1 till the rider1 an assistant falconer1 fell off from giddiness4 #ddc ,a hawk1 suddenly and hurriedly unhooded1 will leave the fist before she spies anything at all4 ,the hood should be removed quietly without flurry2 and if the hawk be raw it is often as well not to release her at her first 8bate40 ,from the expression of the hawk's eye it is quite easy to see if she has spied the quarry and means business4 ,even if she started for the galloping assistant falconer1 the saker would spy the fawn on the way and divert her attention4 #ddd i4e41 of course a trained greyhound2 one that would follow the hawk4 #dde ,an unnecessary piece of cruelty4 ,there is no reason why the gazelle should not be instantly put out of pain4 #ddf i4e41 meat not yet 8put over40 #ddg ,sr shudan1 lit4 8satiated40 ,eastern falconers1 however1 do not 8gorge0 their hawks4 ,the author by the term sr shudan merely means to give a hawk the regulation quantity4 #ddh ,hooded as before4 #ddi ,sr2 one ,tabriz man equals forty sr2 one sr equals twenty misql2 and two and a half misql are about equal to an ,indian tol4 ,a ,tabriz man is about #g lbs4 ,the ,indian ser is about #b lbs41 and there are forty ser in the man4 ,the term sr is used only locally in ,persia4 #dej ,vide note #dde1 page #ajf4 #dea ,bi-qadr-i gird1 gsht dar sna-ash bshad4 #deb ,by that time she would have 8put over0 the whole of her food3 nothing would remain in the crop4 ,a hawk1 if carried1 puts over more quickly than if resting on the perch4 ,it is an ,indian saying that 8,when carried instead of two mutings it makes three40 8,carrying0 of course includes frequent unhooding and rehooding and occasional turnings of the hand to induce the hawk to shift her position4 #dec ,ishtih ddan4 #ded i4e41 chapters #aji1 #aab1 #aac and #aad of the ,qurn4 ,they are very brief1 not containing more than four or five lines1 and all commence with the word ,qul 8,say40 ,these chapters are repeated at weddings by the bridegroom1 after the ,q4 ,their efficacy is nearly equal to that of the whole ,qurn4 ,the 8,verse of the ,throne0 is the #befth verse of the #bnd chapter3 it commences 8,god1 there is no ,god but ,he2 the ,living1 the ,abiding2 slumber taketh him not nor sleep4 ,his throne reacheth over the heavens and the earth40--,vide also page #gd4 ya r damdan 7dam karn in ,urdu73 the sacred texts are repeated and the breath is then exhaled on the breast and hands1 etc41 or over a sick person4 #dee ,yak dn h-yi rm-i tk-4 ,probably tk is a slip for tak-1 8a single one40 #def ,qashm1 ,ar41 colloquially ghashm1 8inexperienced1 helpless03 though in common use in ,baghdad1 this word is not used in ,persian4 #deg ,na-dnam-kr4 #deh ,ah-yi dast4 #dei ,siv kardan4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,training ,,the ,,eyess ,,saker ,,to ,,eagles#dfa ,i will now1 my pupil1 describe to you the method of training the nestling charkh#dfb to eagles4#dfc ,in one point the nestling charkh excels the rest of the black-eyed race3 it can take eagles1 the rest cannot4#dfd ,when you first take the eyess from the eyrie1 feed her well1 that she may grow fat and stout and strong1 and may1 by taking her quarry in style1 exhibit all her pride and power4 ,now when the constellation of ,canopus rises1#dfe take her up1 hood her and carry her3 train her after the manner that falcons are always trained1 until she obeys the lure and comes to it readily from any spot where she may be placed4 ,now lower her condition a little3 let her lose just a little flesh4 ,procure a young ,egyptian vulture#dff and bind some meat on its back4 ,twice daily1 in the cool of the morning and of the evening1 show it to her and then let it fly#dfg in such a manner that your hawk may take it4 ,if you are unable to procure a young ,egyptian vulture1 get a 8black0#dfh buzzard1 or failing a black one a 8yellow0 one1 but in any case you must bind the hind claw#dfi to the 8tarsus40#dgj ,fly your hawk at this 8train10 twice in the morning and twice in the evening1#dga and feed her up on it4 ,should you be able to procure a second 8train0 of any of the three birds mentioned1 then on the third day cut the throat of the first 8train40 ,be careful1 however1 to conceal its head1 for your hawk must learn to bind only to the back4 ,after killing the 8train0 and feeding your hawk on the meat that is tied to its back1 cut open the back1 and let your hawk eat a little of the exposed flesh4#dgb ,she must not see the flesh of any other part except the back4 ,during these days that you are entering your hawk to the 8hand-train10#dgc as you increase the distance at which you release the train1 you must decrease the amount of meat that is tied to its back1 till at last no meat at all is left and your hawk binds to the ungarnished back of the 8train40 ,the two#dgd uppermost flight-feathers in each wing of the birds mentioned above--the feathers called yr mliq by the ,turks#dgd--;are broad and large4 ,take these feathers1 two on each side1 and placing them on top of each other bind the garnishing meat to them1 so that the meat will be conspicuous during flight4 ,after you have killed the train and fed the hawk1 you must1 by giving her washed meat1#dge 8set0 her as previously described4 ,then go out into the open country and find a young ,egyptian vulture1 which in colouration resembles a young eagle1 and fly your hawk at it4 ,she will surely take it4#dgf ,kill it and feed your hawk well4#dgg 8,set0 your hawk the next day2 and the day after that1 go out and find a bq-khura1#dgh which has before been described as the most ignoble of the eagles4 ,get close to it1 and so cast off your hawk that by the time the eagle has risen from the ground1 your charkh will have reached it and bound to its back4 ,with all haste make in and secure the bq-khura1 and1 killing a dark-coloured chicken1 present its flesh from underneath the wing of the bq-khura1 and so feed your hawk2 but feed her sparingly4 ,release the bq-khura#dgi from the claws of the charkh and keep it by you alive4 ,on the morrow when your hawk is hungry1 go out into the open country4 ,bind the hind claw of the bq-khura to its shank1 and let it fly1 giving it a long start4 ,then unhood#dhj and cast off your hawk4 ,she will certainly take it4 ,kill the bq-khura and feed the hawk4 ,now again 8set0 your hawk and fly her at a wild bq-khura1 feeding her up when she takes it4 ,this you must do three or four times4#dha ,of one thing you must be careful3 during these seven or eight days that you are flying your hawk and feeding her on warm flesh1 take care that she does not become fat and get above herself4 ,after taking with her four or five bq-khura1 fly her at one of the black eagles that have no spots or markings4#dhb ,next fly her at a spotted 1na-l eagle4 ,after she has taken one of the latter1 you can fly her at any species you choose4 ,should the eagle you are going to fly her at be of a large species 7such as the karlak1 or the kjkn1 or the 8moon-tailed eagle10 all three of which are the largest of the eagle species71 it can1 by the cries and shouts of your horsemen1 be made so to lose its head as to become incapable of defending itself4 ,supposing1 for instance1 you spy an eagle seated on the ground in a good open plain where there are neither small water-courses nor hillocks#dhc--;a spot where you can gallop without caution or delay--make the eagle face the wind#dhd and gallop on to it1#dhe and placing your trust on ,almighty ,god1 cast off your charkh4 ,the eagle will see the hawk making for it but will not conceive the possibility of the hawk's attacking it1 for1 poor thing1 it is ignorant of the trickery of man4 ,calmly and leisurely it will spread its wings saying to itself1 8,this charkh1 whose dog is it that it should approach me80 ,if the eagle be a large strong female1 it will certainly carry the charkh for about a thousand#dhf paces1 but if a weak tiercel it will not drag it more than half that distance4 ,you must gallop hard and keep close up to or under the eagle1 until it tires and settles on the ground4 ,it will then run1 flapping and trailing its wings like a hunted chicken that is tired out4 ,you must all pursue it with shouts and cries4 ,as soon as the eagle takes to running like a chicken1 one horseman must detach himself and intercept it in front4 ,now when that son of a dog#dhg sees that it cannot fly1 that its path is blocked in front1 and that shouts and yells arise on all sides of it1 it will have no recollection of the charkh that has fastened on to its back3 from rage and bewilderment it will drive its talons into the ground4 ,now1 my pupil1 on no account must you treat this son of a dog like other quarry4 ,do not in your excitement cast yourself upon it4 ,on no account6 on no account do so--unless you seek your own destruction4 ,as soon as the eagle has convulsively clutched the ground1 you must dismount in all haste1 and approaching it from behind firmly place your long boot on its back just between the shoulders1 and so render it defenceless4 ,then cautiously advance your further hand from behind it and firmly grasp its legs1 keeping one leg on the eagle the while4 ,then cut its throat1 split open its breast1 bring out the heart1 and feed your hawk4 ,you must know that the flesh of eagles is greasy and indigestible1 so do not overfeed your hawk or she will fall ill4#dhh ,you must not imagine that an eagle's flesh is the same as a pigeon's2 so feed her lightly3-- ,if eagle's flesh as pigeon's ere appears ,then must you match the lion's with the deer's4 ,so when two eagle's thighs have passed her beak1 ,enough6--unless you her destruction seek4 ,the next time you go out1 fly your hawk at any species of eagle you like4 ,now you must understand that although the hawk does1 temporarily1 cripple the eagle1 yet it is owing to the screams and yells of the riding party that the eagle loses its wits and gets taken4 ,if you want to test this1 fly your hawk at an eagle as though you were flying a goshawk at a partridge1 and ride slowly and quietly after the quarry4 ,note how the eagle will with its foot sweep the hawk off its back while exclaiming3-- 8,thus does wise heaven grant sustenance to fools ,that countless wise are filled thereat with wonder40#dhi ,the awe and fear inspired by man is greater than that inspired by any animal1 and especially terrifying is the human voice4 ,god has given to all his creatures1 birds1 beasts1 etc41 a weapon of defence for their safety1 and man's weapons are his voice and the dread his presence inspires2 every thing that creeps1 or crawls1 or flies1 even the lion1 flees from the sound#dij and terror of man--how much more so the eagle4 ,the eagle is captured only by the artifice of the falconer3 for what sort of a dog is the charkh to master the eagle8 ,the falconer by art and skill can show ,that feeble charkhs can lay great eagles low4 ,untrained1 untried1 how could a falcon fight-- ,fight and prevail against an eagle's might8 ,this sport with the charkh and eagle must be pursued in the plains3 in hilly country it is impossible4 ,,eyess ,,shahin ,,and ,,eagles4--,the eyess shahin is capable of being trained to eagles1 but as it is small and delicate1 it is not employed for this quarry4 ,,footnotes3 #dfj ,ziring or zaring1 i4e41 not half-starved or crushed in spirit4 #dfa ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,b4 ,tristram writing on the ornithology of ,north ,africa 7,ibis #ahei7 mentions 8eagles1 kites and sand-grouse0 as quarry flown at by the ,arab ,shaikhs4 ,elsewhere the same writer says that the ,lanner and ,barbary falcon are flown at sand-grouse4 ,no ,indian falconer1 however1 has succeeded with the latter quarry3 it is too fast1 and the hawk and quarry soon disappear from view4 ,the sand-grouse will not let the hawk get above it when the hawk is 8waiting on40 ,mr4 ,tristram does not mention what device or artifice the ,arabs adopt4 ,the author of the ,land and the ,book 7,w4 ,m4 ,thomson1 ,d4,d47 says of trained falcons1 in chapter xxv1 8they will even bring down the largest eagle in the same way44440 #dfb ,charkh-i shiyn4 #dfc ,qara-qsh4 #dfd ,vide1 however1 page #dd4 #dfe ,vide page #abf1 note #edd4 #dff ,kachal charkas 7or karkas71 lit4 8the scald-headed vulture40 ,the young of this species is brown and not white4 #dfg ,parndan1 8to cause to fly40 ,the author always uses this word for showing a train to a hawk and then letting it fly4 ,in the preliminary lesson or lessons1 one or two flight-feathers would probably be tied together to make the train fly as slowly as possible1 and a creance would be fastened to a leg4 ,vide note #dad1 page #ig4 #dfh ,vide chapter ,,xii4 #dfi ,qullb or 8hook0 7for ,ar4 kullb72 the 8talons0 of old falconers4 #dgj ,the 8stalke0 of old authors4 #dga ,after the first flight the hawk would be given only a beakful or two of meat4 #dgb ,from the back she would get little more than a taste of warm blood4 #dgc ,dast-par4 ,it must be recollected that sakers are not easily spoilt by being given numerous trains1 as are peregrines4 #dgd ,on page #afh1 chap4 ,,lii1 it is stated that there are three feathers in each wing so named1 and that it is the ,kurds who call these feathers yr mliq4 ,vide also chap4 ,,lx4 #dge ,ishtih ddan4 #dgf ,the ,egyptian vulture is frequently found sitting on the ground and will let a horseman or footman approach within a few feet4 ,it rises slowly1 and as it does not shift from the stoop it is at once taken4 ,it does not seem to have any means of defence--except its odour4 #dgg ,of course on other flesh4 #dgh ,on page #ca the bq-khura is described as an eagle always found on marshes and reed beds4 ,it eats frogs1 dead fish1 etc41 and occasionally a wounded duck4 #dgi ,this should be done stealthily at the time the chicken is substituted1 or after the hawk has been re-hooded2 for the hawk must be induced to believe that it has eaten the quarry it captured4 ,with a thoroughly-made hawk no great stealth need be observed4 #dhj ,rih kardan1 8to release40 ,the author uses this word to signify setting free a train secretly while the hawk is still hooded4 ,vide note #dfg1 page #aaa4 #dha ,the 8train0 should not be allowed to get ragged4 ,it should each time be given a longer start4 ,if it settles on the ground1 it should be allowed to look about it till it regains heart and takes wing of its own accord4 ,it is also well to go to a different spot each time4 #dhb ,apparently the black eagle described on page #ca4 #dhc ,mhr1 any up and down ground4 #dhd ,sna-yi qara-qsh r bi-bd bi-dih1 8give the eagle's breast to the wind02 the author's meaning is not quite clear4 ,presumably the eagle would be sitting with its breast to the wind4 #dhe ,from behind4 #dhf ,the distance is probably exaggerated4 #dhg ,pidar-sag1 a common term of abuse3 used in much the same way that b----y is by ,thomas ,atkins4 #dhh ,tuma-zada m-shavad3 does this simply mean indigestion or does it mean that the hawk will cast her gorge8 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,eyess ,,saker ,,and ,,gazelle#dia ,the system of training the nestling charkh#dib to gazelle differs from that previously described for the passage saker4#dic ,in the beginning of the ,autumn you must1 with your eyess1 take a large number of hubara bustard so that she may become adroit and lose her rawness4 ,as your hawk is a nestling and hence without any experience whatever1 you must1 after getting her to kill one or two domestic fowls1 enter her by a train of a live hubara4#did ,you must first seel the hubara's eyes1 so that it may not puff itself up and drive away the young hawk1#die which might thereafter conceive a permanent dread of this quarry4 8,seel0 the eyes of the train and let it run#dif for about forty paces1 and then cast off your charkh4 ,she will approach it stealthily#dig and seize it4 ,as soon as she seizes it1 give her a small quantity of meat2 remove her and rehood her4 ,in the evening slightly loosen the thread with which the hubara's eyes are seeled1 so that it can just see out of the top of its eyes4#dih ,when the charkh flies towards the hubara1 the latter1 spying her out of the tops of its eyes1 will puff itself out for the attack2 but when the hawk arrives close and drops to the ground1 she will no longer be visible1 and the hubara will therefore not charge her4 ,when the hawk seizes the hubara1 again give her a small quantity of meat4 ,on the next day unseel half of the hubara's eyes1 so that at one time it may puff itself out ready for attack1 and at another lose sight of its enemy4 ,let the hubara get some distance1 and then unhood the hawk and let her go4 ,as soon as she binds to the hubara1 cut its throat and feed up the hawk4 ,on the next day give another 8train0 of hubara1 but this time with unseeled eyes4 ,let it get a long distance off before you unhood your hawk4 ,kill it1 and feed up the hawk on its flesh4 ,although it is no feat for a falconer to take hubara#dii 7for any inferior hawk will kill this quarry71 still in the training of the eyess saker that is destined for gazelle1 it has a special place1 as will be mentioned later4 ,this remark1 however1 does not apply to the netted passage falcon1#ejj which has killed hubara for itself in a wild state4 ,from the wild falcon1#eja an hubara1 however stout and strong1 cannot possibly escape#ejb2 for what is the flight of an hubara compared to that of the wild saker8 ,until the wild saker overtakes the hubara1 she will never relinquish the chase4 ,illustration3 ,,xviii ,,young ,,passage ,,saker 7,,light ,,variety7 ,,on ,,hubara ,if1 however1 you fly a trained passage falcon at an hubara1 it is quite a different matter2 for the falcon will not be in the same high condition she was in when wild1 and so1 if the quarry breaks away from her#ejc and rises high1 she will not be able to overtake it quickly3 neither will she be so thin that she will give up all desire and hope of killing1 and remain tamely seated on the ground4 ,she will certainly commence a stern-chase#ejd and soon be lost to view4 ,god knows where she will overtake the hubara1 whether two farsakh off or three4#eje ,now in the first place you should not fly a passage saker at hubara4#ejf ,if1 however1 you must do so1 tie together four of the flight-feathers of one wing so that it shall fly clumsily1 hugging the ground4 ,the hubara will certainly stand up to do battle and the hawk will also certainly bind to it on the ground4#ejg ,if the hubara takes to flight1 the hawk will follow only for a few yards1 and seeing itself utterly outpaced will give up and sit on the ground4 ,the nature of the eyess1 however1 is different4 ,i have had many that would take two or three eagles in a day1 that would take crane and gazelle1 and were yet afraid of hubara4 ,the reason of this was that ,i omitted to seel the eyes of an hubara given as a 8train03 the hubara puffed itself up on seeing the charkh coming towards it and got ready for the attack2 the charkh hesitated and sat on the ground2 and the hubara seeing its hesitation became like a spitting#ejh cat1 charged and put the charkh to flight4 ,god the ,all-knowing1 has bestowed on the hubara as a weapon of defence a peculiar kind of 8mutes20#eji and although these are nothing in reality yet they have a certain awe4 ,illustration3 ,,xix ,,young ,,passage ,,saker 7,,dark ,,variety7 ,,on ,,hubara ,when the timid lamb-natured hubra's enraged1 ,she becomes1 in attack1 like a lion uncaged4 ,if an eyess charkh has once been frightened on the ground and driven off by an hubara1 nothing will ever induce her to take this quarry on the ground4 ,but a skilful falconer may cast off the charkh so expertly that she takes the quarry in the air within a few yards' distance4#eaj ,in short1 as soon as your hawk is so thoroughly entered to hubara that she will take six or seven in a day1 you must go out and fly her at as many hubara as you can1 but do not feed her3 even though you fly her thirty times#eaa with success1 do not feed her4 ,go on flying her till she is utterly disgusted and will not attempt even to follow the quarry4 ,as soon as you see this1 bring up a gazelle fawn with meat tied on its head1 as previously described in the chapter on training the passage saker4 ,as soon as the charkh binds to the gazelle's head1 kill a fowl or a white pigeon1 and feed her up so that she may learn the pleasure to be derived from taking a gazelle4 ,you must proceed with the training of the eyess as you did with the passage saker1 but there are two or three points of difference4 ,first3 if the passage hawk binds at the first or second entering1 she must be fed up2 but the eyess must not be fed up1 otherwise she will contract a habit and will always have to be fed up4 ,second3 if the eyess follows the gazelle and works well but the greyhounds go wrong1 she will certainly1 when worn out1 sit down2#eab you must then and there lure her and feed her up4 ,third3 if the eyess works hard several times but is disappointed1 and so no longer follows gazelle with her former zest1 you must cure her as follows4 ,go and take two or three hubara with her1 one a day1 and feed her up on them4 ,on the third or fourth day fly her at all the hubara you can without feeding her1 till she is worn out or disgusted4 ,then1 as on the first day1 fly her at the gazelle's head1 feeding her up4 ,after that let her rest for a day or two4 ,next1 take into the open country a gazelle fawn that is quick and active1 and secretly release it at a distance4 ,after it set a dog1 or a young greyhound too slow to overtake it4 ,when the gazelle fawn gets to some distance1 gallop after it and slip the greyhounds as you do when hawking wild gazelle1#eac and cast off the charkh4 ,when the gazelle is taken1 feed up the hawk as before1 that she may learn the advantage to be derived from taking this quarry and return to a liking for it4 ,the object of entering a charkh to hubara is as has been stated4 ,illustration3 ,,xx ,,hubara ,,sunning ,,itself ,you may think to yourself1 8,i will fly my eyess at hare as has been described for the passage hawk60#ead ,now1 my pupil1 on no account must you do this2 fly her not at hare1 for this is error4 ,first1 the nature of the passage hawk is noble1 while the nature of the eyess is ignoble4 ,if1 after the disappointment that your eyess has experienced at gazelle1 you fly her at hare with success1 you must of necessity feed her up2 and as the gazelle and the hare are both ground-game#eae and akin1 your hawk will say to herself1 8,why should ,i not henceforth fly only the easier quarry8 ,no stamped bond have ,i given to the ,court to wrestle#eaf with that other kind of jackass60#eag ,the hubara1 on the contrary1 is not ground-game1#eah nor has the eyess in a wild state preyed on it as has the passage hawk4 ,by taking one or two hubara1 the eyess recovers her keenness and pluck1 but1 on the third or fourth day1 when she is overflown at hubara and unrewarded1 she gets disgusted with that particular quarry2 being then flown at a gazelle's head and rewarded1 she re-transfers her attention to that quarry1 and by being afterwards given an easy bagged fawn1 her affection for the quarry is cemented4 ,the system of training the charkh and the blbn to gazelle is this that has been described1 and it is the system of the falconers of ,baghdad and of the ,nomad ,arabs1 who are masters of this particular sport4 ,but the people of ,turkistan and ,khurasan and ,buzhnurd1#eai being unskilled1 have a different system1 and that1 too1 for the eyess only2 for they are quite unable to train the passage saker to take even one gazelle4 ,,another ,,system ,,of ,,training ,,the 8,charkh0 ,,to ,,gazelle4--,their system is this4 ,first they dig a dry canal about three or four ells#ebj deep1 and four hundred or five hundred paces long4 ,at the end1 a recess or chamber is constructed1 sufficiently large to contain a gazelle that is brought and confined there4 ,a rope is tied to the gazelle's leg1 and the gazelle is1 step by step1 driven and beaten so that it flees to take refuge in this chamber at the farther end4 ,this treatment is continued till the beginning of ,autumn1 when the people commence giving 8trains0#eba to their eyess sakers4 ,the gazelle's head is protected from the hawk's claws#ebb by a piece of leather that has two holes to admit the horns1 and on this leather the meat is securely fastened4 ,the gazelle1 released in the canal at the required distance from the chamber according to the progress the young hawk has made1 is obliged to run straight and take refuge in its accustomed retreat4 ,if1 during the run1 the charkh binds to the meat on its head1 the rope is pulled and the charkh fed up on the 8train's0 head4 ,one gazelle can act as a 8train0#ebc for twenty charkh4 ,as soon as these people have in this manner completed the training and have killed the gazelle under the hawk1 they1 owing to their lack of understanding1 cast off four or five charkh at a wild gazelle1 and slip five or six greyhounds4 ,god knows whether they ever kill anything4 ,if they do1 it is not skill2 if they do not1 it is utter bungling4 ,if the hawks take the quarry no credit is due2 ,their failure we must as incompetence view4 ,if you look at the methods of sport of these ,turks ,in everything bungling and botchery lurks4 ,now the system of the falconers of ,baghdd1 ,chab#ebd and ,muammara#ebe 7in which places this ancient flight with the eyess or passage saker was first 8invented07 is wholly distinct and apart from that of the ,turkistns and ,khursns2 for the former1 even at a herd of two hundred gazelle1 fly only a single blbn succoured by a couple of greyhounds#ebf2 but so well trained and intelligent are the hounds that even if a thousand gazelles come in front of them1 they will seize only that one at which the hawk is stooping4 ,the skill of these latter people1 however1 is confined to training charkh and blbn to gazelle1 hubara1 and hare1 and they practise no other flight4 ,skill is shown by practising every form of sport4#ebg ,,footnotes3 #dhi ,from the ,gulistn3 ,chapter ,i1 ,st4 #dj4 #dij ,kavzha1 in modern colloquial1 8clamour40 #dia ,the late ,sirdr ,sher ,al1 the exiled ,wl of ,qandahar1 told the translator that in ,afghanistan he used to fly eyess charkhs at gazelle1 and he considered those nestlings the best that were taken from nests either on the ground or close to the ground4 ,his theory was that only bold birds dared to build close to the ground1 and that their nestlings were1 from the egg1 accustomed to the sight of jackals and foxes4 #dib ,charkh-i shiyn4 #dic ,blbn-i tr3 tr from tr1 8net40 #did ,passage sakers rarely1 if ever1 require to be given a 8train0 for this quarry1 as they kill it in a wild state4 #die ,bd kardan4 ,an hubara will not hesitate to attack a hawk on the ground1 puffing itself up like a turkey cock and striking forwards with its feet4 ,sometimes several will combine in showing front to the enemy4 #dif ,the hubara will of course have a few flight-feathers plucked out or tied1 to prevent it flying4 ,if many feathers are plucked out it will not look formidable when it puffs itself out4 ,vide note #dii1 page #aag4 #dig ,bi-duzda raftan4 #dih ,chashm r bl-bn kardan4 #dii ,though the hubara is a large and powerful bird the wild saker preys on it largely4 ,the hubara is not a high-flying bird1 and its flesh is palatable4 ,after killing one or two1 the most cowardly charkh becomes wedded to this quarry4 ,when giving a 8train10 it is preferable1 in some cases imperative1 to give a flying one4 ,the saker1 however1 takes to the hubara with little or no entering4 #ejj ,blbn-i tr4 #eja ,blbn-i ar14 #ejb ,the author means by open flight1 for the hubara frequently escapes by doubling and hiding4 ,it will squat on a perfectly open plain1 the pursuing hawk alighting within five or six feet of it utterly puzzled as to what has become of its quarry4 ,on the ground1 an hubara does not at first seem afraid of a single saker or peregrine4 #ejc ,agar hubara jilav-i shikast va buland shud4 #ejd ,lbud hubara r dar jilo andkhta aqab m-kunad4 #eje ,sakers are passionately fond of the hubara as a quarry3 they will never relinquish a chase as long as there is any chance of success3 they will fly the hubara even when they are not very hungry4 ,the hubara1 when put up with a hawk just behind it1 flies faster than is commonly supposed1 especially in the ,spring when it is fat and in high condition4 ,a passage saker intended for this quarry should not1 ,i think1 weigh less than #b lbs4 #d oz4 and should have been brought into hard condition by being exercised twice daily at the lure2 twenty-five stoops at each exercise are sufficient4 ,a wild saker seldom exceeds #b lbs4 #h oz4 in weight4 ,a haggard of the editor's that weighed when caught #b lbs4 #i oz41 when killing hubara weighed #b lbs4 #f oz4 7,for kite #b lbs4 #c oz4 will be found a sufficient1 and generally a suitable weight4 ,for hare a weight of #b lbs4 is sufficient4 ,beginners should note these weights and so spare themselves much disappointment47 #ejf ,only passage sakers are1 in ,india1 flown at hubara4 ,they are usually flown out of the hood1 but in districts full of ravines they are trained to 8wait on40 ,the author1 like most natives of ,india also1 seems to think that hubara can be killed only on the ground4 ,as already mentioned in the above note1 to fly houbara successfully sakers must be in high condition1 i4e41 they must be kept well exercised and well fed1 a simple fact that most ,eastern falconers forget4 ,i have seen ,arab falconers stuffing their newly caught sakers with suet and skin4 ,in ,arabia ,deserta by ,c4 ,m4 ,doughty we read1 8,the ,gate ,arabs had robbed more than a dozen young falcons4444 ,their diet was small desert vermin1 lizards1 rats1 insects 444 on finding naught they maintain them with a little dough2 in the nomad life they pluck for them those monstrous bluish blood-sucker ticks which cleave to the breasts of their camels40 ,the translator once gave a school-boy a trained laga3 when pocket-money and meat failed1 the boy fed it on boiled rice4 ,even after this treatment it flew and killed a wild raven4 #ejg ,wild hawks seldom if ever kill on the ground4 ,they stoop at the hubara1 knock it about and put it up4 ,many trained hawks even will not1 when in high condition1 bind to an hubara on the ground but stoop at it till the falconer flushes the quarry4 #ejh ,burrq shuda4 ,burrq is the long-haired 8,persian0 cat2 gurba is the general term for a cat4 #eji ,chalqz or chalghz2 excrement of birds only4 8,mutes10 the technical term for the droppings of hawks4 ,when the hubara is feeding on certain juicy crops1 its excrement is thin and glutinous and has an offensive odour4 ,though the excrement is ejected through fear1 it is a very effective weapon4 ,a hawk that is smeared1 is unable to fly properly1 possibly because the wind strikes cold through the damp feathers4 ,some of the best hubara hawks1 peregrines and sakers1 always bind to the wing1 and so escape being buffeted or befouled4 #eaj ,agar dast-i ustd-i khb bshad dr nst dast-raw biyandz dar hav bi-grad4 #eaa ,s dast4 #eab ,az khastag r-yi r nishasta ast3 exact meaning doubtful4 #eac ,ah-yi ar14 #ead ,the author has not mentioned this flight4 #eae ,charanda1 lit4 8grazers40 #eaf ,du chr u du-lashma bi-shavam3 lashm ,p4 smooth-bodied3 du-lashma shudan is properly to wrestle together without either opponent getting a good grip4 #eag ,b hamchu narra khar-4 #eah ,az sinkh-i charanda nst3 sinkh in m4 c4 qism4 #eai ,buzhnurd1 the capital of a district of the same name1 is about #ahj miles from the river ,atrek1 which flows into the south-east corner of the ,caspian4 #ebj ,si chr yak zara 7m4 c47 8about #c or #d ells02 zara 7,pers4 for ,ar4 zir7 is the ,persian ell of about #dj inches4 #eba --ki bin-yi marj u bl kardan-i charkh-yi shn ast4 ,the word bl is also bol1 bawl1 bavl and bvl4 ,vide also note #ebc1 page #abc4 #ebb ,mikhlab4 #ebc ,dakl u bol1 8train02 in note #eba on page #abb marj u bol4 ,the author in a marginal note 7page #aag of the text7 gives dast-par as an equivalent for dakl4 ,dast-par or 8hand-flight0 can1 however1 refer only to a bird4 ,b1l is1 in ,india1 a train given either to a hawk or a greyhound1 etc41 etc42 it has a general application4 ,vide also page #ada1 note #fad4 #ebd ,the ,chab 7properly ,kab7 ,arabs are a tribe inhabiting the southern portion of ,khuzistn4 #ebe ,muammara3 the writer must mean ,muammarah in ,khuzistn1 #bf miles below ,barah3 it is ruled by an ,arab ,sheikh4 #ebf ,tzi-yi qsh-shins1 a greyhound trained to hunt in company with a hawk4 rif1 8knowing1 intelligent40 #ebg ,an ambiguous sentence in the original3 it may mean 8flying at every kind of quarry40 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,training ,,the ,,eyess ,,and ,,passage ,,sakers ,,to ,,gazelle ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,training ,charkh ,,and ,blbn ,,to ,,gazelle4--,the people of the ,frs desert train the charkh and blbn to gazelle by another method4 ,in the early ,autumn when the passage sakers are caught1 they tame#ebh one and lure it with the gazelle's head4 ,when thoroughly entered to this lure1#ebi they tie it up in a dark place till its bones get set and strong1 and its marrow becomes black1#ecj and the bird itself fills out and grows stout and vigorous4 ,twenty days before the ,naw-rz#eca they take it up1 and every morning and every evening lure it1#ecb etc41 with the gazelle head4 ,now in the hot climate of this desert1 young gazelles are born from between ten to fifteen days before the ,naw-rz to ten to fifteen days after it4 ,a 8train0#ecc of a small fawn is given1 and the hawk is then flown in the desert at young fawns1 which on account of their small size#ecd are easily taken1 and she is so flown till the young fawns begin to go about with their dams4 ,after the blbn has taken seven or eight fawns1 she will readily single out the young fawn from the dam4 ,when in this manner she has singled out and taken seven or eight#ece fawn at foot1 it is considered sufficient2 the weather1 too1 has grown too hot to go out into the country3 the hawks are therefore of necessity set down to moult4 ,after being taken up out of the moult1 they are1 next season1 given two or three 8trains0#ecf before being flown at a large wild gazelle4 ,if the falconer has the patience1 this last method is1 for the following reasons1 the best4 ,first2 the hawk1 when taken out of the moult1 having not forgotten the six or seven fawns she killed in the ,spring1 will1 when flown in the ,autumn1 single out the smallest quarry4 ,second2 the long rest will have set and hardened her young bones so that she will not be liable to get swollen feet4#ecg ,third2 she will have become domesticated1 will have learnt wisdom1 and will not be liable to get lost4 ,do not be in the least afraid that your hawk1 having been entered to fawns1 will not tackle a horned buck#ech or a full-grown gazelle4 ,if she is keen1 you can fly her at two or three bucks that happen to be together without a female4 ,these three bucks have not been cast in one mould3 one is certain to be rather smaller than the others1 and this one your hawk will single out4 ,if you find a single buck1 let it be even as big as the foal of an ass1 she will tackle it all right4 ,but if1 one day1 you fly her at an old buck1 and the hounds not arriving she wears herself out and gets jostled or injured1 you may rest assured that in the second moult she will not tackle an old buck4 ,she will still1 however1 take does1 or small young bucks that are only one or two years old4 ,a blbn that has been trained by this last method is certainly better than one trained by either of the preceding methods4 ,,footnotes3 #ebh ,rm kardan1 8to tame1 to man40 #ebi ,bad az garm-i talab shudan4 #ecj --t nki maghz-i ustukhwn-ash siyh bi-shavad2 an unusual idiom4 #eca ,naw-rz1 the ,persian ,new ,year's ,day about the #bast ,march4 #ecb 8,and make it play with the head30 bz m-dihand4 #ecc ,dakl4 #ecd ,i know of two instances in ,india of a saker trained to hare taking a very small fawn of a 8black buck40 #ece ,the author 7vide next paragraph but one7 means seven or eight altogether4 #ecf ,bi-qnn-i makr du si h bar-yash m-kushand4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,training ,,the 8,,sh,h,n0#eci ,now1 my son1 let me instruct thee in the training of the ,shhn so that thy falcon may in the field excel those of other sportsmen1 and thou thyself be acknowledged a master4 ,first1 thou must thyself be a shhn1 and thy horse1 too1 must be like one4 ,falconers have compared the ,shhn to a rifle bullet1 and what an expert marksman expects from his weapon you must expect from your falcon2 she must not miss when cast at quarry within her compass4 ,now know that the nature of the ,shhn somewhat resembles that of the ,goshawks2 it does not require many 8hand-birds0 and 8trains40#edj ,amongst falcons#eda it is the hero4 ,should a young#edb shhn come into your possession1 set her on a perch1 and feed and fatten her#edc up till the rising of ,canopus4#edd ,then slightly reduce her food for a day or two1 just enough to induce her to step off her perch on to your fist4 ,about half an hour after dark1 fit her with a soft part-worn hood#ede that cannot1 by hurting her1 make her hood-shy2 for hood-shyness1 in a shhn1 is a vice that can1 by no manner of means1 be cured4#edf ,if the back of the hood be too tight1 her ears will be hurt1 and she will develop the incurable disease of 8ear-ache40 ,every half hour or so1 unhood her near the lamp1 stroke her on the head and breast1 and then replace her on the perch4 ,then again take her up and hood her1 and continue doing this for three or four hours4 ,after that remove her hood and place her on her perch in the place that she is accustomed to sleep in every night4 ,early next morning take her up1 hood her1 and give her a small quantity of meat washed in warm water1 and then set her on her perch till mid-day4 ,after mid-day take her on the fist and carry her in the shade4 ,at sun-down give her a few pigeon's or chicken's feathers washed in warm water1 so that she may 8cast0 early and rid herself of glut and slime4#edg ,as soon as she has lost some flesh1 procure a lure made of the wings of a common crane1 and firmly bind a piece of meat on to it4 ,if she jumps to this from the falconer's fist1 even the length of her jesses1 it is sufficient4 ,it is not necessary to teach the shhn or the eyess saker to recognize its name4#edh ,especially is such teaching improper in the case of the passage shhn2 for if you have taught the latter to know its name like a passage saker1 and should call her by it when she is hooded1 she will make her carrier impotent by tearing at his glove1#edi or by 8bating10 or hanging head downwards with her claws convulsively fixed in his glove4 ,it is sufficient to teach the shhn to come to the luring cry of coo coo4#eej ,illustration3 ,,xxi ,,stone-,,plover ,now as soon as she is thoroughly trained to the lure of crane's wings1 i4e41 as soon as she will come eagerly and unhesitatingly to it from the falconer's fist the moment that it is swung1 you must1 in the following manner1 give her one or two live chickens on the lure4 ,as soon as the hawk binds to the lure1 insert the head and neck of the chicken through the wings of the lure1 and let the hawk grasp it in her claws4 ,then1 cut the chicken's throat and feed up the hawk4 ,give her several chickens in this manner1 one in the morning and one in the evening4 ,in the morning1 take care that your hawk eats no feathers with her meat1 but in the evening give her a 8casting0 of feathers4 ,recollect1 too1 that the higher the condition in which you train and enter a shhn the better4 ,the next step is to fly your shhn at a blue rock#eea with eyes partially 8seeled0 so that it can see out of the top only of the eyes4 ,go out into the open country2 show the pigeon to the hawk and then let it fly4 ,when the pigeon has got away a little distance1 cast off your shhn so that she may take the pigeon in the air4 ,cut the pigeon's throat and feed up the hawk1 giving her sufficient food to last her for twenty-four hours4 ,then carry her home1 and with warm water wash away any blood stains1 and also carefully cleanse her nostrils from congealed blood4 ,give her two or three pigeons in this manner4 ,you must now mark down a 8little-owl0#eeb somewhere in open country where there are no wells near4 ,unhood your hawk and walk up towards the owl4 ,as soon as it is on the wing and your hawk shows an inclination to give chase1 let her go4 ,if she takes the owl1 feed her up4 ,if1 however1 the owl gets into a hole1 quickly cast the lure to your hawk and let her take it3 on no account let her settle on the ground1 for settling on the ground is in a shhn an odious vice4 ,if the ,shhn when settled on the ground ,be gorged with delicate and dainty fare ',twere surely then beyond all reason's bound1 ,to hope she'll take a quarry in the air4 ,hood the hawk on the lure and feed her4 ,now go and pull the owl out of its hiding place and put it in your falconer's bag for the evening4 ,in the evening--provided your hawk has not been given too much food in the morning--mount your horse and go out into the open plain1 to a place where there are neither holes nor wells4 ,unhood the shhn2 let her see the owl and then let the owl fly4 ,when it has flown about twenty yards1 cast off the hawk4 ,she is certain to take it4 ,kill the owl and feed up the hawk4 ,you must now fly and kill with her two or three of these 8little-owls40 ,illustration3 ,,xxii ,,heron ,,struck ,,down ,,by ,,peregrine 7,,photo ,,taken ,,just ,,before ,,the ,,heron ,,touched ,,the ,,ground7 ,the next thing to do is to fly her at a stone-plover4#eec ,you must cast her off with her breast to the wind1 and then cut off the plover so that it squats on the ground4#eed ,if she takes it1 feed her up on other food1 saving the plover alive for another day in case of accident1 for you must not let your hawk's success make you overconfident4 ,if she fail to take it1 lure her and feed her4 ,if you have a made hawk1 it is better to unhood her at the plover first1 to show the youngster the way4 ,here let me give you a word of caution4 ,should your shhn fail to kill1 on no account must you in luring her back release the bagged plover as she comes towards you3 do so only twice and she will never after be really good at the lure2 she will contract a habit of 8waiting on0 in expectation of a live bird being thrown out for her1 and will ignore the dead lure2 then1 if you have no live bird by you with which to lure her without delay1 some eagle will be attracted to the spot1 and she will to a certainty be lost4 ,now a properly trained shhn should be obedient to the dead lure2 she should not require live 8hand-birds0#eee to call her down4 ,to resume2 you must first take two or three stone-plover with her1 and then two or three hubara4#eef ,after that1 three or four mallard1#eeg then a wild goose1#eeh and then two or three common heron4#eei ,fly her at this quarry in the order mentioned1 for a shhn improves by degrees#efj and does not require to be entered to large quarry by 8hand-trains40#efa ,should you1 however1 be in a district where all this quarry is not to be found1 you must of necessity have recourse to 8trains40 ,next fly her at a raven4#efb ,if she take it1 give her only a little meat and save the raven alive4 ,on the morrow fly her at this raven from a good long distance3 as soon as she takes it1 cut the raven's throat and let her just taste the blood1 but feed her up on the flesh of a pigeon or of a chicken1 for the flesh of the raven is not a suitable food for hawks4 ,illustration3 ,,xxiii ,,young ,,peregrine 7,,english ,,block ,,and ,,indian ,,hood7 ,on the following day take your hawk and go to some spot where only two or three half-tame undisturbed cranes#efc are accustomed to feed4 ,get close up to them and cast off your hawk4 ,if your shhn 8bind0 to the quarry1 get in as quick as you can and secure the crane's wings2#efd cut its throat1 rip open its breast1 and feed your hawk4 ,if the shhn bind to the head of the quarry but let it go again after a slight struggle1 call her to the lure and quickly feed her up on the warm flesh of a pigeon or of a chicken1 and1 on the morrow1 she will not fail you4 ,if the shhn approach the crane close1 but neither strike it nor stoop at it1 act in the same way1 i4e41 lure her and feed her on warm flesh2 for amongst falconers it is accepted as a fact that1 if a shhn chase the quarry at which she is unhooded1 only for the length of her leash1 and be then quickly fed on warm palatable flesh1 she will1 on the morrow1 chase the same quarry for double that distance4 ,fly her1 ,i say1 on the morrow1 and if she again chases and again fails1 lure her and feed her up on warm flesh4 ,if you have patience and act as directed1 she is certain1 at the third or fourth flight1 to take the quarry4 ,recollect that a shhn differs in disposition from all other hawks2 in disposition it is the most noble4 ,an eyess charkh on the contrary1 if lured and fed after she has turned tail1 will1 from the ignobleness#efe of her nature1 contract this habit of turning tail4 ,not so the shhn1 for if she be rewarded on the lure after a chase of ten yards1 she will on the second day chase for fifty yards2 and will1 on the third day1 either take the quarry1 or else make such an earnest stoop that she may be considered to have taken it4 ,if your shhn binds to the crane high up in the air1 seizing it by the head1 and then1 when nearing the earth1 unbinds and strikes it to the ground1 you must be close up to render assistance by seizing the crane to prevent it1 if not disabled1 from escaping4 ,you should1 too1 have with you an old made hawk1 shhn or charkh1 ready to fly at a quarry that is perhaps only partially disabled2 for it is the habit of most shhns to unbind and altogether release the quarry before touching the earth4#eff ,a second made hawk is therefore necessary to secure the partially disabled quarry4 ,illustration3 ,,xxiv ,,intermewed ,,peregrines 7,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,s4 ,,biddulph7 ,should your shhn be buffeted by the crane and in consequence turn tail1 you should fly her for a few days at crane just at sunset4 ,should this expedient fail1 try the following remedy3-- ,call her to the lure of crane's wings for a day or two 7flying her at no quarry71 and kill for her under the lure some live bird4 ,after that mount your horse1 go out into the open country and fly her at a raven1 an hubara1 or a stone-plover1 or1 failing these three1 at a little-owl4#efg ,take one of these three with her and feed her on the warm flesh4 ,next evening fly her at a crane and she will not fail you1 but will return to her former excellence4 ,for a shhn that has been buffeted by a crane and therefore turns tail1 there is no medicine like a flight at a raven or a stone-plover4 ,don't1 my son1 think that you will remake her by flying her at a heron2 for on the contrary1 you will1 by so doing1 mar her for crane4 ,often have ,i seen a crane-hawk so spoilt4 ,you may argue that a heron closely resembles a crane in colour and in shape1 while a raven does not4 ,quite so--but a heron is1 compared to a crane1 a small and feeble#efh quarry1 one that your hawk will easily take4#efi ,flown at a heron she will say to herself1 8,hallo6 there are two kinds of crane1 one suitable and the other unsuitable2 the former is the game for me2 no more of the latter40 ,the raven and the stone-plover1 however1 have no resemblance to the crane2 a successful flight at either1 duly rewarded by warm flesh1 strengthens a shhn's courage4 ,if your shhn that slays the long-legged crane1 ,fly at her prey1 and haply fly in vain1 ,an your heart wish her to resume the chase1 ,on raven or stone-plover try her pace4 ,then1 when at length at crane she may be cast1 ,you'll find this flight will far surpass the last4 ,but let her kill a heron--then goodbye6 ,for naught but easy quarry will she try3 ,she'll say1 8,no strong tenacious crane for me6 ,so long as easy crane like this ,i see40 ,another remedy for a crane hawk that has turned tail is to fly her several times with#ega a made hawk1 giving the latter a goodish start4 ,when the 8cast0 has taken one or two cranes in this manner1 reverse the process1 that is1 cast off1 first the hawk that turned tail and then a little later the made hawk4 ,a shhn differs from other falcons4#egb ,don't fancy you can give her ten flights in a day without spoiling her4 ,if you work her like this1 she will become stale and will be spoilt4 ,one to three flights with a shhn are permissible2 more are unlawful4#egc ,,good ,,hawking ,,districts4--,possibly you are wondering to yourself what district will produce for your shhn all this varied quarry4 ,let me tell you that there is first ,sulaymniyah in ,kurdistn2#egd next1 the province of ,baghdd1 which has within a radius of two or three farsakh all the quarry you want2 and lastly1 the district of ,shrz4 ,these are the only three places ,i have ever come across in my life where all quarry suitable for a shhn is to be found4#ege 8,,waiting ,,on40--,for 8waiting-on0 flights1 the peregrine#egf or the passage shahin#egg is better than the eyess shahin4#egh ,if you train your shhn#egi to 8wait on0 she will never take large quarry such as wild goose1 common crane1 ruddy shieldrake1 common heron1 etc42 but she will1 however1 show you excellent sport with small quarry4 ,the beauty of the shhn lies in this1 that when you gallop on to large quarry1 unhooding her at it1 she is off your fist like a bullet1 to seize it4 ,that his hawk should take unusual quarry that she does not kill in her wild state is the pride of a falconer1 and it is in this he exhibits his skill4 ,pigeons1 plover1 duck and so on are1 in a hawk's wild state1 her natural prey2 these she takes without the falconer's teaching4 ,,footnotes3 #ecg ,mkhak 7vide chap4 ,,lvi71 i4e41 bruised and swollen soles from stooping at the hard head of the antelope4 ,a hawk may get swollen feet from a variety of causes4 #ech ,narra h-yi shkh-dr4 #eci ,vide note #agi1 page #db regarding the confusion of the term shhn4 #edj ,dast-par va bl4 #eda ,siyh-chashm1 8the black-eyed40 #edb ,shhn-i yr4 ,yr or yawr1 ,e4 ,turkish1 is the young of any animal2 but ,i think only before it has begun to fend for itself4 #edc ,orientals do not fly hawks at 8hack40 8#8,hack4'--,a state of liberty in which young eyesses are kept for some weeks to enable them to gain power of wing40--,lascelles4 #edd ,in ,teheran about #aeth ,september4 ,in ,baghdad about two days later4 #ede ,the hood used in ,persia and in the regions around ,barah and ,baghdd is quite unlike the ,indian hood4 ,it is1 in fact1 little else than a bag of soft leather with two straps at the back to tighten it4 ,it is nearly the same pattern as one depicted in ,falconry in the ,british ,isles4 #edf ,bad-kulh1 8hood-shy40 ,i have heard of sakers being cured of 8hood-shyness10 but real hood-shyness is1 ,i believe1 a vice impossible to cure4 ,let a hawk sit barefaced during the moult for six months1 and two days after she is taken up she will be as 8hood-shy0 as ever4 ,a hawk is 8hood-shy0 that has1 owing to bad handling1 conceived a terror or hatred for the hood1 and 8bates0 when it is shown to her4 #edg afr1 lit4 8bile0 7one of the four humours of the body74 #edh ,hawks quickly learn to associate any particular and peculiar sound with food4 #edi ,dast-kash1 in modern ,persian 8a glove10 is in ,india 8an assistant falconer10 or one who 8strokes with the hand40 #eej ,eastern falconers use the voice freely in training hawks4 ,the luring cry throughout the ,east seems to be coo coo4 ,the translator remembers more than one old-fashioned ,panjab falconer who prided himself on his 8coo40 #eea ,kabtar-i chh1 lit4 8well-pigeon03 blue rocks in certain districts inhabit and breed in old wells4 #eeb ,chughd or bya-qsh1 the species already mentioned in ,chapter ,,viii as inhabiting ruins and being useful for a preliminary flight for a shhn that is to be entered to stone-plover4 ,panjab falconers call the spotted owlet 7,athene ,brama7 chughd4 ,this species is not uncommon in ,persia1 being often found in holes in garden walls4 ,the flight is feeble and slow1 and it is easily taken by any hawk4 ,the flesh is palatable to hawks4 #eec ,chkhrq1 ,t4 ,lane1 in a note to ,chapter xx1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 of his incomparable translation of the ,arabian ,nights1 says that the stone-plover or karawn is a favourite cage-bird with the ,turks and ,egyptians4 #eed ,pas dawr-i chkhrq bi-gr t bi-khwbad3 the author's meaning is not clear4 #eee ,dast1 adj4 #eef ,hbara or hbara1 ,per42 and ubr1 ,ar4 #eeg ,murghb-yi sar-sabz1 ,p42 murghb-yi shil bsh1 ,p4,t42 shil1 for ,t4 yeshil1 8green40 #eeh ,qz4 #eei uqr 7for uqr72 vide page #acf1 note #ehj4 #efj ,pilla pilla bl m-ravad3 pilla 7m4 c47 is the rung of a ladder1 a step1 etc4 #efa ,dast-par4 #efb ,kulgh-i quzqn4 #efc ,du si durn-yi nazdk-i rm va amn4 ,durn1 ,p41 or turn1 ,t41 is the common crane2 also called kulank or kulang--the 8coolan0 of ,anglo-,indians4 #efd ,the common crane has a very sharp claw1 which it uses in defence4 ,even if the falconer make in at once1 the hawk may suffer a permanent injury before he arrives to her assistance4 #efe ,dila va past-fitrat1 8ignoble03 dila1 apparently here the diminutive of dil1 8of small heart40 #eff 8,haggards0 will often unbind to avoid the concussion on striking the ground and then rebind4 ,the translator had a haggard saker trained to kite1 which never failed to unbind2 he cannot1 however1 recollect a case of a young passage hawk1 peregrine or saker1 unbinding either from heron or kite4 ,the ,persian author is here writing either of the eyess or of the young shhn1 captured some time before ,september4 #efg ,chughd or bya-qsh4 #efh ,b-jn-tar va kchak-tar va maflk-tar4 #efi ,in ,europe the heron was justly considered a difficult quarry4 ,its powers of flight1 however1 have been greatly over-rated4 ,a heron1 even 8on the passage10#egj is an easy flight to a good passage hawk4 ,but hawks1 at any rate after the first flight or two1 fly at this quarry with great deliberation1 and stoop at it with some caution1 for the heron when high up makes half-hearted dabs with its beak at the hawk4 ,an experienced hawk generally knocks about the heron by stooping several times at the shoulder or point of the wing4 ,i have known a 8haggard0 break the heron's wing by a stoop4 ,some hawks bind to the heron's feet sticking out behind1 and so drag it down close to earth1 out of range of its beak2 they then close1 on the ground4 #egj 8,on the passage10 i4e41 on its regular flight to or from its feeding ground4 #ega ,b-ham jan andkhtan4 #egb ,siyh-chashm1 8black-eyed40 #egc arm1 8prohibited2 that which is unlawful40 #egd ,kurdistn1 in ,turkey in ,asia1 ,n4,e4 of ,mesopotamia4 #ege ,the black ibis1 a favourite quarry in ,india for the peregrine1 is not found in ,persia1 ,baghdad1 etc4 ,gulls are found in the vicinity of ,shiraz1 notably in the open ground round the 8,takht-i ,jamshd0 or ,persepolis4 #egf ,bar4 #egg ,shhn-i tr1 lit4 a netted shahin3 tr for tr4 #egh ,shhn-i shiyn4 #egi ,by 8shhn0 here the author presumably refers to the eyess4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,common ,,heron#ehj ,to train the blbn to heron1 she must first be trained1 as already described1 to a lure#eha made of the wings of a common crane4 ,when she knows the lure well1 get a live chicken and tie it by the leg to the lure1 with a string about twenty inches long4 ,lure the hawk from a long distance1 casting into the air1 two or three times1 the lure garnished with the chicken1 so that the hawk may come with force and eagerness and seize the chicken4 ,cut the chicken's throat and feed up the hawk4 ,let her kill two or three fowls in this manner1 so that she may come with eagerness to the lure4 ,now go out into the open country and find a night-heron1#ehb get close to it and cast off your hawk at it4 99 99 994#ehc ,if you find a night-heron on the edge of a small stream1 cast off your hawk1 and should she take it1 feed her up4#ehd ,if1 however1 she will not fly it1 you must take one with a shahin or with a goshawk and in the morning give it to her alive as a flying train3 if she will not take it1 bind a little meat on its back4 ,fly her at this same 8train0 again in the evening4 ,when she will readily take the 8train10 you must fly her at one or two wild night-herons and at one or two purple herons4 99 99 994#ehe ,now procure a bagged common heron#ehf and on its broad yr mliq#ehg feathers tie a piece of meat very firmly so that there is no possible chance of your hawk being able to disengage it and go off with it4 ,hold the heron by one wing1 and get your assistant to stand some distance off with the hawk4 ,when the blbn binds to the meat1 let her pull and eat a little3 then remove her4 ,you must now seel the heron's eyes so that it may not suddenly ring up#ehh--;better still1 bind two or three of its flight-feathers together so that it may run on the ground and extend its wings4#ehi ,as soon as the hawk takes the train feed her up4 ,on the morrow1 again tie meat on to the heron's back1 but unbind the flight-feathers so that it may fly well4 ,release the heron1 and when it has flown ten or twelve paces unhood and cast off your hawk4 ,as soon as she takes it1 give her only a little meat and fly her again in the evening in the same way4 ,do this for several days1 gradually reducing the quantity of meat on the heron's back4#eij ,as soon as your hawk flies the heron in style1 seizing it by the neck without regarding the meat1 cut the heron's throat and feed her up4#eia ,next day procure a fresh heron but tie no meat on its back4 ,let it fly1 and when it has flown a good distance unhood and cast off your hawk4 ,when she takes the heron1 feed her up4 ,withdraw the dead heron from her grasp and cast it to a distance of ten or twelve yards that she may know that that is her dead quarry2#eib then let her go and settle on it and take two or three beakfuls4 ,again withdraw and cast the dead heron to a little distance1 but do not let the hawk go3 let her 8bate0 towards it once or twice and then hood her4 ,wash off any blood spots and clean the 8nares04#eic ,now procure another heron1 one strong of flight1 that will ring up4 ,get an assistant to mount some high place--a place about a hundred ell high#eid--;and release the heron4 ,you must be mounted1 and1 hawk on fist1 take stand below this spot4 ,remove the hood of the hawk and let her discover the heron above her4 ,she will have to exert herself to get above it1 and if1 after getting above it1 she makes two or three stoops at it#eie before binding1 what better8 ,feed her up4 ,next day1 go and find a wild heron in an easy and suitable spot1 but have with you as a 8make-hawk0#eif a blbn that is fully trained to this flight4 ,first cast off your young hawk4 ,she will1 of course1 make four or five stoops at the heron1 but should the heron commence to 8ring0 and the hawk show signs of slackening1 then at once cast off the 8make-hawk10 so that the jealousy of the young hawk may be excited and they may together take the quarry4 ,feed up the young hawk well1 so that you may give her washed meat#eig the day following4 ,as long as your hawk1 while ringing up with the heron1 keeps beating#eih her wings quickly1 it is a sign that she is trying to get above it2 but the moment she ceases to beat1 and begins to sail1#eii she has given up4 ,in this case1 at once call her down to the lure of crane's wings1 and as soon as she comes reward her by killing1 under the lure1 either a chicken or a pigeon1 feeding her up well2 for in the opinion of falconers this dropping from a height to the lure is better than taking ten herons3 she is now your property2 up till now she has been merely a loan4 ,next day#fjj go and find a heron in an easy place1 and first cast off your young hawk at it4 ,as soon as she has made one or two stoops1 cast off the 8make-hawk0 7before the heron commences to ring7 so that they may stoop at it alternately and the two may take it together4 ,on the following day feed her lightly2#fja and on the day following that1 again fly her at a heron4 ,if she is in her proper condition#fjb and not too fat1 and is also hungry1 it is impossible for her to fail1 even if the heron ring up into the ,seventh ,heaven#fjc--unless1 of course1 an eagle interferes or the heron drops into a broad stream that cannot be crossed4 ,should either of these mishaps occur1 lure her without delay1 and feed her well4 ,in the latter case1 you may consider she has taken this heron3 it is as though she had done so4 ,on the morrow1 please ,god1 she will not fail4 ,if your hawk has had a hard flight after a heron1 she should be fed up on it1 and not flown a second time that day4 ,if1 however1 she kills very quickly and without exertion1 there is no harm in giving her a second flight4 ,if you want your saker to fly heron well1 you should keep her for this flight alone and not fly her at anything else4 ,a young passage saker in the first or immature plumage1#fjd is far better for this flight than the 8intermewed0 hawk1#fje for1 after the moult1 a hawk becomes heavy1 and cannot ring up after a heron4 ,for one or two moults a hawk will indeed kill heron in a sort of fashion1#fjf but after three or four moults she is useless for this flight2#fjg you must procure a young blbn#fjh for it4 ,,footnotes3 #ehj uqr1 corrup4 of the ,arabic uqr1 which is possibly also the name of the white egret4 ,in some parts of ,persia and in the ,kapurthala ,state in the ,panjab1 the common heron is called btmr4 ,sakers are not as easily entered to heron as they are to hubara or to hare4 #eha ,talba1 ,p41 8a lure03 in ,india dalba1 corrup4 of talba4 ,in ,barah and ,baghdad the lure is called baftara1 but in ,kwet and ,bahrain ,island milw1i1 root unknown4 #ehb ,vq1 8night-heron02 in some parts of the ,panjab wqwq2 in the ,kapurthala ,state awnk4 #ehc ,a short description by the ,author1 of the night-heron1 being unnecessary1 is here omitted4 #ehd ,sakers as a rule do not fly this quarry unless entered by trains4 ,the flesh of the night-heron is not injurious to sakers1 vide page #acg1 note #eia4 #ehe ,jarda1 evidently the purple heron4 ,a few lines describing this species are omitted4 ,the purple heron on the wing looks nearly as large as the common heron4 ,it is1 however1 a feeble quarry2 it is very slow in flight and is unable to shift from a stoop4 ,the flesh is not as coarse or fishy as that of the common heron4 #ehf ,a saker that kills purple heron will kill common heron4 ,in any case a saker that has killed night-heron will take a train of the common heron without the back being garnished with meat4 #ehg ,vide note #dgd1 page #aab4 #ehh ,it is very rarely indeed that a bagged heron will attempt to ring up4 ,if once taken by a hawk1 it will generally1 when the hawk gets close to it1 drop to the ground4 #ehi ,it is always advisable to give 8trains0 flying1 especially to sakers4 ,sakers do not1 however1 require flying trains of hubara4 #eij ,it is not necessary to tie meat on the heron's back even for a saker1 and most certainly not necessary when the hawk has already been flown at purple herons or night-herons4 ,however1 sakers are not spoilt by being given many trains as are peregrines3 they do not easily become what ,indians call b1l-band or 8train-bound40 ,no matter how or where a train is given1 hawks at once recognize that it is not an ordinary wild bird4 #eia ,a saker 7unlike a peregrine7 should not get a full feed of heron's flesh1 nor1 generally speaking1 of any water-bird's flesh4 ,some sakers after a full meal of duck or heron will cast their gorge1 sicken1 and die4 ,for some reason the flesh of the night-heron and of the purple heron is not injurious--at least ,i have never lost a saker by feeding one on the flesh of these birds4 ,when entering a hawk to a difficult quarry1 it is always advisable to kill at least one 8train0 under her1 and to let her plume the feathers a little and eat some of the flesh3 pigeons' flesh may then be substituted4 ,vide page #ahh1 note #ghi4 #eib ,indian falconers also do this4 #eic 8,nares10 a hawk's nostrils4 #eid ,an exaggeration3 an ell is #dj inches4 #eie ,sar zadan1 8to stoop02 in some districts lagad zadan1 lit4 8to kick40 ,it is very seldom that an experienced hawk will bind to a wild heron at the first stoop4 ,herons in the air try to use their beaks1 and hawks prefer to knock about a heron first1 by striking it on the point of the shoulder1 and then to seize an opportunity for closing4 ,once1 after binding to a heron in the air1 as both birds were falling1 the heron seized a hawk of the translator's by the wing and made it scream4 #eif ,blbn-i ustd1 8make-hawk10 i4e41 an old experienced hawk to lead and 8make0 the youngster4 #eig ,ishtih ddan1 lit4 8to give an appetite to02 by this expression the author always means washed meat4 #eih ,bl-ash r bar ham m-zanad1 8to beat the wings40 #eii ,bl-ash r dar hav nigh m-drad1 8to sail40 #fjj ,the author must mean the third day1 as he has said above that the hawk is to be given washed meat on the day following4 ,vide note #eig1 page #ach4 #fja ,gurisna-ash bi-kun1 lit4 8make her hungry40 #fjb ,agar bi-gsht-i khud-ash ast4 #fjc ,the ,seventh ,heaven1 which is ,abraham's1 is the highest3 it is under the ,throne of ,god4 #fjd ,blbn-i buzyr chz of ,india4 #fje ,tlak1 8moulted03 tlak1 subs41 8moult40 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,,training ,,the ,,passage ,,saker ,,to ,,common ,,crane ,you must know that it is the pride and glory of a falconer that his blbn should take common crane with dash and resolution1 i4e41 that she should stoop quickly and bind soon1 not letting the crane get away any distance2 then your mounted friends can watch the sport closely1 and applaud the exploits of both falcon and falconer4 ,there are1 in hawking1 only two forms of the sport that can be shared by a crowd2 firstly1 crane-hawking with the blbn1 and secondly1 heron-hawking with the blbn3 hundreds of sportsmen can together witness and enjoy these two flights4 ,in all other flights1 whether with long-winged or short-winged hawks1#fji the smaller the party the better4 ,though training a blbn to common heron is more tedious and troublesome than training it to any other quarry1#faj still the trouble is repaid4 ,now if you want to indulge in the sport properly1 you must have with you five or six active mounted men1 two or three trained and keen blbns1 two or three keen shhns and two charkhs trained to eagle2 for hawk makes hawk3 if you want a 8make-hawk0 it is there1 and if you want a live train it is there1 or if you want a dead crane it is there4 ,if you have not all this equipment yourself1 you must join forces with some sporting friend or friends1 otherwise it will not be possible for you to train your hawk to eagles4 ,before entering your passage saker to common crane1 you must train her and fly her at common heron as already described4 ,on most days1 too1 when other hawks take crane1 you must give her one1 in her feet1#faa to make her keen and plucky4 ,from the beginning of ,autumn to the beginning of ,spring1 the immature passage saker#fab is what the ,arabs call 8ignorant10#fac i4e41 it is 8mad03 it will take a train#fad of anything that is given it1 except an eagle2--for in its wild state it has experienced the tyranny of the eagle and has learnt its might4 ,well1 from the beginning of ,autumn till ten days before the ,naw-rz ,festival1 you must fly your 8ignoramus0 at common heron4 ,you must then get a live uninjured crane with unshortened wings1#fae and tying meat on its back make it run and flap its wings1 and then fly your hawk at it4 ,if she seizes the crane by the head1 it is a sign that she has a big heart and is well-plucked1 but if she binds to the meat she is only middling4 ,in either case1 fly her thus1 once in the morning1 and once in the evening4 ,the next day show her the crane and let it fly a little1#faf and then fly your hawk at it3 do this twice as on the previous day4 ,on the third day1 if the crane will fly1 well and good2 but if not1 it must be cast off a mound or from some high place--the meat as before being bound on its back--so that the hawk may bind to it in the air1 and both birds come to the ground together4 ,if you find that she binds to the crane's head and pays no attention to the meat1 you should1 if possible1 cut the crane's throat1 and feed up your 8ignoramus0--it being of course understood that you have plenty of bagged cranes or the means of obtaining them4 ,if1 however1 you have but this one 8train10 you must stealthily introduce under the crane's wing a blue-rock or any pigeon coloured like the crane1 and feed the hawk on it2 or else introduce a chicken under the wing1 and putting its head into the hawk's foot1 so cut the throat that the hawk may not hear the chicken's cries4 ,on the following day fly the hawk at the crane from a longer distance4 ,now when you see that your hawk thoroughly recognizes a crane1 and will resolutely fly at any train first shown to it and then released from the hand1 you must proceed as follows3-- ,get a crane1 and as before tie meat on to its back4 ,cut its sharp front claw--a claw as sharp and deadly as a hawk's--and insert a string through the nostrils2 then bind the two mandibles together1 so that the crane may in no way frighten or injure the hawk1 neither with its feet nor with its beak4 ,now seel the eyes and drive it off ten or twenty yards1 and fly your hawk at it while it is on the move4 ,continue this practice1 increasing the distance1 but lessening the meat till no meat remains1 and until your hawk1 rising from your fist without hesitation1 will make straight for the crane1 and after one or two stoops bind to its head4 ,on the morrow1 if you have a fresh crane that will fly1 you should unhood the hawk and fly her at that1 after it is put on the wing2 but1 if the crane will not fly1 you must get an assistant to carry it to a distance and there release it4 ,he must then either lie flat on the ground1 or conceal himself behind some cover1 so that he may be near to render speedy assistance to the hawk by seizing the crane's legs as soon as the hawk binds to its head4 ,for a few days1 too1 you should release two cranes and three cranes in company1 so that your hawk may single out one4 ,if1 in the district where you are1 there are still cranes to be found1 i4e41 if they have not yet migrated out of the country1 go out into the open country and take with you a make-hawk too1 and somehow or other with the latter take a crane4 ,then1 as soon as possible1 let this freshly caught crane fly1 and when it has flown about a hundred yards1 unhood and cast off your young hawk4 ,she is sure to take the crane4 ,cut the crane's throat1 and feed up the hawk1 giving her the heart2 give her1 too1 some of the small neck feathers as a 8casting40 ,next take your hawk out into the country1 and if you happen to find a solitary crane put your trust in ,god and fly her at it4 ,if1 however1 you find a flock of ten or twenty1 on no account fly her2 do not even think of doing so4 ,if you fail to find a solitary crane1 you must with your made hawks take a crane1 and at once give it to your young hawk as a flying 8train0--as you did yesterday4 ,on the next day1 again go out hawking1 and if you find a solitary crane1 fly her at it4 ,have by you a 8make-hawk10 but if your falconer's knowledge tells you that your young hawk is master of the situation1 do nothing3 if1 however1 you see that the young hawk is not flying with resolution1 then without loss of time cast off the 8make-hawk0 to her assistance4 ,when the crane is taken1 feed up the young hawk on it4 ,if during this ,spring she takes one or two cranes1 return thanks to ,god1 and fly her at nothing else2 set her down in the 8mew0#fag to moult#fah and act as will be explained later4 ,leave her in the 8mew0 till all your hawks are moulted4 ,when she comes out of the moult1 you must treat her again exactly as you did when she was 8ignorant40#fai ,as soon as you have re-made her to the lure1 go and fly her at a common heron4 ,if she takes it1 nothing can be better3 feed her up4 ,if she has no inclination for it1 or if she does not work well1 give her a good active heron as a 8train10 releasing it at a distance4 ,if to-day she takes the 8train10 to-morrow she will take a wild heron4 ,after she has taken one or two common herons1 you must turn your attention to cranes4 ,take a crane with your old 8make-hawk10 show it to her and let it fly1 and then feed her up on it4 ,next1 give her two more 8trains0 of common crane released secretly3 these should have meat tied on their backs4 ,as soon as she takes the 8train0 feed her up4 ,now go out and find a half-tame#fbj crane2 stalk it1 and get as close as possible to it2 then1 placing your reliance on ,god1 fly your young hawk at it4 ,the nearer you get to the crane the better4 ,as soon as your young hawk has got a short distance1 cast off an old 8make-hawk0 to her assistance4 ,the first hawk will make a stoop or two2 the 8make-hawk0 will then arrive1 and will keep the crane engaged and overpowered till your mounted assistant1 arriving in all haste1 secures it and prevents it doing an injury to the hawk4 ,feed up your young hawk on the crane4 ,she is now well on the road to being quite made4 ,should this tame crane take wing when you get close to it1 on no account be tempted to fly your hawk at it1 for the crane may get away a long distance before your hawk binds to it2 and a second crane then joining in the fray to assist its fellow1 both birds may so buffet and injure your hawk that she will be useless for further sport1 or else so frighten her that she will ignore the lure and be lost4 ,in either case the labour of two years will be lost4 ,hawks1#fba whether long-winged or short-winged1 are of two kinds2 those that the falconer must assist1 and those that assist the falconer4 ,a hawk that is mettled1 high-spirited1 and valiant1 if given but one 8train10 is made3 such a hawk gives assistance to the falconer4 ,another requires ten 8trains0 and bagged birds2 such a hawk demands assistance from the falconer4 ,well1 for five or six days you must fly your hawk secretly#fbb as described above4 ,now listen attentively to what ,i am going to say4 ,when you are stalking this solitary half-tame crane--or it may be two cranes--should they become alert and seem ready to take wing1 hood your hawk and move off to a little distance that they may settle down and again busy themselves with grazing4 ,should they take wing and settle again1 follow them up1 or else find others1 one1 or two1 or three--not more4 ,as soon as they settle down to their walking about and picking up grain1 unhood your hawk even though the distance be somewhat more1 and when your hawk sights the crane1 place your trust in ,god and cast her off4 ,you must judge the distance1 and when your hawk is twenty or thirty yards from the crane1 you and all your mounted men#fbc must suddenly burst into a gallop1 i4e41 you must so time matters that just as the crane is forced to take wing the hawk reaches it4 ,at the first stoop all three cranes are sure to fall and sit on the ground4 ,you and your falconers will then reach them and they will again rise4 ,your hawk1 however1 will be in the air and will command all three4 ,if you see that your hawk is slack1 then without hesitation cast off an old 8make-hawk0 to her assistance4 ,whate'er the aim ,i have in view1 ,whate'er the deed ,i try to do1 ,success1 ,i'm certain1 will be mine ,with ,thee to help me1 ,lord ,divine6 ,whether the young hawk takes the crane herself1 or whether after a few stoops the make-hawk arrives and first binds to the crane1 matters not in the least4 ,on no account must you this season1 i4e41 up to ,spring1 fly your hawk at a large flock of crane1 for the combination of cranes is like that of no other living thing1 and your hawk is only in her second year4 ,in the opinion of the author1 a young falcon in the first year is better than an 8intermewed0 one of one moult1#fbd for the young hawk#fbe is 8ignorant0 and 8mad02 it will obey any order that is given her and will fly any 8train0 that is shown to her4 ,after one moult1 however1 she has learnt a few falconer's stratagems and is not easily deluded3 if she has not yet learnt all there is to know1 she will have done so by the time she is past her second moult4#fbf ,now if you fly your valuable passage hawk 7of one moult7 at a large flock of crane1 say a flock consisting of thirty or forty1 more or less1 she1 being plucky and keen on this quarry1 will single out and 8bind0 to one4 ,if you and your mounted companions are up in time1 all is well2 but if not1 the flock will so buffet and bang the hawk that she may be completely cowed4 ,if by nature high-spirited1 she will become cunning2#fbg if not naturally plucky she will be spoilt beyond re-making4 ,if such an accident does happen1 and your hawk suffers1 the remedy is to fly her1 ten or fifteen times1 with a good make-hawk1 and then1 somehow or other1 to manage to take with her alone in the ,spring two or three more cranes4 ,however1 there is a great risk in flying a passage saker in the ,spring#fbh whether she be a young hawk or whether an 8intermewed0#fbi one of one moult2 therefore be content with taking only two or three cranes4 ,if one day your passage falcon works hard in the heat#fcj and fails to kill1 you will hardly succeed in recovering her3 she will depart4 ,for this reason you must not be impatient but be satisfied with only two or three cranes4 ,when your hawk has so killed1 feed her up well1 place your trust in ,god1 and set her down to moult4 ,after the second moult she is your obedient bond-slave1 and she has learnt1 too1 all there is to know of her business4 ,when you take her out of this second moult1 you must1 by some means or other1 manage to take with her1 first a common heron4 ,next you must1 with an old hawk1 take a common crane1 and on the spot give it as a 8train10 flying the hawk at it in such a way that she thinks it is a wild one4 ,now1 in this third season1 your hawk is thoroughly and completely trained4 ,to guard against accidents1#fca you should every year keep a good young passage-saker and train her to the flight of the common heron1 so that should any accident happen to one of your crane-hawks1 you will have by you a youngster all ready for being entered to crane4 ,if you omit to take this precaution1 you will some year lose a whole season's sport4 ,your 8mews0 should contain hawks trained to various quarry1 whether your hawks are sakers or shhns4 ,as soon as your passage saker singles out and binds to one crane1 out of a flock of say thirty or forty1 all its companions will attack her and release their comrade4 ,if the hawk knows her business1 she will at once release the crane1 and waiting on above the flock will not lose sight of the particular crane to which she bound#fcb until you arrive on the spot and again put up the cranes4 ,she will then again stoop at her selected quarry1 when again all the cranes will attack her and release the captured bird4 ,you must all gallop as hard as you can2 neither pit1 nor well1 nor stream must hinder you4 ,you must not draw rein till you are right in the midst of the fray1 when every sportsman should unhood and cast off his saker or peregrine at the quarry that is nearest to him4 ,i myself have often1 out of a flock of five1 taken four2 often1 too1 have we knocked over birds with sticks and clubs4 ,as for shooting them1 that is quite easy4 ,there is no bird to equal the common crane in valour and a fine sense of honour2 when your blbn takes one1 if there are a hundred others in the air1 they will one and all drop from the sky like a stooping shhn1 attack your hawk1 and perhaps kill her3 till they release their captured comrade they will not again take the air4 ,this is how it is that five1 or six1 or seven1 cranes out of a 8herd0 can be secured or killed4 ,ah6 had a sovereign but five thousand cavalry possessed of the valour and resolution of the common crane1 he could conquer the world4 ,well1 as ,i said1 you and your men must gallop hard1 not funking wells1 and streams1 and holes4 ,you must know that there is no sport more difficult than that of the saker and crane1 but there is also none better2 none1 except that of the lion with a buffalo1 and the cheetah with a gazelle4#fcc ,i have hunted many a lion and seen trouble therefrom1 for the sport is inauspicious2 for the lion is the ,king of ,beasts1 and ,his ,highness the ,commander of the ,faithful#fcd 7on whom be peace7 is styled the ,lion of ,god4 ,hence the sport of the lion is baleful1 and he that follows it will certainly see no good2 still it's a fine sport2 ,i have tried it--but my advice to you is on no account to do so1 else you will regret it1 for no benefit accrues therefrom4 ,,footnotes3 #fjf ,bi-murdan murdan kr- m-kunad4 #fjg ,there is no reason why she should be useless4 ,i have had an intermewed saker of twelve or more moults that was still a first-class hubara hawk1 and intermewed peregrines of ten moults that seldom failed to kill either heron or hubara4 #fjh ,blbn-i farkh3 farkh1 pl4 afrkh1 ,a41 often means a nestling1 but also1 as here1 7a hawk7 in the immature plumage4 #fji ,lit4 8black-eyed or yellow-eyed02 siyh-chashm and zard-chashm4 #faj ,in ,india the common kite is considered the most difficult quarry of all for the saker3 only the saker is flown at it4 ,the kite is very rare in ,persia1 except near ,bushire4 #faa ,bsh-qant ddan3 bsh1 ,t41 8head10 and qanat1 ,t41 8wing40 ,this consists in holding a live bagged bird in the hand and getting the hawk to 8bind0 to it from the distance of a foot or so1 or getting the hooded hawk to bind to it and then unhooding her3 the hawk is of course rewarded either by a pigeon's wing stealthily inserted under the train's wing1 or the train is killed and the hawk allowed to eat a little4 #fab ,blbn-i buzyr4 #fac ,majhl4 #fad ,dakl u bl4 ,in a note the author says dakl means dast-par1 but as he elsewhere1 page #abc1 note #ebc1 uses dakl for 8train0 of a deer1 this rendering appears inaccurate4 #fae ,the crane should not be dishevelled4 ,in any case hawks quickly recognize a 8train40 ,i had a young peregrine that1 on taking its first wild heron1 was badly injured by another hawk1 and in consequence refused even to look at a wild heron4 ,it would1 however1 always take bagged heron released in the jungle before the hood was removed4 ,it also took a bagged common crane4 #faf ,probably one or two flight-feathers would have to be tied together to impede its flight4 ,the common crane has a sharp and powerful claw that it can use with effect after the hawk binds4 ,this should be blunted4 ,a hawk of the translator's once had its wing ripped up by a common crane4 #fag ,tlak-khna4 #fah ,bi-tlak bastan4 #fai ,vide page #ada4 #fbj ,amn1 8tame1 quiet10 probably means one that by feeding in crops near a village has come to disregard the presence of men4 ,from what he says later1 the author apparently intends the crane to be taken on the ground while feeding4 ,the hawk will recognize that it was not a bagged one4 #fba ,tuyr-i shikr4 #fbb ,salaf1 a word explained by the author in a marginal note to mean bi-duzda1 8secretly40 ,apparently by this term the author means that a solitary half-tame crane must be stalked when feeding and the hawk allowed to bind to it on the ground4 #fbc ,the whole party would probably be mounted3 a dismounted falconer would be the exception4 #fbd ,buzyr- bihtar az farkh-i tlak ast4 #fbe ,farkh4 #fbf ,the author's meaning is not at all clear4 ,he appears to contradict himself4 ,there is probably a copyist's error somewhere4 #fbg ,duzd1 lit4 8thief40 #fbh ,sakers leave ,india in ,february1 i4e41 much earlier than ,peregrines1 and the migrating instinct seems to be more powerful4 ,when the ,spring stirs in their blood and the migration restlessness is on them1 they will sometimes when unhooded look up skywards1 and call4 ,one sign of their becoming mast is bobbing before rousing4 ,possibly1 too1 sakers nest earlier than other falcons4 #fbi 8,intermewed10 i4e41 moulted in captivity4 #fcj ,that is the heat of ,spring4 #fca ,baray-i yadag u itiyt4 #fcb ,a good saker flown at kite in cantonments will single out and stick to one bird1 even when the air is black with kites4 ,indian falconers generally select a young female kite at which to unhood the hawk4 ,whether1 if the hawk were unhooded at an old bird1 she would not be tempted to abandon it for the feebler flight of a young one1 is a question4 ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,,on ,,management ,,during ,,the ,,moult ,now let me say a few words concerning the management of hawks in the moult4 ,the more hawks of any kind are flown at quarry and the better they are protected from the severity of heat and cold1 the better and quicker will they moult4 ,hawks moult cleaner and quicker in the hot regions of ,persia than in the cold4#fce ,further you must pay the greatest attention to the flesh you give them1 not feeding them on one kind of meat only1 for if you do1 they will certainly fall sick4 ,now if you wish to moult your hawks in a hot region1 such as ,baghdad1 you must construct out of split-cane a 8mew0 of a size proportionate to the number of your hawks1 building it on the river bank where the ,shiml#fcf wind can constantly be felt4 ,in front of this house or room1 enclose an open space with a wall4#fcg ,inside the room1 construct at a distance of forty inches from the wall1 as many hollow mud platforms as you have hawks4#fch ,fill in the top of the platforms with sand and fine gravel1 and spread the floor of the room also to the depth of a span with sand and gravel4 ,on the platforms intended for short-winged hawks1 spread leaves of willow1 or wild mint1 fresh and green1 or any other kind of greenery1 so that the hawks may lie down and rest on it4 ,next1 in front of each platform1 construct in the ground a small bathing tank lined with red clay4 ,every morning early1 you must sprinkle the inside of the mew with water1 and every evening as soon as the sun has set1 you must take out your hawks1 short-winged and long-winged1 and 8weather0#fci them in the open-air enclosure that is in front of their room4 ,in the outside enclosure1 too1 there must be1 dug out of the ground1 small tanks1 which should be lined with clay4 ,doubtless you are saying to yourself1 8,why can't ,i substitute a copper or an earthen basin80 ,now1 were you to substitute a copper or an earthen basin1 there would be a danger that while splashing about in the water1 the moulting hawk might strike the half-grown wing- or tail-quills that are full of blood against the hard substance of the basin1 and that the injury might cause the blood to dry up in the quills1 which would thereby become 8strangled10 and would eventually drop out4 ,now with a tank of beaten clay and sand there is no such danger4 ,in short1 every hawk in this outside enclosure also1 must have its own bathing-pool4 8,,rangle40--,in front of each long-winged hawk there should be a handful of pebbles ranging from a size smaller than a pea to a size larger than a bean2 for it is the habit of all falcons#fdj in the mew to swallow small stones on most afternoons before they are fed1 and to cast them up again with a great deal of 8bile40#fda ,should a hawk have stones in her stomach when you feed her1 she will retain the meat in her feet and wait a little till she has cast up the stones4 ,not till then will she feed4 ,,short-,,winged ,,hawks ,,do ,,not ,,eat 8,,rangle40--,goshawks and other short-winged hawks do not eat stones in the moult4 ,during the moult you must feed your hawk twice a day1 once in the morning and once in the evening1 letting her eat as much as she pleases1 so that she be gorged4#fdb ,if the 8mew0 be in a 8cool-region10 every short-winged hawk1 from a common sparrow-hawk to a white goshawk1 should have a room to itself1 proportionate to its size4 ,a few air-holes should be made on the north side4 ,in this room1 two or three perches of varying thickness should be erected1 and the perches themselves should not be turned to a uniform thickness1 so that the hawk may have a choice and select a perch that suits its fancy at the time4 ,a roomy bathing-pool must also be constructed in the ground4 ,next1 place in the room a piece of matting made of split cane to the centre of which a cord is attached4 ,at first you must feed the hawk twice a day1 till she is fat4 ,as soon as she is fat1 the amount of her food must be a fixed quantity1 and this should be bound on to the centre of the matting and left1 so that she may feed when she feels inclined4 ,it is not advisable to keep falcons loose like this in a room2 in fact1 it is injurious to do so4#fdc ,,footnotes3 #fcc ,it is not clear what the author means by 8lion with a buffalo40 ,the hunting leopard is trained in other countries besides ,india to take antelope and gazelle4 #fcd ,by this title the ,shiahs refer to ,al4 ,the writer was undoubtedly a ,shiah4 ,the ,sunnis of the present day1 but not the ,shiahs1 style the ,sultan of ,turkey 8,commander of the ,faithful40 #fce ,garm-sr va sard-sr1 8hot regions and cold40 ,tabrz1 ,tihrn and parts of ,ifahn are sard-sr4 ,the city of ,ifahn and of ,shrz are 8middling40 #fcf ,shiml1 8,north10 is the name given to the prevalent wind in ,baghdad and in the ,persian ,gulf4 #fcg ,the wall would naturally be of mud or of sun-dried bricks and would cost little4 #fch ,sak is a 8wooden bench1 a garden seat02 or as here a 8mud platform40 ,the author has not expressed himself at all clearly or else there are omissions in the text4 ,the passage might mean that the platforms should be forty inches apart or be forty inches high4 #fci 8,weathering0 is placing hawks1 usually unhooded1 in the open air on blocks4 ,eastern falconers do not 8weather0 their hawks1 as during the hawking season the hawks are on their fists in the open air many hours4 #fdj ,i have never seen a saker eat stones4 #fda afr1 8yellow bile10 one of the four humours of the body4 #fdb ,in the plains of ,india1 hawks during the moult should not be so gorged1 at least not during the four or five months of hot weather4 ,hawks that are kept too fat will not moult properly4 ,further they should be fed only once in the day1 and that in the morning4 ,if gorged in the evening1 their rest is affected1 and they do not get the benefit of the slight coolness of the night4 #fdc ,i one year1 in ,kohat1 ,india1 tried moulting a young 7chz7 peregrine in a large outhouse1 high and roomy4 ,the hawk did not moult at all1 and frequently got so fat and heavy that she was unable to fly up to her perch until her food was reduced for a day or two4 ,however1 falconers in ,england recommend keeping a moulting hawk loose in a loft4 ,,chapter ,,xl ,,remedies ,,for ,,slow ,,moulting ,moulting hawks are of two kinds2 the one 8generous10 the other 8miserly40 ,the 8generous0 are those that moult quickly2 the 8miserly0 those that positively refuse to part with their feathers4 ,should you happen to have a hawk of the latter description and wish to make it moult quickly1 then3-- ,receipt3 procure a snake2 hold its head and tail together in one hand1 and then chop off1 with one blow1 about four fingers' breadth of its extremities2 skin it1 and give your hawk a little of its flesh4#fdd ,item3 feed your hawk a few days on the flesh of the hoopoe4#fde ,item3 give your hawk daily1 concealed in a thin slice of meat1 one ant-lion with three of the saliva-glands of sheep4#fdf ,item3 dry and grind up some hornets1#fdg and for three alternate days sprinkle this powder on your hawk's meat4 ,item3 reduce your hawk's food for three or four days1 so that she may lose a little flesh4 ,grind#fdh up the skin of a snake1 and twice a day give some of this to her with her meat4 ,she will quickly cast her feathers4#fdi ,item3 dry1 in the shade1 several saliva-glands taken from the necks of sheep4 ,grind one before feeding and mix it with her meat4 ,she will soon cast her feathers4 ,item3 during the space of six days1 feed her thrice on the flesh of a nine- or ten-day-old puppy4 ,she will quickly cast and renew her feathers4 ,this receipt is specially beneficial in the case of long-winged hawks1 particularly so in the case of the peregrine1 which moults better than any other kind of hawk1 for it moults quite two months earlier than other hawks4#fej ,,footnotes3 #fdd 8,now ,i shall tell yow verray true medecynes for to mewe an hawke hastyly that ye shall beleue for trowthe and ye ,will assay them4 ,ther be in ,woddys or in hedgis ,wormys calde edders that ben ,redde of nature4 and he is calde vepa4 and also ther be snakys of the same kynde4 and they be verri bitter4 ,take ii or iii of them and smyte of their hedes and thendys of theyr taylis4 ,then take a new erthen pot3 that ,was neuer used4 and cut hem ito small gobettys 99 99 9940--,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 #fde ,hudhud1 the 8,bird of ,solomon0 is the hoopoe1 and not the lapwing as supposed by some translators of the ,qurn4 #fdf ,ghadd or qadd2 found in the neck of animals4 #fdg ,according to the old-fashioned theory of medicine1 derived from the ,greeks1 hornets are 8hot40 ,in ,india wasp-grubs are cooked in butter with spices1 and the butter is then spread on the meat4 #fdh i4e41 grind by rubbing on a stone as ,indians do curry spices4 #fdi ,during the ,indian hot weather1 a fat hawk will sometimes start moulting1 if merely reduced in condition4 ,,chapter ,,xli ,,on ,,feeding ,,on ,,jerboas ,,during ,,the ,,moult ,you must know that during the moult there is no food so good1 for both short-winged and long-winged hawks1 as the flesh of the two-legged rat1 called by the ,arabs jarb#fea 7jerboa74 ,in the absence of these rats you must catch house-mice4#feb ,let your hawk eat her fill of the antelope-rat1 ,for where is the food that is better than that8 ,the flesh is particularly good about two or three months before ,autumn1#fec that is1 when your hawks are half-moulted1 having three to four flight-feathers of each wing uncast4 ,at this season the jerboa is very fat1 and hawks find its flesh palatable4 ,the properties of the jerboa's flesh are3--,first3 it keeps your hawks in perfect health2 for1 though the weather is hot1 the flesh of the jerboa is cold4 ,rip open the belly of one newly killed and put your fingers inside2 you will find that1 unlike all other beasts and birds1 which1 when newly killed1 are hot inside1 the jerboa is cold4 ,second3 every feather of your hawk that draws its nourishment from the flesh of the jerboa will be strong and pliant1 and will last till the next moult without fear of breaking2 for such feathers have the pliability of a spring4 ,i say this from experience2 for ,i once saw a gazelle1 when the blbn bound to its head1 trip and fall1 and roll over and over with the hawk for twenty or thirty paces4 ,the hawk's wing- and tail-feathers were badly bent and bruised4#fed ,however1 ,i restored them all with the help of warm water2 not one was broken4 ,third3 the fur makes your hawk cast twice daily4 7,if you can feed your hawk twice daily1 morning and afternoon1 on the jerboa with its fur1 so much the better2 if not1 feed her on this flesh once1 in the afternoon74 ,fourth3 at the end of the moult there is a very fine and powdery bloom on the feathers2 it is as though a delicate powder had been sprinkled on them4 ,fifth3 it is an excellent tonic for a sick hawk1 as1 please ,god1 ,i will explain later on4 ,,footnotes3 #fej ,this is not the experience of ,indian falconers4 ,in a wild state peregrines moult late2 doubtless the duties of maternity retard moulting4 ,i have twice caught healthy haggard peregrine 8falcons0 at ,christmas that still had an unshed flight-feather4 #fea ,properly yarb4 #feb ,msh-i khnag3 msh is either a rat or a mouse2 however1 rats1 except field rats 7jerboas1 etc47 are not found in ,persia4 7,doubtless ship rats are found in the ports47 #fec ,the ,persian ,autumn is supposed to commence in the end of ,september4 ,,chapter ,,xlii ,,on ,,feeling ,,the ,,pulse1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,health ,my son1 though life and death are in the hands of the ,creator1 still the physician is for the relief of the sick4 ,such remedies and treatments as ,i have by my own experience proved beneficial1 ,i will here set down1 so that they may remain on record4 ,now1 you must know that the pulse of birds lies in the second joint of the wing1 and that the heat and the moisture of their temperament is known by holding the wing and feeling the pulse in it4 ,know1 that the pulse of a man in perfect health 7that is a man in whom the four humours are balanced1 no one humour preponderating over another71 has seventy-five pulsations to the minute4 ,if humidity preponderate1 it beats less2 if heat1 more4 ,in birds of prey1 however1 on account of their natural heat1 the pulse beats from #ace to #adj4fee ,if the bird be fevered1 it beats more2 but if humidity preponderate1 then less4 ,the signs of health in a short-winged hawk are these3 she should be bright and ever on the look-out for food1 and never mournful nor moping4 ,the morning casting should be firm4 ,when she mutes1 she should do so quickly1 and the mutes should be cast clear away to a distance3#fef the white of the mutes should be very white1 with the dark portion somewhat firmer4 ,she should drink regularly1 and should bathe4 ,after feeding1 the stomach#feg should be quickly filled4 ,when in the evening you place the hawk on her perch1#feh she should not sleep in the centre of it1 but should move to one side to do so4 ,a hawk that does all this is in robust health2 but if out of sorts these conditions will not be found in her4 ,,footnotes3 #fed ,mnda1 8bruised1 crushed02 an unusual expression4 #fee ,later on1 under 8,hectic ,fever or ,phthisis10 the author states that the pulse of a hawk in health is #abj to #acj4 ,,chapter ,,xliii ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,head ,,and ,,eyes ,it may happen that a cataract form on your hawk's eye4 ,if so3-- ,remedy3 should it arise from humidity of temperament1 feed her for three days on larks and sparrows1 giving her the feathers so that she may cast in the morning4 ,should she not recover1 then brand her with log-wood#fei between the eye and the nostril on both sides1 making two small brands the size of a peppercorn4 ,item3 take a tamarisk stick and put one end in the fire4 ,then take a piece of twisted cotton-wool and apply the oozing sap1 quite hot1 to the cataract4 ,give her also one small dose of manna1#ffj so that she be 8moved0#ffa a few times4 ,item3 remove the fine film with scissors4 ,should your hawk's eye become white1 so much so that the pupil is covered1 then1 if the disease arises from excessive cold or from the effects of snow1 treat as follows4 ,remedy3 steam with snow1#ffb and should this fail foment#ffc with water4 ,should she not then be cured1 foment with curds4 ,should the defect be due to cold and snow1 it will be removed by these remedies1 but should it arise from a blow1 then the cure is as follows4 ,remedy3 draw a stick of lunar caustic twice across the eye1 and she shall be whole4 ,should she not be whole1 then procure a white cock and slay it according to ordinance1 and remove its gall4 7,you must be in a state of ceremonial purity and must have performed the fixed ablutions47 ,then cast and 8mail0 your hawk1 and stand facing the ,qibla4#ffd ,with a pure heart and single faith1 doubting not that the whiteness will disappear from your hawk's eye1 cry aloud1 8,o ,holy ,god6 ,thou who canst melt the rocks of the mountains1 remove this whiteness from my hawk's eye4 ,o ,thou who makes the eye both black and white ,change this white spot2 restore my hawk to sight40 ,saying this1 squeeze the cock's gall into your hawk's afflicted eye4 ,should a cure not be effected the first time1 repeat the remedy1 using the same observances but a fresh cock-gall4#ffe ,please ,god she will recover1 for this is a proved remedy4 ,,footnotes3 #fef 8,slice0 said of a hawk1 8,when she mewteth a good distance from her40--,gentleman's ,recreation1 ii1 #fc4 #feg ,khizna1 the 8pannel40 #feh 8444 ye shall say cast yowre hawke to the perch4 and not set youre hawke upon the perch40--,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 #fei i4e41 with a stick of log-wood 7baqam7 burnt in the fire4 #ffj ,shr-khisht1 a species of manna collected from certain trees4 #ffa ,itlq shudan1 a medical term4 #ffb ,bukhr b barf kardan3 snow is placed in a basin and a red-hot stone or iron cast into it4 #ffc ,bukhr b b ddan is either to foment or to steam with hot water4 #ffd ,qibla1 the direction of prayer1 that is1 towards ,mecca4 #ffe ,the cock's crow is1 ikr ,ullah ikr ,ullah1 y ghfiln6 8,praise the ,lord1 ,praise the ,lord1 oh ye slothful60 ,,chapter ,,xliv ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,mouth ,should your hawk's#fff mouth become ulcerated1 or break out in an eruption so that she is unable to eat1#ffg then3-- ,remedy3 first bind a piece of cotton cloth on your finger1 which then introduce into the hawk's mouth1 and rub the eruption till the blood comes4 ,take sumac and gall-apple1 pounded and mixed1 and apply them with the finger protected as before4 ,you must insert your finger right up to her throat1 for the disease is sure to have spread thus far4 ,item3 treat in the same way1 substituting syrup of pomegranates4 ,then1 for a few days1 give her1 when feeding1 the bones and feathers of the neck of the birds she eats1 but of a size that she can swallow them1 only with difficulty4 ,should any excrescence remain in her throat1 it will be carried down by the bones1 and next morning the throat is again scraped and cleansed by the casting4 ,item3 make a twist of cotton cloth1 three or four fingers' breadth in length4 ,grind barberries with their stones1 and mix a little juice of willow leaves1 and apply this freely with the cloth1 which must be inserted as far as the crop4#ffh ,then withdraw the cloth1 and if ,god pleases that ailment will be removed4 ,,swollen ,,palate4--,if your hawk's palate becomes swollen--and ,i have seen a hawk's palate so swollen that she could not close her beak--then3--,treatment3 cast your hawk and examine her mouth4 ,if the swelling is red1 brand it lengthways1 in two places1 with a packing needle1 so that pus#ffi may form and she may be cured4 ,if the swelling is white and hard1 it is an indication that it is of long standing1 although it may hitherto have escaped your notice4 ,you must make a long slit in the swelling and then remove the congealed white substance from its inside4 ,after that rub the wound with black pepper1 that it may not refill with matter4 ,you must further feed the hawk on the hot lights#fgj of a hare1 and let her eat this flesh with the blood4 ,once a day wash out her mouth with either sumac juice or pomegranate syrup4 ,,footnotes3 #fff ,qsh3 a term applied to any large bird of prey1 and especially to the goshawk4 #ffg ,this disease is 8the frounce i the mouth0 of old ,english falconers4 ,it is said to resemble thrush in children and to proceed from damp4 ,the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans tells us that 8,the frounce commyth when a man fedith his hawke withe porke or cattis flesh iiij days to geyder40 ,in ,india this disease1 though not uncommon amongst the short-winged hawks1 does not seem to attack the long-winged hawks4 ,i have never seen or heard of any falcon being afflicted with it4 ,bert1 however 7page #hb1 ,harting's edition71 says that the long-winged hawk is more susceptible to it than the short-winged4 #ffh awala1 8crop40 #ffi ,jarat1 8wound10 in m4c4 is 8pus1 or matter from an open wound03 mdda is pus inside a swelling before it is opened4 #fgj ,jigar-i safd1 8white liver10 i4e41 8the lungs1 the lights40 ,,chapter ,,xlv ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,nose ,should your hawk be unable to 8tire0 with force1 and should she draw her breath with difficulty and her crop become filled with air1 it is a sign that the air passages of her nostrils are blocked4 ,treatment3 for one or two days1 give her1 as 8tiring0 and food1 the tough thigh of a fowl2 for the exertion of pulling at this will induce a flow of water from her nostrils4 ,should this fail1 pound some sneeze-wort#fga very fine1 and put it in a fine reed2 place one end of the reed on the hawk's nostril1 and blow into the reed so that the powder enters the nostril4 ,after a few sneezes1 there should be a flow of water from the nostrils1 and the ailment should disappear4 ,item3 mix the juice of coriander seed with the juice of a turnip-radish1 and drop this into her nostrils1 and she will be cured4 ,item3 with a stick of log-wood1 brand her skull from the base of the yellow cere of her beak1 upwards1 for a length of three barley-corns3 if the brand be longer than three barley-corns1 it will reach the brain-pan and be injurious4 ,this is a last resort2 for1 as the ,arab proverb has it1 8,the last of remedies is the cautery40 ,,chapter ,,xlvi ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,ear ,should your hawk get a swelling on the ear1 which afterwards produces pus1 the chances are that she will become deaf3 if this disease does nothing more1 it will at least render her useless for sport4 ,this ailment is found in the long-winged1 rarely in the short-winged1 hawks1 for it arises from an ill-fitting hood2 that is to say1 a hawk is fitted with a hood too large for her1 which she consequently casts repeatedly2 the irritated falconer then ties a knot in the strap1 and this knot1 pressing on the ear1 results in a wound#fgb which refuses to heal4 ,for this there is no cure4 ,i once had an excellent gazelle-saker that became afflicted with this disease4 ,in spite of this ailment1 however1 she used to take daily1 one1 or two1 or three gazelle4 ,i treated her for two years without effect1 and she then died4 ,if the falconer detects the injury in its initial stage and applies two leeches to the swelling1 a cure may be effected4 ,if not1 no further treatment will avail4 ,you will now understand why ,i cautioned you1 in a previous chapter1 against putting a new hood on a newly caught falcon1 or on a falcon just taken up from the moult4 ,let the hood be soft and part-worn1 and of a size that fits the head4 ,,footnotes3 #fga ,kundush1 ,ar41 a sternutatory plant1 said to be identical with the nak-chhikn of the ,hindus4 #fgb ,it is difficult to see how the knot would press on the ear4 ,the hood used in ,baghdad and in the ports of the ,persian ,gulf is a soft leather bag with a strap1 the eye-coverings being slightly hardened and made to protrude4 ,this pattern differs essentially from the ,indian patterns4 ,,chapter ,,xlvii ,,on ,,epilepsy ,if your hawk have epilepsy--and ,i have owned and seen many epileptic hawks--when you fly her she will perhaps take the quarry1 but just before you come up to render her assistance1 she will let go1 fall on her back1 and utter strange cries in an unnatural voice2 her wings and tail will be agitated1 and there will be a flow of water from her mouth4 ,unless seized and 8mailed10 she will not cease from her distressing struggles4 ,in half an hour1 perhaps1 she will recover4 ,i once had a passage-saker1 a very fine heron-hawk1 that was so afflicted4 ,one day in ,qizil ,rubt#fgc ,i flew her at a heron and both birds went ringing up high4 ,suddenly the fit attacked my hawk1 and as though a bullet had struck her she fell to earth1 turning over and over4 ,she never recovered from her injuries4 ,treatment3 pound and mix together half a misql#fgd of sal-ammoniac and half a misql of sugar-candy1 and make into a small round parcel like the little packages of sacred earth4#fge ,have ready by your side cold water1 luke-warm water1 a squab1 and a chicken-poult1 for any delay or negligence is dangerous4 ,in the morning1 after sunrise1 cast your hawk2 make ten or twenty holes with a needle in the paper packet so that the contents may act quickly2 put it down the hawk's throat1 and then give her a few bits of meat the size of a pea1 to induce her to 8put over10 so that the medicine may reach the lower stomach2#fgf then set her on her perch to rest4 ,in half an hour she will vomit4 ,at the first vomit1 it sometimes happens that she casts up two or three dead white worms1 but this is not always the case4 ,at the second or third vomiting1 she will cast up the medicine packet1 and also a 8purse0#fgg of yellow fat4 ,after she has cast up these two things she will vomit no more4 ,now cast your hawk1 and pour a good deal of tepid water down her throat1#fgh and release her4 ,wait till she has twice muted and then again cast her1 and this time pour cold water down her throat4 ,then set her on her perch4 ,after she has muted once1 cut the throat of the squab 7or of the poult71 and let her eat half of--that is1 one side of--the breast1#fgi but no feathers4 ,if she is much out of sorts and won't feed1 pour the warm blood down her throat as it issues from the cut throat1 and1 chopping up the heart into bits1 put them also down her throat2 then after a little1 when she has recovered1 give her some of the breast4 ,this treatment will cure her epilepsy4 ,item3 brand#fhj her neck with a line1 at the junction of the body1 and vary her food every day1 so that she may become as fat and stout#fha as a hawk in the mew4 ,the disease will disappear4 ,item3 get a sufficient quantity of olive oil and a little manna4 ,slay a cockerel1 pull off the skin of the thigh whole1 and fill the empty skin with the manna1 the olive oil1 and some old and whitened droppings of a dog4 ,please ,god1 this will prove a perfect cure4 ,,footnotes3 #fgc ,qizil ,rubt is on the road from ,baghdd to ,khniqn or ,khnijn1 about seventy-three miles distant from the former and seventeen from the latter3 both places are in ,turkish territory4 #fgd ,misql3 #bd mukhud #a misql nearly oz4 avoirdupois4 #fge ,basta-yi turbat is a small amount of earth from ,qarbal1 from the grave of ,imm usayn3 it is tied up in a little bit of cloth and makes a packet about the size of a #ab-;bore bullet1 or less4 #fgf ,khizna4 #fgg ,ksa1 8purse03 the same word is used by ,panjab falconers4 #fgh ,about three dessert-spoonfuls should be given4 ,after this1 or similar physicing1 an ,indian falconer fills the hawk's crop with water by inserting a tube 7usually the shank-bone of a crane or heron1 made smooth at the ends7 into the crop1 filling his own mouth with water and letting it flow through the tube into the crop4 ,peregrines and ,shhns will usually drink of their own accord4 #fgi ,yak sna1 the yak baghal of ,panjab falconers4 #fhj ,easterns have a passion for branding things4 #fha ,chq u farbih4 ,chq1 ,t41 means 8stout1 healthy1 well10 and of a stallion 8ready to cover40 ,,chapter ,,xlviii ,,on ,,palpitation#fhb ,this disease is of three kinds4 ,one arises from smoke and dust and dirt4 ,the symptoms of all three are the same3 if the hawk make the slightest exertion1 she draws her breath with difficulty1 and her body is agitated from the crop to the far end of the 8keel bone40#fhc ,when she breathes1 her tail and the feathers under the tail#fhd heave1 and the wings are carried loose and drooping4 ,treatment3 put the hawk in a dark room and keep her quiet1 and fatten her up as much as possible4 ,give her three doses of castor oil1#fhe on three alternate days1 before feeding her4 ,keep water in front of her1 that she may bathe and drink4 ,feed her daily on larks1 with the bones and feathers1 and on young pigeons4 7,on no account feed her on pigeons reared on millet1 for millet is poison to hawks74 ,fatten her up till the disease leaves her4 ,one variety of palpitation arises from moisture of temperament3 the hawk pants with the slightest exertion and there is a watery discharge from the mouth1 eyes1 and nostrils1 and she is continually wiping her eyes on her shoulders to clean them2 probably she is costive#fhf as well4 ,observe her when she mutes2 if she mutes in small quantities at a time1 the soft feathers in the region of the vent getting soiled with the mutes1 it is a sign that her disease is complicated by costiveness4 ,treatment3 make her as fat as you can1 feeding her on good meats4 ,once1 or twice1 in the manner previously described1 give her oil and manna and the whitened droppings of a dog4 ,on alternate days1 mix with her food either butter1 or almond oil4 ,if she still mute in patches1 then3--,treatment3 take oil of peach-kernels1 with oil of filberts1 and oil of blanched almonds1 and mix a quantity equal to a sunjad2#fhg then dip the cotton-wool end of the clyster-stick#fhh in these three oils1 and by its means give her an enema twice a day1 once in the morning1 once in the afternoon4 ,feed her1 too1 on young pigeons1 and on larks1 and on the flesh of the wild boar and of eagles1 and1 if it please ,god1 she will recover4 ,item3 get some sheep's wool1 and removing all burrs1 etc41 etc4 from it1 tease it out like carded cotton4 ,round about the middle or 8waist0 of this wool1 tie a piece of silk of two or three strands in thickness1 and about two spans in length4 ,wash the wool in warm water and bind a little meat to one end of it4 ,holding the end of the silk1 induce the hawk to swallow the wool thus garnished with the meat4 ,as soon as she has swallowed it1 show her other meat to excite her cupidity and induce her to 8put over0 the wool now in her crop4 ,as soon as you have ascertained by touch1#fhi that the wool has reached the lower stomach1 pull the silk and withdraw it1 and it will bring up with it any impurity there may be in the stomach4 ,if the hawk be a goshawk1 or indeed any short-winged hawk1 substitute cotton-wool for the sheep's wool4 ,if the cotton-wool1 or the sheep's wool1 be washed in warm water1 or in the milk of a young girl or of a donkey1 and then given to the hawk soaked with the milk1 so much the better4 ,the third form of palpitation is due to a blow1 and those skilled in ,avian ,pathology have named this1 8,contusional and ,incurable ,palpitation40 ,this disease is probably due to the ill-temper of your falconer4 ,perhaps the weather has been cold and there has been snow#fij about3 the hawk1 suffering from the cold1 has bated#fia incessantly till the ill-tempered falconer has1 in his irritation1 buffeted her and boxed her1 and then 8mailed0 her in the skirt of his filthy coat4 ,the result is that some ribs1 or small bones1 have got broken or injured4 ,or it may be that the hawk was low in condition and maddened by hunger1 and in pursuit of her quarry dashed herself against a stone1 or against a branch1 and so broke a rib4 ,remedy3 send for the falconer and show him the hawk2 let him have thirty or forty cuffs over the head2#fib kick him out of your service and see that he does not get a place elsewhere1 and set about procuring a new hawk for yourself4 ,for 8,contusional ,palpitation0 there is no treatment but this4 ,,footnotes3 #fhb ,khafaqn1 properly 8palpitation of the heart40 ,the disease described under this name appears to be identical with the 8,teyne0 of the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans and with the 8,pantas0 of other writers4 ,markham describes the latter as 8,a dangerous disease in hawks whereof few escape that are afflicted therewith2 it proceeds from the lungs being as it were baked by excessive heat1 that the hawk cannot draw her breath and when drawn cannot emit it again2 and you may judge of the beginning of this evil by the hawk's labouring much in the pannel1 moving her train often up and down at each motion of her pannel1 and many times she cannot mute nor slice off2 if she does1 she drops it fast by her4 ,the same distemper is also perceived by the hawk's frequent opening her clap and beak40 #fhc ,azm-i zawraq1 8the sternum40 #fhd ,dum-lza3 ,i do not know whether this is the 8,pope's nose10 or the feathers under the tail1 the 8brayles or brayle federis0 of the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 #fhe ,rghan-i karchak is in m4c4 8castor oil20 vide note #gbi1 page #aga4 #fhf ,mar-i khusk1 8dryness10 i4e1 8costiveness40 #fhg ,sunjad or sinjid1 a sort of red wild plum1 oblong in shape like the unnab or jujube4 #fhh ,shf or ,shfa is a stick with cotton-wool at the end2 this is dipped in oil and used as an enema for children4 #fhi ,by feeling the stomach and bowel with the fore-finger it is easy to tell whether the stomach is full or empty4 ,indian falconers1 who have a hawk on the fist for many hours every day1 can frequently tell by touch whether the hawk has 8cast0 or not4 ,the 8casting0 apparently forms only a short time before being ejected and can be distinctly felt by an educated finger4 #fij ,brn1 8a snow-storm10 a word not in the dictionaries4 #fia ,pardan1 8to fly1 i4e41 to bate40 #fib ,the usual punishment would1 in ,persia1 be the bastinado4 ,the author probably wrote in ,baghdad where the bastinado is not used4 ,,chapter ,,xlix ,,the ,,sickness ,,called ,,karaj1#fic ,,which ,,is ,,costiveness ,the symptoms of this disease are1 that the soft feathers under the tail and round the vent are soiled by the mutes2 that when muting the hawk raises her tail higher than usual1 mutes with difficulty1 and is unable to cast the mutes clear to a distance4 ,treatment3 feed the hawk for some days on the flesh of a cockerel1 sprinkling the flesh with the juice of the marsh-mallow2#fid feed her thus twice a day4 ,further1 anoint the vent with almond or with olive oil4 ,item3 vary her food1 giving her pigeons and sparrows1 and the larks called by the ,arabs quburah4 ,apply the clyster-stick as already described1 dipping the cotton-wool in oil of peach kernels1 apricot kernels1 and almonds2 administer it before feeding her3 give her also a pill of powdered sugar-candy#fie mixed in a pat of cow's butter the size of two filberts4 ,she will1 please ,god1 be cured4 ,keep water ever near her1 that she may drink her fill4 ,item3 take oil of apricot kernels1 and powdered cummin seed1#fif a quantity equal to the size of a walnut4 ,sprinkle the powdered cummin seed on the vent2 then anoint the vent and adjacent parts with the oil4 ,do this for three days in succession1 and she shall be whole4 ,this is the practice of the ancient falconers4 ,item3 anoint her vent a few times with a mixture of oil of jasmine1 white wax1 and pitch4#fig ,item3 take marrow of the shin-bone of a goat and mix it with her food for a few days4 ,if the goat be an old female1 so much the better4 ,,footnotes3 #fic ,apparently the 8,stoone in the fundement0 of the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 #fid ,khatm1 the 8,persian ,hollyhock10 and the 8,marsh-,mallow40 ,it is the latter that is used in medicine4 #fie ,powdered sugar-candy is a simple and harmless purge for hawks4 ,about eighty grains' weight is a suitable dose for a female peregrine in good condition4 #fif ,there are two kinds of cummin seed1 the black and the white3 the former is used in cooking1 the latter in medicine4 #fig ,zift1 8pitch10 and also a kind of ointment said to be made of black damar4 ,,chapter ,l ,,hectic ,,fever ,,or ,,phthisis#fih ,as mentioned in a previous chapter1 the pulse of a human being in sound health has seventy-five beats to the minute1 while a hawk in good health has a pulse of a hundred-and-twenty or a hundred-and-thirty4 ,the pulse of all hawks is1 however1 not alike2 for instance1 as the shhn is faster and more powerful than any hawk1 short-winged or long-winged1 so1 too1 it has a faster pulse4 ,if you are unable to feel the pulse of a hawk in the second joint of her wing1 or if after discovering it you find that its beating is too rapid to be counted1 know that this is a symptom of hectic fever4 ,another symptom is that both by day and by night1 she puts her head under her wing at unusual times4 ,another symptom is an inordinate appetite3 she will gorge till the meat appears in her throat1 and even then tear at meat and throw it away1 there being no more room in her crop2 but the more good food she eats1 the thinner she gets4 ,another symptom is that she is unable to cross her wings1 but lets them droop one on each side of her tail1 leaving her oil-gland and loins uncovered4 ,another symptom is that she drinks and bathes more than usual4 ,if the disease be not of long standing but has reached the first or second stage only1 it may admit of cure2 but if it has reached the third stage1 you may set about procuring a new hawk for yourself1 for her case is hopeless4 ,now this disease arises from both humidity of temperament1 and from heat3 if from the former there will be a slight discharge from the eyes and mouth4 ,treatment3 feed her twice a day on pigeons1 larks1 sparrows1 black chickens1 and pork4 ,item3 give her daily one white pepper corn2#fii and if you notice an improvement increase the dose by degrees till you can give as many as five pepper corns4 ,item3 roughly crush some ginger and give her daily with her food a small piece the size of a pea4 ,item3 grind finely a piece of cinnamon equal in size to a pea1 and give it to her in her food4 ,if the disease arises from heat of temperament1 change her perch to another room and thus give her a change of air4 ,feed on jerboa rats1 land tortoises1 and cockerels4 ,instead of water1 give her to drink the juice of ispaghul1#gjj and sprinkle dried ispaghul seed on her afternoon meal1 giving her also feathers with her meat4 ,when the heat of her temperament abates1 you will find that she will no longer drink the ispaghul juice2 you must therefore exert your falconer's skill and get her to take in the morning about two or three misql#gja of the juice with her meat4 ,if1 on account of the abatement of her heat1 she will in no wise touch ispaghul juice1 you must resort to the device known amongst falconers as chlma4 ,now this is chlma3 sever the thigh of a cockerel close to its body and draw back the skin to the knee-joint1 reversing the skin in so doing4 ,next sever the skin at the knee-joint1 and bind up the end firmly with silk4 ,into this bag put some ispaghul juice and also some of the seed1 to the amount of an acorn in quantity1 such a quantity in fact as the hawk can swallow with ease4 ,while feeding your hawk1 carelessly introduce the loose spare end of the skin bag1 and get her to swallow it4 ,if you cannot induce her to swallow it1 you must use force4 ,every morning you must give her the juice of ispaghul1 and every afternoon the dried seed2 for this will cool her liver4 ,she will cast up the seed every morning with the casting of feathers and bones4 ,the quantity of ispaghul juice may be two or three misql1 but of the dried seed less than half a misql so that she may find no difficulty in ejecting it with the morning casting4 ,please ,god1 she will recover4 ,item3 take juice of long cucumbers and juice of small cucumbers1#gjb and give it to her in the same way you would give ispaghul juice4 ,first put down her throat a quarter of a misql of manna2 on the top of that administer the cucumber juice4 ,wait till she has muted three or four times and then feed her up for the day1 giving her a moderate meal4 ,employ this treatment on three 8alternate0 days4 ,with these drugs1 dose her thrice1 on alternate days2 ,for that's what the book of ,greek medicine says4 ,on no account should you give her manna after feeding her1 but she may be allowed to drink as much cucumber juice as she pleases4 ,item3 give her daily1 if a female goshawk1 one nukhd#gjc of camphor1 and if a male goshawk1 half that quantity3 to a sparrow-hawk give a quantity proportionate to her size4 ,fatten up the hawk as much as you can4 ,,footnotes3 #fih ,tab-i lzim4 #fii 8,white pepper0 is prepared by divesting the ripe berry of its skin by maceration in water1 after which it is rubbed and finally bleached in the sun4 ,it is occasionally bleached still further by means of chlorine4 ,it is twice as expensive as black pepper1 but is in little demand4--,dict4 ,econ4 ,prod41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,pt4 #a1 p4 #bfa4 #gjj ,isfarza or ispaghl2 said to be the seed of the pea-wort4 #gja ,vide note #gjc1 p4 #afe4 #gjb ,khiyr-i chambar1 a long variety of cucumber3 khiyr-i b1 a small variety4 #gjc ,a nukhd is the twenty-fourth part of a misql and a misql is equal to about three grains4 ,camphor has a peculiar effect on hawks1 producing intoxication1 and later convulsions1 according to the dose and the condition of the hawk4 ,two grains of fresh1 strong camphor1 given to a saker in fair condition and on an empty stomach1 will produce intoxication4 ,a larger dose will generally cause convulsions and possibly death4 ,,chapter ,,li ,,on ,,canker ,,of ,,the ,,feathers#gjd ,this disease1 which is called qrishqa1#gjd is commoner in ,persia than elsewhere4 ,from what ,i have observed1 it arises from taking a moulting hawk out of the mew too soon1 that is1 while some of her feathers are still in blood4 ,the hawk bates1 injuring a young quill1 and the blood dries up and putrifies2 then the flesh near the root of the quill gets infected1 and soon a tiny kind of maggot1 similar to the 8disease of parasites0#gje that sometimes infests man1 is produced1 and it eats away the root4 ,the following case1 ,i think1 corroborates my opinion3-- ,i once had a very fine eyess-goshawk1 brought to me from an eyrie in ,mazenderan1 just about a month before ,autumn4 ,i noticed that one of the two centre tail-feathers1 called the qpq feathers1 was broken close to the flesh1 too close to admit of 8imping40 ,i thought that as it was a young bird ,i might pull out the feather without fear1 and that it would speedily grow again4#gjf ,accordingly with the utmost care ,i neatly removed the stump#gjg with pincers4 ,on examining it1 ,i found some hundreds of minute insects the size of a poppy seed1 wriggling about inside the quill4 ,i examined them under a magnifying glass2 they looked just like lice1#gjh but were broader4 ,it struck me that these were the cause of canker in quill feathers4 ,i closed the end of the quill and circulated it for inspection amongst all my sporting friends and acquaintances4 ,these parasites1 after attacking and eating one quill1 work their way under the flesh to the next1 and so on4 ,they have the same passion for feathers that white-ants#gji have for wood4 ,if you examine carefully1 with a glass1 a feather that has broken off from a hawk afflicted with this disease1 you will find that it has a dead appearance2 it has not the water of life in it3 the marks of erosion will also be apparent4 ,these insects are the cause of feather-rot1 and naught else--but ,god knows best4 ,treatment3 first give her three doses of manna on alternate days1 but give her no more manna than the quantity mentioned previously4 ,then cast her1 and pull out the small feathers from round the diseased spot4 ,if the flesh is black and swollen1 it is a sign that the injury arises from a blow4 ,treatment3 apply a leech to the injured spot and let it suck out the impure blood4 ,sprinkle salt on the wound1 or apply ice to staunch the bleeding4 ,item3 rub the injured spot with powdered stone or brick till the blood is near flowing2 then apply the fouling of a tobacco-pipe4 ,after this keep her loose in a room4 ,do this twice4 ,if1 however1 the spot be red1 the disease is the second or parasitic kind4 ,the treatment in both cases is the same1 with a difference4 ,treatment3 prick the red spot with a needle and induce a flow of blood4 ,mix vinegar and ox-gall1 and paint it on the affected spot4 ,item3 take carbonate of soda1#gaj blue-stone1 sal-ammoniac1 8yellow aloes10#gaa and long pepper1#gab a grain#gac of each1 and three black raisins3 pound and mix4 ,prick the injured spot with a needle1 and wash with strong vinegar4 ,then apply the powder and she will recover4 ,this is the practice of the ancient falconers4 ,item3 when the feather falls out1 wait till a new one takes its place2#gad then before the stage has arrived when it will fall out1 pluck it out by force and do this three times4 ,the fourth time let the feather reach maturity4 ,this1 too1 is a receipt of the ancient falconers4 ,,footnotes3 #gjd ,par-khura or par-khurag1 ,p42 qrishqa appears to be the ,turkish name of the disease4 #gje ,dau l-qaml1 lit4 8disease of lice40 ,by this term the author probably refers to some parasite other than the louse1 i4e41 other than the common louse4 #gjf ,flight-feathers that are pulled out never grow again2 tail-feathers sometimes do2 vide page #agg1 note #geb4 #gjg ,bqa4 #gjh ,qaml1 ,ar4 #gji ,rashmz1 either white-ant or weevil4 #gaj ,bra-yi ,arman1 crude carbonate of soda4 #gaa i4e41 ,socotrin aloes1 which are yellow4 #gab ,dr filfil1 8,piper ,longum40 #gac ,dnak-i1 a pea-grain in weight4 #gad ,the author seems to have confused 8false moult0 with 8feather-canker10 but the two diseases are separate4 ,in 8false moult0 the hawk casts newly grown feathers1 and1 as it were1 recommences a second moult before she is out of the first1 and so on4 ,this disease is well known to ,indian falconers1 but no case has come under my direct notice4 ,in 8feather-canker10 or in one form of it1 the hawk moults well and clean1 but when flying to the lure one of its flight-feathers will make a whirring sound as though not set in the wing at the proper angle4 ,in a few days this feather will break off at1 or in1 the flesh1 and there will probably be a trace of blood4 ,one by one every flight-feather will break off in this manner4 ,in the only case ,i have seen1 the hawk1 a saker1 had moulted perfectly and was apparently in the best of health4 ,the disease attacked both wings and she lost every one of her flight-feathers4 ,,chapter ,,lii ,,lice#gae ,the symptoms of lice are these3 the feathers on the back of the neck stand erect1 and the hawk is ever scratching her head with her foot and picking at her back and breast1 with her beak3 she is never at rest4 ,treatment3 get some quick-silver and 8kill0#gaf it with vinegar2 then apply it to a thread and cast the thread on the neck of the hawk1 and the lice will be destroyed4#gag ,item3 take tobacco-water and mix therein a little salt1 and apply the mixture to the back of the neck and to the loins1 and she shall be free4 ,item3 there is in ,mazenderan a grass called kankarvsh3 pound some of this very fine and mix therein a little wine1 and apply to the back of the neck and under the wings1 and to every place where you know the lice collect and hold their councils4 ,apply this and the lice will instantly fall off4 ,item3 place your hawk in the sun1 and as soon as she is warmed1 the lice will collect on the large broad feathers1 three on each side1 called by the ,kurds yr mliq4#gah ,you can then remove the lice with scissors4 ,item3 take ,armenian bole1#gai country tobacco-leaf and good cigarette tobacco2#gbj grind and mix4 ,by means of a reed1 blow this powder on to and into the feathers4 ,then place the hawk in the sun for a little1 and the lice will disappear4 ,item3 take some carded cotton-wool and twist it into a roll as thick as your finger1 and at night cast it on your hawk's neck and put her in a warm place4 ,all the lice will collect on the wool4 ,in the morning snip off the wool hastily and cast it away4 ,,footnotes3 #gae ,shipish or shupush4 #gaf ,bi-kush1 a term of alchemy4 #gag ,quick-silver is a well-known ,indian remedy for lice4 ,women mix oil with the quick-silver4 ,indian falconers mix saliva with a little quick-silver in the palm of the hand1 and then dab it on at night on the back of the hawk's neck1 etc41 and under the wings4 ,in the morning not a trace of the vermin will be found4 ,newly-trained sakers are invariably troubled with lice1 but if so treated after they are 8manned0 7and will preen freely71 they generally continue free--unless infected by another hawk4 ,peregrines in health1 that bathe regularly1 are rarely if ever troubled with lice4 #gah ,vide note #dgd1 page #aab4 #gai ,gil-i ,arman1 8,armenian bole02 once celebrated as a ,european medicine2 said to be identical with the ger of the ,hindus4 #gbj ,tambk1 8tobacco-leaf02 used for smoking in the water pipe3 tutun is good cigarette tobacco1 from ,syria4 ,,chapter ,,liii ,,worms ,if your hawk is ever pulling out the feathers from her breast1 and thighs1 and stomach1 and has done so since she was young1 and even after moulting has not forsaken the practice1 know that the habit has become second nature to her1 and is incurable4 ,you must put up with this foulness in her1 and fly her as she is4 ,do not1 however1 let her ever get too hungry2 for in hunger she will pull out her feathers all the more4 ,she is like one who has contracted the habit of always toying with his beard and moustache and pulling out the hairs3 some men1 too1 ,i have seen who have a habit of ever plucking out the hair from their chests1 and their armpits1 and their pubes4 ,your hawk is like one of those and cannot be cured4 ,if1 however1 she has newly acquired the habit1 it is a symptom of worms in the stomach4#gba ,treatment3 if a long-winged hawk1 give her sal-ammoniac and sugar-candy1 as previously described2 but if a short-winged hawk give her1 on alternate days1 a few doses of manna4 ,perhaps the worms will be got rid of by this simple purging4 ,item3 give her one nukhd of asaftida1 and by degrees increase the amount daily till you have reached five nukhd1 so that she may void the worms either by vomiting or by purging4 ,item3 rub gall and tobacco-water on the spots whence she plucks the feathers1 and she will be cured3-- ,give your hawk the medicine bitter2 ,then the good result ascribe1 ,with a highly sweetened temper1 ,to the drug she did imbibe4 ,item3 pluck out all the feathers from the spot at which she worries1 till the bare flesh shows4 ,mix a little ,armenian bole with wine and old vinegar1 and apply it4 ,fatten her up4 ,please ,god she will be cured4 ,i myself have proved this receipt4#gbb ,,footnotes3 #gba ,khazna4 #gbb ,vide ,latham's ,the ,falcon's ,lure and ,cure1 ,book ,i1 ,part ,,ii1 ,chap4 xlii1 for a receipt3 8,to kill the ranckness and itching that sometimes will be in ,hawkes bloody feathers1 which is the cause she pulls them forth in that estate40 ,the disease referred to is not uncommon in cage birds that are carelessly tended1 but ,i have never met with it in trained hawks in ,india4 ,,chapter ,,liv ,,heat-,,stroke#gbc ,if your hawk mope1 and the feathers of her head stand on end1 and her mutes1 too1 be red as though there were drops of blood in them1 it is a sign that she is suffering from heat-stroke4 ,treatment3 mix a little saffron and sugar-candy and give it to her at meals1 concealed in a fold of meat3 the quantity of the dose depends on the size and the constitution of the hawk4 ,feed her on cooling meats1 such as cockerels1 jerboa-rats1 and tortoises4 ,with every meal give her cucumber juice with juice of ispaghul 7as previously mentioned under chlma#gbd71 so that her liver may be cooled thereby4 ,,footnotes3 #gbc ,garm-zadag4 #gbd ,vide page #afe4 ,,chapter ,,lv ,,palsy1 ,,etc4 ,akmaja is a disease akin to paralysis1 palsy1 and epilepsy1 but is yet none of these three4 ,the hawk grows thin without any apparent cause1 and her tail and wings seem palsied4 ,sometimes this distressing symptom will so overpower her that she will at one time fall on her face1 at another on her back1 and be unable to sit on the fist4 ,sometimes1 too1 she will cast her 8gorge04#gbe ,as a rule this disease1 which generally occurs amongst short-winged hawks1 is fatal4 ,the cause of it is stale meat#gbf 7mutton1 she-goat1 or hare1 two or three days old71 given her by your ignorant falconer1 who has afterwards placed her in a damp room4 ,treatment3 at once brand her with a stick of log-wood1 branding her four limbs with lines1 and branding also her oil-bottle1 her forehead1 and between her nostrils from the direction of both eyes4 ,feed her on pigeons4 ,give her one nukhd of quinine3-- ,quinine cures man in the ,west and the ,east2 ',tis also good for bird and beast4 ,give her that amount of pigeon's flesh that will be digested#gbg by two hours before sunset4 ,in the afternoon kill another pigeon and chop up one side of the breast very fine1 and mix with it the yolk of an egg1 and give it to your hawk4 ,item3 pound a little cinnamon#gbh and give it to her in a fold of meat and on the top of her meal4 ,item3 powder a little ginger very fine1 and give it to her as a first mouthful in a fold of meat4 ,then let her tear at the breast of a pigeon1 applying to it1 as she does so1 a little wine4 ,you must be specially careful about feeding her twice a day and giving her just the right quantity in the morning1 so that she may be empty and keen by the time of the afternoon meal4 ,item3 give her in the morning one misql of castor-oil4#gbi ,feed her on minced meat mixed with the yolk of an egg4 ,if you observe any improvement1 then two days later give her a second dose of castor-oil4 ,item3 give her1 before her food1 one white peppercorn2 and1 if you observe any improvement1 gradually increase the peppercorns till you can give as many as five4 ,if she be not cured by this1 repeat1 8,verily to ,god do we belong3 ,verily to ,him do we return10#gcj and set about procuring another hawk4 ,who is there that can ,fate's decree contest2 ,who can complain against ,time's ceaseless flight8 ,god in his wisdom does what ,he thinks best2 ,will men presume to guide the ,lord aright8 ,,footnotes3 #gbe 8,gorge10 the crop and also the contents of the crop4 #gbf ,gsht-i du-si-rza-mnda1 8meat two or three days old40 ,tainted meat kills all trained hawks1 even lagas and sakers4 #gbg arf kardan4 #gbh ,such spices do indeed whet a hawk's appetite1 but their continued use is very injurious4 #gbi ,rghan-i karchak1 lit4 8oil of cotton seed10 so-called from an idea that castor-oil was obtained from this seed4 #gcj ,a formula repeated by ,muslims in times of distress1 especially at death4 ,,chapter ,,lvi ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,feet#gca ,,the 8,,pinne0#gcb ,,in ,,the ,,feet ,know that this disease is of two kinds1 and that gazelle-hawks are peculiarly subject to it2 for a keen blbn will stoop with force at the hard head of the gazelle1 thereby injuring her feet2#gcc from the blow a small vein in the sole of the foot gets torn or bruised1 and the blood under and on the surface becomes corrupt1 and soon black spots appear in the sole3 one day the foot is well and one day bad1 till the beginning of ,spring1 when the trees put out new leaves2 then the 8pinne0 too breaks bounds and soon cripples the hawk completely4 ,the second kind also arises from a bruise3 the spot swells1 but there is no discolouration1 nor any sign of black spots4 ,this kind is called by the ,arabs af1#gcd and the cure of af is easy4 ,treatment of the first form1 i4e41 8mkhak03 the sole is sure to be hot1 so make a dough of ispaghul seed and put it on a piece of blue#gce cloth1 and at nightfall bind it on your hawk's feet4 ,watch her for half an hour lest she tear it off before the ispaghul has dried and adhered to the foot4 ,in the morning rip up the cloth1 and let your hawk rest1 having previously1 by spreading cotton-wool seed1 prepared a place of rest for her4 ,if she lie down1 so much the better4 ,in two or three nights' time the swelling will disappear1 but the discolouration will still remain4 ,continue the treatment nightly till the ispaghul poultice comes away with that blackness adhering to it4 ,item3 thread a needle with ten or twelve horse-hairs1 and pass it in from the outside#gcf of the foot and bring it out at the 8blackness0 in the foot4 ,knot the horse-hairs in such a way that you can pull them upwards and downwards4 ,two or three times daily1 pull the hairs to induce a flow of the foul matter4 ,do this for forty days1 or for two months1 till the black core moves with the hairs4 ,by the time the upper knot will pass through the foot and come out at the under side of it1 she will be cured4 ,item3 pierce the discolouration in the sole with a needle1 forcing in the needle for the distance of two or three barley-corn lengths4 ,then stick to the eye of the needle a bit of touch-wood1#gcg the size of a filbert2 set a light to it and let it burn till it is consumed to ashes2 then withdraw the needle and anoint the place with oil of walnuts4 ,in two or three days' time the blackness1 together with the core which is the real corn1 will come away4 ,do nothing to the hole that will be left1 except anoint it4 ,item3 if both feet are affected remove the jess from the worse of the two1 and break the tarsus bone4#gch ,keep the hawk in a dark room on a bed of cotton-seed1 in depth about four fingers' breadth4 ,the room must be so dark that the hawk cannot distinguish night from day4 ,once a day anoint her leg with clarified wax and mummy-oil4#gci ,it is not necessary to set or bind the leg4 ,if your hawk is young1 say of one or two moults1 her leg will set in twenty days4 ,if old1 say of ten or fifteen moults1 it will take forty days4 ,the younger the hawk the sooner will the leg set4 ,in this respect a hawk resembles man2 for the broken bone of a five-year-old child will join in five days1 of a ten-year-old child in ten days1 of a fifty-year-old man in fifty days1 and of a ninety-year-old in ninety days4 ,however1 a man of ninety years will1 during these ninety days that he is laid up1 contract so many other ailments that he will die4 ,should an old man break a limb1 ,leave him1 take no care of him1 ,since before his bones can mend ,further ills procure his end4 ,the same rule applies to hawks1 too4 ,now1 as soon as you see that when you throw the meat to your hawk she grasps it with her broken leg1 change the jess from the sound to the unsound leg1 and then break the former as you did the latter4 ,item3 7and the best remedy of all7 take a broken piece of a mercury-backed mirror1 grind it very fine1 and sift it through taffeta1 so that it is as fine as collyrium of antimony4 ,then mix with it the gall of a black goat1 and make it into the consistency of an ointment4 ,bind this ointment on to the feet of your hawk in the morning1 removing it in the evening4 ,after removing it1 let her rest for half an hour4 ,again bind on this poultice1 removing it in the morning4 ,again1 after half an hour1 bind on a fresh one and leave it on till sunset4 ,that blackness will by this time have been drawn out and will protrude somewhat4 ,take hold of the blackness with tweezers and gently pull it4 ,by the dispensation of the ,creator the corn will come out by the root4#gdj ,fill the cavity left1 with powdered antimony1 and see that the feet are kept quite dry4 ,this cure was invented by the writer and has been proved by experiment4 ,item3 take fresh hot cow-dung and add to it double the quantity of salt4#gda ,apply the mixture thickly to the perch1 and renew twice a day1 morning and evening1 for a month or forty days4 ,she will be entirely cured4 ,doubtless you will say that to keep a hooded falcon on such a perch may be easy2 but what about an unhooded yellow-eyed hawk8 ,this is my answer3 take your hawk1 tarln1 qizil1 or sparrow-hawk--or whatever she may be--into a dark room and drive into the wall1 as a perch1 a wooden peg of proper thickness1#gdb but not so round that the cow-dung will not stand on it3 the perch should be broad4 ,the hawk should be so tied to this perch that when she bates she will remain hanging4 ,for the first day or two she must be watched by your man1 for the heat of the cow-dung and salt will certainly make her 8bate40 ,when she 8bates10 go not near her2 let her 8bate0 till she is exhausted3 then1 when she is quite still1 and has ceased beating her wings1 raise her and replace her on the perch4 ,every time she 8bates0 act in this manner4 ,after a little1 she will put up with the burning in her feet1 finding it a lesser evil than hanging head downwards4 ,in two or three days her feet will become numbed and she will no longer feel pain in them1 and will therefore cease to 8bate40 ,you must put on such a quantity of cow-dung that the hawk's feet are buried in it4 ,the fresher and warmer the cow-dung1 the more efficacious the effect and the speedier the cure4#gdc ,you should1 in fact1 tether a cow near the 8mew0 so as to have a fresh supply of dung ever at hand4 ,now as regards the second form of this disease1 called af1 the symptoms are the same as in mkhak1 except that in af the blackness is absent from the sole of the feet4 ,treatment3 bind on her feet1 a few nights1 powdered ispaghul seed as previously described1 and she shall be cured4 ,item3 pound up a little of the skin or rind of sweet pomegranate1#gdd and add thereto a little salt4 ,apply this a few times to the perch1 in the manner described1 and the disease will disappear4 ,item3 take acorns and gall-apples and pound them together1 add camel's urine to make a dough1 and bind on to the feet a few times1 and she will be cured4 ,item3 take camel's urine and green ispaghul1#gde and pound together2 boil slightly2 remove and place on the ground to cool4 ,when luke-warm1 immerse the hawk's feet for half an hour1 and the ill will be removed4 ,item3 take her on the fist and carry her every day1 and lure her4 ,the glove and 8carriage0#gdf will cure her better than anything else4 ,if she's ill1 let the falconer carry the hawk2 ,both man and bird will get good from the walk4 ,item3 keep her on a rough stone or rock1 instead of on a perch4#gdg ,i have myself tested these remedies for mkhak and af1 and ,i have certainly found them beneficial4 ,,footnotes3 #gca 8,when yowre hawkes fete be swollyn she hath the podagre40--,boke of ,st4 ,albans4 8,podager0 is said to be gout in the feet 7from pod 8a foot071 but the name was probably applied to the initial stage of the 8pinne in the feet0 of other writers4 #gcb ,mkhak4 #gcc 8,bating0 on a hard perch during the moult when the hawk is heavy1 will also cause this disease4 ,also a hard perch when the pressure always falls on the same spot1 will produce it4 ,hawks moulted on sand do not suffer from it4 #gcd af1 ,ar41 is 8the sole of the foot of man or beast being chafed or worn down by travel40 #gce i4e41 dyed by indigo1 which has medicinal properties4 #gcf ,the top8 #gcg ,q1 and colloquially in ,turkish qv1 8touch wood40 ,ybis mislu 'l-qv1 8dry as touch wood10 is a common ,arab saying in ,baghdad4 #gch ,qalam1 the 8stalke0 of old ,english falconers4 #gci ,mmiy1 8mummy10 is a name in ,eastern bazaars now applied to several forms of asphalte1 mineral pitch1 ,jew's pitch1 and maltha4 ,formerly the name was applied to ,egyptian mummy2 and by the vulgar at the present day this mysterious medicine is supposed to be the extract of negro-boy boiled in oil4 8,mummy-oil0 is made by mixing equal parts of mummy and clarified butter over the fire4 #gdj ,ordinary poultices or repeated fomentations will produce the same result4 #gda ,an ,indian remedy1 whether good or ill1 ,i cannot say1 is to keep the hawk on a lump of rock salt instead of on a perch3 vide page #age1 note #gdg4 #gdb ,in ,india a sparrow-hawk's perch is usually a wooden peg driven into the mud wall of the living-room4 #gdc ,the translator tried this treatment with success1 but it was difficult to keep the tail-feathers from being stained a green khk colour4 #gdd ,anr-i shrn1 8sweet pomegranate10 is a particular variety4 #gde ,ispand-i sabz1 8green 7or black7 ispand10 is the variety used in medicine3 ispand-i zard or isfarza-yi zard1 8yellow ispand10 is used to keep off the evil-eye4 ,ispand is1 ,i am told by an authority1 the seed of ,peganum ,harmala1 one of the rue family4 #gdf ,bahla1 8hawking glove03 gardndan1 8carrying40 #gdg ,in the ,booke of ,kepinge of ,sparhawkes1 a cold stone is mentioned as a cure2 vide also note #gda1 p4 #agd4 ,,chapter ,,lvii ,,on ,,paralysis ,,of ,a ,,toe ,sometimes a hawk loses all power in one of its toes and is quite unable to grasp its food with it4 ,treatment3 apply a leech4 ,if this fail1 brand the toe lengthways with a needle1 taking care that the tendon#gdh is not burnt4 ,if these two remedies fail1 waste no time in further treatment1 and 8labour not at beating cold iron40 ,many a hawk have ,i seen with this disease1 but seldom a cure4 ,the long-winged hawks are more liable to it than the short-winged4 ,perhaps the injury arises from a strain1 by the hawk grasping her food too tight and straining or tearing a tendon4 ,now a severed tendon will not join4 ,should such an accident happen to your hawk1 ,god grant that it fall on one of her small toes1 for that is not so serious2 but if it happen to one of her 8hunting talons0#gdi she is ruined2 she can do no good at all4 ,o hawk1 if of your hand a tendon break ,for evermore you must the hunt forsake4 ,,footnotes3 #gdh ,rag-i py-i 1 8tendon40 #gdi ,mikhlab-i shikr4 ,,chapter ,,lviii ,,feathers ,,plucked ,,out ,,by ,,the ,,root ,should anyone1 out of enmity to you1 break the wing- or tail-feathers of your hawk1 you must match the broken feathers as far as possible with others1 and 8imp0#gej them4 ,first 8imp0 them with a needle2 then1 if they break again1 imp them by inserting a shaft#gea into the hollow quills4 ,if they again break off at the root1 close to the flesh1 you can do nothing more4 ,on no account must you pluck out the tail- or flight-feathers by the root4 ,flight-feathers plucked out will never grow again2 but tail-feathers1 though they will grow again1 will be defective in two points4#geb ,first1 they will be weak and 8withered10 and will probably break3 possibly1 too1 some will not grow at all4 ,second1 during the moult1 the hawk will experience great difficulty in casting the re-grown feathers1 and you may be constrained to pull them out again1 and so on1 year by year1 your hawk being thus rendered foul and disfigured for ever4 ,if1 through personal enmity or by some accident from a gazelle or a crane1 it does so happen that a flight-feather gets plucked out1 then3--,treatment3 take the feather that has been plucked out and at once replace it in its socket1#gec and bind it firmly with silk to that primary-covert#ged that impends it4 ,you must foul1 with blood1 the portion of the quill that goes into the flesh1 and see1 too1 that it is pressed home into its exact place4#gee ,you must know that by ,divine ,agency every flight-feather has a short stout feather as a 8supporter10#gef called by ,arabs a 8key40#ged ,do not after this fly the hawk for two or three days1 i4e41 not till the feather has set2 and do not remove the silk binding for forty days4 ,at the expiration of this period you can1 if you like1 remove the silk1 but it is not necessary to do so4 ,fly your hawk regularly till the moulting season1 but remove the silk before you set her down to moult4 ,she will cast this replanted feather before any other1 and the new one that will take its place will be smaller than its fellow in the other wing4 ,in the second moult1 however1 there will be no difference4 ,should the feathers that have been plucked out be lost1 or should several days elapse since the injury occurred1 then3--,treatment3 put the hawk in a 8sock10#geg and wet the wing near the seat of injury1 so that the down#geh is soaked4 ,very carefully search out the spot4 ,the hole will have closed somewhat1 and be too small to admit a full-sized feather2 you must1 therefore1 plant a corresponding feather of a smaller size4 ,thus1 if it is the second flight-feather of a female goshawk that is plucked out1 you must plant the second flight-feather of a male2 if of a male goshawk1 then the corresponding feather of a female sparrow-hawk2 if of a female sparrow-hawk1 then the feather of a male sparrow-hawk1 and so on4 ,well wet the down with luke-warm water1 and place the end of the 8artificial0 feather in your mouth to soften it4 ,when soaked1 act as before1 binding the feather to the 8key10 etc41 etc4 ,the sooner after the accident the artificial feather is planted the better1 but the operation can be carried out with successful results even three or four months after the accident1 that is1 any time before the socket-hole has closed up and the feathers on each side of it have fallen inwards and 8blinded0 it4#gei ,this operation was invented by your humble servant1 the writer4 ,now the flight-feather of a hawk is to be compared to the tooth of a man4 ,if1 owing to the chucking of a horse's head1 or to a fall1 or to other accident1 a tooth gets knocked out of the head of a youth of ten or twenty years1 if the tooth be at once replaced in its socket and bound to the teeth on each side of it1 it will certainly take root again1 though it will remain somewhat weaker than its neighbours2 and will1 on the approach of old age1 when the powers decay and the teeth loosen1 be the first to come away4 ,should1 however1 the tooth of that youth not be replaced1 the teeth on either side will fall together inwards and so obliterate the gap that none can tell that there is a tooth missing4 ,hence the sooner you replace a plucked out feather the better4 ,,footnotes3 #gej ,payvand kardan1 8#8to imp' a broken feather2 to graft a tree40 #gea ,lla-payvand3 ,i conclude this is the author's meaning4 #geb ,on a first of ,october ,i saw a young passage-saker minus six of its tail-feathers3 the clumsy hawk-catcher1 in his eagerness1 had stepped on the tail4 ,forty days later these tail-feathers were one-fourth part grown and the falcon was also coming well to the lure4 ,in ,falconry in the ,british ,isles1 by ,freeman and ,salvin1 mention is made of a merlin's tail-feather1 which had dropped out1 growing again4 #gec ,the flight-feather of a female peregrine penetrates the flesh for the distance of more than #a inches4 #ged ,mift1 ,ar41 8a key1 or any instrument that opens a door40 #gee ,the hole in the flesh closes up and is very difficult to find4 #gef ,pas-band2 in chess1 8a piece that guards another40 #geg ,vide 8to mail10 page #ei1 note #bdg4 #geh ,narm-parh1 8down40 #gei ,in ,forty-,five ,years of ,sport1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,corballis1 #ahia1 the author says that if a wing- or tail-feather be accidentally pulled out1 the hole should at once be plugged with cotton-wool dipped in grease or honey to keep it open1 and that if the plug be kept in its place for a few days a new feather will probably make its appearance4 8,if a feather should be plucked out1 base and all1 it is advisable to put some solid grease into the place1 to keep it from closing up and preventing the new feather from growing down40--,the ,art and ,practice of ,falconry1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,mitchell1 page #afa4 ,tail-feathers will grow again1 but most falconers are agreed that flight-feathers plucked out do not grow again4 ,i once tried the operation mentioned by our ,persian author1 but no new feathers grew4 ,,chapter ,,lix ,,operation ,,of ,,opening ,,the ,,stomach4#gfj ,,obstruction ,,due ,,to ,a 8,,casting40--,now1 my son1 a casting of bone1 or of feathers1 or of wool1 or of cotton-wool1 may get stuck in a hawk's stomach#gfj at the end of the sternum1#gfa and the hawk be unable to eject it upwards or downwards4 ,symptoms3 ,if you place your finger on the stomach1 you will be able to perceive a hard substance the size of a large walnut1 and this although you may have given no casting4#gfb ,the hawk will not be able to eat more meat than an amount equal to one sparrow2 she will try to1 but there will be no room1 and gradually she will waste away till she dies4 ,treatment3 in the morning1 before feeding1 give her an emetic1 such as the fouling of a tobacco-pipe1 or the juice of black raisins2#gfc rub these on her tongue and on the inside of her mouth4 ,watch her till she shows signs of vomiting2 then1 as she works her neck from side to side 8to cast10 that obstruction will come up as far as the throat but no farther4 ,you must promptly grasp her by the throat1 an assistant holding her firmly by the legs1 while with a probe or tweezers or other instrument you somehow or other extract the obstruction1 and so cure her4 ,for a few days after this1 mix her meat with the yolk of an egg1 but beware of giving any feathers or bones or casting of any kind4 ,item3 ,should she not vomit1 or should she not bring up the obstruction1 then cut some mutton into small pieces and cast it into warm water1 and give her of that an amount equal to a sparrow4 ,then1 after a minute or so1 give her a small amount of sal-ammoniac and sugar-candy1 in the manner previously explained1 and watch her4 ,as soon as she begins to vomit1 and the obstruction appears1 seize her and remove it as just explained above4 ,item3 if this expedient also fail1 then cast her and tie her up firmly in some quiet spot protected from wind and draughts4 ,have by you ready a needle and silk1 and yellow aloes powdered and mixed with antimony4 ,have the hawk's legs separated wide apart4 ,now1 the hawk being on her back with her head away from you and raised1 you will find at the root of the thigh and at the end of the sternum a fine skin3#gfd pluck out the small feathers#gfe from this1 so as to lay bare the skin4 ,then with a sharp pen-knife make a slit lengthways in the skin1 two fingers' breadth in length4 ,after the 8skin10#gff you will find a second and a third 8fine-skin10#gfd which also slit4 ,now1 with the greatest care1 insert two fingers1 and lift up and expose the guts to view4 ,quickly and dexterously open the stomach1 replace it in its proper position1 and after that sew up1 one by one1 the three 8fine-skins0 and lastly the outer 8skin40 ,on the outside wound1 sprinkle the powdered aloes and antimony1 and then free the hawk and let her rest4 ,feed her every day on the yolks of eggs3 if she will not eat them1 pound a little meat1 about half a sparrow in quantity1 and mix it with the yolks of two eggs#gfg and give it to her in the morning1 and again at noon1 and in the afternoon4 ,if she eats this meat and 8puts it over10 again give her the yolks of two eggs with pounded meat4 ,feed her thus for two days4 ,on the third day give her minced meat with the yolk of egg1 and feed her thus for three days4 ,then for three days more give her meat1 cut up into bits the size of a filbert and mixed with the yolk of an egg4 ,during this period you must on no account let her pull or tear at her food2 for the exertion of pulling will burst the stitches1 either inside or out1 and if the stitches of even one of the skins gives way1 she is destroyed4 ,anyone accustomed to caponize cocks will have no difficulty in performing this operation3 the two operations are practically the same4 ,,obstruction ,,due ,,to ,a ,,blow4--,there is another form of this disease1 which does not arise from a retained 8casting03 to cure this is an easier operation than that of cutting out the 8casting0 as above4 ,the symptoms are the same3 the hawk1 even if a female goshawk1 cannot eat more than one sparrow in quantity1 and has in its stomach a hard substance the size of a walnut4 ,if you give her her sparrow's portion of meat with feathers1 she will cast in the morning but the hard substance will still remain present in the intestine4 ,this disease is generally found in long-winged hawks1 since it generally results from a kick in the guts from a gazelle1 or from a buffet by a goose's wing 7and a buffet from a goose's wing is worse than a blow from a club71 or from an injury from the beak or claws of a crane1 or from such an ill-judged stoop at some quarry that the stomach has come in violent contact with the ground4#gfh ,the injury produces an internal hemorrhage1 and the blood gradually congeals and fills up the stomach1 and so reduces its capacity that it cannot contain its full quantity4 ,the congealed blood gradually becomes converted into a white substance like cheese1 day by day growing harder and pressing more on the stomach1 till at last the substance petrifies and the bird dies4 ,if the hawk is treated before 8petrefaction0 has set in1 she can be cured4 ,treatment3 the operation is the same as in the previous case2 the cheese-like substance must be cut out and the stomach freed4 ,the hawk must be fed after the operation in the same way4 ,after these operations1 you must on no account let your hawk bathe till the scab#gfi formed by the aloes and antimony drops off of its own accord2 for bathing before this may kill your hawk4 ,this is a rule that applies to every kind of wound1 whether inflicted by the claw of an eagle or by the foot of a deer4 ,should your hawk be thirsty1 you may1 after five or six days have elapsed1 offer her water in a cup1 letting her drink a few beakfuls1 enough to allay her thirst4 ,,footnotes3 #gfj ,khazna4 #gfa ,azm-i zawraq1 lit4 8boat-bone40 #gfb ,tumah1 ,ar41 8meat1 food2 lure1 etc410 is used by the ,persian author both for 8food0 and for 8casting40 #gfc ,mavz1 black raisins with stones4 #gfd ,parda4 #gfe ,par-khurda-h4 #gff ,pst4 #gfg ,the eggs are half to two-thirds the size of ,english eggs4 #gfh ,even wild hawks make mistakes in stooping and injure themselves1 but in this case it is the breast-bone that gets injured4 #gfi ,kivla1 8scab40 ,,chapter ,,lx ,,on ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,feathers ,,in ,,the ,,wing ,,and ,,tail ,in all hawks1 whether long-winged or short1 seven flight-feathers1 by ,god's creation1 show from under the coverts called yr-mliq1#ggj while in the tail there are in all twelve feathers4 ,very1 very rarely1 indeed1 are eight flight-feathers apparent under the yr-mliq2 but occasionally fourteen or even sixteen feathers occur in the tail4 ,birds with the latter number are in no way better than birds with the normal twelve4 ,,footnotes3 #ggj ,vide note #dgd1 page #aab4 ,,chapter ,,lxi ,,counsels ,,and ,,admonitions#gga ,my son1 ,i will now give thee sage counsel3 do thou give ear to my advice and store it up in thy mind2 for so shalt thou find future salvation and present success4 ,monition the ,first4 ,be not a liar4 ,although it is said1 and commonly believed1 that all sportsmen are liars1 still do thou employ no falsehood4 ,shaykh ,sad says3-- 8,truth-speaking ,god hath high in favour set ,nor will he e'er the truthful man forget40#ggb ,second4 ,act not perfidiously with thy friends and companions4 ,should the hawk of a rival 8put in0 its partridge and 8fall at mark10 and none see it but thee1 conceal not the fact from the enquiring owner2 nay1 more1 go thyself and point out to him the lost hawk1 for perhaps some day he may be able to return the favour4 ,third4 ,steal not the hawk or hound of an acquaintance1 for theft is one of the vilest qualities in a man4 ,moreover thou wilt live in dread lest the owner should come along and proclaim thee dog-stealer and hawk-stealer4 ,if thou findest a lost hawk1 proclaim it or return it to the owner1#ggc so shalt thou lay up great merit for thyself in the world to come1 and also prove thy nobility of mind in this4 ,just think of the enormity of ensnaring a lost hawk and bearing it home1 while the anxious and distressed owner wanders in the snow1 from peak to peak1 calling her and searching for her--you in your snug home the while4 ,as noble deeds are recompensed in kind ,so evil acts an ill requital find4 ,certainly the ,almighty will not be pleased1 and before many days elapse1 some retaliation#ggd will overtake thee4 ,my boy1 copulating with the penis of others is poor sport3 refrain or you'll fall into evil repute4 ,fourth4 ,should an enemy loose a hawk and the hawk happen to come into thy possession1 take it thyself and return it to him2 for thy generous action will remove his enmity1 and1 should it not do so1 men will extol thee and revile him3 if thou do not act thus1 then leave his hawk alone and make as though thou hadst not seen it1 for often have ,i seen an evil man quarrel with his comrades about a single partridge1 and the next day the lost hawk of a comrade having by chance fallen into his evil clutches he has killed it and buried it4 ,do thou avoid such practices1 else neither in this world nor the next wilt thou escape punishment4 8,rend'ring evil for evil is easy to do2 ,if you're manly do good to the man that wrongs you40 ,,footnotes3 #gga ,this chapter has been somewhat abridged4 #ggb ,eastwick's translation4 #ggc ,in ,india it was lawful to trap a man's pigeon but not to keep his lost hawk4 ,in ,india if a hawk is caught the whole village knows it1 and the news at once spreads for a radius of thirty miles4 ,i once lost a hawk in ,dera ,ghazi ,khan which was caught in ,kapurthala1 but the news of its capture soon reached me4 ,such instances are common4 #ggd ,qi1 8exact retaliation02 an eye for an eye4 ,,chapter ,,lxii ,,accidental ,,immersion ,,during ,,winter ,if your hawk1 in pursuit of a water-fowl1 happen to fall into the water in the depth of ,winter1 she will1 if you do not apply remedies1 certainly perish4#gge ,treatment3 if the hawk has taken the quarry1 give her its warm heart and liver4 ,then 8mail0 her1 place her in the bosom of a falconer and send him home4 ,he should carry the hawk into the bath#ggf or into a warm room and there take her out of his bosom and 8unmail0 her2 and if she have digested the heart and liver he gave her1 he should give her a proper meal of warm chicken4 ,item3 mail the hawk and light a fire4 ,place the hawk in your waist-shawl1 or in the skirt of your cloak1 or in a handkerchief1 and hold her some distance from the fire so that she may be gradually warmed through3 feed her as described above4 ,item3 should you be in a spot where fuel is unobtainable1 8mail0 your hawk1 place her in your horse's nosebag and put the nosebag on the horse's head4 ,then mount and ride hard for home4 ,the horse's breath will give life to your hawk3 it will save her from death4 ,arrived home1 feed her4 ,though by this expedient the hawk's feathers will get ruffled and perhaps broken1 still this is a lesser evil4 ,,footnotes3 #gge ,during a ,panjab winter1 if a hawk falls into water1 even late in the evening1 she will suffer no harm if fed up on warm flesh--provided1 of course1 she is in proper flying condition and not too thin4 ,the cold in ,persia1 however1 can be intense1 while in the open desert an icy1 paralysing wind often springs up and blows with such force that it is difficult to make headway against it4 #ggf ammm3 even the villages in ,persia have 8,turkish baths10 which are used by all4 ,a ,persian gentleman usually has a private bath attached to his own house4 ,,chapter ,,lxiii ,,expedient ,,if ,,meat ,,fail ,should you be caught in the snow far from your stage and have no means of procuring food for your hawks--a deadly cold wind springing up in your teeth1 your hawks will certainly perish1 unless fed4 ,remedy3 at once dismount and bind the forearm of your horse4 ,with the point of your pen-knife open the vein2#ggg hold a cup underneath so that the blood may collect and congeal in it2 then give this blood to your hawk that she escape death4 ,,footnotes3 #ggg ,blood is drawn from human beings in two ways2 either from between the shoulders by the process called ajmat1 8cupping20 or1 the arm being bound above the elbow1 by opening the vein in the inside of the elbow1 fad kardan4 ,the latter operation is attended with some danger4 ,,chapter ,,lxiv ,,restoration ,,after ,,drowning ,should your hawk fall into a stream and be swept away1#ggh and when recovered be lifeless1 the treatment1 even though the hawk has been apparently dead for half an hour1 is as follows4 ,treatment3 light a fire and lay the hawk down by the side of it4 ,collect the hot ashes under the wings and heap ashes on the back1 and as soon as the ashes cool1 pile on other ashes1 fresh and warm4 ,the ashes must not be so hot as to burn the feathers4 ,in a short time1 by ,god's decree1 the dead hawk will come to life4 ,this remedy is suitable for a man also1 or1 indeed1 for any beast that has been drowned4 ,it is efficacious even up to half or three quarters of an hour after insensibility4 ,i have several times successfully tried this remedy on man1 beast1 and bird4 ,when a man is half-drowned1 and with death is at strife1 ,hot ashes for him are the ,water of ,life4 ,,footnotes3 #ggh ,a hawk that falls into deep still water can flap its way to shore--certainly for twenty or thirty yards4 ,,chapter ,,lxv ,,sage ,,advice ,never forget the advice ,i will now give you4 ,first3 borrow nothing from any man1 neither one penny nor a million2 for if your request be granted1 you are under an eternal obligation and must ever carry out the orders of him who hath obliged you4#ggi ,borrowing hawks1 and dogs1 and greyhounds1 which are instruments of the chase--bad though such borrowing be--does not place you under a very great obligation1 and further1 should the loan be refused1 it is no great slight to you4 ,second3 ,three things you should never lend to any friend or sportsman2 your own special horse1 your own special gun1 and your own special hawk4 ,lending any one of these is like lending your wife2 therefore1 my friend1 lend none of these2 for1 if you do1 the bands of friendship will be changed for the bonds of enmity4 ,bestow things freely1 if you like1 for giving is generosity4 ,lend not at all1 or else when thou hast lent ,seek not again from the recipient3 ,of what they've lent1 they seek no restitution ,such as be men of gen'rous constitution4 8,,halsband0 ,,dangerous ,,in ,,hilly ,,or ,,wooded ,,country4-- ,third3 before you go hawking in hilly or woody country1 remove the 8halsband0#ghj from your goshawk's neck1 and this for two reasons3 7#a7 the 8halsband0 interferes with her foot-work when she puts in2 she perhaps gets her foot entangled in it1 and the partridge or pheasant goes out at the other side of the bush2 7#b7 it often happens that a lost hawk is found hanging dead from a branch1 suspended by its 8halsband40 ,hence in hilly and woody country the hawk should be freed from what is there an encumbrance4 8,,halsband0 ,,necessary ,,in ,,the ,,plains4--,in plains1 however1 a 8halsband0 is necessary to support the hawk when she is cast off and to prevent a strain to her loins3 for1 in the plains1 you put your horse into a gallop that your hawk may start from the fist with the force of a bullet1#gha and to this impetus you add the force of your arm when casting her4 ,however1 when flying at chukor and seesee in the hills1 the flight is down-hill1 and the hawk has the advantage of gravity1 so it is unnecessary to use hand-force in casting her4 ,,footnotes3 #ggi ,this 8placing a person under an obligation0 is a common ,eastern idea4 ,indian falconers will press their perquisites of old bells1 jesses1 and hoods1 on their friends in order to 8mount an obligation on him40 #ghj ,chalq4 #gha ,considerable skill is necessary to cast off a short-winged hawk so as to really aid her4 ,the difference that skilful casting makes1 in the amount of quarry taken1 is astonishing4 ,,chapter ,,lxvi ,,cure ,,for ,,the ,,vice ,,of 8,,soaring0 ,perhaps a goshawk or a sparrow-hawk may come into your possession that is naturally addicted to the vice of soaring2#ghb that is1 when you cast her at any quarry she will either take it at once1 or1 failing to do so1 will give up and take to soaring and soon disappear from view4 ,with such hawks there are three courses to be pursued1 all three of which ,i have tested and proved4 ,,first ,,device4--,slightly brand the oil-bottle or oil-gland1 to produce inflammation4 ,then thread a needle with two or three threads of silk1 and wax them well to strengthen them4 ,at a distance of three fingers' breadth below the hawk's oil-gland1 insert the needle into the first tail-feather1 and bring it out at the twelfth2 draw it just so tight that when the tail is spread there will be not more than an interval of a finger's breadth between each two feathers4 ,when a hawk 8soars10 she spreads out her whole tail4 ,now this silk thread will prevent her spreading her tail to her heart's content3 when she feels the unnatural constraint she will settle and give up the attempt to soar4 ,,second ,,device4--,cut off four of her flight-feathers on one side on a level with the jarka#ghc feathers1 laying the severed feathers aside in a safe place till wanted4#ghd ,if the hawk is a sparrow-hawk1 go and fly her at quail3 if a goshawk1 take her into the field and fly her at quarry from a height 7giving her the help of gravity71 so that she may know that she has lost pace and is lop-sided4 ,fly her thus with shortened wings for a few days4 ,certainly1 for two or three days1 she will take no quarry4 ,the next time she settles1 call her from the ground to your fist and feed her up1 and give up all thoughts of the quarry4 ,treat her like this for a few days4 ,now1 when you see that1 on failing to take her quarry1 she sits on the ground1 after she has done so once or twice1 imp one of the cut feathers and again fly her4 ,fly her for four days in succession1 every day carefully imping1 with a fine needle1 one feather4 ,she will have quite forgotten her inclination to 8soar40 ,you ask advice1 then my prescription try1 ,that she forget this soaring in the sky4 ,,third ,,device4--,pinch her in flesh considerably4 ,if the weather is cold1 every now and then give her a 8snack0 so that her stomach may not be empty and the cold may not cut her and kill her4 ,fly her from a height with the help of gravity4 ,if she fails to take her quarry on account of her low condition1 she will not attempt to soar1 but will sit down2 then call her to the fist and feed her up4 ,now gradually bring her back into her proper flying condition4#ghe ,she will have forgotten her vice of soaring4#ghf ,i once had a very fine young shikra sparrow-hawk 7pq71 which showed much sport to me and my friends at quail4 ,however1 whenever she failed to take her quarry1 she used to take to soaring4 ,i cut off four of her flight-feathers1 as described above1 and for a few days succeeded in taking quail with her merely by the force of my throw1#ghg until she quite gave up all thought of soaring3 when she failed to take the quarry she sat on the ground4 ,i then imped her four feathers1 one by one1 in four days4 ,she continued to fly right well1 and never again attempted to soar4 ,this device is an invention of your humble servant4 ,,note ,,of ,,warning4--,should your goshawk1 when flown at chukor or seesee1 give up the pursuit half way and take to soaring1 and should another partridge rise#ghh and the hawk then leave its soaring and start in pursuit1 either taking the partridge in the air or on its putting it1 on no account reward her3 give her no food at all1 for if you do you will confirm her in the habit of soaring4 ,had not this second partridge risen1 your hawk would certainly have soared away out of view4 ,it sometimes happens that a blbn trained to heron or crane gives up ringing after a heron1 or gives up a flight at a crane1 and that a duck#ghi or an hubara gets up under her and that she comes down on it and kills it4 ,go and lift up the hawk and her quarry1 and if there be water near1 duck both of them well till the hawk lets go4 ,she will not do such a thing a second time4#gij ,when once in ,noah's flood her passions cool1 ,she ne'er again will play the giddy fool4 ,,footnotes3 #ghb ,dawr-ch1 8a soarer10 i4e41 a hawk given to the vice of soaring4 ,dawr kardan1 8to soar2 also to ring up40 #ghc ,jarka3 apparently the 8coverts10 but this is not the word used elsewhere by the author for 8coverts40 #ghd 8444 ,when he is at the height of his familiarity1 cut out of either wing three of his best flying feathers1 and put to his heeles a knocking paire of bels1 and so traine him when his want of power will hinder his desire to trauaile further1 then you may with ease follow him40--,bert's ,treatise of ,hawkes and ,hawking 7page #gg1 ,harting's reprint74 #ghe ,such a course would be fatal with a peregrine1 for if a peregrine is trained and flown in low condition she will certainly take to soaring when brought into high or proper condition4 ,sakers1 however1 are not inclined to soar4 #ghf ,dawr kardan va parsa zadan4 ,a dervish or professional story-teller sends round the hat at the most exciting point of his tale and this is called parsa zadan2 hence any going round4 #ghg ,shikras are slow1 and in ,india are always held in the hand and thrown like a ball4 ,the hawk is placed on the palm of the right hand and collected1 its legs and tail projecting between the thumb and fore-finger4 ,a careful falconer uses a small pad1 as1 from constant grasping1 the feathers become soiled and ragged4 #ghh ,buland shudan1 8to rise40 #ghi ,trained sakers will chase duck2 but do they kill them in a wild state8 ,a saker if gorged on the flesh of a water-fowl will often vomit4 ,a fine haggard saker of the translator's got violently sick from eating the flesh of the common heron2 its stomach was so upset by the flesh that it could digest no other meat1 and died4 ,a small quantity1 however1 of heron's flesh may do no harm4 ,this objection does not apply so much to the flesh of the purple heron and of the night-heron4 ,vide note #eia1 p4 #acg4 #gij 8,but if you will have me grant that which ,i cannot yeelde unto1 that hauing flowne a ,partridge to a house1 notwithstanding all these kinde courses taken with her1 thee hath caught a ,hen1 then let some one in the company1 that can tell how to doe it1 make haste unto her1 taking up both ,hawke and ,hen1 and runne to a pond or pit of water1 7there is no dwelling house inhabited1 and where hens are1 but you shall finde some water7 and thereinto ouer-head and taile wash them both together three or foure times4444 ,it is not possible there should be a hawke so ill but by this means she will be recouered40--,bert's ,treatise of ,hawkes and ,hawking 7pages #ed-ee1 ,harting's reprint74 ,an ,indian device to disgust a hawk with a particular quarry is to rub asaftida on it4 ,this is said to be effectual4 ,it is1 however1 not always an easy matter to break a hawk of a quarry at which she flies with zest4 ,the translator once had a young passage-saker trained to and flown only a few times at kite4 ,he took the quarry from her without rewarding her1 a dog frightened her1 an old woman threw a blanket over her2 in fact she suffered every ill a kite-hawk can suffer after taking the quarry1 but she was not broken of the quarry4 ,,chapter ,,lxvii ,,on ,,branding ,,the ,,nostrils ,,before ,,setting ,,down ,,to ,,moult ,before setting down long-winged hawks that have been flown at great quarry1 it is necessary to brand their nostrils1 and this is especially necessary in the case of gazelle- and crane-hawks2 for the orifice of the nose of a long-winged hawk is a pit1 and when the throat of a gazelle is cut and the hawk pulls at the spurting throat1 her nostrils become filled with blood1 which congeals and stops the passage of her breath2 the blood cannot be completely removed by washing1 for the nostril is like a well4 ,take a packing needle and make it red-hot and brand the 8button0#gia in the centre of the nostril1 and with the point of the needle clean out the tube of the nostril shaping it like a spout1#gib so that you may hereafter be able to rinse out the nostril and remove the congealed blood4 ,for long-winged hawks flown at large quarry1 especially for gazelle- and crane-hawks1 branding the tube of the nostril is essential4 ,perhaps you will say1 8,why has not the ,all-knowing ,god created hawks with noses ready branded80 ,the reply is that in a wild state these hawks prey on small quarry1 such as pigeons and sand-grouse and larks1 and1 what is more1 at their own leisure they first plume the quarry and then eat it1 so that only their beaks get defiled by the blood and these are cleaned on the ground after the meal4 ,but the trained hawk is artificially flown at gazelle and crane1 and out of her hungry eagerness she buries all her head in the throat of the quarry as soon as it is cut4 ,now the main artery in a gazelle's throat will send the blood spouting out for ten paces' distance1 and so1 too1 with a crane4 ,if a hawk's nostrils with a brand you sear1 ,its wind suffices to pursue the deer4 ,,footnotes3 #gia ,tukma or dukma or dugma1 ,t41 8a button40 #gib ,misl-i nvdn durust kun2 meaning not clear4 ,,chapter ,,lxviii ,a ,,hawk ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,fed ,,when 8,,blown0 ,if your hawk has worked hard and taken her quarry and you come up and see that she is blown1 that her beak is open and her wings are loose1 on no account feed her up1 or you will make her ill2 or else she will not fly with zest for three or four days4 ,now the reason is this3 from the violence of her exertions the blood and fat in her body have become mixed1 and her quarry too1 owing to its fear1 has exerted its utmost efforts to escape1 and in this state you kill it and feed her on it4 ,now ris bin ,kilda1 one of the most noted physicians in the time of the ,lord of the ,prophets#gic 7,god's peace on ,him and his ,family7 said to ,nshravn the ,just1 8,eat not when thou art in a state of excitement02 and this maxim appears to be applicable to all living things4 ,therefore cut the quarry's throat--letting your falcon see you do it--and hood her on her quarry1 and remove her4 8,carry0 her for at least half an hour#gid till she has roused twice or thrice and her beak is closed1 and she has collected and crossed her wings1 and regained her wind4 ,then remove her hood close to her quarry and feed her upon it4 ,with goshawks1 however1 and with merlins1 too1 flown at larks1 cut the throat of the quarry and let the hawk 8plume0#gie it thoroughly and then eat4 ,as a goshawk has no hood1 you cannot treat her as just described for a falcon4 ,the reason that hawks in a wild state keep in health is1 that after taking the quarry1 they are forced to wait till they have 8plumed0 it before eating it2 for this is ,nature's law4 ,do thou likewise follow ,nature4 ,since the revolving skies1 the changing moons1 ,the daily sunshine1 all are ,nature's boons1 ,show her perfections1 and her charms display1 ,gaze carefully1 my son1 and learn her way4 ,before you go out hawking1 see1 before you mount1 that you have with you various bird-catching apparatus1 such as a sparrow-net1 a sparrow-hawk net1 and a du-gaza2 for out hawking you will frequently come across a goshawk1 or a sparrow-hawk1 or a saker2 if you have the necessary apparatus and can prove your skill by catching one of these1 just see what pleasure it will give you4#gif ,i once was flying a favourite passage-saker at a heron1 and the falcon had rung up into mid-heaven and was on the point of taking the quarry1 when suddenly an eagle#gig appeared and seized my falcon in mid-air and slew her4 ,i and my men galloped after the brute to rescue the falcon1 but she was dead4 ,the bastard that had made my liver into roast meat#gih went and settled on a rock1 but ,i had with me only a sparrow-hawk net1 and with a sparrow-hawk net it is not possible to catch an eagle2 for an eagle will not come to a sparrow-hawk net1 or a sparrow-net#gii--or if it does come1 it carries it away4 ,i suddenly spied a kestril perched on a stone1 and set up my sparrow-hawk du-gaza#gii in front of it4 ,the poor bird1 through vain greed1 fell into the snare and into my clutches4 ,i pulled a few hairs out of my horse's tail and made four or five strong nooses1 and ,i skinned the sparrow4#hjj ,i tied the feathers into the kestril's claws and concealed the nooses amongst the feathers4 ,i then half-seeled the kestril's eyes and cast it into the air1 but the murderous eagle was not attracted2 it ignored the kestril4 ,suddenly a buzzard 7sr7 appeared1 and1 stooping at the feathers in the kestril's claws1 got entangled in the nooses4 ,both birds fell to the ground4 ,i galloped and secured the buzzard4 ,adding to the feathers1 and strengthening the nooses1 ,i half-seeled the buzzard's eyes and treated it as ,i had treated the kestril4 ,the buzzard rose in the air2 the eagle saw it1 and rose after it to rob from it those tempting feathers2 little it dreamt that the hunter would be hunted4 ,it rose and made a glorious stoop2 then1 its fingers inside those nooses1 it fell to earth along with the buzzard4 ,i murdered the murderer and rejoiced4 ,so great was my exultation you might almost have fancied my falcon had not been slain4 ,now1 you see you should always have with you complete apparatus for all kinds of sport and fowling1 even to fishing tackle1 for each sport has its own peculiar delight4 ,should an eagle slay and devour your hawk before your eyes and then clean its talons in the ground1 and should you1 having with you a charkh trained to eagles1 cast it at the eagle and take it1 and then execute various mutilating punishments#hja on it--why1 what delight can equal this8 ,,footnotes3 #gic i4e41 ,muammad4 #gid ,two or three minutes' rest is really sufficient4 #gie 8#8,plume1' v41 to pluck the feathers off the quarry40--,harting4 #gif ,there is a peculiar fascination about ,eastern devices for bird-catching2 the methods are so quaint and so successful1 and the 8quarry0 is so varied4 #gig ,eagles are slow in flight1 but make up for their slowness by dropping suddenly from a height4 #gih ,kabb1 8meat cut in little bits and roasted on a skewer10 is by a weird metaphor applied to a heart torn by grief1 or love4 #gii ,it is possible to catch eagles in an ordinary du-gaza1 for ,i have done so4 ,a 8sparrow-hawk du-gaza10 however1 is sometimes much smaller than an ordinary du-gaza4 ,i have caught hobbies in a du-gaza about two spans high and about four long1 suspended on straws or thorns4 #hjj ,presumably a sparrow was the bait4 ,for a kestril1 however1 a mole-cricket is a surer bait4 #hja ,nasaq is any mutilating 7or corporal7 punishment1 such as cutting off the nose and ears1 etc41 etc4 ,,chapter ,,lxix ,,miscellaneous ,,notes ,if wheat be soaked three times in the froth of a mast camel and then dried and given to birds to eat1 they will fall senseless4 ,also if beans be boiled in rats-bane1#hjb and then scattered in a spot where common cranes1 and wild geese1 and crows1 and choughs collect1 those that eat thereof will fall down in a swoon1 and if left alone will become arm4#hjc ,when you take these birds1 cut their throats and at once rip open the stomach and cast away the contents1 so that the poison may not spread to the flesh4#hjd ,if you lose a hawk when out hawking and do not recover her till the next day or a few days after1 know that1 whether she be a young hawk of the year or a moulted#hje hawk1 she will ever after be a trouble to you1 for her nature will have changed for the worse1 especially if she has preyed for herself while out4 ,as for me1 ,i would not keep her2 my friends may please themselves4 ,perchance some night your hawk may wanton prove1 ,and leaving place and keeper seek to rove4 ,moreover1 oh6 my friend1 should vagrant prey ,fall to her beak as quarry while astray2 ,think not1 howe'er you worry1 to retain ,your hawk1 that she can ever fly again4 ,beshrew the jade6 ,i would not have her so1 ,not as a gift1 though friends might scarce say 8,no40 ,when garden trees run riot o'er the wall ,the gardener brings his axe and fells them all4 ,to me1 the noblest bird of all is she1 ,that ever sits on friends' hands willingly4 ,may this ,bz-,nma1 written thus by me1 ,when ,i am dust1 keep green my memory4 ,i wrote it in the ,great ,shh's golden days1 ,the ,king whose orders ,heaven itself obeys2 ,high ,rank and ,fortune riding rein to rein1 ,with honour and with glory swell his train2 ,the game of courage captive in his noose3 ,his strength is mighty and his gifts profuse2 ,his barbd arrows are ,god's swift decrees2 ,his butts the lives of all his enemies4 ,his strength of arm is such as angels know1 ,the curvd sky he uses as his bow4 ,when ,heaven itself to praise the ,shh would fail1 ,what can ,mushtq's#hjf humble verse avail8 ,this book1 by the aid of the ,munificent ,king1 was finished on the day of ,wednesday1 in the month of ,z 'l-,qada the ,sacred1 in the year #abhehjg of the ,flight of the ,prophet2 and it contains the ,views and ,experience of ,taymr ,mrz1 son of usayn ,al ,mrz1 and bearer of the title of ,governor of the ,province of ,frs4 ,illustration3 7,printer's mark7 ,,printed ,,for ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 #aa1 ,,grafton ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w41 ,,by ,g4 ,,norman ,,and ,,son1 ,,floral ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,footnotes3 #hjb ,marg-i msh1 ,p41 or sammu 'l-fr1 ,ar4 7lit4 8death to mice07 is 8white arsenic40 #hjc i4e41 they will die of their own accord and so be 8unlawful0 for food4 #hjd 8,if you desire to take ,house doves1 ,stock doves1 ,rooks1 ,choughs1 or any other ,birds1 then take ,wheat1 ,barley1 ,fetches1 ,tares1 or other ,grain1 and boil them very well with good store of ,nux ,vomica1 in ordinary running water4 ,when they are almost boiled1 dry and ready to burst1 take them off the ,fire and set them by till they be thoroughly cold4 ,having so done scatter this grain in the ,haunts of those ,birds you have a mind to take2 and as soon as they have tasted thereof1 they will fall down in a dead sound1 and shall not be able to recover themselves in a good while4 ,and as you take these ,great ,land-fowl with this ,drunken ,device1 so you shall take the middle and smaller ,sort of ,birds1 if you observe to boil with what ,food they delight in1 a quantity of this ,nux ,vomica40 ,further on1 the same writer says that 8,lees of ,wine10 can be substituted for ,nux ,vomica1 and also that the grain may be steeped in the 8,juice of ,hemlock1 adding thereto some ,henbane seed or poppy seed1 causing them to be infused therein four or five days40 8,,how ,,to ,,recover ,a ,,fowl ,,thus ,,entranced3--,if you would restore these entranced ,fowl to their former ,health1 take a quantity of ,sallet-oyle1 according to the strength and ,bigness of the ,fowl and drop it down the throat of the ,fowl2 then chafe the ,head with a little strong ,white-wine-vinegar1 and the ,fowl will presently recover and be as well as ever40--,from the ,gentleman's ,recreation1 by ,richard ,blome4 #hje ,by 8moulted0 7tulak7 the author probably means 8intermewed40 #hjf ,mushtq1 the author's takhallu or poetical nom de plume4 #hjg ,corresponding to ,a4,d4 #ahfh4 ,illustration3 ,,xxv ,,hunting ,,and ,,hawking ,,scene ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,illustrations in this e,book have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations4 ,illustrations without captions have had a description added1 this is denoted with parentheses4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,pg #aj3 ,added second 8as0 in 8as well as in affection0 ,footnote #aea3 ,replaced 8,turk-,orientale0 with 8,turk-,oriental0 ,footnote #age3 ,removed duplicate 8at0 from 8one bird at at a time0 ,footnote #ahj3 ,replaced 8,ezerum0 with 8,erzerum0 ,pg #eh3 ,replaced 8skikr-chs0 with 8shikr-chs0 ,footnote #bgg3 8,albion0 corrected to 8,albin0 ,pg #gc3 ,replaced 8short-winded0 with 8short-winged0 ,pg #hj3 ,replaced 8too0 with 8to0 in 8may pass too and fro0 ,pg #he3 ,added 8is0 in 8for this a mistake0 ,pg #aci3 ,replaced 8that0 with 8than0 in 8better for this flight that the intermewed hawk0 ,pg #adc3 ,replaced 8made-hawk0 with 8make-hawk0 ,pg #adg3 ,replaced 8cammon crane0 with 8common crane0 ,footnote #gej3 ,replaced 8hardan0 with 8kardan0