,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,illustration3 ,,motherhood ,,children ,,well ,,and ,,happy ,a ,,manual ,,for ,,the ,,girls' ,,health ,,league ,,by ,,may ,,bliss ,,dickinson1 ,r4,n4 ,,published ,,under ,,the ,,auspices ,,of ,,the ,,massachusetts ,,state ,,federation ,,of ,,women',s ,,clubs ,,leroy ,,phillips ,,boston ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,,may ,,bliss ,,dickinson ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,to ,,my ,,mother ,,malah ,,bliss ,,dickinson 8,earth's noblest thing1 a woman perfected0 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,personal ,,hygiene #a ,,ii4 ,,home ,,sanitation #af ,,iii4 ,,the ,,newborn ,,baby #bi ,,iv4 ,,breast ,,feeding #ch ,v4 ,,bottle ,,feeding #df ,,vi4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,baby',s ,,food #ee ,,vii4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,baby',s ,,body #fc ,,viii4 ,,the ,,baby',s ,,clothing #ga ,,ix4 ,,habits ,,and ,,training #gh ,x4 ,,the ,,baby',s ,,teeth #hh ,,xi4 ,,emergencies #ic ,,appendix ,a4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,girls' ,,health ,,league ,,classes #ajc ,,appendix ,b4 ,,recipes #aaj ,,index #aac ,,illustrations ,,page ,motherhood ,frontispiece ,correct ,posture when ,standing #b ,wrong ,way to carry ,schoolbooks #e ,right ,way to carry ,schoolbooks #e ,section of the ,skin #g ,the ,correct ,kind of ,toothbrush #i ,ideal ,ventilation #bj ,the ,baby's ,bed #cd ,model ,birth ,certificate #cf ,weighing the ,baby #dd ,modification of the ,milk #di ,pasteurizing the ,baby's ,milk #ec ,homemade ,refrigerator #ef ,filling the ,baby's ,bottles #eg ,testing the ,temperature of the ,milk #fj ,correct ,way to ,hold the ,baby while ,feeding #fa ,bathing the ,baby #fd ,baby ,clothes #gb ,nose and ,throat ,passages--,normal and abnormal #hj ,baby ,exercising #hf ,child brushing his ,teeth #ij ,bath ,thermometer #ie ,protecting the ,baby from his ,mother's ,cold #ii ,,introduction ,the purpose of this book is to give schoolgirls definite help in learning how to keep themselves and other children well and happy4 ,the problem is a double one3 ,how can we best safeguard the health of our schoolgirls8 and ,what can we do through them to save the babies8 ,to the first question the answer is that we can teach the girls the sacredness of life by instructing them in personal hygiene and in the care of the home4 ,the object of such instruction is to give each girl a 8sound mind in a sound body0 and to fit her for a woman's work in the world4 ,the solution of the second part of the problem is to be found in the careful training of the schoolgirl in the general principles of hygiene as applied to babies4 ,because the ,health ,league classes reach the girls during their formative years1 they offer a splendid opportunity to establish those habits of life that make for health and consequent happiness and usefulness4 ,now as never before we are coming to realize that the strength of a nation depends primarily on the spiritual and physical health of its citizens and also on the training of its children to assume in later years their duties as fathers and mothers4 ,the author wishes to express her appreciation and gratitude to the many persons who have manifested interest in the work of the ,girls' ,health ,league1 which was launched under the auspices of the ,massachusetts ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs4 ,she wishes also especially to thank the following3 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,j4 ,gurney1 ,president of the ,massachusetts ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs1 for her encouragement2 ,dr4 ,payson ,smith1 ,commissioner of ,education of ,massachusetts1 for his indorsement2 ,john ,b4 ,hawes1 #b;d1 ,m4 ,d41 for his criticism and advice2 ,margaret ,v4 ,grogan1 ,m4 ,d41 for her medical assistance2 ,miss ,florence ,hilton1 ,director of ,physical ,education1 ,framingham public schools1 for illustrations of posture2 ,g4 ,w4 ,cokell of ,framingham for photographic work of unusual value2 the ,tri-,ad ,studio artists for their excellent designs4 ,,may ,,bliss ,,dickinson1 ,r4 ,n4 ,,foreword ,may this little book go forth bearing words of healing1 health1 and joy to you who faithfully study them1 and1 also1 to those little ones whom the kind ,father may place in your arms in the wonderful years to come4 ,,mrs4 ,,samuel ,w4 ,mc,c,a,l,l ,,children ,,well ,,and ,,happy ,,chapter ,i ,,personal ,,hygiene ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate the correct posture when standing1 walking1 and sitting4 #b4 ,show the right and wrong kinds of shoes4 #c4 ,demonstrate the correct way of carrying schoolbooks4 #d4 ,show samples of soap--pure castile1 ,ivory1 and a cheap scented variety--and explain the right and wrong uses of soap4 ,personal hygiene may be defined as the wise and systematic care of the body4 ,the reasons why every girl should take care of her body are3 ,first1 good health means power to do one's work in life well4 ,second1 health is an aid to happiness and personal attractiveness4 ,illustration3 ,,correct ,,posture ,,when ,,standing ,good health helps to give a person an active1 cheerful mind1 and this makes one alert1 capable1 and able to work to the best advantage4 ,good health gives poise and grace to the body and helps to create efficiency4 ,the following are good rules3 #a4 ,form health-giving habits4 #b4 ,let keeping well and happy be one of your most important duties4 ,the person who honestly wishes to be useful must begin at once to make good health a certainty4 ,,rules ,,for ,,correct ,,posture ,standing4 ,we should stand correctly in order that the organs of the body--heart1 lungs1 stomach1 liver1 and kidneys--may have room and be in position to do their work well4 ,we should stand erect1 chin in1 chest high1 abdomen flat1 and with the weight of the body resting on the balls of the feet4 ,walking4 ,in walking the weight of the body should be thrown well forward4 ,it is correct to let the heel touch the ground first1 but the weight should very quickly be transferred to the ball of the foot4 ,the correct position of the feet is with the toes pointed straight forward4 ,this straight-foot position is characteristic of our best athletes1 our native ,indians1 and others who are noted for great endurance in running and walking4 ,two things are essential3 stockings should be a little longer than the feet1 and shoes should be roomy at the toes and have heels not more than one inch high4 ,sitting4 ,as our schoolgirls sit many hours each day1 it is vital to their health that they sit correctly4 ,when sitting1 one should push back in the chair as far as possible4 ,in the resting position the entire trunk should lean backwards against the back of the chair2 the hips should not be allowed to slide forward in the seat4 ,in the active position the trunk is held erect or inclined forward4 ,when leaning forward in a sitting position1 the trunk must be held erect or inclined forward1 and the bending should be from the hips1 not from the waistline4 ,girls should not sit on one foot nor with the knees crossed1 as these positions interfere with the circulation4 ,when a person is sitting1 the feet may be crossed if a change of position is desired4 ,illustration3 ,,wrong ,,way ,,to ,,carry ,,schoolbooks ,,right ,,way ,,to ,,carry ,,schoolbooks ,carrying of schoolbooks4 ,in going to and from school1 books should be carried on the right arm one day1 on the left arm the next day1 or they may be divided and carried partly on each arm4 ,of course the best plan is not to carry many books home4 ,all pupils should prepare as many lessons during the study periods of each school day as classes will permit4 ,position when reading4 ,children should be taught at an early age not to let the light1 either natural or artificial1 shine in their eyes4 ,the strongest light should come from the left4 ,light from above is the best4 ,one should not read too long at any one time without looking up at some distant object in order to rest the muscles of the eyes4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,skin ,the skin is the outer covering of the body4 ,it serves as a protection to the body and as an organ of excretion4 ,many waste products which would act as poisons if retained in the body are carried away through the pores of the skin by means of perspiration4 ,this perspiration is produced by sweat-producing glands4 ,closely related to these are the oil-producing glands4 ,the constant presence of perspiration and oily material from the glands makes it important that the skin be kept clean so that the pores may not become clogged4 ,illustration3 hair epidermis sweat gland dermis ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,skin ,handkerchiefs4 ,it is important that the child be supplied with clean handkerchiefs and be taught the proper use of them4 ,a child should be told never to use a handkerchief belonging to anyone else4 ,a handkerchief should be held before the nose or mouth when coughing or sneezing4 ,one should never spit on the sidewalk1 in the house1 or in any public place4 ,,baths ,cleansing bath4 ,the most important bath is the cleansing bath of warm water and soap1 which should be taken at night or after exercise4 ,after taking this bath one should dash or rub cold water over the skin4 ,the body should be quickly dried and given a brisk rubbing with a coarse towel to increase the circulation4 ,cold bath4 ,a cool sponge bath1 taken the first thing in the morning1 has a stimulating effect on the body4 ,it sends the blood to the skin and quickens the circulation4 ,this bath should be followed by a brisk rubdown with a rough towel4 ,a cold plunge bath should not be taken without the advice of a physician1 as cold baths are not beneficial to everyone4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,correct ,,kind ,,of ,,toothbrush ,brushing the teeth4 ,the greatest factor in preventing decay of the teeth is cleanliness4 ,the teeth should be brushed the first thing in the morning and the last thing at night1 and1 when convenient1 should be rinsed after eating4 ,the lower teeth should be brushed with a half-rotary motion up1 and the upper teeth should be brushed down4 ,this will assist in removing particles of food from the teeth and will prevent injury to the gums4 ,dental floss should be used between the teeth4 ,coarse food which requires much chewing strengthens the teeth and is excellent for the digestion4 ,it is well to use a simple mouth wash of one-half teaspoonful of soda or salt in a glass of tepid water4 ,have the dentist clean the teeth twice a year2 do not wait until the teeth ache before going to the dentist4 ,,food ,food is that which supplies nourishment to our bodies4 ,although many elements enter into the composition of what we eat1 food is roughly divided into three classes3 proteids1 carbohydrates1 and fats4 ,some foods contain all of these elements2 others contain only one or two of them4 ,proteids4 ,the proteids build and repair the tissues of the body and include such substances as the lean of meat and fish1 the white of egg1 milk1 and parts of vegetables4 ,dried peas1 dried beans1 and nuts contain large percentages of proteid4 ,carbohydrates 7sugars and starches74 ,carbohydrates form the essential parts of vegetables and furnish body heat and muscular power4 ,foods containing a large percentage of starch are bread1 potatoes1 rice1 macaroni1 tapioca1 and cereals4 ,such foods as candy1 maple sirup1 honey1 and molasses are almost entirely sugar2 while carrots1 parsnips1 and beets contain a large percentage of sugar4 ,fats4 ,fats are the energy-producing part of our diet4 ,they may be of either vegetable or animal origin--as cream1 butter1 yolks of eggs1 nuts1 meat1 and fish fats4 ,mixed diet4 ,a mixed diet consisting of all the food elements in proper proportion is necessary to supply material for the normal growth of the body4 ,everyone should eat vegetables freely not only because they are good for the bowels 7acting as a wholesome laxative7 but also because many of them1 especially the green vegetables1 contain important organic matter1 such as iron4 ,bread and butter4 ,bread has often been called the staff of life4 ,in other words1 bread and butter alone form an almost perfectly balanced meal4 ,bread should never be eaten until it is at least twenty-four hours old4 ,stale bread cut thin and toasted in the oven until it is crisp is appetizing and wholesome4 ,instead of giving large amounts of bread and butter to children three times a day1 mothers should substitute in part vegetables and fruits4 ,coarse foods4 ,coarse foods are especially valuable because they require thorough mastication1 which is the real function of the teeth4 ,this helps to keep the tongue and teeth clean4 ,another reason for giving coarse foods to children is that the circulation of blood in the gums and throat is improved by chewing4 ,milk4 ,milk contains all the essential elements of a well-balanced diet and is one of the most important foods4 ,it should be taken slowly and with other food1 such as graham crackers1 and should constitute an important part of the diet of every child4 ,children up to fourteen years of age should take milk1 or milk flavored with cocoa1 in the place of tea and coffee4 ,water4 ,while water is not classed as a food1 it makes up three fifths of the total of the fluids of the body and aids in the elimination of the waste products of the body4 ,all foods contain some water1 while fruits and vegetables are largely composed of it4 ,a glass of water should be taken before breakfast1 in the middle of the morning1 and in the afternoon1 and two glasses in the evening4 ,one glass may be taken with the meals if it is taken after the food in the mouth has been swallowed4 ,six or eight glasses of water should be taken during every twenty-four hours4 ,candy4 ,many people believe that candy is harmful4 ,this is because children1 and indeed adults1 are apt to eat it at the wrong time and to eat too much of it at one time2 nevertheless it has high food value1 and a little pure candy eaten once a day1 after a meal1 is healthful4 ,bowels4 ,when there is any trouble with the stomach or bowels look for the cause in some mistake or indiscretion in the diet4 ,the family physician should be consulted4 ,care of the bowels4 ,the bowels should move at least once every day4 ,a regular habit of bowel movement can and should be formed4 ,the best time is in the morning1 after breakfast4 ,many of the head-aches1 muddy1 pimply complexions1 and bad tempers are due to constipation4 ,this condition may be relieved by exercise1 by the eating of coarse food1 vegetables1 fruits1 such as apples1 prunes1 and oranges1 and by drinking plenty of water4 ,exercise4 ,exercise1 as either work or play1 is necessary because it stimulates the action of all the organs of the body4 ,the blood circulates more freely during exercise1 and more waste products are thrown off4 ,one should not take violent exercise immediately after eating2 neither should one exercise when unduly fatigued4 ,work must be wisely alternated with play and rest1 because efficiency ends when a person becomes overtired4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,home ,,sanitation ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate the ventilation of a room4 #b4 ,demonstrate the dusting of a room4 ,by home sanitation we mean keeping the house clean and giving the forces of nature1 such as sunshine1 fresh air1 and pure water1 their fullest opportunity to work for us4 ,by letting the out of doors indoors we give nature a fairer chance at her great task of keeping us well and happy4 ,the house is a protection for the family and should have healthful and cheerful surroundings4 ,the housewife should understand the principles of home sanitation and thereby secure for her family a healthy and happy life4 ,location of the house4 ,the location of the house is often decided more by necessity or convenience than by the consideration of health4 ,if possible1 a tenement or house should be so situated as to secure good air1 sunshine1 good drainage1 and good neighbors4 ,a house with a southerly exposure or placed with its corners to the points of the compass has a distinct hygienic value and is always to be preferred1 because it gets the sun in each room at some time during the day4 ,sunshine4 ,abundant sunshine and light in the home are of great importance1 and help to make the home healthful and more cheerful4 ,people living in rooms which have no sun become pale and gradually lose strength4 ,pure air4 ,sunshine and pure air are the most important essentials for healthy life in the home4 ,nothing will take the place of fresh air4 ,everyone should be taught to fill the lungs with it by slow1 deep breathing4 ,we breathe on an average eighteen times a minute1 or #be1ibj times every twenty-four hours4 ,no matter how well rooms are ventilated1 it is a good plan to open the windows wide a few times each day4 ,this helps to rid the atmosphere of impurities4 ,oxygen4 ,oxygen is the element in the air that sustains life2 it is inhaled through the lungs1 taken up by the blood1 and carried to all parts of the body4 ,carbon dioxide4 ,the air also contains carbon dioxide1 which is a product of combustion in many forms1 such as respiration and the decomposition of animal and vegetable matter4 ,although enormous quantities of carbon dioxide are constantly being forced into the air1 it is likewise being removed constantly--especially by growing vegetation4 ,plants and trees1 under the influence of sunlight1 absorb much of the carbon dioxide2 therefore plants1 which many people like to have in their rooms1 not only please the eye but have a practical value4 ,the condition of plants in the house is a good test of home sanitation4 ,if the leaves drop off1 probably the rooms are overheated and the air too dry4 ,there is some truth in the saying1 8,where plants will not grow1 people ought not to live40 ,the breathing of impure air causes a feeling of discomfort2 the habitual breathing of bad air causes headache and lessens the resistance of the body to disease4 ,impurities of air in homes4 ,many conditions may help cause bad air in our homes2 among these are mentioned overcrowding1 oil stoves1 gas stoves1 and the kind of housekeeping which permits the accumulation of dust and waste4 ,good ventilation4 ,by good ventilation we mean a sufficient supply of fresh air of suitable temperature and moisture1 kept systematically in motion4 ,moving air serves a double purpose--that of bringing to us a fresh supply and of taking away the warm1 moist1 impure air by which we are surrounded4 ,the best and simplest way to ventilate a room is to have one or two windows open at both the top and the bottom4 ,during storms or in the winter time1 ventilation may be secured by covering a wire screen with thin outing flannel4 ,this allows the entrance of fresh air without drafts4 ,illustration3 ,,ideal ,,ventilation ,drafts4 ,there is a superstition that colds are caused by drafts4 ,as a matter of fact1 moving air is a necessity1 and drafts do not cause colds4 ,drafts1 sudden chilling of the body1 and dampness may be predisposing causes1 but in themselves they will not produce a cold4 ,such conditions lower the general vitality of the body and favor the development of infection when the specific cause is introduced4 ,temperature of air4 ,the temperature of the air has a very important bearing on health4 ,the harmful effect of extremes of temperature has caused the death of many babies4 ,the temperature of heated rooms1 during the day1 should be between #fh and #gj;,f4 ,humidity4 ,by humidity we mean the moisture in the air4 ,many of the colds which occur in the winter are due to the dry air in homes and places of work4 ,extreme dryness irritates the mucous membranes of the nose and throat1 and this irritation is favorable to the development of infection4 ,moisture may be added to the air in two simple ways3 by keeping a dish of water on the radiator and by keeping plants in the rooms1 for plants constantly throw off moisture4 ,water4 ,the purity of the water that is used in the household1 whether it comes from a public water supply or from a well in the country1 is a question of great importance4 ,every housewife should know the source from which the water used in her household comes4 ,water is considered pure from the standpoint of health when it is free from pollution1 color1 odor1 poisonous salts1 and turbidity4 ,clear1 sparkling water is not necessarily pure however4 ,the purity of water can be determined only by analysis4 ,in most states the public water supply of cities and towns is inspected regularly and the water is examined1 so that the people may be protected from danger of infection4 ,when the water used in a household is obtained from a well or private water supply1 an analysis of it should be made4 ,all wells should be carefully constructed and covered1 so that there may be no danger of pollution from surface drainage4 ,privy vaults should not be near the well or so located that there will be drainage from them to a well2 otherwise the germs of typhoid and other diseases may find their way to it through the ground and become a source of danger to the persons using the water4 ,as an extra precaution all discharges from persons who have tuberculosis1 cholera1 dysentery1 or typhoid fever should be effectively disinfected before they are emptied into a privy vault or into a flush closet4 ,purification of water4 ,if the purity of the water is doubted1 it should be boiled for five or ten minutes in a clean1 covered kettle4 ,this renders it safe4 ,the flat taste which often results from the boiling may be remedied by shaking the water in a bottle or pouring it from one clean pitcher to another or by simply exposing it to the air overnight4 ,water should be kept cool1 and should be protected from dust4 ,household filters4 ,the domestic filter is of little value4 ,it will remove visible particles of matter1 but will have very little effect upon bacteria4 ,if such filters are used1 they should be carefully and intelligently cleaned several times a day4 ,care and arrangement of rooms4 ,all the rooms in the house should be well ventilated and kept scrupulously clean4 ,the windows should be entirely screened in order that they may be opened at both top and bottom4 ,the screens should be put on in the spring before the flies and mosquitoes appear and should not be removed until all danger from them is past4 ,screens should be brushed frequently4 ,dust and dusting4 ,dust is brought into the home on shoes and clothing1 and is blown in from the outside4 ,dust must be kept under control by the use of a vacuum cleaner1 a carpet sweeper1 or a damp broom1 and by good ventilation4 ,children should not be allowed to remain in rooms that are being swept1 for dust causes an irritation of the eyes1 nose1 and throat and also is frequently a carrier of disease germs4 ,the dusting of furniture should be done with a damp cloth4 ,this will wipe off the dust and not stir it up into the air where it will be inhaled or will settle again4 ,a feather duster should not be used4 ,dampened dusters may be prepared in the following way3 spread the dusters out smoothly on a towel that has been wrung out of hot water1 roll1 and let them lie for half an hour before using4 ,the cellar4 ,the cellar should extend under the entire house4 ,if there is no cellar1 the space under the floor should be well ventilated4 ,there should be windows on at least two sides of the cellar to give ventilation and light1 and the windows should be well screened4 ,the cellar requires constant care and should be kept not only dry but clean and free from rubbish and substances that decay or absorb and hold moisture4 ,care of food4 ,young people should learn to care for food in the home4 ,food should be fresh1 clean1 and wholesome4 ,it should be protected from dust and handled only with clean hands4 ,the development of bacteria may be prevented by keeping the food cold and clean4 ,fruits should be washed before being used4 ,the outer covering of berries is easily bruised1 and such fruits are frequently contaminated by dust and flies4 ,fruit should be full-grown but not over-ripe when eaten4 ,vegetables such as lettuce1 celery1 and radishes1 that are eaten uncooked1 should be thoroughly washed and rinsed in several waters4 ,care of garbage4 ,garbage consists chiefly of the refuse matter from the kitchen4 ,it should be kept in a clean metal can with a tight-fitting cover1 since it will attract flies1 rats1 and other vermin4 ,it is important that the can be frequently emptied and cleaned4 ,be careful that broken glass1 broken dishes1 nails1 tacks1 or old papers are not mixed with the kitchen refuse4 ,have a separate can or barrel for ashes and all glass and metal rubbish4 ,the fair criterion of good housekeeping is the amount of garbage4 ,a large amount of garbage means carelessness and waste in the kitchen4 ,dishcloth and dish towels4 ,beware of a greasy1 damp1 disease-carrying dishcloth that is hung in a warm1 dark place4 ,the dishcloth and dish towels should be kept clean by washing them with soap and hot water every day4 ,they should be hung out in the sunshine in the open air4 ,clean hands4 ,clean hands mean more than personal cleanliness4 ,they mean clean door knobs1 furniture1 and clothing4 ,the hands should be washed frequently with warm water and soap1 and always before handling food1 after going to the toilet1 and before taking the baby4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,newborn ,,baby ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate the washing of the baby's eyes4 #b4 ,demonstrate giving the baby the oil bath4 #c4 ,demonstrate giving the sponge bath4 #d4 ,show how to make the baby's bed and how to place the baby in it4 ,first care of baby4 ,the hands should be carefully washed before handling the baby4 ,when the baby comes his eyes must be washed with a two per cent solution of boric acid4#a ,the proper care of the eyes at this time may be the means of preserving the eyesight4 ,a fresh piece of cotton should be used for each eye4 ,always wash the lids from the nose toward the outer corner of the eye2 then burn the cotton4 ,the baby should then be placed upon his right side1 with his head a little lower than his body4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,appendix ,b1 p4 #aji4 ,oil bath4 ,when the baby is born there is on his skin1 particularly in the creases1 a white cheeselike substance that can be removed only with oil4 ,therefore the baby's first bath should be of warm olive oil or vaseline1 applied with a piece of soft cotton and allowed to remain for an hour or more and then very gently wiped off4 ,a water bath should not be given until the second day4 ,a sponge bath4 ,a sponge bath should be given daily up to the sixth or ninth day1 after which the warm tub bath should be substituted4 ,essentials for the bath are3 #a4 ,a warm room 7#gb ,f47 #b4 ,a bath thermometer #c4 ,a large flannel bath apron #d4 ,two basins of warm water #e4 ,two soft washcloths #f4 ,two large soft towels #g4 ,olive-oil soap or pure castile soap #h4 ,pure talcum powder #i4 ,two per cent boric-acid solution #aj4 ,absorbent cotton ,the toilet articles should be kept on a white enamel tray1 which is easy to clean4 ,after everything is prepared for the bath the fresh clothing should be warmed4 ,the mother puts on her apron and takes the baby in her lap2 she then undresses him and wraps him in the bath apron4 ,the temperature of the bath should be #ajj ,f4 by the thermometer1 and this should never be guessed at1 because the water feels very much warmer to the sensitive skin of the baby than to the hand of an adult4 ,the head and face are first washed with the warm water and carefully dried4 ,the body is then bathed with the warm water and soap1 rinsed with clear water1 wrapped in soft towels1 and dried by patting4 ,great care must be taken to dry thoroughly all the folds and creases of the skin4 ,a little lanolin or sweet oil should then be gently rubbed into the folds or a little talcum powder may be dusted on the neck1 behind the ears1 under the arms and knees1 in the groin1 and on the buttocks4 ,wipe away all superfluous powder1 as it is apt to get wet and cake1 and will then irritate the skin4 ,for the tub bath see page #fc4 ,dressing the baby4 ,in dressing and undressing the baby the garment should be put on and off over the feet4 ,this will prevent dust or other foreign particles on the clothing from entering the eyes1 nose1 or mouth of the baby4 ,after the baby is dressed his nose1 ears1 and eyes should be cleaned by means of twisted cotton dipped in a two per cent solution of boric acid4 ,a fresh piece of cotton should be used for each eye1 ear1 and nostril and should then be burned4 ,,development ,crying4 ,it is necessary for a newborn baby to cry a little every day2 this tends to expand his lungs4 ,sight4 ,a newborn baby is not able to distinguish objects1 but his eyes are very sensitive to light and must be carefully protected4 ,hearing4 ,the hearing soon becomes acute2 therefore loud and sudden noises should be avoided1 as they startle and excite the baby4 ,it is well to keep him in a room away from noise and confusion4 ,speech4 ,when six or seven months old a baby begins to try to utter words and will usually be able to say a few words when nine or ten months old4 ,the average child1 however1 does not begin to form sentences of more than two or three words until he is about eighteen months or two years of age4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,baby',s ,,bed ,baby's bed4 ,the newborn baby sleeps about nine tenths of the time4 ,he should have a bed by himself4 ,the first bed may be made in an ordinary clothes basket or in a light box4 ,table padding makes a good mattress if folded to six thicknesses1 because it is easily laundered and is inexpensive4 ,when washed it should be dried out of doors in the sunshine4 ,if the material used in the crib mattress is excelsior1 it should be made as smooth as possible1 with a soft pad placed on top of it4 ,curled hair is more expensive1 but is light1 cool1 and easily cleansed4 ,the crib mattress should always be protected by a piece of rubber sheeting covered with a soft pad4 ,the baby's bed should be raised at least twelve inches from the floor to escape drafts4 ,pillows4 ,the baby's head should not be elevated1 as he will take more air into his lungs when no pillow is used4 ,if the mother wishes1 she may place a folded soft cloth under the baby's head4 ,birth registration4 ,see that the baby's birth is promptly and accurately registered4 ,later he may need his birth certificate to prove his #a4 ,identity #b4 ,legitimacy #c4 ,right to inherit property #d4 ,right to enter school #e4 ,right to seek employment #f4 ,right to vote #g4 ,right to hold office #h4 ,privilege to travel in other countries ---------------------------------------- ------- ,registry ,department ,,city ,,of ,county of 1 ,state of ,,city ,,hall ,the following is an abstract from the ,,record ,,of ,,births in said ,city3 ,no4 ,,son ,,dau4 of was born in ,i hereby certify that the above is a true copy from the ,,record ,,of ,,births in the ,custody of the ,city ,registrar4 ------ ,,city ,,seal ------ ,city ,registrar ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,model ,,birth ,,certificate ,protection against flies and mosquitoes4 ,the baby must be protected from flies and mosquitoes because malaria and other diseases may be transmitted in this way4 ,flies are carriers of filth and disease germs and therefore should never be allowed to touch the baby's lips or the baby's bottle4 ,it is important that netting be placed over the baby's bed and be large enough to tuck in under the mattress4 ,it should not hang down over the sides of the bed4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,breast ,,feeding ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate how to hold the baby when feeding him4 #b4 ,demonstrate how to weigh the baby4 ,every mother should nurse her baby if she is well and has the milk2 it is her most important duty for the time being1 and all other things should be secondary to it4 ,the reasons4 ,breast milk is nature's food for the baby4 ,it is fresh1 sterile1 and always at hand4 ,it is the least expensive food that can be given1 and contains the proper elements of food in the right proportions4 ,breast-fed babies seldom have bowel troubles--which are apt to be so fatal in bottle-fed babies1 especially in hot weather4 ,ten bottle-fed babies die to one fed on the breast4 ,hours for nursing4 ,at the end of the first twenty-four hours the baby is put to the breast4 ,because of the scant quantity of milk in the breasts1 every four or six hours is often enough for the first two days4 ,until the mother's milk comes no food should be given to the baby except a little cool boiled water1 not sweetened4 ,if the milk is very scanty1 the physician will probably order a few bottle feedings4 ,for a normal baby the following feedings are recommended3 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,from ,,birth ,,from ,,three ,,from ,,eight ,,to ,,three ,,to ,,eight ,,months ,,to ,,months ,,old ,,months ,,old ,,one ,,year ,,old ---------------------------------------- ------- #f ,a4 ,m4 #f ,a4 ,m4 #f ,a4 ,m4 #i ,a4 ,m4 #i3cj ,a4 ,m4 #aj ,a4 ,m4 #ab noon #a ,p4 ,m4 #b ,p4 ,m4 #c ,p4 ,m4 #d3cj ,p4 ,m4 #f ,p4 ,m4 #f ,p4 ,m4 #h ,p4 ,m4 #aj ,p4 ,m4 #i ,p4 ,m4 #ab midnight #ab midnight ---------------------------------------- ------- ,the mother should nurse her baby regularly and give nothing between feedings except unsweetened boiled water4 ,if the baby is awakened at feeding times during the day1 he will soon form the habit of nursing regularly4 ,how to hold the baby4 ,while the baby is nursing do not hold him too closely to the breast1 as he must have plenty of air to breathe4 ,if the baby is nursing from the right breast1 he should be held on the right arm1 and the mother's left hand should press the breast away from the baby's nose4 ,length of nursing time4 ,the baby should not nurse more than ten minutes at first nor more than twenty minutes at any time4 ,he should not be allowed to fall asleep while nursing nor be permitted to take his meal too rapidly1 as this latter may cause him to hiccup4 ,if a baby nurses too rapidly1 withdraw the nipple from his mouth for a few seconds4 ,this may be done every three or four minutes4 ,baby's stomach4 ,the infant generally takes more fluid at each feeding than the stomach can hold at one time4 ,almost as soon as the milk is swallowed it begins to pass into the intestines4 ,breast milk is digested and passed on more rapidly than cow's milk4 ,mixed feedings4 ,when the mother's milk is of good quality1 but is not sufficient in quantity to satisfy the baby1 it is necessary to give him additional food4 ,this is done by giving alternate feedings of the breast milk and modified milk4 ,mixed feedings should always be given under the doctor's directions4 ,every bit of breast milk helps the baby1 because it tends to make the digestion of artificial food easier4 ,advice to nursing mothers4 ,keep yourself well4 ,as long as you are well the baby will keep well4 ,even though you have but little milk at first1 do not get discouraged2 be patient and persevering4 ,you should have lunches of milk and gruel--one in the middle of the morning1 one in the afternoon1 and another at bedtime4 ,remember that an active1 cheerful mind is an important factor in good health4 ,nothing upsets a baby more quickly than a nervous1 irritable mother4 ,diet of a nursing woman4 ,the meals should be simple and nutritious and should include a large amount of liquid4 ,milk1 cereals1 eggs1 and soups should form the principal part of the diet4 ,some of the foods to be avoided by a nursing woman are cabbage1 onions1 garlic1 and sour fruits4 ,weaning4 ,the healthy baby should be weaned from the breast between the ninth and the eleventh month4 ,every baby ought to be weaned entirely at the age of one year1 but it is better not to wean him during the summer4 ,if a baby has been taught to take water from a spoon or cup1 there will be no trouble at the weaning period in having him take his milk from a cup4 ,weaning should take place gradually4 ,during the process the mother should take less liquids and usually some laxative to produce free movements of the bowels4 ,weigh the baby4 ,the baby should be weighed once a week4 ,scales similar to grocers' scales1 with a basket attached1 may be used1 as they are more accurate than spring scales4 ,directions for weighing4 ,have the scales in a warm place1 protected from drafts4 ,undress the baby1 wrap him in a small blanket1 and place him in the basket on the scales4 ,write down the total weight2 then lift the baby out1 weigh the basket and blanket together1 and subtract this amount from the first weight4 ,the average healthy baby weighs from seven to seven and one-half pounds at birth1 and his average length is twenty inches4 ,a healthy baby usually doubles his weight at the end of the fifth month1 and by the end of the first year weighs three times as much as at birth4 ,for instance1 if he weighs seven pounds at birth1 he should weigh fourteen pounds at the end of the fifth month and twenty-one pounds at the end of the first year4 ,illustration3 ,,weighing ,,the ,,baby ,if the length is twenty inches at birth1 the baby should grow about four inches during the first five months and eight inches during the first year4 ,the following table shows the actual gain in weight of a healthy baby that was breast fed3 ,weight at birth #g pounds ,weight at age of two months #aa pounds ,weight at age of four months #af pounds ,weight at age of six months #ah pounds ,weight at age of eight months #bj pounds ,weight at end of first year #ba pounds ,a child may be in good health and yet not conform to these averages4 ,this need cause no uneasiness1 providing the child is well and gains in weight4 ,,chapter ,v ,,bottle ,,feeding ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,show and demonstrate the care of utensils to be used in modifying milk4 #b4 ,demonstrate the process of modifying milk4 #c4 ,demonstrate the process of pasteurizing milk4 ,foods4 ,condensed milk and proprietary foods should be used only in emergency or on the advice of a physician4 ,they are of value only in the rare instances when a baby cannot digest cow's milk or when prescribed by a physician4 ,cow's milk4 ,if a baby cannot have breast milk1 the next best food is properly modified cow's milk4 ,cow's milk1 when used for the baby1 must be fresh4 ,it should be delivered in sealed bottles4 ,milk sold from open cans should never be given to a child4 ,milk should not be left standing on the doorstep nor in a warm kitchen1 but should be placed in the ice box as soon as received1 where it should be kept covered and at a temperature between #ce and #de ,f4 ,choice of milk4 ,whenever possible1 certified milk should be used4 ,certified milk is milk produced under conditions that conform to certain standards of cleanliness laid down by the state4 ,uncertified milk may of course often be used without danger1 but if there is any question about its purity1 it should be pasteurized 7see page #eb for directions for pasteurizing74 ,,comparison ,,of ,,mother',s ,,milk ,,and ,,cow',s ,,milk ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,mother',s ,,milk ,,cow',s ,,milk ---------------------------------------- ----- ,fat #c4ej per cent #d4jj per cent ,sugar #g4jj per cent #d4ej per cent ,protein #a4be per cent #c4ej per cent ,salts 4#bj per cent 4#gj per cent ---------------------------------------- ----- ,no matter how cow's milk is modified1 it differs from human milk in certain other ways that we do not understand1 and this renders it less desirable for infant feeding than human milk4 ,modified milk4 ,the formula for the baby's food must be given by a nurse or a physician4 ,the following general directions for feeding a baby that does not require a special formula have been prepared by a committee of the ,american ,medical ,association3 ,beginning on the third day the average baby should be given three ounces of milk daily1 diluted with seven ounces of water4 ,to this should be added one tablespoon of limewater and two level teaspoons of sugar4 ,this should be given in seven feedings4 ,at one week the average child requires five ounces of milk daily1 which should be diluted with ten ounces of water4 ,to this should be added one and one-half even teaspoons of sugar and one ounce of limewater4 ,this should be given in seven feedings4 ,the milk should be increased by one-half ounce about every four days4 ,the water should be increased by one-half ounce every eight days4 ,illustration3 ,,modification ,,of ,,the ,,milk ,at three months the average child requires sixteen ounces of milk daily1 which should be diluted with sixteen ounces of water4 ,to this should be added three tablespoons of sugar and two ounces of limewater4 ,this should be given in six feedings4 ,the milk should be increased by one-half ounce every six days4 ,the water should be reduced by one-half ounce about every two weeks4 ,at six months the average child requires twenty-four ounces of milk daily1 which should be diluted with twelve ounces of water4 ,to this should be added two ounces of limewater and three even tablespoons of sugar4 ,this should be given in five feedings4 ,the amount of milk should be increased by one-half ounce every week4 ,the milk should be increased only if the child is hungry and digesting his food well4 ,it should not be increased unless he is hungry1 nor if he is suffering from indigestion1 even though he seems hungry4 ,at nine months the average child requires thirty ounces of milk daily1 which should be diluted with ten ounces of water4 ,to this should be added two even tablespoons of sugar and two ounces of limewater4 ,this should be given in five feedings4 ,the sugar added may be milk sugar or1 if this cannot be obtained1 cane 7granulated7 sugar or maltose 7malt sugar74 ,at first plain water should be used to dilute the milk4 ,at three months1 sometimes earlier1 a weak barley water may be used in the place of plain water2 it is made of one-half level tablespoon of barley flour to sixteen ounces of water and cooked for twenty minutes4 7,see ,appendix ,b47 ,fill the feeding bottles1 cork them1 and put on the ice4 ,if the milk is not certified1 it should be pasteurized4 ,utensils4 ,the utensils used for preparing the baby's food should be reserved exclusively for that purpose4 ,the best material for these utensils is enamel or agateware4 ,,list ,,of ,,utensils #a4 ,a big covered kettle or dish pan4 ,this should measure at least eighteen inches in diameter1 so that all other utensils may be boiled in it at one time4 #b4 ,bottles4 ,there should be as many bottles as there are feedings in one day4 #c4 ,nipples4 ,it is important to select those that can be turned wrong side out to be cleaned4 #d4 ,a bottle brush4 #e4 ,a nipple brush4 #f4 ,a sixteen-ounce graduated measuring glass4 #g4 ,a tablespoon1 teaspoon1 and cream dipper4 #h4 ,a teapot of enamel or agateware in which sterile water is kept for use as needed4 #i4 ,a wire rack for holding bottles4 #aj4 ,a roll of nonabsorbent cotton for the stoppers for the feeding bottles4 ,pasteurizing4 ,this process consists of heating the milk to #ade ,f4 and keeping it at this temperature for thirty minutes4 ,the following method may be used3 ,fill the bottles with the modified milk and place in the wire rack4 ,put the rack in a dish of water1 with the water just above the level of the milk4 ,suspend a milk thermometer in the water and heat until the thermometer registers #ade ,f4 ,keep at this temperature for thirty minutes1 then take out the rack and cork the bottles at once4 ,place carefully in a dish of cool water or put an inverted basin over the rack containing the bottles and set under the cold-water faucet4 ,cool quickly and place on the ice at once4 ,illustration3 ,,pasteurizing ,,the ,,baby',s ,,milk ,if no pasteurizing outfit is at hand1 the bottles of milk may be heated in a double boiler until the steam arises4 ,continue heating at this temperature for fifteen minutes4 ,if the pasteurized milk is used for a long time1 it is well to give the baby orange juice to prevent rickets and scurvy4 ,this should be given in the morning1 regularly1 three quarters of an hour before feeding time4 ,one teaspoonful should be given at first1 and the amount gradually increased up to one tablespoonful4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,baby',s ,,food ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,show a homemade refrigerator4 #b4 ,demonstrate the care of bottles4 #c4 ,demonstrate the care of rubber nipples4 #d4 ,demonstrate the process of sterilizing water4 ,homemade refrigerator4 ,an ice box to keep the baby's milk in good condition may be made in the following way at very little cost3 ,in a wooden box about eighteen inches square and of about the same depth1 put a layer of sawdust three inches deep4 ,then put a ten-quart pail 7or a larger one7 in the center of the box4 ,add more sawdust and put a cardboard collar around the pail1 to keep the sawdust in place4 ,it is also well to put a layer of cheesecloth over the sawdust4 ,inside this pail place another 7smaller7 one1 to hold the ice4 ,the bottles are put in the larger pail1 which should be securely covered1 and a bag of sawdust is placed over it4 ,the box should be tightly closed by a wooden cover lined with several thicknesses of newspaper4 ,the inner pail should be taken out and cleaned every morning4 ,illustration3 ,,inner ,,pail ,,bottles ,,ice ,,pail ,,cover ,,padded ,,cover ,,to ,,box ,,homemade ,,refrigerator ,the box described above will keep cold for twenty-four hours with five cents' worth of ice in it4 ,the cover should not be left off any longer than is necessary to remove the bottles4 ,illustration3 ,,filling ,,the ,,baby',s ,,bottles ,care of bottles4 ,new bottles should be placed in a kettle of cold water1 put on the stove1 and boiled for twenty minutes4 ,they should then be removed from the stove1 but left in the kettle until the water cools4 ,bottles treated in this way will not break easily4 ,as soon as the baby has finished feeding1 the bottles should be rinsed with cold water1 cleaned with a bottle brush in clear hot water1 then filled with fresh water and set aside4 ,in the morning1 before the day's food is prepared1 all bottles should be scrubbed with hot water and ,ivory soap2 they should then be rinsed thoroughly in several waters1 boiled in a solution consisting of two teaspoonfuls of soda to one quart of water1 and rinsed in clear boiled water4 ,care of bottle nipples4 ,new nipples should always be scrubbed and boiled for three minutes before being used4 ,it is better to buy nipples that can be turned inside out4 ,there should always be at least two nipples clean and ready for use4 ,immediately after the feeding the nipple should be removed from the bottle1 washed in cold water1 scrubbed inside and outside1 rinsed well1 and placed in a jar of sterile water or a two per cent solution of boric acid4 ,nipples should be boiled daily for about three minutes4 ,when it is time to feed the baby the bottle should be taken from the ice box and placed 7still corked7 in a dish of water deep enough to come above the milk line4 ,the water is to be heated until the milk is warmed4 ,the water should not boil1 as that renders the milk less easy to digest and is apt to make the baby constipated4 ,a clean cloth should be placed in the bottom of the dish or kettle1 to prevent the bottle from slipping and breaking4 ,the temperature of the milk should be tested by dropping some of it on the inner surface of the arm4 ,if it feels warm to the skin1 it is the correct temperature for the baby4 ,the mother should never put the nipple into her own mouth to test the temperature4 ,the nipple should be handled only by the neck2 the part that goes into the baby's mouth should never be touched4 ,illustration3 ,,testing ,,the ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,milk ,holding the baby while feeding4 ,the baby should be held by the mother or nurse in the same position as for breast feeding4 ,the bottle should be held so that the neck is continually filled1 in order that the baby may not suck in air4 ,the feeding should be finished in twenty minutes4 ,if the baby nurses too rapidly1 withdraw the nipple for a moment several times during the feeding4 ,if the baby falls asleep1 the bottle should be removed1 and no more milk should be given until the next feeding time2 he should not be permitted to nurse a little and then sleep a little1 and thus unduly prolong the feeding4 ,illustration3 ,,correct ,,way ,,to ,,hold ,,the ,,baby ,,while ,,feeding ,sterile water to drink4 ,the water which is given the baby to drink should first be boiled and then put where it will cool4 ,before it is given it should be slightly warmed4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,baby',s ,,body ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate the preparation of a two per cent solution of boric acid4 #b4 ,demonstrate giving the baby a tub bath4 #c4 ,demonstrate giving the baby a bran bath4 #d4 ,demonstrate protecting the baby from drafts4 ,preparation for the bath4 ,a tub bath may be given to the baby as early as the sixth or ninth day4 ,the morning bath should be given three quarters of an hour before the nine o'clock feeding4 ,the mother should wash her hands carefully before handling the baby4 ,the temperature of the room in which the bath is given should not be below #gb ,f4 ,if the room is too hot--so hot that the baby perspires--there is grave danger of his being chilled when the bath is over4 ,illustration3 ,,bathing ,,the ,,baby ,the tub should never be put on the floor1 but always on a chair or low table4 ,this makes it easier for the mother to give the bath and also helps protect the baby from dust and drafts4 ,screens should be used to secure complete protection from drafts4 ,for the first four weeks the temperature of the water should be between #ih and #ajj ,f4 ,as the baby grows older the temperature should be gradually lowered4 ,suitable temperatures are #ajj ,f4 at birth #ih ,f4 at one month #ie ,f4 at three months #ij ,f4 at six months #he ,f4 at twelve months ,if the baby is bluish and does not react well1 it means that the water was not the right temperature or that he was in the water too long4 ,always use a bath thermometer2 never guess at the temperature4 ,after everything is prepared for the bath and the clean clothing warmed1 undress the baby4 ,he should be weighed once a week1 at this time4 ,the bath4 ,he should then be wrapped in a warm blanket and held in the lap while his eyes1 ears1 nose1 face1 and head are washed4 ,the nose and the ears4 ,the inside of the baby's nose should be carefully cleaned every day with a soft1 wet twist of absorbent cotton4 ,the external ears should be washed daily4 ,no attempt should be made to clean the inside of the ears except with a piece of cotton wound around the end of the little finger4 ,the eyes4 ,the eyes should be cleaned each morning1 at first with a two per cent solution of boric acid1 and after two months with warm sterile water4 ,a separate piece of cotton should be used for each eye4 ,the lids should be washed from the nose toward the outer corner of the eye4 ,if the eyes show a mattery secretion and the lids are swollen1 a physician should be consulted at once4 ,infection of the eyes has often resulted in blindness4 ,the mouth4 ,the baby's mouth should be cleaned once a day by the use of a swab1 made by twisting a bit of absorbent cotton on a wooden toothpick1 wet in a two per cent solution of boric acid4 ,after each feeding a teaspoonful of warm1 sterile water may be given to wash the milk down4 ,the old method of cleansing the mouth with a piece of gauze twisted over the finger frequently injured the delicate tissues4 ,except in emergency the finger should not be put inside the baby's mouth4 ,the scalp4 ,for the first few weeks the baby's scalp should be washed at the time of the bath4 ,if yellow scales form1 rub warm olive oil or vaseline into the scalp at night1 and in the morning wash it with warm water and pure castile soap1 rinsing thoroughly4 ,if the scales do not come off1 repeat the operation as many times as necessary4 ,do not use a comb to remove the scales1 as this will irritate the scalp and render the condition worse4 ,the nails4 ,the baby's nails should be cleaned with a toothpick over which has been twisted a little absorbent cotton4 ,the nails should be carefully cut with small scissors in order to prevent him from scratching himself4 ,the body4 ,it is best to wash the baby's entire body with warm water and soap before placing him in the tub4 ,the bath in the tub is for rinsing off the soap and for exercise4 ,he should be turned over so that his chest will rest on the mother's forearm while his feet touch the bottom of the tub4 ,teach the baby to like the bath1 and he will not be frightened4 ,he should not stay in the water more than two or three minutes1 and when lifted out should be wrapped in a soft1 warm bath towel4 ,he should be dried quickly by gently patting the skin with soft towels1 not by wiping4 ,take special care to dry all the folds and creases2 rub these with sweet oil or lanolin1 or powder them carefully4 ,powder1 if used1 should be lightly dusted on the neck1 behind the ears1 under the arms and knees1 in the groin1 and on the buttocks4 ,rub off all superfluous powder2 if it gets wet and hardens1 it will irritate the skin4 ,dressing4 ,the baby should always be dressed while lying on his back or on a bed or pillow4 ,pin the flannel band at the side with small safety pins2 then put on the shirt and be careful that the draw string at the neck is not tied too tightly4 ,next put on the diaper snugly4 ,the gertrude is placed inside the slip and both are put on at the same time4 ,these two garments should be drawn on over the baby's feet4 ,if the weather is cool1 the baby should be wrapped in a flannel blanket4 ,bran bath4 ,if the baby's skin is sensitive or if he has heat rash1 a bran bath will prove beneficial4 ,prepare this by putting bran into a cheesecloth bag six inches square1 and soaking this in the bath until the water is milky4 ,do not use soap with the bran bath1 nor with an ordinary bath when the baby's skin is sensitive4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,baby',s ,,clothing ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,show samples of clothing for a baby4 #b4 ,demonstrate how to dress a baby in hot weather4 #c4 ,demonstrate how to dress a baby in cold weather4 ,clothes4 ,the clothing must always be roomy and loose and adapted to the season1 climate1 and temperature4 ,,first ,,set ,,of ,,clothes ,four flannel binders ,four knitted bands ,three shirts and three nightgowns ,three flannel gertrudes ,three dozen diapers ,four long white dresses ,flannel bands4 ,these bands should be made of all-wool flannel1 four inches wide and about twenty-eight inches long1 that is1 long enough to reach twice around the baby's body4 ,they should have no hems and should be fastened at the left side with small safety pins4 ,bands must be adjusted with great care2 they should not be drawn too tightly1 but should be made so snug that they will neither slip down and bind the baby's legs nor slip up and interfere with the expansion of the chest4 ,illustration3 ,,baby ,,clothes ,knitted bands4 ,knitted bands may be of wool and cotton or of silk and wool4 ,next to the smallest size is the most practical one to buy4 ,it should fit snugly1 should not wrinkle1 and should not have rough seams4 ,shirts4 ,baby shirts come in several sizes and weights4 ,it is well to begin with the second size1 as the first size is so soon outgrown4 ,they should be high-necked1 long-sleeved1 and should open all the way down the front4 ,silk and wool is the best material because it is light in weight and wears well4 ,the lightest weight should be worn in summer1 a little heavier weight in the spring and fall1 and a still heavier in the winter4 ,there is a tendency in winter time to use shirts that are too heavy4 ,the result is that the baby perspires too freely4 ,this makes his clothing damp and renders him more liable to take cold4 ,babies living in overheated houses and wearing clothing that is too warm soon become sensitive to cold and drafts and are less able to resist sickness4 ,flannel gertrudes4 ,the gertrudes should be made of all-wool flannel or of wool and cotton4 ,they should open on the shoulders4 ,dresses4 ,the dresses should be simply made of soft material4 ,they should be laundered without starch4 ,both the shirt and the dress should be loose around the baby's neck and arms1 since any tightness or roughness in the clothing may irritate the skin4 ,nightgowns4 ,nightgowns may be made of flannel1 stockinet1 cotton1 or flannelette4 ,the winter nightgowns should be long enough to allow the bottom to be closed by a draw string4 ,this will make sure that the baby's feet are covered at all times even if he kicks off his bedclothes4 ,diapers4 ,diapers should be made of bird's-eye linen1 cotton1 or stockinet4 ,for a young baby they should measure about eighteen or twenty inches square and be folded but once4 ,never use a folded inside diaper1 as a wad of thick material between the legs is injurious4 ,a small inside folded cloth five inches square may be used1 or a quilted pad about ten inches square may be laid under the baby after the diaper is on4 ,this pad will protect the skirts from urine4 ,during the mother's waking hours the diaper should be changed as often as it is wet or soiled4 ,in the night it should be changed when the baby is taken up for feeding or if he is restless4 ,all diapers should be washed each time after they become wet4 ,the soap used in washing them should be carefully rinsed out1 and they should be boiled thoroughly at least twice a week4 ,a careless soaking and wringing through one or two waters is not an adequate cleansing4 ,care must be taken in selecting the soap to be used in washing the diapers1 since some soaps will cause an irritation of the skin1 even when the clothing has been well rinsed4 ,stockings4 ,it is important to keep the baby's legs and feet warm4 ,stockings and diapers should meet4 ,in cold weather the baby should wear stockings2 in summer he will not require any covering for his feet4 ,short clothes4 ,the baby should be put into short clothes about the fifth month1 for at that time he begins to show signs of wanting to use his legs and to kick4 ,it is not wise1 however1 to make this change during very cold weather4 ,clothing in summer4 ,the greatest care should be taken to see that the baby is not dressed too warmly in summer4 ,too heavy clothing whether in summer or in winter will make him perspire too freely and render him more liable to colds and bowel troubles4 ,the mother should feel of his body occasionally2 if she finds it constantly moist1 the clothing is too warm4 ,in summer only the thinnest undershirts should be worn1 and warmer outer garments should be added as it grows cool toward night4 ,light-weight knitted or crocheted jackets are easily made4 ,clothing in winter4 ,clothing should always be adapted to the season4 ,if the baby is not dressed warmly enough1 he will have cold hands and feet1 and his legs and arms will be bluish4 ,a baby must have fresh air1 but his body must be kept warm4 ,this is most important2 unless this is done his vital force will be lessened and he will not gain as he should4 ,when taken out he must be warmly dressed with a long woolen or wool-lined coat with a shoulder cape4 ,in cold weather a silk cap with a lining of wool is best4 ,take care that the neck of the coat and the cap ribbons are not too tight4 ,leggings will be necessary after the baby is in short clothes4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,habits ,,and ,,training ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate how to protect a baby from flies and mosquitoes when sleeping4 #b4 ,show how to support a baby over a chamber4 ,do not forget that during infancy life's habits are being formed and that this period is of greater educational importance than any other of his life4 ,the normal baby is well and happy4 ,babies who are properly fed and kept clean1 who have plenty of sleep and fresh air and are trained in regular habits1 are usually well and good-natured4 ,on the other hand1 if babies are fussy and restless most of the time1 there is something wrong4 ,patiently search for the cause of the trouble and see that it is removed4 ,sleep4 ,a newborn baby sleeps about nine tenths of the time4 ,he should not be disturbed except for necessary care4 ,after he has been made comfortable and fed he should be laid in his crib and trained to go to sleep without rocking and without a pacifier of any kind4 ,the daily amount of sleep required for different ages is approximately as follows3 ,first month #ah to #bj hours ,second to sixth month #af to #ah hours ,sixth month #ad to #af hours ,one to two years #ab to #ad hours ,during the first year a nap in the middle of the forenoon1 and another in the afternoon1 is desirable4 ,the afternoon nap should not be so late as to interfere with the night's sleep4 ,a healthy baby sleeps with his mouth closed4 ,mouth breathing is caused by some obstruction in the air passages1 usually enlarged tonsils or adenoids4 ,other signs of the presence of adenoids may be restlessness at night1 snoring during sleep1 or frequent attacks of head colds4 ,when any one of these symptoms is present the child should be placed under a physician's care at once2 otherwise its normal growth and health may be seriously retarded4 ,illustration3 ,back ,tonsil ,from ,which ,,adenoids ,,grow ,adenoids ,,airway ,,airway ,,tube ,,to ,,ear ,,ear ,,tube ,,blocked ,,foodway ,,foodway ,,tonsil ,,swollen ,,tonsil ,,tongue ,,tongue ,,food ,,air ,,food ,,air ,,foodway ,,foodway ,,airway ,,nose ,,and ,,throat ,,passages ,left1 normal2 right1 abnormal ,the sleeping room should be dark1 well ventilated1 and quiet4 ,the baby should always be protected from drafts1 but the air should be fresh and cool4 ,after being fed he should be placed on his side1 and after the next feeding1 laid on the opposite side4 ,sleeping out4 ,after a baby is six weeks old he should take his naps out of doors when the weather permits4 ,he should be protected from flies and mosquitoes and shielded from the sun1 wind1 and dust4 ,remove the shoes and loosen the clothing before placing him in his crib4 ,if the weather is cool1 his feet and body must be kept warm4 ,bowel movement4 ,the baby's first stools are of tarlike consistency1 with little or no odor4 ,after a day or two the stools change to a light yellow in color1 are soft in consistency1 and have little or no odor4 ,during the first week the bowels move two or three times a day4 ,as the child grows older1 one or two movements a day will be sufficient4 ,the mother should begin to train the baby to use a chamber as early as the third month4 ,he should be placed on a small chamber held between the mother's knees1 his back being supported against her body4 ,in order to form the habit of having the bowels move regularly this should be done at the same hour each day4 ,if the bowels do not move1 insert a soap or glycerine suppository into the rectum4 ,this will help direct the baby's attention to the reason for his being placed on the vessel1 and the suppository starts the bowels moving4 ,this habit is soon established4 ,the child should be placed on the chamber after the early morning feeding and again in the afternoon4 ,bladder4 ,habits of regularity in emptying the bladder may be formed by placing the baby on the vessel every three or four hours during the day and the last thing at night4 ,thumb sucking4 ,the habit of thumb or finger sucking begins in early infancy and may continue until the child is six or eight years old if it is not broken4 ,if persisted in1 it may cause marked deformities of the jaws and teeth4 ,when the thumb or finger is put into the mouth it should be gently but firmly removed4 ,by this method the habit will be gradually overcome4 ,it may be necessary to pin the sleeves to the side of the dress1 so that the arms cannot be raised4 ,pacifier4 ,never use a rubber nipple1 sugar ball1 or any other pacifier4 ,kissing4 ,under no circumstances should anyone kiss a baby on the mouth4 ,common colds1 tuberculosis1 diphtheria1 whooping cough1 measles1 and many other diseases are transmitted in this way4 ,remember that disease may be present in the secretions of the mouth and nose and on the lips4 ,crying4 ,a well baby never cries without cause4 ,normal crying is loud and forceful1 and the mother will soon learn to distinguish it from the cry of pain1 hunger1 or discomfort4 ,a baby has no other way of expressing his needs--therefore his cry should be heeded4 ,when he cries the mother should see that he is made comfortable1 that his hands and feet are warm1 that his diaper is not wet1 and that no pins are pricking him4 ,often merely a change of position is sufficient to quiet him4 ,do not take him up at the first cry2 most babies like to be held and will often cry simply to be taken up4 ,cry due to colic4 ,the cry of colic is sharp and spasmodic4 ,the baby will draw his legs up1 and the muscles of the abdomen will be hard and tense4 ,cry due to hunger4 ,the normal cry of hunger is heard some time before the feeding is due1 and is accompanied by the sucking of the thumb or the fingers4 ,if the baby is not getting sufficient nourishment1 the cry of hunger is a continuous fretful sound and is heard soon after a feeding4 ,cry due to temper4 ,the cry of temper is loud and strong2 the baby usually kicks1 and his body stiffens4 ,this is easily recognized1 because when the baby gets what he wants he will stop at once4 ,when a baby cries from temper let him cry it out4 ,the struggle will not be long1 because he will soon learn that this crying is useless4 ,cry due to illness or fright4 ,the cry of most forms of illness is low1 moaning1 and fretful4 ,the cry of fright is sudden and loud4 ,the child should be taken up1 comforted1 and put down again as soon as he is quieted4 ,in all cases of persistent crying the doctor should be called if the mother does not succeed in her attempts at quieting4 ,exercise4 ,the young baby gets his exercise by crying 7which expands his lungs71 also by kicking and waving the arms4 ,it is important that the clothing should not be so tight as to interfere with these natural movements4 ,illustration3 ,,baby ,,exercising ,when he is in short clothes1 at regular times each day he should be placed on the floor1 on a thick blanket1 and allowed to roll and creep about at will4 ,twice a day if possible1 but always just before bedtime1 the baby should be placed on a large bed in a warm room with all his clothing removed1 and should be encouraged to kick and play for ten or fifteen minutes4 ,he may be played with at this time1 but must not be permitted to become excited4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,baby',s ,,teeth ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,demonstrate the preparation of a baby's mouth wash4 #b4 ,demonstrate the care of the baby's first teeth4 #c4 ,demonstrate the care of the toothbrush and explain the necessity for such care4 ,the best way to secure sound1 healthy teeth in a baby is for the mother during her girlhood to see that her own teeth are in good condition and to keep well and happy1 because it is then that the foundations of health for life are established4 ,the mother must take the best care of her teeth at all times and maintain her health in every possible way4 ,a sickly mother usually means a sickly baby4 ,the first teeth of the child are called the milk teeth and are twenty in number4 ,in a normal baby the first tooth usually appears about the sixth month4 ,the teeth usually come as follows3 ,two lower central incisors #f to #i months ,four upper incisors #h to #ab months ,two lower lateral incisors ,four anterior molars #ab to #ah months ,four canines 7the 8eye0 and 8stomach0 teeth7 #ah to #bd months ,four posterior molars #bd to #cj months ,cleansing the teeth4 ,as soon as the first tooth appears1 it should be cleansed each day with a small piece of gauze or cotton saturated in a weak solution of bicarbonate of soda and water4 ,a teaspoonful of water after each feeding or after taking fruit juice will help to cleanse the mouth4 ,drooling4 ,when the baby is about four months old the flow of saliva is increased4 ,this is an indication that the salivary glands are developing1 and not1 as is commonly thought1 a sign that the teeth are trying to push their way through the gums1 although this may be the case4 ,illustration3 ,,child ,,brushing ,,his ,,teeth ,teething4 ,babies nourished by healthy breast milk cut their teeth earlier than those who are bottle fed4 ,when the teeth begin to come the gums are apt to be red and swollen4 ,special care should be taken at this time to keep the mouth clean4 ,it is a mistake to dread the teething period and to feel that the baby is sure to be sick4 ,sickness at this time usually attributed to teething is more apt to be due to faulty feeding or to some other condition1 and the family physician should be consulted at once4 ,diet4 ,good teeth in a baby depend largely on his diet4 ,during the first few months of his life1 in addition to milk he should be given fruit juice and meat juice 7see ,appendix ,b74 ,as his teeth develop he should be given food that requires chewing2 this is necessary to keep the teeth and muscles of the jaw strong and healthy4 ,teeth and their care4 ,by the time the child is two and a half years old the temporary teeth should be fully developed4 ,these are replaced by the permanent teeth1 which usually begin to appear about the sixth year4 ,their condition will largely depend upon the care given to the first teeth2 neglect of the temporary teeth is a frequent cause of decay in the permanent teeth4 ,after the teeth come they should be cleansed with a soft brush in the morning and after the evening meal4 ,a good mouth wash consists of a two per cent boric acid solution or a weak solution of bicarbonate of soda and water 7one-half teaspoonful to a glass of water74 ,care of the toothbrush4 ,after being used the toothbrush should be cleansed with soap and warm water1 thoroughly rinsed1 and completely dried4 ,each day it is well to place the brush in the sunshine4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,emergencies ,suggestions for demonstrations4 #a4 ,describe the bath thermometer and illustrate its use with water at different temperatures4 #b4 ,demonstrate the preparation of an enema and show the correct position of the body when taking one4 #c4 ,show how to protect the baby from infection when the mother has a cold4 ,babies should be protected from excessive excitement4 ,the brain grows as much during the first year as it does during the entire remainder of life4 ,as the baby's nervous system is easily upset1 he should be kept free from disturbing influences4 ,convulsions4 ,anything which upsets the baby's nervous system may interfere with the process of digestion4 ,this1 as well as improper food1 constipation1 or some acute illness may be the cause of convulsions4 ,when in a convulsion1 the baby loses consciousness1 the legs and arms stiffen1 and the facial muscles begin to twitch4 ,send for a doctor at once4 ,meanwhile the baby should be placed in a tub of warm water4 ,if a thermometer is not at hand1 some adult should always test the temperature by placing her arm1 up to the elbow1 in the water4 ,great care should be taken that the water is not too hot1 as many babies have been seriously burned in this way4 ,the temperature of the water should be slowly raised to #ajh ,f4 by adding hot water4 ,a cold compress should be placed on the child's head and frequently changed4 ,when the convulsion ceases the child should be removed from the bath and wrapped in a warm blanket1 and his face should be bathed with cold water4 ,if necessary1 he may be kept in the bath about twenty minutes4 ,if a child has convulsions and a tub is not available1 he should be wrapped in a large bath towel which has been dipped in water at a temperature of #ajd ,f41 wrapped in a soft blanket1 and the face and hands should be bathed in cold water4 ,colic4 ,colic1 or a pain in the bowels1 is indicated by a sharp1 spasmodic cry1 a drawing up of the legs1 and a contraction of the muscles of the face and abdomen4 ,the sufferer should be given a little warm water to drink and should have a soft1 hot flannel placed over the abdomen and around the feet1 or he should be laid on his stomach across a hot-water bag which is protected by a cloth covering4 ,illustration3 ,,bath ,,thermometer ,constipation4 ,it is important that the mother who is nursing a baby should have a free movement of the bowels each day2 if her bowels are kept open and her digestion is good1 the baby will not1 as a rule1 be constipated4 ,a little water given to the baby between feedings will help to prevent constipation4 ,fruit juices1 such as prune and orange juice1 should also be given4 ,the most effective way of overcoming or preventing constipation is to develop the habit of having the bowels move at the same time each day4 ,the baby should not be allowed to go more than twenty-four hours without a movement4 ,except in emergency1 however1 do not give the baby an enema or suppository or any medicine unless ordered to do so by a physician4 ,enema4 ,an enema of two to four ounces of warm water1 to which has been added a little soapsuds and one or two tablespoonfuls of warm olive oil1 will usually cause a movement of the bowels4 ,directions for giving an enema4 ,place the baby on his back with a folded towel under his buttocks4 ,a soft rubber catheter is safer to use than the hard rubber nozzle provided for this purpose4 ,allow the water to run freely through the catheter before inserting1 so as to prevent injecting cold water and air into the rectum4 ,lift the baby's feet with the left hand and with the right insert the oiled catheter gently into the rectum for two or three inches4 ,diarrhea4 ,a well baby usually has one or two movements a day4 ,frequent movements1 or diarrhea1 may be the beginning of a severe illness1 and a physician should be consulted at once4 ,this condition occurs more frequently with bottle-fed babies4 ,if it occurs in a breast-fed baby1 it is usually because the mother has not been careful about her diet or because the baby has been given improper food4 ,to relieve this condition1 if a physician is not at hand1 give one teaspoonful of castor oil and omit the feeding in order to let the baby's stomach rest4 ,prevention of chafing4 ,the skin of the baby is sensitive and may be easily irritated4 ,for this reason the baby's diaper should be removed as soon as soiled and the skin cleansed with warm water4 ,the folds of the skin should be thoroughly dried and dusted with a little talcum powder1 or olive oil may be applied1 before the clean diaper is put on4 ,colds4 ,common colds are contagious and in infants often lead to serious illness4 ,a mother with a cold1 when nursing her baby1 should tie a handkerchief loosely over her nose and mouth in order to protect the child from infection if she should cough or sneeze4 ,many children's diseases1 such as whooping cough1 measles1 etc41 are transmitted through the secretions of the nose and mouth4 ,any member of the family who has a cold should keep away from the children1 and particularly from the baby4 ,illustration3 ,,protecting ,,the ,,baby ,,from ,,his ,,mother',s ,,cold ,vaccination4 ,before the discovery of vaccine1 smallpox was the most dreaded disease in the world and more prevalent than measles is to-day4 ,a hundred years ago it was considered a disease of the children2 to-day1 by the simple and safe process of vaccination1 it has been almost entirely eliminated1 except in those localities where through prejudice or ignorance the children are not vaccinated4 ,therefore every baby should be vaccinated before he is six months old2 this should be repeated at about six years of age1 and later if there is a smallpox epidemic4 ,the best place for vaccination is on the left arm4 ,if the leg be selected1 as it is occasionally 7especially with girls71 the child should stay in bed during the reaction following vaccination4 ,the aftercare of a vaccinated child is important4 ,a dressing of clean1 sterile gauze should be placed over the point of vaccination and held in place with strips of adhesive plaster4 ,the dressing should be changed only by the physician or under his orders4 ,if it sticks to the scab1 it should not be pulled off2 the cloth should be cut away around it and a small piece left adhering to the arm and a fresh dressing placed over this4 ,do not apply vaseline or any kind of ointment to the point of inoculation4 ,nothing must touch it but clean boiled water and sterile dressing handled by clean hands4 ,a vaccinated child should have a bath and a change of underwear daily1 but it is important that the dressing over the vaccination should be kept clean and dry4 ,the child should not be permitted to play in gardens1 stables1 or dusty streets until the arm has completely healed4 ,,appendix ,a ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,girls' ,,health ,,league ,,classes ,i4 ,,preliminary ,,meeting ,the mothers and teachers should be invited and urged to attend the meeting for the organization of a class4 ,the success of this movement for the health of our girls and for the saving of our babies depends largely upon the interest and coperation of the mothers and teachers4 ,the organizer should preside1 and the school physician should be asked to explain the object of the league4 ,at this preliminary meeting membership cards should be distributed to those desiring to join the class4 ,these are not to be signed until the girls have taken them home and secured the signatures of their parents or guardians4 ,while everything possible should be done to make the club proposition attractive1 no girl should be urged to join against her will4 ,an unwilling member is not a good member4 ,in order to secure careful personal supervision and free discussion1 a class of not more than twelve is desirable1 but as many as twenty-four may be directed by an experienced teacher4 ,the form of membership card is given below3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,girls' ,health ,league ,under the ,auspices of the ,,public ,,health ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,massachusetts ,,state ,,federation ,,of ,,women',s ,,clubs ,i desire to become a member of the ,girls' ,health ,league1 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 and promise to do my part towards making others well and happy4 ,,name 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,,address 444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,date 44444444444444444444444444 ,,approval ,,of ,,parent ,,or ,,guardian 4444444444444444 ,attendance at lectures #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab 7,check each lecture attended7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,ii4 ,,first ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,class #a4 ,the membership cards should be collected4 #b4 ,the members elect a president1 a vice president1 and a secretary4 ,the organizer and instructor are to be honorary president and vice president1 respectively4 #c4 ,membership cards are to be given to the secretary for filing4 ,at each succeeding meeting these are to be checked to show attendance4 #d4 ,a card like that reproduced below should be filled out and forwarded to the headquarters of the ,girls' ,health ,league4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,girls' ,health ,league ,under the ,auspices of the ,,massachusetts ,,state ,,federation ,,of ,,women',s ,,clubs ,state ,class ,number ,town ,class ,rank ,number of ,members ,organizer ,instructor ,address ,address ,date of ,organization ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,iii4 ,,order ,,of ,,business ,,for ,,the ,,meeting #a4 ,calling meeting to order by the president4 #b4 ,calling the roll by the secretary4 #c4 ,reporting the illness of any member4 #d4 ,a short quiz on the last lesson4 #e4 ,a twenty minutes' talk by the instructor1 followed by a half hour devoted to practical demonstrations on the subject of the lesson4 ,the following articles are suggested for use in the demonstrations3 ,large-sized washable doll ,a complete set of baby clothing ,a bathtub ,scales ,a pad for the scales ,clothes basket for baby's bed ,mattress ,sheets ,stork sheeting ,mattress protector ,blankets ,spread ,two bath towels ,two face towels ,two wash cloths ,toilet articles ,utensils for preparing the baby's food ,the object of the demonstrations is to make the work of the league of practical value to the girls4 ,after attending three successive meetings of the class each member will be given a ,girls' ,health ,league button1 which is reproduced in the accompanying cut4 ,the presentation of buttons signifies that the girls are members of the ,girls' ,health ,league4 ,on receipt of the button each girl agrees to do some definite act each day to make others well and happy4 ,illustration3 ,,children ,,well ,,and ,,happy ,,girls' ,,health ,,league ,,iv4 ,,finishing ,,the ,,course ,at the completion of the course each girl will be given an oral examination and will be asked to write an essay on the care of a baby4 ,the following subjects are suggested3 #a4 ,what do you mean by personal hygiene8 #b4 ,what do you mean by home sanitation8 #c4 ,give three reasons why a mother should nurse her baby4 #d4 ,if a baby must be bottle fed1 what is the best substitute for breast milk1 and who should direct how the food be prepared8 #e4 ,if a baby is bottle fed1 how would you care for its milk8 #f4 ,what can you do to help save the babies8 ,certificate of ,graduation ,illustration ,girls' ,health ,league ,under the ,auspices of the ,massachusetts ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs ,this ,certifies that 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 has satisfactorily completed the course of study prescribed by the ,girls' ,health ,league in 44444444444444444444444444444 ,illustration ,president of ,massachusetts ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs ,illustration ,founder of ,girls' ,health ,league ,illustration ,chairman ,public ,health ,department ,date 444444444444444444444444 ,the class average1 together with one of the essays1 should be sent to the headquarters of the league4 ,on receipt of the essays and the class records certificates will be presented to the graduates by the ,public ,health ,department of the ,massachusetts ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs4 ,the form of certificate is given above4 ,,appendix ,b ,,recipes ,limewater4 ,to make limewater1 add one teaspoonful of unslaked lime to one quart of cool1 boiled water4 ,pour into a bottle and shake thoroughly4 ,let it stand twenty-four hours2 pour off the clear fluid at the top and strain4 ,keep in a cool place4 ,barley water4 ,mix two teaspoonfuls of barley flour with a little cold water1 then add one quart of water and boil twenty minutes in a double boiler4 ,strain through a very fine sieve and add enough boiled water to make one quart4 ,rice water4 ,rice water is made in the same way as barley water1 but only one teaspoonful of rice is used to one quart of water4 ,oatmeal water4 ,mix two even tablespoonfuls of oatmeal with a little cold water2 add one quart of water and boil for at least one hour in a double boiler4 ,strain through a fine sieve and add enough boiled water to make one quart4 ,beef juice4 ,select the third cut of the round lean beef1 broil it slightly on both sides1 cut in small pieces1 and squeeze the juice from it with a potato ricer or a meat press4 ,add a pinch of salt1 and before using warm it slightly by standing the cup containing the juice in a dish of hot water4 ,whey4 ,warm one pint of fresh milk to about #aaj ,f4 ,add one teaspoonful of essence of pepsin or a junket tablet and stir until it is well mixed4 ,pour into cups and let stand until it jellies4 ,then break up the curds with a fork and strain through a sieve4 ,the liquid is called whey1 and it is sometimes used when babies cannot digest cow's milk4 ,two per cent boric acid solution4 ,put one teaspoonful of boric acid powder in a pint of boiling water and keep in a clean bottle4 ,soap suppository4 ,take a piece of ,ivory or castile soap and cut out a piece two inches long and about the size of a lead pencil4 ,narrow to a dull point at one end4 ,,index ,adenoids1 #hj ,air1 necessity for1 #ag2 impure1 #ai2 temperature of1 #ba ,baby1 care of the newborn1 #bi-cg2 breast feeding1 #ch-de2 bottle feeding1 #df-ed2 caring for food of1 #ee-fb2 the bath1 #fc-gj2 clothing1 #ga-gg2 training1 #gh-hg2 teeth and their care1 #hh-ib2 sicknesses1 #ic-aja ,bacteria1 preventing development of1 #bg ,barley water1 #ea1 #aaj ,bath thermometer1 use of1 #id ,baths1 for girls1 #h2 oil1 #cj2 sponge1 #cj2 tub1 #fc-gj2 bran1 #fi2 for convulsions1 #id ,beds1 #cd ,beef juice1 #aaa ,bicarbonate of soda solution1 #aj ,birth1 registration of1 #ce ,boric acid solution1 #fg ,bottle feeding1 #df-ed2 special foods1 #df2 cow's milk1 #ed2 modified milk1 #dh2 utensils necessary in1 #ea2 pasteurizing1 #eb ,bottles1 care of1 #eg ,bowels1 care of1 #ad1 #ha ,breast feeding1 reasons for1 #ch2 hours for1 #ci2 position of baby for1 #dj2 mixed feedings1 #da2 diet for mother1 #db2 weaning1 #db ,candy as food1 #ad ,carbohydrates1 #aa ,carrying schoolbooks1 #e ,cellars1 care of1 #bf ,certified milk1 #dg ,chafing1 avoidance of1 #ih ,chamber1 use of1 #hb ,clothing1 #ga-gg2 bands1 #ga-gc2 shirts1 #gc2 gertrudes1 #gd2 dresses1 #gd2 nightgowns1 #gd2 stockings1 #gf2 short clothes1 #gf2 for summer1 #gf2 for winter1 #gg ,colds1 #ih ,colic1 crying due to1 #hd2 treatment of1 #ie ,condensed milk as food1 #df ,constipation1 #if ,contagion1 avoiding1 #ii ,convulsions1 #ic ,correct posture1 #c-f2 when feeding baby1 #fj2 during the bath1 #fh ,crying1 normal1 #hd2 due to hunger1 #hd2 due to temper1 #he2 due to illness1 #hd-he2 due to fright1 #he ,dental floss1 use of1 #i ,diapers1 #gd ,diarrhea1 #ig ,diet1 for nursing mothers1 #db2 for babies1 #ia2 for children1 #ia ,discharges from sick persons1 #bd ,dishcloths and towels1 #bh ,drafts1 #ba ,dresses1 selection of1 #gd ,dressing the baby1 #fi ,drooling1 #hi ,dust and dusting1 #be ,ears1 care of1 #ff ,emergencies1 #ic-aja2 convulsions1 #ic2 colic1 #ie2 constipation1 #if2 diarrhea1 #ig2 colds1 #ih2 vaccination1 #ajj ,enemas1 #if-ig ,exercise1 #ae1 #hf ,eyes1 care of1 #ff ,fats as food1 #aa ,filters1 #bd ,flies1 protection from1 #cf ,food1 three classes of1 #aj2 mixed diet1 #aa2 milk1 #ac2 candy1 #ad2 care of1 #bg1 #ee-fb2 for nursing mothers1 #da ,fright1 crying from1 #he ,garbage1 care of1 #bg ,gertrudes 7petticoats71 #gd ,girls' ,health ,league classes1 #ajc-aji ,hands1 care of1 #bh ,health of nursing mothers1 #da ,hearing of babies1 #cc ,hunger1 crying from1 #hd ,illness1 crying due to1 #he ,indigestion1 #hd ,kissing1 #hc ,laxatives1 use of1 #if ,limewater1 #ej1 #aaj ,maltose1 in modifying milk1 #ea ,mattresses1 choice and care of1 #cd ,milk as food1 #ac ,milk sugar1 #ea ,modified milk1 #dh ,mosquitoes1 protection from1 #cf ,mouth1 care of1 #aj1 #ff ,nails1 care of1 #fh ,nightgowns1 #gd ,nipples1 care of1 #eh ,nose1 care of1 #ff1 #hj ,nursing4 ,see ,bottle feeding and ,breast feeding ,oatmeal water1 #aaj ,oil1 use of1 #cj ,oil-producing glands1 #cj ,orange juice for babies1 #ia ,pacifiers1 #hc ,pasteurizing milk1 #eb ,personal hygiene1 #a-ae2 value of good health1 #a2 correct posture1 #c2 care of skin1 #f2 baths1 #h2 food1 #aj2 exercise1 #ae ,perspiration1 avoiding undue1 #ba ,pillows1 #ce ,plants in houses1 #ai ,privy vaults1 #bc ,proprietary baby foods1 #ea ,protein1 #aa ,reading position1 #f ,recipes1 #aaj ,refrigerators1 homemade1 #ee ,rice water1 #aaj ,rickets1 avoiding1 #id ,sanitation1 home1 #af-bh ,scales1 use of1 #dd ,scalp1 care of1 #fg ,screens1 #be ,scurvy1 prevention of1 #fg ,shirts1 selection of1 #gc ,shoes1 selection of1 #d ,sitting position1 #d ,skin1 care of1 #f ,sleep1 #gi ,speech of babies1 #cc ,spitting1 #h ,standing position1 #c ,starch as food1 #aa ,stockings1 selection of1 #gf ,sugar1 as food1 #aa2 in modifying milk1 #di ,sunshine1 value of1 #ag ,suppositories1 #if1 #aaa ,talcum powder1 use of1 #ih ,teeth1 care of1 #i1 #hh-ib ,teething1 #hi ,temper1 crying from1 #he ,temperature1 in pasteurizing milk1 #eb2 for bath1 #fc2 of sleeping room1 #gi2 of bath for convulsions1 #ic ,thermometer1 use of1 #ie ,thumb sucking1 #hc ,toothbrush1 care of1 #ib ,vaccination1 #ajj ,vegetables as food1 #aa ,ventilation1 #ai ,water1 the body's need of1 #ac2 purity of1 #bb-bd2 use of1 in modifying milk1 #dh2 sterile1 #fb ,weaning the baby1 #db ,weight of baby1 #dc ,whey1 #aaa ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,all misspellings in the text and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4