,,yoga ,,z ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religions ,,by ,,sur5drana? ,,dasgupta ,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d47,,cal471 ,,ph4,d47,,cantab47 ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,indian ,,philosophy01 ,,etc4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,presid5cy ,college1 ,calcutta ,late ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit1 ,*ittagong ,college ,late ,lectur] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,,london3 ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,,ltd ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 #aibd ,,yoga ,,z ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religion ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 at ,! ,mayfl[] ,press1 ,plym\?1 ,william ,br5don ,son1 ,ltd4 ,,z ,a ,,humble ,,tok5 ,,( ,,deepe/ ,,reg>d ,,& ,,gratefulness ,,to ,,! ,,mah>aja ,,sir ,,man9dra*&ra ,,nundy ,k4,c4,i4,e ,,^: ,,noble ,,"* ,,& ,,self-,,d5y+ ,,*>ities ,,h ,,ende>$ ,,him ,,to ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,b5gal ,,& ,,:o ,,s ,,k9dly ,,(f]$ ,,me ,,8 ,,:ole-,,he>t$ ,,patronage ,,9 ,,enc\rag+ ,,my ,,zeal ,,= ,,le>n+ ,,at ,a ,,"t ,,:5 ,i ,,0 ,,9 ,,s ,,great ,a ,,ne$ ,,( ,,x ,,preface ,?is little volume is an attempt at a brief exposition ( ! philosophical & religi\s doctr9es f\nd 9 ,patajali's ,yoga-stra z expla9$ by its successive comm5t>ies ( ,vysa1 ,vcaspati1 ,vijna ,bhik%u1 & o!rs4 ,! exact date ( ,patajali _c be def9itely asc]ta9$1 b if 8 id5tity ) ! o!r ,patajali1 ! au?or ( ! ,great ,comm5t>y 7,mahbh%ya7 on ,pini's gramm>1 c\ld be conclusively e/abli%$1 !re w\ld be "s evid5ce 9 our h&s t he liv$ 9 #aej ,b4,c4 ,i h already discuss$ ?is subject 9 ! fir/ volume ( my ,a ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,philosophy1 :]e ! conclusion to :i* ,i arriv$ 0 t1 :ile !re 0 "s evid5ce 9 fav\r ( _! id5tity1 !re 0 no?+ :i* c\ld be consid]$ z be+ conclusively aga9/ x4 ,! t]m ,yoga1 accord+ to ,patajali's def9ition1 means ! f9al annihilation 7nirodha7 ( all ! m5tal /ates 7cittavtti7 involv+ ! prep>atory /ages 9 :i* ! m9d has to be habituat$ to be+ /eadi$ into p>ticul> types ( graduat$ m5tal /ates4 ,?is 0 actually practis$ 9 ,india = a long "t be=e ,patajali liv$2 & x is v probable t c]ta9 philosophical1 psy*ological1 & practical doctr9es associat$ ) x 7 also curr5t long be=e ,patajali4 ,patajali's "w is1 h[ev]1 ! e>lie/ sy/ematic compilation on ! subject t is kn[n to u4 ,x is impossible1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 to det]m9e ! ext5t to :i* ,patajali may claim orig9ality4 ,_h x n be5 = ! lab\rs ( ! lat] comm5tators1 mu* ( :at is f\nd 9 ,patajali's aphorisms w\ld h rema9$ extremely obscure & d\btful1 at lea/ to all ^? :o 7 n associat$ ) su* ascetics z practis$ !m1 & :o d]iv$ ! !oretical & practical k ( ! subject f _! preceptors 9 an upw>d succession ( g5]ations lead+ up to ! age ( ,patajali1 or ev5 be=e him4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t ,yoga is ev5 n[ practis$ 9 ,india1 & ! cont9uity ( traditional in/ruction h&$ d[n f tea*] to pupil is n yet completely brok54 ,if anyone wi%es me?odically to pursue a c\rse :i* may lead him ultimately to ! goal aim$ at by ,yoga1 he mu/ devote 8 entire life to x "u ! /rict practical guidance ( an advanc$ tea*]4 ,! pres5t "w c 9 no s5se be consid]$ z a practical guide = su* purposes4 ,b x is also errone\s to ?9k--z _m un9=m$ p d--t ! only int]e/ ( ,yoga lies 9 its practical side4 ,! philosophical1 psy*ological1 cosmological1 e?ical1 & religi\s doctr9es1 z well z its doctr9es reg>d+ matt] & *ange1 are extremely int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 & h a def9itely assur$ place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( human ?\ght2 &1 = a "r und]/&+ ( ! ess5tial features ( ! high] ?\ghts ( ,india1 z well z ( ! practical side ( ,yoga1 _! k is indisp5sable4 ,! ,yoga doctr9es taught by ,patajali are reg>d$ z ! highe/ ( all ,yogas 7,rjayoga71 z di/+ui%$ f o!r types ( ,yoga practices1 su* z ,hahayoga or ,mantrayoga4 ,( ^! ,hahayoga consi/s l>gely ( a sy/em ( bodily ex]cises = w>d+ (f diseases1 & mak+ ! body fit = calmly be>+ all sorts ( physical privations & physical /ra9s4 ,mantrayoga is a c\rse ( m$itation on c]ta9 my/ical syllables :i* leads to ! audition ( c]ta9 my/ical s\nds4 ,?is book does n deal ) any ( ^! my/ical practices nor does x lay any /ress on ! p]=mance ( any ( ^? miracles describ$ by ,patajali4 ,! scope ( ?is "w is limit$ to a brief exposition ( ! intellectual f\ndation--or ! !oretical side--( ! ,yoga practices1 consi/+ ( ! philosophical1 psy*ological1 cosmological1 e?ical1 religi\s1 & o!r doctr9es :i* und]lie ^! practices4 ,! aff9ity ( ! sy/em ( ,skhya ?\ght1 g5]ally ascrib$ to a my?ical sage1 ,kapila1 to t ( ,yoga ( ,patajali is s great on mo/ important po9ts ( !oretical int]e/ t !y may bo? be reg>d$ z two diff]5t modifications ( "o common sy/em ( ideas4 ,i h1 !re=e1 (t5 tak5 ! lib]ty ( expla9+ ,yoga ideas by a ref]5ce to k9dr$ ideas 9 ,skhya4 ,b ! doctr9es ( ,yoga c\ld v well h be5 comp>$ or contra/$ ) great pr(it ) ! doctr9es ( o!r sy/ems ( ,indian ?\ght4 ,?is has purposely be5 omitt$ "h z x has already be5 done by me 9 my ,yoga ,philosophy 9 relation to o!r ,sy/ems ( ,indian ,?\ght1 ! publication ( :i* has = long be5 unavoidably delay$4 ,all t may be expect$ f ! pres5t volume is t x w convey to ! read] ! ess5tial features ( ! ,yoga sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,h[ f> ?is expectation w be realiz$ f ?is book x w be = my read]s to judge4 ,x is hop$ t ! *apt] on 8,kapila & ,ptajala ,s*ool ( ,skhya0 9 my ,a ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,philosophy 7,vol4 ,i4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aibb7 w also prove helpful = ! purpose4 ,i am deeply indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,d\glas ,a9slie = ! num]\s corrections & sugge/ions reg>d+ ! ,engli% /yle t he 0 pleas$ to make ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! manuscript & ! v w>m enc\ragem5t t he gave me = ! publication ( ?is "w4 ,9 ?is connection ,i also beg to (f] my be/ ?anks = ! valuable sugge/ions :i* ,i receiv$ f ! revis] ( ! press4 ,_h x n be5 = ^!1 ! imp]fections ( ! book w\ld h be5 /ill great]4 ,! qua9tness & inelegance ( "s ( my expressions w\ld1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ if x 7 borne 9 m9d t "h1 z well z 9 my ,a ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,philosophy1 ,i h tri$ to resi/ ! temptation ( mak+ ! ,engli% happy at ! risk ( sacrific+ ! approa* to exactness ( ! philosophical s5se2 & _m ideas ( ,indian philosophy are su* t an exact ,engli% r5d]+ ( !m (t5 becomes hopelessly difficult4 ,i am grateful to my fri5d & colleague1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,k4 ,s51 ,m4,a41 = ! k9d assi/ance t he r5d]$ 9 help+ me to prep>e ! index4 ,la/ ( all1 ,i mu/ express my deep s5se ( gratefulness to ,sir ,a%uto% ,mook]jee1 ,kt41 ,c4,s4,i41 etc4 etc41 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,calcutta1 = k9dly p]mitt+ me to utilize my ,a ,/udy ( ,patajli1 :i* is a ,calcutta ,univ]sity publication1 = ! pres5t "w4 ,s4 ,n4 ,,dasgupta4 ,,presid5cy ,,college1 ,,calcutta1 ,april1 #aibd4 ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i4 ,,yoga ,,metaphysics3 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,prak,,ti #a ,,ii4 ,,puru%a #ac ,,iii4 ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,_w #ca ,,iv4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,evolution #dj ,v4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,categories #dh ,,vi4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,*ange ,,( ,,qualities #fd ,,vii4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,god #hd ,,book ,,ii4 ,,yoga ,,e?ics ,,& ,,practice3 ,,viii4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,moral ,,/ates #ib ,,ix4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k>ma #ajb ,x4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem #aad ,,xi4 ,,yoga ,,practice #abd ,,xii4 ,,! ,,yog,,gas #acb ,,xiii4 ,,/ages ,,( ,,samadhi #aej ,,xiv4 ,,god ,,9 ,,yoga #aei ,,xv4 ,,matt] ,,& ,,m9d #aff ,,app5dix #agi ,,index #ahh ,,yoga ,,z ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religion ,,book ,i4 ,,yoga ,,metaphysics ,,*apt] ,i ,,prakrti ,h[ev] dogmatic a sy/em ( philosophical enquiry may appe> to u1 x mu/ h be5 prec$$ by a criticism ( ! obs]v$ facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! details ( ! criticism & ! processes ( self-argum5tation by :i* ! ?9k] arriv$ at 8 !ory ( ! ,univ]se might inde$ be suppress$1 z be+ relatively unimportant1 b a ?\ghtful read] w\ld detect !m z ly+ 9 ! backgr\nd beh9d ! %ad[ ( ! g5]al speculations1 b at ! same "t sett+ !m (f be=e our view4 ,an ,ari/otle or a ,patajali may n make any direct m5tion ( ! argum5ts :i* l$ him to a dogmatic ass]tion ( 8 !ories1 b = a read] :o int5ds to und]/& !m ?or\ghly x is absolutely necess>y t he %\ld read !m 9 ! light z f> z possible ( ! inf]r$ presuppositions & inn] argum5ts ( _! m9ds2 x is 9 ?is way alone t he c put himself 9 ! same l9e ( ?9k+ ) ! ?9k] :om he is will+ to foll[1 & c grasp him to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,9 (f]+ ?is %ort /udy ( ! ,ptajala metaphysics1 ,i %all !re=e try to supplem5t x ) su* ( my inf]5ces ( ! presuppositions ( ,patajali's m9d1 :i* ,i ?9k w add to ! cle>ness ( ! exposition ( 8 views1 ?\gh ,i am fully alive to ! difficulties ( mak+ su* inf]5ces ab\t a philosoph] ^: psy*ological1 social1 religi\s & moral environm5ts diff]$ s widely f ours4 ,an enquiry into ! relations ( ! m5tal ph5om5a to ! physical has sometimes giv5 ! fir/ />t to philosophy4 ,! relation ( m9d to matt] is su* an important problem ( philosophy t ! exi/+ philosophical sy/ems may r\ghly be classifi$ accord+ to ! relative importance t has be5 atta*$ to m9d or to matt]4 ,!re h be5 *emical1 me*anical & biological conceptions :i* h ignor$ m9d z a sep>ate entity & h dogmatically affirm$ x to be ! product ( matt] only4#a ,!re h be5 !ories ( ! o!r extreme1 :i* h disp5s$ ) matt] altoge!r & h boldly affirm$ t matt] z su* has no reality at all1 & t ?\ght is ! only ?+ :i* c be call$ ,real 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,all matt] z su* is non-,be+ or ,my or ,avidy4 ,!re h be5 ,nihili/s l ! nyavdi ,buddhi/s :o h gone s f> z to ass]t t nei!r matt] nor m9d exi/s4 ,"s h ass]t$ t matt] is only ?\ght ext]naliz$1 "s h reg>d$ ! pr9ciple ( matt] z ! unkn[able ,?+-9-itself1 "s h reg>d$ !m z sep>ate indep5d5t entities held )9 a high] reality call$ ,god1 or z two ( 8 attributes only1 & "s h reg>d$ _! diff]5ce z be+ only "o ( grades ( intellig5ce1 "o m]g+ sl[ly & imp]ceptibly into ! o!r & held toge!r 9 concord ) ea* o!r by pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,und]ly+ ! metaphysics ( ! ,yoga sy/em ( ?\ght z taught by ,patajali & z elaborat$ by 8 comm5tators we f9d an acute analysis ( matt] & ?\ght4 ,matt] on ! "o h&1 m9d1 ! s5ses1 & ! ego on ! o!r are reg>d$ z no?+ m ?an two diff]5t k9ds ( modifications ( "o primal cause1 ! ,prakti4 ,b ! self-intellig5t pr9ciple call$ ,puru%a 7_s7 is di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,matt] consi/s only ( ?ree primal qualities or r sub/antive entities1 :i* he calls ! ,sattva or intellig5ce-/uff1 ,rajas or en]gy1 & ,tamas--! factor ( ob/ruction or mass or in]tia4 ,x is extremely difficult truly to conceive ( ! nature ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( entities or ,guz1 z he calls !m1 :5 we consid] t ^! ?ree elem5ts alone are reg>d$ z compos+ all ph5om5a1 m5tal & physical4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d !m rightly x w be necess>y to grasp ?or\ghly ! exact relation betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical4 ,:at are ! real po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ! two8 ,h[ c ! same elem5ts be said to behave 9 "o case z ! conceiv] & 9 ! o!r case z ! conceiv$8 ,?us ,vcaspati says3-- 8,! reals 7guz7 h two =ms1 viz4 ! det]m9] or ! p]ceiv]1 & ! p]ceiv$ or ! det]m9$4 ,9 ! aspect ( ! det]m9$ or ! p]ceiv$1 ! guz evolve !mselves z ! five infra-atomic pot5tials1 ! five gross elem5ts & _! comp\nds4 ,9 ! aspect ( p]ceiv] or det]m9]1 !y =m ! modifications ( ! ego toge!r ) ! s5ses40#b ,x is int]e/+ to notice "h ! two words us$ by ,vcaspati 9 *>act]is+ ! tw(old aspect ( ! gua viz4 vyavasytmakatva1 _! nature z ! det]m9] or p]ceiv]1 & vyavaseytmakatva1 _! nature z det]m9$ or p]ceiv$4 ,! elem5ts :i* compose ! ph5om5a ( ! objects ( p]ception are ! same z ^? :i* =m ! ph5om5a ( ! p]ceiv+2 _! only di/9ction is t "o is ! det]m9$ & ! o!r is ! det]m9]4 ,:at we call ! psy*osis involv+ intellection1 s5s+ & ! ego1 & :at may be call$ ! infra-atoms1 atoms & _! comb9ations1 are b two diff]5t types ( modifications ( ! same /uff ( reals4 ,!re is no intr9sic diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical4 ,! mode ( causal trans=mation is expla9$ by ,vijna ,bhik%u 9 8 comm5t>y on ! sy/em ( ,skhya z if its functions consi/$ only 9 mak+ manife/ :at 0 already !re 9 an unmanife/$ =m4 ,?us he says1 8j z ! image already exi/+ 9 ! /one is only manife/$ by ! activity ( ! /atu>y1 s ! causal activity also g5]ates only t activity by :i* an effect is manife/$ z if x happ5$ or came into be+ at ! pres5t mom5t40#c ,! effects are all always exi/5t1 b "s ( !m are sometimes 9 an unmanife/$ /ate4 ,:at ! causal op]ation1 viz4 ! en]gy ( ! ag5t & ! suitable collocat+ in/rum5ts & conditions1 does is to set up an activity by :i* ! effect may be manife/$ at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,) ,skhya-,yoga1 sattva1 rajas & tamas are sub/antive entities :i* compose ! reality ( ! m5tal & ! physical4#d ,! m5tal & ! physical repres5t two diff]5t ord]s ( modifications1 & "o is n 9 any way sup]ior to ! o!r4 ,z ! guz conjo9tly =m ! manifold )\t1 by _! v>y+ comb9ations1 z well z all ! div]se int]nal functions1 faculties & ph5om5a1 !y are 9 !mselves ! absolute pot5tiality ( all ?+s1 m5tal & physical4 ,?us ,vysa 9 describ+ ! nature ( ! kn[able1 writes3 8,! nature ( ! kn[able is n[ describ$3--,! kn[able1 consi/+ ( ! objects ( enjoym5t & lib]ation1 z ! gross elem5ts & ! p]ceptive s5ses1 is *>act]is$ by ?ree ess5tial traits--illum9ation1 en]gy & in]tia4 ,! sattva is ( ! nature ( illum9ation4 ,rajas is ( ! nature ( en]gy4 ,in]tia 7tamas7 is ( ! nature ( inactivity4 ,! gua entities ) ! above *>act]i/ics are capable ( be+ modifi$ by mutual influ5ce on "o ano!r1 by _! proximity4 ,!y are evolv+4 ,!y h ! *>act]i/ics ( conjunction & sep>ation4 ,!y manife/ =ms by "o l5d+ support to ! o!rs by proximity4 ,none ( ^! loses its di/9ct p[] into ^? ( ! o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh any "o ( !m may exi/ z ! pr9cipal factor ( a ph5om5on ) ! o!rs z subsidi>y !reto4 ,! guz =m+ ! ?ree classes ( sub/antive entities manife/ !mselves z su* by _! simil> k9ds ( p[]4 ,:5 any "o ( !m plays ! rle ( ! pr9cipal factor ( any ph5om5on1 ! o!rs also %[ _! pres5ce 9 close contact4 ,_! exi/5ce z subsidi>y en]gies ( ! pr9cipal factor is inf]r$ by _! di/9ct & indep5d5t function+1 ev5 ?\gh x be z subsidi>y qualities40#e ,! ,yoga !ory does n ackn[l$ge qualities z be+ diff]5t f sub/ances4 ,! ultimate sub/antive entities are call$ guz1 :i* z we h se5 are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,! gua entities are inf9ite 9 numb]2 ea* has an individual exi/5ce1 b is always act+ 9 co-op]ation ) o!rs4 ,!y may be divid$ into ?ree classes 9 accordance ) _! simil>ities ( behavi\r 7la74 ,^? :i* behave 9 ! way ( intellection are call$ sattva1 ^? :i* behave 9 ! way ( produc+ ef=t ( movem5t are call$ rajas1 & ^? :i* behave diff]5tly f ^! & ob/ruct _! process are call$ tamas4 ,we h spok5 above ( a primal cause prakti4 ,b t is n a sep>ate category indep5d5t ( ! guz4 ,prakti is b a "n = ! gua entities :5 !y exi/ 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,all t exi/s except+ ! puru%as are b ! gua entities 9 diff]5t k9ds ( comb9ation among/ !mselves4 ,! effects !y produce are n diff]5t f !m b x is !y !mselves :i* are reg>d$ z causes 9 "o /ate & effects 9 ano!r4 ,! diff]5ce ( comb9ation consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 "s comb9ations !re are m ( sattva entities ?an rajas or tamas1 & 9 o!rs m ( rajas or m ( tamas4 ,^! entities are cont9ually unit+ & sep>at+4 ,b ?\gh !y are ?us cont9ually divid+ & unit+ 9 new comb9ations ! special behavi\r or feature ( ea* class ( entities rema9s ev] ! same4 ,:atev] may be ! nature ( any p>ticul> comb9ation ! sattva entities p>ticipat+ 9 x w reta9 _! intellective functions1 rajas _! en]gy functions1 & tamas ! ob/ruct+ ones4 ,b ?\gh !y reta9 _! special features 9 spite ( _! mutual diff]5ce !y hold fa/ to "o ano!r 9 any p>ticul> comb9ation 7tulyajtytulyajtyaaktibh$nupt9a1 :i* ,bhik%u expla9s z avie%eopa%ambhakasvabhv74 ,9 any p>ticul> comb9ation x is ! special features ( ^? entities :i* pr$om9ate t manife/ !mselves1 :ile ! o!r two classes l5d _! =ce 9 draw+ ! m9ds ( p]ceiv]s to x z an object z a magnet draws a piece ( iron4 ,_! function+s at ?is "t are und\bt$ly feeble 7sk%mavttimanta7 b /ill !y d exi/4#f ,9 ! ?ree guz1 none ( !m c be held z ! goal ( ! o!rs4 ,all ( !m are equally important1 & ! v v>i$ nature ( ! manifold repres5ts only ! diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! guz z sub/antive entities4 ,9 any comb9ation "o ( ! guz may be m pr$om9ant ?an ! o!rs1 b ! o!r guz are also pres5t !re & p]=m _! functions 9 _! own way4 ,no "o ( !m is m important ?an ! o!r1 b !y s]ve conjo9tly "o common purpose1 viz4 ! exp]i5ces & ! lib]ation ( ! puru%a1 or _s4 ,!y are always unit+1 sep>at+ & re-unit+ aga9 & !re is nei!r beg9n+ nor end ( ?is 7anyonyami?un s>vve nai%mdisamprayogo viprayogo v upalabhyate74 ,!y h no purpose ( _! own to s]ve1 b !y all are always evolv+1 z ,dr4 ,seal says1 8ev] f a relatively less diff]5tiat$1 less det]m9ate1 less coh]5t :ole1 to a relatively m diff]5tiat$1 m det]m9ate1 m coh]5t :ole0#g = ! exp]i5ces & lib]ation ( puru%a1 or _s4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( equilibrium !y _c s]ve ! purpose ( ! puru%a1 s t /ate ( ! guz is n = ! sake ( ! puru%a2 x is its own indep5d5t et]nal /ate4 ,all ! o!r ?ree /ages ( evolution1 viz4 ! liga 7sign71 avie%a 7unspecialis$7 & vie%a 7specialis$7 h be5 caus$ = ! sake ( ! puru%a4#h ,?us ,vysa writes3--#i 8,! objects ( ! puru%a are no cause ( ! orig9al /ate 7aliga74 ,t is to say1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a is n ! cause :i* br+s ab\t ! manife/ation ( ! orig9al /ate ( prakti 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a is n !re=e ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( t ultimate /ate4 ,s9ce x is n br\ght into exi/5ce by ! ne$ ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! puru%a's objects x is said to be et]nal4 ,z to ! ?ree specialis$ /ates1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a becomes ! cause ( _! manife/ation 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a is n !re=e ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! cause4 ,s9ce x is n br\ght into exi/5ce by ! puru%a's objects x is said to be et]nal4 ,z to ! ?ree specialis$ /ates1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a be+ ! cause ( _! manife/ation 9 ! beg9n+1 !y are said to be non-et]nal40 ,vcaspati aga9 says3--8,! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a c\ld be said to be ! cause ( ! orig9al /ate1 if t /ate c\ld br+ ab\t ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a1 su* z ! enjoym5t ( s\nd1 etc41 or manife/ ! discrim9ation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 true self & o!r ph5om5a4 ,if h[ev] x did t1 x c\ld n be a /ate ( equilibrium10 7yadyaligva/h abddyupabhogam v sattvapuru%nyatkhytim v puru%r?am nirv>ttayet tannrv>ttane hi na smyava/h syt74 ,?is /ate is call$ ! prakti4 ,x is ! beg9n+1 indet]m9ate1 unm$iat$ & undet]m9$4 ,x nei!r exi/s nor does x n exi/1 b is ! pr9cipium ( almo/ all exi/5ce4 ,?us ,vysa describes x z 8! /ate :i* nei!r is nor is n2 t :i* exi/s & yet does n2 t 9 :i* !re is no non-exi/5ce2 ! unmanife/$1 ! n\m5on 7lit4 )\t any manife/$ indication71 ! backgr\nd ( all0 7nisattsattam nisadasat nirasat avyaktam aligam pradhnam74#aj ,vcaspati expla9s x z foll[s3--8,exi/5ce consi/s 9 possess+ ! capacity ( effect+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a4 ,non-exi/5ce means a m]e imag9>y trifle 7e4g4 ! horn ( a h>e740 ,x is describ$ z be+ beyond bo? ^! /ates ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,! /ate ( ! equipoise ( ! ?ree guz ( intellig5ce-/uff1 in]tia & en]gy1 is n[h]e ( use 9 fulfill+ ! objects ( ! puru%a4 ,x !re=e does n exi/ z su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n admit ( be+ reject$ z non-exi/5t l an imag9>y lotus ( ! sky4 ,x is !re=e n non-exi/5t4 ,b ev5 all[+ ! =ce ( ! above argum5ts ab\t ! want ( ph5om5al exi/5ce ( prakti on ! gr\nd t x _c s]ve ! objects ( ! puru%a1 ! difficulty arises t ! pr9ciples ( ,mahat1 etc41 exi/ 9 ! /ate ( ! unmanife/$ also1 because no?+ t exi/s c be de/roy$2 & if x is de/roy$1 x _c be born aga91 because no?+ t does n exi/ c be born2 x foll[s !re=e t s9ce ! pr9ciples ( mahat1 etc41 exi/ 9 ! /ate ( ! unmanife/$1 t /ate c also affect ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( ! puru%a4 ,h[ !n c x be said t ! unmanife/$ is n possess$ ( exi/5ce8 ,= ?is reason1 he describes x z t 9 :i* x exi/s & does n exi/4 ,?is means t ! cause exi/s 9 t /ate 9 a pot5tial =m b n 9 ! =m ( ! effect4 ,al?\gh ! effect exi/s 9 ! cause z m]e pot5tial p[]1 yet x is incapable ( p]=m+ ! function ( fulfill+ ! objects ( ! puru%a2 x is !re=e said to be non-exi/5t z su*4 ,fur!r he says t ?is cause is n su*1 t its effect is ( ! nature ( h>e's horn4 ,x is beyond ! /ate ( non-exi/5ce1 t is1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! effect z m]e no?+4 ,if x 7 l t1 !n x w\ld be l ! lotus ( ! sky & no effect w\ld foll[4#aa ,b z ,bhik%u po9ts out 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #ah7 ?is prakti is n simple sub/ance1 = x is b ! gua reals4 ,x is simple only 9 ! s5se t no complex qualities are manife/$ 9 x4 ,x is ! "n ( ! totality ( ! gua reals exi/+ 9 a /ate ( equilibrium ?r\gh _! mutual c\nt] opposition4 ,x is a hypo!tical /ate ( ! guz prec$+ ! /ates 9 :i* !y "w 9 mutual co-op]ation = ! creation ( ! cosmos = giv+ ! puru%as a *ance = ultimate release atta9$ ?r\gh a full enjoym5t ( exp]i5ces4 ,"s ,european s*ol>s h (t5 ask$ me :e!r ! prakti 7 real or :e!r ! guz 7 real4 ,?is "q1 9 my op9ion1 c only arise z a result ( confusion & misappreh5sion1 = x is ! guz 9 a /ate ( equilibrium t are call$ prakti4 ,ap>t f guz !re is no prakti 7gu eva praktiabdavcy na tu tadatirikt praktira/i4 ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #ah74 ,9 ?is /ate1 ! diff]5t guz only annul !mselves & no *ange takes place1 ?\gh x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! /ate ( equipoise is also "o ( t5sion & action1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be+ p]fectly balanc$ does n produce any *ange4 ,?is is :at is meant by evolution ( simil>s 7adap>ima74 ,prakti z ! equilibrium ( ! ?ree guz is ! absolute gr\nd ( all ! m5tal & ph5om5al modifications--pure pot5tiality4 ,vekaa1 a lat] ,vai%ava writ]1 describes prakti z "o ubiquit\s1 homog5e\s matt] :i* evolves itself into all mat]ial productions by cond5sation & r>efaction4 ,9 ?is view ! guz w\ld h to be translat$ z ?ree diff]5t classes ( qualities or *>act]s1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! evolution>y products ( ! prakti4 ,?is w ( c\rse be an altoge!r diff]5t view ( ! prakti f t :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,vysa-bh%ya1 & ! guz c\ld n be consid]$ z reals or z sub/antive entities 9 su* an int]pretation4 ,a "q arises1 !n1 z to :i* ( ^! two praktis is ! e>li] conception4 ,i confess t x is difficult to answ] x4 ,= ?\gh ! ,vai%ava view is elaborat$ 9 lat] times1 x c by no means be ass]t$ t x _h n q z e>ly a beg9n+ z #bnd or #crd c5tury ,b4,c4 ,if ,ahirbudhnyasamhit is to be tru/$ !n ! ,%a%itantra/ra :i* is reg>d$ z an au?oritative ,skhya "w is really a ,vai%ava "w4 ,no?+ c be def9itely /at$ ab\t ! nature ( prakti 9 ,skhya f ! meagre /atem5t ( ! ,krik4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! ,vysa-bh%ya is1 h[ev]1 def9itely 9 fav\r ( ! int]pretation t we h adopt$1 & s also ! ,skhya-stra1 :i* is mo/ probably a lat] "w4 ,c>aka's acc\nt ( prakti does n seem to be ! prakti ( ,vysa-bh%ya = "h ! guz are n reg>d$ z reals or sub/antive entities1 b z *>act]s1 & prakti is reg>d$ z conta9+ its evolutes1 mahat1 etc41 z its elem5ts 7dhtu74 ,if ,c>aka's treatm5t is ! e>lie/ view ( ,skhya t is available to u1 !n x has to be admitt$ t ! e>lie/ ,skhya view did n accept prakti z a /ate ( ! guz1 or guz z sub/antive entities4 ,b ! ,yoga-stra1 ,,ii4 #ai1 & ! ,vysa-bh%ya support ! int]pretation t ,i h adopt$ "h1 & x is v curi\s t if ! ,skhya view 0 kn[n at ! "t to be s diff]5t f x1 no ref]5ce to x %\ld h be5 made4 ,b :atev] may be ! orig9al ,skhya view1 bo? ! ,yoga view & ! lat] ,skhya view are q 9 consonance ) my int]pretation4 ,9 lat] ,indian ?9k]s !re _h be5 a t5d5cy to make a compromise betwe5 ! ,v$nta & ,skhya doctr9es & to id5tify prakti ) ! avidy ( ! ,v$nti/s4 ,?us ,lokcryya writes3--8,x is call$ prakti s9ce x is ! s\rce ( all *ange1 x is call$ avidy s9ce x is oppos$ to k1 x is call$ my s9ce x is ! cause ( div]sion creation 7praktirityucyate vikrotpdakatvt avidy jnavirodhitvt my vicitras%ik>atvt740#ab ,b ?is is di/9ctly oppos$ to ! ,vysa-bh%ya :i* def9es avidy z vidyvip>ta jnnt>a avidy1 i4e4 avidy is t o!r k :i* is oppos$ to "r k4 ,9 "s ( ! ,upani%ads1 ,svetvat>a = example1 we f9d t my & prakti are id5tifi$ & ! great god is said to preside ov] !m 7my tu prakti vidyt my9a tumahev>a74 ,!re is a description also 9 ! gv$a1 ,x4 #ib1 :]e x is said t 7nsadst na sadst tadn71 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 nei!r ! 8,is0 nor ! 8,is n10 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! description ( prakti 7nisattsatta z t 9 :i* !re is no exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce74 ,9 ?is way x may be %[n f ,gt & o!r ,sanskrit texts t an undiff]5tiat$1 un9dividuat$ cosmic matt] z ! fir/ pr9ciple1 0 (t5 ?\ght ( & discuss$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,lat] on ?is idea 0 utilis$ ) modifications by ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,v$nti/s1 ! ,skhyi/s & ^? :o s\ght to make a reconciliation betwe5 !m "u ! diff]5t names ( prakti1 avidy & my4 ,:at avidy really means accord+ to ! ,ptajala sy/em we %all see lat] on2 b "h we see t :atev] x might mean x does n mean prakti accord+ to ! ,ptajala sy/em4 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #ac1 makes m5tion ( my also 9 a c\plet f ,%a%itantra/ra2 gun p>ama rpa na d%ipa?amc*ati yattu d%ipa?a prpta tanmyeva sutuc* aka4 ,! real appe>ance ( ! guz does n come )9 ! l9e ( our vision4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* comes )9 ! l9e ( vision is b paltry delusion & ,vcaspati ,mira expla9s x z foll[s3--,prakti is l ! my b x is n my4 ,x is trifl+ 7sutuc*aka7 9 ! s5se t x is *ang+4 ,j z my con/antly *anges1 s ! trans=mations ( prakti are e mom5t appe>+ & vani%+ & ?us suff]+ mom5t>y *anges4 ,prakti be+ et]nal is real & ?us diff]5t f my4 ,?is explanation ( ,vcaspati's makes x cle> t ! ^w my is us$ "h only 9 ! s5se ( illusion1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! celebrat$ my ( ! ,v$nti/s2 & ,vcaspati cle>ly says t prakti c 9 no s5se be call$ my1 s9ce x is real4#ac ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,puru%a ,we %all get a m def9ite notion ( prakti z we advance fur!r into ! details ( ! lat] trans=mations ( ! prakti 9 connection ) ! puru%as4 ,! mo/ difficult po9t is to und]/& ! nature ( its connection ) ! puru%as4 ,prakti is a mat]ial1 non-intellig5t1 indep5d5t pr9ciple1 & ! s\ls or spirits are isolat$1 neutral1 intellig5t & inactive4 ,!n h[ c ! "o come into connection ) ! o!r8 ,9 mo/ sy/ems ( philosophy ! same tr\ble has aris5 & has caus$ ! same difficulty 9 compreh5d+ x rightly4 ,plato fights ! difficulty ( solv+ ! unification ( ! idea & ! non-be+ & (f]s 8 p>ticipation !ory2 ev5 9 ,ari/otle's attempt to avoid ! difficulty by 8 !ory ( =m & matt]1 we are n fully satisfi$1 ?\gh he has %[n mu* +5uity & subtlety ( ?\ght 9 devis+ ! 8exp$i5t 9 ! s+le conception ( developm5t40 ,! univ]se is b a gradation betwe5 ! two extremes ( pot5tiality & actuality1 matt] & =m4 ,b all /ud5ts ( ,ari/otle "k t x is v difficult to und]/& ! true relation betwe5 =m & matt]1 & ! p>ticul> nature ( _! int]action ) ea* o!r1 & ?is has creat$ a great div]g5ce ( op9ion among 8 comm5tators4 ,x 0 probably to avoid ?is difficulty t ! duali/ic appe>ance ( ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes _h to be recon/ruct$ 9 ! pan!ism ( ,sp9oza4 ,aga9 we f9d also h[ ,kant fail$ to br+ ab\t ! relation betwe5 n\m5on & ph5om5on1 & creat$ two worlds absolutely unrelat$ to ea* o!r4 ,he tri$ to reconcile ! s*ism t he effect$ 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason by 8 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 & aga9 supplem5t$ x ) 8 ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 b met only ) dubi\s success4 ,9 ,india also ?is "q has always be5 a little puzzl+1 & be=e try+ to expla9 ! ,yoga po9t ( view1 ,i %all fir/ give "s ( ! o!r exp$i5ts devis$ = ! purpose1 by ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,advaita 7moni/ic7 ,v$ntism4 ,i4 ,! reflection !ory ( ! ,v$nta holds t ! my is )\t beg9n+1 unspeakable1 "m ( gross matt]1 :i* comes 9 connection ) intellig5ce1 s t by its reflection 9 ! =m] we h v>a4 ,! illu/rations t are giv5 to expla9 x bo? 9 ,siddhntalea#ad & 9 ,advaita-,brahmasiddhi are only cases ( physical reflection1 viz4 ! reflection ( ! sun 9 wat]1 or ( ! sky 9 wat]4 ,,ii4 ,! limitation !ory ( ! ,v$nta holds t ! all-p]vad+ intellig5ce mu/ necess>ily be limit$ by m9d1 etc41 s ( necessity x foll[s t 8! s\l0 is its limitation4 ,?is !ory is illu/rat$ by giv+ ^? common examples 9 :i* ! ka 7space7 ?\gh unb\nd$ 9 itself is (t5 spok5 ( z belong+ to a jug or limit$ by ! jug & z su* appe>s to fit itself to ! %ape & =m ( ! jug & is ?us call$ ghavac*9na ka1 i4e4 space z )9 ! jug4 ,!n we h a ?ird s*ool ( ,v$nti/s1 :i* seeks to expla9 x 9 ano!r way3--,! s\l is nei!r a reflection nor a limitation1 b j z ! son ( ,kunt 0 kn[n z ! son ( ,rdh1 s ! pure ,brahman by 8 nesci5ce is kn[n z ! jva1 & l ! pr9ce :o 0 br\ght up 9 ! family ( a l[ ca/e1 x is ! pure ,brahman :o by 8 own nesci5ce und]goes bir? & dea?1 & by 8 own nesci5ce is aga9 releas$4#ae ,! ,skhya-stra also avails itself ( ! same /ory 9 ,,iv4 #a1 8rjaputtravattattvopadet10 :i* ,vijna ,bhik%u expla9s z foll[s3--,a c]ta9 k+'s son 9 consequ5ce ( 8 be+ born "u ! /> ,gaa hav+ be5 expell$ f 8 city & re>$ by a c]ta9 =e/] rema9s "u ! idea3 8,i am a =e/]40 ,hav+ le>nt t he is alive1 a c]ta9 m9i/] in=ms him4 8,?\ art n a =e/]1 ?\ art a k+'s son40 ,z he1 imm$iately hav+ ab&on$ ! idea ( be+ an outca/1 betakes himself to 8 true royal /ate1 say+1 8,i am a k+10 s too ! s\l realises its purity 9 consequ5ce ( in/ruction by "s good tutor1 to ! effect--8,?\1 :o did/ orig9ate f ! fir/ s\l1 :i* manife/s itself m]ely z pure ?\ght1 art a portion !re(40 ,9 ano!r place !re are two stras3--7#a7 nisage'pi up>g vivekt4 7#b7 japsphaikayoriva nop>ga k9tvabhimna4 7#a7 ,?\gh x be associat$ /ill !re is a t+e+ ?r\gh non-discrim9ation4 7#b7 ,z 9 ! case ( ! hibiscus & ! cry/al1 !re is n a t+e1 b a fancy4 ,n[ x w be se5 t all ^! !ories only %[ t ! transc5d5t nature ( ! union ( ! pr9ciple ( pure intellig5ce is v difficult to compreh5d4 ,nei!r ! reflection nor ! limitation !ory c cle> ! situation f vagu5ess & incompreh5sibility1 :i* is r increas$ by _! physical illu/rations1 = ! cit or pure intellig5ce _c und]go reflection l a physical ?+1 nor c x be ob/ruct$ or limit$ by x4 ,! reflection !ory adduc$ by ! ,skhya-stra1 8japsphiikayoriva nop>ga k9tvabhimna10 is n an adequate explanation4 ,= "h ! reflection produces only a seem+ r$ness ( ! col\rless cry/al1 :i* 0 n :at 0 meant by ! ,v$nti/s ( ! reflection s*ool4 ,b "h1 ?\gh ! metaphor is m suitable to express ! relation ( puru%a ) ! prakti1 ! exact nature ( ! relation is m lo/ sight ( ?an compreh5d$4 ,let u n[ see h[ ,patajali & ,vysa seek to expla9 x4 ,let me quote a few stras ( ,patajali & "s ( ! mo/ important extracts f ! ,bh%ya & try1 z f> z possible1 to get ! correct view3-- 7#a7 dgd>anaaktyorektmateva asmit ,,ii4 #f4 7#b7 dra% dimtra uddho'pi pratyaynupaya ,,ii4 #bj4 7#c7 tad>?a eva dryasya tm ,,ii4 #ba4 7#d7 ktr?a prati na%amapyana%a tadanyasdhraatvt ,,ii4 #bb4 7#e7 ,svasvmiaktyo sv>popalabdhihetu sayogah ,,ii4 #bb4 7#f7 tadabhvt sayogbhvo hna tadde kaivalya ,,ii4 #be4 7#g7 sattvapuru%ayo uddhismye kaivalya ,,iii4 #be4 7#h7 cit]apratisakramy/adkrpattau svabuddhisav$ana ,,iv4 #bb4 7#i7 sattvapuru%ayoratyantsakrayo pratyayve%o bhoga p>r?atvt svr?asayamt puru%ajnam ,,iii4 #ce4 7#a7 ,! ,ego-s5se is ! illusory appe>ance ( ! id5tity ( ! p[] z p]ceiv] & ! p[] z p]ceiv$4 7#b7 ,! se] ?\gh pure z m]e 8see+0 yet p]ceives ! =ms assum$ by ! psy*osis 7buddhi74 7#c7 ,x is = ! sake ( ! puru%a t ! be+ ( ! kn[able exi/s4 7#d7 ,= ! emancipat$ p]son ! _w-ph5om5a cease to exi/1 yet !y are n annihilat$ s9ce !y =m a common field ( exp]i5ce = o!r individuals4 7#e7 ,! cause ( ! realisation ( ! natures ( ! kn[able & puru%a 9 consci\sness is _! mutual contact4 7#f7 ,cessation is ! want ( mutual contact aris+ f ! de/ruction ( ignorance & ?is is call$ ! /ate ( on5ess4 7#g7 ,?is /ate ( on5ess arises out ( ! equality 9 purity ( ! puru%a & buddhi or sattva4 7#h7 ,p]sonal consci\sness arises :5 ! puru%a1 ?\gh 9 its nature un*angeable1 is ca/ into ! m\ld ( ! psy*osis4 7#i7 ,s9ce ! m9d-objects exi/ only = ! puru%a1 exp]i5ce consi/s 9 ! non-diff]5tiation ( ^! two :i* 9 _! natures are absolutely di/9ct2 ! k ( self arises out ( conc5tration on its nature4 ,?us 9 ,yoga-stra1 ,,ii4 #f1 dik or puru%a ! se] is spok5 ( z akti or p[] z mu* z ! prakti itself1 & we see t _! id5tity is only app>5t4 ,vysa 9 8 ,bh%ya expla9s ektmat 7unity ( nature or id5tity7 z avibhgaprptviva1 8z if !re is no diff]5ce40 ,& ,pacaikha1 z quot$ 9 ,vysa-bh%ya1 writes3 8n kn[+ ! puru%a beyond ! m9d to be diff]5t !refrom1 9 nature1 "* & k1 etc41 a man has ! notion ( self1 9 ! m9d ?r\gh delusion40 ,?us we see t :5 ! m9d & puru%a are kn[n to be sep>at$1 ! real nature ( puru%a is realis$4 ,?is seem+ id5tity is aga9 describ$ z t :i* p]ceives ! p>ticul> =m ( ! m9d & !reby appe>s1 z id5tical ) x ?\gh x is n s 7pratyaynupaya--pratyayni bauddhamanupayati tamanupayannatadtmpi tadtmaka iva pratibhti1 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #bj74 ,! puru%a ?us we see1 cognises ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness aft] !y h be5 =m$1 & ?\gh its nature is diff]5t f consci\s /ates yet x appe>s to be ! same4 ,vysa 9 expla9+ ?is stra says t puru%a is nei!r q simil> to ! m9d nor altoge!r diff]5t f x4 ,= ! m9d 7buddhi7 is always *angeful1 accord+ to ! *ange ( ! objects t are (f]$ to x2 s t x may be said to be *angeful accord+ z x kn[s or does n "k objects2 b ! puru%a is n su*1 = x always appe>s z ! self1 be+ reflect$ ?r\gh ! m9d by :i* x is ?us connect$ ) ! ph5om5al =m ( k4 ,! notion ( self t appe>s connect$ ) all our m5tal ph5om5a & :i* always illum9es !m is only duo to ?is reflection ( puru%a 9 ! m9d4 ,all ph5om5al k :i* has ! =m ( ! object c only be trans=m$ into consci\s k z 8,i "k ?is10 :5 x becomes connect$ ) ! self or puru%a4 ,s ! puru%a may 9 a way be said to see aga9 :at 0 p]ceiv$ by ! m9d & ?us to imp>t consci\sness by transf]r+ its illum9ation into ! m9d4 ,! m9d suff]s *anges accord+ to ! =m ( ! object ( cognition1 & ?us results a /ate ( consci\s cognition 9 ! %ape ( 8,i "k x10 :5 ! m9d1 hav+ assum$ ! %ape ( an object1 becomes connect$ ) ! con/ant factor puru%a1 ?r\gh ! transc5d5t reflection or id5tification ( puru%a 9 ! m9d4 ,?is is :at is meant by pratyaynupaya rep]ception ( ! m9d-trans=mations by puru%a1 :]eby ! m9d :i* has assum$ ! %ape ( any object ( consci\sness becomes intellig5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! m9d is )\t any objective =m1 x is always be+ se5 by puru%a4 ,! exact nature ( ?is reflection is inde$ v h>d to compreh5d2 no physical illu/rations c really s]ve to make x cle>4 ,& we see t nei!r ! ,vysa-bh%ya nor ! stras (f] any su* illu/rations z ,skhya did4 ,b ! ,bh%ya proce$s to %[ ! po9ts 9 :i* ! m9d may be said to diff] f puru%a1 z well z ^? 9 :i* x agrees ) x4 ,s t ?\gh we _c express x anyh[1 we may at lea/ make "s advance t[>ds conceiv+ ! situation4 ,?us ! ,bh%ya says t ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9d & puru%a is t ! m9d is con/antly und]go+ modifications1 z x grasps its objects "o by "o2 = ! grasp+ ( an object1 ! act ( hav+ a p]cept is no?+ b its own und]go+ ( diff]5t modifications1 & ?us1 s9ce an object sometimes comes )9 ! grasp ( ! m9d & aga9 disappe>s 9 ! subconsci\s z a saskra 7pot5cy7 & aga9 comes into ! field ( ! und]/&+ z smti 7memory71 we see t x is p>imi or *ang+4 ,b puru%a is ! con/ant se] ( ! m9d :5 x has an object1 z 9 ord9>y =ms ( ph5om5al k1 or :5 x has no object z 9 ! /ate ( nirodha or cessation4 ,puru%a is un*ang+4 ,x is ! light :i* rema9s un*ang$ amid/ all ! *ang+ modifications ( ! m9d1 s t we _c di/+ui% puru%a sep>ately f ! m9d4 ,?is is :at is meant by say+ buddhe pratisav$ puru%a1 i4e4 puru%a reflects or turns into its own light ! concepts ( m9d & ?us is said to "k x4 ,its kn[+ is manife/$ 9 our consci\sness z ! ev]-p]si/5t notion ( ! self1 :i* is always a con/ant factor 9 all ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 ,?us puru%a always appe>s 9 our consci\sness z ! kn[+ ag5t4 ,truly speak+1 h[ev]1 puru%a only sees himself2 he is n 9 any way 9 t\* ) ! m9d4 ,he is absolutely free f all bondage1 absolutely unconnect$ ) prakti4 ,f ! side ( appe>ance he seems only to be ! intellig5t se] imp>t+ consci\sness to our consci\s-l conception1 ?\gh 9 reality he rema9s ! se] ( himself all ! :ile4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 puru%a & prakti w be cle> :5 we see t puru%a is altoge!r indep5d5t1 exi/+ 9 & = himself1 free f any bondage :atsoev]2 b buddhi exi/s on ! o!r h& = ! enjoym5t & release ( puru%a4 ,t :i* exi/s 9 & = itself1 mu/ ev] be ! selfsame1 un*angeable entity1 suff]+ no trans=mations or modifications1 = x has no o!r end ow+ to :i* x w be liable to *ange4 ,x is ! self-c5tr$1 self-satisfi$ light1 :i* nev] seeks any o!r end & nev] leaves itself4 ,b prakti is n su*2 x is always und]go+ endless1 complex modifications & z su* does n exi/ = itself b = puru%a1 & is dep5d5t ^u him4 ,! m9d is unconsci\s1 :ile puru%a is ! pure light ( intellig5ce1 = ! ?ree guz are all non-intellig5t1 & ! m9d is no?+ b a modification ( ^! ?ree guz :i* are all non-intellig5t4 ,b look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view1 prakti is n altoge!r diff]5t f puru%a2 = _h x be5 s h[ c\ld puru%a1 :i* is absolutely pure1 rep]ceive ! m9d-modifications8 ,?us ! ,bh%ya 7,,ii4 #bj7 writes3-- 8,well !n let him be dissimil>4 ,to meet ?is he says3 ,he is n q dissimil>4 ,:y8 ,al?\gh pure1 he sees ! ideas aft] !y h come into ! m9d4 ,inasmu* z puru%a cognises ! ideas 9 ! =m ( m9d-modification1 he appe>s to be1 by ! act ( cognition1 ! v self ( ! m9d al?\gh 9 reality he is n40 ,z has be5 said1 ! p[] ( ! enjoy]1 puru%a 7dkakti71 is c]ta9ly un*angeable & x does n run aft] e object4 ,9 connection ) a *angeful object x appe>s =ev] z if x 7 be+ transf]r$ to e object & z if x 7 assimilat+ its modifications4 ,& :5 ! modifications ( ! m9d assume ! =m ( ! consci\sness by :i* x is col\r$1 !y imitate x & look z if !y 7 manife/ations ( puru%a's consci\sness unqualifi$ by ! modifications ( ! non-intellig5t m9d4 ,all our /ates ( consci\sness are analys$ into two p>ts--a p]man5t & a *ang+ "p4 ,! *ang+ "p is ! =m ( our consci\sness1 :i* is con/antly v>y+ accord+ to ! con/ant *ange ( its cont5ts4 ,! p]man5t "p is t pure light ( intellig5ce1 by virtue ( :i* we h ! notion ( self reflect$ 9 our consci\sness4 ,n[1 z ?is self p]si/s ?r\gh all ! v>y+ *anges ( ! objects ( consci\sness1 x is inf]r$ t ! light :i* ?us %9es 9 our consci\sness is un*angeable4 ,our m9d is con/antly suff]+ a ?\s& modifications1 b ! notion ( self is ! only ?+ p]man5t amid/ all ?is *ange4 ,x is ?is self t imports consci\sness to ! mat]ial p>ts ( our k4 ,all our concepts orig9at$ f our p]ception ( ext]nal mat]ial objects4 ,!re=e ! =ms ( our concepts :i* c\ld exactly & cle>ly repres5t ^! mat]ial objects 9 _! own t]ms1 mu/ be made ( a /uff :i* 9 ess5ce is n diff]5t f !m4 ,b ) ! reflection ( puru%a1 ! s\l1 ! notion ( self comes )9 ! cont5t ( our consci\sness1 spiritualis+1 z x 71 all our concepts & mak+ !m consci\s & intellig5t4 ,?us ?is seem+ id5tity ( puru%a & ! m9d1 by :i* puru%a may be spok5 ( z ! se] ( ! concept1 appe>s to ! self1 :i* is manife/$ 9 consci\sness by virtue ( ! seem+ reflection4 ,= ?is is t self1 or p]sonality1 :i* rema9s un*ang$ all ?r\gh our consci\sness4 ,?us our ph5om5al intellig5t self is p>tially a mat]ial reality aris+ out ( ! seem+ int]action ( ! _s & ! m9d4 ,?is int]action is ! only way by :i* matt] releases _s f its seem+ bondage4 ,b ! "q arises1 h[ is x t !re c ev5 be a seem+ reflection ( puru%a 9 ! m9d :i* is altoge!r non-intellig5t8 ,h[ is x possible = ! m9d to cat* a glimpse ( puru%a1 :i* illum9ates all ! concepts ( consci\sness1 ! expression 8anupaya0 mean+ t he p]ceives by imitation 7anukrea payati78 ,h[ c puru%a1 :i* is altoge!r =mless1 all[ any reflection ( itself to imitate ! =m ( buddhi1 by virtue ( :i* x appe>s z ! self--! supreme possessor & kn[] ( all our m5tal conceptions8 ,!re mu/ be at lea/ "s resemblance betwe5 ! m9d & ! puru%a1 to ju/ify 9 "s s5se ?is seem+ reflection4 ,& we f9d t ! la/ stra ( ! ,vibhtipda says3 sattvapuru%ayo uddhismye kaivalya--:i* means t :5 ! sattva or ! prepond]at+ m9d-/uff becomes z pure z puru%a1 kaivalya or on5ess is atta9$4 ,?is %[s t ! pure nature ( sattva has a great resemblance to ! pure nature ( puru%a4 ,s mu* s1 t ! la/ /age prec$+ ! /ate ( kaivalya1 is almo/ ! same z kaivalya itself1 :5 puru%a is 9 himself & !re are no ?\ghts to reflect4 ,9 ?is /ate1 we see t ! m9d c be s pure z to reflect exactly ! nature ( puru%a1 z he is 9 himself4 ,?is /ate 9 :i* ! m9d becomes z pure z puru%a & reflects him 9 8 purity1 does n mat]ially diff] f ! /ate ( kaivalya1 9 :i* puru%a is 9 himself--! only diff]5ce be+ t ! m9d1 :5 x becomes s pure z ?is1 becomes gradually lo/ 9 prakti & _c aga9 s]ve to b9d puru%a4 ,i _c refra9 "h f ! temptation ( ref]r+ to a beautiful illu/ration f ,vysa1 to expla9 ! way 9 :i* ! m9d s]ves ! purposes ( puru%a4 ,cittamayaskntamaikalpa sannidhimtropakri dyatv5a sva bhavati puru%asya svm9a 7,i4 #d71 :i* is expla9$ 9 ,yoga-vrttika z foll[s3 ,ta?yaskntamai svasm9neva ayasannidhk>aamtrt aly>i%k>%akhyam upakram kurvat puru%asya svm9a svam bhvati bhogasdhanatvt1 i4e4 j z a magnet draws iron t[>ds x1 ?\gh x rema9s unmov$ itself1 s ! m9d-modifications become drawn t[>ds puru%a1 & !reby become visible to puru%a & s]ve 8 purpose4 ,to summ>ise3 ,we h se5 t some?+ l a union takes place betwe5 ! m9d & puru%a1 i4e4 !re is a seem+ reflection ( puru%a 9 ! m9d1 simultane\sly ) its be+ det]m9$ conceptually1 z a result :]e( ?is reflection ( puru%a 9 ! m9d1 :i* is kn[n z ! self1 becomes unit$ ) ^! conceptual det]m9ations ( ! m9d & ! =m] is said to be ! p]ceiv] ( all ^! det]m9ations4 ,our consci\s p]sonality or self is ?us ! seem+ unity ( ! kn[able z ! m9d 9 ! %ape ( conceptual or judgm5tal repres5tations ) ! reflections ( puru%a 9 ! m9d4 ,?us1 9 ! s+le act ( cognition1 we h ! notion ( our own p]sonality & ! p>ticul> conceptual or p]ceptual repres5tation ) :i* ?is ego id5tifies itself4 ,! true se]1 ! pure intellig5ce1 ! free1 ! et]nal1 rema9s all ! :ile beyond any t\* ( impurity f ! m9d1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is its own seem+ reflection 9 ! m9d t appe>s z ! ego1 ! cognis] ( all our /ates1 pleasures & sorr[s ( ! m9d & "o :o is ! app]ceiv] ( ?is unity ( ! seem+ reflection--( puru%a & ! det]m9ations ( ! m9d4 ,9 all our consci\s /ates1 !re is su* a syn!tic unity betwe5 ! det]m9ations ( our m9d & ! self1 t !y _c be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r--a fact :i* is exemplifi$ 9 all our cognitions1 :i* are ! union ( ! kn[] & ! kn[n4 ,! nature ( ?is reflection is a transc5d5t "o & c nev] be expla9$ by any physical illu/ration4 ,puru%a is altoge!r diff]5t f ! m9d1 inasmu* z he is ! pure intellig5ce & is absolutely free1 :ile ! latt] is non-intellig5t & dep5d5t on puru%a's enjoym5t & release1 :i* are ! sole causes ( its movem5t4 ,b !re is "s simil>ity betwe5 ! two1 = h[ c\ld ! m9d o!rwise cat* a seem+ glimpse ( him8 ,x is also said t ! pure m9d c adapt itself to ! pure =m ( puru%a2 ?is is foll[$ by ! /ate ( kaivalya4 ,we h discuss$ ! nature ( puru%a & its g5]al relations ) ! m9d4 ,we mu/ n[ give a few m illu/rations4 ,! *ief po9t 9 :i* puru%a ( ! ,skhya-,ptajala diff]s f ! simil> spiritual pr9ciple ( ,v$nta is1 t x reg>ds its s\l1 n z "o1 b z _m4 ,let u try to discuss ?is po9t1 9 connection ) ! argum5ts ( ! ,skhya-,ptajala doctr9e 9 fav\r ( a sep>ate pr9ciple ( puru%a4 ,?us ! ,krik says3 saghtap>r?atvt trigudivip>yyaydadhi%?nt puru%o'/i bhoktbhvt kaivalyr?a pravtteca1#af 8,because an assemblage ( ?+s is = ! sake ( ano!r2 because !re mu/ be an entity diff]5t f ! ?ree guz & ! re/ 7_! modifications72 because !re mu/ be a sup]9t5d+ p[]2 because !re mu/ be someone :o enjoys2 & because ( 7! exi/5ce (7 active ex]tion = ! sake ( ab/raction or isolation 7f ! contact ) prakti7 !re=e ! s\l exi/s40 ,! fir/ argum5t is f design or teleology by :i* x is inf]r$ t !re mu/ be "s o!r simple entity = :i* ^! complex collocations ( ?+s are int5d$4 ,?us ,gauapda says3 8,9 su* mann] z a b$1 :i* is an assemblage ( b$d+1 props1 cotton1 cov]let & pill[s1 is = ano!r's use1 n = its own1 & its sev]al compon5t p>ts r5d] no mutual s]vice1 & x is conclud$ t !re is a man :o sleeps ^u ! b$ & = ^: sake x 0 made2 s ?is _w1 :i* is an assemblage ( ! five elem5ts1 is = use & !re is a s\l1 = ^: enjoym5t ?is body1 ano!r's consi/+ ( intellect & ! re/1 has be5 produc$40#ag ,! second argum5t is t all ! kn[able is compos$ ( j ?ree elem5ts3 fir/1 ! elem5t ( sattva1 or intellig5ce-/uff1 caus+ all manife/ations2 second1 ! elem5t ( rajas or en]gy1 :i* is ev] caus+ trans=mations2 & ?ird1 tamas1 or ! mass1 :i* enables rajas to actualise4 ,n[ su* a prakti1 compos$ ( ^! ?ree elem5ts1 _c itself be a se]4 ,= ! se] mu/ be always ! same un*angeable1 actionless entity1 ! ev] pres5t1 ev] con/ant factor 9 all /ages ( our consci\sness4 ,?ird argum5t3 ,!re mu/ be a supreme backgr\nd ( pure consci\sness1 all our co-ord9at$ basis ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is backgr\nd is ! pure actionless puru%a1 reflect$ 9 :i* all our m5tal /ates become consci\s4 ,davies expla9s ?is a little diff]5tly1 9 accordance ) a simile 9 ! ,tattva-,kaumud1 ya? ra?di yantrdibhi1 ?us3 8,?is idea ( ,kapila seems to be t ! p[] ( self-control _c be pr$ict$ ( matt]1 :i* mu/ be direct$ or controll$ = ! accompli%m5t ( any purpose1 & ?is controll+ p[] mu/ be some?+ ext]nal to matt] & div]se f x4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 nev] acts4 ,x only seems to act2 & x is difficult to reconcile ?is "p ( ! sy/em ) t :i* gives to ! s\l a controll+ =ce4 ,if ! s\l is a *>iote]1 x mu/ be an active =ce40 ,b ,davies "h commits ! mi/ake ( c>ry+ ! simile too f>4 ,! comp>ison ( ! *>iote] & ! *>iot holds good1 to ! ext5t t ! *>iot c take a p>ticul> c\rse only :5 !re is a p>ticul> purpose = ! *>iote] to p]=m4 ,! motion ( ! *>iot is fulfill$ only :5 x is connect$ ) ! liv+ p]son ( ! *>iote]1 ^: purpose x mu/ fulfil4 ,f\r? argum5t3 ,s9ce prakti is non-intellig5t1 !re mu/ be "o :o enjoys its pa9s & pleasures4 ,! emotional & conceptual det]m9ations ( su* feel+s are ar\s$ 9 consci\sness by ! seem+ reflection ( ! light ( puru%a4 ,fif? argum5t3 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 all p]sons to move t[>ds ! on5ess ( puru%a1 to be a*iev$ by lib]ation2 !re mu/ be "o = ^: sake ! modifications ( buddhi are gradually )held1 & a rev]se process set up1 by :i* !y return to _! orig9al cause prakti & ?us lib]ate puru%a4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is rev]se t5d5cy ( prakti to release puru%a t a man feels prompt$ to a*ieve 8 lib]ation z ! highe/ consummation ( 8 moral ideal4 ,?us hav+ prov$ ! exi/5ce ( puru%a1 ! ,krik proce$s to prove 8 plurality3 8janmam>aak>an prat9iyamdayugapat pravtteca puru%abahutva siddha traiguyavip>yyaycca40 8,f ! individual allotm5t ( bir?1 dea? & ! organs2 f div]sity ( occupations & f ! diff]5t conditions ( ! ?ree guz1 x is prov$ t !re is a plurality ( s\ls40 ,9 o!r words1 s9ce ) ! bir? ( "o individual1 all are n born2 s9ce ) ! dea? ( "o1 all d n die2 & s9ce ea* individual has sep>ate s5se organs = himself2 & s9ce all be+s d n "w at ! same "t 9 ! same mann]2 & s9ce ! qualities ( ! diff]5t guz are possess$ diff]5tly by diff]5t individuals1 puru%as are _m4 ,patajali1 ?\gh he does n inf] ! plurality ( puru%as 9 ?is way1 yet holds ! view ( ! stra1 ktr?a prati na%amapyana%a tadanyasdhraatvt4 8,al?\gh de/roy$ 9 relation to him ^: objects h be5 a*iev$1 x is n de/roy$1 be+ common to o!rs40 ,davies1 9 expla9+ ! =m] ,krik1 says3 8,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! difficulty t ! s\l is n affect$ by ! ?ree guz4 ,h[ c _! v>i\s modifications prove ! individuality ( s\ls 9 opposition to ! ,v$nti/ doctr9e1 t all s\ls are only portions ( ! "o1 an inf9itely ext5d$ monad80 ,?is "q is ! mo/ puzzl+ 9 ! ,skhya doctr9e4 ,b c>eful p5etration ( ! pr9ciples ( ,skhya-,yoga w\ld make cle> to u t ?is is a necess>y & consi/5t outcome ( ! ,skhya view ( a duali/ic univ]se4 ,= if x is said t puru%a is "o & we h ! notion ( diff]5t selves by 8 reflection into diff]5t m9ds1 x foll[s t su* notions z self1 or p]sonality1 are false4 ,= ! only true be+ is ! "o1 puru%a4 ,s ! kn[] be+ false1 ! kn[n also becomes false2 ! kn[] & ! kn[n hav+ vani%$1 ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to t :i* we c 9 no way conceive4 ,x may be argu$ t accord+ to ! ,skhya philosophy also1 ! kn[] is false1 = ! pure puru%a z su* is n 9 any way connect$ ) prakti4 ,b ev5 !n x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! ,skhya-,yoga view does n hold t ! kn[] is false b analyses ! nature ( ! ego & says t x is due to ! seem+ unity ( ! m9d & puru%a1 bo? ( :i* are reals 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,puru%a is !re ju/ly call$ ! kn[]4 ,he sees & simultane\sly ) ?is1 !re is a modification ( buddhi 7m9d72 ?is see+ becomes jo9$ ) ?is modification ( buddhi & ?us arises ! ego1 :o p]ceives t p>ticul> =m ( ! modification ( buddhi4 ,puru%a always rema9s ! kn[]4 ,buddhi suff]s modifications & at ! same "t cat*es a glimpse ( ! light ( puru%a1 s t contact 7sayoga7 ( puru%a & prakti occurs at "o & ! same po9t ( "t1 9 :i* !re is unity ( ! reflection ( puru%a & ! p>ticul> trans=mation ( buddhi4 ,! kn[]1 ! ego & ! kn[able1 are none ( !m false 9 ! ,skhya-,yoga sy/em at ! /age prec$+ kaivalya1 :5 buddhi becomes z pure z puru%a2 its modification resembles ! exact =m ( puru%a & !n puru%a kn[s himself 9 8 true nature 9 buddhi2 aft] :i* buddhi vani%es4 ,! ,v$nta has to admit ! modifications ( my1 b mu/ at ! same "t hold x to be unreal4 ,! ,v$nta says t my is z beg9n+less z prakti yet has an end+ ) ref]5ce to ! releas$ p]son z ! buddhi ( ! ,skhyi/s4 ,b accord+ to ! ,v$nta philosophy1 k ( ego is only false k--an illusion z _m impos$ ^u ! =mless ,brahman4 ,my1 accord+ to ! ,v$nti/1 c nei!r be said to exi/ nor to non-exi/4 ,x is anirvcy1 i4e4 c nev] be describ$ or def9$4 ,su* an unkn[n & unkn[able my causes ! ,_m ( ! _w by reflection ^u ! ,brahman4 ,b accord+ to ! ,skhya doctr9e1 prakti is z real z puru%a himself4 ,prakti & puru%a are two irr$ucible metaphysical rema9d]s ^: connection is beg9n+less 7andisayoga74 ,b ?is connection is n unreal 9 ! ,v$nta s5se ( ! t]m4 ,we see t accord+ to ! ,v$nta sy/em1 all notions ( ego or p]sonality are false & are orig9at$ by ! illusive action ( ! my1 s t :5 !y ultimately vani% !re are no o!r rema9d]s4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ,skhya1 = z puru%a is ! real se]1 8 cognitions _c be dismiss$ z unreal1 & s puru%as or kn[]s z !y appe> to u to be1 mu/ be held real4 ,z prakti is n ! my ( ! ,v$nti/ 7! nature ( ^: influ5ce ov] ! spiritual pr9ciple _c be det]m9$7 we _c acc\nt = ! plurality ( puru%as by suppos+ t "o puru%a is be+ reflect$ into _m m9ds & g5]at+ ! _m egos4 ,= 9 t case x w be difficult to expla9 ! plurality ( _! appe>ances 9 ! m9ds 7buddhis74 ,= if !re be "o spiritual pr9ciple1 h[ %\ld we acc\nt = ! suppos$ plurality ( ! buddhis8 ,= we %\ld r expect to f9d "o buddhi & n _m to s]ve ! suppos$ "o puru%a1 & ?is w only mean t !re c be only "o ego1 8 enjoym5t & release4 ,suppos+ = argum5t's sake t !re are _m buddhis & "o puru%a1 :i* reflect$ 9 !m1 is ! cause ( ! plurality ( selves1 !n we _c see h[ prakti is mov+ = ! enjoym5t & release ( "o puru%a2 x w\ld r appe> to be mov$ = ! sake ( ! enjoym5t & release ( ! reflect$ or unreal self4 ,= puru%a is n f9ally releas$ ) ! release ( any numb] ( p>ticul> individual selves4 ,= x may be releas$ ) ref]5ce to "o individual b rema9 b\nd to o!rs4 ,s prakti w\ld n really be mov$ 9 ?is hypo!tical case = ! sake ( puru%a1 b = ! sake ( ! reflect$ selves only4 ,if we wi% to avoid ! said difficulties1 !n ) ! release ( "o puru%a1 all puru%as w h to be releas$4 ,= 9 ! suppos$ !ory !re w\ld n really be _m diff]5t puru%as1 b ! "o puru%a appe>+ z _m1 s t ) 8 release all ! o!r s-call$ puru%as mu/ be releas$4 ,we see t if x is ! enjoym5t 7bhoga7 & salvation 7apav>ga7 ( "o puru%a :i* appe> z s _m diff]5t s]ies ( enjoym5ts & emancipations1 !n ) 8 exp]i5ces all %\ld h ! same exp]i5ces4 ,) 8 bir? & dea?1 all %\ld be born or all %\ld die at once4 ,=1 inde$1 x is ! exp]i5ces ( "o puru%a :i* appe> 9 all ! seem+ diff]5t puru%as4 ,& 9 ! o!r suppositions !re is nei!r emancipation nor enjoym5t by puru%a at all4 ,= !re1 x is only ! illusory self t enjoys or releases himself4 ,by 8 release no puru%a is really releas$ at all4 ,s ! fundam5tal conception ( prakti z mov+ = ! sake ( ! enjoym5t & release ( puru%a has to be ab&on$4 ,s we see t f ! position 9 :i* ,skhya & ,yoga /ood1 ?is plurality ( ! puru%as 0 ! mo/ consi/5t ?+ t !y c\ld ?9k (4 ,any compromise ) ! ,v$nta doctr9e "h w\ld h greatly *ang$ ! philosophical aspect & value ( ! ,skhya philosophy4 ,z ! puru%as are no?+ b pure intellig5ces !y c z well be all-p]vad+ ?\gh _m4 ,b !re is ano!r objection t1 s9ce numb] is a conception ( ! ph5om5al m9d1 h[ !n c x be appli$ to ! puru%as :i* are said to be _m8#ah ,b t difficulty rema9s unalt]$ ev5 if we reg>d ! puru%a z "o4 ,:5 we g into ! doma9 ( metaphysics & try to repres5t ,reality ) ! symbols ( our ph5om5al conceptions we h really to commit almo/ a viol5ce t[>ds x4 ,b we mu/ p]=ce d ?is 9 all our attempts to express 9 our own t]ms t pure1 inexpressible1 free illum9ation :i* exi/s 9 & = itself beyond ! range ( any m$iation by ! concepts or images ( our m9d4 ,s we see t ,skhya 0 n inconsi/5t 9 hold+ ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( ! puru%as4 ,patajali does n say any?+ ab\t x1 s9ce he is m anxi\s to discuss o!r ?+s connect$ ) ! presupposition ( ! plurality ( puru%a4 ,?us he speaks ( x only 9 "o place z quot$ above & says t ?\gh = a releas$ p]son ?is _w disappe>s altoge!r1 /ill x rema9s un*ang$ 9 respect to all ! o!r puru%as4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,_w ,we may n[ come to ! attempt ( ,yoga to prove ! reality ( an ext]nal _w z aga9/ ! ideali/ic ,buddhi/s4 ,9 stra #ab ( ! *apt] on kaivalya we f9d3 8,! pa/ & ! future exi/ 9 reality1 s9ce all qualities ( ?+s manife/ !mselves 9 ^! ?ree diff]5t ways4 ,! future is ! manife/ation :i* is to be4 ,! pa/ is ! appe>ance :i* has be5 exp]i5c$4 ,! pres5t is t :i* is 9 active op]ation4 ,x is ?is ?reefold sub/ance :i* is ! object ( k4 ,if x did n exi/ 9 reality1 !re w\ld n exi/ a k !re(4 ,h[ c\ld !re be k 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ kn[able8 ,= ?is reason ! pa/ & pres5t 9 reality exi/40#ai ,s we see t ! pres5t hold+ )9 itself ! pa/ & ! future exi/s 9 reality4 ,= ! pa/ ?\gh x has be5 negat$ has really be5 pres]v$ & kept 9 ! pres5t1 & ! future also ?\gh x has n made its appe>ance yet exi/s pot5tially 9 ! pres5t4 ,s1 z we "k ! pa/ & ! future worlds 9 ! pres5t1 !y bo? exi/ & subsi/ 9 ! pres5t4 ,t :i* once exi/$ _c die1 & t :i* nev] exi/$ _c come to be 7n/yasata sabhava na c/i sato v9s1 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,v4 #ab74 ,s ! pa/ has n be5 de/roy$ b has r %ift$ its position & hidd5 itself 9 ! body ( ! pres5t1 & ! future t has n made its appe>ance exi/s 9 ! pres5t only 9 a pot5tial =m4 ,x _c be argu$1 z ,vcaspati says1 t because ! pa/ & ! future are n pres5t !re=e !y d n exi/1 = if ! pa/ & future d n exi/ h[ c !re be a pres5t also1 s9ce its exi/5ce also is only relative8 ,s all ! ?ree exi/ z truly z any "o ( !m1 & ! only diff]5ce among !m is ! diff]5t way or mode ( _! exi/5ce4 ,he next proce$s to refute ! argum5ts ( ^? ideali/s :o hold t s9ce ! ext]nal kn[ables nev] exi/ indep5d5tly ( our k ( !m1 _! sep>ate ext]nal exi/5ce z su* may be d5i$4 ,s9ce x is by k alone t ! ext]nal kn[ables c pres5t !mselves to u we may inf] t !re is really no kn[able ext]nal reality ap>t f k ( x1 j z we see t 9 dream-/ates k c exi/ ap>t f ! reality ( any ext]nal _w4 ,s x may be argu$ t !re is1 inde$1 no ext]nal reality z x appe>s to u4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 = example1 hold t a blue ?+ & k ( x z blue are id5tical ow+ to ! maxim t ?+s :i* are inv>iably p]ceiv$ toge!r are "o 7sahopalambhaniyamdabh$o nlataddhiyo74 ,s !y say t ext]nal reality is n diff]5t f our idea ( x4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t if1 z y say1 ext]nal reality is id5tical ) my ideas & !re is no o!r ext]nal reality exi/+ z su* outside my ideas1 :y !n does x appe> z exi/+ ap>t1 outside & indep5d5t ( my ideas8 ,! ideali/s h no basis = ! d5ial ( ext]nal reality1 & = _! ass]tion t x is only ! creation ( our imag9ation l exp]i5ces 9 dreams4 ,ev5 our ideas c>ry ) !m ! notion t reality exi/s outside our m5tal exp]i5ces4 ,if all our p]cepts & notions z ?is & t arise only by virtue ( ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal _w1 h[ c !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w z su*8 ,! objective _w is pres5t by its own p[]4 ,h[ !n c ?is objective _w be giv5 up on ! /r5g? ( m]e logical or speculative ab/raction8 ,?us ! ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #ad1 says3 8,!re is no object )\t ! k ( x1 b !re is k z imag9$ 9 dreams )\t any correspond+ object2 ?us ! reality ( ext]nal ?+s is l t ( dream-objects1 m]e imag9ation ( ! subject & unreal4 ,h[ c !y :o say s be believ$8 ,s9ce !y fir/ suppose t ! ?+s :i* pres5t !mselves to u by _! own =ce d s only on acc\nt ( ! invalid & delusive imag9ation ( ! intellect1 & !n d5y ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w on ! /r5g? ( su* an imag9>y supposition ( _! own40 ,! ext]nal _w has g5]at$ k ( itself by its own pres5tative p[] 7ar!na svakyaygrhyaakty vijnamajani71 & has ?us caus$ itself to be repres5t$ 9 our ideas1 & we h no "r to d5y x4#bj ,comm5t+ on ! ,bh%ya ,,iv4 #ad1 ,vcaspati says t ! me?od ( agreem5t appli$ by ! ,buddhi/s by _! sahopalambhaniyama 7maxim ( simultane\s revelation7 may possibly be confut$ by an application ( ! me?od ( diff]5ce4 ,! me?od ( agreem5t appli$ by ! ideali/s :5 put 9 prop] =m reads ?us3 8,:]ev] !re is k !re is ext]nal reality1 or r e case ( k agrees ) or is ! same z e case ( ! pres5ce ( ext]nal reality1 s k is ! cause ( ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal reality1 i4e4 ! ext]nal _w dep5ds = its reality on our k or ideas & owes its orig9 or appe>ance z su* to !m40 ,b ,vcaspati says t ?is application ( ! me?od ( agreem5t is n c]ta91 = x _c be corroborat$ by ! me?od ( diff]5ce4 ,= ! /atem5t t e case ( abs5ce ( k is also a case ( abs5ce ( ext]nal reality _c be prov$1 i4e4 we _c prove t ! ext]nal reality does n exi/ :5 we h no k ( x 7sahopalambhaniyamaca v$yatvaca het s&igdhavyatirekataynaikntikau7 ,,iv4 #ad4 ,describ+ ! nature ( grossness & ext]nality1 ! attributes ( ! ext]nal _w1 he says t grossness means ! p]vad+ ( m portions ( space ?an "o1 i4e4 grossness means ext5sion1 & ext]nality means be+ relat$ to sep>ate space1 i4e4 co-exi/5ce 9 space4 ,?us we see t ext5sion & co-exi/5ce 9 space are ! two fundam5tal qualities ( ! gross ext]nal _w4 ,n[ an idea c nev] be said to possess !m1 = x _c be said t an idea has ext5d$ into m spaces ?an "o & yet co-exi/$ sep>ately 9 sep>ate places4 ,an idea _c be said to exi/ ) o!r ideas 9 space & to ext5d 9 _m po9ts ( space at "o & ! same "t4 ,to avoid ?is x _c be said t !re may be plurality ( ideas s t "s may co-exi/ & o!rs may ext5d 9 space4 ,= co-exi/5ce & ext5sion c nev] be ass]t$ ( our ideas1 s9ce hey are v f9e & subtle1 & c be kn[n only at ! "t ( _! individual op]ation1 at :i* "t1 h[ev]1 o!r ideas may be q lat5t & unkn[n4 ,imag9ation has no p[] to negate _! reality1 = ! sph]e ( imag9ation is q di/9ct f ! sph]e ( ext]nal reality1 & x c nev] be appli$ to an ext]nal reality to negate x4 ,imag9ation is a m5tal function1 & z su* has no t\* ) ! reality outside1 :i* x c by no means negate4 ,fur!r x _c be said t1 because grossness & ext]nality c abide nei!r 9 ! ext]nal _w nor 9 our ideas1 !y are !re=e false4 ,= ?is falsity _c be ?\ght z sep>able f our ideas1 = 9 t case our ideas w\ld be z false z ! false itself4 ,! notion ( ext]nality & grossness p]vades all our ideas1 & if !y are held to be false1 no true ?+ c be kn[n by our ideas & !y !re=e become equally false4 ,aga91 k & ! ext]nal _w c nev] be said to be id5tical because !y happ5 to be pres5t$ toge!r4 ,= ! me?od ( agreem5t _c by itself prove id5tity4 ,k & ! kn[able ext]nal _w may be indep5d5tly co-exi/+ ?+s l ! notions ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,bo? co-exi/ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,x is !re=e cle> en\gh1 says ,vcaspati1 t ! c]ta9ty arriv$ at by p]ception1 :i* gives u a direct k ( ?+s1 c nev] be reject$ on ! /r5g? ( m]e logical ab/raction or hair-splitt+ discussion4 ,we fur!r see1 says ,patajali1 t ! ?+ rema9s ! same ?\gh ! ideas & feel+s ( diff]5t m5 may *ange diff]5tly ab\t x4#ba ,?us ,a1 ,b1 ,c may p]ceive ! same id5tical woman & may feel pleasure1 pa9 or hatr$4 ,we see t ! same common ?+ g5]ates diff]5t feel+s & ideas 9 diff]5t p]sons2 ext]nal reality _c be said to owe its orig9 to ! idea or imag9ation ( any "o man1 b exi/s indep5d5tly ( any p]son's imag9ation 9 & = itself4 ,= if x be due to ! imag9ation ( any p>ticul> man1 x is 8 own idea :i* z su* _c g5]ate ! same ideas 9 ano!r man4 ,s x mu/ be said t ! ext]nal reality is :at we p]ceive x outside4 ,!re are1 aga91 o!rs :o say t j z pleasure & pa9 arise along ) our ideas & mu/ be said to be due to !m s ! objective _w also mu/ be said to h come into exi/5ce along ) our ideas4 ,! objective _w !re=e accord+ to ^! philosoph]s has no ext]nal exi/5ce ei!r 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! future1 b has only a mom5t>y exi/5ce 9 ! pres5t due to our ideas ab\t x4 ,t mu* exi/5ce only are !y ready to attribute to ext]nal objects :i* c be measur$ by ! idea ( ! mom5t4 ,! mom5t ,i h an idea ( a ?+1 ! ?+ rises into exi/5ce & may be said to exi/ only = t mom5t & z soon z ! idea disappe>s ! object also vani%es1 = :5 x _c be pres5t$ to me 9 ! =m ( ideas x c be said to exi/ 9 no s5se4 ,b ?is argum5t _c hold good1 = if ! objective reality %\ld really dep5d ^u ! idea ( any individual man1 !n ! objective reality correspond+ to an idea ( 8 ought to cease to exi/ ei!r ) ! *ange ( 8 idea1 or :5 he directs att5tion to "s o!r ?+1 or :5 he re/ra9s 8 m9d f all objects ( ?\ght4 ,n[1 !n1 if x ?us ceases to exi/1 h[ c x aga9 spr+ into exi/5ce :5 ! att5tion ( ! individual is aga9 direct$ t[>ds x8 ,aga91 all p>ts ( an object c nev] be se5 all at once4 ,?us suppos+ t ! front side ( a ?+ is visible1 !n ! back side :i* _c be se5 at ! "t mu/ n be said to exi/ at all4 ,s if ! back side does n exi/1 ! front side also c z well be said n to exi/ 7ye csynupa/hit bhga/e csya na syureva n/i p%hamiti ud>amapi na ghyeta4 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #af74 ,!re=e x mu/ be said t !re is an indep5d5t ext]nal reality :i* is ! common field ( obs]vation = all s\ls 9 g5]al2 & !re are also sep>ate 8,cittas0 = sep>ate individual s\ls 7tasmt svatantro'r?a s>vapurusasdhdraa svatantri ca cittni pratipuru%a1 prav>ttante1 ibid474 ,& all ! exp]i5ces ( ! puru%a result f ! connection ( ?is 8,citta0 7m9d7 ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,n[ f ?is view ( ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w we are confront$ ) ano!r "q--:at is ! gr\nd :i* und]lies ! manifold appe>ance ( ?is ext]nal _w :i* has be5 prov$ to be real8 ,:at is t some?+ :i* is ?\ght z ! vehicle ( su* qualities z produce 9 u ! ideas8 ,:at is t self-subsi/5t sub/ratum :i* is ! basis ( s _m *anges1 actions & reactions t we always meet 9 ! ext]nal _w8 ,locke call$ ?is sub/ratum sub/ance & reg>d$ x z unkn[n1 b said t ?\gh x did n foll[ t x 0 a product ( our own subjective ?\ght yet x did n at ! same "t exi/ )\t u4 ,hume1 h[ev]1 tri$ to expla9 ev]y?+ f ! /&po9t ( association ( ideas & d5i$ all notions ( sub/antiality4 ,we "k t ,kant1 :o 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,hume1 agre$ to ! exi/5ce ( "s su* unkn[n reality :i* he call$ ! ,?+-9-itself1 ! nature ( :i*1 h[ev]1 0 absolutely unkn[able1 b ^: influ5ce 0 a great factor 9 all our exp]i5ces4 ,b ! ,bh%ya tries to p5etrate deep] into ! nature ( ?is sub/ratum or sub/ance & says3 dh>misv>pamtro hi dh>ma1 dh>mivikriy eva e% dh>madvr prapacyate1 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #ac4 ,! *>act]i/ic qualities =m ! v be+ itself ( ! *>act]is$1 & x is ! *ange ( ! *>act]is$ alone t is detail$ by means ( ! *>act]i/ic4 ,to und]/& ?or\ghly ! exact significance ( ?is /atem5t x w be necess>y to take a m detail$ review ( :at has already be5 said ab\t ! guz4 ,we "k t all ?+s m5tal or physical are =m$ by ! diff]5t collocations ( sattva ( ! nature ( illum9ation 7praka71 rajas--! en]gy or mutative pr9ciple ( ! nature ( action 7kriy7--& tamas--! ob/ructive pr9ciple ( ! nature ( in]tia 7/hiti7 :i* 9 _! orig9al & primordial /ate are too f9e to be appreh5d$ 7gunnp>ama rpa na d%ipa?amc*ati1 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #ac74 ,^! diff]5t guz comb9e 9 v>i\s proportions to =m ! manifold univ]se ( ! kn[able1 & ?us are made ! objects ( our cognition4 ,?r\gh comb9+ 9 diff]5t proportions !y become1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,seal1 8m & m diff]5tiat$1 det]m9ate & coh]5t10 & ?us make !mselves cognisable1 yet !y nev] =sake _! own true nature z ! guz4 ,s we see t !y h ?us got two natures1 "o 9 :i* !y rema9 q un*ang$ z guz1 & ano!r 9 :i* !y collocate & comb9e !mselves 9 v>i\s ways & ?us appe> "u ! veil ( a multitude ( qualities & /ates ( ! manifold kn[able 7te vyaktask%m gutmna ,,iv4 #ac 444 s>vamida gun sanniveavie%amtramiti p>amr?ato gutmna1 ,bh%ya1 ibid474 ,n[ ^! guz take ?ree diff]5t c\rses ( developm5t f ! ego or ahakra accord+ to :i* ! ego or ahakra may be said to be sttvika1 rjasa & tmasa4 ,?us f ! sttvika side ( ! ego by a prepond]ance ( sattva ! five k-giv+ s5ses1 e4g4 he>+1 sight1 t\*1 ta/e & smell are d]iv$4 ,f ! rajas side ( ego by a prepond]ance ( rajas ! five active s5ses ( spee*1 etc41 are d]iv$4 ,f ! tamas side ( ego or ahakra by a prepond]ance ( tamas are d]iv$ ! five tanmtras4 ,f :i* aga9 by a prepond]ance ( tamas ! atoms ( ! five gross elem5ts--e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air & e!r are d]iv$4 ,9 ! d]ivation ( ^! x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ! ?ree guz are conjo9tly responsible4 ,9 ! d]ivation ( a p>ticul> product "o ( ! guz may inde$ be pr$om9ant1 & ?us may be/[ ! prom95t *>act]i/ic ( t product1 b ! o!r two guz are also pres5t !re & p]=m _! functions equally well4 ,_! opposition does n )hold ! progress ( evolution b r helps x4 ,all ! ?ree comb9e toge!r 9 v>y+ degrees ( mutual prepond]ance & ?us toge!r help ! process ( evolution to produce a s+le product4 ,?us we see t ?\gh ! guz are ?ree1 !y comb9e to produce on ! side ( p]ception1 ! s5ses1 su* z ^? ( he>+1 sight1 etc42 & on ! side ( ! kn[able1 ! individual tanmtras ( g&ha1 rasa1 rpa1 sp>a & abda4 ,! guz compos+ ea* tanmtra aga9 h>moni\sly comb9e ) ea* o!r ) a prepond]ance ( tamas to produce ! atoms ( ea* gross elem5t4 ,?us 9 ea* comb9ation "o class ( guz rema9s prom95t1 :ile ! o!rs rema9 dep5d5t ^u x b help x indirectly 9 ! evolution ( t p>ticul> product4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,evolution ,! evolution :i* we h spok5 ( above may be *>act]is$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,t aris+ f modifications or products ( "s o!r cause :i* are !mselves capable ( orig9at+ o!r products l !mselves2 7#b7 ,t aris+ f causes :i*1 ?\gh !mselves d]iv$1 yet _c !mselves be ! cause ( ! orig9ation ( o!r exi/5ces l !mselves4 ,! =m] may be said to be slightly specialis$ 7avie%a7 & ! latt] ?or\ghly specialis$ 7vie%a74 ,?us we see t f prakti comes mahat1 f mahat comes ahakra1 & f ahakra1 z we h se5 above1 ! evolution takes ?ree diff]5t c\rses accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( sattva1 rajas & tamas orig9at+ ! cognitive & conative s5ses & manas1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( !m bo? on "o side & ! tanmtras on ! o!r4 ,^! tanmtras aga9 produce ! five gross elem5ts4 ,n[ :5 ahakra produces ! tanmtras or ! s5ses1 or :5 ! tanmtras produce ! five gross elem5ts1 or :5 ahakra itself is produc$ f buddhi or mahat1 x is call$ tattvnt>a-p>ima1 i4e4 ! production ( a diff]5t tattva or sub/ance4 ,?us 9 ! case ( tattvnt>a-p>ima 7z = example :5 ! tanmtras are produc$ f ahakra71 x mu/ be c>efully notic$ t ! /ate ( be+ involv$ 9 ! tanmtras is altoge!r diff]5t f ! /ate ( be+ ( ahakra2 x is n a m]e *ange ( quality b a *ange ( exi/5ce or /ate ( be+4#bb ,?us ?\gh ! tanmtras are d]iv$ f ahakra ! traces ( ahakra _c be easily foll[$ 9 !m4 ,?is d]ivation is n su* t ! ahakra rema9s pr9cipally un*ang$ & !re is only a *ange ( quality 9 x1 b x is a diff]5t exi/5ce altoge!r1 hav+ prop]ties :i* diff] widely f ^? ( ahakra4 ,s x is call$ tattvnt>a-p>ima1 i4e4 evolution ( diff]5t categories ( exi/5ce4 ,n[ ! evolution t ! s5ses & ! five gross elem5ts c und]go c nev] be ( ?is nature1 = !y are vie%as1 or sub/ances :i* h be5 too mu* specialis$ to all[ ! evolution ( any o!r sub/ance ( a diff]5t grade ( exi/5ce f !mselves4 ,) !m !re is an end ( all emanation4 ,s we see t ! avie%as or slightly specialis$ emanations are ^? :i* be+ !mselves b emanations c yet yield o!r emanations f !mselves4 ,?us we see t mahat1 ahakra & ! five tanmtras are !mselves emanations1 z well z ! s\rce ( o!r emanations4 ,mahat1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x is und\bt$ly an avie%a or slightly specialis$ emanation1 is call$ by ano!r te*nical "n liga or sign1 = f ! /ate ( mahat1 ! prakti f :i* x mu/ h emanat$ may be inf]r$4 ,prakti1 h[ev]1 f :i* no o!r primal /ate is inf]able1 is call$ ! aliga or t :i* is n a sign = ! exi/5ce ( any o!r primal & m unspecialis$ /ate4 ,9 "o s5se all ! emanations c be ) ju/ice call$ ! ligas or /ates ( exi/5ce /&+ z ! sign by :i* ! causes f :i* !y h emanat$ c be directly inf]r$4 ,?us 9 ?is s5se ! five gross elem5ts maybe call$ ! liga ( ! tanmtras1 & !y aga9 ( ! ego1 & t aga9 ( ! mahat1 = ! unspecialis$ ones are inf]r$ f _! specialis$ modifications or emanations4 ,b ?is te*nical "n liga is res]v$ = ! mahat f :i* ! aliga or prakti c be inf]r$4 ,?is prakti1 h[ev]1 is ! et]nal /ate :i* is n an emanation itself b ! basis & s\rce ( all o!r emanations4 ,! liga & ! aliga h ?us be5 comp>$ 9 ! ,krik3 8hetumadanityamavypi sakriyamanekrita liga svayavam p>atantra vyakta vip>tamavyakta40 ,! liga has a cause1 x is nei!r et]nal nor univ]sal1 b mobile1 multi=m1 dep5d5t1 det]m9ate1 & possesses p>ts1 :]eas ! aliga is ! rev]se4 ,! aliga or prakti1 h[ev]1 be+ ! cause has "s *>act]i/ics 9 common ) its ligas z di/+ui%$ f ! puru%as1 :i* are altoge!r diff]5t f x4 ,?us ! ,krik says3 8triguamaviveki vi%aya smnyamacetana prasavadh>mi vyakta ta? pradhna tadvip>ta/a? pumn40 ,! manife/$ & ! unmanife/$ pradhna or prakti are bo? compos$ ( ! ?ree guz1 non-intellig5t1 objective1 univ]sal1 unconsci\s & productive4 ,s\l 9 ^! respects is ! rev]se4 ,we h se5 above t prakti is ! /ate ( equilibrium ( ! guz1 :i* c 9 no way be ( any use to ! puru%as1 & is ?us held to be et]nal1 ?\gh all o!r /ates are held to be non-et]nal z !y are produc$ = ! sake ( ! puru%as4 ,! /ate ( prakti is t 9 :i* ! guz completely ov]p[] ea* o!r & ! *>act]i/ics 7dh>ma7 & ! *>act]is$ 7dh>m7 are "o & ! same4 ,evolution is ?us no?+ b ! manife/ation ( *ange1 mutation1 by ! en]gy ( rajas4 ,! rajas is ! "o m$iat+ activity t breaks up all comp\nds1 builds up new ones & initiates orig9al modifications4 ,:5ev] 9 any p>ticul> comb9ation ! proportion ( sattva1 rajas or tamas alt]s1 z a condition ( ?is alt]ation1 !re is ! dom9at+ activity ( rajas by :i* ! old equilibrium is de/roy$ & ano!r equilibrium e/abli%$2 ?is 9 its turn is aga9 di/urb$ & aga9 ano!r equilibrium is re/or$4 ,n[ ! manife/ation ( ?is lat5t activity ( rajas is :at is call$ *ange or evolution4 ,9 ! ext]nal _w ! "t t is tak5 by a p>amu or atom to move f its place is id5tical ) a unit ( *ange4#bc ,n[ an atom w be t quantum :i* is small] or f9] ?an t po9t or limit at :i* x c 9 any way be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,atoms are !re=e m]e po9ts )\t magnitude or dim5sion1 & ! unit ( "t or mom5t 7k%aa7 t is tak5 up 9 *ang+ ! position ( ^! atoms is id5tical ) "o unit ( *ange or evolution4 ,! *ange or evolution 9 ! ext]nal _w mu/ !re=e be measur$ by ^! units ( spatial motion ( ! atoms2 i4e4 an atom *ang+ its own unit ( space is ! measure ( all physical *ange or evolution4 ,ea* unit ( "t 7k%aa7 correspond+ to ?is *ange ( an atom ( its own unit ( space is ! unit-measure ( *ange4 ,?is in/antane\s succession ( "t z discrete mom5ts "o foll[+ ! o!r is ! notion ( ! s]ies ( mom5ts or pure & simple succession4 ,n[ ! notion ( ^! discrete mom5ts is ! notion ( "t4 ,ev5 ! notion ( succession is "o t does n really exi/ b is imag9$1 = a mom5t comes into be+ j :5 ! mom5t j be=e _h pass$ s t !y h nev] tak5 place toge!r4 ,?us ,vysa 9 ,,iii4 #eb1 says3 8k%aatatkramayorn/i va/usamhra iti buddhisamhra muhrtthortrtrdaya40 ,sa tvaya kla va/unyo'pi buddh9irma4 ,! mom5ts & _! succession d n belong to ! category ( actual ?+s2 ! h\r1 ! day & night1 are all aggregates ( m5tal conceptions4 ,?is "t :i* is n a sub/antive reality 9 itself1 b is only a m5tal concept1 repres5t$ to u ?r\gh l+ui/ic usage1 appe>s to ord9>y m9ds z if x 7 an objective reality4 ,s ! conception ( "t z discrete mom5ts is ! real "o1 :]eas ! conception ( "t z successive or z cont9u\s is unreal1 be+ only due to ! imag9ation ( our empirical & relative consci\sness4 ,?us ,vcaspati fur!r expla9s x4 ,a mom5t is real 7va/upatita7 & is ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! notion ( succession4 ,succession involves ! notion ( *ange ( mom5ts1 & ! mom5t is call$ "t by ^? sages :o "k :at "t is4 ,two mom5ts _c happ5 toge!r4 ,!re _c be any succession ( two simultane\s ?+s4 ,succession means ! notion ( *ange involv+ a prec$+ & a succe$+ mom5t4 ,?us !re is only ! pres5t mom5t & !re are no prec$+ & lat] mom5ts4 ,!re=e !re _c be any union ( ^! mom5ts4 ,! pa/ & ! future mom5ts may be said to exi/ only if we speak ( pa/ & future z id5tical ) ! *anges t h become lat5t & o!rs t exi/ pot5tially b are n manife/$4 ,?us 9 "o mom5t1 ! :ole _w suff]s *anges4 ,all ^! *>act]i/ics are associat$ ) ! ?+ z connect$ ) "o p>ticul> mom5t4#bd ,s we f9d "h t "t is ess5tially discrete1 be+ only ! mom5ts ( our cognitive life4 ,z two mom5ts nev] co-exi/1 !re is no succession or cont9u\s "t4 ,!y exi/ !re=e only 9 our empirical consci\sness :i* _c take ! real mom5ts 9 _! discrete nature b connects ! "o ) ! o!r & !reby imag9es ei!r succession or cont9u\s "t4 ,n[ we h said be=e1 t ea* unit ( *ange or evolution is measur$ by ?is unit ( "t k%aa or mom5t2 or r ! units ( *ange are express$ 9 t]ms ( ^! mom5ts or k%az4 ,( c\rse 9 our ord9>y consci\sness ^! mom5ts ( *ange _c be grasp$1 b !y c be reasonably inf]r$4 ,= at ! end ( a c]ta9 p]iod we obs]ve a *ange 9 a ?+2 n[ ?is *ange1 ?\gh x becomes appreciable to u aft] a long :ile1 0 /ill go+ on e mom5t1 s1 9 ?is way1 ! succession ( evolution or *ange _c be di/+ui%$ f ! mom5ts com+ "o aft] ano!r4 ,?us ! ,yoga-stra says 9 ,,iv4 #cc3 8,succession involv+ a c\rse ( *anges is associat$ ) ! mom5ts40 ,succession z *ange ( mom5ts is grasp$ only by a c\rse ( *anges4 ,a clo? :i* has n pass$ ?r\gh a c\rse ( *anges ?r\gh a s]ies ( mom5ts _c be f\nd old all at once at any "t4 ,ev5 a new clo? kept ) good c>e becomes old aft] a "t4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! t]m9ation ( a c\rse ( *anges & by x ! succession ( a c\rse ( *anges c be grasp$4 ,ev5 be=e a ?+ is old !re c be inf]r$ a sequ5ce ( ! subtle/1 subtl]1 subtle1 grosse/1 gross] & gross *anges 7,tattvavairad1 ,,iv4 #cc74be ,n[ z we h se5 t ! unit ( "t is indi/+ui%able f ! unit ( *ange or evolution1 & z ^! mom5ts are n co-exi/+ b "o foll[s ! o!r1 we see t !re is no pa/ or future exi/+ z a cont9u\s be=e or pa/1 & aft] or future4 ,x is ! pres5t t really exi/s z ! manife/$ mom5t2 ! pa/ has be5 cons]v$ z sublat5t & ! future z ! lat5t4 ,s ! pa/ & future exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 ! =m] z "o :i* has already _h its manife/ation & is ?us cons]v$ 9 ! fact ( ! manife/ation ( ! pres5t4 ,= ! manife/ation ( ! pres5t z su* c\ld n h tak5 place until ! pa/ _h already be5 manife/$2 s ! manife/ation ( ! pres5t is a concrete product involv+ )9 itself ! manife/ation ( ! pa/2 9 a simil> way x may be said t ! manife/ation ( ! pres5t conta9s )9 itself ! se$ or ! unmanife/$ /ate ( ! future1 = if ?is _h n be5 ! case1 ! future nev] c\ld h happ5$4 ,s we see t ! :ole _w und]goes a *ange at "o unit po9t ( "t1 & n only t b x cons]ves )9 itself all ! pa/ & future hi/ory ( cosmic evolution4 ,we h po9t$ out be=e t ! manife/ation ( ! rajas or en]gy z action is :at is call$ *ange4 ,n[ ?is manife/ation ( action c only take place :5 equilibrium ( a p>ticul> collocation ( guz is di/urb$ & ! rajas arranges or collocates ) itself ! sattva & tamas1 ! :ole gr\p be+ made intelligible by ! inh]5t sattva4 ,s ! cosmic hi/ory is only ! hi/ory ( ! diff]5t collocations ( ! guz4 ,n[1 !re=e1 if x is possible = a se] to see 9 "o vision ! possible numb] ( comb9ations t ! rajas w h ) sattva & tamas1 he c 9 "o mom5t p]ceive ! pa/1 pres5t or future ( ?is cosmic evolution>y process2 = ) su* m9ds all pa/ & future are conc5trat$ at "o po9t ( vision :i* to a p]son ( ord9>y empirical consci\sness appe>s only 9 ! s]ies4 ,= ! empirical consci\sness1 impure z x is1 x is impossible t all ! p[]s & pot5cies ( sattva & rajas %\ld become manife/$ at "o po9t ( "t2 x has to take ?+s only ?r\gh its s5ses & c ?us take ! *anges only z ! s5ses are affect$ by !m2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 if its p[] ( kn[+ 0 n re/rict$ to ! limit$ scope ( ! s5ses1 x c\ld h grasp$ all ! possible collocations or *anges all at once4 ,su* a p]ceiv+ m9d ^: p[] ( kn[+ is n n>r[$ by ! s5ses c p]ceive all ! f9e/ modifications or *anges t are go+ on 9 ! body ( a sub/ance 7see ,yoga-stra1 ,,iii4 #ec74 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,categories ,! ,yoga analysis po9ts to ! fact t all our cognitive /ates are di/+ui%$ f _! objects by ! fact ( _! be+ intellig5t4 ,?is intellig5ce is ! con/ant factor :i* p]si/s amid/ all *anges ( our cognitive /ates4 ,we are pass+ cont9ually f "o /ate to ano!r )\t any re/1 b 9 ?is v>y+ *ange ( ^! /ates we are nev] dive/$ ( intellig5ce4 ,?is fact ( intellig5ce is !re=e nei!r ! p>ticul> possession ( any "o ( ^! /ates nor t ( ! sum ( ^! /ates2 = if x is n ! possession ( any "o ( ^! /ates x _c be ! possession ( ! sum ( ^! /ates4 ,9 ! case ( ! releas$ p]son aga9 !re is no m5tal /ate1 b ! self-%9+ intellig5ce4 ,s ,yoga reg>d$ ?is intellig5ce z q di/9ct f ! s-call$ m5tal /ates :i* became intellig5t by com+ 9 connection ) ?is intellig5ce4 ,! actionless1 absolutely pure & simple intellig5ce x call$ ! puru%a4 ,yoga tacitly assum$ a c]ta9 k9d ( analysis ( ! nature ( ^! m5tal /ates :i* s\ght to f9d out1 if possible1 ! nature ( _! con/itu5t elem5ts or mom5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,n[ 9 analys+ ! diff]5t /ates ( our m9d we f9d t a p>ticul> cont5t ( ?\ght is illum9at$ & !n pass$ ov]4 ,! ideas rise1 are illum9at$ & pass away4 ,?us !y f\nd t 8movem5t0 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts t con/itut$ ! sub/ance ( our ?\ghts4 ,?\ght z su* is always mov+4 ,?is pr9ciple ( movem5t1 mutation or *ange1 ?is en]gy1 !y call$ rajas4 ,n[ ap>t f ?is rajas1 ?\ght :5 se5 z dive/$ ( its s5su\s cont5ts seems to exhibit "o univ]sal m\ld or =m ( k :i* assumes ! =m ( all ! s5su\s cont5ts t are pres5t$ to x4 ,x is ! "o univ]sal ( all our p>ticul> concepts or ideas--! basis or sub/ratum ( all ! diff]5t %apes impos$ ^u itself1 ! pure & simple4 ,sattva 9 :i* !re is no p>ticul>ity is t elem5t ( our ?\ght :i*1 resembl+ puru%a mo/1 c atta9 its reflection )9 itself & ?us makes ! unconsci\s m5tal /ates intelligible4 ,all ! cont5ts ( our ?\ght are b modes & limitations ( ?is univ]sal =m & are ?us made intelligible4 ,x is ! "o pr9ciple ( intelligibility ( all our consci\s /ates4 ,n[ our intellectual life consi/s 9 a s]ies ( %9+ ideas or concepts2 concepts aft] concepts %9e =? 9 ! light ( ! pure intellig5ce & pass away4 ,b ea* concept is b a limitation ( ! pure %9+ univ]sal ( our k :i* und]lies all its *ang+ modes or modifications ( concepts or judgm5ts4 ,?is is :at is call$ pure k 9 :i* !re is nei!r ! kn[] nor ! kn[n4 ,?is pure object--subjectless k diff]s f ! pure intellig5ce or puru%a only 9 ?is t lat] on x is liable to suff] v>i\s modifications1 z ! ego1 ! s5ses1 & ! inf9ite p]cepts & concepts1 etc41 connect$ !re)1 :]eas ! pure intellig5ce rema9s ev] pure & *angeless & is nev] ! sub/ratum ( any *ange4 ,at ?is /age sattva1 ! intellig5ce-/uff1 is prom95t & rajas & tamas are altoge!r suppress$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! buddhi or m9d is (t5 spok5 ( z ! sattva4 ,be+ an absolute prepond]ance ( sattva x has no?+ else to manife/1 b x is its pure-%9+ self4 ,bo? tamas & rajas be+ mo/ly suppress$ !y _c 9 any way affect ! effulg5t nature ( ?is pure %9+ ( cont5tless k 9 :i* !re is nei!r ! kn[] nor ! kn[n4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is hold+ susp5d$ z x 7 )9 itself ! elem5ts ( rajas & tamas :i* _c manife/ !mselves ow+ to ! prepond]ance ( ! sattva4 ,?is notion ( pure cont5tless consci\sness is imm$iate & ab/ract & z su* is at once m$iat$ by o!r necess>y phases4 ,?us we see t ?is pure cont5tless univ]sal consci\sness is ! same z ! ego-univ]sal 7asmitmtra74 ,= ?is cont5tless univ]sal consci\sness is only ano!r "n = ! cont5tless unlimit$1 inf9ite ( ! ego-univ]sal4 ,a quotation f ,fi*te may "h be useful z a comp>ison4 ,?us he says 9 ! introduction to 8 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics3 8,h[ an object c ev] become a subject1 or h[ a be+ c ev] become an object ( repres5tation3 ?is curi\s *ange w nev] be expla9$ by anyone :o does n f9d a po9t :]e ! objective & subjective are n di/+ui%$ at all1 b are altoge!r "o4 ,n[ su* a po9t is e/abli%$ by1 & made ! />t+ po9t ( our sy/em4 ,?is po9t is ! ,egohood1 ! ,intellig5ce1 ,reason1 or :atev] x may be nam$40#bf ,! ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ai1 describes x z ligamtram mahattatva sattmtre mahati tmani1 & aga9 9 ,i4 #cf we f9d x describ$ z ! waveless ocean1 peaceful inf9ite pure egohood4 ,?is obscure egohood is kn[n m]ely z be+4 ,?is mahat has also be5 spok5 ( by ,vijna ,bhik%u z ! manas1 or m9d1 z x has ! function ( assimilation 7nicaya74 ,n[ :at we h already said ab\t mahat w1 we hope1 make x cle> t ?is mahat is ! la/ limit at :i* ! subject & ! object c be consid]$ z "o indi/+ui%able po9t :i* is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 b ! s\rce ( bo?4 ,?is buddhi is ?us v>i\sly call$ mahat1 asmitmtra1 manas1 sattva1 buddhi & liga1 accord+ to ! aspects f :i* ?is /ate is obs]v$4 ,?is /ate is call$ mahat z x is ! mo/ univ]sal ?+ conceivable & ! "o common s\rce f :i* all o!r ?+s orig9ate4 ,n[ ?is phase ( sattva or pure %9+ naturally passes into ! o!r phase1 t ( ! ,ego z kn[] or ,ego z subject4 ,! fir/ phase z mahat or asmitmtra 0 ! /ate 9 :i* ! sattva 0 pr$om9ant & ! rajas & tamas 7 9 a suppress$ condition4 ,! next mom5t is t 9 :i* ! rajas comes upp]mo/1 & ?us ! ego z ! subject ( all cognition--! subject ,i--! kn[] ( all ! m5tal /ates--is d]iv$4 ,! cont5tless subject-objectless 8,i0 is ! passive sattva aspect ( ! buddhi cat*+ ! reflection ( ! _s ( puru%a4 ,9 its active aspect1 h[ev]1 x feels itself "o ) ! _s & appe>s z ! ego or subject :i* kn[s1 feels & wills4 ,?us ,patajali says1 9 ,,ii4 #f3 dgd>anaaktyorektmateva asmit1 i4e4 ! seem+ id5tity ( ! se] & ! p]ceiv+ capacity is call$ asmit-ego4 ,aga9 9 ,bh%ya1 ,i4 #ag1 we h ektmik savidasmit 7k z "o id5tical is asmit7 :i* ,vcaspati expla9s z s ca tman grahtr saha buddhirektmik savid1 i4e4 x is ! feel+ ( id5tity ( ! buddhi 7m9d7 ) ! self1 ! p]ceiv]4 ,?us we f9d t ! m9d is affect$ by its own rajas or activity & posits itself z ! ego or subject z activity4 ,by reason ( ?is position ( ! 8,i0 z active x p]ceives itself 9 ! objective1 9 all its conative & cognitive s5ses 9 its ?\ghts & feel+s & also 9 ! ext]nal _w ( ext5sion & co-exi/5ce2 9 ! words ( ,pacaikha 7,,ii4 #e7 ?9k+ ! animate & inanimate be+s to be ! self1 man reg>ds _! prosp]ity z 8 own & becomes glad1 & reg>ds _! adv]sity z 8 own & is sorry4 ,"h ! 8,i0 is posit$ z ! active entity :i* becomes consci\s ( itself1 or 9 o!r words ! 8,i0 becomes self-consci\s4 ,9 analys+ ?is notion ( self-consci\sness we f9d t "h ! rajas or elem5t ( activity or mobility has become pr$om9ant & ?is pr$om9ance ( rajas has be5 manife/$ by ! inh]5t sattva4 ,?us we f9d t ! rajas side or 8,i z active0 has become manife/$ or kn[n z su*1 i4e4 8,i0 becomes consci\s ( itself z active4 ,& ?is is j :at is meant by self-consci\sness4 ,?is ego or self-consci\sness !n appe>s z ! modification ( ! cont5tless pure consci\sness ( ! m9d 7buddhi72 x is = ?is reason t we see t ?is self-consci\sness is b a modification ( ! univ]sal m9d4 ,! absolute id5tity ( subject & object z ! egohood is n ,a "p ( our natural consci\sness1 = 9 all /ages ( our actual consci\sness1 ev5 9 t ( self-consci\sness1 !re is an elem5t ( ! prepond]ance ( rajas or activity :i* directs ?is unity z ! kn[] & ! kn[n & !n unites !m z x 74 ,only s f> z ,i di/+ui% myself z ! consci\s1 f myself z ! object ( consci\sness1 am ,i at all consci\s ( myself4 ,:5 we see t ! buddhi trans=ms itself into ! ego1 ! subject1 or ! kn[]1 at ?is its fir/ phase !re is no o!r cont5t :i* x c "k1 x !re=e kn[s itself 9 a v ab/ract way z ! 8,i10 or 9 o!r words1 ! ego becomes self-consci\s2 b at ?is mom5t ! ego has no cont5t2 ! tamas be+ q "u suppression1 x is evolv$ by a prepond]ance ( ! rajas2 & ?us its nature z rajas is manife/$ by ! sattva & ?us ! ego n[ ess5tially kn[s itself to be active1 & holds itself z ! p]man5t en]gis+ activity :i* connects ) itself all ! ph5om5a ( our life4 ,b n[ :5 ! ego fir/ directs itself t[>ds itself & becomes consci\s ( itself1 "o "q :i* naturally comes to our m9d is1 8,c ! ego direct itself t[>ds itself & ?us divide itself into a "p t sees & "o t is se580 ,to meet ?is "q x is assum$ t ! guz conta9 )9 !mselves ! g]ms ( bo? subjectivity & objectivity 7gun hi dvairpya vyavasytmkatvam vyavaseytmakatva ca4 ,tattvavairad1 ,,iii4 #dg72 ! guz h two =ms1 ! p]ceiv] & ! p]ceiv$4 ,?us we f9d t 9 ! ego ! quality ( ! guz z ! p]ceiv] comes to be fir/ manife/$ & ! ego turns back ^u itself & makes itself its own object4 ,x is at ?is /age t we are rem9d$ ( ! tw(old nature ( ! guz4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is tw(old nature t ! subject c make itself its own object2 b z ^! two sides h n yet develop$ !y are /ill only ab/ract & exi/ b 9 an implicit way 9 ?is /ate ( ! ego 7ahakra74 ,enquir+ fur!r into ! nature ( ! relation ( ?is ego & ! buddhi1 we f9d t ! ego is only ano!r phase or modification ( ! buddhi2 h[ev] diff]5t x might appe> f buddhi x is only an appe>ance or phase ( x2 its reality is ! reality ( ! buddhi4 ,?us we see t :5 ! kn[] is affect$ 9 8 diff]5t modes ( concepts & judgm5ts1 ?is too is to be ascrib$ to ! buddhi4 ,?us ,vysa writes 7,,ii4 #ah7 t p]ception1 memory1 diff]5tiation1 reason+1 "r k1 decision belong prop]ly to m9d 7buddhi7 & are only illusorily impos$ on ! puru%a 7grahaadhraohpohatattvajnbh9ive buddhau v>ttamn puru%e adhyropitasadbhv74 ,n[ f ?is ego we f9d t ?ree developm5ts take place 9 ?ree di/9ct directions accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( sattva1 rajas or tamas4 ,by ! prepond]ance ( rajas1 ! ego develops itself into ! five conative s5ses1 vk 7spee*71 pi 7h&s71 pda 7feet71 pyu 7organ ( pass+ ! excreta7 & upa/ha 7g5]ative organ74 ,by ! prepond]ance ( sattva1 ! ego develops itself into ! five cognitive s5ses--he>+1 t\*1 sight1 ta/e & smell2 & by a prepond]ance ( tamas x /&s z ! bhtdi & produces ! five tanmtras1 & ^! aga9 by fur!r prepond]ance ( tamas develops into ! p>ticles ( ! five gross elem5ts ( e>?1 wat]1 light1 heat1 air & e!r4 ,n[ x is cle> t :5 ! self becomes consci\s ( itself z object we see t !re are ?ree phases 9 x3 7i7 t 9 :i* ! self becomes an object to itself2 7ii7 :5 x directs itself or turns z ! subject ^u itself z ! object1 ?is mom5t ( activity :i* c effect an aspect ( *ange 9 itself2 7iii7 ! aspect ( ! consci\sness ( ! self1 ! mom5t 9 :i* x p]ceives itself 9 its object1 ! mom5t ( ! union ( itself z ! subject & itself z ! object 9 "o lum9osity ( self-consci\sness4 ,n[ t phase ( self 9 :i* x is m]ely an object to itself is ! phase ( its union ) prakti :i* fur!r develops ! prakti 9 mom5ts ( mat]iality by a prepond]ance ( ! in]t tamas ( ! bhtdi into tanmtras & ^! aga9 into ! five gross] elem5ts :i* are !n call$ ! grhya or p]ceptible4 ,! sattva side ( ?is ego or self-consci\sness :i* 0 hi!rto undiff]5tiat$ becomes fur!r diff]5tiat$1 specialis$ & modifi$ into ! five cognitive s5ses ) _! respective functions ( he>+1 t\*1 sight1 ta/e & smell1 syn*ronis+ ) ! evolution ( ! prakti on ! tanmtric side ( evolution4 ,^! aga9 individually suff] inf9ite modifications !mselves & ?us cause an inf9ite v>iety ( s5sations 9 _! respective sph]es 9 our consci\s life4 ,! rajas side ( ! ego becomes specialis$ z ! active faculties ( ! five diff]5t conative organs4 ,!re is ano!r specialisation ( ! ego z ! manas :i* is its direct in/rum5t = connect+ itself ) ! five cognitive & conative s5ses4 ,:at is p]ceiv$ z m]e s5sations by ! s5ses is connect$ & g5]alis$ & =m$ into concepts by ! manas2 x is !re=e spok5 ( z p>tak+ ( bo? ! conative & ! cognitive aspects 9 ! ,skhya-krik1 #bg4 ,n[ ?\gh ! modifications ( ! ego are =m$ successively by ! prepond]ance ( sattva1 rajas & tamas1 yet ! rajas is always ! accessory cause 7sahakri7 ( all ^! v>i$ collocations ( ! guz2 x is ! supreme pr9ciple ( en]gy & supplies ev5 intellig5ce ) ! en]gy :i* x requires = its own consci\s activity4 ,?us ,lokcryya says 9 8 ,tattvatraya3 8! tmasa ego develop+ into ! mat]ial _w & ! sttvika ego develop+ into ! elev5 s5ses1 bo? require ! help ( ! rjasa ego = ! production ( ?is developm5t0 7anybhy ahakrbhym svakryyopajanane rjashakra sahakr bhavati72 & ,b>ab>a 9 8 ,bh%ya writes3 8j z a se$-spr\t requires = its gr[? ! help ( wat] z in/rum5tal cause1 s ! rjasa ahakra 7ego7 works z ! accessory cause 7sahakri7 = ! trans=mations ( sttvika & tmasa ahakra into _! evolution>y products40 ,! mode ( work+ ( ?is in/rum5tal cause is describ$ z 8rajas is ! mov]40 ,! rjasa ego ?us moves ! sattva "p to g5]ate ! s5ses2 ! tamas "p g5]at+ ! gross & subtle matt] is also mov$ by ! rajas1 ag5t ( movem5t4 ,! rjasa ego is ?us call$ ! common cause ( ! movem5t ( ! sttvika & ! tmasa ego4 ,vcaspati also says3 8?\gh rajas has no sep>ate "w by itself yet s9ce sattva & tamas 7:i* ?\gh capable ( und]go+ modification1 d n d _! "w7 are actionless 9 !mselves1 ! ag5cy ( rajas lies 9 ?is t x moves !m bo? = ! production ( ! effect40#bg ,& accord+ z ! modifications are sttvika1 tmasa or rjasika1 ! ego :i* is ! cause ( ^! diff]5t modifications is also call$ vaikrika1 bhtdi & taijasa4 ,! mahat also z ! s\rce ( ! vaikrika1 taijasa & bhtdi ego may be said to h ?ree aspects4 ,n[ speak+ ( ! relation ( ! s5se faculties ) ! s5se organs1 we see t ! latt]1 :i* are made up ( ! gross] elem5ts are ! vehicle ( ! =m]1 = if ! latt] are injur$ 9 any way1 ! =m] are also necess>ily affect$4#bh ,to take = example ! specific case ( ! faculty ( he>+ & its organ1 we see t ! faculty ( he>+ is seat$ 9 ! e!r 7ka7 )9 our e>-hole4 ,x is "h t ! p[] ( he>+ is locat$4 ,:5 s\ndness or defect is notic$ !re91 s\ndness or defect is notic$ 9 ! p[] ( he>+ also4 ,:5 ! s\nds ( solids1 etc41 are he>d1 !n ! p[] ( he>+ locat$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! e> /&s 9 ne$ ( ! resonance produc$ 9 ! ka ( ! e>4 ,?is s5se ( he>+1 !n1 hav+ its orig9 9 ! pr9ciple ( ahakra1 behaves l iron1 & is drawn by ! s\nds orig9at$ & locat$ 9 ! m\? ( ! speak] act+ z load/one1 & trans=ms !m into its own successive modifications 7vtti7 & ?us s5ses ! s\nds ( ! speak]4 ,& x is = ?is reason t = e liv+ creature1 ! p]ception ( s\nd 9 ext]nal space 9 ! abs5ce ( defects is nev] void ( au?ority4 ,?us ,pancasikha also says1 z quot$ 9 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #da3 8,to all ^? ^: organs ( he>+ are situat$ 9 ! same place 7at diff]5t times7 ! ka su/a9+ ! s5se ( he>+ is ! same40 ,! ka1 aga91 9 :i* ! p[] ( he>+ is seat$1 is born out ( ! sonif]\s tanmtra1 & has !re=e ! quality ( s\nd inh]5t 9 itself4 ,x is by ?is s\nd act+ 9 unison t x takes ! s\nds ( ext]nal solids1 etc4 ,?is !n proves t ! ka is ! sub/ratum ( ! p[] ( he>+1 & also possesses ! quality ( s\nd4 ,& ?is sam5ess ( ! situation ( s\nd is an indication ( ! exi/5ce ( ka z t :i* is ! sub/ratum ( ! auditory p[] 7ruti7 :i* manife/s ! s\nds ( ! same class 9 ka4 ,su* a manife/ation ( s\nd _c be )\t su* an auditory s5se-p[]4 ,nor is su* an auditory p[] a quality ( p?iv 7e>?71 etc41 because x _c be 9 its own self bo? ! manife/or & ! manife/$ 7vyahgya & vyajaka71 ,tattvavairad1 ,,iii4 #da4 ,x is ! auditory p[] :i* manife/s all s\nds ) ! help ( ! ka ( ! s5se organ4 ,! !ory ( ! guz 0 accept$ by _m o!rs outside ! ,skhya-,yoga circle & !y also (f]$ _! op9ions on ! nature ( ! categories4 ,!re are ?us o!r views preval5t ab\t ! g5esis ( ! s5ses1 to :i* x may be wor? our :ile to pay "s att5tion z we pass by4 ,! sttvika ego 9 g5]at+ ! cognitive s5ses ) limit$ p[]s = c]ta9 specifi$ objects ( s5se only acc\nt$ = _! developm5ts f itself 9 accompanim5t ) ! specific tanmtras4 ,?us sttvika ego s\nd pot5tial 7abda-tanmtra7 s5se ( he>+4 sttvika ego t\* pot5tial 7p>-tanmtra7 s5se ( t\*4 sttvika ego sight pot5tial 7rpa-tanmtra7 s5se ( vision4 sttvika ego ta/e pot5tial 7vasa-tanmtra7 s5se ( ta/e4 sttvika ego smell pot5tial 7g&ha-tanmtra7 s5se ( smell4 ,! conative s5se ( spee* is develop$ 9 association ) ! s5se ( he>+2 t ( h& 9 association ) ! s5se ( t\*2 t ( feet 9 association ) ! s5se ( vision2 t ( upa/ha 9 association ) ! s5se ( ta/e2 t ( pyu 9 association ) ! s5se ( smell4 ,la/ ( all1 ! manas is develop$ f ! ego )\t any co-op]at+ or accompany+ cause4 ,! ,naiyyikas1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ! s5ses are g5]at$ by ! gross elem5ts1 ! e> = example by ka1 ! t\* by air & s =?4 ,b ,lokcryya 9 8 ,tattvatraya holds t ! s5ses are n g5]at$ by gross matt] b are r su/a9$ & /r5g!n$ by x4 ,!re are o!rs :o ?9k t ! ego is ! in/rum5tal & t ! gross elem5ts are ! mat]ial causes 9 ! production ( ! s5ses4 ,! view ( ! ,vysa-bh%ya is1 ,i believe1 n[ q cle> s9ce we see t ! mahat ?r\gh ! asmit g5]ates f ! latt] 7z diff]5tiations f x1 ?\gh x itself exi/s z integrat$ 9 ! mahat71 ! s5ses1 & _! correspond+ gross elem5ts4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r to trace ! developm5t ( ! bhtdi on ! tanmtric side1 ,i ?9k x is be/ to ref] to ! views ab\t ! suppos$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,yoga & ! views ( ! ,skhya works ab\t ! evolution ( ! categories4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,yoga view two p>allel l9es ( evolution />t f mahat1 "o ( :i* develops into ! ego1 manas1 ! five cognitive & ! five conative s5ses1 :ile on ! o!r side x develops into ! five gross] elem5ts ?r\gh ! five tanmtras :i* are directly produc$ f mahat ?r\gh ! m$ium ahakra4 ,?us ! view z f\nd 9 ! ,yoga works may be tabulat$ ?us3-- ,prakti ,mahat or ,asmitmtra ------------------- ,asmit ,tanmtras--#e ------ ----------------- #aa s5ses #e gross elem5ts ,! view ( ! akhya works may be tabulat$ ?us3-- ,prakti ,mahat ,ego ------------------- #aa s5ses #e ,tanmtras #e gross elem5ts ,! place 9 ! ,vysa-bh%ya :i* ref]s to ?is g5esis is t "u vie%vie%aligamtrligni guap>vi1 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,!re x says t ! f\r bhtas are e!r1 air1 fire1 wat] & e>?4 ,^! are ! vie%as 7specialis$ modifications7 ( ! unspecialis$ modifications ! tanmtras ( s\nd1 t\*1 col\r1 ta/e & smell4 ,s also are ! cognitive s5ses ( he>+1 t\*1 eye1 tongue1 & nose & ! conative s5ses ( spee*1 h&1 feet1 anus & ! g5]ative organ4 ,! elev5? "o manas 7! co-ord9at+ organ7 has = its object ! objects ( all ! above t5 s5ses4 ,s ^! are ! specialis$ modifications 7vie%as7 ( ! unspecialis$ 7avie%a7 asmit4 ,! guz h ^! sixte5 k9ds ( specialis$ modifications 7vie%ap>ima74 ,! six unspecialis$ modifications are ! s\nd tanmtra1 t\* tanmtra1 col\r tanmtra1 ta/e tanmtra & smell tanmtra4 ,^! tanmtras respectively conta9 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five special *>act]i/ics4 ,! six? unspecialis$ modification is asmitmtra4 ,^! are ! six avie%a evolutions ( ! pure be+1 ! mahat4 ,! category ( mahat is m]ely a sign beyond ! avie%as & x is !re t ^! exi/ & develop4 ,9 ?is ,vysa-bh%ya ! fully specialis$ ones1 vie%as1 ! gross] elem5ts are said to h be5 d]iv$ f ! tanmtras & ! s5ses & manas1 ! faculty ( reflection are said to h be5 specialis$ f ! ego or asmit4 ,! tanmtras1 h[ev]1 h n be5 d]iv$ f ! ego or asmit "h4 ,b !y toge!r ) asmit are spok5 ( z ! six slightly specialis$ ones1 ! five be+ ! five tanmtras & ! six? "o be+ ! ego4 ,^! six avie%as are ! specialisations ( ! mahat1 ! great egohood ( pure ,be-ness4 ,x !re=e appe>s t ! six avie%as are directly d]iv$ f ! mahat1 aft] :i* ! ego develops into ! elev5 s5ses & ! tanmtras into ! five gross elem5ts 9 ?ree diff]5t l9es4 ,b let u see h[ ,yoga-vrttika expla9s ! po9t "h3-- 8,b l ! s5ses ! tanmtras are also special modifications ( ! ahakra hav+ specially modifi$ *>act]i/ics su* z s\nd1 t\*1 etc41 :y1 !re=e1 are !y n m5tion$ z special modifications 7vie%as78 ,! answ] is t ^? only are m5tion$ z special modification :i* are ultimate special modifications4 ,! tanmtras are inde$ ! special modifications ( ! ego1 b !y !mselves produce fur!r special modifications1 ! bhtas4 ,! avie%as are expla9$ z ! six avie%as4 ,! tanmtras are g5]at$ f ! tmasa ahakra gradually ?r\gh s\nd1 etc4 ,! category ( mahat :i* is ! gr\nd ( all modifications1 call$ also ! buddhi1 has six evolution>y products call$ ! avie%as4 ,?\gh ! mahat & ! prakti may also be reg>d$ z ! root-causes out ( :i* ! tanmtras h evolv$1 yet ! ^w avie%a is us$ z a te*nical t]m hav+ a special application to ! six avie%as only40 ,! modifications ( ^! are f ! buddhi ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( ! ahakra1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 ! ,bh%ya1 ,i4 #de4 ,?us we see t ! ,yoga-vrttika says t ! ,bh%ya is "h describ+ ! modifications ( buddhi 9 two di/9ct classes1 ! avie%as & ! vie%as2 & t ! mahat has be5 spok5 ( z ! s\rce ( all ! avie%as1 ! five tanmtras & ! ego2 /rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! g5esis ( ! tanmtras f mahat takes place ?r\gh ! ego & 9 association ) ! ego1 = x has be5 s describ$ 9 ! ,bh%ya1 ,i4 #de4 ,ngea 9 expla9+ ?is ,bh%ya only repeats ! view ( ,yoga-vrttika4 ,n[ let u ref] to ! ,bh%ya ( ,i4 #de1 allud$ to by ! ,yoga-vrttika3 8,! gradual s]ies ( subtl] causes proce$s up to ! aliga or ! prakti4 ,! e>? atom has ! smell tanmtra z its subtle cause2 ! wat] atom has ! ta/e tanmtra2 ! air atom ! t\* tanmtra2 ! ka atom ! s\nd tanmtra2 & ( ^! ahakra is ! subtle cause2 & ( ?is ! mahat is ! subtle cause40 ,"h by subtle cause 7sk%ma7 x is updnakraa or mat]ial cause :i* is meant2 s ! ,bh%ya fur!r says3 8,x is true t puru%a is ! subtle/ ( all4 ,b yet z prakti is subtl] ?an ! mahat1 x is n 9 t s5se t puru%a is subtl] ?an prakti = puru%a is only an in/rum5tal cause ( ! evolution ( mahat1 b n its mat]ial cause40 ,i believe x is q cle> t ahakra is spok5 ( "h z ! sk%ma anvayikrana ( ! tanmtras4 ,?is anvayikraa is ! same z updna 7mat]ial cause7 z ,vcaspati calls x4 ,n[ aga9 9 ! ,bh%ya ( ! same stra ,,ii4 #ai lat] on we see ! liga or ! mahat is ! /age next to prakti1 x is diff]5tiat$ f x ?\gh /ill rema9+ integrat$ 9 ! regul> ord] ( evolution4 ,! six avie%as are aga9 diff]5tiat$ :ile /ill rema9+ integrat$ 9 ! mahat 9 ! ord] ( evolution 7p>imakramaniyama74 ,! mahat tattva 7liga7 is associat$ ) ! prakti 7aliga74 ,its developm5t is ?us to be consid]$ z ! production ( a diff]5tiation z integrat$ )9 ! prakti4 ,! six avie%as are also to be consid]$ z ! production ( successive diff]5tiations z integrat$ )9 ! mahat4 ,! words sas%a vivicyante are ! mo/ important "h = !y %[ u ! real nature ( ! trans=mations4 8,sas%t0 means integrat$ & 8vivicyante0 means diff]5tiat$4 ,?is %[s t ! ord] ( evolution z f\nd 9 ! ,skhya works 7viz4 mahat f prakti1 ahakra f mahat & ! elev5 s5ses & ! tanmtras f ahakra7 is true only 9 ?is s5se t ^! modifications ( ahakra take place directly z diff]5tiations ( *>act]s 9 ! body ( mahat4 ,z ^! diff]5tiations take place ?r\gh ahakra z ! fir/ mom5t 9 ! s]ies ( trans=mations x is said t ! trans=mations take place directly f ahakra2 :]eas :5 /ress is laid on ! o!r aspect x appe>s t ! trans=mations are b diff]5tiations z integrat$ 9 ! body ( ! mahat1 & ?us x is also said t f mahat ! six avie%as--namely1 ahakra & ! five tanmtras--come out4 ,?is conception ( evolution z diff]5tiation )9 integration bridges ! gulf betwe5 ! views ( ,yoga & ! ,sakhya works4 ,we "k t ! tanmtras are produc$ f ! tmasa ahakra4 ,?is ahakra is no?+ b ! tmasa side ( mahat r\s$ into creative activity by rajas4 ,! sttvika ahakra is giv5 z a sep>ate category produc+ ! s5ses1 :]eas ! tamas z bhtdi produces ! tanmtras f its di/urbance :ile held up )9 ! mahat4#bi ,ngea 9 ! ,*y-vykhy ( ,,ii4 #ai1 h[ev]1 foll[s ! ,skhya explanation4 ,he says3 8,! five tanmtras hav+ 9 ord] "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r & five *>act]i/ics are su* t ! prec$+ ones are ! causes ( ! succe$+ ones4 ,! abdatanmtra has only ! *>act]i/ic ( s\nd1 ! sp>atanmtra ( s\nd & t\* & s on4444 ,all ^! tanmtras are produc$ f ! tmasa ahakra 9 ! ord] ( abda1 sp>a1 etc40 ,?is ignores ! int]pretation ( ! ,vys-bh%ya t ! tanmtras are diff]5tiations )9 ! integrat$ :ole ( mahat ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y /age ( ! tmasa ahakra4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,evolution ,,& ,,*ange ,,( ,,qualities ,! ord] ( ! evolution ( ! tanmtras z "h ref]r$ to is z foll[s3-- ,bhtdi 7tmasa ahakra7 abdatanmtra ,sp>atanmtra ,rpatanmtra ,rasatanmtra ,g&hatanmtra ,! evolution ( ! tanmtras has be5 v>i\sly describ$ 9 ! ,purz & ! ,smti lit]ature4 ,^! div]g5t views c briefly be br\ght "u two head+s3 ^? :i* d]ive ! tanmtras f ! bhtas & ^? :i* d]ive !m f ! ahakra & ! bhtas f !m4 ,"s ( ^! s*ools h be5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,b>ab>a ,muni's comm5t>y on ! ,tattvatraya--a treatise on ! ,rmnuja ,philosophy--& h be5 already expla9$ 9 a sy/ematic way by ,dr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,seal4 ,i !re=e refra9 f repeat+ !m ne$lessly4 ,ab\t ! d]ivation ( ! tanmtras all ! o!r ,skhya treatises1 ! ,krik1 ! ,kaumud1 ! ,tattvavairad1 ! ,stra & ,pravacana-bh%ya1 ! ,siddhntac&rik1 ,strr?abodh91 ! ,rajamrtaa & ! ,maiprabh seem to be sil5t4 ,fur!r speak+ ( ! tanmtras1 ,vijna ,bhik%u says t ! tanmtras exi/ only 9 unspecialis$ =ms2 !y !re=e c be nei!r felt nor p]ceiv$ 9 any way by ! s5ses ( ord9>y m54 ,?is is t indet]m9ate /ate ( matt] 9 :i* !y c nev] be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 & !y _c be p]ceiv$ to be possess$ ( diff]5t qualities or specialis$ 9 any way4 ,x is = ?is t !y are call$ tanmtras1 i4e4 _! only specialization is a m]e ?atness4 ,! ,yog9s alone p]ceive !m4 ,n[ turn+ t[>ds ! fur!r evolution ( ! gross] elem5ts f ! tanmtras1 we see t !re are great div]g5ces ( view "h also1 "s ( :i* are %[n bel[4 ,?us ,vcaspati says3 8,! e>? atom is produc$ f ! five tanmtras ) a pr$om9ance ( ! smell tanmtra1 ! wat] atom f ! f\r tanmtras except+ ! smell tanmtra ) a prepond]ance ( ! ta/e tanmtra1 & s on0 7,i4 #dd74 ,?us "h we f9d t ! ka atom 7au7 has be5 g5]at$ simply by ! ka tanmtra2 ! vyu atom has be5 g5]at$ by two tanmtras1 abda & sp>a1 ( :i* ! sp>a appe>s !re z ! *ief4 ,! tejas atom has be5 develop$ f ! abda1 sp>a & rpa tanmtras1 ?\gh ! rpa is pr$om9ant 9 ! gr\p4 ,! ap atom has be5 develop$ f ! f\r tanmtras1 abda1 sp>a1 rpa & rasa1 ?\gh rasa is pr$om9ant 9 ! gr\p1 & ! e>? or k%iti atom has be5 develop$ f ! five tanmtras1 ?\gh ! g&ha tanmtra is pr$om9ant 9 ! gr\p4 ,n[ ! ,yoga-vrttika agrees ) ,vcaspati 9 all ^! details1 b diff]s f him only 9 ma9ta9+ t ! ka atom has be5 g5]at$ f ! abda tanmtra ) an accretion f bhtdi1 :]eas ,vcaspati says t ! ka atom is g5]at$ simply by ! ka tanmtra4#cj ,ngea1 h[ev]1 takes a slightly diff]5t view & says t to produce ! gross atoms f ! tanmtras1 an accretion ( bhtdi z an accompany+ ag5t is necess>y at e /ep2 s t we see t ! vyu atom is produc$ f ^! ?ree3 abda sp>a accretion f bhtdi4 ,tejas atom abda p>a rpa accretion f bhtdi4 ,ap atom abda p>a rpa rasa accretion f bhtdi4 ,k%iti atom abda p>a rpa rasa g&ha accretion f bhtdi4 ,i refra9 f giv+ ! ,vi%u ,pura view :i* has also be5 quot$ 9 ! ,yoga-vrttika1 & ! view ( a c]ta9 s*ool ( ,v$nti/s m5tion$ 9 ! ,tattva-nirpaa & ref]r$ to & describ$ 9 ! ,tattvatraya1 z ,dr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,seal has already describ$ !m 9 8 article4 ,we see ?us t f bhtdi come ! five tanmtras :i* c be comp>$ to ! ,vaie%ika atoms z !y h no p>ts & nei!r grossness nor visible diff]5tiation4#ca ,"s diff]5tiation has ( c\rse already begun 9 ! tanmtras1 z !y are call$ abda1 p>a1 rpa1 rasa & g&ha1 :i* !re=e may be said to belong to a class ak9 to ! gross] elem5ts ( ka1 vyu1 tejas1 ap & k%iti4#cb ,! next "o1 ! p>amu 7atom71 :i* is gross 9 its nature & is g5]at$ f ! tanmtras :i* exi/ 9 x z p>ts 7tanmtrvayava7 may be comp>$ ) ! tras>eu ( ! ,vaie%ikas4 ,?us ! ,yoga-vrttika says3 8?is is call$ p>amu by ! ,vaie%ikas4 ,we h[ev] call ! subtle/ "p ( ! visible e>?1 e>? atoms0 7,,iv4 #ad74 ,! doctr9e ( atoms is recognis$ bo? 9 ! ,yoga-strs 7,i4 #df7 & ! ,bh%ya 7,,iii4 #eb1 ,,iv4 #ad1 etc474 ,:e!r ,skhya admitt$ ! p>amu 7atoms7 or n _c be def9itely settl$4 ,! ,skhya-krik does n m5tion ! p>amu1 b ,vijna ,bhik%u ?9ks t ! ^w 8sk%ma0 9 ,krik1 #ci1 means p>amu 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iv4 #ad74 ,?\gh ! ^w p>amu is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,krik1 ,i c h>dly suppose t ,skhya did n admit x 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,yoga did4 ,= x does n seem probable t ,skhya %\ld ?9k t by ! comb9ation ( ! subtle tanmtras we c\ld all at once h ! bigg] lumps ( bhta )\t !re be+ any p>ticles4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! ,yoga p>amu are ! f9e/ visible p>ticles ( matt] x c\ld n h be5 d5i$ by ,skhya4 ,! supposition ( "s ,g]man s*ol>s t ,skhya did n admit ! p>amu does n seem v plausible4 ,bhik%u 9 ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iii4 #eb1 says t ! guz are 9 reality ,vaie%ika atoms4 ,! ?ird =m is gross air1 fire1 wat]1 etc41 :i* is said to belong to ! mahat 7gross7 class4 ,i _c express x bett] ?an by quot+ a passage f ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iv4 #d3 8,! ,bh%ya holds t 9 ! tanmtras !re exi/s ! specific diff]5tiation t con/itutes ! five tanmtras1 ! k%iti atom is g5]at$ & by ! conglom]ation ( ^! gross atoms gross e>? is =m$4 ,s aga9 by ! comb9ation ( ! f\r tanmtras ! wat] atom is =m$ & ! conglom]ation ( ^! wat] atoms makes gross wat]40 8,x %\ld be not$ "h3 s9ce ! ,bh%ya holds t ! tanmtras ( s\nd1 etc41 are ( ! same class z ! correspond+ gross elem5ts x may be assum$ t ! comb9+ tanmtras possess ! class *>act]i/ics :i* are made manife/ 9 gross elem5ts by h>dness1 smoo?ness1 etc40 ,bhik%u holds t s9ce ,skhya & ,yoga are simil> 7samnatantra7 ?is is to be reg>d$ z be+ also ! ,skhya view4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r measure :i* is call$ ! measure ( p>ama mahat1 :i* belongs to ka = example4 ,n[ ^! p>amu or atoms are n m]ely atoms ( matt] b !y conta9 )9 !mselves ^? p>ticul> qualities by virtue ( :i* !y appe>1 z pleasant1 unpleasant or passive to u4 ,if we h express$ ourselves cle>ly1 ,i believe x has be5 %[n t :5 ! inn] & ! out] proce$ f "o s\rce1 ! ego & ! ext]nal _w d n altoge!r diff] 9 nature f ! inn]2 bo? h be5 =m$ by ! collocation ( ! guz 7s>vamida gun sanniveavise%amtram74 ,! same book :i* 9 ! inn] microcosm is writt5 9 ! language ( ideas has be5 9 ! ext]nal _w writt5 9 ! language ( matt]4 ,s 9 ! ext]nal _w we h all ! gr\nds ( our inn] exp]i5ce1 cognitive z well z emotional1 pleasurable z well z pa9ful4 ,! modifications ( ! ext]nal _w are only translat$ into ideas & feel+s2 !re=e ^! p>amu are spok5 ( z end[$ ) feel+s4 ,!re is ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! tanmtras & ! p>amu4 ,! =m] _c be p]ceiv$ to be end[$ ) ! feel+ elem5ts z ! latt]4 ,"s say1 h[ev]1 t x is n true t ! tanmtras are n end[$ ) ! feel+ elem5ts1 b !y _c be p]ceiv$ by any save ! ,yog9s2 ?us x is said3 tanmtrmapi p>asp>avyvttasvabhvatvama/yeva tacca yogimtragamyam4 ,! tanmtras also possess diff]5tiat$ *>act]s1 b !y c be p]ceiv$ only by ! ,yog9s2 b ?is is n univ]sally admitt$4 ,n[ ^! p>amu _c fur!r be evolv$ into any o!r diff]5t k9d ( exi/5ce or tattvnt>a4#cc ,we see t ! p>amu ?\gh !y h be5 =m$ f ! tanmtras resemble !m only 9 a v remote way & are !re=e plac$ 9 a sep>ate /age ( evolution4 ,) ! bhtas we h ! la/ /age ( evolution ( ! guz4 ,! c\rse ( evolution1 h[ev]1 does n cease "h1 b cont9ues ceaselessly1 ?\gh by its process no new /age ( exi/5ce is g5]at$1 b ! product ( ! evolution is su* t 9 x ! prop]ties ( ! gross elem5ts :i* compose its con/itution c be f\nd directly4 ,?is is :at is call$ dh>map>ima1 z di/+ui%$ f ! tattvnt>a-p>ima spok5 above4 ,! evolution ( ! vie%as f ! avie%as is always /yl$ tattvnt>a-p>ima1 z oppos$ to ! evolution t takes place among ! vie%as !mselves1 :i* is call$ dh>map>ima or evolution by *ange ( qualities4 ,n[ ^! atoms or p>amu ( k%iti1 ap1 tejas1 m>ut or ka conglom]ate toge!r & =m all s5ti5t or non-s5ti5t bodies 9 ! _w4 ,! diff]5t atoms ( e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]1 etc41 conglom]ate toge!r & =m ! diff]5t animate bodies su* z c[1 etc41 or inanimate bodies su* z jug1 etc41 & vegetables l ! tree1 etc4 ,^! bodies are built up by ! conglom]at$ units ( ! atoms 9 su* a way t !y are almo/ 9 a /ate ( comb9ation :i* has be5 /yl$ ayutasiddhvayava4 ,9 su* a comb9ation ! p>ts d n /& indep5d5tly1 b only hide !mselves z x 7 9 ord] to manife/ ! :ole body1 s t by ! conglom]ation ( ! p>ticles we h :at may be call$ a body1 :i* is reg>d$ z q a diff]5t ?+ f ! atoms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,^! bodies *ange ) ! diff]5t sorts ( *ange or arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles1 accord+ to :i* ! body may be spok5 ( z 8"o10 8l>ge10 8small10 8tangible0 or 8possess+0 ! quality ( action4 ,"s philosoph]s hold ! view t a body is really no?+ b ! conglom]ation ( ! atoms2 b !y mu/ be altoge!r wrong "h s9ce !y h no "r to ignore ! 8body10 :i* appe>s be=e !m ) all its specific qualities & attributes2 moreov]1 if !y ignore ! body !y h to ignore almo/ ev]y?+1 = ! atoms !mselves are n visible4 ,aga91 ^! atoms1 ?\gh s mu* unlike ! ,vaie%ika atoms s9ce !y conta9 tanmtras ( a diff]5t nature z _! con/itu5ts & ?us diff] f ! simpl] atoms ( ! ,vaie%ikas1 compose ! con/itu5ts ( all inorganic1 organic or animal bodies 9 su* a way t !re is no break ( h>mony--no opposition betwe5 !m2--b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 any "o ( ! guz exi/+ 9 ! atoms & _! conglom]ations becomes prom95t1 ! o!r guz ?\gh _! functions are diff]5t f x1 yet d n run c\nt] to ! prom95t guz1 b conjo9tly ) !m1 help to =m ! specific modification = ! exp]i5ces ( ! puru%a4 ,9 ! production ( a ?+1 ! diff]5t guz d n *oose diff]5t indep5d5t c\rses = _! evolution1 b jo9 toge!r & effectuate !mselves 9 ! evolution ( a s+le product4 ,?us we see also t :5 ! atoms ( diff]5t gross elem5ts possess+ diff]5t prop]ties & attributes coalesce1 _! diff]5ce ( attributes does n produce confusion1 b !y unite 9 ! production ( ! p>ticul> sub/ances by a common teleological purpose 7see ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #ad74 ,we ?us see t ! bodies or ?+s compos$ by ! collocation ( ! atoms 9 "o s5se diff] f ! atoms !mselves & 9 ano!r are id5tical ) ! atoms !mselves4 ,we see !re=e t ! appe>ance ( ! atoms z bodies or ?+s diff]s ) ! *ange ( position ( ! atoms among/ !mselves4 ,s we c say t ! *ange ( ! appe>ance ( ?+s & bodies only %[s ! *ange ( ! collocation ( ! atoms1 !re be+ always a *ange ( appe>ance 9 ! bodies consequ5t on e *ange 9 ! position ( ! atoms4 ,! =m] !re=e is only an explicit appe>ance ( ! *ange t takes place 9 ! sub/ance itself2 = ! appe>ance ( a ?+ is only an explicit aspect ( ! v selfsame ?+--! atoms2 ?us ! ,bh%ya says3 dh>misv>pamtro hi dh>ma1 dh>mivrikriy eva e% dh>madvr prapacyate1 i4e4 a dh>ma 7quality7 is m]ely ! nature ( ! dh>m9 7sub/ance71 & x is ! *anges ( ! dh>m9 t are made explicit by ! dh>mas4#cd ,(t5 x happ5s t ! *ange ( appe>ance ( a ?+ or a body1 a tree or a piece ( clo?1 = example1 c be m>k$ only aft] a long int]val4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only %[s t ! atoms ( ! body _h be5 cont9ually *ang+ & consequ5tly ! appe>ance ( ! body or ! ?+ also _h be5 cont9ually *ang+2 = o!rwise we c 9 no way acc\nt = ! sudd5 *ange ( appe>ance4 ,all bodies are cont9ually *ang+ ! con/itu5t collocation ( atoms & _! appe>ances4 ,9 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( "t or k%aa ! :ole univ]se und]goes a *ange4 ,ea* mom5t or ! smalle/ p>ticle ( "t is only ! manife/ation ( t p>ticul> *ange4 ,"t !re=e has n a sep>ate exi/5ce 9 ?is philosophy z 9 ! ,vaie%ika1 b x is only id5tical ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( *ange--viz4 t ( an atom ( its own am\nt ( space4 ,n[ "h ! appe>ance is call$ ! dh>ma1 & t p>ticul> arrangem5t ( atoms or guz :i* is ! basis ( ! p>ticul> appe>ance is call$ ! dh>m94 ,! *ange ( appe>ance is !re=e call$ ! dh>ma-p>ima4#ce ,aga9 ?is *ange ( appe>ance c be look$ at f two o!r aspects :i* ?\gh n intr9sically diff]5t f ! *ange ( appe>ance h _! own special po9ts ( view :i* make !m rem>kable4 ,^! are lak%aa-p>ima & ava/h-p>ima4 ,tak+ ! p>ticul> collocation ( atoms 9 a body = review1 we see t all ! subsequ5t *anges t take place 9 x exi/ 9 x only 9 a lat5t way 9 x :i* w be manife/$ 9 future4 ,all ! previ\s *anges ( ! collocat+ atoms are n also lo/ b exi/ only 9 a sublat5t way 9 ! p>ticul> collocation ( atoms pres5t be=e u4 ,= ! pa/ *anges are by no means de/roy$ b are pres]v$ 9 ! peculi> & p>ticul> collocation ( atoms ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,= _h n ! pa/ *anges tak5 place1 ! pres5t c\ld n appe>4 ,! pres5t _h held itself hidd5 9 ! pa/ j z ! future is hidd5 )9 ! pres5t4 ,x !re=e only comes into be+ ) ! unfold+ ( ! pa/1 :i* !re=e exi/s only 9 a sublat5t =m 9 x4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is t we see t a body comes into be+ & dies away4 ,?\gh ?is bir? or dea? is really subsum$ ! *ange ( appe>ance yet x has its own special aspect1 on acc\nt ( :i* x has be5 giv5 a sep>ate "n z lak%aa-p>ima4 ,x consid]s ! ?ree /ages ( an appe>ance--! unmanife/$ :5 x exi/s 9 ! future1 ! manife/$ mom5t ( ! pres5t1 & ! pa/ :5 x has be5 manife/$--lo/ to view b pres]v$ & reta9$ 9 all ! onw>d /ages ( ! evolution4 ,?us :5 we say t a ?+ has n yet come into be+1 t x has j come into be+1 & t x is no long]1 we ref] to ?is lak%aa-p>ima :i* records ! hi/ory ( ! ?+ 9 future1 pres5t & pa/1 :i* are only ! ?ree diff]5t mom5ts ( ! same ?+ accord+ to its diff]5t *>act]s1 z unmanife/$1 manife/$ & manife/$ 9 ! pa/ b cons]v$4 ,n[ x (t5 happ5s t ?\gh ! appe>ance ( a ?+ is con/antly *ang+ ow+ to ! cont9ual *ange ( ! atoms t compose x1 yet ! *anges are s f9e & inf9itesimal t !y _c be m>k$ by anyone except ! ,yog9s2 = ?\gh /ructural *anges may be go+ on t5d+ t[>ds ! f9al pass+ away ( t /ructure & body into ano!r /ructure & body1 :i* greatly diff]s f x1 yet !y may n be notic$ by u1 :o c take note ( ! bigg] *anges alone4 ,tak+ !re=e two rem>kable /ages ( ?+s1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :i* may be s notable z to ju/ify u 9 call+ ! lat] ! dissolution or de/ruction ( ! =m]1 we ass]t t ! ?+ has suff]$ gr[? & decay 9 ! int]val1 dur+ :i* ! actual 0 pass+ into ! sublat5t & ! pot5tial 0 t5d+ t[>ds actualization4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! ava/h-p>ima1 or *ange ( condition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n mat]ially diff] f ! lak%aa-p>ima & c ?us be held to be a mode ( x4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is t a sub/ance is call$ new or old1 gr[n or decay$4 ,?us 9 expla9+ ! illu/ration giv5 9 ! ,bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #ac3 8!re is ava/h-p>ima4 ,at ! mom5ts ( cessation ! pot5cies ( cessation become /rong] & ^? ( ord9>y exp]i5ce weak]40 ,! ,yoga-vrttika says3 8,! /r5g? & weakness ( ! two pot5cies is l ! newness or oldness ( a jug2 gr[? & decay be+ ! same z orig9ation & decease1 !re is no diff]5ce "h f lak%aa-p>ima40 ,x is n[ "t = u to exam9e once m ! relation ( dh>m91 sub/ance1 & dh>ma1 its quality or appe>ance4 ,dh>m91 or sub/ance1 is t :i* rema9s common to ! lat5t 7z hav+ pass$ ov] or nta71 ! ris+ 7! pres5t or udita7 & ! unpr$icable 7future or avyapadeya7 *>act]i/ic qualities ( ! sub/ance4 ,sub/ance 7take = example1 e>?7 has ! p[] ( exi/+ 9 ! =m ( p>ticles ( du/1 a lump or a jug by :i* wat] may be c>ri$4 ,n[ tak+ ! /age ( lump = exam9ation we may ?9k ( its previ\s /age1 t ( p>ticles ( du/1 z be+ lat5t1 & its future /age z jug z ! unpr$icable4 ,! e>? we see "h to be common to all ^! ?ree /ages :i* h come into be+ by its own activity & consequ5t *anges4 ,e>? "h is ! common quality :i* rema9s un*ang$ 9 all ^! /ages1 & s relatively con/ant among its *anges z p>ticles1 lump & jug4 ,?is e>? !re=e is reg>d$ z ! dh>m91 *>act]is$ "o1 ! sub/ance2 & its /ages z its dh>ma or qualities4 ,:5 ?is dh>m91 or sub/ance1 und]goes a *ange f a /age ( lump to a /age ( jug1 x und]goes :at is call$ dh>ma-p>ima or *ange ( quality4 ,b its dh>ma1 z ! %ape ( ! jug may be ?\ght to h itself und]gone a *ange--inasmu* z x has n[ come into be+1 f a /ate ( relative non-be+1 lat5cy or unpr$icability4 ,?is is call$ ! lak%aa-p>ima ( ! dh>ma or qualities z con/itut+ a jug4 ,?is jug is aga9 suff]+ ano!r *ange z new or old accord+ z x is j produc$ or is gradually runn+ t[>ds its dissolution1 & ?is is call$ ! ava/h-p>ima or *ange ( condition4 ,^! ?ree1 h[ev]1 are n sep>ate f ! dh>ma-p>ima1 b are only aspects ( x2 s x may be said t ! dh>m9 or sub/ance directly suff]s ! dh>ma-p>ima & indirectly ! lak%aa & ! ava/h-p>ima4 ,! dh>ma1 h[ev]1 *anges & ! lak%aa-p>ima c be look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view1 t ( *ange ( /ate1 viz4 gr[? & decay4 ,?us we see t ?\gh ! atoms ( k%iti1 ap1 etc41 rema9 un*ang$1 !y are con/antly suff]+ *anges f ! inorganic to plants & animals1 & f !nce aga9 back to ! inorganic4 ,!re is ?us a con/ant circulation ( *anges 9 :i* ! diff]5t atoms ( k%iti1 ap1 tejas1 vyu & ka rema9+ !mselves un*ang$ are suff]+ dh>ma-p>ima z !y are *ang$ f ! inorganic to plants & animals & back aga9 to ! inorganic4 ,^! diff]5t /ates or dh>mas 7z inorganic1 etc471 aga91 accord+ z !y are n yet1 n[1 or no long] or pass$ ov]1 are suff]+ ! lak%aa-p>ima4 ,!re is also ! ava/h-p>ima ( ^! /ates accord+ z any "o ( !m 7! plant /ate = example7 is gr[+ or suff]+ decay t[>ds its dissolution4 ,?is circulation ( cosmic matt] 9 g5]al applies also to all p>ticul> ?+s1 su* z ! jug1 ! clo?1 etc42 ! ord] ( evolution "h w be t ( p[d]$ p>ticles ( e>?1 lump ( e>?1 ! e>!n jug1 ! brok5 halves ( ! jug1 & aga9 ! p[d]$ e>?4 ,z ! :ole sub/ance has only "o id5tical evolution1 ^! diff]5t /ates only happ5 9 ord] ( succession1 ! occurr5ce ( "o *>act]i/ic be+ displac$ by ano!r *>act]i/ic :i* comes aft] x imm$iately4 ,we ?us see t "o sub/ance may und]go endless *anges ( *>act]i/ic 9 ord] ( succession2 & along ) ! *ange ( *>act]i/ic or dh>ma we h ! lak%aa-p>ima & ! ava/h-p>ima z old or new1 :i* is evid5tly "o ( inf9itesimal *anges ( gr[? & decay4 ,?us ,vcaspati gives ! foll[+ beautiful example3 8,ev5 ! mo/ c>efully pres]v$ rice 9 ! gran>y becomes aft] long ye>s s brittle t x crumbles into atoms4 ,?is *ange _c happ5 to new rice all on a sudd54 ,!re=e we h to admit an ord] ( successive *anges0 7,tattvavaivrad1 ,,iii4 #ae74 ,we n[ see t sub/ance has nei!r pa/ nor future2 appe>ances or qualities only are manife/$ 9 "t1 by virtue ( :i* sub/ance is also spok5 ( z v>y+ & *ang+ temporally1 j z a l9e rema9s un*ang$ 9 itself b acquires diff]5t significances accord+ z "o or two z]os are plac$ on its "r side4 ,sub/ance--! atoms ( k%iti1 ap1 tejas1 m>ut1 vyoman1 etc41 by v>i\s *anges ( quality appe> z ! manifold v>ieties ( cosmical exi/5ce4 ,!re is no intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r1 b only *anges ( "* ( "o & ! same ?+2 ?us ! gross elem5tal atoms l wat] & e>? p>ticles acquire v>i\s qualities & appe> z ! v>i\s juices ( all fruits & h]bs4 ,n[ 9 analogy ) ! argum5ts /at$ above1 x w seem t ev5 a qualifi$ ?+ or appe>ance may be relatively reg>d$ z sub/ance1 :5 x is se5 to rema9 common to v>i\s o!r modifications ( t appe>ance itself4 ,?us a jug1 :i* may rema9 common 9 all its modifications ( col\r1 may be reg>d$ relatively z ! dh>m9 or sub/ance ( all ^! special appe>ances or modifications ( ! same appe>ance4 ,we rememb] t ! guz1 :i* are ! f9al sub/ratum ( all ! gross] p>ticles1 are always 9 a /ate ( commotion & always evolv+ 9 ! mann] previ\sly /at$1 = ! sake ( ! exp]i5ce & f9al realisation ( ! p>u%a1 ! only object or end ( ! prakti4 ,?us ! ,bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #ac1 says3 8,s x is ! nature ( ! guz t !re _c rema9 ev5 a mom5t )\t ! evolution>y *anges ( dh>ma1 lak%aa & ava/h2 movem5t is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! guz4 ,! nature ( ! guz is ! cause ( _! con/ant movem5t40 ,al?\gh ! pione]s ( mod]n sci5tific evolution h tri$ to obs]ve sci5tifically "s ( ! /ages ( ! gr[? ( ! inorganic & ( ! animal worlds into ! man1 yet !y d n give any reason = x4 ,!irs is m an exp]im5tal ass]tion ( facts ?an a metaphysical acc\nt ( evolution4 ,accord+ to ,d>w9 ! g5]al =m ( ! evolution>y process is t :i* is accompli%$ by 8v slight v>iations :i* are accumulat$ by ! effect ( natural selection40 ,& accord+ to a lat] !ory1 we see t a new species is con/itut$ all at once by ! simultane\s appe>ance ( sev]al new *>act]i/ics v diff]5t f ! old4 ,b :y ?is accid5tal v>iation1 ?is seem+ dep>ture f ! causal *a91 comes into be+1 ! evolutioni/s _c expla94 ,b ! ,skhya-,ptajala doctr9e expla9s x f ! /&po9t ( teleology or ! f9al goal inh]5t 9 all matt]1 s t x may be s]viceable to ! puru%a4 ,to be s]viceable to ! puru%a is ! "o moral purpose 9 all prakti & its manife/ations 9 ! :ole mat]ial _w1 :i* guide ! c\rse & direction ( ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt]4 ,f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! ,skhya-,ptajala doctr9e is v mu* 9 ! same position z mod]n sci5ce1 = x does n expla9 ! cause ( ! accid5tal v>iation notic$ 9 all ! /ages ( evolution>y process f any physical po9t ( view bas$ on ! obs]vation ( facts4 ,b x does mu* cr$it to ! ,ptajala doctr9es t !y expla9 ?is accid5tal v>iation1 ?is avyapadeyatva or unpr$icability ( ! onw>d c\rse ( evolution f a moral po9t ( view1 t ( teleology1 ! s]viceability ( ! puru%a4 ,!y f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is teleology %\ld n be us$ to usurp ! :ole nature & function ( matt]4 ,we f9d t ! atoms are always mov+ by virtue ( ! rajas or en]gy1 & x is to ?is movem5t ( ! atoms 9 space t all ! products ( evolution are due4 ,we h f\nd t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! juices ( ,coco-nut1 ,palm1 ,bel1 ,t9duka 7,diospyros ,embryopt]ies71 malaka 7,emblic ,myrobalan7 c be acc\nt$ = by ! p>ticul> & peculi> arrangem5t ( ! atoms ( e>? & wat] alone1 by _! /ress & /ra92 & we see also t ! evolution ( ! organic f ! inorganic is due to ?is *ange ( position ( ! atoms !mselves2 = ! unit ( *ange is ! *ange 9 an atom ( its own dim5sion ( spatial position4 ,!re is always ! trans=mation ( en]gy f ! inorganic to ! organic & back aga9 f ! organic4 ,?us ! diff]5ces among ?+s are solely due to ! diff]5t /ages :i* !y occupy 9 ! scale ( evolution1 z diff]5t expressions ( ! trans=mation ( en]gy2 b virtually !re is no intr9sic diff]5ce among ?+s s>va s>vtmaka2 ! *ange ( ! collocation ( atoms only *anges pot5tiality into actuality1 = !re is pot5tiality ( ev]y?+ = e ?+ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ?is *ang+ _w4 ,?us ,vcaspati writes3 8,! wat] possess+ ta/e1 col\r1 t\* & s\nd & ! e>? possess+ smell1 ta/e1 col\r1 t\*1 & s\nd suff] an inf9ite v>iety ( *anges z roots1 fl[]s1 fruits1 leaves & _! specific ta/es & o!r qualities4 ,! wat] & ! e>? :i* d n possess ^! qualities _c h !m1 = we h prov$ t :at is non-exi/5t _c come into be+4 ,! trees & plants produce ! v>i$ ta/es & col\rs 9 animals1 = x is by eat+ ^! t !y acquire su* ri*ness ( col\r1 etc4 ,animal products c aga9 produce *anges 9 plant bodies4 ,by spr9kl+ blood on x a pomegranate may be made z big z a palm0 7,tattvavaiarad1 ,,iii4 #ad74 ,look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( ! guz1 !re is no intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s1 ?\gh !re are a ?\s& manife/ations ( diff]5ces1 accord+ to "t1 place1 =m & causality4 ,! expressions ( ! guz1 & ! manife/ations ( ! trans=mations ( en]gy diff] accord+ to "t1 place1 %ape1 or causality--^! are ! det]m9+ circum/ances & environm5ts :i* det]m9e ! modes ( ! evolution>y process2 surr\nd+ environm5ts are also involv$ 9 det]m9+ ?is *ange1 & x is said t two malaka fruits plac$ 9 two diff]5t places und]go two diff]5t sorts ( *anges 9 connection ) ! p>ticul> spots 9 :i* !y are plac$1 & t if anybody int]*anges !m a ,yog9 c recognise & di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r by see+ ! *anges t ! fruits h und]gone 9 connection ) _! p>ticul> po9ts ( space4 ,?us ! ,bh%ya says3 8,two malaka fruits hav+ ! same *>act]i/ic g5us & species1 _! situation 9 two diff]5t po9ts ( space contributes to _! specific di/9ction ( developm5t1 s t !y may be id5tifi$ z ?is & t4 ,:5 an malaka is br\ght f a di/ance to a man previ\sly inatt5tive to x1 he naturally _c di/+ui% ?is malaka z be+ ! di/ant "o :i* has be5 br\ght be=e him )\t 8 k4 ,b "r k %\ld be compet5t to disc]n ! di/9ction2 & ! stra says t ! place associat$ ) "o malaka fruit is diff]5t f ! place associat$ ) ano!r malaka at ano!r po9t ( space2 & ! ,yog9 c p]ceive ! diff]5ce ( _! specific evolution 9 association ) _! po9ts ( space2 simil>ly ! atoms also suff] diff]5t modifications at diff]5t po9ts ( space :i* c be p]ceiv$ by v>a & ! ,yog9s0 7,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #ec74 ,vcaspati aga9 says3 8,?\gh all cause is ess5tially all effects yet a p>ticul> cause takes effect 9 a p>ticul> place1 ?us ?\gh ! cause is ! same1 yet saffron gr[s 9 ,kmra & n 9 ,pcla4 ,s1 ! ra9s d n come 9 summ]1 ! vici\s d n enjoy happ9ess4 ,?us 9 accordance ) ! ob/ructions ( place1 "t1 animal =m1 & in/rum5tal accessories1 ! same cause does n produce ! same effect4 ,?\gh z cause ev]y?+ is ess5tially ev]y?+ else1 yet !re is a p>ticul> c\ntry = a p>ticul> effect1 su* z ,kmra is = saffron4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! causes may be 9 o!r c\ntries su* z ,pcla1 yet ! effect w n happ5 !re1 & = ?is reason saffron does n manife/ itself 9 ,pcla4 ,s 9 summ] !re are no ra9s & s no paddy gr[s !n0 7,tattvavairad1 ,,iii4 #ad74 ,we see !re=e t "t1 space1 etc41 are ! limitations :i* regulate1 modify & det]m9e to a c]ta9 ext5t ! v>y+ trans=mations & *anges & ! seem+ diff]5ces ( ?+s1 ?\gh 9 reality !y are all ultimately r$ucible to ! ?ree guz2 ?us ,kmra be+ ! c\ntry ( saffron1 x w n gr[ 9 ! ,pcla c\ntry1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r causes ( its gr[? %\ld all be pres5t !re2--"h ! op]ation ( cause is limit$ by space4 ,aft] consid]+ ! inorganic1 vegetable & animal k+doms z ?ree /ages 9 ! evolution>y process1 our att5tion is at once drawn to _! conception ( ! nature ( relation ( plant life to animal life4 ,?\gh ,i d n f9d any special ref]5ce 9 ! ,bh%ya to ?is po9t1 yet ,i am rem9d$ ( a few passages 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 :i* ,i ?9k may be add$ z a supplem5t to ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution accord+ to ! ,skhya-,ptajala philosophy z /at$ "h4 ,?us ! ,mahbhrata says3 8,ev5 ! solid trees h e!r 7ka7 9 !m :i* ju/ifies ! regul> appe>ance ( fl[]s & fruits4 ,by heat ! leaves1 ! b>k1 fl[]s & fruits become )]$1 & s9ce !re is )]+ & decay 9 !m1 !re is 9 !m ! s5sation ( t\*4 ,s9ce by ! s\nd ( air1 fire & ?und] ! fruits & fl[]s fall away1 !re mu/ be ! s5se ( he>+ 9 !m4 ,! creep]s encircle ! trees & !y g 9 all directions1 & s9ce )\t sight !re c\ld n be any *oice ( direction1 ! trees h ! p[] ( vision4 ,by v>i\s holy & unholy smells & inc5ses ( v>i\s k9ds ! trees are cur$ ( _! diseases & blossom =?1 !re=e ! trees c smell4 ,s9ce !y dr9k by _! roots1 & s9ce !y get diseases1 & s9ce _! diseases c be cur$1 !re is ! s5se ( ta/e 9 ! trees4 ,s9ce !y enjoy pleasure & suff] pa91 & s9ce _! p>ts :i* are cut gr[1 ,i see life ev]y:]e 9 trees & n want ( life0 7,sntip>va1 #ahd74 ,nlakaha 9 8 comm5t>y goes /ill fur!r & says t a h>d sub/ance call$ vajramai also may be call$ liv+4 ,"h we see t ! anci5ts _h to a c]ta9 ext5t =e/all$ ! discov]y ( ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,bose t ! life functions diff]$ only 9 degree betwe5 ! ?ree classes1 ! inorganic1 plants & animals4 ,^! are all1 h[ev]1 only illu/rations ( dh>ma-p>ima1 = "h !re is no radical *ange 9 ! elem5ts !mselves1 ! appe>ance ( qualities be+ due only to ! diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! atoms ( ! five gross elem5ts4 ,?is *ange applies to ! vie%as only--! five gross elem5ts ext]nally & ! elev5 s5ses int]nally4 ,h[ ! inn] microcosm1 ! manas & ! s5ses are affect$ by dh>ma-p>ima we %all see h]eaft]1 :5 we deal ) ! psy*ology ( ! ,skhya-,ptajala doctr9e4 ,= ! pres5t x w suffice to say t ! citta or m9d also suff]s ?is *ange & is modifi$ 9 a tw(old mode2 ! pat5t 9 ! =m ( ! ideas & ! lat5t1 z ! sub/ance itself1 9 ! =m ( saskras ( subconsci\s impressions4 ,?us ! ,bh%ya says3 8,! m9d has two k9ds ( *>act]i/ics1 p]ceiv$ & unp]ceiv$4 ,^? ( ! nature ( ideas are p]ceiv$ & ^? inh]5t 9 ! integral nature ( x are unp]ceiv$4 ,! latt] are ( sev5 k9ds & may be asc]ta9$ by inf]5ce4 ,^! are cessation ( m5tal /ates by samdhi1 virtue & vice1 subconsci\s impressions1 *ange1 life-function+1 p[] ( movem5t1 & en]gy0 7,,iii4 #ae74 ,?is dh>ma-p>ima z we h %[n x1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! satkraavda ( ! avie%as describ$ above4 ,we _c close ?is discussion ab\t evolution )\t notic+ ! ,skhya view ( causation4 ,we h se5 t ! ,skhya-,ptajala view holds t ! effect is already exi/5t 9 ! cause1 b only 9 a pot5tial =m4 8,! gr\p+ or collocation alone *anges1 & ?is br+s out ! manife/ation ( ! lat5t p[]s ( ! guz1 b )\t creation ( any?+ absolutely new or non-exi/5t40 ,?is is ! true satkryyavda !ory z di/+ui%$ f ! s-call$ satkryyavda !ory ( ! ,v$nti/s1 :i* ought m prop]ly to be call$ ! satkraavda !ory1 = ) !m ! cause alone is true1 & all effects are illusory1 be+ only impositions on ! cause4 ,= ) !m ! mat]ial cause alone is true1 :il/ all its =ms & %apes are m]ely illusory1 :]eas accord+ to ! ,skhya-,ptajala doctr9e all ! appe>ances or effects are true & are due to ! p[] :i* ! sub/ance has ( trans=m+ itself into ^? v>i\s appe>ances & effects yogyatvac*9n dh>mia aktireva dh>ma 7,,iii4 #ad74 ,! op]ation ( ! concomitant condition or effici5t cause s]ves only to effect ! passage ( a ?+ f pot5cy to actualisation4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! ph5om5al _w is b a special collocation ( ! guz2 s t ! *ange ( collocation expla9s ! div]sity ( ?+s4 ,consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! guz1 ?+s are all ! same1 s exclud+ t1 ! cause ( ! div]sity 9 ?+s is ! p[] :i* ! guz h ( *ang+ _! p>ticul> collocations & ?us assum+ v>i\s %apes4 ,we h se5 t ! prakti unfolds itself ?r\gh v>i\s /ages--! mahat call$ ! great be+--! ahakra1 ! tanmtras call$ ! avie%as4 ,n[ ! liga at once resolves itself into ! ahakra & ?r\gh x aga9 into ! tanmtras4 ,! ahakra & ! tanmtras aga9 resolve !mselves into ! s5ses & ! gross elem5ts1 & ^! aga9 are con/antly suff]+ ?\s&s ( modifications call$ ! dh>ma1 lak%aa1 & ava/h-p>ima accord+ to ! def9ite law ( evolution 7p>imakramaniyama74 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,sakhya-,ptajala doctr9e1 ! akti--p[]1 =ce--& ! aktimn--! possessor ( p[] or =ce--are n diff]5t b id5tical4 ,s ! prakti & all its emanations & modifications are ( ! nature ( sub/antive entities z well z p[] or =ce4 ,_! appe>ances z sub/antive entities & z p[] or =ce are b two aspects1 & s x w be errone\s to make any su* di/9ction z ! sub/antive entity & its p[] or =ce4 ,t :i* is ! sub/antive entity is ! =ce1 & t :i* is ! =ce is ! sub/antive entity4 ,( c\rse = all practical purposes we c inde$ make "s di/9ction1 b t di/9ction is only relatively true4 ,?us :5 we say t e>? is ! sub/antive entity & ! p[] :i* x has ( trans=m+ itself into ! produc$ =m1 lump1 or jug z its attribute1 we see on ! "o h& t no di/9ction is really made betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! e>? z jug & its p[] ( trans=m+ itself into ! jug4 ,z ?is p[] ( trans=m+ itself into lump or jug1 etc41 always abides 9 ! e>? we say t ! jug1 etc41 are also abid+ 9 ! e>?2 :5 ! p[] is 9 ! pot5tial /ate1 we say t ! jug is 9 ! pot5tial /ate1 & :5 x is actualis$1 we say t ! jug has be5 actualis$4 ,look$ at f ! tanmtric side1 ! e>? & all ! o!r gross elem5ts mu/ be said to be m]e modifications1 & z su* id5tical ) ! p[] :i* ! tanmtras h ( *ang+ !mselves into !m4 ,! pot5tiality or actuality ( any /ate is ! m]e pot5tiality or actuality ( ! p[] :i* its antec$5t cause has ( trans=m+ itself into x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,evolution ,,& ,,*ange ,,( ,,qualities ,prakti1 ?\gh a sub/antive entity is yet a pot5tial p[]1 be+ actualis$ z its v>i\s modifications1 ! avie%as & ! vie%as4 ,be+ ( ! nature ( p[]1 ! movem5t by :i* x actualises itself is imman5t )9 itself & n caus$ f )\t4 ,! op]ation ( ! concomitant conditions is only manife/$ 9 ! removal ( ! negative b>ri]s by :i* ! p[] 0 /opp$ or prev5t$ f actualis+ itself4 ,be+ ( ! nature ( p[]1 its pot5tiality means t x is kept 9 equilibrium by virtue ( ! oppos+ t5d5cies inh]5t )9 x1 :i* s]ve to ob/ruct "o ano!r & are !re=e call$ ! v>aa akti4 ,( c\rse x is evid5t t !re is no real or absolute di/9ction betwe5 ! oppos+ =ce 7v>aa akti7 & ! en]gis+ =ce 7kryyak> akti72 !y may be call$ s only relatively1 = ! same t5d5cy :i* may appe> z ! v>aa akti ( "s t5d5cies may appe> z ! kryyak> akti else:]e4 ,! example *os5 to expla9 ! nature ( prakti & its modifications conceiv$ z p[] t5d+ t[>ds actuality f pot5tiality 9 ! ,vysa-bh%ya is t ( a %eet ( wat] enclos$ by tempor>y walls )9 a field1 b always t5d+ to run out ( x4 ,z soon z ! tempor>y wall is brok5 9 "s direction1 ! wat] ru%es out ( itself1 & :at "o has to d is to break ! wall at a p>ticul> place4 ,prakti is also ! pot5tial = all ! inf9ite div]sity ( ?+s 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 b ! pot5tial t5d5cy ( all ^! mutually oppos$ & div]se ?+s _c be actualis$ toge!r4 ,ow+ to ! concomitant conditions :5 ! b>ri] ( a c]ta9 t5d5cy is remov$1 x at once actualises itself 9 its effect & s on4 ,we c only expect to get any effect f any cause if ! necess>y b>ri]s c be remov$1 = ev]y?+ is ev]y?+ pot5tially & x is only necess>y to remove ! p>ticul> b>ri] :i* is ob/ruct+ ! p[] f actualis+ itself 9 t p>ticul> effect t[>ds :i* x is always pot5tially t5d+4 ,?us ,n& :o 0 a man is at once turn$ into a god = 8 p>ticul> m]it1 :i* s]v$ to break all ! b>ri]s ( ! pot5tial t5d5cy ( 8 body t[>ds becom+ div9e1 s t ! b>ri]s be+ remov$ ! pot5tial p[] ( ! prakti ( 8 body at once actualises itself 9 ! div9e body4 ,! ,vysa-bh%ya 7,,iii4 #ad7 m5tions f\r sorts ( concomitant conditions :i* c s]ve to break ! b>ri] 9 a p>ticul> way & ?us det]m9e ! mode or =m ( ! actualisations ( ! pot5tial4 ,^! are 7#a7 kra1 =m & con/itution ( a ?+2 dea1 place1 7#c7 kla1 "t2 ?us f a piece ( /one1 ! %oot ( a plant _c proce$1 = ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles 9 /one is su* t x w oppose & /& z a b> to its pot5tial t5d5cies to develop into ! %oot ( a plant2 ( c\rse if ^! b>ri]s c\ld be remov$1 say by ! w ( ,god1 z ,vijna ,bhik%u says1 !n x is n impossible t ! %oot ( a plant might gr[ f a /one4 ,by ! w ( ,god poison may be turn$ into nect> & nect> into poison1 & !re is no absolute c]ta9ty ( ! c\rse ( ! evolution>y process1 = ,god's w c make any *ange 9 ! direction ( its process 7avyava/hitkhilap>imo bhavatyeva1 ,,iii4 #ad74 ,accord+ to ! ,skhya-,ptajala !ory dh>ma1 m]it1 c only be said to accrue f ^? actions :i* lead to a man's salvation1 & adh>ma f j ! opposite c\rse ( conduct4 ,:5 x is said t ^! c remove ! b>ri]s ( ! prakti & ?us det]m9e its modifications1 x am\nts almo/ to say+ t ! modifications ( ! prakti are be+ regulat$ by ! moral conditions ( man4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t /ages ( man's moral evolution1 diff]5t k9ds ( m]it1 dh>ma or adh>ma1 accrue1 & ^! aga9 regulate ! v>i\s physical & m5tal ph5om5a accord+ to :i* a man may be affect$ ei!r pleasurably or pa9fully4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be always rememb]$ t ! dh>ma & adh>ma are also ! productions ( prakti1 & z su* _c affect x except by behav+ z ! cause = ! removal ( ! opposite ob/ructions--! dh>ma = remov+ ! ob/ructions ( adh>ma & adh>ma = ^? ( dh>ma4 ,vijna ,bhik%u & ,ngea agree "h 9 say+ t ! modifications due to dh>ma & adh>ma are ^? :i* affect ! bodies & s5ses4 ,:at !y mean is possibly ?is1 t x is dh>ma or adh>ma alone :i* guides ! trans=mations ( ! bodies & s5ses ( all liv+ be+s 9 g5]al & ! ,yog9s4 ,! body ( a p]son & 8 s5ses are cont9ually decay+ & be+ recon/ruct$ by refill+ f ! gross elem5ts & f ahakra respectively4 ,^! refill+s proce$ automatically & naturally2 b !y foll[ ! teleological purpose z *alk$ out by ! law ( k>ma 9 accordance ) ! virtues or vices ( a man4 ,?us ! gross insult to :i* ! sages 7 subject$ by ,nahu%a#cf 0 s effective a s9 t by its influ5ce ! refill+ ( ,nahu%a's body & ! s5ses 0 /opp$ & ! body & s5ses ( a snake 7 directly produc$ by a process ( refill+ f ! gross elem5ts & ahakra1 = provid+ him ) a body 9 :i* he c\ld und]go ! suff]+s :i* 7 8 due ow+ to ! enormity ( 8 vice4 ,?us by 8 vici\s action ! :ole ma*9]y ( prakti 0 set 9 op]ation s t he at once di$ & 0 imm$iately reborn z a snake4 ,9 ano!r place ,vcaspati 8! virtu\s enjoys happ9ess0 z an illu/ration ( ! cause ( dh>ma & adh>ma z controll+ ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( prakti4 ,we !re=e see t ! sph]e ( m]it & dem]it lies 9 ! help+ ( ! =mation ( ! p>ticul> bodies & s5ses 7f ! gross elem5ts & ahakra respectively7 suit$ to all liv+ be+s accord+ to _! /ages ( evolution & _! gr[?1 decay1 or o!r sorts ( _! modifications z pleasure1 pa91 & also z illness or heal?4 ,?us x is by 8 p>ticul> m]it t ! ,yog9 c get 8 special body or m5 or animals c get _! new bodies aft] leav+ ! old ones at dea?4 ,?us ,yoga-vrttika says3 8,m]it by remov+ ! ob/ructions ( dem]it causes ! developm5t ( ! body & ! s5ses40 ,z = v>a ,i d n rememb] t ! ,bh%ya or ! stras ev] m5tion ,him z hav+ any?+ to d ) ! controll+ ( ! modifications ( ! prakti by remov+ ! b>ri]s1 b all ! lat] comm5tators agree 9 hold+ him responsible = ! removal ( all b>ri]s 9 ! way ( praktis developm5t4 ,s t v>a is ! root cause ( all ! removal ( b>ri]s1 includ+ ^? t are affect$ by m]it & dem]it4 ,?us ,vcaspati says 7,,iv4 #c73 v>asypi dh>mdhi%hnr?a pratib&hpanaya eva vypro1 i4e4 ,god /&s z ! cause ( ! removal ( su* ob/acles 9 ! prakti z may lead to ! fruition ( m]it or dem]it4 ,yoga-vrttika & ,ngea agree 9 hold+ v>a responsible = ! removal ( all ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! evolution ( prakti4 ,?us ,bhik%u says t ,god r\ses prakti by break+ ! oppos+ =ces ( ! /ate ( equilibrium & also ( ! c\rse ( evolution 7,,iv4 #c74 ,x is on acc\nt ( ,god t we c d good or bad actions & ?us acquire m]it or dem]it4 ,( c\rse ,god is n active & _c cause any motion 9 prakti4 ,b ,he by ,8 v pres5ce causes ! ob/acles1 z ! b>ri]s 9 ! way ( prakti's developm5t1 to be remov$1 9 su* a way t ,he /&s ultimately responsible = ! removal ( all ob/acles 9 ! way ( prakti's developm5t & ?us also ( all ob/acles 9 ! way ( m5's p]=mance ( good or bad de$s4 ,man's good or bad de$s 8puyak>ma10 apuyak>ma1 dh>ma or adh>ma s]ve to remove ! ob/acles ( prakti 9 su* a way z to result 9 pleasurable or pa9ful effects2 b x is by ,god's help t ! b>ri]s ( prakti are remov$ & x yields itself 9 su* a way t a man may p]=m good or bad de$s accord+ to 8 desire4 ,nlakaha1 h[ev]1 by 8 quotations 9 explanation ( #cjj_/b1 ntip>va1 leads u to suppose t he reg>ds ,god's w z :olly responsible = ! p]=mance ( our good or bad actions4 ,= if we lay /ress on 8 quotation 8,he makes him d good de$s :om ,he wants to raise1 & ,he makes him commit bad de$s :om ,he wants to ?r[ d[n10 x appe>s t he :om ,god wants to raise is made to p]=m good actions & he :om ,god wants to ?r[ d[nw>ds is made to commit bad actions4 ,b ?is seems to be a v bold idea1 z x w altoge!r nullify ! lea/ ve/ige ( fre$om 9 & responsibility = our actions & is unsupport$ by ! evid5ce ( o!r comm5tators4 ,vijna ,bhik%u also says ) ref]5ce to ?is ruti 9 8 ,vijnamta-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #cc3 8,z !re is an inf9ite regressus betwe5 ! causal connection ( se$ & %oot1 s "o k>ma is be+ det]m9$ by ! previ\s k>ma & s on2 !re is no beg9n+ to ?is *a940 ,s we take ! sup]9t5d5ce ( m]its & dem]its 7dh>mdhisphnat7 by v>a to mean only 9 a g5]al way ! help t is (f]$ by ,him 9 remov+ ! ob/ructions ( ! ext]nal _w 9 su* a mann] t x may be possible = a man to p]=m practically m]itori\s acts 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,nlakaha comm5t+ on ! ,yoga view says t 8l a piece ( magnet1 ,god ?\gh inactive1 may by ,8 v pres5ce /ir up prakti & help ,8 devotees4 ,s ! ,yoga holds t = ! grant+ ( emancipation ,god has to be admitt$0 7ntip>va1 #cjj_/b74 ,9 support ( our view we also f9d t x is by ,god's influ5ce t ! unalt]able nature ( ! ext]nal _w is held fa/ & a limit impos$ on ! p[]s ( man 9 produc+ *anges 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,?us ,vcaspati 9 expla9+ ! ,bh%ya 7,,iii4 #de7 says3 8,?\gh capable ( do+ x1 yet he does n *ange ! ord] ( ?+s1 because ano!r e>li] omnipot5t be+ _h wi%$ ! ?+s to be su* z !y 74 ,!y w\ld n disobey ! ord]s ( ! omnipot5t ,god40 ,m5 may inde$ acquire unlimit$ p[]s ( produc+ any *anges !y l1 = ! p[]s ( objects z !y *ange accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( class1 space1 "t & condition1 are n p]man5t1 & s x is prop] t !y %\ld act 9 accordance ) ! desire ( ! ,yog92 b !re is a limit to m5's w by ! comm& ( ,god--?us f> & no fur!r4 ,ano!r po9t 9 our fav\r is t ! ,yoga philosophy diff]s f ! ,skhya ma9ly 9 ?is t ! puru%r?a or s]viceability to ! puru%a is only ! aim or end ( ! evolution ( prakti & n actually ! ag5t :i* removes ! ob/acles ( ! prakti 9 su* a way z to det]m9e its c\rse z ?is cosmical process ( evolution4 ,puru%r?a is inde$ ! aim = :i* ! process ( evolution exi/s2 = ?is manifold evolution 9 its entirety affects ! int]e/s ( ! puru%a alone2 b t does n prove t its teleology c really guide ! evolution on its p>ticul> l9es s z to ensure ! be/ possible mode ( s]v+ all ! int]e/s ( ! puru%a1 = ?is teleology be+ imman5t 9 ! prakti is ess5tially non-intellig5t4 ,?us ,vcaspati says3 8,! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose ( ! puru%a is n also ! prime mov]4 ,god has ! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose ( ! puru%a z ,8 own purpose1 = :i* ,he behaves z ! prime mov]4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose ( ! puru%a may be reg>d$ z cause only 9 ! s5se t x is ! object 9 view ( ,god1 ! prime mov]40#cg ,! ,skhya1 h[ev]1 hopes t ?is imman5t purpose 9 prakti acts l a bl9d in/9ct & is able to guide ! c\rse ( its evolution 9 all its manifold l9es 9 accordance ) ! be/ possible s]vice ( ! puru%a4 ,! ,ptajala view1 z we h se51 ma9ta9s t v>a removes all ob/acles ( prakti 9 su* a way t ?is purpose may f9d scope = its realisation4 ,?us ,strr?abodh91 ,,iv4 #c1 ( ,nryaa ,tr?a says3 8,accord+ to a!i/ic ,skhya ! future s]viceability ( puru%a alone is ! mov] ( prakti4 ,b ) u !i/s ! s]viceability ( puru%a is ! object = :i* prakti moves4 ,x is m]ely z an object t ! s]viceability ( ! puru%a may be said to be ! mov] ( ! prakti40 ,z reg>ds ! connection ( prakti & puru%a1 h[ev]1 bo? ,skhya & ,ptajala agree accord+ to ,vijna ,bhik%u 9 d5y+ ! int]f]5ce ( v>a2 x is ! movem5t ( prakti by virtue ( imman5t purpose t connects itself naturally ) ! puru%a4 ,vijna ,bhik%u's own view1 h[ev]1 is t ?is union is br\ght ab\t by ,god 7,vijnmta-bh%ya1 p4 #cd74 ,to recapitulate1 we see t !re is an imman5t purpose 9 prakti :i* connects x ) ! puru%as4 ,?is purpose is1 h[ev]1 bl9d & _c *oose ! suitable l9es ( developm5t & cause ! movem5t ( ,prakti along !m = its fulle/ realisation4 ,prakti itself1 ?\gh a sub/antial entity1 is also ess5tially ( ! nature ( cons]v$ en]gy exi/+ 9 ! pot5tial =m b always ready to fl[ out & actualise itself1 if only its own imman5t ob/ructions are remov$4 ,its teleological purpose is p[]less to remove its own ob/ruction4 ,god by ,8 v pres5ce removes ! ob/acles1 by :i*1 prakti ( itself moves 9 ! evolution>y process1 & ?us ! purpose is realis$2 = ! removal ( ob/acles by ! influ5ce ( ,god takes place 9 su* a way t ! purpose may realise its fulle/ scope4 ,realisation ( ! teleology means t ! int]e/s ( puru%a are seem+ly affect$ & puru%a appe>s to see & feel 9 a manifold way1 & aft] a long s]ies ( su* exp]i5ces x comes to und]/& itself 9 its own nature1 & ?is be+ ! la/ & f9al realisation ( ! purpose ( prakti ) ref]5ce to t puru%a all connections ( prakti ) su* a puru%a at once cease2 ! puru%a is !n said to be lib]at$ & ! _w ceases = him to exi/1 ?\gh x exi/s = ! o!r unlib]at$ puru%as1 ! purpose ( ! prakti ) ref]5ce to :om has n be5 realis$4 ,s ! _w is bo? et]nal & non-et]nal1 i4e4 its et]nality is only relative & n absolute4 ,?us ! ,bh%ya says ! "q 8:e!r ! _w w h an end or n _c be directly answ]$4 ,! _w-process gradually ceases = ! wise & n = o!rs1 s no "o-sid$ decision c be true0 7,,iv4 #cc74 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,practice ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m9d ,,& ,,moral ,,/ates ,! ,yoga philosophy has ess5tially a practical tone & its object consi/s ma9ly 9 demon/rat+ ! means ( atta9+ salvation1 on5ess1 ! lib]ation ( ! puru%a4 ,! metaphysical !ory :i* we h discuss$ at "s l5g?1 ?\gh x is ! basis :i* ju/ifies its e?ical goal1 is n itself ! pr9cipal subject ( ,yoga discussion1 & is only dealt ) to ! ext5t t x c aid 9 demon/rat+ ! e?ical view4 ,we mu/ n[ direct our att5tion to ^! e?ical !ories4 ,citta or m9d always exi/s 9 ! =m ( its /ates :i* are call$ vttis4#ch ,^! compreh5d all ! manifold /ates ( consci\sness ( our ph5om5al exi/5ce4 ,we _c di/+ui% /ates ( consci\sness f consci\sness itself1 = ! consci\sness is n some?+ sep>ate f its /ates2 x exi/s 9 !m1 passes away ) _! pass+ & subm]ges :5 !y are subm]g$4 ,x diff]s f ! s5ses 9 ?is1 t !y repres5t ! functions & faculties1 :]eas citta /&s z ! entity conta9+ ! consci\s /ates ) :i* we are directly conc]n$4 ,b ! citta :i* we h ?us describ$ z exi/+ only 9 its /ates is call$ ! kryyacitta or citta z effect z di/+ui%$ f ! kraacitta or citta z cause4 ,^! kraacittas or cittas z cause are all-p]vad+ l ! ka & are inf9ite 9 numb]1 ea* be+ connect$ ) ea* ( ! numb]less puru%as or s\ls 7,*yvykhy1 ,,iv4 #aj74 ,! reason assign$ = ackn[l$g+ su* a kraacitta :i* mu/ be all-p]vad+1 z is evid5t f ! quotation1 is t ! ,yog9 may h k ( all ?+s at once4 ,vcaspati says t ?is citta be+ ess5tially ( ! nature ( ahakra is z all-p]vad+ z ! ego itself 7,,iv4 #aj74 ,?is kraacitta contracts or exp&s & appe>s z our individual cittas 9 our v>i\s bodies at successive rebir?s4 ,! kraacitta is always connect$ ) ! puru%a & appe>s contract$ :5 ! puru%a presides ov] animal bodies1 & z relatively exp&$ :5 he presides ov] human bodies1 & m exp&$ :5 he presides ov] ! bodies ( gods1 etc4 ,?is contract$ or exp&$ citta appe>s z our kryyacitta :i* always manife/s itself z our /ates ( consci\sness4 ,aft] dea? ! kraacitta1 :i* is always connect$ ) ! puru%a1 manife/s itself 9 ! new body :i* is =m$ by ! pra 7fill+ 9 ( prakti on acc\nt ( effective m]it or dem]it t ! puru%a _h app>5tly acquir$74 ,! =mation ( ! body z well z ! contraction or expansion ( ! kraacitta z ! correspond+ kryyacitta to suit x is due to ?is pra4 ,! ,yoga does n hold t ! citta has got a sep>ate f9e a/ral body )9 :i* x may rema9 encas$ & be transf]r$ along ) x to ano!r body on rebir?4 ,! citta be+ all-p]vad+1 x appe>s bo? to contract or exp& to suit ! p>ticul> body de/9$ = x ow+ to its m]it or dem]it1 b !re is no sep>ate a/ral body 7,tattvavairad1 ,,iv4 #aj74 ,9 reality ! k>aacitta z su* always rema9s vibhu or all-p]vad+2 x is only its kryyacitta or vtti t appe>s 9 a contract$ or exp&$ =m1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> body :i* x may be said to occupy4 ,! ,skhya view1 h[ev]1 does n reg>d ! citta to be ess5tially all-p]vad+1 b small or great accord+ z ! body x has to occupy4 ,?us ,bhik%u & ,ngea 9 expla9+ ! ,bh%ya1 8o!rs ?9k t ! citta exp&s or contracts accord+ z x is 9 a bigg] or small] body1 j z light rays d accord+ z !y are plac$ 9 ! jug or 9 a room10 attributes ?is view to ! ,skhya 7,vysabh%ya1 ,,iv4 #aj1 & ! comm5t>ies by ,bhik%u & ,ngea on x74#ci ,x is ?is citta :i* appe>s z ! p>ticul> /ates ( consci\sness 9 :i* bo? ! kn[] & ! kn[n are reflect$1 & x compreh5ds !m bo? 9 "o /ate ( consci\sness4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ?is citta is ess5tially a modification ( prakti1 & z su* is non-intellig5t2 b by ! seem+ reflection ( ! puru%a x appe>s z ! kn[] kn[+ a c]ta9 object1 & we !re=e see t 9 ! /ates !mselves are compreh5d$ bo? ! kn[] & ! kn[n4 ,?is citta is n1 h[ev]1 a sep>ate tattva1 b is ! sum or unity ( ! elev5 s5ses & ! ego & also ( ! five prz or biomotor =ces 7,ngea1 ,,iv4 #aj74 ,x ?us /&s = all t is psy*ical 9 man3 8 /ates ( consci\sness includ+ ! liv+ pr9ciple 9 man repres5t$ by ! activity ( ! five prz4 ,x is ! object ( ,yoga gradually to re/ra9 ! citta f its v>i\s /ates & ?us cause x to turn back to its orig9al cause1 ! kraacitta1 :i* is all-p]vad+4 ,! modifications ( ! kraacitta into su* /ates z ! kryyacitta is due to its be+ ov]come by its inh]5t tamas & rajas2 s :5 ! trans=mations ( ! citta into ! pass+ /ates are arre/$ by conc5tration1 !re takes place a backw>d movem5t & ! all-p]vad+ /ate ( ! citta be+ re/or$ to itself & all tamas be+ ov]come1 ! ,yog9 acquires omnisci5ce1 & f9ally :5 ?is citta becomes z pure z ! =m ( puru%a itself1 ! puru%a becomes consci\s ( himself & is lib]at$ f ! bonds ( prakti4 ,! ,yoga philosophy 9 ! fir/ *apt] describes ! ,yoga = him ^: m9d is incl9$ t[>ds trance-cognition4 ,9 ! second *apt] is describ$ ! means by :i* "o ) an ord9>y worldly m9d 7vyut?na citta7 may also acquire ,yoga4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] are describ$ ^? ph5om5a :i* /r5g!n ! fai? ( ! ,yog9 on ! means ( atta9+ ,yoga describ$ 9 ! second *apt]4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] is describ$ kaivalya1 absolute indep5d5ce or on5ess1 :i* is ! end ( all ! ,yoga practices4 ,! ,bh%ya describes ! five classes ( cittas & comm5ts ^u _! fitness = ! ,yoga lead+ to kaivalya4 ,^? are ,i4 k%ipta 7w&]+71 ,,ii4 mha 7=getful71 ,,iii4 vik%ipta 7occasionally /eady71 ,,iv4 ekgra 7"o-po9t$71 niruddha 7re/ra9$74 ,i4 ,! k%iptacitta is *>act]is$ z w&]+1 because x is be+ always mov$ by ! rajas4 ,?is is t citta :i* is always mov$ to & fro by ! rise ( passions1 ! excess ( :i* may inde$ = ! "t ov]p[] ! m9d & ?us g5]ate a tempor>y conc5tration1 b x has no?+ to d ) ! contemplative conc5tration requir$ = atta9+ absolute indep5d5ce4 ,! man mov$ by rajas1 f> f atta9+ any ma/]y ( himself1 is r a slave to 8 own passions & is always be+ mov$ to & fro & %ak5 by !m 7see ,siddhnta-c&rik1 ,i4 #b1 ,bhojavtti1 ,i4 #b74 ,,ii4 ,! mhacitta is t :i* is ov]p[]$ by tamas1 or passions1 l t ( ang]1 etc41 by :i* x loses its s5ses & always *ooses ! wrong c\rse4 ,svm9 ,h>ih>raya sugge/s a beautiful example ( su* conc5tration z simil> to t ( c]ta9 snakes :i* become completely absorb$ 9 ! prey ^u :i* !y are ab\t to p\nce4 ,,iii4 ,! vik%iptacitta1 or di/ract$ or occasionally /eady citta1 is t m9d :i* rationally avoids ! pa9ful actions & *ooses ! pleasurable ones4 ,n[ none ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( m9d c hope to atta9 t contemplative conc5tration call$ ,yoga4 ,?is la/ type ( m9d repres5ts ord9>y p1 :o sometimes t5d t[>ds good b relapse back to evil4 ,,iv4 ,! "o-po9t$ 7ekgra7 is t k9d ( m9d 9 :i* true k ( ! nature ( reality is pres5t & ! afflictions due to nesci5ce or false k are ?us att5uat$ & ! m9d bett] adapt$ to atta9 ! nirodha or re/ra9$ /ate4 ,all ^! come "u ! saprajta 7conc5tration on an object ( k7 type4 ,v4 ,! nirodha or re/ra9$ m9d is t 9 :i* all m5tal /ates are arre/$4 ,?is leads to kaivalya4 ,ord9>ily our m9ds are engag$ only 9 p]ception1 inf]5ce1 etc4--^? m5tal /ates :i* we all naturally possess4 ,^! ord9>y m5tal /ates are full ( rajas & tamas4 ,:5 ^! are arre/$1 ! m9d fl[s ) an abundance ( sattva 9 ! saprajta samdhi2 la/ly :5 ev5 ! saprajta /ate is arre/$1 all possible /ates become arre/$4 ,ano!r important fact :i* mu/ be not$ is ! relation ( ! actual /ates ( m9d call$ ! vttis ) ! lat5t /ates call$ ! saskras--! pot5cy4 ,:5 a p>ticul> m5tal /ate passes away into ano!r1 x is n altoge!r lo/1 b is pres]v$ 9 ! m9d 9 a lat5t =m z a saskra1 :i* is always try+ to manife/ itself 9 actuality4 ,! vttis or actual /ates are ?us bo? g5]at+ ! saskras & are also always t5d+ to manife/ !mselves & actually g5]at+ simil> vttis or actual /ates4 ,!re is a circulation f vttis to saskras & f !m aga9 to vttis 7saskr vttibhi kriyante1 saskraica vttaya eva vttisaskracakramaniamv>ttate74 ,s ! =mation ( saskras & _! cons]vation are gradually be+ /r5g!n$ by ! habit ( simil> vttis or actual /ates1 & _! cont9uity is aga9 gu>ante$ by ! /r5g? & cont9uity ( ^! saskras4 ,! saskras are l roots /rik+ deep into ! soil & gr[+ ) ! gr[? ( ! plant above1 b ev5 :5 ! plant above ! soil is de/roy$1 ! roots rema9 undi/urb$ & may aga9 %oot =? z plants :5ev] !y obta9 a fav\rable season4 ,?us x is n en\gh = a ,yog9 to arre/ any p>ticul> class ( m5tal /ates2 he mu/ atta9 su* a habit ( re/ra9t t ! saskra ?us g5]at$ is able to ov]come1 weak5 & de/roy ! saskra ( ^? actual /ates :i* he has arre/$ by 8 contemplation4 ,unless re/ra9$ by su* a habit1 ! saskra ( cessation 7nirodhaja saskra7 :i* is oppos$ to ! previ\sly acquir$ m5tal /ates become p[]ful & de/roy ! latt]1 ^! are sure to %oot =? aga9 9 fav\rable season into _! correspond+ actual /ates4 ,! conception ( avidy or nesci5ce is "h n negative b has a def9ite positive aspect4 ,x means t k9d ( k :i* is oppos$ to true k 7vidyvip>ta jnnt>amavidy74 ,?is is ( f\r k9ds3 7#a7 ,! ?9k+ ( ! non-et]nal _w1 :i* is m]ely an effect1 z et]nal4 7#b7 ,! ?9k+ ( ! impure z ! pure1 z = example ! attraction t a woman's body may h = a man lead+ him to ?9k ! impure body pure4 7#c7 ,! ?9k+ ( vice z virtue1 ( ! undesirable z ! desirable1 ( pa9 z pleasure4 ,we "k t = a ,yog9 e ph5om5al /ate ( exi/5ce is pa9ful 7,,ii4 #ae74 ,a ,yog9 kn[s t atta*m5t 7rga7 to s5sual & o!r objects c only give tempor>y pleasure1 = x is sure to be soon turn$ into pa94 ,enjoym5t c nev] br+ satisfaction1 b only involves a man fur!r & fur!r 9 sorr[s4 7#d7 ,consid]+ ! non-self1 e4g4 ! body z ! self4 ,?is causes a feel+ ( be+ injur$ on ! injury ( ! body4 ,at ! mom5t ( enjoym5t !re is always pres5t suff]+ f pa9 9 ! =m ( av]sion to pa92 = ! t5d5cy to av]sion f pa9 c only result f ! incipi5t memory ( previ\s suff]+s4 ,( c\rse ?is is also a case ( pleasure turn$ into pa9 7p>imadukhat71 b x diff]s f x 9 ?is t 9 ! case ( p>imadukha pleasure is turn$ into pa9 z a result ( *ange or p>ima 9 ! future1 :]eas 9 ?is case ! anxiety z to pa9 is a ?+ ( ! pres5t1 happ5+ at "o & ! same "t t a man is enjoy+ pleasure4 ,enjoym5t ( pleasure or suff]+ f pa9 causes ^? impressions call$ saskra or pot5cies1 & ^! aga9 :5 aid$ by association naturally create _! memory & !nce comes atta*m5t or av]sion1 !n aga9 action1 & aga9 pleasure & pa9 & h5ce impressions1 memory1 atta*m5t or av]sion1 & aga9 action & s =?4 ,all /ates are modifications ( ! ?ree guz2 9 ea* "o ( !m ! functions ( all ! ?ree guz are se51 contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,^! contr>ies are obs]vable 9 _! develop$ =ms1 = ! guz are se5 to abide 9 v>i\s proportions & compose all our m5tal /ates4 ,?us a ,yog9 :o wi%es to be releas$ f pa9 once = all is v s5sitive & anxi\s to avoid ev5 our s-call$ pleasures4 ,! wise are l ! eye-ball4 ,z a ?read ( wool ?r[n into ! eye pa9s by m]ely t\*+ x1 b n :5 x comes into contact ) any o!r organ1 s ! ,yog9 is z t5d] z ! eye-ball1 :5 o!rs are ins5sible ( pa94 ,ord9>y p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o h aga9 & aga9 suff]$ pa9s z ! consequ5ce ( _! own k>ma1 & :o aga9 seek !m aft] hav+ giv5 !m up1 are all r\nd pi]c$ ?r\gh z x 7 by nesci5ce1 _! m9ds become full ( afflictions1 v>iegat$ by ! et]nal residua ( ! passions4 ,!y foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! 8,i0 & ! 8,m9e0 9 relation to ?+s t %\ld be left ap>t1 pursu+ ?reefold pa9 9 repeat$ bir?s1 due to ext]nal & int]nal causes4 ,! ,yog9 see+ himself & ! _w ( liv+ be+s surr\nd$ by ! et]nal fl[ ( pa91 turns = refuge to "r k1 cause ( ! de/ruction ( all pa9s 7,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ae74 ,?9k+ ( ! m9d & body & ! objects ( ! ext]nal _w z ! true self & feel+ affect$ by _! *ange is avidy 7false k74 ,! modifications t ?is avidy suff]s may be summ>is$ "u f\r heads4 ,i4 ,! ego1 :i*1 z describ$ above1 spr+s f ! id5tification ( ! buddhi ) ! puru%a4 ,,ii4 ,f ?is ego spr+s atta*m5t 7rga7 :i* is ! incl9ation t[>ds pleasure & consequ5tly t[>ds ! means necess>y = atta9+ x 9 a p]son :o has previ\sly exp]i5c$ pleasures & rememb]s !m4 ,,ii4 ,repulsion f pa9 also spr+s f ! ego & is ( ! nature ( anxiety = its removal2 ang] at pa9 & ! means :i* produces pa91 rema9s 9 ! m9d 9 consequ5ce ( ! feel+ ( pa91 9 ! case ( him :o has felt & rememb]s pa94 ,,iv4 ,love ( life also spr+s f ! ego4 ,?is feel+ exi/s 9 all p]sons & appe>s 9 a positive aspect 9 ! =m 8w\ld t ,i 7 nev] to cease40 ,?is is due to ! pa9ful exp]i5ce ( dea? 9 "s previ\s exi/5ce1 :i* abides 9 u z a residual pot5cy 7vsan7 & causes ! in/9cts ( self-pres]vation1 fe> ( dea? & love ( life4 ,^! modifications includ+ avidy are call$ ! five klez or afflictions4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to see ! f>-rea*+ effects ( ! id5tification ( ! puru%a ) ! buddhi4 ,we h already se5 h[ x has g5]at$ ! macrocosm or ext]nal _w on ! "o h&1 & manas & ! s5ses on ! o!r4 ,n[ we see t f x also spr+ atta*m5t to pleasure1 av]sion f pa9 & love ( life1 motives obs]vable 9 mo/ ( our /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* are !re=e call$ ! kli%a vtti or afflict$ /ates4 ,! five afflictions 7false k & its f\r modifications spok5 above7 j m5tion$ are all compreh5d$ 9 avidy1 s9ce avidy or false k is at ! root ( all worldly exp]i5ces4 ,! sph]e ( avidy is all false k g5]ally1 & t ( asmit is also insep>ably connect$ ) all our exp]i5ces :i* consi/ 9 ! id5tification ( ! intellig5t self ) ! s5sual objects ( ! _w1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* seems to please u & ! loss ( :i* is s pa9ful to u4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ^! five afflictions are only diff]5t aspects ( avidy & _c be conceiv$ sep>ately f avidy4 ,^! always lead u into ! me%es ( ! _w1 f> f our f9al goal--! realisation ( our own self--emancipation ( ! puru%a4 ,oppos$ to x are ! vttis or /ates :i* are call$ unafflict$1 akli%a1 ! habit ( /ead9ess 7abhysa7 & non-atta*m5t to pleasures 7vairgya7 :i* be+ antagoni/ic to ! afflict$ /ates1 are helpful t[>ds a*iev+ true k4 ,^! repres5t su* ?\ghts z t5d t[>ds emancipation & are produc$ f our attempts to conceive rationally our f9al /ate ( emancipation1 or to adopt suitable means = ?is4 ,!y mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be confus$ ) puyak>ma 7virtu\s action71 = bo? puya & ppa k>ma are said to h sprung f ! klez4 ,!re is no h>d & fa/ rule ) reg>d to ! appe>ance ( ^! kli%a & akli%a /ates1 s t 9 ! /ream ( ! kli%a /ates or 9 ! int]vals !re(1 akli%a /ates may also appe>--z practice & desirelessness born f ! /udy ( ! ,v$a-reason+ & precepts--& rema9 q di/9ct 9 itself1 unmix$ ) ! kli%a /ates4 ,a ,brahman be+ 9 a village :i* is full ( ! ,kirtas1 does n himself become a ,kirta 7a =e/ tribe7 = t reason4 ,ea* akli%a /ate produces its own pot5cy or saskra1 & ) ! frequ5cy ( ! /ates _! saskra is /r5g!n$ :i* 9 due c\rse suppresses ! akli%a /ates4 ,^! kli%a & akli%a modifications are ( five descriptions3 prama 7real cognition71 vip>yyaya 7unreal cognition71 vikalpa 7logical ab/raction & imag9ation71 nidr 7sleep71 smti 7memory74 ,^! vttis or /ates1 h[ev]1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! six k9ds ( m5tal activity m5tion$ 9 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ah3 grahaa 7reception or pres5tative ideation71 dhraa 7ret5tion71 ha 7assimilation71 apoha 7diff]5tiation71 tattvajna 7"r k71 abh9ivea 7decision & det]m9ation71 ( :i* ^! /ates are ! products4 ,we h se5 t f avidy spr+ all ! klez or afflictions1 :i* are !re=e se5 to be ! s\rce ( ! kli%a vttis z well4 ,abhysa & vairgya--! akli%a vttis1 :i* spr+ f precepts1 etc41 lead to "r k1 & z su* are antagoni/ic to ! modification ( ! guz on ! avidy side4 ,we "k also t bo? ^! sets ( vttis--! kli%a & ! akli%a--produce _! own k9ds ( saskras1 ! kli%a saskra & ! akli%a or praj saskra4 ,all ^! modifications ( citta z vtti & saskra are ! dh>mas ( citta1 consid]$ z ! dh>m9 or sub/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k>ma ,! vttis are call$ ! mnasa k>mas 7m5tal "w7 z diff]5t f ! bhya k>mas 7ext]nal "w7 a*iev$ 9 ! ext]ior _w by ! five motor or active s5ses4 ,^! may be divid$ into f\r classes3 7#a7 k%a 7black71 7#b7 ukla 7:ite71 7#c7 uklak%a 7:ite & black71 7#d7 auklk%a 7nei!r :ite nor black74 7#a7 ,! k%a k>mas are ^? committ$ by ! wick$ &1 z su*1 are wick$ actions call$ also adh>ma 7dem]it74 ,^! are ( two k9ds1 viz4 bhya & mnasa1 ! =m] be+ ( ! nature ( speak+ ill ( o!rs1 /eal+ o!rs' prop]ty1 etc41 & ! latt] ( ! nature ( su* /ates z are oppos$ to raddh1 vrya1 etc41 :i* are call$ ! ukla k>ma4 7#b7 ,! ukla k>mas are virtu\s or m]itori\s de$s4 ,^! c only occur 9 ! =m ( m5tal /ates1 & z su* c take place only 9 ! mnasa k>ma4 ,^! are raddh 7fai?71 vrya 7/r5g?71 smti 7m$itation71 samdhi 7absorption71 & praj 7wisdom71 :i* are inf9itely sup]ior to actions a*iev$ 9 ! ext]nal _w by ! motor or active s5ses4 ,! ukla k>ma belongs to ^? :o resort to /udy & m$itation4 7#c7 ,! uklak%a k>ma are ! actions a*iev$ 9 ! ext]nal _w by ! motor or active s5ses4 ,^! are call$ :ite & black1 because actions a*iev$ 9 ! ext]nal _w1 h[ev] good 7ukla7 !y might be1 _c be altoge!r devoid ( wick$ness 7k%a71 s9ce all ext]nal actions entail "s h>m to o!r liv+ be+s4 ,ev5 ! ,v$ic duties1 ?\gh m]itori\s1 are associat$ ) s9s1 = !y entail ! sacrific+ ( animals4#dj ,! :ite side ( ^! actions1 viz43 t ( help+ o!rs & do+ good is !re=e call$ dh>ma1 z x is ! cause ( ! enjoym5t ( pleasure & happ9ess = ! do]4 ,! k%a or black side ( ^! actions1 viz4 t ( do+ injury to o!rs is call$ adh>ma1 z x is ! cause ( ! suff]+ ( pa9 to ! do]4 ,9 all our ord9>y /ates ( exi/5ce we are always "u ! influ5ce ( dh>ma & adh>ma1 :i* are !re=e call$ vehicles ( actions 7erate ssrik puru% asm9 niti aya74 ,t 9 :i* "s ?+ lives is its vehicle4 ,"h ! puru%as 9 evolution are to be und]/ood z liv+ 9 ! %ea? ( actions 7:i* is = t reason call$ a vehicle or aya74 ,m]it or virtue1 & s9 or dem]it are ! vehicles ( actions4 ,all ukla k>ma1 !re=e1 ei!r m5tal or ext]nal1 is call$ m]it or virtue & is productive ( happ9ess2 all k%a k>ma1 ei!r m5tal or ext]nal1 is call$ dem]it1 s9 or vice & is productive ( pa94 7#d7 ,! k>ma call$ auklak%a 7nei!r black nor :ite7 is ( ^? :o h r5\nc$ ev]y?+1 ^: afflictions h be5 de/roy$ & ^: pres5t body is ! la/ "o !y w h4 ,^? :o h r5\nc$ actions1 ! k>ma-sannysis 7& n ^? :o belong to ! sannysrama m]ely71 are n[h]e f\nd p]=m+ actions :i* dep5d ^u ext]nal means4 ,!y h n got ! black vehicle ( actions1 because !y d n p]=m su* actions4 ,nor d !y possess ! :ite vehicle ( actions1 because !y d$icate to v>a ! fruits ( all vehicles ( action1 br\ght ab\t by ! practice ( ,yoga4 ,return+ to ! "q ( k>maya aga9 = review1 we see t be+ produc$ f desire 7kma71 av>ice 7lobha71 ignorance 7moha71 & ang] 7krodha7 x has really got at its root ! klez 7afflictions7 su* z avidy 7ignorance71 asmit 7egoism71 rga 7atta*m5t71 dve%a 7antipa?y71 abh9ivea 7love ( life74 ,x w be easily se5 t ! passions nam$ above1 desire1 lu/1 etc41 are n 9 any way diff]5t f ! klez or afflictions previ\sly m5tion$2 & z all actions1 virtu\s or s9ful1 h _! spr+s 9 ! said s5tim5ts ( desire1 ang]1 covet\sness1 & infatuation1 x is q en\gh t all ^! virtu\s or s9ful actions spr+ f ! klez4 ,n[ ?is k>maya rip5s into life-/ate1 life-exp]i5ce & life-"t1 if ! roots--! afflictions--exi/4 ,n only is x true t :5 ! afflictions are root$ out1 no k>maya c accumulate1 b ev5 :5 _m k>mayas ( _m lives are accumulat$1 !y are root$ out :5 ! afflictions are de/roy$4 ,o!rwise1 x is difficult to conceive t ! k>maya accumulat$ = an inf9ite numb] ( ye>s1 ^: "t ( rip5ess is unc]ta91 w be root$ out6 ,s ev5 if !re be no fre% k>maya aft] ! rise ( true k1 ! puru%a _c be lib]at$ b w be requir$ to suff] an endless cycle ( bir?s & rebir?s to exhau/ ! already accumulat$ k>mayas ( endless lives4 ,= ?is reason1 ! m5tal plane becomes a field = ! production ( ! fruits ( action only1 :5 x is wat]$ by ! /ream ( afflictions4 ,h5ce ! afflictions help ! vehicle ( actions 7k>maya7 9 ! production ( _! fruits also4 ,x is = ?is reason t :5 ! afflictions are de/roy$ ! p[] :i* helps to br+ ab\t ! manife/ation also disappe>s2 & on t acc\nt ! vehicles ( actions al?\gh exi/+ 9 innum]able quantities h no "t = _! fruition & d n possess ! p[] ( produc+ fruit1 because _! se$-p[]s are de/roy$ by intellection4 ,k>maya is ( two k9ds4 7#a7 ,rip5+ 9 ! same life d%ajanmav$anya4 7#b7 ,rip5+ 9 ano!r unkn[n life4 ,t puya k>maya1 :i* is g5]at$ by int5se purificatory action1 trance & repetition ( mantras1 & t ppa k>maya1 :i* is g5]at$ by repeat$ evil done ei!r to m5 :o are suff]+ ! extreme mis]y ( fe>1 disease & helplessness1 or to ^? :o place confid5ce 9 !m or to ^? :o are high-m9d$ & p]=m tapas1 rip5 into fruit 9 ! v same life1 :]eas o!r k9ds ( k>mayas rip5 9 "s unkn[n life4 ,liv+ be+s 9 hell h no d%ajanma k>maya1 = ?is life is int5d$ = suff]+ only & _! bodies are call$ ! bhoga-arras int5d$ = suff]+ alone & n = ! accumulation ( any k>maya :i* c\ld take effect 9 t v life4 ,!re are o!rs ^: afflictions h be5 sp5t & exhau/$ & ?us !y h no su* k>maya1 ! effect ( :i* !y w h to reap 9 "s o!r life4 ,!y are ?us said to h no ad%a-janmav$anya k>ma4 ,! k>maya ( bo? k9ds describ$ above rip5s into life-/ate1 life-"t & life-exp]i5ce4 ,^! are call$ ! ?ree rip5+s or vipkas ( ! k>maya2 & !y are conducive to pleasure or pa91 accord+ z !y are products ( puyak>maya 7virtue7 or ppa k>maya 7vice or dem]it74 ,_m k>mayas comb9e to produce "o life-/ate2 = x is n possible t ea* k>ma %\ld produce "o or _m life-/ates1 = !n !re w\ld be no possibility ( exp]i5c+ ! effects ( ! k>mas1 because if = ea* "o ( ! k>mas we _h "o or m lives1 k>mas1 be+ endless1 space = obta9+ lives 9 :i* to exp]i5ce effects w\ld n be available1 = x w\ld take endless "t to exhau/ ! k>mas already accumulat$4 ,x is !re=e held t _m k>mas unite to produce "o life-/ate or bir? 7jti7 & to det]m9e also its p>ticul> duration 7yu%7 & exp]i5ce 7bhoga74 ,! virtu\s & s9ful k>mayas accumulat$ 9 "o life1 9 ord] to produce _! effects1 cause ! dea? ( ! individual & manife/ !mselves 9 produc+ 8 rebir?1 8 duration ( life & p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,! ord] ( und]go+ ! exp]i5ces is ! ord] 9 :i* ! k>mas manife/ !mselves z effects1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ manife/$ e>li] 9 life4 ,! pr9cipal k>mas "h ref] to ^? :i* are q ready to g5]ate _! effects4 ,?us x is said t ^? k>mas :i* produce _! effects imm$iately are call$ prim>y1 :]eas ^? :i* produce effects aft] "s delay are call$ second>y4 ,?us we see t !re is cont9uity ( exi/5ce ?r\gh\t2 :5 ! k>mas ( ?is life rip5 jo9tly !y t5d to fructify by caus+ ano!r bir? z a means to :i* dea? is caus$1 & along ) x life is manife/$ 9 ano!r body 7accord+ to ! dh>ma & adh>ma ( ! k>maya7 =m$ by ! praktypra 7cf4 ! citta !ory describ$ above72 & ! same k>maya regulates ! life-p]iod & exp]i5ces ( t life1 ! k>mayas ( :i* aga9 take a simil> c\rse & manife/ !mselves 9 ! production ( ano!r life & s on4 ,we h se5 t ! k>maya has ?ree fructifications1 viz4 jti1 yu% & bhoga4 ,n[ g5]ally ! k>maya is reg>d$ z ekabhavika or unig5ital1 i4e4 x accumulates 9 "o life4 ,ekabhava means "o life & ekabhavika means ! product ( "o life1 or accumulat$ 9 "o life4 ,reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 x may be contra/$ ) ! vsans :i* rema9 accumulat$ f ?\s&s ( previ\s lives s9ce et]nity1 ! m9d1 be+ p]vad$ all ov] ) !m1 z a fi%+-net is cov]$ all ov] ) knots4 ,?is vsan results f memory ( ! exp]i5ces ( a life g5]at$ by ! fructification ( ! k>maya & kept 9 ! citta 9 ! =m ( pot5cy or impressions 7saskra74 ,n[ we h previ\sly se5 t ! citta rema9s con/ant 9 all ! bir?s & rebir?s t an individual has und]gone f et]nity2 x !re=e keeps ! memory ( ^? v>i\s exp]i5ces ( ?\s&s ( lives 9 ! =m ( saskra or pot5cy & is !re=e comp>$ ) a fi%+-net p]vad$ all ov] ) knots4 ,! vsans !re=e are n ! results ( ! accumulation ( exp]i5ces or _! memory 9 "o life b 9 _m lives1 & are !re=e call$ anekabhavika z contra/$ ) ! k>maya repres5t+ virtu\s & vici\s actions :i* are accumulat$ 9 "o life & :i* produce ano!r life1 its exp]i5ces & its life-duration z a result ( fructification 7vipka74 ,?is vsan is ! cause ( ! in/9ctive t5d5cies1 or habits ( d]iv+ pleasures & pa9s peculi> to diff]5t animal lives4 ,?us ! habits ( a dog-life & its peculi> modes ( tak+ its exp]i5ces & ( d]iv+ pleasures & pa9s are v diff]5t 9 nature f ^? ( a man-life2 !y mu/ !re=e be expla9$ on ! basis ( an incipi5t memory 9 ! =m ( pot5cy1 or impressions 7saskra7 ( ! exp]i5ces t an individual mu/ h und]gone 9 a previ\s dog-life4 ,n[ :5 by ! fructification ( ! k>maya a dog-life is settl$ = a p]son1 8 correspond+ vsans ( a previ\s dog-life are at once reviv$ & he beg9s to take int]e/ 9 8 dog-life 9 ! mann] ( a dog2 ! same pr9ciple applies to ! virtue ( individuals z m5 or z gods 7,,iv4 #h74 ,if !re 0 n ?is law ( vsans1 !n any vsan w\ld be reviv$ 9 any life1 & ) ! manife/ation ( ! vsan ( animal life a man w\ld take int]e/ 9 eat+ grass & d]ive pleasure f x4 ,?us ,ngea says3 8,n[ if ^? k>mas :i* produce a man-life %\ld manife/ ! vsans ( animal lives1 !n "o might be incl9$ to eat grass z a man1 & x is !re=e said t only ! vsans correspond+ to ! k>mas are reviv$40 ,n[ z ! vsans are ( ! nature ( saskras or impressions1 !y lie +ra9$ 9 ! citta & no?+ c prev5t _! be+ reviv$4 ,! int]v5tion ( o!r bir?s has no effect4 ,= ?is reason1 ! vsans ( a dog-life are at once reviv$ 9 ano!r dog-life1 ?\gh betwe5 ! fir/ dog-life & ! second dog-life1 ! individual may h pass$ ?r\gh _m o!r lives1 z a man1 a bull1 etc41 ?\gh ! second dog-life may take place _m hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! fir/ dog-life & 9 q diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 saskras1 impressions1 & smti or memory is simply ?is t ! =m] is ! lat5t /ate :]eas ! latt] is ! manife/$ /ate2 s we see t ! memory & ! impressions are id5tical 9 nature1 s t :5ev] a saskra is reviv$1 x means no?+ b ! manife/ation ( ! memory ( ! same exp]i5ces cons]v$ 9 ! saskra 9 a lat5t /ate4 ,exp]i5ces1 :5 !y take place1 keep _! impressions 9 ! m9d1 ?\gh ?\s&s ( o!r exp]i5ces1 lapse ( "t1 etc41 may int]v5e4 ,!y are reviv$ 9 "o mom5t ) ! prop] cause ( _! revival1 & ! o!r int]v5+ exp]i5ces c 9 no way h9d] ?is revival4 ,s x is ) ! vsans1 :i* are reviv$ at once accord+ to ! p>ticul> fructification ( ! k>maya1 9 ! =m ( a p>ticul> life1 z a man1 a dog1 or any?+ else4 ,x is n[ cle> t ! k>maya t5d+ t[>ds fructification is ! cause ( ! manife/ation ( ! vsans already exi/+ 9 ! m9d 9 a lat5t =m4 ,?us ! ,stra says3--8,:5 two simil> lives are sep>at$ by _m bir?s1 long lapses ( "t & remot5ess ( space1 ev5 !n = ! purpose ( ! revival ( ! vsans1 !y may be reg>d$ z imm$iately foll[+ ea* o!r1 = ! memories & impressions are ! same0 7,yoga-stra1 ,,iv4 #i74 ,! ,bh%ya says3 8! vsan is l ! memory 7smti71 & s !re c be memory f ! impressions ( pa/ lives sep>at$ by _m lives & by remote tracts ( c\ntry4 ,f ^! memories ! impressions 7saskras7 are d]iv$1 & ! memories are reviv$ by manife/ation ( ! k>mayas1 & ?\gh memories f pa/ impressions may h _m lives int]v5+1 ^! int]v5tions d n de/roy ! causal antec$5ce ( ^? pa/ lives0 7,,iv4 #i74 ,^! vsans are1 h[ev]1 beg9n+less1 = a baby j aft] bir? is se5 to feel ! fe> ( dea? in/9ctively1 & x c\ld n h d]iv$ x f its exp]i5ce 9 ?is life4 ,aga91 if a small baby is ?r[n upw>ds1 x is se5 to %ake & cry l a gr[n-up man1 & f ?is x may be inf]r$ t x is afraid ( fall+ d[n on ! gr\nd & is !re=e %ak+ ?r\gh fe>4 ,n[ ?is baby has nev] le>nt 9 ?is life f exp]i5ce t a fall on ! gr\nd w cause pa91 = x has nev] fall5 on ! gr\nd & suff]$ pa9 !refrom2 s ! cause ( ?is fe> _c be s\ght 9 ! exp]i5ces ( ?is life1 b 9 ! memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces ( fall & pa9 aris+ !refrom1 :i* is innate 9 ?is life z vsan & causes ?is in/9ctive fe>4 ,s ?is innate memory :i* causes in/9ctive fe> ( dea? f ! v "t ( bir?1 has n its orig9 9 ?is life b is ! memory ( ! exp]i5ce ( "s previ\s life1 & 9 t life1 too1 x exi/$ z innate memory ( "s o!r previ\s life1 & 9 t aga9 z ! innate memory ( "s o!r life & s on to beg9n+less "t4 ,?is goes to %[ t ! vsans are )\t beg9n+4 ,we come n[ to ! "q ( unig5itality--ekabhavikatva--( ! k>maya & its exceptions4 ,we f9d t great confusion has occurr$ among ! comm5tators ab\t ! foll[+ passage 9 ! ,bh%ya :i* ref]s to ?is subject3 ,! ,bh%ya accord+ to ,vcaspati 9 ,,ii4 #ac reads3 tatra d%ajanmav$anyasya niyatavipkasya1 etc4 ,"h ,bhik%u & ,ngea read tatrd%ajanmav$anyasya niyatavipkasya1 etc4 ,!re is ?us a div]g5ce ( mean+ on ?is po9t betwe5 ,yoga-vrttika & 8 foll[] ,ngea1 on "o side1 & ,vcaspati on ! o!r4 ,vcaspati says t ! d%ajanmav$anya 7to be fructifi$ 9 ! same visible life7 k>ma is ! only true k>ma :]e ! k>maya is ekabhavika1 unig5ital1 = "h ^! effects are positively n due to ! k>ma ( any o!r previ\s lives1 b to ! k>ma ( t v life4 ,?us ^! are ! only true causes ( ekabhavika k>maya4 ,?us accord+ to ,vcaspati we see t ! ad%ajanmav$anya k>ma 7to be fructifi$ 9 ano!r life7 ( unappo9t$ fruition is nev] an ideal ( ekabhavikatva or unig5ital "*2 = x may h ?ree diff]5t c\rses3 7#a7 ,x may be de/roy$ )\t fruition4 7#b7 ,x may become m]g$ 9 ! rul+ action4 7#c7 ,x may exi/ = a long "t ov]p[]$ by ! rul+ action ^: fruition has be5 appo9t$4 ,vijna ,bhik%u & 8 foll[] ,ngea1 h[ev]1 say t ! d%ajanmav$anya k>ma 7to be fructifi$ 9 ! same visible life7 c nev] be ekabhavika or unig5ital = !re is no bhava1 or previ\s bir? !re1 ^: product is be+ fructifi$ 9 t life1 = ?is k>ma is ( t same visible life & n ( "s o!r previ\s bhava or life2 & !y agree 9 hold+ t x is = t reason t ! ,bh%ya makes no m5tion ( ?is d%ajanmav$anya k>ma2 x is cle> t ! k>maya 9 no o!r bhava is be+ fructifi$ "h4 ,?us we see t ab\t d%ajanmav$anya k>ma1 ,vcaspati holds t x is ! typical case ( ekabhavika k>ma 7k>ma ( ! same bir?71 :]eas ,vijna ,bhik%u holds j ! opposite view1 viz4 t ! dhajanmav$anya k>ma %\ld by no means be consid]$ z ekabhavika s9ce !re is "h no bhava or bir?1 x be+ fructifi$ 9 ! same life4 ,! ad%ajanmav$anya k>ma 7works to be fructifi$ 9 ano!r life7 ( unfix$ fruition has ?ree diff]5t c\rses3 7,i7 ,z we h obs]v$ be=e1 by ! rise ( auklk%a 7nei!r black nor :ite7 k>ma1 ! o!r k>mas--ukla 7black71 k%a 7:ite7 & uklak%a 7bo? black & :ite7--are root$ out4 ,! ukla k>maya aga9 aris+ f /udy & asceticism de/roys ! k%a k>mas )\t _! be+ able to g5]ate _! effects4 ,^! !re=e c nev] be /yl$ ekabhavika1 s9ce !y are de/roy$ )\t produc+ any effect4 7,,ii7 ,:5 ! effects ( m9or actions are m]g$ 9 ! effects ( ! major & rul+ action4 ,! s9s orig9at+ f ! sacrifice ( animals at a holy sacrifice are sure to produce bad effects1 ?\gh !y may be m9or & small 9 comp>ison ) ! good effects aris+ f ! p]=mance ( ! sacrifice 9 :i* !y are m]g$4 ,?us x is said t ! exp]ts be+ imm]s$ 9 floods ( happ9ess br\ght ab\t by _! sacrifices be> gladly p>ticles ( ! fire ( sorr[ br\ght ab\t by ! s9 ( kill+ animals at sacrifice4 ,s we see t "h also ! m9or actions hav+ be5 p]=m$ ) ! major d n produce _! effects indep5d5tly1 & s all _! effects are n fully manife/$1 & h5ce ^! second>y k>mayas _c be reg>d$ z ekabhavika4 7,,iii7 ,aga9 ! ad%ajanmav$anya k>ma 7to be fructifi$ 9 ano!r life7 ( unfix$ fruition 7aniyata vipka7 rema9s ov]come = a long "t by ano!r ad%ajanmav$anya k>ma ( fix$ fruition4 ,a man may = example d "s good actions & "s extremely vici\s ones1 s t at ! "t ( dea?1 ! k>maya ( ^? vici\s actions becom+ ripe & fit = appo9t$ fruition1 g5]ates an animal life4 ,8 good action1 ^: b5efits are su* z may be reap$ only 9 a man-life1 w rema9 ov]come until ! man is born aga9 z a man3 s ?is also _c be said to be ekabhavika 7to be reap$ 9 "o life74 ,we may summ>ise ! classification ( k>mas accord+ to ,vcaspati 9 a table z foll[s3-- ,k>maya --------------------------------------- ,ekabhavika ,anekabhavika ,niyata ,vipka ,aniyatavipka 7( fix$ fruition74 ,ad%ajanmav$anya -------------------------- ,d%ajanmav$anya ,ad%ajanmav$anya ------------------------------- 7,de/ruction7 7,m]g$ 9 ! 7,to rema9 effect ( ! ov]come by major action47 ! influ5ce ( "s o!r action47 ,?us ! k>maya may be view$ f two sides1 "o be+ t ( fix$ fruition & ! o!r unfix$ fruition1 & ! o!r t ( d%ajanmav$anya & ad%ajanmav$anya4 ,n[ ! !ory is t ! niyatavipka 7( fix$ fruition7 k>maya is always ekabhavika1 i4e4 x does n rema9 sep>at$ by o!r lives1 b directly produces its effects 9 ! succe$+ life4 ,ekabhavika means t :i* is produc$ f ! accumulation ( k>mas 9 "o life 9 ! life :i* succe$s x4 ,vcaspati1 h[ev]1 takes x also to mean t action :i* atta9s fruition 9 ! same life 9 :i* x is p]=m$1 :]eas :at ,vijna ,bhik%u und]/&s by ekabhavika is t action alone :i* is produc$ 9 ! life imm$iately succe$+ ! life 9 :i* x 0 accumulat$4 ,s accord+ to ,vijna ,bhik%u1 ! niyata vipka 7( fix$ fruition7 d%ajanmav$anya 7to be fructifi$ 9 ! same life7 action is n ekabhavika1 s9ce x has no bhava1 i4e4 x is n ! production ( a prec$+ life4 ,nei!r c x be anekabhavika2 ?us ?is niyatavipkad%ajanmav$anya action is nei!r ekabhavika nor anekbhavika4 ,:]eas ,vcaspati is incl9$ to call ?is also ekabhavika4 ,ab\t ! niyatavipka-ad%ajanmav$anya action be+ call$ ekabhavika 7unig5ital7 !re seems to be no dispute4 ,! aniyatavipka-ad%ajanmav$anya action _c be call$ ekabhavika z x und]goes ?ree diff]5t c\rses describ$ above4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem ,we h describ$ avidy & its special =ms z ! klez1 f :i* also proce$ ! actions virtu\s & vici\s1 :i* 9 _! turn aga9 produce z a result ( _! fruition1 bir?1 life & exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa9 & ! vsans or residues ( ! memory ( ^! exp]i5ces4 ,aga9 e new life or bir? is produc$ f ! fructification ( actions ( a previ\s life2 a man is made to p]=m actions good or bad by ! klez :i* are root$ 9 him1 & ^! actions1 z a result ( _! fructification1 produce ano!r life & its exp]i5ces1 9 :i* life aga9 new actions are e>n$ by virtue ( ! klez1 & ?us ! cycle is cont9u$4 ,:5 !re is pralaya or involution ( ! cosmical _w-process ! individual cittas ( ! sep>ate puru%as return back to ! prakti & lie )9 x1 toge!r ) _! own avidys1 & at ! "t ( ea* new creation or evolution ^! are creat$ anew ) su* *anges z are due accord+ to _! individual avidys1 ) :i* !y _h to return back to _! orig9al cause1 ! prakti1 & sp5d an indivisible insep>able exi/5ce ) x4 ,! avidys ( "s o!r creation1 be+ m]g$ 9 ! prakti along ) ! cittas1 rema9 9 ! prakti z vsans1 & prakti be+ "u ! influ5ce ( ^! avidys z vsans creates z modifications ( itself ! correspond+ m9ds = ! individual puru%as1 connect$ ) !m be=e ! la/ pralaya dissolution4 ,s we see t ?\gh ! cittas _h return$ to _! orig9al causes ) _! individual nesci5ce 7avidy71 ! avidy 0 n lo/ b 0 reviv$ at ! "t ( ! new creation & creat$ su* m9ds z %\ld be suitable receptacles = x4 ,^! m9ds 7buddhi7 are f\nd to be modifi$ fur!r into _! specific cittas or m5tal planes by ! same avidy :i* is manife/$ 9 !m z ! klez1 & ^! aga9 9 ! k>maya1 jti1 yu% & bhoga1 & s on2 ! individual1 h[ev]1 is j 9 ! same position z he 0 or w\ld h be5 be=e ! involution ( pralaya4 ,! avidys ( ! cittas :i* _h return$ to ! prakti at ! "t ( ! creation be+ reviv$1 create _! own buddhis ( ! previ\s creation1 & by _! connection ) ! individual puru%as are ! causes ( ! sasra or cosmic evolution--! evolution ( ! microcosm1 ! cittas1 & ! macrocosm or ! ext]ior _w4 ,9 ?is new creation1 ! creative ag5cies ( ,god & avidy are ?us di/+ui%$ 9 t ! latt] repres5ts ! end or purpose ( ! prakti--! ev]-evolv+ en]gy trans=m+ itself into its modifications z ! m5tal & ! mat]ial _w2 :]eas ! =m] repres5ts t intellig5t p[] :i* abides outside ! pale ( prakti1 b removes ob/ructions (f]$ by ! prakti4 ,?\gh un9tellig5t & n kn[+ h[ & :]e to yield s z to =m ! actual modifications necess>y = ! realisation ( ! p>ticul> & specific objects ( ! numb]less puru%as1 ^! avidys hold )9 !mselves ! s]viceability ( ! puru%as1 & are ! cause ( ! connection ( ! puru%a & ! prakti1 s t :5 ^! avidys are root$ out x is said t ! puru%r?at or s]viceability ( ! puru%a is at an end & ! puru%a becomes lib]at$ f ! bonds ( prakti1 & ?is is call$ ! f9al goal ( ! puru%a4 ,! e?ical problem ( ! ,ptajala philosophy is ! uproot+ ( ?is avidy by ! atta9m5t ( true k ( ! nature ( ! puru%a1 :i* w be succe$$ by ! lib]ation ( ! puru%a & 8 absolute fre$om or indep5d5ce--kaivalya--! la/ realisation ( ! puru%a--! ultimate goal ( all ! movem5ts ( ! prakti4 ,?is f9al uproot+ ( ! avidy ) its vsans directly foll[s ! atta9m5t ( true k call$ praj1 9 :i* /ate ! se$ ( false k is altoge!r burnt & _c be reviv$ aga94 ,be=e ?is /ate1 ! discrim9ative k :i* arises z ! recognition ( ! di/9ct natures ( puru%a & buddhi rema9s %aky2 b :5 by cont9ual practice ?is discrim9ative k becomes /r5g!n$ 9 ! m9d1 its pot5cy gradually gr[s /rong] & /rong]1 & roots out ! pot5cy ( ! ord9>y /ates ( m5tal activity1 & ?us ! se$ ( false k becomes burnt up & incapable ( fruition1 & ! impurity ( ! en]gy ( rajas be+ remov$1 ! sattva z ! manife/+ entity becomes ( ! highe/ purity1 & 9 t /ate fl[s on ! /ream ( ! notion ( discrim9ation--! recognition ( ! di/9ct natures ( puru%a & buddhi--free f impurity4 ,?us :5 ! /ate ( buddhi becomes almo/ z pure z ! puru%a itself1 all self-enquiry subsides1 ! vision ( ! real =m ( ! puru%a arises1 & false k1 toge!r ) ! klez & ! consequ5t fruition ( actions1 ceases once = all4 ,?is is t /ate ( citta :i*1 f> f t5d+ t[>ds ! objective _w1 t5ds t[>ds ! kaivalya ( ! puru%a4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages1 :5 ! m9d atta9s discrim9ative k1 ! praj is n deeply seat$1 & occasionally ph5om5al /ates ( consci\sness are se5 to int]v5e 9 ! =m ( 8,i am10 8,m9e10 8,i "k10 8,i d n "k10 because ! old pot5cies1 ?\gh becom+ weak] & weak] are n f9ally de/roy$1 & consequ5tly occasionally produce _! correspond+ consci\s manife/ation z /ates :i* imp$e ! fl[ ( discrim9ative k4 ,b con/ant practice 9 root+ out ! pot5cy ( ?is /ate de/roys ! pot5cies ( ! outgo+ activity1 & f9ally no int]v5tion occurs 9 ! fl[ ( ! /ream ( praj ?r\gh ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ph5om5al /ates ( consci\sness4 ,9 ?is high] /ate :5 ! m9d is 9 its natural1 passive1 & objectless /ream ( fl[+ praj1 x is call$ ! dh>mamegha-sadhi4 ,:5 no?+ is desir$ ev5 f dhyna arises ! true k :i* di/+ui%es prakti f puru%a & is call$ ! dh>mamegha-samdhi 7,yoga-stra1 ,,iv4 #bi74 ,! pot5cy1 h[ev]1 ( ?is /ate ( consci\sness la/s until ! puru%a is f9ally lib]at$ f ! bonds ( prakti & is absolutely free 7keval74 ,n[ ?is is ! /ate :5 ! citta becomes inf9ite1 & all its tamas be+ f9ally ov]come1 x %9es =? l ! sun1 :i* c reflect all1 & 9 comp>ison to :i* ! crippl$ insignificant light ( objective k %r9ks altoge!r1 & ?us an inf9itude is acquir$1 :i* has absorb$ )9 itself all f9itude1 :i* _c h any sep>ate exi/5ce or manife/ation ?r\gh ?is inf9ite k4 ,all f9ite /ates ( k are only a limitation ( true inf9ite k1 9 :i* !re is no limitation ( ?is & t4 ,x absorbs )9 itself all ^! limitations4 ,! puru%a 9 ?is /ate may be call$ ! emancipat$ be+1 jvanmukta4 ,ngea 9 expla9+ ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #ca1 describ+ ! emancipat$ life says3 8,9 ?is jvanmukta /age1 be+ fre$ f all impure afflictions & k>mas1 ! consci\sness %9es 9 its infirmity4 ,! inf9it5ess ( consci\sness is diff]5t f ! inf9it5ess ( mat]iality veil$ by tamas4 ,9 ^? /ages !re c\ld be consci\sness only ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 ?+s ) ref]5ce to :i* ! veil ( tamas 0 rais$ by rajas4 ,:5 all veils & impurities are remov$1 !n little is left :i* is n kn[n4 ,if !re 7 o!r categories besides ! #be categories1 ^! also w\ld !n h be5 kn[n0 7,*yvykhy1 ,,iv4 #ca74 ,n[ ) ! rise ( su* dh>mamegha ! succession ( ! *anges ( ! qualities is ov]1 inasmu* z !y h fulfill$ _! object by hav+ a*iev$ exp]i5ce & emancipation1 & _! succession hav+ end$1 !y _c /ay ev5 = a mom5t4 ,& n[ comes absolute fre$om1 :5 ! guz return back to ! pradhna _! primal cause1 aft] p]=m+ _! s]vice = ! puru%a by provid+ 8 exp]i5ce & 8 salvation1 s t !y lose all _! hold on puru%a & puru%a rema9s z he is 9 himself1 & nev] aga9 has any connection ) ! buddhi4 ,! puru%a rema9s always 9 himself 9 absolute fre$om4 ,! ord] ( ! return ( ! guz = a keval puru%a is describ$ bel[ 9 ! words ( ,vcaspati3 ,! guz z cause & effect involv+ ord9>y exp]i5ces samdhi & nirodha1 become subm]g$ 9 ! manas2 ! manas becomes subm]g$ 9 ! asmit1 ! asmit 9 ! liga1 & ! liga 9 ! aliga4 ,?is /ate ( kaivalya mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! /ate ( mahpralaya 9 :i* also ! guz return back to prakti1 = t /ate is aga9 succe$$ by lat] connections ( prakti ) puru%as ?r\gh ! buddhis1 b ! /ate ( kaivalya is an et]nal /ate :i* is nev] aga9 di/urb$ by any connection ) prakti1 = n[ ! sep>ation ( prakti f puru%a is et]nal1 :]eas t 9 ! mahpralaya /ate 0 only tempor>y4 ,we %all conclude ?is section by not+ two k9ds ( et]nity ( puru%a & ( prakti1 & by (f]+ a criticism ( ! praj /ate4 ,! =m] is said to be p]fectly & un*angeably et]nal 7ka/ha nitya71 & ! latt] is only et]nal 9 an evolution>y =m4 ,! p]man5t or et]nal reality is t :i* rema9s un*ang$ amid its *ang+ appe>ances2 & f ?is po9t ( view bo? puru%a & prakti are et]nal4 ,x is inde$ true1 z we h se5 j n[1 t ! succession ( *anges ( qualities ) reg>d to buddhi1 etc41 comes to an end :5 kaivalya is atta9$1 b ?is is ) ref]5ce to puru%a1 = ! *anges ( qualities 9 ! guz !mselves nev] come to an end4 ,s ! guz 9 !mselves are et]nal 9 _! *ang+ or evolution>y "*1 & are !re=e said to possess evolution>y et]nity 7p>im9ityat74 ,our ph5om5al conception _c be free f *ange1 & !re=e x is t 9 our conception ( ! releas$ puru%as we affirm _! exi/5ce1 z = example :5 we say t ! releas$ puru%as exi/ et]nally4 ,b x mu/ be c>efully not$ t ?is is due to ! limit$ "* ( our ?\ghts & expressions1 n to ! real nature ( ! releas$ puru%as1 :i* rema9 = ev] unqualifi$ by any *anges or modifications1 pure & col\rless z ! v self ( %9+ intellig5ce 7see ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iv4 #cc74 ,we %all conclude ?is section by giv+ a %ort analysis ( ! praj /ate f its fir/ appe>ance to ! f9al release ( puru%a f ! bondage ( prakti4 ,patajali says t ?is praj /ate be+ f9al 9 ea* /age is sev5fold4 ,( ^! ! fir/ f\r /ages are due to our consci\s endeav\r1 & :5 ^! consci\s /ates ( praj 7sup]natural wisdom7 fl[ 9 a /ream & are n h9d]$ or int]f]$ ) 9 any way by o!r ph5om5al consci\s /ates ( pratyayas ! puru%a becomes f9ally lib]at$ ?r\gh ! natural backw>d movem5t ( ! citta to its own primal cause1 & ?is backw>d movem5t is repres5t$ by ! o!r ?ree /ages4 ,! sev5 praj /ages may be ?us enum]at$3-- ,i4 ,! pa9 to be remov$ is kn[n4 ,no?+ fur!r rema9s to be kn[n ( x4 ,?is is ! fir/ aspect ( ! praj1 9 :i* ! p]son will+ to be releas$ kn[s t he has exhau/$ all t is kn[able ( ! pa9s4 ,,ii4 ,! cause ( ! pa9s has be5 remov$ & no?+ fur!r rema9s to be remov$ ( x4 ,?is is ! second /age or aspect ( ! rise ( praj4 ,,iii4 ,! nature ( ! ext9ction ( pa9 has already be5 p]ceiv$ by me 9 ! /ate ( samdhi1 s t ,i h come to le>n t ! f9al ext9ction ( my pa9 w be some?+ l x4 ,,iv4 ,! f9al discrim9ation ( prakti & puru%a1 ! true & imm$iate means ( ! ext9ction ( pa91 has be5 realis$4 ,aft] ?is /age1 no?+ rema9s to be done by ! puru%a himself4 ,= ?is is ! atta9m5t ( f9al true k4 ,x is also call$ ! p>a vairgya4 ,x is ! highe/ consummation1 9 :i* ! puru%a has no fur!r duties to p]=m4 ,?is is !re=e call$ ! krya vimukti 7or salvation dep5d+ on ! endeav\r ( ! puru%a7 or jvanmukti4 ,aft] ?is foll[s ! citta vimukti or ! process ( release ( ! puru%a f ! citta1 9 ?ree /ages4 ,v4 ,! aspect ( ! buddhi1 :i* has f9ally f9i%$ its s]vices to puru%a by provid+ scope = puru%a's exp]i5ces & release2 s t x has no?+ else to p]=m = puru%a4 ,?is is ! fir/ /age ( ! retirem5t ( ! citta4 ,,vi4 ,z soon z ?is /ate is atta9$1 l ! fall+ ( /ones ?r[n f ! summit ( a hill1 ! guz _c rema9 ev5 = a mom5t to b9d ! puru%a1 b at once return back to _! primal cause1 ! prakti2 = ! avidy be+ root$ out1 !re is no tie or bond :i* c keep x connect$ ) puru%a & make x suff] *anges = ! s]vice ( puru%a4 ,all ! puru%r?at be+ end$1 ! guz disappe> ( !mselves4 ,,vii4 ,! sev5? & la/ aspect ( ! guz is t !y nev] return back to b9d puru%a aga91 _! teleological purpose be+ fulfill$ or realis$4 ,x is ( c\rse easy to see t1 9 ^! la/ ?ree /ages1 puru%a has no?+ to d2 b ! guz ( _! own nature suff] ^! backw>d modifications & return back to _! own primal cause & leave ! puru%a keval 7= ev] solit>y74 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ae4 ,vysa says t z ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e has f\r divisions3 7#a7 disease1 7#b7 ! cause ( disease1 7#c7 recov]y1 7#d7 m$ic9es2 s ?is ,yoga philosophy has also f\r divisions1 viz43 7,i7 ,sasra 7! evolution ( ! prakti 9 connection ) ! puru%a74 7,,ii7 ,! cause ( sasra4 7,,iii7 ,release4 7,,iv7 ,! means ( release4 ,( ^! ! fir/ ?ree h be5 describ$ at "s l5g? above4 ,we n[ direct our att5tion to ! f\r?4 ,we h %[n above t ! e?ical goal1 ! ideal to be realis$1 is absolute fre$om or kaivalya1 & we %all n[ consid] ! l9e ( action t mu/ be adopt$ to atta9 ?is goal--! summum bonum4 ,all actions :i* t5d t[>ds ! approximate realisation ( ?is goal = man are call$ kuala1 & ! man :o a*ieves ?is goal is call$ kual4 ,x is 9 ! inh]5t purpose ( prakti t man %\ld und]go pa9s :i* include all ph5om5al exp]i5ces ( pleasures z well1 & ultimately adopt su* a c\rse ( conduct z to avoid !m altoge!r & f9ally a*ieve ! true goal1 ! realisation ( :i* w ext+ui% all pa9s = him = ev]4 ,! motive !re=e :i* prompts a p]son t[>ds ?is e?ico-metaphysical goal is ! avoidance ( pa94 ,an ord9>y man feels pa9 only 9 actual pa91 b a ,yog9 :o is z highly s5sitive z ! eye-ball1 feels pa9 9 pleasure z well1 & !re=e is det]m9$ to avoid all exp]i5ces1 pa9ful or s-call$ pleasurable4 ,! ext+ui%+ ( all exp]i5ces1 h[ev]1 is n ! true e?ical goal1 be+ only a means to ! realisation ( kaivalya or ! true self & nature ( ! puru%a4 ,b ?is means repres5ts ! highe/ end ( a p]son1 ! goal beyond :i* all 8 duties cease2 = aft] ?is comes kaivalya :i* naturally manife/s itself on ! necess>y retirem5t ( ! prakti4 ,puru%a has no?+ to d 9 effectuat+ ?is /ate1 :i* comes ( itself4 ,! duties ( ! puru%a cease ) ! ?or\gh ext+ui%+ ( all 8 exp]i5ces4 ,?is !re=e is ! means ( ext+ui%+ all 8 pa9s1 :i* are ! highe/ end ( all 8 duties2 b ! complete ext+ui%+ ( all pa9s is id5tical ) ! ext+ui%+ ( all exp]i5ces1 ! /ates or vttis ( consci\sness1 & ?is aga9 is id5tical ) ! rise ( praj or true discrim9ative k ( ! diff]5ce 9 nature ( prakti & its effects f ! puru%a--! un*angeable4 ,^! ?ree sides are only ! ?ree aspects ( ! same /ate :i* imm$iately prec$e kaivalya4 ,! praj aspect is ! aspect ( ! highe/ k1 ! suppression ( ! /ates ( consci\sness or exp]i5ces1 & x is ! aspect ( ! cessation ( all consci\s activity & ( pa9lessness or ! ext+ui%+ ( all pa9s z ! feel+ aspect ( ! same nirvja--samdhi /ate4 ,b :5 ! /ud5t directs 8 att5tion to ?is goal 9 8 ord9>y /ates ( exp]i5ce1 he looks at x f ! side ( ! feel+ aspect1 viz4 t ( acquir+ a /ate ( pa9lessness1 & z a means !reto he tries to purify ! m9d & be moral 9 all 8 actions1 & beg9s to re/ra9 & suppress 8 m5tal /ates1 9 ord] to acquire ?is nirvja or se$less /ate4 ,?is is ! sph]e ( conduct :i* is call$ ,yogga4 ,( c\rse !re is a division ( duties accord+ to ! advancem5t ( ! individual1 z we %all h occasion to %[ h]eaft]4 ,?is suppression ( m5tal /ates :i* has be5 describ$ z ! means ( atta9+ f9al release1 ! ultimate e?ical goal ( life1 is call$ ,yoga4 ,we h said be=e t ( ! five k9ds ( m9d--k%ipta1 mha1 vik%ipta1 ekgra1 niruddha--only ! la/ two are fit = ! process ( ,yoga & ultimately acquire absolute fre$om4 ,9 ! o!r ?ree1 ?\gh conc5tration may occasionally happ51 yet !re is no extrication ( ! m9d f ! afflictions ( avidy & consequ5tly !re is no f9al release4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,yoga ,,practice ,! ,yoga :i*1 aft] weak5+ ! hold ( ! afflictions & caus+ ! real tru? to dawn ^u our m5tal vision1 gradually leads u t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( our f9al goal1 is only possible = ! la/ two k9ds ( m9ds & is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 samprajta 7cognitive7 & 7#b7 asamprajta 7ultra-cognitive74 ,! samprajta ,yoga is t 9 :i* ! m9d is conc5trat$ ^u "s object1 ext]nal or int]nal1 9 su* a way t x does n oscillate or move f "o object to ano!r1 b rema9s fix$ & settl$ 9 ! object t x holds be=e itself4 ,at fir/1 ! ,yog9 holds a gross mat]ial object be=e 8 view1 b :5 he c make himself /eady 9 do+ ?is1 he tries ) ! subtle tanmtras1 ! five causes ( ! gross] elem5ts1 & :5 he is successful 9 ?is he takes 8 int]nal s5ses z 8 object & la/ ( all1 :5 he has fully succe$$ 9 ^! attempts1 he takes ! great egohood z 8 object1 9 :i* /age 8 object gradually loses all its det]m9ate "* & he is said to be 9 a /ate ( suppression 9 himself1 al?\gh devoid ( any object4 ,?is /ate1 l ! o!r previ\s /ates ( ! samprajta type1 is a positive /ate ( ! m9d & n a m]e /ate ( vacuity ( objects or negativity4 ,9 ?is /ate1 all det]m9ate "* ( ! /ates disappe>s & _! pot5cies only rema9 alive4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ( a ,yog9 practis+ samdhi consci\s /ates ( ! l[] /ages (t5 int]v5e1 b gradually1 z ! m9d becomes fix$1 ! pot5cies ( ! l[] /ages are ov]come by ! pot5cies ( ?is /age1 s t ! m9d fl[s 9 a calm curr5t & at la/ ! high] praj dawns1 :]eupon ! pot5cies ( ?is /ate also are burnt & ext+ui%$1 ! citta returns back to its own primal cause1 prakti1 & puru%a atta9s absolute fre$om4 ,! fir/ f\r /ages ( ! samprajta /ate are call$ madhumat1 madhupratka1 vioka & ! saskrae%a & also vit>knugata1 vicrnugata1 n&nugata & asmitnugata4 ,true k beg9s to dawn f ! fir/ /age ( ?is samprajta /ate1 & :5 ! ,yog9 rea*es ! la/ /age ! k rea*es its culm9at+ po9t1 b /ill s long z ! pot5cies ( ! l[] /ages ( relative k rema91 ! k _c obta9 absolute c]ta9ty & p]man5cy1 z x w always be ?reat5$ ) a possible encroa*m5t by ! o!r /ates ( ! pa/ ph5om5al activity n[ exi/+ z ! subconsci\s4 ,b ! la/ /age ( asamprajta samdhi repres5ts ! /age 9 :i* ! ord9>y consci\sness has be5 altoge!r surpass$ & ! m9d is 9 its own true inf9ite aspect1 & ! pot5cies ( ! /ages 9 :i* ! m9d 0 full ( f9ite k are also burnt1 s t ) ! return ( ! citta to its primal cause1 f9al emancipation is effect$4 ,! la/ /ate ( samprajta samdhi is call$ saskrae%a1 only because "h ! residua ( ! pot5cies ( subconsci\s ?\ght only rema9 & ! actual /ates ( consci\sness become all ext9ct4 ,x is n[ easy to see t no m9d :i* is n 9 ! ekgra or "o-po9t$ /ate c be fit = ! asamprajta samdhi 9 :i* x has to settle itself on "o object & t alone4 ,s also no m9d :i* has n ris5 to ! /ate ( highe/ suppression is fit = ! asamprajta or nirvja /ate4 ,x is n[ necess>y to come d[n to a l[] level & exam9e ! ob/ructions1 on acc\nt ( :i* a m9d _c easily become "o-po9t$ or ekgra4 ,^!1 n9e 9 numb]1 are ! foll[+3-- ,disease1 languor1 indecision1 want ( ! m5tal requirem5ts necess>y = samdhi1 idl5ess ( body & m9d1 atta*m5t to objects ( s5se1 false & illusory k1 non-atta9m5t ( ! /ate ( conc5trat$ contemplation1 un/ead9ess & un/ability ( ! m9d 9 a samdhi /ate ev5 if x c someh[ atta9 x4 ,^! are aga9 se5 to be accompani$ ) pa9 & despair ow+ to ! non-fulfilm5t ( desire1 physical %ak9ess or un/ead9ess ( ! limbs1 tak+ 9 ( brea? & giv+ out ( x1 :i* are se5 to foll[ ! n9e di/ractions ( a di/ract$ m9d describ$ above4 ,to prev5t ^! di/ractions & _! accompanim5ts x is necess>y t we %\ld practise conc5tration on "o tru?4 ,vcaspati says t ?is "o tru? on :i* ! m9d %\ld be settl$ & fix$ is v>a1 & ,rmn&a ,s>asvat & ,nryaa ,tr?a agree ) him4 ,vijna ,bhik%u1 h[ev]1 says t "o tru? means any object1 gross or f9e1 & ,bhoja supports ,vijna ,bhik%u1 /ay+ t "h 8"o tru?0 might mean any desirable object4 ,abhysa means ! /ead9ess ( ! m9d 9 "o /ate & n complete abs5ce ( any /ate2 = ! ,bh%yakra himself has said 9 ! sampattistra1 t samprajta trance comes aft] ?is /ead9ess4 ,z we %all see lat]1 x means no?+ b ! application ( ! five means1 raddh1 vrya1 smti1 samdhi & praj2 x is an endeav\r to settle ! m9d on "o /ate1 & z su* does n diff] f ! application ( ! five means ( ,yoga ) a view to settle & /eady ! m9d 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,i4 #ac74 ,?is ef=t becomes firmly root$1 be+ well att5d$ to = a long "t )\t int]ruption & ) devotion4 ,n[ x does n matt] v mu* :e!r ?is "o tru? is v>a or any o!r object2 = ! true pr9ciple ( ,yoga is ! sett+ ( ! m9d on "o tru?1 pr9ciple or object4 ,b = an ord9>y man ?is is no easy matt]2 = 9 ord] to be successful ! m9d mu/ be equipp$ ) raddh or fai?--! firm conviction ( ! ,yog9 9 ! c\rse t he adopts4 ,?is keeps ! m9d /eady1 pleas$1 calm & free f d\bts ( any k9d1 s t ! ,yog9 may proce$ to ! realisation ( 8 object )\t any vacillation4 ,unless a man has a firm hold on ! c\rse t he pursues1 all ! /ead9ess t he may acquire w con/antly be ?reat5$ ) ! dang] ( a sudd5 collapse4 ,x w be se5 t vairgya or desirelessness is only ! negative aspect ( ?is raddh4 ,= by x ! m9d is re/ra9$ f ! objects ( s5se1 ) an av]sion or dislike t[>ds ! objects ( s5sual pleasure & worldly desires2 ?is av]sion t[>ds worldly joys is only ! o!r aspect ( ! fai? ( ! m9d & ! calmness ( its curr5ts 7cittaprasda7 t[>ds "r k & absolute fre$om4 ,s x is said t ! vairgya is ! effect ( raddh & its product 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,i4 #bj74 ,9 ord] to make a p]son suitable = ,yoga1 vairgya repres5ts ! cessation ( ! m9d f ! objects ( s5se & _! s-call$ pleasures1 & raddh means ! positive fai? ( ! m9d 9 ! pa? ( ,yoga t "o adopts1 & ! "r aspiration t[>ds atta9+ ! highe/ goal ( absolute fre$om4 ,9 its negative aspect1 vairgya is ( two k9ds1 ap>a & p>a4 ,! ap>a is t ( a m9d free f atta*m5t to worldly enjoym5ts1 su* z wom51 food1 dr9ks & p[]1 z also f ?ir/ = heav5ly pleasures atta9able by practis+ ! v$ic rituals & sacrifices4 ,^? :o are actuat$ by ap>a vairgya d n desire to rema9 9 a bodiless /ate 7videha7 m]g$ 9 ! s5ses or m]g$ 9 ! prakti 7praktilna74 ,x is a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d is indiff]5t to all k9ds ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,?is vairgya may be said to h f\r /ages3 7#a7 ,yatamna--9 :i* s5sual objects are discov]$ to be defective & ! m9d recoils f !m4 7#b7 ,vyatireka--9 :i* ! s5ses to be conqu]$ are not$4 7#c7 ,ek5driya--9 :i* atta*m5t t[>ds int]nal pleasures & av]sion t[>ds ext]nal pa9s1 be+ remov$1 ! m9d sets be=e x ! task ( remov+ atta*m5t & av]sion t[>ds m5tal passions = obta9+ hon\r or avoid+ di%on\r1 etc4 7#d7 ,! f\r? & la/ /age ( vairgya call$ vakra is t 9 :i* ! m9d has p]ceiv$ ! futility ( all attractions t[>ds ext]nal objects ( s5se & t[>ds ! pleasures ( heav51 & hav+ suppress$ !m altoge!r feels no atta*m5t1 ev5 %\ld x come into connection ) !m4 ,) ! consummation ( ?is la/ /age ( ap>a vairgya1 comes ! p>a vairgya :i* is id5tical ) ! rise ( ! f9al praj lead+ to absolute indep5d5ce4 ,?is vairgya1 raddh & ! abhysa repres5t ! unafflict$ /ates 7akli%avtti7 :i* suppress gradually ! kli%a or afflict$ m5tal /ates4 ,^! lead ! ,yog9 f "o /age to ano!r1 & ?us he proce$s high] & high] until ! f9al /ate is atta9$4 ,z vairgya advances1 raddh also advances2 f raddh comes vrya1 en]gy1 or p[] ( conc5tration 7dhra72 & f x aga9 spr+s smti--or cont9uity ( "o object ( ?\ght2 & f x comes samdhi or cognitive & ultra-cognitive trance2 aft] :i* foll[s praj1 cognitive & ultra-cognitive trance2 aft] :i* foll[s praj & f9al release4 ,?us by ! inclusion ( raddh )9 vairgya1 its effect1 & ! o!r products ( raddh ) abhysa1 we see t ! abhysa & vairgya are ! two int]nal means = a*iev+ ! f9al goal ( ! ,yog91 ! supreme suppression & ext9ction ( all /ates ( consci\sness1 ( all afflictions & ! avidy--! la/ /ate ( supreme k or praj4 ,z raddh1 vrya1 smti1 samdhi :i* are n diff]5t f vairgya & abhysa 7!y be+ only _! o!r aspects or simultane\s products71 are ! means ( atta9+ ,yoga1 x is possible to make a classification ( ! ,yog9s accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ^! ) ea*1 & ! /r5g? ( ! quickness 7savega7 ) :i* !y may be appli$ t[>ds atta9+ ! goal ( ! ,yog94 ,?us ,yog9s are ( n9e k9ds3-- 7#a7 mildly en]getic1 7#b7 ( m$ium en]gy1 7#c7 ( int5se en]gy4 ,ea* ( ^! may v>y 9 a ?reefold way accord+ to ! mildness1 m$ium /ate1 or int5sity ( quickness or read9ess ) :i* ! ,yog9 may apply ! means ( atta9+ ,yoga4 ,!re are n9e k9ds ( ,yog9s4 ,( ^! ! be/ is he ^: m9d is mo/ int5sely engag$ & ^: practice is also ! /ronge/4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion "h ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ^w savega1 betwe5 ,vcaspati & ,vijna ,bhik%u4 ,! =m] says t savega means vairgya "h1 b ! latt] holds t savega _c mean vairgya1 & vairgya be+ ! effect ( raddh _c be tak5 sep>ately f x4 8,savega0 means quickness 9 ! p]=mance ( ! means ( atta9+ ,yoga2 "s say t x means 8vairgya40 ,b t is n true1 = if vairgya is an effect ( ! due p]=mance ( ! means ( ,yoga1 !re _c be ! sep>ate n9efold classification ( ,yoga ap>t f ! v>i\s degrees ( int5sity ( ! means ( ,yoga practice4 ,fur!r1 ! ^w 8savega0 does n mean 8vairgya0 etymologically 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,i4 #bj74 ,we h j se5 t raddh1 etc41 are ! means ( atta9+ ,yoga1 b we h n discuss$ :at purificatory actions an ord9>y man mu/ p]=m 9 ord] to atta9 raddh1 f :i* ! o!r requisites are d]iv$4 ,( c\rse ^! purificatory actions are n ! same = all1 s9ce !y mu/ necess>ily dep5d ^u ! conditions ( purity or impurity ( ea* m9d2 ?us a p]son already 9 an advanc$ /ate1 may n ne$ to p]=m ^? purificatory actions necess>y = a man 9 a l[] /ate4 ,we h j said t ,yog9s are ( n9e k9ds1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( _! m5tal acquirem5ts--raddh1 etc4--! requisite means ( ,yoga & ! degree ( rapidity ) :i* !y may be appli$4 ,neglect+ division by /r5g? or quickness ( application along ) ^! m5tal requirem5ts1 we may aga9 divide ,yog9s aga9 into ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ,^? :o h ! be/ m5tal equipm5t4 7#b7 ,^? :o are m$iocres4 7#c7 ,^? :o h l[ m5tal equipm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,yoga aphorisms1 x has be5 /at$ t abhysa1 ! application ( ! m5tal acquirem5ts ( raddh1 etc41 & vairgya1 ! consequ5t cessation ( ! m9d f objects ( di/raction1 lead to ! ext9ction ( all our m5tal /ates & to f9al release4 ,:5 a man is well develop$1 he may re/ cont5t ) 8 m5tal actions alone1 9 8 abhysa & vairgya1 9 8 dhra 7conc5tration71 dhyna 7m$itation71 & samdhi 7trance71 :i* may be call$ ! jnayoga4 ,b x is easy to see t ?is jnayoga requires v high m5tal p[]s & ?us is n )9 easy rea* ( ord9>y p]sons4 ,ord9>y p]sons ^: m9ds are full ( impurities1 mu/ pass ?r\gh a c]ta9 c\rse ( purificatory actions be=e !y c hope to obta9 ^? m5tal acquirem5ts by :i* !y c hope to foll[ ! c\rse ( jnayoga ) facility4 ,^! actions1 :i* remove ! impurities ( ! m9d1 & ?us gradually increase ! lu/re ( k1 until ! f9al /ate ( supreme k is acquir$1 are call$ kriyyoga4 ,!y are also call$ yoggas1 z !y help ! maturity ( ! ,yoga process by gradually increas+ ! lu/re ( k4 ,!y repres5t ! means by :i* ev5 an ord9>y m9d 7vik%iptacitta7 may gradually purify itself & become fit = ! highe/ ideals ( ,yoga4 ,?us ! ,bh%ya says3 8,by ! su/a9$ practice ( ^! yoggas or accessories ( ,yoga is de/roy$ ! fivefold unreal cognition 7avidy71 :i* is ( ! nature ( impurity40 ,de/ruction means "h disappe>ance2 ?us :5 t is de/roy$1 real k is manife/$4 ,z ! means ( a*ievem5t are practis$ m & m1 s is ! impurity m & m att5uat$4 ,& z m & m ( x is de/roy$1 s does ! light ( wisdom g on increas+ m & m4 ,?is process rea*es its culm9ation 9 discrim9ative k1 :i* is k ( ! nature ( puru%a & ! guz4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,yog,,gas ,n[ ! ass]tion t ^! actions are ! causes ( ! atta9m5t ( salvation br+s up ! "q ( ! exact natures ( _! op]ation ) reg>d to ?is supreme atta9m5t4 ,bh%yak>a says ) respect to ?is t !y are ! causes ( ! sep>ation ( ! impurities ( ! m9d j z an axe is ! cause ( ! splitt+ ( a piece ( wood2 & aga9 !y are ! causes ( ! atta9m5t ( ! supreme k j z dhama is ! cause ( happ9ess4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t accord+ to ! ,yoga !ory causation is view$ z m]e trans=mation ( en]gy2 ! op]ation ( concomitant causes only removes ob/acles imp$+ ! progress ( ^! trans=mations 9 a p>ticul> direction2 no cause c ( itself produce any effect1 & ! only way 9 :i* x c help ! production ( an effect into :i* ! causal /ate passes out ( its own imman5t en]gy by ! pr9ciples ( cons]vation & trans=mation ( en]gy1 is by remov+ ! int]v5+ ob/acles4 ,?us j z ! passage ( citta into a happy /ate is help$ by dh>ma remov+ ! int]v5+ ob/acles1 s also ! passage ( ! citta into ! /ate ( atta9m5t ( true k is help$ by ! removal ( ob/ructions due to ! p]=mance ( ! yoggas2 ! necess>y ob/ructions be+ remov$1 ! citta passes naturally ( itself into ?is inf9ite /ate ( atta9m5t ( true k1 9 :i* all f9itude is m]g$4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 ,vysa m5tions n9e k9ds ( op]ation ( causes3 7#a7 cause ( bir?2 7#b7 ( pres]vation2 7#c7 ( manife/ation2 7#d7 ( modification2 7#e7 k ( a premise lead+ to a d$uction2 7#f7 ( o!rness2 7#g7 ( sep>ation2 7#h7 ( atta9m5t2 7#i7 ( uphold+ 7,vysabh%ya1 ,,ii4 #bh47 ,! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy & trans=mation ( en]gy be+ ! root idea ( causation 9 ?is sy/em1 ^! diff]5t aspects repres5t ! diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 :i* ! ^w causation is g5]ally us$4 ,?us1 ! fir/ aspect z ! cause ( bir? or production is se5 :5 k spr+s f manas :i* r5d]s indef9ite cognition def9ite s t m9d is call$ ! cause ( ! bir? ( k4 ,"h m9d is ! mat]ial cause 7updna kraa7 ( ! production ( k1 = k is no?+ b manas ) its p>ticul> modifications z /ates 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #ah74 ,! diff]5ce ( ^! positive cause f ptikraa1 :i* op]ates only 9 a negative way & helps production1 9 an indirect way by ! removal ( ob/acles1 is q manife/4 ,! /hitikraa or cause ?r\gh :i* ?+s are pres]v$ z !y are1 is ! end !y s]ve2 ?us ! s]viceability ( puru%a is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce & pres]vation ( ! m9d z x is1 & n only ( m9d b ( all our ph5om5al exp]i5ces4 ,! ?ird cause ( ! abhivyaktikraa or manife/ation :i* is comp>$ to a lamp :i* manife/s ?+s be=e our view is an epi/emological cause1 & z su* includes all s5se activity 9 connection ) mat]ial objects :i* produce cognition4 ,!n come ! f\r? & ! fif? causes1 vikra 7*ange7 & pratyaya 7insep>able connection72 ?us ! cause ( *ange 7vikra7 is exemplifi$ z t :i* causes a *ange2 ?us ! manas suff]s a *ange by ! objects pres5t$ to x1 j z bile *anges & dige/s ! food t is eat52 ! cause ( pratyaya#da is t 9 :i* f insep>able connection1 ) ! k ( ! premise 7e4g4 !re is smoke 9 ! hill7 we c also h inf]5tial k ( ! o!r 7e4g4 !re is fire 9 ! hill74 ,! six? cause z o!rness 7anyatva7 is t :i* effects *anges ( =m z t br\ght ab\t by a goldsmi? 9 gold :5 he makes a bangle f x1 & !n aga9 a necklace1 is reg>d$ z diff]+ f ! *ange spok5 ( z vikra4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gold be+ turn$ into bangles or necklaces & ! raw rice be+ turn$ into s(t rice is ?is1 t 9 ! =m] case :5 bangles are made out ( gold1 ! gold rema9s ! same 9 ea* case1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! production ( cook$ rice f raw by fire1 ! case is diff]5t1 = heat *anges paddy 9 a f> m def9ite way2 goldsmi? & heat are bo? inde$ effici5t causes1 b ! =m] only effects me*anical *anges ( %ape & =m1 :]eas ! latt] is ! cause ( /ructural & *emical *anges4 ,( c\rse ^! are only examples f ! physical _w1 _! causal op]ations 9 ! m5tal sph]e v>y+ 9 a correspond+ mann]2 ?us ! *ange produc$ 9 ! m9d by ! pres5tation ( diff]5t objects1 foll[s a law :i* is ! same z is f\nd 9 ! physical _w1 :5 ! same object causes diff]5t k9ds ( feel+s 9 diff]5t p]sons2 :5 ignorance causes =getfulness 9 a ?+1 ang] makes x pa9ful & desire makes x pleasurable1 b k ( its true reality produces indiff]5ce2 !re is ?us ! same k9d ( causal *ange z is f\nd 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,next = consid]ation is ! cause ( sep>ation 7viyoga7 :i* is only a negative aspect ( ! positive side ( ! causes ( trans=mations1 z 9 ! gradual ext9ction ( impurities1 consequ5t ^u ! trans=mation ( ! citta t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! supreme /ate ( absolute indep5d5ce ?r\gh discrim9ative k4 ,! la/ cause = consid]ation is t ( uphold+ 7dhti72 ?us ! body upholds ! s5ses & supports !m = ! actualisation ( _! activities 9 ! body1 j z ! five gross elem5ts are ! uphold+ causes ( organic bodies2 ! bodies ( animals1 m51 etc41 also employ "o ano!r = mutual support4 ,?us ! human body lives by eat+ ! bodies ( _m animals2 ! bodies ( tig]s1 etc41 live on ! bodies ( m5 & o!r animals2 _m animals live on ! bodies ( plants1 etc4 7,tattvavairad1 ,,ii4 #bh74 ,! f\r k9ds ( causes m5tion$ 9 ak>a's works & grammatical comm5t>ies l t ( ,su%ea1 viz43 utpdya1 vikryya1 pya & saskryya1 are all includ$ )9 ! n9e causes conta9$ m5tion$ by ,vysa4 ,! yoggas n only remove ! impurities ( ! m9d b help x fur!r by remov+ ob/acles 9 ! way ( atta9+ ! highe/ p]fection ( discrim9ative k4 ,?us !y are ! causes 9 a d\ble s5se 7#a7 ( ! dissociation ( impurities 7viyogakraa72 7#b7 ( remov+ ob/acles :i* imp$e ! c\rse ( ! m9d 9 atta9+ ! highe/ developm5t 7ptikraa74 ,com+ n[ to ! yoggas1 we enum]ate !m ?us3--re/ra9t1 obs]vance1 po/ure1 regulation ( brea?1 ab/raction1 conc5tration1 m$itation & trance3 ^! are ! eight accessories ( ,yoga4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t abhysa & vairgya & also ! five means ( atta9+ ,yoga1 viz43 raddh1 vryya1 etc41 :i* are n diff]5t f abhysa & vairgya1 are by _! v nature includ$ )9 ! yoggas m5tion$ above1 & are n to be consid]$ z indep5d5t means diff]5t f !m4 ,! p>ik>mas or embelli%m5ts ( ! m9d spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ) :i* we %all deal lat] on1 are also includ$ "u ! ?ree yoggas dhra1 dhyna & samdhi4 ,! five means raddh1 vryya1 smti1 samdhi & praj are said to be includ$ "u asceticism 7tapa7 /udies 7svdhyya7 & devotion to ,god ( ! niyamas & vairgya 9 cont5tm5t4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ^! bett]1 we w fir/ give ! def9itions ( ! yoggas & !n discuss !m & asc]ta9 _! relative values = a man /riv+ to atta9 ! highe/ p]fection ( ,yoga4 ,i4 ,yama 7re/ra9t74 ,^! yama re/ra9ts are3 ab/95ce f injury 7ahis72 v]acity2 ab/95ce f !ft2 cont95ce2 ab/95ce f av>ice4 ,,ii4 ,niyama 7obs]vances74 ,^! obs]vances are cleanl9ess1 cont5tm5t1 purificatory action1 /udy & ! mak+ ( ,god ! motive ( all action4 ,,iii4 sanas 7po/ure74 ,/eady po/ure & easy position are reg>d$ z an aid to brea? control4 ,,iv4 ,regulation ( brea? 7pryma7 is ! /oppage ( ! inspiratory & expiratory movem5ts 7( brea?7 :i* may be practis$ :5 /ead9ess ( po/ure has be5 secur$4 ,v4 ,pratyhra 7ab/raction74 ,) ! control ( ! m9d all ! s5ses become controll$ & ! s5ses imitate z x 7 ! vacant /ate ( ! m9d4 ,ab/raction is t by :i* ! s5ses d n come 9 contact ) _! objects & foll[ z x 7 ! nature ( ! m9d4 ,,vi4 ,dhra 7conc5tration74 ,conc5tration is ! /eadfa/ness ( ! m9d appli$ to a p>ticul> object4 ,,vii4 ,dhyna 7m$iation74 ,! cont9uation !re ( ! m5tal ef=t by cont9ually repeat+ ! object is m$itation 7dhyna74 ,,viii4 ,samdhi 7trance contemplation74 ,! same z above :5 %9+ ) ! light ( ! object alone1 & devoid z x 7 ( itself1 is trance4 ,9 ?is /ate ! m9d becomes "o ) its object & !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! kn[] & ! kn[n4 ,^! are ! eight yoggas :i* a ,yog9 mu/ adopt = 8 high] realisation4 ,( ^! aga9 we see t "s h ! m5tal side m pr$om9ant1 :ile o!rs are mo/ly to be actualis$ 9 ext]ior action4 ,dhra1 dhyna & samdhi1 :i* are purely ( ! samprajta type1 & also ! pryma & pratyhra1 :i* are accessories to !m1 s]ve to cleanse ! m9d ( impurities & make x /eady1 & c !re=e be assimilat$ ) ! p>ik>mas m5tion$ 9 ,book ,i4 ,stras #cd-ci4 ,^! samdhis ( ! samprajta type1 ( c\rse1 only s]ve to /eady ! m9d & to assi/ atta9+ discrim9ative k4 ,9 ?is connection1 x w be well to m5tion ! rema9+ aids = cleans+ ! m9d z m5tion$ 9 ,yoga-stra ,i41 viz4 ! cultivation ( ! habits ( fri5dl9ess1 compassion1 complac5cy & indiff]5ce t[>ds happ9ess1 mis]y1 virtue & vice4 ,?is means t we are to cultivate ! habit ( fri5dl9ess t[>ds ^? :o are happy1 :i* w remove all jeal\s feel+s & purify ! m9d4 ,we mu/ cultivate ! habit ( compassion t[>ds ^? :o are suff]+ pa92 :5 ! m9d %[s compassion 7:i* means t x wi%es to remove ! mis]ies ( o!rs z if !y 7 8 own7 x becomes cleans$ ( ! /a9 ( desire to d injury to o!rs1 = compassion is only ano!r "n = sympa?y :i* naturally id5tifies ! compassionate "o ) ! objects ( 8 sympa?y4 ,next comes ! habit ( complac5cy1 :i* "o %\ld dilig5tly cultivate1 = x leads to pleasure 9 virtu\s de$s4 ,?is removes ! /a9 ( envy f ! m9d4 ,next comes ! habit ( indiff]5ce1 :i* we %\ld acquire t[>ds vice 9 vici\s p]sons4 ,we %\ld acquire ! habit ( rema9+ indiff]5t :]e we _c sympa?ise2 we %\ld n on any acc\nt get angry ) ! wick$ or ) ^? ) :om sympa?y is n possible4 ,?is w remove ! /a9 ( ang]4 ,x w be cle>ly se5 "h t matr1 k>u1 mudit & upek% are only diff]5t aspects ( univ]sal sympa?y1 :i* %\ld remove all p]v]sities 9 our nature & unite u ) our fell[-be+s4 ,?is is ! positive aspect ( ! m9d ) ref]5ce to ab/95ce f injur+ ahis 7m5tion$ "u yamas71 :i* w cleanse ! m9d & make x fit = ! application ( means ( raddh1 etc4 ,= unless ! m9d is pure1 !re is no scope = ! application ( ! means ( mak+ x /eady4 ,^! are ! m5tal endeav\rs to cleanse ! m9d & to make x fit = ! prop] manife/ation ( raddh1 etc41 & = /eady+ x ) a view to atta9+ true discrim9ative k4 ,aga9 ( ! p>ik>mas by dhra1 dhyna1 & saprajta samdhi & ! habit ( sympa?y z manife/$ 9 maitr1 k>u1 etc41 ! =m] is a m advanc$ /ate ( ! ext9ction ( impurities ?an ! latt]4 ,b x is easy to see t ord9>y m9ds c nev] comm5ce ) ^! practices4 ,!y are naturally s impure t ! positive univ]sal sympa?y z manife/$ 9 maitr1 etc41 by :i* turbidity ( m9d is remov$1 is too difficult4 ,x is also difficult = !m to keep ! m9d /eady on an object z 9 dhra1 dhyna1 & samdhi1 = only ^? 9 advanc$ /ages c succe$ 9 ?is4 ,= ord9>y p1 !re=e1 "s c\rse ( conduct mu/ be discov]$ by :i* !y c purify _! m9ds & elevate !m to su* an ext5t t !y may be 9 a position to avail !mselves ( ! m5tal p>ik>mas or purifications j m5tion$4 ,our m9ds become /eady 9 proportion z _! impurities are cleans$4 ,! cleans+ ( impurities only repres5ts ! negative aspect ( ! positive side ( mak+ ! m9d /eady4 ,! gross] impurities be+ remov$1 f9] ones rema91 & ^! are remov$ by ! m5tal p>ik>mas1 supplem5t$ by abhysa or by raddh1 etc4 ,z ! impurities are gradually m & m att5uat$1 ! la/ g]ms ( impurity are de/roy$ by ! =ce ( dhyna or ! habit ( nirodha samdhi1 & kaivalya is atta9$4 ,we n[ deal ) yamas1 by :i* ! gross impurities ( ord9>y m9ds are remov$4 ,!y are1 z we h said be=e1 non-injury1 tru?fulness1 non-/eal+1 cont95ce1 & non-covet\sness2 ( ^! non-injury is giv5 su* a high place t x is reg>d$ z ! root ( ! o!r yamas2 tru?fulness1 non-/eal+1 cont95ce1 non-covet\sness & ! o!r niyamas m5tion$ previ\sly only s]ve to make ! non-injury p]fect4 ,we h se5 be=e t maitr1 k>ua1 mudit & upek% s]ve to /r5g!n ! non-injury s9ce !y are only its positive aspects1 b we see n[ t n only !y b o!r yamas & also ! o!r niyamas1 purity1 cont5tm5t1 asceticism1 /udies & devotion to ,god1 only s]ve to make non-injury m & m p]fect4 ,?is non-injury :5 x is p]=m$ )\t be+ limit$ or re/rict$ 9 any way by ca/e1 c\ntry1 "t & circum/ances1 & is always adh]$ to1 is call$ mahvrata or ! great duty ( ab/95ce f injury4 ,x is sometimes limit$ to ca/es1 z = example injury inflict$ by a fi%]man1 & 9 ?is case x is call$ anuvrata or re/rict$ ahis ( ord9>y m5 z oppos$ to univ]sal ahis ( ! ,yog9s call$ mahvrata2 ! same non-injury is limit$ by locality1 z 9 ! case ( a man :o says to himself1 8,i %all n cause injury at a sacr$ place02 or by "t1 :5 a p]son says to himself1 8,i %all n cause injury on ! sacr$ day ( ,caturda02 or by circum/ances1 z :5 a man says to himself1 8,i %all cause injury = ! sake ( gods & ,brahmans only02 or :5 injury is caus$ by w>riors 9 ! battle-field alone & n[h]e else4 ,?is re/rict$ ahis is only = ord9>y m5 :o _c foll[ ! ,yog9's univ]sal law ( ahis4 ,ahis is a great univ]sal duty :i* a man %\ld impose on himself 9 all conditions ( life1 ev]y:]e1 & at all times )\t re/rict+ or qualify+ x ) any limitation :atsoev]4 ,9 ,mahbhrata ,mok%adh>mdhyya x is said t ! ,skhya lays /ress ^u non-injury1 :]eas ! ,yoga lays /ress ^u samdhi2 b "h we see t ,yoga also holds t ahis %\ld be ! greate/ e?ical motive = all our conduct4 ,x is by ahis alone t we c make ourselves fit = ! high] type ( samdhi4 ,all o!r virtues ( tru?fulness1 non-/eal+ only s]ve to make non-injury m & m p]fect4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 easy to say :e!r ! ,skhyi/s atta*$ s mu* importance to non-injury t !y believ$ x to lead to samdhi directly )\t ! int]m$iate /ages ( samdhi4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 t ! ,yoga also atta*es great importance to x & holds t a man %\ld refra9 f all ext]nal acts2 = h[ev] good !y may be !y _c be su* z n to lead to "s k9d ( injury or his t[>ds be+s1 = ext]nal actions c nev] be p]=m$ )\t do+ "s h>m to o!rs4 ,we h se5 t f ?is po9t ( view ,yoga holds t ! only pure works 7uklak>ma7 are ^? m5tal works ( good ?\ghts 9 :i* p]fection ( ahis is atta9$4 ,) ! gr[? ( good works 7uklak>ma7 & ! p]fect realisation ( non-injury ! m9d naturally passes into ! /ate 9 :i* its actions are nei!r good 7ukla7 nor bad 7aukla72 & ?is /ate is imm$iately foll[$ by t ( kaivalya4 ,v]acity consi/s 9 ^w & ?\ght be+ 9 accordance ) facts4 ,spee* & m9d correspond to :at has be5 se51 he>d & inf]r$4 ,spee* is = ! purpose ( transf]r+ k to ano!r4 ,x is always to be employ$ = ! good ( o!rs & n = _! injury2 = x %\ld n be defective z 9 ! case ( ,yudhi%hira1 :]e 8 motive 0 bad4#db ,if x prove to be injuri\s to liv+ be+s1 ev5 ?\gh utt]$ z tru?1 x is n tru?2 x is s9 only4 ,?\gh outw>dly su* a tru?ful c\rse may be consid]$ virtu\s1 yet s9ce by 8 tru? he has caus$ injury to ano!r p]son1 he has 9 reality violat$ ! true /&>d ( non-injury 7ahis74 ,!re=e let ev]yone fir/ exam9e well & !n utt] tru? = ! b5efit ( all liv+ be+s4 ,all tru?s %\ld be te/$ by ! canon ( non-injury 7ahis74 ,a/eya is ! virtue ( ab/a9+ f /eal+4 ,!ft is mak+ "o's own unlawfully ?+s t belong to o!rs4 ,ab/95ce f !ft consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( ! desire !re(4 ,brahmac>yya 7cont95ce7 is ! re/ra9t ( ! g5]ative organ & ! ?or\gh control ( sexual t5d5cies4 ,ap>igraha is want ( av>ici\sness1 ! non-appropriation ( ?+s n "o's own2 ?is is atta9$ on see+ ! defects ( atta*m5t & ( ! injury caus$ by ! obta9+1 pres]vation & de/ruction ( objects ( s5se4 ,if1 9 p]=m+ ! great duty ( non-injury & ! o!r virtues auxili>y to x1 a man be tr\bl$ by ?\ghts ( s91 he %\ld try to remove s9ful ideas by habituat+ himself to ^? :i* are contr>y to !m4 ,?us if ! old habit ( s9s oppos$ to virtues t5d to drive him along ! wrong pa?1 he %\ld 9 ord] to bani% !m ent]ta9 ideas su* z ! foll[+3--8,be+ burnt up z ,i am 9 ! fires ( ! _w1 ,i h tak5 refuge 9 ! practice ( ,yoga :i* gives protection to all liv+ be+s4 ,7 ,i to resume ! s9s :i* ,i h ab&on$1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly be behav+ l a dog1 :i* eats its own vomit4 ,z ! dog takes up 8 own vomit1 s %\ld ,i be act+ if ,i 7 to take up aga9 :at ,i h once giv5 up40 ,?is is call$ ! practice ( pratipak%a bhvn1 m$itat+ on ! opposites ( ! temptations4 ,a classification ( s9s ( non-injury1 etc41 may be made accord+ z !y are actually done1 or caus$ to be done1 or p]mitt$ to be done2 & ^! aga9 may be fur!r divid$ accord+ z !y are prec$$ by desire1 ang] or ignorance2 ^! are aga9 mild1 middl+ or int5se4 ,?us we see t !re may be tw5ty-sev5 k9ds ( su* s9s4 ,mild1 middl+ & int5se are ea* aga9 ?reefold1 mild-mild1 mild-middl+ & mild-int5se2 middl+-mild1 middl+-middl+ & middl+-int5se2 also int5se-mild1 int5se-middl+ & int5se-int5se4 ,?us !re are eighty-"o k9ds ( s9s4 ,b !y become inf9ite on acc\nt ( rules ( re/riction1 option & conjunction4 ,! contr>y t5d5cy consi/s 9 ! notion t ^! immoral t5d5cies cause an inf9ity ( pa9s & untrue k4 ,pa9 & unwisdom are ! un5d+ fruits ( ^! immoral t5d5cies1 & 9 ?is idea lies ! p[] :i* produces ! habit ( giv+ a contr>y tr5d to our ?\ghts4 ,^! yamas1 toge!r ) ! niyamas ab\t to be describ$1 are call$ kriyyoga1 by ! p]=mance ( :i* m5 become fit to rise gradually to ! /ate ( jnayoga by samdhi & to atta9 kaivalya4 ,?is c\rse ?us repres5ts ! fir/ /age ) :i* ord9>y p %\ld beg9 _! ,yoga "w4 ,^? m advanc$1 :o naturally possess ! virtues m5tion$ 9 ,yama1 h no ne$ ( beg9n+ "h4 ,?us x is said t "s may beg9 ) ! niyamas1 asceticism1 svdhyya & devotion to ,god2 x is = ?is reason t1 ?\gh m5tion$ "u ! niyamas1 !y are also specially select$ & spok5 ( z ! kriyyoga 9 ! v fir/ rule ( ! second ,book4 ,asceticism means ! /r5g? ( rema9+ un*ang$ 9 *anges l t ( heat & cold1 hung] & ?ir/1 /&+ & sitt+1 abs5ce ( spee* & abs5ce ( all indications by ge/ure1 etc4 ,svdhyya means ! /udy ( philosophy & repetition ( ! syllable 8,aum40 ,?is v>apraidhna 7devotion to ,god7 is diff]5t f ! v>apraidhna m5tion$ 9 ,yoga-stra1 ,i4 #bc1 :]e x meant love1 homage & adoration ( ,god1 by virtue ( :i* ,god by ,8 grace makes samdhi easy = ! ,yog94 ,"h x is a k9d ( kriyyoga1 & h5ce x means ! be/[al ( all our actions ^u ! ,great ,tea*]1 ,god1 i4e4 to "w1 n = "o's own self b = ,god1 s t a man desi/s f all desires = fruit !refrom4 ,:5 ^! are duly p]=m$1 ! afflictions become gradually att5uat$ & trance is br\ght ab\t4 ,! afflictions ?us att5uat$ become *>act]is$ by unproductiv5ess1 & :5 _! se$-p[] has1 z x 71 be5 burnt up by ! fire ( high intellection & ! m9d unt\*$ by afflictions realises ! di/9ct natures ( puru%a & sattva1 x naturally returns to its own primal cause prakti & kaivalya is atta9$4 ,^? :o are already f> advanc$ d n require ev5 ?is kriyyoga1 z _! afflictions are already 9 an att5uat$ /ate & _! m9ds 9 a fit condition to adapt !mselves to samdhi2 !y c !re=e beg9 at once ) jnayoga4 ,s 9 ! fir/ *apt] x is ) respect to ^! advanc$ m5 t x is said t kaivalya c be atta9$ by abhysa & vairgya1 )\t adopt+ ! kriyyoga 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #b7 kriyyogas4 ,only auca & santo%a n[ rema9 to be spok5 (4 auca means cleanl9ess ( body & m9d4 ,cleanl9ess ( body is br\ght ab\t by wat]1 cleanl9ess ( m9d by removal ( ! m5tal impurities ( pride1 jeal\sy & vanity4 ,santo%a 7cont5tm5t7 is ! abs5ce ( desire to possess m ?an is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( "o's life4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ?is is ! natural result ( ceas+ to desire to appropriate ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,at ! close ( ?is section on ! yamas & niyamas1 x is be/ to note _! diff]5ce1 :i* lies pr9cipally 9 ?is t ! =m] are ! negative virtues1 :]eas ! latt] are positive4 ,! =m] c1 & !re=e mu/1 be practis$ at all /ages ( ,yoga1 :]eas ! latt] be+ positive are atta9able only by di/9ct gr[? ( m9d ?r\gh ,yoga4 ,! virtues ( non-injury1 tru?fulness1 sex re/ra9t1 etc41 %\ld be adh]$ to at all /ages ( ! ,yoga practice4 ,!y are indisp5sable = /eady+ ! m9d4 ,x is said t 9 ! pres5ce ( a p]son :o has acquir$ /ead9ess 9 ahis all animals give up _! habits ( enmity2 :5 a p]son becomes /eady 9 tru?fulness1 :atev] he says becomes fulfill$4 ,:5 a p]son becomes /eady 9 a/eya 7abs5ce ( !ft7 all jewels f all qu>t]s approa* him4 ,cont95ce be+ confirm$1 vig\r is obta9$4 ,non-covet\sness be+ confirm$1 k ( ! causes ( bir?s is atta9$4 ,by /ead9ess ( cleanl9ess1 dis9cl9ation to ?is body & cessation ( desire = o!r bodies is obta9$4 ,:5 ! m9d atta9s int]nal auca1 or cleanl9ess ( m9d1 8 sattva becomes pure1 & he acquires highm9d$ness1 "o-po9t$ness1 control ( ! s5ses & fitness = ! k ( self4 ,by ! /ead9ess ( cont5tm5t comes ! acquisition ( extreme happ9ess4 ,by /ead9ess ( asceticism ! impurities ( ?is body are remov$1 & f t come miracul\s p[]s ( endurance ( ! body & also miracul\s p[]s ( ! s5se1 viz4 clairaudi5ce & ?\ght-read+ f a di/ance4 ,by /ead9ess ( /udies ! gods1 ! %is & ! siddhas become visible4 ,:5 v>a is made ! motive ( all actions1 trance is atta9$4 ,by ?is ! ,yog9 kn[s all t he wants to "k1 j z x is 9 reality1 :e!r 9 ano!r place1 ano!r body or ano!r "t4 ,8 intellect kn[s ev]y?+ z x is4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be said1 says ,vcaspati1 t inasmu* z ! saprajta is atta9$ by mak+ v>a ! motive ( all actions1 ! rema9+ sev5 yoggas are useless4 ,= ! yoggas are useful 9 ! atta9m5t ( t m5tal mood :i* devotes all actions to ! purposes ( v>a4 ,!y are also useful 9 ! atta9m5t ( saprajta samdhi by sep>ate k9ds ( collocations1 & samdhi also leads to ! fruition ( saprajta1 b ?\gh ?is m$itation on v>a is itself a species ( v>apraidhna1 saprajta ,yoga is a yet m direct means4 ,z to ! relation ( v>apraidhna ) ! o!r agas ( ,yoga1 ,bhik%u writes3--,x _c be ask$ :at is ! use ( ! o!r discipl9>y practices ( ! ,yoga s9ce ,yoga c be atta9$ by m$itation on v>a1 = m$itation on v>a only removes ignorance4 ,! o!r accessories br+ ab\t samdhi by _! own specific modes ( op]ation4 ,moreov]1 x is by help ( m$itation on v>a t "o succe$s 9 br++ ab\t samdhi1 ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( all ! accessories ( ,yoga2 s ! accessories ( ,yoga _c be reg>d$ z unnecess>y2 = x is ! accessories :i* produce dhraa1 dhyna & samdhi1 ?r\gh m$itation on ,god1 & !reby salvation2 devotion to ,god br+s 9 ,8 grace & ?r\gh x ! yoggas c be duly p]=m$4 ,s ?\gh devotion to ,god may be consid]$ z ! direct cause1 x _c be d5i$ t ! due p]=mance ( ! yoggas is to be consid]$ z ! indirect cause4 sanas are secur$ :5 ! natural involunt>y movem5ts cease1 & ?is may be effect$ by conc5trat+ ! m9d on ! my?ological snake :i* quietly be>s ! burd5 ( ! e>? on its head4 ,?us po/ure becomes p]fect & ef=t to t end ceases1 s t !re is no movem5t ( ! body2 or ! m9d is trans=m$ into ! inf9ite1 :i* makes ! idea ( inf9ity its own & !n br+s ab\t ! p]fection ( po/ure4 ,:5 po/ure has once be5 ma/]$ !re is no di/urbance ?r\gh ! contr>ies ( heat & cold1 etc4 ,aft] hav+ secur$ /ability 9 ! sanas ! prymas %\ld be attempt$4 ,! pause t comes aft] a deep inhalation & t aft] a deep exhalation are ea* call$ a pryma2 ! fir/ is ext]nal1 ! second int]nal4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird mode1 by means ( :i*1 s9ce ! lungs are nei!r too mu* dilat$ nor too mu* contract$1 total re/ra9t is obta9$2 cessation ( bo? ^! motions takes place by a s+le ef=t1 j z wat] ?r[n on a heat$ /one %rivels up on all sides4 ,^! c be regulat$ by calculat+ ! /r5g? ( inhalation & exhalation ?r\gh space1 "t or numb]4 ,?us z ! brea?+ becomes sl[]1 ! space t x occupies also becomes small] & small]4 ,space aga9 is ( two k9ds1 int]nal & ext]nal4 ,at ! "t ( inhalation1 ! brea? occupies int]nal space1 :i* c be felt ev5 9 ! soles ( h& & feet1 l ! slight t\* ( an ant4 ,to try to feel ?is t\* along ) deep inhalation s]ves to l5g!n ! p]iod ( cessation ( brea?+4 ,ext]nal space is ! di/ance f ! tip ( ! nose to ! remote/ po9t at :i* brea? :5 inhal$ c be felt1 by ! palm ( ! h&1 or by ! movem5t ( any light sub/ance l cotton1 etc41 plac$ !re4 ,j z ! brea?+ becomes sl[] & sl[]1 ! di/ances trav]s$ by x also becomes small] & small]4 ,regulations by "t is se5 :5 ! att5tion is fix$ ^u ! "t tak5 up 9 brea?+ by mom5ts1 a mom5t 7k%aa7 is ! f\r? "p ( ! tw9kl+ ( ! eye4 ,regulation by "t ?us means ! fact ( our calculat+ ! /r5g? ( ! pryma ! mom5ts or k%az sp5t 9 ! acts ( inspiration1 pause & respiration4 ,^! prymas c also be measur$ by ! numb] ( mom5ts 9 ! normal duration ( brea?s4 ,! "t tak5 by ! respiration & expiration ( a heal?y man is ! same z t measur$ by snapp+ ! f+]s aft] turn+ ! h& ?rice ov] ! knee & is ! measure ( duration ( normal brea?2 ! fir/ attempt or udghta call$ mild is measur$ by ?irty-six su* mtrs or measures2 :5 d\bl$ x is ! second udghta call$ middl+2 :5 trebl$ x is ! ?ird udghta call$ int5se4 ,gradually ! ,yog9 acquires ! practice ( pryma ( long duration1 by daily practice increas+ 9 succession f a day1 a =tnight1 a mon?1 etc4 ,( c\rse he proce$s fir/ by ma/]+ ! fir/ udghta1 !n ! second1 & s on until ! duration increases up to a day1 a =tnight1 a mon? z /at$4 ,!re is also a f\r? k9d ( pryma transc5d+ all ^! /ages ( un/eady practice1 :5 ! ,yog9 is /eady 9 8 cessation ( brea?4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! prymas are be+ practis$1 ! m9d mu/ be fix$ by dhyna & dhra to "s object ext]nal or int]nal1 )\t :i* ^! w be ( no avail = ! true object ( ,yoga4 ,by ! practice ( pryma1 m9d becomes fit = conc5tration z describ$ 9 ! stra ,i4 #cd1 :]e x is said t /ead9ess is acquir$ by pryma 9 ! same way z conc5tration1 z we also f9d 9 ! stra ,,ii4 #ec4 ,:5 ! s5ses are re/ra9$ f _! ext]nal objects by pratyhra we h :at is call$ pratyhra1 by :i* ! m9d rema9s z if 9 its own nature1 be+ altoge!r id5tifi$ ) ! object ( inn] conc5tration or contemplation2 & ?us :5 ! citta is aga9 suppress$1 ! s5ses1 :i* h already ceas$ com+ into contact ) o!r objects & become subm]g$ 9 ! citta1 also cease along ) x4 ,dh>aa is ! conc5tration ( citta on a p>ticul> place1 :i* is s v necess>y at ! "t ( prymas m5tion$ be=e4 ,! m9d may ?us be held /eadfa/ 9 su* places z ! sph]e ( ! navel1 ! lotus ( ! he>t1 ! light 9 ! bra91 ! =ep>t ( ! nose1 ! =ep>t ( ! tongue1 & su* l p>ts ( ! body4 ,dhyna is ! cont9uance or *ang+ fl[ ( ! m5tal ef=t 9 ! object ( dh>aa unm$iat$ by any o!r break ( consci\s /ates4 ,samdhi1 or trance contemplation1 results :5 by deep conc5tration m9d becomes trans=m$ into ! %ape ( ! object ( contemplation4 ,by pratyhra or p[] ( ab/raction1 m9d desi/s f all o!r objects1 except ! "o on :i* x is int5d$ t x %\ld be c5tr$2 ! ,yog91 z he ?us ab/racts 8 m9d1 %\ld also try to fix x ^u "s int]nal or ext]nal object1 :i* is call$ dhra2 x mu/ also be notic$ t to acquire ! habit ( dhra & 9 ord] to inhibit ! ab/raction aris+ f %ak9ess & un/ead9ess ( ! body1 x is necess>y to practise /eadfa/ po/ure & to cultivate ! pryma4 ,s too = ! purpose ( inhibit+ di/ractions aris+ f brea?+4 ,aga91 be=e a man c hope to atta9 /eadfa/ness 9 ^!1 he mu/ desi/ f any conduct oppos$ to ! yamas1 & also acquire ! m5tal virtues /at$ 9 ! niyamas1 & ?us secure himself aga9/ any intrusion ( di/ractions aris+ f 8 m5tal passions4 ,^! are ! indirect & remote conditions :i* qualify a p]son = atta9+ dhra1 dhyna1 & samdhi4 ,a man :o ?r\gh 8 good de$s or by ! grace ( ,god is already s mu* advanc$ t he is naturally above all su* di/ractions1 = ! removal ( :i* x is necess>y to practise ! yamas1 ! niyamas1 ! sanas1 ! pryma & pratyh>a1 may at once beg9 ) dhra2 dhra we h se5 means conc5tration1 ) ! advancem5t ( :i* ! m9d becomes /eady 9 repeat+ ! object ( its conc5tration1 i4e4 ?9k+ ( t ?+ alone & no o!r ?+2 ?us we see t ) ! practice ( ?is /ate call$ dhyna1 or m$itation1 9 :i* ! m9d fl[s /eadily 9 t "o /ate )\t any int]ruption1 gradually ev5 ! consci\s fl[ ( ?is activity ceases & ! m9d1 trans=m$ into ! %ape ( ! object "u conc5tration1 becomes /eady !re94 ,we see !re=e t samdhi is ! consummation ( t process :i* beg9s 9 dhra or conc5tration4 ,^! ?ree1 dhra1 dhyna & samdhi1 repres5t ! ?ree /ages ( ! same process ( :i* ! la/ "o is ! p]fection2 & ^! ?ree are toge!r te*nically call$ sayama1 :i* directly leads to & is imm$iately foll[$ by ! samprajta /ate1 :]eas ! o!r five yoggas are only its indirect or remote causes4 ,^! ?ree are1 h[ev]1 n ess5tial = ! asamprajta /ate1 = a p]son :o is v f> advanc$1 or "o :o is ! special object ( ,god's grace1 may pass at once by int5se vairgya & abhysa into ! nirodha /ate or /ate ( suppression4 ,z ! k ( samdhi gradually dawns ?r\gh ! possession ( sayama1 s is ! sayama gradually /r5g!n$4 ,= ?is sayama also rises high] & high] ) ! dawn+ ( prajloka or light ( samdhi k4 ,?is is ! beg9n+1 = "h ! m9d c hold sayama or conc5trate & become "o ) a gross object toge!r ) its "n1 etc41 :i* is call$ ! savit>ka /ate2 ! next plane or /age ( sayama is t :]e ! m9d becomes "o ) ! object ( its m$itation1 )\t any consci\sness ( its "n1 etc4 ,next come ! o!r two /ages call$ savicra & nirvicra :5 ! m9d is fix$ on subtle sub/ances1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,/ages ,,( ,,sam,,dhi ,saprajta samdhi 7absorptive conc5tration 9 an object7 may be divid$ into f\r classes1 savit>ka1 nirvit>ka1 savicra & nirvicra4 ,to compreh5d its scope we mu/ fir/ ( all und]/& ! relation betwe5 a ?+1 its concept1 & ! p>ticul> "n ) :i* ! concept or ?+ is associat$4 ,x is easy to see t ! ?+ 7ar?a71 ! concept 7jna71 & ! "n 7abda7 are q di/9ct4 ,b /ill1 by =ce ( association1 ! ^w or "n /&s bo? = ! ?+ & its concept2 ! function ( m9d1 by virtue ( :i* despite ?is unreality or want ( _! hav+ any real id5tity ( connection !y seem to be s mu* associat$ t ! "n _c be diff]5tiat$ f ! ?+ or its idea1 is call$ vikalpa4 ,n[ t /ate ( samdhi 9 :i* ! m9d seems to become "o ) ! ?+1 toge!r ) its "n & concept1 is ! l[e/ /age ( samdhi call$ savit>ka2 x is ! l[e/ /age1 because "h ! gross object does n appe> to ! m9d 9 its true reality1 b only 9 ! false illusory way 9 :i* x appe>s associat$ ) ! concept & ! "n 9 ord9>y life4 ,?is /ate does n diff] f ord9>y conceptual /ates1 9 :i* ! p>ticul> ?+ is n only associat$ ) ! concepts & _! names1 b also ) o!r concepts & _! v>i\s relations2 ?us a c[ w n only appe> be=e ! m9d ) its concept & "n1 b also along ) o!r relations & ?\ghts associat$ ) c[s1 z = example--8,?is is a c[1 x belongs to s & s1 x has s _m hairs on its body1 & s =?40 ,?is /ate is !re=e ! fir/ /age ( samdhi1 9 :i* ! m9d has n become /eady & is n z yet beyond ! range ( our ord9>y consci\sness4 ,! nirvit>ka /age arises f ?is :5 ! m9d by its /ead9ess c become "o ) its object1 dive/$ ( all o!r associations ( "n & concept1 s t x is 9 direct t\* ) ! reality ( ! ?+1 uncontam9at$ by associations4 ,! ?+ 9 ?is /ate does n appe> to be an object ( my consci\sness1 b my consci\sness becom+ dive/$ ( all 8,i0 or 8m9e10 becomes "o ) ! object itself2 s t !re is no su* notion "h z 8,i "k ?is10 b ! m9d becomes "o ) ! ?+1 s t ! notion ( subject & object drops (f & ! result is ! "o /eady trans=mation ( ! m9d into ! object ( its contemplation4 ,?is /ate br+s home to u real k ( ! ?+1 dive/$ f o!r false & illusory associations1 :i* f> f expla9+ ! real nature ( ! object1 s]ves only to hide x4 ,?is samdhi k or praj is call$ nirvit>ka4 ,! objects ( ?is /ate may be ! gross mat]ial objects & ! s5ses4 ,n[ ?is /ate is foll[$ by ! /ate ( savicr praj1 :i* dawns :5 ! m9d neglect+ ! grossness ( ! object s9ks deep] & deep] into its f9] con/itu5ts2 ! appe>ance ( ! ?+ 9 its gross] aspects drops (f & ! m9d hav+ sunk deep1 c5tres 9 & id5tifies itself ) ! subtle tanmtras1 :i* are ! con/itu5ts ( ! atoms1 z a conglom]ation ( :i* ! object appe>$ be=e our eyes 9 ! nirvit>ka /ate4 ,?us :5 ! m9d1 aft] id5tify+ itself ) ! sun 9 its true aspect z pure light1 t5ds to settle on a /ill f9] /ate ( x1 ei!r by mak+ ! s5ses s /eady t ! outw>d appe>ance vani%es1 or by seek+ f9] & f9] /ages ?an ! gross] manife/ation ( light z su*1 x appreh5ds ! tanmtric /ate ( ! light & kn[s x z su*1 & we h :at is call$ ! savicra /age4 ,x has great simil>ities ) ! savit>ka /age1 :ile its diff]5ces f t /age spr+ f ! fact t "h ! object is ! tanmtra & n ! gross bhta4 ,! m9d 9 ?is /age hold+ communion ) ! rpa tanmtra1 = example1 is n col\r$ v>i\sly z r$1 blue1 etc41 z 9 ! savit>ka communion ) gross light1 = ! tanmtric light or light pot5tial has no su* v>ieties z diff]5t k9ds ( col\r1 etc41 s t !re are also no su* diff]5t k9ds ( feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 z arise f ! manifold v>ieties ( ord9>y light4 ,?is is a /ate ( feel+less repres5tation ( "o uni=m tanmtric /ate1 :5 ! object appe>s z a conglom]ation ( tanmtras ( rpa1 rasa or g&ha1 z ! case might be4 ,?is /ate1 h[ev]1 is n indet]m9ate1 z ! nirvit>ka /age1 = ?is tanmtric conception is associat$ ) ! notions ( "t1 space & causality1 = ! m9d "h feels t x sees ^? tanmtras :i* are 9 su* a subtle /ate t !y are n associat$ ) pleasures & pa9s4 ,!y are also end[$ ) causality 9 su* a way t f !m & _! p>ticul> collocations orig9ate ! atoms4 ,x mu/ be not$ "h t ! subtle objects ( conc5tration 9 ?is /age are n ! tanmtras alone1 b also o!r subtle sub/ances includ+ ! ego1 ! buddhi & ! prakti4 ,b :5 ! m9d acquires ! complete habit ( ?is /ate 9 :i* x becomes id5tifi$ ) ^! f9e objects--! tanmtras--etc41 !n all conceptual notions ( ! associations ( "t1 space1 causality1 etc41 spok5 ( 9 ! savicra & ! savit>ka /ate vani% away & x becomes "o ) ! f9e object ( its communion4 ,^! two k9ds ( praj1 savicra & nirvicra1 aris+ f communion ) ! f9e tanmtras1 h be5 collocat$ "u "o "n z vicrnugata4 ,b :5 ! object ( communion is ! s5ses1 ! samdhi is call$ n&nugata1 & :5 ! object ( communion is ! subtle cause ! ego 7asmit71 ! samdhi is kn[n z asmitnugata4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! object ( ! la/ two v>ieties ( samdhi1 viz4 n&nugata & asmitnugata1 & also ab\t ! g5]al s*eme ( division ( ! samdhis4 ,vcaspati ?9ks t ,yoga-stra ,i4 #da sugge/s ! int]pretation t ! saprajta samdhis may be divid$ into ?ree diff]5t classes accord+ z _! objects ( conc5tration belong to "o or o!r ( ! ?ree diff]5t planes ( grhya 7ext]nal objects71 grahaa 7! s5ses7 & graht 7! ego74 ,s he ref]s vit>ka & vicra to ! plane ( grhya 7physical objects & tanmtras71 n&nugata to ! plane ( grahaa 7! s5ses7 & asmitnugata to ! plane ( graht4 ,bhik%u1 h[ev]1 disapproves ( su* an int]pretation4 ,he holds t 9 n&nugata ! object ( conc5tration is bliss 7n&a7 & n ! s5ses4 ,:5 ! ,yog9 rises to ! vicrnugata /age !re is a great fl[ ( sattva :i* produces bliss1 & at ?is ! m9d becomes "o ) ?is n&a or bliss1 & ?is samdhi is !re=e call$ n&nugata4 ,bhik%u does n ?9k t 9 asmitnugata samdhi ! object ( conc5tration is ! ego4 ,he ?9ks t 9 ?is /age ! object ( conc5tration is ! concept ( self 7kevalapuru%kr savit7 :i* has only ! =m ( ego or 8,i0 7asmtyetvanmtrkratvdasmit74 ,aga9 accord+ to ,vcaspati 9 addition to ! f\r v>ieties ( savit>ka1 nirvit>ka1 savicra & nirvicra !re are two v>ieties ( n&anugata z sn&a & nirn&a & two v>ieties ( asmitnugata z ssmita & nirasmita4 ,?is gives u eight diff]5t k9ds ( samdhi4 ,) ,bhik%u !re are only six k9ds ( samdhi1 = he admits only "o v>iety z n&nugata & "o v>iety z asmitnugata4 ,bhik%u's classification ( samdhis is giv5 bel[ 9 a tabul> =m 7see ,vcaspati's ,tattvavairad & ,yoga-vrttika1 ,i4 #ag1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd74 samprajta samdhi ---------------------------------------- --- /hlavi%ayaka sk%ma vi%ayaka 7vit>knugata7 samdhi --------------------------- ------------------- n&a asmit #a4 savit>ka #b4 nirvit>ka or puru%a 7) associations 7)\t association ( "n & concept ( "n7 #e4 7n&nugata7 #f4 7asmitnugata7 ( ! object7 tanmtra vicrnugata samdhi ----------------------------- #c4 savicra #d4 nirvicra 7) association ( 7)\t association "n & concept ( "n1 etc4 7 ( ! tanmtras7 ,?r\gh ! nirvicra /ate our m9ds become altoge!r purifi$ & !re spr+s ! praj or k call$ tambh> or true2 ?is true k is altoge!r diff]5t f ! k :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,v$as or f inf]5ces or f ord9>y p]ceptions2 = ! k t x c give ( ,reality c nev] be _h by any o!r means1 by p]ception1 inf]5ce or te/imony1 = _! communication is only by ! conceptual process ( g5]alisations & ab/ractions & ^! c nev] help u to affirm any?+ ab\t ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 :i* are altoge!r diff]5t f _! illusory demon/rations 9 conceptual t]ms :i* only prev5t u f kn[+ ! true reality4 ,! pot5cy ( ?is praj arre/s ! pot5cy ( ord9>y /ates ( consci\sness & ?us atta9s /ability4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is praj is also suppress$1 we h :at is call$ ! /ate ( nirvja samdhi1 at ! end ( :i* comes f9al praj lead+ to ! dissolution ( ! citta & ! absolute fre$om ( ! puru%a4 ,samdhi we h se5 is ! m9d's becom+ "o ) an object by a process ( acute conc5tration ^u x & a cont9u\s repetition ( x ) ! exclusion ( all o!r ?\ghts ( all k9ds4 ,we h inde$ describ$ ! pr9cipal /ages ( ! advancem5t ( samprajta ,yoga1 b x is impossible to give an exact picture ( x ) ! symbolical expressions ( our concepts2 = ! /ages only become cle> to ! m5tal vision ( ! ,yog9 z he gradually acquires firmness 9 8 practice4 ,! ,yog9 :o is practis+ at once comes to "k !m z ! high] /ages gradually dawn 9 8 m9d & he di/+ui%es !m f ea* o!r2 x is ?us a matt] ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 s t no tea*] c tell him :e!r a c]ta9 /age :i* foll[s is high] or l[]1 = ,yoga itself is its own tea*]4 ,ev5 :5 ! m9d is 9 ! samprajta /ate x is said to be 9 vyut?na 7ph5om5al7 9 comp>ison ) ! nirodha /ate1 j z ! ord9>y consci\s /ates are call$ vyut?na 9 comp>ison ) ! samprajta /ate2 ! pot5cies ( ! samprajta /ate become weak] & weak]1 :ile ! pot5cies ( ! nirodha /ate become /rong] & /rong] until f9ally ! m9d comes to ! nirodha /ate & becomes /able !re92 ( c\rse ?is conta9s )9 itself a long m5tal hi/ory1 = ! pot5cy ( ! nirodha /ate c become /rong] only :5 ! m9d practises x & rema9s 9 ?is suppress$ condition = long int]vals ( "t4 ,?is %[s t ! m9d1 be+ made up ( ! ?ree guz1 is always suff]+ trans=mations & *anges4 ,?us f ! ord9>y /ate ( ph5om5al consci\sness x gradually becomes "o-po9t$ & !n gradually becomes trans=m$ into ! /ate ( an object 7int]nal or ext]nal71 :5 x is said to be und]go+ ! samdhi p>ima or samdhi *ange ( ! samprajta type2 next comes ! *ange1 :5 ! m9d passes f ! samprajta /age to ! /ate ( suppression 7nirodha74 ,"h also1 !re=e1 we see t ! same dh>ma1 lak%a1 ava/hp>ima :i* we h already describ$ at "s l5g? ) reg>d to s5sible objects apply also to ! m5tal /ates4 ,?us ! *ange f ! vyut?na 7ord9>y exp]i5ce7 to ! nirodha /ate is ! dh>map>ima1 ! *ange z manife/$ 9 "t1 s t we c say t ! *ange ( vyut?na into nirodha has n yet come1 or has j come1 or t ! vyut?na /ate 7ord9>y exp]i5ce7 exi/s no long]1 ! m9d hav+ trans=m$ itself into ! nirodha /ate4 ,!re is also "h ! ?ird *ange ( condition1 :5 we see t ! pot5cies ( ! samprajta /ate become weak] & weak]1 :ile t ( ! nirodha /ate becomes /rong] & /rong]4 ,^! are ! ?ree k9ds ( *ange :i* ! m9d und]goes call$ ! dh>ma1 lak%aa & ava/h *ange4 ,b !re is "o diff]5ce betwe5 ?is *ange ?us describ$ f ! *anges obs]v$ 9 s5sible objects t "h ! *anges are n visible b are only to be inf]r$ by ! passage ( ! m9d f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,x has be5 said t !re are two diff]5t k9ds ( qualities ( ! m9d1 visible & invisible4 ,! visible qualities ^: *anges c be notic$ are consci\s /ates1 or ?\ght-products1 or p]cepts1 etc4 ,! invisible ones are sev5 9 numb] & _c be directly se51 b _! exi/5ce & *anges or modifications may be e/abli%$ by inf]5ce4 ,^! are suppression1 *>act]isation1 subconsci\s ma9t5ance ( exp]i5ce1 con/ant *ange1 life1 movem5t & p[] or en]gy4 ,9 connection ) samprajta samdhi "s miracul\s atta9m5ts are describ$1 :i* are said to /r5g!n ! fai? or belief ( ! ,yog9 9 ! processes ( ,yoga z ! pa? ( salvation4 ,^! are l ! products or ! m5tal exp]im5ts 9 ! ,yoga me?od1 by :i* p may become conv9c$ ( ! me?od ( ,yoga z be+ ! true "o4 ,no reasons are (f]$ z to ! reason = ^! atta9m5ts1 b !y are said to happ5 z a result ( m5tal union ) diff]5t objects4 ,x is be/ to note !m "h 9 a tabul> =m4 ,object ( ,sayama4 ,sayama4 ,atta9m5t4 7#a7 ,?reefold *ange ( ?+s ,sayama4 z dh>ma1 lak%aa & ava/hp>ima4 7#b7 ,! di/9ctions ( "n1 ,k ( ! s\nds ( ext]nal object & ! all liv+ be+s4 concept :i* ord9>ily appe>s unit$ z "o4 7#c7 ,residual pot5cies saskra ,k ( previ\s life4 ( ! nature ( dh>ma & adh>ma4 7#d7 ,concepts alone 7sep>at$ ,k ( o!r m9ds4 f ! objects74 7#e7 ,ov] ! =m ( body4 ,disappe>ance 7by virtue ( p]ceptibility be+ *eck$74 7#f7 ,k>ma ( fa/ or sl[ ,k ( dea?4 fruition4 7#g7 ,fri5dl9ess1 sympa?y1 & ,p[]4 compassion4 7#h7 ,p[]s ( elephant4 ,p[] ( elephant4 7#i7 ,sun4 ,k ( ! _w 7! geographical position ( c\ntries1 etc474 7#aj7 ,heav5s4 ,k ( ! heav5ly sy/ems4 7#aa7 ,pole />4 ,k ( its movem5ts4 7#ab7 ,pl5us ( ! navel4 ,k ( ! sy/em ( ! body4 7#ac7 ,base ( ! ?roat4 ,subdual ( hung] & ?ir/4 7#ad7 ,tortoise tube4 ,sayama4,/ead9ess4 7#ae7 ,coronal light4 ,vision ( ! p]fect$ ones--! k ( ! se]1 or all k by presci5ce4 7#af7 ,heat4 ,k ( ! m9d4 7#ag7 ,puru%a4 ,k ( puru%a4 7#ah7 ,gross nature subtle ,control ov] ! elem5t p]vasiv5ess & f :i* foll[s purposefulness4 att5uation1 p]fection ( ! body & non-resi/ance by _! *>act]i/ics4 7#ai7 ,act1 sub/antive appe>ance1 ,ma/]y ov] ! s5ses2 egoism1 p]vasiv5ess & !nce quickness ( m9d1 purposefulness ( unaid$ m5tal p]ception s5sation4 & ma/]y ov] ! pradhna4 ,^! vibhtis1 z !y rise ) ! p]=mance ( ! processes ( ,yoga1 gradually deep5 ! fai? raddha ( ! ,yog9 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 de$s & ?us help t[>ds 8 ma9 goal or ideal by always pu%+ or draw+ him =w>d t[>ds x by ! great] & great] /r5g!n+ ( 8 fai?4 ,dive/$ f ! ideal1 !y h no value4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,god ,,9 ,,yoga ,aft] describ+ ! nature ( k>mayoga1 & ! way 9 :i* x leads to jnayoga1 we mu/ n[ describe ! ?ird & easie/ means ( atta9+ salvation1 ! bhaktiyoga & ! position ( v>a 9 ! ,yoga sy/em1 ) ref]5ce to a p]son :o seeks deliv]ance f ! bonds & %ackles ( avidy4 v>a 9 ! ,yoga sy/em is t puru%a :o is di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! fact ( 8 be+ unt\*$ by ! afflictions or ! fruits ( k>ma4 ,o!r puru%as are also 9 reality unt\*$ by ! afflictions1 b !y1 seem+ly at lea/1 h to und]go ! afflictions & consequ5tly bir? & rebir?1 etc41 until !y are aga9 f9ally releas$2 b v>a1 ?\gh he is a puru%a1 yet does n suff] 9 any way any sort ( bondage4 ,he is always free & ev] ! ,"l4 ,he nev] _h nor w h any relation to ^! bonds4 ,he is also ! tea*] ( ! anci5t tea*]s beyond ! range ( condition+ "t4 ,?is nature ( v>a has be5 affirm$ 9 ! scriptures & is !re=e tak5 z true on _! au?ority4 ,! au?ority ( ! scriptures is aga9 ackn[l$g$ only because !y h proce$$ f ,god or v>a4 ,! objection t ?is is an argum5t 9 a circle has no place "h1 s9ce ! connection ( ! scriptures ) v>a is beg9n+less4 ,!re is no o!r div9ity equal to v>a1 because 9 ! case ( su* equality !re might be opposition betwe5 rival v>as1 :i* might result 9 ! l[]+ 9 degree ( any ( !m4 ,he is omnisci5t 9 ! highe/ degree1 = 9 him is ! fur!/ limit ( omnisci5ce1 beyond :i* !re is no?+4 ,?is v>a is all-m]ciful1 & ?\gh he has no desires to satisfy1 yet = ! sake ( 8 devotees he dictates ! ,v$as at ea* evolution ( ! _w aft] dissolution4 ,b he does n release all p]sons1 because he helps only s f> z ea* des]ves2 he does n nullify ! law ( k>ma1 j z a k+1 ?\gh q free to act 9 any way he likes1 puni%es or rew>ds p z !y des]ve4 ,at ! end ( ea* kalpa1 he adopts pure body f 8 sattva1 :i* is devoid ( any k>maya1 & ?us communicates ?r\gh x to all 8 devotees & dictates ! ,v$as4 ,aga9 at ! "t ( dissolution ?is body ( pure sattva becomes subm]g$ 9 prakti2 & at ! "t ( its subm]sion1 v>a wi%es t x might come =? aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! new creation2 ?us = ev] at ea* new creation ! pure sattva body spr+s =? & is subm]g$ aga9 into prakti at ! "t ( ! dissolution ( ! univ]se4 ,9 accept+ ?is body he has no p]sonal desires to satisfy1 z we h said be=e4 ,he adopts x only = ! purpose ( sav+ mank9d by in/ruct+ !m z to k & piety1 :i* is n possible )\t a pure sattvamaya body2 s he adopts x1 b is n affect$ 9 any way by x4 ,"o :o is "u ! control ( nesci5ce _c di/+ui% 8 real nature f nesci5ce1 & ?us is always l$ by x1 b su* is n ! case ) v>a1 = he is n 9 any way "u its control1 b only adopts x z a means ( communicat+ k to mank9d4 ,a ,yog9 also :o has atta9$ absolute indep5d5ce may simil>ly accept "o or m pure sattvamaya nirma cittas f asmitmtra & may produce "o citta z ! sup]9t5d5t ( all ^!4 ,su* a citta adopt$ by a true ,yog9 by ! =ce ( 8 m$itation is n "u ! control ( ! vehicles ( action z is ! case ) ! o!r f\r k9ds ( citta f bir?1 o%adhi1 mantra & tapas4 ,! praava or okra is 8 "n2 ?\gh at ! "t ( dissolution1 ! ^w ( praava toge!r ) its d5otative p[] becomes subm]g$ 9 ! prakti1 to reappe> ) ! new creation1 j z roots %oot =? f ! gr\nd 9 ! ra9y season4 ,?is praava is also call$ svdhyya4 ,by conc5tration ( ?is svdhyya or praava1 ! m9d becomes "o-po9t$ & fit = ,yoga4 ,n[ "o ( ! means ( atta9+ ,yoga is v>apraidhna1 or wor%ip ( ,god4 ,?is ^w1 accord+ to ! comm5tators1 is us$ 9 two s5ses 9 ! fir/ & ! second books ( ! ,ptajala ,yoga aphorisms4 ,9 ! fir/ book x means love or devotion to ,god z ! "o c5tre ( m$itation1 9 ! second x is us$ to mean ! abnegation ( all desires ( ! fruits ( action to v>a1 & ?us v>apraidhna 9 ?is s5se is includ$ "u kriyyoga4 ,?is d$ication ( all fruits ( action to v>a1 purifies ! m9d & makes x fit = ,yoga & is di/+ui%$ f ! v>apraidhna ( ! fir/ book z ! bhvan ( praava & v>a 9 ?is t x is connect$ ) actions & ! abnegation ( _! fruits1 :]eas ! latt] consi/s only 9 keep+ ! m9d 9 a wor%ipful /ate t[>ds v>a & 8 ^w or "n praava4 ,by devotion 7bhakti7 v>a is drawn t[>ds ! devotee ?r\gh 8 nirma citta ( pure sattva & by 8 grace he removes all ob/ructions ( illness1 etc41 describ$ 9 ,i4 #cj1 #ca1 & at once prep>es 8 m9d = ! highe/ realisation ( 8 own absolute indep5d5ce4 ,s = a p]son :o c love & adore v>a1 ?is is ! easie/ c\rse ( atta9+ samdhi4 ,we c make our m9ds pure mo/ easily by ab&on+ all our actions to v>a & atta9+ salvation by firm & /eady devotion to ,him4 ,?is is ! sph]e ( bhaktiyoga by :i* ! t$i\s complexity ( ! ,yoga process may be avoid$ & salvation spe$ily acquir$ by ! supreme grace ( v>a4 ,?is means is n1 h[ev]1 di/9ct f ! g5]al means ( ,yoga1 viz4 abhysa & vairgya1 :i* applies to all /ages4 ,= "h also abhysa applies to ! devotion ( v>a z "o supreme tru? & vairgya is necess>ily associat$ ) all true devotion & adoration ( v>a4 ,?is conception ( v>a diff]s f ! conception ( v>a 9 ! ,rmnuja sy/em 9 ?is t !re prakti & puru%a1 acit & cit1 =m ! body ( v>a1 :]eas "h v>a is consid]$ z be+ only a special puru%a ) ! a=esaid p[]s4 ,9 ?is sy/em v>a is n ! sup]9t5d5t ( prakti 9 ! s5se ( ! latt]'s rema9+ 9 him 9 an undiff]5tiat$ way1 b is reg>d$ z ! sup]9t5d5t ( dh>ma & adh>ma1 & 8 ag5cy is active only 9 ! removal ( ob/acles1 !reby help+ ! evolution>y process ( prakti4 ,?us v>a is di/+ui%$ f ! v>a ( ,sak>a ,v$nta 9 ?is t !re true exi/5ce is ascrib$ only to v>a1 :]eas all o!r =ms & modes ( ,be+ are only reg>d$ z illusory4 ,f :at we h se5 above x is cle> t ! ma9 /ress ( ! ,yoga philosophy is on ! me?od ( samdhi4 ,! k t c be acquir$ by x diff]s f all o!r k9ds ( k1 ord9>y p]ception1 inf]5ce1 etc41 9 ?is t x alone c br+ objects be=e our m5tal eye ) ! cle>e/ & mo/ un]r+ light ( compreh5sibility 9 :i* ! true nature ( ! ?+ is at once obs]v$4 ,inf]5ces & ! words ( scriptures are bas$ on concepts or g5]al notions ( ?+s4 ,= ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$as is manife/$ 9 words2 & words are b names1 t]ms or concepts =m$ by not+ ! g5]al simil>ities ( c]ta9 ?+s & b9d+ !m d[n by a symbol4 ,all d$uctive inf]5ces are also bas$ ^u major propositions arriv$ at by inductive g5]alisations2 s x is easy to see t all k t c be acquir$ by !m is only g5]alis$ conceptions4 ,_! process only repres5ts ! me?od by :i* ! m9d c pass f "o g5]alis$ conception to ano!r2 s ! m9d c 9 no way atta9 ! k ( real ?+s1 absolute species1 :i* are n ! g5us ( any o!r ?+2 s inf]5ce & scripture c only communicate to u ! nature ( ! agreem5t or simil>ity ( ?+s & n ! real ?+s z !y are4 ,ord9>y p]ception also is n ( mu* avail "h1 s9ce x _c br+ )9 its scope subtle & f9e ?+s & ?+s t are ob/ruct$ f ! view ( ! s5ses4 ,b samdhi has no su* limitations & ! k t c be atta9$ by x is absolutely unob/ruct$1 true & real 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]ms4 ,( all ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,yoga & ,skhya ! admission ( v>a by ! =m] & ! emphasis giv5 by x to ! ,yoga practice are ! mo/ important 9 di/+ui%+ x f ! latt]4 ,x seems probable t v>a 0 traditionally believ$ 9 ! ,yoga s*ool to be a protector ( ! ,yog9s proce$+ 9 _! ardu\s c\rse ( complete self-control & absorptive conc5tration4 ,! *ances ( a p]son adopt+ ! c\rse ( ,yoga practice = ! atta9m5t ( success 9 ?is field does n dep5d only on ! ex]tions ( ! ,yog91 b ^u ! concurr5ce ( _m conv5i5t circum/ances su* z physical fitness1 fre$om f illnesses & o!r ob/acles4 ,fai? 9 ! patronage ( ,god 9 fav\r ( hone/ work]s & believ]s s]v$ to pacify _! m9ds & fill !m ) ! *e]ful hope & confid5ce :i* 7 s necess>y = ! success ( ,yoga practice4 ,! metaphysical functions :i* are ascrib$ to v>a seem to be lat] additions = ! sake ( r5d]+ 8 position m 9 h>mony ) ! sy/em4 ,m]e fai? 9 v>a = ! practical b5efit ( ! ,yog9s is ?us int]pret$ by a ref]5ce to 8 sup]9t5d5ce ( ! developm5t ( cosmic evolution4 ,skhya reli$ l>gely on philosophical ?9k+ lead+ to prop] discrim9ation z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 prakrti & puru%a :i* is ! /age imm$iately antec$5t to emancipation4 ,!re be+ ?us no practical ne$ = ! admission ( v>a1 ! !oretical ne$ 0 also ignor$ & x 0 held t ! inh]5t teleological purpose 7puru%r?at7 ( prakti 0 suffici5t to expla9 all ! /ages ( cosmic evolution z well z its f9al sep>ation f ! puru%as4 ,we h j se5 t ,skhya does n admit ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & consid]s t salvation c be obta9$ only by a /eady p]sev]ance 9 philosophical ?9k+1 & does n put emphasis on ! practical ex]cises :i* are reg>d$ z ess5tial by ! ,yoga4 ,"o o!r po9t ( diff]5ce ought to be not$ ) reg>d to ! conception ( avidy4 ,accord+ to ,yoga1 avidy1 z we h already expla9$ x1 means positive untrue beliefs su* z believ+ ! impure1 unet]nal1 sorr[1 & non-self to be ! pure et]nal1 pleasure & ! self respectively4 ,) ,skhya1 h[ev]1 avidy is only ! non-di/9ction ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 prakti & puru%a4 ,bo? ,skhya & ,yoga admit t our bondage to prakti is due to an illusion or ignorance 7avidy71 b ,skhya holds ! akhyti !ory :i* reg>ds non-di/9ction ( ! diff]5ce z ! cause ( illusion :]eas ! ,yoga holds ! anya?khyti !ory :i* reg>ds positive misappreh5sion ( ! "o z ! o!r to be ! cause ( illusion4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( ! categories z held by ,skhya & ,yoga4 ,?is also acc\nts = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! te*nical t]ms ( prakti1 vikti & prakti-vikti ( ,skhya & ! vie%a & avie%a ( ! ,yoga4 ,! doctr9e ( dh>ma1 lak%aa & ava/hp>ima1 ?\gh n 9 any way antagoni/ic to ,skhya1 is n s def9itely describ$ z 9 ! ,yoga4 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k t ,skhya did n believe 9 atoms z ,yoga did4 ,b ?\gh ! ^w p>amu has n be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,krik1 x does n seem t ,skhya did n believe 9 atoms2 & we h already notic$ t ,bhik%u consid]s ! ^w sk%ma 9 ,krik #ci z ref]r+ to ! atoms4 ,!re are also slight diff]5ces ) reg>d to ! process involv$ 9 p]ception & ?is has be5 dealt ) 9 my ,yoga philosophy 9 relation to o!r ,indian sy/ems ( ?\ght4#dc ,on almo/ all o!r fundam5tal po9ts ,skhya & ,yoga are 9 complete agreem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,matt] ,,& ,,m9d ,9 conclusion x may be wor? :ile say+ a few words z to !ories ( ! physical _w supplem5t>y to ! views t h already be5 /at$ above4 ,gross matt]1 z ! possibility ( s5sation1 has be5 divid$ into five classes1 accord+ to _! relative grossness1 correspond+ to ! relative grossness ( ! s5ses4 ,"s mod]n inve/igators h tri$ to und]/& ! five bhtas1 viz4 ka1 m>ut1 tejas1 ap & k%iti z e!r1 gase\s heat & light1 liquids & solids4 ,b ,i _c v5ture to agree :5 ,i reflect t solidity1 liquidity & gase\sness repres5t only an imp]man5t aspect ( matt]4 ,! division ( matt] f ! /&po9t ( ! possibility ( our s5sations1 has a firm root 9 our nature z cognis+ be+s & has !re=e a bett] rational foot+ ?an ! mod]n *emical division into elem5ts & comp\nds1 :i* are be+ daily ?reat5$ by ! gradual advance ( sci5tific culture4 ,?is c>ries ) x no fix$ & consi/5t rational conception z d ! def9itions ( ! anci5ts1 b is a m]e make%ift = und]/&+ or repres5t+ c]ta9 *emical *anges ( matt] & has !re=e a m]ely relative value4 ,!re are five aspects f :i* gross matt] c be view$4 ,^! are 7#a7 /hla 7gross71 7#b7 sv>pa 7sub/antive71 7#c7 sk%ma 7subtle71 7#d7 anvaya 7conjunction71 7#e7 ar?avattva 7purpose = use74 ,! /hla or gross physical *>act]i/ics ( ! bhtas are describ$ z foll[s3-- ,qualities ( ,e>?--,=m1 heav9ess1 r\ghness1 ob/ruction1 /ability1 manife/ation 7vtti71 diff]5ce1 support1 turbidity1 h>dness & enjoyability4 ,ap--,smoo?ness1 subtlety1 cle>ness1 :it5ess1 s(tness1 heav9ess1 coolness1 cons]vation1 purity1 cem5tation4 ,tejas--,go+ upw>ds1 cook+1 burn+1 light1 %9+1 dissipat+1 en]gis+4 ,vyu--,transv]se motion1 purity1 ?r[+1 pu%+1 /r5g?1 movability1 want ( %ad[4 ka--,motion 9 all directions1 non-agglom]ation1 non-ob/ruction4 ,^! physical *>act]i/ics are di/+ui%$ f ! aspects by :i* !y appeal to ! s5ses1 :i* are call$ _! sv>pas4 ,e>? is *>act]is$ by g&ha or smell1 ap by rasa or ta/e1 tejas by rpa1 etc4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 we see t smell arises by ! contact ( ! nasal organ ) ! h>d p>ticles ( matt]2 s ?is h>dness or solidity :i* c s g5]ate ! s5sibility ( g&ha1 is said to be ! sv>pa ( k%iti4 ,ta/e c orig9ate only 9 connection ) liquidity1 s ?is liquidity or sneha is ! sv>pa or nature ( ap4 ,light--! quality ( visibility--manife/s itself 9 connection ) heat1 s heat is ! sv>pa ( fire4 ,! s5sibility ( t\* is g5]at$ 9 connection ) ! vibration ( air on ! epid]mal surface2 s ?is vibratory nature is ! sv>pa ( air4 ,! s5sibility to s\nd proce$s f ! nature ( ob/ructionlessness1 :i* belongs to ka1 s ?is ob/ructionlessness is ! sv>pa ( ka4 ,! ?ird aspect is ! aspect ( tanmtras1 :i* are ! causes ( ! atoms or p>amu4 ,_! f\r? aspect is _! aspect ( guz or qualities ( illum9ation1 action1 in]tia4 ,_! fif? aspect is t by :i* !y are s]viceable to puru%a1 by caus+ 8 pleasurable or pa9ful exp]i5ces & f9ally 8 lib]ation4 ,speak+ ( aggregation ) reg>d to ! /ructure ( matt]1 we see t ?is is ( two k9ds 7#a7 :5 ! p>ts are 9 intimate union & fusion1 e4g4 any vegetable or animal body1 ! p>ts ( :i* c nev] be consid]$ sep>ately4 7#b7 ,:5 !re are su* me*anical aggregates or collocations ( di/9ct & indep5d5t p>ts yutasiddhvayava z ! trees 9 a =e/4 ,a dravya or sub/ance is an aggregate ( ! =m] type1 & is ! gr\p+ ( g5]ic or specific qualities & is n a sep>ate entity--! abode ( g5]ic & specific qualities l ! dravya ( ! ,vaie%ika conception4 ,! aspect ( an unification ( g5]ic & specific qualities se5 9 p>ts unit$ 9 intimate union & fusion is call$ ! dravya aspect4 ,! aggregation ( p>ts is ! /ructural aspect ( :i* ! side ( appe>ance is ! unification ( g5]ic & specific qualities call$ ! dravya4 ,! o!r aggregation ( yutasiddhvayava1 i4e4 ! collocation ( ! di/9ct & indep5d5t p>ts1 is aga9 ( two k9ds1 7#a7 9 :i* /ress may be laid on ! di/9ction ( p>ts1 & 7#b7 t 9 :i* /ress is laid on _! unity r ?an on _! di/9ctness4 ,?us 9 ! expression mango-grove1 we see t _m mangoes make a grove1 b ! mangoes are n diff]5t f ! grove4 ,"h /ress is laid on ! aspect t mangoes are ! same z ! grove1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case :5 we say t "h is a grove ( mangoes1 = ! expression 8grove ( mangoes0 cle>ly br+s home to our m9ds ! side ( ! di/9ct mango-trees :i* =m a grove4 ,( ! gross elem5ts1 ka seems especially to require a ^w ( explanation4 ,!re are accord+ to ,vijna ,bhik%u & ,ngea two k9ds ( ka--kraa 7or primal7 & krya 7atomic74 ,! fir/ or orig9al is ! undiff]5tiat$ =mless tamas1 = 9 t /age x has n ! quality ( manife/+ itself 9 s\nds4 ,?is kraa lat] on develops into ! atomic ka1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( s\nd4 ,accord+ to ! conception ( ! purz1 ?is k>yka evolves f ! ego z ! fir/ envelope ( vyu or air4 ,! kraaka or non-atomic ka %\ld n be consid]$ z a m]e vacuum1 b mu/ be conceiv$ z a positive1 all-p]vasive entity1 some?+ l ! e!r ( mod]n physici/s4 ,f ?is ka spr+s ! atomic ka or kryka1 :i* is ! cause ( ! manife/ation ( s\nd4 ,all p[]s ( he>+1 ev5 ?\gh !y h _! orig9 9 ! pr9ciple ( egoism1 reside 9 ! ka plac$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! e>4 ,:5 s\ndness or defect is notic$ !re91 s\ndness or defect is also notic$ 9 ! p[] ( he>+4 ,fur!r1 :5 ( ! s\nds work+ 9 unison ) ! p[] ( he>+1 ! s\nds ( solids1 etc41 are to be appreh5d$1 !n ! p[] ( he>+ locat$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! e> requires ! capacity ( resonance resid+ 9 ! sub/ratum ( ! ka ( ! e>4 ,?is s5se ( he>+1 !n1 op]ates :5 x is attract$ by ! s\nd orig9at$ & locat$ 9 ! m\? ( ! speak]1 :i* acts z a load/one4 ,x is ?is ka :i* gives p5etrability to all bodies2 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is1 all bodies w\ld be s compact t x w\ld be difficult to pi]ce !m ev5 ) a ne$le4 ,9 ! ,skhya-stra ,,ii4 #ab1 x is said t et]nal "t & space are ( ! nature ( ka4 ,s ?is s-call$ et]nal "t & space d n diff] f ! "o undiff]5tiat$ =mless tamas ( :i* we h j spok54 ,relative & inf9ite "t arise f ! motion ( atoms 9 space--! cause ( all *ange & trans=mation2 & space z relative position _c be bett] express$ ?an 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,seal1 z 8totality ( positions z an ord] ( co-exi/5t po9ts1 & z su* x is :olly relative to ! und]/&+ l ord] 9 "t1 be+ con/ruct$ on ! basis ( relations ( position intuit$ by our empirical or relative consci\sness4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 space ord] & "t ord]3--!re is no unit ( space z position 7dik7 ?\gh we may conceive "t1 z ! mom5t 7k%aa7 reg>d$ z ! unit ( *ange 9 ! causal s]ies4 ,spatial position 7dik7 results only f ! diff]5t relations 9 :i* ! all-p]vasive ka /&s to ! v>i\s f9ite objects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 space z ext5sion or locus ( a f9ite body1 or dea1 has an ultimate unit1 be+ analysable into ! inf9itesimal ext5sion quality inh]5t 9 ! guz ( prakti40#dd ,citta or m9d has two degrees3 7#a7 ! =m ( /ates su* z real cognition1 includ+ p]ception1 inf]5ce1 compet5t evid5ce1 unreal cognition1 imag9ation1 sleep & memory4 7#b7 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* all ^? /ates are suppress$4 ,betwe5 ! /age ( complete outgo+ activity ( ord9>y exp]i5ce 7vyut?na7 & complete suppression ( all /ates1 !re are ?\s&s ( /ates ( inf9ite v>iety1 ?r\gh :i* a man's exp]i5ces h to pass1 f ! vyut?na /ate to ! nirodha4 ,9 addition to ! five /ates spok5 ( above1 !re is ano!r k9d ( real k & intuition1 call$ praj1 :i* dawns :5 by conc5tration ! citta is fix$ ^u any "o /ate & t alone4 ,?is praj is sup]ior to all o!r means ( k1 :e!r p]ception1 inf]5ce or compet5t evid5ce ( ! ,v$as1 9 ?is1 t x is altoge!r un]r+1 unre/rict$ & unlimit$ 9 its scope4 ,prama1 we h se51 includes p]ception1 inf]5ce & compet5t evid5ce4 ,p]ception orig9ates :5 ! m9d or citta1 ?r\gh ! s5ses 7e>1 sk91 eye1 ta/e & nose7 is modifi$ by ext]nal objects & passes to !m1 g5]at+ a k9d ( k ab\t !m 9 :i* _! specific *>act]s become m pr$om9ant4 ,m9d is all-p]vasive & c come 9 t\* ) ! ext]nal _w1 by :i* we h ! p]ception ( ! ?+4 ,l light1 :i* emits rays & p]vades all1 ?\gh x rema9s 9 "o place1 ! citta by its vttis comes 9 contact ) ! ext]nal _w1 is *ang$ into ! =m ( ! object ( p]ception & ?us becomes ! cause ( p]ception2 z ! citta has to pass ?r\gh ! s5ses1 x becomes col\r$ by !m1 :i* expla9s ! fact t p]ception is impossible )\t ! help ( ! s5ses4 ,z x has to pass ?r\gh ! s5ses1 x und]goes ! limitations ( ! s5ses1 :i* x c avoid1 if x c directly conc5trate itself ^u any object )\t ! help ( ! s5ses2 f ?is orig9ates ! praj1 ?r\gh :i* dawns absolute real k ( ! ?+2 unhamp]$ by ! limitations ( ! s5ses :i* c act only )9 a c]ta9 area or di/ance & _c cognize subtl] objects4 ,we see t 9 ord9>y p]ception our m9ds are drawn t[>ds ! object1 z iron is attract$ by magnets4 ,?us ,bhik%u says 9 expla9+ ,vysa-bh%ya ,,iv4 #ag3-- 8,! objects ( k1 ?\gh inactive 9 !mselves1 may yet draw ! ev]*ang+ cittas t[>ds !m l a magnet & *ange !m 9 accordance ) _! own =ms1 j z a piece ( clo? is turn$ r$ by com+ into contact ) r$ lac40 ,s x is t ! cittas atta9 ! =m ( any?+ ) :i* !y come 9 t\* & !re is !n ! p]ception t t ?+ is kn[n4 ,p]ception 7pratyak%a7 is di/+ui%$ f inf]5ce1 etc41 9 ?is1 t "h ! k arriv$ at is pr$om9antly ( ! specific & special *>act]s 7vie%a7 ( ! ?+ & n ( its g5]ic qualities u 9 inf]5ce1 etc4 ,inf]5ce proce$s f inf]5ce1 & dep5ds ^u ! fact t c]ta9 common qualities are f\nd 9 all ! memb]s ( a class1 z di/+ui%$ f ! memb]s ( a diff]5t class4 ,?us ! qualities affirm$ ( a class w be f\nd to exi/ 9 all ! individual memb]s ( t class2 ?is attribution ( ! g5]ic *>act]s ( a class to ! individual memb]s t come "u x is ! ess5ce ( inf]5ce4 ,an object p]ceiv$ or inf]r$ by a compet5t man is describ$ by him 9 words ) ! int5tion ( transf]r+ 8 k to ano!r2 & ! m5tal modification1 :i* has = its sph]e ! mean+ ( su* words1 is ! v]bal cognition ( ! he>]4 ,:5 ! speak] has nei!r p]ceiv$ nor inf]r$ ! object1 & speaks ( ?+s :i* _c be believ$1 ! au?ority ( v]bal cognition fails4 ,b x does n fail 9 ! orig9al speak]1 ,god or v>a1 & 8 dictates ! /ras ) ref]5ce ei!r to ! object ( p]ception or ( inf]5ce4 ,vip>yyaya or unreal cognition is ! k ( ! unreal z 9 d\bt--a k :i* possesses a =m t does n tally ) ! real nature ( ! ?+ ei!r z d\bt or z false k4 ,d\bt may be illu/rat$ by tak+ ! case ( a man :o sees some?+ 9 dim light & d\bts its nature4 8,is x a wood5 po/ or a man80 ,9 nature !re is ei!r ! wood5 po/ or ! man1 b !re is no su* fact or entity :i* corresponds ) d\bt3 8,is x a wood5 po/ or a man80 ,k z d\bt is n cognition ( a fact or entity4 ,! illusion ( see+ all ?+s yell[ ?r\gh a defect ( ! eye 7z 9 jaundice7 c only be correct$ :5 ! objects are se5 9 _! true col\rs4 ,9 d\bt1 h[ev]1 _! defective nature is at once manife/4 ,?us :5 we _c be sure :e!r a c]ta9 ?+ is a po/ or a man1 we "k t our k is n def9ite4 ,s we h n to wait till ! illusor9ess ( ! previ\s k is demon/rat$ by ! adv5t ( "r k4 ,! evil nature ( vip>yyaya is exemplifi$ 9 avidy nesci5ce1 asmit1 rga1 etc4#de ,vip>yyaya is di/+ui%$ f vikalpa--imag9ation--9 ?is1 t ?\gh ! latt] is also unreal k its nature z su* is n demon/rat$ by any k t foll[s1 b is on ! contr>y admitt$ on all sides by ! common cons5t ( mank9d4 ,b x is only ! le>n$ :o c demon/rate by argum5ts ! illusor9ess ( vikalpa or imag9ation4 ,all class notions & concepts are =m$ by tak+ note only ( ! g5]al *>act]s ( ?+s & associat+ !m ) a symbol call$ 8"n40 ,?+s !mselves1 h[ev]1 d n exi/ 9 ! nature ( ^! symbols or names or concepts2 x is only an aspect ( !m t is diagrammatically repres5t$ by ! intellect 9 ! =m ( concepts4 ,:5 concepts are unit$ or sep>at$ 9 our ?\ght & language1 !y consequ5tly repres5t only an imag9>y plane ( k1 = ! ?+s are n z ! concepts repres5t !m4 ,?us :5 we say 8,caitra's c[10 x is only an imag9>y relation =1 /rictly speak+1 no su* ?+ exi/s z ! c[ ( ,caitra4 ,caitra has no connection 9 reality ) ! c[4 ,:5 we say puru%a is ( ! nature ( consci\sness1 !re is ! same illusory relation4 ,n[ :at is "h pr$icat$ ( :at8 ,puru%a is consci\sness itself1 b 9 pr$ication !re mu/ always be a /atem5t ( ! relation ( "o to ano!r4 ,?us x sometimes breaks a concept into two p>ts & pr$icates ! "o ( ! o!r1 & sometimes pr$icates ! unity ( two concepts :i* are diff]5t4 ,?us its sph]e has a wide latitude 9 all ?\ght-process conduct$ ?r\gh language & involves an elem5t ( ab/raction & con/ruction :i* is call$ vikalpa4 ,?is repres5ts ! faculty by :i* our concepts are arrang$ 9 an analytical or syn!tical proposition4 ,x is said to be abdajnnupti va/unyo vikalpa1 i4e4 ! k t spr+s f relat+ concepts or names1 :i* relat+ does n actually exi/ 9 ! objective _w z x is repres5t$ 9 propositional =ms4 ,sleep is t m5tal /ate :i* has = its objective sub/ratum ! feel+ ( empt9ess4 ,x is call$ a /ate or notion ( m9d1 = x is call$ back on awak5+2 :5 we feel t we h slept well our m9ds are cle>1 :5 we h slept badly our m9ds are li/less1 w&]+ & un/eady4 ,= a p]son :o seeks to atta9 communion or samdhi1 ^! desires ( sleep are to be suppress$1 l all o!r desires4 ,memory is ! reta9+ 9 ! m9d ( objects p]ceiv$ :5 p]ception occurs by ! union ( ! cittas ) ext]nal objects1 accord+ to ! =ms ( :i* ! cittas are trans=m$2 x reta9s ^! p]ceptions1 z impressions or saskras by means ( its inh]5t tamas4 ,^! saskras g5]ate memory1 :5 su* ev5ts occur z c manife/ !m by virtue ( associations4 ,?us memory comes :5 ! p]cepts already kn[n & acquir$ are kept 9 ! m9d 9 ! =m ( impressions & are manife/$ by ! udbodhakas or associative manife/ors4 ,x diff]s f p]ceptions 9 ?is t ! latt] are ( ! nature ( p]ceiv+ ! unkn[n & unp]ceiv$1 :]eas ! =m] s]ves to br+ be=e ! m9d p]cepts t h already be5 acquir$4 ,memory is !re=e ( p]cepts already acquir$ by real cognition1 unreal cognition1 imag9ation1 sleep & memory4 ,x manife/s itself 9 dreams z well z 9 wak+ /ates4 ,! relation betwe5 ^! /ates ( m9d & ! saskras is ?is t _! frequ5cy & repetition /r5g!ns ! saskras & ?us ensures ! revival ( ^! /ates4 ,!y are all end[$ ) sukha 7pleasure71 dukha 7pa97 & moha 7ignorance74 ,^! feel+s _c be treat$ sep>ately f ! /ates !mselves1 = _! manife/ations are n diff]5t f ! manife/ation ( ! /ates !mselves4 ,k & feel+ are b two diff]5t aspects ( ! modifications ( cittas d]iv$ f prakti2 h5ce nei!r c be ?\ght sep>ately f ! o!r4 ,! fusion ( feel+ ) k is !re=e "h m fundam5tal ?an 9 ! mod]n trip>tite division ( m9d4 ,9 connection ) ?is we are to consid] ! s5ses ^: action on ! ext]nal _w is kn[n z 8p]ceiv+10 8grahaa10 :i* is di/+ui%$ f 8pratyak%a10 :i* means ! effect ( 8p]ceiv+10 viz4 p]ception4 ,ea* s5se has got its special sph]e ( "w1 e4g4 sight is ( ! eye1 & ?is is call$ _! second aspect1 viz4 sv>pa4 ,_! ?ird aspect is ( 8asmit0 or ego1 :i* manife/s itself ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,_! f\r? aspect is _! *>act]i/ic ( guz1 viz4 t ( manife/ation 7praka71 action 7kriy7 & ret5tion 7/hiti74 ,_! fif? aspect is t !y are set 9 motion = puru%a1 8 exp]i5ces & lib]ation4 ,x is inde$ difficult to f9d ! relation ( manas ) ! s5ses & ! cittas4 ,9 m ?an "o place manas is id5tifi$ ) cittas1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is describ$ z a s5se organ4 ,!re is ano!r aspect 9 :i* manas is said to be ! k+ ( ! cognitive & motor s5ses4 ,look$ at 9 ?is aspect1 manas is possibly ! directive side ( ! ego by :i* x guides ! cognitive & conative s5ses 9 ! ext]nal _w & is ! cause ( _! h>moni\s activity = ! exp]i5ce ( puru%a4 ,z a necess>y attribute ( ?is directive "* ( manas1 ! p[] ( conc5tration1 :i* is develop$ by pryma1 is said to belong to manas4 ,?is is ! rajas side ( manas4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( manas :i* is call$ ! anuvyavasya or reflection1 by :i* ! s5sations 7locana7 are associat$1 diff]5tiat$1 integrat$1 assimilat$ into p]cepts & concepts4 ,?is is possibly ! sttvika side ( manas4 ,!re is ano!r aspect by :i* ! p]cepts & concepts are reta9$ 7dhraa7 9 ! m9d z saskras1 to be repeat$ or reveal$ aga9 9 ! m9d z actual /ates4 ,?is is ! tamas side ( manas4 ,9 connection ) ?is we may m5tion ha 7positive argum5tation71 apoha 7negative argum5tation7 & tattvajna 7logical conclusion7 :i* are ! modes ( diff]5t anuvyavasyas ( ! manas4 ,w1 etc41 are to be includ$ ) ^! 7,yoga-v>ttik1 ,,ii4 #ah74 ,look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( cittas1 ^! may equally be reg>d$ z ! modifications ( cittas4 ,! motives :i* su/a9 ?is process ( outgo+ activity are false k1 & su* o!r emotional elem5ts z egoism1 atta*m5t1 av]sion1 & love ( life4 ,^! emotional elem5ts rema9 9 ! m9d 9 ! g]m9al /ate z p[] alone2 or !y exi/ 9 a fully op]ative /ate :5 a man is "u ! influ5ce ( any "o ( !m2 or !y alt]nate ) o!rs1 su* z atta*m5t or av]sion2 or !y may become att5uat$ by m$itation ^u opposites4 ,accord+ly !y are call$ respectively prasupta1 udra1 vic*9na or tanu4 ,man's m9ds or cittas may foll[ ^! outgo+ /ates or exp]i5ces1 or gradually remove ^? emotions :i* are commonly call$ afflictions1 ?us n>r[+ _! sph]e & proce$+ t[>ds f9al release4 ,all ! psy*ic /ates describ$ above1 viz4 prama1 vip>yyaya1 etc41 are call$ ei!r afflict$ or unafflict$ accord+ z !y are mov$ t[>ds outgo+ activity or are actuat$ by ! high] motive ( emancipation by n>r[+ ! field ( exp]i5ces gradually to a small] & small] sph]e & aft]w>ds to suppress !m altoge!r4 ,^! two k9ds ( motives1 "o ( afflictions t lead t[>ds ext]nal objects ( atta*m5t & av]sion or love ( life1 & ! o!r :i* leads to /riv+ = kaivalya1 are ! sole motives :i* guide all human actions & psy*ic /ates4 ,!y influ5ce u :5ev] suitable opportunities occur1 s t by ! /udy ( ! ,v$as1 self-criticism or "r argum5tation1 or f ! in/ruction ( good m51 abhysa & vairgya may be r\s$ by vidy4 ,"r k & a t5d5cy t[>ds kaivalya may appe> 9 ! m9d ev5 :5 a man is imm]s$ 9 ! afflict$ /ates ( outgo+ activity4 ,s also afflict$ /ates may appe> :5 a man is b5t ^u or f> advanc$ 9 ^? actions :i* are r\s$ by vidy or ! t5d5cy t[>ds kaivalya4 ,x seems t ! ,yoga view ( actions1 or k>ma1 does n deprive man ( 8 fre$om ( w4 ,! habit ( p]=m+ p>ticul> types ( action only /r5g!ns ! correspond+ subconsci\s impressions or saskras ( ^? actual /ates1 & ?us makes x m & m difficult to ov]come _! prop5sity to g5]ate _! correspond+ actual /ates1 & ?us ob/ructs ! adoption ( an unhamp]$ & free c\rse ( action4 ,! o!r limitation to ! scope ( ! activity ( 8 free w is ! vsan aspect ( ! saskras by :i* he naturally feels himself atta*$ by pleasurable ties to c]ta9 exp]i5ces & by pa9ful ones to o!rs4 ,b ^! only repres5t ! difficulties & imp$im5ts :i* come to a man1 :5 he has to adopt ! ,yoga c\rse ( life1 ! contr>y ( :i* he might h be5 practis+ = a v long p]iod1 ext5d+ ov] _m life-/ates4 ,! free w is n curb$ 9 any way1 = x foll[s directly f ! teleological purpose ( prakti1 :i* moves = ! exp]i5ce & lib]ation ( puru%a4 ,s ?is motive ( lib]ation1 :i* is ! basis ( all good conduct1 c nev] be subord9at$ to ! o!r impulse1 :i* goads man t[>ds outgo+ exp]i5ces4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is orig9al impulse :i* attracts man t[>ds ^! ord9>y exp]i5ces1 z x is due to ! false k :i* id5tifies prakti ) puru%a1 becomes itself subord9ate & loses its influ5ce & p[]1 :5 su* ev5ts occur1 :i* nullify false k by t5d+ to produce a vision ( ! true k ( ! relation ( prakti ) puru%a4 ,?us1 = example1 if by ! grace ( ,god false k 7avidy7 is remov$1 true k at once dawns ^u ! m9d & all ! afflictions lose _! p[]4 ,free w & responsibility = action cease 9 ^? life-/ates :i* are int5d$ = suff]+ f actions only1 e4g4 life-/ates ( insects1 etc4 ,,app5dix ,,spho,,av,,da ,ano!r po9t to be not$ 9 connection ) ! ma9 metaphysical !ories ( ,patajali is ! ,sphoa !ory :i* consid]s ! relation ( words ) _! ideas & ! ?+s :i* !y signify4 ,g5]ally ^! ?ree are n diff]5tiat$ "o f ! o!r1 & we are n accu/om$ to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r4 ,?\gh di/9ct yet !y are (t5 id5tifi$ or tak5 9 "o act ( ?\ght1 by a sort ( illusion4 ,! nature ( ?is illusory process comes to our view :5 we consid] ! process ( auditory p]ception ( words4 ,?us if we foll[ ! ,bh%ya z expla9$ by ,vijna ,bhik%u we f9d t by an effect ( our organs ( spee*1 ! lett]s are pron\nc$4 ,?is vocal s\nd is produc$ 9 ! m\? ( ! speak] f :i* place ! s\nd moves 9 a]ial waves until x rea*es ! e> drum ( ! he>]1 by com+ 9 contact ) :i* x produces ! audible s\nd call$ dhvani 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iii4 #ag74 ,! special modifications ( ?is dhvani are se5 to be g5]at$ 9 ! =m ( lett]s 7v>a7 & ! g5]al "n = ^! modifications is nda4 ,?is s\nd z x exi/s 9 ! /age ( v>z or lett]s is also call$ v>a4 ,if we apply ! ^w abda or s\nd 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 !n we c say t ?is is ! second /age ( s\nd mov+ t[>ds ^w-cognition1 ! fir/ /age be+ t ( its utt]ance 9 ! m\? ( ! speak]4 ,! ?ird /age ( abda is t 9 :i* ! lett]s1 = example1 g1 au1 & 1 ( ! ^w 8gau0 are tak5 toge!r & ! complete ^w-=m 8gau0 comes be=e our view4 ,! compreh5sion ( ?is complete ^w-=m is an attribute ( ! m9d & n ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,= ! s5se ( he>+ s5ses ! lett]-=ms ( ! s\nd "o by "o z ! p>ticul> lett]s are pron\nc$ by ! speak] & z !y approa* ! e> "o by "o 9 air-waves4 ,b ea* lett]-=m s\nd vani%es z x is g5]at$1 = ! s5se ( he>+ has no p[] to hold !m toge!r & compreh5d ! lett]-=ms z =m+ a complete ^w-=m4 ,! ideation ( ?is complete ^w-=m 9 ! m9d is call$ sphoa4 ,x diff]s f ! lett]-=m 9 ?is t x is a complete1 insep>able1 & unifi$ :ole1 devoid ( any pa/1 & ?us is q unlike ! lett]-=ms :i* die ! next mom5t aft] !y orig9ate4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,patajali z expla9$ by ! comm5tators1 all significance belongs to ?is sphoa-=m & nev] to ! lett]s pron\nc$ or he>d4 ,lett]s :5 !y are pron\nc$ & he>d 9 a p>ticul> ord] s]ve to give rise to su* complete ideational ^w-images :i* possess "s d5otation & connotation ( mean+ & are ?us call$ 8sphoz10 or t :i* illum9ates4 ,^! are ess5tially diff]5t 9 nature f ! s\nds 9 lett]-=ms g5]at$ 9 ! s5ses ( he>+ :i* are mom5t>y & evanesc5t & c nev] be br\ght toge!r to =m "o :ole1 h no mean+1 & h ! s5se ( he>+ z _! seat4 ,! ,vaie%ika view4--,sak>a ,mira1 h[ev]1 holds t ?is 8sphoa0 !ory is absolutely unnecess>y1 = ev5 ! support]s ( sphoa agree t ! sphoa /&s conv5tionally = ! ?+ t x signifies2 n[ if t be ! case :at is ! good ( admitt+ sphoa at all8 ,x is bett] to say t ! conv5tionality ( names belongs to ! lett]s !mselves1 :i* by virtue ( t c conjo9tly signify a ?+2 & x is :5 y look at ! lett]s f ?is aspect--_! unity ) ref]5ce to _! d5otation ( "o ?+--t y call !m a pada or "n 7,upaskra1 ,,ii4 #b1 #ba74 ,s accord+ to ?is view we f9d t !re is no exi/5ce ( a diff]5t entity call$ 8"n0 or 8sphoa0 :i* c be di/+ui%$ f ! lett]s com+ 9 a def9ite ord] )9 ! range ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,! lett]s pron\nc$ & he>d 9 a def9ite ord] are jo9tly call$ a "n :5 !y d5ote a p>ticul> mean+ or object4 ,kumrila's view3--,kumrila1 ! celebrat$ s*ol> ( ! ,mmsa s*ool1 also d5ies ! sphoa !ory & ass]ts l ! ,vaie%ika t ! significance belongs to ! lett]s !mselves & n to any special sphoa or "n4 ,to prove ?is he fir/ proves t ! lett]-=ms are /able & et]nal & suff] no *ange on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ces 9 _! modes ( acc5t & pronunciation4 ,he !n goes on to %[ t ! sphoa view only s]ves to increase ! complexity )\t any att5dant advantage4 ,?us ! objection t applies to ! s-call$ defect ( ! lett]-d5otation !ory t ! lett]s _c toge!r d5ote a ?+ s9ce !y d n d x individually1 applies to ! "n-d5otation ( ! sphoa !ory1 s9ce !re also x is said t ?\gh !re is no sphoa or "n correspond+ to ea* lett] yet ! lett]s conjo9tly give rise to a sphoa or complete "n 7lokavrttika1 ,sphoavda1 l4 #ia-ic74 ,! lett]s1 h[ev]1 are help$ by _! pot5cies 7saskras7 9 d5ot+ ! object1 or ! mean+4 ,! sphoa !ory has1 accord+ to ,kumrila & ,pr?asra?i1 also to admit ?is saskra ( ! lett]s 9 ! manife/ation ( ! "n or ! abda-sphoa1 :]eas !y only admit x z ! op]at+ p[] ( ! lett]s 9 d5ot+ ! object or ! ?+ signifi$4 ,saskras accord+ to ,kumrila are ?us admitt$ bo? by ! sphoa !ori/s & ! ,kumrila s*ool ( ,mmsa1 only ) ?is diff]5ce t ! latt] ) its help c directly d5ote ! object ( ! signifi$1 :]eas ! =m] h only to g a /ep backw>ds 9 ?9k+ _! saskra to give rise to ! "n or ! abda-sphoa alone 7,nyy>atnk>a1 ,sphoavda1 l4 #ajd74 ,kumrila says t he takes great pa9s to prove ! nullity ( ! sphoa !ory only because if ! sphoa view be accept$ !n x comes to ! same ?+ z say+ t words & lett]s h no validity1 s t all actions dep5d+ on !m also come to lose _! validity 7lokavrttika1 ,sphoavda1 l4 #acg74 ,prabhk>a4--,prabhk>a also holds ! same view2 = accord+ to him also ! lett]s are pron\nc$ 9 a def9ite ord]2 ?\gh :5 individually consid]$ !y are mom5t>y & evanesc5t1 yet !y ma9ta9 !mselves by _! pot5cy 9 ! =m ( a pda or "n1 & ?us signify an object4 ,?us likn?a ,mira says 9 8 ,prak>aa ,pacik1 p4 #hi3 8,x is reasonable to suppose t s9ce ! lat] lett]s 9 a ^w are dep5d5t ^u ! p]ception ( a prec$+ "o "s special *ange is wr\ght 9 ! lett]s !mselves :i* leads to ! compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( a ^w4444 ,x _c be prov$ ei!r by p]ception or by inf]5ce t !re is any ^w ap>t f ! lett]s2 ! ^w has ?us = its con/itu5ts ! lett]s40 ab>a4--,! views ( ,kamrila & ,prahhk>a ?us explicat$ are b elaborate explanations ( ! view ( ab>a :o /ates ! :ole !ory 9 a s+le l9e--prvav>ajanitasaskrasahito'ntyo v>a pratyyaka4 8,! la/ lett] toge!r ) ! pot5cy g5]at$ by ! prec$+ lett]s is ! cause ( significance40 ,mahbh%ya & ,kaiyaa4--,aft] describ+ ! view ( ^? :o are antagoni/ic to ! sphoa !ory x is necess>y to m5tion ! ,vaik>aa s*ool :i* is 9 fav\r ( x2 ?us we f9d t 9 expla9+ ! foll[+ passage ( ,mahbh%ya1 8,:at is !n a ^w8 ,x is t :i* be+ pron\nc$ "o c und]/& specific objects su* z ^? 7c[s7 :i* h tail1 ho(s1 horns1 etc40 ,kaiyata says3 8,! gramm>ians ?9k t d5otation belongs to words1 z di/9ct f lett]s :i* are pron\nc$1 = if ea* ( ! lett]s %\ld d5ote ! object1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( pron\nc+ ! succe$+ lett]s44440 ,! vaiyak>az admit ! significant =ce ( names z di/+ui%$ f lett]s4 ,= if ! significant =ce be attribut$ to lett]s individually1 !n ! fir/ lett] be+ q suffici5t to signify ! object1 ! utt]ance ( o!r lett]s becomes unnecess>y2 & accord+ to ?is view if x is held t ea* lett] has ! g5]at+ p[]1 !n also !y _c d x simultane\sly1 s9ce !y are utt]$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,on ! view ( manife/ation1 also1 s9ce ! lett]s are manife/$ "o aft] ano!r1 !y _c be collect$ toge!r 9 due ord]2 if _! exi/5ce 9 memory is suffici5t1 !n we %\ld expect no diff]5ce ( signification or mean+ by ! *ange ( ord] 9 ! utt]ance ( ! lett]s2 t is 8s>a0 ought to h ! same mean+ z 8rasa40 ,s x mu/ be admitt$ t ! p[] ( signification belongs to ! sphoa z manife/$ by ! ndas z has be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 ,vkyapadya4 ,z ! relation betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ capacity & ! object ( p]ception is a con/ant "o s also is ! relation betwe5 ! sphoa & ! nda z ! manife/$ & ! manife/or 7,vkyapadya #ih74 ,j z ! image v>ies correspond+ to ! v>iation ( ! reflector1 z oil1 wat]1 etc41 s also ! reflect$ or manife/$ image diff]s accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! manife/or 7,vk4 #ajj74 ,?\gh ! manife/ation ( lett]s1 propositions & names occurs at "o & ! same "t yet !re seems to be a 8be=e & aft]0 accord+ to ! 8be=e & aft]0 ( ! nda utt]ances 7,vk4 #ajb74 ,t :i* is produc$ ?r\gh ! union & disunion 7( ndas or dhvanis7 is call$ sphoa1 :]eas o!r s\nd-p]ceptions aris+ f s\nds are call$ dhvanis 7,vk4 #ajc74 ,z by ! movem5t ( wat] ! image ( a ?+ situat$ else:]e also appe>s to adopt ! movem5t ( ! wat] & ?us seems to move1 s also ! sphoa1 ?\gh un*ang+ 9 itself1 yet appe>s to suff] *ange 9 accordance ) ! *ange ( nda :i* manife/s x 7,vk4 #di74 ,z !re are no p>ts ( ! lett]s !mselves s ! lett]s also d n exi/ z p>ts ( ! "n4 ,!re is aga9 no ultimate or real diff]5ce betwe5 names & propositions 7,vk4 #gc74 ,x is only 9 popul> usage t !y are reg>d$ z diff]5t4 ,t :i* o!rs reg>d z ! mo/ important ?+ is reg>d$ z false "h1 = propositions only are "h reg>d$ z valid 7,vk4 #gd74 ,?\gh ! lett]s :i* manife/ names & propositions are altoge!r diff]5t f !m1 yet _! p[]s (t5 appe> z q undiff]5tiat$ f !m 7,vk4 #hi74 ,?us :5 propositions are manife/$ by ! cause ( ! manife/ation ( propositions !y appe> to consi/ ( p>ts :5 !y fir/ appe> be=e ! m9d4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! pada-sphoa or ! vkya-sphoa does n really consi/ ( p>ts1 yet1 z ! p[]s ( lett]s _c (t5 be diff]5tiat$ f !m1 !y also appe> frequ5tly to be made up ( p>ts 7,vk4 #ia74 ,! ,yoga ,view4--,z to ! relation ( ! lett]s to ! sphoa1 ,vcaspati says1 9 expla9+ ! ,bh%ya1 t ea* ( ! lett]s has ! pot5tiality ( manife/+ endless mean+s1 b none ( !m c d s individually2 x is only :5 ! lett]-=m s\nds are pron\nc$ 9 succession by "o ef=t ( spee* t ! individual lett]s by _! own p>ticul> contiguity or di/ance f "o ano!r c manife/ a complete ^w call$ ! sphoa4 ,?us ow+ to ! v>iation ( contiguity ( di/ance by int]v5tion f o!r lett]-=m s\nds any lett]-=m s\nd may manife/ any mean+ or ^w2 = ! p>ticul> ord] & ! association ( lett]-=m s\nds dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> output ( en]gy requir$ 9 utt]+ !m4 ,! sphoa is ?us a p>ticul> modification ( buddhi1 :]eas ! lett]-=m s\nds h _! orig9 9 ! organ ( spee* :5 !y are utt]$1 & ! s5se ( he>+ :5 !y are he>d4 ,x is well to note "h t ! !ory t ! lett]s !mselves h endless pot5tiality & c manife/ any ^w-sphoz1 accord+ to _! p>ticul> comb9ations & recomb9ations1 is q 9 keep+ ) ! ma9 metaphysical doctr9e ( ! ,ptajala !ory4 ,vkya-sphoa4--,:at is said "h ( ! lett]-=m s\nds & ! abda-sphoz also applies to ! relation t ! abda-sphoz be> to propositions or s5t5ces4 ,a ^w or "n does n /& alone2 x always exi/s z comb9$ ) o!r words 9 ! =m ( a proposition4 ,?us ! ^w 8tree0 :5ev] x is pron\nc$ c>ries ) x ! notion ( a v]b 8a/i0 or 8exi/s10 & !reby demon/rates its mean+4 ,! s+le ^w 8tree0 )\t any ref]5ce to any o!r ^w :i* c give x a propositional =m has no mean+4 ,k ( words always comes 9 propositional =ms2 j z diff]5t lett]-=m s\nds demon/rate by _! mutual collocation a s+le ^w or abda-sphoa1 s ! words also by _! mutual comb9ation or collocation demon/rate judgm5tal or propositional significance or mean+4 ,z ! lett]s !mselves h no mean+ s ! words !mselves h also no mean+2 x is only by plac+ !m side by side 9 a p>ticul> ord] t a mean+ dawns 9 ! m9d4 ,:5 s+le words are pron\nc$ !y associate o!r words ) !mselves & ?us appe> to signify a mean+4 ,b ?\gh a s+le ^w is suffici5t by association ) o!r words to c>ry a mean+1 yet s5t5ces or propositions %\ld n be deem$ unnecess>y = !y s]ve to specialise t mean+ 7niyamr! anuvda74 ,?us 8cooks0 means t any subject makes some?+ ! object ( 8 cook+4 ,! m5tion ( ! subject 8,devadatta0 & ! object 8rice0 only specialises ! subject & ! object4 ,?\gh ! analysis ( a s5t5ce into ! words ( :i* x is con/itut$ is z imag9>y z ! analysis ( a ^w into ! lett]-=m s\nds1 x is g5]ally done 9 ord] to get an analytical view ( ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce--an imag9>y division ( x z into cases1 v]bs1 etc4 ,abhihitnvayavada & ,anvitbhidhnavda4--,?is rem9ds u ( ! two v fam\s !ories ab\t ! relation ( s5t5ces to words1 viz4 ! 8,abhihitnvayavda0 & ! 8,anvitbhidhnavda40 ,! =m] means t words !mselves c express _! sep>ate mean+s by ! function abhidh or d5otation2 ^! are subsequ5tly comb9$ into a s5t5ce express+ "o connect$ idea4 ,! latt] means t words only express a mean+ z p>ts ( a s5t5ce1 & z grammatically connect$ ) ea* o!r2 !y only express an action or some?+ connect$ ) action2 9 8smnaya01 8br+ ! c[0--8gm0 does n prop]ly mean 8gotva0 b 8nayannvitagotva10 t is1 ! bov9e g5us z connect$ ) br++4 ,we _c h a case ( a n\n )\t "s gov]n+ v]b & vice v]sa--7,s>vad>ana-sagraha1 ,c[ell74 ,! ,yoga po9t ( view4--,x w be se5 t /rictly speak+ ! ,yoga view does n agree ) any "o ( ^! views ?\gh x approa*es ne>] to ! ,anvitbhidhna view ?an to ! ,abhihitnvaya view4 ,= accord+ to ! ,yoga view ! idea ( ! s5t5ce is ! only true ?+2 words only s]ve to manife/ ?is idea b h !mselves no mean+4 ,! division ( a s5t5ce into ! compon5t ^w-conceptions is only an imag9>y analysis--an aft]?\ght4 ,confusion ! cause ( v]bal cognition4--,accord+ to ,patajali's view v]bal cognition proce$s only f a confusion ( ! lett]-=m s\nds 7:i* are p]ceiv$ 9 ! s5se ( he>+71 ! abda-sphoa :i* is manife/$ 9 ! buddhi1 & ! object :i* exi/s 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,^! ?ree ?\gh altoge!r di/9ct f "o ano!r yet appe> to be unifi$ on acc\nt ( ! saketa or sign1 s t ! lett]-=m s\nds1 ! abda-sphoa1 & ! ?+1 c nev] be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,( c\rse k c arise ev5 9 ^? cases :]e !re is no actual ext]nal object1 simply by virtue ( ! manife/+ p[] ( ! lett]-=m s\nds4 ,?is saketa is aga9 def9$ z ! confusion ( words & _! mean+s ?r\gh memory1 s t x appe>s t :at a ^w is1 s is its d5ot$ object1 & :at a d5ot$ ^w is1 s is its object4 ,conv5tion is a manife/ation ( memory ( ! nature ( mutual confusion ( words & _! mean+s4 ,?is object is ! same z ?is ^w1 & ?is ^w is ! same z ?is object4 ,?us !re is no actual unity ( words & _! objects3 su* unity is imag9>y & due to beg9n+less tradition4 ,?is view may well be contra/$ ) ,nyya1 accord+ to :i* ! conv5tion ( works z signify+ objects is due to ! w ( ,god4 ,,index abhihitnvayavda1 #ahf abh9ivea1 #aja1 #ajd abhivyaktikraa1 #acc abhysa1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #ach1 #adc1 #adi1 #afb1 #agg ,absorption1 #ajb ,ab/raction1 #ace1 #acf1 #adh1 #aed1 #agd ,accessories1 #ace1 #acg1 #ade ,accid5tal v>iation1 #gg acit1 #afb ,actual1 #gc ,actuality1 #hc adh>ma1 #he1 #hf1 #hh1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #afb adhikr91 #abc ad%ajanmav$anya1 #aab ad%a-janmav$anya k>ma1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaa advaita1 #ad ,advaita-,brahmasiddhi1 #ad ,afflictions1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #abc1 #abd1 #abh1 #adc1 #agc n41 #agf1 #agg1 #agh ,ag5t1 #d ,aggregation1 #afh ,agreem5t1 #cc ahakra1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #ec1 #ef1 #eh1 #fa1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg1 #ic ahakra-sttvika1 rjasa1 tmasa1 #ee ahis1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #add ,ahirbudhnyasahit1 #aj akhyti1 #afd akli%a1 #aja akli%avtti1 #abh aliga1 #g1 #da1 #db1 #fb1 #aah andisayoga1 #bh anrita1 #bi n4 anekabhavika1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aac ,ang]1 #ada anirvcy1 #bh aniyatavipka1 #aab aniyatavipka-ad%ajanmav$anya1 #aac antak>aa1 #dc n4 anukrea payati1 #ba anupaya1 #ba anuvrata1 #aci anuvyavasya1 #agf anvaya1 #aff1 #afg anvayikraa1 #fa anvitbhidhnavda1 #ahf anvitbhidhnavda1 ,yoga view1 ne> to1 #ahf anybhy ahakrbhym svakryyopajanane rjashakra sahakrbhavati1 #ee anya?khyti1 #afd1 #agc n4 anyatvakraa1 #acd anyonyami?un s>vve nai%mdisamprayogo viprayogo v palabhyate1 #g aga1 #ade au1 #dc n41 #fe ap1 #gd1 #ge1 #aff1 #afg ap atom1 #fe1 #ff ap>a vairgya1 #abg1 #abh ap>igraha1 #ada apav>ga1 #bi apoha1 #aja1 #agf ,appe>ance1 #cf apuya k>ma1 #hh ,ari/otle1 #a1 #ac ar?a1 #aej ar?avattva1 #aff1 #afg ar!na svakyay grhyaakty vijnamajani1 #cc asamprajta1 #abd1 #adi asamprajta samdhi1 #abe ,asceticism1 #acf1 #aci1 #adb1 #add asmit1 #ea1 #ei1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aah1 #aec1 #aed1 #agb1 #age asmit-ego1 #ea asmitmtra1 #ej1 #ea1 #ei1 #afj asmitnugata1 #abe1 #aec1 #aed asmtyetvanmtrkratvdasmit1 #aec ,assimilation1 #aja ,association ( ideas1 #cg a/eya1 #ada1 #add ,a/ral body1 #ic aukla1 #adj auklk%a1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaa ,a!i/ic1 #ij ,atomic *ange z unit ( "t1 #dc ,atoms1 #d1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc1 #fe1 #gb1 #gd1 #gg1 #ha1 #aeb1 #afg2 cont9ual *ange1 #ga ,atta*m5t1 #ii1 #ajj1 #agf1 #agg ,av>ici\sness1 #acf1 #ada ava/h1 #gf ava/hp>ima1 #ga1 #gc1 #hb1 #aef1 #afe ,av]sion1 #ih1 #agf1 #agg avibhgaprptviva1 #ag avidy1 #b1 #aa1 #ab1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abj1 #abc1 #abh1 #aca1 #aei1 #agb1 #agc n41 #agh2 its def9ition1 #aa2 uproot+ (1 #aae1 #aaf avidy ( yoga & ,skhya1 #afd avie%a1 #g1 #g n41 #dj1 #da1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #ha1 #hb1 #hd1 #afe avie%eopa%ambhakasvabhv1 #f aviveka1 #agc n4 avyapadeyatva1 #gg avyava/hitkhilap>iamo bhavatyeva1 #he ayutasiddhvayava1 #fi disamprayoga1 #g kra1 #he ka1 #ad1 #dc n41 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #fh1 #hj1 #ic1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj ka1 two k9ds (1 #afh ka atom1 #fe1 #ff2 ,bhik%u & ,vcaspati on1 #fe ka tanmtra1 #ff locana1 #agf malaka1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi n&a1 #aec1aed n&nugata1 #abe1 #aec1 #aed ptikraa1 #acc1 #ace pra1 #ic pyakraa1 #ace sana1 #acf1 #ade aya1 #ajc erate ssrik puru% asm9niti aya1 #ajc v>aa akti1 #hd yu%1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aae ,b>ab>a muni1 #fd bhya k>ma1 #ajb ,beg9n+less1 #bh ,behavi\r1 #f ,bel1 #gg ,b5>es1 #aa n4 bhakti1 #afa bhaktiyoga1 #aei1 #afa bhava1 #aaj bhavi%yadvyaktikamangataanudbhtavyaktika mattam svavyproprha v>ttamna traya caitadva/u jnasya jeyam yadi caitat sv>pato nbhavi%yann$a nirvi%aya jnamudapatsyata tasmdattamangata sv>pato'/ti1 #ca n4 ,bh%ya1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #cc1 #fa1 #fb1 #fg1 #ga1 #gf1 #gh1 #hj1 #ia1 #ie1 #ii1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aca bhvan1 #afa ,bhik%u1 #f1 #i1 #ab n41 #dc n41 #de n41 #df n41 #ej1 #fe1 #fg1 #he1 #hf1 #hh1 #ij1 #id1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #abf1 #abi1 #ade1 #aec1 #afh bhoga1 #bi1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aae bhoga-arra1 #aje ,bhoja1 #abf ,bhojavtti1 #ie bhrama1 #agc n4 bhta1 #fj1 #fi1 #aff bhtdi1 #ed1 #ef1 #eh1 #fc1 #fd2 accretion f1 #fe1 #ff ,biological1 #b ,bir?1 #acc1 #afa ,body1 sattvamaya1 #afj ,bondage1 #ai ,brahmac>yya1 #ada ,brahman1 #bg1 #bh1 #aci ,brea?1 #adf1 #adg ,brea? regulation1 #ace1 #acf buddhe pratisav$i puru%a1 #ai buddhi1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #bg1 #bh1 #dj1 #ea1 #eb1 #fa1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aeb1 #agc n4 ,buddhi/1 #cc1 #de n4 ,buddhi/s1 _! !ory ( sahopalambhaniyama refut$1 #cc ,caitra1 #agc ,c>aka1 #aa ,ca/e1 #aci ,categories ( exi/5ce1 #da ,category1 #f1 #aag ,caturda1 #aci ,causal activity1 #d ,causal op]ation1 #d ,causal trans=mation1 #d ,causality1 #aeb ,causation1 #acb1 #acc2 ,skhya view (1 #ha ,cause1 #gi1 #ha1 #he1 #acc1 #acd2 n9e k9ds (1 #acc ,cessation1 #ai ,*ange1 #dc1 #dd2 ,buddhi/ & ,yoga idea contra/$1 #de n42 units (1 #de1 #df ,*angeful1 #ah ,*>act]is$1 #cg ,*>act]i/ic1 #cg ,*y-vykhy1 #fc1 #ic ,*emical1 #b ,*[khamba1 #aa n4 ,circum/ance1 #aci cit1 #ae1 #afb citta1 #cf1 #ha1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #aja1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #abe1 #acb1 #adg1 #aed1 #afa1 #age2 diff]5t =ms (1 #ib1 #ic2 diff]5t /ates (1 #agj2 its nature1 #id cittamayaskntamaikalpa sannidhimtropakri dyatv5a sva bhavati puru%asya svm9a1 #bb cittaprasda1 #abg ,clairaudi5ce1 #add ,class-*>act]i/ics1 #d n4 ,cleanl9ess1 #acf1 #adc1 #add ,coco-nut1 #gg ,co-exi/5ce1 #cd ,cognitive /ates1 #dh ,coh]5t1 #g1 #cg ,collocation1 #cg ,comm5t>y1 #d ,compassion1 #acg ,complac5cy1 #acg ,comp\nds1 #c1 #aff ,conceiv$1 #c ,conceiv]1 #c ,conc5tration1 #ag1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #abc1 #abf1 #abh1 #ace1 #acf1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #afc1 #agj ,concept1 #aej1 #afb1 #agc ,conceptual1 #bc1 #be ,concomitant causes1 #he ,cond5sation1 #aj ,consci\s-l1 #ai ,consci\sness1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #be1 #de1 #ib1 #ic1 #abb1 #adi1 #aea1 #aed1 #agc ,consci\sness cont5tless1 #ej ,consci\s /ates1 #ag ,cons]vation1 #acb1 #acc ,contact1 #bg1 #bi n4 ,contemplation1 #ig ,cont5tm5t1 #acf1 #aci1 #add ,cont95ce1 #acf1 #aci1 #ada1 #add ,contr>y1 #ada ,co-op]ation1 #e ,cosmic evolution1 #dg ,cosmic matt]1 #gd ,c\ntry1 #aci ,creation1 #aad1 #aae1 #afj1 #afa ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 #ad ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 #ad ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #ad ,davies1 #be ,decision1 #ec ,dem]it1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ic1 #ajb1 #ajc ,d5otation1 #g n4 dea1 #he1 #agj ,desc>tes1 #ac ,desire1 #ada ,det]m9ate1 #g ,det]m9$1 #c1 #cg ,det]m9]1 #c ,devotion1 #aci1 #adb1 #ade1 #afa dhra1 #aja1 #abh1 #acj1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #agf dh>ma1 #db1 #ga1 #hb1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #afb dh>mamegha-samdhi1 #aag dh>map>ima1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd1 #hj1 #ha1 #aef1 #afe dh>m91 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf dh>misv>pamtro hi dh>ma1 dh>mivikriy eva e% dh>madvr propacyate1 #cg1 #ga dh>m1 #db dhtu1 #aa dhtikraa1 #ace dhyna1 #aag1 #acj1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh ,diff]5ce1 #cc ,diff]5tiat$1 #g1 #cg1 #fb ,diff]5tiation1 #ec1 #ff1 #aja dik1 #agj ,discrim9ation1 #h1 #aaf1 #abj1 #afd ,di/ractions1 #abf1 #adh ,d\bt1 #agb dra% ditra uddho'pi pratyaynupaya1 #af dravya1 #d n41 #bi n41 #afh ,droa1 #adj n4 dgd>anaaktyorektmateva asmit1 #af1 #ea dk1 #ag dkakti1 #bj d%ajanma k>maya1 #aje d%ajanmav$anya1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aab dukha1 #age dve%a1 #ajd ,e>?1 #afg ,effect1 #ha1 #hb1 #he1 #acb ,effici5t cause1 #hb ,ego1 #c1 #d1 #bg1 #bh1 #ch1 #db1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #fj1 #fa1 #ii1 #aeb1 #aec1 #age2 a modification ( buddhi1 #ec2 evolution 9 ?ree l9es f1 #ed2 ?ree k9ds (1 #ee ,egohood1 #ej1 #abd ,ego-univ]sal1 #ej ekabhavika1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab ekabhavikatva1 #aji ekgra1 #ie1 #if1 #abc1 #abf ektmat1 #ag ektmik savidasmit1 #ea ek5driya1 #abh ,elem5ts1 #c1 #aff ,emancipation1 #afd ,en]gy1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #acb ,enjoym5t1 #bh1 #bi ,equilibrium1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #db1 #dc1 #hg ,error1 #agc n4 ,et]nal1 #h1 #ia ,et]nity1 two k9ds (1 #aah ,e?ics1 #ib ,european1 #aj ,evolutes1 #aa ,evolution1 #g1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #fb1 #fe1 #fi1 #gb1 #gf1 #ha1 #hd1 #hg1 #hi1 #aad2 z *ange1 #dc2 z *ange ( qualities & z d]ivation ( categories1 #fi2 def9ite law (1 #hb2 its limitations by "t & space1 #gi2 measur$ by units ( spatial motion1 #dd2 ( manas1 #ee2 ( ! s5ses1 #ed2 ( categories1 diff]5ce betwe5 ,skhya & ,yoga view1 #eh-fb2 ( simil>s1 #aj ,evolution>y process1 #gg1 #he1 #ia ,exhalation1 #adf ,exi/5ce z capacity ( effect+1 #h ,expiratory1 #acf ,ext5sion1 #cd ,ext]nality1 #cd ,ext]nal reality1 #cd2 ,buddhi/ objection to1 #cb2 has m ?an a mom5t>y exi/5ce1 #cf2 its gr\nd1 #cf2 n due to imag9ation1 #ce2 n id5tical ) our ideas1 #ce ,ext]nal _w1 #ca2 refutation ( ,buddhi/ objections1 #cc ,fai?1 #ajb ,fi*te1 #ej ,fi%]man1 #aci ,=ce1 #hb ,fre$om1 #abc1 #abe1 #abg2 ( w1 #agg ,fri5dl9ess1 #acg ,future1 #ca1 #cb1 #df1 #gb ,gaa1 #ae g&ha1 #ch1 #aeb1 #afg g&ha-tanmtra1 #eh1 #fd ,gauapda1 #bd ,g5]alisation1 #aed ,g5]ic1 #afh ghavac*9na ka1 #ad ,gt1 #ab ,gtbh%ya1 #d n4 ,goal1 #aae1 #aba1 #abd1 #abg1 #abi ,god1 #b1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #aae1 #acf1 #aci1 #adb1 #adc1 #ade1 #adh1 #adi1 #afa1 #afc1 #afd1 #agb1 #agh1 #ahg ,gold1 #acd grahaa1 #aja1 #aec1 #age grahaadhraohpohatattvajnbh9ive buddhau v>ttamn puru%e adhyropitasadbhv1 #ec graht1 #aec grhya1 #ed1 #aec ,gross elem5ts1 d]ivation (1 #fe et seq4 ,grossness1 #cd gu eva praktiabdavcy na tu tadatirikt praktira/i1 #aj gun hi dvairpya vyavasytmkatvam vyavaseytmakatvaca1 #ec gun p>ama rpa na d%ipa?amc*ati1 yattu dr%ipa?a prptam tanmyeva sutuc*aka1 #ab1 #cg guz1 #c1 #d n41 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #db1 #ec1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1 #ih1 #aja1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #aca1 #aee1 #afg1 #agj guz1 ?ree classes1 #e2 z causal effect1 #f2 evolution ( ! cognitive & conative s5ses & tanmtras1 #ch2 id5tity ( qualities & sub/ances1 #e2 relative prepond]ance (1 #g2 special aff9ity ( ea* class1 #f2 special behavi\r ( ea* class (1 #f2 _! atomic qualities consi/5t ) _! all-p]vasiv5ess1 #dc n42 _! common purpose1 #g2 _! co-op]ation1 #ch2 _! mode ( comb9ation1 #f2 _! mode ( mutual op]ation1 #e2 _! mode ( evolution1 #g2 _! nature z feel+s1 #fh2 _! tw(old nature1 #ec2 _! ?reefold c\rse ( developm5t1 #ch2 _! want ( purpose 9 ! /ate ( equilibrium1 #g2 two classes ( _! evolution1 avie%a & vie%a1 #dj ,h>ih>raya1 #if ,heav51 #hf n4 hetumadanityamavypi sakriyamanekrita liga svayavamp>atantra vyakta vip>tamavyakta1 #db ,hibiscus1 #ae n4 his1 #adj1 #ada ,hi/ory ( ,h9du ,*emi/ry1 #g n41 #fc n41 #agj n4 ,horn ( a h>e1 #h ,hume1 #cg ,ideali/ic ,buddhi/s1 #ca ,ignorance1 #ada1 #ade ,illum9ation1 #e ,illusion1 #agc n42 ( ,yoga & ,skhya1 #afd ,illusive1 #bh ,imag9ation1 #cd ,imman5t purpose1 #ij ,indep5d5ce1 #ie1 #abh1 #acd ,indet]m9ate1 #h ,india1 #ad ,indra1 #hf n4 ,in]tia1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #cg1 #afg ,inf]5ce1 #a1 #b1 #ha1 #if1 #aed1 #aef1 #afb1 #afc1 #agj1 #aga ,infra-atomic1 #c ,infra-atoms1 #d ,inhalation1 #adf ,injury1 #aci ,inorganic1 #gd ,inspiratory1 #acf ,intellection1 #f ,intellig5ce1 #b1 #dh ,intellig5ce-/uff1 #c1 #h1 #di ,iron1 #f v>a1 #ad1 #gi1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ajc1 #abf1 #add1 #ade1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd1 #agb2 removal ( b>ri]s1 #hg v>ak%a1 #g n4 v>apraidhna1 #adb1 #ade1 #afa v>asypi dh>mdhishnr?a pratib&hpanaya eva vypro1 #hg janmam>aak>an prat9iyamdayugapat pravtteca puru%abahutvam siddha traiguyavip>yyaycca1 #bf japsphaikayoriva nop>ga k9tvabhimna1 #ae jti1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aae ,jeal\sy1 #adc jva1 #ad jvanmukta1 #aag jvanmukti1 #abj jna1 #aej jnayoga1 #acj1 #adb1 #adc1 #aei ,judgm5tal1 #bc kaivalya1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 #ca1 #ie1 #if1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb1 #aci1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc1 #agg kalpa1 #afj ,kant1 #ad1 #cg ,kapila1 #be k>ma1 #hf1 #ih1 #aag1 #aei1 #afj1 #agg2 its classification & div]g5ce ( views1 #aji-aac k>ma-sannys91 #ajc k>maya1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #afj k>mayoga1 #aei k>u1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci ,kaumud1 #fd kla1 #he kma1 #ajd kraa1 #afh kraacitta1 #ic krik1 #g n41 #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #db1 #fd1 #afe ,krya1 #afh krya vimukti1 #abj kryya citta1 #ib kryyak> akti1 #hd ,kmra1 #gi kevalapuru%kr savit1 #aec keval1 #aag1 #aah kirt1 #aja klea1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aad kli%a1 #abh kli%avtti1 #ajj ,kn[able1 #e1 #bg1 #cb1 #ch ,kn[]1 #bg1 #ej ,k1 diff]5t k9ds (1 diff]5tiat$1 #afc ,kn[n1 #bg kriy1 #cg1 #age kriyyoga1 #abi1 #acj1 #adb1 #adc1 #afa krodha1 #ajd k%a1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaa k%a k>ma1 #ajc1 #aaa ktr?a prati na%amapyana%a tadanyasdhraatvt1 #bf k%aa1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df n41 #adf1 #agj k%aabhaguram1 #ab n4 k%aapracayraya1 #df n4 k%aapratiyogi1 #df n4 k%aatatkramayorn/i va/usamhra iti buddhisamhra muhrtthortrtrdaya4 sa tvaya kla va/unyo'pi buddh9irmah1 #dd k%ipta1 #ie1 #abb k%iti1 #gd1 #ge1 #aff k%iti atom1 #ff kunt1 #ad1 #ae n4 kuala1 #aba kual1 #aba ka/ha nitya1 #aah lak%aa1 #gf1 #hb lak%aa-p>ima1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #aef1 #afe ,lat5t1 #df1 #gc1 #ha1 #if1 #ajh laukikamyeva1 #ab n4 lib]ation1 #g1 #be1 #afg1 #age1 #agg ,light1 #afg ,limitation !ory1 #ad1 #ae liga1 #g1 #da1 #db1 #ea1 #fb1 #aah ligamtram mahattatva sattmtre mahati tmani1 #ej lobha1 #ajd ,locke1 #cg ,lokcryya1 #aa1 #ee1 #eh ,lotus1 #i madhumat1 #abe madhupratka1 #abe ,magnet1 #f1 #hi1 #aga mahat1 #i1 #aa1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ea1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #hb2 its pot5tial exi/5ce 9 prakti1 #i ,mahbhrata1 #ae n41 #hj1 #adj mahpralaya1 #aah mahvrata1 #aci maitr1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci manas1 #dj1 #ea1 #ee1 #fj1 #ha1 #ajj1 #aah1 #acc1 #age1 #agf ,manife/$1 #gb mantra1 #afa ,_m1 #bg1 #bh ,maiprabh1 #fe m>ut1 #ge1 #aff ,mass1 #c ,mat]ial cause1 #fa1 #ha ,matt]1 #b1 #c1 #aff mnasa k>ma1 #ajb mtr1 #adf my1 #b1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #bg1 #bh my tu prakti vidyt my9a tu mahev>a1 #aa myeva1 #ab n4 ,me*anical1 #b ,m$itation1 #ajb1 #ace1 #acf1 #ade1 #adh1 #adi1 #afa1 #agf ,memory1 #ec1 #ih ,m5tal1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #cg1 #dh ,m5tal /ates1 analysis (1 #dh ,m]it1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ic1 #ajc ,metaphysics1 #cj ,me?od ( agreem5t1 #cc1 #ce2 ( diff]5ce1 #cc ,m9d1 #b1 #c1 #ah1 #ai1 #ha2 its sev5 qualities1 #aef ,m9d-modification1 #bj1 #bb2 -trans=mations1 #ah moha1 #ajd1 #age ,mok%adh>mdhyya1 #adj ,mom5t1 #dd1 #de ,mom5t>y1 #ab1 #ce ,moral1 #b ,moral ideal1 #bf ,movem5t1 #dh mudit1 #acg1 #aci mha1 #ie1 #abb ,nahu%a1 #hf ,naiyyika1 #eh ,"n1 #aej1 #agc2 & ?+1 #agc ,n&1 #he na tu k%atirikta k%aika padr?a kacidi%yate tai/u k%aamtra/hyyeva padr?a i%yate1 #de n4 ,naturalism & agno/icism1 #b n4 ,natural selection1 #gf ,ngea1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff1 #hf1 #hg1 #id1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aag1 #afh ,nryaa ,tr?a1 #ij1 #abf nsadst na sadst tadnm1 #ab n/yasata sabhava na c/i sato v91 #ca ,nect>1 #he ,nesci5ce1 #ad1 #ae1 #ig1 #ii2 its diff]5t =ms1 #agb n4 nidr1 #aja ,nihili/s1 #b nisage'pi up>g vivekt1 #ae nisattsattam nisadasat nirasat avyaktam aligam pradhnam1 #h nisattsatta1 #ab nirasmit1 #aec nirma citta1 #afj1 #afa nirn&a1 #aec nirodha1 #ai1 #if1 #aah1 #adi1 #aee1 #aef1 #agj nirodhaja saskra1 #ig nirodha samdhi1 #aci niruddha1 #ie1 #abc nirvicra1 #adi1 #aec1 #aed nirvja1 #abb1 #abe nirvja samdhi1 #aed nirvit>ka1 #aej1 #aea1 #aec1 #aed nicaya1 #ej niyama1 #acf1 #aci1 #adb1 #adc1 #adh niyata vipka1 #aab niyatavipkad%ajanmav$anya1 #aac ,nlakaha1 #hj1 #hh1 #hi ,non-be+1 #b ,non-covet\sness1 #aci1 #add ,non-discrim9ation1 #ae ,non-di/9ction1 #agc n4 ,non-exi/5ce1 #h1 #ab ,non-injury1 #aci1 #adj1 #add2 its classification1 #ada ,non-/eal+1 #aci ,n\m5on1 #h1 #ad ,obs]vance1 #ace1 #acf okra1 #afa ,omnisci5ce1 #ie o%adhi1 #afa ,pa91 #ih1 #aba1 #abb1 #abf1 #acg1 #adb ,palm1 #gg ,pan!ism1 #ac ,pacaikha1 #ag1 #eb1 #ajc n4 p>ama mahat1 #fh p>amu 9 ,skhya & ,yoga1 #dc n41 #ff1 #fg1 #afe1 #afg p>a vairgya1 #abj1 #abg1 #abh p>ik>ma1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace1 #acg p>ima1 #ih p>imadukhat1 #ih p>imakramaniyama1 #fb1 #hb p>imi1 #ai p>im9ityat1 #aai ,pa/1 #ca1 #cb1 #df1 #gb ,patajali1 #a1 #b1 #e n41 #af1 #bf1 #cj1 #ce1 #ea1 #aai ,pat5t1 #ha pda1 #ed ,pcla1 #gi pi1 #ed ppa k>ma1 #ajj ppak>maya1 #aje ,ptajala1 #a1 #ab1 #ij1 #aae pyu1 #ed1 #eh ,p]ceiv$1 #c ,p]ceiv]1 #c ,p]cept1 #ai ,p]ception1 #c1 #ec1 #if1 #aed1 #afb1 #agj1 #aga1 #age ,p]man5t1 #ba ,ph5om5a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #ie ,ph5om5al1 #bi1 #hd1 #abe1 #aee ,philosoph]1 #b ,philosophical1 #b ,physical1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #cg1 #aff ,physical1 ,*emical & ,me*anical ,!ories ( ! ,anci5t ,h9dus1 #fc n4 ,plant3 its possession ( life & s5ses1 #hj ,plato1 #ac ,pleasure1 #ih ,plurality1 #bf-bi1 #cj ,poison1 #he ,po/ure1 #ace1 #acf1 #ade ,pot5cy1 #ai1 #hb1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #abd1 #abe1 #aed1 #aee2 de/roy+ o!r pot5cies1 #aag ,pot5tial1 #i1 #cb1 #gc1 #gg1 #hc1 #hd1 #he ,pot5tiality1 #e1 #hc1 #hd ,pot5tials1 #c ,p[]1 #hb pradhna1 #aah praj1 #ajb1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #acf1 #aea1 #aed1 #agj1 #aga2 its sev5 /ages1 #aai-abj prajsaskra1 #aja prajloka1 #adi praka1 #cg1 #age prakti1 #a1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ed1 #ei1 #fb1 #gg1 #hb1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ia1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #abe1 #adc1 #aeb1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe1 #agj1 #agc n41 #age1 #agg1 #agh2 z undiff]5tiat$ cosmic matt]1 #ab2 z equilibrium ( dh>ma & dh>m1 #db2 avidy & vsan lie m]g$ 9 x1 #aad2 diff]5t views (1 #aj1 #aa2 diff]5t f avidy1 #ab2 evolution ( ! second category ( asmit1 #ea2 its diff]5ce f my1 #ab2 its diff]5ce f puru%a1 #bj2 its fir/ evolution>y product1 mahat1 #ej1 #ea2 its goal1 #aaf2 its id5tity ) gua reals1 #i2 its relation ) guz1 #f2 its simil>ity ) puru%a1 #bj2 ,lokcryya's view (1 #aa2 nature 9 ! /ate ( equilibrium1 #h2 refill+ f1 #hf2 r\s$ by ,god1 #hg2 ,v5kaa's view (1 #aj praktilna1 #abg praktivikti1 #g n4 praktiityucyate vikrotpdakatvt avidy jnavirodhitvt my vicitras%ik>atvt1 #aa praktypra1 #ajf pralaya1 #aad prama1 #aja1 #agj1 #agf praava1 #afa pryma1 #acf1 #acg1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #age prasupta1 #agf pratipak%a bhvan1 #ada pratisamb&h1 #df n4 pratiyog1 #df n4 pratyhra1 #acf1 #acg1 #adg1 #adh pratyak%a1 #aga1 #age pratyaya1 #aai1 #acd pratyayakraa1 #acc pratyaya bauddhamanupayati tamanupayannatadtmpi tadtmaka iva pratibhti1 #ag pratyaynupaya1 #ag1 #ah ,pravacana-bh%ya1 #fd prmyanicaya1 #acd n4 ,pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 #b ,pres5t1 #ca1 #cb1 #df1 #gb ,pres5tative ideation1 #aja ,pres5tative p[]1 #cc ,pride1 #adc ,primal1 #c ,primal cause1 #c1 #f p?iv1 #eg ,psy*ological1 #b ,psy*ology1 #ha ,psy*osis1 #c1 #af puya1 #ajj puya k>ma1 #hh1 #ajj puya k>maya1 #aje ,pura1 #fd ,purification1 #ach ,purificatory1 #abi1 #acj1 #acf ,purity1 #aci puru%a1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bc1 #bh1 #bi1 #db1 #dh1 #ec1 #fa1 #gf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba1 #abb1 #abe1 #aca1 #acc1 #adc1 #aed1 #aei1 #afb1 #afd1 #agc1 #agc n41 #age1 #agg1 #agh2 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( its sep>ate exi/5ce1 #bd2 contra/ ) v$antic ,brahman1 #bf2 diff]5t f ! m5tal /ates1 #ag2 fulfilm5t ( its objects1 #g1 #h2 its connection ) prakti real1 #bh2 its f9al sep>ation f prakti1 #aah2 its p]man5ce1 #ba2 its plurality1 #bf-cj2 its reflection 9 ! m9d1 #ah2 its relation ) concepts & ideas1 #di2 its simil>ity ) sattva1 #di2 mean+ det]m9$ f ! stras1 #af1 #ag2 nature ( its reflection 9 buddhi1 #ba1 #bb puru%r?a1 #hi puru%r?at1 #abj1 #afd2 its relation ) avidy1 #aae prvadea1 #dc n4 rajas1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #bd1 #cg1 #dj1 #dc1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #fb1 #ie1 #if1 #aaf1 #age ,r>efaction1 #aj rasa1 #ch1 #aeb rasa-tanmtra1 #eh1 #fd ,ray1 ,p4 ,c41 #g n41 #fc n41 #agj n4 ,rdh1 #ad1 #ae n4 rga1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajd1 #agb ,rjamrtada1 #fe rjaputtravattattvopadet1 #ae rjasa1 #ch ,rmnuja1 #fd1 #afb ,realisation1 #acg ,reality1 #b1 #d1 #cj1 #aah1 #aed ,reals1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #bh ,reason1 #ej ,reason+1 #ec ,rebir?1 #ic1 #ajg ,reflection1 #ah1 #bh ,reflection !ory1 #ad1 #ae ,release1 #bh1 #bi1 #abc1 #abh ,religi\s1 #b ,rep]ception1 #ah ,re/ra9t1 #ace1 #acf ,ret5tion1 #aja ,"r k1 #ec rpa1 #ch1 #fe1 #aeb1 #afg rpa tanmtra1 #eg1 #fd gv$a1 #aa %i1 #add tambh>1 #aed sadap>im1 #aj sahakri1 #ee sahopalambhaniyama1 #cc sahopalambhaniyama ca v$yatvaca het s&igdhavyatirekataynaikntikau1 #cd sahopalambhaniyamdabh$o nilataddhiyo1 #cb ,salvation1 #ade1 #aei1 #afb samdhi1 #ha1 #if1 #ajb1 #aah1 #abb1 #abd1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa1 #afb2 classification (1 #aec1 #aed samdhip>ima1 #aee samna tantra1 #fg samprajta1 #if1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #acg1 #add1 #adi1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef samprajta samdhi1 #ach1 #ade1 #aej1 #aed sampratyaya1 #acd n4 saghtap>r?atvt trigudivip>yyaydadhi%hnt puru%o'/i bhoktbhvt kaivalyr?a pravtteca1 #bd sasra1 #aae1 #aba saskra1 #ai1 #ha1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajh1 #aji1 #abe1 #agd1 #agf1 #agg saskr vttibhi kriyante saskraica vttaya eva vttisaskracakram aniamv>ttate1 #ig saskrae%a1 #abe saskryyakraa1 #ace sas% vivicyante1 #fb savega1 #abi sayama1 #adi1 #aeg sayoga1 #bg1 #bi n4 sannysrama1 #ajc santo%a1 #adc saketa1 #ahg ,s>asvat ,rmn&a1 #abf s>va s>vtmaka1 #gg satkraavda1 #ha satkryyavda1 #ha sattva1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #bb1 #bd1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #if1 #aaf1 #adc1 #add1 #aec1 #afj1 #afa sattvapuru%ayo uddhismye kaivalya1 #af1 #bb sattvapuru%ayoratyantsakrayo pratyayvie%o bhoga p>r?atvt svr?asamyamt puru%aj1 nam1 #af savicra1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed2 praj1 #aea savit>ka1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed s ca tman grahtr saha buddhirektmik savid1 #ea smnya gua1 #bi n4 ,skhya1 #d1 #g n41 #aj1 #aa1 #ah1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #bi n41 #cj1 #eh1 #fb1 #fg1 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #adj1 #afd1 #afe2 ,ja9a influ5ce on1 #id n4 ,skhya-krik1 #ee1 #ef n41 #fg ,skhya-,ptajala1 #bd1 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #he ,skhya philosophy1 #d n4 ,skhyapravacanabh%ya1 #d n4 ,skhya-stra1 #aa1 #ae1 #afi ,skhya-,yoga1 #d1 #bf1 #bg1 #ej n41 #eg ,skhyi/s1 #ab sn&a1 #aec sttvika1 #ch1 #ef sttvikaahakra1 #fc ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 #ej ,seal1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,n41 #g1 #cg1 #fc n41 #ff-afi ,seem+ reflection1 #bb1 #bc ,se]1 #ag1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #dg1 #ea ,self1 #h1 #ah1 #ba1 #bf1 #di1 #ea1 #ed ,self-consci\sness1 #eb1 #ed ,self-control1 #bd ,self-intellig5t1 #c ,self-subsi/5t1 #cf ,s5sation1 #aff ,s5se1 #ada ,s5se faculties1 #ef ,s5se organs1 #ef ,s5ses1 #c1 #dj1 #da1 #dg1 #ed1 #fj1 #hf1 #hg1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ace1 #adg1 #afg1 #aga2 div]g5t views ab\t _! evolution1 #eg ,sep>ation1 #bi n4 ,sex re/ra9t1 #add ,%a%itantra/ra1 #aj1 #ab siddha1 #add ,siddhnta-c&rik1 #fe1 #ie ,siddhntalea1 #ad ,sign1 #g1 #da ,simultane\s revelation1 #cc ,s9s1 #ajc ,sleep1 #agd smti1 #ai1 #fd1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #abf1 #abh1 #acf ,social1 #b ,s\l1 #ac1 #ad1 #bd1 #be ,s\nd1 #afi ,space1 #gi1 #adf1 #aeb2 z relative position1 #afi ,space ord]1 #agj sp>a1 #ch1 #fe sp>tanmtra1 #eg1 #fd ,specialis$1 #g1 #h ,specific1 #afh sphoavda1 #agh-ahg2 ,kumril's view1 #aha2 ,mahbh%ya & ,kaiyaa1 #ahb2 ,prabhk>a1 #ahb2 ab>a's view1 #ahb2 ,vaie%ika view1 #ahj2 ,vkya-sphoa1 #ahe2 ,yoga view1 #ahd ,sp9oza1 #ac ,spirits1 #g1 #ac ,spiritual pr9ciple1 #bd1 #bh /hiti1 #cg1 #age /hitikraa1 #acc /hla1 #aff /hlavi%ayaka1 #aed ,/r5g?1 #ajb ,/udies1 #acf1 #aci ,subconsci\s1 #ha ,sub-lat5t1 #df1 #gc ,sub/ance1 #d n41 #bi n41 #dj1 #dg1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #ha1 #afh2 its nature1 #cg ,sub/antive entities1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #hb1 #hd ,sub/ratum1 #cf1 #cg1 #di ,succession1 #dd1 #de summum bonum1 #aba ,su%ea1 #ace sutuc*aka1 #ab sk%ma1 #fa1 #fg1 #aff1 #afg sk%mavi%ayaka1 #aed sk%mavttimanta1 #f ,stra1 #ae1 #ag1 #bb1 #bf1 #ca1 #fb1 #fd1 #ajh1 #acg1 #adg ,strr?abodh91 #fe1 #ij sv>pa1 #aff1 #afg1 #age svdhyya1 #acf1 #adb1 #afa ,svetvat>a1 #aa ,sympa?y1 #acg1 #ach abda1 #ch1 #fe1 #aej abdajnnupt va/unyo vikalpa1 #agd abda-tanmtra1 #eg1 #fd abddnm mrttisamnajtynm1 #ff n4 akti1 #ag1 #hb1 #hc aktimn1 #hb1 #hc ak>a1 #d n41 #ace1 #afb nta1 #gc ,snti-p>va1 #hj1 #hh1 #hi /ra1 #agb auca1 #adc1 #add la1 #f raddh1 #ajb1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace1 #ach1 #aeh ruti1 #eg ukla1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #adj1 #age ukla k>ma1 #ajc1 #adj ukla k>maya1 #aaa uklak%a1 #ajb1 #aaa nyavdi ,buddhi/s1 #b svalpasak>a sap>ihra sapratyavam>%a1 #ajc n4 svasvmiaktyo sv>popalabdhihetu sayoga1 #af tad>?a eva dryasya tm1 #af tadabhvt sayogbhvo hna tadde kaivalya1 #af taijasa1 #ef tamas1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #dg1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #id1 #ie1 #aag1 #afi1 #agf tanmtra1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #ed1 #ei1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #hb1 #hc1 #abd1 #aea1 #afg tanmtras1 evolution ( gross] elem5ts f1 #fe2 _! diff]5ce f p>amnus1 #fh2 _! evolution1 et seq41 #fd2 _! relation to ahakra1 #dj1 #da tanmtrvayava1 #ff tanmtrmapi p>asp>avyrvttasvabhvatvama/yeva tacca yogimtragamyam1 #fh tanu1 #agf tapa1 #acf tapas1 #afa tasmt svatantro'r?a s>vapuru%asdhraa svatantri ca cittni pratipuru%a1 prav>ttante1 #cf ,ta/e1 #afg tatrad%ajanmav$anyasya niyatavipkasya1 #aji tattva1 #dj1 #id tattvajna1 #aja1 #agf ,tattva-kaumud1 #be1 #ef n41 #ajc n4 ,tattva-nirpaa1 #ff ,tattvatraya1 #aa n41 #ee1 #eh1 #fd1 #ff ,tattvavairad1 #c n41 #e n41 #i n41 #cc n41 #df1 #ec1 #ef n41 #fd1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi1 #ic1 #ace1 #aed tattvnt>a1 #fh tattvnt>a-p>ima1 #dj1 #da1 #fi tmasa1 #ch1 #ef tmasa ahakra1 #fj1 #fb te vyaktask%m gutmna 444 s>vamida gun ,sanniveavie%amtramiti p>amr?ato gutmna1 #ch tejas1 #fe1 #ge1 #aff1 #afg tejas atom1 #ff ,teleological1 #hf1 #aba ,teleology1 #bd1 #gf1 #gg1 #hi ,temptation1 #ada ,!ft1 #acf1 #ada ,!i/s1 #ij ,!ories1 #b ,?+1 #aej ,?+-9-itself1 #b1 #cg ,?\ght1 #b ,"t1 #gi1 #aci1 #aeb1 #afi2 z discrete mom5ts1 #dd2 z unit ( *ange1 #dc2 elem5t ( imag9ation 91 #dd2 unit (1 #df2 ord]1 #agj ,t9duka1 #gg ,trance1 #ace1 #acf1 #adc2 ,trance-cognition1 #ie ,transc5d5t1 #ah ,trans=mations1 #bj1 #bd tras>eu1 #ff triguamaviveki vi%aya smnyamacetana prasavadh>mi vyakta ta? pradhna1 tadvip>ta/a? pumn1 #db ,tru?1 #ada ,tru?fulness1 #aci1 #adj1 #add ,tulyajtytulyajtyaaktibh$nupt9a1 #f udra1 #agf udbodhaka1 #agd udghta1 #adf1 #adg udita1 #gc ,ultimate /ate1 #g ,unafflict$1 #agf ,und]/&+1 #ai ,undet]m9$1 #h ,undiff]5tiat$1 #ab1 #afb ,un9dividuat$1 #ab ,univ]se1 #a1 #ac2 a product ( gua comb9ations1 #cg ,unkn[able1 #b1 #cg ,unmanife/$1 #d1 #h1 #gb ,unm$iat$1 #h ,unpr$icable1 #gc ,unreal1 #bh ,unspecialis$1 #g ,unwisdom1 #adb ,upani%ads1 #aa upa/ha1 #ed1 #eh updna1 #fa updna kraa1 #fa1 #acc upek%1 #acg1 #aci utpdyakraa1 #ace utt>adea1 #dc n4 ha1 #aja1 #agf vaikrika1 #ef vairgya1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abg1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace1 #acf1 #adc1 #adi1 #afb1 #agg ,vaie%ika1 #dc n41 #ga1 #afh ,vaie%ika atoms1 #gj vai%ava1 #aj ,vanity1 #adc vakra1 #abh va/upatita1 #dd va/usmye cittabh$t tayor vibhakta pan?1 #ce n4 ,vcaspati1 #c1 #e n41 #h1 #ab1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #dd1 #df n41 #ea1 #ee1 #fb1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #ge1 #gh1 #hg1 #hi1 #ic1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aah1 #abf1 #abi1 #add1 #aec1 #aed vk1 #ed ,vkyapadya1 #ahc vsan1 #ii1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aad1 #aaf1 #agg2 contra/$ ) k>maya1 #ajg ,vyu1 #afg ,vyu atom1 #fe ,v$as1 #aed1 #afj1 #afb1 #agj1 #agg ,v$nta1 #aa1 #ad1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #afb ,v$ntism1 #ad ,v$nti/s1 #ab1 #bf1 #ff1 #ha ,v$ic1 #ajc ,vehicles ( actions1 #ajc ,v5kaa1 #aj ,v]acity1 #acf1 #adj ,v]bal cognition1 cause (1 #ahf2 view ( ,nyya1 #ahg vibhu1 #dc n4 vibhu p>ima1 #bi n4 vibhti1 #aeh ,vibhtipda1 #bb vicra1 #aec vicrnugata1 #abe1 #aec vic*9na1 #agf ,vice1 #hf1 #hg videha1 #abg vidy1 #agg vidyvip>tam jnnt>a avidy1 #aa1 #ig ,vijanmta-bh%ya1 #hh1 #ij ,vijna ,bhik%u1 #d1 #ae vikalpa1 #aja1 #aej1 #agc1 #agd vikrakraa1 #acc vikryyakraa1 #ace vikti1 #g n41 #afe vik%ipta1 #ie1 #abc vik%iptacitta1 #if1 #acj vipka1 #aje1 #ajg vip>yyaya1 #aja1 #agb1 #agc1 #agf viprayoga1 #g ,virtue1 #hf ,vi%u ,pura1 #ff vie%a1 #g1 #g n41 #dj1 #ei1 #ha1 #hd1 #afe1 #aga vie%ap>ima1 #fj vie%vie%aligamtrligniguap>vi1 #ei visok1 #abe vit>ka1 #aec vit>knugata1 #abe1 #aed viyoga1 #bi n4 viyogakraa1 #acd1 #ace vryya1 #ajb1 #abf1 #abh1 #ace1 #acf ,vomit1 #ada ,vtti1 #ef1 #ib1 #if1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb1 #abb1 #aga vyagya1 #eg vyajaka1 #eg vyatireka1 #abh vyavasytmakatva1 #c vyavaseytmakatva1 #c ,vysa1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #h n41 #bb1 #ec1 #aba1 #acc1 #ace ,vysa-bh%ya1 #c n41 #e n41 #g n41 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #cc1 #cf1 #cg1 #dc n41 #ej1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #ff n41 #fh n41 #gj1 #ga n41 #gi1 #hd1 #he1 #id1 #ii1 #aja1 #aag1 #aai1 #aba1 #acc1 #aga vyoman1 #ge vyut?na1 #aee1 #aef1 #agj vyut?na citta1 #ie ,w>d1 #b n4 ,wick$1 #ajb ,_w-ph5om5a1 #af ,_w-process1 #ia yadyaligva/h abddyupabhoga v sattvapuru%nyatkhytim v puru%r?am nirv>ttayet tannrv>ttane hi na smyva/h syt1 #h ,yama1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb1 #adc1 #adh ,yatamna1 #abg ya? ra?di yantradibhi1 #be ya?yaskntamai svasm9neva ayasannidhk>aamtrt alyani%k>%akhyam upakram kurvat puru%asya svm9a svam bhavati bhogasdhanatvt1 #bb ye csynupa/hit bhga/e csya na syureva n/i p%hamiti ud>amapi na ghyeta1 #cf ,yoga1 #ad1 #bi1 #dh1 #fb1 #hi1 #if1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #adj1 #add1 #adg1 #aee1 #afb1 #agg2 its po9ts ( diff]5ce ) ,skhya1 #afc-afe ,yoga metaphysics1 #a ,yoga philosophy 9 relation to o!r ,indian sy/ems ( ?\ght1 #afe ,yoga sy/em1 #b ,yoga !ory1 #e yogga1 #abb1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #ace1 #acf1 #add1 #ade1 #adi ,yoga-stra1 #e n41 #aa1 #ag1 #ce n41 #dc n41 #de1 #dg1 #ajh1 #aag1 #adb1 #aec ,yoga-vrttika1 #d n41 #f n41 #i1 #aj1 #ab n41 #bb1 #bi n41 #dc n41 #de n41 #fj1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #hg1 #aaj1 #abf1 #abg1 #abi1 #acd n41 #adc1 #aed1 #agf ,yog9s1 #gi1 #hg1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #aba1 #abe1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acf1 #aci1 #adc1 #adg1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj2 n9e k9ds (1 #abi yogyatvac*9n dh>mia aktireva dh>ma1 #hb ,yudhi%hira1 #adj yutasiddhvayaba1 #afh ----- ,footnote #a3 ,see ,w>d's ,naturalism & ,agno/icism4 ,footnote #b3 ,vcaspati's ,tattvavairad on ! ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #dg4 ,footnote #c3 ,skhyapravacanabh%ya1 ,i4 #abj4 ,footnote #d3 ,x is inde$ difficult to say :at 0 ! e>lie/ conception ( ! guz4 ,b !re is reason to believe1 z ,i h said else:]e1 t gua 9 its e>lie/ acceptance meant qualities4 ,x is v probable t z ! ,skhya philosophy became m & m sy/ematis$ x 0 realis$ t !re 0 no ultimate di/9ction betwe5 sub/ance & qualities4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* a view ! guz :i* 7 orig9ally reg>d$ z qualities began to be reg>d$ z sub/antive entities & no contradiction 0 felt4 ,bhik%u 9 _m places describes ! guz z sub/antive entities 7dravya7 & _! division into ?ree classes z be+ due to ! pres5ce ( ?ree k9ds ( class-*>act]i/ics4 ,?is w\ld naturally mean t )9 ! same class !re 7 _m o!r diff]5ces :i* h n be5 tak5 into acc\nt 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #ah74 ,b x _c be said t ! view t ! guz are sub/antive entities & t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 qualities & sub/ances is reg>d$ z a g5u9e ,skhya view ev5 z e>ly z ak>a4 ,see ,ghbh%ya1 ,,xiv4 #e4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,vysa-bh%ya on ,patajali's ,yoga-stras1 ,,ii4 #ah1 & ,vcaspati's ,tattvavairad on x4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,bhik%u's ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #ah4 ,footnote #g3 ,hi/ory ( ,h9du ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 by ,p4 ,c4 ,ray1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #h3 ,! usual ,skhya t]ms z f\nd 9 ,iv>ak%a's ,krik1 hav+ ! same d5otation z avie%a & vie%a1 are praktivikti & vikti4 ,footnote #i3 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #aj3 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #aa3 ,tattvavairad1 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #ab3 ,tattvatraya1 p4 #dh 7,*[khamba edition71 ,b5>es4 ,footnote #ac3 ,bhik%u 9 8 ,yoga-vrttika expla9s 8myeva0 z 8laukikamyeva k%aabhaguram0 evanesc5t l ! illusions ( worldly exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #ad3 ,siddhntallea 7,jvev>a nirpaia74 ,footnote #ae3 ,pr9cess ,kunt ( ! ,mahbhrata _h a son born to h] by means ( a *>m :5 %e 0 /ill a virg94 ,be+ afraid ( a public sc&al %e float$ ! *ild 9 a /ream2 ! *ild 0 pick$ up by ! wife ( a c>p5t] 7,rdh74 ,! boy grew up to be ! great h]o ,k>a & he ?\ght t he 0 ! son ( a c>p5t] until ! fact ( 8 royal l9eage 0 disclos$ to him lat] 9 life4 ,footnote #af3 ,krik #ag4 ,footnote #ag3 ,gauapda's comm5t>y on ,krik #ag4 ,footnote #ah3 ,puru%a is a sub/ance 7dravya7 because x has indep5d5t exi/5ce 7anrita7 & has a measure 7vibhu p>ima7 ( its own4 ,s x always possesses ! common *>act]i/ics 7smnya gua7 ( sub/ances1 contact 7sayoga71 sep>ation 7viyoga7 & numb] 7sakhy74 ,puru%a _c be consid]$ to be suff]+ *ange or impure on acc\nt ( ! possession ( ! above common *>act]i/ics ( all sub/ances4 ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #ag4 ,footnote #ai3 ,?us ! ,bh%ya says3 bhavi%yadvyaktikamangataanudbhtavyaktika matta svavyproprha v>ttamna traya1 caitadva/u jnasya jeya yadi caitat sv>pato nbhavi%yann$a nirvi%aya jnamudapatsyata tasmdattamangata sv>pato' /ti4 ,footnote #bj3 ,tattvavairad1 ,,iv4 #ad4 ,footnote #ba3 ,va/usmye cittabh$t tayor vibhakta pan?4 ,yoga-stra1 ,,iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #bb3 8,tattvnt>a-p>ima0 means ! evolution ( a :olly new category ( exi/5ce4 ,?us ! tanmtras are :olly diff]5t f ! ego f :i* !y are produc$4 ,s ! atoms are :olly diff]5t f ! tanmtras f :i* !y are produc$1 = ! latt]1 unlike ! =m]1 h no s5se-prop]ties4 ,9 all comb9ations ( atoms1 !re w\ld arise ?\s&s ( new qualities1 b none ( ! products ( ! comb9ation ( atoms c be call$ a tattvnt>a1 or a new category ( exi/5ce s9ce all ^! qualities are ! direct manife/ations ( ! specific prop]ties ( ! atoms4 ,footnote #bc3 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #eb1 says t ! smalle/ indivisible "p ( a ?+ is call$ a p>amu4 ,vijna ,bhik%u 9 expla9+ x says t p>amu "h means gua1 = if a ?+ say a /one is divid$1 !n ! fur!/ limit ( division is rea*$ :5 we come to ! indivisible guz4 ,b if ! prakti is all-p]vad+ 7vibhu7 h[ c ! guz be atomic8 ,bhik%u says 7,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iii4 #eb7 9 reply t !re are "s classes ( guz 7e4g4 ^? :i* produce m9d antak>aa & ka7 :i* are all-p]vad+1 :ile ! o!rs are all atomic4 ,9 ,bhik%u's int]pretation a mom5t is to be def9$ z ! "t :i* a gua entity takes to *ange its own unit ( space4 ,guz are ?us equival5t to ! ,vaie%ika p>amu4 ,bhik%u1 h[ev]1 does n d5y t !re are no atoms ( e>?1 wat]1 etc41 b he says t :]e ref]5ce is n made to ^! atoms b to gua atoms = ! p>tless units ( "t c only be comp>$ ) ! p>tless guz4 ,b ,vcaspati does n make any comm5t "h to indicate t ! smalle/ indivisible unit ( matt] %\ld mean guz4 ,moreov]1 ,yoga-stra1 ,i4 #dj1 & ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,i4 #de1 speak ( p>amu & au 9 ! s5se ( e>?-atoms1 etc4 ,ev5 ,bhik%u does n ma9ta9 t p>amu is us$ !re 9 ! s5se ( atomic gua entities4 ,i c\ld n !re=e accept ,bhik%u's int]pretation t p>amu "h ref]s to gua4 ,p>amu may "h be tak5 9 ! s5se ( mat]ial atoms ( e>?1 wat]1 etc4 ,! atoms 7p>amu7 "h _c be absolutely p>tless1 = x has two sides1 prior 7prvadea7 & po/]ior 7utt>adea74 ,footnote #bd3 ,bhik%u reg>ds ! movem5t ( a gua ( its own unit ( space z ! ultimate unit ( "t 7k%aa74 ,! :ole _w is no?+ else b a s]ies ( k%az4 ,?is view diff]s f ! ,buddhi/ view t ev]y?+ is mom5t>y 9 ?is t x does n admit ( any o!r ?+ b ! k%az 7na tu kskatirikta k%aika padr?a kacidi%yate tai/u kskaamtra/hyyeva padr?a i%yate4 ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iii4 #eb74 ,footnote #be3 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z reg>ds ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8k%aapratiyogi0 9 ,,iv4 #cc4 ,vcaspati says t x means ! gr[? associat$ ) a p>ticul> k%aa or mom5t 7k%aapracayraya74 ,! ^w pratiyog is int]pret$ by ,vcaspati z relat$ 7pratisamb&h74 ,bhik%u1 h[ev]1 gives a q diff]5t mean+4 ,he int]prets k%aa z 8int]val0 & pratiyog z 8opposite (0 7virodh74 ,s 8k%aapratiyog0 means ) him 8)\t any int]val0 or 8cont9u\s40 ,he holds t ! stra means t all *ange is cont9u\s & n 9 succession4 ,!re is accord+ to 8 int]pretation no int]val betwe5 ! cessation ( a previ\s "* & ! rise ( a new "o4 ,footnote #bf3 ,no?+ m ?an a sup]ficial comp>ison ) ,fi*te is "h int5d$4 ,a l>ge majority ( ! texts & ! comm5t>y lit]ature w\ld oppose ! attempts ( all ^? :o w\ld l to int]pret ,skhya-yoga on ,fi*tean l9es4 ,footnote #bg3 ,tattvakaumud on ,skhya-krik1 #be4 ,footnote #bh3 ,tattvavairad1 ,,iii4 #da4 ,footnote #bi3 ,?is 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,seal 9 8 ,physical1 ,*emical & ,me*anical ,!ories ( ! ,anci5t ,h9dus 9 ,dr4 ,p4 ,c4 ,ray's ,h9du ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #cj3 ,yoga-vrttika1 ,i4 #de4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i h already said be=e t ,bhik%u ?9ks t ! guz 7except ! all-p]vad+ ones7 may be comp>$ to ! ,vaie%ika atoms4 ,see ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,iii4 #eb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cf4 ,vysa-bh%ya--8sabddn mrttisamnajtyn10 ,,iv4 #ad4 ,footnote #cc3 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #cd3 ,vysa-bh%ya1 ,,iii4 #ac4 ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cf3 ,nahu%a an e>?ly k+ became ,indra ! k+ ( ! gods by ! fruition ( 8 virtues1 b on acc\nt ( gross misde$s fell f ,heav5 & 0 turn$ into a snake4 ,footnote #cg3 ,tattravairad1 ,,iv1 #c4 ,footnote #ch3 ,i h translat$ bo? citta & buddhi z m9d4 ,! ^w buddhi is us$ :5 emphasis is laid on ! intellective & cosmical functions ( ! m9d4 ,! ^w citta is us$ :5 emphasis is laid on ! cons]vative side ( m9d z ! repository ( all exp]i5ces1 memory1 etc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,if ?is is a ,skhya doctr9e1 x seems cle>ly to be a case ( ,ja9a influ5ce4 ,footnote #dj3 ,comp>e ,pacaikha1 svalpasak>a sap>ihra sapratyavam>%a1 ,tattvakaumud1 #b4 ,footnote #da3 ,pratyaya is expla9$ 9 ,yoga-vrttika1 ,,ii4 #bh1 z sampratyaya or prmyanicaya4 ,footnote #db3 ,yudhi%hira l$ falsely ,droa to believe t ! latt]'s son 0 dead by inaudibly mutt]+ t x 0 only an elephant hav+ ! same "n z t ( 8 son t _h di$4 ,footnote #dc3 ,?is book has1 h[ev]1 n yet be5 publi%$4 ,footnote #dd3 ,dr4 ,ray's ,h9du ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #de3 ,avidy manife/s itself 9 diff]5t =ms3 7#a7 z ! afflictions 7klea7 ( asmit 7egoism71 rga 7atta*m5t71 dve%a 7antipa?y7 & abh9ivea 7self-love72 7#b7 z d\bt & intellectual error2 7#c7 z error ( s5se4 ,all ^! manife/ations ( avidy are also ! diff]5t =ms ( vip>yyaya or bhrama 7error1 illusion1 mi/ake74 ,?is bhrama 9 ,yoga is ! ?9k+ ( some?+ z t :i* x is n 7anya?khyti74 ,?us we ?9k ! mis]able worldly exi/5ce z pleasurable & attribute ! *>act]i/ics ( prakti to puru%a & vice v]sa4 ,all afflictions are due to ?is confusion & misjudgm5t1 ! roots ( :i* /ay 9 ! buddhis 9 all _! transmigrations f "o life to ano!r4 ,skhya1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ,yoga & ?9ks t all error 7avidy or bhrama7 is due only to non-di/9ction betwe5 ! true & ! untrue4 ,?us non-di/9ction 7aviveka7 betwe5 prakti & puru%a is ! cause ( all our mis]able mundane exi/5ce4 ,avidy & aviveka are ?us synonym\s ) ,skhya4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,us$ numb]s = footnotes1 plac+ !m all at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4