---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,! _m in/ances ( italic text are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,title page use ( blacklett] text uses ! #8' z a delimit]4 ,m>g9al sid5otes :i* spann$ multiple pages 7 (t5 repeat$ on ea* page4 ,^! h be5 remov$4 ,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,engli% ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes ,,( ,,malmesbury2 ,,n[ ,,fir/ ,,collect$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,moleswor?1 ,,b>t4 --- ,,vol4 ,,iv4 --- ,,london3 ,,john ,,bohn1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 --- ,,mdcccxl4 ,,london3 ,c4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ------- ,,page ,,tripos2 9 ,?ree ,disc\rses3 ,i4 ,human ,nature1 or ! ,fundam5tal ,elem5ts ( ,policy #a ,,ii4 ,de ,corpore ,politico1 or ! ,elem5ts ( ,law #gg ,,iii4 ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity #bbi ,an ,answ] to ,bi%op ,bramhall's ,book1 call$ 8,! ,cat*+ ( ! ,levia?an0 #bgi ,an ,hi/orical ,n>ration conc]n+ ,h]esy1 & ! ,puni%m5t !re( #che ,consid]ations ^u ! ,reputation1 ,loyalty1 ,mann]s1 & ,religion ( ,?omas ,hobbes #dji ,answ] to ,sir ,william ,dav5ant's ,preface be=e 8,gondib]t0 #dda ,lett] to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,edw>d ,h[>d #deh ,,hobbes' ,,tripos ,,9 ,?ree ,disc\rses4 ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,human ,,nature3 ,,! ,,second1 ,,de ,,corpore ,,politico3 ,,! ,,?ird1 ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4 --- ,,by ,,?omas ,,hobbes ,,( ,,malmesbury4 ,,human ,,nature1 ,,or ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,policy4 ,,be+ ,a ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,faculties1 ,,acts1 ,,& ,,passions1 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,man1 ,,f ,,_! ,,orig9al ,,causes2 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,su* ,,philosophical ,,pr9ciples1 ,,z ,,are ,,n ,,commonly ,,kn[n ,,or ,,ass]t$4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,hobbes ,,( ,,malmesbury4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ------- ,,read]1 ,x 0 ?\ght good to let y "k t ,mr4 ,hobbes ha? writt5 a body ( philosophy1 ^u su* pr9ciples & 9 su* ord] z are us$ by m5 conv]sant 9 demon/ration3 ?is he ha? di/+ui%$ into ?ree p>ts2 ,de ,corpore1 ,de ,hom9e1 ,de ,cive2 ea* ( ! consequ5ts beg9n+ at ! end ( ! antec$5t1 & insi/+ !reupon1 z ! lat] ,books ( ,euclid ^u ! =m]4 ,! la/ ( ^! he ha? already publi%$ 9 ,lat9 beyond ! seas2 ! second is ?is n[ pres5t$3 & if ^! two receive ju/ice 9 ! _w1 !re is hope we may obta9 ! fir/4 ,he ^: c>e x is1 & lab\r1 to satisfy ! judgm5t & reason ( mank9d1 w condesc5d s f>1 we hope1 to satisfy ! desire ( ^? le>n$ m5 :om ^! %all ei!r h f\nd or made2 :i* _c be1 until !y %all analytically h foll[$ ! gr& phnom5a ( /ates & k+doms ?r\gh ! passions ( p>ticul> m51 into ! elem5tal pr9ciples ( natural & corporeal motions4 ,! =m] "w 0 publi%$ by ! ,au?or1 & s is out ( dang]2 ?is by a fri5d1 ) leave f him3 & to secure ?is1 y are intreat$ to consid] ! relations :]e9 x /&s1 especially to ! book de ,cive4 ,x 0 ?\ght a "p ( religion1 n to make any *ange )\t ! au?or's advice1 :i* c\ld n sudd5ly be obta9$2 & s x comes =? innoc5tly1 suppos+ no?+ to h happ5$ s9ce ! ,d$ication ( x2 :i* if x seem a solecism to "s1 x may to o!rs give satisfaction1 9 call+ to m9d ^? times & opportunities to :i* we are indebt$ = ^! admirable compositions4 ,f4 ,b4 ------- ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,william1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,newca/le1 ,,gov]nor ,,to ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,8 ,,highness1 ,,"o ,,( ,,8 ,,maje/y',s ,,mo/ ,,hon\rable ,,privy ,,c\ncil4 --- ,,my ,,mo/ ,,hon\r$ ,,"l1 ,f ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ,nature1 ,reason & ,passion1 h proce$$ two k9ds ( le>n+1 ma!matical & dogmatical3 ! =m] is free f controv]sy & dispute1 because x consi/e? 9 comp>+ figure & motion only2 9 :i* ?+s1 tru?1 & ! int]e/ ( m51 oppose n ea* o!r3 b 9 ! o!r !re is no?+ undisputable1 because x comp>e? m51 & m$dle? ) _! "r & pr(it2 9 :i*1 z (t z reason is aga9/ a man1 s (t w a man be aga9/ reason4 ,& f h5ce x come?1 t !y :o h writt5 ( ju/ice & policy 9 g5]al1 d all invade ea* o!r & !mselves ) contradictions4 ,to r$uce ?is doctr9e to ! rules & infallibility ( reason1 !re is no way1 b1 fir/1 put su* pr9ciples d[n = a f\ndation1 z passion1 n mi/ru/+1 may n seek to displace2 & aft]w>ds to build !reon ! tru? ( cases 9 ! law ( nature 7:i* hi!rto h be5 built 9 ! air7 by degrees1 till ! :ole h be5 inexpugnable4 ,n[1 my ,"l1 ! pr9ciples fit = su* a f\ndation1 are ^? :i* h]et(ore ,i h acqua9t$ y\r ,lord%ip )al 9 private disc\rse1 & :i* by y\r comm& ,i h "h put into a me?od4 ,to exam9e cases !reby betwe5 sov]eign & sov]eign1 or betwe5 sov]eign & subject1 ,i leave to !m t %all f9d leisure & enc\ragem5t !reto4 ,= my "p1 ,i pres5t ?is to y\r ,lord%ip = ! true & only f\ndation ( su* sci5ce4 ,= ! /yle1 x is !re=e ! worse1 because1 :il/ ,i 0 writ+1 ,i consult$ m ) logic ?an ) rhetoric3 b = ! doctr9e1 x is n slightly prov$2 & ! conclusions !re( ( su* nature1 z1 = want ( !m1 gov]nm5t & peace h be5 no?+ else1 to ?is day1 b mutual fe>s2 & x w\ld be an incomp>able b5efit to commonweal?1 t e "o held ! op9ion conc]n+ law & policy "h deliv]$4 ,! ambition !re=e ( ?is book1 9 seek+ by y\r ,lord%ip's c\nt5ance to ins9uate itself ) ^? :om ! matt] x conta9e? mo/ ne>ly conc]ne?1 is to be excus$4 ,= myself1 ,i desire no great] hon\r ?an ,i enjoy already 9 y\r ,lord%ip's fav\r1 unless x be t y w\ld be pleas$1 9 cont9uance !re(1 to give me m ex]cise 9 y\r comm&s2 :i*1 z ,i am b\nd by y\r _m great fav\rs1 ,i %all obey1 be+1 ,my mo/ hon\r$ ,"l1 ,y\r mo/ humble & mo/ oblig$ ,s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,may #i1 #afdj4 ,,9 ,,libellum ,,pr,,/antissimi ,,?om ,,hobbii1 ,,viri ,,v]e ,,philosophi1 8,,de ,,natura ,,hom9is40 ,qu magna cli mnia1 et tractus m>is ,t]rque f9es1 siquid aut ultra e/1 capit1 ,m5s ipsa t&em capitur3 omnia hact5us ,qu nosse potuit1 nota jam primum e/ sibi4 ,acc$e1 ,lector1 disce quis demum sies2 ,et inquil9am jecoris agnoscas tui1 ,qua propius hret nil tibi1 et nil tam procul4 ,non hic s*ol>um frivola1 aut cassi logi1 ,quales p] annos =te plus septem legit2 ,ut folle pl5o prodeat1 rix artifex2 ,vanasque m]ces futili l+ua crepet3 ,s$ sancta r]um pond]a1 et s5sus graves1 ,quales p>>i decuit1 ipsa cum fuit ,p+5da ratio1 et v9dici suo ad/itit4 ,p&untur omnes ma*9 gyri tu1 ,animque vectes1 tro*le1 cunei1 rot2 ,qua concitetur arte1 quo sufflam9e ,si/atur illa rursus1 et con/et sibi3 ,nec1 si f5e/ram pectori humano suam ,aptasset ipse ,momus1 inspic]et magis4 ,hic c]no levia affectuum ve/igia1 ,gracilesque s5sus l9eas2 video quibus ,vehantur alis bl&uli cupid9es1 ,quibusque /imulis urgeant ir graves4 ,hic et dolores1 et voluptates suos ,produnt recessus2 ipse nec timor latet4 ,has norit artes1 quisquis 9 =o velit ,animorum hab5as flect]e1 et populos cupit ,aptis ligatos nexibus jungi sibi4 ,hic ,ar*im$es publicus figat p$em1 ,siqu&o regna ma*9is politicis ,urg]e satagit1 et f]as g5tes ciet1 ,imisque motum s$ibus mundum quatit3 ,facile domabit cuncta1 qui m5ti imp]at4 ,consultor audax1 et ,prome!i pot5s ,fac9oris anime6 quis tibi d$it ,deus ,hc intu]i sculis longe abdita1 ,oculosque luce t9xit ambrosia tuos8 ,tu m5tis omnis1 at tu nulla e/ capax4 ,hac laude solus fru]e3 div9um e/ opus ,animam cre>e2 proximum huic1 o/5d]e4 ,,rad4 ,,ba?ur/1 ,a4,m4 ,,col4 ,,tr94 ,,oxon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,human ,,nature3 ,,or ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,policy4 ------- ,,*apt] ,i4 ,sid5ote3 ,introduction4 #a4 ,! true & p]spicu\s explication ( ! elem5ts ( laws natural & politic 7:i* is my pres5t scope7 dep5de? ^u ! k ( :at is human nature1 :at is body politic1 & :at x is we call a law2 conc]n+ :i* po9ts1 z ! writ+s ( m5 f antiquity d[nw>ds h /ill increas$1 s also h ! d\bts & controv]sies conc]n+ ! same3 & see+ t true k begette? n d\bt nor controv]sy1 b k1 x is manife/ f ! pres5t controv]sies1 t !y1 :i* h h]et(ore writt5 !re(1 h n well und]/ood _! own subject4 #b4 ,h>m ,i c d none1 ?\gh ,i err no less ?an !y2 = ,i %all leave m5 b z !y are1 9 d\bt & dispute3 b1 int5d+ n to take any pr9ciple ^u tru/1 b only to put m5 9 m9d ( :at !y "k already1 or may "k by _! own exp]i5ce1 ,i hope to err ! less2 & :5 ,i d1 x mu/ proce$ f too ha/y conclud+1 :i* ,i w endeav\r z mu* z ,i c to avoid4 #c4 ,on ! o!r side1 if reason+ aright w9 n cons5t1 :i* may v easily happ51 f !m t be+ confid5t ( _! own k weigh n :at is said1 ! fault is n m9e1 b !irs2 = z x is my "p to %ew my reasons1 s x is !irs to br+ att5tion4 #d4 ,man's nature is ! sum ( 8 natural faculties & p[]s1 z ! faculties ( nutrition1 motion1 g5]ation1 s5se1 reason1 c4 ,^! p[]s we d unanim\sly call natural1 & are conta9$ 9 ! def9ition ( man1 "u ^! words1 animal & rational4 #e4 ,accord+ to ! two pr9cipal p>ts ( man1 ,i divide 8 faculties into two sorts1 faculties ( ! body1 & faculties ( ! m9d4 #f4 ,s9ce ! m9ute & di/9ct anatomy ( ! p[]s ( ! body is no?+ necess>y to ! pres5t purpose1 ,i w only sum !m up 9 ^! ?ree heads1 p[] nutritive1 p[] motive1 & p[] g5]ative4 #g4 ,( ! p[]s ( ! m9d !re be two sorts1 cognitive1 imag9ative1 or conceptive & motive2 & fir/ ( cognitive4 ,= ! und]/&+ ( :at ,i mean by ! p[] cognitive1 we mu/ rememb] & ackn[l$ge t !re be 9 our m9ds cont9ually c]ta9 images or conceptions ( ! ?+s )\t u1 insomu* t if a man c\ld be alive1 & all ! re/ ( ! _w annihilat$1 he %\ld nev]!less reta9 ! image !re(1 & all ^? ?+s :i* he _h be=e se5 or p]ceiv$ 9 x2 e "o by 8 own exp]i5ce kn[+1 t ! abs5ce or de/ruction ( ?+s once imag9$ do? n cause ! abs5ce or de/ruction ( ! imag9ation itself4 ,?is imag]y & repres5tations ( ! qualities ( ! ?+ )\t1 is t we call our conception1 imag9ation1 ideas1 notice or k ( !m2 & ! faculty or p[] by :i* we are capable ( su* k1 is t ,i "h call cognitive p[]1 or conceptive1 ! p[] ( kn[+ or conceiv+4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #b4 ,def9ition ( s5se4 #d4 ,f\r propositions conc]n+ ! nature ( conceptions4 #e4 ,! fir/ prov$4 #f4 ,! second prov$4 #g1 #h4 ,! ?ird prov$4 #i4 ,! f\r? prov$4 #aj4 ,! ma9 deception ( s5se4 #a4 ,hav+ decl>$ :at ,i mean by ! ^w conception1 & o!r words equival5t !reunto1 ,i come to ! conceptions !mselves1 to %ew _! diff]5ces1 _! causes1 & ! mann] ( ! production1 s f> z is necess>y = ?is place4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( s5se4 #b4 ,orig9ally all conceptions proce$ f ! action ( ! ?+ itself1 :]e( x is ! conception3 n[ :5 ! action is pres5t1 ! conception x produce? is also call$ s5se2 & ! ?+ by ^: action ! same is produc$1 is call$ ! object ( ! s5se4 #c4 ,by our sev]al organs we h sev]al conceptions ( sev]al qualities 9 ! objects2 = by sight we h a conception or image compos$ ( col\r & figure1 :i* is all ! notice & k ! object imp>te? to u ( its nature by ! eye4 ,by he>+ we h a conception call$ s\nd1 :i* is all ! k we h ( ! quality ( ! object f ! e>4 ,& s ! re/ ( ! s5ses are also conceptions ( sev]al qualities1 or natures ( _! objects4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r propositions conc]n+ ! nature ( conceptions4 #d4 ,because ! image 9 vision consi/+ ( col\r & %ape is ! k we h ( ! qualities ( ! object ( t s5se2 x is no h>d matt] = a man to fall into ?is op9ion1 t ! same col\r & %ape are ! v qualities !mselves2 & = ! same cause1 t s\nd & noise are ! qualities ( ! bell1 or ( ! air4 ,& ?is op9ion ha? be5 s long receiv$1 t ! contr>y mu/ ne$s appe> a great p>adox2 & yet ! introduction ( species visible & intelligible 7:i* is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( t op9ion7 pass+ to & fro f ! object1 is worse ?an any p>adox1 z be+ a pla9 impossibility4 ,i %all !re=e endeav\r to make pla9 ^! po9ts3 ,t ! subject :]e9 col\r & image are inh]5t1 is n ! object or ?+ se54 ,t !re is no?+ )\t u 7really7 :i* we call an image or col\r4 ,t ! said image or col\r is b an app>ition unto u ( ! motion1 agitation1 or alt]ation1 :i* ! object worke? 9 ! bra91 or spirits1 or "s int]nal sub/ance ( ! head4 ,t z 9 vision1 s also 9 conceptions t arise f ! o!r s5ses1 ! subject ( _! inh]5ce is n ! object1 b ! s5ti5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ prov$ #e4 ,e man ha? s mu* exp]i5ce z to h se5 ! sun & ! o!r visible objects by reflection 9 ! wat] & glasses2 & ?is alone is suffici5t = ?is conclusion1 t col\r & image may be !re :]e ! ?+ se5 is n4 ,b because x may be said t not)/&+ ! image 9 ! wat] be n 9 ! object1 b a ?+ m]ely phanta/ical1 yet !re may be col\r really 9 ! ?+ itself3 ,i w urge fur!r ?is exp]i5ce1 t div]s times m5 see directly ! same object d\ble1 z two c&les = "o1 :i* may happ5 f di/emp]1 or o!rwise )\t di/emp] if a man w1 ! organs be+ ei!r 9 _! "r temp]1 or equally di/emp]$2 ! col\rs & figures 9 two su* images ( ! same ?+ _c be inh]5t !re91 because ! ?+ se5 _c be 9 two places4 ,"o ( ^! images !re=e is n inh]5t 9 ! object3 b see+ ! organs ( ! sight are !n 9 equal temp] or di/emp]1 ! "o ( !m is no m inh]5t ?an ! o!r2 & consequ5tly nei!r ( !m bo? are 9 ! object2 :i* is ! fir/ proposition1 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$5t numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! second prov$4 #f4 ,secondly1 t ! image ( any ?+ by reflection 9 a glass or wat] or ! l1 is n any ?+ 9 or beh9d ! glass1 or 9 or "u ! wat]1 e man may grant to himself2 :i* is ! second proposition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ird prov$4 #g4 ,= ! ?ird1 we are to consid]1 fir/ t ^u e great agitation or concussion ( ! bra9 7z x happ5e? f a /roke1 especially if ! /roke be ^u ! eye7 :]eby ! optic n]ve suff]e? any great viol5ce1 !re appe>e? be=e ! eyes a c]ta9 light1 :i* light is no?+ )\t1 b an app>ition only1 all t is real be+ ! concussion or motion ( ! p>ts ( t n]ve2 f :i* exp]i5ce we may conclude1 t app>ition ( light is really no?+ b motion )94 ,if !re=e f lucid bodies !re c be d]iv$ motion1 s z to affect ! optic n]ve 9 su* mann] z is prop] !reunto1 !re w foll[ an image ( light some:]e 9 t l9e by :i* ! motion 0 la/ d]iv$ to ! eye2 t is to say1 9 ! object1 if we look directly on x1 & 9 ! glass or wat]1 :5 we look ^u x 9 ! l9e ( reflection1 :i* 9 effect is ! ?ird proposition2 namely1 t image & col\r is b an app>ition to u ( t motion1 agitation1 or alt]ation :i* ! object worke? 9 ! bra9 or spirits1 or "s int]nal sub/ance 9 ! head4 #h4 ,b t f all lucid1 %9+ & illum9ate bodies1 !re is a motion produc$ to ! eye1 &1 ?r\gh ! eye1 to ! optic n]ve1 & s into ! bra91 by :i* t app>ition ( light or col\r is affect$1 is n h>d to prove4 ,& fir/1 x is evid5t t ! fire1 ! only lucid body "h ^u e>?1 worke? by motion equally e way2 insomu* z ! motion !re( /opp$ or inclos$1 x is pres5tly ext+ui%$1 & no m fire4 ,& fur!r1 t t motion1 :]eby ! fire worke?1 is dilation1 & contraction ( itself alt]nately1 commonly call$ sc9tillation or gl[+1 is manife/ also by exp]i5ce4 ,f su* motion 9 ! fire mu/ ne$s arise a rejection or ca/+ f itself ( t "p ( ! m$ium :i* is contigu\s to x1 :]eby t "p also rejecte? ! next1 & s successively "o "p beate? back ano!r to ! v eye2 & 9 ! same mann] ! ext]ior "p ( ! eye presse? ! int]ior1 7! laws ( refraction /ill obs]v$74 ,n[ ! int]ior coat ( ! eye is no?+ else b a piece ( ! optic n]ve2 & !re=e ! motion is /ill cont9u$ !reby into ! bra91 & by resi/ance or reaction ( ! bra91 is also a reb\nd into ! optic n]ve aga92 :i* we n conceiv+ z motion or reb\nd f )91 d ?9k x is )\t1 & call x light2 z ha? be5 already %ew$ by ! exp]i5ce ( a /roke4 ,we h no reason to d\bt1 t ! f\nta9 ( light1 ! sun1 worke? by any o!r ways ?an ! fire1 at lea/ 9 ?is matt]4 ,& ?us all vision ha? its orig9al f su* motion z is "h describ$3 = :]e !re is no light1 !re is no sight2 & !re=e col\r also mu/ be ! same ?+ ) light1 z be+ ! effect ( ! lucid bodies3 _! diff]5ce be+ only ?is1 t :5 ! light come? directly f ! f\nta9 to ! eye1 or indirectly by reflection f clean & polite bodies1 & su* z h n any p>ticul> motion int]nal to alt] x1 we call x light2 b :5 x come? to ! eye by reflection f unev51 r\gh1 & co>se bodies1 or su* z are affect$ ) int]nal motion ( _! own t may alt] x1 !n we call x col\r2 col\r & light diff]+ only 9 ?is1 t ! "o is pure1 & ! o!r p]turb$ light4 ,by t :i* ha? be5 said1 n only ! tru? ( ! ?ird proposition1 b also ! :ole mann] ( produc+ light & col\r1 is app>5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r? prov$4 #i4 ,z col\r is n inh]5t 9 ! object1 b an effect !re( ^u u1 caus$ by su* motion 9 ! object1 z ha? be5 describ$3 s nei!r is s\nd 9 ! ?+ we he>1 b 9 ourselves4 ,"o manife/ sign !re( is1 t z a man may see1 s also he may he> d\ble or treble1 by multiplication ( e*oes1 :i* e*oes are s\nds z well z ! orig9al2 & n be+ 9 "o & ! same place1 _c be inh]5t 9 ! body t make? !m4 ,no?+ c make any ?+ :i* is n 9 itself3 ! clapp] ha? no s\nd 9 x1 b motion1 & make? motion 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( ! bell2 s ! bell ha? motion1 & n s\nd1 t imp>te? motion to ! air2 & ! air ha? motion1 b n s\nd2 ! air imp>te? motion by ! e> & n]ve unto ! bra92 & ! bra9 ha? motion b n s\nd2 f ! bra91 x reb\nde? back into ! n]ves outw>d1 & !nce x become? an app>ition )\t1 :i* we call s\nd4 ,& to proce$ to ! re/ ( ! s5ses1 x is app>5t en\gh1 t ! smell & ta/e ( ! same ?+1 are n ! same to e man2 & !re=e are n 9 ! ?+ smelt or ta/$1 b 9 ! m54 ,s likewise ! heat we feel f ! fire is manife/ly 9 u1 & is q diff]5t f ! heat :i* is 9 ! fire3 = our heat is pleasure or pa91 accord+ z x is great or mod]ate2 b 9 ! coal !re is no su* ?+4 ,by ?is ! f\r? & la/ proposition is prov$1 viz4 t z 9 vision1 s also 9 conceptions t arise f o!r s5ses1 ! subject ( _! inh]5ce is n 9 ! object1 b 9 ! s5ti5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ma9 deception ( s5se4 #aj4 ,& f h5ce also x foll[e?1 t :atsoev] accid5ts or qualities our s5ses make u ?9k !re be 9 ! _w1 !y be n !re1 b are seem+ & app>itions only3 ! ?+s t really are 9 ! _w )\t u1 are ^? motions by :i* ^! seem+s are caus$4 ,& ?is is ! great deception ( s5se1 :i* also is to be by s5se correct$3 = z s5se telle? me1 :5 ,i see directly1 t ! col\r seeme? to be 9 ! object2 s also s5se telle? me1 :5 ,i see by reflection1 t col\r is n 9 ! object4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #a4 ,imag9ation def9$4 #b4 ,sleep & dreams def9$4 #c4 ,causes ( dreams4 #d4 ,fiction def9$4 #e4 ,phantasms def9$4 #f4 ,remembrance def9$4 #g4 ,:]e9 remembrance consi/e?4 #h4 ,:y 9 a dream a man nev] ?9ks he dreams4 #i4 ,:y few ?+s seem /range 9 dreams4 #aj4 ,t a dream may be tak5 = reality & vision4 ,sid5ote3 ,imag9ation def9$4 #a4 ,z /&+ wat] put into motion by ! /roke ( a /one1 or bla/ ( w9d1 do? n pres5tly give ov] mov+ z soon z ! w9d cease?1 or ! /one settle?3 s nei!r do? ! effect cease :i* ! object ha? wr\ght ^u ! bra91 s soon z ev] by turn+ aside ( ! organs ! object cease? to "w2 t is to say1 ?\gh ! s5se be pa/1 ! image or conception rema9e?2 b m obscure :ile we are awake1 because "s object or o!r cont9ually plie? & solicite? our eyes1 & e>s1 keep+ ! m9d 9 a /rong] motion1 :]eby ! weak] do? n easily appe>4 ,& ?is obscure conception is t we call phantasy1 or imag9ation3 imag9ation be+1 to def9e x1 conception rema9+1 & by little & little decay+ f & aft] ! act ( s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,sleep & dreams def9$4 #b4 ,b :5 pres5t s5se is n1 z 9 sleep1 !re ! images rema9+ aft] s5se1 :5 !re be _m1 z 9 dreams1 are n obscure1 b /rong & cle>1 z 9 s5se itself4 ,! reason is1 t :i* obscur$ & made ! conceptions weak1 namely s5se1 & pres5t op]ation ( ! object1 is remov$3 = sleep is ! privation ( ! act ( s5se1 7! p[] rema9+7 & dreams are ! imag9ation ( !m t sleep4 ,sid5ote3 ,causes ( dreams4 #c4 ,! causes ( dreams1 if !y be natural1 are ! actions or viol5ce ( ! inw>d p>ts ( a man ^u 8 bra91 by :i* ! passages ( s5se by sleep b5umb$1 are re/or$ to _! motion4 ,! signs by :i* ?is appe>e? to be s1 are ! diff]5ces ( dreams 7old m5 commonly dream (t5]1 & h _! dreams m pa9ful ?an "y7 proce$+ f ! diff]5t accid5ts ( man's body1 z dreams ( lu/1 z dreams ( ang]1 accord+ z ! he>t1 or o!r p>ts )91 "w m or less ^u ! bra91 by m or less heat2 s also ! desc5ts ( diff]5t sorts ( phlegm make? u a dream ( diff]5t ta/es ( meats & dr9ks2 & ,i believe !re is a reciprocation ( motion f ! bra9 to ! vital p>ts1 & back f ! vital p>ts to ! bra92 :]eby n only imag9ation begette? motion 9 ^? p>ts2 b also motion 9 ^? p>ts begette? imag9ation l to t by :i* x 0 begott54 ,if ?is be true1 & t sad imag9ations n\ri% ! sple51 !n we see also a cause1 :y a /rong sple5 reciprocally cause? fe>ful dreams1 & :y ! effects ( lascivi\sness may 9 a dream produce ! image ( "s p]son t _h caus$ !m4 ,ano!r sign t dreams are caus$ by ! action ( ! inw>d p>ts1 is ! disord] & casual consequ5ce ( "o conception or image to ano!r3 = :5 we are wak+1 ! antec$5t ?\ght or conception introduce?1 & is cause ( ! consequ5t1 z ! wat] foll[e? a man's f+] ^u a dry & level table2 b 9 dreams !re is commonly no coh]5ce1 & :5 !re is1 x is by *ance1 :i* mu/ ne$s proce$ f ?is1 t ! bra9 9 dreams is n re/or$ to its motion 9 e "p alike2 :]eby x come? to pass1 t our ?\ghts appe> l ! />s betwe5 ! fly+ cl\ds1 n 9 ! ord] :i* a man w\ld *oose to obs]ve !m1 b z ! unc]ta9 flight ( brok5 cl\ds p]mits4 ,sid5ote3 ,fiction def9$4 #d4 ,z :5 ! wat]1 or any liquid ?+ mov$ at once by div]s mov5ts1 receive? "o motion comp\nd$ ( !m all2 s also ! bra9 or _s !re91 hav+ be5 /irr$ by div]s objects1 compose? an imag9ation ( div]s conceptions t appe>$ s+le to ! s5se4 ,z = example1 ! s5se %ewe? at "o "t ! figure ( a m\nta91 & at ano!r "t ! col\r ( gold2 b ! imag9ation aft]w>ds ha? !m bo? at once 9 a gold5 m\nta94 ,f ! same cause x is1 !re appe> unto u ca/les 9 ! air1 *im]as1 & o!r mon/]s :i* are n 9 r]um natura1 b h be5 conceiv$ by ! s5se 9 pieces at sev]al times4 ,& ?is composition is t :i* we commonly call fiction ( ! m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,phantasms def9$4 #e4 ,!re is yet ano!r k9d ( imag9ation1 :i* = cle>ness cont5de? ) s5se1 z well z a dream2 & t is1 :5 ! action ( s5se ha? be5 long or vehem5t3 & ! exp]i5ce !re( is m frequ5t 9 ! s5se ( see+1 ?an ! re/4 ,an example :]e( is1 ! image rema9+ be=e ! eye aft] look+ ^u ! sun4 ,also1 ^? little images t appe> be=e ! eyes 9 ! d>k 7:]e( ,i ?9k e man ha? exp]i5ce1 b !y mo/ ( all1 :o are timor\s or sup]/iti\s7 are examples ( ! same4 ,& ^!1 = di/9ction-sake1 may be call$ phantasms4 ,sid5ote3 ,remembrance def9$4 #f4 ,by ! s5ses1 :i* are numb]$ accord+ to ! organs to be five1 we take notice 7z ha? be5 said already7 ( ! objects )\t u2 & t notice is our conception !re(3 b we take notice also "s way or o!r ( our conceptions3 = :5 ! conception ( ! same ?+ come? aga91 we take notice t x is aga92 t is to say1 t we h _h ! same conception be=e2 :i* is z mu* z to imag9e a ?+ pa/2 :i* is impossible to ! s5se1 :i* is only ( ?+s pres5t4 ,?is !re=e may be acc\nt$ a six? s5se1 b int]nal1 7n ext]nal1 z ! re/7 & is commonly call$ remembrance4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e9 remembrance consi/e?4 #g4 ,= ! mann] by :i* we take notice ( a conception pa/1 we are to rememb]1 t 9 ! def9ition ( imag9ation1 x is said to be a conception by little & little decay+1 or gr[+ m obscure4 ,an obscure conception is t :i* repres5te? ! :ole object toge!r1 b none ( ! small] p>ts by !mselves2 & z m or few] p>ts be repres5t$1 s is ! conception or repres5tation said to be m or less cle>4 ,see+ !n ! conception1 :i* :5 x 0 fir/ produc$ by s5se1 0 cle>1 & repres5t$ ! p>ts ( ! object di/9ctly2 & :5 x come? aga9 is obscure1 we f9d miss+ some:at t we expect$2 by :i* we judge x pa/ & decay$4 ,= example1 a man t is pres5t 9 a =eign city1 see? n only :ole /reets1 b c also di/+ui% p>ticul> h\ses1 & p>ts ( h\ses2 b dep>t$ !nce1 he _c di/+ui% !m s p>ticul>ly 9 8 m9d z he did1 "s h\se or turn+ escap+ him2 yet is ?is to rememb]3 :5 aft]w>ds !re escape him m p>ticul>s1 ?is is also to rememb]1 b n s well4 ,9 process ( "t1 ! image ( ! city returne? b z a mass ( build+ only1 :i* is almo/ to h =gott5 x4 ,see+ !n remembrance is m or less1 z we f9d m or less obscurity1 :y may n we well ?9k remembrance to be no?+ else b ! miss+ ( p>ts1 :i* e man expecte? %\ld succe$ aft] !y h a conception ( ! :ole8 ,to see at a great di/ance ( place1 & to rememb] at a great di/ance ( "t1 is to h l conceptions ( ! ?+3 = !re wante? di/9ction ( p>ts 9 bo?2 ! "o conception be+ weak by op]ation at di/ance1 ! o!r by decay4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y 9 a dream a man nev] ?9ks he dreams4 #h4 ,& f ?is t ha? be5 said1 !re foll[e?1 t a man c nev] "k he dreame?2 he may dream he d\bte?1 :e!r x be a dream or no3 b ! cle>ness ( ! imag9ation repres5te? e ?+ ) z _m p>ts z do? s5se itself1 & consequ5tly1 he c take notice ( no?+ b z pres5t2 :]eas to ?9k he dreame?1 is to ?9k ^? 8 conceptions1 t is to say dreams1 obscur] ?an !y 7 9 ! s5se3 s t he mu/ ?9k !m bo? z cle>1 & n z cle> z s5se2 :i* is impossible4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y few ?+s seem /range 9 dreams4 #i4 ,f ! same gr\nd x proce$e?1 t m5 wond] n 9 _! dreams at place & p]sons1 z !y w\ld d wak+3 = wak+1 a man w\ld ?9k x /range to be 9 a place :]e he nev] 0 be=e1 & rememb] no?+ ( h[ he came !re2 b 9 a dream1 !re come? little ( t k9d into consid]ation4 ,! cle>ness ( conception 9 a dream1 take? away di/ru/1 unless ! /rang5ess be excessive1 z to ?9k himself fall5 f on high )\t hurt1 & !n mo/ commonly he wake?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t a dream may be tak5 = reality & vision4 #aj4 ,nor is x impossible = a man to be s f> deceiv$1 z :5 8 dream is pa/1 to ?9k x real3 = if he dream ( su* ?+s z are ord9>ily 9 8 m9d1 & 9 su* ord] z he use? to d wak+1 & )al t he laid him d[n to sleep 9 ! place :]e he f9de? himself :5 he awake?2 all :i* may happ53 ,i "k no or m>k by :i* he c disc]n :e!r x 7 a dream or n1 & !re=e d ! less wond] to he> a man sometimes to tell 8 dream = a tru?1 or to take x = a vision4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #a4 ,disc\rse4 #b4 ,! cause ( coh]5ce ( ?\ghts4 #c4 ,rang+4 #d4 ,sagacity4 #e4 ,rem9isc5ce4 #f4 ,exp]i5ce4 #g4 ,expectation4 #h4 ,conjecture4 #i4 ,signs4 #aj4 ,prud5ce4 #aa4 ,caveats ( conclud+ f exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,disc\rse4 #a4 ,! succession ( conceptions 9 ! m9d1 s]ies or consequ5ce ( "o aft] ano!r1 may be casual & incoh]5t1 z 9 dreams = ! mo/ "p2 & x may be ord]ly1 z :5 ! =m] ?\ght introduce? ! latt]2 & ?is is disc\rse ( ! m9d4 ,b because ! ^w disc\rse is commonly tak5 = ! coh]5ce & consequ5ce ( words1 ,i w1 to avoid equivocation1 call x discursion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! cause ( coh]5ce ( ?\ghts4 #b4 ,! cause ( ! coh]5ce or consequ5ce ( "o conception to ano!r1 is _! fir/ coh]5ce or consequ5ce at t "t :5 !y are produc$ by s5se3 z = example1 f ,/4 ,&rew ! m9d runne? to ,/4 ,pet]1 because _! names are read toge!r2 f ,/4 ,pet] to a /one1 = ! same cause2 f /one to f\ndation1 because we see !m toge!r2 & = ! same cause1 f f\ndation to *ur*1 & f *ur* to p1 & f p to tumult3 & accord+ to ?is example1 ! m9d may run almo/ f any?+ to any?+4 ,b z 9 ! s5se ! conception ( cause & effect may succe$ "o ano!r2 s may !y aft] s5se 9 ! imag9ation3 & = ! mo/ "p !y d s2 ! cause :]e( is ! appetite ( !m1 :o1 hav+ a conception ( ! end1 h next unto x a conception ( ! next means to t end3 z1 :5 a man1 f a ?\ght ( hon\r to :i* he ha? an appetite1 come? to ! ?\ght ( wisdom1 :i* is ! next means !reunto2 & f !nce to ! ?\ght ( /udy1 :i* is ! next means to wisdom4 ,sid5ote3 ,rang+4 #c4 ,to omit t k9d ( discursion by :i* we proce$ f any?+ to any?+1 !re are ( ! o!r k9d div]s sorts3 z fir/1 9 ! s5ses !re are c]ta9 coh]5ces ( conceptions1 :i* we may call rang+2 examples :]e( are2 a man ca/e? 8 eye ^u ! gr\nd1 to look ab\t = "s small ?+ lo/2 ! h\nds ca/+ ab\t at a fault 9 hunt+2 & ! rang+ ( spaniels3 & h]e9 we take a beg9n+ arbitr>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,sagacity4 #d4 ,ano!r sort ( discursion is1 :5 ! appetite give? a man 8 beg9n+1 z 9 ! example be=e1 :]e hon\r to :i* a man ha? appetite1 make? him ?9k ^u ! next means ( atta9+ x1 & t aga9 ( ! next1 c4 ,& ?is ! ,lat9s call sagacitas1 & we may call hunt+ or trac+1 z dogs trace bea/s by ! smell1 & m5 hunt !m by _! foot/eps2 or z m5 hunt aft] ri*es1 place1 or k4 ,sid5ote3 ,rem9isc5ce4 #e4 ,!re is yet ano!r k9d ( discursion beg9n+ ) ! appetite to recov] some?+ lo/1 proce$+ f ! pres5t backw>d1 f ?\ght ( ! place :]e we miss at1 to ! ?\ght ( ! place f :5ce we came la/2 & f ! ?\ght ( t1 to ! ?\ght ( a place be=e1 till we h 9 our m9d "s place1 :]e9 we _h ! ?+ we miss3 & ?is is call$ rem9isc5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]i5ce4 #f4 ,! remembrance ( succession ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 t is1 ( :at 0 antec$5t1 & :at consequ5t1 & :at concomitant1 is call$ an exp]im5t2 :e!r ! same be made by u volunt>ily1 z :5 a man putte? any ?+ into ! fire1 to see :at effect ! fire w produce ^u x3 or n made by u1 z :5 we rememb] a fair morn+ aft] a r$ ev5+4 ,to h _h _m exp]im5ts1 is t we call exp]i5ce1 :i* is no?+ else b remembrance ( :at antec$5ts h be5 foll[$ by :at consequ5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,expectation4 #g4 ,no man c h 9 8 m9d a conception ( ! future1 = ! future is n yet3 b ( our conceptions ( ! pa/1 we make a future2 or r1 call pa/1 future relatively4 ,?us aft] a man ha? be5 accu/om$ to see l antec$5ts foll[$ by l consequ5ts1 :5soev] he see? ! l come to pass to any ?+ he _h se5 be=e1 he looks !re %\ld foll[ x ! same t foll[$ !n3 z = example1 because a man ha? (t5 se5 (f5ces foll[$ by puni%m5t1 :5 he see? an (f5ce 9 pres5t1 he ?9ke? puni%m5t to be consequ5t !reto2 b consequ5t unto t :i* is pres5t1 m5 call future2 & ?us we make remembrance to be ! prevision ( ?+s to come1 or expectation or presumption ( ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,conjecture4 #h4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if a man see? 9 pres5t t :i* he ha? se5 be=e1 he ?9ks t t :i* 0 antec$5t to t :i* he saw be=e1 is also antec$5t to t he pres5tly see?3 z = example1 he t ha? se5 ! a%es rema9 aft] ! fire1 & n[ aga9 see? a%es1 conclude? aga9 !re ha? be5 fire3 & ?is is call$ aga9 conjecture ( ! pa/1 or presumption ( ! fact4 ,sid5ote3 ,signs4 #i4 ,:5 a man ha? s (t5 obs]v$ l antec$5ts to be foll[$ by l consequ5ts1 t :5soev] he see? ! antec$5t1 he looke? aga9 = ! consequ5t2 or :5 he see? ! consequ5t1 make? acc\nt !re ha? be5 ! l antec$5t2 !n he calle? bo? ! antec$5t & ! consequ5t1 signs "o ( ano!r1 z cl\ds are signs ( ra9 to come1 & ra9 ( cl\ds pa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,prud5ce4 #aj4 ,?is tak+ ( signs by exp]i5ce1 is t :]e9 m5 d ord9>ily ?9k1 ! diff]5ce /&s betwe5 man & man 9 wisdom1 by :i* !y commonly und]/& a man's :ole ability or p[] cognitive2 b ?is is an error3 = ! signs are b conjectural2 & accord+ z !y h (t5 or seldom fail$1 s _! assurance is m or less2 b nev] full & evid5t3 = ?\gh a man h always se5 ! day & night to foll[ "o ano!r hi!rto2 yet c he n !nce conclude !y %all d s1 or t !y h done s et]nally3 exp]i5ce conclude? no?+ univ]sally4 ,if ! signs hit tw5ty times = "o miss+1 a man may lay a wag] ( tw5ty to "o ( ! ev5t2 b may n conclude x = a tru?4 ,b by ?is x is pla91 t !y %all conjecture be/1 t h mo/ exp]i5ce1 because !y h mo/ signs to conjecture by3 :i* is ! reason old m5 are m prud5t1 t is1 conjecture bett]1 ct]is p>ibus1 ?an "y3 =1 be+ old1 !y rememb] m2 & exp]i5ce is b remembrance4 ,& m5 ( quick imag9ation1 ct]is p>ibus1 are m prud5t ?an ^? ^: imag9ations are sl[3 = !y obs]ve m 9 less "t4 ,prud5ce is no?+ b conjecture f exp]i5ce1 or tak+ ( signs f exp]i5ce w>ily1 t is1 t ! exp]im5ts f :i* he take? su* signs be all rememb]$2 = else ! cases are n alike t seem s4 ,sid5ote3 ,caveats ( conclud+ f exp]i5ce4 #aa4 ,z 9 conjecture conc]n+ ?+s pa/ & future1 x is prud5ce to conclude f exp]i5ce1 :at is l to come to pass1 or to h pass$ already2 s x is an error to conclude f x1 t x is s or s call$2 t is to say1 we _c f exp]i5ce conclude1 t any ?+ is to be call$ j or unju/1 true or false1 or any proposition univ]sal :atsoev]1 except x be f remembrance ( ! use ( names impos$ arbitr>ily by m53 = example1 to h he>d a s5t5ce giv5 9 ! l case1 ! l s5t5ce a ?\s& times is n en\gh to conclude t ! s5t5ce is j2 ?\gh mo/ m5 h no o!r means to conclude by3 b x is necess>y1 = ! draw+ ( su* conclusion1 to trace & f9d out1 by _m exp]i5ces1 :at m5 d mean by call+ ?+s j & unju/4 ,fur!r1 !re is ano!r caveat to be tak5 9 conclud+ by exp]i5ce1 f ! t5? section ( ! second *apt]2 t is1 t we conclude su* ?+s to be )\t1 t are )9 u4 ------- ,,*apt] ,v4 #a4 ,( m>ks4 #b4 ,names or appellations4 #c4 ,names positive & privative4 #d4 ,advantage ( names make? u capable ( sci5ce4 #e4 ,names univ]sal & s+ul>4 #f4 ,univ]sals n 9 r]um natura4 #g4 ,equivocal names4 #h4 ,und]/&+4 #i4 ,affirmation1 negation1 proposition4 #aj4 ,tru?1 falsity4 #aa4 ,ratioc9ation4 #ab4 ,accord+ to reason1 aga9/ reason4 #ac4 ,names causes ( k1 s ( error4 #ad4 ,translation ( ! disc\rse ( ! m9d into ! disc\rse ( ! tongue1 & ( ! errors !nce proce$+4 ,sid5ote3 ,( m>ks4 #a4 ,see+ ! succession ( conceptions 9 ! m9d are caus$1 z ha? be5 said be=e1 by ! succession !y _h "o to ano!r :5 !y 7 produc$ by ! s5ses1 & t !re is no conception t ha? n be5 produc$ imm$iately be=e or aft] innum]able o!rs1 by ! innum]able acts ( s5se2 x mu/ ne$s foll[1 t "o conception foll[e? n ano!r1 accord+ to our election1 & ! ne$ we h ( !m1 b z x *ance? u to he> or see su* ?+s z %all br+ !m to our m9d4 ,! exp]i5ce we h h]e(1 is 9 su* brute bea/s1 :i*1 hav+ ! provid5ce to hide ! rema9s & sup]fluity ( _! meat1 d nev]!less want ! remembrance ( ! place :]e !y hid x1 & !reby make no b5efit !re( 9 _! hung]3 b man1 :o 9 ?is po9t beg9ne? to rank himself some:at above ! nature ( bea/s1 ha? obs]v$ & rememb]$ ! cause ( ?is defect1 & to am5d ! same1 ha? imag9$ or devis$ to set up a visible or o!r s5sible m>k1 ! :i*1 :5 he see? x aga91 may br+ to 8 m9d ! ?\ght he _h :5 he set x up4 ,a m>k !re=e is a s5sible object :i* a man erecte? volunt>ily to himself1 to ! end to rememb] !reby some:at pa/1 :5 ! same is object$ to 8 s5se aga93 z m5 t h pass$ by a rock at sea1 set up "s m>k1 !reby to rememb] _! =m] dang]1 & avoid x4 ,sid5ote3 ,names or appellations4 #b4 ,9 ! numb] ( ^! m>ks1 are ^? human voices1 :i* we call ! names or appellations ( ?+s s5sible by ! e>1 by :i* we recall into our m9d "s conceptions ( ! ?+s to :i* we gave ^? names or appellations2 z ! appellation :ite br+e? to remembrance ! quality ( su* objects z produce t col\r or conception 9 u4 ,a "n or appellation !re=e is ! voice ( a man arbitr>y1 impos$ = a m>k to br+ into 8 m9d "s conception conc]n+ ! ?+ on :i* x is impos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,names positive & privative4 #c4 ,?+s nam$1 are ei!r ! objects !mselves1 z a man2 or ! conception itself t we h ( man1 z %ape & motion3 or "s privation1 :i* is :5 we conceive t !re is some?+ :i* we conceive1 n 9 him2 z :5 we conceive he is n j1 n f9ite1 we give him ! "n ( unju/1 ( inf9ite1 :i* signify privation or defect2 & to ! privations !mselves we give ! names ( inju/ice & inf9it5ess3 s t "h be two sorts ( names2 "o ( ?+s1 9 :i* we conceive some?+2 or ( ! conceptions !mselves1 :i* are call$ positive3 ! o!r ( ?+s :]e9 we conceive privation or defect1 & ^? names are call$ privative4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantage ( names make? u capable ( sci5ce4 #d4 ,by ! advantage ( names x is t we are capable ( sci5ce1 :i* bea/s1 = want ( !m are n2 nor man1 )\t ! use ( !m3 = z a bea/ misse? n "o or two out ( _m h] "y ones1 = want ( ^? names ( ord]1 "o1 two1 & ?ree1 & :i* we call numb]2 s nei!r w\ld a man1 )\t repeat+ orally or m5tally ! words ( numb]1 "k h[ _m pieces ( money or o!r ?+s lie be=e him4 ,sid5ote3 ,names univ]sal & s+ul>4 #e4 ,see+ !re be _m conceptions ( "o & ! same ?+1 & = e conception we give x a sev]al "n2 x foll[e? t = "o & ! same ?+1 we h _m names or attributes2 z to ! same man we give ! appellations ( j1 valiant1 c4 = div]s virtues2 ( /rong1 comely1 c4 = div]s qualities ( ! body4 ,& aga91 because f div]s ?+s we receive l conceptions1 _m ?+s mu/ ne$s h ! same appellation3 z to all ?+s we see1 we give ! same "n ( visible2 & to all ?+s we see moveable1 we give ! appellation ( moveable3 & ^? names we give to _m1 are call$ univ]sal to !m all2 z ! "n ( man to e p>ticul> ( mank9d3 su* appellation z we give to "o only ?+1 we call individual1 or s+ul>2 z ,socrates1 & o!r prop] names3 or1 by circumlocution1 he t writ ! ,iliads1 = ,hom]4 ,sid5ote3 ,univ]sals n 9 r]um natura4 #f4 ,! univ]sality ( "o "n to _m ?+s1 ha? be5 ! cause t m5 ?9k ! ?+s are !mselves univ]sal2 & s s]i\sly cont5d1 t besides ,pet] & ,john1 & all ! re/ ( ! m5 t are1 h be51 or %all be 9 ! _w1 !re is yet some?+ else t we call man1 viz4 man 9 g5]al1 deceiv+ !mselves1 by tak+ ! univ]sal1 or g5]al appellation1 = ! ?+ x signifie?3 = if "o %\ld desire ! pa9t] to make him ! picture ( a man1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 ( a man 9 g5]al2 he meane? no m1 b t ! pa9t] %\ld *oose :at man he please? to draw1 :i* mu/ ne$s be "s ( !m t are1 or h be51 or may be1 none ( :i* are univ]sal4 ,b :5 he w\ld h him to draw ! picture ( ! k+1 or any p>ticul> p]son1 he limite? ! pa9t] to t "o p]son he *oose?4 ,x is pla9 !re=e1 t !re is no?+ univ]sal b names2 :i* are !re=e call$ indef9ite2 because we limit !m n ourselves1 b leave !m to be appli$ by ! he>]3 :]eas a s+ul> "n is limit$ & re/ra9$ to "o ( ! _m ?+s x signifie?2 z :5 we say1 ?is man1 po9t+ to him1 or giv+ him 8 prop] "n1 or by "s su* o!r way4 ,sid5ote3 ,equivocal names4 #g4 ,! appellations t be univ]sal1 & common to _m ?+s1 are n always giv5 to all ! p>ticul>s1 7z !y ought to be7 = l conceptions1 & l consid]ations 9 !m all2 :i* is ! cause t _m ( !m are n ( con/ant signification1 b br+ into our m9d o!r ?\ghts ?an ^? = :i* !y 7 orda9$1 & ^! are call$ equivocal4 ,z = example1 ! ^w fai? signifie? ! same ) belief2 sometimes x signifie? p>ticul>ly t belief :i* make? a ,*ri/ian2 & sometime x signifie? ! keep+ ( a promise4 ,also all metaphors are by pr(ession equivocal3 & !re is sc>ce any ^w t is n made equivocal by div]s contextures ( spee*1 or by div]sity ( pronunciation & ge/ure4 ,sid5ote3 ,und]/&+4 #h4 ,?is equivocation ( names make? x difficult to recov] ^? conceptions = :i* ! "n 0 orda9$2 & t n only 9 ! language ( o!r m51 :]e9 we are to consid] ! drift1 & occasion1 & contexture ( ! spee*1 z well z ! words !mselves2 b also 9 our disc\rse1 :i* be+ d]iv$ f ! cu/om & common use ( spee*1 repres5te? unto u n our own conceptions4 ,x is !re=e a great ability 9 a man1 out ( ! words1 contexture1 & o!r circum/ances ( language1 to deliv] himself f equivocation1 & to f9d out ! true mean+ ( :at is said3 & ?is is x we call und]/&+4 ,sid5ote3 ,affirmation1 negation1 proposition4 #i4 ,( two appellations1 by ! help ( ?is little v]b is1 or some?+ equival5t1 we make an affirmation or negation1 ei!r ( :i* 9 ! ,s*ools we call also a proposition1 & consi/e? ( two appellations jo9$ toge!r by ! said v]b is3 z = example1 man is a liv+ creature2 or ?us1 man is n righte\s3 :]e( ! =m] is call$ an affirmation1 because ! appellation1 liv+ creature1 is positive2 ! latt] a negative1 because n righte\s is privative4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru?1 falsity4 #aj4 ,9 e proposition1 be x affirmative or negative1 ! latt] appellation ei!r compreh5de? ! =m]1 z 9 ?is proposition1 *>ity is a virtue1 ! "n ( virtue compreh5de? ! "n ( *>ity1 & _m o!r virtues beside2 & !n is ! proposition said to be true1 or tru?3 =1 tru?1 & a true proposition1 is all "o4 ,or else ! latt] appellation compreh5de? n ! =m]2 z 9 ?is proposition1 e man is j2 ! "n ( j compreh5de? n e man2 = unju/ is ! "n ( ! f> great] "p ( m53 & ! proposition is said to be false1 or falsity3 falsity & a false proposition be+ also ! same ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,ratioc9ation4 #aa4 ,9 :at mann] ( two propositions1 :e!r bo? affirmative1 or "o affirmative1 ! o!r negative1 is made a syllogism1 ,i =be> to write4 ,all ?is t ha? be5 said ( names or propositions1 ?\gh necess>y1 is b dry disc\rse3 & ?is place is n = ! :ole art ( logic1 :i* if ,i ent] fur!r into1 ,i ought to pursue3 besides1 x is n ne$ful2 = !re be few m5 :i* h n s mu* natural logic1 z !reby to disc]n well en\gh1 :e!r any conclusion ,i %all make 9 ?is disc\rse h]eaft]1 be well or ill collect$3 only ?us mu* ,i say 9 ?is place1 t mak+ ( syllogisms is t we call ratioc9ation or reason+4 ,sid5ote3 ,accord+ to reason1 aga9/ reason4 #ab4 ,n[ :5 a man reasone? f pr9ciples t are f\nd indubitable by exp]i5ce1 all deceptions ( s5se & equivocation ( words avoid$1 ! conclusion he make? is said to be accord+ to "r reason3 b :5 f 8 conclusion a man may1 by good ratioc9ation1 d]ive t :i* is contradictory to any evid5t tru? :atsoev]1 !n he is said to h conclud$ aga9/ reason3 & su* a conclusion is call$ absurdity4 ,sid5ote3 ,names causes ( k1 s ( error4 #ac4 ,z ! inv5tion ( names ha? be5 necess>y = ! draw+ m5 out ( ignorance1 by call+ to _! remembrance ! necess>y coh]5ce ( "o conception to ano!r2 s also ha? x on ! o!r side precipitat$ m5 into error3 insomu*1 t :]eas by ! b5efit ( words & ratioc9ation !y exce$ brute bea/s 9 k1 & ! commodities t accompany ! same2 s !y exce$ !m also 9 error3 = true & false are ?+s n incid5t to bea/s1 because !y adh]e n to propositions & language2 nor h !y ratioc9ation1 :]eby to multiply "o untru? by ano!r1 z m5 h4 ,sid5ote3 ,translation ( ! disc\rse ( ! m9d into ! disc\rse ( ! tongue1 & ( ! errors !nce proce$+4 #ad4 ,x is ! nature almo/ ( e corporal ?+1 be+ (t5 mov$ 9 "o & ! same mann]1 to receive cont9ually a great] & great] eas9ess & aptitude to ! same motion1 insomu* z 9 "t ! same become? s habitual1 t1 to beget x1 !re ne$s no m ?an to beg9 x4 ,! passions ( man1 z !y are ! beg9n+ ( volunt>y motions2 s are !y ! beg9n+ ( spee*1 :i* is ! motion ( ! tongue4 ,& m5 desir+ to %ew o!rs ! k1 op9ions1 conceptions1 & passions :i* are 9 !mselves1 & to t end hav+ inv5t$ language1 h by t means transf]r$ all t discursion ( _! m9d m5tion$ 9 ! =m] *apt]1 by ! motion ( _! tongues1 into disc\rse ( words3 & ratio n[ is b oratio1 = ! mo/ "p1 :]e9 cu/om ha? s great a p[]1 t ! m9d sugge/e? only ! fir/ ^w2 ! re/ foll[ habitually1 & are n foll[$ by ! m9d2 z x is ) begg>s1 :5 !y say _! pat]no/]1 putt+ toge!r su* words1 & 9 su* mann]1 z 9 _! education !y h le>n$ f _! nurses1 f _! companies1 or f _! tea*]s1 hav+ no images or conceptions 9 _! m9d1 answ]+ to ! words !y speak3 & z !y h le>n$ !mselves1 s !y tea* po/]ity4 ,n[1 if we consid] ! p[] ( ^? deceptions ( ! s5se1 m5tion$ *apt] ,,ii4 section #aj1 & also h[ uncon/antly names h be5 settl$1 & h[ subject !y are to equivocation1 & h[ div]sifi$ by passion1 7sc>ce two m5 agree+ :at is to be call$ good1 & :at evil2 :at lib]ality1 :at prodigality2 :at val\r1 :at tem]ity7 & h[ subject m5 are to p>alogism or fallacy 9 reason+1 ,i may 9 a mann] conclude1 t x is impossible to rectify s _m errors ( any "o man1 z mu/ ne$s proce$ f ^? causes1 )\t beg9n+ anew f ! v fir/ gr\nds ( all our k & s5se2 & in/ead ( books1 read+ ov] ord]ly "o's own conceptions3 9 :i* mean+1 ,i take nosce te ipsum = a precept wor?y ! reputation x ha? gott54 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 #a4 ,( ! two k9ds ( k4 #b4 ,tru? & evid5ce necess>y to k4 #c4 ,evid5ce def9$4 #d4 ,sci5ce def9$4 #e4 ,supposition def9$4 #f4 ,op9ion def9$4 #g4 ,belief def9$4 #h4 ,consci5ce def9$4 #i4 ,belief1 9 "s cases1 no less f d\bt ?an k4 ,sid5ote3 ,( ! two k9ds ( k4 #a4 ,!re is a /ory some:]e1 ( "o t pret5ds to h be5 miracul\sly cur$ ( bl9dness1 :]e) he 0 born1 by ,/4 ,alban or o!r ,sa9ts1 at ! t[n ( ,/4 ,alban's2 & t ! ,duke ( ,gl\ce/] be+ !re1 to be satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ! miracle1 ask$ ! man1 ,:at col\r is ?is8 :o1 by answ]+1 x 0 gre51 discov]$ himself1 & 0 puni%$ = a c\nt]feit3 = ?\gh by 8 sight newly receiv$ he might di/+ui% betwe5 gre51 & r$1 & all o!r col\rs1 z well z any t %\ld int]rogate him1 yet he c\ld n possibly "k at fir/ sight :i* ( !m 0 call$ gre51 or r$1 or by any o!r "n4 ,by ?is we may und]/&1 !re be two k9ds ( k1 :]e( ! "o is no?+ else b s5se1 or k orig9al1 z ,i h said 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second *apt]1 & remembrance ( ! same2 ! o!r is call$ sci5ce or k ( ! tru? ( propositions1 & h[ ?+s are call$1 & is d]iv$ f und]/&+4 ,bo? ( ^! sorts are b exp]i5ce2 ! =m] be+ ! exp]i5ce ( ! effects ( ?+s t "w ^u u f )\t2 & ! latt] exp]i5ce m5 h f ! prop] use ( names 9 language3 & all exp]i5ce be+1 z ,i h said1 b remembrance1 all k is remembrance3 & ( ! =m]1 ! regi/] we keep 9 books1 is call$ hi/ory2 b ! regi/]s ( ! latt] are call$ ! sci5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru? & evid5ce necess>y to k4 #b4 ,!re are two ?+s necess>ily impli$ 9 ?is ^w k2 ! "o is tru?1 ! o!r evid5ce2 = :at is n tru?1 c nev] be kn[n4 ,=1 let a man say he kn[e? a ?+ nev] s well1 if ! same %all aft]w>ds appe> false1 he is driv5 to confession1 t x 0 n k1 b op9ion4 ,likewise1 if ! tru? be n evid5t1 ?\gh a man holde? x1 yet is 8 k !re( no m ?an !irs :o hold ! contr>y3 = if tru? 7 en\gh to make x k1 all tru? 7 kn[n2 :i* is n s4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce def9$4 #c4 ,:at tru? is1 ha? be5 def9$ 9 ! prec$5t *apt]2 :at evid5ce is1 ,i n[ set d[n3 & x is ! concomitance ( a man's conception ) ! words t signify su* conception 9 ! act ( ratioc9ation3 = :5 a man reasone? ) 8 lips only1 to :i* ! m9d sugge/e? only ! beg9n+1 & foll[e? n ! words ( 8 m\? ) ! conceptions ( 8 m9d1 out ( cu/om ( s speak+2 ?\gh he beg9 8 ratioc9ation ) true propositions1 & proce$ ) c]ta9 syllogisms1 & !reby make always true conclusions2 yet are n 8 conclusions evid5t to him1 = want ( ! concomitance ( conception ) 8 words3 = if ! words alone 7 suffici5t1 a p>rot might be taught z well to "k tru?1 z to speak x4 ,evid5ce is to tru?1 z ! sap to ! tree1 :i*1 s f> z x creepe? along ) ! body & bran*es1 keepe? !m alive2 :]e x =sake? !m1 !y die3 = ?is evid5ce1 :i* is mean+ ) our words1 is ! life ( tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce def9$4 #d4 ,k !re(1 :i* we call sci5ce1 ,i def9e to be evid5ce ( tru?1 f "s beg9n+ or pr9ciple ( s5se3 = ! tru? ( a proposition is nev] evid5t1 until we conceive ! mean+ ( ! words or t]ms :]e( x consi/e?1 :i* are always conceptions ( ! m9d3 nor c we rememb] ^? conceptions1 )\t ! ?+ t produc$ ! same by our s5ses4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( k is1 t we h su* & su* conceptions2 ! second1 t we h ?us & ?us nam$ ! ?+s :]e( !y are conceptions2 ! ?ird is1 t we h jo9$ ^? names 9 su* mann] z to make true propositions2 ! f\r? & la/ is1 t we h jo9$ ^? propositions 9 su* mann] z !y be conclud+1 & ! tru? ( ! conclusion said to be kn[n4 ,& ( ^! two k9ds ( k1 :]e( ! =m] is exp]i5ce ( fact1 & ! latt] evid5ce ( tru?2 z ! =m]1 if x be great1 is call$ prud5ce2 s ! latt]1 if x be mu*1 ha? usually be5 call$1 bo? by anci5t & mod]n writ]s1 sapi5ce or wisdom3 & ( ?is latt]1 man only is capable2 ( ! =m]1 brute bea/s also p>ticipate4 ,sid5ote3 ,supposition def9$4 #e4 ,a proposition is said to be suppos$1 :51 be+ n evid5t1 x is nev]!less admitt$ = a "t1 to ! end1 t1 jo9+ to x o!r propositions1 we may conclude some?+2 & to proce$ f conclusion to conclusion1 = a trial :e!r ! same w lead u into any absurd or impossible conclusion2 :i* if x d1 !n we "k su* supposition to h be5 false4 ,sid5ote3 ,op9ion def9$4 #f4 ,b if runn+ ?r\gh _m conclusions1 we come to none t are absurd1 !n we ?9k ! proposition probable2 likewise we ?9k probable :atsoev] proposition we admit = tru? by error ( reason+1 or f tru/+ to o!r m53 & all su* propositions z are admitt$ by tru/ or error1 we are n said to "k1 b to ?9k !m to be true2 & ! admittance ( !m is call$ op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief def9$4 #g4 ,& p>ticul>ly1 :5 ! op9ion is admitt$ out ( tru/ to o!r m51 !y are said to believe x2 & _! admittance ( x is call$ belief1 & sometimes fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,consci5ce def9$4 #h4 ,x is ei!r sci5ce or op9ion :i* we commonly mean by ! ^w consci5ce3 = m5 say t su* & su* a ?+ is true 9 or ^u _! consci5ce2 :i* !y nev] d1 :5 !y ?9k x d\btful2 & !re=e !y "k1 or ?9k !y "k x to be true4 ,b m51 :5 !y say ?+s ^u _! consci5ce1 are n !re=e presum$ c]ta9ly to "k ! tru? ( :at !y say2 x rema9e? !n1 t t ^w is us$ by !m t h an op9ion1 n only ( ! tru? ( ! ?+1 b also ( _! k ( x1 to :i* ! tru? ( ! proposition is consequ5t4 ,consci5ce ,i !re=e def9e to be op9ion ( evid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief1 9 "s cases1 no less f d\bt ?an k4 #i4 ,belief1 :i* is ! admitt+ ( propositions ^u tru/1 9 _m cases is no less free f d\bt1 ?an p]fect & manife/ k3 = z !re is no?+ :]e( !re is n "s cause2 s1 :5 !re is d\bt1 !re mu/ be "s cause !re( conceiv$4 ,n[ !re be _m ?+s :i* we receive f report ( o!rs1 ( :i* x is impossible to imag9e any cause ( d\bt3 = :at c be oppos$ aga9/ ! cons5t ( all m51 9 ?+s !y c "k1 & h no cause to report o!rwise ?an !y are1 su* z is a great "p ( our hi/ories1 unless a man w\ld say t all ! _w _h conspir$ to deceive him4 ,& ?us mu* ( s5se1 imag9ation1 discursion1 ratioc9ation1 & k1 :i* are ! acts ( our p[] cognitive1 or conceptive4 ,t p[] ( ! m9d :i* we call motive1 diff]e? f ! p[] motive ( ! body2 = ! p[] motive ( ! body is t by :i* x move? o!r bodies1 & we call /r5g?3 b ! p[] motive ( ! m9d1 is t by :i* ! m9d give? animal motion to t body :]e9 x exi/e?2 ! acts h]e( are our affections & passions1 ( :i* ,i am to speak 9 g5]al4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vii4 #a4 ,( delight1 pa91 love1 hatr$4 #b4 ,appetite1 av]sion1 fe>4 #c4 ,good1 evil1 pul*ritude1 turpitude4 #d4 ,end1 fruition4 #e4 ,pr(itable1 use1 va94 #f4 ,felicity4 #g4 ,good & evil mix$4 #h4 ,s5sual delight1 & pa92 joy & grief4 ,sid5ote3 ,( delight1 pa91 love1 hatr$4 #a4 ,9 ! eigh? section ( ! second *apt] is %ew$1 t conceptions & app>itions are no?+ really1 b motion 9 "s int]nal sub/ance ( ! head2 :i* motion n /opp+ !re1 b proce$+ to ! he>t1 ( necessity mu/ !re ei!r help or h9d] ! motion :i* is call$ vital2 :5 x helpe?1 x is call$ delight1 cont5tm5t1 or pleasure1 :i* is no?+ really b motion ab\t ! he>t1 z conception is no?+ b motion 9 ! head3 & ! objects t cause x are call$ pleasant or delightful1 or by "s "n equival5t2 ! ,lat9s h jucundum1 a juv&o1 f help+2 & ! same delight1 ) ref]5ce to ! object1 is call$ love3 b :5 su* motion weak5e? or h9d]e? ! vital motion1 !n x is call$ pa92 & 9 relation to t :i* cause? x1 hatr$1 :i* ! ,lat9s express sometimes by odium1 & sometimes by tdium4 ,sid5ote3 ,appetite1 av]sion1 fe>4 #b4 ,?is motion1 9 :i* consi/e? pleasure or pa91 is also a solicitation or provocation ei!r to draw ne> to ! ?+ t please?1 or to retire f ! ?+ t displease?2 & ?is solicitation is ! endeav\r or int]nal beg9n+ ( animal motion1 :i* :5 ! object delighte?1 is call$ appetite2 :5 x displease?1 x is call$ av]sion1 9 respect ( ! displeasure pres5t2 b 9 respect ( ! displeasure expect$1 fe>4 ,s t pleasure1 love1 & appetite1 :i* is also call$ desire1 are div]s names = div]s consid]ations ( ! same ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,good1 evil1 pul*ritude1 turpitude4 #c4 ,e man1 = 8 own "p1 calle? t :i* please?1 & is delightful to himself1 good2 & t evil :i* displease? him3 insomu* t :ile e man diff]e? f ano!r 9 con/itution1 !y diff] also f "o ano!r conc]n+ ! common di/9ction ( good & evil4 ,nor is !re any su* ?+ z absolute goodness1 consid]$ )\t relation3 = ev5 ! goodness :i* we appreh5d 9 ,god ,almighty1 is 8 goodness to u4 ,& z we call good & evil ! ?+s t please & displease2 s call we goodness & badness1 ! qualities or p[]s :]eby !y d x3 & ! signs ( t goodness are call$ by ! ,lat9s 9 "o ^w pul*ritudo1 & ! signs ( evil1 turpitudo2 to :i* we h no words precisely answ]able4 ,z all conceptions we h imm$iately by ! s5se1 are1 delight1 or pa91 or appetite1 or fe>2 s are all ! imag9ations aft] s5se4 ,b z !y are weak] imag9ations1 s are !y also weak] pleasures1 or weak] pa94 ,sid5ote3 ,end1 fruition4 #d4 ,z appetite is ! beg9n+ ( animal motion t[>ds some?+ t please? u2 s is ! atta9+ !re(1 ! end ( t motion1 :i* we also call ! scope1 & aim1 & f9al cause ( ! same3 & :5 we atta9 t end1 ! delight we h !reby is call$ ! fruition3 s t bonum & f9is are diff]5t names1 b = diff]5t consid]ations ( ! same ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(itable1 use1 va94 #e4 ,& ( ends1 "s ( !m are call$ prop9qui1 t is1 ne> at h&2 o!rs remoti1 f> (f3 b :5 ! ends t be ne>] atta9+1 be comp>$ ) ^? t be fur!r (f1 !y are call$ n ends1 b means1 & ! way to ^?4 ,b = an utmo/ end1 9 :i* ! anci5t philosoph]s h plac$ felicity1 & disput$ mu* conc]n+ ! way !reto1 !re is no su* ?+ 9 ?is _w1 nor way to x1 m ?an to ,utopia3 = :ile we live1 we h desires1 & desire presuppose? a fur!r end4 ,^? ?+s :i* please u1 z ! way or means to a fur!r end1 we call pr(itable2 & ! fruition ( !m1 use2 & ^? ?+s t pr(it n1 va94 ,sid5ote3 ,felicity4 #f4 ,see+ all delight is appetite1 & presuppose? a fur!r end1 !re c be no cont5tm5t b 9 proce$+3 & !re=e we are n to m>vel1 :5 we see1 t z m5 atta9 to m ri*es1 hon\r1 or o!r p[]2 s _! appetite cont9ually gr[e? m & m2 & :5 !y are come to ! utmo/ degree ( "s k9d ( p[]1 !y pursue "s o!r1 z long z 9 any k9d !y ?9k !mselves beh9d any o!r3 ( ^? !re=e t h atta9$ to ! highe/ degree ( hon\r & ri*es1 "s h affect$ ma/]y 9 "s art2 z ,n]o 9 music & poetry1 ,commodus 9 ! art ( a gladiator2 & su* z affect n "s su* ?+1 mu/ f9d div]sion & recreation ( _! ?\ghts 9 ! cont5tion ei!r ( play or bus9ess3 & m5 ju/ly compla9 ( a great grief1 t !y "k n :at to d4 ,felicity1 !re=e1 by :i* we mean cont9ual delight1 consi/e? n 9 hav+ prosp]$1 b 9 prosp]+4 ,sid5ote3 ,good & evil mix$4 #g4 ,!re are few ?+s 9 ?is _w1 b ei!r h mixture ( good & evil1 or !re is a *a9 ( !m s necess>ily l9k$ toge!r1 t ! "o _c be tak5 )\t ! o!r3 z = example1 ! pleasures ( s91 & ! bitt]ness ( puni%m5t1 are insep>able2 z is also lab\r & hon\r1 = ! mo/ "p4 ,n[ :5 9 ! :ole *a91 ! great] "p is good1 ! :ole is call$ good2 & :5 ! evil ov]-weighe?1 ! :ole is call$ evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5sual delight1 & pa92 joy & grief4 #h4 ,!re are two sorts ( pleasure1 :]e( ! "o seeme? to affect ! corporeal organ ( ! s5se1 & t ,i call s5sual2 ! greate/ "p :]e(1 is t by :i* we are invit$ to give cont9uance to our species2 & ! next1 by :i* a man is invit$ to meat1 = ! pres]vation ( 8 individual p]son3 ! o!r sort ( delight is n p>ticul> to any "p ( ! body1 & is call$ ! delight ( ! m9d1 & is t :i* we call joy4 ,likewise ( pa9s1 "s affect ! body1 & are !re=e call$ ! pa9s ( ! body2 & "s n1 & ^? are call$ grief4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,viii4 #a1 #b4 ,:]e9 consi/ ! pleasures ( s5se4 #c1 #d4 ,( ! imag9ation1 or conception ( p[] 9 man4 #e4 ,hon\r1 hon\rable1 wor?4 #f4 ,signs ( hon\r4 #g4 ,rev]5ce4 #h4 ,passions4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e9 consi/ ! pleasures ( s5se4 #a4 ,hav+ 9 ! fir/ section ( ! prec$5t *apt] presuppos$1 t motion & agitation ( ! bra9 :i* we call conception1 to be cont9u$ to ! he>t1 & !re to be call$ passion2 ,i h !re=e oblig$ myself1 z f> =? z ,i am able1 to se>* out & decl>e f :at conception proce$e? e "o ( ^? passions :i* we commonly take notice (3 =1 see+ ! ?+s t please & displease1 are innum]able1 & "w innum]able ways1 m5 h n tak5 notice b ( a v few1 :i* also are _m ( !m )\t "n4 #b4 ,& fir/1 we are to consid]1 t ( conceptions !re are ?ree sorts1 :]e( "o is ( t :i* is pres5t1 :i* is s5se2 ano!r1 ( t :i* is pa/1 :i* is remembrance2 & ! ?ird1 ( t :i* is future1 :i* we call expectation3 all :i* h be5 manife/ly decl>$ 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s2 & e ( ^! conceptions is pleasure or pa9 pres5t4 ,& fir/ = ! pleasures ( ! body :i* affect ! s5se ( t\* & ta/e1 z f> =? z !y be organical1 _! conceptions are s5se3 s also is ! pleasure ( all exon]ations ( nature3 all :i* passions ,i h be=e nam$1 s5sual pleasures2 & _! contr>y1 s5sual pa9s3 to :i* also may be add$ ! pleasures & displeasures ( od\rs1 if any ( !m %all be f\nd organical1 :i* = ! mo/ "p !y are n1 z appe>e? by ?is exp]i5ce :i* e man ha?1 t ! same smells1 :5 !y seem to proce$ f o!rs1 displease1 ?\gh !y proce$ f ourselves2 b :5 we ?9k !y proce$ f ourselves1 !y displease n1 ?\gh !y come f o!rs3 ! displeasure ( ?is is a conception ( hurt !reby f ^? od\rs1 z be+ un:olesome1 & is !re=e a conception ( evil to come1 & n pres5t4 ,conc]n+ ! delight ( he>+1 x is div]se1 & ! organ itself n affect$ !reby3 simple s\nds please by equality1 z ! s\nd ( a bell or lute3 insomu* z x seems1 an equality cont9u$ by ! p]cussion ( ! object ^u ! e>1 is pleasure2 ! contr>y is call$ h>%ness1 su* z is grat+1 & "s o!r s\nds1 :i* d n always affect ! body1 b only sometime1 & t ) a k9d ( horror beg9n+ at ! tee?4 ,h>mony1 or _m s\nds toge!r agree+1 please by ! same reason z ! unison1 :i* is ! s\nd ( equal /r+s equally /ret*$4 ,s\nds t diff] 9 any height1 please by inequality & equality alt]nate1 t is to say1 ! high] note /rike? twice1 = "o /roke ( ! o!r1 :]eby !y /rike toge!r e second "t2 z is well prov$ by ,galileo1 9 ! fir/ dialogue conc]n+ local motion3 :]e he also %ewe?1 t two s\nds diff]+ a fif?1 delight ! e> by an equality ( /rik+ aft] two inequalities2 = ! high] note /rike? ! e> ?rice1 :ile ! o!r /rikes b twice4 ,9 l mann] he %ewe? :]e9 consi/e? ! pleasure ( concord1 & ! displeasure ( discord1 9 o!r diff]5ce ( notes4 ,!re is yet ano!r pleasure & displeasure ( s\nds1 :i* consi/e? 9 consequ5ce ( "o note aft] ano!r1 div]sifi$ bo? by acc5t & measure2 :]e( t :i* please? is call$ an air2 b = :at reason "o succession 9 tone & measure is a m pleas+ air ?an ano!r1 ,i confess ,i "k n2 b ,i conjecture ! reason to be1 = t "s ( !m imitate & revive "s passion :i* o!rwise we take no notice (1 & ! o!r n2 = no air please? b = a "t1 no m do? imitation4 ,also ! pleasures ( ! eye consi/ 9 a c]ta9 equality ( col\r3 = light1 ! mo/ glori\s ( all col\rs1 is made by equal op]ation ( ! object2 :]eas col\r is p]turb$1 t is to say1 unequal light1 z ha? be5 said1 *apt] ,,ii4 section #h4 ,& !re=e col\rs1 ! m equality is 9 !m1 ! m respl5d5t !y are2 & z h>mony is pleasure to ! e>1 :i* consi/e? ( div]s s\nds2 s p]haps may "s mixture ( div]s col\rs be h>mony to ! eye1 m ?an ano!r mixture4 ,!re is yet ano!r delight by ! e>1 :i* happ5e? only to m5 ( skill 9 music1 :i* is ( ano!r nature1 & n1 z ^!1 conception ( ! pres5t1 b rejoic+ ( _! own skill2 ( :i* nature are ! passions ( :i* ,i am to speak next4 ,sid5ote3 ,( ! imag9ation1 or conception ( p[] 9 man4 #c4 ,conception ( ! future1 is b a supposition ( ! same1 proce$+ f remembrance ( :at is pa/2 & we s f> conceive t any?+ w be h]eaft]1 z we "k !re is some?+ at ! pres5t t ha? p[] to produce x3 & t any?+ ha? p[] n[ to produce ano!r ?+ h]eaft]1 we _c conceive1 b by remembrance t x ha? produc$ ! l h]et(ore4 ,:]e=e all conception ( future1 is conception ( p[] able to produce some?+4 ,:osoev] !re=e expecte? pleasure to come1 mu/ conceive )al "s p[] 9 himself by :i* ! same may be atta9$4 ,& because ! passions1 :]e( ,i am to speak next1 consi/ 9 conception ( ! future1 t is to say1 9 conception ( p[] pa/1 & ! act to come2 be=e ,i g any fur!r1 ,i mu/ 9 ! next place speak some:at conc]n+ ?is p[]4 #d4 ,by ?is p[] ,i mean ! same ) ! faculties ( ! body1 nutritive1 g5]ative1 motive1 & ( ! m9d1 k2 & besides ^!1 su* fur!r p[] z by !m is acquir$1 viz4 ri*es1 place ( au?ority1 fri5d%ip or fav\r1 & good =tune2 :i* la/ is really no?+ else b ! fav\r ( ,god ,almighty4 ,! contr>ies ( ^! are impot5cies1 infirmities1 or defects ( ! said p[]s respectively4 ,& because ! p[] ( "o man resi/e? & h9d]e? ! effects ( ! p[] ( ano!r1 p[] simply is no m1 b ! excess ( ! p[] ( "o above t ( ano!r3 = equal p[]s oppos$1 de/roy "o ano!r2 & su* _! opposition is call$ cont5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,hon\r1 hon\rable1 wor?4 #e4 signs by :i* we "k our own p[]1 are ^? actions :i* proce$ f ! same2 & ! signs by :i* o!r m5 "k x1 are su* actions1 ge/ure1 c\nt5ance & spee*1 z usually su* p[]s produce3 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( p[] is call$ hon\r2 & to hon\r a man inw>dly1 is to conceive or ackn[l$ge t t man ha? ! odds or excess ( t p[] above him ) :om he cont5de? or comp>e? himself4 ,& hon\rable are ^? signs = :i* "o man ackn[l$ge? p[] or excess above 8 concurr5t 9 ano!r3 z = example1 beauty ( p]son1 consi/+ 9 a lively aspect ( ! c\nt5ance1 & o!r signs ( natural heat1 are hon\rable1 be+ signs prec$5t ( p[] g5]ative1 & mu* issue2 z also1 g5]al reputation among ^? ( ! o!r sex1 because signs consequ5t ( ! same4 ,& actions proce$+ f /r5g? ( body1 & op5 =ce1 are hon\rable1 z signs consequ5t ( p[] motive1 su* z are victory 9 battle or duel2 a d'avoir tu son homme4 ,also to adv5ture ^u great exploits & dang]1 z be+ a sign consequ5t ( op9ion ( our own /r5g?1 & t op9ion a sign ( ! /r5g? itself4 ,& to tea* or p]suade are hon\rable1 because !y be signs ( k4 ,& ri*es are hon\rable2 z signs ( ! p[] t acquir$ !m3 & gifts1 co/1 & magnific5ce ( h\ses1 app>el1 & ! l1 are hon\rable1 z signs ( ri*es4 ,& nobility is hon\rable by reflection1 z a sign ( p[] 9 ! ance/ors3 & au?ority1 because a sign ( ! /r5g?1 wisdom1 fav\r or ri*es by :i* x is atta9$4 ,& good =tune or casual prosp]ity is hon\rable1 because a sign ( ! fav\r ( ,god1 to :om is to be ascrib$ all t come? to u by =tune1 no less ?an t we atta9 unto by indu/ry4 ,& ! contr>ies & defects ( ^! signs are di%on\rable2 & accord+ to ! signs ( hon\r & di%on\r1 s we e/imate & make ! value or wor? ( a man3 = s mu* wor? is e ?+1 z a man w give = ! use ( all x c d4 ,sid5ote3 ,signs ( hon\r4 #f4 ,! signs ( hon\r are ^? by :i* we p]ceive t "o man ackn[l$ge? ! p[] & wor? ( ano!r2 su* z ^!1 to praise1 to magnify1 to bless1 to call happy1 to pray or supplicate to1 to ?ank1 to (f] unto or pres5t1 to obey1 to he>k5 unto ) att5tion1 to speak to ) consid]ation1 to approa* unto 9 dec5t mann]1 to keep di/ance f1 to give way to1 & ! l1 :i* are ! hon\r ! inf]ior give? to ! sup]ior4 ,b ! signs ( hon\r f ! sup]ior to ! inf]ior1 are su* z ^!2 to praise or pref] him be=e 8 concurr5t1 to he> m will+ly1 to speak to him m famili>ly1 to admit him ne>]1 to employ him r1 to ask 8 advice r1 to take 8 op9ions1 & to give him any gifts r ?an money2 or if money1 s mu* z may n imply 8 ne$ ( a little3 = ne$ ( a little is great] pov]ty ?an ne$ ( mu*4 ,& ?is is en\gh = examples ( ! signs ( hon\r & p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev]5ce4 #g4 ,rev]5ce is ! conception we h conc]n+ ano!r1 t he ha? ! p[] to d unto u bo? good & hurt1 b n ! w to d u hurt4 ,sid5ote3 ,passions4 #h4 ,9 ! pleasure m5 h1 or displeasure f ! signs ( hon\r or di%on\r done unto !m1 consi/e? ! nature ( ! passions1 :]e( we are to speak 9 ! next *apt]4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ix4 #a4 ,glory aspir+1 false glory1 va9 glory4 #b4 ,humility & dejection4 #c4 ,%ame4 #d4 ,c\rage4 #e4 ,ang]4 #f4 ,rev5gefulness4 #g4 ,rep5tance4 #h4 ,hope1 despair1 diffid5ce4 #i4 ,tru/4 #aj4 ,pity & h>dness ( he>t4 #aa4 ,indignation4 #ab4 ,emulation & envy4 #ac4 ,laught]4 #ad4 ,weep+4 #ae4 ,lu/4 #af4 ,love4 #ag4 ,*>ity4 #ah4 ,admiration & curiosity4 #ai4 ,( ! passion ( !m t flock to see dang]4 #bj4 ,( magnanimity & pusillanimity4 #ba4 ,a view ( ! passions repres5t$ 9 a race4 ,sid5ote3 ,glory aspir+1 false glory1 va9 glory4 #a4 ,glory1 or int]nal gloriation or triumph ( ! m9d1 is ! passion :i* proce$e? f ! imag9ation or conception ( our own p[] above ! p[] ( him t cont5de? ) u2 ! signs :]e(1 besides ^? 9 ! c\nt5ance1 & o!r ge/ures ( ! body :i* _c be describ$1 are1 o/5tation 9 words1 & insol5cy 9 actions3 & ?is passion1 ( !m :om x displease?1 is call$ pride2 by !m :om x please?1 x is t]m$ a j valuation ( himself4 ,?is imag9ation ( our p[] or wor?1 may be f an assur$ & c]ta9 exp]i5ce ( our own actions2 & !n is t glory j1 & well gr\nd$1 & begette? an op9ion ( increas+ ! same by o!r actions to foll[2 9 :i* consi/e? ! appetite :i* we call aspir+1 or proce$+ f "o degree ( p[] to ano!r4 ,! same passion may proce$ n f any consci5ce ( our own actions1 b f fame & tru/ ( o!rs1 :]eby "o may ?9k well ( himself1 & yet be deceiv$2 & ?is is false glory1 & ! aspir+ consequ5t !reto procure? ill success4 ,fur!r1 ! fiction1 :i* is also imag9ation1 ( actions done by ourselves1 :i* nev] 7 done1 is glory+2 b because x begette? no appetite nor endeav\r to any fur!r attempt1 x is m]ely va9 & unpr(itable2 z :5 a man imag9e? himself to d ! actions :]e( he reade? 9 "s romance1 or to be l unto "s o!r man ^: acts he admire?3 & ?is is call$ va9 glory2 & is exemplifi$ 9 ! fable1 by ! fly sitt+ on ! axletree1 & say+ to himself1 ,:at a du/ d ,i make rise6 ,! expression ( va9 glory is t wi%1 :i* "s ( ! ,s*ools mi/ak+ = "s appetite di/9ct f all ! re/1 h call$ velleity1 mak+ a new ^w1 z !y made a new passion :i* 0 n be=e4 ,signs ( va9 glory 9 ! ge/ure are1 imitation ( o!rs1 c\nt]feit+ & usurp+ ! signs ( virtue !y h n1 affectation ( fa%ions1 captation ( hon\r f _! dreams1 & o!r little /ories ( !mselves1 f _! c\ntry1 f _! names1 & f ! l4 ,sid5ote3 ,humility & dejection4 #b4 ,! passion contr>y to glory1 proce$+ f appreh5sion ( our own infirmity1 is call$ humility by ^? by :om x is approv$2 by ! re/1 dejection & poorness3 :i* conception may be well or ill gr\nd$2 if well1 x produce? fe> to attempt any ?+ ra%ly2 if ill1 x utt]ly c[s a man1 t he nei!r d>es speak publicly1 nor expect good success 9 any action4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ame4 #c4 ,x happ5e? sometimes1 t he t ha? a good op9ion ( himself1 & ^u good gr\nd1 may nev]!less1 by reason ( ! fr[>dness :i* t passion begette?1 discov] 9 himself "s defect or infirmity1 ! remembrance :]e( dejecte? him2 & ?is passion is call$ %ame2 by :i* be+ cool$ & *eck$ 9 8 fr[>dness1 he is m w>y = ! "t to come4 ,?is passion1 z x is a sign ( infirmity1 :i* is di%on\r2 s also x is a sign ( k1 :i* is hon\r4 ,! sign ( x is blu%+1 :i* appe>e? less 9 m5 consci\s ( _! own defect1 because !y less betray ! infirmities !y ackn[l$ge4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\rage4 #d4 ,c\rage1 9 a l>ge signification1 is ! abs5ce ( fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( any evil :atsoev]3 b 9 a /rict & m common mean+1 x is contempt ( w\nds & dea?1 :5 !y oppose a man 9 ! way to 8 end4 ,sid5ote3 ,ang]4 #e4 ,ang] or sudd5 c\rage is no?+ b ! appetite or desire ( ov]com+ pres5t opposition4 ,x ha? be5 def9$ commonly to be grief proce$+ f an op9ion ( contempt2 :i* is confut$ by ! (t5 exp]i5ce :i* we h ( be+ mov$ to ang] by ?+s inanimate1 & )\t s5se1 & consequ5tly incapable ( contemn+ u4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev5gefulness4 #f4 ,rev5gefulness is t passion :i* arise? f an expectation or imag9ation ( mak+ him t ha? hurt u1 f9d 8 own action hurtful to himself1 & to ackn[l$ge ! same2 & ?is is ! height ( rev5ge3 = ?\gh x be n h>d1 by return+ evil = evil1 to make "o's adv]s>y displeas$ ) 8 own fact2 yet to make him ackn[l$ge ! same1 is s difficult1 t _m a man _h r die ?an d x4 ,rev5ge aime? n at ! dea?1 b at ! captivity or subjection ( an enemy2 :i* 0 well express$ 9 ! exclamation ( ,tib]ius ,cs>1 conc]n+ "o1 t1 to fru/rate 8 rev5ge1 _h kill$ himself 9 prison2 ,ha? he escap$ me8 ,to kill1 is ! aim ( !m t hate1 to rid !mselves out ( fe>3 rev5ge aime? at triumph1 :i* ov] ! dead is n4 ,sid5ote3 ,rep5tance4 #g4 ,rep5tance is ! passion :i* proce$e? f op9ion or k t ! action !y h done is out ( ! way to ! end !y w\ld atta93 ! effect :]e( is1 to pursue t way no long]1 b1 by ! consid]ation ( ! end1 to direct !mselves into a bett]4 ,! fir/ motion !re=e 9 ?is passion is grief2 b ! expectation or conception ( return+ aga9 into ! way1 is joy2 & consequ5tly1 ! passion ( rep5tance is comp\nd$ & allay$ ( bo?3 b ! pr$om9ant is joy2 else 7 ! :ole grief1 :i* _c be1 =asmu* z he t proce$e? t[>ds ! end1 he conceive? good1 proce$e? ) appetite2 & appetite is joy1 z ha? be5 said1 *apt] ,,vii4 section #b4 ,sid5ote3 ,hope1 despair1 diffid5ce4 #h4 ,hope is expectation ( good to come1 z fe> is ! expectation ( evil3 b :5 !re be causes1 "s t make u expect good1 & "s t make u expect evil1 alt]nately work+ 9 our m9d2 if ! causes t make u expect good1 be great] ?an ^? t make u expect evil1 ! :ole passion is hope2 if contr>ily1 ! :ole is fe>4 ,absolute privation ( hope is despair1 a degree :]e( is diffid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru/4 #i4 ,tru/ is a passion proce$+ f ! belief ( him f :om we expect or hope = good1 s free f d\bt t ^u ! same we pursue no o!r way to atta9 ! same good2 z di/ru/ or diffid5ce is d\bt t make? him endeav\r to provide himself by o!r means4 ,& t ?is is ! mean+ ( ! words tru/ & di/ru/1 is manife/ f ?is1 t a man nev] provide? himself by a second way1 b :5 he mi/ru/e? t ! fir/ w n hold4 ,sid5ote3 ,pity & h>dness ( he>t4 #aj4 ,pity is imag9ation or fiction ( future calamity to ourselves1 proce$+ f ! s5se ( ano!r man's calamity4 ,b :5 x lighte? on su* z we ?9k h n des]v$ ! same1 ! compassion is great]1 because !n !re appe>e? m probability t ! same may happ5 to u3 =1 ! evil t happ5e? to an innoc5t man1 may happ5 to e man4 ,b :5 we see a man suff] = great crimes1 :i* we _c easily ?9k w fall ^u ourselves1 ! pity is ! less4 ,& !re=e m5 are apt to pity ^? :om !y love3 =1 :om !y love1 !y ?9k wor?y ( good1 & !re=e n wor?y ( calamity4 ,!nce x is also1 t m5 pity ! vices ( "s p]sons at ! fir/ sight only1 out ( love to _! aspect4 ,! contr>y ( pity is h>dness ( he>t1 proce$+ ei!r f sl[ness ( imag9ation1 or "s extreme great op9ion ( _! own exemption f ! l calamity1 or f hatr$ ( all or mo/ m54 ,sid5ote3 ,indignation4 #aa4 ,indignation is t grief :i* consi/e? 9 ! conception ( good success happ5+ to !m :om !y ?9k unwor?y !re(4 ,see+ !re=e m5 ?9k all ^? unwor?y :om !y hate1 !y ?9k !m n only unwor?y ( ! good =tune !y h1 b also ( _! own virtues4 ,& ( all ! passions ( ! m9d1 ^! two1 indignation & pity1 are mo/ rais$ & increas$ by eloqu5ce3 =1 ! aggravation ( ! calamity1 & ext5uation ( ! fault1 augm5te? pity2 & ! ext5uation ( ! wor? ( ! p]son1 toge!r ) ! magnify+ ( 8 success1 :i* are ! p>ts ( an orator1 are able to turn ^! two passions into fury4 ,sid5ote3 ,emulation & envy4 #ab4 ,emulation is grief aris+ f see+ "o's self exce$$ or excell$ by 8 concurr5t1 toge!r ) hope to equal or exce$ him 9 "t to come1 by 8 own ability4 ,b1 envy is ! same grief jo9$ ) pleasure conceiv$ 9 ! imag9ation ( "s ill =tune t may befall him4 ,sid5ote3 ,laught]4 #ac4 ,!re is a passion t ha? no "n2 b ! sign ( x is t di/ortion ( ! c\nt5ance :i* we call laught]1 :i* is always joy3 b :at joy1 :at we ?9k1 & :]e9 we triumph :5 we laugh1 is n hi!rto decl>$ by any4 ,t x consi/e? 9 wit1 or1 z !y call x1 9 ! je/1 exp]i5ce confute?3 = m5 laugh at mis*ances & indec5cies1 :]e9 !re lie? no wit nor je/ at all4 ,& =asmu* z ! same ?+ is no m ridicul\s :5 x gr[e? /ale or usual1 :atsoev] x be t move? laught]1 x mu/ be new & unexpect$4 ,m5 laugh (t51 especially su* z are gre$y ( applause f e ?+ !y d well1 at _! own actions p]=m$ nev] s little beyond _! own expectations2 z also at _! own je/s3 & 9 ?is case x is manife/1 t ! passion ( laught] proce$e? f a sudd5 conception ( "s ability 9 himself t laughe?4 ,also m5 laugh at ! infirmities ( o!rs1 by comp>ison :]e) _! own abilities are set (f & illu/rat$4 ,also m5 laugh at je/s1 ! wit :]e( always consi/e? 9 ! elegant discov]+ & convey+ to our m9ds "s absurdity ( ano!r3 & 9 ?is case also ! passion ( laught] proce$e? f ! sudd5 imag9ation ( our own odds & em95cy3 = :at is else ! recomm5d+ ( ourselves to our own good op9ion1 by comp>ison ) ano!r man's infirmity or absurdity8 ,= :5 a je/ is brok5 ^u ourselves1 or fri5ds ( ^: di%on\r we p>ticipate1 we nev] laugh !reat4 ,i may !re=e conclude1 t ! passion ( laught] is no?+ else b sudd5 glory aris+ f "s sudd5 conception ( "s em95cy 9 ourselves1 by comp>ison ) ! infirmity ( o!rs1 or ) our own =m]ly3 = m5 laugh at ! follies ( !mselves pa/1 :5 !y come sudd5ly to remembrance1 except !y br+ ) !m any pres5t di%on\r4 ,x is no wond] !re=e t m5 take he9\sly to be laugh$ at or d]id$1 t is1 triumph$ ov]4 ,laught] )\t (f5ce1 mu/ be at absurdities & infirmities ab/ract$ f p]sons1 & :5 all ! company may laugh toge!r3 = laugh+ to "o's-self putte? all ! re/ into jeal\sy & exam9ation ( !mselves4 ,besides1 x is va9 glory1 & an argum5t ( little wor?1 to ?9k ! infirmity ( ano!r1 suffici5t matt] = 8 triumph4 ,sid5ote3 ,weep+4 #ad4 ,! passion opposite h]eunto1 ^: signs are ano!r di/ortion ( ! face ) te>s1 call$ weep+1 is ! sudd5 fall+ out ) ourselves1 or sudd5 conception ( defect2 & !re=e *ildr5 weep (t52 = see+ !y ?9k t e ?+ ought to be giv5 !m :i* !y desire1 ( necessity e repulse mu/ be a *eck ( _! expectation1 & puts !m 9 m9d ( _! too mu* weakness to make !mselves ma/]s ( all !y look =4 ,= ! same cause wom5 are m apt to weep ?an m51 z be+ n only m accu/om$ to h _! wills1 b also to measure _! p[]s by ! p[] & love ( o!rs t protect !m4 ,m5 are apt to weep t prosecute rev5ge1 :5 ! rev5ge is sudd5ly /opp$ or fru/rat$ by ! rep5tance ( _! adv]s>y2 & su* are ! te>s ( reconciliation4 ,also rev5geful m5 are subject to ?is passion ^u ! behold+ ^? m5 !y pity1 & sudd5ly rememb] !y _c help4 ,o!r weep+ 9 m5 proce$e? = ! mo/ "p f ! same cause x proce$e? f 9 wom5 & *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,lu/4 #ae4 ,! appetite :i* m5 call lu/1 & ! fruition t app]ta9e? !reunto1 is a s5sual pleasure1 b n only t2 !re is 9 x also a delight ( ! m9d3 = x consi/e? ( two appetites toge!r1 to please1 & to be pleas$2 & ! delight m5 take 9 delight+1 is n s5sual1 b a pleasure or joy ( ! m9d consi/+ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p[] !y h s mu* to please4 ,b ! "n lu/ is us$ :]e x is condemn$2 o!rwise x is call$ by ! g5]al ^w love3 = ! passion is "o & ! same indef9ite desire ( diff]5t sex1 z natural z hung]4 ,sid5ote3 ,love4 #af4 ,( love1 by :i* is und]/ood ! joy man take? 9 ! fruition ( any pres5t good1 ha? be5 already spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ section1 *apt] ,,vii4 "u :i* is conta9$ ! love m5 be> to "o ano!r1 or pleasure !y take 9 "o ano!r's company2 & by :i* nature1 m5 are said to be sociable4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d ( love1 :i* ! ,greeks call 1 & is t :i* we mean1 :5 we say t a man is 9 love3 =asmu* z ?is passion _c be )\t div]sity ( sex1 x _c be d5i$ b t x p>ticipate? ( t indef9ite love m5tion$ 9 ! =m] section4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwixt ! desire ( a man indef9ite1 & ! same desire limit$ ad hunc2 & ?is is t love :i* is ! great !me ( poets3 b not)/&+ _! praises1 x mu/ be def9$ by ! ^w ne$3 = x is a conception a man ha? ( 8 ne$ ( t "o p]son desir$4 ,! cause ( ?is passion is n always nor = ! mo/ "p beauty1 or o!r quality 9 ! belov$1 unless !re be )al hope 9 ! p]son t love?3 :i* may be ga!r$ f ?is1 t 9 great diff]5ce ( p]sons1 ! great] h (t5 fall5 9 love ) ! mean]2 b n contr>y4 ,& f h5ce x is1 t = ! mo/ "p !y h mu* bett] =tune 9 love1 ^: hopes are built ^u some?+ 9 _! p]son1 ?an ^? t tru/ to _! expressions & s]vice2 & !y t c>e less1 ?an !y t c>e m3 :i* n p]ceiv+1 _m m5 ca/ away _! s]vices1 z "o arr[ aft] ano!r1 till1 9 ! end1 toge!r ) _! hopes1 !y lose _! wits4 ,sid5ote3 ,*>ity4 #ag4 ,!re is yet ano!r passion sometimes call$ love1 b m prop]ly good w or *>ity4 ,!re c be no great] argum5t to a man1 ( 8 own p[]1 ?an to f9d himself able n only to accompli% 8 own desires1 b also to assi/ o!r m5 9 !irs3 & ?is is t conception :]e9 consi/e? *>ity4 ,9 :i*1 fir/1 is conta9$ t natural affection ( p>5ts to _! *ildr51 :i* ! ,greeks call 1 z also1 t affection :]e) m5 seek to assi/ ^? t adh]e unto !m4 ,b ! affection :]e) m5 _m times be/[ _! b5efits on /rang]s1 is n to be call$ *>ity1 b ei!r contract1 :]eby !y seek to pur*ase fri5d%ip2 or fe>1 :i* make? !m to pur*ase peace4 ,! op9ion ( ,plato conc]n+ hon\rable love1 deliv]$ accord+ to 8 cu/om 9 ! p]son ( ,socrates1 9 ! dialogue intitul$ ,convivium1 is ?is1 t a man full & pregnant ) wisdom & o!r virtues1 naturally seeke? out "s beautiful p]son1 ( age & capacity to conceive1 9 :om he may1 )\t s5sual respects1 eng5d] & produce ! l4 ,& ?is is ! idea ( ! !n not$ love ( ,socrates wise & cont95t1 to ,alcibiades "y & beautiful3 9 :i*1 love is n ! s\ght hon\r1 b ! issue ( 8 k2 contr>y to ! common love1 to :i* ?\gh issue sometimes foll[s1 yet m5 seek n t1 b to please1 & to be pleas$4 ,x %\ld be !re=e ?is *>ity1 or desire to assi/ & advance o!rs4 ,b :y !n %\ld ! wise seek ! ignorant1 or be m *>itable to ! beautiful ?an to o!rs8 ,!re is some?+ 9 x sav\r+ ( ! use ( t "t3 9 :i* matt] ?\gh ,socrates be ackn[l$g$ = cont95t1 yet ! cont95t h ! passion !y conta91 z mu* & m ?an !y t satiate ! appetite2 :i* make? me suspect ?is platonic love = m]ely s5sual2 b ) an hon\rable pret5ce = ! old to haunt ! company ( ! "y & beautiful4 ,sid5ote3 ,admiration & curiosity4 #ah4 ,=asmu* z all k beg9ne? f exp]i5ce1 !re=e also new exp]i5ce is ! beg9n+ ( new k1 & ! increase ( exp]i5ce ! beg9n+ ( ! increase ( k4 ,:atsoev] !re=e happ5e? new to a man1 give? him matt] ( hope ( kn[+ some:at t he knew n be=e4 ,& ?is hope & expectation ( future k f any?+ t happ5e? new & /range1 is t passion :i* we commonly call admiration2 & ! same consid]$ z appetite1 is call$ curiosity1 :i* is appetite ( k4 ,z 9 ! disc]n+ ( faculties1 man leave? all community ) bea/s at ! faculty ( impos+ names2 s also do? he surm\nt _! nature at ?is passion ( curiosity4 ,= :5 a bea/ see? any?+ new & /range to him1 he consid]e? x s f> only z to disc]n :e!r x be likely to s]ve 8 turn1 or hurt him1 & accord+ly approa*e? ne>] to x1 or flee? f x3 :]eas man1 :o 9 mo/ ev5ts rememb]e? 9 :at mann] !y 7 caus$ & begun1 looke? = ! cause & beg9n+ ( ev]y?+ t arise? new unto him4 ,& f ?is passion ( admiration & curiosity1 h aris5 n only ! inv5tion ( names1 b also supposition ( su* causes ( all ?+s z !y ?\ght might produce !m4 ,& f ?is beg9n+ is d]iv$ all philosophy2 z a/ronomy f ! admiration ( ! c\rse ( heav52 natural philosophy f ! /range effects ( ! elem5ts & o!r bodies4 ,& f ! degrees ( curiosity1 proce$ also ! degrees ( k among/ m53 =1 to a man 9 ! *ase ( ri*es or au?ority1 7:i* 9 respect ( k are b s5suality7 x is a div]sity ( little pleasure1 :e!r x be ! motion ( ! sun or ! e>? t make? ! day1 or to ent] into o!r contemplations ( any /range accid5t1 o!rwise ?an :e!r x conduce or n to ! end he pursue?4 ,because curiosity is delight1 !re=e also novelty is s1 b especially t novelty f :i* a man conceive? an op9ion true or false ( bett]+ 8 own e/ate2 =1 9 su* case1 !y /& affect$ ) ! hope t all game/]s h :ile ! c>ds are %uffl+4 ,sid5ote3 ,( ! passion ( !m t flock to see dang]4 #ai4 ,div]s o!r passions !re be1 b !y want names3 :]e( "s nev]!less h be5 by mo/ m5 obs]v$3 = example2 f :at passion proce$e? x1 t m5 take pleasure to behold f ! %ore ! dang] ( !m t are at sea 9 a tempe/1 or 9 fight1 or f a safe ca/le to behold two armies *>ge "o ano!r 9 ! field8 ,x is c]ta9ly1 9 ! :ole sum1 joy2 else m5 w\ld nev] flock to su* a spectacle4 ,nev]!less !re is 9 x bo? joy & grief3 = z !re is novelty & remembrance ( our own security pres5t1 :i* is delight2 s !re is also pity1 :i* is grief2 b ! delight is s f> pr$om9ant1 t m5 usually are cont5t 9 su* a case to be spectators ( ! mis]y ( _! fri5ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,( magnanimity & pusillanimity4 #bj4 ,magnanimity is no m ?an glory1 ( ! :i* ,i h spok5 9 ! fir/ section2 b glory well gr\nd$ ^u c]ta9 exp]i5ce ( a p[] suffici5t to atta9 8 end 9 op5 mann]4 ,& pusillanimity is ! d\bt ( t4 ,:atsoev] !re=e is a sign ( va9 glory1 ! same is also a sign ( pusillanimity3 = suffici5t p[] make? glory a spur to "o's end4 ,to be pleas$ or displeas$ ) fame true or false1 is a sign ( t same1 because he t relie? on fame ha? n 8 success 9 8 own p[]4 ,likewise art & fallacy are signs ( pusillanimity1 because !y dep5d n ^u our own p[]1 b ! ignorance ( o!rs4 ,also pron5ess to ang]1 because x argue? difficulty ( proce$+4 ,also o/5tation ( ance/ors1 because all m5 are m incl9$ to make %ew ( _! own p[] :5 !y h x1 ?an ( ano!r's4 ,to be at enmity & cont5tion ) inf]iors1 is a sign ( ! same1 because x proce$e? f want ( p[] to end ! w>4 ,to laugh at o!rs1 because x is an affectation ( glory f o!r m5's infirmities1 & n f any ability ( _! own4 ,also irresolution1 :i* proce$e? f want ( p[] en\gh to contemn ! little difficulties t make delib]ations h>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,a view ( ! passions repres5t$ 9 a race4 #ba4 ,! comp>ison ( ! life ( man to a race1 ?\gh x hold n 9 e "p1 yet x holde? s well = ?is our purpose1 t we may !reby bo? see & rememb] almo/ all ! passions be=e m5tion$4 ,b ?is race we mu/ suppose to h no o!r goal1 nor o!r g>l&1 b be+ =emo/1 & 9 x3 ,to endeav\r1 is appetite4 ,to be remiss1 is s5suality4 ,to consid] !m beh9d1 is glory4 ,to consid] !m be=e1 is humility4 ,to lose gr\nd ) look+ back1 va9 glory4 ,to be hold51 hatr$4 ,to turn back1 rep5tance4 ,to be 9 brea?1 hope4 ,to be we>y1 despair4 ,to endeav\r to ov]take ! next1 emulation4 ,to supplant or ov]?r[1 envy4 ,to resolve to break ?r\gh a /op =ese51 c\rage4 ,to break ?r\gh a sudd5 /op1 ang]4 ,to break ?r\gh ) ease1 magnanimity4 ,to lose gr\nd by little h9drances1 pusillanimity4 ,to fall on ! sudd51 is disposition to weep4 ,to see ano!r fall1 is disposition to laugh4 ,to see "o out-gone :om we w\ld n1 is pity4 ,to see "o out-g :om we w\ld n1 is indignation4 ,to hold fa/ by ano!r1 is to love4 ,to c>ry him on t s holde?1 is *>ity4 ,to hurt "o's-self = ha/e1 is %ame4 ,cont9ually to be out-gone1 is mis]y4 ,cont9ually to out-g ! next be=e1 is felicity4 ,& to =sake ! c\rse1 is to die4 ------- ,,*apt] ,x4 #a4 ,hav+ %ew$ 9 ! prec$5t *apt]s1 t s5se proce$e? f ! action ( ext]nal objects ^u ! bra91 or "s int]nal sub/ance ( ! head2 & t ! passions proce$ f ! alt]ation !re made1 & cont9u$ to ! he>t3 x is consequ5t 9 ! next place1 see+ ! div]sity ( degrees 9 k 9 div]s m51 to be great] ?an may be ascrib$ to ! div]s temp]s ( _! bra91 to decl>e :at o!r causes may produce su* odds1 & excess ( capacity1 z we daily obs]ve 9 "o man above ano!r4 ,z = t diff]5ce :i* arise? f sickness1 & su* accid5tal di/emp]s1 ,i omit ! same1 z imp]t95t to ?is place1 & consid] x only 9 su* z h _! heal?1 & organs well dispos$4 ,if ! diff]5ce 7 9 ! natural temp] ( ! bra91 ,i c imag9e no reason :y ! same %\ld n appe> fir/ & mo/ ( all 9 ! s5ses1 :i* be+ equal bo? 9 ! wise & less wise1 inf] an equal temp] 9 ! common organ 7namely ! bra97 ( all ! s5ses4 #b4 ,b we see by exp]i5ce1 t joy & grief proce$ n 9 all m5 f ! same causes1 & t m5 diff] v mu* 9 ! con/itution ( ! body2 :]eby1 t :i* helpe? & fur!re? vital con/itution 9 "o1 & is !re=e delightful1 h9d]e? x & crosse? x 9 ano!r1 & !re=e cause? grief4 ,! diff]5ce !re=e ( wits ha? its orig9al f ! diff]5t passions1 & f ! ends to :i* ! appetite leade? !m4 #c4 ,& fir/1 ^? m5 ^: ends are s5sual delight1 & g5]ally are addict$ to ease1 food1 on]ations & exon]ations ( ! body1 mu/ ne$s be ! less !reby delight$ ) ^? imag9ations t conduce n to ^? ends1 su* z are imag9ations ( hon\r & glory1 :i*1 z ,i h said be=e1 h respect to ! future3 = s5suality consi/e? 9 ! pleasure ( ! s5ses1 :i* please only = ! pres5t1 & take away ! incl9ation to obs]ve su* ?+s z conduce to hon\r1 & consequ5tly make? m5 less curi\s1 & less ambiti\s1 :]eby !y less consid] ! way ei!r to k or o!r p[]2 9 :i* two consi/e? all ! excell5cy ( p[] cognitive4 ,& ?is is x :i* m5 call dulness1 & proce$e? f ! appetite ( s5sual or bodily delight4 ,& x may well be conjectur$1 t su* passion ha? its beg9n+ f a grossness & difficulty ( ! motion ( ! _s ab\t ! he>t4 #d4 ,! contr>y h]eunto1 is t quick rang+ ( m9d describ$1 *apt] ,,iv4 section #c1 :i* is jo9$ ) curiosity ( comp>+ ! ?+s t come into ! m9d1 "o ) ano!r3 9 :i* comp>ison1 a man delighte? himself ei!r ) f9d+ unexpect$ similitude ( ?+s1 o!rwise mu* unlike1 9 :i* m5 place ! excell5cy ( fancy1 & f :5ce proce$ ^? grateful similies1 metaphors1 & o!r tropes1 by :i* bo? poets & orators h x 9 _! p[] to make ?+s please or displease1 & %ew well or ill to o!rs1 z !y l !mselves2 or else 9 disc]n+ sudd5ly dissimilitude 9 ?+s t o!rwise appe> ! same4 ,& ?is virtue ( ! m9d is t by :i* m5 atta9 to exact & p]fect k2 & ! pleasure !re( consi/e? 9 cont9ual in/ruction1 & 9 di/9ction ( places1 p]sons1 & seasons1 & is commonly t]m$ by ! "n ( judgm5t3 =1 to judge is no?+ else1 b to di/+ui% or disc]n3 & bo? fancy & judgm5t are commonly compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( wit1 :i* seeme? to be a t5uity & agility ( spirits1 contr>y to t re/9ess ( ! spirits suppos$ 9 ^? t are dull4 #e4 ,!re is ano!r defect ( ! m9d1 :i* m5 call levity1 :i* betraye? also mobility 9 ! spirits1 b 9 excess4 ,an example :]e( is 9 !m t 9 ! mid/ ( any s]i\s disc\rse1 h _! m9ds div]t$ to e little je/ or witty obs]vation2 :i* make? !m dep>t f _! disc\rse by a p>5!sis1 & f t p>5!sis by ano!r1 till at l5g? !y ei!r lose !mselves1 or make _! n>ration l a dream1 or "s /udi$ nons5se4 ,! passion f :5ce ?is proce$e?1 is curiosity1 b ) too mu* equality & indiff]5ce3 = :5 all ?+s make equal impression & delight1 !y equally ?rong to be express$4 #f4 ,! virtue opposite to ?is defect is gravity1 or /ead9ess2 9 :i* ! end be+ ! great & ma/]-delight1 directe? & keepe? 9 ! way !reto all o!r ?\ghts4 #g4 ,! extremity ( dullness is t natural folly :i* may be call$ /olidity3 b ! extreme ( levity1 ?\gh x be natural folly di/9ct f ! o!r1 & obvi\s to e man's obs]vation1 ,i "k n h[ to call x4 #h4 ,!re is a fault ( ! m9d call$ by ! ,greeks 1 :i* is indocibility1 or difficulty ( be+ taught2 ! :i* mu/ ne$s arise f a false op9ion t !y "k already ! tru? ( t is call$ 9 "q3 = c]ta9ly m5 are n o!rwise s unequal 9 capacity z ! evid5ce is unequal betwe5 :at is taught by ! ma!maticians1 & :at is commonly disc\rs$ ( 9 o!r books3 & !re=e if ! m9ds ( m5 7 all ( :ite pap]1 !y w\ld almo/ equally be dispos$ to ackn[l$ge :atsoev] %\ld be 9 "r me?od1 & by "r ratioc9ation deliv]$ to !m3 b :5 m5 h once acquiesc$ 9 untrue op9ions1 & regi/]$ !m z au!ntical records 9 _! m9ds1 x is no less impossible to speak intelligibly to su* m51 ?an to write legibly ^u a pap] already scribbl$ ov]4 ,! imm$iate cause !re=e ( indocibility1 is prejudice2 & ( prejudice1 false op9ion ( our own k4 #i4 ,ano!r1 & a pr9cipal defect ( ! m9d1 is t :i* m5 call madness1 :i* appe>e? to be no?+ else b "s imag9ation ( "s su* pr$om9ancy above ! re/1 t we h no passion b f x2 & ?is conception is no?+ else b excessive va9 glory1 or va9 dejection2 :i* is mo/ probable by ^! examples foll[+1 :i* proce$ 9 appe>ance e "o ( !m f pride1 or "s dejection ( m9d4 ,z fir/1 we h _h ! example ( "o t prea*$ 9 ,*eapside f a c>t !re1 in/ead ( a pulpit1 t he himself 0 ,*ri/1 :i* 0 spiritual pride or madness4 ,we h _h also div]s examples ( le>n$ madness1 9 :i* m5 h manife/ly be5 di/ract$ ^u any occasion t ha? put !m 9 remembrance ( _! own ability4 ,among/ ! le>n$ m51 may be rememb]$1 ,i ?9k also1 ^? t det]m9e ( ! "t ( ! _w's end1 & o!r su* ! po9ts ( prophecy4 ,& ! gallant madness ( ,don ,quixote is no?+ else b an expression ( su* height ( va9 glory z read+ ( romance may produce 9 pusillanim\s m54 ,also rage & madness ( love1 are b great indignations ( !m 9 ^: bra9s is pr$om9ant contempt f _! enemies1 or _! mi/resses4 ,& ! pride tak5 9 =m & behavi\r1 ha? made div]s m5 run mad1 & to be s acc\nt$1 "u ! "n ( fanta/ic4 #aj4 ,& z ^! are ! examples ( extremities1 s also are !re examples too _m ( ! degrees1 :i* may !re=e be well acc\nt$ follies2 z x is a degree ( ! fir/1 = a man1 )\t c]ta9 evid5ce1 to ?9k himself to be inspir$1 or to h any o!r effect ( ,god's holy _s ?an o!r godly m5 h4 ,( ! second1 = a man cont9ually to speak 8 m9d 9 a c5to ( o!r m5's ,greek or ,lat9 s5t5ces4 ,( ! ?ird1 mu* ( ! pres5t gallantry 9 love & duel4 ,( rage1 a degree is malice2 & ( fanta/ic madness1 affectation4 #aa4 ,z ! =m] examples exhibit to u madness1 & ! degrees !re(1 proce$+ f ! excess ( self-op9ion2 s also !re be o!r examples ( madness1 & ! degrees !re(1 proce$+ f too mu* va9 fe> & dejection2 z 9 ^? melan*oly m5 t h imag9$ !mselves brittle z glass1 or h _h "s o!r l imag9ation3 & degrees h]e( are all ^? exorbitant & causeless fe>s1 :i* we commonly obs]ve 9 melan*oly p]sons4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xi4 #a4 ,hi!rto ( ! k ( ?+s natural1 & ( ! passions t arise naturally f !m4 ,n[ =asmu* z we give names n only to ?+s natural1 b also to sup]natural2 & by all names we ought to h "s mean+ & conception3 x foll[e? 9 ! next place1 to consid] :at ?\ghts & imag9ations ( ! m9d we h1 :5 we take into our m\?s ! mo/ bless$ "n ( ,,god1 & ! names ( ^? virtues we attribute unto him2 z also1 :at image come? into ! m9d at he>+ ! "n ( _s1 or ! "n ( angel1 good or bad4 #b4 ,& =asmu* z ,god ,almighty is incompreh5sible1 x foll[e?1 t we c h no conception or image ( ! ,deity1 & consequ5tly1 all 8 attributes signify our inability & defect ( p[] to conceive any ?+ conc]n+ 8 nature1 & n any conception ( ! same1 except+ only ?is1 t !re is a ,god3 = ! effects we ackn[l$ge naturally1 d include a p[] ( _! produc+1 be=e !y 7 produc$2 & t p[] presuppose? some?+ exi/5t t ha? su* p[]3 & ! ?+ s exi/+ ) p[] to produce1 if x 7 n et]nal1 mu/ ne$s h be5 produc$ by some:at be=e x1 & t aga9 by some?+ else be=e t1 till we come to an et]nal1 t is to say1 ! fir/ p[] ( all p[]s1 & fir/ cause ( all causes3 & ?is is x :i* all m5 conceive by ! "n ( ,,god1 imply+ et]nity1 incompreh5sibility1 & omnipot5cy4 ,& ?us all t w consid]1 may "k t ,god is1 ?\gh n :at he is3 ev5 a man t is born bl9d1 ?\gh x be n possible = him to h any imag9ation :at k9d ( ?+ fire is2 yet he _c b "k t some:at !re is t m5 call fire1 because x w>me? him4 #c4 ,& :]eas we attribute to ,god ,almighty1 see+1 he>+1 speak+1 kn[+1 lov+1 & ! l1 by :i* names we und]/& some?+ 9 m5 to :om we attribute !m1 we und]/& no?+ by !m 9 ! nature ( ,god3 =1 z x is well reason$1 ,%all n ! ,god t made ! eye1 see2 & ! e>1 he>8 ,s x is also1 if we say1 %all ,god1 :i* made ! eye1 n see )\t ! eye2 or t made ! e>1 n he> )\t ! e>2 or t made ! bra91 n "k )\t ! bra92 or t made ! he>t1 n love )\t ! he>t8 ,! attributes !re=e giv5 unto ! ,deity1 are su* z signify ei!r our incapacity or our rev]5ce3 our incapacity1 :5 we say incompreh5sible & inf9ite2 our rev]5ce1 :5 we give him ^? names1 :i* among/ u are ! names ( ^? ?+s we mo/ magnify & comm5d1 z omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 j1 m]ciful1 c4 ,& :5 ,god ,almighty give? ^? names to himself 9 ! ,scriptures1 x is b 1 t is to say1 by desc5d+ to our mann] ( speak+2 )\t :i* we are n capable ( und]/&+ him4 #d4 ,by ! "n ( _s1 we und]/& a body natural1 b ( su* subtilty1 t x worke? n ^u ! s5ses2 b t fille? up ! place :i* ! image ( a visible body might fill up4 ,our conception !re=e ( _s consi/e? ( figure )\t col\r2 & 9 figure is und]/ood dim5sion1 & consequ5tly1 to conceive a _s1 is to conceive some?+ t ha? dim5sion4 ,b spirits sup]natural commonly signify "s sub/ance )\t dim5sion2 :i* two words d flatly contradict "o ano!r3 & !re=e :5 we attribute ! "n ( _s unto ,god1 we attribute x n z ! "n ( any?+ we conceive1 no m ?an we ascribe unto him s5se & und]/&+2 b z a signification ( our rev]5ce1 we desire to ab/ract f him all corporal grossness4 #e4 ,conc]n+ o!r ?+s1 :i* "s m5 call spirits incorporeal1 & "s corporeal1 x is n possible by natural means only1 to come to k ( s mu*1 z t !re are su* ?+s4 ,we t are ,*ri/ians ackn[l$ge t !re be angels good & evil1 & t !re are spirits1 & t ! s\l ( a man is a _s1 & t ^? spirits are immortal3 b1 to "k x1 t is to say1 to h natural evid5ce ( ! same1 x is impossible3 =1 all evid5ce is conception1 z x is said1 *ap4 ,,vi4 sect4 #c1 & all conception is imag9ation1 & proce$e? f s5se1 *ap4 ,,iii4 sect4 #a4 ,& spirits we suppose to be ^? sub/ances :i* "w n ^u ! s5se1 & !re=e n conceptible4 ,b ?\gh ! ,scripture ackn[l$ges spirits1 yet do? x n[h]e say1 t !y are incorporeal1 mean+ !reby1 )\t dim5sion & quality2 nor1 ,i ?9k1 is t ^w incorporeal at all 9 ! ,bible2 b x is said ( ! _s1 t x abide? 9 m52 sometimes t x dwelle? 9 !m1 sometimes t x come? on !m1 t x desc5de?1 & goe?1 & come?2 & t spirits are angels1 t is to say mess5g]s3 all :i* words d imply locality2 & locality is dim5sion2 & :atsoev] ha? dim5sion1 is body1 be x nev] s subtile4 ,to me !re=e x seeme?1 t ! ,scripture fav\re? !m m1 t hold angels & spirits corporeal1 ?an !m t hold ! contr>y4 ,& x is a pla9 contradiction 9 natural disc\rse1 to say ( ! s\l ( man1 t x is tota 9 toto1 et tota 9 qualibet p>te corporis1 gr\nd$ nei!r ^u reason nor revelation1 b proce$+ f ! ignorance ( :at ^? ?+s are :i* are call$ spectra1 images1 t appe> 9 ! d>k to *ildr51 & su* z h /rong fe>s1 & o!r /range imag9ations1 z ha? be5 said1 *apt] ,,iii4 sect4 #e1 :]e ,i call !m phantasms3 =1 tak+ !m to be ?+s real1 )\t u1 l bodies1 & see+ !m to come & vani% s /rangely z !y d1 unlike to bodies2 :at c\ld !y call !m else1 b incorporeal bodies8 :i* is n a "n1 b an absurdity ( spee*4 #f4 ,x is true1 t ! hea!ns1 & all nations ( ! _w1 h ackn[l$g$ t !re be spirits1 :i* = ! mo/ "p !y hold to be incorporeal2 :]eby x might be ?\ght1 t a man by natural reason1 may arrive1 )\t ! ,scriptures1 to ! k ( ?is1 t spirits are3 b ! errone\s collection !re( by ! hea!ns1 may proce$1 z ,i h said be=e1 f ! ignorance ( ! cause ( gho/s & phantasms1 & su* o!r app>itions4 ,& f !nce _h ! ,grecians _! numb] ( gods1 _! numb] ( dmons good or bad1 & = e man 8 g5ius2 :i* is n ! ackn[l$g+ ( ?is tru?1 t spirits are2 b a false op9ion conc]n+ ! =ce ( imag9ation4 #g4 ,& see+ ! k we h ( spirits1 is n natural k1 b fai? f sup]natural revelation giv5 to ! holy writ]s ( ! ,scriptures2 x foll[e?1 t ( inspirations also1 :i* is ! op]ation ( _s 9 u1 ! k :i* we h1 mu/ all proce$ f ,scripture4 ,! signs !re set d[n ( inspiration1 are miracles1 :5 !y be great1 & manife/ly above ! p[] ( m5 to d by impo/ure3 z = example1 ! inspiration ( ,elias 0 kn[n by ! miracul\s burn+ ( ! sacrifice4 ,b ! signs to di/+ui% :e!r a _s be good or evil1 are ! same by :i* we di/+ui% :e!r a man or a tree be good or evil1 namely1 actions & fruit3 = !re are ly+ spirits1 :]e) m5 are inspir$ sometimes1 z well z ) spirits ( tru?4 ,& we are comm&$ 9 ,scripture1 to judge ( ! spirits by _! doctr9e1 & n ( ! doctr9e by ! spirits4 ,= miracles1 our ,savi\r 7,mat?4 xxiv4 #bd7 ha? =bidd5 u to rule our fai? by !m4 ,& ,sa9t ,paul sai?1 7,gal4 i4 #h73 ,?\gh an angel f heav5 prea* to y o!rwise1 c4 let him be accurs$4 ,:]e x is pla91 t we are n to judge :e!r ! doctr9e be true or n1 by ! angel2 b :e!r ! angel say true or no1 by ! doctr9e4 ,s likewise1 7#a ,joh4 iv4 #a73 ,believe n e _s3 = false prophets are gone out into ! _w4 ,v]se #b3 ,h]eby %all ye "k ! _s ( ,god4 ,v]se #c3 ,e _s t confesse? n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is n ( ,god3 & ?is is ! _s ( ,anti*ri/4 ,v]se #ae3 ,:osoev] confesse? t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god1 9 him dwelle? ,god1 & he 9 ,god4 ,! k !re=e we h ( good & evil inspiration1 come? n by vision ( an angel t may tea* x1 nor by a miracle t may seem to confirm x2 b by con=mity ( doctr9e ) ?is article & fundam5tal po9t ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* also ,sa9t ,paul 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aa7 sai? is ! sole f\ndation1 ,t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%4 #h4 ,b if inspiration be disc]n$ by ?is po9t1 & ?is po9t be ackn[l$g$ & believ$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures2 h[ 7may "s m5 ask7 "k we t ! ,scripture des]ve? s great au?ority1 :i* mu/ be no less ?an t ( ! lively voice ( ,god2 t is1 h[ d we "k ! ,scriptures to be ! ^w ( ,god8 ,& fir/1 x is manife/1 t if by k we und]/& sci5ce infallible & natural1 z is def9$1 *ap4 ,,vi4 sect4 #d1 proce$+ f s5se1 we _c be said to "k x1 because x proce$e? n f ! conceptions eng5d]$ by s5se4 ,& if we und]/& k z sup]natural1 we _c h x b by inspiration3 & ( t inspiration we _c judge1 b by ! doctr9e3 x foll[e?1 t we h n any way1 natural or sup]natural1 ( ! k !re(1 :i* c prop]ly be call$ infallible sci5ce & evid5ce4 ,x rema9e?1 t ! k t we h t ! ,scriptures are ! ^w ( ,god1 is only fai?1 :i* fai? !re=e is also by ,sa9t ,paul 7,heb4 xi4 #a7 def9$ to be ! evid5ce ( ?+s n se52 t is to say1 n o!rwise evid5t b by fai?3 =1 :atsoev] ei!r is evid5t by natural reason1 or revelation sup]natural1 is n call$ fai?2 else %\ld n fai? cease1 no m ?an *>ity1 :5 we are 9 heav52 :i* is contr>y to ! doctr9e ( ! ,scripture4 ,&1 we are n said to believe1 b to "k ^? ?+s t be evid5t4 #i4 ,see+ !n ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,scriptures to be ! ^w ( ,god1 is n evid5ce1 b fai?1 & fai? 7*apt] ,,vi4 sect4 #g7 consi/e? 9 ! tru/ we h ( o!r m51 x appe>e? pla91 t ! m5 s tru/$1 are ! holy m5 ( ,god's *ur* succe$+ "o ano!r f ! "t ( ^? t saw ! wondr\s works ( ,god ,almighty 9 ! fle%4 ,nor do? ?is imply t ,god is n ! work] or effici5t cause ( fai?1 or t fai? is begott5 9 man )\t ! _s ( ,god3 =1 all ^? good op9ions :i* we admit & believe1 ?\gh !y proce$ f he>+1 & he>+ f tea*+1 bo? :i* are natural1 yet !y are ! "w ( ,god3 =1 all ! works ( nature are 81 & !y are attribut$ to ! ,_s ( ,god3 z = example1 ,exod4 xxviii4 #c3 ,?\ %alt speak unto all cunn+ m51 :om ,i h fill$ ) ! ,,_s ( wisdom1 t !y may make ,a>on's g>m5ts = 8 consecration1 t he may s]ve me 9 ! prie/'s (fice4 ,fai? !re=e1 :]e) we believe1 is ! "w ( ! ,_s ( ,god 9 t s5se1 by :i* ! ,_s ( ,god give? to "o man wisdom & cunn+ 9 workman%ip m ?an ano!r2 & by :i* he effecte? also 9 o!r po9ts p]ta9+ to our ord9>y life1 t "o man believe? t1 :i*1 ^u ! same gr\nds1 ano!r do? n2 & "o man rev]5ce? ! op9ion1 & obeye? ! comm&s ( 8 sup]ior1 & o!rs n4 #aj4 ,& see+ our fai?1 t ! ,scriptures are ! ^w ( ,god1 began f ! confid5ce & tru/ we repose 9 ! *ur*2 !re c be no d\bt b t _! int]pretation ( ! same ,scriptures 7:5 any d\bt or controv]sy %all arise1 by :i* ?is fundam5tal po9t1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 may be call$ 9 "q7 is saf] = any man to tru/ to1 ?an 8 own1 :e!r reason+ or _s1 t is to say1 8 own op9ion4 #aa4 ,n[ conc]n+ m5's affections to ,godw>d1 !y are n ! same always t are describ$ 9 ! *apt] conc]n+ passions4 ,!re1 = to love1 is to be delight$ ) ! image or conception ( ! ?+ lov$2 b ,god is unconceivable3 to love ,god !re=e1 9 ! ,scripture1 is to obey 8 comm&m5ts1 & to love "o ano!r4 ,also to tru/ ,god1 is diff]5t f our tru/+ "o ano!r3 =1 :5 a man tru/e? a man1 7*ap4 ,,ix4 sect4 #i7 he laye? aside 8 own endeav\rs3 b if we d s 9 our tru/ to ,god ,almighty1 we disobey him2 & h[ %all we tru/ to him :om we "k we disobey8 ,to tru/ to ,god ,almighty !re=e1 is to ref] to 8 good pleasure all t is above our own p[] to effect3 & ?is is all "o ) ackn[l$g+ "o only ,god1 :i* is ! fir/ comm&m5t4 ,& to tru/ 9 ,*ri/1 is no m b to ackn[l$ge him = ,god2 :i* is ! fundam5tal article ( our ,*ri/ian fai?3 & consequ5tly1 to tru/1 rely1 or1 z "s express x1 to ca/ & roll ourselves on ,*ri/1 is ! same ?+ ) ! fundam5tal po9t ( fai?1 namely1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! son ( ! liv+ ,god4 #ab4 ,to hon\r ,god int]nally 9 ! he>t1 is ! same ?+ ) t we ord9>ily call hon\r among/ m53 = x is no?+ b ! ackn[l$g+ ( 8 p[]2 & ! signs !re(1 ! same ) ! signs ( ! hon\r due to our sup]iors1 m5tion$ *apt] ,,viii4 section #f1 viz4 to praise1 to magnify1 to bless1 to pray to him1 to ?ank him1 to give oblations & sacrifices to him1 to give att5tion to 8 ^w1 to speak to him 9 pray] ) consid]ation1 to come into 8 pres5ce ) humble ge/ure1 & 9 dec5t mann]1 & to adorn 8 wor%ip ) magnific5ce & co/3 & ^! are natural signs ( our hon\r+ him int]nally3 & !re=e ! contr>y h]e(1 to neglect pray]1 to speak to him extempore1 to come to *ur* slov5ly1 to adorn ! place ( 8 wor%ip worse ?an our own h\ses1 to take up 8 "n 9 e idle disc\rse1 are ! manife/ signs ( contempt ( ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,!re be o!r signs :i* are arbitr>y2 z1 to be uncov]$1 z we be "h1 to put (f _! %oes1 z ,moses at ! fi]y bu%1 & "s o!r ( t k9d1 :i* 9 _! own nature are indiff]5t1 till1 to avoid indec5cy & discord1 x be o!rwise det]m9$ by common cons5t4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xii4 #a4 ,x ha? be5 decl>$ already1 h[ ext]nal objects cause conceptions1 & conceptions1 appetite & fe>1 :i* are ! fir/ unp]ceiv$ beg9n+s ( our actions3 = ei!r ! actions imm$iately foll[ ! fir/ appetite1 z :5 we d any?+ ^u a sudd52 or else to our fir/ appetite !re succe$e? "s conception ( evil to happ5 to u by su* actions1 :i* is fe>1 & :i* holde? u f proce$+4 ,& to t fe> may succe$ a new appetite1 & to t appetite ano!r fe> alt]nately1 till ! action be ei!r done1 or "s accid5t come betwe51 to make x impossible2 & s ?is alt]nate appetite & fe> cease?4 ,?is alt]nate succession ( appetite & fe> dur+ all ! "t ! action is 9 our p[] to d or n to d1 is t we call delib]ation2 :i* "n ha? be5 giv5 x = t "p ( ! def9ition :]e9 x is said t x la/e? s long z ! action1 :]e( we delib]ate1 is 9 our p[]3 =1 s long we h lib]ty to d or n to d2 & delib]ation signifie? a tak+ away ( our own lib]ty4 #b4 ,delib]ation !re=e require? 9 ! action delib]at$ two conditions2 "o1 t x be future2 ! o!r1 t !re be hope ( do+ x1 or possibility ( n do+ x2 =1 appetite & fe> are expectations ( ! future2 & !re is no expectation ( good1 )\t hope2 or ( evil1 )\t possibility3 ( necess>ies !re=e !re is no delib]ation4 ,9 delib]ation1 ! la/ appetite1 z also ! la/ fe>1 is call$ w1 viz4 ! la/ appetite1 w to d1 or w to omit4 ,x is all "o !re=e to say w & la/ w3 =1 ?\gh a man express 8 pres5t incl9ation & appetite conc]n+ ! dispos+ ( 8 goods1 by words or writ+s2 yet %all x n be c\nt$ 8 w1 because he ha? /ill lib]ty to dispose ( !m o!rways3 b :5 dea? take? away t lib]ty1 !n x is 8 w4 #c4 ,volunt>y actions & omissions are su* z h beg9n+ 9 ! w2 all o!r are involunt>y1 or mix$ volunt>y2 involunt>y1 su* z he do? by necessity ( nature1 z :5 he is pu%$1 or falle?1 & !reby do? good or hurt to ano!r3 mix$1 su* z p>ticipate ( bo?2 z :5 a man is c>ri$ to prison1 go+ is volunt>y1 to ! prison1 is involunt>y3 ! example ( him t ?r[e? 8 goods out ( a %ip into ! sea1 to save 8 p]son1 is ( an action altoge!r volunt>y3 =1 !re is no?+ !re9 involunt>y1 b ! h>dness ( ! *oice1 :i* is n 8 action1 b ! action ( ! w9ds3 :at he himself do?1 is no m aga9/ 8 w1 ?an to flee f dang] is aga9/ ! w ( him t see? no o!r means to pres]ve himself4 #d4 ,volunt>y also are ! actions t proce$ f sudd5 ang]1 or o!r sudd5 appetite 9 su* m5 z c disc]n good or evil3 =1 9 !m ! "t prec$5t is to be judg$ delib]ation3 = !n also he delib]ate? 9 :at cases x is good to /rike1 d]ide1 or d any o!r action proce$+ f ang] or o!r su* sudd5 passion4 #e4 ,appetite1 fe>1 hope1 & ! re/ ( ! passions are n call$ volunt>y2 = !y proce$ n f1 b are ! w2 & ! w is n volunt>y3 =1 a man c no m say he w w1 ?an he w w w1 & s make an inf9ite repetition ( ! ^w w2 :i* is absurd1 & insignificant4 #f4 ,=asmu* z w to d is appetite1 & w to omit1 fe>2 ! cause ( appetite & fe> is ! cause also ( our w3 b ! prop\nd+ ( ! b5efits & ( h>ms1 t is to say1 ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 is ! cause ( our appetite1 & ( our fe>s1 & !re=e also ( our wills1 s f> =? z we believe t su* rew>ds & b5efits z are prop\nd$1 %all arrive unto u2 & consequ5tly1 our wills foll[ our op9ions1 z our actions foll[ our wills2 9 :i* s5se !y say truly1 & prop]ly1 t say ! _w is gov]n$ by op9ion4 #g4 ,:5 ! wills ( _m concur to "o & ! same action & effect1 ?is conc\rse ( _! wills is call$ cons5t2 by :i* we mu/ n und]/& "o w ( _m m51 = e man ha? 8 sev]al w1 b _m wills to ! produc+ ( "o effect3 b :5 ! wills ( two div]s m5 produce su* actions z are reciprocally resi/ant "o to ! o!r1 ?is is call$ cont5tion2 &1 be+ ^u ! p]sons "o ( ano!r1 battle3 :]eas actions proce$+ f cons5t1 are mutual aid4 #h4 ,:5 _m wills are involv$ or includ$ 9 ! w ( "o or m cons5t+1 7:i* h[ x may be1 %all be h]eaft] decl>$7 !n is t involv+ ( _m wills 9 "o or m1 call$ union4 #i4 ,9 delib]ations int]rupt$1 z !y may be by div]sion ( o!r bus9ess1 or by sleep1 ! la/ appetite ( su* "p ( ! delib]ation is call$ int5tion1 or purpose4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 #a4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! p[]s & acts ( ! m9d1 bo? cognitive & motive1 consid]$ 9 e man by himself1 )\t relation to o!rs2 x w fall fitly into ?is *apt]1 to speak ( ! effects ( ! same p[] "o ^u ano!r2 :i* effects are also ! signs1 by :i* "o take? notice :at ano!r conceive? & int5de?4 ,( ^! signs1 "s are su* z _c easily be c\nt]feit$2 z actions & ge/ures1 especially if !y be sudd51 :]e( ,i h m5tion$ "s2 7= example1 look 9 *apt] ,,ix47 ) ! sev]al passions :]e( !y are signs3 o!rs !re are :i* may be c\nt]feit$2 & ^? are words or spee*2 ( ! use & effects :]e(1 ,i am to speak 9 ?is place4 #b4 ,! fir/ use ( language1 is ! expression ( our conceptions1 t is1 ! begett+ 9 "o ano!r ! same conceptions t we h 9 ourselves2 & ?is is call$ tea*+2 :]e91 if ! conception ( him t tea*e? cont9ually accompany 8 words1 beg9n+ at some?+ true 9 exp]i5ce1 !n x begette? ! l evid5ce 9 ! he>] t und]/&e? !m1 & make? him to "k some?+1 :i* he is !re=e said to le>n3 b if !re be n su* evid5ce1 !n su* tea*+ is call$ p]suasion1 & begette? no m 9 ! he>]1 ?an :at is 9 ! speak]'s b>e op9ion4 ,& ! signs ( two op9ions contradictory "o to ano!r2 namely1 affirmation & negation ( ! same ?+1 is call$ controv]sy3 b bo? affirmations1 or bo? negations1 cons5t 9 op9ion4 #c4 ,! infallible sign ( tea*+ exactly1 & )\t error1 is ?is1 t no man ha? ev] taught ! contr>y3 n t few1 h[ few soev]1 if any2 = commonly tru? is on ! side ( a few1 r ?an ( ! multitude3 b :5 9 op9ions & que/ions consid]$ & discuss$ by _m1 x happ5e? t n any "o ( ! m5 t s discuss$ !m diff] f ano!r1 !n x may be ju/ly inf]r$1 !y "k :at !y tea*1 & t o!rwise !y d n4 ,& ?is appe>s mo/ manife/ly to !m t h consid]$ ! div]s subjects :]e9 !y h ex]cis$ _! p5s1 & ! div]s ways 9 :i* !y h proce$$1 toge!r ) ! div]sity ( ! success !re(3 =1 ^? m5 :o h tak5 9 h& to consid] no?+ else b ! comp>ison ( magnitudes1 numb]s1 times1 & motions1 & h[ _! proportions are to "o ano!r1 h !reby be5 ! au?ors ( all ^? excell5cies by :i* we diff] f su* savage p z n[ inhabit div]s places 9 ,am]ica2 & z h be5 ! inhabitants h]et(ore ( ^? c\ntries :]e at ?is day arts & sci5ces d mo/ fl\ri%3 =1 f ! /udies ( ^! m51 h proce$$ :atsoev] come? to u = ornam5t by navigation1 & :atsov] we h b5eficial to human society by ! division1 di/9ction1 & portrait+ ! face ( ! e>?2 :atsoev] also we h by ! acc\nt ( times1 & =esight ( ! c\rse ( heav52 :atsoev] by measur+ di/ances1 planes1 & solids ( all sorts2 & :atsoev] ei!r elegant or def5sible 9 build+3 all :i* suppos$ away1 :at d we diff] f ! wilde/ ( ! ,indians8 ,yet to ?is day 0 x nev] he>d (1 t !re 0 any controv]sy conc]n+ any conclusion 9 ?is subject2 ! sci5ce :]e( ha? nev]!less be5 cont9ually amplifi$ & enri*$ by ! conclusions ( mo/ difficult & pr(\nd speculation4 ,! reason :]e( is app>5t to e man t looke? into _! writ+s2 = !y proce$ f mo/ l[ & humble pr9ciples1 evid5t ev5 to ! meane/ capacity2 go+ on sl[ly1 & ) mo/ scrupul\s ratioc9ation2 viz4 f ! imposition ( names1 !y inf] ! tru? ( _! fir/ propositions2 & f two ( ! fir/1 a ?ird2 & f any two ( ! ?ree1 a f\r?2 & s on1 accord+ to ! /eps ( sci5ce1 m5tion$ *apt] ,,vi4 section #d4 ,on ! o!r side1 ^? m5 :o h writt5 conc]n+ ! faculties1 passions1 & mann]s ( m51 t is to say1 ( moral philosophy1 & ( policy1 gov]nm5t1 & laws1 :]e( !re be inf9ite volumes1 h be5 s f> f remov+ d\bt & controv]sy 9 ! que/ions !y h h&l$1 t !y h v mu* multipli$ ! same3 nor do? any man at ?is day s mu* z pret5d to "k m ?an ha? be5 deliv]$ two ?\s& ye>s ago by ,ari/otle3 & yet e man ?9ks t 9 ?is subject he kn[e? z mu* z any o!r2 suppos+ !re ne$e? !reunto no /udy b t accrue? unto !m by natural wit2 ?\gh !y play1 or employ _! m9d o!rwise 9 ! pur*ase ( weal? or place4 ,! reason :]e( is no o!r1 ?an t 9 _! writ+s & disc\rses !y take = pr9ciples ^? op9ions :i* are already vulg>ly receiv$1 :e!r true or false2 be+ = ! mo/ "p false4 ,!re is !re=e a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 tea*+ & p]suad+2 ! sign ( ?is be+ controv]sy2 ! sign ( ! =m]1 no controv]sy4 #d4 ,!re be two sorts ( m5 t commonly be call$ le>n$3 "o is t sort t proce$e? evid5tly f humble pr9ciples1 z is describ$ 9 ! la/ section2 & ^? m5 are call$ ma!matici3 ! o!r are !y t take up maxims f _! education1 & f ! au?ority ( m51 or ( cu/om1 & take ! habitual disc\rse ( ! tongue = ratioc9ation2 & ^! are call$ dogmatici4 ,n[ see+ 9 ! la/ section ^? we call ma!matici are absolv$ ( ! crime ( bre$+ controv]sy1 & !y t pret5d n to le>n+ _c be accus$1 ! fault lie? altoge!r 9 ! dogmatics1 t is to say1 ^? t are imp]fectly le>n$1 & ) passion press to h _! op9ions pass ev]y:]e = tru?1 )\t any evid5t demon/ration ei!r f exp]i5ce1 or f places ( ,scripture ( uncontrov]t$ int]pretation4 #e4 ,! expression ( ^? conceptions :i* cause 9 u ! exp]i5ce ( good :ile we delib]ate1 z also ( ^? :i* cause our expectation ( evil1 is t :i* we call c\nsell+1 & is ! int]nal delib]ation ( ! m9d conc]n+ :at we ourselves are to d or n to d4 ,! consequ5ces ( our actions are our c\nsellors1 by alt]nate succession 9 ! m9d4 ,s 9 ! c\nsel :i* a man take? f o!r m51 ! c\nsellors alt]nately d make appe> ! consequ5ces ( ! action1 & d n any ( !m delib]ate1 b furni% among !m all1 him t is c\nsell$ ) argum5ts :]eupon to delib]ate ) himself4 #f4 ,ano!r use ( spee* is expression ( appetite1 int5tion1 & w2 z ! appetite ( k by int]rogation2 appetite to h a ?+ done by ano!r1 z reque/1 pray]1 petition3 expressions ( our purpose or int5tion1 z promise1 :i* is ! affirmation or negation ( "s action to be done 9 ! future3 ?reat5+1 :i* is ! promise ( evil2 & comm&+1 :i* is t spee* by :i* we signify to ano!r our appetite or desire to h any ?+ done1 or left undone1 = reasons conta9$ 9 ! w itself3 = x is n prop]ly said1 ,sic volo1 sic jubeo1 )\t t o!r clause1 ,/et pro ratione voluntas3 & :5 ! comm& is a suffici5t reason to move u to action1 !n is t comm& call$ a law4 #g4 ,ano!r use ( spee* is in/igation & appeas+1 by :i* we increase or dim9i% "o ano!r's passion3 x is ! same ?+ ) p]suasion2 ! diff]5ce n be+ real2 =1 ! begett+ ( op9ion & passion is ! same4 ,b :]eas 9 p]suasion we aim at gett+ op9ion f passion2 "h1 ! end is1 to raise passion f op9ion4 ,& z 9 rais+ an op9ion f passion1 any premises are good en\gh to en=ce ! desir$ conclusion2 s1 9 rais+ passion f op9ion1 x is no matt] :e!r ! op9ion be true or false1 or ! n>ration hi/orical or fabul\s2 =1 n ! tru?1 b ! image1 make? passion3 & a trag$y1 well act$1 affecte? no less ?an a murd]4 #h4 ,?\gh words be ! signs we h ( "o ano!r's op9ions & int5tions1 because ! equivocation ( !m is s frequ5t accord+ to ! div]sity ( contexture1 & ( ! company :]e) !y g1 :i*1 ! pres5ce ( him t speake?1 our sight ( 8 actions1 & conjecture ( 8 int5tions1 mu/ help to dis*>ge u (2 x mu/ !re=e be extremely h>d to f9d ! op9ions & mean+ ( ^? m5 t are gone f u long ago1 & h left u no o!r signification !re( ?an _! books1 :i* _c possibly be und]/ood )\t hi/ory1 to discov] ^? a=em5tion$ circum/ances1 & also )\t great prud5ce to obs]ve !m4 #i4 ,:5 x happ5e? t a man signifie? unto two contradictory op9ions1 :]e( ! "o is cle>ly & directly signifi$1 & ! o!r ei!r drawn f t by consequ5ce1 or n kn[n to be contradictory to x2 !n1 :5 he is n pres5t to explicate himself bett]1 we are to take ! =m] = 8 op9ion2 = t is cle>ly signifi$ to be 81 & directly2 :]eas ! o!r might proce$ f error 9 ! d$uction1 or ignorance ( ! repugnancy4 ,! l also is to be held 9 two contradictory expressions ( a man's int5tion & w1 = ! same reason4 #aj4 ,=asmu* z :osoev] speake? to ano!r1 int5de? !reby to make him und]/& :at he sai?1 if he speak unto him ei!r 9 a language :i* he t he>e? und]/&e? n1 or use any ^w 9 o!r s5se ?an he believe? is ! s5se ( him t he>e?1 he int5de? also n to make him und]/& :at he sai?2 :i* is a contradiction ( himself4 ,x is !re=e always to be suppos$1 t he :i* int5de? n to deceive1 all[e? ! private int]pretation ( 8 spee* to him to :om x is address$4 #aa4 ,sil5ce1 9 him t believe? t ! same %all be tak5 = a sign ( 8 int5t1 is a sign !re( inde$3 =1 if he did n cons5t1 ! lab\r ( speak+ s mu* z to decl>e ! same1 is s little1 z x is to be presum$ he w\ld h done x4 ,,conclusion4 ,?us h we consid]$ ! nature ( man s f> z 0 requisite = ! f9d+ out ! fir/ & mo/ simple elem5ts :]e9 ! compositions ( politic rules & laws are la/ly resolv$2 :i* 0 my pres5t purpose4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,de ,,corpore ,,politico3 ,,or ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,law1 ,,moral ,,& ,,politic1 ,,) ,,disc\rses ,,^u ,,sev]al ,,heads3 ,,z ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,nature2 ,,( ,,oa?s ,,& ,,cov5ants2 ,,( ,,sev]al ,,k9ds ,,( ,,gov]nm5t2 ,,) ,,! ,,*anges ,,& ,,revolutions ,,( ,,!m4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ------- ,,read]1 ,y may be pleas$ to take notice1 t ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w dep5ds ^u a =m] treatise ( ,human ,nature1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,hobbes1 & by a fri5d ( 8 committ$ to ! press = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,x 0 ?\ght fit1 t no?+ ( s wor?y an au?or %\ld be left unpr9t$1 especially consid]+1 t ?is piece is mo/ useful = ! society ( reasonable creatures1 be+ ! gr\nds & pr9ciples ( policy1 )\t :i* !re w\ld be no?+ b confusion 9 ! _w4 ,i am confid5t1 if m5's m9ds 7 b truly fix$ ^u ! c5tre ( ?is disc\rse1 !y w\ld n prove su* wea!rcocks1 to be turn$ ab\t ) ! w9d ( e false doctr9e1 & va9 op9ion4 ,we %\ld !n be free f ^? disord]s :i* ?reat5 di/raction to ! s\l1 & de/ruction to ! commonweal?4 ,b let o!rs write nev] s well1 if our practice d n second _! in/ructions1 we may be wise en\gh to =esee our mis]y1 b nev] "k h[ to prev5t x4 ,:at pity is x1 t su* r>e conclusions z ^! are1 %\ld produce no o!r effect1 to in=m our k1 & confute our conv]sation1 :il/ we neglect ! tru? t is appreh5d$4 ,yet !re is "s hope1 t su* obs]v]s1 ^: wisdom ha? receiv$ ! /amp ( goodness1 w improve _! skill to a real advancem5t ( ^? b5efits1 :i* lie ho>d$ up 9 ?is curi\s cab9et4 ,to ^: use & beho(1 ^! excell5t notions are comm5d$1 z ! be/ t ev] 7 writ 9 ?is k9d1 & may s]ve = a g5]al gr\nd & f\ndation to all regul> conceptions1 t conc]n ! ess5ce & exi/5ce ( man1 ! gov]nm5t ( k+doms & commonweal?s1 & by consequ5ce our et]nal salvation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,de ,,corpore ,,politico4 ------- ,,"p ,,! ,,fir/4 ------- ,,*apt] ,i4 #a1 #b4 ,m5 by nature equal4 #c4 ,by va9 glory indispos$ to all[ equality ) !mselves1 to o!rs4 #d4 ,apt to provoke ano!r by comp>isons4 #e4 ,apt to encroa* "o ^u ano!r4 #f4 ,"r def9$4 #g4 ,"r to ! end1 implie? "r to ! means4 #h4 ,e man 8 own judge by nature4 #i4 ,e man's /r5g? & k = 8 own use4 #aj4 ,e man by nature ha? "r to all ?+s4 #aa4 ,w> & peace def9$4 #ab4 ,m5 by nature 9 ! /ate ( w>4 #ac4 ,9 manife/ inequality might is "r4 #ad4 ,reason dictate? peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 by nature equal4 #a4 ,9 a =m] treatise ( human nature already pr9t$1 ha? be5 set =? ! :ole nature ( man1 consi/+ 9 ! p[]s natural ( 8 body & m9d1 & may all be compreh5d$ 9 ^! f\r1 /r5g? ( body1 exp]i5ce1 reason1 & passion4 #b4 ,9 ?is1 x w be exp$i5t to consid] 9 :at e/ate ( security ?is our nature ha? plac$ u1 & :at probability x ha? left u1 ( cont9u+ & pres]v+ ourselves aga9/ ! viol5ce ( "o ano!r4 ,& fir/1 if we consid] h[ little odds !re is ( /r5g? or k1 betwe5 m5 ( mature age1 & ) h[ great facility he t is ! weak] 9 /r5g? or 9 wit1 or 9 bo?1 may utt]ly de/roy ! p[] ( ! /rong]2 s9ce !re ne$e? b little =ce to ! tak+ away ( a man's life1 we may conclude1 t m5 consid]$ 9 m]e nature1 ought to admit among/ !mselves equality2 & t he t claime? no m1 may be e/eem$ mod]ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,by va9 glory indispos$ to all[ equality ) !mselves1 to o!rs4 #c4 ,on ! o!r side1 consid]+ ! great diff]5ce !re is 9 m51 f ! div]sity ( _! passions1 h[ "s are va9ly glori\s1 & hope = prec$5cy & sup]iority above _! fell[s1 n only :5 !y are equal 9 p[]1 b also :5 !y are inf]ior2 we mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge t x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 t ^? m5 :o are mod]ate1 & look = no m b equality ( nature1 %all be obnoxi\s to ! =ce ( o!rs1 t w attempt to subdue !m4 ,& f h5ce %all proce$ a g5]al diffid5ce 9 mank9d1 & mutual fe> "o ( ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,apt to provoke ano!r by comp>isons4 #d4 ,fur!r1 s9ce m5 by natural passion are div]s ways (f5sive "o to ano!r1 e man ?9k+ well ( himself1 & hat+ to see ! same 9 o!rs1 !y mu/ ne$s provoke "o ano!r by words1 & o!r signs ( contempt & hatr$1 :i* are incid5t to all comp>ison1 till at la/ !y mu/ det]m9e ! pre-em95ce by /r5g? & =ce ( body4 ,sid5ote3 ,apt to encroa* "o ^u ano!r4 #e4 ,moreov]1 consid]+ t _m m5's appetites c>ry !m to "o & ! same end2 :i* end sometimes c nei!r be enjoy$ 9 common1 nor divid$1 x foll[e?1 t ! /rong] mu/ enjoy x alone1 & t x be decid$ by battle :o is ! /rong]4 ,& ?us ! greate/ "p ( m51 ^u no assurance ( odds1 d nev]!less1 ?r\gh vanity1 or comp>ison1 or appetite1 provoke ! re/1 t o!rwise w\ld be cont5t$ ) equality4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r def9$4 #f4 ,& =asmu* z necessity ( nature make? m5 to w & desire bonum sibi1 t :i* is good = !mselves1 & to avoid t :i* is hurtful2 b mo/ ( all1 ! t]rible enemy ( nature1 dea?1 f :om we expect bo? ! loss ( all p[]1 & also ! greate/ ( bodily pa9s 9 ! los+2 x is n aga9/ reason1 t a man do? all he c to pres]ve 8 own body & limbs bo? f dea? & pa94 ,& t :i* is n aga9/ reason1 m5 call "r1 or jus1 or blameless lib]ty ( us+ our own natural p[] & ability4 ,x is !re=e a "r ( nature1 t e man may pres]ve 8 own life & limbs1 ) all ! p[] he ha?4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r to ! end1 implie? "r to ! means4 #g4 ,& because :]e a man ha? "r to ! end1 & ! end _c be atta9$ )\t ! means1 t is1 )\t su* ?+s z are necess>y to ! end1 x is consequ5t t x is n aga9/ reason1 & !re=e "r1 = a man to use all means1 & d :atsoev] action is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( 8 body4 ,sid5ote3 ,e man 8 own judge by nature4 #h4 ,also1 e man by "r ( nature1 is judge himself ( ! necessity ( ! means1 & ( ! greatness ( ! dang]4 ,= if x be aga9/ reason1 t ,i be judge ( m9e own dang] myself1 !n x is reason1 t ano!r man be judge !re(4 ,b ! same reason t make? ano!r man judge ( ^? ?+s t conc]n me1 make? me also judge ( t t conc]ne? him4 ,& !re=e ,i h reason to judge ( 8 s5t5ce1 :e!r x be = my b5efit1 or n4 ,sid5ote3 ,e man's /r5g? & k = 8 own use4 #i4 ,z a man's judgm5t 9 "r ( nature is to be employ$ = 8 own b5efit1 s also ! /r5g?1 k1 & art1 ( e man is !n rightly employ$1 :5 he use? x = himself2 else mu/ n a man h "r to pres]ve himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,e man by nature ha? "r to all ?+s4 #aj4 ,e man by nature ha? "r to all ?+s1 t is to say1 to d :atsoev] he li/e? to :om he li/e?1 to possess1 use1 & enjoy all ?+s he w & c4 ,= see+ all ?+s he wille?1 mu/ !re=e be good unto him 9 8 own judgm5t1 because he wille? !m1 & may t5d to 8 pres]vation "s "t or o!r1 or he may judge s1 & we h made him judge !re(1 section #h1 x foll[e?1 t all ?+s may rightly also be done by him4 ,& = ?is cause x is rightly said1 ,natura d$it omnia omnibus1 t ,nature ha? giv5 all ?+s to all m52 insomu*1 t jus & utile1 "r & pr(it1 is ! same ?+4 ,b t "r ( all m5 to all ?+s1 is 9 effect no bett] ?an if no man _h "r to any ?+4 ,= !re is little use & b5efit ( ! "r a man ha?1 :5 ano!r z /rong1 or /rong] ?an himself1 ha? "r to ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> & peace def9$4 #aa4 ,see+ !n to ! (f5siv5ess ( man's nature "o to ano!r1 !re is add$ a "r ( e man to e ?+1 :]eby "o man invade? ) "r1 & ano!r man ) "r resi/e?1 & m5 live !reby 9 p]petual diffid5ce1 & /udy h[ to preoccupate ea* o!r2 ! e/ate ( m5 9 ?is natural lib]ty1 is ! e/ate ( w>4 ,= w> is no?+ else b t "t :]e9 ! w & cont5tion ( cont5d+ by =ce1 is ei!r by words or actions suffici5tly decl>$2 & ! "t :i* is n w>1 is peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 by nature 9 ! /ate ( w>4 #ab4 ,! e/ate ( ho/ility & w> be+ su*1 z !reby nature itself is de/roy$1 & m5 kill "o ano!r1 7z we "k also t x is1 bo? by ! exp]i5ce ( savage nations t live at ?is day1 & by ! hi/ories ( our ance/ors ! old inhabitants ( ,g]many1 & o!r n[ civil c\ntries1 :]e we f9d ! p few1 & %ort liv$1 & )\t ! ornam5ts & com=ts ( life1 :i* by peace & society are usually inv5t$ & procur$7 he !re=e t desire? to live 9 su* an e/ate z is ! e/ate ( lib]ty & "r ( all to all1 contradicte? himself4 ,= e man by natural necessity desire? 8 own good1 to :i* ?is e/ate is contr>y1 :]e9 we suppose cont5tion betwe5 m5 by nature equal1 & able to de/roy "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 manife/ inequality might is "r4 #ac4 ,see+ ?is "r ( protect+ ourselves by our own discretion & =ce1 proce$e? f dang]1 & t dang] f ! equality betwe5 m5's =ces1 mu* m reason is !re1 t a man prev5t su* equality be=e ! dang] come?1 & be=e ! necessity ( battle4 ,a man !re=e t ha? ano!r man 9 8 p[] to rule or gov]n1 to d good to1 or h>m1 ha? "r1 by ! advantage ( ?is 8 pres5t p[]1 to take caution at 8 pleasure1 = 8 security aga9/ t o!r 9 "t to come4 ,he !re=e t ha? already subdu$ 8 adv]s>y1 or gott5 into 8 p[] any o!r1 t ei!r by infancy1 or weakness1 is unable to resi/ him1 by "r ( nature may take ! be/ caution1 t su* infant1 or su* feeble & subdu$ p]son c give him1 ( be+ rul$ & gov]n$ by him = ! "t to come4 ,= see+ we int5d always our own safety & pres]vation1 we manife/ly contradict t our int5tion1 if we will+ly dismiss su* a "o1 & suff] him at once to ga!r /r5g? & be our enemy4 ,out ( :i* may also be collect$1 t irresi/ible might1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 is "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,reason dictate? peace4 #ad4 ,b s9ce x is suppos$ by ! equality ( /r5g?1 & o!r natural faculties ( m51 t no man is ( might suffici5t1 to assure himself = any long "t1 ( pres]v+ himself !reby1 :il/ he rema9e? 9 ! /ate ( ho/ility & w>2 reason !re=e dictate? to e man = 8 own good1 to seek aft] peace1 z f> =? z !re is hope to atta9 ! same2 & /r5g!n himself ) all ! help he c procure1 = 8 own def5ce aga9/ ^?1 f :om su* peace _c be obta9$2 & to d all ^? ?+s :i* necess>ily conduce !reunto4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #a4 ,! law ( nature consi/e? n 9 cons5t ( m51 b reason4 #b4 ,t e man dive/ himself ( ! "r he ha? to all ?+s1 is "o precept ( nature4 #c4 ,:at x is to rel9qui% & transf] "o's "r4 #d4 ,! w to transf]1 & ! w to accept1 bo? necess>y to ! pass+ away ( "r4 #e4 ,"r n transf]r$ by words de futuro only4 #f4 ,words de futuro1 toge!r ) o!r signs ( ! w1 may transf] "r4 #g4 ,free gift def9$4 #h4 ,contract1 & ! sorts ( x4 #i4 ,cov5ant def9$4 #aj4 ,contract ( mutual tru/1 is ( no validity 9 ! e/ate ( ho/ility4 #aa4 ,no cov5ant ( m5 b ) "o ano!r4 #ab4 ,cov5ant h[ dissolv$4 #ac4 ,cov5ant extort$ by fe>1 9 ! law ( nature valid4 #ad4 ,cov5ant contr>y to =m] cov5ant1 void4 #ae4 ,an oa? def9$4 #af4 ,oa? to be adm9i/]$ to e man 9 8 own religion4 #ag4 ,oa? adde? n to ! obligation4 #ah4 ,cov5ants b9d b to endeav\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( nature consi/e? n 9 cons5t ( m51 b reason4 #a4 ,:at x is we call ! law ( nature1 is n agre$ ^u by ^?1 t h hi!rto writt54 ,= ! mo/ "p1 su* writ]s z h occasion to affirm1 t any?+ is aga9/ ! law ( nature1 d allege no m ?an ?is1 t x is aga9/ ! cons5t ( all nations1 or ! wise/ & mo/ civil nations4 ,b x is n agre$ ^u1 :o %all judge :i* nations are ! wise/4 ,o!rs make t aga9/ ! law ( nature1 :i* is contr>y to ! cons5t ( all mank9d2 :i* def9ition _c be all[$1 because !n no man c\ld (f5d aga9/ ! law ( nature2 = ! nature ( e man is conta9$ "u ! nature ( mank9d4 ,b =asmu* z all m5 are c>ri$ away by ! viol5ce ( _! passion1 & by evil cu/oms d ^? ?+s :i* are commonly said to be aga9/ ! law ( nature2 x is n ! cons5t ( passions1 or cons5t 9 "s error gott5 by cu/om1 t makes ! law ( nature4 ,reason is no less ( ! nature ( man ?an passion1 & is ! same 9 all m51 because all m5 agree 9 ! w to be direct$ & gov]n$ 9 ! way to t :i* !y desire to atta91 namely1 _! own good1 :i* is ! "w ( reason3 !re c !re=e be no o!r law ( nature ?an reason1 nor no o!r precepts ( natural law1 ?an ^? :i* decl>e unto u ! ways ( peace1 :]e ! same may be obta9$1 & ( def5ce :]e x may n4 ,sid5ote3 ,t e man dive/ himself ( ! "r he ha? to all ?+s1 is "o precept ( nature4 #b4 ,"o precept ( ! law ( nature !re=e is ?is1 t e man dive/ himself ( ! "r he ha? to all ?+s by nature4 ,= :5 div]s m5 hav+ "r n only to all ?+s else1 b to "o ano!r's p]sons1 if !y use ! same1 !re arise? !reby invasion on ! "o "p1 & resi/ance on ! o!r1 :i* is w>1 & !re=e contr>y to ! law ( nature1 ! sum :]e( consi/e? 9 mak+ peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at x is to rel9qui% & transf] "o's "r4 #c4 ,:5 a man dive/e? & putte? f himself 8 "r1 he ei!r simply rel9qui%e? x1 or transf]re? ! same to ano!r man4 ,to rel9qui% x1 is by suffici5t signs to decl>e1 t x is 8 w no m to d t action1 :i* ( "r he might h done be=e4 ,to transf] "r to ano!r1 is by suffici5t signs to decl>e to t o!r accept+ !re(1 t x is 8 w n to resi/1 or h9d] him1 accord+ to t "r he _h !reto be=e he transf]r$ x4 ,= see+ t by nature e man ha? "r to e ?+1 x is impossible = a man to transf] unto ano!r any "r t he _h n be=e4 ,& !re=e all t a man do? 9 transf]r+ ( "r1 is no m b a decl>+ ( ! w1 to suff] him1 to :om he ha? s transf]r$ 8 "r1 to make b5efit ( ! same1 )\t mole/ation4 ,z = example1 :5 a man give? 8 l&s or goods to ano!r1 he take? f himself ! "r to ent] into1 & make use ( ! said l&s or goods1 or o!rwise to h9d] him ( ! use ( :at he ha? giv54 ,sid5ote3 ,! w to transf]1 & ! w to accept1 bo? necess>y to ! pass+ away ( "r4 #d4 ,9 transf]r+ ( "r1 two ?+s !re=e are requir$3 "o on ! "p ( him t transf]re?1 :i* is a suffici5t signification ( 8 w !re92 ! o!r1 on ! "p ( him to :om x is transf]r$1 :i* is a suffici5t signification ( 8 acceptation !re(4 ,ei!r ( ^! fail+1 ! "r rema9e? :]e x 03 nor is x to be suppos$1 t he :i* give? 8 "r to "o t accepte? x n1 do? !reby simply rel9qui% x1 & transf] x to :omsoev] w receive x3 inasmu* z ! cause ( transf]r+ ! same to "o1 r ?an to ano!r1 is 9 ! "o1 r ?an 9 ! re/4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r n transf]r$ by words de futuro only4 #e4 ,:5 !re appe> no o!r signs t a man ha? rel9qui%$1 or transf]r$ 8 "r1 b only words1 x behove? t ! same be done 9 words1 t signify ! pres5t "t1 or ! "t pa/1 & n only ! "t to come4 ,= he t sai? ( ! "t to come1 z = example1 to-morr[ ,i w give1 decl>e? evid5tly1 t he ha? n yet giv54 ,! "r1 !re=e1 rema9e? 9 him to-day1 & s cont9ues1 till he h giv5 actually4 ,b he t sai?1 ,i give1 pres5tly1 or h giv5 to ano!r any?+1 to h & enjoy ! same to-morr[1 or any o!r "t fur!r1 ha? n[ actually transf]r$ ! said "r1 :i* o!rwise he %\ld h _h at ! "t t ! o!r is to enjoy x4 ,sid5ote3 ,words de futuro1 toge!r ) o!r signs ( ! w1 may transf] "r4 #f4 ,b because words alone are n a suffici5t decl>ation ( ! m9d1 z ha? be5 %[n *apt] ,,xiii4 section #h1 words spok5 de futuro1 :5 ! w ( him t speake? !m may be ga!r$ by o!r signs1 may be tak5 v (t5 z if !y 7 meant de prs5ti3 = :5 x appe>e?1 t he t give?1 w\ld h 8 words s und]/ood by him to :om he give?1 z if he did actually transf] 8 "r1 !n he mu/ ne$s be und]/ood to w all t is necess>y to ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,free gift def9$4 #g4 ,:5 a man transf]re? any "r ( 8 to ano!r1 )\t consid]ation ( reciprocal b5efit1 pa/1 pres5t1 or to come1 ?is is call$ free gift4 ,& 9 free gift1 no o!r words c be b9d+1 b ^? :i* are de prs5ti1 or de prt]ito3 = be+ de futuro only1 !y transf] no?+1 nor c !y be und]/ood1 z if !y proce$$ f ! w ( ! giv]2 because be+ a free gift1 x c>rie? ) x no obligation great] ?an t :i* is en=c$ by ! words4 ,= he t promise? to give1 )\t any o!r consid]ation b 8 own affection1 s long z he ha? n giv51 delib]ate? /ill1 accord+ z ! causes ( 8 affections cont9ue1 or dim9i%2 & he t delib]ate?1 ha? n yet will$1 because ! w is ! la/ act ( 8 delib]ation4 ,he t promise? !re=e1 is n !reby a donor1 b doson2 :i* "n 0 giv5 to t ,antio*us1 t promis$ (t51 b seldom gave4 ,sid5ote3 ,contract1 & ! sorts ( x4 #h4 ,:5 a man transf]re? 8 "r ^u consid]ation ( reciprocal b5efit1 ?is is n free gift1 b mutual donation1 & is call$ contract4 ,& 9 all contracts1 ei!r bo? p>ties pres5tly p]=m1 & put ea* o!r into a c]ta9ty & assurance ( enjoy+ :at !y contract =1 z :5 m5 buy or sell1 or b>t]2 or "o p>ty p]=me? pres5tly1 & ! o!r promise?1 z :5 "o selle? ^u tru/2 or else nei!r p>ty p]=me? pres5tly1 b tru/ "o ano!r4 ,& x is impossible !re %\ld be any k9d ( contract besides ^! ?ree4 ,= ei!r bo? ! contractors tru/1 or nei!r2 or else "o tru/e?1 & ! o!r n4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ant def9$4 #i4 ,9 all contracts :]e !re is tru/1 ! promise ( him t is tru/$1 is call$ a cov5ant4 ,& ?is1 ?\gh x be a promise1 & ( ! "t to come1 yet x do? transf] ! "r1 :5 t "t come?1 no less ?an an actual donation4 ,= x is a manife/ sign1 t he :i* did p]=m1 und]/ood x 0 ! w ( him t 0 tru/$1 to p]=m also4 ,promises !re=e1 ^u consid]ation ( reciprocal b5efit1 are cov5ants & signs ( ! w1 or la/ act ( delib]ation1 :]eby ! lib]ty ( p]=m+1 or n p]=m+1 is tak5 away1 & consequ5tly are obligatory4 ,= :]e lib]ty cease?1 !re beg9ne? obligation4 ,sid5ote3 ,contract ( mutual tru/1 is ( no validity 9 ! e/ate ( ho/ility4 #aj4 ,nev]!less1 9 contracts t consi/ ( su* mutual tru/1 z t no?+ be by ei!r p>ty p]=m$ = ! pres5t1 :5 ! contract is betwe5 su* z are n compellable1 he t p]=me? fir/1 consid]+ ! disposition ( m5 to take advantage ( e ?+ = _! b5efit1 do? b betray himself !reby to ! covet\sness1 or o!r passion ( him ) :om he contracte?4 ,& !re=e su* cov5ants are ( none effect4 ,= !re is no reason :y ! "o %\ld p]=m fir/1 if ! o!r be likely n to p]=m aft]w>d4 ,& :e!r he be likely or n1 he t d\bte?1 %all be judge himself1 z ha? be5 said *ap4 ,i4 sect4 #h1 z long z !y rema9 9 ! e/ate & lib]ty ( nature4 ,b :5 !re %all be su* p[] co]cive ov] bo? ! p>ties1 z %all deprive !m ( _! private judgm5ts 9 ?is po9t1 !n may su* cov5ants be effectual1 see+ he t p]=me? fir/ %all h no reasonable cause to d\bt ( ! p]=mance ( ! o!r1 t may be compell$ !reunto4 ,sid5ote3 ,no cov5ant ( m5 b ) "o ano!r4 #aa4 ,& =asmu* z 9 all cov5ants1 & contracts1 & donations1 ! acceptance ( him to :om ! "r is transf]r$1 is necess>y to ! ess5ce ( ^? cov5ants1 donations1 c41 x is impossible to make a cov5ant or donation to any1 t by nature1 or abs5ce1 are unable1 or if able1 d n actually decl>e _! acceptation ( ! same4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re=e1 x is impossible = any man to make a cov5ant ) ,god ,almighty1 fur!r ?an x ha? pleas$ him to decl>e :o %all receive & accept ( ! said cov5ant 9 8 "n4 ,also x is impossible to make cov5ant ) ^? liv+ creatures1 ( ^: wills we h no suffici5t sign1 = want ( common language4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ant h[ dissolv$4 #ab4 ,a cov5ant to d any action at a c]ta9 "t & place1 is !n dissolv$ by ! cov5ant]1 :5 t "t come?1 ei!r by ! p]=mance1 or by ! violation4 ,= a cov5ant is void t is once impossible4 ,b a cov5ant n to d1 )\t "t limit$1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 a cov5ant nev] to d1 is dissolv$ by ! cov5ant] !n only1 :5 he violate? x1 or die?4 ,& g5]ally1 all cov5ants are dis*>geable by ! cov5antee1 to ^: b5efit1 & by ^: "r1 he t make? ! cov5ant is oblig$4 ,?is "r !re=e ( ! cov5antee rel9qui%$1 is a release ( ! cov5ant4 ,& univ]sally1 = ! same reason1 all obligations are det]m9able at ! w ( ! oblig]4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ant extort$ by fe>1 9 ! law ( nature valid4 #ac4 ,x is a "q (t5 mov$1 :e!r su* cov5ants oblige1 z are extort$ f m5 by fe>4 ,z = example1 :e!r if a man = fe> ( dea?1 ha? promis$ to give a ?ief an hundr$ p\nds ! next day1 & n discov] him2 :e!r su* cov5ant be obligatory1 or n4 ,& ?\gh 9 "s cases su* cov5ant may be void1 yet x is n !re=e void1 because extort$ by fe>4 ,= !re appe>e? no reason1 :y t :i* we d ^u fe>1 %\ld be less firm ?an t :i* we d = covet\sness4 ,= bo? ! "o & ! o!r make? ! action volunt>y4 ,& if no cov5ant %\ld be good1 t proce$e? f fe> ( dea?1 no conditions ( peace betwe5 enemies1 nor any laws1 c\ld be ( =ce1 :i* are all cons5t$ to f t fe>4 ,= :o w\ld lose ! lib]ty t nature ha? giv5 him1 ( gov]n+ himself by 8 own w & p[]1 if !y fe>$ n dea? 9 ! reta9+ ( x8 ,:at prison] 9 w> might be tru/$ to seek 8 ransom1 & ought n r to be kill$1 if he 7 n ti$ by ! grant ( 8 life1 to p]=m 8 promise8 ,b aft] ! introduction ( policy & laws1 ! case may alt]2 = if by ! law ! p]=mance ( su* a cov5ant be =bidd51 !n he t promise? any?+ to a ?ief1 n only may1 b mu/ refuse to p]=m x4 ,b if ! law =bid n ! p]=mance1 b leave x to ! w ( ! promis]1 !n is ! p]=mance /ill lawful3 & ! cov5ant ( ?+s lawful is obligatory1 ev5 t[>ds a ?ief4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ant contr>y to =m] cov5ant1 void4 #ad4 ,he t give?1 promise? or cov5ante? to "o1 & aft]1 give?1 promise?1 or cov5ante? ! same to ano!r1 make? void ! latt] act4 ,= x is impossible = a man to transf] t "r :i* he himself ha? n2 & t "r he ha? n1 :i* he himself ha? be=e transf]r$4 ,sid5ote3 ,an oa? def9$4 #ae4 ,an oa? is a clause annex$ to a promise1 conta9+ a r5unciation ( ,god's m]cy by him t promise?1 9 case he p]=m n z f> z is lawful & possible = him to d4 ,& ?is appe>e? by ! words :i* make ! ess5ce ( ! oa?1 s help me ,god4 ,s also 0 x among/ ! hea!n4 ,& ! =m ( ! ,romans 01 ,?\ ,jupit] kill him t breake?1 z ,i kill ?is bea/4 ,! int5tion !re=e ( an oa? be+ to provoke v5geance ^u ! break]s ( cov5ant2 x is to no purpose to swe> by m51 be !y nev] s great1 because _! puni%m5t by div]s accid5ts may be avoid$1 :e!r !y w1 or no1 b ,god's puni%m5t n4 ,?\gh x 7 a cu/om ( _m nations1 to swe> by ! life ( _! pr9ces2 yet ^? pr9ces be+ ambiti\s ( div9e hon\r1 give suffici5t te/imony1 t !y believ$1 no?+ ought to be sworn by1 b ! ,deity4 ,sid5ote3 ,oa? to be adm9i/]$ to e man 9 8 own religion4 #af4 ,& see+ m5 _c be afraid ( ! p[] !y believe n1 & an oa? is to no purpose1 )\t fe> ( him !y swe> by1 x is necess>y t he t swe>e?1 d x 9 t =m :i* himself admitte? 9 8 own religion1 & n 9 t =m :i* he use?1 t putte? him to ! oa?4 ,= ?\gh all m5 may "k by nature1 t !re is an ,almighty p[]1 nev]!less !y believe n1 t !y swe> by him 9 any o!r =m or "n1 ?an :at _! own1 :i* !y ?9k ! true1 religion tea*e? !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,oa? adde? n to ! obligation4 #ag4 ,& by ! def9ition ( an oa?1 x appe>e? t x adde? n a great] obligation to p]=m ! cov5ant sworn1 ?an ! cov5ant c>rie? 9 itself1 b x putte? a man into a great] dang]1 & ( great] puni%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ants b9d b to endeav\r4 #ah4 ,cov5ants & oa?s are de volunt>iis1 t is1 de possibilibus4 ,nor c ! cov5antee und]/& ! cov5ant] to promise impossibles2 = !y fall n "u delib]ation3 & consequ5tly1 7by *ap4 ,,xiii4 sect4 #aj ( ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 :i* make? ! cov5antee int]pret]7 no cov5ant is und]/ood to b9d fur!r1 ?an to our be/ endeav\r1 ei!r 9 p]=mance ( ! ?+ promis$1 or 9 some?+ equival5t4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #a4 ,t m5 /& to _! cov5ants4 #b4 ,injury def9$4 #c4 ,t injury is done only to ! cov5antee4 #d4 ,! signification ( ^? names1 j1 unju/4 #e4 ,ju/ice n rightly divid$ into commutative1 & di/ributive4 #f4 ,x is a law ( nature1 t he t is tru/$1 turn n t tru/ to ! damage ( him t tru/e?4 #g4 ,+ratitude def9$4 #h4 ,x is a law ( nature1 to endeav\r to accommodate "o ano!r3 #i4 ,& t man =give ^u caution = ! future3 #aj4 ,& t rev5ge ought to respect ! future only3 #aa4 ,t reproa* & contempt decl>$1 is aga9/ ! law ( nature3 #ab4 ,t indiff]5ce ( comm]ce is ( ! law ( nature3 #ac4 ,t mess5g]s employ$ to procure or ma9ta9 peace1 ought to be safe by ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,t m5 /& to _! cov5ants4 #a4 ,x is a common say+ t nature make? no?+ 9 va94 ,& x is mo/ c]ta91 t z ! tru? ( a conclusion1 is no m b ! tru? ( ! premises t make x2 s ! =ce ( ! comm&1 or law ( nature1 is no m ?an ! =ce ( ! reasons induc+ !reunto4 ,!re=e ! law ( nature m5tion$ 9 ! =m] *apt]1 section #b1 namely1 ,t e man %\ld dive/ himself ( ! "r1 c4 7 utt]ly va91 & ( none effect1 if ?is also 7 n a law ( ! same nature1 ,t e man is oblig$ to /& to1 & p]=m1 ^? cov5ants he make?4 ,= :at b5efit is x to a man1 t any ?+ be promis$1 or giv5 unto him1 if he t give?1 or promise?1 p]=me? n1 or reta9e? /ill ! "r ( tak+ back :at he ha? giv58 ,sid5ote3 ,injury def9$4 #b4 ,! brea* or violation ( cov5ant1 is t :i* m5 call injury1 consi/+ 9 "s action or omission1 :i* is !re=e call$ unju/4 ,= x is action or omission1 )\t jus1 or "r1 :i* 0 transf]r$ or rel9qui%$ be=e4 ,!re is a great similitude betwe5 t we call injury1 or inju/ice 9 ! actions & conv]sations ( m5 9 ! _w1 & t :i* is call$ absurd 9 ! argum5ts & disputations ( ! ,s*ools4 ,= z he1 :i* is driv5 to contradict an ass]tion by him be=e ma9ta9$1 is said to be r$uc$ to an absurdity2 s he t ?r\gh passion do?1 or omitte? t :i* be=e by cov5ant he promis$ to d1 or n to omit1 is said to commit inju/ice2 & !re is 9 e brea* ( cov5ant a contradiction prop]ly s call$4 ,= he t cov5ante?1 wille? to d1 or omit1 9 ! "t to come4 ,& he t do? any action1 wille? x 9 t pres5t1 :i* is "p ( ! future "t conta9$ 9 ! cov5ant4 ,& !re=e he t violate? a cov5ant1 wille? ! do+ & ! n do+ ( ! same ?+1 at ! same "t1 :i* is a pla9 contradiction4 ,& s injury is an absurdity ( conv]sation1 z absurdity is a k9d ( inju/ice 9 disputation4 ,sid5ote3 ,t injury is done only to ! cov5antee4 #c4 ,9 all violation ( cov5ant1 7to :omsoev] accrue? ! damage7 ! injury is done only to him to :om ! cov5ant 0 made4 ,= example1 if a man cov5ant to obey 8 ma/]1 & ! ma/] comm& him to give money to a ?ird1 :i* he promise? to d1 & do? n1 ?\gh ?is be to ! damage ( ! ?ird1 yet ! injury is done to ! ma/] only4 ,= he c\ld violate no cov5ant ) him1 ) :om none 0 made1 & !re=e do? him no injury4 ,= injury consi/e? 9 violation ( cov5ant by ! def9ition !re(4 ,sid5ote3 ,! signification ( ^? names1 j & unju/4 #d4 ,! names ( j1 unju/1 ju/ice1 inju/ice1 are equivocal1 & signify div]sly4 ,= ju/ice & inju/ice1 :5 !y be attribut$ to actions1 signify ! same ?+ ) no injury1 & injury1 & d5om9ate ! action j1 or unju/1 b n ! man s4 ,= !y d5om9ate him guilty1 or n guilty4 ,b :5 ju/ice or inju/ice1 are attribut$ to m51 !y signify pron5ess1 & affection & incl9ation ( nature1 t is to say1 passions ( ! m9d1 apt to produce j & unju/ actions4 ,s t :5 a man is said to be j1 or unju/2 n ! action1 b ! passion & aptitude1 to d su* actions1 is consid]$4 ,& !re=e a j man may h committ$ an unju/ act2 & an unju/ man may h done ju/ly1 n only "o1 b mo/ ( 8 actions4 ,= !re is an od]unt pecc>e 9 ! unju/1 z well z 9 ! j1 b f diff]5t causes4 ,= ! unju/ man :o ab/a9e? f injuries = fe> ( puni%m5t1 decl>e? pla9ly1 t ! ju/ice ( 8 actions dep5de? ^u civil con/itution1 f :5ce puni%m5ts proce$1 :i* w\ld o!rwise 9 ! e/ate ( nature be unju/1 accord+ to ! f\nta9 f :5ce !y spr+4 ,?is di/9ction !re=e ( ju/ice1 & inju/ice1 ought to be rememb]$1 t :5 inju/ice is tak5 = guilty1 ! action is unju/1 b n !re=e ! man2 & :5 ju/ice is tak5 = guiltlessness1 ! actions are j1 & yet n always ! man4 ,likewise :5 ju/ice & inju/ice are tak5 = habits ( ! m9d1 ! man may be j1 or unju/1 & yet n all 8 actions s4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice n rightly divid$ into commutative1 & di/ributive4 #e4 ,conc]n+ ! ju/ice ( actions1 ! same is usually divid$ into two k9ds1 :]e( m5 call ! "o commutative1 & ! o!r di/ributive2 & are said to consi/1 ! "o 9 proportion ari?metical2 ! o!r 9 geometrical3 & commutative ju/ice1 !y place 9 p]mutation1 z buy+1 sell+1 & b>t]+2 di/ributive1 9 giv+ to e man accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,:i* di/9ction is n well made1 inasmu* z injury1 :i* is ! inju/ice ( action1 consi/e? n 9 ! inequality ( ! ?+s *ang$1 or di/ribut$1 b 9 ! inequality t m51 contr>y to nature & reason1 assume unto !mselves above _! fell[s4 ,( :i* inequality1 %all be spok5 h]eaft]4 ,& = commutative ju/ice plac$ 9 buy+ & sell+1 ?\gh ! ?+ b\ght be unequal to ! price giv5 = x1 yet =asmu* z bo? ! buy] & ! sell] are made judges ( ! value1 & are !reby bo? satisfi$1 !re c be no injury done on ei!r side1 nei!r p>ty hav+ tru/$1 or cov5ant$ ) ! o!r4 ,& = di/ributive ju/ice1 :i* consi/e? 9 ! di/ribution ( our own b5efits1 see+ a ?+ is !re=e said to be our own1 because we may dispose ( x at our own pleasure1 x c be no injury to any man1 ?\gh our lib]ality be f>!r ext5d$ t[>ds ano!r1 ?an t[>ds him2 unless we be !reto oblig$ by cov5ant3 & !n ! inju/ice consi/e? 9 ! violation ( t cov5ant1 & n 9 ! inequality ( di/ribution4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is a law ( nature1 t he t is tru/$1 turn n t tru/ to ! damage ( him t tru/e? #f4 ,x happ5e? _m times t man b5efitte?1 or contribute?1 to ! p[] ( ano!r1 )\t any cov5ant1 b only ^u confid5ce & tru/ ( obta9+ ! grace & fav\r ( t o!r1 :]eby he may procure a great]1 or no less b5efit1 & assi/ance to himself4 ,= by necessity ( nature1 e man do? 9 all 8 volunt>y actions int5d "s good unto himself4 ,9 ?is case x is a law ( nature1 ,t no man suff] him1 t ?us tru/e? to 8 *>ity1 or good affection t[>ds him1 to be 9 ! worse e/ate = 8 tru/+4 ,= if he %all s d1 m5 w n d>e to conf] mutually to ea* o!r's def5ce1 nor put !mselves into ea* o!r's m]cy ^u any t]ms :atsoev]1 b r abide ! utmo/ & wor/ ev5t ( ho/ility2 by :i* g5]al diffid5ce1 m5 w n only be en=c$ to w>1 b also afraid to come s mu* )9 ! dang] ( "o ano!r1 z to make any ov]ture ( peace4 ,b ?is is to be und]/ood ( ^? only1 t conf] _! b5efits 7z ,i h said7 ^u tru/ only1 & n = triumph or o/5tation4 ,= z :5 !y d x ^u tru/1 ! end !y aim$ at1 namely to be well us$1 is ! rew>d2 s also :5 !y d x = o/5tation1 !y h ! rew>d 9 !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,+ratitude def9$4 #g4 ,b see+ 9 ?is case !re passe? no cov5ant1 ! brea* ( ?is law ( nature is n to be call$ injury4 ,x ha? ano!r "n1 to wit1 +ratitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is a law ( nature1 to endeav\r to accommodate "o ano!r4 #h4 ,x is also a law ( nature1 ,t e man d help & endeav\r to accommodate ea* o!r z f> z may be1 )\t dang] ( _! p]sons1 & loss ( _! means1 to ma9ta9 & def5d !mselves4 ,= see+ ! causes ( w> & desolation proce$ f ^? passions1 by :i* we /rive to accommodate ourselves1 & to leave o!rs z f> z we c beh9d u1 x foll[e?1 t t passion by :i* we /rive mutually to accommodate ea* o!r1 mu/ be ! cause ( peace4 ,& ?is passion is t *>ity def9$ *apt] ,,ix4 section #ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,& t man =give1 ^u caution = ! future4 #i4 ,& 9 ?is precept ( nature1 is includ$ & compreh5d$ also ?is1 ,t a man =give & p>don him t ha? done him wrong1 ^u 8 rep5tance & caution = ! future4 ,= p>don is peace grant$ to him1 t1 hav+ provok$ to w>1 dem&e? x4 ,x is n !re=e *>ity1 b fe>1 :5 a man give? peace to him t rep5te? n1 nor give? caution = ma9ta9+ !re( 9 ! "t to come4 ,= he t rep5te? n1 rema9e? ) ! affection ( an enemy2 z also do? he t refuse? to give caution1 & consequ5tly1 is presum$ n to seek aft] peace1 b advantage4 ,& !re=e to =give him is n comm&$ 9 ?is law ( nature1 nor is *>ity1 b may sometime be prud5ce4 ,o!rwise1 n to p>don ^u rep5tance & caution1 consid]+ m5 _c ab/a9 f provok+ "o ano!r1 is nev] to give peace4 ,& t is aga9/ ! g5]al def9ition ( ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,& t rev5ge ought to respect ! future only4 #aj4 ,& see+ ! law ( nature comm&e? p>don1 :5 !re is rep5tance & caution = ! future1 x foll[e?1 t ! same law orda9e?1 ,t no rev5ge be tak5 ^u ! consid]ation only ( ! (f5ce pa/1 b ( ! b5efit to come2 t is to say1 t all rev5ge ought to t5d to am5dm5t1 ei!r ( ! p]son (f5d+1 or ( o!rs1 by ! example ( 8 puni%m5t2 :i* is suffici5tly app>5t1 9 t ! law ( nature comm&e? p>don1 :]e ! future "t is secur$4 ,! same is also app>5t by ?is1 t rev5ge :5 x consid]e? ! (f5ce pa/1 is no?+ else1 b pres5t triumph & glory1 & directe? to no end3 & :at is direct$ to no end1 is !re=e unpr(itable2 & consequ5tly ! triumph ( rev5ge1 is va9 glory3 & :atsoev] is va91 is aga9/ reason2 & to hurt "o ano!r )\t reason1 is contr>y to t1 :i* by supposition is e man's b5efit1 namely peace2 & :at is contr>y to peace1 is contr>y to ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,t reproa* & contempt decl>$ is aga9/ ! law ( nature4 #aa4 ,& because all signs :i* we %ew to "o ano!r ( hatr$ & contempt1 provoke 9 ! highe/ degree to qu>rel & battle1 7inasmu* z life itself1 ) ! condition ( endur+ scorn1 is n e/eem$ wor? ! enjoy+1 mu* less peace7 x mu/ necess>ily be impli$ z a law ( nature1 ,t no man reproa*1 revile1 d]ide1 or any o!rwise decl>e 8 hatr$1 contempt1 or dise/eem ( any o!r4 ,b ?is law is v little practis$4 ,= :at is m ord9>y ?an reproa*es ( ^? t are ri*1 t[>ds !m t are n8 or ( ^? t sit 9 place ( judicature1 t[>ds ^? t are accus$ at ! b>8 al?\gh to grieve !m 9 t mann]1 be no "p ( ! puni%m5t = _! crime1 nor conta9$ 9 _! (fice4 ,b use ha? prevail$1 t :at 0 lawful 9 ! "l t[>ds ! s]vant :om he ma9ta9e?1 is also practis$ z lawful 9 ! m mighty t[>ds ! less2 ?\gh !y contribute no?+ t[>ds _! ma9t5ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,t indiff]5ce ( comm]ce is ( ! law ( nature4 #ab4 ,x is also a law ( nature1 ,t "o man all[ comm]ce & traffic indiff]5tly to "o ano!r4 ,= he t all[e? t to "o man1 :i* he d5ie? to ano!r1 decl>e? 8 hatr$ to him1 to :om he d5ie?4 ,& to decl>e hatr$ is w>4 ,& ^u ?is title 0 gr\nd$ ! great w> betwe5 ! ,a!nians & ! ,peloponnesians4 ,= w\ld ! ,a!nians h condesc5d$ to suff] ! ,meg>eans1 _! neighb\rs1 to traffic 9 _! ports & m>kets1 t w> _h n begun4 ,sid5ote3 ,t mess5g]s employ$ to procure or ma9ta9 peace1 ought to be safe by ! law ( nature4 #ac4 ,& ?is also is a law ( nature1 ,t all mess5g]s ( peace1 & su* z are employ$ to procure & ma9ta9 amity betwe5 man & man1 may safely come & g4 ,= see+ peace is ! g5]al law ( nature1 ! means !reto1 su* z are ^! m51 mu/ 9 ! same law be compreh5d$4 sp #b ------- ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #a4 ,a law ( nature1 t e man ackn[l$ge o!r = 8 equal4 #b4 ,ano!r1 t m5 all[ qualia qualibus4 #c4 ,ano!r1 t ^? ?+s :i* _c be divid$1 be us$ 9 common4 #d4 ,ano!r1 t ?+s indivisible & incommunicable1 be divid$ by lot4 #e4 ,natural lot1 primog5iture1 & fir/ possession4 #f4 ,t m5 submit to arbitration4 #g4 ,( an arbitrator4 #h4 ,t no man press 8 c\nsel ^u any man aga9/ 8 w4 #i4 ,h[ to "k sudd5ly :at is ! law ( nature4 #aj4 ,t ! law ( nature take? place aft] security f o!rs to obs]ve ! same4 #aa4 ,! "r ( nature n to be tak5 away by cu/om1 nor ! law ( nature abrogat$ by any act4 #ab4 ,:y ! dictates ( nature are call$ laws4 #ac4 ,:atsoev] is aga9/ consci5ce 9 a man t is 8 own judge1 is aga9/ ! law ( nature4 #ad4 ,( malum pn1 malum culp2 virtue & vice4 #ae4 ,aptitude to society fulfille? ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,a law ( nature1 t e man ackn[l$ge o!r = 8 equal4 #a4 ,! "q1 :i* is ! bett] man1 is det]m9able only 9 ! e/ate ( gov]nm5t & policy1 ?\gh x be mi/ak5 = a "q ( nature1 n only by ignorant m51 t ?9k "o man's blood bett] ?an ano!r's by nature1 b also by him1 ^: op9ions are at ?is day1 & 9 ^! p>ts1 ( great] au?ority ?an any o!r human writ+s4 ,= he putte? s mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! p[]s ( m5 by nature1 t he d\bte? n to set d[n1 z ! gr\nd ( all 8 politics1 t "s m5 are by nature wor?y to gov]n1 & o!rs by nature ought to s]ve4 ,:i* f\ndation ha? n only weak5$ ! :ole frame ( 8 politics1 b ha? also giv5 m5 col\r & pret5ces1 :]eby to di/urb & h9d] ! peace ( "o ano!r4 ,= ?\gh !re 7 su* a diff]5ce ( nature1 t ma/] & s]vant 7 n by cons5t ( m51 b by inh]5t virtue2 yet :o ha? t em95cy ( virtue1 above o!rs1 & :o is s /upid1 z n to gov]n himself1 %all nev] be agre$ ^u among/ m51 :o d e "o naturally ?9k himself1 z able1 at ! lea/1 to gov]n ano!r1 z ano!r to gov]n him4 ,& :5 !re 0 any cont5tion betwe5 ! f9] & ! c\rs] wits1 7z !re ha? be5 (t5 9 times ( s$ition & civil w>7 = ! mo/ "p1 ^! latt] c>ri$ away ! victory2 & z long z m5 arrogate to !mselves m hon\r ?an !y give to o!rs1 x _c be imag9$1 h[ !y c possibly live 9 peace3 & consequ5tly we are to suppose1 t = peace sake1 nature ha? orda9$ ?is law1 ,t e man ackn[l$ge o!r = 8 equal4 ,& ! brea* ( ?is law1 is t we call pride4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r1 t m5 all[ qualia qualibus4 #b4 ,z x 0 necess>y t a man %\ld n reta9 8 "r to e ?+1 s also 0 x1 t he %\ld reta9 8 "r to "s ?+s2 to 8 own body1 = example1 ! "r ( def5d+1 :]e( he c\ld n transf]2 to ! use ( fire1 wat]1 free air1 & place to live 91 & to all ?+s necess>y = life4 ,nor do? ! law ( nature comm& any dive/+ ( o!r rights1 ?an ( ^? only :i* _c be reta9$ )\t ! loss ( peace4 ,see+ !n _m rights are reta9$1 :5 we ent] into peace "o ) ano!r1 reason & ! law ( nature dictate?1 ,:atsoev] "r any man require? to reta91 he all[ e o!r man to reta9 ! same4 ,= he t do? n s1 all[e? n ! equality m5tion$ 9 ! =m] section4 ,= !re is no ackn[l$gm5t ( wor?1 )\t attribution ( ! equality ( b5efit & respect4 ,& ?is all[ance ( qualia qualibus1 is ! same ?+ ) ! all[+ ( proportionalia proportionalibus4 ,= :5 a man all[e? to e man alike1 ! all[ance he make?1 w be 9 ! same proportion1 9 :i* are ! numb]s ( m5 to :om !y are made4 ,& ?is is x m5 mean by di/ributive ju/ice1 & is prop]ly t]m$ equity4 ,! brea* ( ! law is t :i* ! ,greeks call 1 :i* is commonly r5d]$ covet\sness1 b seeme? to be m precisely express$ by ! ^w encroa*+4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r1 t ^? ?+s :i* _c be divid$1 be us$ 9 common4 #c4 ,if !re pass no o!r cov5ant1 ! law ( nature is1 ,t su* ?+s z _c be divid$1 be us$ 9 common1 proportionably to ! numb]s ( !m t are to use ! same1 or )\t limitation1 :5 ! quantity !re( suffice?4 ,= fir/ suppos+ ! ?+ to be us$ 9 common1 n suffici5t = !m t are to use x )\t limitation1 if a few %all make m use !re( ?an ! re/1 t equality is n obs]v$1 :i* is requir$ 9 ! second section4 ,& ?is is to be und]/ood1 z all ! re/ ( ! laws ( nature1 )\t any o!r cov5ant antec$5t3 = a man may h giv5 away 8 "r ( common1 & s ! case be alt]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r1 t ?+s indivisible & incommunicable1 be divid$ by lot4 #d4 ,9 ^? ?+s :i* nei!r c be divid$1 nor us$ 9 common1 ! rule ( nature mu/ ne$s be "o ( ^!1 lot1 or alt]nate use3 = besides ^! two ways1 !re c no o!r equality be imag9$2 & = alt]nate use1 he t beg9ne?1 ha? ! advantage2 & to r$uce t advantage to equality1 !re is no o!r way b lot1 9 ?+s1 !re=e indivisible & incommunicable1 x is ! law ( nature1 ,t ! use be alt]nate1 or ! advantage giv5 away by lot2 because !re is no o!r way ( equality4 ,& equality is ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,natural lot1 primog5iture1 & fir/ possession4 #e4 ,!re be two sorts ( lots2 "o arbitr>y1 made by m51 & commonly kn[n by ! names ( lot1 *ance1 haz>d1 & ! l2 & !re is natural lot1 su* z is primog5iture1 :i* is no m b ! *ance1 or lot1 ( be+ fir/ born1 :i* x seeme? !y consid]$1 t call inh]itance by ! "n ( 1 :i* signifie? di/ribution by lot4 ,secondly1 prima occupatio1 fir/ seiz+1 or f9d+ ( a ?+1 :]e( no man made use be=e1 :i* = ! mo/ "p also is m]ely *ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,t m5 submit to arbitration4 #f4 ,al?\gh m5 agree ^u ^! laws ( nature1 & endeav\r to obs]ve ! same2 yet consid]+ ! passions ( m51 t make x difficult to und]/& by :at actions1 & circum/ances ( actions1 ^? laws are brok51 !re mu/ ne$s arise _m great controv]sies ab\t ! int]pretation !re(1 by :i* ! peace mu/ ne$s be dissolv$1 & m5 return aga9 to _! =m] e/ate ( ho/ility4 ,= ! tak+ away ( :i* controv]sies1 x is necess>y t !re be "s common arbitrator & judge1 to ^: s5t5ce bo? ! p>ties 9 ! controv]sies ought to /&4 ,& !re=e x is a law ( nature1 ,t 9 e controv]sy1 ! p>ties !reto ought mutually to agree ^u an arbitrator1 :om !y bo? tru/2 & mutually to cov5ant to /& to ! s5t5ce he %all give !re94 ,= :]e e man is 8 own judge1 !re prop]ly is no judge at all2 z :]e e man c>ve? out 8 own "r1 x ha? ! same effect1 z if !re 7 no "r at all3 & :]e is no judge1 !re is no end ( controv]sy3 & !re=e ! "r ( ho/ility rema9e?4 ,sid5ote3 ,( an arbitrator4 #g4 ,an arbitrator !re=e1 or he t is judge1 is tru/$ by ! p>ties to any controv]sy1 to det]m9e ! same by ! decl>ation ( 8 own judgm5t !re94 ,out ( :i* foll[e? fir/1 t ! judge ought n to be conc]n$ 9 ! controv]sy he ende?2 = 9 t case he is a p>ty1 & ought by ! same reason to be judg$ by ano!r4 ,secondly1 t he make? no cov5ant ) ei!r ( ! p>ties1 to pron\nce s5t5ce = ! "o1 m ?an = ! o!r4 ,nor do? he cov5ant s mu*1 z t 8 s5t5ce %all be j2 = t 7 to make ! p>ties judges ( ! s5t5ce1 :]eby ! controv]sy w\ld rema9 /ill undecid$4 ,nev]!less = ! tru/ repos$ 9 him1 & = ! equality :i* ! law ( nature require? him to consid] 9 ! p>ties1 he violate? t law1 if = fav\r1 or hatr$ to ei!r p>ty1 he give o!r s5t5ce ?an he ?9ke? "r4 ,& ?irdly1 t no man ought to make himself judge 9 any controv]sy betwe5 o!rs1 unless !y cons5t & agree !reto4 ,sid5ote3 ,t no man press 8 c\nsel ^u any man aga9/ 8 w4 #h4 ,x is also ! law ( nature1 ,t no man obtrude or press 8 advice or c\nsel to any man1 t decl>e? himself unwill+ to he> ! same4 ,= see+ a man take? c\nsel conc]n+ :at is good or hurt ( himself only1 & n ( 8 c\nsellor1 & t c\nsel is a volunt>y action1 & !re=e t5de? also to ! good ( ! c\nsellor1 !re may be (t5 j cause to suspect ! c\nsellor3 & ?\gh !re be none1 yet see+ c\nsel unwill+ly he>d1 is a ne$less (f5ce to him t is n will+ to he> x1 & (f5ces t5d all to ! brea* ( peace1 x is !re=e aga9/ ! law ( nature to obtrude x4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to "k sudd5ly :at is ! law ( nature4 #i4 ,a man t %all see ^! laws ( nature set d[n & inf]r$ ) s _m words1 & s mu* ado1 may ?9k !re is yet mu* m difficulty & subtlety requir$ to ackn[l$ge & d accord+ to ! said laws 9 e sudd5 occasion1 :5 a man ha? b a little "t to consid]4 ,& :ile we consid] man 9 mo/ passions1 z ( ang]1 ambition1 covet\sness1 va9 glory1 & ! l1 t t5d to ! exclud+ ( natural equality1 x is true4 ,b )\t ^! passions1 !re is an easy rule to "k ^u a sudd51 :e!r ! action ,i be to d1 be aga9/ ! law ( nature1 or n4 ,& x is b ?is3 ,t a man imag9e himself 9 place ( ! p>ty ) :om he ha? to d1 & reciprocally him 9 84 ,:i* is no m b a *ang+1 z x 71 ( ! scales4 ,= e man's passion weighe? heavy 9 8 own scale1 b n 9 ! scale ( 8 neighb\r4 ,& ?is rule is v well kn[n & express$ 9 ?is old dictate1 ,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! law ( nature take? place aft] security f o!rs to obs]ve ! same4 #aj4 ,^! laws ( nature1 ! sum :]e( consi/e? 9 =bidd+ u to be our own judges1 & our own c>v]s1 & 9 comm&+ u to accommodate "o ano!r1 9 case !y %\ld be obs]v$ by "s1 & n by o!rs1 w\ld make ! obs]v]s b a prey to !m t %\ld neglect !m1 leav+ ! good bo? )\t def5ce aga9/ ! wick$1 & also ) a *>ge to assi/ !m3 :i* is aga9/ ! scope ( ! said laws1 t are made only = ! protection & def5ce ( !m t keep !m4 ,reason !re=e1 & ! law ( nature ov] & above all ^! p>ticul> laws1 do? dictate ?is law 9 g5]al1 ,t ^? p>ticul> laws be s f> obs]v$1 z !y subject u n to any incommodity1 t 9 our own judgm5ts may arise1 by ! neglect !re( 9 ^? t[>ds :om we obs]ve !m2 & consequ5tly require? no m b ! desire & con/ant int5tion to endeav\r & be ready to obs]ve !m1 unless !re be cause to ! contr>y 9 o!r m5's refusal to obs]ve !m t[>ds u4 ,! =ce !re=e ( ! law ( nature1 is n 9 =o ext]no1 till !re be security = m5 to obey x1 b is always 9 =o int]no1 :]e9 ! action ( ob$i5ce be+ unsafe1 ! w & read9ess to p]=m1 is tak5 = ! p]=mance4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "r ( nature n to be tak5 away by cu/om1 nor ! law ( nature abrogat$ by any act4 #aa4 ,among/ ! laws ( nature1 cu/oms & prescriptions are n numb]$4 ,= :atsoev] action is aga9/ reason1 ?\gh x be reit]at$ nev] s (t51 or t !re be nev] s _m prec$5ts !re(1 is /ill aga9/ reason1 & !re=e n a law ( nature1 b contr>y to x4 ,b cons5t & cov5ant may s alt] ! cases1 :i* 9 ! law ( nature may be put1 by *ang+ ! circum/ances1 t t :i* 0 reason be=e1 may aft]w>ds be aga9/ x2 & yet is reason /ill ! law4 ,= ?\gh e man be b\nd to all[ equality to ano!r1 yet if t o!r %all see cause to r5\nce ! same1 & make himself inf]ior1 !n1 if f !nce=? he consid] him z inf]ior1 he breake? n !reby t law ( nature t comm&e? to all[ equality4 ,9 sum1 a mans own cons5t may abridge him ( ! lib]ty :i* ! law ( nature leave? him1 b cu/om n2 nor c ei!r ( !m abrogate ei!r ^!1 or or any o!r law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ! dictates ( nature are call$ laws4 #ab4 ,& =asmu* z law1 to speak prop]ly1 is a comm&1 & ^! dictates1 z !y proce$ f nature1 are n comm&s1 !y are n !re=e call$ laws1 9 respect ( nature1 b 9 respect ( ! au?or ( nature1 ,god ,almighty4 ,sid5ote3 ,:atsoev] is aga9/ consci5ce 9 a man1 t is 8 own judge1 is aga9/ ! law ( nature4 #ac4 ,& see+ ! laws ( nature conc]n ! consci5ce1 n he only breake? !m t do? any action contr>y1 b also he ^: action is con=mable to !m1 9 case he ?9k x contr>y4 ,= ?\gh ! action *ance to be "r1 yet 9 8 judgm5t he despise? ! law4 ,sid5ote3 ,( malum pn1 malum culp2 virtue & vice4 #ad4 ,e man by natural passion1 calle? t good :i* please? him = ! pres5t1 or s f> =? z he c =esee2 & 9 l mann]1 t :i* displease? him1 evil4 ,& !re=e he t =esee? ! :ole way to 8 pres]vation1 :i* is ! end t e "o by nature aime? at1 mu/ also call x good1 & ! contr>y evil4 ,& ?is is t good & evil1 :i* n e man 9 passion calle? s1 b all m5 by reason4 ,& !re=e ! fulfill+ ( all ^! laws is good 9 reason1 & ! break+ ( !m evil4 ,& s also ! habit1 or disposition1 or int5tion to fulfil !m good2 & ! neglect ( !m evil4 ,& f h5ce come? t di/9ction ( malum pn1 & malum culp2 = malum pn is any pa9 or mole/ation ( ! m9d :atsoev]2 b malum culp is t action :i* is contr>y to reason & ! law ( nature3 z also ! habit ( do+ accord+ to ^! & o!r laws ( nature1 t t5d to our pres]vation1 is t we call virtue2 & ! habit ( do+ ! contr>y1 vice4 ,z = example1 ju/ice is t habit by :i* we /& to cov5ants1 inju/ice ! contr>y vice2 equity t habit by :i* we all[ equality ( nature1 arrogancy ! contr>y vice2 gratitude ! habit :]eby we requite ! b5efit & tru/ ( o!rs1 +ratitude ! contr>y vice2 temp]ance ! habit by :i* we ab/a9 f all ?+s t t5d to our de/ruction1 intemp]ance ! contr>y vice2 prud5ce1 ! same ) virtue 9 g5]al4 ,z = ! common op9ion1 t virtue consi/e? 9 m$iocrity1 & vice 9 extremes1 ,i see no gr\nd = x1 nor c f9d any su* m$iocrity4 ,c\rage may be virtue1 :5 ! d>+ is extreme1 if ! cause be good1 & extreme fe> no vice :5 ! dang] is extreme4 ,to give a man m ?an 8 due1 is no inju/ice1 ?\gh x be to give him less3 & 9 gifts x is n ! sum t make? lib]ality1 b ! reason4 ,& s 9 all o!r virtues & vices4 ,i "k t ?is doctr9e ( m$iocrity is ,ari/otle's1 b 8 op9ions conc]n+ virtue & vice1 are no o!r ?an ^?1 :i* 7 receiv$ !n1 & are /ill by ! g5]ality ( m5 un/udi$1 & !re=e n v likely to be accurate4 ,sid5ote3 ,aptitude to society1 fulfille? ! law ( nature4 #ae4 ,! sum ( virtue is to be sociable ) !m t w be sociable1 & =midable to !m t w n4 ,& ! same is ! sum ( ! law ( nature3 = 9 be+ sociable1 ! law ( nature take? place by way ( peace & society2 & to be =midable1 is ! law ( nature 9 w>1 :]e to be fe>$ is a protection a man ha? f 8 own p[]3 & z ! =m] consi/e? 9 actions ( equity & ju/ice1 ! latt] consi/e? 9 actions ( hon\r4 ,& equity1 ju/ice1 & hon\r1 conta9 all virtues :atsoev]4 ------- ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,confirmation out ( ,holy ,scripture ( ! pr9cipal po9ts m5tion$ 9 ! two la/ ,*apt]s conc]n+ ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,confirmation out ( ,scripture1 c4 #a4 ,! laws m5tion$ 9 ! =m] *apt]s1 z !y are call$ ! laws ( nature1 = t !y are ! dictates ( natural reason1 & also moral laws1 because !y conc]n ! mann]s & conv]sation ( m51 "o t[>ds ano!r2 s are !y also div9e laws 9 respect ( ! au?or !re(1 ,god ,almighty2 & ought !re=e to agree1 or at lea/1 n to be repugnant to ! ^w ( ,god reveal$ 9 ,holy ,scripture4 ,9 ?is *apt] !re=e1 ,i %all produce su* places ( ,scripture1 z appe> to be mo/ consonant to ! said laws4 #b4 ,& fir/1 ! ^w ( ,god seeme? to place ! div9e law 9 reason1 by all su* texts z ascribe ! same to ! he>t & und]/&+2 z ,psalm xl4 #h3 ,?y law is 9 my he>t4 ,heb4 viii4 #aj3 ,aft] ^? days1 sai? ! ,"l1 ,i w put my laws 9 _! m9d3 & ,heb4 x4 #af1 ! same4 ,psalm xxxvii4 #ca1 speak+ ( ! righte\s man1 he sai?1 ,! law ( ,god is 9 8 he>t4 ,psalm xix4 #g1 #h3 ,! law ( ,god is p]fect1 conv]t+ ! s\l4 ,x give? wisdom to ! simple1 &1 light unto ! eyes4 ,j]4 xxxi4 #cc3 ,i w put my law 9 _! inw>d p>ts1 & write x 9 _! he>ts4 ,& 7,john i47 ! lawgiv] himself1 ,god ,almighty1 is call$ by ! "n ( 1 :i* is also call$ 7v]se #d7 ,! light ( m52 & 7v]se #i7 ,! light :i* lighte? e man1 :i* come? into ! _w4 ,all :i* are descriptions ( natural reason4 #c4 ,& t ! law div9e1 = s mu* z is moral1 are ^? precepts :i* t5d to peace1 seeme? to be mu* confirm$ by su* places ( ,scripture z ^!3 ,rom4 iii4 #ag1 righte\sness :i* is ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 is call$ ,! way ( peace4 ,& ,psalm lxxxv4 #aj3 ,righte\sness & peace %all kiss ea* o!r4 ,& ,mat?4 v4 #i3 ,bless$ are ! peace-mak]s4 ,& ,heb4 vii4 #b1 ,mel*is$ec k+ ( ,salem is int]pret$ k+ ( righte\sness1 & k+ ( peace4 ,& 7v]se #ba7 our ,savi\r ,*ri/ is said to be a prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*is$ec3 out ( :i* may be inf]r$1 t ! doctr9e ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/ annexe? ! fulfill+ ( ! law to peace4 #d4 ,t ! law ( nature is unalt]able1 is intimat$ by ?is1 t ! prie/hood ( ,mel*is$ec is ev]la/+2 & by ! words ( our ,savi\r1 7,mat?4 v4 #ah73 ,heav5 & e>? %all pass away1 b "o jot or tittle ( ! law %all n pass till all ?+s be fulfill$4 #e4 ,t m5 ought to /& to _! cov5ants1 is taught ,psalm xv1 :]e ! "q be+ ask$ 7v]se #a71 ,"l :o %all dwell 9 ?y tab]nacle1 c4 ,x is answ]$ 7v]se #d71 ,he t swe>e? to 8 own h9drance1 & yet *ange? n4 ,& t m5 ought to be gratifi$1 :]e no cov5ant passe?1 ,deut4 xxv4 #d3 ,?\ %alt n muzzle ! ox t treade? out ! corn1 :i* ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #i7 int]prete? n ( ox5 b ( m54 #f4 ,t m5 cont5t !mselves ) equality1 z x is ! f\ndation ( natural law1 s also is x ( ! second table1 ( ! div9e law1 ,mat?4 xxii4 #ci1 #dj3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,on ^! two laws dep5d ! :ole law & ! prophets2 :i* is n s to be und]/ood1 z t a man %\ld /udy s mu* 8 neighb\r's pr(it z 8 own1 or t he %\ld divide 8 goods among/ 8 neighb\rs2 b t he %\ld e/eem 8 neighb\r wor?y all rights & privileges t himself enjoye?2 & attribute unto him1 :atsoev] he looke? %\ld be attribut$ unto himself3 :i* is no m1 b t he %\ld be humble1 meek1 & cont5t ) equality4 #g4 ,& t 9 di/ribut+ ( "r among/ equals1 t di/ribution is to be made accord+ to ! proportions ( ! numb]s1 :i* is ! giv+ ( qualia qualibus1 et proportionalia proportionalibus2 we h ,numb4 xxvi4 #ec1 #ed1 ! comm&m5t ( ,god to ,moses3 ,?\ %alt divide ! l& accord+ to ! numb] ( names2 to _m ?\ %alt give m1 to few ?\ %alt give less1 to e "o accord+ to 8 numb]4 ,t decision by lot is a means ( peace1 ,prov4 xviii4 #ah3 ,! lot cause? cont5tion to cease1 & make? p>tition among ! mighty4 #h4 ,t ! accommodation & =giv5ess ( "o ano!r1 :i* h be=e be5 put = laws ( nature1 are also law div9e1 !re is no "q4 ,= !y are ! ess5ce ( *>ity1 :i* is ! scope ( ! :ole law4 ,t we ought n to reproa*1 or repreh5d "o ano!r1 is ! doctr9e ( our ,savi\r1 ,mat?4 vii4 #a3 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$3 7v]se #c73 ,:y see/ ?\ ! mote t is 9 ?y bro!r's eye1 & see/ n ! beam t is 9 ?9e own eye8 ,also ! law t =bidde? u to press our c\nsel ^u o!rs fur!r ?an !y admit1 is a div9e law4 ,= aft] our *>ity & desire to rectify "o ano!r is reject$1 to press x fur!r1 is to repreh5d him1 & condemn him1 :i* is =bidd5 9 ! text la/ recit$2 z also ,rom4 xiv4 #ab1 #ac3 ,e "o ( u %all give acc\nt ( himself to ,god4 ,let u n !re=e judge "o ano!r any m1 b use y\r judgm5t r 9 ?is1 t no man put an occasion to fall1 or a /umbl+ block be=e 8 bro!r4 #i4 ,fur!r1 ! rule ( m5 conc]n+ ! law ( nature1 ,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is1 is confirm$ by ! l1 ,mat?4 vii4 #ab3 ,:atsoev] !re=e y w\ld h m5 d unto y1 t d y unto !m3 = ?is is ! law & ! prophets4 ,& ,rom4 ii4 #a3 ,9 t ?\ judge/ ano!r1 ?\ condemne/ ?yself1 c4 #aj4 ,x is also manife/ by ! ,scriptures1 t ^! laws conc]n only ! tribunal ( our consci5ce2 & t ! actions contr>y to !m1 %all be no fur!r puni%$ by ,god ,almighty1 ?an z !y proce$ f neglig5ce1 or contempt4 ,& fir/1 t ^! laws are made to ! consci5ce1 appe>e?1 ,mat?4 v4 #bj3 ,= ,i say unto y1 except y\r righte\sness exce$ ! righte\sness ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,n[ ! ,ph>isees 7 ! mo/ exact among/ ! ,jews 9 ! ext]nal p]=mance2 !y !re=e mu/ want ! s9c]ity ( consci5ce2 else c\ld n our ,savi\r h requir$ a great] righte\sness ?an !irs4 ,= ! same reason our ,savi\r ,*ri/ sai? 7,luke1 xviii4 #ad73 ,! publican dep>t$ f ! temple ju/ifi$1 r ?an ! ,ph>isee4 ,& ,*ri/ sai?1 7,mat?4 xi4 #cj73 ,my yoke is easy1 & my bur!n light2 :i* proce$e? f ?is1 t ,*ri/ requir$ no m ?an our be/ endeav\r4 ,& ,rom4 xiv4 #bc3 ,he t d\bte?1 is condemn$1 if he eat4 ,& 9 innum]able places bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 ,god ,almighty decl>e?1 t he take? ! w = ! de$1 bo? 9 good & evil actions4 ,by all :i* x pla9ly appe>s1 t ! div9e law is dictat$ to ! consci5ce4 ,on ! o!r side x is no less pla91 t h[ _m & he9\s actions soev] a man commit ?r\gh infirmity1 he %all nev]!less1 :5soev] he %all condemn ! same 9 8 own consci5ce1 be fre$ f ! puni%m5ts t to su* actions o!rwise belong4 ,=1 ,at :at "t soev] a s9n] do? rep5t him ( 8 s9s f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 ,i w put all 8 iniquities out ( my remembrance1 sai? ! ,"l4 #aa4 ,conc]n+ rev5ge1 :i* by ! law ( nature ought n to aim1 z ,i h said *apt] ,,iii4 section #aj1 at pres5t delight1 b future pr(it1 !re is "s difficulty made1 z if ! same accord$ n ) ! law div9e1 by su* z object ! cont9uance ( puni%m5t aft] ! day ( judgm5t1 :5 !re %all be no place1 nei!r = am5dm5t1 nor = example4 ,?is objection _h be5 ( "s =ce1 if su* puni%m5t _h be5 orda9$ aft] all s9s 7 pa/2 b consid]+ ! puni%m5t 0 in/itut$ be=e s91 x s]ve? to ! b5efit ( mank9d1 because x keepe? m5 9 peaceable & virtu\s conv]sation by ! t]ror4 ,& !re=e su* rev5ge 0 direct$ to ! future only4 #ab4 ,f9ally1 !re is no law ( natural reason1 t c be aga9/ ! law div9e3 = ,god ,almighty ha? giv5 reason to a man to be a light unto him4 ,& ,i hope x is no impiety to ?9k1 t ,god ,almighty w require a /rict acc\nt !re(1 at ! day ( judgm5t1 z ( ! in/ructions :i* we 7 to foll[ 9 our p]egr9ation "h1 not)/&+ ! opposition & affronts ( sup]naturali/s n[ a-days1 to rational & moral conv]sation4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 #a4 ,t m51 not)/&+ ^! laws1 are /ill 9 ! /ate ( w>1 till !y h security "o aga9/ ano!r4 #b4 ,! law ( nature 9 w>1 is no?+ b hon\r4 #c4 ,no security )\t ! concord ( _m4 #d4 ,t concord ( _m _c be ma9ta9$ )\t p[] to keep !m all 9 awe4 #e4 ,! cause :y concord rema9e? 9 a multitude ( "s irrational creatures1 & n ( m54 #f4 ,t union is necess>y = ! ma9ta9+ ( concord4 #g4 ,h[ union is made4 #h4 ,body politic def9$4 #i4 ,corporation def9$4 #aj4 ,sov]eign & subject def9$4 #aa4 ,two sorts ( bodies politic1 patrimonial & commonweal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t m51 not)/&+ ^! laws1 are /ill 9 ! /ate ( w>1 till !y h security "o aga9/ ano!r4 #a4 ,9 *apt] ,,xii4 section #f1 ( ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 x ha? be5 %ew$1 t ! op9ions m5 h ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* are to foll[ _! actions1 are ! causes t make & gov]n ! w to ^? actions4 ,9 ?is e/ate ( man !re=e1 :]e9 all m5 are equal1 & e man all[$ to be 8 own judge1 ! fe>s !y h "o ( ano!r are equal1 & e man's hopes consi/ 9 8 own sleight & /r5g?3 & consequ5tly :5 any man by 8 natural passion1 is provok$ to break ^! laws ( nature1 !re is no security 9 any o!r man ( 8 own def5ce b anticipation4 ,& = ?is cause1 e man's "r1 h[soev] he be incl9$ to peace1 ( do+ :atsoev] seeme? good 9 8 own eyes1 rema9e? ) him /ill1 z ! necess>y means ( 8 pres]vation4 ,& !re=e till !re be security among/ m5 = ! keep+ ( ! law ( nature "o t[>ds ano!r1 m5 are /ill 9 ! e/ate ( w>1 & no?+ is unlawful to any man t t5de? to 8 own safety or commodity3 & ?is safety & commodity consi/e? 9 ! mutual aid & help ( "o ano!r1 :]eby also foll[e? ! mutual fe> ( "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( nature 9 w>1 is no?+ b hon\r4 #b4 ,x is a prov]bial say+1 int] arma sil5t leges4 ,!re is a little !re=e to be said conc]n+ ! laws t m5 are to obs]ve "o t[>ds ano!r 9 "t ( w>1 :]e9 e man's be+ & well-be+ is ! rule ( 8 actions4 ,yet ?us mu* ! law ( nature comm&e? 9 w>1 t m5 satiate n ! cruelty ( _! pres5t passions1 :]eby 9 _! own consci5ce !y =esee no b5efit to come4 ,= t betraye? n a necessity1 b a disposition ( ! m9d to w>1 :i* is aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,& 9 old "t we read1 t rap9e 0 a trade ( life1 :]e9 nev]!less _m ( !m t us$ x1 did n only sp>e ! lives ( ^? !y invad$1 b left !m also su* ?+s1 z 7 necess>y to pres]ve t life :i* !y _h giv5 !m2 z namely _! ox5 & in/rum5ts = tillage1 ?\gh !y c>ri$ away all _! o!r cattle & sub/ance4 ,& z ! rap9e itself 0 w>rant$ 9 ! law ( nature1 by ! want ( security o!rwise to ma9ta9 !mselves1 s ! ex]cise ( cruelty 0 =bidd5 by ! same law ( nature1 unless fe> sugge/$ any?+ to ! contr>y4 ,= no?+ b fe> c ju/ify ! tak+ away ( ano!r's life4 ,& because fe> c h>dly be made manife/1 b by "s action di%on\rable1 t bewraye? ! consci5ce ( "o's own weakness1 all m51 9 :om ! passion ( c\rage or magnanimity ha? be5 pr$om9ant1 h ab/a9$ f cruelty2 insomu*1 t ?\gh !re be 9 w> no law1 ! brea* :]e( is injury1 yet !re are 9 w> ^? laws1 ! brea* :]e( is di%on\r4 ,9 "o ^w1 !re=e1 ! only law ( actions 9 w>1 is hon\r2 & ! "r ( w>1 provid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,no security )\t ! concord ( _m4 #c4 ,& see+ natural aid is necess>y = def5ce1 z mutual fe> is necess>y = peace1 we are to consid] h[ great aids are requir$ = su* def5ce1 & = ! caus+ ( su* mutual fe>1 z m5 may n easily adv5ture on "o ano!r4 ,& fir/1 x is evid5t1 t ! mutual aid ( two or ?ree m5 is ( v little security4 ,= ! odds on ! o!r side1 ( a man or two1 give? suffici5t enc\ragem5t to an assault4 ,& !re=e be=e m5 h suffici5t security 9 ! help ( "o ano!r1 _! numb] mu/ be s great1 t ! odds ( a few :i* ! enemy may h1 be no c]ta9 & s5sible advantage4 ,sid5ote3 ,t concord ( _m _c be ma9ta9$ )\t p[] to keep !m all 9 awe4 #d4 ,& suppos+ h[ great a numb] soev] ( m5 assembl$ toge!r = _! mutual def5ce1 yet %all n ! effect foll[1 unless !y all direct _! actions to "o & ! same end2 :i* direction to "o & ! same end is t :i*1 *ap4 ,,xii4 sect4 #g1 is call$ cons5t4 ,?is cons5t1 or concord1 among/ s _m m51 ?\gh x may be made by ! fe> ( a pres5t invad]1 or by ! hope ( a pres5t conque/1 or booty1 & endure z long z t action endure?1 nev]!less1 by ! div]sity ( judgm5ts & passions 9 s _m m5 cont5d+ naturally = hon\r & advantage "o above ano!r1 x is impossible1 n only t _! cons5t to aid ea* o!r aga9/ an enemy1 b also t ! peace %\ld la/ betwe5 !mselves1 )\t "s mutual & common fe> to rule !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! cause :y concord rema9e? 9 a multitude ( "s irrational creatures1 & n ( m54 #e4 ,b contr>y h]eunto may be object$1 ! exp]i5ce we h ( c]ta9 liv+ creatures irrational1 t nev]!less cont9ually live 9 su* good ord] & gov]nm5t = _! common b5efit1 & are s free f s$ition & w> among/ !mselves1 t = peace1 pr(it1 & def5ce1 no?+ m c be imag9able4 ,& ! exp]i5ce we h 9 ?is1 is 9 t little creature ! bee1 :i* is !re=e reckon$ among/ animalia politica4 ,:y !re=e may n m51 t =esee ! b5efit ( concord1 cont9ually ma9ta9 ! same )\t compulsion1 z well z !y8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t among/ o!r liv+ creatures1 !re is no "q ( prec$5ce 9 _! own species1 nor /rife ab\t hon\r1 or ackn[l$gm5t ( "o ano!r's wisdom1 z !re is among/ m51 f :5ce arise envy & hatr$ ( "o t[>ds ano!r1 & f !nce s$ition & w>4 ,secondly1 ^? liv+ creatures aim e "o at peace & food common to !m all2 m5 aim at dom9ion1 sup]iority1 & private weal?1 :i* are di/9ct 9 e man1 & bre$ cont5tion4 ,?irdly1 ^? liv+ creatures t are )\t reason1 h n le>n+ en\gh to espy1 or to ?9k !y espy1 any defect 9 ! gov]nm5t2 & !re=e are cont5t$ !re)4 ,b 9 a multitude ( m51 !re are always "s t ?9k !mselves wis] ?an ! re/1 & /rive to alt] :at !y ?9k amiss1 & div]s ( !m /rive to alt] div]s ways1 & t cause? w>4 ,f\r?ly1 !y want spee*1 & are !re=e unable to in/igate "o ano!r to faction1 :i* m5 want n4 ,fif?ly1 !y h no conception ( "r & wrong1 b only ( pleasure & pa91 & !re=e also no c5sure ( "o ano!r1 nor ( _! comm&]1 z long z !y are !mselves at ease2 :]eas m5 t make !mselves judges ( "r & wrong1 are !n lea/ at quiet1 :5 !y are mo/ at ease4 ,la/ly1 natural concord1 su* z is among/ ^? creatures1 is ! "w ( ,god by ! way ( nature2 b concord among/ m5 is artificial1 & by way ( cov5ant4 ,& !re=e no wond]1 if su* irrational creatures z gov]n !mselves 9 multitude1 d x mu* m firmly ?an mank9d1 t d x by arbitr>y in/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,t union is necess>y = ! ma9ta9+ ( concord4 #f4 ,x rema9e? !re=e /ill1 t cons5t1 by :i* ,i und]/& ! concurr5ce ( _m m5's wills to "o action1 is n suffici5t security = _! common peace1 )\t ! erection ( "s common p[]1 by ! fe> :]e( !y may be compell$ bo? to keep ! peace among/ !mselves1 & to jo9 _! /r5g?s toge!r1 aga9/ a common enemy4 ,& t ?is may be done1 !re is no way imag9able1 b only union1 :i* is def9$1 *apt] ,,xii4 section #h1 to be ! involv+1 or includ+ ! wills ( _m 9 ! w ( "o man1 or 9 ! w ( ! greate/ "p ( any "o numb] ( m51 t is to say1 9 ! w ( "o man1 or ( "o c\ncil4 ,= a c\ncil is no?+ else b an assembly ( m5 delib]at+ conc]n+ some?+ common to !m all4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ union is made4 #g4 ,! mak+ ( union consi/e? 9 ?is1 t e man by cov5ant oblige himself to "s "o & ! same man1 or to "s "o & ! same c\ncil1 by !m all nam$ & det]m9$1 to d ^? actions1 :i* ! said man or c\ncil %all comm& !m to d1 & to d no action1 :i* he or !y %all =bid1 or comm& !m n to d4 ,& fur!r1 9 case x be a c\ncil1 ^: comm&s !y cov5ant to obey1 t !n also !y cov5ant1 t e man %all hold t = ! comm& ( ! :ole c\ncil1 :i* is ! comm& ( ! great] "p ( ^? m51 :]e( su* c\ncil consi/e?4 ,& ?\gh ! w ( man be+ n volunt>y1 b ! beg9n+ ( volunt>y actions1 is n subject to delib]ation & cov5ant2 yet :5 a man cov5ante? to subject 8 w to ! comm& ( ano!r1 he oblige? himself to ?is1 t he resign 8 /r5g? & means to him1 :om he cov5ante? to obey4 ,& h]eby he t is to comm&1 may by ! use ( all _! means & /r5g?1 be able by ! t]ror !re(1 to frame ! w ( !m all to unity & concord1 among/ !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,body politic def9$4 #h4 ,?is union s made1 is t :i* m5 call n[ a-days1 a body politic1 or civil society2 & ! ,greeks call x 1 t is to say1 a city1 :i* may be def9$ to be a multitude ( m51 unit$ z "o p]son1 by a common p[]1 = _! common peace1 def5ce1 & b5efit4 ,sid5ote3 ,corporation def9$4 #i4 ,& z ?is union into a city or body politic1 is in/itut$ ) common p[] ov] all ! p>ticul> p]sons1 or memb]s !re(1 to ! common good ( !m all2 s also may !re be among/ a multitude ( ^? memb]s in/itut$1 a subord9ate union ( c]ta9 m51 = c]ta9 common actions to be done by ^? m5 = "s common b5efit ( !irs1 or ( ! :ole city2 z = subord9ate gov]nm5t1 = c\nsel1 = trade1 & ! l4 ,& ^! subord9ate bodies politic are usually call$ corporations2 & _! p[] su* ov] ! p>ticul>s ( _! own society1 z ! :ole city1 :]e( !y are memb]s1 h all[$ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,sov]eign & subject def9$4 #aj4 ,9 all cities1 or bodies politic n subord9ate1 b indep5d5t1 t "o man1 or "o c\ncil1 to :om ! p>ticul> memb]s h giv5 t common p[]1 is call$ _! sov]eign1 & 8 p[]1 ! sov]eign p[]2 :i* consi/e? 9 ! p[] & ! /r5g?1 t e ( ! memb]s h transf]rr$ to him f !mselves by cov5ant4 ,& because x is impossible = any man really to transf] 8 own /r5g? to ano!r1 or = t o!r to receive x2 x is to be und]/ood1 t to transf] a man's p[] & /r5g?1 is no m b to lay by1 or rel9qui% 8 own "r ( resi/+ him to :om he s transf]re? x4 ,& e memb] ( ! body politic1 is call$ a subject1 to wit1 to ! sov]eign4 ,sid5ote3 ,two sorts ( bodies politic1 patrimonial & commonweal?4 #aa4 ,! cause 9 g5]al1 :i* move? a man to become subject to ano!r1 is 7z ,i h said already7 ! fe> ( n o!rwise pres]v+ himself4 ,& a man may subject himself to him t invade?1 or may invade him1 = fe> ( him2 or m5 may jo9 among/ !mselves1 to subject !mselves to su* z !y %all agree ^u = fe> ( o!rs4 ,& :5 _m m5 subject !mselves ! =m] way1 !re arise? !nce a body politic1 z x 7 naturally4 ,f :5ce proce$e? dom9ion1 pat]nal & despotic4 ,& :5 !y subject !mselves ! o!r way1 by mutual agreem5t among/ _m1 ! body politic !y make1 is = ! mo/ "p1 call$ a commonweal?1 9 di/9ction f ! =m]1 ?\gh ! "n be ! g5]al "n = !m bo?4 ,& ,i %all speak 9 ! fir/ place ( commonweal?s1 & aft]w>ds ( bodies politic1 patrimonial1 & despotical4 ,,! ,,second ,,"p4 ------- ,,*apt] ,i4 #a4 ,introduction4 #b4 ,a multitude be=e _! union1 c4 #c4 ,express cons5t ( e p>ticul>1 c4 #d4 ,democratical1 ari/ocratical1 & mon>*ical union may be in/itut$ = ev]1 or1 c4 #e4 ,)\t security no private "r rel9qui%$4 #f4 ,cov5ants ( gov]nm5t1 )\t p[] ( co]cion1 are no security4 #g4 ,p[] co]cive1 c4 #h4 ,! sword ( w>1 c4 #i4 ,decision 9 all debates1 c4 annex$ to ! sword4 #aj4 ,laws civil1 c4 #aa4 ,appo9tm5t ( magi/rates1 c4 #ab4 ,sov]eign p[] include? impunity4 #ac4 ,a suppos$ commonweal?1 :]e laws are made fir/1 & ! commonweal? aft]4 #ad4 ,! same refell$4 #ae4 ,mix$ =ms ( gov]nm5t suppos$ 9 sov]eignty4 #af4 ,t refell$4 #ag4 ,mix$ gov]nm5t1 c4 #ah4 ,reason & exp]i5ce to prove absolute sov]eignty some:]e 9 all commonweal?s4 #ai4 ,"s pr9cipal1 c4 m>ks ( sov]eignty4 ,sid5ote3 ,introduction4 #a4 ,t ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 :i* 0 =m]ly pr9t$1 ha? be5 :olly sp5t 9 ! consid]ation ( ! natural p[]1 & ! natural e/ate ( man1 namely1 ( 8 cognition & passions 9 ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s1 & h[ f !nce proce$ 8 actions2 9 ! twelf?1 h[ m5 "k "o ano!r's m9ds3 9 ! la/1 9 :at e/ate m5's passions set !m4 ,9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? *apt]s ( ! =m] ,"p ( ?is ,treatise is %[$1 :at e/ate !y are direct$ unto by ! dictates ( reason1 t is to say1 :at be ! pr9cipal articles ( ! law ( nature4 ,& la/ly1 h[ a multitude ( p]sons natural1 are unit$ by cov5ants into "o p]son civil1 or body politic4 ,9 ?is "p !re=e %all be consid]$1 ! nature ( a body politic1 & ! laws !re(1 o!rwise call$ civil laws4 ,& :]eas x ha? be5 said 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & la/ section ( ! =m] "p1 t !re be two ways ( erect+ a body politic2 "o by arbitr>y in/itution ( _m m5 assembl$ toge!r1 :i* is l a creation out ( no?+ by human wit2 ! o!r by compulsion1 :i* is z x 7 a g5]ation !re( out ( natural =ce2 ,i %all fir/ speak ( su* erection ( a body politic1 z proce$e? f ! assembly & cons5t ( a multitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,a multitude be=e _! union1 c4 #b4 ,hav+ 9 ?is place to consid]1 a multitude ( m5 ab\t to unite !mselves into a body politic1 = _! security1 bo? aga9/ "o ano!r1 & aga9/ common enemies1 & t by cov5ants2 ! k ( :at cov5ants !y mu/ ne$s make1 dep5de? on ! k ( ! p]sons1 & ! k ( _! end4 ,fir/1 = _! p]sons !y are _m1 & 7z yet7 n "o2 nor c any action done 9 a multitude ( p met toge!r1 be attribut$ to ! multitude1 or truly call$ ! action ( ! multitude1 unless e man's h&1 & e man's w1 7n s mu* z "o except$7 h concurr$ !reto4 ,= multitude1 ?\gh 9 _! p]sons !y run toge!r1 yet !y concur n always 9 _! designs4 ,= ev5 at t "t :5 m5 are 9 tumult1 ?\gh !y agree a numb] ( !m to "o mis*ief1 & a numb] ( !m to ano!r2 yet1 9 ! :ole1 !y are among/ !mselves 9 ! /ate ( ho/ility1 & n ( peace2 l ! s$iti\s ,jews besieg$ 9 ,j]usalem1 t c\ld jo9 aga9/ _! enemies1 & fight among/ !mselves4 ,:5soev] !re=e any man sai?1 t a numb] ( m5 ha? done any act1 x is to be und]/ood1 t e p>ticul> man 9 t numb] ha? cons5t$ !reunto1 & n ! greate/ "p only4 ,secondly1 ?\gh ?us assembl$ ) int5tion to unite !mselves1 !y are yet 9 t e/ate 9 :i* e man ha? "r to ev]y?+1 & consequ5tly1 z ha? be5 said1 *apt] ,i4 section #aj1 9 an e/ate ( enjoy+ no?+4 ,& !re=e meum & tuum ha? no place among/ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,express cons5t ( e p>ticul>1 c4 #c4 ,! fir/ ?+ !re=e !y are to d1 is expressly e man to cons5t to some?+1 by :i* !y may come ne> to _! ends1 :i* c be no?+ else imag9able1 b ?is1 t !y all[ ! wills ( ! major "p ( _! :ole numb]1 or ! wills ( ! major "p ( "s c]ta9 numb] ( m5 by !m det]m9$ & nam$2 or la/ly1 ! w ( "s "o man1 to involve & be tak5 = ! wills ( e man4 ,& ?is done1 !y are unit$1 & a body politic4 ,& if ! major "p ( _! :ole numb] be suppos$ to involve ! wills ( all ! p>ticul>s1 !n are !y said to be a democracy1 t is to say1 a gov]nm5t :]e9 ! :ole numb]1 or s _m ( !m z please1 be+ assembl$ toge!r1 are ! sov]eign1 & e p>ticul> man a subject4 ,if ! major "p ( a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 nam$ or di/+ui%$ f ! re/1 be suppos$ to involve ! wills ( e "o ( ! p>ticul>s1 !n are !y said to be an olig>*y1 or ari/ocracy1 :i* two words signify ! same ?+1 toge!r ) ! div]s passions ( ^? t use !m4 ,= :5 ! m5 t be 9 t (fice please1 !y are call$ an ari/ocracy1 or o!rwise an olig>*y1 :]e9 ^?1 ! major "p ( :i* decl>e ! wills ( ! :ole multitude be+ assembl$1 are ! sov]eign1 & e man sev]ally a subject4 ,la/ly1 if _! cons5t be su*1 t ! w ( "o man1 :om !y "n1 %all /& = ! wills ( !m all1 !n is _! gov]nm5t or union call$ a mon>*y1 & t "o man a sov]eign1 & e ( ! re/ a subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,democratical1 ari/ocratical1 & mon>*ical union may be in/itut$ = ev]4 #d4 ,& ^? sev]al sorts ( unions1 gov]nm5ts1 & subjections ( man's w1 may be und]/ood to be made1 ei!r absolutely1 t is to say1 = all future "t1 or = a "t limit$ only4 ,b =asmu* z we speak "h ( a body politic1 in/itut$ = ! p]petual b5efit & def5ce ( !m t make x2 :i* !re=e m5 desire %\ld la/ = ev]1 ,i w omit to speak ( ^? t be tempor>y1 & consid] ( ^? t be = ev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,)\t security no private "r rel9qui%$4 #e4 ,! end = :i* "o man give? up1 & rel9qui%e? to ano!r1 or o!rs1 ! "r ( protect+ & def5d+ himself by 8 own p[]1 is ! security :i* he expecte? !reby1 ( protection & def5ce f ^? to :om he do? s rel9qui% x2 & a man may !n acc\nt himself 9 ! e/ate ( security1 :5 he c =esee no viol5ce to be done unto him1 f :i* ! do] may n be det]r$ by ! p[] ( t sov]eign1 to :om !y h e "o subject$ !mselves3 & )\t t security1 !re is no reason = a man to deprive himself ( 8 own advantages1 & make himself a prey to o!rs4 ,& !re=e :5 !re is n su* a sov]eign p[] erect$1 z may af=d ?is security1 x is to be und]/ood1 t e man's "r ( do+ :atsoev] seeme? good 9 8 own eyes1 rema9e? /ill ) him2 & contr>iwise1 :]e any subject ha? "r by 8 own judgm5t & discretion1 to make use ( 8 =ce1 x is to be und]/ood1 t e man ha? ! l1 & consequ5tly1 t !re is no commonweal? at all e/abli%$4 ,h[ f> !re=e 9 ! mak+ ( a commonweal?1 man subjecte? 8 w to ! p[] ( o!rs1 mu/ appe> f ! end1 namely1 security4 ,= :atsoev] is necess>y to be by cov5ant transf]r$1 = ! atta9+ !re(1 s mu* is transf]r$1 or else e man is 9 8 natural lib]ty to secure himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ants ( gov]nm5t )\t p[] ( co]cion1 are no security4 #f4 ,cov5ants agre$ ^u by e man assembl$ = ! mak+ ( a commonweal?1 & put 9 writ+ )\t erect+ ( a p[] ( co]cion1 are no reasonable security = any ( !m t s cov5ant1 nor are to be call$ laws1 & leave m5 /ill 9 ! e/ate ( nature & ho/ility4 ,= see+ ! wills ( mo/ m5 are gov]n$ only by fe>1 & :]e !re is no p[] ( co]cion1 !re is no fe>1 ! wills ( mo/ m5 w foll[ _! passions ( covet\sness1 lu/1 ang]1 & ! l1 to ! break+ ( ^? cov5ants1 :]eby ! re/1 also1 :o o!rwise w\ld keep !m1 are set at lib]ty1 & h no law1 b f !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[] co]cive1 c4 #g4 ,?is p[] ( co]cion1 z ha? be5 said1 *ap4 ,,ii4 sect4 #c1 ( ! =m] "p1 consi/e? 9 ! transf]r+ ( e man's "r ( resi/ance aga9/ him1 to :om he ha? transf]r$ ! p[] ( co]cion4 ,x foll[e? !re=e1 t no man 9 any commonweal? :atsoev]1 ha? "r to resi/ him1 or !m1 to :om !y h transf]r$ ?is p[] co]cive1 or 7z m5 use to call x7 ! sword ( ju/ice1 suppos+ ! n-resi/ance possible4 ,=1 ,"p ,i4 *apt] ,,ii4 sect4 #ah1 cov5ants b9d b to ! utmo/ ( our endeav\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sword ( w>1 c4 #h4 ,& =asmu* z !y :o are among/ !mselves 9 security1 by ! means ( ?is sword ( ju/ice1 t keeps !m all 9 awe1 are nev]!less 9 dang] ( enemies f )\t1 if !re be n "s means f\nd1 to unite _! /r5g?s & natural =ces1 9 ! resi/ance ( su* enemies1 _! peace among/ !mselves is b 9 va94 ,& !re=e x is to be und]/ood z a cov5ant ( e memb] to contribute _! sev]al =ces = ! def5ce ( ! :ole1 :]eby to make "o p[] z suffici5t1 z is possible = _! def5ce4 ,n[ see+ t e man ha? already transf]r$ ! use ( 8 /r5g? to him1 or !m1 t h ! sword ( ju/ice1 x foll[e?1 t ! p[] ( def5ce1 t is to say1 ! sword ( w>1 be 9 ! same h&s :]e9 is ! sword ( ju/ice2 & consequ5tly ^? two swords are b "o1 & t insep>ably & ess5tially annex$ to ! sov]eign p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,decision 9 all debates1 c4 annex$ to ! sword4 #i4 ,moreov]1 see+ to h ! "r ( ! sword1 is no?+ else b to h ! use !re( dep5d+ only on ! judgm5t & discretion ( him or !m t h x1 x foll[e?1 t ! p[] ( ind5ture 9 all controv]sies1 :]e9 ! sword ( ju/ice is to be us$2 & 9 all delib]ations conc]n+ w>1 :]e9 ! use ( t sword is requir$1 ! "r ( resolv+ & det]m9+ :at is to be done1 belong to ! same sov]eign4 ,sid5ote3 ,laws civil1 c4 #aj4 ,fur!r1 consid]+ x is no less1 b mu* m necess>y to prev5t viol5ce & rap9e1 ?an to puni% ! same :5 x is committ$1 & all viol5ce proce$e? f controv]sies t arise betwe5 m5 conc]n+ meum & tuum1 "r & wrong1 good & bad1 & ! l1 :i* m5 use e "o to measure by _! own judgm5ts1 x belonge? also to ! judgm5t ( ! same sov]eign p[]1 to set =? & make kn[n ! common measure by :i* e man is to "k :at is 81 & :at ano!r's2 :at is good1 & :at bad1 & :at he ought to d1 & :at n1 & to comm& ! same to be obs]v$4 ,& ^! measures ( ! actions ( ! subjects are ^?1 :i* m5 call laws politic1 or civil3 ! mak+ :]e(1 mu/ ( "r belong to him t ha? ! p[] ( ! sword1 by :i* m5 are compell$ to obs]ve !m2 = o!rwise !y %\ld be made 9 va94 ,sid5ote3 ,appo9tm5t ( magi/rates1 c4 #aa4 ,fur!rmore1 see+ x is impossible t any "o man t ha? su* sov]eign p[]1 c be able1 9 p]son1 to he> & det]m9e all controv]sies1 to be pres5t at all delib]ations conc]n+ common good1 & to execute & p]=m all ^? common actions t belong !reunto1 :]eby !re w be necessity ( magi/rates & m9i/]s ( public affairs2 x is consequ5t1 t ! appo9tm5t1 nom9ation1 & limitation ( ! same be und]/ood1 z an insep>able "p ( ! same sov]eignty1 to :i* ! sum ( all judicature1 & execution1 ha? be5 already annex$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sov]eign p[] include? impunity4 #ab4 ,& =asmu*1 z ! "r to use ! =ces ( e p>ticul> memb]1 is transf]r$ f !mselves1 to _! sov]eign1 a man w easily fall ^u ?is conclusion ( himself1 t to sov]eign p[]1 :atsoev] x do?1 !re belonge? impunity4 ,sid5ote3 ,a suppos$ commonweal? :]e laws are made fir/1 & ! commonweal? aft]4 #ac4 ,! sum ( ^! rights ( sov]eignty2 namely1 ! absolute use ( ! sword 9 peace & w>1 ! mak+ & abrogat+ ( laws1 supreme judicature1 & decision1 9 all debates judicial & delib]ative1 ! nom9ation ( all magi/rates & m9i/]s1 ) o!r rights conta9$ 9 ! same1 make ! sov]eign p[] no less absolute 9 ! commonweal?1 ?an be=e commonweal? e man 0 absolute 9 himself1 to d1 or n to d1 :at he ?\ght good2 :i* m51 t h n _h ! exp]i5ce ( t mis]able e/ate1 to :i* m5 are r$uc$ by long w>1 ?9k s h>d a condition1 t !y _c easily ackn[l$ge su* cov5ants1 & subjection on _! p>ts1 z are "h set d[n1 to h be5 ev] necess>y to _! peace4 ,& !re=e "s h imag9$1 t a commonweal? may be con/itut$ 9 su* mann]1 z ! sov]eign p[] may be s limit$1 & mod]at$1 z !y %all ?9k fit !mselves4 ,= example3 !y suppose a multitude ( m5 to h agre$ ^u c]ta9 articles1 :i* !y pres5tly call laws1 decl>+ h[ !y w be gov]n$1 & t done1 to agree fur!r ^u "s man1 or numb] ( m51 to see ! same articles p]=m$1 & put 9 execution2 & to enable him1 or !m1 !reunto1 !y allot unto !m a provision limit$1 z ( c]ta9 l&s1 taxes1 p5alties1 & ! l1 ?an :i*1 if misp5t1 !y %all h no m1 )\t a new cons5t ( ! same m5 t all[$ ! =m]4 ,& ?us !y ?9k !y h made a commonweal?1 9 :i* x is unlawful = any private man to make use ( 8 own sword = 8 security2 :]e9 !y deceive !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,! same refell$4 #ad4 ,= fir/1 if to ! rev5ue1 x did necess>ily foll[1 t !re might be =ces rais$ & procur$ at ! w ( him t ha? su* rev5ue2 yet s9ce ! rev5ue is limit$1 s mu/ also ! =ces3 b limit$ =ces aga9/ ! p[] ( an enemy1 :i* we _c limit1 are unsuffici5t4 ,:5soev] !re=e !re happ5e? an invasion great] ?an ^? =ces are able to resi/1 & !re be no o!r "r to levy m1 !n is e man1 by necessity ( nature1 all[$ to make ! be/ provision he c = himself2 & ?us is ! private sword1 & ! e/ate ( w> aga9 r$uc$4 ,b see+ rev5ue1 )\t ! "r ( comm&+ m51 is ( no use1 nei!r 9 peace1 nor w>1 x is necess>y to be suppos$1 t he t ha? ! adm9i/ration ( ^? articles1 :i* are 9 ! =m] section suppos$1 mu/ h also "r to make use ( ! /r5g?s ( p>ticul> m54 ,& :at reason soev] give? him t "r ov] any "o1 give? him ! same ov] all4 ,& !n is 8 "r absolute4 ,= he t ha? "r to all _! =ces1 ha? "r to dispose ( ! same4 ,aga91 suppos+ ^? limit$ =ces & rev5ue1 ei!r by ! necess>y1 or neglig5t use ( !m1 to fail1 & t = a supply1 ! same multitude be aga9 to be assembl$1 :o %all h p[] to assemble !m1 t is to compel !m to come toge!r8 ,if he t dem&e? ! supply ha? t "r1 to wit1 ! "r to compel !m all1 !n is 8 sov]eignty absolute2 if n1 !n is e p>ticul> man at lib]ty to come or n2 to frame a new commonweal?1 or n1 & s ! "r ( ! private sword returne?4 ,b suppose !m will+ly1 & ( _! own accord1 assembl$ to consid] ( ?is supply1 if n[ x be /ill 9 _! *oice1 :e!r !y %all give x1 or n1 x is also 9 _! *oice1 :e!r ! commonweal? %all /& or n4 ,& !re=e !re lie? n ^u any ( !m any civil obligation t may h9d] !m f us+ =ce1 9 case !y ?9k x t5d to _! def5ce4 ,?is device !re=e ( !m t w make civil laws fir/1 & !n a civil body aft]w>ds1 7z if policy made a body politic1 & n a body politic made policy7 is ( no effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,mix$ =ms ( gov]nm5t suppos$ 9 sov]eignty4 #ae4 ,o!rs1 to avoid ! h>d condition1 z !y take x1 ( absolute subjection1 :i*1 9 hatr$ !reto1 !y also call slav]y1 h devis$ a gov]nm5t1 z !y ?9k1 mix$ ( ! ?ree sorts ( sov]eignty4 ,z = example3 !y suppose ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 giv5 to "s great assembly democratical1 ! p[] ( judicature to "s o!r assembly1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ! laws to a ?ird1 or to "s "o man2 & ?is policy !y call mix$ mon>*y1 or mix$ ari/ocracy1 or mix$ democracy1 accord+ z any ( ^! ?ree sorts d mo/ visibly pr$om9ate4 ,& 9 ?is e/ate ( gov]nm5t1 !y ?9k ! use ( ! private sword exclud$4 ,sid5ote3 ,t refell$4 #af4 ,& suppos+ x 7 s1 h[ 7 ?is condition1 :i* !y call slav]y1 eas$ !reby4 ,= 9 ?is e/ate !y w\ld h no man all[$1 ei!r to be 8 own judge1 or own c>v]1 or to make any laws unto himself2 & z long z ^! ?ree agree1 !y are z absolutely subject to !m1 z is a *ild to ! fa!r1 or a slave to ! ma/]1 9 ! /ate ( nature4 ,! ease !re=e ( ?is subjection1 mu/ consi/ 9 ! disagreem5t ( ^? among/ :om !y h di/ribut$ ! rights ( sov]eign p[]4 ,b ! same disagreem5t is w>4 ,! division !re=e ( ! sov]eignty1 ei!r worke? no effect to ! tak+ away ( simple subjection1 or introduce? w>1 :]e9 ! private sword ha? place aga94 ,b ! tru? is1 z ha? be5 already %[$ 9 ! sev5?1 eigh?1 n9?1 t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? prec$5t sections1 ! sov]eignty is indivisible4 ,& t seem+ mixture ( sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 is n mixture ( ! ?+s !mselves1 b confusion 9 our und]/&+s1 t _c f9d out readily to :om we h subject$ ourselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,mix$ gov]nm5t1 c4 #ag4 ,b ?\gh ! sov]eignty be n mix$1 b be always ei!r simple democracy1 or simple ari/ocracy1 or pure mon>*y1 nev]!less 9 ! adm9i/ration !re(1 all ^? sorts ( gov]nm5t may h place subord9ate4 ,= suppose ! sov]eign p[] be democracy1 z x 0 sometimes 9 ,rome1 yet at ! same "t !y may h a c\ncil ari/ocratical1 su* z 0 ! s5ate2 & at ! same "t !y may h a subord9ate mon>*1 su* z 0 _! dictator1 :o _h1 = a "t1 ! ex]cise ( ! :ole sov]eignty1 & su* z are all g5]als 9 w>4 ,s also 9 mon>*y !re may be a c\ncil ari/ocratical ( m51 *os5 by ! mon>*2 or democratical ( m51 *os5 by ! cons5t1 ! mon>* p]mitt+1 ( all ! p>ticul> m5 ( ! commonweal?4 ,& ?is mixture is x t impose?1 z if x 7 ! mixture ( sov]eignty4 ,z if a man %\ld ?9k1 because ! great c\ncil ( ,v5ice do? no?+ ord9>ily b *oose magi/rates1 m9i/]s ( /ate1 capta9s1 & gov]nors ( t[ns1 ambassadors1 c\nsellors1 & ! l1 t !re=e _! "p ( ! sov]eignty is only *oos+ ( magi/rates2 & t ! mak+ ( w>1 & peace1 & laws1 7 n !irs1 b ! "p ( su* c\nsellors z !y appo9t$ !reto3 :]eas x is ! "p ( ^! to d x b subord9ately1 ! supreme au?ority !re( be+ 9 ! great c\ncil t *oose !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,reason & exp]i5ce to prove absolute sov]eignty some:]e 9 all commonweal?s4 #ah4 ,& z reason tea*e? u1 t a man1 consid]$ out ( subjection to laws1 & out ( all cov5ants obligatory to o!rs1 is free to d & undo1 & delib]ate z long z he li/e?1 e memb] be+ ob$i5t to ! w ( ! :ole man1 t lib]ty be+ no?+ else b 8 natural p[]1 )\t :i* he is no bett] ?an an inanimate creature1 n able to help himself2 s also x tea*e? u1 t a body politic1 ( :at k9d soev]1 n subject to ano!r1 nor oblig$ by cov5ants1 ought to be free1 & 9 all actions to be assi/$ by ! memb]s1 e "o 9 _! place1 or at lea/1 n resi/$ by !m4 ,= o!rwise1 ! p[] ( a body politic1 ! ess5ce :]e( is ! n-resi/ance ( ! memb]s1 is none1 nor a body politic ( any b5efit4 ,& ! same is confirm$ by ! use ( all nations & commonweal?s1 :]e9 t man or c\ncil1 :i* is virtually ! :ole1 ha? any absolute p[] ov] e p>ticul> memb]2 or :at nation or commonweal? is !re1 t ha? n p[] & "r to con/itute a g5]al 9 _! w>s8 ,b ! p[] ( a g5]al is absolute2 & consequ5tly !re 0 absolute p[] 9 ! commonweal?1 f :om x 0 d]iv$4 ,= no p]son1 natural or civil1 c transf] unto ano!r m p[] ?an himself ha?4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s pr9cipal1 c4 m>ks ( sov]eignty4 #ai4 ,9 e commonweal?1 :]e p>ticul> m5 are depriv$ ( _! "r to protect !mselves1 !re reside? an absolute sov]eignty1 z ,i h already %[$4 ,b 9 :at man1 or 9 :at assembly ( m5 ! same is plac$1 is n s manife/1 z n to ne$ "s m>ks1 :]eby x may be disc]n$4 ,& fir/1 x is an infallible m>k ( absolute sov]eignty 9 a man1 or 9 an assembly ( m51 if !re be no "r 9 any o!r p]son1 natural or civil1 to puni% t man1 or to dissolve t assembly4 ,= he t _c ( "r be puni%$1 _c ( "r be resi/$2 & he t _c ( "r be resi/$1 ha? co]cive p[] ov] all ! re/1 & !reby c frame & gov]n _! actions at 8 pleasure1 :i* is absolute sov]eignty4 ,contr>iwise1 he t 9 a commonweal? is puni%able by any1 or t assembly t is dissolvable1 is n sov]eign4 ,= a great] p[] is always requir$ to puni% & dissolve1 ?an !irs :o are puni%$ or dissolv$2 & t p[] _c be call$ sov]eign1 ?an :i* !re is a great]4 ,secondly1 t man or assembly1 t by _! own "r n d]iv$ f ! pres5t "r ( any o!r1 may make laws1 or abrogate !m at 8 or _! pleasure1 h ! sov]eignty absolute4 ,= see+ ! laws !y make1 are suppos$ to be made by "r1 ! memb]s ( ! commonweal?1 to :om !y are made1 are oblig$ to obey !m1 & consequ5tly n resi/ ! execution ( !m2 :i* n-resi/ance1 make? ! p[] absolute ( him t orda9e? !m4 ,x is likewise a m>k ( ?is sov]eignty1 to h ! "r orig9al ( appo9t+ magi/rates1 judges1 c\nsellors1 & m9i/]s ( /ate4 ,= )\t t p[]1 no act ( sov]eignty1 or gov]nm5t1 c be p]=m$4 ,la/ly1 & g5]ally1 :osoev] by 8 own au?ority indep5d5t1 c d any act1 :i* ano!r ( ! same commonweal? may n1 mu/ ne$s be und]/ood to h ! sov]eign p[]4 ,= by nature m5 h equal "r4 ,?is inequality !re=e mu/ proce$ f ! p[] ( ! commonweal?4 ,he !re=e t do? any act lawfully by 8 own au?ority1 :i* ano!r may n1 do? x by ! p[] ( ! commonweal? 9 himself1 :i* is absolute sov]eignty4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #a4 ,democracy prec$e? all o!r1 c4 #b44 ,! sov]eign p cov5ante? n ) ! subjects4 #c4 ,! sov]eign1 c4 _c1 c4 d injury1 c4 #d4 ,! faults ( ! sov]eign p1 c4 #e4 ,democracy1 c4 an ari/ocracy ( orators4 #f4 ,ari/ocracy h[ made4 #g4 ,! body ( ! optimates n prop]ly said to injure ! subjects4 #h4 ,! election ( ! optimates1 c4 #i4 ,an elective k+1 c4 #aj4 ,a conditional k+1 c4 #aa4 ,! ^w p equivocal4 #ab4 ,ob$i5ce dis*>g$ by release1 c4 #ac4 ,h[ su* releases are to be und]/ood4 #ad4 ,ob$i5ce dis*>g$ by exile3 #ae4 ,by conque/3 #af4 ,by ignorance ( ! "r ( succession4 ,sid5ote3 ,democracy prec$e? all o!r1 c4 #a4 ,hav+ spok5 9 g5]al conc]n+ in/itut$ policy 9 ! =m] *apt]1 ,i come 9 ?is1 to speak ( ! sorts !re( 9 special1 h[ e ( !m is in/itut$4 ,! fir/ 9 ord] ( "t ( ^! ?ree sorts1 is democracy2 & x mu/ be s ( necessity1 because an ari/ocracy & a mon>*y1 require nom9ation ( p]sons agre$ ^u1 :i* agreem5t 9 a great multitude ( m51 mu/ consi/ 9 ! cons5t ( ! major "p2 & :]e ! votes ( ! major "p involve ! votes ( ! re/1 !re is actually a democracy4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sov]eign p cov5ante? n ) ! subjects4 #b4 ,9 ! mak+ ( a democracy1 !re passe? no cov5ant betwe5 ! sov]eign1 & any subject4 ,= :ile ! democracy is a mak+1 !re is no sov]eign ) :om to contract4 ,= x _c be imag9$1 t ! multitude %\ld contract ) itself1 or ) any "o man1 or numb] ( m51 p>cel ( itself1 to make itself sov]eign2 nor t a multitude1 consid]$ z "o aggregate1 c give itself any?+ :i* be=e x _h n4 ,see+ !n t sov]eignty democratical is n conf]r$ by ! cov5ant ( any multitude1 :i* suppose? union & sov]eignty already made1 x re/e?1 t ! same be conf]r$ by ! p>ticul> cov5ants ( e sev]al man2 t is to say1 e man ) e man1 = & 9 consid]ation ( ! b5efit ( 8 own peace & def5ce1 cov5ante? to /& to & obey :atsoev] ! major "p ( _! :ole numb]1 or ! major "p ( su* a numb] ( !m1 z %all be pleas$ to assemble at a c]ta9 "t & place1 %all det]m9e & comm&4 ,& ?is is t :i* give? be+ to a democracy1 :]e9 ! sov]eign assembly 0 call$ ( ! ,greeks1 by ! "n ( ,demus1 t is1 ! p1 f :5ce come? democracy4 ,s t1 :]e to ! supreme & indep5d5t c\rt1 e man may come t w1 & give 8 vote1 !re ! sov]eign is call$ ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sov]eign1 c4 _c1 c4 d injury1 c4 #c4 ,out ( ?is t ha? be5 said1 may readily be drawn1 t :atsoev] ! p do? to any "o p>ticul> memb] or subject ( ! commonweal?1 ! same by him ought n to be /yl$ injury4 ,= fir/1 injury1 by ! def9ition1 ,"p ,i4 *ap4 ,,iii4 sect4 #b1 is brea* ( cov5ant2 b cov5ants1 z ha? be5 said 9 ! prec$5t section1 !re pass$ none f ! p to any private man2 & consequ5tly x1 to wit1 ! p1 c d him no injury4 ,secondly1 h[ unju/ soev] ! action be1 t ?is sov]eign demus %all d1 is done by ! w ( e p>ticul> man subject to him1 :o are !re=e guilty ( ! same4 ,if !re=e !y /yle x injury1 !y b accuse !mselves4 ,& x is aga9/ reason = ! same man1 bo? to d & compla92 imply+ ?is contradiction1 t :]eas he fir/ ratifi$ ! p's acts 9 g5]al1 he n[ disall[e? ! same ( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is !re=e said truly1 vol5ti non fit injuria4 ,nev]!less no?+ do? h9d]1 b t div]s actions done by ! p1 may be unju/ be=e ,god ,almighty1 z brea*es ( ! laws ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! faults ( ! sov]eign p1 c4 #d4 ,& :5 x happ5e?1 t ! p by plurality ( voices1 decree or comm& any?+ contr>y to ! law ( ,god or nature1 ?\gh ! decree & comm& be ! act ( e man1 n only pres5t 9 ! assembly1 b also abs5t f x2 yet is n ! inju/ice ( ! decree1 ! inju/ice ( e p>ticul> man1 b only ( ^? m51 by ^: express suffrages1 ! decree or comm& 0 pass$4 ,= a body politic1 z x is a fictiti\s body1 s are ! faculties & w !re( fictiti\s also4 ,b to make a p>ticul> man unju/1 :i* consi/e? ( a body & s\l natural1 !re is requir$ a natural & v w4 ,sid5ote3 ,democracy1 c4 an ari/ocracy ( orators4 #e4 ,9 all democracies1 ?\gh ! "r ( sov]eignty be 9 ! assembly1 :i* is virtually ! :ole body2 yet ! use !re( is always 9 "o1 or a few p>ticul> m54 ,= 9 su* great assemblies1 z ^? mu/ be1 :]e9to e man may ent] at 8 pleasure1 !re is no means any ways to delib]ate & give c\nsel :at to d1 b by long & set orations1 :]eby to e man !re is m or less hope giv51 to incl9e & sway ! assembly to _! own ends4 ,9 a multitude ( speak]s !re=e1 :]e always ei!r "o is em95t alone1 or a few be+ equal among/ !mselves1 are em95t above ! re/1 t "o or few mu/ ( necessity sway ! :ole4 ,insomu*1 t a democracy1 9 effect1 is no m ?an an ari/ocracy ( orators1 int]rupt$ sometimes ) ! tempor>y mon>*y ( "o orator4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/ocracy h[ made4 #f4 ,& see+ a democracy is by in/itution1 ! beg9n+ bo? ( ari/ocracy & mon>*y1 we are to consid] next1 h[ ari/ocracy is d]iv$ f x4 ,:5 ! p>ticul> memb]s ( ! commonweal? gr[+ we>y ( att5dance at public c\rts1 z dwell+ f> (f1 or be+ att5tive to _! private bus9esses1 & )al1 displeas$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! p1 assemble !mselves to make an ari/ocracy1 !re is no m requir$ to ! mak+ !re( b putt+ to ! "q "o by "o1 ! names ( su* m5 z x %all consi/ (1 & ass5t+ to _! election2 & by plurality ( vote1 to transf] t p[]1 :i* be=e ! p _h1 to ! numb] ( m5 s nam$ & *os54 ,sid5ote3 ,! body ( ! optimates n prop]ly said to injure ! subjects4 #g4 ,& f ?is mann] ( erect+ an ari/ocracy1 x is manife/1 t ! few1 or optimates1 h ent]$ into no cov5ant ) any ( ! p>ticul> memb]s ( ! commonweal?1 :]e( !y are sov]eign2 & consequ5tly _c d any ?+ to any private man1 t c be call$ injury to him1 h[soev] _! act be wick$ be=e ,almighty ,god1 accord+ to t :i* ha? be5 said be=e1 section #c4 ,fur!r1 x is impossible1 t ! p1 z "o body politic1 %\ld cov5ant ) ! ari/ocracy or optimates1 on :om !y int5d to transf] _! sov]eignty4 ,= no soon] is ! ari/ocracy erect$1 b ! democracy is annihilat$1 & ! cov5ants made unto !m void4 ,sid5ote3 ,! election ( ! optimates1 c4 #h4 ,9 all ari/ocracies1 ! admission ( su*1 z are f "t to "t to h vote 9 ! sov]eign assembly1 dep5de? on ! w & decree ( ! pres5t optimates4 ,= !y be+ ! sov]eign1 h ! nom9ation1 by ! elev5? section ( ! =m] *apt]1 ( all magi/rates1 m9i/]s1 & c\nsellors ( /ate :atsoev]1 & may !re=e *oose ei!r to make !m elective1 or h]$it>y1 at _! pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,an elective k+1 c4 #i4 ,out ( ! same democracy1 ! in/itution ( a political mon>* proce$e? 9 ! same mann]1 z did ! in/itution ( ! ari/ocracy1 to wit1 by a decree ( ! sov]eign p1 to pass ! sov]eignty to "o man nam$ & approv$ by plurality ( suffrage4 ,& if ?is sov]eignty be truly & inde$ transf]r$1 ! e/ate or commonweal? is an absolute mon>*y1 :]e9 ! mon>* is at lib]ty1 to dispose z well ( ! succession1 z ( ! possession1 & n an elective k+dom4 ,= suppose a decree be made fir/ 9 ?is mann]1 t su* a "o %all h ! sov]eignty = 8 life1 & t aft]w>d !y w *oose a-new4 ,9 ?is case1 ! p[] ( ! p is dissolv$1 or n2 if dissolv$1 !n aft] ! dea? ( him t is *os51 !re is no man b\nd to /& to ! decrees ( !m t %all1 z private m51 run toge!r to make a new election2 & consequ5tly1 if !re be any man1 :o by ! advantage ( ! reign ( him t is dead1 ha? /r5g? en\gh to hold ! multitude 9 peace & ob$i5ce1 he may lawfully1 or r is by ! law ( nature oblig$ s to d3 if ?is p[] ( ! p 7 n dissolv$ at ! *oos+ ( _! k+ = life1 !n is ! p sov]eign /ill1 & ! k+ a m9i/] !re( only1 b s1 z to put ! :ole sov]eignty 9 execution2 a great m9i/]1 b no o!rwise = 8 "t1 ?an a dictator 0 9 ,rome4 ,9 ?is case1 at ! dea? ( him t 0 *os51 !y t meet = a new election1 h no new1 b _! old au?ority = ! same4 ,= !y 7 ! sov]eign all ! "t1 z appe>e? by ! acts ( ^? elective k+s1 t h procur$ f ! p1 t _! *ildr5 might succe$ !m4 ,= x is to be und]/ood1 :5 a man receive? any ?+ f ! au?ority ( ! p1 he receive? x n f ! p 8 subjects1 b f ! p 8 sov]eign4 ,& fur!r1 ?\gh 9 ! election ( a k+ = 8 life1 ! p grant him ! ex]cise ( _! sov]eignty = t "t2 yet if !y see cause1 !y may recall ! same be=e ! "t4 ,z a pr9ce t conf]re? an (fice = life1 may nev]!less1 ^u suspicion ( abuse !re(1 recall x at 8 pleasure2 inasmu* z (fices t require lab\r & c>e1 are und]/ood to pass f him t give? !m1 z on]a1 bur!ns1 to !m t h !m2 ! recall+ :]e( are !re=e n injury1 b fav\r4 ,nev]!less1 if 9 mak+ an elective k+1 ) int5tion to res]ve ! sov]eignty1 !y res]ve n a p[] at c]ta9 kn[n & det]m9$ times & places to assemble !mselves1 ! res]vation ( _! sov]eignty is ( no effect1 inasmu* z no man is b\nd to /& to ! decrees & det]m9ations ( ^? t assemble !mselves )\t ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,a conditional k+1 c4 #aj4 ,9 ! =m] section is %[$1 t elective k+s t ex]cise _! sov]eignty = a "t1 :i* det]m9es ) _! life1 ei!r are subjects1 or n sov]eigns2 & t x is1 :5 ! p 9 election ( !m1 res]ve unto !mselves ! "r ( assembl+ at c]ta9 times & places limit$ & made kn[n2 or else absolute sov]eigns1 to dispose ( ! succession at _! pleasure1 & t is1 :5 ! p 9 _! election h decl>$ no "t nor place ( _! meet+1 or h left x to ! p[] ( ! elect$ k+1 to assemble & dissolve !m at su* times1 z he himself %all ?9k good4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( limitation ( "t1 to him t %all be elect$ to use ! sov]eign p[]1 :i* :e!r x ha? be5 practis$ any:]e1 or n1 ,i "k n1 b x may be imag9$1 & ha? be5 object$ aga9/ ! rig\r ( sov]eign p[]2 & x is ?is1 t ! p transf] _! sov]eignty ^u conditions4 ,z = example1 = s long z he %all obs]ve su* & su* laws1 z !y !n prescribe him4 ,& "h z be=e 9 elect$ k+s1 ! "q is to be made1 :e!r 9 ! elect+ ( su* a sov]eign1 !y res]v$ to !mselves a "r ( assembl+ at times & places limit$ & kn[n1 or n2 if n1 !n is ! sov]eignty ( ! p dissolv$1 & !y h nei!r p[] to judge ( ! brea* ( ! conditions giv5 him1 nor to comm& any =ces = ! depos+ ( him1 :om on t condition !y _h set up1 b are 9 ! e/ate ( w> among/ !mselves1 z !y 7 be=e !y made !mselves a democracy3 & consequ5tly1 if he t is elect$ by ! advantage ( ! possession he ha? ( ! public means1 be able to compel !m to unity & ob$i5ce1 he ha? n only ! "r ( nature to w>rant him1 b ! law ( nature to oblige him !reunto4 ,b if 9 elect+ him1 !y res]v$ to !mselves a "r ( assembl+1 & appo9t$ c]ta9 times & places to t purpose1 !n are !y sov]eign /ill1 & may call _! conditional k+ to acc\nt at _! pleasure1 & deprive him ( 8 gov]nm5t1 if !y judge he des]ve x1 ei!r by brea* ( ! condition set him1 or o!rwise4 ,= ! sov]eign p[] c by no cov5ant ) a subject be b\nd to cont9ue him 9 ! *>ge he und]goe? by _! comm&1 z a burd5 impos$ n p>ticul>ly = 8 good1 b = ! good ( ! sov]eign p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ^w p equivocal #aa4 ,! controv]sies t arise conc]n+ ! "r ( ! p1 proce$ f ! equivocation ( ! ^w4 ,= ! ^w p ha? a d\ble signification4 ,9 "o s5se x signifie? only a numb] ( m51 di/+ui%$ by ! place ( _! habitation2 z ! p ( ,engl&1 or ! p ( ,france1 :i* is no m1 b ! multitude ( ^? p>ticul> p]sons t inhabit ^? regions1 )\t consid]ation ( any contracts or cov5ants among/ !m1 by :i* any "o ( !m is oblig$ to ! re/4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 x signifie? a p]son civil1 t is to say1 ei!r "o man1 or "o c\ncil1 9 ! w :]e(1 is includ$ & involv$ ! w ( e "o 9 p>ticul>4 ,z = example1 9 ?is latt] s5se1 ! l[] h\se ( p>liam5t is all ! commons1 z long z !y sit !re ) au?ority & "r !reto2 b aft] !y be dissolv$1 ?\gh !y rema91 !y be no m ! p1 nor ! commons1 b only ! aggregate1 or multitude ( ! p>ticul> m5 !re sitt+1 h[ well soev] !y agree1 or concur1 9 op9ions among/ !mselves2 :]eupon1 !y t d n di/+ui% betwe5 ^! two significations1 d usually attribute su* rights to a dissolv$ multitude1 z belong only to ! p virtually conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! commonweal? or sov]eignty4 ,& :5 a great numb] ( _! own au?ority flock toge!r 9 any nation1 !y usually give !m ! "n ( ! :ole nation4 ,9 :i* s5se !y say ! p rebelle?1 or ! p dem&e?1 :5 x is no m ?an a dissolv$ multitude1 ( :i* ?\gh any "o man may be said to dem& or h "r to some?+1 yet ! heap1 or multitude1 _c be said to dem& or h "r to any?+4 ,= :]e e man ha? 8 "r di/9ct1 !re is no?+ left = ! multitude to h "r unto3 & :5 ! p>ticul>s say1 ?is is m9e1 ?is is ?9e1 & ?is is 81 & h %>$ all among/ !m1 !re c be no?+ :]e( ! multitude c say1 ?is is m9e2 nor are !y "o body1 z behove? !m to be1 t dem& any?+ "u ! "n ( m9e1 or 83 & :5 !y say ours1 e man is und]/ood to pret5d 9 sev]al1 & n ! multitude4 ,on ! o!r side1 :5 ! multitude is unit$ into a body politic1 & !reby are a p 9 ! o!r signification1 & _! wills virtually 9 ! sov]eign1 !re ! rights & dem&s ( ! p>ticul>s d cease2 & he or !y t h ! sov]eign p[]1 do? = !m all1 dem&1 & v9dicate "u ! "n ( 81 t :i* be=e !y call$ 9 ! plural1 !irs4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob$i5ce dis*>g$ by release1 c4 #ab4 ,we h se5 h[ p>ticul> m5 ent] into subjection1 by transf]r+ _! rights2 x foll[e? to consid]1 h[ su* subjection may be dis*>g$4 ,& fir/1 if he or !y t h ! sov]eign p[]1 %all rel9qui% ! same volunt>ily1 !re is no d\bt1 b e man is aga9 at lib]ty to obey1 or n4 ,likewise1 if he or !y reta9+ ! sov]eignty ov] ! re/1 d nev]!less exempt "s "o or m1 f _! subjection1 e man s exempt$1 is dis*>g$4 ,= he or !y to :om any man is oblig$1 ha? ! p[] to release him4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ su* releases are to be und]/ood4 #ac4 ,& "h x is to be und]/ood1 t :5 he or !y t h ! sov]eign p[]1 give su* exemption1 or privilege1 to a subject1 z is n sep>able f ! sov]eignty1 & nev]!less directly reta9e? ! sov]eign p[]1 n kn[+ ! consequ5ce ( ! privilege !y grant1 ! p]son or p]sons exempt$ or privileg$1 are n !reby releas$4 ,= 9 contradictory significations ( ! w 7,human ,nature1 *ap4 ,,xiii4 sect4 #i71 t :i* is directly signifi$1 is to be und]/ood = ! w1 be=e t :i* is drawn f x by consequ5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob$i5ce dis*>g$ by exile4 #ad4 ,also exile p]petual1 is a release ( subjection1 =asmu*1 z be+ out ( ! protection ( ! sov]eignty t expell$ him1 he ha? no means ( subsi/+ b f himself4 ,n[ e man may lawfully def5d himself1 t ha? no o!r def5ce2 else !re _h be5 no necessity t any man %\ld ent] into volunt>y subjection1 z !y d 9 commonweal?s4 ,sid5ote3 ,by conque/4 #ae4 ,likewise a man is releas$ ( 8 subjection by conque/4 ,= :5 x come? to pass1 t ! p[] ( a commonweal? is ov]?r[n1 & any p>ticul> man !reby ly+ "u ! sword ( 8 enemy1 yielde? himself captive1 he is !reby b\nd to s]ve him t take? him1 & consequ5tly dis*>g$ ( 8 obligation to ! =m]4 ,= no man c s]ve two ma/]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ignorance ( ! "r ( succession4 #af4 ,la/ly1 ignorance ( ! succession dis*>ge? ob$i5ce4 ,= no man c be und]/ood to be oblig$ to obey he kn[e? n :om4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #a1 #b4 ,titles to dom9ion3 ma/] & s]vant1 c4 #c4 ,*a9s & o!r1 c4 ,bonds1 c4 ,slave def9$4 #d4 ,s]vants h no prop]ty aga9/ _! "l1 c4 #e4 ,! ma/] ha? "r to ali5ate 8 s]vant4 #f4 ,! s]vant ( ! s]vant1 c4 #g4 ,h[ s]vitude is dis*>g$4 #h4 ,! middle "l1 c4 #i4 ,! title ( man1 c4 ov] bea/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,titles to dom9ion2 ma/] & s]vant1 c4 #a4 ,hav+ set =? 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 ! nature ( a commonweal? in/itutive by ! cons5t ( _m m5 toge!r1 ,i come n[ to speak ( dom9ion1 or a body politic by acquisition1 :i* is commonly call$ a patrimonial k+dom4 ,b be=e ,i ent] !re9to1 x is necess>y to make kn[n ^u :at title "o man may acquire "r1 t is to say1 prop]ty or dom9ion1 ov] ! p]son ( ano!r4 ,= :5 "o man ha? dom9ion ov] ano!r1 !re is a little k+dom4 ,& to be a k+ by acquisition1 is no?+ else1 b to h acquir$ a "r or dom9ion ov] _m4 #b4 ,consid]+ m5 !re=e aga9 9 ! /ate ( nature1 )\t cov5ants or subjection "o to ano!r1 z if !y 7 b ev5 n[ all at once creat$ male & female1 !re be ?ree titles only1 by :i* "o man may h "r & dom9ion ov] ano!r2 :]e( two may take place pres5tly1 & ^? are1 volunt>y (f] ( subjection1 & yield+ by compulsion3 ! ?ird is to take place1 ^u ! supposition ( *ildr5 begott5 among/ !m4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree titles1 x is h&l$ be=e 9 ! two la/ *apt]s4 ,= f !nce come? ! "r ( sov]eigns ov] _! subjects 9 a commonweal? in/itutive4 ,conc]n+ ! second title1 :i* is :5 a man submitte? to an assailant = fe> ( dea?1 !reby accrue? a "r ( dom9ion4 ,= :]e e man1 z x happ5e? 9 ?is case1 ha? "r to all ?+s1 !re ne$s no m = ! mak+ ( ! said "r effectual1 b a cov5ant f him t is ov]come1 n to resi/ him t ov]come?4 ,& ?us come? ! victor to h "r ( absolute dom9ion ov] ! conqu]$4 ,by :i* !re is pres5tly con/itut$ a little body politic1 :i* consi/e? ( two p]sons1 ! "o sov]eign1 :i* is call$ ! ma/]1 or "l2 ! o!r subject1 :i* is call$ ! s]vant4 ,& :5 a man ha? acquir$ "r ov] a numb] ( s]vants s consid]able1 z !y _c by _! neighb\rs be securely invad$1 ?is body politic is a k+dom despotical4 ,sid5ote3 ,*a9s & o!r1 c4 bonds1 c4 slave def9$4 #c4 ,& x is to be und]/ood1 t :5 a s]vant tak5 9 ! w>s1 is kept b\nd 9 natural bonds1 z *a9s1 & ! l1 or 9 prison1 !re ha? pass$ no cov5ant f ! s]vant to 8 ma/]4 ,= ^? natural bonds h no ne$ ( /r5g!n+ by ! v]bal bonds ( cov5ant1 & !y %[ t ! s]vant is n tru/$4 ,b cov5ant1 7,"p ,i4 *apt] ,,ii4 section #i17 suppose? tru/4 ,!re rema9e? !re=e 9 ! s]vant ?us kept b\nd1 or 9 prison1 a "r ( deliv]+ himself1 if he c1 by :at means soev]4 ,?is k9d ( s]vant is t :i* ord9>ily & )\t passion1 is call$ a slave4 ,! ,romans _h no su* di/9ct "n1 b compreh5d$ all "u ! "n ( s]vus2 :]e( su* z !y lov$ & dur/ tru/1 7 suff]$ to g at lib]ty1 & admitt$ to places ( (fice1 bo? ne> to _! p]sons1 & 9 _! affairs abroad2 ! re/ 7 kept *a9$1 or o!rwise re/ra9$ ) natural imp$im5ts to _! resi/ance4 ,& z x 0 among/ ! ,romans1 s x 0 among/ o!r nations1 ! =m] sort hav+ no o!r bond b a suppos$ cov5ant1 )\t :i* ! ma/] _h no reason to tru/ !m2 ! latt] be+ )\t cov5ant1 & no o!rwise ti$ to ob$i5ce1 b by *a9s1 or o!r l =cible cu/ody4 ,sid5ote3 ,s]vants h no prop]ty aga9/ _! "l1 c4 #d4 ,a ma/] !re=e is to be suppos$ to h no less "r ov] ^?1 ^: bodies he leave? at lib]ty1 ?an ov] ^? he keepe? 9 bonds & imprisonm5t1 & ha? absolute dom9ion ov] bo?1 & may say ( 8 s]vant1 t he is 81 z he may ( any o!r ?+4 ,& :atsoev] ! s]vant _h1 & might call 81 is n[ ! ma/]'s2 = he t dispose? ( ! p]son1 dispose? ( all ! p]son c\ld dispose (3 insomu*1 z ?\gh !re be meum & tuum among/ s]vants di/9ct f "o ano!r by ! disp5sation1 & = ! b5efit ( _! ma/]2 yet !re is no meum & tuum belong+ to any ( !m aga9/ ! ma/] himself1 :om !y are n to resi/1 b to obey all 8 comm&s z law4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ma/] ha? "r to ali5ate 8 s]vant4 #e4 ,& see+ bo? ! s]vant & all t is committ$ to him1 is ! prop]ty ( ! ma/]1 & e man may dispose ( 8 own1 & transf] ! same at 8 pleasure1 ! ma/] may !re=e ali5ate 8 dom9ion ov] !m1 or give ! same by 8 la/ w to :om he li/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s]vant ( ! s]vant1 c4 #f4 ,& if x happ51 t ! ma/] himself by captivity or volunt>y subjection1 become s]vant to ano!r1 !n is t o!r ma/] p>am\nt2 & ^? s]vants ( him t become? s]vant1 are no fur!r oblig$1 ?an _! ma/] p>am\nt %all ?9k good2 =asmu* z he dispos+ ( ! ma/] subord9ate1 dispose? ( all he ha?1 & consequ5tly ( 8 s]vants1 s t ! re/riction ( absolute p[] 9 ma/]s1 proce$e? n f ! law ( nature1 b f ! political law ( him t is _! ma/] supreme or sov]eign4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ s]vitude is dis*>g$4 #g4 ,s]vants imm$iate to ! supreme ma/]1 are dis*>g$ ( _! s]vitude1 or subjection1 9 ! same mann] t subjects are releas$ ( _! allegiance 9 a commonweal? in/itutive4 ,z fir/1 by release4 ,= he t captive?1 :i* is done by accept+ :at ! captive transf]re? to him1 sette? aga9 at lib]ty1 by transf]r+ back ! same4 ,& ?is k9d ( release is call$ manumission4 ,secondly1 by exile4 ,= t is no m b manumission giv5 to a s]vant1 n 9 ! way ( b5efit1 b puni%m5t4 ,?irdly1 by a new captivity1 :]e ! s]vant hav+ done 8 endeav\r to def5d himself1 ha? !reby p]=m$ 8 cov5ant to 8 =m] ma/]1 & = ! safety ( 8 life1 ent]+ into new cov5ant ) ! conqu]or1 is b\nd to d 8 be/ endeav\r to keep t likewise4 ,f\r?ly1 ignorance ( :o is successor to 8 deceas$ ma/]1 dis*>ge? him ( ob$i5ce3 = no cov5ant holde? long] ?an a man kn[e? to :om he is to p]=m x4 ,& la/ly1 t s]vant t is no long] tru/$1 b committ$ to 8 *a9s & cu/ody1 is !reby dis*>g$ ( ! obligation 9 =o int]no1 & !re=e if he c get loose1 may lawfully g 8 way4 ,sid5ote3 ,! middle "l1 c4 #h4 ,b s]vants subord9ate1 ?\gh manumitt$ by _! imm$iate "l1 are n !reby dis*>g$ ( _! subjection to _! "l p>am\nt4 ,= ! imm$iate ma/] ha? no prop]ty 9 !m1 hav+ transf]r$ 8 "r be=e to ano!r1 namely1 to 8 own & supreme ma/]4 ,nor if ! *ief "l %\ld manumit 8 imm$iate s]vant1 do? he !reby release 8 s]vants ( _! obligation to him t is s manumitt$4 ,= by ?is manumission1 he recov]e? aga9 ! absolute dom9ion he _h ov] !m be=e4 ,= aft] a release1 :i* is ! dis*>ge ( a cov5ant1 ! "r /&e? z x did be=e ! cov5ant 0 made4 ,sid5ote3 ,! title ( man1 c4 ov] bea/s4 #i4 ,?is "r ( conque/1 z x make? "o man ma/] ov] ano!r1 s also make? x a man to be ma/] ( ! irrational creatures4 ,= if a man 9 ! /ate ( nature be 9 ho/ility ) m51 & !reby h lawful title to subdue or kill1 accord+ z 8 own consci5ce & discretion %all sugge/ unto him = 8 safety & b5efit1 mu* m may he d ! same to bea/s2 t is to say1 save & pres]ve = 8 own s]vice1 accord+ to 8 discretion1 su* z are ( nature apt to obey1 & commodi\s = use2 & to kill & de/roy1 ) p]petual w>1 all o!r1 z fi]ce1 & noisome to him4 ,& ?is dom9ion is !re=e ( ! law ( nature1 & n ( ! div9e law positive4 ,= if !re _h be5 no su* "r be=e ! reveal+ ( ,god's w 9 ! ,scripture1 !n %\ld no man1 to :om ! ,scripture ha? n come1 h "r to make use ( ^? 8 creatures1 ei!r = 8 food or su/5ance4 ,& x 7 a h>d condition ( mank9d1 t a fi]ce & savage bea/ %\ld ) m "r kill a man1 ?an a man a bea/4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #a4 ,! dom9ion ov] ! *ild1 c4 #b4 ,pre-em95ce ( sex give? n ! *ild to ! fa!r1 r ?an to ! "m4 #c4 ,! title ( ! fa!r or "m1 c4 #d4 ,! *ild ( a woman-s]vant1 c4 #e4 ,! "r to ! *ild giv5 f ! "m1 c4 #f4 ,! *ild ( ! concub9e1 c4 #g4 ,! *ild ( ! husb& & ! wife1 c4 #h4 ,! fa!r1 or he or %e t br+e? up ! *ild1 h absolute p[] ov] him4 #i4 ,fre$om 9 subjects :at x is4 #aj4 ,a great family is a patrimonial k+dom4 #aa4 ,succession ( ! sov]eign p[]1 c4 #ab4 ,?\gh ! successor be n decl>$1 yet !re is always "o to be presum$4 #ac4 ,! *ildr5 pref]r$ to ! succession1 c4 #ad4 ,! males be=e ! females4 #ae4 ,! elde/ be=e ! re/ ( ! bro!rs4 #af4 ,! bro!r next to ! *ildr54 #ag4 ,! succession ( ! possessor1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dom9ion ov] ! *ild1 c4 #a4 ,( ?ree ways by :i* a man become? subject to ano!r1 m5tion$ section #b1 *apt] ! la/1 namely1 volunt>y (f]1 captivity & bir?1 ! =m] two h be5 spok5 (1 "u ! "n ( subjects1 & s]vants4 ,9 ! next place1 we are to set d[n ! ?ird way ( subjection1 "u ! "n ( *ildr51 & by :at title "o man come? to h propriety 9 a *ild1 t proce$e? f ! common g5]ation ( two2 to wit1 ( male & female4 ,& consid]+ m5 aga9 dissolv$ f all cov5ants "o ) ano!r1 & t 7,"p ,i4 *ap4 ,,iv4 sect4 #b7 e man by ! law ( nature1 ha? "r or propriety to 8 own body1 ! *ild ought r to be ! propriety ( ! "m1 ( ^: body x is "p1 till ! "t ( sep>ation1 ?an ( ! fa!r4 ,= ! und]/&+ !re=e ( ! "r t a man or woman ha? to 8 or _! *ild1 two ?+s are to be consid]$2 fir/1 :at title ! "m1 or any o!r1 orig9ally ha?1 to a *ild new born3 secondly1 h[ ! fa!r1 or any o!r man1 pret5de? by ! "m4 ,sid5ote3 ,pre-em95ce ( sex give? n ! *ild to ! fa!r1 r ?an to ! "m4 #b4 ,= ! fir/1 !y t h writt5 ( ?is subject1 h made g5]ation to be a title ( dom9ion ov] p]sons1 z well z ! cons5t ( ! p]sons !mselves4 ,& because g5]ation give? title to two1 namely1 fa!r & "m1 :]eas dom9ion is indivisible1 !y !re=e ascribe dom9ion ov] ! *ild to ! fa!r only1 ob pr/antiam sexs2 b !y %[ n1 nei!r c ,i f9d out by :at coh]5ce1 ei!r g5]ation inf]re? dom9ion1 or advantage ( s mu* /r5g?1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 a man ha? m ?an a woman1 %\ld g5]ally & univ]sally entitle ! fa!r to a propriety 9 ! *ild1 & take x away f ! "m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! title ( ! fa!r or "m1 c4 #c4 ,! title to dom9ion ov] a *ild1 proce$e? n f ! g5]ation1 b f ! pres]vation ( x2 & !re=e 9 ! e/ate ( nature1 ! "m1 9 ^: p[] x is to save or de/roy x1 ha? "r !reto by t p[]1 accord+ to t :i* ha? be5 said1 ,"p ,i4 *apt] ,i4 sect4 #ac4 ,& if ! "m %all ?9k fit to ab&on1 or expose h] *ild to dea?1 :atsoev] man or woman %all f9d ! *ild s expos$1 %all h ! same "r :i* ! "m _h be=e2 & = ?is same reason1 namely1 = ! p[] n ( g5]at+1 b pres]v+4 ,& ?\gh ! *ild ?us pres]v$1 d 9 "t acquire /r5g?1 :]eby he might pret5d equality ) him or h] t ha? pres]v$ him1 yet %all t pret5ce be ?\ght unreasonable1 bo? because 8 /r5g? 0 ! gift ( him1 aga9/ :om he pret5de?1 & also because x is to be presum$1 t he :i* give? su/5ance to ano!r1 :]eby to /r5g!n him1 ha? receiv$ a promise ( ob$i5ce 9 consid]ation !re(4 ,= else x w\ld be wisdom 9 m51 r to let _! *ildr5 p]i%1 :ile !y are infants1 ?an to live 9 _! dang] or subjection1 :5 !y are gr[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ild ( a woman s]vant1 c4 #d4 ,= ! pret5ces :i* a man may h to dom9ion ov] a *ild by ! "r ( ! "m1 !y be ( div]s k9ds4 ,"o by ! absolute subjection ( ! "m2 ano!r1 by "s p>ticul> cov5ant f h]1 :i* is less ?an a cov5ant ( su* subjection4 ,by absolute subjection1 ! ma/] ( ! "m1 ha? "r to h] *ild1 accord+ to section #f1 *apt] ,,iii1 :e!r he be ! fa!r !re(1 or n4 ,& ?us ! *ildr5 ( ! s]vant are ! goods ( ! ma/] 9 p]petuum4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "r to ! *ild giv5 f ! "m1 c4 #e4 ,( cov5ants t am\nt n to subjection betwe5 a man & woman1 !re be "s :i* are made = a "t2 !y are cov5ants ( cohabitation1 or else ( copulation only4 ,& 9 ?is latt] case1 ! *ildr5 pass by cov5ants p>ticul>4 ,& ?us 9 ! copulation ( ! ,amazons ) _! neighb\rs1 ! fa!rs by cov5ant _h ! male *ildr5 only1 ! mo!rs reta9+ ! females4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ild ( ! concub9e1 c4 #f4 ,& cov5ants ( cohabitation are ei!r = society ( b$1 or = society ( all ?+s2 if = society ( b$ only1 !n is ! woman call$ a concub9e4 ,& "h also ! *ild %all be 8 or h]s1 z !y %all agree p>ticul>ly by cov5ant4 ,= al?\gh = ! mo/ "p1 a concub9e is suppos$ to yield up ! "r ( h] *ildr5 to ! fa!r1 yet do? n concub9ate en=ce s mu*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ild ( ! husb& & ! wife1 c4 #g4 ,b if ! cov5ants ( cohabitation be = society ( all ?+s1 x is necess>y t b "o ( !m gov]n & dispose ( all t is common to !m bo?2 )\t :i*1 z ha? be5 (t5 said be=e1 society _c la/4 ,& !re=e ! man1 to :om = ! mo/ "p ! woman yielde? ! gov]nm5t1 ha? = ! mo/ "p1 also1 ! sole "r & dom9ion ov] ! *ildr54 ,& ! man is call$ ! husb&1 & ! woman ! wife4 ,b because sometimes ! gov]nm5t may belong to ! wife only1 sometimes also ! dom9ion ov] ! *ildr5 %all be 9 h] only4 ,z 9 ! case ( a sov]eign que51 !re is no reason t h] m>riage %\ld take f h] ! dom9ion ov] h] *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,! fa!r1 or he or %e t br+e? up ! *ild1 h absolute p[] ov] him4 #h4 ,*ildr5 !re=e1 :e!r !y be br\ght up & pres]v$ by ! fa!r1 or by ! "m1 or by :omsoev]1 are 9 mo/ absolute subjection to him or h]1 t s br+e? !m up1 or pres]ve? !m4 ,& !y may ali5ate !m1 t is1 assign 8 or h] dom9ion1 by sell+1 or giv+ !m1 9 adoption or s]vitude to o!rs2 or may pawn !m = ho/ages1 kill !m = rebellion1 or sacrifice !m = peace1 by ! law ( nature1 :5 he or %e1 9 8 or h] consci5ce1 ?9k x to be necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om 9 subjects :at x is4 #i4 ,! subjection ( !m :o in/itute a commonweal? among/ !mselves1 is no less absolute1 ?an ! subjection ( s]vants4 ,& !re9 !y are 9 equal e/ate4 ,b ! hope ( ^? is great] ?an ! hope ( ^!4 ,= he t subjecte? himself uncompell$1 ?9ke? !re is reason he %\ld be bett] us$1 ?an he t do? x ^u compulsion2 & com+ 9 freely1 calle? himself1 ?\gh 9 subjection1 a freeman2 :]eby x appe>e?1 t lib]ty is n any exemption f subjection & ob$i5ce to ! sov]eign p[]1 b a /ate ( bett] hope ?an !irs1 t h be5 subject$ by =ce & conque/4 ,& ?is 0 ! reason1 t ! "n :i* signifie? *ildr5 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 is lib]i1 :i* also signifie? freem54 ,& yet 9 ,rome1 no?+ at t "t 0 s obnoxi\s to ! p[] ( o!rs1 z *ildr5 9 ! family ( _! fa!rs4 ,= bo? ! /ate _h p[] ov] _! life )\t cons5t ( _! fa!rs1 & ! fa!r might kill 8 son by 8 own au?ority1 )\t any w>rant f ! /ate4 ,fre$om !re=e 9 commonweal?s is no?+ b ! hon\r ( equality ( fav\r ) o!r subjects1 & s]vitude ! e/ate ( ! re/4 ,a freeman !re=e may expect employm5ts ( hon\r1 r ?an a s]vant4 ,& ?is is all t c be und]/ood by ! lib]ty ( ! subject4 ,= 9 all o!r s5ses1 lib]ty is ! /ate ( him t is n subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,a great family is a patrimonial k+dom4 #aj4 ,n[ :5 a fa!r t ha? *ildr51 ha? s]vants also1 ! *ildr51 n by ! "r ( ! *ild1 b by ! natural indulg5ce ( ! p>5ts1 are su* freem54 ,& ! :ole1 consi/+ ( ! fa!r or "m1 or bo?1 & ( ! *ildr51 & ( ! s]vants1 is call$ a family1 :]e9 ! fa!r or "m ( ! family is sov]eign ( ! same1 & ! re/1 bo? *ildr5 & s]vants equally1 subjects4 ,! same family1 if x gr[ by multiplication ( *ildr51 ei!r by g5]ation1 or adoption2 or ( s]vants1 ei!r by g5]ation1 conque/1 or volunt>y submission1 to be s great & num]\s1 z 9 probability x may protect itself1 !n is t family call$ a patrimonial k+dom1 or mon>*y by acquisition1 :]e9 ! sov]eignty is 9 "o man1 z x is 9 a mon>* made by political in/itution4 ,s t :atsoev] rights be 9 ! "o1 ! same also be 9 ! o!r4 ,& !re=e ,i %all no m speak ( !m z di/9ct1 b ( mon>*y 9 g5]al4 ,sid5ote3 ,succession ( ! sov]eign p[]1 c4 #aa4 ,hav+ %[$ by :at "r ! sev]al sorts ( commonweal?s1 democracy1 ari/ocracy1 & mon>*y1 are erect$1 x foll[e?1 to %[ by :at "r !y are cont9u$4 ,! "r by :i* !y are cont9u$1 is call$ ! "r ( succession to ! sov]eign p[]2 :]e( !re is no?+ to be said 9 a democracy1 because ! sov]eign die? n1 z long z !re be subjects alive3 nor 9 an ari/ocracy1 because x _c easily fall out1 t ! optimates %\ld e "o fail at once2 & if x %\ld s fall out1 !re is no "q1 b ! commonweal? is !reby dissolv$4 ,x is !re=e 9 a mon>*y only1 t !re c happ5 a "q conc]n+ ! succession4 ,& fir/1 =asmu* z a mon>*1 :i* is absolute sov]eign1 ha? ! dom9ion 9 8 own "r1 he may dispose !re( at 8 own w4 ,if !re=e by 8 la/ w1 he %all "n 8 successor1 ! "r passe? by t w4 ,sid5ote3 ,?\gh ! successor be n decl>$1 yet !re is always "o to be presum$4 #ab4 ,nor if ! mon>* die )\t any w conc]n+ ! succession decl>$1 x is n !re=e to be presum$1 x 0 8 w1 8 subjects1 :i* are to him z 8 *ildr5 & s]vants1 %\ld return aga9 to ! /ate ( an>*y1 t is1 to w> & ho/ility4 ,= t 7 expressly aga9/ ! law ( nature1 :i* comm&e? to procure peace1 & to ma9ta9 ! same4 ,x is !re=e to be conjectur$ ) reason1 t x 0 8 int5tion to bequea? !m peace1 t is to say1 a p[] co]cive1 :]eby to keep !m f s$ition among/ !mselves2 & r 9 ! =m ( a mon>*y1 ?an any o!r gov]nm5t2 =asmu* z he1 by ! ex]cise !re( 9 8 own p]son1 ha? decl>$1 t he approve? ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ildr5 pref]r$ to ! succession1 c4 #ac4 ,fur!r1 x is to be suppos$1 8 int5tion 01 t 8 own *ildr5 %\ld be pref]r$ 9 ! succession1 :5 no?+ to ! contr>y is expressly decl>$1 be=e any o!r4 ,= m5 naturally seek _! own hon\r1 & t consi/e? 9 ! hon\r ( _! *ildr5 aft] !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! males be=e ! females4 #ad4 ,aga91 see+ e mon>* is suppos$ to desire to cont9ue ! gov]nm5t 9 8 successors1 z long z he may2 & t g5]ally m5 are endu$ ) great] p>ts ( wisdom & c\rage1 by :i* all mon>*ies are kept f dissolution1 ?an wom5 are2 x is to be presum$1 :]e no express w is extant to ! contr>y1 he pref]re? 8 male *ildr5 be=e ! female4 ,n b t wom5 may gov]n1 & h 9 div]s ages & places gov]n$ wisely1 b are n s apt !reto 9 g5]al1 z m54 ,sid5ote3 ,! elde/ be=e ! re/ ( ! bro!rs4 #ae4 ,because ! sov]eign p[] is indivisible1 x _c be suppos$1 t he int5d$ ! same %\ld be divid$1 b t x %\ld desc5d entirely ^u "o ( !m1 :i* is to be presum$1 %\ld be ! elde/1 assign$ !reto by ! lot ( nature1 because he appo9t$ no o!r lot = ! decision !re(4 ,besides1 :at diff]5ce ( ability soev] !re may be among/ ! bre?r51 ! odds %all be adjudg$ to ! eld]1 because no subject ha? au?ority o!rwise to judge !re(4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bro!r next to ! *ildr54 #af4 ,& = want ( issue 9 ! possessor1 ! bro!r %all be presum$ successor4 ,= by ! judgm5t ( nature1 next 9 blood is next 9 love2 & next 9 love is next to pref]m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! succession ( ! possessor1 c4 #ag4 ,& z ! succession foll[e? ! fir/ mon>*1 s also x foll[e? him or h] t is 9 possession2 & consequ5tly1 ! *ildr5 ( him 9 possession1 %all be pref]r$ be=e ! *ildr5 ( 8 fa!r1 or pr$ecessor4 ------- ,,*apt] ,v4 #a4 ,! utility ( ! commonweal?1 c4 #b4 ,! loss ( lib]ty1 c4 #c4 ,mon>*y approv$ by1 c4 #d4 ,mon>*y less subject to passion1 c4 #e1 #f4 ,subjects 9 mon>*y1 c4 #g4 ,laws 9 mon>*y less *angeable1 c4 #h4 ,mon>*ies less subject to dissolution4 ,sid5ote3 ,! utility ( ! commonweal?1 c4 #a4 ,hav+ set =? ! nature ( a ,body ,politic1 & ! ?ree sorts !re(1 democracy1 ari/ocracy1 & mon>*y2 9 ?is *apt] %all be decl>$1 ! conv5i5ces1 & inconv5i5ces1 t arise f ! same1 bo? 9 g5]al1 & ( ! said sev]al sorts 9 p>ticul>4 ,& fir/1 see+ a body politic is erect$ only = ! rul+ & gov]n+ ( p>ticul> m51 ! b5efit & damage !re(1 consi/e? 9 ! b5efit or damage ( be+ rul$4 ,! b5efit is t = :i* a body politic 0 in/itut$1 namely1 ! peace & pres]vation ( e p>ticul> man1 ?an :i* x is n possible !re c be a great]1 z ha? be5 t\*$ be=e1 ,"p ,i4 *apt] ,i4 section #ab4 ,& ?is b5efit ext5de? equally bo? to ! sov]eign1 & to ! subjects4 ,= he or !y t h ! sov]eign p[]1 h b ! def5ce ( _! p]sons1 by ! assi/ance ( ! p>ticul>s2 & e p>ticul> man ha? 8 def5ce by _! union 9 ! sov]eign4 ,z = o!r b5efits1 :i* p]ta9 n to _! safety & suffici5cy1 b to _! well & delightful be+1 su* z are sup]flu\s ri*es1 !y s belong to ! sov]eign1 z !y mu/ also be 9 ! subject2 & s to ! subject1 z !y mu/ also be 9 ! sov]eign4 ,= ! ri*es & treasure ( ! sov]eign1 is ! dom9ion he ha? ov] ! ri*es ( 8 subjects4 ,if !re=e ! sov]eign provide n s z t p>ticul> m5 may h means1 bo? to pres]ve !mselves1 & also to pres]ve ! public2 ! common or sov]eign treasure c be none4 ,& on ! o!r side1 if x 7 n = a common & public treasure belong+ to ! sov]eign p[]1 m5's private ri*es w\ld soon] s]ve to put !m into confusion & w>1 ?an to secure & ma9ta9 !m4 ,insomu*1 z ! pr(it ( ! sov]eign & subject goe? always toge!r4 ,t di/9ction !re=e ( gov]nm5t1 t !re is "o gov]nm5t = ! good ( him t gov]ne?1 & ano!r = ! good ( !m t be gov]n$2 :]e( ! =m] is despotical1 t is lordly2 ! o!r1 a gov]nm5t ( freem51 is n "r4 ,no m is ! op9ion ( !m t hold x to be no city1 :i* consi/e? ( a ma/] & 8 s]vants4 ,!y might z well say1 x 7 no city1 t consi/$ 9 a fa!r & 8 own issue1 h[ num]\s soev] !y 74 ,= to a ma/] t ha? no *ildr51 ! s]vants h 9 !m all ^? respects1 = :i* m5 love _! *ildr54 ,= !y are 8 /r5g? & 8 hon\r4 ,& 8 p[] is no great] ov] !m1 ?an ov] 8 *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,! loss ( lib]ty1 c4 #b4 ,! inconv5i5ce aris+ f gov]nm5t 9 g5]al to him t gov]ne?1 consi/e? p>tly 9 ! cont9ual c>e & tr\ble ab\t ! bus9ess ( o!r m51 t are 8 subjects2 & p>tly1 9 ! dang] ( 8 p]son4 ,= ! head always is t "p1 n only :]e ! c>e reside?1 b also aga9/ :i* ! /roke ( an enemy mo/ commonly is direct$4 ,to balance ?is incommodity1 ! sov]eignty1 toge!r ) ! necessity ( ?is c>e & dang]1 compreh5de? s mu* hon\r1 ri*es1 & means1 :]eby to delight ! m9d1 z no private man's weal? c atta9 unto4 ,! inconv5i5ces ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al to a subject are none at all1 if well consid]$1 b 9 appe>ance4 ,!re be two ?+s t may tr\ble 8 m9d1 or two g5]al grievances2 ! "o is1 loss ( lib]ty2 ! o!r1 ! unc]ta9ty ( meum & tuum4 ,= ! fir/1 x consi/e? 9 ?is1 t a subject may no m gov]n 8 own actions accord+ to 8 own discretion & judgm5t1 or1 :i* is all "o1 consci5ce1 z ! pres5t occasions f "t to "t %all dictate to him2 b mu/ be ti$ to d accord+ to t w only1 :i* once = all he _h long ago laid up1 & involv$ 9 ! wills ( ! major "p ( an assembly1 or 9 ! w ( "s "o man4 ,b ?is is really no inconv5i5ce4 ,=1 z x ha? be5 %[$ be=e1 x is ! only means1 by :i* we h any possibility ( pres]v+ ourselves4 ,= if e man 7 all[$ ?is lib]ty ( foll[+ 8 consci5ce1 9 su* diff]5ce ( consci5ces1 !y w\ld n live toge!r 9 peace an h\r4 ,b x appe>e? a great inconv5i5ce to e man 9 p>ticul>1 to be deb>r$ ( ?is lib]ty1 because e "o ap>t consid]e? x z 9 himself1 & n z 9 ! re/2 by :i* means1 lib]ty appe>e? 9 ! lik5ess ( rule & gov]nm5t ov] o!rs4 ,= :]e "o man is at lib]ty1 & ! re/ b\nd1 !re t "o ha? gov]nm5t2 :i* hon\r1 he t und]/&e? n s mu*1 dem&+ by ! "n simply ( lib]ty1 ?9ke? x a great grievance & injury to be d5i$ x4 ,= ! second grievance conc]n+ meum & tuum1 x is also none1 b 9 appe>ance only2 x consi/e? 9 ?is1 t ! sov]eign p[] take? f him t :i* he us$ to enjoy1 kn[+ no o!r propriety1 b use & cu/om4 ,b )\t su* sov]eign p[]1 ! "r ( m5 is n propriety to any?+1 b a community1 no bett] ?an to h no "r at all1 z ha? be5 %[$1 ,"p ,i4 *apt] ,i4 section #aj4 ,propriety !re=e be+ d]iv$ f ! sov]eign p[]1 is n to be pret5d$ aga9/ ! same1 especially1 :5 by x e subject ha? 8 propriety aga9/ e o!r subject1 :i* :5 sov]eignty cease?1 he ha? n1 because 9 t case !y return to w> among/ !mselves4 ,^? levies !re=e :i* are made ^u m5's e/ates1 by ! sov]eign au?ority1 are no m b ! price ( t peace & def5ce :i* ! sov]eignty ma9ta9e? = !m4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 no money nor =ces = ! w>s1 nor any o!r public occasion1 c\ld ju/ly be levi$ 9 ! _w4 ,= nei!r k+1 nor democracy1 nor ari/ocracy1 nor ! e/ates ( any l&1 c\ld d x1 if ! sov]eignty c\ld n4 ,= 9 all ^? cases1 x is levi$ by virtue ( ! sov]eignty4 ,nay m1 by ! ?ree e/ates "h1 ! l& ( "o man may be transf]r$ to ano!r1 )\t crime ( him f :om x 0 tak51 & )\t pret5ce ( public b5efit1 z ha? be5 done2 & ?is )\t injury1 because done by ! sov]eign p[]4 ,= ! p[] :]eby x is done1 is no less ?an sov]eign1 & _c be great]4 ,!re=e ?is grievance = meum & tuum is n real1 unless m be exact$ ?an is necess>y2 b x seeme? a grievance1 because to !m t ei!r "k n ! "r ( sov]eignty1 or to :om t "r belonge?1 x seeme? an injury2 & injury1 h[ little soev] ! damage1 is always griev\s1 z putt+ u 9 m9d ( our disability to help ourselves1 & into envy ( ! p[] to d u wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,mon>*y approv$ by1 c4 #c4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! inconv5i5ces ( ! subject1 by gov]nm5t 9 g5]al1 let u consid] ! same 9 ! ?ree sev]al sorts !re(1 namely1 democracy1 ari/ocracy & mon>*y2 :]e( ! two =m] are 9 effect b "o4 ,=1 z ,i h %[$ be=e1 democracy is b ! gov]nm5t ( a few orators4 ,! comp>ison !re=e w be betwe5 mon>*y & ari/ocracy3 & to omit t ! _w1 z x 0 creat$1 s also x is gov]n$ by "o ,god ,almighty2 & t all ! anci5ts h pref]r$ mon>*y be=e o!r gov]nm5ts1 bo? 9 op9ion1 because !y feign$ a mon>*ical gov]nm5t among/ _! gods1 & also by _! cu/om2 = t 9 ! mo/ anci5t times all p 7 s gov]n$3 & t pat]nal gov]nm5t1 :i* is mon>*y1 0 in/itut$ 9 ! beg9n+ f ! creation2 & t o!r gov]nm5ts h proce$$ f ! dissolution !re(1 caus$ by ! rebelli\s nature ( mank9d1 & be b pieces ( brok5 mon>*ies cem5t$ by human wit1 ,i w insi/ only on ?is comp>ison1 ^u ! inconv5i5ces t may happ5 to ! subjects 9 consequ5ce to ea* ( ^! gov]nm5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,mon>*y less subject to passion1 c4 #d4 ,& fir/1 x seeme? inconv5i5t !re %\ld be committ$ s great a p[] to "o man1 z t x might be lawful to no o!r man or m5 to resi/ ! same2 & "s ?9k x inconv5i5t eo nom9e1 because he ha? ! p[]4 ,b ?is reason we may n by any means admit1 = x make? x inconv5i5t to be rul$ by ,almighty ,god1 :o )\t "q ha? m p[] ov] e man1 ?an c be conf]r$ ^u any mon>*4 ,?is inconv5i5ce !re=e mu/ be d]iv$ n f ! p[]1 b f ! affections & passions :i* reign 9 e "o1 z well mon>* z subject1 by :i* ! mon>* may be sway$ to use t p[] amiss3 & because an ari/ocracy consi/e? ( m51 if ! passions ( _m m5 be m viol5t :5 !y are assembl$ toge!r1 ?an ! passions ( "o man alone1 x w foll[1 t ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f passions w be great] 9 an ari/ocracy1 ?an a mon>*y4 ,b !re is no d\bt1 :5 ?+s are debat$ 9 great assemblies1 b e man deliv]+ 8 op9ion at l>ge )\t int]ruption1 endeav\re? to make :atsoev] he is to set =? = good1 bett]2 & :at he w\ld h appreh5d$ z evil1 worse1 z mu* z is possible1 to ! end 8 c\nsel may take place2 :i* c\nsel also is nev] )\t aim at 8 own b5efit1 or hon\r2 e man's end be+ "s good to himself4 ,n[ ?is _c be done )\t work+ on ! passions ( ! re/4 ,& ?us ! passions ( ^! t are s+ly mod]ate1 are altoge!r vehem5t2 ev5 z a great _m coals1 ?\gh b w>m asund]1 be+ put toge!r1 inflame "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,subjects 9 mon>*y1 c4 #e4 ,ano!r inconv5i5ce ( mon>*y1 is ?is1 t ! mon>*1 besides ! ri*es necess>y = ! def5ce ( ! commonweal?1 may take s mu* m f ! subjects1 z may enri* 8 *ildr51 k9dr$ & fav\rites1 to :at degree he please?2 :i* ?\gh x be inde$ an inconv5i5ce1 if he %\ld s d1 yet is ! same bo? great] 9 an ari/ocracy1 & also m likely to come to pass1 = !re n "o only1 b _m h *ildr51 k9dr$1 & fri5ds to raise4 ,& 9 t po9t !y are z tw5ty mon>*s = "o1 & likely to set =w>d "o ano!r's designs mutually1 to ! oppression ( all ! re/4 ,! same also happ5e? 9 a democracy1 if !y all d agree2 o!rwise !y br+ a worse inconv5i5ce2 to wit1 s$ition4 #f4 ,ano!r inconv5i5ce ( mon>*y1 is ! p[] ( disp5s+ ) ! execution ( ju/ice1 :]eby ! family & fri5ds ( ! mon>*1 may1 ) impunity1 commit outrages ^u ! p1 or oppress !m ) extortion4 ,b 9 ari/ocracies1 n only "o1 b _m h p[] ( tak+ m5 out ( ! h&s ( ju/ice1 & no man is will+ 8 k9dr$ or fri5ds %\ld be puni%$ accord+ to _! dem]its4 ,& !re=e !y und]/& among/ !mselves )\t fur!r speak+1 z a tacit cov5ant1 hodie mihi1 cras tibi4 ,sid5ote3 ,laws 9 mon>*y less *angeable1 c4 #g4 ,ano!r inconv5i5ce ( mon>*y1 is ! p[] ( alt]+ laws4 ,conc]n+ :i*1 x is necess>y t su* a p[] be1 t laws may be alt]$1 accord+ z m5's mann]s *ange1 or z ! conjuncture ( all circum/ances )9 & )\t ! commonweal? %all require2 ! *ange ( law be+ !n inconv5i5t1 :5 x proce$e? f ! *ange1 n ( ! occasion1 b ( ! m9ds ( him or !m1 by ^: au?ority ! laws are made4 ,n[ x is manife/ en\gh ( itself1 t ! m9d ( "o man is n s v>iable 9 t po9t1 z are ! decrees ( an assembly4 ,= n only !y h all _! natural *anges1 b ! *ange ( any "o man may be en\gh1 ) eloqu5ce & reputation1 or by solicitation & faction1 to make t law to-day1 :i* ano!r by ! v same means1 %all abrogate to-morr[4 ,sid5ote3 ,mon>*ies less subject to dissolution4 #h4 ,la/ly1 ! greate/ inconv5i5ce t c happ5 to a commonweal?1 is ! aptitude to dissolve into civil w>2 & to ?is are mon>*ies mu* less subject1 ?an any o!r gov]nm5ts4 ,= :]e ! union1 or b& ( a commonweal?1 is "o man1 !re is no di/raction2 :]eas 9 assemblies1 ^? t are ( diff]5t op9ions1 & give diff]5t c\nsel1 are apt to fall out among/ !mselves1 & to cross ! designs ( ! commonweal? = "o ano!r's sake3 & :5 !y _c h ! hon\r ( mak+ good _! own devices1 !y yet seek ! hon\r to make ! c\nsels ( _! adv]s>ies prove va94 ,& 9 ?is cont5tion1 :5 ! opposite factions happ5 to be any?+ equal 9 /r5g?1 !y pres5tly fall to w>4 ,:]e9 necessity tea*e? bo? sides1 t an absolute mon>*1 to wit1 a g5]al1 is necess>y bo? = _! def5ce aga9/ "o ano!r1 & also = ! peace ( ea* faction )9 itself4 ,b ?is aptitude to dissolution1 is to be und]/ood = an inconv5i5ce 9 su* ari/ocracies only :]e ! affairs ( /ate are debat$ 9 great & num]\s assemblies1 z !y 7 anci5tly 9 ,a!ns1 & 9 ,rome2 & n 9 su* z d no?+ else 9 great assemblies1 b *oose magi/rates & c\nsellors1 & commit ! h&l+ ( /ate affairs to a few2 su* z is ! ari/ocracy ( ,v5ice at ?is day4 ,= ^! are no m apt to dissolve f ?is occasion1 ?an mon>*ies1 ! c\nsel ( /ate be+ bo? 9 ! "o & ! o!r alike4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 #a4 ,a difficulty conc]n+ absolute subjection to man1 aris+ f our absolute subjection to ,god ,almighty1 prop\nd$4 #b4 ,t ?is difficulty is only among/ ^? ,*ri/ians t d5y ! int]pretation ( ! ,scripture to dep5d ^u ! sov]eign au?ority ( ! commonweal?4 #c4 ,t human laws are n made to gov]n ! consci5ces ( m51 b _! words & actions4 #d4 ,places ( ,scripture to prove ob$i5ce due f ,*ri/ians to _! sov]eign 9 all ?+s4 #e4 ,a di/9ction prop\nd$ betwe5 a fundam5tal po9t ( fai?1 & a sup]/ruction4 #f4 ,an explication ( ! po9ts ( fai?1 t be fundam5tal4 #g4 ,t ! belief ( ^? fundam5tal po9ts1 is all t is requir$ to salvation1 z ( fai?4 #h4 ,t o!r po9ts n fundam5tal1 are n necess>y to salvation z matt] ( fai?2 & t no m is requir$ by way ( fai? to ! salvation ( "o man1 ?an to ! salvation ( ano!r4 #i4 ,t sup]/ructions are n po9ts ( ! fai? necess>y to a ,*ri/ian4 #aj4 ,h[ fai? & ju/ice concur to salvation4 #aa4 ,t 9 ,*ri/ian commonweal?s1 ob$i5ce to ,god & man /& well toge!r4 #ab4 ,?is t5et1 :atsoev] is aga9/ ! consci5ce1 is s91 int]pret$4 #ac4 ,t all m5 d confess ! necessity ( submitt+ ( controv]sies to "s human au?ority4 #ad4 ,t ,*ri/ians "u an infidel are dis*>g$ ( ! inju/ice ( disobey+ him1 9 t :i* conc]ne? ! fai? necess>y to salvation1 by n resi/+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a difficulty conc]n+ absolute subjection to man1 aris+ f our absolute subjection to ,god ,almighty1 prop\nd$4 #a4 ,hav+ %[$1 t 9 all commonweal?s :atsoev]1 ! necessity ( peace & gov]nm5t require?1 t !re be exi/5t "s p[]1 ei!r 9 "o man1 or 9 "o assembly ( m51 by ! "n ( ! p[] sov]eign1 :i* x is n lawful = any memb] ( ! same commonweal? to disobey2 !re occurre? n[ a difficulty1 :i*1 if x be n remov$1 make? x unlawful = a man to put himself "u ! comm& ( su* absolute sov]eignty z is requir$ !reto4 ,& ! difficulty is ?is2 we h among/ u ! ,^w ( ,god = ! rule ( our actions3 n[ if we %all subject ourselves to m5 also1 oblig+ ourselves to d su* actions z %all be by !m comm&$1 :5 ! comm&s ( ,god & man %all diff]1 we are to obey ,god1 r ?an man2 & consequ5tly1 ! cov5ant ( g5]al ob$i5ce to man is unlawful4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ?is difficulty is only among/ ^? ,*ri/ians t d5y ! int]pretation ( ,scripture to dep5d ^u ! sov]eign au?ority ( ! commonweal?4 #b4 ,?is difficulty ha? n be5 ( v great antiquity 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 no su* dilemma among/ ! ,jews2 = _! civil law1 & div9e law1 0 "o & ! same law ( ,moses2 ! int]pret]s :]e( 7 ! prie/s1 ^: p[] 0 subord9ate to ! p[] ( ! k+2 z 0 ! p[] ( ,a>on1 to ! p[] ( ,moses4 ,nor is x a controv]sy t 0 ev] tak5 notice ( among/ ! ,grecians1 ,romans1 or o!r ,g5tiles3 = among/ ^! _! sev]al civil laws 7 ! rules :]eby n only righte\sness & virtue1 b also religion1 & ! ext]nal wor%ip ( ,god1 0 ord]$ & approv$2 t be+ e/eem$ ! true wor%ip ( ,god1 :i* 0 1 accord+ to ! laws civil4 ,also ^? ,*ri/ians t dwell "u ! temporal dom9ion ( ! bi%op ( ,rome1 are free f ?is "q2 = t !y all[ unto him1 _! sov]eign1 to int]pret ! ,scriptures1 :i* are ! law ( ,god1 z he 9 8 own judgm5t %all ?9k "r4 ,?is difficulty !re=e rema9e? among/1 & tr\ble? ^? ,*ri/ians only1 to :om x is all[$1 to take = ! s5se ( ! ,scripture1 t :i* !y make !re(1 ei!r by _! own private int]pretation1 or by ! int]pretation ( su* z are n call$ !reunto by public au?ority2 !y t foll[ _! own int]pretation cont9ually1 dem&+ lib]ty ( consci5ce2 & ^? t foll[ ! int]pretation ( o!rs n orda9$ !reunto by ! sov]eign ( ! commonweal?1 requir+ a p[] 9 matt]s ( religion ei!r above ! p[] civil1 or at lea/ n dep5d+ on x4 ,sid5ote3 ,t human laws are n made to gov]n ! consci5ces ( m51 b _! words actions4 #c4 ,to take away ?is scruple ( consci5ce1 conc]n+ ob$i5ce to human laws1 among/ ^? t int]pret to !mselves ! ^w ( ,god 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ,i prop\nd to _! consid]ation1 fir/1 t no human law is int5d$ to oblige ! consci5ce ( a man1 unless x break out into action1 ei!r ( ! tongue1 or o!r "p ( ! body4 ,! law made !reupon w\ld be ( none effect1 because no man is able to disc]n1 b by ^w or o!r action :e!r su* law be kept or brok54 ,nor did ! apo/les !mselves pret5d dom9ion ov] m5's consci5ces1 conc]n+ ! fai? !y prea*$1 b only p]suasion & in/ruction4 ,& !re=e ,/4 ,paul sai? 7#b ,cor4 i4 #bd71 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 conc]n+ _! controv]sies1 t he & ! re/ ( ! apo/les _h no dom9ion ov] _! fai?1 b 7 help]s ( _! joy4 ,sid5ote3 ,places ( ,scripture to prove ob$i5ce due f ,*ri/ians to _! sov]eign 9 all ?+s4 #d4 ,& = ! actions ( m5 :i* proce$ f _! consci5ces1 ! regulat+ ( :i* actions is ! only means ( peace1 if !y might n /& ) ju/ice1 x 7 impossible t ju/ice t[>ds ,god1 & peace among/ m51 %\ld /& toge!r 9 t religion t tea*e? u1 t ju/ice & peace %all kiss ea* o!r1 & 9 :i* we h s _m precepts ( absolute ob$i5ce to human au?ority2 z ,mat?4 xxiii4 #b1 #c1 we h ?is precept3 ,! ,scribes & ,ph>isees sit 9 ,moses' seat2 all !re=e :atsoev] !y bid y obs]ve1 t obs]ve & d4 ,& yet 7 ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees n prie/s1 b m5 ( temporal au?ority4 ,aga9 ,luke xi4 #ag3 ,e k+dom divid$ aga9/ itself %all be desolate2 & is n t k+dom divid$ aga9/ itself1 :]e ! actions ( e "o %all be rul$ by 8 private op9ion1 or consci5ce1 & yet ^? actions su* z give occasion ( (f5ce & brea* ( peace8 ,aga9 ,rom4 xiii4 #e3 ,:]e=e y mu/ be subject1 n because ( wra? only1 b also = consci5ce sake4 ,titus iii4 #a3 ,put !m 9 remembrance1 t !y be subject to pr9cipalities & p[]s4 #a ,pet] ii4 #ac1 #ad3 ,submit y\rselves unto all mann] ( ord9ance ( man1 = ! ,"l's sake1 :e!r x be unto ! k+1 z unto ! sup]ior1 or unto gov]nors1 z unto !m t are s5t by him = ! puni%m5t ( evil do]s4 ,jude1 v]se #h3 ,^! dream]s also t defile ! fle%1 & despise gov]nm5t1 & speak evil ( !m t are 9 au?ority4 ,& =asmu* z all subjects 9 commonweal?s are 9 ! nature ( *ildr5 & s]vants1 t :i* is a comm& to !m1 is a comm& to all subjects4 ,b to ^! ,/4 ,paul sai? 7,colos4 iii4 #bj1 #bb73 ,*ildr51 obey y\r p>5ts 9 all ?+s2 s]vants1 be ob$i5t to y\r ma/]s accord+ to ! fle% 9 all ?+s4 ,& v]se #bc3 ,d x he>tily z to ! ,"l4 ,^! places consid]$1 x seeme? /range to me1 t any man 9 a ,*ri/ian commonweal?1 %\ld h any occasion to d5y 8 ob$i5ce to public au?ority1 ^u ?is gr\nd1 t x is bett] to obey ,god ?an man4 ,= ?\gh ,/4 ,pet] & ! apo/les did s answ] ! c\ncil ( ! ,jews1 t =bad !m to prea* ,*ri/1 !re appe>e? no reason t ,*ri/ians %\ld allege ! same aga9/ _! ,*ri/ian gov]nors1 t comm& !m to prea* ,*ri/4 ,to reconcile ?is seem+ contradiction ( simple ob$i5ce to ,god1 & simple ob$i5ce to man1 we are to consid] a ,*ri/ian subject1 z "u a ,*ri/ian sov]eign1 or "u an infidel4 ,sid5ote3 ,a di/9ction prop\nd$ betwe5 a fundam5tal po9t ( fai? & a sup]/ruction4 #e4 ,& "u a ,*ri/ian sov]eign we are to consid]1 :at actions we are =bidd5 by ,god ,almighty to obey !m 91 & :at n4 ,! actions we are =bidd5 to obey !m 91 are su* only1 z imply a d5ial ( t fai? :i* is necess>y to our salvation3 = o!rwise !re c be no pret5ce ( disob$i5ce2 = :y %\ld a man incur ! dang] ( a temporal dea?1 by displeas+ ( 8 sup]ior1 if x 7 n = fe> ( et]nal dea? h]eaft]8 ,x mu/ !re=e be enquir$1 :at ^? propositions & articles be1 ! belief :]e( our ,savi\r or 8 apo/les h decl>$ to be su*1 z )\t believ+ !m1 a man _c be sav$2 & !n all o!r po9ts1 t are n[ controv]t$1 & made di/9ction ( sects1 ,papi/s1 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 ,arm9ians1 c4 7z 9 old "t1 ! l made ,pauli/s1 ,apollonians1 & ,cephasians71 mu/ ne$s be su*1 z a man ne$e? n = ! hold+ !re(1 d5y ob$i5ce to 8 sup]iors4 ,& = ! po9ts ( fai? necess>y to salvation1 ,i %all call !m fundam5tal1 & e o!r po9t a sup]/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,an explication ( ! po9ts ( fai?1 t be fundam5tal4 #f4 ,& )\t all controv]sy1 !re is n any m necess>y po9t to be believ$ = man's salvation ?an ?is1 t ,jesus is ! ,messiah1 t is1 ! ,*ri/2 :i* proposition is explicat$ 9 sundry sorts1 b /ill ! same 9 effect2 z1 t he is ,god's ano9t$2 = t is signifi$ by ! ^w ,*ri/3 t he 0 ! true & lawful k+ ( ,israel1 ! son ( ,david1 ! ,savi\r ( ! _w1 ! r$eem] ( ,israel1 ! salvation ( ,god1 he t %\ld come into ! _w1 ! son ( ,god1 &1 :i* ,i desire by ! way to h not$1 aga9/ ! n[ sect ( ,arians1 ! begott5 ,son ( ,god1 ,acts iii4 #ac2 ,heb4 v4 #e3 ,! only begott5 ,son ( ,god1 ,john i4 #ad1 #ah2 ,john iii4 #af1 #ah2 #a ,john iv4 #i3 ,t he 0 ,god1 ,john i4 #a2 ,john xx4 #bh3 ,t ! fulness ( ! ,godhead dwelt 9 him bodily1 ,coloss4 ii4 #i3 ,moreov]1 ! ,holy ,"o1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,god1 ! =giv] ( s9s1 t he is ris5 f ! dead4 ,^! are explications1 & p>ts ( t g5]al article1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,?is po9t !re=e1 & all ! explications !re( are fundam5tal3 z also all su* z be evid5tly inf]r$ f !nce2 z1 ,,belief ,,9 ,,god ,,! ,,fa!r3 ,john xii4 #dd3 ,he t believe? 9 me1 believe? n 9 me1 b 9 him t s5t me2 #a ,john ii4 #bc3 ,he t d5ie? ! ,son1 ha? n ! ,fa!r3 ,,belief ,,9 ,,god ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/1 ( :om ,*ri/ sai?1 ,john xiv4 #bf3 ,b ! ,com=t]1 :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/1 :om ! ,fa!r w s5d 9 my "n3 & ,john xv4 #bf3 ,b :5 ! ,com=t] %all come1 :om ,i w s5d unto y f ! ,fa!r1 ev5 ! ,_s ( tru?3 ,,belief ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 by :i* we believe ^? po9ts & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 )\t :i* we _c believe he is a ,savi\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! belief ( ^? fundam5tal po9ts1 is all t is requir$ to salvation1 z ( fai?4 #g4 ,& z ^! are ! fundam5tal po9ts ( fai? necess>y to salvation2 s also are !y only necess>y z matt] ( fai?1 & only ess5tial to ! call+ ( a ,*ri/ian2 z may appe> by _m evid5t places ( ,holy ,scripture3 ,john v4 #ci3 ,se>* ! ,scriptures1 = 9 !m ye ?9k ye h et]nal life1 & !y are !y :i* te/ify ( me4 ,n[1 =asmu* z by ! ,scripture1 is meant !re ! ,old ,te/am5t 7! ,new be+ !n n writt571 ! belief ( t :i* 0 writt5 conc]n+ our ,savi\r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 suffici5t belief = ! obta9+ ( et]nal life3 b 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re is no?+ reveal$ conc]n+ ,*ri/1 b t he is ! ,messiah1 & su* ?+s z belong to ! fundam5tal po9ts !reupon dep5d+4 ,& !re=e ^? fundam5tal po9ts are suffici5t to salvation z ( fai?4 ,& ,john vi4 #bh1 #bi3 ,!n said !y unto him1 ,:at %all we d1 t we might "w ! works ( ,god8 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m4 ,?is is ! "w ( ,god1 t ye believe 9 him1 :om he ha? s5t4 ,s t ! po9t to be believ$ is1 ,t ,jesus ,*ri/ came =? f ,god1 & he :i* believe? x1 worke? ! works ( ,god4 ,john xi4 #bf1 #bg3 ,:osoev] live? & believe? 9 me1 %all nev] die4 ,believe/ ?\ ?is8 ,%e said unto him1 ,yea1 ,"l1 ,i believe t ?\ art ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :i* %\ld come into ! _w4 ,h5ce foll[e?1 ,he t believe? ?is1 %all nev] die4 ,john xx4 #ca3 ,b ^! ?+s are writt51 t ye might believe1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+1 ye might h life ?r\gh 8 "n4 ,by :i* appe>e?1 t ?is fundam5tal po9t is all t is requir$1 z ( fai? to our salvation4 #a ,john iv4 #b3 ,e _s t confesse? t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is ( ,god3 #a ,john v4 #a3 ,:osoev] believe? t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is born ( ,god2 & 7v]se #e7 ,:o is he t ov]come? ! _w1 b he t believe?1 t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god3 & v]se #ac3 ,^! ?+s h ,i writt5 unto y t believe 9 ! "n ( ! ,son ( ,god1 t ye may "k t ye h et]nal life4 ,acts1 viii4 #cf1 #cg3 ,! eunu* said1 ,"h is wat]1 :at do? h9d] me to be baptiz$8 ,& ,philip said unto him1 ,if ?\ believe/ ) all ?y he>t1 ?\ maye/4 ,he answ]$ & said1 ,i believe t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is po9t !re=e 0 suffici5t = ! reception ( man into baptism1 t is to say1 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,& ,acts1 xvi4 #bi-ca3 ,! keep] ( ! prison fell d[n be=e ,paul & ,silas1 & said1 ,sirs1 :at %all ,i d to be sav$8 ,& !y said1 ,believe 9 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& ! s]mon ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ^u ! day ( ,p5teco/1 0 no?+ else b an explication1 t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,& :5 !y _h he>d him1 !y ask$ him1 ,:at %all we d8 ,he said unto !m1 7,acts1 ii4 #ch73 ,am5d y\r lives1 & be baptiz$ e "o ( y 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ = ! remission ( s9s4 ,rom4 x4 #i3 ,if ?\ %alt confess ) ?y m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & %alt believe 9 ?y he>t1 t ,god rais$ him up f ! dead1 ?\ %alt be sav$4 ,to ^! places may be add$1 t :]esoev] our ,savi\r ,*ri/ do? approve ! fai? ( any man1 ! proposition believ$1 if ! same be to be collect$ out ( ! text1 is always "s ( ^! fundam5tal po9ts be=e m5tion$1 or some?+ equival5t3 z ! fai? ( ! c5turion 7,mat?4 viii4 #h73 ,speak ! ^w only1 & my s]vant %all be heal$2 believ+ he 0 omnipot5t3 ! fai? ( ! woman1 :i* _h an issue ( blood1 7,mat?4 ix4 #ba73 ,if ,i may b t\* ! hem ( 8 g>m5t2 imply+1 he 0 ! ,messiah3 ! fai? requir$ ( ! bl9d m51 7,mat?4 ix4 #bh73 ,believe y t ,i am able to d ?is8 ! fai? ( ! ,canaaniti% woman1 7,mat?4 xv4 #bb71 t he 0 ! ,son ( ,david1 imply+ ! same4 ,& s x is 9 e "o ( ^? places1 none except$1 :]e our ,savi\r comm5de? any man's fai?1 :i* because !y are too _m to ins]t "h1 ,i omit1 & ref] !m to 8 inquisition t is n o!rwise satisfi$4 ,& z !re is no o!r fai? requir$1 s !re 0 no o!r prea*+3 = ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prea*$ no o!r2 & ,john ! ,bapti/ prea*$ only ! approa* ( ! k+dom ( heav51 t is to say1 ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,! same 0 ! commission ( ! apo/les 7,mat?4 x4 #g73 ,g prea*1 say+1 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,& ,paul prea*+ among/ ! ,jews1 7,acts1 xviii4 #e71 did b te/ify unto ! ,jews1 t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,& ! hea!ns took notice ( ,*ri/ians no o!rwise1 b by ?is "n1 t !y believ$ ,jesus to be a k+1 cry+ out1 7,acts1 xvii4 #f1 #g73 ,^! are !y t h subv]t$ ! /ate ( ! _w1 & "h !y are1 :om ,jason ha? receiv$4 ,& ^! all d aga9/ ! decrees ( ,cs>1 say+1 t !re is ano!r k+1 "o ,jesus4 ,& ?is 0 ! sum ( ! pr$ictions1 ! sum ( ! confessions ( !m t believ$1 z well m5 z devils4 ,?is 0 ! title ( 8 cross1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 k+ ( ! ,jews2 ?is ! occasion ( ! cr[n ( ?orns1 sceptre ( re$1 & a man to c>ry 8 cross2 ?is 0 ! subject ( ! ,hosannas2 & ?is 0 ! title1 by :i* our ,savi\r1 comm&+ to take ano!r man's goods1 bade !m say1 ,! ,"l ha? ne$2 & by ?is title he purg$ ! temple ( ! pr(ane m>ket kept !re4 ,nor did ! apo/les !mselves believe any m ?an t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 nor und]/& s mu*2 = !y und]/ood ! ,messiah to be no m ?an a temporal k+1 till aft] our ,savi\r's resurrection4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is po9t1 t ,*ri/ is ! ,messiah1 is p>ticul>ly set =? = fundam5tal by t ^w1 or "s o!r equival5t !reunto 9 div]s places4 ,^u ! confession ( ,pet] 7,mat?4 xvi4 #af73 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 ! son ( ! liv+ ,god1 our ,savi\r 7v]se #ah7 sai?1 ,^u ?is rock w ,i build my *ur*4 ,?is po9t !re=e is ! :ole f\ndation ( ,*ri/'s *ur*4 ,/4 ,paul sai?1 7,rom4 xv4 #bj7 ,i s en=c$ myself to prea* ! ,gospel1 n :]e ,*ri/ 0 nam$1 le/ ,i %\ld h built ^u ano!r man's f\ndation4 ,/4 ,paul1 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aj7 :5 he _h repreh5d$ ! ,cor9?ians = _! sects1 & curi\s doctr9es & que/ions1 he di/+ui%e? betwe5 fundam5tal po9ts1 & sup]/ruction2 & sai?1 ,i h laid ! f\ndation1 & ano!r builde? !reupon2 b let e man take he$ h[ he builde? ^u x4 ,= o!r f\ndation c no man lay ?an t :i* is laid1 :i* is ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,coloss4 ii4 #f1 #g3 ,z y h receiv$ ,*ri/ ,jesus ! ,"l1 s walk 9 him1 root$ & build$ 9 him1 & /abli%$ 9 ! fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t o!r po9ts n fundam5tal1 are n necess>y to salvation z matt]s ( fai?2 & t no m is requir$ by way ( fai? to ! salvation ( "o man ?an to ! salvation ( ano!r4 #h4 ,hav+ %[$ ?is proposition1 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 to be ! only fundam5tal & necess>y po9t ( fai?1 ,i %all set d[n a few places m1 to %[1 t o!r po9ts1 ?\gh !y may be true1 are n s necess>y to be believ$1 z t a man may n be sav$1 ?\gh he believe !m n4 ,& fir/1 if a man c\ld n be sav$ )\t ass5t ( ! he>t to ! tru? ( all controv]sies1 :i* are n[ 9 agitation conc]n+ religion1 ,i _c see1 h[ any man liv+ c be sav$2 s full ( subtilty1 & curi\s k x is to be s great a div9e4 ,:y !re=e %\ld a man ?9k t our ,savi\r1 :o 7,mat?4 xi4 #cj71 sai?1 t 8 yoke is easy1 %\ld require a matt] ( t difficulty8 or h[ are little *ildr5 said to believe1 7,mat?4 xviii4 #f72 or h[ c\ld ! good ?ief be ?\ght suffici5tly cate*is$ ^u ! cross8 or ,/4 ,paul s p]fect a ,*ri/ian pres5tly ^u 8 conv]sion8 & ?\gh !re may be m ob$i5ce requir$ 9 him t ha? ! fundam5tal po9ts explicat$ unto him1 ?an 9 him t ha? receiv$ ! same b implicitly2 yet !re is no m fai? requir$ = salvation 9 "o man1 ?an ano!r4 ,= if x be true1 t ,:osoev] %all confess ) 8 m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & believe 9 8 he>t1 t ,god rais$ him f ! dead1 %all be sav$2 z x is1 ,rom4 x4 #i1 & t ,:osoev] believe? t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is born ( ,god2 ! belief ( t po9t is suffici5t = ! salvation ( any man :osoev] he be1 =asmu* z conc]ne? fai?4 ,& see+ he t believe? n t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 :atsoev] he believe else1 _c be sav$2 x foll[e?1 t !re is no m requir$ ( ! salvation ( "o man1 ?an ano!r1 9 matt] ( fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t sup]/ructions are n po9ts ( ! fai? necess>y to a ,*ri/ian4 #i4 ,ab\t ^! po9ts fundam5tal1 !re is little controv]sy among/ ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh o!rwise ( diff]5t sects among/ !mselves4 ,& !re=e ! controv]sies ( religion1 are altoge!r ab\t po9ts unnecess>y to salvation2 :]e( "s are doctr9es rais$ by human ratioc9ation1 f ! po9ts fundam5tal4 ,z = example2 su* doctr9es z conc]n ! mann] ( ! real pres5ce1 :]e9 are m+l$ t5ets ( fai? conc]n+ ! omnipot5cy & div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ) ! t5ets ( ,ari/otle & ! ,p]ipatetics conc]n+ sub/ance & accid5ts1 species1 hypo/asis1 & ! subsi/5ce & migration ( accid5ts f place to place2 words "s ( !m )\t mean+1 & no?+ b ! cant+ ( ,grecian sophi/]s4 ,& ^! doctr9es are condemn$ expressly1 ,col4 ii4 #h1 :]e aft] ,/4 ,paul _h exhort$ !m to be root$ & build$ 9 ,*ri/1 he give? !m ?is fur!r caveat3 ,bew>e le/ !re be any man t spoil y ?r\gh philosophy & va9 deceits1 ?r\gh ! traditions ( m51 accord+ to ! rudim5ts ( ! _w4 ,& su* are su* doctr9es1 z are rais$ out ( su* places ( ! ,scriptures1 z conc]n n ! f\ndation1 by m5's natural reason2 z ab\t ! concat5ation ( causes1 & ! mann] ( ,god's pr$e/9ation2 :i* are also m+l$ ) philosophy3 z if x 7 possible = m5 t "k n 9 :at mann] ,god see?1 he>e?1 or speake?1 to "k nev]!less ! mann] h[ he int5de?1 & pr$e/9ate?4 ,a man !re=e ought n to exam9e by reason any po9t1 or draw any consequ5ce out ( ,scripture by reason1 conc]n+ ! nature ( ,god ,almighty1 ( :i* reason is n capable4 ,& !re=e ,/4 ,paul1 7,rom4 xii4 #c7 give? a good rule1 ,t no man presume to und]/& above t :i* is meet to und]/&1 b t he und]/& accord+ to sobriety3 :i* !y d n1 :o presume out ( ,scripture1 by _! own int]pretation1 to raise any doctr9e to ! und]/&+1 conc]n+ ^? ?+s :i* are incompreh5sible4 ,& ?is :ole controv]sy conc]n+ ! pr$e/9ation ( ,god1 & ! free-w ( man1 is n peculi> to ,*ri/ian m54 ,= we h huge volumes ( ?is subject1 "u ! "n ( fate & cont+5cy1 disput$ betwe5 ! ,epicureans & ! ,/oics1 & consequ5tly x is n matt] ( fai?1 b ( philosophy3 & s are also all ! que/ions conc]n+ any o!r po9t1 b ! f\ndation be=e nam$2 & ,god receive? a man1 :i* "p ( ! "q soev] he holde?4 ,x 0 a controv]sy 9 ,/4 ,paul's "t1 :e!r a ,*ri/ian ,g5tile might eat freely ( any ?+ :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,jews did n2 & ! ,jew condemn$ ! ,g5tile t he did eat1 to :om ,/4 ,paul sai?1 7,rom4 xiv4 #c73 ,let n him t eate? n1 judge him t eate?2 = ,god ha? receiv$ him4 ,& v]se #f1 9 ! "q conc]n+ ! obs]v+ ( holy days1 :]e9 ! ,g5tiles & ,jews diff]$1 he sai? unto !m1 ,he t obs]ve? ! day1 obs]ve? x to ! ,"l2 & he t obs]ve? n ! day1 obs]ve? x n to ! ,"l4 ,& !y :o /rive conc]n+ su* que/ions1 & divide !mselves into sects1 are n !re=e to be acc\nt$ zeal\s ( ! fai?1 _! /rife be+ b c>nal1 :i* is confirm$ by ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #d73 ,:5 "o sai?1 ,i am ( ,paul1 & ano!r1 ,i am ( ,appollos1 are ye n c>nal8 ,= !y are n que/ions ( fai?1 b ( wit1 :]e91 c>nally1 m5 are incl9$ to seek ! ma/]y "o ( ano!r4 ,= no?+ is truly a po9t ( fai?1 b t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/2 z ,/4 ,paul te/ifie?1 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #b73 ,= ,i e/eem$ n ! k ( any ?+ among/ y1 save ,jesus ,*ri/1 & him crucifi$4 ,& #a ,tim4 vi4 #bj1 #ba3 ,o ,timo!us1 keep t :i* is committ$ unto !e1 & avoid pr(ane & va9 babbl+s1 & opposition ( sci5ce falsely s call$1 :i* :ile "s pr(ess1 !y h err$ conc]n+ ! fai?4 #b ,tim4 ii4 #af3 ,%un pr(ane & va9 babbl+s1 c4 ,v]se #ag1 #ah3 ,( :i* sort is ,hym5u & ,philetus1 :i* z conc]n+ ! tru?1 h err$1 say+1 t ! resurrection is pa/ already4 ,:]eby ,/4 ,paul %[$1 t ! rais+ ( que/ions by human ratioc9ation1 ?\gh x be f ! fundam5tal po9ts !mselves1 is n only n necess>y1 b mo/ dang]\s to ! fai? ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,out ( all ^! places1 ,i draw only ?is conclusion 9 g5]al1 t nei!r ! po9ts n[ 9 controv]sy among/ ,*ri/ians ( diff]5t sects1 or 9 any po9t t ev] %all be 9 controv]sy1 except+ only ^? t are conta9$ 9 ?is article1 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 are necess>y to salvation1 z ( fai?2 ?\gh 9 matt] ( ob$i5ce1 a man may be b\nd n to oppose ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ fai? & ju/ice concur to salvation4 #aj4 ,al?\gh to ! obta9+ ( salvation1 !re be requir$ no m1 z ha? be5 already decl>$1 out ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 z matt] ( fai?1 b ! belief ( ^? fundam5tal articles be=e set =?2 nev]!less1 !re are requir$ o!r ?+s1 z matt] ( ob$i5ce4 ,=1 z x is n en\gh 9 temporal k+doms1 to avoid ! puni%m5t :i* k+s may inflict1 to ackn[l$ge ! "r & title ( ! k+1 )\t ob$i5ce also to 8 laws3 s also x is n en\gh1 to ackn[l$ge our ,savi\r ,*ri/ to be ! k+ ( heav51 9 :i* consi/e? ,*ri/ian fai?1 unless also we endeav\r to obey 8 laws1 :i* are ! laws ( ! k+dom ( heav51 9 :i* consi/e? ,*ri/ian ob$i5ce4 ,& =asmu* z ! laws ( ! k+dom ( heav51 are ! laws ( nature1 z ha? be5 %[$1 ,"p ,i4 *apt] ,v41 n only fai?1 b also ! obs]vation ( ! law ( nature1 7:i* is t = :i* a man is call$ j or righte\s1 9 t s5se1 9 :i* ju/ice is tak5 n = ! abs5ce ( guilt1 b = ! endeav\r & con/ant w to d t :i* is j7 n only fai?1 b ?is ju/ice1 :i* also f ! effect !re(1 is call$ rep5tance1 & sometimes works1 is necess>y to salvation4 ,s t fai? & ju/ice d bo? concur !reto2 & 9 ! sev]al acceptation ( ?is ^w 7ju/ification7 are prop]ly said bo? ( !m to ju/ify2 & ! want ( ei!r ( !m is prop]ly said to condemn4 ,= n only he t resi/e? a k+ ^u d\bt ( 8 title1 b also he t do? x ^u ! inord9at5ess ( 8 passions1 des]ve? puni%m5t4 ,& :5 fai? & works are sep>at$1 n only ! fai? is call$ dead )\t works1 b also works are call$ dead works )\t fai?4 ,& !re=e ,/4 ,james1 7*apt] ii4 #ag71 sai?1 ,ev5 s ! fai?1 if x h no works1 is dead 9 itself2 & v]se #bf3 ,= z ! body )\t ! _s is dead1 ev5 s fai? )\t works is dead4 ,& ,/4 ,paul1 7,heb4 vi4 #a71 calle? works )\t fai?1 dead works1 :]e he sai?1 ,n lay+ aga9 ! f\ndation ( rep5tance f dead works4 ,& by ^! dead works1 is und]/ood n ! ob$i5ce & ju/ice ( ! inw>d man1 b ! opus op]atum1 or ext]nal action1 proce$+ f fe> ( puni%m5t1 or f va9-glory1 & desire to be hon\r$ ( m53 & ^! may be sep>at$ f fai?1 & conduce no way to a man's ju/ification4 ,& = t cause1 ,/4 ,paul1 7,rom4 iv47 exclude? ! righte\sness ( ! law1 f hav+ "p 9 ! ju/ification ( a s9n]4 ,= by ! law ( ,moses1 :i* is appli$ to m5's actions1 & require? ! abs5ce ( guilt1 all m5 liv+ are liable to damnation2 & !re=e no man is ju/ifi$ by works1 b by fai? only4 ,b if works be tak5 = ! endeav\r to d !m1 t is1 if ! w be tak5 = ! de$1 or int]nal = ext]nal righte\sness1 !n d works contribute to salvation4 ,& !n take? place t ( ,/4 ,james1 7*ap4 ii4 #bd73 ,ye see !n1 h[ t ( works a man is ju/ifi$1 & n ( fai? only4 ,& bo? ( ^! are jo9$ to salvation1 z 9 ,/4 ,m>k i4 #ae3 ,rep5t & believe ! gospel4 ,& ,luke xviii4 #ah-bb1 :5 a c]ta9 rul] ask$ our ,savi\r1 :at he ought to d to inh]it et]nal life1 he prop\nd$ to him ! keep+ ( ! comm&m5ts2 :i* :5 ! rul] said he _h kept1 he prop\nd$ to him ! fai?1 ,sell all t ?\ ha/1 & foll[ me4 ,& ,john iii4 #cf3 ,he t believe? 9 ! ,son1 ha? ev]la/+ life4 ,& ,he t obeye? n ! ,son1 %all n see life4 ,:]e he manife/ly jo9e? ob$i5ce & fai? toge!r4 ,& ,rom4 i4 #ag3 ,! j %all live by fai?2 n e "o1 b ! j4 ,= also ! devils believe & tremble4 ,b ?\gh bo? fai? & ju/ice 7mean+ /ill by ju/ice1 n abs5ce ( guilt1 b ! good int5tions ( ! m9d1 :i* is call$ righte\sness by ,god1 t take? ! w = ! de$7 be bo? ( !m said to ju/ify1 yet are _! p>ts 9 ! act ( ju/ification to be di/+ui%$4 ,= ju/ice is said to ju/ify1 n because x absolve?1 b because x d5om9ates him j1 & sette? him 9 an e/ate1 or capacity ( salvation1 :5soev] he %all h fai?4 ,b fai? is said to ju/ify1 t is1 to absolve1 because by x a j man is absolv$ (1 & =giv5 8 unju/ actions4 ,& ?us are reconcil$ ! places ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,james1 t ,fai? only ju/ifie?1 & a man is n ju/ifi$ by fai? only2 & %[$ h[ fai? & rep5tance mu/ concur to salvation4 ,sid5ote3 ,t 9 ,*ri/ian commonweal?s1 ob$i5ce to ,god & man /& well toge!r4 #aa4 ,^! ?+s consid]$1 x w easily appe>1 t "u ! sov]eign p[] ( a ,*ri/ian commonweal?1 !re is no dang] ( damnation f simple ob$i5ce to human laws2 = 9 t ! sov]eign all[e? ,*ri/ianity1 no man is compell$ to r5\nce t fai?1 :i* is en\gh = 8 salvation1 t is to say1 ! fundam5tal po9ts4 ,& = o!r po9ts1 see+ !y are n necess>y to salvation1 if we con=m our actions to ! laws1 we d n only :at we are all[$1 b also :at we are comm&$ by ! law ( nature1 :i* is ! moral law taught by our ,savi\r himself4 ,& x is "p ( t ob$i5ce :i* mu/ concur to our salvation4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is t5et1 :atsoev] is aga9/ ! consci5ce is s91 int]pret$4 #ab4 ,& ?\gh x be true1 :atsoev] a man do? aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 is s92 yet ! ob$i5ce 9 ^! cases1 is nei!r s91 nor aga9/ ! consci5ce4 ,= ! consci5ce be+ no?+ else b a man's settl$ judgm5t & op9ion1 :5 he ha? once transf]r$ 8 "r ( judg+ to ano!r1 t :i* %all be comm&$1 is no less 8 judgm5t1 ?an ! judgm5t ( t o!r4 ,s t 9 ob$i5ce to laws1 a man do? /ill accord+ to 8 own consci5ce1 b n 8 private consci5ce4 ,& :atsoev] is done contr>y to private consci5ce1 is !n a s91 :5 ! laws h left him to 8 own lib]ty1 & nev] else4 ,& !n :atsoev] a man do?1 n only believ+ x is ill done1 b d\bt+ :e!r x be ill or n1 is done ill1 9 case he may lawfully omit ! do+4 ,sid5ote3 ,t all m5 d confess ! necessity ( submitt+ ( controv]sies to "s human au?ority4 #ac4 ,& z x ha? be5 prov$1 t a man mu/ submit 8 op9ions 9 matt] ( controv]sy to ! au?ority ( ! commonweal?2 s also is ! same confess$ by ! practice ( e "o ( !m t o!rwise d5y x4 ,= :o is !re diff]+ 9 op9ion f ano!r1 & ?9k+ himself to be 9 ! "r1 & ! o!r 9 ! wrong1 t w\ld n ?9k x reasonable1 if he be ( ! same op9ion t ! :ole /ate all[e?1 t ! o!r %\ld submit 8 op9ion also !reunto2 or t w\ld n be cont5t1 if n t "o or a few m51 yet all ! div9es ( a :ole nation1 or at lea/ an assembly ( all ^? he like?1 %\ld h ! p[] to det]m9e all ! controv]sies ( religion8 or1 :o is !re t w\ld n be cont5t1 to submit 8 op9ions1 ei!r to ! pope1 or to a g5]al c\ncil1 or to a prov9cial c\ncil1 or to a presbyt]y ( 8 own nation8 ,& yet 9 all ^! cases he submitte? himself to no great] ?an human au?ority4 ,nor c a man be said to submit himself to ,holy ,scripture1 t do? n submit himself to "s or o!r = ! int]pretation !re(4 ,or1 :y %\ld !re be any *ur* gov]nm5t at all in/itut$1 if ! ,scripture itself c\ld d ! (fice ( a judge 9 controv]sies ( fai?8 ,b ! tru? is app>5t1 by cont9ual exp]i5ce1 t m5 seek n only lib]ty ( consci5ce1 b ( _! actions2 nor t only1 b a fur!r lib]ty ( p]suad+ o!rs to _! op9ions2 nor t only1 = e man desire?1 t ! sov]eign au?ority %\ld admit no o!r op9ions to be ma9ta9$1 b su* z he himself holde?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ,*ri/ians "u an infidel are dis*>g$ ( ! inju/ice ( disobey+ him1 9 t :i* conc]ne? ! fai? necess>y to salvation1 by n resi/+4 #ad4 ,! difficulty !re=e ( obey+ bo? ,god & man 9 a ,*ri/ian commonweal? is none3 all ! difficulty re/e? 9 ?is po9t1 :e!r he t ha? receiv$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 hav+ be=e subject$ himself to ! au?ority ( an infidel1 be dis*>g$ ( 8 ob$i5ce !reby1 or n1 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,9 :i* case x seeme? reasonable to ?9k1 t s9ce all cov5ants ( ob$i5ce are ent]$ into = ! pres]vation ( a man's life1 if a man be cont5t )\t resi/ance to lay d[n 8 life1 r ?an obey ! comm&s ( an infidel1 9 s h>d a case he ha? suffici5tly dis*>g$ himself !re(4 ,= no cov5ant b9de? fur!r ?an to endeav\r2 & if a man _c assure himself to p]=m a j duty1 :5 !reby he is assur$ ( pres5t dea?1 mu* less c x be expect$ t a man %\ld p]=m t1 = :i* he believe? 9 8 he>t he %all be damn$ et]nally4 ,& ?us mu* conc]n+ ! scruple ( consci5ce1 t may arise conc]n+ ob$i5ce to human laws1 9 !m t int]pret ! law ( ,god to !mselves4 ,x rema9e?1 to remove ! same scruple f !m1 t submit _! controv]sies to o!rs n orda9$ !reunto by ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,& ?is ,i ref] to ! *apt] foll[+4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vii4 #a4 ,! "q prop\nd$1 :o are ! magi/rates 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 #b4 ,! "q exemplifi$1 9 ! controv]sies betwe5 ,moses & ,a>on1 & betwe5 ,moses & ,corah4 #c4 ,among/ ! ,jews1 ! p[] temporal & spiritual 9 ! same h&4 #d4 ,p>allel ( ! twelve pr9ces ( ,israel1 & ! twelve apo/les4 #e4 ,p>allel ( sev5ty eld]s1 & sev5ty disciples4 #f4 ,! hi]>*y ( ! *ur* 9 our ,savi\r's "t1 consi/$ 9 ! twelve1 & 9 ! sev5ty4 #g4 ,:y ,*ri/ orda9$ no prie/s = sacrifices1 z ,moses did4 #h4 ,! hi]>*y ( ! *ur* 9 ! apo/les' "t1 apo/les1 bi%ops1 & prie/s4 #i4 ,! prea*+ ( ! gospel 0 n comm&+1 b p]suad+4 #aj4 ,excommunication4 ,sov]eigns imm$iate rul]s ecclesia/ical "u ,*ri/4 #aa4 ,t no man ha? any j pret5ce ( religion aga9/ ob$i5ce to commonweal?4 ,god speake? to man by 8 viceg]5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "q prop\nd$1 :o are ! magi/rates 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 #a4 ,9 ! =m] *apt] h be5 remov$ ^? difficulties oppos+ our ob$i5ce to human au?ority1 :i* arise f misund]/&+ ( our ,savi\r's title & laws3 9 ! =m] :]e(1 namely1 8 title1 consi/e? our fai?2 & 9 ! latt]1 our ju/ice4 ,n[ !y :o diff] n among/ !mselves conc]n+ 8 title & laws1 may nev]!less h diff]5t op9ions conc]n+ 8 magi/rates1 & ! au?ority he ha? giv5 !m4 ,& ?is is ! cause1 :y _m ,*ri/ians h d5i$ ob$i5ce to _! pr9ces1 pret5d+ t our ,savi\r ,*ri/ ha? n giv5 ?is magi/racy to !m1 b to o!rs4 ,z = example3 "s say1 to ! pope univ]sally2 "s1 to a synod ari/ocratical2 "s1 to a synod democratical 9 e sev]al commonweal?2 & ! magi/rates ( ,*ri/ be+ !y by :om he speake?1 ! "q is1 :e!r he speak unto u by ! pope1 or by convocations ( bi%ops & m9i/]s1 or by !m t h ! sov]eign p[] 9 e commonweal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "q exemplifi$1 9 ! controv]sies betwe5 ,moses & ,a>on1 & betwe5 ,moses & ,corah4 #b4 ,?is controv]sy 0 ! cause ( ^? two mut9ies1 t happ5$ aga9/ ,moses 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! fir/ by ,a>on & 8 si/] ,miriam1 :o took ^u !m to c5sure ,moses1 = m>ry+ an ,e?iopian woman4 ,& ! /ate ( ! "q betwe5 !m & ,moses1 !y set =? 7,numb4 xii4 #b7 9 ^! words3 ,:at ha? ! ,"l spok5 b only by ,moses8 ha? he n spok5 also by u8 ,& ! ,"l he>d ?is1 c41 & puni%$ ! same 9 ,miriam1 =giv+ ,a>on ^u 8 rep5tance4 ,& ?is is ! case ( all !m t set up ! prie/hood aga9/ ! sov]eignty4 ,! o!r 0 ( ,corah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram1 :o ) two hundr$ & fifty capta9s ga!r$ !mselves toge!r aga9/ ,moses1 & aga9/ ,a>on4 ,! /ate ( _! controv]sy 0 ?is1 :e!r ,god 7 n ) ! multitude1 z well z ) ,moses1 & e man z holy z he4 ,= 7,numb4 xvi4 #c7 ?us !y say1 ,y take too mu* ^u y1 see+ all ! congregation is holy2 e "o ( !m1 & ! ,"l is among/ !m3 :]e=e !n lift ye y\rselves above ! congregation ( ! ,"l8 ,& ?is is ! case ( !m t set up _! private consci5ces1 & unite !mselves to take ! gov]nm5t ( religion out ( ! h&s ( him or !m1 t h ! sov]eign p[] ( ! commonweal?3 :i* h[ well x please? ,god1 may appe> by ! hide\s puni%m5t ( ,corah & 8 accomplices4 ,sid5ote3 ,among/ ! ,jews1 ! p[] temporal & spiritual 9 ! same h&4 #c4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t !re=e ( ,moses !re 0 no p[]1 nei!r civil1 nor spiritual1 t 0 n d]iv$ f him4 ,nor 9 ! /ate ( ,israel "u k+s1 0 !re any e>?ly p[]1 by :i* ^? k+s 7 compellable to any ?+1 or any subject all[$ to resi/ !m 9 any case :atsoev]4 ,= ?\gh ! prophets by extraord9>y call+1 did (t5 admoni% & ?reat5 !m1 yet !y _h no au?ority ov] !m4 ,& !re=e among/ ! ,jews1 ! p[] spiritual & temporal1 0 always 9 ! same h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>allel ( ! twelve pr9ces ( ,israel1 & ! twelve apo/les4 #d4 ,our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 z he 0 ! rightful k+ ( ! ,jews 9 p>ticul>1 z well z k+ ( ! k+dom ( ,heav51 9 ! orda9+ ( magi/rates1 receiv$ t =m ( policy :i* 0 us$ by ,moses4 ,accord+ to ! numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,jacob1 ,moses took unto him by ! appo9tm5t ( ,god 7,numb4 i4 #d7 twelve m51 e "o ( ! *ief ( _! tribe1 :i* 7 to assi/ him 9 ! mu/] ( ,israel4 ,& ^! twelve1 v]se #dd1 are call$ ! pr9ces ( ,israel1 twelve m51 e "o = ! h\se ( _! fa!rs2 :i* are said also 7,numb4 vii4 #b71 to be heads ov] ! h\ses ( _! fa!rs1 & pr9ces ( ! tribes1 & ov] !m t 7 numb]$4 ,& ^! 7 e "o equal among/ !mselves4 ,9 l mann] our ,savi\r took unto him twelve apo/les1 to be next unto him 9 au?ority1 ( :om he sai? 7,mat?4 xix4 #bh71 ,:5 ! ,son ( ,man %all sit 9 ! ?rone ( 8 maje/y1 ye :i* foll[ me 9 ! reg5]ation1 %all sit also ^u twelve ?rones1 & judge ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,& conc]n+ ! equality ( ! twelve apo/les among/ !mselves1 our ,savi\r sai? 7,mat?4 xx4 #be71 ,ye "k t ! ,lords ( ! ,g5tiles h dom9ation ov] !m1 c4 ,v]se #bf3 ,b x %all n be s among/ y2 b :osoev] w be greate/ among y1 let him be y\r s]vant4 ,& ,mat?4 xxiii4 #aa3 ,he t is greate/ among y1 let him be y\r s]vant4 ,& a little be=e1 v]se #h1 ,be n call$ ,rabbi2 = "o is y\r doctor1 ,*ri/1 & all ye are bre?r54 ,& ,acts i4 9 *oos+ ( ,mat?ias to be an apo/le1 ?\gh ,/4 ,pet] us$ ! "p ( a prolocutor1 yet did no man take ^u him ! au?ority ( election1 b ref]r$ ! same to lot4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>allel ( ! sev5ty eld]s sev5ty disciples4 #e4 ,aga91 ,moses _h ! comm& ( ,god1 ,numb4 xi4 #af3 ,ga!r to me sev5ty m5 ( ! eld]s ( ,israel1 :om ?\ kn[e/ t !y are ! eld]s ( ! p1 & gov]nors ov] !m1 & br+ !m unto ! tab]nacle1 c4 ,& ,moses1 v]se #bd1 did accord+ly4 ,& ^! 7 *os5 to help ,moses 9 be>+ ! bur!n ( ! gov]nm5t1 z appe>e?1 v]se #ag ( ! same *apt]4 ,& z ! twelve pr9ces ( ! tribes 7 accord+ to ! numb] ( ,jacob's *ildr52 s 7 ! sev5ty eld]s accord+ to ! numb] ( ! p]sons t w5t d[n ) ,jacob into ,egypt4 ,9 l mann] our ,savi\r 9 8 k+dom ( ,heav51 ! *ur*1 out ( ! :ole numb] ( ^? t believ$ 9 him1 orda9$ sev5ty p]sons1 :i* peculi>ly 7 call$ ! sev5ty disciples1 to :om he gave p[] to prea* ! ,gospel & baptize4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hi]>*y ( ! *ur* 9 our ,savi\r's "t1 consi/$ 9 ! twelve1 & 9 ! sev5ty4 #f4 ,9 our ,savi\r's "t !re=e1 ! hi]>*y ( ! *ur* consi/$1 besides himself t 0 ! head1 ( twelve apo/les1 :o 7 equal among/ !mselves1 b orda9$ ov] o!rs1 z 7 ! twelve heads ( ! tribes1 & sev5ty disciples1 :o _h e "o ( !m p[] to baptize & tea*1 & help to gov]n ! :ole flock4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ,*ri/ orda9$ no prie/s = sacrifices1 z ,moses did4 #g4 ,& :]eas 9 ! commonweal? in/itut$ by ,moses1 !re 0 n only a high-prie/ = ! pres5t1 b also a succession & ord] ( prie/s2 x may be dem&$1 :y our ,savi\r ,*ri/ did n orda9 ! l8 ,to :i* may be answ]$1 t ! high-prie/hood1 =asmu* z conc]ne? ! au?ority !re(1 0 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 z he 0 ,*ri/1 t is k+4 ,s also 0 x 9 ,moses1 ,a>on hav+ ! m9i/]ial "p only4 ,= not)/&+ t ,a>on 0 ! high-prie/1 yet ! consecration ( him belong$ 7,exod4 xxix4 #a7 to ,moses4 ,all ! ut5sils ( sacrifice1 & o!r holy ?+s1 7 ord]$ by ,moses2 & 9 sum1 ! :ole ,levitical law 0 deliv]$ by ,god by ! h& ( ,moses1 :o 0 to ,a>on a ,god1 & ,a>on to him a m\?4 ,& = ! m9i/]ial "p1 !re c\ld no high-prie/ be orda9$ b himself2 = see+ our ,savi\r 0 himself ! sacrifice1 :o b himself c\ld (f] him up8 ,& = ! celebration ( t sacrifice = ev] aft]1 our ,savi\r annex$ ! prie/hood to ^? :om he _h appo9t$ to gov]n 9 ! *ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hi]>*y ( ! *ur*1 9 ! apo/les' "t1 apo/les1 bi%ops1 & prie/s4 #h4 ,aft] ! asc5sion ( our ,savi\r1 ! apo/les disp]s$ !mselves = ! spread+ ( ! ,gospel1 & cont9ually z !y conv]t$ any numb] ( m51 9 any city or region1 to ! fai?1 !y *ose out su* z !y ?\ght fitte/1 to direct !m 9 matt] ( conv]sation & life1 accord+ to ,*ri/'s law1 & to explicate unto !m1 t my/]y ( ,*ri/ come 9 ! fle%1 t is to say1 to unfold unto !m at l>ge ! (fice ( ! ,messiah4 ,& ( ^? eld]s1 "s 7 subord9ate to o!rs1 accord+ z ! apo/les1 :o orda9$ !m1 ?\ght meet4 ,s ,/4 ,paul gave p[] unto ,titus1 to orda9 eld]s 9 ,crete1 & to r$ress ?+s t 7 amiss4 ,s t ,titus 0 bo? an eld]1 & orda9$ eld]s 7,tit4 i4 #e73 ,= ?is cause ,i left !e 9 ,crete1 t ?\ %\lde/ cont9ue to r$ress ! ?+s t rema91 & orda9 eld]s 9 e city2 :]e ! ^w is 1 t is con/itute2 :]eby x appe>e?1 t 9 ! apo/les' times1 "o eld] _h au?ority ov] ano!r1 to orda9 & rule !m4 ,= #a ,tim4 v4 #ai1 ,timo?y an eld]1 is made judge ( accusations aga9/ o!r eld]s4 ,& ,acts xiv4 #bc1 ! disciples are said to orda9 eld]s1 = all ! congregations ( ! cities !y _h prea*$ 94 ,& ?\gh ! ^w !re be 1 yet x signifie? n election by hold+ up ( h&s1 b simply & absolutely ord9ation4 ,= ! ord9>y *oos+ ( magi/rates among/ ! ,grecians1 :i* 7 all ei!r popul>ly gov]n$1 or else by olig>*y1 be+ p]=m$ by hold+ up ( h&s1 made t ^w be tak5 simply1 = an election or ord9ation1 h[soev] made4 ,& ?us 9 ! primitive *ur*1 ! hi]>*y ( ! *ur*1 0 apo/les1 eld]s t gov]n$ o!r eld]s1 & eld]s t rul$ n1 b _! (fice 0 to prea*1 to adm9i/] ! sacram5ts1 to (f] up pray]s & ?anksgiv+ 9 ! "n ( ! p4 ,b at t "t !re appe>$ no di/9ction betwe5 ! names ( bi%op & eld]4 ,b imm$iately aft] ! apo/les' "t1 ! ^w bi%op 0 tak5 to signify su* an eld] z _h ! gov]nm5t ( eld]s1 & o!r eld]s 7 call$ by ! "n ( prie/s1 :i* signifie? ! same t eld] do?4 ,& ?us ! gov]nm5t ( bi%ops ha? a div9e patt]n 9 ! twelve rul]s1 & sev5ty eld]s ( ,israel1 9 ! twelve apo/les & sev5ty disciples ( our ,savi\r1 9 ! rul+ eld]s1 & n rul+ eld]s1 9 ! "t ( ! apo/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prea*+ ( ! gospel 0 n comm&+1 b p]suad+4 #i4 ,& ?us mu* ( ! magi/rates ov] ,*ri/'s flock 9 ! primitive *ur*4 ,= ! (fice ( a m9i/]1 or m9i/ress1 0 to be subject to ! flock1 & to s]ve !m 9 ^? ?+s :i* app]ta9 to _! temporal bus9ess4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is ! au?ority :i* our ,savi\r gave !m1 ei!r ov] ^? :om !y _h conv]t$1 or ^? :om !y 7 ab\t to conv]t4 ,& = ^! latt]1 :i* z yet 7 )\t ! *ur*1 ! au?ority :i* our ,savi\r gave to 8 apo/les 0 no m b ?is1 to prea* unto !m t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 & to explicate ! same 9 all po9ts1 t conc]n ! k+dom ( heav51 & to p]suade m5 to embrace our ,savi\r's doctr9e1 b by no means to compel any man to be subject to !m3 = see+ ! laws ( ! k+dom ( heav51 z ha? be5 %[$1 ,"p ,i1 *ap4 ,v4 sect4 #aj1 are dictat$ to ! consci5ce only1 :i* is n subject to compulsion & con/ra9t1 x 0 n congru5t to ! /yle ( ! ,k+ ( ,heav5 to con/ra9 m5 to submit _! actions to him1 b to advise !m only2 nor = him t pr(esse? ! sum ( 8 law to be love1 to extort any duty f u ) fe> ( temporal puni%m5t4 ,& !re=e z ! mighty m5 9 ! _w1 t hold o!rs 9 subjection by =ce1 are call$ 9 ,scripture by ! "n ( hunt]s2 s our ,savi\r calle? ^? :om he appo9t$ to draw ! _w unto him1 by subdu+ _! affections1 fi%]s4 ,& !re=e he sai? to ,pet] & ,&rew1 7,mat?4 iv4 #ai73 ,foll[ me1 & ,i w make ye fi%]s ( m54 ,& ,luke x4 #c3 ,behold1 sai? ,*ri/1 ,i s5d ye =? z lambs among/ wolves4 ,& x 7 to no end to give !m ! "r ( compell+1 )\t /r5g!n+ ! same ) great] p[] ?an ( lambs among/ wolves4 ,moreov]1 ,mat?4 x1 :]e our ,savi\r give? a commission to 8 apo/les1 to g =? & conv]t ! nations to ! fai?1 he give? !m no au?ority ( co]cion & puni%m5t1 b only sai?1 7v]se #ad1 #ae7 ,:osoev] %all n receive y1 nor he> y\r words1 :5 ye dep>t out ( t h\se1 or t city1 %ake (f ! du/ ( y\r feet4 ,x %all be easi] = ! l& ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 ?an = t city4 ,:]eby x is manife/1 t all t ! apo/les c\ld d by _! au?ority1 0 no m ?an to r5\nce communion ) !m1 & leave _! puni%m5t to ,god ,almighty1 9 ! day ( judgm5t4 ,likewise ! comp>isons ( ! k+dom ( heav5 to ! se$1 ,mat?4 xiii4 #c1 & to ! leav51 ,mat?4 xiii4 #cc1 do? intimate unto u t ! increase !re( ought to proce$ f int]nal op]ation ( ,god's ^w prea*$1 & n f any law or compulsion ( !m t prea* x4 ,moreov] our ,savi\r himself sai? 7,john xviii4 #cf71 ,t 8 k+dom is n ( ?is _w2 & consequ5tly 8 magi/rates d]ive n f him any au?ority ( puni%+ m5 9 ?is _w4 ,& !re=e also1 ,mat?4 xxvi4 #eb1 aft] ,/4 ,pet] _h drawn 8 sword 9 8 def5ce1 our ,savi\r sai?1 ,put up ?y sword into 8 place4 ,= all t take ! sword1 %all p]i% by ! sword4 ,&1 v]se #ed1 ,h[ !n %all ! ,scriptures be fulfill$1 :i* say1 t x mu/ be s8 %[+ out ( ! ,scriptures1 t ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ 0 n to be def5d$ by ! sword4 ,sid5ote3 ,excommunication4 ,sov]eigns imm$iate rul]s ecclesia/ical "u ,*ri/4 #aj4 ,b conc]n+ ! au?ority ( ! apo/les or bi%ops ov] ^? :o 7 already conv]t$ & )9 ! *ur*1 !re be t ?9k x great] ?an ov] !m )\t4 ,= "s h said1 7,bell>m94 ,lib4 de ,rom4 ,pont4 cap4 #bi17 ,?\gh ! law ( ,*ri/ deprive no pr9ce ( 8 dom9ion1 & ,paul did rightly appeal unto ,cs>1 :il/ k+s 7 infidels & out ( ! *ur*2 yet :5 !y became ,*ri/ians1 & ( _! own accord und]w5t ! laws ( ! gospel1 pres5tly z %eep to a %eph]d1 & z memb]s to ! head1 !y became subject to ! prelate ( ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y4 ,:i*1 :e!r x be true or n1 is to be consid]$ by t light :i* we h f ! ,holy ,scripture1 conc]n+ ! p[] ( our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les1 ov] su* z !y _h conv]t$4 ,b our ,savi\r1 z he imitat$ ! commonweal? ( ! ,jews 9 8 magi/rates1 ! twelve & ! sev5ty2 s did he also 9 ! c5sure ( ! *ur*1 :i* 0 excommunication2 b among/ ! ,jews1 ! *ur* did put ! excommunicat$ p]sons f ! congregation1 :i* !y might d by _! p[] temporal2 b our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les1 :o took ^u !m no su* p[]1 c\ld n =bid ! excommunicat$ p]son to ent] into any place & congregation1 into :i* he 0 p]mitt$ to ent]1 by ! pr9ce1 or sov]eign ( ! place4 ,= t _h be5 to deprive ! sov]eign ( 8 au?ority4 ,& !re=e ! excommunication ( a p]son subject to an e>?ly p[]1 0 b a decl>ation ( ! *ur*1 :i* did excommunicate1 t ! p]son s excommunicat$ 0 to be reput$ /ill z an infidel1 b n to be driv5 by _! au?ority1 out ( any company1 he might o!rwise lawfully come into4 ,& ?is is x our ,savi\r sai? 7,mat?4 xviii4 #ag73 ,if he refuse to he> ! *ur*1 let him be unto !e z an hea!n man & a publican4 ,s t ! :ole effect ( excommunicat+ a ,*ri/ian pr9ce1 is no m ?an he or !y t s excommunicate him dep>t & bani% !mselves out ( 8 dom9ion4 ,nor c !y !reupon dis*>ge any ( 8 subjects ( _! ob$i5ce to him2 = t 7 to deprive him ( 8 dom9ion2 :i* !y may n d1 = be+ out ( ! *ur*4 ,x is confess$ by !m t make ?is objection1 & prov$ 9 ! =m] section1 t our ,savi\r gave no au?ority to 8 apo/les to be judges ov] !m4 ,& !re=e 9 no case c ! sov]eign p[] ( a commonweal? be subject to any au?ority ecclesia/ical1 besides t ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,& ?\gh he be in=m$ conc]n+ ! k+dom ( heav51 & subject himself !reto at ! p]suasions ( p]sons ecclesia/ical1 yet is he n !reby subject to _! gov]nm5t & rule4 ,= if x 7 by _! au?ority he took t yoke ^u him1 & n by _! p]suasion1 !n by ! same au?ority he might ca/ x (f4 ,b ?is is unlawful4 ,= if all ! *ur*es 9 ! _w %\ld r5\nce ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 yet is n ?is suffici5t au?ority = any ( ! memb]s to d ! same4 ,x is manife/ !re=e1 t !y :o h sov]eign p[]1 are imm$iate rul]s ( ! *ur* "u ,*ri/1 & all o!r b subord9ate to !m4 ,if t 7 n1 b k+s %\ld comm& "o ?+ ^u pa9 ( dea?1 & prie/s ano!r1 ^u pa9 ( damnation1 x w\ld be impossible t peace & religion %\ld /& toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,t no man ha? any j pret5ce ( religion aga9/ ob$i5ce to commonweal?4 ,god speake? to man by 8 viceg]5ts4 #aa4 ,& !re=e !re is no j cause = any man to )draw 8 ob$i5ce f ! sov]eign /ate1 ^u pret5ce t ,*ri/ ha? orda9$ any /ate ecclesia/ical above x4 ,& ?\gh k+s take n ^u !m ! m9i/]ial prie/hood1 yet are !y n s m]ely laic1 z n to h sac]dotal jurisdiction4 ,to conclude ?is *apt]1 s9ce ,god speake? n 9 ^! days to any man by 8 private int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 nor by ! int]pretation ( any p[] above1 or n dep5d+ on ! sov]eign p[] ( e commonweal?1 x rema9e?1 t he speake? by 8 vice-gods1 or lieut5ants "h on e>?1 t is to say1 by sov]eign k+s1 or su* z h sov]eign au?ority z well z !y4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,viii4 #a4 ,! ?+s t dispose to rebellion1 discont5t1 pret5ce1 & hope ( success4 #b4 ,discont5t t dispose? to s$ition1 consi/e? p>tly 9 fe> ( want1 or puni%m5t3 #c4 ,p>tly 9 ambition4 #d4 ,six heads ( pret5ces to rebellion4 #e4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 t m5 ought to d no?+ aga9/ consci5ce1 confut$4 #f4 ,! second1 t sov]eigns are subject to _! own laws1 confut$4 #g4 ,! ?ird1 t ! sov]eignty is divisible1 confut$4 #h4 ,! f\r?1 t subjects h a propriety di/9ct f ! dom9ion ( ! sov]eign1 confut$4 #i4 ,! fif?1 t ! p is a p]son di/9ct f ! sov]eign1 confut$4 #aj4 ,! six?1 t tyrannicide is lawful1 confut$4 #aa4 ,f\r heads ( hope ( success 9 rebellion4 #ab4 ,two ?+s necess>y to an au?or ( rebellion1 mu* eloqu5ce1 & little wisdom4 #ac4 ,t ! au?ors ( rebellion necess>ily are to be m5 ( little wisdom4 #ad4 ,t ! same are necess>ily eloqu5t4 #ae4 ,9 :at mann] !y concur to _! common effects4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?+s t dispose to rebellion1 discont5t1 pret5ce1 & hope ( success4 #a4 ,hi!rto ( ! causes :y1 & ! mann] h[1 m5 h made commonweal?4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all %[ briefly by :at causes1 & 9 :at mann]1 !y be aga9 de/roy$2 n mean+ to say any?+ conc]n+ ! dissolution ( a commonweal?1 f =eign invasions1 :i* is z x 7 ! viol5t dea? !re(4 ,i %all speak only ( s$ition1 :i* is also ! dea? ( ! commonweal?1 b l to t :i* happ5e? to a man f sickness & di/emp]4 ,to dispose m5 to s$ition1 ?ree ?+s concur4 ,! fir/ is discont5t2 = z long z a man ?9ke? himself well1 & t ! pres5t gov]nm5t /&e? n 9 8 way to h9d] 8 proce$+ f well to bett]1 x is impossible = him to desire ! *ange !re(4 ,! second is pret5ce ( "r2 = ?\gh a man be discont5t1 yet if 9 8 own op9ion !re be no j cause ( /irr+ aga9/1 or resi/+ ! gov]nm5t e/abli%$1 nor any pret5ce to ju/ify 8 resi/ance1 & to procure aid1 he w nev] %[ x4 ,! ?ird is hope ( success2 = x 7 madness to attempt )\t hope1 :5 to fail1 is to die ! dea? ( a traitor4 ,)\t ^! ?ree1 discont5t1 pret5ce1 & hope1 !re c be no rebellion3 & :5 ! same are all toge!r1 !re wante? no?+ !reto1 b a man ( cr$it to set up ! /&>d1 & to bl[ ! trumpet4 ,sid5ote3 ,discont5t t dispose? to s$ition1 consi/e? p>tly 9 fe> ( want1 or puni%m5t3 #b4 ,& z = discont5t1 x is ( two sorts3 = x consi/e? ei!r 9 bodily pa9 pres5t or expect$1 or else 9 tr\ble ( ! m9d2 :i* is ! g5]al division ( pleasure & pa91 ,human ,nature1 *ap4 ,,vii4 sect4 #h4 ,! pres5ce ( bodily pa9 dispose? n to s$ition2 ! fe> ( x do?4 ,z = example2 :5 a great multitude1 or heap ( p1 h concurr$ to a crime wor?y ( dea?1 !y jo9 toge!r1 & take arms to def5d !mselves = fe> !re(4 ,s also ! fe> ( want1 or 9 pres5t want1 ! fe> ( arre/s & imprisonm5t dispose to s$ition4 ,& !re=e great exactions1 ?\gh ! "r !re( be ackn[l$g$1 h caus$ great s$itions4 ,z 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ! s$itions ( ! ,corni% m51 t refus$ to pay a subsidy1 &1 "u ! conduct ( ! ,"l ,audley1 gave ! ,k+ battle ^u ,blackhea?2 & t ( ! nor!rn p1 :o 9 ! same k+'s "t1 = dem&+ a subsidy grant$ 9 p>liam5t1 murd]$ ! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l& 9 8 h\se4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>tly 9 ambition4 #c4 ,?irdly1 ! o!r sort ( discont5t1 :i* tr\ble? ! m9d ( !m :o o!rwise live at ease1 )\t fe> ( want1 or dang] ( viol5ce1 arise? only f a s5se ( _! want ( t p[]1 & t hon\r & te/imony !re(1 :i* !y ?9k is due unto !m4 ,= all joy & grief ( m9d consi/+ 7z ha? be5 said1 ,human ,nature1 *ap4 ,,ix4 sect4 #ba7 9 a cont5tion = prec$5ce to !m ) :om !y comp>e !mselves2 su* m5 mu/ ne$s take x ill1 & be griev$ ) ! /ate1 z f9d !mselves po/pos$ to ^? 9 hon\r1 :om !y ?9k !y excel 9 virtue & ability to gov]n4 ,& ?is is x = :i* !y ?9k !mselves reg>d$ b z slaves4 ,n[ see+ fre$om _c /& toge!r ) subjection1 lib]ty 9 a commonweal? is no?+ b gov]nm5t & rule1 :i* because x _c be divid$1 m5 mu/ expect 9 common2 & t c be no :]e b 9 ! popul> /ate1 or democracy4 ,& ,ari/otle sai? well1 7lib4 ,,vi4 cap4 #b ( 8 ,politics71 ,! gr\nd or int5tion ( a democracy1 is lib]ty4 ,:i* he confirme? 9 ^! words3 ,= m5 ord9>ily say ?is1 t no man c p>take ( lib]ty1 b only 9 a popul> commonweal?4 ,:osoev] !re=e 9 a mon>*ical e/ate1 :]e ! sov]eign p[] is absolutely 9 "o man1 claime? lib]ty1 claime? 7if ! h>de/ con/ruction %\ld be made !re(7 ei!r to h ! sov]eignty 9 8 turn1 or to be colleague ) him t ha? x1 or to h ! mon>*y *ang$ into a democracy4 ,b if ! same be con/ru$1 ) p>don ( t unskilful expression1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( him t claime?1 !n do? he !reby claim no m b ?is1 t ! sov]eign %\ld take notice ( 8 ability & des]v+1 & put him into employm5t & place ( subord9ate gov]nm5t1 r ?an o!rs t des]ve less4 ,& z "o claime?1 s do? ano!r1 e man e/eem+ 8 own des]t greate/4 ,among/ all ^? t pret5d to1 or are ambiti\s ( su* hon\r1 a few only c be s]v$1 unless x be 9 a democracy2 ! re/ !re=e mu/ be discont5t4 ,& s mu* ( ! fir/ ?+ t dispose? to rebellion1 namely1 discont5t1 consi/+ 9 fe> & ambition4 ,sid5ote3 ,six heads ( pret5ces to rebellion4 #d4 ,! second ?+ t dispose? to rebellion1 is pret5ce ( "r4 ,& t is :5 m5 h an op9ion1 or pret5d to h an op9ion1 t 9 c]ta9 cases !y may lawfully resi/ him or !m t h ! sov]eign p[]1 or deprive him or !m ( ! means to execute ! same4 ,( :i* pret5ces1 !re be six special cases4 ,"o is1 :5 ! comm& is aga9/ _! consci5ce1 & !y believe x is unlawful = a subject at ! comm& ( ! sov]eign p[] to d any action1 :i* he ?9ke? 9 8 own consci5ce n lawful = him to d1 or to omit any action1 :i* he ?9ke? n lawful = him to omit4 ,ano!r is1 :5 ! comm& is aga9/ ! laws1 & !y ?9k ! sov]eign p[] 9 su* sort oblig$ to 8 own laws1 z ! subject is2 & t :5 he p]=me? n 8 duty1 !y may resi/ 8 p[]4 ,a ?ird is1 :5 !y receive comm&s f "s man or m51 & a sup]s$eas to ! same f o!rs1 & ?9k ! au?ority is equal1 z if ! sov]eign p[] 7 divid$4 ,a f\r? is1 :5 !y are comm&$ to contribute _! p]sons or money to ! public s]vice1 & ?9k !y h a propriety 9 ! same di/9ct f ! dom9ion ( ! sov]eign p[]2 & t !re=e !y are n b\nd to contribute _! goods & p]sons1 no m ?an e man %all ( himself ?9k fit4 ,a fif?1 :5 ! comm&s seem hurtful to ! p2 & !y ?9k1 e "o ( !m1 t ! op9ion & s5se ( ! p1 is ! same ) ! op9ion ( himself1 & ^? t cons5t ) him2 call+ by ! "n ( p1 any multitude ( 8 own faction4 ,! six? is1 :5 ! comm&s are griev\s2 & !y acc\nt him t comm&e? griev\s ?+s a tyrant2 & tyrannicide1 t is1 ! kill+ ( a tyrant1 n only lawful1 b also laudable4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ ( !m1 t m5 ought to d no?+ aga9/ consci5ce1 confut$4 #e4 ,all ^! op9ions are ma9ta9$ 9 ! books ( ! dogmatics1 & div]s ( !m taught 9 public *airs1 & nev]!less are mo/ incompatible ) peace & gov]nm5t1 & contradictory to ! necess>y & demon/rable rules ( ! same4 ,& = ! fir/1 namely1 t a man may lawfully d or omit any ?+ aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 & f :5ce arise all s$itions conc]n+ religion & ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 x ha? be5 pla9ly decl>$ 9 ! two la/ *apt]s1 t su* op9ion is errone\s4 ,= ^? two *apt]s h be5 :olly sp5t1 to prove1 t ,*ri/ian religion n only =bidde? n1 b also comm&e?1 t 9 e commonweal?1 e subject %\ld 9 all ?+s to ! utt]mo/ ( 8 p[] obey ! comm&s ( him or !m t is ! sov]eign !re(1 & t a man 9 s obey+1 do? accord+ to 8 consci5ce & judgm5t1 z hav+ deposit$ 8 judgm5t 9 all controv]sies 9 ! h&s ( ! sov]eign p[]2 & t ?is error proce$e? f ! ignorance ( :at & by :om ,god ,almighty speake?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! second1 t sov]eigns are subject to _! own laws1 confut$4 #f4 ,z = ! second op9ion1 :i* is ?is1 t ! sov]eign is 9 su* sort oblig$ to 8 own laws1 z ! subject is2 ! contr>y !re( ha? be5 %[$1 ,"p ,,ii4 *apt] ,i4 sections #g-ab1 by :i* x appe>e?1 t ! sov]eign p[] is n to be resi/$2 t x c>rie? ! sword bo? ( w> & ju/ice2 t x ha? ! "r ( decid+ all controv]sies1 bo? judicial & delib]ative2 t x ha? ! mak+ ( all ! laws civil2 t x appo9te? magi/rates & public m9i/]s1 & t x implie? an univ]sal impunity4 ,h[ !n c he or !y be said to be subject to ! laws :i* !y may abrogate at _! pleasure1 or break )\t fe> ( puni%m5t8 ,& ?is error seeme? to proce$ f ?is1 t m5 ord9>ily und]/& n aright1 :at is meant by ?is ^w law1 conf\nd+ law & cov5ant1 z if !y signify ! same ?+4 ,b law implie? a comm&2 cov5ant is b a promise4 ,& n e comm& is a law1 b only 7,human ,nature1 *ap4 ,,xiii4 sect4 #f7 :5 ! comm& is ! reason we h ( do+ ! action comm&$4 ,& !n only is ! reason ( our actions 9 ! comm&1 :5 ! omitt+ is !re=e hurtful1 because ! action 0 comm&$1 n because x 0 hurtful ( itself2 & do+ contr>y to a comm&1 7 n at all hurtful1 if !re 7 n a "r 9 him t comm&e? to puni% him t s do?4 ,he or !y t h all puni%m5ts 9 _! own dispos+1 _c be s comm&$1 z to receive hurt = disobey+1 & consequ5tly no comm& c be a law unto !m4 ,x is an error !re=e to ?9k1 t ! p[] :i* is virtually ! :ole p[] ( ! commonweal?1 & :i* 9 :omsoev] x reside?1 is usually call$ supreme or sov]eign1 c be subject to any law b t ( ,god ,almighty4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ird1 t ! sov]eignty is divisible1 confut$4 #g4 ,! ?ird op9ion1 t ! sov]eign p[] may be divid$1 is no less an error ?an ! =m]1 z ha? be5 prov$1 ,"p ,,ii4 *apt] ,i4 sect4 #ae4 ,& if !re 7 a commonweal?1 :]e9 ! rights ( sov]eignty 7 divid$1 we mu/ confess ) ,bod91 ,lib4 ,,ii4 *ap4 ,i4 ,de ,republica1 t !y are n rightly to be call$ commonweal?s1 b ! corruption ( commonweal?s4 ,= if "o "p %\ld h p[] to make ! laws = all1 !y w\ld by _! laws at _! pleasure1 =bid o!rs1 to make peace or w>1 to levy taxes1 or to yield fealty & homage )\t _! leave2 & !y t _h ! "r to make peace & w>1 & comm& ! militia1 w\ld =bid ! mak+ ( o!r laws1 ?an :at !mselves lik$4 ,& ?\gh mon>*ies /& long1 :]e9 ! "r ( sov]eignty ha? seem$ s divid$1 because mon>*y ( itself is a durable k9d ( gov]nm5t1 yet mon>*s h be5 !reby div]s times ?ru/ out ( _! possession4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ! "r ( sov]eignty is su*1 z he or !y t h x1 _c1 ?\gh !y w\ld1 give away any "p !re(1 & reta9 ! re/4 ,z = example2 if we %\ld suppose ! p ( ,rome to h _h ! absolute sov]eignty ( ! ,roman /ate1 & to h *os5 !m a c\ncil by ! "n ( ! s5ate1 & t to ?is s5ate !y _h giv5 ! supreme p[] ( mak+ laws1 res]v+ nev]!less to !mselves1 9 direct & express t]ms1 ! :ole "r & title ( ! sov]eignty2 :i* may easily happ5 among/ !m t see n ! insep>able connexion betwe5 ! sov]eign p[]1 & ! p[] ( mak+ laws3 ,i say1 ?is grant ( ! p to ! s5ate is ( no effect1 & ! p[] ( mak+ laws is 9 ! p /ill4 ,= ! s5ate und]/&+ x to be ! w & int5tion ( ! p1 to reta9 ! sov]eignty1 ought n to take t = grant$1 :i* 0 contradictory !reto1 & pass$ by error4 ,= 7,human ,nature1 *ap4 ,,xiii4 sect4 #i7 9 contradictory promises1 t :i* is directly promis$1 is pref]r$ be=e t :i* is opposite !reunto by consequ5ce2 because ! consequ5ce ( a ?+ is n always obscur$1 z is ! ?+ itself4 ,! error conc]n+ mix$ gov]nm5t ha? proce$$ f want ( und]/&+ ( :at is meant by ?is ^w body politic1 & h[ x signifie? n ! concord1 b ! union ( _m m54 ,& ?\gh 9 ! *apt]s ( subord9ate corporations1 a corporation be+ decl>$ to be "o p]son 9 law1 yet ! same ha? n be5 tak5 notice ( 9 ! body ( a commonweal? or city1 nor h any ( ^? innum]able writ]s ( politics1 obs]v$ any su* union4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r?1 t subjects h a propriety di/9ct f ! dom9ion ( ! sov]eign1 confut$4 #h4 ,! f\r? op9ion1 to wit1 t subjects h _! meum1 tuum1 & suum1 9 prop]ty1 n only by virtue ( ! sov]eign p[] ov] !m all1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 b also aga9/ ! sov]eign himself1 by :i* !y w\ld pret5d to contribute no?+ to ! public1 b :at !y please1 ha? be5 already confut$1 by prov+ ! absolut5ess ( ! sov]eignty1 & m p>ticul>ly1 ,"p ,,ii4 *apt] ,v4 sect4 #b2 & arise? f ?is1 t !y und]/& n ord9>ily t be=e ! in/itution ( sov]eign p[]1 meum & tuum1 impli$ no propriety1 b a community1 :]e e man _h "r to e ?+1 & 0 9 /ate ( w> ) e man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fif?1 t ! p is a p]son di/9ct f ! sov]eign1 confut$4 #i4 ,! fif? op9ion1 ,t ! p is a di/9ct body f him or !m t h ! sov]eignty ov] !m1 is an error already confut$1 ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,ii4 sect #aa1 :]e x is %[$1 t :5 m5 say1 ! p rebelle?1 x is to be und]/ood ( ^? p>ticul> p]sons only1 & n ( ! :ole nation4 ,& :5 ! p claime? any ?+ o!rwise ?an by ! voice ( ! sov]eign p[]1 x is n ! claim ( ! p1 b only ( ^? p>ticul> m51 t claim 9 _! own p]sons2 & ?is error arise? f ! equivocation ( ! ^w p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! six?1 t tyrannicide is lawful1 confut$4 #aj4 ,la/ly1 = ! op9ion1 t tyrannicide is lawful1 mean+ by a tyrant any man 9 :om reside? ! "r ( sov]eignty1 is no less false & p]nici\s to human society1 ?an frequ5t 9 ! writ+s ( ^? moral philosoph]s1 ,s5eca & o!rs1 s greatly e/eem$ among/ u4 ,= :5 a man ha? ! "r ( sov]eignty1 he _c ju/ly be puni%$1 z ha? be5 (t5 %[$ already1 & !re=e mu* less depos$1 or put to dea?4 ,& h[soev] he might des]ve puni%m5t1 yet puni%m5t is unju/ )\t judgm5t prec$+1 & judgm5t unju/ )\t p[] ( judicature1 :i* a subject ha? n ov] a sov]eign4 ,b ?is doctr9e proce$e? f ! ,s*ools ( ,greece1 & f ^? t writ 9 ! ,roman /ate1 9 :i* n only ! "n ( a tyrant1 b ( a k+1 0 hateful4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r heads ( hope ( success 9 rebellion4 #aa4 ,besides discont5t1 to ! dispos+ ( a man to rebellion1 & pret5ce1 !re is requir$1 9 ! ?ird place1 hope ( success1 :i* consi/e? 9 f\r po9ts3 ,i4 ,t ! discont5t$ h mutual intellig5ce2 ,,ii4 ,t !y h suffici5t numb]2 ,,iii4 ,t !y h arms2 ,,iv4 ,t !y agree ^u a head4 ,= ^! f\r mu/ concur to ! mak+ ( "o body ( rebellion1 9 :i* intellig5ce is ! life1 numb] ! limbs1 arms ! /r5g?1 & a head ! unity1 by :i* !y are direct$ to "o & ! same action4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ?+s necess>y to an au?or ( rebellion1 mu* eloqu5ce1 & little wisdom4 #ab4 ,! au?ors ( rebellion1 t is1 ! m5 t bre$ ^! dispositions to rebel 9 o!rs1 ( necessity mu/ h 9 !m ^! ?ree qualities3 ,i4 ,to be discont5t$ !mselves2 ,,ii4 ,to be m5 ( mean judgm5t & capacity2 &1 ,,iii4 ,to be eloqu5t m51 or good orators4 ,& z = _! discont5t1 f :5ce x may proce$1 ha? be5 already decl>$4 ,& = ! second & ?ird1 ,i am to %[ n[1 fir/1 h[ !y may /& toge!r2 = x seeme? a contradiction1 to place small judgm5t & great eloqu5ce1 or1 z !y call x1 p[]ful speak+1 9 ! same man3 & !n 9 :at mann] !y concur1 to dispose o!r m5 to s$ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! au?ors ( rebellion necess>ily1 are to be m5 ( little wisdom4 #ac4 ,x 0 not$ by ,sallu/1 t 9 ,catil9e1 :o 0 au?or ( ! greate/ s$ition t ev] 0 9 ,rome1 !re 0 ,eloqu5ti satis1 sapi5ti p>um2 eloqu5ce suffici5t1 b little wisdom4 ,& p]haps ?is 0 said ( ,catil9e1 z he 0 ,catil9e3 b x 0 true ( him z an au?or ( s$ition4 ,= ! conjunction ( ^! two qualities made him n ,catil9e1 b s$iti\s4 ,& t x may be und]/ood1 h[ want ( wisdom1 & /ore ( eloqu5ce1 may /& toge!r1 we are to consid]1 :at x is we call wisdom1 & :at eloqu5ce4 ,& !re=e ,i %all "h aga9 rememb] "s ?+s1 t h be5 said already1 ,human ,nature1 *ap4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,x is manife/ t wisdom consi/e? 9 k4 ,n[ ( k !re are two k9ds2 :]e( ! "o is ! remembrance ( su* ?+s1 z we h conceiv$ by our s5ses1 & ( ! ord] 9 :i* !y foll[ "o ano!r4 ,& ?is k is call$ exp]i5ce2 & ! wisdom t proce$e? f x1 is t ability to conjecture by ! pres5t1 ( :at is pa/1 & to come1 :i* m5 call prud5ce4 ,?is be+ s1 x is manife/ pres5tly1 t ! au?or ( s$ition1 :osoev] he be1 mu/ n be prud5t4 ,= if he consid] & take 8 exp]i5ces aright1 conc]n+ ! success :i* !y h _h1 :o h be5 ! mov]s & au?ors ( s$ition1 ei!r 9 ?is or any o!r /ate1 he %all f9d1 t = "o man t ha? !reby advanc$ himself to hon\r1 tw5ty h come to a reproa*ful end4 ,! o!r k9d ( k1 is ! remembrance ( ! names or appellations ( ?+s1 & h[ e ?+ is call$1 :i* is1 9 matt]s ( common conv]sation1 a remembrance ( pacts & cov5ants ( m5 made among/ !mselves1 conc]n+ h[ to be und]/ood ( "o ano!r4 ,& ?is k9d ( k is g5]ally call$ sci5ce1 & ! conclusions !re( tru?4 ,b :5 m5 rememb] n h[ ?+s are nam$1 by g5]al agreem5t1 b ei!r mi/ake & misname ?+s1 or "n !m aright by *ance1 !y are n said to h sci5ce1 b op9ion1 & ! conclusions !nce proce$+1 are unc]ta91 & = ! mo/ "p errone\s4 ,n[ t sci5ce 9 p>ticul>1 f :i* proce$ ! true & evid5t conclusions ( :at is "r & wrong1 & :at is good & hurtful to ! be+1 & well-be+ ( mank9d1 ! ,lat9s call sapi5tia1 & we by ! g5]al "n ( wisdom4 ,= g5]ally1 n he t ha? skill 9 geometry1 or any o!r sci5ce speculative1 b only he t und]/&e? :at conduce? to ! good & gov]nm5t ( ! p1 is call$ a wise man4 ,n[ t no au?or ( s$ition c be wise 9 ?is acceptation ( ! ^w1 is suffici5tly prov$1 9 t x ha? be5 already demon/rat$1 t no pret5ce ( s$ition c be "r or j4 ,& !re=e ! au?ors ( s$ition mu/ be ignorant ( ! "r ( /ate1 t is to say1 unwise4 ,x rema9e? !re=e1 t !y be su*1 z "n ?+s1 n accord+ to _! true & g5]ally agre$ ^u names1 b call "r & wrong1 good & bad1 accord+ to _! passions1 or accord+ to ! au?orities ( su* z !y admire1 z ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 & o!rs ( l au?ority1 :o h giv5 ! names ( "r & wrong1 z _! passions h dictat$2 or h foll[$ ! au?ority ( o!r m51 z we d !irs4 ,x is requir$ !re=e 9 an au?or ( s$ition1 t he ?9k "r1 t :i* is wrong2 & pr(itable1 t :i* is p]nici\s2 & consequ5tly t !re be 9 him sapi5ti p>um1 little wisdom4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! same are necess>ily eloqu5t4 #ad4 ,eloqu5ce is no?+ else b ! p[] ( w9n+ belief ( :at we say4 ,& to t end we mu/ h aid f ! passions ( ! he>]4 ,n[ to demon/ration & tea*+ ( ! tru?1 !re are requir$ long d$uctions1 & great att5tion1 :i* is unpleasant to ! he>]4 ,!re=e !y :i* seek n tru?1 b belief1 mu/ take ano!r way1 & n only d]ive :at !y w\ld h to be believ$1 f some:at believ$ already1 b also1 by aggravations & ext5uations1 make good & bad1 "r & wrong1 appe> great or less1 accord+ z %all s]ve _! turns4 ,& su* is ! p[] ( eloqu5ce1 z _m times a man is made to believe !reby1 t he s5sibly feele? sm>t & damage1 :5 he feele? none1 & to ent] into rage & indignation1 )\t any o!r cause1 ?an :at is 9 ! words & passion ( ! speak]4 ,?is consid]$1 toge!r ) ! bus9ess t he ha? to d1 :o is ! au?or ( rebellion1 namely1 to make m5 believe t _! rebellion is j1 _! discont5ts gr\nd$ ^u great injuries1 & _! hopes great2 !re ne$e? no m to prove1 !re c be no au?or ( rebellion1 t is n an eloqu5t & p[]ful speak]1 & )al1 z ha? be5 said be=e1 a man ( little wisdom4 ,= ! faculty ( speak+ p[]fully1 consi/e? 9 a habit gott5 ( putt+ toge!r passionate words1 & apply+ !m to ! pres5t passions ( ! he>]4 are n able to effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 :at mann] !y concur to _! common effects4 #ae4 ,see+ !n eloqu5ce & want ( discretion concur to ! /irr+ ( rebellion1 x may be dem&$1 :at "p ea* ( ^! acte? !re98 ,! daught]s ( ,pelias1 k+ ( ,!ssaly1 desir+ to re/ore _! old decrepit fa!r to ! vig\r ( 8 y\?1 by ! c\nsel ( ,m$ea1 *opp$ him 9 pieces1 & set him a boil+ ) ,i "k n :at h]bs 9 a cauldron1 b c\ld n revive him aga94 ,s :5 eloqu5ce & want ( judgm5t g toge!r1 want ( judgm5t1 l ! daught]s ( ,pelias1 cons5te?1 ?r\gh eloqu5ce1 :i* is z ! wit*craft ( ,m$ea1 to cut ! commonweal? 9 pieces1 ^u pret5ce or hope ( re=mation1 :i* :5 ?+s are 9 combu/ion1 !y are n able to effect4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ix4 #a4 ,! law ov] sov]eigns1 salus populi4 #b4 ,t sov]eigns ought to e/abli% ! religion !y hold = be/4 #c4 ,t to =bid unnatural copulation1 promiscu\s use ( wom51 c4 is ! law ( nature4 #d4 ,t to leave man z mu* lib]ty z may be1 c4 is ! duty ( a sov]eign by ! law ( nature4 #e4 ,meum & tuum1 to be set out to ! subjects1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 c4 a duty ( sov]eigns by ! law ( nature4 #f4 ,an extraord9>y p[] = judg+ ! abuses ( magi/rates1 necess>y1 c4 #g4 ,! suppress+ ( popul>ity1 c4 necess>y1 c4 #h4 ,! in/ruction ( y\?1 c4 necess>y1 c4 #i4 ,avoid+ ( unnecess>y w>1 a necess>y duty ( ! sov]eign1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ov] sov]eigns salus populi4 #a4 ,hav+ hi!rto set =? h[ a body politic is made1 & h[ x may be de/roy$1 ?is place require? to say some?+ conc]n+ ! pres]vation ( ! same1 n purpos+ to ent] into ! p>ticul>s ( ! art ( gov]nm5t1 b to sum up ! g5]al heads1 :]e9 su* art is to be employ$1 & 9 :i* consi/e? ! duty ( him or !m t h ! sov]eign p[]4 ,= ! duty ( a sov]eign consi/e? 9 ! good gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,& al?\gh ! acts ( sov]eign p[] be no injuries to ! subjects :o h cons5t$ to ! same by _! implicit wills1 yet :5 !y t5d to ! hurt ( ! p 9 g5]al1 !y be brea*es ( ! law ( nature1 & ( ! div9e law2 & consequ5tly1 ! contr>y acts are ! duties ( sov]eigns1 & requir$ at _! h&s to ! utmo/ ( _! endeav\r1 by ,god ,almighty1 "u ! pa9 ( et]nal dea?4 ,& z ! art & duty ( sov]eigns consi/ 9 ! same acts1 s also do? _! pr(it4 ,= ! end ( art1 is pr(it2 & gov]n+ to ! pr(it ( ! subjects1 is gov]n+ to ! pr(it ( ! sov]eign1 z ha? be5 %[$ ,"p ,,ii4 *apt] ,v4 section #a4 ,& ^! ?ree3 #a4 ,! law ov] !m t h sov]eign p[]3 #b4 ,_! duty3 #c4 ,_! pr(it3 are "o & ! same ?+ conta9$ 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,salus populi suprema lex4 ,by :i* mu/ be und]/ood1 n ! m]e pres]vation ( _! lives1 b g5]ally _! b5efit & good4 ,s t ?is is ! g5]al law = sov]eigns1 ,t !y procure1 to ! utt]mo/ ( _! endeav\r1 ! good ( ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,t sov]eigns ought to e/abli% ! religion !y hold = be/4 #b4 ,& =asmu* z et]nal is bett] ?an temporal good1 x is evid5t1 t !y :o are 9 sov]eign au?ority1 are by ! law ( nature oblig$ to fur!r ! e/abli%+ ( all su* doctr9es & rule1 & ! comm&+ ( all su* actions1 z 9 _! consci5ce !y believe to be ! true way !reunto4 ,= unless !y d s1 x _c be said truly1 t !y h done ! utt]mo/ ( _! endeav\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,t to =bid unnatural copulation1 promiscu\s use ( wom51 c4 is ! law ( nature4 #c4 ,= ! temporal good ( ! p1 x consi/e? 9 f\r po9ts3 #a4 ,multitude3 #b4 ,commodity ( liv+3 #c4 ,peace among/ !mselves3 #d4 ,def5ce aga9/ =eign p[]4 ,conc]n+ multitude1 x is ! duty ( !m t are 9 sov]eign au?ority1 to increase ! p1 9 z mu* z !y are gov]nors ( mank9d "u ,god ,almighty1 :o hav+ creat$ b "o man1 & "o woman1 decl>$1 t x 0 8 w !y %\ld be multipli$ & increas$ aft]w>ds4 ,& see+ ?is is to be done by ord9ances conc]n+ copulation1 !y are by ! law ( nature b\nd to make su* ord9ances conc]n+ ! same1 z may t5d to ! increase ( mank9d4 ,& h5ce x come?1 t 9 !m :o h sov]eign au?ority1 n to =bid su* copulations z are aga9/ ! use ( nature2 n to =bid ! promiscu\s use ( wom51 n to =bid "o woman to h _m husb&s1 n to =bid m>riages )9 c]ta9 degrees ( k9dr$ & aff9ity1 are aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,= ?\gh x be n evid5t1 t a private man liv+ "u ! law ( natural reason only1 do? break ! same1 by do+ any ( ! ?+s a=esaid2 yet x is manife/ly app>5t1 t be+ s prejudicial z !y are to ! improvem5t ( mank9d1 t n to =bid ! same1 is aga9/ ! law ( natural reason 9 him1 t ha? tak5 into 8 h&s any portion ( mank9d to improve4 ,sid5ote3 ,t to leave man z mu* lib]ty z may be1 c4 is ! duty ( a sov]eign by ! law ( nature4 #d4 ,! commodity ( liv+ consi/e? 9 lib]ty & weal?4 ,by lib]ty1 ,i mean1 t !re be no prohibition )\t necessity ( any ?+ to any man1 :i* 0 lawful to him 9 ! law ( nature2 t is to say1 t !re be no re/ra9t ( natural lib]ty1 b :at is necess>y = ! good ( ! commonweal?1 & t well-mean+ m5 may n fall into ! dang] ( laws1 z into sn>es1 be=e !y be aw>e4 ,x app]ta9e? also to ?is lib]ty1 t a man may h commodi\s passage f place to place1 & n be imprison$ or conf9$ ) ! difficulty ( ways1 & want ( means = transportation ( ?+s necess>y4 ,& = ! weal? ( p1 x consi/e? 9 ?ree ?+s1 ! well ord]+ ( trade1 procur+ ( lab\r1 & =bidd+ ! sup]flu\s consum+ ( food & app>el4 ,all ^? !re=e t are 9 sov]eign au?ority1 & h tak5 ^u !m ! gov]nm5t ( p1 are b\nd by ! law ( nature to make ord9ances consi/+ 9 ! po9ts a=e nam$1 z be+ contr>y to ! law ( nature1 unnecess>ily1 ei!r = "o's own fancy1 to en?ral1 or tie m5 s1 z !y _c move )\t dang]2 or to suff] !m ^: ma9t5ance is our b5efit1 to want any?+ necess>y = !m1 by our neglig5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,meum & tuum1 to be set out to ! subjects1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 c4 a duty ( sov]eigns by ! law ( nature4 #e4 ,= ma9ta9+ ( peace at home1 !re be s _m ?+s necess>ily to be consid]$1 & tak5 ord] 91 z !re be sev]al causes concurr+ to s$ition4 ,& fir/1 x is necess>y to set out to e subject1 8 propriety1 & di/9ct l&s & goods1 ^u :i* he may ex]cise & h ! b5efit ( 8 own indu/ry1 & )\t :i* m5 w\ld fall out among/ !mselves1 z did ! h]dsm5 ( ,abraham & ,lot1 e man encroa*+ & usurp+ z mu* ( ! common b5efit z he c1 :i* t5de? to qu>rel & s$ition4 ,secondly1 to divide ! bur!ns & *>ges ( ! commonweal? proportionably4 ,n[ !re is a proportionably to e man's ability1 & !re is a proportionably to 8 b5efit by commonweal?3 & ?is latt] is x1 :i* is accord+ to ! law ( nature4 ,= ! burd5s ( ! commonweal? be+ ! price t we pay = ! b5efit !re(1 !y ought to be measur$ !reby4 ,& !re is no reason1 :5 two m5 equally enjoy+1 by ! b5efit ( ! commonweal?1 _! peace & lib]ty1 to use _! indu/ry to get _! liv+s1 :]e( "o sp>e?1 & laye? up some:at1 ! o!r sp5de? all he gets1 :y !y %\ld n equally contribute to ! common *>ge4 ,t seeme? !re=e to be ! mo/ equal way ( divid+ ! burd5 ( public *>ge1 :5 e man %all contribute accord+ to :at he sp5de?1 & n accord+ to :at he gets4 ,& ?is is !n done1 :5 m5 pay ! commonweal?'s "p 9 ! paym5ts !y make = _! own provision4 ,& ?is seeme? n only mo/ equal1 b also lea/ s5sible1 & lea/ to tr\ble ! m9d ( !m t pay x4 ,= !re is no?+ s aggravate? ! grief ( p>t+ ) money to ! public1 z to ?9k !y are ov]-rat$1 & t _! neighb\rs :om !y envy1 d !reupon insult ov] !m1 & ?is dispose? !m to resi/ance1 &1 aft] t su* resi/ance ha? produc$ a mis*ief1 to rebellion4 ,sid5ote3 ,an extraord9>y p[] = judg+ ! abuses ( magi/rates1 necess>y1 c4 #f4 ,ano!r ?+ necess>y = ! ma9ta9+ ( peace1 is ! due execution ( ju/ice1 :i* consi/e? pr9cipally 9 ! "r p]=mance ( _! duties1 :i* are ! magi/rates1 orda9$ = ! same by & "u ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign p[]1 :i* be+ private m5 9 respect ( ! sov]eign1 & consequ5tly su* z may h private ends1 :]eby !y may be corrupt$ ) gifts1 or int]cession ( fri5ds1 ought to be kept 9 awe by an high] p[]1 le/ p1 griev$ by _! inju/ice1 %\ld take ^u !m to make _! own rev5ges1 to ! di/urbance ( ! common peace2 :i* c by no way be avoid$ 9 ! pr9cipal & imm$iate magi/rates1 )\t ! judicature ( ! sov]eign himself1 or "s extraord9>y p[] delegat$ by him4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 t !re be a p[] extraord9>y1 z !re %all be occasion f "t to "t1 = ! syndication ( judges & o!r magi/rates1 t %all abuse _! au?ority1 to ! wrong & discont5t ( ! p2 & a free & op5 way = ! pres5t+ ( grievances to him or !m t h ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,! suppress+ ( popul>ity1 c4 necess>y1 c4 #g4 ,besides ^! consid]ations1 by :i* are prev5t$ ! discont5ts t arise f oppression1 !re ought to be "s means = ! keep+ "u ( ^?1 t are dispos$ to rebellion by ambition2 :i* consi/ pr9cipally 9 ! con/ancy ( him t ha? ! sov]eign p[]1 :o ought !re=e con/antly to grace & enc\rage su*1 z be+ able to s]ve ! commonweal?1 d nev]!less conta9 !mselves )9 ! b\nds ( mode/y1 )\t rep9+ at ! au?ority ( su* z are employ$1 & )\t aggravat+ ! errors1 :i*1 z m51 !y may commit1 especially :5 !y suff] n 9 _! own p>ticul>2 & con/antly to %[ displeasure1 & dislike ( ! contr>y4 ,& n only s1 b also to orda9 sev]e puni%m5ts = su*1 z %all by repreh5sion ( public actions1 affect popul>ity & applause among/ ! multitude1 by :i* !y may be enabl$ to h a faction 9 ! commonweal? at _! devotion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! in/ruction ( y\?1 c4 necess>y1 c4 #h4 ,ano!r ?+ necess>y1 is ! root+ out ( ! consci5ces ( m51 all ^? op9ions :i* seem to ju/ify & give pret5ce ( "r to rebelli\s actions2 su* z are ! op9ions1 t a man c d no?+ lawfully aga9/ 8 private consci5ce2 t !y :o h ! sov]eignty1 are subject to ! civil laws2 t !re is any au?ority ( subjects1 ^: negative may h9d] ! affirmative ( ! sov]eign p[]2 t any subject ha? a propriety di/9ct f ! dom9ion ( ! commonweal?2 t !re is a body ( ! p )\t him or !m t h ! sov]eign p[]2 & t any lawful sov]eign may be resi/$ "u ! "n ( a tyrant2 :i* op9ions are !y1 :i*1 ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,viii4 sect4 #e-aj1 h be5 decl>$ to dispose m5 to rebellion4 ,& because op9ions :i* are gott5 by education1 & 9 l5g? ( "t1 are made habitual1 _c be tak5 away by =ce1 & ^u ! sudd52 !y mu/ !re=e be tak5 away also by "t & education4 ,& see+ ! said op9ions h proce$$ f private & public tea*+1 & ^? tea*]s h receiv$ !m f gr\nds & pr9ciples1 :i* !y h le>n$ 9 ! ,univ]sities1 f ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 & o!rs1 :o h deliv]$ no?+ conc]n+ morality & policy demon/ratively2 b be+ passionately addict$ to popul> gov]nm5t1 h ins9uat$ _! op9ions by eloqu5t sophi/ry4 ,!re is no d\bt1 if ! true doctr9e conc]n+ ! law ( nature1 & ! prop]ties ( a body politic1 & ! nature ( law 9 g5]al1 7 p]spicu\sly set d[n & taught 9 ! ,univ]sities1 b t "y m51 :o come ?i!r void ( prejudice1 & ^: m9ds are z :ite pap]1 capable ( any in/ruction1 w\ld m easily receive ! same1 & aft]w>d tea* x to ! p1 bo? 9 books & o!rwise1 ?an n[ !y d ! contr>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,avoid+ ( unnecess>y w>1 a necess>y duty ( ! sov]eign1 c4 #i4 ,! la/ ?+ conta9$ 9 t supreme law1 salus populi1 is _! def5ce2 & consi/e? p>tly 9 ! ob$i5ce & unity ( ! subjects1 ( :i* ha? be5 already spok51 & 9 :i* consi/e? ! means ( levy+ soldi]s1 & ( hav+ money1 arms1 %ips1 & =tifi$ places 9 read9ess = def5ce2 & p>tly1 9 ! avoid+ ( unnecess>y w>s4 ,= su* commonweal?s1 or su* mon>*s1 z affect w> = itself1 t is to say1 out ( ambition1 or ( va9-glory1 or t make acc\nt to rev5ge e little injury1 or disgrace done by _! neighb\rs1 if !y ru9 n !mselves1 _! =tune mu/ be bett] ?an !y h reason to expect4 ------- ,,*apt] ,x4 #a4 ,all expressions1 c4 conc]n+ future actions1 are ei!r cov5ant1 c\nsel1 or comm&4 #b4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a law & a cov5ant4 #c4 ,! comm& ( him ^: comm& is law 9 "o ?+1 is law 9 e ?+4 #d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 law & c\nsel4 #e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 jus & lex4 #f4 ,! division ( laws1 c4 #g4 ,t ! div9e moral law1 & ! law ( nature1 is ! same4 #h4 ,t ! civil laws are ! common measure ( "r & wrong1 c4 #i4 ,m>tial law is civil law4 #aj4 ,writt5 laws1 c4 ,unwritt51 c4 ,cu/oms & op9ions1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,all expressions1 c4 conc]n+ future actions1 are ei!r cov5ant1 c\nsel1 or comm&4 #a4 ,?us f> conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ,man1 & ! con/itution & prop]ties ( a ,body ,politic4 ,!re rema9e? only = ! la/ *apt]1 to speak ( ! nature & sorts ( law4 ,& fir/ x is manife/1 t all laws are decl>ations ( ! m9d1 conc]n+ "s action future to be done1 or omitt$4 ,& all decl>ations & expressions ( ! m9d conc]n+ future actions & omissions1 are ei!r promissive1 z ,i w d1 or n d2 or provisive1 z = example1 ,if ?is be done or n done1 ?is w foll[2 or imp]ative1 z ,d ?is1 or d x n4 ,9 ! fir/ sort ( ^! expressions1 consi/e? ! nature ( a cov5ant2 9 ! second1 consi/e? c\nsel2 9 ! ?ird1 comm&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a law & a cov5ant4 #b4 ,x is evid5t :5 a man do?1 or =be>e? to d any action1 if he be mov$ !reto by ?is only consid]ation1 t ! same is good or evil 9 itself2 & t !re be no reason :y ! w or pleasure ( ano!r1 %\ld be ( any weight 9 8 delib]ation1 t !n nei!r to d nor omit ! action delib]at$1 is any brea* ( law4 ,& consequ5tly1 :atsoev] is a law to a man1 respecte? ! w ( ano!r1 & ! decl>ation !re(4 ,b a cov5ant is a decl>ation ( a man's own w4 ,& !re=e a law & a cov5ant diff]3 & ?\gh !y be bo? obligatory1 & a law oblige? no o!rwise ?an by virtue ( "s cov5ant made by him :o is subject !reunto1 yet !y oblige by sev]al sorts ( promises4 ,= a cov5ant oblige? by promise ( an action1 or omission especially nam$ & limit$2 b a law b9de? by a promise ( ob$i5ce 9 g5]al1 :]eby ! action to be done1 or left undone1 is ref]r$ to ! det]m9ation ( him1 to :om ! cov5ant is made4 ,s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a cov5ant & a law1 /&e? ?us3 9 simple cov5ant1 ! action to be done1 or n done1 is fir/ limit$ & made kn[n1 & !n foll[e? ! promise to d or n d2 b 9 a law1 ! obligation to d or n to d1 prec$e?1 & ! decl>ation :at is to be done1 or n done1 foll[e? aft]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! comm& ( him ^: comm& is law 9 "o ?+1 is law 9 e ?+4 #c4 ,& f ?is may be d$uc$1 t :i* to "s may seem a p>adox1 ,t ! comm& ( him1 ^: comm& is a law 9 "o ?+1 is a law 9 e ?+4 ,= see+ a man is oblig$ to ob$i5ce be=e :at he is to d be kn[n1 he is oblig$ to obey 9 g5]al1 t is to say1 9 e ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 law & c\nsel4 #d4 ,t ! c\nsel ( a man is no law to him t is c\nsell$1 & t he :o all[e? ano!r to give him c\nsel1 do? n !reby oblige himself to foll[ ! same1 is manife/ en\gh4 ,& yet m5 usually call c\nsell+1 by ! "n ( gov]n+2 n t !y are n able to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 b because !y envy _m times ^? m5 t are call$ to c\nsel1 & are !re=e angry ) !m t !y are c\nsell$4 ,b if to c\nsellors !re %\ld be giv5 a "r to h _! c\nsel foll[$1 !n are !y no m c\nsellors1 b ma/]s ( !m :om !y c\nsel2 & _! c\nsels no m c\nsels1 b laws4 ,= ! diff]5ce betwe5 a law & a c\nsel be+ no m b ?is1 t 9 c\nsel ! expression is1 ,d1 because x is be/2 9 a law1 ,d1 because ,i h a "r to compel y2 or ,d1 because ,i say1 d2 :5 c\nsel %\ld give ! reason ( ! action x advise? to1 because ! reason !re( itself is no m c\nsel1 b a law4 ,sid5ote3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 jus lex4 #e4 ,! names lex & jus1 t is to say1 law & "r1 are (t5 conf\nd$1 & yet sc>ce are !re any two words ( m contr>y signification4 ,= "r is t lib]ty :i* law leave? u1 & laws ^? re/ra9ts by :i* we agree mutually to abridge "o ano!r's lib]ty4 ,law & "r !re=e are no less diff]5t ?an re/ra9t & lib]ty1 :i* are contr>y2 & :atsoev] a man do?1 t live? 9 a commonweal? jure1 he do? x jure civili1 jure natur1 & jure div9o4 ,= :atsoev] is aga9/ any ( ^! laws1 _c be said to be jure4 ,= ! civil law _c make t to be done jure1 :i* is aga9/ ! law div9e1 or ( nature4 ,& !re=e :atsoev] any subject do?1 if x be n contr>y to ! civil law1 & :atsoev] a sov]eign do?1 if x be n aga9/ ! law ( nature1 he do? x jure div9o1 by div9e "r4 ,b to say1 lege div91 by div9e law1 is ano!r ?+4 ,= ! laws ( ,god & nature all[+ great] lib]ty ?an is all[$ by ! law civil2 = subord9ate laws d /ill b9d m ?an sup]ior laws1 ! ess5ce ( law be+ n to loose1 b to b9d1 a man may be comm&$ t by a law civil1 :i* is n comm&$ by ! law ( nature1 nor by ! law div9e4 ,s t ( ?+s done lege1 t is to say1 by comm& ( ! law1 !re is "s place = a di/9ction betwe5 lege div91 & lege civili4 ,z :5 a man give? an alms1 or helpe? him t is 9 ne$1 he do? x n lege civili1 b lege div91 by ! div9e law1 ! precept :]e( is *>ity4 ,b = ?+s t are done jure1 no?+ c be said to be done jure div9o1 t is n also jure civili1 unless x be done by !m t hav+ sov]eign p[]1 are n subject to ! civil law4 ,sid5ote3 ,! division ( laws1 c4 #f4 ,! diff]5ces ( laws1 are accord+ to ! diff]5ces1 ei!r ( ! au?ors & lawmak]s1 or ( ! promulgation1 or ( ^? t are subject to !m4 ,f ! diff]5ce ( ! au?ors1 or lawmak]s1 come? ! division ( law into div9e1 natural1 & civil4 ,f ! diff]5ce ( promulgation1 proce$e? ! division ( laws into writt5 & unwritt54 ,& f ! diff]5ce ( ! p]sons to :om ! law app]ta9e?1 x proce$e?1 t "s laws are call$ simply laws1 & "s p5al4 ,z = example1 ?\ %alt n /eal1 is simply a law2 b ?is1 he t /eale? an ox1 %all re/ore f\r-fold1 is a p5al1 or z o!rs call x1 a judicial law4 ,n[ 9 ^? laws1 :i* are simply laws1 ! comm&m5t is address$ to e man2 b 9 p5al laws ! comm&m5t is address$ to ! magi/rate1 :o is only guilty ( ! brea* ( x1 :5 ! p5alties orda9$1 are n inflict$2 to ! re/ app]ta9$ no?+1 b to take notice ( _! dang]4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! div9e moral law1 & ! law ( nature1 is ! same4 #g4 ,z = ! fir/ division ( law into div9e1 natural1 & civil1 ! fir/ two bran*es are "o & ! same law4 ,= ! law ( nature1 :i* is also ! moral law1 is ! law ( ! au?or ( nature1 ,god ,almighty2 & ! law ( ,god taught by our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 is ! moral law4 ,= ! sum ( ,god's law is1 ,?\ %alt love ,god above all1 & ?y neighb\r z ?yself2 & ! same is ! sum ( ! law ( nature1 z ha? be5 %[$1 ,"p ,i4 *ap4 ,v4 ,& al?\gh ! doctr9e ( our ,savi\r be ( ?ree p>ts1 moral1 !ological1 & ecclesia/ical2 ! =m] "p only1 :i* is ! moral1 is ( ! nature ( a law univ]sal2 ! latt] "p is a bran* ( ! law civil2 & ! !ological1 :i* conta9e? ^? articles conc]n+ ! div9ity & k+dom ( our ,savi\r1 )\t :i* !re is no salvation1 is n deliv]$ 9 ! nature ( laws1 b ( c\nsel & direction1 h[ to avoid ! puni%m5t1 :i* by ! violation ( ! moral law1 m5 are subject to4 ,= x is n infidelity t condemne?1 ?\gh x be fai? t save?1 b ! brea* ( ! law & comm&m5ts ( ,god1 writt5 fir/ 9 man's he>t1 & aft]w>ds 9 tables1 & deliv]$ to ! ,jews by ! h&s ( ,moses4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! civil laws are ! common measure ( "r & wrong1 c4 #h4 ,9 ! /ate ( nature1 :]e e man is 8 own judge1 & diff]e? f o!r conc]n+ ! names & appellations ( ?+s1 & f ^? diff]5ces arise qu>rels & brea* ( peace1 x 0 necess>y !re %\ld be a common measure ( all ?+s1 t might fall 9 controv]sy4 ,z = example2 ( :at is to be call$ "r1 :at good1 :at virtue1 :at mu*1 :at little1 :at meum & tuum1 :at a p\nd1 :at a qu>t1 c4 ,= 9 ^! ?+s private judgm5ts may diff]1 & beget controv]sy4 ,?is common measure1 "s say1 is "r reason3 ) :om ,i %\ld cons5t1 if !re 7 any su* ?+ to be f\nd or kn[n 9 r]um natur4 ,b commonly !y t call = "r reason to decide any controv]sy1 d mean _! own4 ,b ?is is c]ta91 see+ "r reason is n exi/5t1 ! reason ( "s man or m5 mu/ supply ! place !re(2 & t man or m51 is he or !y1 t h ! sov]eign p[]1 z ha? be5 already prov$2 & consequ5tly ! civil laws are to all subjects ! measures ( _! actions1 :]eby to det]m9e1 :e!r !y be "r or wrong1 pr(itable or unpr(itable1 virtu\s or vici\s2 & by !m ! use & def9ition ( all names n agre$ ^u1 & t5d+ to controv]sy1 %all be e/abli%$4 ,z = example1 :5 ^u occasion ( "s /range & de=m$ bir?1 x %all n be decid$ by ,ari/otle1 or ! philosoph]s1 :e!r ! same be a man1 or no1 b by ! laws2 ! civil law conta9+ 9 x ! ecclesia/ical1 z a "p !re(1 proce$+ f ! p[] ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 giv5 by our ,savi\r to all ,*ri/ian sov]eigns1 z 8 imm$iate vic>s1 z ha? be5 said ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,vii4 sect4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>tial law is civil law4 #i4 ,b see+ x ha? be5 said1 t all laws are ei!r natural or civil1 x may be dem&$1 to :i* ( ^! %all be ref]r$ t law1 :i* is call$ m>tial law1 & by ! ,romans1 discipl9a milit>is8 ,& x may seem to be ! same ) ! law ( nature2 because ! laws by :i* a multitude ( soldi]s are gov]n$ 9 an army are n con/ant1 b cont9ually *ang+ ) ! occasion2 & t is /ill a law1 :i* is reason = ! pres5t1 & reason is ! law ( nature4 ,x is nev]!less true1 t m>tial law is civil law1 because an army is a body politic1 ! :ole p[] :]e( is 9 ! ,g5]al1 & ! laws !re( made by him2 & ?\gh !y /ill foll[ & *ange z reason require?1 yet x is n1 z ! reason ( e private man1 b z ! reason ( ! ,g5]al require?4 ,sid5ote3 ,writt5 laws1 ,unwritt51 c4 ,cu/oms1 & ,op9ions1 c4 #aj4 ,:5 he or !y 9 :om is ! sov]eign p[] ( a commonweal?1 are to orda9 laws = ! gov]nm5t & good ord] ( ! p1 x is n possible !y %\ld compreh5d all cases ( controv]sy t may fall out1 or p]haps any consid]able div]sity ( !m3 b z "t %all in/ruct !m by ! ris+ ( new occasions1 s are also laws f "t to "t to be orda9$3 & 9 su* cases :]e no special law is made1 ! law ( nature keepe? its place1 & ! magi/rates ought to give s5t5ce accord+ !reunto1 t is to say1 accord+ to natural reason4 ,! con/itutions !re=e ( ! sov]eign p[]1 by :i* ! lib]ty ( nature is abridg$1 are writt51 because !re is no o!r way to take notice ( !m2 :]eas ! laws ( nature are suppos$ to be writt5 9 m5's he>ts4 ,writt5 laws !re=e are ! con/itutions ( a commonweal? express$2 & unwritt51 are ! laws ( natural reason4 ,cu/om ( itself make? no laws4 ,nev]!less :5 a s5t5ce ha? be5 once giv51 by !m t judge by _! natural reason1 :e!r ! same be "r or wrong1 x may atta9 to ! vig\r ( a law2 n because ! l s5t5ce ha? ( cu/om be5 giv5 9 ! l case1 b because ! sov]eign p[] is suppos$ tacitly to h approv$ su* s5t5ce = "r1 & !reby x come? to be a law1 & numb]$ among/ ! writt5 laws ( ! commonweal?4 ,= if cu/om 7 suffici5t to introduce a law1 !n x w\ld be 9 ! p[] ( e "o t is deput$ to he> a cause1 to make 8 errors laws4 ,9 ! l mann]1 ^? laws t g "u ! title ( responsa prud5tum1 t is to say1 ! op9ions ( lawy]s1 are n !re=e laws1 because responsa prud5tum1 b because !y are admitt$ by ! sov]eign4 ,& f ?is may be collect$1 t :5 !re is a case ( private contract betwe5 ! sov]eign & ! subject1 a prec$5t aga9/ reason %all n prejudice ! cause ( ! sov]eign2 no prec$5t be+ made a law1 b ^u supposition t ! same 0 reasonable f ! beg9n+4 ,& ?us mu* conc]n+ ! elem5ts & g5]al gr\nds ( laws natural & politic4 ,z = ! law ( nations1 x is ! same ) ! law ( nature4 ,= t :i* is ! law ( nature betwe5 man & man1 be=e ! con/itution ( commonweal?1 is ! law ( nations betwe5 sov]eign & sov]eign1 aft]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity3 ,a ,,treatise1 ,,:]e9 ,,all ,,controv]sy ,,conc]n+ ,,pr$e/9ation1 ,,election1 ,,free-,,w1 ,,grace1 ,,m]its1 ,,reprobation1 c4 ,,is ,,fully ,,decid$ ,,& ,,cle>$4 ,,9 ,,answ] ,,to ,a ,,treatise ,,writt5 ,,by ,,! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,londond]ry1 ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,subject4 ,,to ,,! ,,sob] ,,& ,,discreet ,,read]4 ,x made ,/4 ,*ryso/om tremble :5ev] he reflect$ on ! proportion1 :i* ^? t w5t ! n>r[ way1 bore to ^? :i* m>*$ 9 ! broad1 h[ _m 7 ! call$1 & h[ few ! *os51 h[ _m !y 7 t 7 creat$ = & 9 a capacity ( et]nal beatitude1 & h[ few atta9$ x4 ,?is consid]ation c]ta9ly w\ld make a man look ^u ! ,holy ,scriptures1 among ,*ri/ians1 z ! greate/ indulg5ce ( heav51 be+ all ! directions x ha? be5 pleas$ to af=d poor man 9 s difficult a j\rney z t ( 8 et]nal bliss or mis]y4 ,b :5 a man come? to look into ^? transc5dant writ+s1 he f9ds !m to be ! works ( a sort ( innoc5t h>mless m51 t _h little acqua9tance or famili>ity ) ! _w1 & consequ5tly n mu* int]e/$ 9 ! tr\bles & qu>rels ( sev]al c\ntries2 t ?\gh !y are all b necess>y1 yet 7 !y writt5 occasionally1 r ?an out ( design2 & la/ly1 t _! ma9 bus9ess is1 to ab/ract man f ?is _w1 & to p]suade him to pref] ! b>e hope ( :at he c nei!r see1 he>1 nor conceive1 be=e all ! pres5t enjoym5ts ?is _w c af=d4 ,?is begat a rev]5ce & e/eem to !m 9 all ^? :o endeav\r to "w out _! salvation out ( !m4 ,b if a man1 n weigh+ !m 9 !mselves1 %all consid] ! practices ( ^?1 :o pret5d to be ! int]pret]s ( !m1 & to make !m fit meat = ! p2 h[ t in/ead ( r5\nc+ ! _w1 !y endeav\r to raise !mselves into ! greate/ promotions1 leisure1 & luxury2 t !y make !m ! decoys ( ! p1 to c>ry on designs & intrigues ( /ate1 & /udy ! enjoym5ts ( ?is _w m ?an any o!r p3 he w f9d "s gr\nds to conclude1 ! practices ( su* m5 to be ! greate/ di/urbance1 burd51 & vexation ( ! ,*ri/ian "p ( ! _w4 ,! compla9t is z true z sad2 in/ead ( acqua9t+ ! cr$ul\s vulg>1 ) ! ma9 end ( _! functions1 & ! great bus9ess ( _! embassy1 :at a great measure ( felicity is prep>$ = !m1 & h[ easily x may be =feit$2 !y involve _! consci5ces 9 ! bri>s ( a ?\s& ne$less scruples1 !y sp9 out volumes out ( half s5t5ces1 nay1 out ( po9ts & acc5ts1 & raise endless controv]sies ab\t ?+s1 77 m5 free f passion & prejudice71 9 !mselves cle> en\gh3 & :5 !y h canvass$ _! que/ions1 till !y are we>y !mselves1 & h we>i$ he>]s & read]s1 & all !y h to d )1 e "o sits d[n "u 8 own v9e1 & hugs 8 own appreh5sions2 s t aft] all _! pa9s1 b&+s1 & implacable adhesion to p>ties1 ! inconv5i5ce rema9s /ill1 & we z f> f any solid conviction1 z at fir/ sett+ out4 ,! controv]sies betwixt ,rome & ! ,re=mation are long s9ce beat5 out ( ! pit1 by o!r combatants ( _! own brood2 s t if we speak ( ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 !y are 9 a mann] cont5t to sit d[n ) _! pres5t acque/s3 = z to conviction1 he c]ta9ly is a r>e proselyte1 at ^: conv]sion1 int]e/1 hum\r1 discont5t1 incl9ation1 are n admitt$ to ! debate4 ,b to come yet ne>] our purpose1 let u consid] our own fractions ( fractions ( religion "h 9 ,engl&1 :]e if t say+1 t x is bett] to live :]e no?+ is lawful1 ?an :]e all ?+s1 be z true 9 religion z policy1 po/]ity may haply feel ! sad consequ5ce ( x4 ,:at1 ,i pray1 is ! effect ( s _m s]mons1 tea*+s1 prea*+s1 ex]cises1 & ex]cis+ ( gifts1 meet+s1 disputations1 conf]5ces1 conv5ticles1 pr9t$ books1 writt5 ) s mu* di/raction & presumption ^u ,god ,almighty1 & abuse ( 8 ,holy ,^w8 ,m>ry ?is3 x is ! sem9>y ( _m vexati\s1 endless1 & fruitless controv]sies1 ! consequ5ce :]e( are jeal\sies1 he>t-burn+s1 exasp]ation ( p>ties1 ! introduction ( factions & national qu>rels into matt]s ( religion1 & consequ5tly all ! calamities ( w> & deva/ation4 ,besides1 !y are good lawful div]sions = ! dull] sort ( citiz5s1 :o contract diseases = want ( motion2 !y supply ! build+ ( pyramids among ! ,egyptians1 by div]t+ ! ?\ghts ( ! p f matt]s ( /ate1 & consequ5tly f rebellion4 ,!y f9d "w = pr9t]s1 c4 if ! p>ties int]e/$ are tr\bl$ ) ! it* ( popul>ity1 & w suff] !mselves to be scrat*$ out ( some:at by way ( contribution to ! impression4 ,h5ce is ! /ation]'s %op furni%$1 & !nce ! m9i/]'s /udy 9 ! c\ntry1 :o hav+ f\nd out ! hum\r ( 8 auditory1 consults ) 8 /ation]1 on :at books 8 money is be/ be/[$2 :o v gravely1 x may be1 w comm5d ,cole ^u ! ,philippians be=e ! excell5t1 b borr[$1 ,c>yl ^u ,job4 ,b z to any matt] ( conviction1 we see e "o acquiesces 9 8 own s5tim5ts1 e "o he>s ! tea*] :o is mo/ to 8 hum\r2 & :5 he ha? be5 at *ur*1 & pret5ds to h sat at 8 feet1 comes home & c5sures him z he pleases4 ,to be yet a little m p>ticul>1 :at %all we ?9k ( ^? va/ & involuble volumes conc]n+ pr$e/9ation1 free-w1 free-grace1 election1 reprobation1 c41 :i* fill n only our libr>ies1 b ! _w ) _! noise & di/urbance1 :]e( ! lea/ ?+ we are to expect is conviction2 e side endeav\r+ to make good _! own gr\nds1 & keep ! cudgels 9 _! h&s z long z !y c8 ,:at /ir is !re betwe5 ! ,mol9i/s & ,jans5i/s ab\t grace & m]its2 & yet bo? pret5d ,/4 ,augu/96 ,mu/ we n expect1 t ! ,jesuits w1 7 x = no o!r end b to v9dicate t reputation ( le>n+ !y h obta9$ 9 ! _w1 endeav\r to make good _! t5ets1 ?\gh ! o!r 7 ! tru] op9ion8 ,is tru? !n retir$ to t inaccessible rock t admits no approa*es8 ,or are we all turn$ ,ixions1 & in/ead ( enjoy+ t ,juno1 ent]ta9 ourselves ) ! cl\ds ( our own p]suasions2 ( :i* unnatural coition1 :at o!r issue c !re be b ,c5taurs & mon/r\s op9ions8 ,to ^! que/ions ,i %all n presume to answ]1 b 9 ! words ( ?is great au?or1 :o answ]+ ! *>ge ( impiety laid ^u ! hold+ ( necessity1 says ?us2 ,if we consid] ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 n z !y %\ld be1 b z !y are1 t is z m51 :om ei!r ! /udy ( acquir+ weal? & pref]m5t1 or :om ! appetite ( s5sual delights1 or ! impati5ce ( m$itat+1 or ! ra% embrac+ ( wrong pr9ciples1 h made unapt to discuss ! tru? ( ?+s1 ,i mu/ confess1 c4 ,c]ta9ly we h "s reason to expect an effectual cure f ?is man1 s9ce he ha? s =tunately f\nd out ! disease4 ,n[ if he 9 s few %eets ha? p]=m$ m ?an all ! volum9\s works ( ! prie/s & m9i/]s1 & t 9 po9ts ( s\l-conc]nm5t & ,*ri/ian int]e/1 z pr$e/9ation1 free-w1 grace1 m]its1 election1 reprobation1 necessity1 & lib]ty ( actions1 & o!rs1 ! ma9 h+es ( human salvation2 & to d ?is1 be+ a p]son1 :om n only ! av]s5ess ( 8 nature to engage himself 9 matt]s ( controv]sy ( ?is k9d1 b 8 sev]] /udy ( ! ma!matics1 might ju/ly exempt f any su* skirmi%es2 we may n /ick to inf]1 t ! black-coats1 g5]ally tak51 are a sort ( ignorant t9k]s1 :o 9 matt]s ( _! own pr(ession1 su* z is ! m5d+ & sold]+ ( m5's consci5ces1 h made m holes ?an !y f\nd2 nay1 :at makes !m m imp>donable1 !y h nei!r ! gratitude nor +5uity to ackn[l$ge ?is repair] ( _! brea*es1 & ass]tor ( _! reputation1 :o ha? n[ effect$ :at !y all ?is :ile h be5 tamp]+ ab\t4 ,i "k ?is au?or is little behold5 to ! m9i/]s1 & !y make a great "p ( ! nation2 & besides !m1 ,i "k !re are _m illit]ate1 ob/9ate1 & inconv9cible spirits3 yet ,i d>e advance ?is proposition1 h[ bold soev] x may seem to "s2 t ?is book1 h[ little & contemptible soev] x may seem1 conta9s m evid5ce & conviction 9 ! matt]s x treats (1 ?an all ! volumes1 nay libr>ies1 :i* ! prie/s1 jesuits1 & m9i/]s h1 to our great *>ge1 di/raction1 & loss ( preci\s "t1 furni%$ u )4 ,:i* if s1 ,i %all und]take = any rational man1 t all ! controv]sial lab\rs conc]n+ religion 9 ! _w1 all ! polemical treatises ( ! mo/ anci5t or mod]n1 %all nev] bre$ any maggots ( scruples1 or dissatisfactions 9 8 bra9s1 nor %all 8 eyes or head ev] a*e ) turn+ !m ov]2 b he %all be s resolv$ 9 m9d1 z nev] to importune ,god ,almighty ) imp]t95t addresses1 nor ev] become any ( ^? en?usia/ical spiritati1 :o1 z ! mo/ le>n$ ,mr4 ,:ite says1 exp\nd ,scripture )\t s5se or reason1 & are n to be disput$ ) b ) ! same success z m5 write on s&1 & tr\ble _! neighb\rs ) _! dreams1 revelations1 & spiritual :imsies4 ,no6 "h is solid conviction1 at lea/ s f> z ! metaphysical my/]ies ( our religion w admit4 ,if ,god be omnipot5t1 he is irresi/ible2 if s1 j 9 all 8 actions1 ?\gh we1 :o h z mu* capacity to measure ! ju/ice ( ,god's actions z a man born bl9d to judge ( col\rs1 haply may n disc]n x4 ,:at !n ne$ any man tr\ble 8 head1 :e!r he be pr$e/9at$ or no8 ,let him live ju/ly & hone/ly accord+ to ! religion ( 8 c\ntry1 & ref] himself to ,god = ! re/1 s9ce he is ! pott]1 & may d :at he please ) ! vessel4 ,b ,i leave ! read] to f9d 8 satisfaction 9 ! treatise itself1 s9ce x may be ,i d]ogate f x by say+ s mu* be=e x4 ,?is book1 ,i d\bt n1 w f9d no worse ent]ta9m5t ?an ! ,levia?an1 bo? 9 reg>d ( its bulk1 & t x do? n /rike s home at ! m9i/]s & ,ca?olic p>ty z t did4 ,& yet "h we mu/ compla9 ( want ( suffici5cy or +5uity to ackn[l$ge ! tru?s or confute ! errors ( t book2 :i* till x is done1 we %all n c\nt ! au?or an h]etic4 ,on ?is side ! sea1 besides ! dirt & sl&] ca/ on him 9 s]mons & private meet+s1 none ha? put any?+ 9 pr9t aga9/ him1 b ,mr4 ,rosse2 "o :o may be said to h _h s mu* le>n+1 z to h be5 p]petually b>k+ at ! works ( ! mo/ le>n$4 ,h[ he ha? be5 receiv$ beyond seas ,i "k n1 b c]ta9ly1 n )\t ! regret ( ! ,ca?olics2 :o build+ _! *ur* on o!r f\ndations ?an ^? ( ! ,scriptures1 & pret5d+ infallibility1 c]titude1 & unity 9 religion1 _c b be discont5t$ t ^! pr]ogatives ( religion are tak5 away1 n only f tradition1 t is to say1 f ! *ur*1 b also f ! ,scriptures1 & are inve/$ 9 ! supreme p[] ( ! nation1 be x ( :at p]suasion x w4 ,?us mu*1 ,read]1 ,i h ?\ght fit to acqua9t !e )1 t ?\ mighte/ "k :at a jewel ?\ ha/ 9 ?y h&s1 :i* ?\ mu/ accord+ly value1 n by ! bulk1 b ! preci\sness4 ,?\ ha/ "h 9 a few %eets :at might prove "w en\gh = _m ?\s& s]mons & ex]cises2 & m ?an ! cate*isms & confessions ( a ?\s& assemblies c\ld furni% !e )3 ?\ ha/ :at w ca/ an et]nal blemi% on all ! corn]$ caps ( prie/s & jesuits1 & all ! black & :ite caps ( ! cant+ tribe2 to be %ort1 ?\ art n[ acqua9t$ ) t man1 :o1 9 matt]s ( s great importance z ^? ( ?y salvation1 furni%es !e ) bett] in/ructions1 ?an any ?\ ha/ ev] yet be5 acqua9t$ )1 :at pr(ession1 p]suasion1 op9ion1 or *ur* soev] ?\ art (2 ( :om & 8 works make ! be/ use ?\ can/4 ,f>ewell4 pm hrdbl ,,to ,,! ,,"l ,,m>quis ,,( ,,newca/le4 ------- ,,"r ,,hon\rable1 ,i _h once resolv$ to answ] my ,"l ,bi%op's objections to my book ,,de ,,cive 9 ! fir/ place1 z t :i* conc]ns me mo/2 & aft]w>ds to exam9e 8 ,disc\rse ( ,,lib]ty & ,,necessity1 :i*1 because ,i _h nev] utt]$ my op9ion ( x1 conc]n$ me ! less4 ,b see+ x 0 y\r ,lord%ip's & my ,"l ,bi%op's desire t ,i %\ld beg9 ) ! latt]1 ,i 0 cont5t$ s to d1 & "h ,i pres5t & submit x to y\r ,lord%ip's judgm5t4 ,& fir/ ,i assure y\r ,lord%ip ,i f9d 9 x no new argum5t nei!r f ,scripture nor f reason1 t ,i h n (t5 he>d be=e1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 ,i am n surpris$4 ,! preface is a h&some "o1 b x appe>e? ev5 9 t1 t he ha? mi/ak5 ! "q4 ,= :]eas he says ?us1 ,if ,i be free to write ?is ,disc\rse1 ,i h obta9$ ! cause3 ,i d5y t to be true1 = x is en\gh to 8 fre$om ( writ+1 t he _h n writt5 x1 unless he w\ld himself4 ,if he w obta9 ! cause1 he mu/ prove t be=e he writ x1 x 0 n necess>y he %\ld prove x aft]w>d4 ,x may be 8 ,lord%ip ?9ks x all "o to say1 ,i 0 free to write x1 &1 ,x 0 n necess>y ,i %\ld write x4 ,b ,i ?9k o!rwise4 ,= he is free to d a ?+1 t may d x if he h ! w to d x1 & may =be>1 if he h ! w to =be>4 ,& yet if !re be a necessity t he %all h ! w to d x1 ! action is necess>ily to foll[3 & if !re be a necessity t he %all h ! w to =be>1 ! =be>+ also w be necess>y4 ,! "q !re=e is n1 :e!r a man be a free ag5t1 t is to say1 :e!r he c write or =be>1 speak or be sil5t1 accord+ to 8 w2 b1 :e!r ! w to write1 & ! w to =be>1 come ^u him accord+ to 8 w1 or accord+ to any?+ else 9 8 own p[]4 ,i ackn[l$ge ?is lib]ty1 t ,i c d if ,i w2 b to say1 ,i c w if ,i w1 ,i take to be an absurd spee*4 ,:]e=e ,i _c grant my ,"l ! cause ^u 8 preface4 ,9 ! next place1 he make? c]ta9 di/9ctions ( lib]ty1 & says he meane? n lib]ty f s91 nor f s]vitude1 nor f viol5ce2 b1 f necessity1 necessitation1 inevitability1 & det]m9ation to "o4 ,x _h be5 bett] to def9e lib]ty1 ?an ?us to di/+ui%4 ,= ,i und]/& nev] ! m :at he means by lib]ty2 & ?\gh he say he means lib]ty f necessitation1 yet ,i und]/& n h[ su* a lib]ty c be1 & x is a tak+ ( ! "q )\t pro(4 ,= :at is else ! "q betwe5 u1 b :e!r su* a lib]ty be possible or n8 ,!re are 9 ! same place o!r di/9ctions3 z a lib]ty ( ex]cise only1 :i* he calls a lib]ty ( contradiction1 namely ( do+ n good1 or evil simply1 b ( do+ ?is or t good1 or ?is or t evil respectively1 & a lib]ty ( specification & ex]cise also1 :i* he calls a lib]ty ( contr>iety1 namely a lib]ty n only to d good or evil1 b also to d or n d ?is or t good or evil4 ,& ) ^! di/9ctions 8 ,lord%ip says he cle>s ! coa/1 :]eas 9 tru?1 he d>k5e? 8 own mean+ & ! "q1 n only ) ! j>gon ( ex]cise only1 specification also1 contradiction1 contr>iety1 b also ) pret5d+ di/9ction :]e none is3 = h[ is x possible t ! lib]ty ( do+ or n do+ ?is or t good or evil1 c consi/1 z he says x does 9 ,god & good angels1 )\t a lib]ty ( do+ or n do+ good or evil8 ,! next ?+ 8 ,lord%ip does1 aft] cle>+ ( ! coa/1 is ! divid+ ( 8 =ces1 z he calls !m1 into two squadrons1 "o ( places ( ,scriptures1 ! o!r ( reasons1 :i* allegory he use?1 ,i suppose1 because he addresse? ! disc\rse to y\r ,lord%ip1 :o is a milit>y man4 ,all t ,i h to say t\*+ ?is1 is1 t ,i obs]ve a great "p ( ^? 8 =ces d look & m>* ano!r way1 & "s ( !m fight among/ !mselves4 ,& ! fir/ place ( ,scripture1 tak5 f ,numb4 xxx4 #ac1 is "o ( ^? t look ano!r way2 ! words are1 ,if a wife make a v[1 x is left to h] husb&'s *oice ei!r to e/abli% x or make x void4 ,= x proves no m b t ! husb& is a free & volunt>y ag5t1 b n t 8 *oice !re9 is n necessitat$ or n det]m9$ to :at he %all *oose1 by prec$5t necess>y causes4 ,= if !re come into ! husb&'s m9d great] good by e/abli%+ ?an abrogat+ su* a v[1 ! e/abli%+ w foll[ necess>ily2 & if ! evil t w foll[ 9 ! husb&'s op9ion outweigh ! good1 ! contr>y mu/ ne$s foll[3 & yet 9 ?is foll[+ ( "o's hopes & fe>s1 consi/e? ! nature ( election4 ,s t a man may bo? *oose ?is1 & _c b *oose ?is1 & consequ5tly *oos+ & necessity are jo9$ toge!r4 ,! second place ( ,scripture is ,jo%ua1 xxiv4 #ae4 ,! ?ird is #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ab1 :]eby x is cle>ly prov$1 t !re is election 9 man1 b n prov$ t su* election 0 n necessitat$ by ! hopes1 & fe>s1 & consid]ations ( good & bad to foll[1 :i* dep5d n on ! w1 nor are subject to election4 ,& !re=e "o answ] s]ves all su* places1 if !re 7 a ?\s&4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip suppos+1 x seems1 ,i might answ]1 z ,i h done1 t necessity & election might /& toge!r1 & in/ance 9 ! actions ( *ildr51 fools1 or brute bea/s1 ^: fancies1 ,i might say1 are necessitat$ & det]m9$ to "o2 be=e ^! 8 pro(s out ( ,scripture1 desires to prev5t t in/ance1 & !re=e says t ! actions ( *ildr51 fools1 madm51 & bea/s1 are inde$ det]m9$1 b t !y proce$ n f election1 nor f free1 b f spontane\s ag5ts4 ,z = example1 t ! bee1 :5 x make? honey1 does x spontane\sly2 & :5 ! spid] makes 8 web1 he does x spontane\sly1 b n by election4 ,?\gh ,i nev] meant to gr\nd my answ] ^u ! exp]i5ce ( :at *ildr51 fools1 madm51 & bea/s d2 yet t y\r ,lord%ip may und]/& :at c be meant by spontane\s1 & h[ x diff]e? f volunt>y1 ,i w answ] t di/9ction1 & %[ t x fighte? aga9/ its fell[ argum5ts4 ,y\r ,lord%ip !re=e is to consid]1 t all volunt>y actions1 :]e ! ?+ t induce? ! w is n fe>1 are call$ also spontane\s1 & said to be done by a man's own accord4 ,z :5 a man give? money volunt>ily to ano!r = m]*&ise1 or out ( affection1 he is said to d x ( 8 own accord1 :i* 9 ,lat9 is sponte1 & !re=e ! action is spontane\s2 ?\gh to give "o's money will+ly to a ?ief to avoid kill+1 or ?r[ x into ! sea to avoid dr[n+1 :]e ! motive is fe>1 be n call$ spontane\s4 ,b e spontane\s action is n !re=e volunt>y1 = volunt>y presupposes "s prec$5t delib]ation1 t is to say1 "s consid]ation1 & m$itation1 ( :at is likely to foll[1 bo? ^u ! do+1 & ab/a9+ f ! action delib]at$ (2 :]eas _m actions are done ( our own accord1 & are !re=e spontane\s1 = :i* nev]!less1 z my ,"l ?9ks1 we nev] consult$ nor delib]at$ 9 ourselves4 ,z :5 mak+ no "q nor any ! lea/ d\bt 9 ! _w1 b ! ?+ we are ab\t is good1 we eat & walk1 or 9 ang] /rike or revile1 :i* my ,"l ?9ks spontane\s1 b n volunt>y nor elective actions1 & ) su* k9d ( actions1 he says necessitation may /&1 b n ) su* z are volunt>y1 & proce$ ^u election & delib]ation4 ,n[ if ,i make x appe> to y\r ,lord%ip1 t ^? actions1 :i*1 he says1 proce$ f spontaneity1 & :i* he ascribes to *ildr51 fools1 madm51 & bea/s1 proce$ f election & delib]ation1 & t actions inconsid]ate1 ra%1 & spontane\s1 are ord9>ily f\nd 9 ^?1 t are by !mselves & _m m ?\ght z wise1 or wis] ?an ord9>ily m5 are1 !n my ,"l ,bi%op's argum5t conclude?1 t necessity & election may /& toge!r1 :i* is contr>y to t :i* he int5de? by all ! re/ ( 8 argum5ts to prove4 ,& fir/ y\r ,lord%ip's own exp]i5ce furni%es y ) pro( en\gh1 t horses1 dogs1 & o!r brute bea/s1 d demur (t5times ^u ! way !y are to take1 ! horse retir+ f "s /range figure t he sees1 & com+ on aga9 to avoid ! spur4 ,& :at else do? a man t delib]ate?1 b "o :ile proce$ t[>d action1 ano!r :ile retire f x1 z ! hope ( great] good draws him1 or ! fe> ( great] evil drives him away4 ,a *ild may be s "y z to d :at x does )\t all delib]ation1 b t is b till x h ! *ance to be hurt by do+ ( some:at1 or till x be ( age to und]/& ! rod3 = ! actions1 :]e9 he ha? once _h a *eck1 %all be delib]at$ on ! second "t4 ,fools & madm5 manife/ly delib]ate no less ?an ! wise/ m51 ?\gh !y make n s good a *oice1 ! images ( ?+s be+ by disease alt]$4 ,= bees & spid]s1 if my ,"l ,bi%op _h _h s little to d z to be a spectator ( _! actions1 he w\ld h confess$ n only election1 b art1 prud5ce1 & policy1 9 !m1 v ne> equal to t ( mank9d4 ,( bees1 ,ari/otle says1 _! life is civil4 ,aga91 8 ,lord%ip is deceiv$1 if he ?9k any spontane\s action1 aft] once be+ *eck$ 9 x1 diff]s f an action volunt>y & elective3 = ev5 ! sett+ ( a man's foot1 9 ! po/ure = walk+1 & ! action ( ord9>y eat+1 0 once delib]at$ ( h[ & :5 x %\ld be done1 & ?\gh aft]w>d x became easy & habitual1 s z to be done )\t =e?\ght2 yet t does n h9d] b t ! act is volunt>y1 & proce$e? f election4 ,s also are ! ra%e/ actions ( *ol]ic p]sons volunt>y & ^u delib]ation3 = :o is !re b v "y *ildr51 t ha? n consid]$ :5 & h[ f> he ought1 or safely may /rike or revile8 ,see+ !n 8 ,lord%ip agrees ) me1 t su* actions are necessitat$1 & ! fancy ( ^? t d !m det]m9$ to ! action !y d1 x foll[s out ( 8 ,lord%ip's own doctr9e1 t ! lib]ty ( election does n take away ! necessity ( elect+ ?is or t individual ?+4 ,& ?us "o ( 8 argum5ts fights aga9/ ano!r4 ,! second argum5t f ,scripture1 consi/e? 9 hi/ories ( m5 t did "o ?+1 :5 if !y w\ld1 !y might h done ano!r2 ! places are two3 "o is #a ,k+s iii4 #aj1 :]e ! hi/ory says1 ,god 0 pleas$ t ,solomon1 :o might1 if he w\ld1 h ask$ ri*es1 or rev5ge1 did nev]!less ask wisdom at ,god's h&s3 ! o!r is ! words ( ,/4 ,pet] to ,ananias1 ,acts v4 #d3 ,aft] x 0 sold1 0 x n 9 ?9e own p[]8 ,to :i* ! answ] is ! same ) t ,i answ]$ to ! =m] places1 t !y prove !re is election1 b d n disprove ! necessity1 :i* ,i ma9ta91 ( :at !y s elect4 ,! f\r? argum5t 7= to ! ?ird & fif? ,i %all make b "o answ]7 is to ?is effect2 ,if ! decrees ( ,god1 or 8 =ekn[l$ge1 or ! influ5ce ( ! />s1 or ! concat5ation ( causes1 or ! physical or moral efficacy ( causes1 or ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+1 or :atsoev] x be1 d take away true lib]ty1 !n ,adam be=e 8 fall _h no true lib]ty4 ,quicquid o/5des mihi sic incr$ulus odi4 ,t :i* ,i say necessitate? & det]m9ate? e action1 t 8 ,lord%ip may no long] d\bt ( my mean+1 is ! sum ( all ?+s1 :i* be+ n[ exi/5t1 conduce & concur to ! production ( t action h]eaft]1 :]e( if any "o ?+ n[ 7 want+1 ! effect c\ld n be produc$4 ,?is conc\rse ( causes1 :]e( e "o is det]m9$ to be su* z x is by a l conc\rse ( =m] causes1 may well be call$ 79 respect !y 7 all set & ord]$ by ! et]nal cause ( all ?+s1 ,god ,almighty7 ! decree ( ,god4 ,b t ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god %\ld be a cause ( any ?+1 _c be truly said1 see+ =ekn[l$ge is k1 & k dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+s kn[n1 & n !y on x4 ,! influ5ce ( ! />s is b a small "p ( ! :ole cause1 consi/+ ( ! conc\rse ( all ag5ts4 ,nor does ! conc\rse ( all causes make "o simple *a9 or concat5ation1 b an innum]able numb] ( *a9s1 jo9$ toge!r1 n 9 all p>ts1 b 9 ! fir/ l9k ,god ,almighty2 & consequ5tly ! :ole cause ( an ev5t1 do? n always dep5d on "o s+le *a91 b on _m toge!r4 ,natural efficacy ( objects does det]m9e volunt>y ag5ts1 & necessitates ! w1 & consequ5tly ! action2 b = moral efficacy1 ,i und]/& n :at he means4 ,! la/ dictate ( ! judgm5t1 conc]n+ ! good or bad1 t may foll[ on any action1 is n prop]ly ! :ole cause1 b ! la/ "p ( x1 & yet may be said to produce ! effect necess>ily1 9 su* mann] z ! la/ fea!r may be said to break a horse's back1 :5 !re 7 s _m laid on be=e z !re want$ b t "o to d x4 ,n[ = 8 argum5t1 t if ! conc\rse ( all ! causes necessitate ! effect1 t !n x foll[s1 ,adam _h no true lib]ty3 ,i d5y ! consequ5ce2 = ,i make n only ! effect1 b also ! election1 ( t p>ticul> effect necess>y1 inasmu* z ! w itself1 & ea* prop5sion ( a man dur+ 8 delib]ation1 is z mu* necessitat$1 & dep5ds on a suffici5t cause1 z any ?+ else :atsoev]4 ,z = example1 x is no m necess>y t fire %\ld burn1 ?an t a man or o!r creature1 ^: limbs be mov$ by fancy1 %\ld h election1 t is lib]ty1 to d :at he ha? a fancy to d1 ?\gh x be n 9 8 w or p[] to *oose 8 fancy1 or *oose 8 election & w4 ,?is doctr9e1 because my ,"l ,bi%op says he hates1 ,i d\bt _h bett] be5 suppress$1 z x %\ld h be51 if bo? y\r ,lord%ip & he _h n press$ me to an answ]4 ,! argum5ts ( greate/ consequ5ce1 are ! ?ird & ! fif?1 & !y fall bo? into "o1 namely3 ,if !re be a necessity ( all ev5ts1 t x w foll[1 t praise & repreh5sion1 & rew>d & puni%m5t1 are all va9 & unju/2 & t if ,god %\ld op5ly =bid1 & secretly necessitate ! same action1 puni%+ m5 = :at !y c\ld n avoid1 !re w\ld be no belief among !m ( heav5 & hell4 ,to oppose h]eunto ,i mu/ borr[ an answ] f ,/4 ,paul1 ,rom4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,f ! elev5? v]se ( ! *apt] to ! eighte5?1 is laid d[n ! v same objection 9 ^! words3 ,:5 !y1 mean+ ,esau & ,jacob1 7 yet unborn1 & _h done nei!r good nor evil1 t ! purpose ( ,god accord+ to election1 n by works1 b by him t calle?1 might rema9 firm1 x 0 said unto h] 7viz4 ,rebecca7 t ! eld] %\ld s]ve ! y\ng]1 c4 ,:at !n %all we say8 ,is !re inju/ice ) ,god8 ,god =bid4 ,x is n !re=e 9 him t wille?1 nor 9 him t runne?1 b 9 ,god t %[e? m]cy4 ,= ! ,scripture sai? to ,ph>aoh1 ,i h /irr$ !e up t ,i might %[ my p[] 9 !e1 & t my "n might be set =? 9 all ! e>?4 ,!re=e :om ,god wille?1 he ha? m]cy on1 & :om he wille? he h>d5e?4 ,?us y see ! case put by ,/4 ,paul1 is ! same ) t ( my ,"l ,bi%op1 & ! same objection 9 ^! words foll[+3 ,?\ wilt ask me !n1 :y does ,god yet compla91 = :o ha? resi/$ 8 w8 ,to ?is !re=e ! ,apo/le answ]s1 n by d5y+ x 0 ,god's w1 or t ! decree ( ,god conc]n+ ,esau 0 n be=e he _h s9n$1 or t ,esau 0 n necessitat$ to d :at he did2 b ?us3 ,:o art ?\1 ,o man1 t int]rogate/ ,god8 ,%all ! "w say to ! workman1 :y ha/ ?\ made me ?us8 ,ha? n ! pott] p[] ov] ! clay1 ( ! same /uff to make "o vessel to hon\r1 ano!r to di%on\r8 ,accord+ !re=e to ?is answ] ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,i answ] my ,"l's objection1 & say1 ! p[] ( ,god alone )\t o!r helps is suffici5t ju/ification ( any action he do?4 ,t :i* m5 make among/ !mselves "h by pacts & cov5ants1 & call by ! "n ( ju/ice1 & accord+ :]eunto m5 are acc\nt$ & t]m$ rightly j or unju/1 is n t by :i* ,god ,almighty's actions are to be measur$ or call$ j1 no m ?an 8 c\nsels are to be measur$ by human wisdom4 ,t :i* he does1 is made j by 8 do+ x2 j1 ,i say1 9 him1 ?\gh n always j 9 u4 ,= a man t %all comm& a ?+ op5ly1 & plot secretly ! h9drance ( ! same1 if he puni% him t he s comm&e?1 = n do+ x1 x is unju/4 ,s also1 8 c\nsels are !re=e n 9 va91 because !y be 81 :e!r we see ! use ( !m or n4 ,:5 ,god afflict$ ,job1 he did object no s9 unto him1 b ju/ifi$ 8 afflict+ ( him1 by tell+ him ( 8 p[]3 7,job xl4 #i37 ,ha/ ?\1 sai? ,god1 an arm l m9e8 7,job xxviii4 #d73 ,:]e w]t ?\ :5 ,i laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?8 & ! l4 ,s our ,savi\r1 7,john ix4 #c7 conc]n+ ! man t 0 born bl9d1 said1 x 0 n = 8 s91 or = 8 p>5ts' s91 b t ! p[] ( ,god might be %[n 9 him4 ,bea/s are subject to dea? & torm5ts1 yet !y _c s93 x 0 ,god's w !y %\ld be s4 ,p[] irresi/ible ju/ifies all actions1 really & prop]ly1 9 :omsoev] x be f\nd2 less p[] does n1 & because su* p[] is 9 ,god only1 he mu/ ne$s be j 9 all actions1 & we1 t n compreh5d+ 8 c\nsels1 call him to ! b>1 commit inju/ice 9 x4 ,i am n ignorant ( ! usual reply to 8 answ]1 by di/+ui%+ betwe5 w & p]mission1 z t ,god ,almighty does inde$ sometimes p]mit s9s1 & t he also =ekn[e? t ! s9 he p]mitte?1 %all be committ$1 b does n w x1 nor necessitate x4 ,i "k also !y di/+ui% ! action f ! s9 ( ! action1 say+1 t ,god ,almighty does inde$ cause ! action1 :atsoev] action x be1 b n ! s9fulness or irregul>ity ( x1 t is1 ! discordance betwe5 ! action & ! law4 ,su* di/9ctions z ^! dazzle my und]/&+2 ,i f9d no diff]5ce betwe5 ! w to h a ?+ done1 & ! p]mission to d x1 :5 he t p]mitte? c h9d] x1 & kn[s t x w be done unless he h9d] x4 ,nor f9d ,i any diff]5ce betwe5 an action & ! s9 ( t action2 z = example1 betwe5 ! kill+ ( ,uriah1 & ! s9 ( ,david 9 kill+ ,uriah1 nor :5 "o is cause bo? ( ! action & ( ! law1 h[ ano!r c be cause ( ! disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 no m ?an h[ "o man mak+ a long] & a %ort] g>m5t1 ano!r c make ! inequality t is betwe5 !m4 ,?is ,i "k2 ,god _c s91 because 8 do+ a ?+ makes x j1 & consequ5tly1 no s92 z also because :atsoev] c s91 is subject to ano!r's law1 :i* ,god is n4 ,& !re=e x is blasphemy to say1 ,god c s92 b to say1 t ,god c s ord] ! _w1 z a s9 may be necess>ily caus$ !reby 9 a man1 ,i d n see h[ x is any di%on\r to him4 ,h[soev]1 if su* or o!r di/9ctions c make x cle>1 t ,/4 ,paul did n ?9k ,esau's or ,ph>aoh's actions proce$$ f ! w & purpose ( ,god1 or t proce$+ f 8 w1 c\ld n !re=e )\t inju/ice be blam$ or puni%$1 ,i w1 z soon z ,i und]/& !m1 turn unto my ,"l's op9ion3 = ,i n[ hold no?+ 9 all ?is "q betwixt u1 b :at seeme? to me1 n obscurely1 b mo/ expressly said 9 ?is place by ,/4 ,paul4 ,& ?us mu* 9 answ] to 8 places ( ,scripture4 ------- ,,to ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,f ,,reason4 ,( ! argum5ts f reason1 ! fir/ is t :i* 8 ,lord%ip sai? is drawn f ,z5o's beat+ ( 8 man1 :i* is !re=e call$ argum5tum bacul9um1 t is to say1 a wood5 argum5t4 ,! /ory is ?is2 ,z5o held1 t all actions 7 necess>y2 8 man !re=e be+ = "s fault beat51 excus$ himself ^u ! necessity ( x3 to avoid ?is excuse1 8 ma/] plead$ likewise ! necessity ( beat+ him4 ,s t n he t ma9ta9$1 b he t d]id$ ! necessity1 0 beat51 contr>y to t 8 ,lord%ip w\ld inf]4 ,& ! argum5t 0 r )drawn ?an drawn f ! /ory4 ,! second argum5t is tak5 f c]ta9 inconv5i5ces :i* 8 ,lord%ip ?9ks w\ld foll[ su* an op9ion4 ,x is true t ill use might be made ( x1 & !re=e y\r ,lord%ip & my ,"l ,bi%op ought1 at my reque/1 to keep private :at ,i say "h ( x4 ,b ! inconv5i5ces are inde$ none1 & :at use soev] be made ( tru?1 yet tru? is tru?1 & n[ ! "q is n1 :at is fit to be prea*$1 b1 :at is true4 ,! fir/ inconv5i5ce he says1 is ?is2 ,t ! laws1 :i* prohibit any action1 w be unju/4 #b4 ,t all consultations are va94 #c4 ,t admonitions to m5 ( und]/&+1 are ( no m use1 ?an to *ildr51 fools1 & madm54 #d4 ,t1 praise1 dispraise1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 are 9 va94 #e1 #f4 ,t c\nsels1 acts1 arms1 books1 in/rum5ts1 /udy1 tutors1 m$ic9es1 are 9 va94 ,to :i* argum5ts 8 ,lord%ip expect+ ,i %\ld answ]1 by say+1 ! ignorance ( ! ev5t 7 en\gh to make u use ! means1 adds1 z x 7 a reply to my answ] =ese51 ^! words3 ,alas6 h[ %\ld our n kn[+ ! ev5t be a suffici5t motive to make u use ! means8 ,:]e9 8 ,lord%ip says "r1 b my answ] is n t :i* he expecte?3 ,i answ]1 ,fir/1 t ! necessity ( an action do? n make ! laws1 t prohibit x1 unju/4 ,to let pass1 t n ! necessity1 b ! w to break ! law1 make? ! action unju/1 because ! law reg>de? ! w1 & no o!r prec$5t causes ( action4 ,& to let pass1 t no law c possibly be unju/1 inasmu* z e man make?1 by 8 cons5t1 ! law he is b\nd to keep1 & :i* consequ5tly mu/ be j1 unless a man c be unju/ to himself4 ,i say1 :at necess>y cause soev] prec$e an action1 yet if ! action be =bidd51 he t do? x will+ly may ju/ly be puni%$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! law on pa9 ( dea? prohibit /eal+1 & t !re be a man1 :o by ! /r5g? ( temptation is necessitat$ to /eal1 & is !reupon put to dea?1 does n ?is puni%m5t det] o!rs f !ft8 ,is x n a cause t o!rs /eal n8 ,do? x n frame & make _! wills to ju/ice8 ,to make ! law1 is !re=e to make a cause ( ju/ice1 & to necessitate ju/ice2 & consequ5tly1 x is no inju/ice to make su* a law4 ,! int5tion ( ! law is n to grieve ! del9qu5t1 = t :i* is pa/1 & n to be undone2 b to make him & o!rs j1 t else w\ld n be s1 & respecte? n ! evil act pa/1 b ! good to come2 insomu* z )\t ! good int5tion = ! future1 no pa/ act ( a del9qu5t c\ld ju/ify 8 kill+ 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,b y w say1 h[ is x j to kill "o man to am5d ano!r1 if :at 7 done 7 necess>y8 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t m5 are ju/ly kill$1 n = t _! actions are n necessitat$1 b because !y are noxi\s1 & !y are sp>$ & pres]v$ ^: actions are n noxi\s4 ,= :]e !re is no law1 !re no kill+ nor any?+ else c be unju/2 & by ! "r ( nature1 we de/roy1 )\t be+ unju/1 all t is noxi\s1 bo? bea/s & m52 & = bea/s we kill !m ju/ly1 :5 we d x 9 ord] to our own pres]vation1 & yet my ,"l himself confesse?1 t _! actions1 z be+ only spontane\s1 & n free1 are all necessitat$ & det]m9$ to t "o ?+ !y %all d4 ,= m51 :5 we make societies or commonweal?s1 we lay n d[n our "r to kill1 except+ 9 c]ta9 cases1 z murd]1 !ft or o!r (f5sive action2 s t ! "r1 :i* ! commonweal? ha? to put a man to dea? = crimes1 is n creat$ by ! law1 b rema9s f ! fir/ "r ( nature1 :i* e man ha? to pres]ve himself2 = t ! law do? n take ! "r away 9 ! case ( crim9als1 :o 7 by ! law except$4 ,m5 are n !re=e put to dea?1 or puni%$1 = t _! !ft proce$e? f election2 b because x 0 noxi\s & contr>y to m5's pres]vation1 & ! puni%m5t conduc+ to ! pres]vation ( ! re/1 inasmu* z to puni% ^? t d volunt>y hurt1 & none else1 frame? & make? m5's wills su* z m5 w\ld h !m4 ,& ?us x is pla91 t f ! necessity ( a volunt>y action1 _c be inf]r$ ! inju/ice ( ! law t =bidde? x1 or ! magi/rate t puni%e? x4 ,secondly1 ,i d5y t x make? consultations to be 9 va92 x is ! consultation t cause? a man1 & necessitate? him to *oose to d "o ?+ r ?an ano!r3 s t unless a man say t t cause is 9 va9 :i* necessitate? ! effect1 he _c inf] ! sup]flu\sness ( consultation out ( ! necessity ( ! election proce$+ f x4 ,b x seeme? 8 ,lord%ip reasons ?us3 ,if ,i mu/ d ?is r ?an t1 ,i %all d ?is r ?an t1 ?\gh ,i consult n at all2 :i* is a false proposition & a false consequ5ce1 & no bett] ?an ?is3 ,if ,i %all live till to-morr[1 ,i %all live till to-morr[1 ?\gh ,i run myself ?r\gh ) a sword to-day4 ,if !re be a necessity t an action %all be done1 or t any effect %all be br\ght to pass1 x does n !re=e foll[1 t !re is no?+ necess>ily requisite z a means to br+ x to pass2 & !re=e :5 x is det]m9$1 t "o ?+ %all be *os5 be=e ano!r1 x is det]m9$ also = :at cause x %all s be *os51 :i* cause1 = ! mo/ "p1 is delib]ation or consultation1 & !re=e consultation is n 9 va91 & inde$ ! less 9 va9 by h[ mu* ! election is m necessitat$1 if m & less _h any place 9 necessity4 ,! same answ] is to be giv5 to ! ?ird suppos$ inconv5i5ce1 namely1 t admonitions are 9 va92 = ! admonitions are p>ts ( consultation1 ! admonitor be+ a c\nsellor = ! "t to him t is admoni%$4 ,! f\r? pret5d$ inconv5i5ce is1 t praise1 dispraise1 rew>d1 & puni%m5t w be 9 va94 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t = praise & dispraise1 !y dep5d n at all on ! necessity ( ! action prais$ or disprais$4 ,= :at is x else to praise1 b to say a ?+ is good8 ,good1 ,i say1 = me1 or = somebody else1 or = ! /ate & commonweal?8 ,& :at is x to say an action is good1 b to say x is z ,i w\ld wi%8 or z ano!r w\ld h x1 or accord+ to ! w ( ! /ate8 t is to say1 accord+ to ! law4 ,does my ,"l ?9k t no action c please me1 or him1 or ! commonweal?1 t %\ld proce$ f necessity8 ,?+s may be !re=e necess>y1 & yet praise-wor?y1 z also necess>y1 & yet disprais$1 & nei!r ( !m bo? 9 va91 because praise & dispraise1 & likewise rew>d & puni%m5t1 d by example make & con=m ! w to good & evil4 ,x 0 a v great praise 9 my op9ion1 t ,velleius ,pat]culus 7,lib4 ii4 #ce7 gives ,cato1 :]e he says t he 0 good by nature1 et quia alit] esse non potuit4 ,to ! fif? & six? inconv5i5ces1 t c\nsels1 arts1 arms1 in/rum5ts1 books1 /udy1 m$ic9es1 & ! l1 w\ld be sup]flu\s1 ! same answ] s]ves z to ! =m]1 t is to say1 t ?is consequ5ce1 if ! effect %all necess>ily come to pass1 !n x %all come to pass )\t its causes1 is a false "o1 & ^? ?+s nam$ c\nsels1 arts1 arms1 c4 are ! causes ( ^! effects4 ,8 ,lord%ip's ?ird argum5t consi/e? 9 o!r inconv5i5ces1 :i* he sai? w foll[1 namely1 impiety & neglig5ce ( religi\s duties1 z rep5tance1 & zeal to ,god's s]vice1 c4 ,to :i* ,i answ] z to ! re/1 t !y foll[ n4 ,i mu/ confess1 if we consid] ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 n z !y %\ld be1 b z !y are1 t is1 z m51 :om ei!r ! /udy ( acquir+ weal?1 or pref]m5t1 or :om ! appetite ( s5sual delights1 or ! impati5ce ( m$itat+1 or ! ra% embrac+ ( wrong pr9ciples1 h made unapt to discuss ! tru? ( ?+s3 ,i mu/1 ,i say1 confess t ! dispute ( ?is "q w r hurt ?an help _! piety2 & !re=e if 8 ,lord%ip _h n desir$ ?is answ]1 ,i %\ld n h writt5 x1 nor d ,i write x b 9 hopes y\r ,lord%ip & 8 w keep x private4 ,nev]!less 9 v tru?1 ! necessity ( ev5ts does n ( itself draw ) x any impiety at all4 ,= piety consi/e? only 9 two ?+s2 "o1 t we hon\r ,god 9 our he>ts1 :i* is1 t we ?9k z highly ( 8 p[] z we c1 = to hon\r any?+ is no?+ else b to ?9k x to be ( great p[]2 ! o!r is1 t we signify t hon\r & e/eem by our words & actions1 :i* is call$ cultus1 or wor%ip ( ,god4 ,he !re=e t ?9ke? t all ?+s proce$ f ,god's et]nal w1 & consequ5tly are necess>y1 does he n ?9k ,god omnipot5t8 ,does he n e/eem ( 8 p[] z highly z is possible8 :i* is to hon\r ,god z mu* z may be 9 8 he>t4 ,aga91 he t ?9ke? s1 is he n m apt by ext]nal acts & words to ackn[l$ge x1 ?an he t ?9ke? o!rwise8 yet is ?is ext]nal ackn[l$gm5t ! same ?+ :i* we call wor%ip4 ,s t ?is op9ion =tifies piety 9 bo? k9ds1 ext]nal & int]nal2 !re=e is f> f de/roy+ x4 ,& = rep5tance1 :i* is no?+ else b a glad return+ into ! "r way1 aft] ! grief ( be+ out ( ! way2 ?\gh ! cause t made him g a/ray 7 necess>y1 yet !re is no reason :y he %\ld n grieve2 &1 aga9 ?\gh ! cause :y he return$ into ! way 7 necess>y1 !re rema9$ /ill ! causes ( joy4 ,s t ! necessity ( ! actions take? away nei!r ( ^? p>ts ( rep5tance1 grief = ! error1 & joy = return+4 ,& = pray]1 :]eas he sai? t ! necessity ( ?+s de/roy pray]1 ,i d5y x2 = ?\gh pray] be none ( ! causes t move ,god's w1 8 w be+ un*angeable1 yet s9ce we f9d 9 ,god's ^w1 he w n give 8 bless+s b to ^? t ask1 ! motive ( pray] is ! same4 ,pray] is ! gift ( ,god no less ?an ! bless+1 & ! pray] is decre$ toge!r 9 ! same decree :]e9 ! bless+ is decre$4 ,x is manife/ t ?anksgiv+ is no cause ( ! bless+ pa/1 & t :i* is pa/ is sure & necess>y1 yet ev5 among/ m5 ?anks is 9 use z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! b5efit pa/1 ?\gh we %\ld expect no new b5efit = our gratitude4 ,& pray] to ,god ,almighty is b ?anksgiv+ = ,god's bless+s 9 g5]al1 & ?\gh x prec$e ! p>ticul> ?+ we ask1 yet x is n a cause or means ( x1 b a signification t we expect no?+ b f ,god1 9 su* mann]1 z he1 n z we1 w2 & our ,savi\r by ^w ( m\? bids u pray1 ?y w1 n our w1 be done1 & by example tea*es u ! same2 = he pray$ ?us1 ,fa!r if x be ?y w1 let ?is cup pass1 c4 ,! end ( pray]1 z ( ?anksgiv+1 is n to move b to hon\r ,god ,almighty1 9 ackn[l$g+ t :at we ask c be effect$ by him only4 ,! f\r? argum5t f reason is ?is3 ! ord]1 beauty1 & p]fection ( ! _w require? t 9 ! univ]se %\ld be ag5ts ( all sorts2 "s necess>y1 "s free1 "s cont+5t4 ,he t %all make all ?+s necess>y1 or all ?+s free1 or all ?+s cont+5t1 do? ov]?r[ ! beauty & p]fection ( ! _w4 ,9 :i* argum5t ,i obs]ve1 fir/ a contradiction2 = see+ he t make? any?+1 9 t he make? x1 make? x to be necess>y2 x foll[e? t he t make? all ?+s1 make? all ?+s necess>ily to be3 z if a workman make a g>m5t1 ! g>m5t mu/ necess>ily be2 s if ,god make e ?+1 e ?+ mu/ necess>ily be4 ,p]haps ! beauty ( ! _w require?1 ?\gh we "k x n1 t "s ag5ts %\ld "w )\t delib]ation 7:i* 8 lord%ip calls necess>y ag5ts7 & "s ag5ts ) delib]ation 7& ^? bo? he & ,i call free ag5ts7 & t "s ag5ts %\ld "w1 & we n "k h[ 7& _! effects we bo? call cont+5ts72 b ?is h9d]s n b t he t electe? may h 8 election necess>ily det]m9$ to "o by =m] causes1 & t :i* is cont+5t1 & imput$ to =tune1 be nev]!less necess>y & dep5d on prec$5t necess>y causes4 ,= by cont+5t1 m5 d n mean t :i* ha? no cause1 b t :i* ha? n = cause any?+ t we p]ceive2 z = example1 :5 a travell] meets ) a %[]1 ! j\rney _h a cause1 & ! ra9 _h a cause suffici5t to produce x2 b because ! j\rney caus$ n ! ra91 nor ! ra9 ! j\rney1 we say !y 7 cont+5t "o to ano!r4 ,& ?us y see t ?\gh !re be ?ree sorts ( ev5ts1 necess>y1 cont+5t1 & free1 yet !y may be all necess>y )\t de/ruction ( ! beauty or p]fection ( ! univ]se4 ,to ! fir/ argum5t f reason1 :i* is1 ,t if lib]ty be tak5 away1 ! nature & =mal reason ( s9 is tak5 away2 ,i answ] by d5y+ ! consequ5ce3 ! nature ( s9 consi/e? 9 ?is1 t ! action done proce$ f our w & be aga9/ ! law4 ,a judge 9 judg+ :e!r x be s9 or no1 :i* is done aga9/ ! law1 looks at no high] cause ( ! action1 ?an ! w ( ! do]4 ,n[ :5 ,i say ! action 0 necess>y1 ,i d n say x 0 done aga9/ ! w ( ! do]1 b ) 8 w1 & necess>ily1 because man's w1 t is e volition or act ( ! w & purpose ( man _h a suffici5t1 & !re=e a necess>y cause1 & consequ5tly e volunt>y action 0 necessitat$4 ,an action !re=e may be volunt>y & a s91 & nev]!less be necess>y2 & because ,god may afflict by a "r d]iv$ f 8 omnipot5ce1 ?\gh s9 7 n1 & because ! example ( puni%m5t on volunt>y s9n]s1 is ! cause t produce? ju/ice1 & make? s9 less frequ5t1 = ,god to puni% su* s9n]s1 z ,i h said be=e1 is no inju/ice4 ,& ?us y h my answ] to 8 ,lord%ip's objections bo? out ( ,scripture1 & f reason4 ------- ,,c]ta9 ,,di/9ctions1 ,,:i* ,,8 ,,lord%ip ,,suppos+ ,,might ,,be ,,br\ght ,,to ,,evade ,,8 ,,argum5ts1 ,,are ,,by ,,him ,,remov$4 ,he says a man may p]haps answ]1 t ! necessity ( ?+s held by him1 is n a /oical necessity1 b a ,*ri/ian necessity1 c4 ,b ?is di/9ction ,i h n us$1 nor inde$ ev] he>d be=e1 nor c\ld ,i ?9k any man c\ld make /oical & ,*ri/ian two k9ds ( necessity1 ?\gh !y may be two k9ds ( doctr9e4 ,nor h ,i drawn my answ] to 8 ,lord%ip's argum5ts f ! au?ority ( any sect1 b f ! nature ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b "h ,i mu/ take notice ( c]ta9 words ( 8 ,lord%ip's 9 ?is place1 z mak+ aga9/ 8 own t5et4 ,:]e all ! causes1 sai? he1 be+ jo9$ toge!r1 & subord9ate "o to ano!r1 d make b "o total cause1 if any "o cause1 mu* m ! fir/1 9 ! :ole s]ies or subord9ation ( causes1 be necess>y1 x det]m9es ! re/1 & )\t d\bt make? ! effect necess>y4 ,= t :i* ,i call ! necess>y cause ( any effect1 is ! jo9+ toge!r ( all causes subord9ate to ! fir/1 into "o total cause4 ,if any ( ^!1 sai? he1 especially ! fir/1 produce its effect necess>ily1 !n all ! re/ are det]m9$4 ,n[ x is manife/1 t ! fir/ cause is a necess>y cause ( all ! effects t are next & imm$iate to x1 & !re=e by 8 ,lord%ip's own reason all effects are necess>y4 ,nor is t di/9ction ( necess>y 9 respect ( ! fir/ cause1 & necess>y 9 respect ( second causes1 m9e2 x does1 z 8 ,lord%ip well notes1 imply a contradiction4 ,b ! di/9ction ( free into free f compulsion1 & free f necessitation1 ,i ackn[l$ge4 ,= to be free f compulsion is to d a ?+ s z t]ror be n ! cause ( 8 w to d x2 = a man is !n only said to be compell$1 :5 fe> makes him will+ to x3 z :5 a man will+ly ?r[s 8 goods into ! sea to save himself1 or submits to 8 enemy = fe> ( be+ kill$4 ,?us all m5 t d any?+ = love1 or rev5ge1 or lu/1 are free f compulsion1 & yet _! actions may be z necess>y z ^? t are done by compulsion2 = sometimes o!r passions "w z =cibly z fe>4 ,b free f necessitation1 ,i say1 no man c be1 & x is t :i* 8 ,lord%ip und]took to disprove4 ,?is di/9ction1 8 ,lord%ip says1 uses to be =tifi$ by two reasons1 b !y are n m9e4 ,! fir/ he says1 is1 t x is grant$ by all div9es1 t an hypo!tical necessity1 or necessity ^u supposition1 may /& ) lib]ty4 ,t y may und]/& ?is1 ,i w give y an example ( hypo!tical necessity4 ,if ,i %all live1 ,i %all eat4 ,?is is an hypo!tical necessity4 ,inde$ x is a necess>y proposition1 t is to say1 x is necess>y t t proposition %\ld be true :5soev] utt]$1 b x is n ! necessity ( ! ?+1 nor is x !re=e necess>y t ! man %\ld live1 nor t ! man %\ld eat4 ,i d n use to =tify my di/9ctions ) su* reasons2 let 8 ,lord%ip confute !m h[ he w1 x cont5ts me2 b ,i w\ld h y\r ,lord%ip take notice h]eby1 h[ easy & pla9 a ?+1 b )al false1 ) ! grave usage ( su* t]ms z hypo!tical necessity1 & necessity ^u supposition1 & su* l t]ms ( ,s*oolm51 may be obscur$ & made to seem pr(\nd le>n+4 ,! second reason t may confirm ! di/9ction ( free f compulsion1 & free f necessitation1 he says is1 t ,god & good angels d good necess>ily1 & yet are m free ?an we4 ,?is reason1 ?\gh ,i _h no ne$ (1 yet ,i ?9k x s f> =? good1 z x is true t ,god & good angels d good necess>ily1 & yet are free2 b because ,i f9d n 9 ! articles ( our fai?1 nor 9 ! decrees ( our *ur*1 set d[n 9 :at mann] ,i am to conceive ,god & good angels to "w by necessity1 or 9 :at s5se !y "w freely1 ,i susp5d my s5t5ce 9 t po9t1 & am cont5t t !re be a fre$om f compulsion1 & yet no fre$om f necessitation1 z ha? be5 prov$1 9 t a man may be necessitat$ to "s action )\t ?reats & )\t fe> ( dang]4 ,b h[ my ,"l c avoid ! consi/+ toge!r ( fre$om & necessity1 suppos+ ,god & good angels are fre] ?an m51 & yet d good necess>ily1 t we mu/ exam9e3 ,i confess1 sai? he1 t ,god & good angels are m free ?an we1 t is1 int5sively 9 degree ( fre$om1 n ext5sively 9 ! latitude ( ! object1 accord+ to a lib]ty ( ex]cise n ( specification4 ,aga91 we h "h two di/9ctions t are no di/9ctions1 b made to seem s by t]ms inv5t$ by ,i "k n :om to cov] ignorance1 & bl9d ! und]/&+ ( ! read]3 = x _c be conceiv$ t !re is any lib]ty great]1 ?an = a man to d :at he w4 ,"o heat may be m int5sive ?an ano!r1 b n "o lib]ty ?an ano!r2 he t c d :at he w1 ha? all lib]ty possible1 & he t _c1 ha? none at all4 ,also lib]ty1 z 8 ,lord%ip says ! ,s*ools call x1 ( ex]cise1 :i* is z ,i h said be=e1 a lib]ty to d or n to d1 _c be )\t a lib]ty1 :i* !y call1 ( specification1 t is to say1 a lib]ty to d1 or n to d ?is or t 9 p>ticul>4 ,= h[ c a man conceive he ha? lib]ty to d any?+1 t ha? n lib]ty to d ?is1 or t1 or some:at 9 p>ticul>8 ,if a man be =bidd5 9 ,l5t to eat ?is1 & t1 & e o!r p>ticul> k9d ( fle%1 h[ c he be und]/ood to h a lib]ty to eat fle%1 m ?an he t ha? no lic5ce at all8 ,y may by ?is aga9 see ! vanity ( di/9ctions us$ 9 ! ,s*ools1 & ,i d n d\bt b t ! impos+ ( !m1 by au?ority ( doctors 9 ! ,*ur*1 ha? be5 a great cause t m5 h lab\r$1 ?\gh by s$ition & evil c\rses1 to %ake !m (f2 = no?+ is m apt to beget hatr$1 ?an ! tyranniz+ ov] m5's reason & und]/&+1 especially :5 x is done1 n by ! ,scriptures1 b by ! pret5ce ( le>n+1 & m judgm5t ?an t ( o!r m54 ,9 ! next place 8 ,lord%ip br+e? two argum5ts aga9/ di/+ui%+ betwe5 free f compulsion & free f necessitation4 ,! fir/ is1 t election is opposite n only to coaction or compulsion1 b also necessitation or det]m9ation to "o4 ,?is is x he 0 to prove f ! beg9n+1 & !re=e br+e? no new argum5t to prove x2 & to ^? br\ght =m]ly1 ,i h already answ]$4 ,& 9 ?is place ,i d5y aga91 t election is opposite to ei!r2 = :5 a man is compell$1 = example1 to subject himself to an enemy or to die1 he ha? /ill election left him1 & a delib]ation to be?9k :i* ( ! two he c bett] endure4 ,& he t is l$ to prison by =ce1 ha? election1 & may delib]ate :e!r he w be haul$ & tra9$ on ! gr\nd1 or make use ( 8 own feet3 likewise :5 !re is no compulsion1 b ! /r5g? ( temptation to d an evil action1 be+ great] ?an ! motives to ab/a91 x necess>ily det]m9es him to ! do+ ( x2 yet he delib]ates :ile sometimes ! motives to d1 sometimes ! motives to =be>1 are work+ on him1 & consequ5tly he electe? :i* he w4 ,b commonly :5 we see & "k ! /r5g? t moves u1 we ackn[l$ge necessity2 b :5 we see n1 or m>k n ! =ce t moves u1 we !n ?9k !re is none1 & t x is n causes b lib]ty t produce? ! action4 ,h5ce x is t !y ?9k he does n *oose ?is1 t ( necessity *ooses x2 b !y might z well say1 fire do? n burn1 because x burns ( necessity4 ,! second argum5t is n s mu* an argum5t z a di/9ction1 to %[ 9 :at s5se x may be said t volunt>y actions are necessitat$1 & 9 :at s5se n4 ,& !re=e 8 ,lord%ip allege?1 z f ! au?ority ( ! ,s*ools1 & t :i* rippe? up ! bottom ( ! "q1 t !re is a d\ble act ( ! w4 ,! "o1 he says1 is actus imp]atus1 an act done at ! comm& ( ! w1 by "s inf]ior faculty ( ! s\l2 z to op5 or %ut "o's eyes2 & ?is act may be compell$3 ! o!r1 he says1 is actus elicitus1 an act allur$ or drawn =? by allurem5t out ( ! w1 z to w1 to *oose1 to elect2 ?is he says _c be compell$4 ,:]e91 lett+ pass t metaphorical spee* ( attribut+ comm& & subjection to ! faculties ( ! s\l1 z if !y made a commonweal? or family )9 !mselves1 & c\ld speak "o to ano!r1 :i* is v improp] 9 se>*+ ! tru? ( a "q1 y may obs]ve1 fir/1 t to compel a volunt>y act1 is no?+ else b to w x2 = x is all "o to say1 my w comm&s ! %utt+ ( my eyes1 or ! do+ ( any o!r action2 & to say1 ,i h ! w to %ut my eyes3 s t actus imp]atus1 "h1 might z easily h be5 said 9 ,engli% a volunt>y action1 b t !y t inv5t$ ! t]m1 und]/ood n any?+ x signifi$4 ,secondly1 y may obs]ve1 t actus elicitus1 is exemplifi$ by ^! words1 to w1 to elect1 to *oose1 :i* are all "o1 & s to w is "h made an act ( ! w2 & inde$ z ! w is a faculty or p[] 9 a man's s\l1 s to w is an act ( x accord+ to t p[]2 b z x is absurdly said1 t to dance is an act allur$ or drawn by fair means out ( ! ability to dance2 s is x also to say1 t to w is an act allur$ or drawn out ( ! p[] to w1 :i* p[] is commonly call$ ! w4 ,h[soev] x be1 ! sum ( 8 ,lord%ip's di/9ction is1 t a volunt>y act may be done by compulsion1 t is to say1 by f\l means1 b to w t1 or any act1 _c be b by allurem5t1 or fair means4 ,n[ see+ fair means1 allurem5ts1 & enticem5ts1 produce ! action :i* !y d produce1 z necess>ily z f\l means & ?reat5+2 x foll[s1 t to w may be made z necess>y z any?+ t is done by compulsion4 ,s t di/9ction ( actus imp]atus & actus elicitus are b words1 & ( no effect aga9/ necessity4 ,8 ,lord%ip 9 ! re/ ( 8 disc\rse1 reckone? up ! op9ion ( c]ta9 pr(essions ( m51 t\*+ ! causes :]e9 ! necessity ( ?+s1 :i* !y ma9ta91 consi/e?4 ,& fir/ he sai?1 ! a/rolog] d]ive? 8 necessity f ! />s2 secondly1 t ! physician attribute? x to ! temp] ( ! body4 ,= my "p1 ,i am n ( _! op9ion1 because1 nei!r ! />s alone1 nor ! temp]ature ( ! pati5t alone1 is able to produce any effect1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( all o!r ag5ts4 ,= !re is h>dly any "o action1 h[ casual soev] x seem1 to ! caus+ :]e( concur n :atsoev] is 9 r]um natur1 :i* because x is a great p>adox1 & dep5ds on _m antec$5t speculations1 ,i d n press 9 ?is place4 ,?irdly1 he dispute? aga9/ ! op9ion ( !m t say1 ext]nal objects pres5t$ to m5 ( su* & su* temp]atures1 d make _! actions necess>y2 & says1 ! p[] su* objections h ov] u1 proce$s f our own fault3 b t is no?+ to ! purpose1 if su* fault ( ours proce$e? f causes n 9 our own p[]1 & !re=e t op9ion may hold true = all t answ]4 ,fur!r he says1 pray]1 fa/+1 c4 may alt] our habits2 x is true1 b :5 !y d s1 !y are causes ( ! contr>y habit1 & make x necess>y1 z ! =m] habit _h be5 necess>y1 if pray]1 fa/+1 c4 _h n be54 ,besides1 we are n mov$ or dispos$ to pray] or any o!r action1 b by outw>d objects1 z pi\s company1 godly prea*]s1 or some?+ equival5t4 ,f\r?ly1 he says a resolv$ m9d is n easily surpris$1 z ! m9d ( ,ulysses1 :o :5 o!rs wept1 alone wept n2 & ( ! philosoph]1 t ab/a9$ f /rik+1 because he f\nd himself angry2 & ( him t p\r$ out ! wat] :5 he 0 ?ir/y1 & ! l4 ,su* ?+s ,i confess h1 or may h be5 done1 & d prove only t x 0 n necess>y = ,ulysses !n to weep1 nor = t philosoph] to /rike1 nor = t o!r man to dr9k2 b x does n prove t x 0 n necess>y = ,ulysses !n to ab/a91 z he did1 f weep+1 nor = ! philosoph] to ab/a91 z he did1 f /rik+1 nor = ! o!r man to =be> dr9k+1 & yet t 0 ! ?+ 8 ,lord%ip ought to h prov$4 ,la/ly 8 ,lord%ip confesses1 t ! dispositions ( objects may be dang]\s to lib]ty1 b _c be de/ructive4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 x is impossible3 = lib]ty is nev] 9 any o!r dang] ?an to be lo/2 & if x _c be lo/1 :i* he confesses1 ,i may inf]1 x c be 9 no dang] at all4 ,! f\r? op9ion 8 ,lord%ip rejecte?1 is ( !m t make ! w necess>ily to foll[ ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+2 b x seems 8 ,lord%ip und]/&s t t5et 9 ano!r s5se ?an ,i d2 = he speake? z if !y t held x1 did suppose m5 mu/ dispute ! sequel ( e action !y d1 great & small1 to ! lea/ gra92 :i* is a ?+ 8 ,lord%ip1 ) reason1 ?9ks untrue4 ,b ,i und]/& x to signify1 t ! w foll[s ! la/ op9ion or judgm5t imm$iately prec$+ ! action1 conc]n+ :e!r x be good to d x or n1 :e!r he h weigh$ x long be=e1 or n at all1 & t ,i take to be ! mean+ ( !m t hold x4 ,z = example1 :5 a man /rikes1 8 w to /rike foll[s necess>ily t ?\ght he _h ( ! sequel ( 8 /roke1 imm$iately be=e ! lift+ up ( 8 h&4 ,n[ if x be und]/ood 9 t s5se1 ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+ does necessitate ! action1 ?\gh n z ! :ole cause1 yet z ! la/ cause1 z ! la/ fea!r necessitates ! break+ ( a horse's back1 :5 !re are s _m laid on be=e1 z !re ne$$ b ! addition ( "o to make ! weight suffici5t4 ,t :i* 8 ,lord%ip allege? aga9/ ?is1 is fir/1 out ( a poet1 :o 9 ! p]son ( ,m$ea says1 8,video meliora1 proboque1 ,det]iora sequor40 ,b t say+1 z pretty z x is1 is n true2 = ?\gh ,m$ea saw _m reasons to =be> kill+ h] *ildr51 yet ! la/ dictate ( h] judgm5t 01 t ! pres5t rev5ge on h] husb& outweigh$ !m all1 & !reupon ! wick$ action necess>ily foll[$4 ,!n ! /ory ( ! ,roman1 :o ( two competitors1 said1 "o _h ! bett] reason1 b ! o!r mu/ h ! (fice4 ,?is also make? aga9/ 8 ,lord%ip1 = ! la/ dictate ( 8 judgm5t t _h ! be/[+ ( ! (fice1 0 ?is1 t x 0 bett] to take a great bribe1 ?an rew>d a great m]it4 ,?irdly1 he objects t ?+s ne>] ! s5se1 move m p[]fully ?an reason2 :at foll[e? !nce b ?is1 ! s5se ( ! pres5t good is commonly m imm$iate to ! action1 ?an ! =esight ( ! evil consequ5ce to come8 ,f\r?ly1 :]eas 8 ,lord%ip says1 t d :at a man c1 he %all sorr[ m = ! dea? ( 8 son ?an = ! s9 ( 8 s\l1 makes no?+ to ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+2 b x argues pla9ly1 t sorr[ = s9 is n volunt>y1 & by consequ5ce1 t rep5tance proce$e? f causes4 ,! la/ "p ( ?is disc\rse conta9e? 8 ,lord%ip's op9ions ab\t reconcil+ lib]ty ) ! presci5ce & decrees ( ,god1 o!rwise ?an "s div9es h done1 aga9/ :om1 he says1 he _h =m]ly writt5 a treatise1 out ( :i* he repeate? only two ?+s3 "o is1 ,t we ought n to des]t a c]ta9 tru?1 = n be+ able to compreh5d ! c]ta9 mann] ( x4 ,& ,i say ! same1 z = example1 t 8 ,lord%ip ought n to des]t ?is c]ta9 tru?1 t !re are c]ta9 & necess>y causes :i* make e man to w :at he wille?1 ?\gh he d n yet conceive 9 :at mann] ! w ( man is caus$4 ,& yet ,i ?9k ! mann] ( x is n v h>d to conceive1 see+ we see daily1 t praise1 dispraise1 rew>d1 & puni%m5t1 good & evil1 sequels ( m5's actions reta9$ 9 memory1 d frame & make u to ! election ( :atsoev] x be t we elect1 & t ! memory ( su* ?+s proce$s f ! s5ses1 & s5se f ! op]ation ( ! objects ( s5se1 :i* are ext]nal to u1 & gov]n$ only by ,god ,almighty2 & by consequ5ce all actions1 ev5 ( free & volunt>y ag5ts1 are necess>y4 ,! o!r ?+ t he repeate?1 is1 t ! be/ way to reconcile cont+5ce & lib]ty ) presci5ce & ! decrees ( ,god1 is to subject future cont+5cies to ! aspect ( ,god4 ,! same is also my op9ion1 b contr>y to :at 8 ,lord%ip all ?is :ile lab\r$ to prove4 ,= hi!rto he held lib]ty & necessity1 t is to say1 lib]ty & ! decrees ( ,god1 irreconcileable1 unless ! aspect ( ,god1 :i* ^w appe>e? n[ ! fir/ "t 9 ?is disc\rse1 signify some:at else besides ,god's w & decree1 :i* ,i _c und]/&4 ,b he adds t we mu/ subject !m1 accord+ to t pres5tiality :i* !y h 9 et]nity1 :i* he says _c be done by !m t conceive et]nity to be an ev]la/+ succession1 b only by !m t conceive x z an indivisible po9t4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t z soon z ,i c conceive et]nity to be an indivisible po9t1 or any?+ b an ev]la/+ succession1 ,i w r5\nce all t ,i h writt5 on ?is subject4 ,i "k ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as calls et]nity1 nunc /ans1 an ev]-abid+ n[2 :i* is easy en\gh to say1 b ?\gh ,i fa9 w\ld1 yet ,i c\ld nev] conceive x3 !y t c1 are m happy ?an ,i4 ,b 9 ! mean "t 8 ,lord%ip all[e? all m5 to be ( my op9ion1 save only ^? t c conceive 9 _! m9ds a nunc /ans1 :i* ,i ?9k are none4 ,i und]/& z little h[ x c be true 8 ,lord%ip says1 t ,god is n j1 b ju/ice itself2 n wise1 b wisdom itself2 n et]nal1 b et]nity itself2 nor h[ he concludes !nce1 t et]nity is a po9t indivisible1 & n a succession1 nor 9 :at s5se x c be said1 t an inf9ite po9t1 & :]e9 is no succession1 c compreh5d all "t1 ?\gh "t be successive4 ,^! phrases ,i f9d n 9 ! ,scripture2 ,i wond] !re=e :at 0 ! design ( ! ,s*oolm5 to br+ !m up1 unless !y ?\ght a man c\ld n be a true ,*ri/ian unless 8 und]/&+ be fir/ /rangl$ ) su* h>d say+s4 ,& ?us mu* = answ] to 8 ,lord%ip's disc\rse1 :]e9 ,i ?9k n only 8 squadrons ( argum5ts1 b also 8 res]ve ( di/9ctions1 are defeat$4 ,& n[ y\r ,lord%ip %all h my doctr9e conc]n+ ! same "q1 ) my reasons = x1 positively1 & z briefly z ,i c1 )\t any t]ms ( art1 9 pla9 ,engli%4 ,,my ,,op9ion ,,ab\t ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4 ,fir/ ,i conceive1 t :5 x come? into a man's m9d to d or n to d "s c]ta9 action1 if he h no "t to delib]ate1 ! do+ x or ab/a9+ necess>ily foll[ ! pres5t ?\ght he ha? ( ! good or evil consequ5ce !re( to himself4 ,z = example1 9 sudd5 ang]1 ! action %all foll[ ! ?\ght ( rev5ge2 9 sudd5 fe>1 ! ?\ght ( escape4 ,also :5 a man ha? "t to delib]ate1 b delib]ates n1 because nev] any?+ appe>$ t c\ld make him d\bt ( ! consequ5ce1 ! action foll[s 8 op9ion ( ! goodness or h>m ( x4 ,^! actions ,i call ,,volunt>y1 my ,"l1 if ,i und]/& him aright t calls !m ,,spontane\s4 ,i call !m volunt>y1 because ^? actions t foll[ imm$iately ! la/ appetite1 are volunt>y1 & "h :]e is "o only appetite1 t "o is ! la/4 ,besides1 ,i see x is reasonable to puni% a ra% action1 :i* c\ld n be ju/ly done by man to man1 unless ! same 7 volunt>y4 ,= no action ( a man c be said to be )\t delib]ation1 ?\gh nev] s sudd51 because x is suppos$ he _h "t to delib]ate all ! prec$5t "t ( 8 life1 :e!r he %\ld d t k9d ( action or n4 ,& h5ce x is1 t he t kille? 9 a sudd5 passion ( ang]1 %all nev]!less be ju/ly put to dea?1 because all ! "t1 :]e9 he 0 able to consid] :e!r to kill 7 good or evil1 %all be held = "o cont9ual delib]ation1 & consequ5tly ! kill+ %all be judg$ to proce$ f election4 ,secondly1 ,i conceive :5 a man delib]ates :e!r he %all d a ?+ or n d x1 t he does no?+ else b consid] :e!r x be bett] = himself to d x or n to d x4 ,& to consid] an action1 is to imag9e ! consequ5ces ( x1 bo? good & evil4 ,f :5ce is to be inf]r$1 t delib]ation is no?+ else b alt]nate imag9ation ( ! good & evil sequels ( an action1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 alt]nate hope & fe>1 or alt]nate appetite to d or quit ! action ( :i* he delib]ate?4 ,?irdly1 ,i conceive t 9 all delib]ations1 t is to say1 9 all alt]nate succession ( contr>y appetites1 ! la/ is t :i* we call ! ,,w1 & is imm$iately next be=e ! do+ ( ! action1 or next be=e ! do+ ( x become impossible4 ,all o!r appetites to d1 & to quit1 t come ^u a man dur+ 8 delib]ations1 are call$ int5tions & incl9ations1 b n wills1 !re be+ b "o w1 :i* also 9 ?is case may be call$ ! la/ w1 ?\gh ! int5tions *ange (t54 ,f\r?ly1 ,i conceive t ^? actions1 :i* a man is said to d ^u delib]ation1 are said to be volunt>y1 & done ^u *oice & election1 s t volunt>y action1 & action proce$+ f election is ! same ?+2 & t ( a volunt>y ag5t1 x is all "o to say1 he is free1 & to say1 he ha? n made an end ( delib]at+4 ,fif?ly1 ,i conceive lib]ty to be rightly def9$ 9 ?is mann]3 ,lib]ty is ! abs5ce ( all ! imp$im5ts to action t are n conta9$ 9 ! nature & intr9sical quality ( ! ag5t4 ,z = example1 ! wat] is said to desc5d freely1 or to h lib]ty to desc5d by ! *annel ( ! riv]1 because !re is no imp$im5t t way1 b n across1 because ! banks are imp$im5ts4 ,& ?\gh ! wat] _c asc5d1 yet m5 nev] say x wants ! lib]ty to asc5d1 b ! faculty or p[]1 because ! imp$im5t is 9 ! nature ( ! wat]1 & intr9sical4 ,s also we say1 he t is ti$1 wants ! lib]ty to g1 because ! imp$im5t is n 9 him1 b 9 8 b&s2 :]eas we say n s ( him t is sick or lame1 because ! imp$im5t is 9 himself4 ,six?ly1 ,i conceive t no?+ take? beg9n+ f itself1 b f ! action ( "s o!r imm$iate ag5t )\t itself4 ,& t !re=e1 :5 fir/ a man ha? an appetite or w to some?+1 to :i* imm$iately be=e he _h no appetite nor w1 ! cause ( 8 w1 is n ! w itself1 b some?+ else n 9 8 own dispos+4 ,s t :]eas x is out ( controv]sy1 t ( volunt>y actions ! w is ! necess>y cause1 & by ?is :i* is said1 ! w is also caus$ by o!r ?+s :]e( x dispose? n1 x foll[e?1 t volunt>y actions h all ( !m necess>y causes1 & !re=e are necessitat$4 ,sev5?ly1 ,i hold t to be a suffici5t cause1 to :i* no?+ is want+ t is ne$ful to ! produc+ ( ! effect4 ,! same also is a necess>y cause4 ,= if x be possible t a suffici5t cause %all n br+ =? ! effect1 !n !re wante? some:at :i* 0 ne$ful to ! produc+ ( x1 & s ! cause 0 n suffici5t2 b if x be impossible t a suffici5t cause %\ld n produce ! effect1 !n is a suffici5t cause a necess>y cause1 = t is said to produce an effect necess>ily t _c b produce x4 ,h5ce x is manife/1 t :atsoev] is produc$1 is produc$ necess>ily2 = :atsoev] is produc$ ha? _h a suffici5t cause to produce x1 or else x _h n be52 & !re=e also volunt>y actions are necessitat$4 ,la/ly1 t ord9>y def9ition ( a free ag5t1 namely1 t a free ag5t is t1 :i*1 :5 all ?+s are pres5t :i* are ne$ful to produce ! effect1 c nev]!less n produce x1 implies a contradiction1 & is nons5se2 be+ z mu* z to say1 ! cause may be suffici5t1 t is to say1 necess>y1 & yet ! effect %all n foll[4 ------- ,,my ,,reasons4 ,= ! fir/ five po9ts1 :]e9 x is explicat$ ,i1 :at spontaneity is2 ,,ii1 :at delib]ation is2 ,,iii1 :at w1 prop5sion1 & appetite are2 ,,iv1 :at a free ag5t is3 ,v1 :at lib]ty is2 !re c no o!r pro( be (f]$ b e man's own exp]i5ce1 by reflection on himself1 & rememb]+ :at he use? 9 8 m9d1 t is1 :at he himself meane? :5 he sai? an action is spontane\s1 a man delib]ates2 su* is 8 w1 t ag5t or t action is free4 ,n[ he t reflecte? s on himself1 _c b be satisfi$1 t delib]ation is ! consid]ation ( ! good & evil sequels ( an action to come2 t by spontaneity is meant inconsid]ate action1 or else no?+ is meant by x2 t w is ! la/ act ( our delib]ation2 t a free ag5t is he t c d if he w1 & =be> if he w2 & t lib]ty is ! abs5ce ( ext]nal imp$im5ts4 ,b to ^? t out ( cu/om speak n :at !y conceive1 b :at !y he>1 & are n able1 or w n take ! pa9s to consid] :at !y ?9k :5 !y he> su* words1 no argum5t c be suffici5t1 because exp]i5ce & matt] ( fact are n v]ifi$ by o!r m5's argum5ts1 b by e man's own s5se & memory4 ,= example1 h[ c x be prov$ t to love a ?+ & to ?9k x good is all "o1 to a man t do? n m>k 8 own mean+ by ^? words8 ,or h[ c x be prov$ t et]nity is n nunc /ans1 to a man t says ^? words by cu/om1 & nev] consid]s h[ he c conceive ! ?+ 9 8 m9d8 ,also ! six? po9t1 t a man _c imag9e any?+ to beg9 )\t a cause1 c no o!r way be made kn[n1 b by try+ h[ he c imag9e x2 b if he try1 he %all f9d z mu* reason1 if !re be no cause ( ! ?+1 to conceive x %\ld beg9 at "o "t z ano!r1 t he ha? equal reason to ?9k x %\ld beg9 at all times1 :i* is impossible1 & !re=e he mu/ ?9k !re 0 "s special cause :y x began !n1 r ?an soon] or lat]2 or else t x began nev]1 b 0 et]nal4 ,= ! sev5? po9t1 :i* is1 t all ev5ts h necess>y causes1 x is !re prov$1 9 t !y h suffici5t causes4 ,fur!r let u 9 ?is place also suppose any ev5t nev] s casual1 z ! ?r[+1 = example1 ames ace ^u a pair ( dice1 & see1 if x mu/ n h be5 necess>y be=e x 0 ?r[n4 ,= see+ x 0 ?r[n1 x _h a beg9n+1 & consequ5tly a suffici5t cause to produce x1 consi/+ p>tly 9 ! dice1 p>tly 9 outw>d ?+s1 z ! po/ure ( ! p>ts ( ! h&1 ! measure ( =ce appli$ by ! ca/]1 ! po/ure ( ! p>ts ( ! table1 & ! l4 ,9 sum1 !re 0 no?+ want+ :i* 0 necess>ily requisite to ! produc+ ( t p>ticul> ca/1 & consequ5tly ! ca/ 0 necess>ily ?r[n2 = if x _h n be5 ?r[n1 !re _h want$ some:at requisite to ! ?r[+ ( x1 & s ! cause _h n be5 suffici5t4 ,9 ! l mann] x may be prov$ t e o!r accid5t1 h[ cont+5t soev] x seem1 or h[ volunt>y soev] x be1 is produc$ necess>ily1 :i* is t t my ,"l ,bi%op disputes aga9/4 ,! same may be prov$ also 9 ?is mann]4 ,let ! case be put1 = example1 ( ! wea!r4 ,x is necess>y t to-morr[ x %all ra9 or n ra94 ,if !re=e x be n necess>y x %all ra91 x is necess>y x %all n ra91 o!rwise !re is no necessity t ! proposition1 x %all ra9 or n ra91 %\ld be true4 ,i "k !re be "s t say1 x may necess>ily be true t "o ( ! two %all come to pass1 b n1 s+ly t x %all ra91 or t x %all n ra91 :i* is z mu* to say1 "o ( !m is necess>y1 yet nei!r ( !m is necess>y2 & !re=e to seem to avoid t absurdity1 !y make a di/9ction1 t nei!r ( !m is true det]m9ate1 b indet]m9ate2 :i* di/9ction ei!r signifies no m b ?is1 "o ( !m is true1 b we "k n :i*1 & s ! necessity rema9s1 ?\gh we "k x n2 or if ! mean+ ( ! di/9ction be n t1 x ha? no mean+1 & !y might z well h said1 "o ( !m is true ,titirice1 b nei!r ( !m1 ,tu patulice4 ,! la/ ?+1 9 :i* also consi/e? ! :ole controv]sy1 namely t !re is no su* ?+ z an ag5t1 :i* :5 all ?+s requisite to action are pres5t1 c nev]!less =be> to produce x2 or1 :i* is all "o1 t !re is no su* ?+ z fre$om f necessity1 is easily inf]r$ f t :i* ha? be5 be=e alleg$4 ,= if x be an ag5t1 x c "w2 & if x "w1 !re is no?+ want+ ( :at is requisite to produce ! action1 & consequ5tly ! cause ( ! action is suffici5t2 & if suffici5t1 !n also necess>y1 z ha? be5 prov$ be=e4 ,& ?us y see h[ ! inconv5i5ces1 :i* 8 ,lord%ip objecte? mu/ foll[ ^u ! hold+ ( necessity1 are avoid$1 & ! necessity itself demon/ratively prov$4 ,to :i* ,i c\ld add1 if ,i ?\ght x good logic1 ! inconv5i5ce ( d5y+ necessity1 z t x de/roye? bo? ! decrees & ! presci5ce ( ,god ,almighty2 = :atsoev] ,god ha? purpos$ to br+ to pass by man1 z an in/rum5t1 or =esee? %all come to pass2 a man1 if he h lib]ty1 su* z 8 ,lord%ip affirme?1 f necessitation1 might fru/rate1 & make n to come to pass1 & ,god %\ld ei!r n =ekn[ x1 & n decree x1 or he %\ld =ekn[ su* ?+s %all be1 z %all nev] be1 & decree t :i* %all nev] come to pass4 ,?is is all t ha? come into my m9d t\*+ ?is "q s9ce ,i la/ consid]$ x4 ,& ,i humbly besee* y\r ,lord%ip to communicate x only to my ,"l ,bi%op4 ,& s pray+ ,god to prosp] y\r ,lord%ip 9 all y\r designs1 ,i take leave1 & am1 ,my mo/ noble & mo/ oblig+ ,"l1 ,y\r mo/ humble s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,r\51 ,aug4 #bj1 #afeb4;,a ,footnote ,a3 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( #afed ?is date is #afdf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,an ,,answ] ,,to ,a ,,book ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,bramhall1 ,,late ,,bi%op ,,( ,,d]ry2 ,,call$ ,,! 8,,cat*+ ,,( ,,! ,,levia?an40 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,n>ration ,,conc]n+ ,,h]esy1 ,,& ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,!re(4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ------- ,z 9 all ?+s :i* ,i h writt51 s also 9 ?is piece1 ,i h endeav\r$ all ,i c to be p]spicu\s2 b yet y\r own att5tion is always necess>y4 ,! late ,"l ,bi%op ( ,d]ry publi%$ a book call$ ,! ,cat*+ ( ! ,levia?an1 9 :i* he ha? put toge!r div]s s5t5ces pick$ out ( my ,levia?an1 :i* /& !re pla9ly & firmly prov$1 & sets !m d[n )\t _! pro(s1 & )\t ! ord] ( _! dep5dance "o ^u ano!r2 & calls !m a!ism1 blasphemy1 impiety1 subv]sion ( religion1 & by o!r names ( t k9d4 ,my reque/ unto y is1 t :5 he cites my words = errone\s1 y w be pleas$ to turn to ! place itself1 & see :e!r !y be well prov$1 & h[ to be und]/ood4 ,:i* lab\r 8 ,lord%ip might h sav$ y1 if he w\ld h v\*saf$ z well to h weigh$ my argum5ts be=e y1 z to h %[n y my conclusions4 ,8 book conta9e? two *apt]s1 ! "o conc]n+ ,religion1 ! o!r conc]n+ ,politics4 ,because he does n s mu* z (f] any refutation ( any ?+ 9 my ,levia?an conclud$1 ,i ne$$ n to h answ]$ ei!r ( !m4 ,yet to ! fir/ ,i "h answ]1 because ! words a!ism1 impiety1 & ! l1 are words ( ! greate/ defamation possible4 ,& ?is ,i _h done soon]1 if ,i _h soon] kn[n t su* a book 0 extant4 ,he wrote x t5 ye>s s9ce1 & yet ,i nev] he>d ( x till ab\t ?ree mon?s s9ce2 s little talk !re 0 ( 8 ,lord%ip's writ+s4 ,if y want leisure or c>e ( ! que/ions betwe5 u1 ,i pray y condemn me n ^u report4 ,to judge & n exam9e is n j4 ,f>ewell4 ,t4 ,,hobbes4 ------- ,,an ,,answ]1 ,,etc4 ------- ,,t ,,! ,,hobbian ,,pr9ciples ,,are ,,de/ructive ,,to ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,all ,,religion4 ,j4 ,d4 ,! image ( ,god is n altoge!r defac$ by ! fall ( man1 b t !re w rema9 "s practical notions ( ,god & goodness2 :i* :5 ! m9d is free f vagrant desires1 & viol5t passions1 d %9e z cle>ly 9 ! he>t1 z o!r speculative notions d 9 ! head4 ,h5ce x is1 t !re 0 nev] any nation s b>b>\s or savage ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 :i* _h n _! ,god4 ,!y :o did nev] we> clo!s ^u _! backs1 :o did nev] "k magi/rate b _! fa!r1 yet h _! ,god1 & _! religi\s rights & devotions to him4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! greate/ a!i/s 9 any sudd5 dang] d unwitt+ly ca/ _! eyes up to heav51 z crav+ aid f !nce1 & 9 a ?und] creep into "s hole to hide !mselves4 ,& !y :o are consci\s to !mselves ( any secret crimes1 ?\gh !y be secure en\gh f ! ju/ice ( m51 d yet feel ! bl9d bl[s ( a guilty consci5ce1 & fe> ,div9e v5geance4 ,?is is ackn[l$g$ by ,t4 ,h4 himself 9 8 lucid int]vals4 ,t we may "k :at wor%ip ( ,god natural reason do? assign1 let u beg9 ) 8 attributes1 :]e x is manife/ 9 ! fir/ place1 t exi/5cy is to be attribut$ to him4 ,to :i* he adde?1 inf9it5ess1 incompreh5sibility1 unity1 ubiquity4 ,?us = attributes2 next = actions4 ,conc]n+ ext]nal actions1 :]e) ,god is to be wor%ipp$1 ! mo/ g5]al precept ( reason is1 t !y be signs ( hon\r2 "u :i* are conta9$ pray]s1 ?anksgiv+s1 oblations1 & sacrifices4 ,t4 ,h4 ,hi!rto 8 ,lord%ip dis*>ges me ( a!ism4 ,:at ne$ he to say t all nations1 h[ b>b>\s soev]1 yet h _! ,gods & religi\s rites1 & a!i/s are fright$ ) ?und]1 & feel ! bl9d bl[s ( consci5ce8 ,x might h be5 z apt a preface to any o!r ( 8 disc\rses z ?is4 ,i expect !re=e 9 ! next place to be told1 t ,i d5y aga9 my a=e-recit$ doctr9e4 ,j4 ,d4 ,yet1 to let u see h[ inconsi/5t & irreconcileable he is ) himself1 else:]e reckon+ up all ! laws ( nature at l>ge1 ev5 tw5ty 9 numb]1 he ha? n "o ^w t conc]ne? religion1 or ha? ! lea/ relation 9 ! _w to ,god4 ,z if a man 7 l ! colt ( a wild ass 9 ! wild]ness1 )\t any own] or obligation4 ,?us 9 describ+ ! laws ( nature1 ?is great cl]k =gette? ! ,god ( nature1 & ! ma9 & pr9cipal laws ( nature1 :i* conta9 a man's duty to 8 ,god1 & ! pr9cipal end ( 8 creation4 ,t4 ,h4 ,aft] ,i _h end$ ! disc\rse he m5tions ( ! laws ( nature1 ,i ?\ght x fitte/ 9 ! la/ place1 once = all1 to say !y 7 ! laws ( ,god1 !n :5 !y 7 deliv]$ 9 ! ^w ( ,god2 b be=e1 be+ n kn[n by m5 = any ?+ b _! own natural reason1 !y 7 b !orems1 t5d+ to peace1 & ^? unc]ta91 z be+ b conclusions ( p>ticul> m51 & !re=e n prop]ly laws4 ,besides1 ,i _h =m]ly 9 my book ,de ,cive1 cap4 ,,iv1 prov$ !m sev]ally1 "o by "o1 out ( ! ,scriptures3 :i* 8 ,lord%ip _h read & knew4 ,x 0 !re=e an unju/ *>ge ( 8 to say1 ,i _h n "o ^w 9 !m t conc]ns religion1 or t ha? ! lea/ relation 9 ! _w to ,god2 & ?is ^u no o!r gr\nd ?an t ,i add$ n to e article1 ?is law is 9 ! ,scripture4 ,b :y he %\ld call me 7ironically7 a great cl]k1 ,i _c tell4 ,i suppose he w\ld make m5 believe1 ,i arrogat$ to myself all ! le>n+ ( a great cl]k1 bi%op1 or o!r inf]ior m9i/]4 ,a le>n$ bi%op1 is t bi%op t c int]pret all p>ts ( ,scripture truly1 & congru5tly to ! h>mony ( ! :ole2 t has le>nt ! hi/ory & laws ( ! ,*ur*1 d[n f ! apo/les' "t to 8 own2 & kn[s :at is ! nature ( a law civil1 div9e1 natural1 & positive2 & h[ to gov]n well ! p>o*ial m9i/]s ( 8 diocese1 s t !y may bo? by doctr9e & example keep ! p 9 ! belief ( all articles ( fai? necess>y to salvation1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( _! c\ntry4 ,?is is a le>n$ bi%op4 ,a le>n$ m9i/]1 is he t ha? le>n$ ! way by :i* m5 may be drawn f av>ice1 pride1 s5suality1 pr(an5ess1 rebelli\s pr9ciples1 & all o!r vices1 by eloqu5t & p[]ful disgrac+ ( !m1 bo? f ,scripture & f reason2 & c t]rify m5 f vice1 by discreet utt]+ ( ! puni%m5ts d5\nc$ aga9/ wick$ m51 & by d$uc+1 rationally1 ! damage !y receive by x 9 ! end4 ,9 "o ^w1 he is a le>n$ m9i/] t c prea* su* s]mons z ,/4 ,*ryso/om prea*$ to ! ,antio*ians1 :5 he 0 presbyt] 9 t city4 ,c\ld 8 ,lord%ip f9d 9 my book1 t ,i arrogat$ to myself ! eloqu5ce or wisdom ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 or ! ability ( gov]n+ ! *ur*8 ,x is "o ?+ to "k :at is to be done1 ano!r ?+ to "k h[ to d x4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip 0 pleas$ to use any artifice to disgrace me 9 any k9d :atsoev]4 ,j4 ,d4 ,p]haps he w say t he h&le? ! laws ( nature !re1 only s f> z may s]ve to ! con/itution or settlem5t ( a commonweal?4 ,9 good "t1 let x be s4 ,he ha? devis$ u a trim commonweal?1 :i* is f\nd$ nei!r ^u religion t[>ds ,god1 nor ju/ice t[>ds man2 b m]ely ^u self-int]e/1 & self-pres]vation4 ,^? rays ( heav5ly light1 ^? natural se$s ( religion1 :i* ,god himself ha? impr9t$ 9 ! he>t ( man1 are m efficaci\s t[>ds pres]vation ( a society1 :e!r we reg>d ! nature ( ! ?+1 or ! bless+ ( ,god1 ?an all 8 pacts1 & surr5d]s1 & translations ( p[]4 ,he :o untea*e? m5 _! duty to ,god1 may make !m eye-s]vants1 s long z _! int]e/ do? oblige !m to obey2 b is no fit ma/] to tea* m5 consci5ce & fidelity4 ,t4 ,h4 ,he has n yet f\nd ! place :]e ,i contradict ei!r ! exi/5ce1 or inf9it5ess1 or incompreh5sibility1 or unity1 or ubiquity ( ,god4 ,i am !re=e yet absolv$ ( a!ism4 ,b ,i am1 he says1 inconsi/5t & irreconcileable ) myself2 t is1 ,i am 7?\gh he says n s7 he ?9ks1 a =getful blockhead4 ,i _c help t3 b my =getfulness appe>s n "h4 ,ev5 8 ,lord%ip1 :]e he says1 8^? rays ( heav5ly light1 ^? se$s ( religion1 :i* ,god himself ha? impr9t$ 9 ! he>t ( man 7mean+ natural reason71 are m efficaci\s to ! pres]vation ( society1 ?an all ! pacts1 surr5d]s1 & translat+ ( p[]10 _h =gott5 to except ! old pact ( ! ,jews1 & ! new pact ( ,*ri/ians4 ,b p>don+ t1 did he hope to make any wise man believe1 t :5 ?is nation v lately 0 an an>*y1 & dissolute multitude ( m51 do+ e "o :at 8 own reason or impr9t$ light sugge/$1 !y did aga9 out ( ! same light call 9 ! k+1 & peace aga91 & ask p>don = ! faults1 :i* t _! illum9ation _h br\ght !m into1 r ?an out ( fe> ( p]petual dang] & hope ( pres]vation8 ,j4 ,d4 ,)\t religion1 societies are l b soapy bubbles1 quickly dissolv$4 ,x 0 ! judgm5t ( z wise a man z ,t4 ,h4 himself1 ?\gh p]haps he w h>dly be p]suad$ to x1 t ,rome ow$ m ( its gr&eur to religion1 ?an ei!r to /r5g? or /ratagems4 ,we h n exce$$ ! ,spani>ds 9 numb]1 nor ! ,gauls 9 /r5g?1 nor ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 craft1 nor ! ,grecians 9 art1 c4 b we h ov]come all nations by our piety & religion4 ,t4 ,h4 ,did n 8 ,lord%ip =get himself "h aga91 9 approv+ ?is s5t5ce ( ,tully1 :i* makes ! idolatry ( ! ,romans1 n only bett] ?an ! idolatry ( o!r nations2 b also bett] ?an ! religion ( ! ,jews1 ^: law ,*ri/ himself says he came n to de/roy b to fulfil8 ,& t ! ,romans ov]came bo? !m & o!r nations by _! piety1 :5 x is manife/ t ! ,romans ov]ran ! _w by inju/ice & cruelty1 & t _! victories ought n to be ascrib$ to ! piety ( ! ,romans1 b to ! impiety z well ( ! ,jews z ( o!r nations8 ,b :at meant he by say+ 8,tully 0 z wise a man z ,t4 ,h4 himself1 ?\gh p]haps he w h>dly be p]suad$ to x80 ,0 t any "p ( ! controv]sy8 ,no3 !n x 0 out ( 8 way4 ,god promise? to assi/ good m5 9 _! way1 b n out ( _! way4 ,x is !re=e ! less wond] t 8 ,lord%ip 0 9 ?is place des]t$ ( ! light1 :i* ,god impr9ts 9 ! he>ts ( rude/ savages4 ,j4 ,d4 ,among 8 laws he ins]te? gratitude to m5 z ! ?ird precept ( ! law ( nature2 b ( ! gratitude ( mank9d to _! ,creator1 !re is a deep sil5ce4 ,if m5 _h sprung up f ! e>? 9 a night1 l mu%rooms or excresc5ces1 )\t all s5se ( hon\r1 ju/ice1 consci5ce1 or gratitude1 he c\ld n h vilifi$ ! human nature m ?an he do?4 ,t4 ,h4 ,my ,"l discov]s "h an ignorance ( su* me?od z is necess>y = lawful & /rict reason+1 & explication ( ! tru? 9 controv]sy4 ,& n only t1 b also h[ little able he is to fix 8 m9d ^u :at he reads 9 o!r m5's writ+s4 ,:5 ,i _h def9$ +ratitude univ]sally1 he f9ds fault t ,i d n m5tion +ratitude t[>ds ,god1 z if 8 ,lord%ip knew n t an univ]sal compreh5ds all ! p>ticul>s4 ,:5 ,i _h def9$ equity univ]sally1 :y did he n z well blame me = n tell+ :at t equity is 9 ,god8 ,he is grateful to ! man ( :om he receives a good turn1 t confesse?1 or make? appe> he is pleas$ ) ! b5efit he receive?4 ,s also gratitude t[>ds ,god is to confess 8 b5efits4 ,!re is also1 9 gratitude t[>ds m51 a desire to requite _! b5efits2 s !re is 9 our gratitude t[>ds ,god1 s f> to requite !m1 z to be k9d to ,god's m9i/]s1 :i* ,i ackn[l$g$ 9 mak+ sacrifices a "p ( natural div9e wor%ip2 & ! b5efit ( ^? sacrifices is ! n\ri%m5t ( ,god's m9i/]s4 ,x appe>s !re=e1 t ! bi%op's att5tion 9 read+ my writ+s1 0 ei!r weak 9 itself1 or weak5$ by prejudice4 ,j4 ,d4 ,f ?is %ameful omission or pret]ition ( ! ma9 duty ( mank9d1 a man might easily take ! height ( ,t4 ,h4 8 religion4 ,b he himself putte? x pa/ all conjectures4 ,8 pr9ciples are brim full ( prodigi\s impiety4 ,9 ^! f\r ?+s1 op9ions ( gho/s1 ignorance ( second causes1 devotion to :at m5 fe>1 & tak+ ( ?+s casual = progno/ics1 consi/e? ! natural se$ ( religion2 ! culture & improvem5t :]e(1 he ref]re? only to policy4 ,human & div9e politics1 are b politics4 ,& aga91 mank9d ha? ?is f ! consci5ce ( _! own weakness1 & ! admiration ( natural ev5ts1 t ! mo/ "p ( m5 believe t !re is an invisible ,god1 ! mak] ( all visible ?+s4 ,& a little aft] he telle? u1 t sup]/ition proce$e? f fe> )\t "r reason1 & a!ism f an op9ion ( reason )\t fe>2 mak+ a!ism to be m reasonable ?an sup]/ition4 ,:at is n[ become ( t div9e wor%ip :i* natural reason did assign unto ,god1 ! hon\r ( exi/5ce1 inf9it5ess1 incompreh5sibility1 unity1 ubiquity8 ,:at is n[ become ( t dictate or precept ( reason1 conc]n+ pray]s1 ?anksgiv+s1 oblations1 sacrifices1 if unc]ta9 op9ions1 ignorance1 fe>1 mi/akes1 ! consci5ce ( our own weakness1 & ! admiration ( natural ev5ts1 be ! only se$s ( religion8 ,he proce$e? fur!r1 t a!ism itself1 ?\gh x be an errone\s op9ion1 & !re=e a s91 yet x ought to be numb]$ among ! s9s ( imprud5ce or ignorance4 ,he adde?1 t an a!i/ is puni%$ n z a subject is puni%$ by 8 k+1 because he did n obs]ve laws3 b z an enemy1 by an enemy1 because he w\ld n accept laws4 ,8 reason is1 because ! a!i/ nev] submitt$ 8 w to ! w ( ,god1 :om he nev] ?\ght to be4 ,& he conclude? t man's obligation to obey ,god proce$e? f 8 weakness1 7,de ,cive1 ,,xv4 #g3 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccf73 ,manife/um e/ obligationem ad pre/&am ipsi 7,deo7 ob$i5tiam1 incumb]e hom9ibus propt] imbecilitatem4 ,fir/1 x is impossible t %\ld be a s9 ( m]e ignorance or imprud5ce1 :i* is directly contr>y to ! light ( natural reason4 ,! laws ( nature ne$ no new promulgation1 be+ impr9t$ naturally by ,god 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,! law ( nature 0 writt5 9 our he>ts by ! f+] ( ,god1 )\t our ass5t2 or r1 ! law ( nature is ! ass5t itself4 ,!n if nature dictate to u t !re is a ,god1 & t ?is ,god is to be wor%ipp$ 9 su* & su* a mann]1 x is n possible t a!ism %\ld be a s9 ( m]e ignorance4 ,secondly1 a rebelli\s subject is /ill a subject de jure1 ?\gh n de facto2 by "r1 ?\gh n by de$3 & s ! mo/ curs$ a!i/ t is1 ought by "r to be ! subject ( ,god1 & ought to be puni%$ n z a j enemy1 b z a disloyal traitor4 ,:i* is confess$ by himself3 ?is f\r? s9 7t is1 ( ^? :o d n by ^w & de$ confess "o ,god1 ! supreme ,k+ ( ,k+s7 9 ! natural k+dom ( ,god is ! crime ( high treason1 = x is a d5ial ( ,div9e p[]1 or a!ism4 ,!n an a!i/ is a traitor to ,god1 & puni%able z a disloyal subject1 n z an enemy4 ,la/ly1 x is an absurd & di%on\rable ass]tion1 to make our ob$i5ce to ,god to dep5d ^u our weakness1 because we _c help x1 & n ^u our gratitude1 because we owe our be+ & pres]vation to him4 ,:o plante? a v9ey>d1 & eate? n ( ! fruit !re(8 ,& :o fe$e? a flock1 & eate? n ( ! milk ( ! flock8 ,& aga91 ,?\ art wor?y1 ,o ,"l1 to receive glory1 & hon\r & p[]2 = ?\ ha/ creat$ all ?+s1 & = ?y pleasure !y are & 7 creat$4 ,b x 7 mu* bett]1 or at lea/ n s ill1 to be a d[nright a!i/1 ?an to make ,god to be su* a ?+ z he do?1 & at la/ ?ru/ him into ! ,devil's (fice1 to be ! cause ( all s94 ,t4 ,h4 ,?\gh ?is bi%op1 z ,i said1 _h b a weak att5tion 9 read+1 & little skill 9 exam9+ ! =ce ( an argum5t1 yet he knew m51 & ! art1 )\t tr\bl+ _! judgm5ts1 to w9 _! ass5ts by excit+ _! passions4 ,"o rule ( 8 art 0 to give 8 read] :at he w\ld h him swall[1 a "p by itself1 & 9 ! nature ( news1 :e!r true or n4 ,kn[+ t ! unle>n$1 t is mo/ m51 are cont5t to believe1 r ?an be tr\bl$ ) exam9+1 !re=e1 a little be=e1 he put ^! words1 ,t4 ,h4 no fri5d to religion1 9 ! m>g94 ,& 9 ?is place1 be=e he (f] at any confutation1 he says my pr9ciples are brim full ( prodigi\s impieties4 ,& at ! next p>agraph1 9 ! m>g91 he puts t ,i excuse a!ism4 ,?is behavi\r becomes nei!r a bi%op1 nor a ,*ri/ian1 nor any man t pret5ds to good education4 ,fe> ( invisible p[]s1 :at is x else 9 savage p1 b ! fe> ( some:at !y ?9k a ,god8 ,:at invisible p[] does ! reason ( a savage man sugge/ unto him1 b ^? phantasms ( 8 sleep1 or 8 di/emp]1 :i* we frequ5tly call gho/s1 & ! savages ?\ght gods2 s t ! fe> ( a ,god1 ?\gh n ( ! true "o1 to !m 0 ! beg9n+ ( religion1 z ! fe> ( ! true ,god 0 ! beg9n+ ( wisdom to ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians8 ,ignorance ( second causes made m5 fly to "s fir/ cause1 ! fe> ( :i* br$ devotion & wor%ip4 ,! ignorance ( :at t p[] might d1 made !m obs]ve ! ord] ( :at he _h done2 t !y might guess by ! l ord]1 :at he 0 to d ano!r "t4 ,?is 0 _! progno/ication4 ,:at prodigi\s impiety is "h8 ,h[ confutes he x8 ,mu/ x be tak5 = impiety ^u 8 b>e calumny8 ,i said sup]/ition 0 fe> )\t reason4 ,is n ! fe> ( a false ,god1 or fanci$ demon1 contr>y to "r reason8 ,& is n a!ism boldness gr\nd$ on false reason+1 su* z is ?is1 ! wick$ prosp]1 !re=e !re is no ,god8 ,he (f]s no pro( aga9/ any ( ?is2 b says only ,i make a!ism to be m reasonable ?an sup]/ition2 :i* is n true3 = ,i d5y t !re is any reason ei!r 9 ! a!i/ or 9 ! sup]/iti\s4 ,& because ! a!i/ ?9ks he has reason1 :]e he has none1 ,i ?9k him ! m irrational ( ! two4 ,b all ?is :ile he argues n aga9/ any ( ?is2 b enquires only1 :at is become ( my natural wor%ip ( ,god1 & ( 8 exi/5cy2 inf9it5ess1 incompreh5sibility1 unity1 & ubiquity4 ,z if :atsoev] reason c sugge/1 mu/ be sugge/$ all at once4 ,fir/1 all m5 by nature _h an op9ion ( ,god's exi/5cy2 b ( 8 o!r attributes n s soon1 b by reason+1 & by degrees4 ,& = ! attributes ( ! true ,god1 !y 7 nev] sugge/$ b by ! ,^w ( ,god writt54 ,9 t ,i say a!ism is a s9 ( ignorance1 he says ,i excuse x4 ,! prophet ,david says1 ! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 !re is no ,god4 ,is x n !n a s9 ( folly8 ,x is agre$ betwe5 u1 t "r reason dictates1 !re is a ,god4 ,does x n foll[1 t d5y+ ( ,god is a s9 proce$+ f misreason+4 ,if x be n a s9 ( ignorance1 x mu/ be a s9 ( malice4 ,c a man malice t :i* he ?9ks has no be+8 ,b may n "o ?9k !re is a ,god1 & yet malici\sly d5y him8 ,if he ?9k !re is a ,god1 he is no a!i/2 & s ! "q is *ang$ into ?is1 :e!r any man t ?9ks !re is a ,god1 d>es delib]ately d5y x8 ,= my "p ,i ?9k n4 ,= ^u :at confid5ce d>es any man1 delib]ately ,i say1 oppose ! ,omnipot5t8 ,david sai? ( himself1 ,my feet 7 ready to slip :5 ,i saw ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$4 ,!re=e x is likely ! feet ( m5 less holy slip (t5]4 ,b ,i ?9k no man liv+ is s d>+1 be+ out ( passion1 z to hold x z 8 op9ion4 ,^? wick$ m5 t = a long "t proce$$ s successfully 9 ! late horrid rebellion1 may p]haps make "s ?9k !y 7 con/ant & resolv$ a!i/s3 b ,i ?9k r t !y =got ,god1 ?an believ$ !re 0 none4 ,he t believes !re is su* an a!i/1 comes a little too ne> t op9ion himself2 nev]!less if words spok5 9 passion signify a d5ial ( a ,god1 no puni%m5t preorda9$ by law1 c be too great = su* an insol5ce2 because !re is no liv+ 9 a commonweal? ) m51 to ^: oa?s we _c reasonably give cr$it4 ,z to t ,i say1 an a!i/ is puni%$ by ,god n z a subject by 8 k+1 b z an enemy2 & to my argum5t = x1 namely1 because he nev] ackn[l$g$ himself ,god's subject1 he oppose?1 t if nature dictate t !re is a ,god1 & to be wor%ipp$ 9 su* & su* mann]1 !n a!ism is n a s9 ( m]e ignorance3 z if ei!r ,i or he did hold t nature dictates ! mann] ( ,god's wor%ip1 or any article ( our cre$1 or :e!r to wor%ip ) or )\t a surplice4 ,secondly1 he answ]s t a rebel is /ill a subject de jure1 ?\gh n de facto3 & x is grant$4 ,b ?\gh ! k+ lose none ( 8 "r by ! traitor's act1 yet ! traitor lose? ! privilege ( be+ puni%$ by a prec$5t law2 & !re=e may be puni%$ at ! k+'s w1 z ,ravaillac 0 = murd]+ ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france4 ,an op5 enemy & a p]fidi\s traitor are bo? enemies4 ,_h n 8 ,lord%ip read 9 ! ,roman /ory1 h[ ,p]seus & o!r j enemies ( t /ate 7 wont to be puni%$8 ,b :at is ?is trifl+ "q to my excus+ ( a!ism8 ,9 ! sev5? p>agraph ( *apt] ,,xv4 ( my book ,de ,cive1 he f\nd ! words 9 ,lat91 :i* he "h cite?4 ,& to ! same s5se ,i h said 9 my ,levia?an1 t ! "r ( nature :]eby ,god reigne? ov] m51 is to be d]iv$ n f 8 creat+ !m1 z if he requir$ ob$i5ce1 z ( gratitude2 b f 8 irresi/ible p[]4 ,?is he says is absurd & di%on\rable4 ,:]eas fir/ all p[] is hon\rable1 & ! greate/ p[] is mo/ hon\rable4 ,is x n a m noble t5ure = a k+ to hold 8 k+dom1 & ! "r to puni% ^? t transgress 8 laws1 f 8 p[]1 ?an f ! gratitude or gift ( ! transgressor4 ,!re is no?+ !re=e "h ( di%on\r to ,god ,almighty4 ,b see ! subtilty ( 8 disput+4 ,he saw he c\ld n cat* ,levia?an 9 ?is place1 he looks = him 9 my book ,de ,cive1 :i* is ,lat91 to try :at he c\ld fi% out ( t3 & says ,i make our ob$i5ce to ,god1 dep5d ^u our weakness2 z if ^! words signifi$ ! dep5d5ce1 & n ! necessity ( our submission1 or t incumb]e & dep5d]e 7 all "o4 ,j4 ,d4 ,= ,t4 ,h4 8 ,god is n ! ,god ( ,*ri/ians1 nor ( any rational m54 ,our ,god is e :]e1 & see+ he ha? no p>ts1 he mu/ be :olly "h1 & :olly !re1 & :olly e :]e4 ,s nature itself dictate?4 ,x _c be said hon\rably ( ,god t he is 9 a place2 = no?+ is 9 a place1 b t :i* ha? prop] b\nds ( its greatness4 ,b ,t4 ,h4 8 ,god is n :olly e :]e4 ,no man c conceive t any ?+ is all 9 ?is place1 & all 9 ano!r place at ! same "t1 = none ( ^! ?+s ev] h or c be incid5t to s5se4 ,s f> well1 if by conceiv+ he mean compreh5d+2 b !n foll[s1 ,t ^! are absurd spee*es tak5 ^u cr$it1 )\t any signification at all1 f deceiv$ philosoph]s1 & deceiv$ or deceiv+ ,s*oolm54 ,?us he d5ie? ! ubiquity ( ,god4 ,a circumscriptive1 a def9itive1 & a repletive be+ 9 a place1 is "s hea!n language to him4 ,t4 ,h4 ,?\gh ,i believe ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & t he c d :at he w1 yet ,i d>e n say h[ e ?+ is done1 because ,i _c conceive nor compreh5d ei!r ! ,div9e sub/ance1 or ! way ( its op]ation4 ,& ,i ?9k x impiety to speak conc]n+ ,god any ?+ ( my own head1 or ^u ! au?ority ( philosoph]s or ,s*oolm51 :i* ,i und]/& n1 )\t w>rant 9 ! ,scripture3 & :at ,i say ( omnipot5ce1 ,i say also ( ubiquity4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip is m valiant 9 ?is place1 tell+ u t ,god is :olly "h1 & :olly !re1 & :olly e :]e2 because he has no p>ts4 ,i _c compreh5d nor conceive ?is4 ,= me?9ks x implies also t ! :ole _w is also 9 ! :ole ,god1 & 9 e "p ( ,god4 ,nor c ,i conceive h[ any ?+ c be call$ :ole1 :i* has no p>ts1 nor c ,i f9d any?+ ( ?is 9 ! ,scripture4 ,if ,i c\ld f9d x !re1 ,i c\ld believe x2 & if ,i c\ld f9d x 9 ! public doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 ,i c\ld easily ab/a9 f contradict+ x4 ,! ,s*oolm5 say also1 t ! s\l ( man 7mean+ 8 upp] s\l1 :i* !y call ! rational s\l7 is also :olly 9 ! :ole man1 & :olly 9 e "p ( ! man4 ,:at is ?is1 b to make ! human s\l ! same ?+ 9 respect ( man's body1 t ,god is 9 respect ( ! _w8 ,^! 8 ,lord%ip calls "h rational m51 & "s ( !m :i* applaud ?is doctr9e1 w\ld h ! high c\rt ( p>liam5t corroborate su* doctr9es ) a law4 ,i said 9 my ,levia?an1 t x is no hon\rable attribute to ,god1 to say he is 9 a place1 because inf9ite is n conf9$ )9 a place4 ,to :i* he replies1 ,t4 ,h4 8 ,god is n :olly e :]e4 ,i confess ! consequ5ce4 ,= ,i und]/& 9 ,engli%1 he t says any ?+ to be all "h1 means t nei!r all nor any ( ! same ?+ is else:]e4 ,he says fur!r1 ,i take a circumscriptive1 a def9itive1 & a repletive be+ 9 a place to be hea!n language4 ,truly1 if ?is dispute 7 at ! b>1 ,i %\ld g ne> to crave ! assi/ance ( ! c\rt1 le/ "s trick might be put ^u me 9 su* obscurity4 ,= ?\gh ,i "k :at ^! ,lat9 words s+ly signify1 yet ,i und]/& n h[ any ?+ is 9 a place def9itively & n circumscriptively4 ,= def9itively comes f def9io1 :i* is to set b\nds4 ,& !re=e to be 9 a place def9itively1 is :5 ! b\nds ( ! place are e way m>k$ out4 ,b to be 9 a place circumscriptively1 is :5 ! b\nds ( ! place are describ$ r\nd ab\t4 ,to be 9 a place repletively1 is to fill a place4 ,:o does n see t ?is di/9ction is cant+ & fraud8 ,if any man w call x pi\s fraud1 he is to prove ! piety z cle>ly z ,i h "h expla9$ ! fraud4 ,besides1 no fraud c be pi\s 9 any man1 b him t ha? a lawful "r to gov]n him :om he beguile?2 :om ! ,bi%op pret5ds to gov]n1 ,i _c tell4 ,besides1 8 ,lord%ip ought to h consid]$1 t e ,bi%op is "o ( ! great ,c\ncil1 tru/$ by ! ,k+ to give _! advice ) ! ,lords temporal1 = ! mak+ ( good laws1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 & n to (f] !m su* obscure doctr9es1 z if1 because !y are n v]s$ 9 ,s*ool-div9ity1 !re=e !y _h no le>n+ at all1 nor und]/ood ! ,engli% tongue4 ,:y did ! div9es ( ,engl& cont5d s mu* h]et(ore to h ! ,bible translat$ into ,engli%1 if !y nev] meant any b !mselves %\ld read x8 ,if a lay-man be publicly enc\rag$ to se>* ! ,scriptures = 8 own salvation1 :at has a div9e to d to impose ^u him any /range int]pretation1 unless1 if he make him err to damnation1 he w be damn$ 9 8 /ead8 ,j4 ,d4 ,our ,god is immutable )\t any %ad[ ( turn+ by *ange1 to :om all ?+s are pres5t1 no?+ pa/1 no?+ to come4 ,b ,t4 ,h4 8 ,god is measur$ by "t1 los+ some?+ t is pa/1 & acquir+ some?+ t do? come e m9ute4 ,t is z mu* z to say1 t our ,god is inf9ite1 & 8 ,god is f9ite2 = unto t :i* is actually inf9ite1 no?+ c be add$1 nei!r "t nor p>ts4 ,he> himself3 ,nor d ,i und]/& :at d]ogation x c be to ! ,div9e p]fection1 to attribute to x pot5tiality1 t is 9 ,engli%1 p[] 7s little do? he und]/& :at pot5tiality is7 & successive duration4 ,& he *>ge? x ^u u z a fault1 t we w n h et]nity to be an endless succession ( "t4 ,h[1 successive duration1 & an endless succession ( "t 9 ,god8 ,!n ,god is n inf9ite1 !n ,god is old] to-day ?an he 0 ye/]day4 ,away ) blasphemies6 ,be=e1 he de/roy$ ! ubiquity ( ,god1 & n[ he de/roye? 8 et]nity4 ,t4 ,h4 ,i %all omit bo? "h & h5ce=? 8 preambulatory1 imp]t95t1 & uncivil calumnies4 ,! ?+ he pret5ds to prove is ?is4 ,t x is a d]ogation to ! ,div9e p[] to attribute to x pot5tiality 7t is 9 ,engli% p[]7 & successive duration4 ,"o ( 8 reasons is1 ,god is inf9ite1 & no?+ c be add$ to inf9ite1 nei!r ( "t nor ( p>ts3 x is true4 ,& !re=e ,i said1 ,god is inf9ite & et]nal1 )\t beg9n+ or end1 ei!r ( "t or place2 :i* he has n "h confut$1 b confirm$4 ,he d5ies pot5tiality & p[] to be all "o1 & says ,i little und]/& :at pot5tiality is4 ,he ought !re=e 9 ?is place to h def9$ :at pot5tiality is3 = ,i und]/& x to be ! same ) pot5tia1 :i* is 9 ,engli% p[]4 ,!re is no su* ^w z pot5tiality 9 ! ,scriptures1 nor 9 any au?or ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,x is f\nd only 9 ,s*ool-div9ity1 z a ^w ( art1 or r z a ^w ( craft1 to amaze & puzzle ! laity4 ,& !re=e ,i no soon] read ?an int]pret$ x4 ,9 ! next place he says1 z wond]+3 ,h[1 an endless succession ( "t 9 ,god6 ,:y n8 ,god's m]cy endure? = ev]1 & surely ,god endure? z long z 8 m]cy2 !re=e !re is duration 9 ,god1 & consequ5tly endless succession ( "t4 ,god :o 9 sundry times & div]s mann]s spake 9 "t pa/1 c4 ,b 9 a =m] dispute ) me ab\t free-w1 he ha? def9$ et]nity to be nunc /ans1 t is an ev] /&+ n[1 or ev]la/+ in/ant4 ,?is he ?9ks himself b\nd 9 hon\r to def5d4 ,:at reasonable s\l c dige/ ?is8 ,we read 9 ,scripture1 t a ?\s& ye>s ) ,god1 is b z ye/]day4 ,& :y8 b because he sees z cle>ly to ! end ( a ?\s& ye>s1 z to ! end ( a day4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip affirms1 t bo? a ?\s& ye>s & a day are b "o in/ant1 ! same /&+ n[1 or et]nity4 ,if he _h %[$ an holy text = ?is doctr9e1 or any text ( ! book ( ,common ,pray] 79 ! ,scripture & book ( ,common ,pray] is conta9$ all our religion71 ,i _h yield$ to him2 b ,s*ool-div9ity ,i value little or no?+ at all4 ,?\gh 9 ?is he contradict also ! ,s*ool-m51 :o say ! s\l is et]nal only a p>te po/1 b ,god is et]nal bo? a p>te po/1 & a p>te ante4 ,?us !re are p>ts 9 et]nity2 & et]nity be+1 z 8 ,lord%ip says1 ! ,div9e sub/ance1 ! ,div9e sub/ance has p>ts1 & nunc /ans has p>ts4 ,is n ?is d>kness8 ,i take x to be ! k+dom ( d>kness1 & ! tea*]s ( x 7especially ( ?is doctr9e1 t ,god1 :o is n only optimus1 b also maximus1 is no great] ?an to be :olly conta9$ 9 ! lea/ atom ( e>?1 or o!r body1 & t 8 :ole duration is b an in/ant ( "t7 to be ei!r grossly ignorant or ungodly deceiv]s4 ,j4 ,d4 ,our ,god is a p]fect1 pure1 simple1 indivisible1 inf9ite ess5ce2 free f all composition ( matt] & =m1 ( sub/ance & accid5ts4 ,all matt] is f9ite1 & he :o acte? by 8 inf9ite ess5ce1 ne$e? nei!r organs nor faculties 7id e/1 no p[]1 note t71 nor accid5ts1 to r5d] him m complete4 ,b ,t4 ,h4 8 ,god is a divisible ,god1 a comp\nd$ ,god1 t ha? matt]1 or qualities1 or accid5ts4 ,he> himself4 ,i argue ?us3 ,! ,div9e sub/ance is indivisible2 b et]nity is ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,! major is evid5t1 because ,god is actus simplicissimus2 ! m9or is confess$ by all m51 t :atsoev] is attribut$ to ,god1 is ,god4 ,n[ li/5 to 8 answ]3 ,! major is s f> f be+ evid5t1 t actus simplicissimus signifie? no?+4 ,! m9or is said by "s m51 ?\ght by no man2 :atsoev] is ?\ght is und]/ood4 ,! major 0 ?is1 ! ,div9e sub/ance is indivisible4 ,is ?is f> f be+ evid5t8 ,ei!r x is indivisible1 or divisible4 ,if x be n indivisible1 !n x is divisible1 !n x is mat]iate1 !n x is corporeal1 !n x ha? p>ts1 !n x is f9ite by 8 own confession4 ,hab]e p>tes1 aut esse totum aliquid1 sunt attributa f9itorum4 ,^u ?is silly conceit he *>ge? me = say+1 t ,god is n j1 b ju/ice itself2 n et]nal1 b et]nity itself2 :i* he calle? unseemly words to be said ( ,god4 ,& he ?9ke? he do? me a great c\rtesy 9 n add+ blasphem\s & a!i/ical4 ,b 8 bolts are s soon %ot1 & 8 reasons are su* va9 imag9ations1 & su* dr[sy phantasies1 t no sob] man do? mu* reg>d !m4 ,?us he ha? already de/roy$ ! ubiquity1 ! et]nity1 & ! simplicity ( ,god4 ,i wi% he _h consid]$ bett] ) himself1 be=e he _h desp]ately ca/ himself ^u ^! rocks4 ,b paulo majora canamus4 ,my next *>ge is1 t he de/roys ! v be+ ( ,god1 & leaves no?+ 9 8 place1 b an empty "n4 ,= by tak+ away all incorporeal sub/ances1 he take? away ,god himself4 ,! v "n1 sai? he1 ( an incorporeal sub/ance1 is a contradiction4 ,& to say t an angel or _s1 is an incorporeal sub/ance1 is to say 9 effect1 t !re is no angel or _s at all4 ,by ! same reason to say1 t ,god is an incorporeal sub/ance1 is to say !re is no ,god at all4 ,ei!r ,god is incorporeal2 or he is f9ite1 & consi/s ( p>ts1 & consequ5tly is no ,god4 ,?is1 t !re is no incorporeal _s1 is t ma9 root ( a!ism1 f :i* s _m less] bran*es are daily spr\t+ up4 ,t4 ,h4 ,god is inde$ a p]fect1 pure1 simple1 inf9ite sub/ance2 & 8 "n incommunicable1 t is to say1 n divisible into ?is & t individual ,god1 9 su* mann] z ! "n ( man is divisible into ,pet] & ,john4 ,& !re=e ,god is individual2 :i* ^w among/ ! ,greeks is express$ by ! ^w indivisible4 ,c]ta9 h]etics 9 ! primitive *ur*1 because special & individual are call$ p>ticul>s1 ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ 0 a p>ticul> ,god1 diff]+ 9 numb] f ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,& ?is 0 ! doctr9e t 0 condemn$ = h]esy 9 ! fir/ c\ncil ( ,nice1 by ^! words1 ,god ha? no p>ts4 ,& yet _m ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs1 9 _! explications ( ! ,nic5e cre$1 h exp\nd$ ! ^w consub/antial1 by ! community ( nature1 :i* diff]5t species h 9 _! g5us1 & diff]5t individuals 9 ! species2 z if ,pet] & ,john 7 consub/antial1 because !y agree 9 "o human nature2 :i* is contr>y1 ,i confess1 to ! mean+ ( ! ,nice fa!rs4 ,b t 9 a sub/ance inf9itely great1 x %\ld be impossible to consid] any ?+ z n inf9ite1 ,i d n see x !re condemn$4 ,= c]ta9ly he t ?9ks ,god is 9 e "p ( ! *ur*1 does n exclude him out ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,& is n ?is a consid]+ ( him by p>ts8 ,= divid+ a ?+ :i* we _c rea* nor sep>ate "o "p !re( f ano!r1 is no?+ else b consid]+ ( ! same by p>ts4 ,s mu* conc]n+ indivisibility f natural reason2 = ,i w wade no fur!r1 b rely ^u ! ,scriptures4 ,god is n[h]e said 9 ! ,scriptures to be indivisible1 unless 8 ,lord%ip meant division to consi/ only 9 sep>ation ( p>ts1 :i* ,i ?9k he did n4 ,/4 ,paul inde$ sai? 7#a ,cor4 i4 #ac73 ,is ,*ri/ divid$8 ,n t ! foll[]s ( ,paul1 ,apollos1 & ,cephas1 foll[$ "s "o "p1 "s ano!r ( ,*ri/2 b t ?9k+ diff]5tly ( 8 nature1 !y made z x 7 diff]5t k9ds ( him4 ,secondly1 8 ,lord%ip exp\nds simplicity1 by n be+ comp\nd$ ( matt] & =m1 or ( sub/ance & accid5ts1 unle>n$ly4 ,= no?+ c be s comp\nd$4 ,! matt] ( a *air is wood2 ! =m is ! figure x ha?1 apt = ! int5d$ use4 ,does 8 ,lord%ip ?9k ! *air comp\nd$ ( ! wood & ! figure8 ,a man is rational3 does x !re=e foll[ t reason is a "p ( ! man8 ,x 0 ,ari/otle deceiv$ him1 :o told him t a rational liv+ creature1 is ! def9ition ( a man1 & t ! def9ition ( a man 0 8 ess5ce2 & !re=e ! ,bi%op & o!r ,s*oolm51 f ?is t ! ^w rational is a "p ( ^! words1 man is a rational liv+ creature1 conclud$ t ! ess5ce ( man 0 a "p ( ! man1 & a rational man ! same ?+ ) a rational s\l4 ,i %\ld wond] h[ any man1 mu* m a doctor ( div9ity1 %\ld be s grossly deceiv$1 b t ,i "k naturally ! g5]ality ( m5 speak ! words ( _! ma/]s by rote1 )\t hav+ any ideas ( ! ?+s1 :i* ! words signify4 ,la/ly1 he calls ,god an ess5ce4 ,if he mean by ess5ce ! same ) ens1 1 ,i approve x4 ,o!rwise1 :at is ess5ce8 ,!re is no su* ^w 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,hebrew language1 :i* has no ^w answ]able to ! copulative e/1 w n be> x4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ha? 1 b nev] = ess5ce1 nor = sub/ance1 b only = ri*es4 ,i come n[ to 8 argum5t 9 mood & figure1 :i* is ?is1 ! ,div9e sub/ance is indivisible4 ,t is ! major4 ,et]nity is ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,t is ! m9or4 ,ergo1 ! ,div9e sub/ance is indivisible4 ,! major1 he says1 is evid5t1 because ,god is actus simplicissimus4 ,! m9or is confess$1 he ?9ks1 by all m51 because :atsoev] is attribut$ to ,god1 is ,god4 ,to ?is ,i answ]$1 t ! major 0 s f> f be+ evid5t1 t actus simplicissimus signifie? no?+1 & t ! m9or 0 und]/ood by no man4 ,fir/1 :at is actus 9 ! major8 ,does any man und]/& actus = a sub/ance1 t is1 = a ?+ subsi/+ by itself8 ,is n actus1 9 ,engli%1 ei!r an act or an action1 or no?+8 ,or is any ( ^! sub/ance8 ,if x be evid5t1 :y did he n expla9 actus by a def9ition8 ,& z to ! m9or1 ?\gh all m5 9 ! _w und]/& t ! ,et]nal is ,god1 yet no man c und]/& t ! et]nity is ,god4 ,p]haps he & ! ,s*oolm5 mean by actus1 ! same t !y d by ess5tia4 ,:at is ! ess5ce ( a man1 b 8 humanity2 or ( ,god1 b 8 ,deity2 ( great1 b greatness2 & s ( all o!r d5om9at+ attributes8 ,& ! words1 ,god & ,deity1 are ( diff]5t signification4 ,john ,damasc5e1 a fa!r ( ! *ur*1 exp\nd+ ! ,nic5e cre$1 d5ies pla9ly t ! ,deity 0 inc>nate2 b all true ,*ri/ians hold t ,god 0 inc>nate4 ,!re=e ,god & ! ,deity signify div]s ?+s2 & !re=e et]nal & et]nity are n ! same1 no m ?an a wise man & 8 wisdom are ! same2 nor ,god & 8 ju/ice ! same ?+3 & univ]sally x is false1 t ! attribute 9 ! ab/ract is ! same ) ! sub/ance1 to :i* x is attribut$4 ,also x is univ]sally true ( ,god1 t ! attribute 9 ! concrete1 & ! sub/ance to :i* x is attribut$1 is n ! same ?+4 ,i come n[ to 8 next p]iod or p>agraph1 :]e9 he w\ld fa9 prove1 t by d5y+ incorporeal sub/ance1 ,i take away ,god's exi/5ce4 ,! words he cites "h are m9e3 to say an angel or _s is an incorporeal sub/ance1 is to say 9 effect !re is no angel nor _s at all4 ,x is true also1 t to say t ,god is an incorporeal sub/ance1 is to say 9 effect !re is no ,god at all4 ,:at alleges he aga9/ x1 b ! ,s*ool-div9ity :i* ,i h already answ]$8 ,scripture he c br+ none1 because ! ^w incorporeal is n f\nd 9 ,scripture4 ,b ! ,bi%op1 tru/+ to 8 ,ari/otelian & ,s*ola/ic le>n+1 ha? hi!rto made no use ( ,scripture1 save only ( ^! texts3 #a ,cor4 ix4 #g3 ,:o ha? plant$ a v9ey>d1 & eate? n ( ! fruit !re(2 or :o fe$e? a flock1 & eate? n ( ! milk ( ! flock8 & ,rev4 iv4 #aa3 ,?\ art wor?y1 ,o ,"l1 to receive glory1 hon\r1 & p[]3 = ?\ ha/ creat$ all ?+s1 & = ?y pleasure !y 7 creat$3 !reby to prove t ! "r ( ,god to gov]n & puni% mank9d is n d]iv$ f 8 omnipot5ce4 ,let u n[ see h[ he proves incorporeity by 8 own reason )\t ,scripture4 ,ei!r ,god1 he sai?1 is incorporeal or f9ite4 ,he kn[s ,i d5y bo?1 & say he is corporeal & inf9ite3 aga9/ :i* he (f]s no pro(1 b only1 accord+ to 8 cu/om ( disput+1 calls x ! root ( a!ism2 & int]rogates me1 :at real ?+ is left 9 ! _w1 if ,god be incorporeal1 b body & accid5ts8 ,i say !re is no?+ left b corporeal sub/ance4 ,= ,i h d5i$1 z he knew1 t !re is any reality 9 accid5ts2 & nev]!less ma9ta9 ,god's exi/5ce1 & t he is a mo/ pure1 & mo/ simple corporeal _s4 ,"h 8 ,lord%ip cat*+ no?+1 removes to ! et]nity ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* ^! my gr\nds1 he says1 de/roy4 ,h[ s8 ,i say ! ,tr9ity1 & ! p]sons !re(1 are t "o pure1 simple1 & et]nal corporeal _s2 & :y does ?is de/roy ! ,tr9ity1 m ?an if ,i _h call$ x incorporeal8 ,he lab\rs "h & seeke? some:at to refre% himself 9 ! ^w p]son2 by ! same gr\nds1 he sai?1 e k+ ha? z _m p]sons z !re be ju/ices ( peace 9 8 k+dom1 & ,god ,almighty ha? z _m p]sons z !re be k+s4 ,:y n8 ,= ,i nev] said t all ^? k+s 7 t ,god2 & yet ,god give? t "n to ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,= ! signification ( ! ^w p]son1 ,i %all exp\nd x by & by 9 ano!r place4 ,"h ends 8 ,lord%ip's ,s*ool-argum5t2 n[ let me come ) my ,scripture-argum5t4 ,/4 ,paul1 conc]n+ ,*ri/ 7,col4 ii4 #i7 sai? ?us3 ,9 him dwelle? all ! fulness ( ! ,godhead bodily4 ,?is place ,a?anasius1 a great & zeal\s doctor 9 ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 & vehem5t enemy ( ,arius ! h]etic1 :o all[$ ,*ri/ to be no o!rwise ,god1 ?an z m5 ( excell5t piety 7 s call$1 exp\nde? ?us3 ,! fulness ( ! ,godhead dwelle? 9 him bodily1 7,greek 71 id e/ 1 id e/1 realit]4 ,s !re is "o ,fa!r = corporality1 & t ,god 0 9 ,*ri/ 9 su* mann] z body is 9 body4 ,aga91 !re 7 9 ! primitive *ur* a sort ( h]etics :o ma9ta9$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ _h n a true real body1 b 0 only a phantasm or spright1 su* z ! ,lat9s call spectra4 ,aga9/ ! head ( ?is sect1 ^: "n ,i ?9k 0 ,apelles1 ,t]tullian wrote a book1 n[ extant among/ 8 o!r works1 intitul$ ,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i2 :]e9 aft] he _h spok5 ( ! nature ( phantasms1 & %[$ t !y _h no?+ ( reality 9 !m1 he conclude? ) ^! words1 8:atsoev] is n body1 is no?+40 ,s "h is on my side a pla9 text ( ,scripture1 & two anci5t & le>n$ ,fa!rs4 ,nor 0 ?is doctr9e ( ,t]tullian condemn$ 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice2 b ! division ( ! div9e sub/ance into ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,god ! ,son1 & ,god ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ^! words1 ,god has no p>ts1 7 add$1 = explication ( ! ^w consub/antial1 at ! reque/ ( ! diss5t+ ,fa!rs1 & are fur!r expla9$ bo? 9 ,a?anasius 8 cre$1 9 ^! words1 n ?ree ,gods b "o ,god1 & by ! con/ant attribute ev] s9ce ( ! individual ,tr9ity4 ,! same words nev]!less d condemn ! ,an?ropomorphites also2 = ?\gh !re appe>$ no ,*ri/ians t pr(ess$ t ,god _h an organical body1 & consequ5tly t ! p]sons 7 ?ree individuals1 yet ! ,g5tiles 7 all ,an?ropomorphites1 & !re condemn$ by ^! words1 ,god has no p>ts4 ,& ?us ,i h answ]$ 8 accusation conc]n+ ! et]nity & exi/5ce ( ! ,div9e sub/ance1 & made x appe> t 9 tru?1 ! "q betwe5 u1 is :e!r ,god be a phantasm 7id e/1 an idol ( ! fancy1 :i* ,/4 ,paul sai? is no?+7 or a corporeal _s1 t is to say1 some?+ t has magnitude4 ,9 ?is place ,i ?9k x n amiss1 leav+ = a little :ile ?is !ological dispute1 to exam9e ! signification ( ^? words :i* h occasion$ s mu* div]sity ( op9ion 9 ?is k9d ( doctr9e4 ,! ^w sub/ance1 9 ,greek 1 1 1 signify ! same ?+1 namely1 a gr\nd1 a base1 any ?+ t has exi/5ce or subsi/5ce 9 itself1 any?+ t upholde? t :i* else w\ld fall1 9 :i* s5se ,god is prop]ly ! hypo/asis1 base1 & sub/ance t upholde? all ! _w1 hav+ subsi/5ce n only 9 himself1 b f himself2 :]eas o!r sub/ances h _! subsi/5ce only 9 !mselves1 n f !mselves4 ,b metaphorically1 fai? is call$ 7,heb4 xi4 #a7 a sub/ance1 because x is ! f\ndation or base ( our hope2 = fai? fail+1 our hope falls4 ,& 7#b ,cor4 ix4 #d7 ,/4 ,paul hav+ boa/$ ( ! lib]al promise ( ! ,cor9?ians t[>ds ! ,mac$onians1 calls t promise ! gr\nd1 ! hypo/asis ( t 8 boa/+4 ,& 7,heb4 i4 #c7 ,*ri/ is call$ ! image ( ! sub/ance 7! hypo/asis7 ( 8 ,fa!r1 & = ! prop] & adequate signification ( ! ^w hypo/asis1 ! ,greek ,fa!rs did always oppose x to app>ition or phantasm2 z :5 a man see? 8 face 9 ! wat]1 8 real face is call$ ! hypo/asis ( ! phanta/ic face 9 ! wat]4 ,s also 9 speak+1 ! ?+ und]/ood or nam$ is call$ hypo/asis1 9 respect ( ! "n2 s also a body col\r$ is ! hypo/asis1 sub/ance & subject ( ! col\r2 & 9 l mann] ( all its o!r accid5ts4 ,ess5ce & all o!r ab/ract names1 are words artificial belong+ to ! art ( logic1 & signify only ! mann] h[ we consid] ! sub/ance itself4 ,& ( ?is ,i h spok5 suffici5tly 9 my ,levia?an 7vol4 ,,iii4 page #fgb74 ,body 7,lat91 corpus1 7 is t sub/ance :i* ha? magnitude indet]m9ate1 & is ! same ) corporeal sub/ance2 b a body is t :i* ha? magnitude det]m9ate1 & consequ5tly is und]/ood to be totum or integrum aliquid4 ,pure & simple body1 is body ( "o & ! same k9d1 9 e "p ?r\gh\t2 & if m+l$ ) body ( ano!r k9d1 ?\gh ! total be comp\nd$ or mix$1 ! p>ts nev]!less reta9 _! simplicity1 z :5 wat] & w9e are mix$1 ! p>ts ( bo? k9ds reta9 _! simplicity4 ,= wat] & w9e c n bo? be 9 "o & ! same place at once4 ,matt] is ! same ) body2 b nev] )\t respect to a body :i* is made !re(4 ,=m is ! aggregate ( all accid5ts toge!r1 = :i* we give ! matt] a new "n2 s alb$o1 :it5ess1 is ! =m ( album1 or :ite body4 ,s also humanity is ! ess5ce ( man1 & ,deity ! ess5ce ( ,deus4 ,_s is ?91 fluid1 transp>5t1 invisible body4 ,! ^w 9 ,lat9 signifies brea?1 air1 w9d1 & ! l4 ,9 ,greek f 1 spiro1 flo4 ,i h se51 & s h _m m1 two wat]s1 "o ( ! riv]1 ! o!r a m9]al wat]1 s l t no man c\ld disc]n ! "o f ! o!r by 8 sight2 yet :5 !y h be5 bo? put toge!r1 ! :ole sub/ance c\ld n by ! eye be di/+ui%$ f milk4 ,yet we "k t ! "o 0 n mix$ ) ! o!r1 s z e "p ( ! "o to be 9 e "p ( ! o!r1 = t is impossible1 unless two bodies c be 9 ! same place4 ,h[ !n c\ld ! *ange be made 9 e "p1 b only by ! activity ( ! m9]al wat]1 *ang+ x e :]e to ! s5se1 & yet n be+ e :]e1 & 9 e "p ( ! wat]8 ,if !n su* gross bodies h s great activity1 :at %all we ?9k ( spirits1 ^: k9ds be z _m z !re be k9ds ( liquor1 & activity great]8 ,c x !n be d\bt$1 b t ,god1 :o is an inf9itely f9e ,_s1 & )al intellig5t1 c make & *ange all species & k9ds ( body z he please?8 ,b ,i d>e n say1 t ?is is ! way by :i* ,god ,almighty worke?1 because x is pa/ my appreh5sion3 yet x s]ves v well to demon/rate1 t ! omnipot5ce ( ,god implie? no contradiction2 & is bett] ?an by pret5ce ( magnify+ ! f95ess ( ! ,div9e sub/ance1 to r$uce x to a spright or phantasm1 :i* is no?+4 ,a p]son 7,lat91 p]sona7 signifies an intellig5t sub/ance1 t acte? any ?+ 9 8 own or ano!r's "n1 or by 8 own or ano!r's au?ority4 ,( ?is def9ition !re c be no o!r pro( ?an f ! use ( t ^w1 9 su* ,lat9 au?ors z 7 e/eem$ ! mo/ skilful 9 _! own language1 ( :i* numb] 0 ,cic]o4 ,b ,cic]o1 9 an epi/le to ,atticus1 sai? ?us3 ,unus su/9eo tres p]sonas1 mei1 adv]s>ii1 et judicis3 t is1 8,i t am b "o man1 su/a9 ?ree p]sons2 m9e own p]son1 ! p]son ( my adv]s>y1 & ! p]son ( ! judge40 ,cic]o 0 "h ! sub/ance intellig5t1 "o man2 & because he plead$ = himself1 he calls himself 8 own p]son3 & aga91 because he plead$ = 8 adv]s>y1 he says1 he su/a9$ ! p]son ( 8 adv]s>y3 & la/ly1 because he himself gave ! s5t5ce1 he says1 he su/a9$ ! p]son ( ! judge4 ,9 ! same s5se we use ! ^w 9 ,engli% vulg>ly1 call+ him t acte? by 8 own au?ority1 8 own p]son1 & him t acte? by ! au?ority ( ano!r1 ! p]son ( t o!r4 ,& ?us we h ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w p]son4 ,! ,greek tongue _c r5d] x2 = is prop]ly a face1 &1 metaphorically1 a viz>d ( an actor ^u ! /age4 ,h[ !n did ! ,greek ,fa!rs r5d] ! ^w p]son1 z x is 9 ! bless$ ,tr9ity8 ,n well4 ,in/ead ( ! ^w p]son !y put hypo/asis1 :i* signifies sub/ance2 f :5ce x might be inf]r$1 t ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity are ?ree ,div9e sub/ances1 t is1 ?ree ,gods4 ,! ^w !y c\ld n use1 because face & viz>d are nei!r ( !m hon\rable attributes ( ,god1 nor explicative ( ! mean+ ( ! ,greek *ur*4 ,!re=e ! ,lat9 7& consequ5tly ! ,engli%7 *ur*1 r5d]s hypo/asis e :]e 9 ,a?anasius 8 cre$ by p]son4 ,b ! ^w hypo/atical union is rightly reta9$ & us$ by div9es1 z be+ ! union ( two hypo/ases1 t is1 ( two sub/ances or natures 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,b see+ !y also hold ! s\l ( our ,savi\r to be a sub/ance1 :i*1 ?\gh sep>at$ f 8 body1 subsi/$ nev]!less 9 itself1 & consequ5tly1 be=e x 0 sep>at$ f 8 body ^u ! cross1 0 a di/9ct nature f 8 body1 h[ w !y avoid ?is objection1 t !n ,*ri/ _h ?ree natures1 ?ree hypo/ases1 )\t grant+1 t 8 resurrection 0 a new vivification1 & n a return ( 8 s\l out ( ,heav5 into ! grave8 ,! contr>y is n det]m9$ by ! *ur*4 ,?us f> 9 explication ( ! words t occur 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,n[ ,i return aga9 to 8 ,lord%ip's disc\rse4 ,j4 ,d4 ,:5 !y h tak5 away all incorporeal spirits1 :at d !y leave ,god himself to be8 ,he :o is ! f\nta9 ( all be+1 f :om & 9 :om all creatures h _! be+1 mu/ ne$s h a real be+ ( 8 own4 ,& :at real be+ c ,god h among bodies & accid5ts8 ,= !y h left no?+ else 9 ! univ]se4 ,!n ,t4 ,h4 may move ! same "q ( ,god1 :i* he did ( devils4 ,i w\ld gladly "k 9 :at classes ( entities1 ! ,bi%op ranke? ,god8 ,inf9ite be+ & p>ticipat$ be+ are n ( ! same nature4 ,yet to speak accord+ to human appreh5sion1 7appreh5sion & compreh5sion diff] mu*3 ,t4 ,h4 confesse? t natural reason do? dictate to u1 t ,god is inf9ite1 yet natural reason _c compreh5d ! inf9it5ess ( ,god7 ,i place him among incorporeal sub/ances or spirits1 because he ha? be5 pleas$ to place himself 9 t rank1 ,god is a ,_s4 ,( :i* place ,t4 ,h4 give? 8 op9ion1 t x is un9telligible1 & all o!rs ( ! same nature1 & fall n "u human und]/&+4 ,!y :o d5y all incorporeal sub/ances1 c und]/& no?+ by ,god1 b ei!r nature1 7n naturam naturantem1 t is1 a real au?or ( nature1 b naturam naturatam1 t is1 ! ord]ly conc\rse ( natural causes1 z ,t4 ,h4 seeme? to intimate17 or a fiction ( ! bra91 )\t real be+1 *]i%$ = advantage & politic ends1 z a pr(itable error1 h[soev] dignifi$ ) ! glori\s title ( ! et]nal cause ( all ?+s4 ,t4 ,h4 ,to 8 ,lord%ip's "q "h3 ,:at ,i leave ,god to be8 ,i answ]1 ,i leave him to be a mo/ pure1 simple1 invisible _s corporeal4 ,by corporeal ,i mean a sub/ance t has magnitude1 & s mean all le>n$ m51 div9es & o!rs1 ?\gh p]haps !re be "s common p s rude z to call no?+ body1 b :at !y c see & feel4 ,to 8 second "q3 ,:at real be+ ,he c h among/ bodies & accid5ts8 ,i answ]1 ! be+ ( a _s1 n ( a spright4 ,if ,i %\ld ask any ! mo/ subtile di/+ui%]1 :at middle nature !re 7 betwe5 an inf9itely subtile sub/ance1 & a m]e ?\ght or phantasm1 by :at "n c\ld he call x8 ,he might call x p]haps an incorporeal sub/ance2 & s incorporeal %all pass = a middle nature betwe5 inf9itely subtile & no?+1 & be less subtile ?an inf9itely subtile1 & yet m subtile ?an a ?\ght4 ,x is grant$1 he says1 t ! nature ( ,god is incompreh5sible4 ,do? x !re=e foll[1 t we may give to ! ,div9e sub/ance :at negative "n we please8 ,because he says1 ! :ole ,div9e sub/ance is "h & !re & e :]e ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & t ! s\l ( a man is "h & !re & e :]e ?r\gh\t man's body2 mu/ we !re=e take x = a my/]y ( ,*ri/ian religion1 ^u 8 or any o!r ,s*oolman's ^w1 )\t ! ,scripture1 :i* calls no?+ a my/]y b ! inc>nation ( ! et]nal ,god8 ,or is incorporeal a my/]y1 :5 n at all m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 b to ! contr>y x is writt51 ,t ! fulness ( ! ,deity 0 bodily 9 ,*ri/8 ,:5 ! nature ( ! ?+ is incompreh5sible1 ,i c acquiesce 9 ! ,scripture3 b :5 ! signification ( words is incompreh5sible1 ,i _c acquiesce 9 ! au?ority ( a ,s*oolman4 ,j4 ,d4 ,we h se5 :at 8 pr9ciples are conc]n+ ! ,deity1 !y are full z bad or worse conc]n+ ! ,tr9ity4 ,he> himself3 ,a p]son is he t is repres5t$ z (t5 z he is repres5t$4 ,& !re=e ,god :o has be5 repres5t$1 t is p]sonat$ ?rice1 may prop]ly en\gh be said to be ?ree p]sons1 ?\gh nei!r ! ^w ,p]son nor ,tr9ity be ascrib$ to him 9 ! ,bible4 ,& a little aft]3 ,to conclude1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 z f> z c be ga!r$ directly f ! ,scripture1 is 9 sub/ance ?is1 t ! ,god :o is always "o & ! same1 0 ! p]son repres5t$ by ,moses1 ! p]son repres5t$ by 8 ,son inc>nate1 & ! p]son repres5t$ by ! apo/les4 ,z repres5t$ by ! apo/les1 ! holy _s by :i* !y spake is ,god4 ,z repres5t$ by 8 ,son1 t 0 ,god & man1 ! ,son is t ,god4 ,z repres5t$ by ,moses & ! ,high-prie/s1 ! ,fa!r1 t is to say1 ! ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 is t ,god4 ,f :5ce we may ga!r ! reason :y ^? names1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 9 ! signification ( ! ,godhead1 are nev] us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,= !y are p]sons1 t is1 !y h _! names f repres5t+1 :i* c\ld n be till div]s p]sons _h repres5t$ ,god1 9 rul+ or 9 direct+ "u him4 ,:o is s bold z bl9d ,bay>d8 ,! emblem ( a little boy attempt+ to lade all ! wat] out ( ! sea ) a cockle-%ell1 do? fit ,t4 ,h4 z exactly z if x _h be5 %ap$ = him1 :o ?9ke? to measure ! pr(\nd & inscrutable my/]ies ( religion1 by 8 own silly1 %all[ conceits4 ,:at is n[ become ( ! great adorable my/]y ( ! bless$ undivid$ ,tr9ity8 ,x is %runk into no?+4 ,^u 8 gr\nds !re 0 a "t :5 !re 0 no ,tr9ity3 & we mu/ blot ^! words out ( our cre$1 ! ,fa!r et]nal1 ! ,son et]nal1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ et]nal3 & ^! o!r words out ( our ,bibles1 ,let u make man aft] our image3 unless we mean t ?is 0 a consultation ( ,god ) ,moses & ! apo/les4 ,:at is n[ become ( ! et]nal g5]ation ( ! ,son ( ,god1 if ?is son%ip did n beg9 until ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s aft] ! creation 7 expir$8 ,^u ^! gr\nds e k+ ha? z _m p]sons1 z !re be ju/ices ( peace & petty con/ables 9 8 k+dom4 ,^u ?is acc\nt ,god ,almighty ha? z _m p]sons1 z !re h be5 sov]eign pr9ces 9 ! _w s9ce ,adam4 ,accord+ to ?is reckon+ ea* "o ( u1 l s _m ,g]yons1 may h z _m p]sons z we please to make procurations4 ,su* bold presumption require? ano!r mann] ( confutation4 ,t4 ,h4 ,z = ! words recit$1 ,i confess !re is a fault 9 ! ratioc9ation1 :i* nev]!less 8 ,lord%ip ha? n discov]$1 b no impiety4 ,all t he objecte? is1 t x foll[e? h]eupon1 t !re be z _m p]sons ( a k+1 z !re be petty con/ables 9 8 k+dom4 ,& s !re are1 or else he _c be obey$4 ,b ,i nev] said t a k+1 & e "o ( 8 p]sons1 are ! same sub/ance4 ,! fault ,i "h made1 & saw n1 0 ?is2 ,i 0 to prove t x is no contradiction1 z ,lucian & hea!n sc(f]s w\ld h x1 to say ( ,god1 he 0 "o & ?ree4 ,i saw ! true def9ition ( ! ^w p]son w\ld s]ve my turn 9 ?is mann]2 ,god1 9 8 own p]son1 bo? creat$ ! _w1 & in/itut$ a *ur* 9 ,israel1 us+ !re9 ! m9i/ry ( ,moses3 ! same ,god1 9 ! p]son ( 8 ,son ,god & man1 r$eem$ ! same _w1 & ! same *ur*2 ! same ,god1 9 ! p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 sanctifi$ ! same *ur*1 & all ! fai?ful m5 9 ! _w4 ,is n ?is a cle> pro( t x is no contradiction to say t ,god is ?ree p]sons & "o sub/ance8 ,& do? n ! *ur* di/+ui% ! p]sons 9 ! same mann]8 ,see ! words ( our cate*ism4 ,"q4 ,:at do/ ?\ *iefly le>n 9 ^! articles ( ?y belief8 ,answ]4 ,fir/1 ,i le>n to believe 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 t ha? made me & all ! _w2 ,secondly1 9 ,god ! ,son1 :o ha? r$eem$ me & all mank9d2 ,?irdly1 9 ,god ! ,holy ,gho/1 t ha? sanctifi$ me & all ! elect p ( ,god4 ,b at :at "t 0 ! *ur* sanctifi$8 ,0 x n on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 9 ! desc5d+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u ! apo/les8 ,8 ,lord%ip all ?is :ile ha? cat*$ no?+4 ,x is ,i t cat*$ myself1 = say+1 in/ead ( by ! m9i/ry ( ,moses1 9 ! p]son ( ,moses4 ,b ?is error ,i no soon] saw1 ?an ,i no less publicly correct$ ?an ,i _h committ$ x1 9 my ,levia?an conv]t$ into ,lat91 :i* by ?is "t ,i ?9k is pr9t$ beyond ! seas ) ?is alt]ation1 & also ) ! omission ( "s su* passages z /rang]s are n conc]n$ 94 ,& ,i _h correct$ ?is error soon]1 if ,i _h soon] f\nd x4 ,= ?\gh ,i 0 told by ,dr4 ,cos9s1 n[ ,bi%op ( ,durham1 t ! place above-cit$ 0 n applicable en\gh to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 yet ,i c\ld n 9 review+ ! same espy ! defect1 till ( late1 :5 be+ solicit$ f beyond sea1 to translate ! book into ,lat91 & fe>+ "s o!r man might d x n to my lik+1 ,i exam9$ ?is passage & o!rs ( ! l s5se m n>r[ly4 ,b h[ concludes 8 ,lord%ip out ( ?is1 t ,i put out ( ! cre$ ^! words1 ! ,fa!r et]nal1 ! ,son et]nal1 ! ,holy ,gho/ et]nal8 ,or ^! words1 let u make man aft] our image1 out ( ! ,bible8 ,:i* la/ words nei!r ,i nor ,bell>m9e put out ( ! ,bible1 b we bo? put !m out ( ! numb] ( good argum5ts to prove ! ,tr9ity2 = x is no unusual ?+ 9 ! ,hebrew1 z may be se5 by ,bell>m9e's quotations1 to jo9 a n\n ( ! plural numb] ) a v]b ( ! s+ul>4 ,& we may say also ( _m o!r texts ( ,scripture alleg$ to prove ! ,tr9ity1 t !y are n s firm z t high article require?4 ,b m>k 8 ,lord%ip's ,s*ola/ic *>ity 9 ! la/ words ( ?is p]iod3 su* bold presumption require? ano!r mann] ( confutation4 ,?is bi%op1 & o!rs ( 8 op9ion1 _h be5 9 _! elem5t1 if !y _h be5 bi%ops 9 ,que5 ,m>y's "t4 ,j4 ,d4 ,conc]n+ ,god ! ,son1 =gett+ :at he _h said else:]e1 :]e he calle? him ,god & man1 & ! ,son ( ,god inc>nate1 he d\bte? n to say1 t ! ^w hypo/atical is cant+4 ,z if ! same p]son c\ld be bo? ,god & man )\t a p]sonal1 t is1 an hypo/atical union ( ! two natures ( ,god & man4 ,t4 ,h4 ,if ,*ri/ian pr(ession be 7z c]ta9ly x is 9 ,engl&7 a law2 & if x be ( ! nature ( a law to be made kn[n to all m5 t are to obey x1 9 su* mann] z !y may h no excuse = disob$i5ce f _! ignorance2 !n1 )\t d\bt1 all words unkn[n to ! p1 & z to !m insignificant1 are cant+4 ,! ^w sub/ance is und]/ood by ! vulg> well en\gh1 :5 x is said ( a body1 b 9 o!r s5se n at all1 except = _! ri*es4 ,b ! ^w hypo/atical is und]/ood only by ^?1 & b few ( ^? t are le>n$ 9 ! ,greek tongue1 & is prop]ly us$1 z ,i h said be=e1 ( ! union ( ! two natures ( ,*ri/ 9 "o p]son4 ,s likewise consub/antial 9 ! ,nic5e cre$1 is prop]ly said ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,b to an ,engli%man t und]/&s nei!r ,greek nor ,lat91 & yet is z mu* conc]n$ z 8 ,lord%ip 01 ! ^w hypo/atical is no less cant+ ?an et]nal n[4 ,j4 ,d4 ,he all[e? e man :o is comm&$ by 8 lawful sov]eign1 to d5y ,*ri/ ) 8 tongue be=e m54 ,t4 ,h4 ,i all[ x 9 "s cases1 & to "s m51 :i* 8 ,lord%ip knew well en\gh1 b w\ld n m5tion4 ,i alleg$ = x1 9 ! place cit$1 bo? reason & ,scripture1 ?\gh 8 ,lord%ip ?\ght x n exp$i5t to take notice ( ei!r4 ,if x be true t ,i h said1 :y does he blame x8 ,if false1 :y (f]s he no argum5t aga9/ x1 nei!r f ,scripture nor f reason8 ,or :y does he n %[ t ! text ,i cite is n applicable to ! "q1 or n well int]pret$ by me8 ,fir/1 he b>ely cites x1 because he ?\ght ! words w\ld s\nd h>%ly1 & make a read] admire !m = impiety4 ,b ,i hope ,i %all s well in/ruct my read] ere ,i leave ?is place1 t ?is 8 petty art w h no effect4 ,secondly1 ! cause :y he omitt$ my argum5ts 01 t he c\ld n answ] !m4 ,la/ly1 ! cause :y he urge? nei!r ,scripture nor reason aga9/ x 01 t he saw none suffici5t4 ,my argum5t f ,scripture 0 ?is1 7,levia?an1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dic7 tak5 out ( #b ,k+s v4 #ag-ai1 :]e ,naaman ! ,syrian sai? to ,eli%a ! prophet3 ,?y s]vant w h5ce=? (f] nei!r burnt-(f]+ nor sacrifice to o!r ,gods1 b unto ! ,"l4 ,9 ?is ?+ ! ,"l p>don ?y s]vant1 t :5 my ma/] goe? into ! h\se ( ,rimmon to wor%ip !re1 & he leane? on my h&1 & ,i b[ myself 9 ! h\se ( ,rimmon3 :5 ,i b[ myself 9 ! h\se ( ,rimmon1 ! ,"l p>don ?y s]vant 9 ?is ?+4 ,& he said unto him1 ,g 9 peace4 ,:at c be said to ?is8 ,did n ,eli%a say x f ,god8 ,or is n ?is answ] ( ! prophet a p]mission8 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,pet] comm&$ ! ,*ri/ians ( _! "t to obey _! pr9ces1 :i* !n 7 hea!ns & enemies ( ,*ri/1 did !y mean !y %\ld lose _! lives = disob$i5ce8 ,did !y n r mean !y %\ld pres]ve bo? _! lives & _! fai?1 believ+ 9 ,*ri/ z !y did1 by ?is d5ial ( ! tongue1 hav+ no comm& to ! contr>y8 ,if 9 ?is k+dom a ,mahometan %\ld be made by t]ror to d5y ,mahomet & g to *ur* ) u1 w\ld any man condemn ?is ,mahometan8 ,a d5ial ) ! m\? may p]haps be prejudicial to ! p[] ( ! *ur*2 b to reta9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/ /$fa/ly 9 8 he>t1 _c be prejudicial to 8 s\l t ha? und]tak5 no *>ge to prea* to wolves1 :om !y "k w de/roy !m4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 !re 0 a canon made 7:i* is extant 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil7 conc]n+ ^? t be+ ,*ri/ians _h be5 s$uc$1 n t]rifi$1 to a d5ial ( ,*ri/1 & aga9 rep5t+1 desir$ to be readmitt$ into ! *ur*2 9 :i* canon x 0 orda9$1 t ^? m5 %\ld be no o!rwise readmitt$ ?an to be 9 ! numb] ( ! ca!*is$1 & n to be admitt$ to ! communion till a great _m ye>s' p5it5ce4 ,surely ! *ur* !n w\ld h be5 m m]ciful to !m t did ! same ^u t]ror ( pres5t dea? & torm5ts4 ,let u n[ see :at 8 ,lord%ip might1 ?\gh b col\rably1 h alleg$ f ,scripture aga9/ x4 ,!re be ?ree places only t seem to fav\r 8 ,lord%ip's op9ion4 ,! fir/ is :]e ,pet] d5i$ ,*ri/1 & weepe?4 ,! second is1 ,acts v4 #bi3 ,!n ,pet] & ! o!r ,apo/les answ]$ & said1 we ought to obey ,god r ?an m54 ,! ?ird is1 ,luke xii4 #i3 ,b he t d5ie? me be=e m51 %all be d5i$ be=e ! angels ( ,god4 ,= answ] to ^! texts1 ,i mu/ repeat :at :at ,i h writt51 & 8 ,lord%ip read 9 my ,levia?an1 p4 #fef4 ,= an unle>n$ man t is 9 ! p[] ( an idolatr\s k+1 or /ate1 if comm&$ on pa9 ( dea? to wor%ip be=e an idol1 do+ x1 he dete/e? ! idol 9 8 he>t1 he do? well2 ?\gh if he _h ! =titude to suff] dea?1 r ?an wor%ip x1 he %\ld d bett]4 ,b if a pa/or1 :o1 z ,*ri/'s mess5g]1 has und]tak5 to tea* ,*ri/'s doctr9e to all nations1 %\ld d ! same1 x 7 n only a s9ful sc&al 9 respect ( o!r ,*ri/ian m5's consci5ces1 b a p]fidi\s =sak+ ( 8 *>ge4 ,9 :i* words ,i di/+ui% betwe5 a pa/or & "o ( ! %eep ( 8 flock4 ,/4 ,pet] s9n$ 9 d5y+ ,*ri/2 & s does e pa/or1 t d5ie? ,*ri/1 hav+ und]tak5 ! *>ge ( prea*+ ! gospel 9 ! k+dom ( an infidel1 :]e he c\ld expect at ! und]tak+ ( 8 *>ge no less ?an dea?4 ,& :y1 b because he violates 8 tru/ 9 do+ contr>y to 8 commission4 ,/4 ,pet] 0 an apo/le ( ,*ri/1 & b\nd by 8 volunt>y und]tak+ ( t (fice n only to confess ,*ri/1 b also to prea* him be=e ^? infidels :o1 he knew1 w\ld l wolves dev\r him4 ,& !re=e1 :5 ,paul & ! re/ ( ! apo/les 7 =bidd5 to prea* ,*ri/1 !y gave ?is answ]1 ,we ought to obey ,god r ?an m54 ,& x 0 to 8 disciples only :i* _h und]tak5 t (fice1 t ,*ri/ sai?1 he t d5ie? me be=e m51 %all be d5i$ be=e ! angels ( ,god4 ,& s ,i ?9k ,i h suffici5tly answ]$ ?is place1 & %[$ t ,i d n all[ ! d5y+ ( ,*ri/1 ^u any col\r ( torm5ts1 to 8 ,lord%ip1 nor to any o!r t has und]tak5 ! (fice ( a prea*]4 ,:i* if he ?9k "r1 he w p]haps 9 ?is case put himself into ! numb] ( ^? :om he calls m]ciful doctors3 :]eas n[ he ext5ds 8 sev]ity beyond ! b\nds ( common equity4 ,he has read ,cic]o1 & p]haps ?is /ory 9 him4 ,! s5ate ( ,rome w\ld h s5t ,cic]o to treat ( peace ) ,m>cus ,antonius2 b :5 ,cic]o _h %[$ !m ! j fe> he _h ( be+ kill$ by him1 he 0 excus$2 & if !y _h =c$ him to x1 & he by t]ror turn$ enemy to !m1 he _h 9 equity be5 excusable4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip1 ,i believe1 did write ?is m valiantly ?an he w\ld h act$ x4 ,j4 ,d4 ,he depose? ,*ri/ f 8 true k+ly (fice1 mak+ 8 k+dom n to comm5ce or beg9 be=e ! day ( judgm5t4 ,& ! regim51 :]e) ,*ri/ gov]ne? 8 fai?ful 9 ?is life1 is n prop]ly a k+dom1 b a pa/oral (fice1 or a "r to tea*4 ,& a little aft]1 ,*ri/ _h n k+ly au?ority committ$ to him by 8 ,fa!r 9 ?is _w1 b only consili>y & doctr9al4 ,t4 ,h4 ,h[ d ,i take away ,*ri/'s k+ly (fice8 ,he nei!r draws x by consequ5ce f my words1 nor (f]s any argum5t at all aga9/ my doctr9e4 ,! words he cites are 9 ! cont5ts ( *ap4 ,,xvii4 ,de ,cive 7vol4 ,,ii74 ,9 ! body ( ! *apt] x is ?us3 ,! "t ( ,*ri/'s be+ ^u ! e>? is call$1 9 ,scripture1 ! reg5]ation (t51 b ! k+dom nev]4 ,:5 ! ,son ( ,god comes 9 maje/y1 & all ! angels ) him1 !n he %all sit on ! seat ( maje/y4 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,god s5t n 8 ,son t he %\ld judge ! _w4 ,i came n to judge ! _w1 b to save ! _w4 ,man1 :o made me a judge or divid] among/ y8 ,let ?y k+dom come4 ,& o!r words to ! same purpose4 ,out ( :i* x is cle> t ,*ri/ took ^u him no regal p[] ^u e>? be=e 8 assumption4 ,b at 8 assumption 8 ,apo/les ask$ him if he w\ld !n re/ore ! k+dom to ,israel1 & he answ]$1 x 0 n = !m to "k4 ,s t hi!rto ,*ri/ _h n tak5 t (fice ^u him1 unless 8 ,lord%ip ?9k t ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 be two di/9ct k+doms4 ,f ! ,assumption ev] s9ce1 all true ,*ri/ians say daily 9 _! pray]s1 ,?y k+dom come4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip _h p]haps =got t4 ,b :5 !n beg9ne? ,*ri/ to be a k+8 ,i say x %all be !n1 :5 he comes aga9 9 maje/y ) all ! angels4 ,& ev5 !n he %all reign 7z he is man7 "u 8 ,fa!r4 ,= ,/4 ,paul sai? 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #be1 #bf73 ,he mu/ reign till he ha? put all enemies "u 8 feet2 ! la/ enemy t %all be de/roy$1 is dea?4 ,b :5 %all ,god ! ,fa!r reign aga98 ,/4 ,paul sai? 9 ! same *apt]1 v]se #bh3 ,:5 all ?+s %all be subdu$ unto him1 !n %all ! ,son also himself be subject unto him t put all ?+s "u him1 t ,god may be all 9 all4 ,& v]se #bd3 ,!n come? ! end1 :5 he %all h deliv]$ up ! k+dom to ,god1 ev5 ! ,fa!r2 :5 he %all h put d[n all rule1 au?ority1 & p[]4 ,?is is at ! resurrection4 ,& by ?is x is manife/1 t 8 ,lord%ip 0 n s well v]s$ 9 ,scripture z he ought to h be54 ,j4 ,d4 ,he take? away 8 prie/ly or propitiatory (fice4 ,& al?\gh ?is act ( our r$emption be n always 9 ,scripture call$ a sacrifice & oblation1 b sometimes a price2 yet by price we are n to und]/& any?+1 by ! value :]e( he c\ld claim "r to a p>don = u f 8 (f5d$ ,fa!r1 b t price :i* ,god ! ,fa!r 0 pleas$ 9 m]cy to dem&4 ,& aga93 ,n t ! dea? ( "o man1 ?\gh )\t s91 c satisfy = ! (f5ces ( all m5 9 ! rig\r ( ju/ice1 b 9 ! m]cy ( ,god1 t orda9$ su* sacrifices = s91 z he 0 pleas$ 9 m]cy to accept4 ,he kn[e? no diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o is m]e man1 & "o :o 0 bo? ,god & man2 betwe5 a ,levitical sacrifice1 & ! all-suffici5t sacrifice ( ! cross2 betwe5 ! blood ( a calf1 & ! preci\s blood ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,t4 ,h4 ,yes1 ,i "k !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 blood & blood1 b n any su* z c make a diff]5ce 9 ! case "h que/ion$4 ,our ,savi\r's blood 0 mo/ preci\s1 b /ill x 0 human blood2 & ,i hope 8 ,lord%ip did nev] ?9k o!rwise1 or t x 0 n accept$ by 8 ,fa!r = our r$emption4 ,j4 ,d4 ,& t\*+ ! prophetical (fice ( ,*ri/1 ,i d mu* d\bt :e!r he d believe 9 e>ne/1 t !re is any su* ?+ z prophecy 9 ! _w4 ,he make? v little diff]5ce betwe5 a prophet & a madman1 & a demoniac4 ,& if !re 7 no?+ else1 says he1 t bewray$ _! madness1 yet t v arrogat+ su* inspiration to !mselves is argum5t en\gh4 ,he make? ! pret5ce ( inspiration 9 any man to be1 & always to h be51 an op9ion p]nici\s to peace1 & t5d+ to ! dissolution ( all civil gov]nm5t4 ,he subjecte? all prophetical revelations f ,god1 to ! sole pleasure & c5sure ( ! sov]eign pr9ce1 ei!r to au?orize !m1 or to exauctorate !m4 ,s z two prophets prophecy+ ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 9 ! dom9ions ( two diff]5t pr9ces1 ! "o %all be a true prophet1 ! o!r a false4 ,& ,*ri/1 :o _h ! approbation ( no sov]eign pr9ce1 ^u 8 gr\nds1 0 to be reput$ a false prophet ev]y:]e4 ,e man !re=e ought to consid] :o is ! sov]eign prophet2 t is to say1 :o x is t is ,god's viceg]5t ^u e>?1 & ha? next "u ,god ! au?ority ( gov]n+ ,*ri/ian m52 & to obs]ve = a rule t doctr9e1 :i* 9 ! "n ( ,god he ha? comm&$ to be taught1 & !reby to exam9e & try out ! tru? ( ^? doctr9es :i* pret5d$ prophets1 ) miracle or )\t1 %all at any "t advance1 c4 ,& if he disav[ !m1 !n no m to obey _! voice2 or if he approve !m1 !n to obey !m z m51 to :om ,god ha? giv5 a "p ( ! ,_s ( _! sov]eign4 ,^u 8 pr9ciples ! case holde? z well among ,jews & ,turks & ,hea!ns1 z ,*ri/ians4 ,!n he t tea*e? transub/antiation 9 ,france1 is a true prophet2 he t tea*e? x 9 ,engl&1 a false prophet2 he t blaspheme? ,*ri/ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 a true prophet2 he t do? ! same 9 ,italy1 a false prophet4 ,!n ,samuel 0 a false prophet to conte/ ) ,saul1 a sov]eign prophet3 s 0 ! man ( ,god1 :o submitt$ n to ! m ,div9e & prophetic _s ( ,j]oboam4 ,& ,elijah = reprov+ ,ahab4 ,!n ,micaiah _h b 8 des]ts1 to be clapp$ up 9 prison1 & f$ ) bread ( affliction1 & wat] ( affliction1 = d>+ to contradict ,god's viceg]5t ^u e>?4 ,& ,j]emiah 0 ju/ly ?r[n into a dungeon1 = prophecy+ aga9/ ,z$ekiah 8 liege "l4 ,if 8 pr9ciples 7 true1 x 7 /range inde$1 t none ( all ^! pr9ces1 nor any o!r t ev] 0 9 ! _w1 %\ld und]/& _! own privileges4 ,& yet m /range1 t ,god ,almighty %\ld take ! "p ( su* rebelli\s prophets1 & ju/ify _! prophesies by ! ev5t1 if x 7 true t none b ! sov]eign 9 a ,*ri/ian 7! reason is ! same = ,jewi%7 commonweal?1 c take notice1 :at is or :at is n ! ^w ( ,god4 ,t4 ,h4 ,to remove 8 ,lord%ip's d\bt 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i confess !re 0 true prophesy & true prophets 9 ! *ur* ( ,god1 f ,abraham d[n to our ,savi\r1 ! greate/ prophet ( all1 & ! la/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & fir/ ( ! ,new4 ,aft] our ,savi\r's "t1 till ! dea? ( ,/4 ,john ! apo/le1 !re 7 true prophets 9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 prophets to :om ,god spake sup]naturally1 & te/ifi$ ! tru? ( _! mission by miracles4 ,( ^? t 9 ! ,scripture are call$ prophets )\t miracles1 7& = ?is cause only1 t !y spake 9 ! "n ( ,god to m51 & 9 ! "n ( m5 to ,god71 !re are1 h be51 & %all be 9 ! *ur*1 innum]able4 ,su* a prophet 0 8 ,lord%ip1 & su* are all pa/ors 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,b ! "q "h is ( ^? prophets t f ! m\? ( ,god =etell ?+s future1 or d o!r miracle4 ,( ?is k9d ,i d5y !re has be5 any s9ce ! dea? ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,if any man f9d fault ) ?is1 he ought to "n "s man or o!r1 :om we are b\nd to ackn[l$ge t !y h done a miracle1 ca/ out a devil1 or cur$ any disease by ! sole invocation ( ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,we are n b\nd to tru/ to ! leg5d ( ! ,roman sa9ts1 nor to ! hi/ory writt5 by ,sulpitius ( ! life ( ,/4 ,m>t91 or to any o!r fables ( ! ,roman cl]gy1 nor to su* ?+s z 7 pret5d$ to be done by "s div9es "h 9 ! "t ( k+ ,james4 ,secondly1 he says ,i make little diff]5ce betwe5 a prophet1 & a madman or demoniac2 to :i* ,i say1 he accuses me falsely4 ,i say only ?us mu*1 t ,i see no?+ at all 9 ! ,scripture t require? a belief1 t demoniacs 7 any o!r ?+ ?an madm54 ,& ?is is also made v probable out ( ,scripture1 by a wor?y div9e1 ,mr4 ,m$e4 ,b conc]n+ prophets1 ,i say only t ! ,jews1 bo? "u ! ,old ,te/am5t & "u ! ,new1 took !m to be all "o ) madm5 & demoniacs2 & prove x out ( ,scripture by _m places1 bo? ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?irdly1 t ! pret5ce or arrogat+ to "o's-self ,div9e inspiration1 is argum5t en\gh to %[ a man is mad1 is my op9ion2 b 8 ,lord%ip und]/&s n inspiration 9 ! same s5se t ,i d4 ,he und]/&s x prop]ly ( ,god's brea?+ into a man1 or p\r+ into him ! ,div9e sub/ance1 or ,div9e graces4 ,& 9 t s5se1 he t arrogate? inspiration unto himself1 nei!r und]/&s :at he sai?1 nor makes o!rs to und]/& him3 :i* is prop]ly madness 9 "s degree4 ,b ,i und]/& inspiration 9 ! ,scripture metaphorically1 = ,god's guidance ( our m9ds to tru? & piety4 ,f\r?ly1 :]eas he says1 ,i make ! pret5ce ( inspiration to be p]nici\s to peace2 ,i answ]1 t ,i ?9k 8 ,lord%ip 0 ( my op9ion2 = he call$ ^? m51 :i* 9 ! late civil w> pret5d$ ! _s1 & new light1 & to be ! only fai?ful m51 fanatics2 = he call$ !m 9 8 book1 & did call !m 9 8 life-"t1 fanatics4 ,& :at is a fanatic b a madman8 ,& :at c be m p]nici\s to peace1 ?an ! revelations t 7 by ^! fanatics pret5d$8 ,i d n say !re 7 n doctr9es ( o!r m51 n call$ fanatics1 z p]nici\s to peace z _!'s 71 & 9 great "p a cause ( ^? tr\bles4 ,fif?ly1 f t ,i make prophetical revelations subject to ! exam9ation ( ! lawful sov]eign1 he inf]re?1 t two prophets prophecy+ ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 9 ! dom9ions ( two diff]5t pr9ces1 ! "o %all be a true prophet1 ! o!r a false4 ,?is consequ5ce is n good3 = see+ !y tea* diff]5t doctr9es1 !y _c bo? ( !m confirm _! doctr9e ) miracles4 ,b ?is ,i prove1 9 ! place 7vol4 iii4 p4 #dbf7 he cite?1 t :e!r ei!r ( _! doctr9es %all be taught publicly or n1 x is 9 ! p[] ( ! sov]eign ( ! place only to det]m9e4 ,nay1 ,i say n[ fur!r1 if a prophet come to any private man 9 ! "n ( ,god1 t man %all be judge :e!r he be a true prophet or n1 be=e he obey him4 ,see #a ,john1 iv4 #a4 ,six?ly1 :]eas he says t1 ^u my gr\nds1 ,*ri/ 0 to be reput$ a false prophet e :]e1 because 8 doctr9e 0 receiv$ no :]e2 8 ,lord%ip _h read my book m neglig5tly1 ?an 0 fit = "o t w\ld confute x4 ,my gr\nd is ?is2 t ,*ri/ 9 "r ( 8 ,fa!r 0 k+ ( ! ,jews1 & consequ5tly supreme prophet1 & judge ( all prophets4 ,:at o!r pr9ces ?\ght ( 8 prophesies1 is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,i nev] said t pr9ces c make doctr9es or prophesies true or false2 b ,i say e sov]eign pr9ce has a "r to prohibit ! public tea*+ ( !m1 :e!r false or true4 ,b :at an ov]sight is x 9 a div9e1 to say t ,*ri/ _h ! approbation ( no sov]eign pr9ce1 :5 he _h ! approbation ( ,god1 :o 0 k+ ( ! ,jews1 & ,*ri/ 8 vic]oy1 & ! :ole ,scripture writt5 7,john1 xx4 #ca7 to prove x2 :5 8 miracles decl>$ x2 :5 ,pilate confess$ x2 & :5 ! apo/les' (fice 0 to proclaim x8 ,sev5?ly1 if we mu/ n consid]1 9 po9ts ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 :o is ! sov]eign prophet1 t is1 :o is next "u ,*ri/ our supreme head & gov]nor1 ,i wi% 8 ,lord%ip w\ld h cle>$1 ere he di$1 ^! few que/ions4 ,is !re n ne$ ( "s judge ( controv]t$ doctr9es8 ,i ?9k no man c d5y x1 t has se5 ! rebellion t foll[$ ! controv]sy "h betwe5 ,gom> & ,arm9ius4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a judge ( doctr9es4 ,b1 says ! ,bi%op1 n ! k+4 ,:o !n8 ,%all ,dr4 ,bramhall be ?is judge8 ,z pr(itable an (fice z x is1 he 0 m mode/ ?an to say t4 ,%all a private layman h x8 ,no man ev] ?\ght t4 ,%all x be giv5 to a ,presbyt]ian m9i/]8 ,no2 x is unreasonable4 ,%all a synod ( ,presbyt]ians h x8 ,no2 = mo/ ( ! ,presbyt]s 9 ! primitive *ur* 7 und\bt$ly subord9ate to bi%ops1 & ! re/ 7 bi%ops4 ,:o !n8 ,a synod ( bi%ops8 ,v well4 ,8 ,lord%ip be+ too mode/ to und]take ! :ole p[]1 w\ld h be5 cont5t$ ) ! six-&-tw5tie? "p4 ,b1 suppose x 9 a synod ( bi%ops1 :o %all call !m toge!r8 ,! k+4 ,:at if he w n8 ,:o %\ld excommunicate him1 or if he despise y\r excommunication1 :o %all s5d =? a writ ( significavit8 ,no2 all ?is 0 f> f 8 ,lord%ip's ?\ghts4 ,! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 unless x be upheld legally by ! k+1 or illegally by ! multitude1 am\nts to no?+4 ,b = ! multitude1 ,su>ez & ! ,s*oolm5 w nev] ga9 !m1 because !y are n und]/ood4 ,besides !re be v few bi%ops t c act a s]mon1 :i* is a puissant "p ( rhetoric1 s well z div]s ,presbyt]ians1 & fanatic prea*]s c d4 ,i conclude !re=e1 t 8 ,lord%ip c\ld n possibly believe t ! supreme judicature 9 matt] ( religion c\ld any :]e be s well plac$ z 9 ! head ( ! *ur*1 :i* is ! k+4 ,& s 8 ,lord%ip & ,i ?9k ! same ?+2 b because 8 ,lord%ip knew n h[ to d$uce x1 he 0 angry ) me because ,i did x4 ,he says1 fur!r1 t by my pr9ciples1 he t blaspheme? ,*ri/ at ,con/ant9ople1 is a true prophet3 z if a man t blaspheme? ,*ri/1 to approve 8 blasphemy c procure a miracle4 ,= by my pr9ciples1 no man is a prophet ^: prophesy is n confirm$ by ,god ) a miracle4 ,9 ! la/ place1 out ( ?is1 t ! lawful sov]eign is ! judge ( prophesy1 he d$uces t !n ,samuel & o!r prophets 7 false prophets1 t conte/$ ) _! sov]eigns4 ,z = ,samuel1 he 0 at t "t ! judge1 t is to say1 ! sov]eign pr9ce 9 ,israel1 & s ackn[l$g$ by ,saul4 ,= ,saul receiv$ ! k+dom f ,god himself1 :o _h "r to give & take x1 by ! h&s ( ,samuel4 ,& ,god gave x to himself only1 & n to 8 se$2 ?\gh if he _h obey$ ,god1 he w\ld h settl$ x also ^u 8 se$4 ,! comm&m5t ( ,god 01 t he %\ld n sp>e ,agag4 ,saul obey$ n4 ,god !re=e s5t to ,samuel to tell him t he 0 reject$4 ,= all ?is1 ,samuel w5t n ab\t to resi/ ,saul4 ,t he caus$ ,agag to be sla91 0 ) ,saul's cons5t4 ,la/ly1 ,saul confesses 8 s94 ,:]e is ?is conte/+ ) ,saul8 ,aft] ?is ,god s5t ,samuel to ano9t ,david1 n t he %\ld depose ,saul1 b succe$ him1 ! sons ( ,saul hav+ nev] _h a "r ( succession4 ,nor did ev] ,david make w> on ,saul1 or s mu* z resi/ him1 b fl$ f 8 p]secution4 ,b :5 ,saul 0 dead1 !n inde$ he claim$ 8 "r aga9/ ! h\se ( ,saul4 ,:at rebellion or resi/ance c\ld 8 ,lord%ip f9d "h1 ei!r 9 ,samuel or 9 ,david8 ,besides1 all ^! transactions are sup]natural1 & oblige n to imitation4 ,is !re any prophet or prie/ n[1 t c set up 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 or ,irel&1 ano!r k+ by pret5ce ( prophecy or religion8 ,:at did ,j]oboam to ! man ( ,god 7#a ,k+s xiii47 t prophesi$ aga9/ ! alt> 9 ,be!l )\t fir/ do+ a miracle1 b (f] to seize him = speak+1 z he ?\ght1 ra%ly ( ! k+'s act2 & aft] ! miracul\s )]+ ( 8 h&1 desire ! prophet to pray = him8 ,! s9 ( ,j]oboam 0 n 8 di/ru/ ( ! prophet1 b 8 idolatry4 ,he 0 ! sole judge ( ! tru? :i* ! man ( ,god utt]$ aga9/ ! alt>1 & ! process agreeable to equity4 ,:at is ! /ory ( ,elijah & ,ahab 7#a ,k+s xviii471 b a confirmation ( ! "r ev5 ( ,ahab to be judge ( prophecy8 ,elijah told ,ahab1 he _h transgress$ ! comm&m5t ( ,god4 ,s may any m9i/] n[ tell 8 sov]eign1 s he d x ) s9c]ity & discretion4 ,ahab told ,elijah he tr\bl$ ,israel4 ,^u ?is controv]sy ,elijah desir$ trial4 ,s5d1 sai? he1 & assemble all ,israel2 assemble also ! prophets ( ,baal1 f\r hundr$ & fifty4 ,ahab did s4 ,! "q is /at$ be=e ! p ?us3 if ! ,"l be ,god1 foll[ him2 b if ,baal1 foll[ him4 ,!n ^u ! alt>s ( ,god & ,baal 7 laid ! wood & ! bullocks2 & ! cause 0 to be judg$ by fire f heav51 to burn ! sacrifices2 :i* ,elijah procur$1 ! prophets ( ,baal c\ld n procure4 ,0 n ?is cause "h plead$ be=e ,ahab8 ,! s5t5ce ( ,ahab is n requir$2 = ,elijah f t "t =w>d 0 no m p]secut$ by ,ahab1 b only by 8 wife1 ,jezabel4 ,! /ory ( ,micaiah 7#b ,*ron4 xviii47 is ?is4 ,ahab ,k+ ( ,israel consult$ ! prophets1 f\r hundr$ 9 numb]1 :e!r he %\ld prosp] or n1 9 case he w5t ) ,jeho%aphat1 k+ ( ,judah1 to fight aga9/ ! ,syrians at ,ramo?-gilead4 ,! prophet ,micaiah 0 also call$1 & bo? ! k+s1 ,ahab & ,jeho%aphat1 sat toge!r to he> :at !y %\ld prophecy4 ,!re 0 no miracle done4 ,! f\r hundr$ pron\nc$ victory2 ,micaiah alone ! contr>y4 ,! k+ 0 judge1 & mo/ conc]n$ 9 ! ev5t2 nor _h he receiv$ any revelation 9 ! bus9ess4 ,:at c\ld he d m discreetly ?an to foll[ ! c\nsel ( f\r hundr$1 r ?an ( "o man8 ,b ! ev5t 0 contr>y2 = he 0 sla92 b n = foll[+ ! c\nsel ( ! f\r hundr$1 b = 8 murd] ( ,nabo?1 & 8 idolatry4 ,x 0 also a s9 9 him1 t he afflict$ ,micaiah 9 prison4 ,b an unju/ judgm5t does n take away f any k+ 8 "r ( judicature4 ,besides1 :at is all ?is1 or t ( ,j]emiah :i* he cites la/1 to ! "q ( :o is judge ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e8 ,j4 ,d4 ,nei!r do? he use ,god ! ,holy ,gho/1 m fav\rably ?an ,god ! ,son4 ,:]e ,/4 ,pet] sai?1 holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,_s2 he sai?1 ,by ! _s1 is meant ! voice ( ,god 9 a dream or vision sup]natural2 :i* dreams or visions1 he make? to be no m ?an imag9ations :i* !y _h 9 _! sleep1 or 9 an extasy1 :i* 9 e true prophet 7 sup]natural1 b 9 false prophets 7 ei!r natural or feign$1 & m likely to be false ?an true4 ,to say1 ,god ha? spok5 to him 9 a dream1 is no m ?an to say1 he dream$ t ,god spake to him1 c4 ,to say1 he ha? se5 a vision or he>d a voice1 is to say1 t he ha? dream$ betwe5 sleep+ & wak+4 ,s ,/4 ,pet]'s ,holy ,gho/1 is come to be _! own imag9ations1 :i* might be ei!r feign$1 or mi/ak51 or true4 ,z if ! ,holy ,gho/ did ent] only at _! eyes1 & at _! e>s1 n into _! und]/&+s1 nor into _! m9ds2 or z if ! ,holy ,gho/ did n seal unto _! he>ts ! tru? & assurance ( _! prophecies4 ,:e!r a new light be infus$ into _! und]/&+s1 or new graces be inspir$ into _! he>t1 !y are wr\ght1 or caus$1 or creat$ imm$iately by ! ,holy ,gho/2 & s are 8 imag9ations1 if !y be sup]natural4 ,t4 ,h4 ,= ! places ( my ,levia?an he cites1 !y are all1 z !y /&1 bo? true & cle>ly prov$4 ,! sett+ ( !m d[n by fragm5ts is no refutation2 nor (f]s he any argum5ts aga9/ !m4 ,8 consequ5ces are n d$uc$4 ,i nev] said t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 an imag9ation1 or a dream1 or a vision1 b t ! ,holy ,gho/ spake mo/ (t5 9 ! ,scripture by dreams & visions sup]natural4 ,! next words ( 81 z if ! ,holy ,gho/ did ent] only at _! eyes1 & at _! e>s1 n into _! und]/&+s1 nor into _! m9ds1 ,i let pass1 because ,i _c und]/& !m4 ,8 la/ words1 ,:e!r new light1 c4 ,i und]/& & approve4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b he mu/ ne$s fall into ^! absurdities1 :o make? b a je/ ( inspiration4 ,!y :o pret5d ,div9e inspiration to be a sup]natural ent]+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ into a man1 are1 z he ?9ks1 9 a v dang]\s dilemma2 = if !y wor%ip n ! m5 :om !y conceive to be inspir$1 !y fall into impiety2 & if !y wor%ip !m1 !y commit idolatry4 ,s mi/ak+ ! ,holy ,gho/ to be corporeal1 some?+ t is bl[n into a man1 & ! graces ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to be corporeal graces4 ,& ! words1 inp\r$ or infus$ virtue1 &1 inbl[n or inspir$ virtue1 are z absurd & z insignificant1 z a r\nd quadrangle4 ,he reckons x z a common error1 t fai? & sanctity are n atta9$ by /udy & reason1 b by sup]natural inspiration or infusion4 ,& laye? ?is = a firm gr\nd2 fai? & sanctity are inde$ n v frequ5t1 b yet !y are n miracles1 b br\ght to pass by education1 discipl9e1 correction1 & o!r natural ways4 ,i w\ld see ! greate/ ,pelagian ( !m all1 fly high]4 ,t4 ,h4 ,i make "h no je/ ( inspiration4 ,s]i\sly1 ,i say1 t 9 ! prop] signification ( ! words inspiration & infusion1 to say virtue is inspir$1 or infus$1 is z absurd z to say a quadrangle is r\nd4 ,b metaphorically1 = ,god's be/[+ ( fai?1 grace1 or o!r virtue1 ^? words are intelligible en\gh4 ,j4 ,d4 ,:y %\ld he tr\ble himself ab\t ! ,holy ,_s1 :o ackn[l$ge? no _s1 b ei!r a subtle fluid body1 or a gho/1 or o!r idol or phantasm ( ! imag9ation2 :o kn[e? no inw>d grace or intr9sical hol9ess8 ,holy is a ^w :i* 9 ,god's k+dom answ]e? to t1 :i* m5 9 _! k+doms use to call public1 or ! k+'s4 ,& aga91 :]esoev] ! ^w1 holy1 is tak5 prop]ly1 !re is /ill some?+ signifi$ ( propriety gott5 by cons5t4 ,8 hol9ess is a relation1 n a quality2 = inw>d sanctification1 or real infus$ hol9ess1 79 respect :]e( ! ?ird p]son is call$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because he is n only holy 9 himself1 b also make? u holy71 he is s great a /rang] to x1 t he do? altoge!r d5y x1 & disclaim x4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! ^w holy ,i _h def9$ 9 ! words :i* 8 ,lord%ip "h sets d[n1 & by ! use !re( 9 ! ,scripture made x manife/1 t t 0 ! true signification ( ! ^w4 ,!re is no?+ 9 le>n+ m difficult ?an to det]m9e ! signification ( words4 ,t difficulty excuses him4 ,he says t hol9ess1 9 my s5se1 is a relation1 n a quality4 ,all ! le>n$ agree t quality is an accid5t3 s t 9 attribut+ to ,god hol9ess1 z a quality1 he contradicts himself4 ,= he has 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is 8 disc\rse d5i$1 & rightly1 t any accid5t is 9 ,god2 say+1 :atsoev] is 9 ,god is ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,he affirms also1 t to attribute any accid5t to ,god1 is to d5y ! simplicity ( ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,& ?us 8 ,lord%ip makes ,god1 z ,i d1 a corporeal _s4 ,bo? "h1 & ?r\gh\t1 he discov]s s mu* ignorance1 z _h he *>g$ me ) error only1 & n ) a!ism1 ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x necess>y to answ] him4 ,j4 ,d4 ,we are taught 9 our cre$ to believe ! ca?olic or univ]sal *ur*4 ,b ,t4 ,h4 tea*e? u ! contr>y3 ,t if !re be m ,*ri/ian *ur*es ?an "o1 all ( !m toge!r are n "o *ur* p]sonally4 ,& m pla9ly3 ,n[ if ! :ole numb] ( ,*ri/ians be n conta9$ 9 "o commonweal?1 !y are n "o p]son1 nor is !re an univ]sal *ur*1 t ha? any au?ority ov] !m4 ,& aga93 ,! univ]sal *ur* is n "o p]son1 ( :i* x c be said1 t x ha? done1 or decre$1 or orda9$1 or excommunicat$1 or absolv$4 ,?is do? q ov]?r[ all ! au?ority ( g5]al c\ncils4 ,all o!r m5 di/+ui% betwe5 ! *ur* & ! commonweal?2 only ,t4 ,h4 make? !m to be "o & ! same ?+4 ,! commonweal? ( ,*ri/ian m51 & ! *ur* ( ! same1 are altoge!r ! same ?+1 call$ by two names = two reasons4 ,= ! matt] ( ! *ur* & ( ! commonweal? is ! same1 namely1 ! same ,*ri/ian m52 & ! =m is ! same1 :i* consi/e? 9 ! lawful p[] ( convocat+ !m4 ,& h5ce he conclude?1 t e ,*ri/ian commonweal? is a *ur* end[$ ) all spiritual au?ority4 ,& yet m fully3 ,! *ur* if x be "o p]son1 is ! same ?+ ) ! commonweal? ( ,*ri/ians2 call$ a commonweal?1 because x consi/e? ( m5 unit$ 9 "o p]son _! sov]eign2 & a *ur*1 because x consi/e? 9 ,*ri/ian m5 unit$ 9 "o ,*ri/ian sov]eign4 ,^u :i* acc\nt !re 0 no ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ^! p>ts ( ! _w1 = "s hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 because !re 0 no ,*ri/ian sov]eign4 ,t4 ,h4 ,= answ] to ?is p]iod1 ,i say only ?is2 t tak+ ! *ur*1 z ,i d1 9 all ^? places1 = a company ( ,*ri/ian m5 on e>? incorporat$ into "o p]son1 t c speak1 comm&1 or d any act ( a p]son1 all t he cite? out ( :at ,i h writt5 is true2 & t all private conv5ticles1 ?\gh _! belief be "r1 are n prop]ly call$ *ur*es2 & t !re is n any "o univ]sal *ur* "h on e>?1 :i* is a p]son indu$ ) au?ority univ]sal to gov]n all ,*ri/ian m5 on e>?1 no m ?an !re is "o univ]sal sov]eign pr9ce or /ate on e>?1 t ha? "r to gov]n all mank9d4 ,i d5y also t ! :ole cl]gy ( a ,*ri/ian k+dom or /ate be+ assembl$1 are ! repres5tative ( t *ur* fur!r ?an ! civil laws p]mit2 or c lawfully assemble !mselves1 unless by ! comm& or by ! leave ( ! sov]eign civil p[]4 ,i say fur!r1 t ! d5ial ( ?is po9t t5de? 9 ,engl& t[>ds ! tak+ away ( ! k+'s supremacy 9 causes ecclesia/ical4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip has n "h d5i$ any ?+ ( m9e1 because he has done no m b set d[n my words4 ,he says fur!r1 t ?is doctr9e de/roys ! au?ority ( all g5]al c\ncils2 :i* ,i confess4 ,nor ha? any g5]al c\ncil at ?is day 9 ?is k+dom ! =ce ( a law1 nor ev] _h1 b by ! au?ority ( ! k+4 ,j4 ,d4 ,nei!r is he m or?odox conc]n+ ! holy ,scriptures3 hi!rto1 t is1 = ! books ( ,moses1 ! p[] ( mak+ ! ,scripture canonical1 0 9 ! civil sov]eign4 ,! l he sai? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 made canonical by ,esdras4 ,& ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t x 0 n ! apo/les :i* made _! own writ+s canonical1 b e conv]t made !m s to himself3 yet ) ?is re/riction1 t until ! sov]eign rul] _h prescrib$ !m1 !y 7 b c\nsel & advice1 :i* :e!r good or bad1 he t 0 c\nsell$ might )\t inju/ice refuse to obs]ve1 & be+ contr>y to ! laws e/abli%$1 c\ld n )\t inju/ice obs]ve4 ,he make? ! primitive ,*ri/ians to h be5 9 a pretty condition4 ,c]ta9ly ! gospel 0 contr>y to ! laws !n e/abli%$4 ,b mo/ pla9ly1 ,! ^w ( ! int]pret] ( ! ,scripture is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,& ! same is ! int]pret] ( ! ,scripture1 & ! sov]eign judge ( all doctr9es1 t is1 ! sov]eign magi/rate1 to ^: au?ority we mu/ /& no less1 ?an to !irs1 :o at fir/ did comm5d ! ,scripture to u = ! canon ( fai?4 ,?us if ,*ri/ian sov]eigns1 ( diff]5t communications1 d cla% "o ) ano!r1 9 _! int]pretation1 or mis9t]pretation ( ,scripture1 z !y d daily1 !n ! ^w ( ,god is contradictory to itself2 or t is ! ^w ( ,god 9 "o commonweal?1 :i* is ! ^w ( ! ,devil 9 ano!r commonweal?4 ,& ! same ?+ may be true1 & n true at ! same "t3 :i* is ! peculi> privilege ( ,t4 ,h4 to make contradictories to be true toge!r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,!re is no d\bt b by :at au?ority ! ,scripture or any o!r writ+ is made a law1 by ! same au?ority ! ,scriptures are to be int]pret$1 or else !y are made law 9 va94 ,b to obey is "o ?+1 to believe is ano!r2 :i* di/9ction p]haps 8 ,lord%ip nev] he>d (4 ,to obey is to d or =be> z "o is comm&$1 & dep5ds on ! w2 b to believe1 dep5ds n on ! w1 b on ! provid5ce & guidance ( our he>ts t are 9 ! h&s ( ,god ,almighty4 ,laws only require ob$i5ce2 belief requires tea*]s & argum5ts drawn ei!r f reason1 or f "s ?+ already believ$4 ,:]e !re is no reason = our belief1 !re is no reason we %\ld believe4 ,! reason :y m5 believe1 is drawn f ! au?ority ( ^? m5 :om we h no j cause to mi/ru/1 t is1 ( su* m5 to :om no pr(it accrues by _! deceiv+ u1 & ( su* m5 z nev] us$ to lie1 or else f ! au?ority ( su* m5 ^: promises1 ?reats1 & affirmations1 we h se5 confirm$ by ,god ) miracles4 ,if x be n f ! k+'s au?ority t ! ,scripture is law1 :at o!r au?ority makes x law8 ,"h "s man be+ ( 8 ,lord%ip's judgm5t1 w p]haps laugh & say1 x is ! au?ority ( ,god t makes !m law4 ,i grant t4 ,b my "q is1 on :at au?ority !y believe t ,god is ! au?or ( !m8 ,"h 8 ,lord%ip w\ld h be5 at a nonplus1 & turn+ r\nd1 w\ld h said ! au?ority ( ! ,scripture makes good t ,god is _! au?or4 ,if x be said we are to believe ! ,scripture ^u ! au?ority ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 :y are n ! books we call ,apocrypha ! ^w ( ,god z well z ! re/8 ,if ?is au?ority be 9 ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 !n x is n any o!r ?an ! au?ority ( ! head ( ! *ur*1 :i* is ! k+4 ,= )\t ! head ! *ur* is mute4 ,! au?ority !re=e is 9 ! k+2 :i* is all t ,i cont5d$ = 9 ?is po9t4 ,z to ! laws ( ! ,g5tiles1 conc]n+ religion 9 ! primitive times ( ! *ur*1 ,i confess !y 7 contr>y to ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b none ( _! laws1 nor t]rors1 nor a man's own w1 are able to take away fai?1 ?\gh !y c compel to an ext]nal ob$i5ce2 & ?\gh ,i may blame ! ,e?nic pr9ces = compell+ m5 to speak :at !y ?\ght n1 yet ,i absolve n all ^? t h _h ! p[] 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es f ! same fault4 ,= ,i believe1 s9ce ! "t ( ! fir/ f\r g5]al c\ncils1 !re h be5 m ,*ri/ians burnt & kill$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ?an by ! hea!n emp]ors' laws1 = religion only )\t s$ition4 ,all t ! ,bi%op does 9 ?is argum5t is b a heav+ at ! ,k+'s supremacy4 ,oh1 b1 says he1 if two k+s int]pret a place ( ,scripture 9 contr>y s5ses1 x w foll[ t bo? s5ses are true4 ,x does n foll[4 ,= ! int]pretation1 ?\gh x be made by j au?ority1 mu/ n !re=e always be true4 ,if ! doctr9e 9 ! "o s5se be necess>y to salvation1 !n !y t hold ! o!r mu/ die 9 _! s9s1 & be damn$4 ,b if ! doctr9e 9 nei!r s5se be necess>y to salvation1 !n all is well1 except p]haps t !y w call "o ano!r a!i/s1 & fight ab\t x4 ,j4 ,d4 ,all ! p[]1 virtue1 use1 & efficacy1 :i* he ascribe? to ! holy sacram5ts1 is to be signs or commemorations4 ,z = any seal+1 or confirm+1 or conf]r+ ( grace1 he ackn[l$g$6 no?+4 ,! same he sai? p>ticul>ly ( baptism3 ^u :i* gr\nds a c>d9al's r$ hat1 or a s]jeant-at-arms 8 mace1 may be call$ sacram5ts z well z baptism1 or ! holy eu*>i/1 if !y be only signs & commemorations ( a b5efit4 ,if he except1 t baptism & ! eu*>i/ are ( ,div9e in/itution2 b a c>d9al's r$ hat or a s]jeant-at-arms 8 mace are n3 he sai? truly1 b no?+ to 8 advantage or purpose1 see+ he d]ive? all ! au?ority ( ! ^w & sacram5ts1 9 respect ( subjects1 & all our obligation to !m1 f ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign magi/rate1 )\t :i* ^! words1 ,rep5t & be baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 are b c\nsel1 no comm&4 ,& s a s]jeant-at-arms 8 mace1 & baptism1 proce$ bo? f ! same au?ority4 ,& ?is he sai? ^u ?is silly gr\nd1 t no?+ is a comm&1 ! p]=mance :]e( t5de? to our own b5efit4 ,he might z well d5y ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts to be comm&s1 because !y h an advantage\s promise annex$ to !m1 ,d ?is & ?\ %alt live2 & curs$ is e "o t cont9ue? n 9 all ! words ( ?is law to d !m4 ,t4 ,h4 ,( ! sacram5ts ,i said no m1 ?an t !y are signs or commemorations4 ,he f9ds fault t ,i add n seals1 confirmations1 & t !y conf] grace4 ,fir/1 ,i w\ld h ask$ him1 if a seal be any ?+ else besides a sign1 :]eby to rememb] some:at1 z t we h promis$1 accept$1 ackn[l$g$1 giv51 und]tak5 some:at4 ,are n o!r signs1 ?\gh )\t a seal1 ( =ce suffici5t to conv9ce me or oblige me8 ,a writ+ obligatory1 or release1 sign$ only ) a man's "n1 is z obligatory z a bond sign$ & seal$1 if x be suffici5tly prov$1 ?\gh p]adv5ture x may require a long] process to obta9 a s5t5ce2 b 8 ,lord%ip ,i ?9k knew bett] ?an ,i d ! =ce ( bonds & bills2 yet ,i "k ?is1 t 9 ! c\rt ( heav5 !re is no su* diff]5ce betwe5 say+1 sign+1 & seal+1 z 8 ,lord%ip seeme? "h to pret5d4 ,i am baptiz$ = a commemoration t ,i h enroll$ myself4 ,i take ! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp] to commemorate t ,*ri/'s body 0 brok51 & 8 blood %$ = my r$emption4 ,:at is !re m intimat$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ^! sacram5ts1 ei!r 9 ! ,scripture or 9 ! book ( ,common ,pray]8 ,h bread & w9e & wat] 9 _! own nature1 any o!r quality ?an !y _h be=e ! consecration8 ,x is true t ! consecration gives ^! bodies a new relation1 z be+ a giv+ & d$icat+ ( !m to ,god1 t is to say a mak+ ( !m holy1 n a *ang+ ( _! quality4 ,b z "s silly "y m5 return+ f ,france affect a brok5 ,engli%1 to be ?\ght p]fect 9 ! ,fr5* language2 s 8 ,lord%ip1 ,i ?9k1 to seem a p]fect und]/&] ( ! un9telligible language ( ! ,s*oolm51 pret5ds an ignorance ( 8 "m-tongue4 ,he talks "h ( comm& & c\nsel1 z if he 7 no ,engli%man1 nor knew any diff]5ce betwe5 _! significations4 ,:at ,engli%man1 :5 he comm&e?1 says m ?an1 ,d ?is2 yet he looks to be obey$1 if ob$i5ce be due unto him4 ,b :5 he says1 ,d ?is1 & ?\ %alt h su* or su* a rew>d1 he enc\rages him1 or advises him1 or b>ga9s ) him2 b comm&s him n4 ,oh1 ! und]/&+ ( a ,s*oolman6 ,j4 ,d4 ,sometimes he is = holy ord]s1 & give? to ! pa/ors ( ! *ur* ! "r ( ord9ation & absolution1 & infallibility1 too mu* = a p>ticul> pa/or1 or ! pa/ors ( "o p>ticul> *ur*4 ,x is manife/1 t ! consecration ( ! *iefe/ doctors 9 e *ur*1 & imposition ( h&s1 do? p]ta9 to ! doctors ( ! same *ur*4 ,&1 x _c be d\bt$ (1 b ! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+ 0 giv5 by ,*ri/ to ! future pa/ors1 aft] ! same mann] z to 8 pres5t apo/les4 ,&1 our ,savi\r ha? promis$ ?is infallibility 9 ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to salvation1 to 8 apo/les1 until ! day ( judgm5t1 t is to say1 to ! apo/les1 & pa/ors to be consecrat$ by ! apo/les successively1 by ! imposition ( h&s4 ,b at o!r times he ca/e? all ?is meal d[n ) 8 foot4 ,*ri/ian sov]eigns are ! supreme pa/ors1 & ! only p]sons :om ,*ri/ians n[ he> speak f ,god1 except su* z ,god speake? to 9 ^! days sup]naturally4 ,:at is n[ become ( ! promis$ infallibility8 ,&1 x is f ! civil sov]eign t all o!r pa/ors d]ive _! "r ( tea*+1 prea*+1 & all o!r functions p]ta9+ to t (fice2 & !y are b 8 m9i/]s 9 ! same mann] z ! magi/rates ( t[ns1 or judges 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 & comm&]s ( armies4 ,:at is n[ become ( _! ord9ation8 ,magi/rates1 judges1 & g5]als1 ne$ no prec$5t qualifications4 ,he make? ! pa/oral au?ority ( sov]eigns to be jure div9o1 ( all o!r pa/ors jure civili3 he adde?1 nei!r is !re any judge ( h]esy among subjects1 b _! own civil sov]eign4 ,la/ly1 ! *ur* excommunicate? no man b :om %e excommunicate? by ! au?ority ( ! pr9ce4 ,&1 ! effect ( excommunication ha? no?+ 9 x1 nei!r ( damage 9 ?is _w1 nor t]ror ^u an apo/ate1 if ! civil p[] did p]secute or n assi/ ! *ur*3 & 9 ! _w to come1 leaves !m 9 no worse e/ate1 ?an ^? :o nev] believ$4 ,! damage r r$\nde? to ! *ur*4 ,nei!r is ! excommunication ( a ,*ri/ian subject1 t obeye? ! laws ( 8 own sov]eign1 ( any effect4 ,:]e is n[ _! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+8 ,t4 ,h4 ,"h 8 ,lord%ip condemne?1 fir/ my too mu* k9dness to ! pa/ors ( ! *ur*2 z if ,i ascrib$ infallibility to e p>ticul> m9i/]1 or at lea/ to ! assembly ( ! pa/ors ( a p>ticul> *ur*4 ,b he mi/akes me2 ,i nev] meant to flatt] !m s mu*4 ,i say only t ! c]emony ( consecration1 & imposition ( h&s1 belongs to !m2 & t also no o!rwise ?an z giv5 !m by ! laws ( ! commonweal?4 ,! bi%op consecrates1 b ! k+ bo? makes him bi%op & gives him 8 au?ority4 ,! head ( ! *ur* n only gives ! p[] ( consecration1 d$ication1 & b5$iction1 b may also ex]cise ! act himself if he please4 ,solomon did x2 & ! book ( canons says1 t ! ,k+ ( ,engl& has all ! "r t any good k+ ( ,israel _h2 x might h add$1 t any o!r k+ or sov]eign assembly _h 9 _! own dom9ions4 ,i d5y t any pa/or or any assembly ( pa/ors 9 any p>ticul> *ur*1 or all ! *ur*es on e>? ?\gh unit$1 are infallible3 yet ,i say1 ! pa/ors ( a ,*ri/ian *ur* assembl$ are1 9 all su* po9ts z are necess>y to salvation4 ,b ab\t :at po9ts are necess>y to salvation1 he & ,i diff]4 ,= ,i1 9 ! =ty-?ird *apt] ( my ,levia?an1 h prov$ t ?is article1 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is ! unum necess>ium1 ! only article necess>y to salvation2 to :i* 8 ,lord%ip ha? n (f]$ any objection4 ,& he1 x seems1 w\ld h necess>y to salvation e doctr9e he himself ?\ght s4 ,d\btless 9 ?is article1 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 e *ur* is infallible2 = else x 7 no *ur*4 ,!n he says1 ,i ov]?r[ ?is aga9 by say+ t ,*ri/ian sov]eigns are ! supreme pa/ors1 t is1 heads ( _! own *ur*es2 ,t !y h _! au?ority jure div9o2 t all o!r pa/ors h x jure civili4 ,h[ came any ,bi%op to h au?ority ov] me1 b by lett]s pat5t f ! k+8 ,i rememb] a p>liam5t :]e9 a bi%op1 :o 0 bo? a good prea*] & a good man1 0 blam$ = a book he _h a little be=e publi%$ 9 ma9t5ance ( ! jus div9um ( bi%ops2 a ?+ :i* be=e ! re=mation "h1 0 nev] all[$ !m by ! pope4 ,two jus div9ums _c /& toge!r 9 "o k+dom4 ,9 ! la/ place he mislikes t ! *ur* %\ld excommunicate by au?ority ( ! k+1 t is to say1 by au?ority ( ! head ( ! *ur*4 ,b he tells n :y4 ,he might z well mislike t ! magi/rates ( ! realm %\ld execute _! (fices by ! au?ority ( ! head ( ! realm4 ,8 ,lord%ip 0 9 a great error1 if he ?\ght su* encroa*m5ts w\ld add any ?+ to ! weal?1 dignity1 rev]5ce1 or cont9uance ( 8 ord]4 ,!y are pa/ors ( pa/ors1 b yet !y are ! %eep ( him t is on e>? _! sov]eign pa/or1 & he aga9 a %eep ( t supreme pa/or :i* is 9 heav54 ,& if !y did _! pa/oral (fice1 bo? by life & doctr9e1 z !y ought to d1 !re c\ld nev] arise any dang]\s rebellion 9 ! l&4 ,b if ! p see once any ambition 9 _! tea*]s1 !y w soon] le>n t1 ?an any o!r doctr9e2 & f ambition proce$s rebellion4 ,j4 ,d4 ,x may be "s ( ,t4 ,h4 8 disciples desire to "k :at hopes ( heav5ly joys !y h ^u _! ma/]'s pr9ciples4 ,!y may he> !m )\t any great cont5tm5t3 ,!re is no m5tion 9 ,scripture1 nor gr\nd 9 reason1 ( ! clum empyrum1 t is1 ! heav5 ( ! bless$1 :]e ! sa9ts %all live et]nally ) ,god4 ,& aga91 ,i h n f\nd any text t c probably be drawn to prove any asc5sion ( ! sa9ts into heav51 t is to say1 into any clum empyrum4 ,b he conclude? positively1 t ,salvation %all be ^u e>?1 :5 ,god %all reign at ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,& aga91 ,9 %ort1 ! k+dom ( ,god is a civil k+dom1 c4 call$ also ! k+dom ( heav51 & ! k+dom ( glory4 ,all ! ,hobbians c hope =1 is1 to be re/or$ to ! same condition :i* ,adam 0 9 be=e 8 fall4 ,s sai? ,t4 ,h4 himself3 ,f :5ce may be inf]r$1 t ! elect1 aft] ! resurrection1 %all be re/or$ to ! e/ate :]e9 ,adam 0 be=e he _h s9n$4 ,z = ! beatifical vision1 he def9e? x to be a ^w un9telligible4 ,t4 ,h4 ,?is clum empyrum = :i* he pret5de? s mu* zeal1 :]e is x 9 ! ,scripture1 :]e 9 ! book ( ,common ,pray]1 :]e 9 ! canons1 :]e 9 ! homilies ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 or 9 any "p ( our religion8 ,:at has a ,*ri/ian to d ) su* language8 ,nor d ,i rememb] x 9 ,ari/otle4 ,p]haps x may be 9 "s ,s*oolman or comm5tator on ,ari/otle1 & 8 ,lord%ip makes x 9 ,engli% ! heav5 ( ! bless$1 z if empyrum signifi$ t :i* belongs to ! bless$4 ,/4 ,au/9 says bett]2 t aft] ! day ( judgm5t all t is n heav5 %all be hell4 ,!n = beatifical vision1 h[ c any man und]/& x1 t kn[s f ! ,scripture t no man ev] saw or c see ,god4 ,p]haps 8 ,lord%ip ?9ks t ! happ9ess ( ! life to come is n real1 b a vision4 ,z = t :i* ,i say 7,levia?an1 p4 #fbe71 ,i h answ]$ to x already4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b consid]+ 8 o!r pr9ciples1 ,i d n m>vel mu* at 8 extravagance 9 ?is po9t4 ,to :at purpose %\ld a clum empyrum1 or heav5 ( ! bless$1 s]ve 9 8 judgm5t1 :o make? ! bless$ angels t are ! inhabitants ( t happy mansion1 to be ei!r idols ( ! bra91 t is 9 pla9 ,engli%1 no?+1 or ?91 subtile1 fluid bodies1 de/roy+ ! angelical nature4 ,! univ]se be+ ! aggregate ( all bodies1 !re is no real "p !re( t is n also body4 ,& else:]e1 ,e "p ( ! univ]se is body1 & t :i* is n body1 is no "p ( ! univ]se4 ,& because ! univ]se is all1 t :i* is no "p ( x is no?+1 & consequ5tly n[h]e4 ,h[8 ,by ?is doctr9e he make? n only ! angels1 b ,god himself to be no?+4 ,nei!r do? he salve x at all1 by suppos+ errone\sly angels to be corporeal spirits1 & by attribut+ ! "n ( incorporeal _s to ,god1 z be+ a "n ( m hon\r1 9 :om we consid] n :at attribute be/ expresse? 8 nature1 :i* is incompreh5sible1 b :at be/ expresse? our desire to hon\r him4 ,?\gh we be n able to compreh5d p]fectly :at ,god is1 yet we are able p]fectly to compreh5d :at ,god is n1 t is1 he is n imp]fect1 & !re=e he is n f9ite1 & consequ5tly he is n corporeal4 ,?is 7 a trim way to hon\r ,god inde$1 to hon\r him ) a lie4 ,if ?is t he says "h be true1 t e "p ( ! univ]se is a body1 & :atsoev] is n a body is no?+1 !n1 by ?is doctr9e1 if ,god be n a body1 ,god is no?+3 n an incorporeal _s1 b "o ( ! idols ( ! bra91 a m]e no?+1 ?\gh !y ?9k !y dance "u a net1 & h ! bl9d ( ,god's incompreh5sibility betwe5 !m & discov]y4 ,t4 ,h4 ,?is ( incorporeal sub/ance he urg$ be=e1 & !re ,i answ]$ x4 ,i wond] he s (t5 rolls ! same /one4 ,he is l ,sisyphus 9 ! poet's hell1 t !re rolls a heavy /one up a hill1 :i* no soon] he br+s to day-light1 ?an x slips d[n aga9 to ! bottom1 & s]ves him s p]petually4 ,= s 8 ,lord%ip rolls ?is & o!r que/ions ) mu* ado1 till !y come to ! light ( ,scripture1 & !n !y vani%2 & he vex+1 sweat+1 & rail+1 goes to x aga91 to z little purpose z be=e4 ,f t ,i say ( ! univ]se1 he inf]s1 t ,i make ,god to be no?+3 b inf]s x absurdly4 ,he might inde$ h inf]r$ t ,i make him a corporeal1 b yet a pure _s4 ,i mean by ! univ]se1 ! aggregate ( all ?+s t h be+ 9 !mselves2 & s d all m5 else4 ,& because ,god has a be+1 x foll[s t he is ei!r ! :ole univ]se1 or "p ( x4 ,nor does 8 ,lord%ip g ab\t to disprove x1 b only seems to wond] at x4 ,j4 ,d4 ,to :at purpose %\ld a clum empyrum s]ve 9 8 judgm5t1 :o d5ie? ! immortality ( ! s\l8 ,! doctr9e is n[1 & ha? be5 a long "t1 f> o!rwise2 namely1 t e man ha? et]nity ( life by nature1 inasmu* z 8 s\l is immortal4 ,:o suppose? t :5 a man die?1 !re rema9e? no?+ ( him b 8 c>case8 ,:o make? ! ^w s\l 9 ,holy ,scripture to signify always ei!r ! life1 or ! liv+ creature2 & exp\nde? ! ca/+ ( body & s\l into hell-fire1 to be ! ca/+ ( body & life into hell-fire8 ,:o make? ?is or?odox tru?1 t ! s\ls ( m5 are sub/ances di/9ct f _! bodies1 to be an error contract$ by ! contagion ( ! demonology ( ! ,greeks1 & a w9d[ t gives entrance to ! d>k doctr9e ( et]nal torm5ts8 ,:o exp\nde? ^! words ( ,solomon 7,!n %all ! du/ return to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s %all return to ,god t gave x7 ?us1 ,god only kn[s :at become? ( a man's _s :5 he expire?8 ,he w n ackn[l$ge t !re is a _s1 or any sub/ance di/9ct f ! body4 ,i wond] :at !y ?9k do? keep _! bodies f /9k+4 ,t4 ,h4 ,he comes "h to t :i* is a great p>adox 9 ,s*ool-div9ity4 ,! gr\nds ( my op9ion are ! canonical ,scripture1 & ! texts :i* ,i cit$ ,i mu/ aga9 recite1 to :i* ,i %all also add "s o!rs4 ,my doctr9e is ?is3 fir/1 t ! elect 9 ,*ri/1 f ! day ( judgm5t =w>d1 by virtue ( ,*ri/'s passion & victory ov] dea?1 %all enjoy et]nal life1 t is1 !y %all be immortal4 ,secondly1 t !re is no liv+ s\l sep>at$ 9 place f ! body1 m ?an !re is a liv+ body sep>at$ f ! s\l4 ,?irdly1 t ! reprobate %all be reviv$ to judgm5t1 & %all die a second dea? 9 torm5ts1 :i* dea? %all be ev]la/+4 ,n[ let u consid] :at is said to ^! po9ts 9 ! ,scripture1 & :at is ! h>mony !re9 ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& fir/1 because ! ^w immortal s\l1 is n f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures1 ! "q is to be decid$ by evid5t consequ5ces f ! ,scripture4 ,! ,scripture sai? ( ,god expressly 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #af7 t ,he only ha? immortality1 & dwelle? 9 inaccessible light4 ,h5ce x foll[e? t ! s\l ( man is n ( its own nature immortal1 b by grace1 t is to say1 by ! gift ( ,god4 ,& !n ! "q w be1 :e!r ?is grace or gift ( ,god 7 be/[$ on ! s\l 9 ! creation & conception ( ! man1 or aft]w>ds by 8 r$emption4 ,ano!r "q w be1 9 :at s5se immortality ( torm5ts c be call$ a gift1 :5 all gifts suppose ! ?+ giv5 to be grateful to ! receiv]4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,*ri/ himself sai? 7,luke xiv4 #ac1 #ad73 ,:5 ?\ make/ a fea/1 call ! poor1 ! maim$1 ! lame1 ! bl9d3 & ?\ %alt be bless$1 = !y _c recomp5se !e3 = ?\ %alt be recomp5s$ at ! resurrection ( !m t be j4 ,x foll[s h5ce t ! rew>d ( ! elect is n be=e ! resurrection4 ,:at rew>d !n enjoys a sep>at$ s\l 9 heav51 or any :]e else1 till t day come1 or :at has he to d !re till ! body rise aga98 ,aga91 ,/4 ,paul says 7,rom4 ii4 #f-h73 ,god w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works4 ,to !m1 :o by pati5t cont9uance 9 well do+ seek = hon\r1 glory1 & immortality1 et]nal life4 ,b unto !m t be cont5ti\s1 & d n obey ! tru?1 b obey unrighte\sness1 indignation & wra?4 ,"h x is pla9 t ,god gives et]nal life only to well do]s1 & to !m t seek1 n to !m t h already1 immortality4 ,aga9 7#b ,tim4 i4 #aj73 ,*ri/ ha? aboli%$ dea?1 & br\ght life & immortality to light1 ?r\gh ! ,gospel4 ,!re=e be=e ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 no?+ 0 immortal b ,god4 ,& ,/4 ,paul1 speak+ ( ! day ( judgm5t 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ed71 sai?1 t ?is mortal %all put on immortality1 & t !n dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,!re 0 no immortality ( any ?+ mortal till dea? 0 ov]come1 & t 0 at ! resurrection4 ,& ,john1 viii4 #ea3 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 if a man keep my say+s he %all nev] see dea?2 t is to say1 he %all be immortal4 ,b x is n[h]e said1 t he :i* keeps n ,*ri/'s say+s %all nev] see dea?1 nor be immortal3 & yet !y t say t ! wick$1 body & s\l1 %all be torm5t$ ev]la/+ly1 d !re9 say !y are immortal4 ,mat?4 x4 #bh3 ,fe> n !m t c kill ! body1 b are n able to kill ! s\l2 b fe> him t is able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell4 ,man _c kill a s\l2 = ! man kill$ %all revive aga94 ,b ,god c de/roy ! s\l & body 9 hell1 z t x %all nev] return to life4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,g54 vii4 #d7 we read3 ,i w de/roy e liv+ sub/ance t ,i h made1 f (f ! face ( ! e>?2 !re=e1 if ! s\ls ( !m t p]i%$ 9 ! ,flood 7 sub/ances1 !y 7 also de/roy$ 9 ! ,flood1 & 7 n immortal4 ,mat?4 xxv4 #da3 ,dep>t f me1 ye curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels4 ,^! words are to be spok5 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 :i* judgm5t is to be 9 ! cl\ds4 ,& !re %all /& ! m5 t are reprobat$ alive1 :]e s\ls1 accord+ to 8 ,lord%ip's doctr9e1 7 s5t long be=e to hell4 ,!re=e at t pres5t day ( judgm5t !y _h "o s\l by :i* !y 7 !re alive1 & ano!r s\l 9 hell4 ,h[ 8 ,lord%ip c\ld h ma9ta9$ ?is1 ,i und]/& n4 ,b by my doctr9e1 t ! s\l is n a sep>at$ sub/ance1 b t ! man at 8 resurrection %all be reviv$ by ,god1 & rais$ to judgm5t1 & aft]w>ds body & s\l de/roy$ 9 hell-fire1 :i* is ! second dea?1 !re is no su* consequ5ce or difficulty to be inf]r$4 ,besides1 x avoids ! unnecess>y disputes ab\t :]e ! s\l ( ,laz>us 0 = f\r days he lay dead4 ,& ! ord] ( ! div9e process is made good1 ( n inflict+ torm5ts be=e ! condemnation pron\nc$4 ,n[ z to ! h>mony ( ! two ,te/am5ts1 x is said 9 ! ,old 7,g54 ii4 #ag73 ,9 ! day t ?\ eate/ ( ! tree ( k1 dy+ ?\ %alt die3 mori5do mori]is3 t is1 :5 ?\ art dead ?\ %alt n revive2 = s ha? ,a?anasius exp\nd$ x4 ,!re=e ,adam & ,eve 7 n immortal by _! creation4 ,!n 7,g54 iii4 #bb73 ,behold ! man is become z "o ( u3 n[ le/ he put =? 8 h& & take also ( ! tree ( life1 & eat1 & live = ev]1 c4 ,"h !y _h _h an immortality by ! gift ( ,god if !y _h n s9n$4 ,x 0 !re=e s9 t lo/ !m et]nal life4 ,he !re=e t r$eem$ !m f s9 0 ! au?or ( _! immortality1 :i* consequ5tly began 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 :5 ,adam & ,eve 7 aga9 made alive by admission to ! new tree ( life1 :i* 0 ,*ri/4 ,n[ let u comp>e ?is ) ! ,new ,te/am5t2 :]e we f9d ^! words 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ba73 s9ce by man came dea?1 by man came also ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,!re=e all ! immortality ( ! s\l1 t %all be aft] ! resurrection1 is by ,*ri/1 & n by ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,v]se #bb3 ,z by ,adam all die1 ev5 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive4 ,!re=e s9ce we di$ by ,adam's s91 s we %all live by ,*ri/'s r$emption ( u1 t is1 aft] ! resurrection4 ,aga9 7v]se #bc73 ,b e man 9 8 own ord]2 ,*ri/ ! fir/-fruits1 aft]w>ds !y t are ,*ri/'s1 at 8 com+4 ,!re=e none %all be made alive till ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,la/ly1 z :5 ,god _h said1 t day t ?\ eate/ ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 ?\ %alt die1 ?\gh he condemn$ him !n1 yet he suff]$ him to live a long "t aft]2 s :5 ,*ri/ _h said to ! ?ief on ! cross1 ?is day ?\ %alt be ) me 9 ,p>adise1 yet he suff]$ him to lie dead till ! g5]al resurrection1 = no man rose aga9 f ! dead be=e our ,savi\r's com+1 & conqu]+ dea?4 ,if ,god be/[$ immortality on e man !n :5 he made him1 & he made _m to :om he nev] purpos$ to give 8 sav+ grace1 :at did 8 ,lord%ip ?9k t ,god gave any man immortality ) purpose only to make him capable ( immortal torm5ts8 ,x is a h>d say+1 & ,i ?9k _c pi\sly be believ$4 ,i am sure x c nev] be prov$ by ! canonical ,scripture4 ,b ?\gh ,i h made x cle> t x _c be drawn by lawful consequ5ce f ,scripture1 t man 0 creat$ ) a s\l immortal1 & t ! elect only1 by ! grace ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 %all bo? bodies & s\ls f ! resurrection =w>d be immortal2 yet !re may be a consequ5ce well drawn f "s words 9 ! rites ( burial1 t prove ! contr>y1 z ^!3 ,=asmu* z x ha? pleas$ ,almighty ,god ( 8 great m]cy1 to take unto himself ! s\l ( our de> bro!r "h dep>t$1 c4 ,& ^!3 ,almighty ,god1 ) :om d live ! spirits ( !m t dep>t h5ce 9 ! ,"l3 :i* are words au?oris$ by ! *ur*4 ,i wond] 8 ,lord%ip1 t _h s (t5 pron\nc$ !m1 took no notice ( !m "h4 ,b x (t5 happ5s t m5 ?9k ( ^? ?+s lea/1 :i* !y h mo/ p]fectly le>nt by rote4 ,i am sorry ,i c\ld n1 )\t des]t+ ! s5se ( ,scripture & m9e own consci5ce1 say ! same4 ,b ,i see no j cause yet1 :y ! *ur* %\ld be (f5d$ at x4 ,= ! *ur* ( ,engl& pret5de? n1 z do? ! *ur* ( ,rome1 to be above ! ,scripture2 nor =bidde? any man to read ! ,scripture2 nor 0 ,i =bidd51 :5 ,i wrote my ,levia?an1 to publi% any?+ :i* ! ,scriptures sugge/$4 ,= :5 ,i wrote x1 ,i may safely say !re 0 no lawful *ur* 9 ,engl&1 t c\ld h ma9ta9$ me 91 or prohibit$ me f writ+ any?+4 ,!re 0 no bi%op2 & ?\gh !re 0 prea*+1 su* z x 01 yet no common pray]4 ,= extempor>y pray]1 ?\gh made 9 ! pulpit1 is n common pray]4 ,!re 0 !n no *ur* 9 ,engl&1 t any man liv+ 0 b\nd to obey4 ,:at ,i write "h at ?is pres5t "t ,i am =c$ to 9 my def5ce1 n aga9/ ! *ur*1 b aga9/ ! accusations & argum5ts ( my adv]s>ies4 ,= ! *ur*1 ?\gh x excommunicates = sc&al\s life1 & = tea*+ false doctr9es1 yet x pr(esse? to impose no?+ to be held z fai?1 b :at may be w>rant$ by ,scripture3 & ?is ! *ur* itself sai? 9 ! tw5tie? ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles ( religion4 ,& !re=e ,i am p]mitt$ to allege ,scripture at any "t 9 ! def5ce ( my belief4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b !y t 9 "o case are griev$1 9 ano!r mu/ be reliev$4 ,if p]*ance ,t4 ,h4 ha? giv5 8 disciples any discont5t 9 8 doctr9e ( heav5 & ! holy angels1 & ! glorifi$ s\ls ( ! sa9ts1 he w make !m am5ds 9 8 doctr9e ( hell1 & ! devils1 & ! damn$ spirits4 ,fir/ ( ! devils2 he fancie? t all ^? devils :i* our ,savi\r did ca/ out1 7 phr5zies2 & all demoniacs1 or p]sons possess$1 no o!r ?an madm53 & to ju/ify our ,savi\r's speak+ to a disease z to a p]son1 produce? ! example ( en*ant]s4 ,b he decl>e? himself mo/ cle>ly ^u ?is subject1 9 8 animadv]sions ^u my reply to 8 def5ce ( fatal de/9y4 ,!re are 9 ! ,scripture two sorts ( ?+s :i* are 9 ,engli% translat$ devils4 ,"o is t :i* is call$ ,satan1 ,diabolus ,abaddon1 :i* signifie? 9 ,engli% an enemy1 an accus]1 & a de/roy] ( ! *ur* ( ,god2 9 :i* s5se ! devils are b wick$ m54 ,! o!r sort ( devils are call$ 9 ! ,scripture ,dmonia1 :i* are ! feign$ ,gods ( ! hea!n1 & are nei!r bodies nor spiritual sub/ances1 b m]e fancies1 & fictions ( t]rifi$ he>ts1 feign$ by ! ,greeks1 & o!r hea!n p1 :i* ,/4 ,paul calle? no?+s4 ,s ,t4 ,h4 ha? kill$ ! great inf]nal ,devil1 & all 8 black angels1 & left no devils to be fe>$1 b devils inc>nate1 t is1 wick$ m54 ,t4 ,h4 ,z = ! fir/ words cit$ 7,levia?an1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fh7 ,i ref] ! read] to ! place itself2 & = ! words conc]n+ ,satan1 ,i leave !m to ! judgm5t ( ! le>n$4 ,j4 ,d4 ,& = hell1 he describe? ! k+dom ( ,satan1 or ! k+dom ( d>kness1 to be a conf$]acy ( deceiv]s4 ,he telle? u t ! places1 :i* set =? ! torm5ts ( hell 9 holy ,scripture1 d design metaphorically a grief & discont5t ( m9d1 f ! sight ( t et]nal felicity 9 o!rs1 :i* !y !mselves1 ?r\gh _! own incr$ulity & disob$i5ce1 h lo/4 ,z if metaphorical descriptions did n be> sad tru?s 9 !m1 z well z lit]al2 z if f9al desp]ation 7 no m ?an a little fit ( grief or discont5t2 & a guilty consci5ce 7 no m ?an a transitory passion2 z if x 7 a loss s easily to be borne1 to be depriv$ = ev]more ( ! beatifical vision2 & la/ly1 z if ! damn$1 besides t unspeakable loss1 did n likewise suff] actual torm5ts1 proportionable 9 "s measure to _! own s9s1 & ,god's ju/ice4 ,t4 ,h4 ,t metaphors be> sad tru?s 9 !m1 ,i d5y n4 ,x is a sad ?+ to lose ?is pres5t life untimely4 ,is x n !re=e mu* m a sad ?+ to lose an et]nal happy life8 ,& ,i believe t he :i* w v5ture ^u s91 ) su* dang]1 w n /ick to d ! same not)/&+ ! doctr9e ( et]nal torture4 ,is x n also a sad tru?1 t ! k+dom ( d>kness %\ld be a conf$]acy ( deceiv]s8 ,j4 ,d4 ,la/ly1 = ! damn$ spirits1 he decl>e? himself e :]e1 t _! suff]+s are n et]nal4 ,! fire %all be unqu5*able1 & ! torm5ts ev]la/+2 b x _c be !nce inf]r$1 t he :o %all be ca/ into t fire1 or be torm5t$ ) ^? torm5ts1 %all endure & resi/ !m1 s z to be et]nally burnt & tortur$1 & yet nev] be de/roy$ nor die4 ,& ?\gh !re be _m places1 t affirm ev]la/+ fire1 into :i* m5 may be ca/ successively "o aft] ano!r = ev]2 yet ,i f9d none t affirm t !re %all be an ev]la/+ life !re9 ( any individual p]son4 ,if he _h said1 & said only1 t ! pa9s ( ! damn$ may be less5$1 z to ! degree ( !m1 or t !y endure n = ev]1 b t aft] !y are purg$ by long torm5ts f _! dross & corruptions1 z gold 9 ! fire1 bo? ! damn$ spirits & ! devils !mselves %\ld be re/or$ to a bett] condition2 he might h f\nd "s anci5ts 7:o are !re=e call$ ! m]ciful doctors7 to h jo9$ ) him2 ?\gh /ill he %\ld h want$ ! suffrage ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,t4 ,h4 ,:y does n 8 ,lord%ip cite "s place ( ,scripture "h to prove1 t all ! reprobates :i* are dead1 live et]nally 9 torm5t8 ,we read inde$1 t ev]la/+ torm5ts 7 prep>$ = ! ,devil & 8 angels1 ^: natures also are ev]la/+2 & t ! ,bea/ & ! false prophet %all be torm5t$ ev]la/+ly2 b n t e reprobate %all be s4 ,!y %all inde$ be ca/ into ! same fire2 b ! ,scripture says pla9ly en\gh1 t !y %all be bo? body & s\l de/roy$ !re4 ,if ,i _h said t ! devils !mselves %\ld be re/or$ to a bett] condition1 8 ,lord%ip w\ld h be5 s k9d z to h put me into ! numb] ( ! m]ciful doctors4 ,truly1 if ,i _h _h any w>rant = ! possibility ( _! be+ less enemies to ! *ur* ( ,god ?an !y h be51 ,i w\ld h be5 z m]ciful to !m z any doctor ( !m all4 ,z x is1 ,i am m m]ciful ?an ! ,bi%op4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b 8 %oot+ is n at rov]s1 b altoge!r at r&om1 )\t ei!r prec$5t or p>tn]4 ,all t et]nal fire1 all ^? torm5ts :i* he ackn[l$ge?1 is b ?is1 t aft] ! resurrection1 ! reprobate %all be 9 ! e/ate t ,adam & 8 po/]ity 7 91 aft] ! s9 committ$1 sav+ t ,god promis$ a r$eem] to ,adam & n to !m3 add+1 t !y %all live z !y did =m]ly1 m>ry & give 9 m>riage2 & consequ5tly eng5d] *ildr5 p]petually aft] ! resurrection1 z !y did be=e3 :i* he calle? an immortality ( ! k9d1 b n ( ! p]sons ( m54 ,x is to be presum$1 t 9 ^? _! second lives1 kn[+ c]ta9ly f ,t4 ,h4 t !re is no hope ( r$emption = !m f corporal dea? ^u _! well-do+1 nor fe> ( any torm5ts aft] dea? = _! ill-do+1 !y w pass _! times "h z pleasantly z !y c4 ,?is is all ! damnation :i* ,t4 ,h4 fancie?4 ,t4 ,h4 ,?is he has urg$ once be=e1 & ,i answ]$ to x1 t ! :ole p>agraph 0 to prove1 t = any text ( ,scripture to ! contr>y1 m5 might1 aft] ! resurrection1 live z ,adam did on e>?2 & t1 not)/&+ ! text ( ,/4 ,luke1 7*ap4 xx4 #cd-cf71 ,m>ry & propagate4 ,b t !y %all d s1 is no ass]tion ( m9e4 ,8 ,lord%ip knew ,i held1 t aft] ! resurrection !re %all be at all no wick$ m52 b ! elect 7all t are1 h be51 & h]eaft] %all be7 %all live on e>?4 ,b ,/4 ,pet] 7#b ,epi/4 iii4 #ac7 says1 !re %all !n be a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,j4 ,d4 ,9 sum ,i leave x to ! free judgm5t ( ! und]/&+ read]1 by ^! few in/ances :i* foll[1 to judge :at ! ,hobbian pr9ciples are 9 po9t ( religion4 ,ex ungue leonem4 ,fir/1 t no man ne$s to put himself to any haz>d = 8 fai?1 b may safely comply ) ! times4 ,& = _! fai? x is int]nal & invisible4 ,!y h ! lic5ce t ,naaman _h1 & ne$ n put !mselves into dang] = x4 ,secondly1 he all[e? subjects1 be+ comm&$ by _! sov]eign1 to d5y ,*ri/4 ,pr(ession ) ! tongue is b an ext]nal ?+1 & no m ?an any o!r ge/ure1 :]eby we signify our ob$i5ce3 & :]e9 a ,*ri/ian1 hold+ firmly 9 8 he>t ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 ha? ! same lib]ty :i* ! prophet ,eli%a all[$ to ,naaman1 c4 :o by b[+ be=e ! idol ,rimmon1 d5i$ ! true ,god z mu* 9 effect1 z if he _h done x ) 8 lips4 ,alas1 :y did ,/4 ,pet] weep s bitt]ly = d5y+ 8 ma/]1 out ( fe> ( 8 life or memb]s8 ,x seems he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ^! ,hobbian pr9ciples4 ,& 9 ! same place he laye? d[n ?is g5]al conclusion3 ,?is we may say1 t :atsoev] a subject is compell$ to1 9 ob$i5ce to 8 sov]eign1 & do? x n 9 ord] to 8 own m9d1 b 9 ord] to ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 t action is n 81 b 8 sov]eign's2 nor is x he1 t 9 ?is case d5ie? ,*ri/ be=e m51 b 8 gov]nor & ! law ( 8 c\ntry4 ,8 in/ance1 9 a ,mahometan comm&$ by a ,*ri/ian pr9ce to be pres5t at div9e s]vice1 is a weak mi/ake1 spr++ f 8 gross ignorance 9 case-div9ity1 n kn[+ to di/+ui% betwe5 an errone\s consci5ce1 z ! ,mahometan's is1 & a consci5ce rightly in=m$4 ,t4 ,h4 ,9 ^! 8 two fir/ in/ances1 ,i confess 8 ,lord%ip does n mu* belie me4 ,b nei!r does he confute me4 ,also ,i confess my ignorance 9 8 case-div9ity1 :i* is gr\nd$ ^u ! doctr9e ( ! ,s*oolm52 :o to decide cases ( consci5ce1 take 91 n only ! ,scriptures1 b also ! decrees ( ! popes ( ,rome1 = ! advanc+ ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,roman *ur* ov] consci5ces2 :]eas ! true decision ( cases ( consci5ces ought to be gr\nd$ only on ,scripture1 or natural equity4 ,i nev] all[$ ! d5y+ ( ,*ri/ ) ! tongue 9 all m51 b expressly say ! contr>y 7,levia?an1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fef7 9 ^! words3 ,= an unle>n$ man t is 9 ! p[] ( an idolatr\s k+ or /ate1 if comm&$ on pa9 ( dea? to wor%ip be=e an idol1 he dete/e? ! idol 9 8 he>t1 he do? well2 ?\gh if he _h ! =titude to suff] dea? r ?an wor%ip x1 he %\ld d bett]4 ,b if a pa/or1 :o z ,*ri/'s mess5g] has und]tak5 to tea* ,*ri/'s doctr9e to all nations1 %\ld d ! same1 x 7 n only a s9ful sc&al 9 respect ( o!r ,*ri/ian m5's consci5ces1 b a p]fidi\s =sak+ ( 8 *>ge4 ,!re=e ,/4 ,pet]1 9 d5y+ ,*ri/1 s9n$1 z be+ an apo/le4 ,& x is s9 9 e man t %\ld n[ take ^u him to prea* aga9/ ! p[] ( ! ,pope1 to leave 8 commission unexecut$ = fe> ( ! fire2 b 9 a m]e travell]1 n s4 ,! ?ree *ildr5 & ,daniel 7 wor?y *ampions ( ! true religion4 ,b ,god require? n ( e man to be a *ampion4 ,z = 8 ,lord%ip's words ( comply+ ) ! times1 !y are n m9e1 b 8 own spiteful p>aphrase4 ,j4 ,d4 ,?irdly1 if ?is be n en\gh1 he give? lic5ce to a ,*ri/ian to commit idolatry1 or at lea/ to d an idolatr\s act1 = fe> ( dea? or corporal dang]4 ,to pray unto a k+ volunt>ily = fair wea!r1 or = any?+ :i* ,god only c d = u1 is ,div9e wor%ip1 & idolatry4 ,on ! o!r side1 if a k+ compel a man to x by ! t]ror ( dea?1 or o!r great corporal puni%m5t1 x is n idolatry4 ,8 reason is1 because x is n a sign1 t he do? inw>dly hon\r him z a ,god1 b t he is desir\s to save himself f dea?1 or f a mis]able life4 ,x seeme? ,t4 ,h4 ?9ke? !re is no ,div9e wor%ip b int]nal3 & t x is lawful = a man to value 8 own life or 8 limbs m ?an 8 ,god4 ,h[ mu* is he wis] ?an ! ?ree *ildr51 or ,daniel himself1 :o 7 ?r[n1 ! fir/ into a fi]y furnace1 ! la/ into ! lions' d51 because !y refus$ to comply ) ! idolatr\s decree ( _! sov]eign pr9ce8 ,t4 ,h4 ,"h also my words are truly cit$4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip und]/ood n :at ! ^w wor%ip signifies2 & yet he knew :at ,i meant by x4 ,to ?9k highly ( ,god1 z ,i _h def9$ x1 is to hon\r him4 ,b to ?9k is int]nal4 ,to wor%ip1 is to signify t hon\r1 :i* we inw>dly give1 by signs ext]nal4 ,?is und]/ood1 z by 8 ,lord%ip x 01 all he says to x1 is b a cavil4 ,j4 ,d4 ,a f\r? aphorism may be ?is1 t1 :i* is said 9 ! ,scripture1 x is bett] to obey ,god ?an man1 ha? place 9 ! k+dom ( ,god by pact1 & n by nature4 ,:y8 ,nature itself do? tea* u x is bett] to obey ,god ?an m54 ,nei!r c he say t he int5d$ ?is only ( ob$i5ce 9 ! use ( indiff]5t actions & ge/ures1 9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 comm&$ by ! commonweal?3 = t is to obey bo? ,god & man4 ,b if ,div9e law & human law cla% "o ) ano!r1 )\t d\bt x is ev]more bett] to obey ,god ?an man4 ,t4 ,h4 ,"h aga9 appe>s 8 unskilfulness 9 reason+4 ,:o d5ies1 b x is always1 & 9 all cases1 bett] to obey ,god ?an man8 ,b !re is no law1 nei!r ,div9e nor human1 t ought to be tak5 = a law1 till we "k :at x is2 & if a ,div9e law1 till we "k t ,god ha? comm&$ x to be kept4 ,we agree t ! ,scriptures are ! ^w ( ,god4 ,b !y are a law by pact1 t is1 to u :o h be5 baptiz$ into ! cov5ant4 ,to all o!rs x is an invitation only to _! own b5efit4 ,x is true t ev5 nature sugge/e? to u t ! law ( ,god is to be obey$ r ?an ! law ( man4 ,b nature does n sugge/ to u t ! ,scripture is ! law ( ,god1 mu* less h[ e text ( x ought to be int]pret$4 ,b :o !n %all sugge/ ?is8 ,dr4 ,bramhall8 ,i d5y x4 ,:o !n8 ,! /ream ( div9es8 ,:y s8 ,am ,i1 t h ! ,scripture itself be=e my eyes1 oblig$ to v5ture my et]nal life ^u _! int]pretation1 h[ le>n$ soev] !y pret5d to be1 :5 no c\nt]-security1 t !y c give me1 w save me h>mless8 ,if n ! /ream ( div9es1 :o !n8 ,! lawful assembly ( pa/ors1 or ( bi%ops8 ,b !re c be no lawful assembly 9 ,engl& )\t ! au?ority ( ! ,k+4 ,! ,scripture1 !re=e1 :at x is1 & h[ to be int]pret$1 is made kn[n unto u "h1 by no o!r way ?an ! au?ority ( our sov]eign "l bo? 9 temporals & spirituals1 ! ,k+'s ,maje/y4 ,& :]e he has set =? no int]pretation1 !re ,i am all[$ to foll[ my own1 z well z any o!r man1 bi%op or n bi%op4 ,= my own "p1 all t "k me1 "k also x is my op9ion1 t ! be/ gov]nm5t 9 religion is by episcopacy1 b 9 ! ,k+'s "r1 n 9 _! own4 ,b my ,"l ( ,d]ry1 n cont5t$ ) ?is1 w\ld h ! utmo/ resolution ( our fai? to be into ! doctr9e ( ! ,s*ools4 ,i d n ?9k t all ! bi%ops be ( 8 m9d4 ,if !y 71 ,i w\ld wi% !m to /& 9 fe> ( t dreadful s5t5ce1 all covet1 all lose4 ,i mu/ n let pass ^! words ( 8 ,lord%ip1 if ,div9e law & human law cla% "o ) ano!r1 )\t d\bt x is bett] ev]more to obey ,god ?an man4 ,:]e ! k+ is a ,*ri/ian1 believes ! ,scripture1 & ha? ! legislative p[] bo? 9 *ur* & /ate1 & make? no laws conc]n+ ,*ri/ian fai?1 or ,div9e wor%ip1 b by ! c\nsel ( 8 bi%ops :om he tru/e? 9 t behalf2 if ! bi%ops c\nsel him aright1 :at cla%+ c !re be betwe5 ! ,div9e & human laws8 ,= if ! civil law be aga9/ ,god's law1 & ! bi%ops make x cle>ly appe> to ! k+ t x cla%e? ) ,div9e law1 no d\bt he w m5d x by himself1 or by ! advice ( 8 p>liam5t2 = else he is no pr(essor ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e1 & s ! cla%+ is at an end4 ,b if !y ?9k t e op9ion !y hold1 ?\gh obscure & unnecess>y to salvation1 ought pres5tly to be law1 !n !re w be cla%+s innum]able1 n only ( laws1 b also ( swords1 z we h f\nd x too true by late exp]i5ce4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip is /ill at ?is1 t !re ought to be1 = ! ,div9e laws1 t is to say = ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 a legislative p[] 9 ! *ur*1 di/9ct f t ( ! ,k+1 :i* "u him !y enjoy already4 ,?is ,i d5y4 ,!n = cla%+ betwe5 ! civil laws ( infidels ) ! law ( ,god1 ! apo/les tea* t ^? _! civil laws are to be obey$1 b s z to keep _! fai? 9 ,*ri/ entirely 9 _! he>ts2 :i* is an ob$i5ce easily p]=m$4 ,b ,i d n believe t ,augu/us ,cs> or ,n]o 0 b\nd to make ! holy ,scripture law2 & yet unless !y did s1 !y c\ld n atta9 to et]nal life4 ,j4 ,d4 ,8 fif? conclusion may be1 t ! %>pe/ & mo/ successful sword1 9 any w> :atsoev]1 do? give sov]eign p[] & au?ority to him t ha? x1 to approve or reject all sorts ( !ological doctr9es1 conc]n+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 n accord+ to _! tru? or falsehood1 b accord+ to t influ5ce :i* !y h ^u political affairs4 ,he> him3 b because ?is doctr9e w appe> to mo/ m5 a novelty1 ,i d b prop\nd x1 ma9ta9+ no?+ 9 ?is or any o!r p>adox ( religion1 b att5d+ ! end ( t dispute ( ! sword conc]n+ ! au?ority 7n yet among/ my c\ntrym5 decid$7 by :i* all sorts ( doctr9e are to be approv$ or reject$1 c4 ,=1 ! po9ts ( doctr9e conc]n+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 h s great influ5ce ^u ! k+dom ( man1 z n to be det]m9$1 b by !m t "u ,god h ! sov]eign p[]4 8---------------- ,c>eat successibus opto1 ,quisquis ab ev5tu facta not&a putat40 ,let him ev]more want success :o ?9ke? actions are to be judg$ by _! ev5ts4 ,?is doctr9e may be plausible to ^? :o desire to fi% 9 tr\bl$ wat]s4 ,b x is ju/ly hat$ by ^? :i* are 9 au?ority1 & all ^? :o are lov]s ( peace & tranquillity4 ,! la/ "p ( ?is conclusion smelle? rankly ( ,j]oboam 7#a ,k+s xii4 #bf-bh73 ,n[ %all ! k+dom return to ! h\se ( ,david1 if ?is p g up to d sacrifice 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l at ,j]usalem2 :]eupon ! k+ took c\nsel1 & made two calves ( gold1 & said unto !m1 x is too mu* = y to g up to ,j]usalem1 behold ?y ,gods1 ,o ,israel1 :i* br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,b by ! j disposition ( ,almighty ,god1 ?is policy turn$ to a s91 & 0 ! utt] de/ruction ( ,j]oboam & 8 family4 ,x is n good je/+ ) edge-tools1 nor play+ ) holy ?+s3 :]e m5 make _! greate/ fa/ness1 _m times !y f9d mo/ dang]4 ,t4 ,h4 ,8 ,lord%ip ei!r _h a /range consci5ce1 or und]/ood n ,engli%4 ,be+ at ,p>is :5 !re 0 no bi%op nor *ur* 9 ,engl&1 & e man writ :at he pleas$1 ,i resolv$ 7:5 x %\ld please ,god to re/ore ! au?ority ecclesia/ical7 to submit to t au?ority1 9 :atsoev] x %\ld det]m9e4 ,?is 8 ,lord%ip con/rues = a temporiz+ & too mu* indiff]5cy 9 religion2 & says fur!r1 t ! la/ "p ( my words d smell ( ,j]oboam4 ,to ! contr>y1 ,i say my words 7 mode/1 & su* z 9 duty ,i ought to use4 ,& ,i pr(ess /ill1 t :atsoev] ! *ur* ( ,engl& 7! *ur*1 ,i say1 n e doctor7 %all =bid me to say 9 matt] ( fai?1 ,i %all ab/a9 f say+ x1 except+ ?is po9t1 t ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 di$ = my s9s4 ,z = o!r doctr9es1 ,i ?9k x unlawful1 if ! *ur* def9e !m1 = any memb] ( ! *ur* to contradict !m4 ,j4 ,d4 ,8 six? p>adox is a rapp]3 ,! civil laws are ! rules ( good & evil1 j & unju/1 hone/ & di%one/2 & !re=e :at ! lawgiv] comm&s1 t is to be acc\nt$ good1 :at he =bids1 bad4 ,& a little aft]3 ,be=e empires 71 j & unju/ 7 n1 z ^: nature is relative to a comm&1 e action 9 its own nature is indiff]5t4 ,t is1 j or unju/ proce$e? f ! "r ( him t comm&e?4 ,!re=e lawful k+s make ^? ?+s :i* !y comm& j1 by comm&+ !m1 & ^? ?+s :i* !y =bid1 unju/ by =bidd+ !m4 ,to ?is add 8 def9ition ( a s91 t :i* "o do?1 or omitte?1 sai?1 or wille?1 contr>y to ! reason ( ! commonweal?1 t is1 ! 7civil7 laws4 ,:]e by ! laws he do? n und]/& ! writt5 laws1 elect$ & approv$ by ! :ole commonweal?1 b ! v]bal comm&s or m&ates ( him t ha? ! sov]eign p[]1 z we f9d 9 _m places ( 8 writ+s4 ,! civil laws are no?+ else b ! comm&s ( him1 t is end[$ ) sov]eign p[] 9 ! commonweal?1 conc]n+ ! future actions ( 8 subjects4 ,& ! civil laws are fa/5$ to ! lips ( t man :o ha? ! sov]eign p[]4 ,:]e are we8 ,9 ,europe8 or 9 ,asia1 :]e !y ascrib$ a div9ity to _! k+s1 &1 to use 8 own phrase1 made !m mortal gods2 ,o k+1 live = ev]8 ,flatt]]s are ! common mo?s ( great palaces1 :]e ,alex&]'s fri5ds are m num]\s ?an ! k+'s fri5ds4 ,b su* gross1 palpable1 p]nici\s flatt]y z ?is is1 ,i did nev] meet )1 s d]ogatory bo? to piety & policy4 ,:at des]ve? he :o %\ld d 8 utt]mo/ endeav\r to poison a common f\nta91 :]e( all ! commonweal? mu/ dr9k8 ,he do? ! same :o poisone? ! m9d ( a sov]eign pr9ce4 ,are ! civil laws ! rules ( good & bad1 j & unju/1 hone/ & di%one/8 ,& :at1 ,i pray y1 are ! rules ( ! civil law itself8 ,ev5 ! law ( ,god & ,nature4 ,if ! civil laws sw]ve f ^! m au!ntic laws1 !y are ,lesbian rules4 ,:at ! lawgiv] comm&s is to be acc\nt$ good1 :at he =bids1 bad4 ,?is 0 j ! g>b ( ! ,a!nian sophi/]s1 z !y are describ$ by ,plato4 ,:atsoev] pleas$ ! great bea/1 ! multitude1 !y call holy1 & j1 & good4 ,& :atsoev] ! great bea/ dislik$1 !y call$ evil1 unju/1 pr(ane4 ,b he is n yet arriv$ at ! height ( 8 flatt]y4 ,lawful k+s make ^? ?+s1 :i* !y comm&1 j by comm&+ !m4 ,at o!r times1 :5 he is 9 8 "r wits1 he talke? ( suff]+s1 & expect+ _! rew>d 9 heav54 ,& go+ to ,*ri/ by m>tyrdom4 ,& if he _h ! =titude to suff] dea? he %\ld d bett]4 ,b ,i fe> all ?is 0 b said 9 je/4 ,h[ %\ld !y expect _! rew>d 9 heav51 if 8 doctr9e be true1 t !re is no rew>d 9 heav58 ,or h[ %\ld !y be m>tyrs1 if 8 doctr9e be true1 t none c be m>tyrs1 b ^? :o conv]s$ ) ,*ri/ ^u e>?8 ,he adde?1 be=e empires 71 j & unju/ 7 n4 ,no?+ c\ld be writt5 m false 9 8 s5se1 m di%on\rable to ,god1 m +lori\s to ! human nature2 ?an t ,god %\ld create man1 & leave him pres5tly )\t any rules1 to 8 own ord]+ ( himself1 z ! o/ri* leave? h] eggs 9 ! s&4 ,b 9 tru? !re h be5 empires 9 ! _w ev] s9ce ,adam4 ,& ,adam _h a law writt5 9 8 he>t by ! f+] ( ,god1 be=e !re 0 any civil law4 ,?us !y d endeav\r to make goodness1 & ju/ice1 & hone/y1 & consci5ce1 & ,god himself1 to be empty names1 )\t any reality1 :i* signify no?+1 fur!r ?an !y conduce to a man's int]e/4 ,o!rwise he w\ld n1 he c\ld n1 say1 t e action z x is inve/$ ) its circum/ances1 is indiff]5t 9 its own nature4 ,t4 ,h4 ,my six? p>adox he calls a rapp]4 ,a rapp]1 a swapp]1 & su* l t]ms1 are 8 ,lord%ip's elegancies4 ,b let u see :at ?is rapp] is3 x is ?is2 ! civil laws are ! rules ( good & evil1 j & unju/1 hone/ & di%one/4 ,truly1 ,i see no o!r rules !y h4 ,! ,scriptures !mselves 7 made law to u "h1 by ! au?ority ( ! commonweal?1 & are !re=e "p ( ! law civil4 ,if !y 7 laws 9 _! own nature1 !n 7 !y laws ov] all ! _w1 & m5 7 oblig$ to obey !m 9 ,am]ica1 z soon z !y %\ld be %[n !re1 ?\gh )\t a miracle1 by a fri>4 ,:at is unju/1 b ! transgression ( a law8 ,law !re=e 0 be=e unju/3 & ! law 0 made kn[n by sov]eign p[] be=e x 0 a law3 !re=e sov]eign p[] 0 antec$5t bo? to law & inju/ice4 ,:o !n made unju/ b sov]eign k+s or sov]eign assemblies8 ,:]e is n[ ! wond] ( ?is rapp]1 t lawful k+s make ^? ?+s :i* !y comm& j1 by comm&+ !m1 & ^? ?+s :i* !y =bid unju/1 by =bidd+ !m8 ,j & unju/ 7 surely made4 ,if ! k+ made !m n1 :o made !m else8 ,= c]ta9ly ! brea* ( a civil law is a s9 aga9/ ,god4 ,ano!r calumny :i* he w\ld fix ^u me1 is1 t ,i make ! ,k+'s v]bal comm&s to be laws4 ,h[ s8 ,because ,i say1 ! civil laws are no?+ else b ! comm&s ( him t ha? ! sov]eign p[]1 conc]n+ ! future actions ( 8 subjects4 ,:at v]bal comm& ( a k+ c arrive at ! e>s ( all 8 subjects1 :i* x mu/ d ere x be a law1 )\t ! seal ( ! p]son ( ! commonweal?1 :i* is "h ! ,great ,seal ( ,engl&8 ,:o1 b 8 ,lord%ip1 ev] d5i$ t ! comm& ( ,engl& 0 a law to ,engli%m58 ,or t any b ! ,k+ _h au?ority to affix ! ,great ,seal ( ,engl& to any writ+8 ,& :o did ev] d\bt to call our laws1 ?\gh made 9 ,p>liam5t1 ! ,k+'s laws8 ,:at 0 ev] call$ a law1 :i* ! ,k+ did n ass5t to8 ,because ! ,k+ has grant$ 9 div]s cases n to make a law )\t ! advice & ass5t ( ! lords & commons1 !re=e :5 !re is no p>liam5t 9 be+1 %all ! ,great ,seal ( ,engl& /& = no?+8 ,:at 0 m unju/ly ma9ta9$ dur+ ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 besides ! resi/+ & murd]+ ( ! ,k+1 ?an ?is doctr9e ( 8 ,lord%ip's8 ,b ! ,bi%op endeav\r$ "h to make ! multitude believe ,i ma9ta91 t ! ,k+ s9ne? n1 ?\gh he bid hang a man = mak+ 8 app>el o!rwise ?an he appo9t$1 or 8 s]vant = neglig5t att5dance4 ,& yet he knew ,i di/+ui%$ always betwe5 ! ,k+'s natural & politic capacity4 ,:at "n %\ld ,i give to ?is wilful sl&]8 ,b "h 8 ,lord%ip ent]s into passion1 & exclaims3 ,:]e are we1 9 ,europe or 9 ,asia8 ,gross1 palpable1 p]nici\s flatt]y1 poison+ ( a commonweal?1 poison+ ! ,k+'s m9d4 ,b :]e 0 8 ,lord%ip :5 he wrote ?is8 ,"o w\ld n ?9k he 0 9 ,france1 nor t ?is doctr9e 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #afeh1 b r 9 ! ye> #afdh1 9 "s cabal ( ! ,k+'s enemies4 ,b :at did put him into ?is fit ( *ol]8 ,p>tly1 ?is v ?+1 t he c\ld n answ] my reasons2 b *iefly1 t he _h lo/ ^u me s mu* ,s*ool-le>n+ 9 our controv]sy t\*+ ,lib]ty & ,necessity3 :]e9 he 0 to blame himself1 = believ+ t ! obscure & b>b>\s language ( ,s*ool-div9ity1 c\ld satisfy an +5u\s read]1 z well z pla9 & p]spicu\s ,engli%4 ,d ,i flatt] ! ,k+8 ,:y am ,i n ri*8 ,i confess 8 ,lord%ip has n flatt]$ him "h4 ,j4 ,d4 ,some?+ !re is :i* he ha? a confus$ glimm]+ (1 z ! bl9d man sees m5 walk+ l trees1 :i* he is n able to appreh5d & express cle>ly4 ,we ackn[l$ge1 t ?\gh ! laws or comm&s ( a sov]eign pr9ce be errone\s1 or unju/1 or injuri\s1 su* z a subject _c approve = good 9 !mselves2 yet he is b\nd to acquiesce1 & may n oppose or resi/1 o!rwise ?an by pray]s & te>s1 & at ! mo/ by flight4 ,we ackn[l$ge t ! civil laws h p[] to b9d ! consci5ce ( a ,*ri/ian1 9 !mselves1 b n f !mselves1 b f him :o ha? said1 ,let e s\l be subject to ! high] p[]s4 ,ei!r !y b9d ,*ri/ian subjects to d _! sov]eign's comm&s1 or to suff] = ! te/imony ( a good consci5ce4 ,we ackn[l$ge t 9 d\btful cases1 semp] prsumitur pro rege et lege1 ! sov]eign & ! law are always presum$ to be 9 ! "r4 ,b 9 pla9 evid5t cases1 :i* admit no d\bt1 x is always bett] to obey ,god ?an man4 ,blund]]s1 :il/ !y ?9k to m5d "o imag9>y hole1 make two or ?ree real ones4 ,!y :o d]ive ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures or ,god's law f ! civil laws ( m51 are l ^? :o seek to und]prop ! heav5s f fall+1 ) a bulru%4 ,nay1 !y d]ive n only ! au?ority ( ! ,scripture1 b ev5 ! law ( nature itself1 f ! civil law4 ,! laws ( nature 7:i* ne$ no promulgation7 9 ! condition ( nature are n prop]ly laws1 b qualities :i* dispose m5 to peace & ob$i5ce4 ,:5 a commonweal? is once settl$1 !n are !y actually laws1 & n be=e4 ,god help u1 into :at times are we fall51 :5 ! immutable laws ( ,god & nature are made to dep5d ^u ! mutable laws ( mortal m51 j z "o %\ld g ab\t to control ! sun by ! au?ority ( ! clock4 ,t4 ,h4 ,hi!rto he nev] (f]$ to m5d any ( ! doctr9es he inveighs aga9/2 b "h he does4 ,he says ,i h a glimm]+ ( some?+ ,i 0 n able to appreh5d & express cle>ly4 ,let u see 8 ,lord%ip's m cle> expression4 ,we ackn[l$ge1 sai? he1 t ?\gh ! laws or comm&s ( a sov]eign pr9ce be errone\s1 or unju/1 or injuri\s1 su* z a subject _c approve = good 9 !mselves1 yet he is b\nd to acquiesce1 & may n oppose or resi/ o!rwise ?an by pray]s & te>s1 & at ! mo/ by flight4 ,h5ce x foll[s cle>ly1 t :5 a sov]eign has made a law1 ?\gh errone\s1 !n1 if 8 subject oppose x1 x is a s94 ,!re=e ,i w\ld fa9 "k1 :5 a man has brok5 t law by do+ :at x =bad1 or by refus+ to d :at x comm&$1 :e!r he h oppos$ ?is law or n4 ,if to break ! law be to oppose x1 he grante? x4 ,!re=e 8 ,lord%ip has n "h express$ himself s cle>ly1 z to make m5 und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 break+ a law & oppos+ x4 ,?\gh !re be "s diff]5ce betwe5 break+ ( a law1 & oppos+ ^? t are s5t ) =ce to see x execut$2 yet betwe5 break+ & oppos+ ! law itself1 !re is no diff]5ce4 ,also1 ?\gh ! subject ?9k ! law j1 z :5 a ?ief is by law condemn$ to die1 yet he may lawfully oppose ! execution1 n only by pray]s1 te>s1 & flight1 b also 7z ,i ?9k7 any way he c4 ,= ?\gh 8 fault 7 nev] s great1 yet 8 endeav\r to save 8 own life is n a fault4 ,= ! law expects x1 & = t cause appo9te? felons to be c>ri$ b\nd & encompass$ ) arm$ m5 to execution4 ,no?+ is opposite to law1 b s93 no?+ opposite to ! %]iff1 b =ce4 ,s t 8 ,lord%ip's sight 0 n %>p en\gh to see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! law & ! (fic]4 ,aga91 ,we ackn[l$ge1 says he1 t ! laws h p[] to b9d ! consci5ce ( a ,*ri/ian 9 !mselves1 b n f !mselves4 ,nei!r d ! ,scriptures b9d ! consci5ce because !y are ,scriptures1 b because !y 7 f ,god4 ,s also ! book ( ,engli% ,/atutes b9de? our consci5ces 9 itself1 b n f itself1 b f ! au?ority ( ! k+1 :o only 9 ! "r ( ,god has ! legislative p[]s4 ,aga9 he sai?1 ,we ackn[l$ge t 9 d\btful cases1 ! sov]eign & ! law are always presum$ to be 9 ! "r4 ,if he presume !y are 9 ! "r1 h[ d>e he presume t ! cases !y det]m9e are d\btful8 ,b1 sai? he1 9 evid5t cases :i* admit no d\bt1 x is always bett] to obey ,god ?an man4 ,yes1 & 9 d\btful cases also1 say ,i4 ,b n always bett] to obey ! inf]ior pa/ors ?an ! supreme pa/or1 :i* is ! k+4 ,b :at are ^? cases t admit no d\bt8 ,i "k b v few1 & ^? are su* z 8 ,lord%ip 0 n mu* acqua9t$ )4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b x is n wor?y ( my lab\r1 nor any "p ( my int5tion1 to pursue e %ad[ ( a "q :i* he spr+e?4 ,x %all suffice to ga!r a posy ( fl[]s 7or r a bundle ( we$s7 out ( 8 writ+s1 & pres5t !m to ! read]1 :o w easily di/+ui% !m f heal?ful plants by ! rankness ( _! smell4 ,su* are ^! :i* foll[4 ,t4 ,h4 ,z = ! foll[+ posy ( fl[]s1 !re wants no m to make !m sweet1 ?an to wipe (f ! v5om bl[n ^u "s ( !m by 8 ,lord%ip's brea?4 ,j4 ,d4 #a4 ,to be delight$ 9 ! imag9ation only ( be+ possess$ ( ano!r man's goods1 s]vants1 or wife1 )\t any int5tion to take !m f him by =ce or fraud1 is no brea* ( ! law :i* sai?3 ,?\ %alt n covet4 ,t4 ,h4 ,:at man 0 !re ev]1 ^: imag9ation ( any?+ he ?\ght w\ld please him1 0 n "s delight8 ,or :at s9 is !re1 :]e !re is n s mu* z an int5tion to d inju/ice8 ,b 8 ,lord%ip w\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 delight & purpose1 nor betwe5 a wi% & a w4 ,?is 0 v5om4 ,i believe t 8 ,lord%ip himself1 ev5 be=e he 0 m>ri$1 took "s delight 9 ! ?\ght ( x1 & yet ! woman !n 0 n 8 own4 ,all love is delight1 b all love is n s94 ,)\t ?is love ( t :i* is n yet a man's own1 ! _w _h n be5 peopl$4 ,j4 ,d4 #b4 ,if a man by ! t]ror ( pres5t dea? be compell$ to d a fact aga9/ ! law1 he is totally excus$1 because no law c oblige a man to ab&on 8 own pres]vation2 nature compelle? him to ! fact4 ,! l doctr9e he ha? else:]e4 ,:5 ! actor do? any?+ aga9/ ! law ( nature by ! comm& ( ! au?or1 if he be oblig$ by =m] cov5ants to obey him1 n he1 b ! au?or breake? ! law ( nature4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! second fl[] is bo? sweet & :olesome4 ,j4 ,d4 #c4 ,x is a doctr9e repugnant to civil society1 t :atsoev] a man does aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 is s94 ,t4 ,h4 ,x is pla91 t to d :at a man ?9ks 9 8 own consci5ce to be s91 is s92 = x is a contempt ( ! law itself2 & f !nce ignorant m51 out ( an errone\s consci5ce1 disobey ! law1 :i* is p]nici\s to all gov]nm5t4 ,j4 ,d4 #d4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n %ut b to !m t s91 t is1 to !m :o h n p]=m$ due ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god2 nor to !m1 if !y believe ! necess>y articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #e4 ,we mu/ "k t ! true ackn[l$g+ ( s9 is rep5tance itself4 #f4 ,an op9ion publicly appo9t$ to be taught _c be h]esy2 nor ! sov]eign pr9ces t au?oriz$ ! same1 h]etics4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? smell well4 ,b to say1 t ! sov]eign pr9ce 9 ,engl& is a h]etic1 or t an act ( p>liam5t is h]etical1 /9ks abom9ably2 z x 0 ?\ght primo ,elizabe?4 ,j4 ,d4 #g4 ,temporal & spiritual gov]nm5t are b two words to make m5 see d\ble1 & mi/ake _! lawful sov]eign1 c4 ,!re is no o!r gov]nm5t 9 ?is life1 nei!r ( /ate nor religion1 b temporal4 #h4 ,x is manife/1 t !y1 :o p]mit a contr>y doctr9e to t :i* !mselves believe & ?9k necess>y 7to salvation71 d aga9/ _! consci5ces1 & w1 z mu* z 9 !m lie?1 ! et]nal de/ruction ( _! subjects4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! sev5? & eigh? are roses & jessam9e4 ,b 8 leav+ out ! words 7to salvation7 0 v5om4 ,j4 ,d4 #i4 ,subjects s9 if !y d n wor%ip ,god accord+ to ! laws ( ! commonweal?4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! n9? he ha? poison$1 & made x n m9e4 ,he quotes my book ,de ,cive1 cap4 ,,xv4 #ai1 :]e ,i say1 regnante ,deo p] solam rationem naturalem1 t is1 be=e ! ,scripture 0 giv51 !y s9n$ t refus$ to wor%ip ,god1 accord+ to ! rites & c]emonies ( ! c\ntry2 :i* ha? no ill sc5t1 b to undutiful subjects4 ,j4 ,d4 #aj4 ,to believe 9 ,jesus 79 ,jesum71 is ! same z to believe t ,jesus is ,*ri/4 ,t4 ,h4 ,& s x is always 9 ! ,scripture4 ,j4 ,d4 #aa4 ,!re c be no contradiction betwe5 ! laws ( ,god1 & ! laws ( a ,*ri/ian commonweal?4 ,yet1 we see ,*ri/ian commonweal?s daily contradict "o ano!r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! elev5? is also good4 ,b 8 ,lord%ip's in/ance1 t ,*ri/ian commonweal?s contradict "o ano!r1 has no?+ to d "h4 ,_! laws d inde$ contradict "o ano!r1 b contradict n ! law ( ,god4 ,= ,god comm&s _! subjects to obey !m 9 all ?+s1 & 8 ,lord%ip himself confesse? t _! laws1 ?\gh errone\s1 b9d ! consci5ce4 ,b ,*ri/ian commonweal?s w\ld seldom contradict "o ano!r1 if !y made no doctr9e law1 b su* z 7 necess>y to salvation4 ,j4 ,d4 #ab4 ,no man give? b ) int5tion ( "s good to himself4 ,( all volunt>y acts1 ! object is to e man 8 own good4 ,moses1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ! ,decii 7 n ( 8 m9d4 ,t4 ,h4 ,t :i* 8 ,lord%ip adds to ! twelf?1 namely1 t ,moses1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ! ,decii 7 n ( my m9d1 is false4 ,= ! two =m] did :at !y did = a good to !mselves1 :i* 0 et]nal life2 & ! ,decii = a good fame aft] dea?4 ,& 8 ,lord%ip also1 if he _h believ$ !re is an et]nal happ9ess to come1 or ?\ght a good fame aft] dea? to be any?+ wor?1 w\ld h direct$ all 8 actions t[>ds !m1 & h despis$ ! weal? & titles ( ! pres5t _w4 ,j4 ,d4 #ac4 ,!re is no natural k ( man's e/ate aft] dea?1 mu* less ( rew>d :i* is !n to be giv5 to brea* ( fai?1 b only a belief gr\nd$ ^u o!r m5's say+1 t !y "k x sup]naturally1 or t !y "k ^? t knew !m t knew o!rs t knew x sup]naturally4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! ?irte5? is good & fre%4 ,j4 ,d4 #ad4 ,david's kill+ ( ,uriah 0 no injury to ,uriah2 because ! "r to d :at he pleas$1 0 giv5 him by ,uriah himself4 ,t4 ,h4 ,david himself makes ?is good1 9 say+1 to !e only h ,i s9n$4 ,j4 ,d4 #ae4 ,to :om x belonge? to det]m9e controv]sies :i* may arise f ! div]s int]pretations ( ,scripture1 he ha? an imp]ial p[] ov] all m51 :i* ackn[l$ge ! ,scripture to be ! ^w ( ,god4 #af4 ,:at is !ft1 :at is murd]1 :at is adult]y1 & univ]sally :at is an injury1 is kn[n by ! civil law1 t is1 by ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign4 ,t4 ,h4 ,= ! fifte5?1 he %\ld h disput$ x ) ! head ( ! *ur*4 ,& z to ! sixte5?1 ,i w\ld h ask$ him by :at o!r law 8 ,lord%ip w\ld h x det]m9$ :at is !ft1 or :at is injury1 ?an by ! laws made 9 p>liam5t1 or by ! laws :i* di/+ui% betwe5 meum & tuum8 ,8 ,lord%ip's ignorance smells rankly 7'tis 8 own phrase 9 ?is & _m o!r places1 :i* ,i h let pass7 ( 8 own int]e/4 ,! ,k+ tells u :at is s91 9 t he tells u :at is law4 ,he ha? au?oriz$ ! cl]gy to dehort ! p f s91 & to exhort !m1 by good motives bo? f ,scripture & reason1 to obey ! laws2 & suppose? !m 7?\gh "u =ty ye>s old71 by ! help !y h 9 ! univ]sity1 able1 9 case ! law be n writt51 to tea* ! p1 old & "y1 :at !y ought to foll[ 9 d\btful cases ( consci5ce2 t is to say1 !y are au?oriz$ to exp\nd ! laws ( nature2 b n s z to make x a d\btful case1 :e!r ! ,k+'s laws be to be obey$ or n4 ,all !y ought to d1 is f ! ,k+'s au?ority4 ,& !re=e ?is my doctr9e is no we$4 ,j4 ,d4 #ag4 ,he admitte? ince/u\s copulations ( ! hea!ns1 accord+ to _! hea!ni% laws1 to h be5 lawful m>riages4 ,?\gh ! ,scripture tea* u 7,levit4 xviii4 #bh7 expressly1 t = ^? abom9ations ! l& ( ,canaan spu$ out h] inhabitants4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! sev5te5? he ha? corrupt$ ) a false int]pretation ( ! text4 ,= 9 t *apt]1 f ! beg9n+ to v]se tw5ty1 are =bidd5 m>riages 9 c]ta9 degrees ( k9dr$4 ,f v]se tw5ty1 :i* beg9s ) ,moreov]1 to ! tw5ty-eigh?1 are =bidd5 sacrific+ ( *ildr5 to ,molo*1 & pr(an+ ( ,god's "n1 & bugg]y ) man & bea/1 ) ?is cause express$1 7,= all ^! abom9ations h ! m5 ( ! l& done :i* 7 be=e y1 & ! l& is defil$17 t ! l& spue n y out also4 ,z = m>riages )9 ! degrees prohibit$1 !y are n ref]r$ to ! abom9ations ( ! hea!n4 ,besides1 = "s "t aft] ,adam1 su* m>riages 7 necess>y4 ,j4 ,d4 #ah4 ,i say t no o!r article ( fai? besides ?is1 t ,jesus is ,*ri/1 is necess>y to a ,*ri/ian man = salvation4 #ai4 ,because ,*ri/'s k+dom is n ( ?is _w1 !re=e nei!r c 8 m9i/]s1 unless !y be k+s1 require ob$i5ce 9 8 "n4 ,!y h no "r ( comm&+1 no p[] to make laws4 ,t4 ,h4 ,^! two smell com=tably1 & ( ,scripture4 ,! contr>y doctr9e smells ( ambition & encroa*m5t ( jurisdiction1 or rump ( ! ,roman tyranny4 ,j4 ,d4 #bj4 ,i pass by 8 errors ab\t oa?s1 ab\t v[s1 ab\t ! resurrection1 ab\t ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 ab\t ! p[] ( ! keys1 b9d+1 loos+1 excommunication1 c41 8 ignorant mi/akes ( m]itum congrui & condigni1 active & passive ob$i5ce1 & _m m1 = fe> ( be+ t$i\s to ! read]4 ,t4 ,h4 ,! t]ms ( ,s*ool div9ity1 ( :i* numb] are m]itum congrui1 m]itum condigni1 & passive ob$i5ce1 are s obscure1 z no man liv+ c tell :at !y mean2 s t !y t use !m may admit or d5y _! mean+1 z x %all s]ve _! turns4 ,i said n t ?is 0 _! mean+1 b t ,i ?\ght x 0 s4 ,= no man liv+ c tell :at a ,s*oolman means by 8 words4 ,!re=e ,i exp\nd$ !m accord+ to _! true signification4 ,m]it ex condigno1 is :5 a ?+ is des]v$ by pact2 z :5 ,i say ! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 hire1 ,i mean m]itum ex condigno4 ,b :5 a man ( 8 own grace ?r[e? money among ! p1 ) an int5tion t :at "p soev] ( x any ( !m c\ld cat* he %\ld h1 he t cat*e? m]its x1 n by pact1 nor by prec$5t m]it1 z a lab\r]1 b because x 0 congru5t to ! purpose ( him t ca/ x among/ !m4 ,9 all o!r mean+ ^! words are b j>gon1 :i* 8 ,lord%ip _h le>nt by rote4 ,also passive ob$i5ce signifies no?+1 except x may be call$ passive ob$i5ce :5 a man refra9e? himself f do+ :at ! law ha? =bidd54 ,= 9 8 ,lord%ip's s5se1 ! ?ief t is hang$ = /eal+1 ha? fulfill$ ! law2 :i* ,i ?9k is absurd4 ,j4 ,d4 ,8 :ole works are a heap ( mis-%ap5 errors1 & absurd p>adoxes1 v5t$ ) ! confid5ce ( a juggl]1 ! brags ( a m\ntebank1 & ! au?ority ( "s ,py?agoras1 or ?ird ,cato1 lately dropp$ d[n f heav54 ,?us we h se5 h[ ! ,hobbian pr9ciples d de/roy ! exi/5ce1 ! simplicity1 ! ubiquity1 ! et]nity1 & inf9it5ess ( ,god1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 ! hypo/atical union1 ! k+ly1 sac]dotal1 & prophetical (fice ( ,*ri/1 ! be+ & op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 heav51 hell1 angels1 devils1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! ,ca?olic & all national *ur*es2 ! holy ,scriptures1 holy ord]s1 ! holy sacram5ts1 ! :ole frame ( religion1 & ! wor%ip ( ,god2 ! laws ( nature1 ! reality ( goodness1 ju/ice1 piety1 hone/y1 consci5ce1 & all t is sacr$4 ,if 8 disciples h su* an implicit fai?1 t !y c dige/ all ^! ?+s1 !y may fe$ ) o/ri*es4 ,t4 ,h4 ,he "h concludes 8 fir/ *apt] ) bitt] reproa*es1 to leave 9 8 read]1 z he ?\ght1 a /+2 suppos+ p]haps t he w read no?+ b ! beg9n+ & end ( 8 book1 z is ! cu/om ( _m m54 ,b to make him lose t petty piece ( cunn+1 ,i mu/ desire ( ! read] "o ( ^! two ?+s4 ,ei!r t he w\ld read ) x ! places ( my ,levia?an :i* he cites1 & see n only h[ he answ]s my argum5ts1 b also :at ! argum5ts are :i* he produce? aga9/ !m2 or else1 t he w\ld =be> to condemn me1 s mu* z 9 8 ?\ght3 = o!rwise he is unju/4 ,! "n ( ,bi%op is ( great au?ority2 b ^! words are n ! words ( a bi%op1 b ( a passionate ,s*oolman1 too fi]ce & unseemly 9 any man :atsoev]4 ,besides1 !y are untrue4 ,:o t kn[s me1 w say t ,i h ! confid5ce ( a juggl]1 or t ,i use to brag ( any?+1 mu* less t ,i play ! m\ntebank8 ,:at my works are1 he 0 no fit judge4 ,b n[ he has provok$ me1 ,i w say ?us mu* ( !m1 t nei!r he1 7if he _h liv$71 nor ,i1 if ,i w\ld1 c\ld ext+ui% ! light :i* is set up 9 ! _w by ! greate/ "p ( !m3 & = ^! doctr9es :i* he impugne?1 ,i h few oppos]s1 b su* ^: pr(it1 or ^: fame 9 le>n+ is conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,he accuses me fir/ ( de/roy+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 t is to say1 he w\ld make ! _w believe ,i 7 an a!i/4 ,b ^u :at gr\nd8 ,because ,i say1 t ,god is a _s1 b corporeal4 ,b to say t1 is all[$ me by ,/4 ,paul1 t says 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #dd73 ,!re is a spiritual body1 & !re is an animal body4 ,he t holds !re is a ,god1 & t ,god is really some:at1 7= body is d\btlessly a real sub/ance71 is z f> f be+ an a!i/1 z x is possible to be4 ,b he t says ,god is an incorporeal sub/ance1 no man c be sure :e!r he be an a!i/ or n4 ,= no man liv+ c tell :e!r !re be any sub/ance at all1 t is n also corporeal4 ,= nei!r ! ^w incorporeal1 nor immat]ial1 nor any ^w equival5t to x1 is to be f\nd 9 ,scripture1 or 9 reason4 ,b on ! contr>y1 t ! ,godhead dwelle? bodily 9 ,*ri/1 is f\nd 9 ,colos4 ii4 #i2 & ,t]tullian ma9ta9s t ,god is ei!r a corporeal sub/ance or no?+4 ,nor 0 he ev] condemn$ = x by ! *ur*4 ,= :y8 ,n only ,t]tullian1 b all ! le>n$1 call body1 n only t :i* "o c see1 b also :atsoev] has magnitude1 or t is some:]e2 = !y _h great] rev]5ce = ! div9e sub/ance1 ?an t !y dur/ ?9k x _h no magnitude1 or 0 n[h]e4 ,b !y t hold ,god to be a phantasm1 z did ! exorci/s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 t is1 su* a ?+ z 7 at t "t ?\ght to be ! sprights1 t 7 said to walk 9 *ur*y>ds & to be ! s\ls ( m5 buri$1 d absolutely make ,god to be no?+ at all4 ,b h[8 ,7 !y a!i/s8 ,no4 ,= ?\gh by ignorance ( ! consequ5ce !y said t :i* 0 equival5t to a!ism1 yet 9 _! he>ts !y ?\ght ,god a sub/ance1 & w\ld also1 if !y _h kn[n :at sub/ance & :at corporeal meant1 h said he 0 a corporeal sub/ance4 ,s t ?is a!ism by consequ5ce is a v easy ?+ to be fall5 into1 ev5 by ! mo/ godly m5 ( ! *ur*4 ,he also t says t ,god is :olly "h1 & :olly !re1 & :olly e :]e1 de/roys by consequ5ce ! unity ( ,god1 & ! inf9it5ess ( ,god1 & ! simplicity ( ,god4 ,& ?is ! ,s*oolm5 d1 & are !re=e a!i/s by consequ5ce1 & yet !y d n all say 9 _! he>ts t !re is no ,god4 ,s also 8 ,lord%ip by exempt+ ! w ( man f be+ subject to ! necessity ( ,god's w or decree1 d5ies by consequ5ce ! ,div9e presci5ce1 :i* also w am\nt to a!ism by consequ5ce4 ,b out ( ?is1 t ,god is a _s corporeal & inf9itely pure1 !re c no unwor?y or di%on\rable consequ5ce be drawn4 ,?us f> to 8 ,lord%ips fir/ *apt]1 9 ju/ification ( my ,levia?an z to matt] ( religion2 & especially to wipe (f t unju/ sl&] ca/ ^u me by ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry4 ,z = ! second *apt]1 :i* conc]ns my civil doctr9es1 s9ce my errors !re1 if !re be any1 w n t5d v mu* to my disgrace1 ,i w n take ! pa9s to answ] x4 ,:]eas 8 ,lord%ip has talk$ 9 8 disc\rse "h & !re ignorantly ( h]esy1 & "s o!rs h n d\bt$ to say publicly1 t !re be _m h]esies 9 my ,levia?an2 ,i w add h]eunto1 = a g5]al answ]1 an hi/orical relation conc]n+ ! ^w ,h]esy1 f ! fir/ use ( x among/ ! ,grecians till ?is pres5t "t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,n>ration ,,conc]n+ ,,h]esy1 ,,& ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,!re(4 ------- 8,nam veluti pu]i trepidant1 atque omnia ccis ,9 t5ebris metuunt3 sic nos 9 luce timemus ,int]dum1 nihilo qu sunt metu5da magis1 quam ,qu pu]i 9 t5ebris pavitant1 f+untque futura40 ,,lucretius1 ,lib4 ,,ii4 #ed-eg4 ,h,,rese,s ,,l>vas1 ,,sect>um ,,immania ,,mon/ra ,,hobbius ,,invicto ,,dispulit ,,+5io4 ,,conc]n+ ,,h]esy1 ,,& ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,!re(4 -------------- ,! ^w h]esy is ,greek1 & signifies a tak+ ( any ?+1 & p>ticul>ly ! tak+ ( an op9ion4 ,aft] ! /udy ( philosophy began 9 ,greece1 & ! philosoph]s1 disagree+ among/ !mselves1 _h />t$ _m que/ions1 n only ab\t ?+s natural1 b also moral & civil2 because e man took :at op9ion he pleas$1 ea* sev]al op9ion 0 call$ a h]esy2 :i* signifi$ no m ?an a private op9ion1 )\t ref]5ce to tru? or falsehood4 ,! beg9n]s ( ^! h]esies 7 *iefly ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,epicurus1 ,z5o2 m51 :o z !y held _m errors1 s also f\nd !y out _m true & useful doctr9es1 9 all k9ds ( le>n+3 & = t cause 7 well e/eem$ ( by ! greate/ p]sonages ( _! own times2 & s also 7 "s few ( _! foll[]s4 ,b ! re/1 ignorant m51 & v (t5 ne$y knaves1 hav+ le>n$ by he>t ! op9ions ( ^! admir$ philosoph]s1 & pret5d+ to take aft] !m1 made use !re( to get _! liv+ by ! tea*+ ( ri* m5's *ildr5 t happ5$ to be 9 love ) ^? great names3 ?\gh by _! imp]t95t disc\rse1 sordid & ridicul\s mann]s1 !y 7 g5]ally despis$1 ( :at sect or h]esy soev]2 :e!r !y 7 ,py?agoreans2 or ,academics1 foll[]s ( ,plato2 or ,p]ipatetics1 foll[]s ( ,ari/otle2 ,epicureans2 or ,/oics1 foll[]s ( ,z5o4 ,= ^! 7 ! names ( h]esies1 or1 z ! ,lat9s call !m1 sects1 a sequ5do1 s mu* talk$ ( f aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] till ?is pres5t day1 & t h p]petually tr\bl$ or deceiv$ ! p ) :om !y liv$1 & 7 nev] m num]\s ?an 9 ! "t ( ! primitive *ur*4 ,! h]esy ( ,ari/otle1 by ! revolutions ( "t1 has _h ! good =tune to be pr$om9ant ov] ! re/4 ,h[ev]1 orig9ally ! "n ( h]esy 0 no disgrace1 nor ! ^w h]etic at all 9 use3 ?\gh ! sev]al sects1 especially ! ,epicureans & ! ,/oics1 hat$ "o ano!r2 & ! ,/oics1 be+ ! fi]c] m51 us$ to revile ^? t diff]$ f !m1 ) ! mo/ despiteful words !y c\ld inv5t4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 b t1 by ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les & disciples ( ,*ri/1 9 ,greece & o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman empire full ( ^! philosoph]s1 _m ?\s&s ( m5 7 conv]t$ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 "s really1 & "s feign$ly1 = facti\s ends1 or = ne$2 = ,*ri/ians liv$ !n 9 common1 & 7 *>itable4 ,& because mo/ ( ^! philosoph]s _h bett] skill 9 disput+ & oratory ?an ! common p1 & !reby 7 bett] qualifi$ bo? to def5d & propagate ! ,gospel1 !re is no d\bt1 ,i say1 b mo/ ( ! pa/ors ( ! primitive *ur* 7 = t reason *os5 out ( ! numb] ( ^! philosoph]s2 :o reta9+ /ill _m doctr9es :i* !y _h tak5 up on ! au?ority ( _! =m] ma/]s1 :om !y _h 9 rev]5ce1 endeav\r$ _m ( !m to draw ! ,scriptures e "o to 8 own h]esy4 ,& ?us at fir/ ent]$ h]esy into ! *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,yet ^! m5 7 all ( !m ,*ri/ians2 z !y 71 :5 !y 7 fir/ baptiz$4 ,nor did !y d5y ! au?ority ( ^? writ+s :i* 7 left !m by ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s1 ?\gh !y int]pret$ !m1 _m times1 ) a bias to _! =m] philosophy4 ,& ?is diss5tion among/ !mselves1 0 a great sc&al to ! unbeliev]s1 & :i* n only ob/ruct$ ! way ( ! ,gospel1 b also drew scorn & great] p]secution ^u ! *ur*4 ,= rem$y :]e(1 ! *ief pa/ors ( *ur*es did use1 at ! ris+ ( any new op9ion1 to assemble !mselves = ! exam9+ & det]m9+ ( ! same4 ,:]e91 if ! au?or ( ! op9ion 7 conv9c$ ( 8 error1 & subscrib$ to ! s5t5ce ( ! *ur* assembl$1 !n all 0 well aga93 b if he /ill p]si/$ 9 x1 !y laid him aside1 & consid]$ him b z an hea!n man2 :i* to an unfeign$ ,*ri/ian1 0 a great ignom9y1 & ( =ce to make him consid] bett] ( 8 own doctr9e2 & sometimes br\ght him to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! tru?4 ,b o!r puni%m5t !y c\ld inflict none2 t be+ a "r appropriat$ to ! civil p[]4 ,s t all ! puni%m5t ! *ur* c\ld inflict1 0 only ignom9y2 & t among ! fai?ful1 consi/+ 9 ?is1 t 8 company 0 by all ! godly avoid$1 & he himself br&$ ) ! "n ( h]etic1 9 opposition to ! :ole *ur*1 t condemn$ 8 doctr9e4 ,s t ca?olic & h]etic 7 t]ms relative2 & "h x 0 t h]etic came to be a "n1 & a "n ( disgrace1 bo? toge!r4 ,! fir/ & mo/ tr\blesome h]esies ( ! primitive *ur*1 7 ab\t ! ,tr9ity4 ,=1 accord+ to ! usual curiosity ( natural philosoph]s1 !y c\ld n ab/a9 f disput+ ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 into :i* !y 7 baptiz$1 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,"s !re 7 t made !m allegorical4 ,o!rs w\ld make "o creator ( good1 & ano!r ( evil2 :i* 0 9 effect to set up two ,gods1 "o contr>y to ano!r2 suppos+ t causation ( evil c\ld n be attribut$ to ,god1 )\t impiety4 ,f :i* doctr9e !y are n f> di/ant1 t n[ make ! fir/ cause ( s9ful actions to be e man z to 8 own s94 ,o!rs !re 71 t w\ld h ,god to be a body ) p>ts organical1 z face1 h&s1 =e-p>ts1 & back-p>ts4 ,o!rs1 t ,*ri/ _h no real body1 b 0 a m]e phantasm3 = phantasms 7 tak5 !n1 & h be5 ev] s9ce1 by unle>n$ & sup]/iti\s m51 = ?+s real & subsi/5t4 ,o!rs d5i$ ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,o!rs1 t ,*ri/1 be+ ,god & man1 0 two p]sons4 ,o!rs confess$ he 0 "o p]son1 & )al t he _h b "o nature4 ,& a great _m o!r h]esies arose f ! too mu* adh]5ce to ! philosophy ( ^? times3 :]e( "s 7 suppress$ = a "t by ,/4 ,john's publi%+ 8 ,gospel1 & "s by _! own unreasonabl5ess vani%$1 & "s la/$ till ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 & aft]4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 made s by ! assi/ance & val\r ( ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s1 _h atta9$ to be ! only ,roman ,emp]or1 he also himself became a ,*ri/ian1 & caus$ ! temples ( ! hea!n gods to be demoli%$1 & au?oris$ ,*ri/ian religion only to be public4 ,b t[>ds ! latt] end ( 8 "t1 !re arose a dispute 9 ! city ( ,alex&ria1 betwe5 ,alex&] ! ,bi%op1 & ,arius1 a presbyt] ( ! same city2 :]e9 ,arius ma9ta9$1 fir/1 t ,*ri/ 0 inf]ior to 8 ,fa!r2 & aft]w>ds1 t he 0 no ,god1 alleg+ ! words ( ,*ri/1 my ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i3 ! bi%op1 on ! contr>y1 alleg+ ! words ( ,/4 ,john1 & ! ^w 0 ,god2 & ! words ( ,/4 ,?omas1 my ,"l & my ,god4 ,?is controv]sy pres5tly1 among/ ! inhabitants & soldi]s ( ,alex&ria1 became a qu>rel1 & 0 ! cause ( mu* blood%$ 9 & ab\t ! city2 & 0 likely !n to spread fur!r1 z aft]w>ds x did4 ,?is s f> conc]n$ ! ,emp]or's civil gov]nm5t1 t he ?\ght x necess>y to call a g5]al c\ncil ( all ! bi%ops & o!r em95t div9es ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire1 to meet at ! city ( ,nice4 ,:5 !y 7 assembl$1 !y pres5t$ ! ,emp]or ) libels ( accusation "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,:5 he _h receiv$ ^! libels into 8 h&s1 he made an oration to ! fa!rs assembl$1 exhort+ !m to agree1 & to fall 9 h& ) ! settlem5t ( ! articles ( fai?1 = :i* cause he _h assembl$ !m2 say+1 :atsoev] !y %\ld decree !re91 he w\ld cause to be obs]v$4 ,?is may p]haps seem a great] indiff]5cy1 ?an w\ld 9 ^! days be approv$ (4 ,b s x is 9 ! hi/ory2 & ! articles ( fai? necess>y to salvation1 7 n ?\ght !n to be s _m z aft]w>ds !y 7 def9$ to be by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e _h end$ 8 oration1 he caus$ ! a=esaid libels to be ca/ into ! fire1 z became a wise k+ & a *>itable ,*ri/ian4 ,?is done1 ! fa!rs fell 9 h& ) _! bus9ess1 & foll[+ ! me?od ( a =m] cre$1 n[ commonly call$ ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 made a confession ( fai?1 viz43 ,i ,,believe ,,9 ,,"o ,,god1 ,,! ,,fa!r ,,almighty1 ,,mak] ,,( ,,heav5 ,,& ,,e>?1 ,,& ,,( ,,all ,,?+s ,,visible ,,& ,,invisible3 9 :i* is condemn$ ! poly!ism ( ! ,g5tiles3 ,,& ,,9 ,,"o ,,"l ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 ,,! ,,only ,,begott5 ,,son ,,( ,,god3 aga9/ ! _m sons ( ! _m ,gods ( ! hea!n3 ,,begott5 ,,( ,,8 ,,fa!r ,,be=e ,,all ,,worlds1 ,,god ,,( ,,god3 aga9/ ! ,arians3 ,,v ,,god ,,( ,,v ,,god3 aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians1 & aga9/ ! h]esy ( ,apelles & o!rs1 :o made ,*ri/ a m]e phantasm3 ,,light ,,( ,,light3 ?is 0 put 9 = explication1 & us$ be=e to t purpose by ,t]tullian3 ,,begott51 ,,n ,,made1 ,,be+ ,,( ,,"o ,,sub/ance ,,) ,,! ,,fa!r3 9 ?is aga9 !y condemn ! doctr9e ( ,arius4 ,= ?is ^w1 ( "o sub/ance1 9 ,lat9 consub/antialis1 b 9 ,greek 1 t is1 ( "o ess5ce1 0 put z a t\*/one to disc]n an ,arian f a ,ca?olic2 & mu* ado !re 0 ab\t x4 ,con/ant9e himself1 at ! pass+ ( ?is cre$1 took notice ( x = a h>d ^w2 b yet approv$ ( x1 say+1 t 9 a div9e my/]y x 0 fit to use div9a et arcana v]ba2 t is1 div9e words1 & hidd5 f human und]/&+3 call+ t ^w 1 div9e1 n because x 0 9 ! div9e ,scripture1 7= x is n !re7 b because x 0 to him arcanum1 t is1 n suffici5tly und]/ood4 ,& 9 ?is aga9 appe>$ ! indiff]5cy ( ! ,emp]or1 & t he _h = 8 end1 9 ! call+ ( ! ,synod1 n s mu* ! tru?1 z ! uni=mity ( ! doctr9e1 & peace ( 8 p t dep5d$ on x4 ,! cause ( ! obscurity ( ?is ^w 1 proce$$ *iefly f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ,roman dialect1 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion 9 all nations1 is1 t ,god is1 t is to say1 t ,god really is some?+1 & n a m]e fancy2 b t :i* is really some?+1 is consid]able alone by itself1 z be+ some:]e4 ,9 :i* s5se a man is a ?+ real2 = ,i c consid] him to be1 )\t consid]+ any o!r ?+ to be besides him4 ,& = ! same reason1 ! e>?1 ! air1 ! />s1 heav51 & _! p>ts1 are all ( !m ?+s real4 ,& because :atsoev] is real "h1 or !re1 or 9 any place1 has dim5sions1 t is to say1 magnitude2 t :i* ha? magnitude1 :e!r x be visible or invisible1 f9ite or inf9ite1 is call$ by all ! le>n$ a body4 ,x foll[e?1 t all real ?+s1 9 t !y are some:]e1 are corporeal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ess5ce1 deity1 humanity1 & su* l names1 signify no?+ t c be consid]$1 )\t fir/ consid]+ !re is an ens1 a god1 a man1 c4 ,s also if !re be any real ?+ t is :ite or black1 hot or cold1 ! same may be consid]$ by itself2 b :it5ess1 blackness1 heat1 coldness1 _c be consid]$1 unless x be fir/ suppos$ t !re is "s real ?+ to :i* !y are attribut$4 ,^! real ?+s are call$ by ! ,lat9 philosoph]s1 entia1 subjecta1 sub/anti2 & by ! ,greek philosoph]s1 1 4 ,! o!r1 :i* are incorporeal1 are call$ by ! ,greek philosoph]s1 1 2 b mo/ ( ! ,lat9 philosoph]s us$ to conv]t into sub/antia1 & s conf\nd real & corporeal ?+s ) incorporeal3 :i* is n well2 = ess5ce & sub/ance signify div]s ?+s4 ,& ?is mi/ake is receiv$1 & cont9ues /ill 9 ^! p>ts1 9 all disputes1 bo? ( philosophy & div9ity2 = 9 tru? ess5tia signifies no m1 ?an if we %\ld talk ridicul\sly ( ! isness ( ! ?+ t is4 ,,by ,,:om ,,all ,,?+s ,,7 ,,made4 ,?is is prov$ out ( ,/4 ,john i4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & ,heb4 i4 #c1 & t aga9 out ( ,g54 i4 :]e ,god is said to create e ?+ by 8 sole ^w1 z :5 he said3 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,& !n1 t ,*ri/ 0 t ,^w1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god1 may be ga!r$ out ( div]s places ( ,moses1 ,david1 & o!r ( ! prophets4 ,nor 0 x ev] que/ion$ among/ ,*ri/ians1 except by ! ,arians1 b t ,*ri/ 0 ,god et]nal1 & 8 inc>nation et]nally decre$4 ,b ! ,fa!rs1 all t write expositions on ?is cre$1 c\ld n =be> to philosophize ^u x1 & mo/ ( !m out ( ! pr9ciples ( ,ari/otle2 :i* are ! same ! ,s*oolm5 n[ use2 z may p>tly appe> by ?is1 t _m ( !m1 among/ _! treatises ( religion1 h affect$ to publi% pr9ciples ( logic & physics accord+ to ! s5se ( ,ari/otle2 z ,a?anasius1 & ,damasc5e4 ,& s "s lat] div9es ( note1 /ill conf\nd ! concrete ) ! ab/ract1 deus ) deitas1 ens ) ess5tia1 sapi5s ) sapi5tia1 t]nus ) t]nitas4 ,if x be = exact & rigid tru? sake1 :y d !y n say also1 t hol9ess is a holy man1 covet\sness a covet\s man1 hypocrisy an hypocrite1 & drunk5ness a drunk>d1 & ! l1 b t x is an error8 ,! ,fa!rs agree t ! ,wisdom ( ,god is ! et]nal ,son ( ,god1 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 & t he 0 inc>nate by ! ,holy ,gho/1 if !y meant x 9 ! ab/ract3 = if deitas ab/ract$ be deus1 we make two ,gods ( "o4 ,?is 0 well und]/ood by ,john ,damasc5e1 9 8 treatise ,de ,fide ,or?odoxa1 :i* is an exposition ( ! ,nic5e cre$2 :]e he d5ies absolutely t deitas is deus1 le/ see+ ,god 0 made man1 x %\ld foll[1 ! ,deity 0 made man2 :i* is contr>y to ! doctr9e ( all ! ,nic5e ,fa!rs4 ,! attributes !re=e ( ,god 9 ! ab/ract1 :5 !y are put = ,god1 are put metonymically2 :i* is a common ?+ 9 ,scripture2 = example1 ,prov4 viii4 #be1 :]e x is said3 be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1 be=e ! hills1 0 ,i br\ght =?2 ! wisdom !re spok5 (1 be+ ! wisdom ( ,god1 signifies ! same ) ! wise ,god4 ,?is k9d ( speak+ is also ord9>y 9 all languages4 ,?is consid]$1 su* ab/ract$ words ought n to be us$ 9 argu+1 & especially 9 ! d$uc+ ! articles ( our fai?2 ?\gh 9 ! language ( ,god's et]nal wor%ip1 & 9 all godly disc\rses1 !y _c be avoid$2 & ! cre$ itself is less difficult to be ass5t$ to 9 its own words1 ?an 9 all su* expositions ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,,:o ,,= ,,u ,,m5 ,,& ,,our ,,salvation ,,came ,,d[n ,,f ,,heav51 ,,& ,,0 ,,inc>nate ,,by ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/ ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,,m>y1 ,,& ,,0 ,,made ,,man4 ,i h n read ( any exception to ?is2 = :]e ,a?anasius 9 8 cre$ says ( ! ,son1 ,he 0 n made1 b begott51 x is to be und]/ood ( ! ,son z he 0 ,god et]nal2 :]eas "h x is spok5 ( ! ,son z he is man4 ,& ( ! ,son1 also z he 0 man1 x may be said he 0 begott5 ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 = a woman conceive? n1 b ( him t begette?2 :i* is also confirm$1 7,mat?4 i4 xx73 ,t :i* is begott5 9 h]1 7 71 is ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,,& ,,0 ,,also ,,crucifi$ ,,= ,,u ,,"u ,,pontius ,,pilate3 ,,he ,,suff]$ ,,& ,,0 ,,buri$3 ,,& ,,! ,,?ird ,,day ,,he ,,rose ,,aga9 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,& ,,asc5d$ ,,into ,,heav51 ,,& ,,sitte? ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,h& ,,( ,,! ,,fa!r3 ,,& ,,he ,,%all ,,come ,,aga9 ,,) ,,glory ,,to ,,judge ,,bo? ,,! ,,quick ,,& ,,! ,,dead4 ,,^: ,,k+dom ,,%all ,,h ,,no ,,end4 ,( ?is "p ( ! cre$ ,i h n met ) any d\bt made by any ,*ri/ian4 ,hi!r ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice proce$$ 9 _! g5]al confession ( fai?1 & no fur!r4 ,?is f9i%$1 "s ( ! bi%ops pres5t at ! ,c\ncil 7sev5te5 or eighte51 :]e( ,eusebius ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea 0 "o7 n suffici5tly satisfi$1 refus$ to subscribe till ?is doctr9e ( %\ld be bett] expla9$4 ,!reupon ! ,c\ncil decre$1 t :osoev] %all say t ,god ha? p>ts1 %all be ana!matiz$2 to :i* ! said bi%ops subscrib$4 ,& ,eusebius1 by ord] ( ! ,c\ncil1 wrote a lett]1 ! copies :]e( 7 s5t to e abs5t bi%op1 t be+ satisfi$ ) ! reason ( _! subscrib+1 !y also %\ld subscribe4 ,! reason !y gave ( _! subscription 0 ?is1 t !y _h n[ a =m ( words prescrib$1 by :i*1 z a rule1 !y might guide !mselves s1 z n to violate ! peace ( ! *ur*4 ,by ?is x is manife/1 t no man 0 an h]etic1 b he t 9 pla9 & direct words contradict$ t =m by ! *ur* prescrib$1 & t no man c\ld be made an h]etic by consequ5ce4 ,& because ! said =m 0 n put into ! body ( ! cre$1 b direct$ only to ! bi%ops1 !re 0 no reason to puni% any lay-p]son t %\ld speak to ! contr>y4 ,b :at 0 ! mean+ ( ?is doctr9e1 t ,god has no p>ts8 ,0 x made h]esy to say1 t ,god1 :o is a real sub/ance1 _c be consid]$ or spok5 ( z "h or !re1 or any :]e1 :i* are p>ts ( places8 ,or t !re is any real ?+ )\t l5g? e way1 t is to say1 :i* ha? no magnitude at all1 f9ite1 nor inf9ite8 ,or is !re any :ole sub/ance1 ^: two halves or ?ree ?irds are n ! same ) t :ole8 ,or did !y mean to condemn ! argum5t ( ,t]tullian1 by :i* he confut$ ,apelles & o!r h]etics ( 8 "t1 namely1 :atsoev] 0 n corporeal1 0 no?+ b phantasm1 & n corporeal1 = h]etical8 ,no1 c]ta9ly1 no div9es say t4 ,!y w5t to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( "o individual ,god 9 ,tr9ity2 to aboli% ! div]sity ( species 9 ,god1 n ! di/9ction ( "h & !re 9 sub/ance4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul ask$ ! ,cor9?ians1 ,is ,*ri/ divid$1 he did n ?9k !y ?\ght him impossible to be consid]$ z hav+ h&s & feet1 b t !y might ?9k him1 accord+ to ! mann] ( ! ,g5tiles1 "o ( ! sons ( ,god1 z ,arius did2 b n ! only-begott5 ,son ( ,god4 ,& ?us also x is exp\nd$ 9 ! ,cre$ ( ,a?anasius1 :o 0 pres5t 9 t c\ncil1 by ^! words1 n conf\nd+ ! p]sons1 nor divid+ ! sub/ances2 t is to say1 t ,god is n divid$ into ?ree p]sons1 z man is divid$ into ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john2 nor are ! ?ree p]sons "o & ! same p]son4 ,b ,ari/otle1 & f him all ! ,greek ,fa!rs1 & o!r le>n$ m51 :5 !y di/+ui% ! g5]al latitude ( a ^w1 !y call x division2 z :5 !y divide animal into man & bea/1 !y call ^! 1 species2 & :5 !y aga9 divide ! species man into ,pet] & ,john1 !y call ^! 1 p>tes individu4 ,& by ?is conf\nd+ ! division ( ! sub/ance ) ! di/9ction ( words1 div]s m5 h be5 l$ into ! error ( attribut+ to ,god a "n1 :i* is n ! "n ( any sub/ance at all1 viz4 incorporeal4 ,by ^! words1 ,god has no p>ts1 ?us expla9$1 toge!r ) ! "p ( ! cre$ :i* 0 at t "t agre$ on1 _m ( ^? h]esies :i* 7 antec$5t to t fir/ g5]al ,c\ncil1 7 condemn$2 z t ( ,manes1 :o appe>$ ab\t ?irty ye>s be=e ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 by ! fir/ article1 ,i believe 9 "o ,god2 ?\gh 9 o!r words x seems to me to rema9 /ill 9 ! doctr9e ( ! *ur* ( ,rome1 :i* s ascribe? a lib]ty ( ! w to m51 z t _! w & purpose to commit s91 %\ld n proce$ f ! cause ( all ?+s1 ,god2 b orig9ally f !mselves or f ! ,devil4 ,x may seem p]haps to "s1 t by ! same words ! ,an?ropomorphites also 7 !n condemn$3 & c]ta9ly1 if by p>ts 7 meant n p]sons individual1 b pieces1 !y 7 condemn$3 = face1 arms1 feet1 & ! l1 are pieces4 ,b ?is _c be1 = ! ,an?ropomorphites appe>$ n till ! "t ( ,val5s ! ,emp]or1 :i* 0 aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice betwe5 =ty & fifty ye>s2 & 7 n condemn$ till ! second g5]al ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople4 ,n[ = ! puni%m5t ( h]etics orda9$ by ,con/ant9e1 we read ( none2 b t ecclesia/ical (fic]s1 bi%ops & o!r prea*]s1 if !y refus$ to subscribe to ?is fai?1 or taught ! contr>y doctr9e1 7 = ! fir/ fault depriv$ ( _! (fices1 & = ! second bani%$4 ,& ?us did h]esy1 :i* at fir/ 0 ! "n ( private op9ion1 & no crime1 by virtue ( a law ( ! ,emp]or1 made only = ! peace ( ! *ur*1 become a crime 9 a pa/or1 & puni%able ) deprivation fir/1 & next ) bani%m5t4 ,aft] ?is "p ( ! cre$ 0 ?us e/abli%$1 !re arose pres5tly _m new h]esies1 p>tly ab\t ! int]pretation ( x1 & p>tly ab\t ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( :i* ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil _h n det]m9$4 ,conc]n+ ! "p e/abli%$1 !re arose disputes ab\t ! nature ( ,*ri/1 & ! ^w hypo/asis1 id e/1 sub/ance2 = ( p]sons !re 0 yet no m5tion made1 ! cre$ be+ writt5 9 ,greek1 9 :i* language !re is no ^w t answ]e? to ! ,lat9 ^w p]sona4 ,& ! union1 z ! ,fa!rs call$ x1 ( ! human & ,div9e nature 9 ,*ri/1 hypo/atical1 caus$ ,euty*es1 & aft] him ,dioscorus1 to affirm1 !re 0 b "o nature 9 ,*ri/2 ?9k+ t :5soev] two ?+s are unit$1 !y are "o3 & ?is 0 condemn$ z ,arianism 9 ! ,c\ncils ( ,con/ant9ople & ,ephesus4 ,o!rs1 because !y ?\ght two liv+ & rational sub/ances1 su* z are ,god & man1 mu/ ne$s be also two hypo/ases1 ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ _h two hypo/ases3 b ^! 7 two h]esies condemn$ toge!r4 ,!n conc]n+ ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,ne/orius ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 & "s o!rs1 d5i$ ! div9ity !re(4 ,& :]eas ab\t sev5ty ye>s be=e ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 !re _h be5 hold5 a prov9cial ,c\ncil at ,c>?age1 :]e9 x 0 decre$1 t ^? ,*ri/ians :i* 9 ! p]secutions _h d5i$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 %\ld n be receiv$ aga9 into ! *ur* unless !y 7 aga9 baptiz$3 ?is also 0 condemn$1 ?\gh ! ,presid5t 9 t ,c\ncil 0 t mo/ s9c]e & pi\s ,*ri/ian1 ,cyprian4 ,& at la/ ! cre$ 0 made up entire z we h x1 9 ! ,*alc$onian ,c\ncil1 by addition ( ^! words3 ,,& ,i ,,believe ,,9 ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/1 ,,! ,,"l ,,& ,,giv] ,,( ,,life1 ,,:o ,,proce$e? ,,f ,,! ,,fa!r ,,& ,,! ,,son4 ,,:o ,,) ,,! ,,fa!r ,,& ,,! ,,son ,,toge!r ,,is ,,wor%ipp$ ,,& ,,glorifi$4 ,,:o ,,spake ,,by ,,! ,,prophets4 ,,& ,i ,,believe ,,"o ,,ca?olic ,,& ,,apo/olic ,,*ur*4 ,i ,,ackn[l$ge ,,"o ,,baptism ,,= ,,! ,,remission ,,( ,,s9s4 ,,& ,i ,,look ,,= ,,! ,,resurrection ,,( ,,! ,,dead1 ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,to ,,come4 ,9 ?is addition are condemn$1 fir/ ! ,ne/orians & o!rs1 9 ^! words3 ,,:o ,,) ,,! ,,fa!r ,,& ,,! ,,son ,,toge!r ,,is ,,wor%ipp$ ,,& ,,glorifi$3 & secondly1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 9 ^! words3 ,i ,,believe ,,"o ,,baptism ,,= ,,! ,,remission ,,( ,,s9s4 ,= "o baptism is n !re put z opposite to sev]al sorts or mann]s ( baptism1 b to ! it]ation ( x4 ,/4 ,cyprian 0 a bett] ,*ri/ian ?an to all[ any baptism t 0 n 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 ! g5]al confession ( fai? conta9$ 9 ! cre$ call$ ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 !re is no m5tion ( hypo/asis1 nor ( hypo/atical union1 nor ( corporeal1 nor ( incorporeal1 nor ( p>ts2 ! und]/&+ ( :i* words be+ n requir$ ( ! vulg>1 b only ( ! pa/ors1 ^: disagreem5t else might tr\ble ! *ur*2 nor 7 su* po9ts necess>y to salvation1 b set abroa* = o/5tation ( le>n+1 or else to dazzle m51 ) design to lead !m t[>ds "s ends ( _! own4 ,! *anges ( preval5ce 9 ! empire betwe5 ! ,ca?olics & ! ,arians1 & h[ ! great ,a?anasius1 ! mo/ fi]ce ( ! ,ca?olics1 0 bani%$ by ,con/ant9e1 & aft]w>ds re/or$1 & aga9 bani%$1 ,i let pass2 only x is to be rememb]$1 t ,a?anasius is suppos$ to h made 8 cre$ !n1 :5 7bani%$7 he 0 9 ,rome1 ,lib]ius be+ pope2 by :om1 z is mo/ likely1 ! ^w hypo/asis1 z x 0 9 ,a?anasius's ,cre$1 0 dislik$4 ,= ! ,roman *ur* c\ld nev] be br\ght to receive x1 b in/ead !re( us$ _! own ^w p]sona4 ,b ! fir/ & la/ words ( t cre$ ! *ur* ( ,rome refus$ n3 = !y make e article1 n only ^? ( ! body ( ! cre$1 b all ! def9itions ( ! ,nic5e ,fa!rs to be su*1 z a man _c be sav$1 unless he believe !m all /$fa/ly2 ?\gh made only = peace sake1 & to unite ! m9ds ( ! cl]gy1 ^: disputes 7 l to tr\ble ! peace ( ! empire4 ,aft] ^! f\r fir/ g5]al ,c\ncils1 ! p[] ( ! ,roman *ur* grew up apace2 &1 ei!r by ! neglig5ce or weakness ( ! succe$+ ,emp]ors1 ! ,pope did :at he pleas$ 9 religion4 ,!re 0 no doctr9e :i* t5d$ to ! p[] ecclesia/ical1 or to ! rev]5ce ( ! cl]gy1 ! contradiction :]e( 0 n by "o ,c\ncil or ano!r made h]esy1 & puni%$ arbitr>ily by ! ,emp]ors ) bani%m5t or dea?4 ,& at la/ k+s !mselves1 & commonweal?s1 unless !y purg$ _! dom9ions ( h]etics1 7 excommunicat$1 int]dict$1 & _! subjects let loose ^u !m by ! ,pope2 insomu* z to an +5u\s & s]i\s ,*ri/ian1 !re 0 no?+ s dang]\s z to enquire conc]n+ 8 own salvation1 ( ! ,holy ,scripture2 ! c>eless cold ,*ri/ian 0 safe1 & ! skilful hypocrite a sa9t4 ,b ?is is a /ory s well kn[n1 z ,i ne$ n insi/ ^u x any long]1 b proce$ to ! h]etics "h 9 ,engl&1 & :at puni%m5ts 7 orda9$ = !m by acts ( p>liam5t4 ,all ?is :ile ! p5al laws aga9/ h]etics 7 su*1 z ! sev]al pr9ces & /ates1 9 _! own dom9ions1 ?\ght fit to enact4 ,! edicts ( ! emp]ors made _! puni%m5ts capital1 b = ! mann] ( ! execution1 left x to ! prefects ( prov9ces3 & :5 o!r k+s & /ates int5d$1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,roman *ur*1 to extirpate h]etics1 !y orda9$ su* puni%m5t z !y pleas$4 ,! fir/ law t 0 "h made = ! puni%m5t ( h]etics1 call$ ,loll>ds & m5tion$ 9 ! ,/atutes1 0 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! reign ( ,ri*>d ! ,second1 occasion$ by ! doctr9e ( ,john ,wickliff & 8 foll[]s2 :i* ,wickliff1 because no law 0 yet orda9$ = 8 puni%m5t 9 p>liam5t1 by ! fav\r ( ,john ( ,gaunt1 ! ,k+'s son1 dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,?ird1 _h escap$4 ,b 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! next k+1 :i* 0 ,ri*>d ! ,second1 !re pass$ an act ( p>liam5t to ?is effect3 t %]iffs & "s o!rs %\ld h commissions to appreh5d su* z 7 c]tifi$ by ! prelates to be prea*]s ( h]esy1 _! fautors1 ma9ta9]s1 & abettors1 & to hold !m 9 /rong prison1 till !y %\ld ju/ify !mselves1 accord+ to ! law ( holy *ur*4 ,s t hi!rto !re 0 no law 9 ,engl&1 by :i* a h]etic c\ld be put to dea?1 or o!rways puni%$1 ?an by imprison+ him till he 0 reconcil$ to ! *ur*4 ,aft] ?is1 9 ! next k+'s reign1 :i* 0 ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 son ( ,john ( ,gaunt1 by :om ,wickliff _h be5 fav\r$1 & :o 9 8 aspir+ to ! cr[n _h ne$$ ! good w ( ! bi%ops1 0 made a law1 9 ! second ye> ( 8 reign1 :]e9 x 0 enact$1 t e ord9>y may conv5e be=e him1 & imprison any p]son suspect$ ( h]esy2 & t an ob/9ate h]etic %all be burnt be=e ! p4 ,9 ! next k+'s reign1 :i* 0 ,h5ry ! ,fif?1 9 8 second ye>1 0 made an act ( p>liam5t1 :]e9 x is decl>$1 t ! int5t ( h]etics1 call$ ,loll>ds1 0 to subv]t ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! law ( ,god1 ! *ur*1 & ! realm3 & t an h]etic convict %\ld =feit all 8 fee-simple l&s1 goods1 & *attels1 besides ! puni%m5t ( burn+4 ,aga91 9 ! five-&-tw5tie? ye> ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 x 0 enact$1 t an h]etic convict %all abjure 8 h]esies1 & refus+ s to d1 or relaps+1 %all be burnt 9 op5 place1 = example ( o!rs4 ,?is act 0 made aft] ! putt+ d[n ( ! ,pope's au?ority3 & by ?is x appe>s1 t ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh? int5d$ no f>!r alt]ation 9 religion1 ?an ! recov]+ ( 8 own "r ecclesia/ical4 ,b 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 son1 ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,six?1 0 made an act1 by :i* 7 repeal$ n only ?is act1 b also all =m] acts conc]n+ doctr9es1 or matt]s ( religion2 s t at ?is "t !re 0 no law at all = ! puni%m5t ( h]etics4 ,aga91 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ! fir/ & second ye> ( ,que5 ,m>y1 ?is act ( #a ,edw>d ,,vi 0 n repeal$1 b made useless1 by reviv+ ! /atute ( #be ,h5ry ,,viii1 & freely putt+ x 9 execution2 insomu* z x 0 debat$1 :e!r or no !y %\ld proce$ ^u t /atute aga9/ ! ,lady ,elizabe?1 ! ,que5's si/]4 ,! ,lady ,elizabe?1 n long aft]1 by ! dea? ( ,que5 ,m>y1 com+ to ! cr[n1 9 ! fif? ye> ( h] reign1 by act ( ,p>liam5t repeal$ 9 ! fir/ place all ! laws ecclesia/ical ( ,que5 ,m>y1 ) all o!r =m] laws conc]n+ ! puni%m5ts ( h]etics3 nor did %e enact any o!r puni%m5ts 9 _! place4 ,9 ! second place x 0 enact$1 t ! ,que5 by h] lett]s pat5ts %\ld give a commission to ! bi%ops1 ) c]ta9 o!r p]sons1 9 h] ,maje/y's "n1 to execute ! p[] ecclesia/ical2 9 :i* commission1 ! commission]s 7 =bidd5 to adjudge any?+ to be h]esy1 :i* 0 n decl>$ to be h]esy by "s ( ! fir/ f\r g5]al ,c\ncils3 b !re 0 no m5tion made ( g5]al ,c\ncils1 b only 9 t bran* ( ! act :i* au?oris$ t commission1 commonly call$ ! ,high ,commission2 nor 0 !re 9 t commission any?+ conc]n+ h[ h]etics 7 to be puni%$2 b x 0 grant$ to !m1 t !y might decl>e or n decl>e1 z !y pleas$1 to be h]esy or n h]esy1 any ( ^? doctr9es :i* _h be5 condemn$ = h]esy 9 ! fir/ f\r g5]al ,c\ncils4 ,s t dur+ ! "t t ! said ,high ,commission 0 9 be+1 !re 0 no /atute by :i* a h]etic c\ld be puni%$ o!rways1 ?an by ! ord9>y c5sures ( ! *ur*2 nor doctr9e acc\nt$ h]esy1 unless ! commission]s _h actually decl>$ & publi%$1 t all t :i* 0 made h]esy by ^? f\r ,c\ncils1 %\ld be h]esy also n[3 b ,i nev] he>d t any su* decl>ation 0 made ei!r by proclamation1 or by record+ x 9 *ur*es1 or by public pr9t+1 z 9 p5al laws is necess>y2 ! brea*es ( x are excus$ by ignorance4 ,besides1 if h]esy _h be5 made capital1 or o!rwise civilly puni%able1 ei!r ! f\r g5]al ,c\ncils !mselves1 or at lea/ ! po9ts condemn$ 9 !m1 ought to h be5 pr9t$ or put into p>i% *ur*es 9 ,engli%1 because )\t x1 no man c\ld "k h[ to bew>e ( (f5d+ aga9/ !m4 ,"s m5 may p]haps ask1 :e!r nobody 7 condemn$ & burnt = h]esy1 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,high ,commission4 ,i h he>d !re 73 b !y :i* approve su* executions1 may p]adv5ture "k bett] gr\nds = !m ?an ,i d2 b ^? gr\nds are v well wor?y to be enquir$ aft]4 ,la/ly1 9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,*>les ! ,fir/1 %ortly aft] t ! ,scots _h rebelli\sly put d[n ! episcopal gov]nm5t 9 ,scotl&1 ! ,presbyt]ians 9 ,engl& endeav\r$ ! same "h4 ,! k+1 ?\gh he saw ! rebels ready to take ! field1 w\ld n condesc5d to t2 b yet 9 hope to appease !m1 0 cont5t to pass an act ( p>liam5t = ! aboli%+ ! ,high ,commission4 ,b ?\gh ! ,high ,commission 0 tak5 away1 yet ! p>liam5t hav+ o!r ends besides ! sett+ up ( ! ,presbyt]ate1 pursu$ ! rebellion1 & put d[n bo? episcopacy & mon>*y1 erect+ a p[] by !m call$ ,! ,commonweal?1 by o!rs ,! ,rump1 :i* m5 obey$ n out ( duty1 b = fe>2 nor 7 !re any human laws left 9 =ce to re/ra9 any man f prea*+ or writ+ any doctr9e conc]n+ religion t he pleas$4 ,& 9 ?is heat ( ! w>1 x 0 impossible to di/urb ! peace ( ! /ate1 :i* !n 0 none4 ,& 9 ?is "t x 01 t a book call$ ,levia?an 0 writt5 9 def5ce ( ! ,k+'s p[]1 temporal & spiritual1 )\t any ^w aga9/ episcopacy1 or aga9/ any bi%op1 or aga9/ ! public doctr9e ( ! *ur*4 ,x pleas$ ,god1 ab\t twelve ye>s aft] ! usurpation ( ?is ,rump1 to re/ore 8 mo/ graci\s ,maje/y t n[ is1 to 8 fa!r's ?rone1 & pres5tly1 8 ,maje/y re/or$ ! bi%ops1 & p>don$ ! ,presbyt]ians4 ,b !n bo? ! "o & ! o!r accus$ 9 ,p>liam5t ?is book ( h]esy1 :5 nei!r ! bi%ops be=e ! w> _h decl>$ :at 0 h]esy2 :5 if !y _h1 x _h be5 made void by ! putt+ d[n ( ! ,high ,commission at ! importunity ( ! ,presbyt]ians4 ,s fi]ce are m51 = ! mo/ "p1 9 dispute1 :]e ei!r _! le>n+ or p[] is debat$1 t !y nev] ?9k ( ! laws1 b z soon z !y are (f5d$1 !y cry out1 crucifige2 =gett+ :at ,/4 ,paul 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #bd1 #be7 sai?1 ev5 9 case ( ob/9ate hold+ ( an error3 ! s]vant ( ! ,"l mu/ n /rive1 b be g5tle unto all m51 apt to tea*1 pati5t1 9 meekness in/ruct+ ^? t oppose !mselves2 if ,god p]adv5ture w give !m rep5tance1 to ! ackn[l$g+ ( ! tru?3 ( :i* c\nsel1 su* fi]c5ess z ha? appe>$ 9 ! disputation ( div9es1 d[n f be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice to ?is pres5t "t1 is a violation4 ,,f9is4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,consid]ations ,,^u ,,! ,,reputation1 ,,loyalty1 ,,mann]s1 ,,& ,,religion1 ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes1 ,,( ,,malmesbury1 ,,writt5 ,,by ,,himself1 ,,by ,,way ,,( ,,lett] ,,to ,a ,,le>n$ ,,p]son 7,,john ,,wallis1 ,d4,d47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,booksell]',s ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]s4 ------- ,i d "h pres5t y ) a piece ( ,mr4 ,hobbes's writ+2 :i* is n publi%$ f an imp]fect ,,ms4 z 8 ,dialogue ( ! ,civil ,w>s ( ,engl& 01 by "s t _h got accid5tally a copy ( x1 absolutely aga9/ 8 cons5t1 z y may see by "s passages out ( "s ( 8 lett]s to me1 :i* ,i h "h ins]t$4 ,9 8 lett] ( ,june1 #afgi1 he sai?3 8,i w\ld fa9 h publi%$ my ,dialogue ( ! ,civil ,w>s ( ,engl&1 long ago2 & to t end ,i pres5t$ x to 8 ,maje/y3 & "s days aft]1 :5 ,i ?\ght he _h read x1 ,i humbly bes\ght him to let me pr9t x2 b 8 ,maje/y1 ?\gh he he>d me graci\sly1 yet he flatly refus$ to h x publi%$4 ,!re=e ,i br\ght away ! book1 & gave y leave to take a copy ( x2 :i* :5 y _h done1 ,i gave ! orig9al to an hon\rable & le>n$ fri5d1 :o ab\t a ye> aft] di$4 ,! ,k+ kn[s bett]1 & is m conc]n$ 9 publi%+ ( books ?an ,i am3 !re=e ,i d>e n v5ture to appe> 9 ! bus9ess1 le/ x %\ld (f5d him4 ,!re=e ,i pray y n to m$dle 9 ! bus9ess4 ,r ?an to be ?\ght any way to fur!r or c\nt5ance ! pr9t+1 ,i w\ld be cont5t to lose tw5ty times ! value ( :at y c expect to get1 c4 ,i pray d n take x ill2 x may be ,i may live to s5d y some:at else z v5dible z t3 & )\t (f5ce1 ,i re/ ,y\r v humble s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes40 ,*atswor?1 ,june #ai1 #afgi4 7,"p ( 8 lett] 9 ,july1 #afgi47 8,if ,i leave any ,,mss4 wor? pr9t+1 ,i w leave ^w y %all h !m1 if y please4 ,i am ,y\r humble s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes40 ,*atswor?1 ,july #ba1 #afgi4 7,"p ( 8 lett]1 ,augu/1 #afgi47 8,sir1--,i ?ank y = tak+ my advice 9 n /irr+ ab\t ! pr9t+ ( my book conc]n+ ! civil w>s ( ,engl&1 c4 ,i am writ+ some:at = y to pr9t 9 ,engli%1 c4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r humble s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes40 ,*atswor?1 ,aug4 #ah1 #afgi4 ,t no spuri\s brats1 = ! "t to come1 be fa!r$ ^u ! deceas$ au?or1 ,i h pr9t$1 v]batim1 ^! passages out ( 8 lett]s writt5 to me at sev]al times2 _! orig9al ,i h by me4 ,i w be s j to 8 memory1 t ,i w n pr9t any?+ b :at is p]fect1 & fitt$ = ! press4 ,& if any book %all be pr9t$ ) 8 "n to x1 t ha? n be=e be5 pr9t$1 y may be confid5t x is n 81 unless pr9t$ = ,,william ,,crooke4 ,,consid]ations ,,^u ,,! ,,reputation1 c4 ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ------- ,,sir1 ,i am "o ( !m t admire y\r writ+s2 & hav+ read ov] y\r ,hobbius ,heauton-timorum5os1 ,i _c hold f giv+ y "s acc\nt ( ! causes :y ,i admire x4 ,& fir/ ,i consid]$ h[ y h&le him = 8 disloyalty1 9 ^! words 7page #e73 ,8 great ,levia?an1 :]e9 he plac$ 8 ma9 /r5g?1 is n[ some:at out ( season2 :i*1 ^u des]t+ 8 royal ma/] 9 di/ress1 7= he pret5ds to h be5 ! ,k+'s tutor1 ?\gh yet1 f ^? :o h mo/ reason to "k x1 ,i c f9d b little gr\nd = su* a pret5ce71 0 writt5 9 def5ce ( ,oliv]'s title1 or :oev]1 by :atsoev] means1 c get to be upmo/2 plac+ ! :ole "r ( gov]nm5t m]ely 9 /r5g?1 & absolv+ all 8 ,maje/y's subjects f _! allegiance1 :5ev] he is n 9 a pres5t capacity to =ce ob$i5ce4 ,t :i* ,i obs]ve & admire "h1 fir/1 is1 t y left n ?is passage out1 = two reasons2 "o1 because ,mr4 ,hobbes c\ld long = no?+ m ?an su* an occasion to tell ! _w 8 own & y\r little /ories1 dur+ ! "t ( ! late rebellion4 ,:5 ! ,p>liam5t sat1 t began 9 ,april #afdj1 & 0 dissolv$ 9 ,may foll[+1 & 9 :i* _m po9ts ( ! regal p[]1 :i* 7 necess>y = ! peace ( ! k+dom1 & ! safety ( 8 ,maje/y's p]son1 7 disput$ & d5i$1 ,mr4 ,hobbes wrote a little treatise 9 ,engli%1 :]e9 he did set =? & demon/rate1 t ! said p[] & rights 7 insep>ably annex$ to ! sov]eignty2 :i* sov]eignty !y did n !n d5y to be 9 ! ,k+2 b x seems und]/ood n1 or w\ld n und]/& t insep>ability4 ,( ?is treatise1 ?\gh n pr9t$1 _m g5tlem5 _h copies1 :i* occasion$ mu* talk ( ! au?or2 & _h n 8 ,maje/y dissolv$ ! ,p>liam5t1 x _h br\ght him into dang] ( 8 life4 ,he 0 ! fir/ t _h v5tur$ to write 9 ! ,k+'s def5ce2 & "o1 among/ v few1 t ^u no o!r gr\nd b k ( 8 duty & pr9ciples ( equity1 )\t special int]e/1 0 9 all po9ts p]fectly loyal4 ,! ?ird ( ,novemb] foll[+1 !re began a new ,p>liam5t1 consi/+ = ! greate/ "p ( su* m5 z ! p _h elect$ only = _! av]s5ess to ! ,k+'s int]e/4 ,^! proce$$ s fi]cely 9 ! v beg9n+1 aga9/ ^? t _h writt5 or prea*$ 9 ! def5ce ( any "p ( t p[]1 :i* !y also int5d$ to take away1 & 9 grac+ ^? :om ! ,k+ _h disgrac$ = s$ition1 t ,mr4 ,hobbes1 d\bt+ h[ !y w\ld use him1 w5t ov] into ,france1 ! fir/ ( all t fl$1 & !re cont9u$ elev5 ye>s1 to 8 damage "s ?\s&s ( p\nds deep4 ,?is1 ,doctor1 0 y\r "t ( h>ve/3 y 7 9 _! fav\r1 & t1 z y h made x s9ce appe>1 = no goodness4 ,be+ at ,p>is1 he wrote & publi%$ 8 book ,de ,cive1 9 ,lat91 to ! end t all nations :i* %\ld he> :at y & y\r ,con-,cov5ant]s 7 do+ 9 ,engl&1 might dete/ y1 :i* ,i believe !y d2 = ,i "k no book m magnifi$ ?an ?is is beyond ! seas4 ,:5 8 ,maje/y1 t n[ is1 came to ,p>is1 ,mr4 ,hobbes _h ! hon\r to initiate him 9 ! ma!matics2 b nev] 0 s impud5t or ignorant z to call1 or to ?9k himself ! ,k+'s tutor1 z y1 t und]/& n :at t ^w1 out ( ! ,univ]sity1 signifies1 d falsely *>ge him )2 or ev] to say1 t he 0 "o ( 8 ,maje/y's dome/ic s]vants4 ,:ile ^u ?is occasion he /aid ab\t ,p>is1 & _h nei!r enc\ragem5t nor desire to return into ,engl&1 he wrote & publi%$ 8 ,levia?an1 f> f ! int5tion ei!r ( disadvantage to 8 ,maje/y1 or to flatt] ,oliv]1 :o 0 n made ,protector till ?ree or f\r ye>s aft]1 on purpose to make way = 8 return4 ,= !re is sc>ce a page 9 x t does n upbraid bo? him1 & y1 & o!rs su* z y1 ) y\r abom9able hypocrisy & villa9y4 ,nor did he des]t 8 ,maje/y1 z y falsely accuse him1 z 8 ,maje/y himself kn[s4 ,nor 0 8 ,maje/y1 z y unmann]ly t]m x1 9 di/ress4 ,he _h ! title1 "r1 & rev]5ce ( a ,k+1 & ma9ta9$ 8 fai?ful s]vants ) him4 ,x is true t ,mr4 ,hobbes came home1 b x 0 because he w\ld n tru/ 8 safety ) ! ,fr5* cl]gy4 ,d y "k t ev] he s\ght any b5efit ei!r f ,oliv]1 or f any ( 8 p>ty1 or 0 any way famili> ) any ( 8 m9i/]s1 be=e or aft] 8 return2 or curri$ fav\r ) any ( !m1 z y did by d$icat+ a book to 8 vice-*ancellor1 ,ow58 ,did y ev] he> t he took any?+ done to him by 8 ,maje/y 9 evil "p1 or spake ( him o!rwise ?an ! be/ ( 8 s]vants w\ld d2 or t he 0 sull51 sil5t1 or sp>+1 9 prais+ 8 ,maje/y 9 any company1 ^u any occasion8 ,he knew :o 7 8 enemies1 & ^u :at gr\nd !y miscon/ru$ 8 writ+s4 ,b y\r indiscretion appe>s m manife/ly 9 giv+ him occasion to repeat :at y h done1 & to consid] y1 z y pr(ess$ly h consid]$ him4 ,= ) :at equity c x be d5i$ him to repeat y\r manife/ & horrible crimes1 = all y h be5 p>don$2 :5 y publi% falsely pret5d$ faults ( 81 & compreh5d$ 9 ! same p>don8 ,if he %\ld say & publi%1 t y deciph]$ ! lett]s ( ! ,k+ & 8 p>ty1 & !reby deliv]$ 8 ,maje/y's secrets to ! enemy1 & 8 be/ fri5ds to ! scaffold1 & boa/$ ( x 9 y\r book ( ari?metic1 writt5 9 ,lat91 to all ! _w1 z ( a monum5t ( y\r wit1 wor?y to be pres]v$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y3 h[ w y ju/ify y\rself1 if y be reproa*$ = hav+ be5 a rebel & a traitor8 ,x may be y1 or "s = y1 w n[ say1 y deciph]$ ^? lett]s to ! ,k+'s advantage3 b !n y 7 unfai?ful to y\r ma/]s ( ! ,p>liam5t3 a v hone/ pret5ce1 & full ( gallantry1 to excuse treason ) trea*]y1 & to be a d\ble spy4 ,besides1 :o w believe x8 ,:o enabl$ y to d ! ,k+ t fav\r8 ,:y h]d$ y ) 8 enemies8 ,:o br\ght ! ,k+ into a ne$ ( su* a fell['s fav\r1 b !y t fir/ des]t$ him1 & !n made w> ^u him1 & :i* 7 y\r fri5ds & ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 enemies8 ,nay m1 ,i "k n "o enemy ,mr4 ,hobbes !n _h1 b su* z 7 fir/ ! ,k+'s enemies1 &1 because ! ,k+'s1 !re=e 84 ,y\r be+ ( t p>ty1 )\t y\r deciph]+1 am\nts to no m ?an a des]tion4 ,( ! bi%ops t !n 71 & = ^: sakes1 9 "p1 y rais$ ! w>1 !re 0 n "o t foll[$ ! ,k+ out ( ! l&1 ?\gh !y lov$ him1 b liv$ quietly "u ! protection1 fir/ ( ! ,p>liam5t1 & !n ( ,oliv]1 7^: titles & actions 7 equally unju/7 )\t trea*]y4 ,is n ?is z bad z if !y _h gone ov]1 & 7:i* 0 ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 case7 be5 driv5 back aga98 ,i hope y w n call !m all des]t]s1 or1 because by _! /ay "h op5ly !y accept$ ( ! ,p>liam5t's & ( ,oliv]'s protection1 def5d]s ei!r ( ,oliv]'s or ( ! ,p>liam5t's title to ! sov]eign p[]4 ,h[ _m 7 !re 9 t ,p>liam5t at fir/ t did inde$ & volunt>ily des]t ! ,k+1 9 cons5t+ to _m ( _! unju/ actions8 ,_m ( ^! aft]w>ds1 ei!r ^u bett] judgm5t1 or because !y pleas$ n ! faction1 7= x 0 a h>d matt] = su* z 7 n ( ,pym's cabal to please ! ,p>liam5t71 or = "s o!r private ends des]t$ ! ,p>liam5t1 & did "s ( !m m hurt to ! ,k+ ?an if !y _h /ay$ :]e !y 72 = !y _h be5 s affright$ by su* z y1 ) a panic fe> ( tyranny1 t seek+ to help him by way ( composition & %>+1 !y abat$ ! j & necess>y indignation ( 8 armies1 by :i* only 8 "r 0 to be recov]$4 ,t v ent]+ into ! ,cov5ant ) ! ,scotti% nation aga9/ ! ,k+1 is by itself a v great crime1 & y guilty ( x4 ,& s 0 ! impos+ ( ! ,engagem5t1 & y guilty ( t also1 z be+ done by ! !n ,p>liam5t1 ^: democratical pr9ciples y approv$ (4 ,y 7 also assi/+ to ! ,assembly ( ,div9es t made ! ,directory1 & :i* 7 aft]w>ds put d[n by ,oliv] = c\nt]feit+ !mselves ambassadors4 ,& ?is 0 :5 ! ,k+ 0 liv+1 & at ! head ( an army1 :i* ) y\r own endeav\r might h protect$ y4 ,:at crime x is1 ! ,k+ be+ head ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 to make ,directories1 to alt] ! ,*ur*-gov]nm5t1 & to set up new =ms ( ,god's s]vice1 ^u y\r own fancies1 )\t ! ,k+'s au?ority1 ! lawy]s c\ld h told y2 & :at puni%m5t y 7 to expect f x1 y might h se5 9 ! /atute pr9t$ be=e ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,fur!r he may say1 & truly1 t y 7 guilty ( all ! treasons1 murd]s1 & spoil committ$ by ,oliv]1 or by any ^u ,oliv]'s or ! ,p>liam5t's au?ority3 =1 dur+ ! late tr\ble1 :o made bo? ,oliv] & ! p mad1 b ! prea*]s ( y\r pr9ciples8 ,b besides ! wick$ness1 see ! folly ( x4 ,y ?\ght to make !m mad1 b j to su* a degree z %\ld s]ve y\r own turn2 t is to say1 mad1 & yet j z wise z y\rselves4 ,7 y n v imprud5t to ?9k to gov]n madness8 ,paul !y knew1 b :o 7 y8 ,y 7 !y1 t put ! army into ,oliv]'s h&s1 :o be=e1 z mad z he 01 0 too weak1 & too obscure to d any great mis*ief2 ) :i* army he execut$ ^u su* z y1 bo? "h & 9 ,scotl&1 t :i* ! ju/ice ( ,god requir$4 ,!re=e ( all ! crimes1 ! great "o n except$1 done 9 t rebellion1 y 7 guilty2 y1 ,i say1 ,doctor1 h[ little =ce or wit soev] y contribut$1 = y\r good-w to _! cause4 ,! ,k+ 0 hunt$ z a p>tridge 9 ! m\nta9s2 & ?\gh ! h\nds h be5 hang$1 yet ! hunt]s 7 z guilty z !y1 & des]v$ no less puni%m5t4 ,& ! deciph]]s1 & all t blew ! horn1 are to be reckon$ among/ ! hunt]s4 ,p]haps y w\ld n h _h ! prey kill$1 b r h kept x tame4 ,& yet :o c tell8 ,i h read ( few k+s depriv$ ( _! p[] by _! own subjects1 t h liv$ any long "t aft] x1 = reasons t e man is able to conjecture4 ,all ?is is s manife/1 z x ne$s no witnesses4 ,9 ! meantime ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 behavi\r 0 su*1 t ( !m :o appe>$ 9 t sc5e1 he 0 ! only man ,i "k1 except a few t _h ! same pr9ciples ) him1 t has n some?+ m or less to blu% =2 z hav+ ei!r assi/$ t rebelli\s ,p>liam5t1 )\t necessity 7:5 !y might h _h protection f ! ,k+1 if !y _h resort$ to him = x 9 ! field71 by cov5ant+1 or by action1 or ) money or plate1 or by vot+ aga9/ 8 ,maje/y's int]e/1 9 himself or 8 fri5ds2 ?\gh "s ( !m h s9ce by extraord9>y s]vice des]v$ to be receiv$ into fav\r2 b :at is t to y8 ,y are none ( !m2 & yet y d>e to reproa* ! guiltless1 z if aft] s ill fruits ( y\r s]mons1 x 7 n impud5ce en\gh to prea*4 ,i admire fur!r1 t hav+ be5 =giv5 ^! s transc5dant crimes1 s great a debt to ! gall[s1 y take ,mr4 ,hobbes by ! ?roat = a ^w 9 8 ,levia?an1 made a fault by malici\s or ov]-ha/y con/ruction3 = y h !reby1 l ! unm]ciful debtor 9 ! ,gospel1 9 my op9ion1 =feit$ y\r p>don1 & s1 )\t a new "o1 may be hang$ yet4 ,to t o!r *>ge1 t he writ 8 ,levia?an 9 def5ce ( ,oliv]'s title1 he w say1 t y 9 y\r own consci5ce "k x is false4 ,:at 0 ,oliv]1 :5 t book came =?8 ,x 0 9 #afej1 & ,mr4 ,hobbes return$ be=e #afea4 ,oliv] 0 !n b ,g5]al "u y\r ma/]s ( ! ,p>liam5t1 nor _h yet *eat$ !m ( _! usurp$ p[]4 ,= t 0 n done till two or ?ree ye>s aft]1 9 #afec1 :i* nei!r he nor y c\ld =esee4 ,:at title !n ( ,oliv]'s c\ld he pret5d to ju/ify8 ,b y w say1 he plac$ ! "r ( gov]nm5t !re1 :]esoev] %\ld be ! /r5g?2 & s by consequ5ce he plac$ x 9 ,oliv]4 ,is t all8 ,!n prim>ily 8 ,levia?an 0 int5d$ = y\r ma/]s ( ! ,p>liam5t1 because ! /r5g? 0 !n 9 !m4 ,:y did !y n ?ank him = x1 bo? !y & ,oliv] 9 _! turns8 ,!re1 ,doctor1 y deciph]$ ill4 ,= x 0 writt5 9 ! behalf ( ^? _m & fai?ful s]vants & subjects ( 8 ,maje/y1 t _h tak5 8 "p 9 ! w>1 or o!rwise done _! utmo/ endeav\r to def5d 8 ,maje/y's "r & p]son aga9/ ! rebels3 :]eby1 hav+ no o!r means ( protection1 nor1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( subsi/5ce1 !y 7 =c$ to comp\nd ) y\r ma/]s1 & to promise ob$i5ce = ! sav+ ( _! lives & =tunes2 :i* 9 8 book he ha? affirm$ !y might lawfully d1 & consequ5tly n lawfully be> arms aga9/ ! victors4 ,!y t _h done _! utmo/ endeav\r to p]=m _! obligation to ! ,k+1 _h done all t !y c\ld be oblig$ unto2 & 7 consequ5tly at lib]ty to seek ! safety ( _! lives & livelihood :]esoev]1 & )\t trea*]y4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 t book to ju/ify ! submission ( y1 or su* z y1 to ! ,p>liam5t1 aft] ! ,k+'s be+ driv5 f !m1 or to ,oliv]2 = y 7 ! ,k+'s enemies1 & _c pret5d want ( t protection :i* y y\rselves refus$1 d5i$1 f\ght aga9/1 & de/roy$4 ,if a man owe y money1 & y by robb+ him1 or o!r injury1 disable him to pay y1 ! fault is y\r own2 nor ne$s ?is exception1 unless ! cr$itor rob him1 be put into ! condition ( ! bond4 ,protection & ob$i5ce are relative4 ,he t says a man may submit to an enemy = want ( protection1 c nev] be con/ru$1 b t he meant x ( ! ob$i5t4 ,b let u consid] 8 words1 :5 he puts = a law ( nature1 7vol4 iii4 p4 #gjc7 t e man is b\nd1 z mu* z 9 him lie?1 to protect 9 w> ! au?ority by :i* he is himself protect$ 9 "t ( peace2 :i* ,i ?9k is no ungodly or unreasonable pr9ciple4 ,= confirmation ( x1 he def9es 9 :at po9t ( "t x is1 t a subject becomes oblig$ to obey an unju/ conqu]or2 & def9es x ?us3 x is t po9t :]e9 hav+ lib]ty to submit to ! conqu]or1 he cons5te? ei!r by express words1 or by o!r suffici5t signs1 to be 8 subject4 ,i _c see1 ,doctor1 h[ a man c be at lib]ty to submit to 8 new1 t has n fir/ done all he c\ld = 8 old ma/]3 nor if he h done all he c\ld1 :y t lib]ty %\ld be refus$ him4 ,if a man be tak5 by ! ,turk1 & br\ght by t]ror to fight aga9/ 8 =m] ma/]1 ,i see h[ he may be kill$ = x z an enemy1 b n z a crim9al2 nor c ,i see h[ he t ha? lib]ty to submit1 c at ! same "t be b\nd n to submit4 ,b y w say1 p]haps1 t he def9es ! "t ( t lib]ty to ! advantage ( ,oliv]1 9 t he says1 t = an ord9>y subject1 x is !n1 :5 ! means ( 8 life are )9 ! gu>ds & g>risons ( ! enemy2 = x is !n1 t he ha? no protection b f ! enemy = 8 contribution4 ,x 0 n necess>y = him to expla9 x to m5 ( s great und]/&+1 z y & o!r 8 enemies pret5d to be1 by putt+ 9 ! exception1 unless !y came into ^? gu>ds & g>risons by _! own treason4 ,d y ?9k t ,oliv]'s p>ty1 = _! submission to ,oliv]1 c\ld pret5d ! want ( t protection8 ,! words !re=e by !mselves1 )\t t exception1 d signify no m ?an ?is2 t :osoev] _h done z mu* z 9 him did lie1 to protect ! ,k+ 9 w>1 _h lib]ty aft]w>ds to provide !mselves ( su* protection z !y c\ld get2 :i* to ^? ^: means ( life 7 )9 ! gu>ds & g>risons ( ,oliv]1 0 ,oliv]'s protection4 ,d y ?9k1 :5 a battle is lo/1 & y at ! m]cy ( an enemy1 x is unlawful to receive qu>t] ) condition ( ob$i5ce8 ,or if y receive x on t condition1 d y ?9k x hone/y to break promise1 & trea*]\sly murd] him t gave y y\r life8 ,if t 7 good doctr9e1 he 7 a fooli% enemy t w\ld give qu>t] to any man4 ,y see1 !n1 t ?is submission to ,oliv]1 or to y\r !n ma/]s1 is all[$ by ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 doctr9e only to ! ,k+'s fai?ful p>ty1 & n to any t f\ght aga9/ him1 h[soev] !y col\r$ x1 by say+ !y f\ght = ! ,k+ & ,p>liam5t2 nor to any t writ or prea*$ aga9/ 8 cause1 or enc\rag$ 8 adv]s>ies2 nor to any t betray$ 8 c\nsels1 or t int]cept$ or deciph]$ any lett]s ( 81 or ( 8 (fic]s1 or ( any ( 8 p>ty2 nor to any t by any way _h contribut$ to ! dim9ution ( 8 ,maje/y's p[]1 ecclesia/ical or civil2 nor does x absolve any ( !m f _! allegiance4 ,y t make x s he9\s a crime = a man to save himself f viol5t dea?1 by a =c$ submission to a usurp]1 %\ld h consid]$ :at crime x 0 to submit volunt>ily to ! usurp+ ,p>liam5t4 ,i c tell y besides1 :y ^? words 7 put into 8 la/ *apt]1 :i* he calls ! review4 ,x happ5$ at t "t t !re 7 _m hon\rable p]sons1 t hav+ be5 fai?ful & unblemi%$ s]vants to ! ,k+1 & soldi]s 9 8 army1 _h _! e/ates !n seque/]$2 ( :om "s 7 fl$1 b ! =tunes ( !m all 7 at ! m]cy1 n ( ,oliv]1 b ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,"s ( ^! 7 admitt$ to composition1 "s n4 ,!y t comp\nd$1 ?\gh !y help$ ! ,p>liam5t less by _! composition1 ?an !y %\ld h done1 if !y _h /ood out1 by _! confiscation1 yet !y 7 ill-spok5 (1 especially by ^? t _h no e/ates to lose1 nor hope to comp\nd4 ,& x 0 = ?is t he add$ to :at he _h writt5 be=e1 ?is caution1 t if !y w\ld comp\nd1 !y 7 to d x bona fide1 )\t int5tion ( trea*]y4 ,:]e9 he ju/ifi$ _! submission by _! =m] ob$i5ce1 & pres5t necessity2 b condemn$ trea*]y4 ,:]eas y t pret5d to abhor a!ism1 condemn t :i* 0 done ^u necessity1 & ju/ify ! trea*]y3 & y _h reason = x1 t _c o!rwise ju/ify y\rselves4 ,^? /ruggl+s :i* happ5$ aft]w>ds1 lo/ 8 ,maje/y _m a good & able subject1 & /r5g!n$ ,oliv] ) ! confiscation ( _! e/ates2 :i* if !y _h att5d$ ! discord ( _! enemies1 might h be5 sav$4 ,p]haps y w take = a sign ( ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 ill mean+1 t 8 ,maje/y 0 displeas$ ) him4 ,& truly ,i believe he 0 displeas$ = a :ile1 b n v long4 ,!y t compla9$ (1 & miscon/ru$ 8 writ+s1 7 8 ,maje/y's good subjects1 & reput$ wise & le>n$ m51 & !reby obta9$ to h _! miscon/ruction believ$ = "s little "t3 b ! v next summ] aft] 8 com+ away1 two hon\rable p]sons ( ! ,c\rt1 t came ov] into ,engl&1 assur$ him1 t 8 ,maje/y _h a good op9ion ( him2 & o!rs s9ce h told me1 t 8 ,maje/y said op5ly1 t he ?\ght ,mr4 ,hobbes nev] meant him hurt4 ,besides1 8 ,maje/y ha? us$ him m graci\sly ?an is ord9>y to s humble a p]son z he is1 & s great a del9qu5t z y w\ld make him2 & te/ifi$ 8 e/eem ( him 9 8 b\nty4 ,:at argum5t n[ c y draw f h5ce m ?an ?is1 t 8 ,maje/y und]/ood 8 writ+s bett] ?an 8 accus]s did8 ,i admire 9 ! next place1 ^u :at gr\nd y accuse him1 & ) him all ^? t h approv$ 8 ,levia?an1 ) a!ism4 ,i ?\ght once1 t t sl&] _h _h "s1 ?\gh n firm1 gr\nd1 9 t y call 8 a new div9ity3 b = t po9t he w allege ^! words ( 8 ,levia?an 7p4 #dch73 ,by :i* x seeme? to me 7) submission nev]!less1 bo? 9 ?is & all o!r que/ions :]e( ! det]m9ation dep5de? on ! ,scriptures1 to ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible au?oriz$ by ! commonweal?1 ^: subject ,i am71 t1 c4 ,:at is !re 9 ^! words1 b mode/y & ob$i5ce8 ,b y 7 at ?is "t 9 actual rebellion4 ,mr4 ,hobbes1 t holds religion to be a law1 did 9 ord] !reto condemn ! ma9t5ance ( any ( 8 op9ions aga9/ ! law2 & y t reproa* him = !m1 ^u y\r own acc\nt %\ld also h %[n by y\r own le>n+1 :]e9 ! ,scripture1 :i* 0 8 sole pro(1 0 miscit$ or miscon/ru$ by him2 7= he submitt$ to ! laws1 t is to say1 to ! ,k+'s doctr9e1 n to y\rs72 & n h insult$ = ! victory won by ! p[] ( ! law1 to :i* y 7 !n an enemy4 ,ano!r argum5t ( a!ism y take f 8 d5y+ immat]ial or incorporeal sub/ances4 ,let any man imp>tially n[ comp>e 8 religion ) y\rs1 by ?is v measure1 & judge :i* ( ! two sav\rs mo/ ( a!ism4 ,x is by all ,*ri/ians confess$1 t ,god is incompreh5sible2 t is to say1 t !re is no?+ c arise 9 our fancy f ! nam+ ( him1 to resemble him ei!r 9 %ape1 col\r1 /ature1 or nature2 !re is no idea ( him2 he is l no?+ t we c ?9k on4 ,:at !n ought we to say ( him8 ,:at attributes are to be giv5 him 7n speak+ o!rwise ?an we ?9k1 nor o!rwise ?an is fit17 by ^? :o mean to hon\r him8 ,none b su* z ,mr4 ,hobbes ha? set d[n1 namely1 expressions ( rev]5ce1 su* z are 9 use among/ m5 = signs ( hon\r1 & consequ5tly signify goodness1 greatness1 & happ9ess2 & ei!r absolutely put1 z good1 holy1 mighty1 bless$1 j1 wise1 m]ciful1 c41 or sup]lative1 z mo/ good1 mo/ great1 mo/ mighty1 almighty1 mo/ holy1 c41 or negative ( :atsoev] is n p]fect1 z inf9ite1 et]nal1 & ! l3 & n su* z nei!r reason nor ,scripture ha? approv$ = hon\rable4 ,?is is ! doctr9e t ,mr4 ,hobbes ha? writt51 bo? 9 8 ,levia?an1 & 9 8 book ,de ,cive1 & :5 occasion s]ves1 ma9ta9s4 ,:at k9d ( attribute1 ,i pray y1 is1 immat]ial1 or incorporeal sub/ance8 ,:]e d y f9d x 9 ! ,scripture8 ,:5ce came x hi!r1 b f ,plato & ,ari/otle1 hea!ns1 :o mi/ook ^? ?9 inhabitants ( ! bra9 !y see 9 sleep1 = s _m incorporeal m52 & yet all[$ !m motion1 :i* is prop] only to ?+s corporeal8 ,d y ?9k x an hon\r to ,god to be "o ( ^!8 ,& w\ld y le>n ,*ri/ianity f ,plato & ,ari/otle8 ,b see+ !re is no su* ^w 9 ! ,scripture1 h[ w y w>rant x f natural reason8 ,nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle did ev] write (1 or m5tion1 an incorporeal _s4 ,= !y c\ld n conceive h[ a _s1 :i* 9 _! language 0 1 9 ours a w9d1 c\ld be incorporeal4 ,d y und]/& ! connexion ( sub/ance & incorporeal8 ,if y d1 expla9 x 9 ,engli%2 = ! words are ,lat94 ,x is some?+1 y w say1 t be+ )\t body1 /&s "u----4 ,/&s "u :at8 ,w y say1 "u accid5ts8 ,almo/ all ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* w be aga9/ y2 & !n y are an a!i/4 ,is n ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 way ( attribut+ to ,god1 t only :i* ! ,scriptures attribute to him1 or :at is nev] any :]e tak5 b = hon\r1 mu* bett] ?an ?is bold und]tak+ ( y\rs1 to consid] & deciph] ,god's nature to u8 ,= a ?ird argum5t ( a!ism1 y put1 t he says3 besides ! creation ( ! _w1 !re is no argum5t to prove a ,deity3 &1 t x _c be ev9c$ by any argum5t t ! _w _h a beg9n+2 &1 t :e!r x _h or no1 is to be decid$ n by argum5t1 b by ! magi/rate's au?ority4 ,t x may be decid$ by ! ,scriptures1 he nev] d5i$2 !re=e 9 t also y sl&] him4 ,& z = argum5ts f natural reason1 nei!r y1 nor any o!r1 h hi!rto br\ght any1 except ! creation1 t has n made x m d\btful to _m m5 ?an x 0 be=e4 ,t :i* he ha? writt5 conc]n+ su* argum5ts1 9 8 book ,de ,corpore3 op9ions1 sai? he 7vol4 ,i4 p4 #dab71 conc]n+ ! nature ( inf9ite & et]nal1 z ! *iefe/ ( ! fruits ( wisdom1 ,god ha? res]v$ to himself1 & made judges ( !m ^? m5 ^: m9i/ry he meant to use 9 ! ord]+ ( religion2 & !re=e ,i _c praise ^? m5 t brag ( demon/ration ( ! beg9n+ ( ! _w f natural reason3 & aga9 7vol4 ,i4 p4 #dad71 :]e=e ,i pass by ^? que/ions ( inf9ite & et]nal1 cont5t+ myself ) su* doctr9e conc]n+ ! beg9n+ & magnitude ( ! _w1 z ,i h le>n$ f ! ,scripture1 confirm$ by miracles1 & f ! use ( my c\ntry1 & f ! rev]5ce ,i owe to ! law4 ,?is1 ,doctor1 is n ill said1 & yet x is all y gr\nd y\r sl&] on1 :i* y make to sneak vilely "u a crook$ p>aphrase4 ,^! op9ions1 ,i said1 7 to be judg$ by ^? to :om ,god has committ$ ! ord]+ ( religion2 t is1 to ! supreme gov]nors ( ! *ur*1 t is1 9 ,engl&1 to ! ,k+3 by 8 au?ority1 ,i say1 x ought to be decid$1 n :at m5 %all ?9k1 b :at !y %all say 9 ^? que/ions4 ,& me?9ks y %\ld n d>e to d5y x2 = x is a manife/ relapse into y\r =m] crimes4 ,b :y d y /yle ! ,k+ by ! "n ( magi/rate8 ,d y f9d magi/rate to signify any :]e ! p]son t ha? ! sov]eign p[]1 or n e :]e ! sov]eign's (fic]s4 ,& ,i ?9k y knew t2 b y & y\r fell[s 7y\r fell[s ,i call all ^? t are s besme>$ all ov] ) ! fil? ( ! same crime1 z n to be di/+ui%$7 meant to make y\r ,assembly ! sov]eign1 & ! ,k+ y\r magi/rate4 ,i pray ,god y d n mean s /ill1 if opportunity be pres5t$4 ,!re has hi!rto appe>$ 9 ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 doctr9e1 no sign ( a!ism2 & :atsoev] c be inf]r$ f ! d5y+ ( incorporeal sub/ances1 makes ,t]tullian1 "o ( ! anci5te/ ( ! ,fa!rs1 & mo/ ( ! doctors ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 z mu* a!i/s z he4 ,= ,t]tullian1 9 8 treatise ,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i1 says pla9ly3 omne quod e/1 corpus e/ sui g5]is4 ,nihil e/ incorporale1 nisi quod non e/3 t is to say1 :atsoev] is any?+1 is a body ( its k9d4 ,no?+ is incorporeal1 b t :i* has no be+4 ,!re are _m o!r places 9 him to ! same purpose3 = t doctr9e s]v$ 8 turn to confute ! h]esy ( !m t held t ,*ri/ _h no body1 b 0 a gho/2 also ( ! s\l he speaks1 z ( an invisible body4 ,& !re is an epitome ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 :]e9 is ?is1 t !y ?\ght angels & s\ls 7 corporeal1 & only call$ incorporeal1 because _! bodies 7 n l ours4 ,& ,i h he>d t a ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 9 a ,c\ncil held !re1 did argue = ! lawfulness ( pa9t+ angels1 f ?is1 t !y 7 corporeal4 ,y see :at fell[s 9 a!ism y jo9 ) ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,h[ unfeign$ y\r own religion is1 may be argu$ /rongly1 demon/ratively1 f y\r behavi\r1 t ,i h already recit$4 ,d y ?9k1 y t h committ$ s abom9able s9s1 n ?r\gh infirmity1 or sudd5 transport ( passion1 b prem$itately1 wilfully1 = tw5ty ye>s toge!r1 t any rational man c ?9k y believe y\rselves1 :5 y prea* ( heav5 & hell1 or t y d n believe "o ano!r to be *eats & impo/ors1 & laugh at silly p 9 y\r sleeves = believ+ y2 or t y applaud n y\r own wit = x2 ?\gh = my "p ,i c\ld nev] conceive t v mu* wit 0 requisite = ! mak+ ( a knave8 ,& 9 ! pulpit mo/ ( y h be5 a sc&al to ,*ri/ianity1 by prea*+ up s$ition1 & cry+ d[n moral virtue4 ,y %\ld h prea*$ aga9/ unju/ ambition1 covet\sness1 gluttony1 malice1 disob$i5ce to gov]nm5t1 fraud1 & hypocrisy3 b = ! mo/ "p y prea*$ y\r own controv]sies1 ab\t :o %\ld be upp]mo/1 or o!r fruitless & un$ify+ doctr9es4 ,:5 did any ( y prea* aga9/ hypocrisy8 ,y d>e n 9 ! pulpit1 ,i ?9k1 s mu* z "n x1 le/ y set ! *ur* a laugh+3 & y 9 p>ticul>1 :5 y said 9 a s]mon1 t 0 n 9 ,hom]4 ,:at edification c\ld ! p h f t1 ?\gh x _h be5 true1 z x is false8 ,= x is 9 8 ,iliad1 ,,xv4 #dab4 ,ano!r ,i he>d make half 8 s]mon ( ?is doctr9e1 t ,god nev] s5t a great deliv]ance1 b 9 a great dang]3 :i* is inde$ true1 because ! greatness ( ! dang] makes ! greatness ( ! deliv]ance1 b = ! same cause ridicul\s2 & ! o!r half he took to con/rue ! ,greek ( 8 text3 & yet su* s]mons are mu* applaud$4 ,b :y8 ,fir/1 because !y make n ! p a%am$ ( any vice4 ,secondly1 because !y l ! prea*]1 = us+ to f9d fault ) ! gov]nm5t or gov]nors4 ,?irdly1 = _! vehem5ce1 :i* !y mi/ake = zeal4 ,f\r?ly1 = _! zeal to _! own ends1 :i* !y mi/ake = zeal to ,god's wor%ip4 ,i h he>d besides div]s s]mons made by fanatics1 "y m51 & :om1 by t & _! habit1 ,i imag9$ to be appr5tices2 & f\nd little diff]5ce betwe5 _! s]mons1 & ! s]mons ( su* z y1 ei!r 9 respect ( wisdom1 or eloqu5ce1 or vehem5ce1 or applause ( common p4 ,!re=e1 ,i wond] h[ y c pret5d1 z y d 9 y\r petition = a disp5sation f ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 to be ei!r bett] prea*]s ?an ^? t con=m1 or to h t5d]] consci5ces ?an o!r m54 ,y t h cov]$ su* black designs ) ! sacr$ words ( ,scripture1 :y c y n z well f9d 9 y\r he>ts to cov] a black g[n ) a :ite surplice8 ,or :at idolatry d y f9d 9 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross1 :5 ! law comm&s x8 ,?\gh ,i ?9k y may con=m )\t s91 yet ,i ?9k y might h be5 also disp5s$ ) )\t s91 if y _h disp5s$ 9 l mann] ) o!r m9i/]s t subscrib$ to ! articles ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& if t5d]ness ( consci5ce be a good plea1 y mu/ give ,mr4 ,hobbes also leave to plead t5d]ness ( consci5ce to 8 new ,div9ity1 z well z y4 ,i %\ld wond] also1 h[ any ( y %\ld d>e to speak to a multitude met toge!r1 )\t be+ limit$ by 8 ,maje/y :at !y %all say1 especially n[ t we h felt ! sm>t ( x1 b t x is a relic ( ! ecclesia/ical policy ( ! ,popes1 t f\nd x necess>y = ! disjo9+ ( ! p f _! too close adh]5ce to _! ,k+s or o!r civil gov]nors4 ,b x may be y w say1 t ! re/ ( ! cl]gy1 bi%ops1 & episcopal m51 no fri5ds ( y\rs1 & aga9/ ^: (fice ,mr4 ,hobbes nev] writ any?+1 speak no bett] ( 8 religion ?an y d4 ,x is true1 he nev] wrote aga9/ episcopacy2 & x is 8 private op9ion1 t su* an episcopacy z is n[ 9 ,engl&1 is ! mo/ commodi\s t a ,*ri/ian ,k+ c use = ! gov]n+ ( ,*ri/'s flock2 ! misgov]n+ :]e( ! ,k+ is to answ] = to ,*ri/1 z ! bi%ops are to answ] = _! misgov]nm5t to ! ,k+1 & to ,god also4 ,nor ev] spake he ill ( any ( !m1 z to _! p]sons3 !re=e ,i %\ld wond] ! m at ! un*>itable c5sure ( "s ( !m1 b t ,i see a relic /ill rema9+ ( ! v5om ( popi% ambition1 lurk+ 9 t s$iti\s di/9ction & division betwe5 ! p[] spiritual & civil2 :i* !y t are 9 love ) a p[] to hurt all ^? t /& 9 competition ) !m = le>n+1 z ! ,roman cl]gy _h to hurt ,galileo1 d n will+ly =sake4 ,all bi%ops are n 9 e po9t l "o ano!r4 ,"s1 x may be1 are cont5t to hold _! au?ority f ! ,k+'s lett]s pat5ts2 & ^! h no cause to be angry ) ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,o!rs w ne$s h some:at m1 !y "k n :at1 ( div9e "r1 to gov]n by virtue ( imposition ( h&s1 & consecration1 n ackn[l$g+ _! p[] f ! ,k+1 b imm$iately f ,*ri/4 ,& ^! p]haps are !y t are displeas$ ) him1 :i* he _c help1 nor has des]v$2 b w = all t believe ! ,k+ only1 & )\t %>]s1 to be ! head ( all ! ,*ur*es )9 8 own dom9ions2 & t he may disp5se ) c]emonies1 or ) any?+ else t is n aga9/ ! ,scriptures1 nor aga9/ natural equity2 & t ! cons5t ( ! ,lords & ,commons _c n[ give him t p[]1 b decl>e1 = ! p1 _! advice & cons5t to x4 ,nor c he be made believe t ! safety ( a /ate dep5ds ^u ! safety ( ! ,*ur*1 ,i mean ( ! cl]gy4 ,= nei!r is a cl]gy ess5tial to a commonweal?2 & ^? m9i/]s t prea*$ s$ition1 pret5d to be ( ! cl]gy1 z well z ! be/4 ,he believes r t ! safety ( ! ,*ur* dep5ds on ! safety ( ! ,k+1 & ! entir5ess ( ! sov]eign p[]2 & t ! ,k+ is no "p ( ! flock ( any m9i/] or bi%op1 no m ?an ! %eph]d is ( 8 %eep1 b ( ,*ri/ only2 & all ! cl]gy1 z well z ! p1 ! ,k+'s flock4 ,nor c t clam\r ( 8 adv]s>ies make ,mr4 ,hobbes ?9k himself a worse ,*ri/ian ?an ! be/ ( !m4 ,& h[ w y disprove x1 ei!r by 8 disob$i5ce1 to ! laws civil or ecclesia/ical1 or by any ugly action8 ,or h[ w y prove t ! ob$i5ce1 :i* spr+s f scorn ( inju/ice1 is less acceptable to ,god1 ?an t :i* proce$s f fe> ( puni%m5t1 or hope ( b5efit4 ,gravity & heav9ess ( c\nt5ance are n s good m>ks ( assurance ( ,god's fav\r1 z *e]ful1 *>itable1 & upright behavi\r t[>ds m51 :i* are bett] signs ( religion ?an ! zeal\s ma9ta9+ ( controv]t$ doctr9es4 ,& !re=e ,i am v]ily p]suad$1 x 0 n 8 ,div9ity t displeas$ y or !m1 b some:at else1 :i* y are n will+ to pret5d4 ,z = y\r p>ty1 t :i* ang]$ y1 ,i believe1 0 ?is passage ( 8 ,levia?an 7vol4 iii4 p4 #afj72 ,:]eas "s m5 h pret5d$ = _! disob$i5ce to _! sov]eign1 a new cov5ant made1 n ) m51 b ) ,god2 ?is also is unju/4 ,= !re is no cov5ant ) ,god1 b by m$iation ( somebody t repres5t$ ,god's p]son2 :i* none do? b ,god's lieut5ant1 :o ha? ! sov]eignty "u ,god4 ,b ?is pret5ce ( cov5ant ) ,god1 is s evid5t a lie1 7?is is x t ang]$ y71 ev5 9 ! pret5d]s' own consci5ces1 t x is n only an act ( an unju/1 b also ( a vile & unmanly disposition4 ,besides1 8 mak+ ! ,k+ judge ( doctr9es to be prea*$ or publi%$1 ha? (f5d$ y bo?2 s has also 8 attribut+ to ! civil sov]eign all p[] sac]dotal4 ,b ?is p]haps may seem h>d1 :5 ! sov]eignty is 9 a ,que54 ,b x is because y are n subtle en\gh to p]ceive1 t ?\gh man be male & female1 au?ority is n4 ,to please nei!r p>ty is easy2 b to please bo?1 unless y c\ld bett] agree among/ y\rselves ?an y d1 is impossible4 ,y\r diff]5ces h tr\bl$ ! k+dom1 z if y 7 ! h\ses reviv$ ( ,york & ,lanca/]4 ,a man w\ld wond] h[ a little ,lat9 & ,greek %\ld "w s mightily1 :5 ! ,scriptures are 9 ,engli%1 z t ! ,k+ & ,p>liam5t c h>dly keep y quiet1 especially 9 "t ( dang] f abroad4 ,if y w ne$s qu>rel1 decide x among/ y\rselves1 & draw n ! p into y\r p>ties4 ,y 7 angry also = 8 blam+ ! s*ola/ical philosoph]s1 & d5y+ su* f9e ?+s z ^!3 t ! species or app>5ces ( bodies come f ! ?+ we look on1 into ! eye1 & s make u see2 & into ! und]/&+1 to make u und]/&2 & into ! memory1 to make u rememb]3 t a body may be j ! same x 01 & yet bigg] or less]3 t et]nity is a p]man5t n[2 & ! l3 & = detect+1 fur!r ?an y ?\ght fit1 ! fraud ( ! ,roman cl]gy4 ,y\r dislike ( 8 div9ity1 0 ! lea/ cause ( y\r call+ him a!i/4 ,b no m ( ?is n[4 ,! next head ( y\r contumelies is to make him contemptible1 & to move ,mr4 ,boyle to pity him4 ,?is is a way ( rail+ too mu* beat5 to be ?\ght witty4 ,z = ! ?+ itself1 ,i d\bt y\r intellig5ce is n good1 & t y algebricians1 & non-con=mi/s1 d b feign x1 to com=t "o ano!r4 ,= y\r own "p1 y contemn him n1 or else y did v fooli%ly to entitle ! beg9n+ ( y\r book1 ,mr4 ,hobbes consid]$2 :i* argues he is consid]able en\gh to y4 ,besides1 x is no argum5t ( contempt1 to sp5d ^u him s _m angry l9es z w\ld h furni%$ y ) a doz5 ( s]mons4 ,if y _h 9 good e>ne/ despis$ him1 y w\ld h let him alone1 z he does ,dr4 ,w>d1 ,mr4 ,baxt]1 ,pike1 & o!rs1 t h revil$ him z y d4 ,z = 8 reputation beyond ! seas1 x fades n yet3 & because p]haps y h no means to "k x1 ,i w cite y a passage ( an ,epi/le1 writt5 by a le>n$ ,fr5*man to an em95t p]son 9 ,france1 a passage n imp]t95t to ! po9t n[ 9 "q4 ,x is 9 a volume ( ,epi/les1 ! f\r? 9 ord]1 & ! words 7page #afg7 conc]n+ *emi/s1 are ^!3 ,truly1 ,sir1 z mu* z ,i admire !m1 :5 ,i see !m lute an alembic h&somely1 filt] a liquor1 build an a?anor1 s mu* ,i dislike !m :5 ,i he> !m disc\rse ^u ! subject ( _! op]ations2 & yet !y ?9k all !y d1 is no?+ 9 respect ( :at !y say4 ,i wi% !y w\ld take less pa9s1 & be at less *>ges2 & :il/ !y wa% _! h&s aft] _! "w1 !y w\ld leave to ^? t att5d to ! poli%+ ( _! disc\rse1 ,i mean1 ! ,galileos1 ! ,desc>teses1 ! ,hobbeses1 ! ,bacons1 & ! ,gass5dis1 to reason ^u _! "w1 & !mselves to he> :at ! le>n$ & judici\s %all tell !m1 su* z are us$ to disc]n ! diff]5ces ( ?+s4 ,quam scit ut]que lib5s c5sebo ex]ceat artem4 ,& m to ! same purpose4 ,:at is "h said ( *ymi/s1 is applicable to all o!r me*anics4 ,e man t ha? sp>e money1 c get furnaces1 & buy coals4 ,e man t ha? sp>e money1 c be at ! *>ge ( mak+ great m\lds1 & hir+ workm5 to gr9d _! glasses2 & s may h ! be/ & greate/ telescopes4 ,!y c get eng9es made1 & apply !m to ! />s2 recipi5ts made1 & try conclusions2 b !y are nev] ! m philosoph]s = all ?is4 ,x is laudable1 ,i confess1 to be/[ money ^u curi\s or useful delights2 b t is none ( ! praises ( a philosoph]4 ,& yet1 because ! multitude _c judge1 !y w pass ) ! unskilful1 = skilful 9 all p>ts ( natural philosophy4 ,& ,i he> n[1 t ,hug5ius & ,eu/a*io ,div9i are to be tri$ by _! glasses1 :o is ! m skilful 9 optics ( ! two2 b = my "p1 be=e ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 book ,de ,hom9e came =?1 ,i nev] saw any ?+ writt5 on t subject intelligibly4 ,d n y tell me n[1 accord+ to y\r wont$ +5uity1 t ,i nev] saw ,euclid's1 ,vitellio's1 & _m o!r m5's ,optics2 z if ,i c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 geometry & optics4 ,s also ( all o!r arts2 n e "o t br+s f beyond seas a new g91 or o!r jaunty device1 is !re=e a philosoph]4 ,= if y reckon t way1 n only apo!c>ies & g>d5]s1 b _m o!r sorts ( workm51 w put 9 =1 & get ! prize4 ,!n1 :5 ,i see ! g5tlem5 ( ,gre%am ,college apply !mselves to ! doctr9e ( motion1 7z ,mr4 ,hobbes has done1 & w be ready to help !m 9 x1 if !y please1 & s long z !y use him civilly17 ,i w look to "k "s causes ( natural ev5ts f !m1 & _! regi/]1 & n be=e3 = nature does no?+ b by motion4 ,i he> t ! reason giv5 by ,mr4 ,hobbes1 :y ! drop ( glass s mu* wond]$ at1 %iv]s into s _m pieces1 by break+ only "o small "p ( x1 is approv$ = probable1 & regi/]$ 9 _! college4 ,b he has no reason to take x = a fav\r3 because h]eaft] ! inv5tion may be tak51 by t means1 n = 81 b !irs4 ,to ! re/ ( y\r calumnies ! answ]s w be %ort1 & su* z y might easily h =ese54 ,& fir/1 = 8 boa/+ ( 8 le>n+1 x is well summ$ up by y 9 ^! words3 ,x 0 a motion made by "o1 :om ,i w n "n1 t "s idle p]son %\ld read ov] all 8 books1 & collect+ toge!r 8 arrogant & sup]cili\s spee*es1 applaud+ himself1 & despis+ all o!r m51 set !m =? 9 "o synopsis1 ) ?is title1 ,hobbius de se4 ,:at a pretty piece ( pageantry ?is w\ld make1 ,i %all leave to y\r own ?\ghts4 ,?us say y3 n[ says ,mr4 ,hobbes1 or ,i = him1 let y\r idle p]son d x1 & set d[n no m ?an he has writt51 z high praises z !y be1 ,i w promise y he %all ackn[l$ge !m "u 8 h&1 & be comm5d$ = x1 & y scorn$4 ,a c]ta9 ,roman s5ator hav+ prop\nd$ some?+ 9 ! assembly ( ! p1 :i* !y mislik+ made a noise at1 boldly bade !m hold _! peace1 & told !m he knew bett] :at 0 good = ! commonweal? ?an all !y4 ,& 8 words are transmitt$ to u z an argum5t ( 8 virtue2 s mu* d tru? & vanity alt] ! complexion ( self-praise4 ,besides1 y c h v little skill 9 morality1 t _c see ! ju/ice ( comm5d+ a man's self1 z well z ( any?+ else1 9 8 own def5ce3 & x 0 want ( prud5ce 9 y1 to con/ra9 him to a ?+ t w\ld s mu* displease y4 ,t "p ( 8 self-praise :i* mo/ (f5ds y1 is 9 ! end ( 8 ,levia?an 7page #gac71 9 ^! words3 ,!re=e ,i ?9k x may be pr(itably pr9t$1 & m pr(itably taught 9 ! ,univ]sities1 9 case !y also ?9k s1 to :om ! judgm5t ( ! same belonge?4 ,let any man consid] ! tru? ( x4 ,:]e did ^? m9i/]s le>n _! s$iti\s doctr9e1 & to prea* x1 b !re8 ,:]e !re=e %\ld prea*]s le>n to tea* loyalty1 b !re8 ,& if y\r pr9ciples produc$ civil w>1 mu/ n ! contr>y pr9ciples1 :i* are 81 produce peace8 ,& consequ5tly 8 book1 z f> z x h&les civil doctr9e1 des]ves to be taught !re4 ,b :5 c ?is be done8 ,:5 y %all h no long] an army ready to ma9ta9 ! evil doctr9e :]e) y h infect$ ! p4 ,by a ready army1 ,i mean arms1 & money1 & m5 en\gh1 ?\gh n yet 9 pay1 & put "u (fic]s1 yet ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o place or city1 to be put "u (fic]s1 arm$1 & paid on any sudd5 occasion2 su* z are ! p ( a great & popul\s t[n4 ,e great city is z a /&+ army1 :i* if x be n "u ! sov]eign's comm&1 ! p are mis]able2 if !y be1 !y may be taught _! duties 9 ! ,univ]sities safely & easily1 & be happy4 ,i nev] read ( any ,*ri/ian k+ t 0 a tyrant1 ?\gh ! be/ ( k+s h be5 call$ s4 ,!n = ! morosity & peevi%ness y *>ge him )1 all t "k him famili>ly1 "k x is a false accusation4 ,b y mean1 x may be1 only t[>ds ^? t argue aga9/ 8 op9ion2 b nei!r is t true4 ,:5 va9 & ignorant "y s*ol>s1 unkn[n to him be=e1 come to him on purpose to argue ) him1 & to extort applause = _! fooli% op9ions2 &1 miss+ ( _! end1 fall into indiscreet & uncivil expressions1 & he !n appe> n v well cont5t$3 x is n 8 morosity1 b _! vanity t %\ld be blam$4 ,b :at hum\r1 if n morosity & peevi%ness1 0 t ( y\rs1 :om he nev] _h injur$1 or se51 or he>d (1 to use t[>d him su* insol5t1 injuri\s1 & cl[ni% words1 z y did 9 y\r absurd ,el5*us8 ,0 x n impati5ce ( see+ any diss5t f y 9 op9ion8 ,mr4 ,hobbes has be5 always f> f provok+ any man1 ?\gh :5 he is provok$1 y f9d 8 p5 z %>p z y\rs4 ,aga91 :5 y make 8 age a reproa* to him1 & %[ no cause t might impair ! faculties ( 8 m9d1 b only age1 ,i admire h[ y saw n t y reproa*$ all old m5 9 ! _w z mu* z him1 & w>rant$ all "y m51 at a c]ta9 "t1 :i* !y !mselves %all def9e1 to call y fool4 ,y\r dislike ( old age1 y h also o!rwise suffici5tly signifi$1 9 v5tur+ s fairly z y h done to escape x4 ,b t is no great matt] to "o t ha? s _m m>ks ^u him ( mu* great] reproa*es4 ,by ,mr4 ,hobbes 8 calculation1 t d]ives prud5ce f exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce f age1 y are a v "y man2 b by y\r own reckon+1 y are old] already ?an ,me?uselah4 ,la/ly1 :o told y t he writ aga9/ ,mr4 ,boyle1 :om 9 8 writ+ he nev] m5tion$1 & t x 01 because ,mr4 ,boyle 0 acqua9t$ ) y8 ,i "k ! contr>y4 ,i h he>d him wi% x _h be5 "s p]son ( l[] condition1 t _h be5 ! au?or ( ! doctr9e :i* he oppos$1 & !re=e oppos$ because x 0 false1 & because 8 own c\ld n o!rwise be def5d$4 ,b ?us mu* ,i ?9k is true1 t he ?\ght nev] ! bett] ( 8 judgm5t1 = mi/ak+ y = le>n$4 ,?is is all ,i ?\ght fit to answ] = him & 8 mann]s4 ,! re/ is ( 8 geometry & philosophy1 conc]n+ :i*1 ,i say only ?is1 t !re is too mu* 9 y\r book to be confut$2 almo/ e l9e may be disprov$1 or ought to be repreh5d$4 ,9 sum1 x is all error & rail+1 t is1 /9k+ w9d2 su* z a jade lets fly1 :5 he is too h>d girt ^u a full belly4 ,i h done4 ,i h consid]$ y n[1 b w n aga91 :atsoev] pref]m5t any ( y\r fri5ds %all procure y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,answ] ,,( ,,mr4 ,,hobbes ,,to ,,sir ,,william ,,dav5ant',s ,,preface ,,be=e ,,gondib]t4 ,,! ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,preface ,,to ,,gondib]t4 ,,sir1 ,if to comm5d y\r poem1 ,i %\ld only say1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t 9 ! *oice ( y\r argum5t1 ! disposition ( ! p>ts1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! *>act]s ( y\r p]sons1 ! dignity & vig\r ( y\r expression1 y h p]=m$ all ! p>ts ( v>i\s exp]i5ce1 ready memory1 cle> judgm5t1 swift & well-gov]n$ fancy3 ?\gh x 7 en\gh = ! tru?1 x 7 too little = ! weight & cr$it ( my te/imony4 ,= ,i lie op5 to two exceptions1 "o ( an incompet5t1 ! o!r ( a corrupt$ witness4 ,incompet5t1 because ,i am n a poet2 & corrupt$ ) ! hon\r done me by y\r preface4 ,! =m] obliges me to say some?+1 by ! way1 ( ! nature & diff]5ces ( poesy4 ,z philosoph]s h divid$ ! univ]se1 _! subject1 into ?ree regions1 cele/ial1 a]ial1 & t]re/ial2 s ! poets1 ^: "w x is1 by imitat+ human life1 9 delightful & measur$ l9es1 to av]t m5 f vice1 & incl9e !m to virtu\s & hon\rable actions1 h lodg$ !mselves 9 ! ?ree regions ( mank9d1 c\rt1 city1 & c\ntry1 correspond5t1 9 "s proportion1 to ^? ?ree regions ( ! _w4 ,= !re is 9 pr9ces1 & m5 ( conspicu\s p[]1 anci5tly call$ h]oes1 a lu/re & influ5ce ^u ! re/ ( m51 resembl+ t ( ! heav5s2 & an ins9c]5ess1 incon/ancy1 & tr\blesome hum\r 9 ^? t dwell 9 popul\s cities1 l ! mobility1 blu/]+1 & impurity ( ! air2 & a pla9ness1 &1 ?\gh dull1 yet a nutritive faculty 9 rural p1 t endures a comp>ison ) ! e>? !y lab\r4 ,f h5ce h proce$$ ?ree sorts ( poesy1 h]oic1 scommatic1 & pa/oral4 ,e "o ( ^! is di/+ui%$ aga9 9 ! mann] ( repres5tation2 :i* sometimes is n>rative1 :]e9 ! poet himself relate?2 & sometimes dramatic1 z :5 ! p]sons are e "o adorn$ & br\ght ^u ! !atre1 to speak & act _! own p>ts4 ,!re is !re=e nei!r m nor less ?an six sorts ( poesy4 ,= ! h]oic poem n>rative1 su* z is y\rs1 is call$ an epic poem2 ! h]oic poem dramatic1 is trag$y4 ,! scommatic n>rative is satire2 dramatic is com$y4 ,! pa/oral n>rative1 is call$ simply pa/oral1 anci5tly bucolic2 ! same dramatic1 pa/oral com$y4 ,! figure !re=e ( an epic poem1 & ( a trag$y1 ought to be ! same3 = !y diff] no m b 9 t !y are pron\nc$ by "o1 or _m p]sons2 :i* ,i ins]t to ju/ify ! figure ( y\rs1 consi/+ ( five books divid$ into songs1 or cantos2 z five acts divid$ into sc5es1 has ev] be5 ! approv$ figure ( a trag$y4 ,!y t take = poesy :atsoev] is writ 9 v]se1 w ?9k ?is division imp]fect1 & call 9 sonnets1 epigrams1 eclogues1 & ! l pieces1 :i* are b essays1 & p>ts ( an entire poem2 & reckon ,emp$ocles & ,lucretius1 natural philosoph]s1 = poets2 & ! moral precepts ( ,phocylides ,!ognis1 & ! quatra9s ( ,pybra*1 & ! hi/ory ( ,lucan1 & o!rs ( t k9d1 among/ poems3 be/[+ on su* writ]s1 = hon\r1 ! "n ( poets1 r ?an ( hi/orians or philosoph]s4 ,b ! subject ( a poem is ! mann]s ( m51 n natural causes2 mann]s pres5t$1 n dictat$2 & mann]s feign$1 z ! "n ( poesy imports1 n f\nd 9 m54 ,!y t give entrance to fictions writ 9 prose1 err n s mu*2 b !y err2 = prose require? delightfulness1 n only ( fiction1 b ( /yle2 9 :i* if prose cont5d ) v]se1 x is ) disadvantage &1 z x 71 on foot aga9/ ! /r5g? & w+s ( ,pegasus4 ,= v]se among/ ! ,greeks 0 appropriat$ anci5tly to ! s]vice ( _! ,gods1 & 0 ! holy /yle2 ! /yle ( ! oracles2 ! /yle ( ! laws2 & ! /yle ( ! m5 t publicly recomm5d$ to _! ,gods ! v[s & ?anks ( ! p1 :i* 0 done 9 _! holy songs call$ hymns2 & ! compos]s ( !m 7 call$ prophets & prie/s1 be=e ! "n ( poet 0 kn[n4 ,:5 aft]w>ds ! maje/y ( t /yle 0 obs]v$1 ! poets *ose x z be/ becom+ _! high inv5tion4 ,& = ! antiquity ( v]se1 x is great] ?an ! antiquity ( lett]s4 ,= x is c]ta91 ,cadmus 0 ! fir/ t f ,phnicia1 a c\ntry t neighb\re? ,judea1 br\ght ! use ( lett]s into ,greece4 ,b ! s]vice ( ! ,gods1 & ! laws1 :i* by measur$ s\nds 7 easily committ$ to ! memory1 _h be5 long "t 9 use be=e ! arrival ( ,cadmus !re4 ,!re is1 besides ! grace ( /yle1 ano!r cause :y ! anci5t poets *ose to write 9 measur$ language2 :i* is ?is4 ,_! poems 7 made at fir/ ) int5tion to h !m sung1 z well epic z dramatic 7:i* cu/om ha? be5 long "t laid aside1 b began to be reviv$ 9 "p1 ( late ye>s1 9 ,italy17 & c\ld n be made comm5surable to ! voice or in/rum5ts1 9 prose2 ! ways & motions :]e( are s unc]ta9 & undi/+ui%$1 l ! way & motion ( a %ip 9 ! sea1 z n only to discompose ! be/ compos]s1 b also to disappo9t sometimes ! mo/ att5tive read]1 & put him to hunt c\nt] = ! s5se4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y = poets 9 ^? times to write 9 v]se4 ,! v]se :i* ! ,greeks & ,lat9s1 consid]+ ! nature ( _! own languages1 f\nd by exp]i5ce mo/ grave1 & = an epic poem mo/ dec5t1 0 _! hexamet]2 a v]se limit$ n only 9 ! l5g? ( ! l9e1 b also 9 ! quantity ( ! syllables4 ,in/ead ( :i* we use ! l9e ( t5 syllables1 recomp5s+ ! neglect ( _! quantity ) ! dilig5ce ( rhyme4 ,& ?is measure is s prop] to an h]oic poem1 z )\t "s loss ( gravity or dignity1 x 0 nev] *ang$4 ,a long] is n f> f ill prose2 & a %ort]1 is a k9d ( :isk+1 y "k1 l ! unlac+1 r ?an ! s++ ( a muse4 ,9 an epigram or a sonnet1 a man may v>y 8 measures1 & seek glory f a ne$less difficulty2 z he t contriv$ v]ses into ! =ms ( an organ1 a hat*et1 an egg1 an alt>1 & a pair ( w+s2 b 9 s great & noble a "w z is an epic poem1 = a man to ob/ruct 8 own way ) unpr(itable difficulties1 is great imprud5ce4 ,s likewise to *oose a ne$less & difficult correspond5ce ( rhyme1 is b a difficult toy1 & =ces a man sometimes1 = ! /opp+ ( a *9k1 to say some:at he did nev] ?9k4 ,i _c !re=e b v mu* approve y\r /anza1 :]e9 ! syllables 9 e v]se are t51 & ! rhyme alt]nate4 ,= ! *oice ( y\r subject y h suffici5tly ju/ifi$ y\rself 9 y\r preface4 ,b because ,i h obs]v$ 9 ,virgil1 t ! hon\r done to neas & 8 companions1 has s bright a reflection ^u ,augu/us ,cs>1 & o!r great ,romans ( t "t1 z a man may suspect him n con/antly possess$ ) ! noble _s ( ^? 8 h]oes2 & ,i believe y are n acqua9t$ ) any great man ( ! race ( ,gondib]t1 ,i add to y\r ju/ification ! purity ( y\r purpose1 9 hav+ no o!r motive ( y\r lab\r1 b to adorn virtue1 & procure h] lov]s2 ?an :i* !re _c be a wor?i] design1 & m becom+ noble poesy4 ,9 t y make s small acc\nt ( ! example ( almo/ all ! approv$ poets1 anci5t & mod]n1 :o ?\ght fit 9 ! beg9n+1 & sometimes also 9 ! progress ( _! poems1 to invoke a ,muse1 or "s o!r deity1 t %\ld dictate to !m1 or assi/ !m 9 _! writ+s2 !y t take n ! laws ( art1 f any reason ( _! own1 b f ! fa%ion ( prec$5t times1 w p]haps accuse y\r s+ul>ity4 ,= my "p1 ,i nei!r subscribe to _! accusation1 nor yet condemn t hea!n cu/om1 o!rwise ?an z accessory to _! false religion4 ,= _! poets 7 _! div9es2 _h ! "n ( prophets2 ex]cis$ among/ ! p a k9d ( spiritual au?ority2 w\ld be ?\ght to speak by a div9e _s2 h _! works :i* !y writ 9 v]se 7! div9e /yle7 pass = ! ^w ( ,god1 & n ( man1 & to be he>k5$ to ) rev]5ce4 ,d n ! div9es1 except+ ! /yle1 d ! same1 & by u t are ( ! same religion _c ju/ly be repreh5d$ = x8 ,besides1 9 ! use ( ! spiritual call+ ( div9es1 !re is dang] sometimes to be fe>$1 f want ( skill1 su* z is report$ ( unskilful conjur]s1 t mi/ak+ ! rites & c]emoni\s po9ts ( _! art1 call up su* spirits1 z !y _c at _! pleasure allay aga92 by :om /orms are rais$1 t ov]?r[ build+s1 & are ! cause ( mis]able wrecks at sea4 ,unskilful div9es d (t5times ! l2 = :5 !y call unseasonably = zeal1 !re appe>s a _s ( cruelty2 & by ! l error1 in/ead ( tru?1 !y raise discord2 in/ead ( wisdom1 fraud2 in/ead ( re=mation1 tumult2 & controv]sy1 in/ead ( religion4 ,:]eas 9 ! hea!n poets1 at lea/ 9 ^? ^: works h la/$ to ! "t we are 91 !re are none ( ^? indiscretions to be f\nd1 t t5d$ to ! subv]sion1 or di/urbance ( ! commonweal?s :]e9 !y liv$4 ,b :y a ,*ri/ian %\ld ?9k x an ornam5t to 8 poem1 ei!r to pr(ane ! true ,god1 or invoke a false "o1 ,i c imag9e no cause1 b a reasonless imitation ( cu/om2 ( a fooli% cu/om1 by :i* a man enabl$ to speak wisely f ! pr9ciples ( nature1 & 8 own m$itation1 loves r to be ?\ght to speak by inspiration1 l a bagpipe4 ,"t & education beget exp]i5ce2 exp]i5ce begets memory2 memory begets judgm5t & fancy2 judgm5t begets ! /r5g? & /ructure1 & fancy begets ! ornam5ts ( a poem4 ,! anci5ts !re=e fabl$ n absurdly1 9 mak+ ,memory ! "m ( ! ,muses4 ,= memory is ! _w1 ?\gh n really1 yet s z 9 a look+-glass1 9 :i* ! judgm5t1 ! sev]] si/]1 busie? h]self 9 a grave & rigid exam9ation ( all ! p>ts ( nature1 & 9 regi/]+ by lett]s _! ord]1 causes1 uses1 diff]5ces1 & resemblances2 :]eby ! fancy1 :5 any "w ( art is to be p]=m$1 f9ds h] mat]ials at h& & prep>$ = use1 & ne$s no m ?an a swift motion ov] !m1 t :at %e wants1 & is !re to be _h1 may n lie too long unespi$4 ,s t :5 %e seeme? to fly f "o ,indies to ! o!r1 & f heav5 to e>?1 & to p5etrate into ! h>de/ matt] & obscure/ places1 into ! future1 & into h]self1 & all ?is 9 a po9t ( "t1 ! voyage is n v great1 h]self be+ all %e seeks4 ,& h] wond]ful cel]ity1 consi/e? n s mu* 9 motion1 z 9 copi\s imag]y discreetly ord]$1 & p]fectly regi/]$ 9 ! memory2 :i* mo/ m5 "u ! "n ( philosophy h a glimpse (1 & is pret5d$ to by _m1 t grossly mi/ak+ h]1 embrace cont5tion 9 h] place4 ,b s f> =? z ! fancy ( man has trac$ ! ways ( true philosophy1 s f> x ha? produc$ v m>vell\s effects to ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,all t is beautiful or def5sible 9 build+2 or m>vell\s 9 eng9es & in/rum5ts ( motion2 :atsoev] commodity m5 receive f ! obs]vations ( ! heav5s1 f ! description ( ! e>?1 f ! acc\nt ( "t1 f walk+ on ! seas2 & :atsoev] di/+ui%e? ! civility ( ,europe1 f ! b>b>ity ( ! ,am]ican savages2 is ! workman%ip ( fancy1 b guid$ by ! precepts ( true philosophy4 ,b :]e ^! precepts fail1 z !y h hi!rto fail$ 9 ! doctr9e ( moral virtue1 !re ! ar*itect ,fancy mu/ take ! philosoph]'s "p ^u h]self4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o und]takes an h]oic poem1 :i* is to exhibit a v5]able & amiable image ( h]oic virtue1 mu/ n only be ! poet1 to place & connect1 b also ! philosoph]1 to furni% & squ>e 8 matt]2 t is1 to make bo? body & s\l1 col\r & %ad[ ( 8 poem out ( 8 own /ore2 :i*1 h[ well y h p]=m$ ,i am n[ consid]+4 ,obs]v+ h[ few ! p]sons be y introduce 9 ! beg9n+1 & h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! actions ( ^!1 ! numb] increas+1 aft] sev]al conflu5ces1 !y run all at la/ into ! two pr9cipal /reams ( y\r poem1 ,gondib]t & ,oswald1 me?9ks ! fable is n mu* unlike ! !atre4 ,= s1 f sev]al & f> di/ant s\rces1 d ! less] brooks ( ,lomb>dy1 fl[+ into "o ano!r1 fall all at la/ into ! two ma9 riv]s1 ! ,po & ! ,adige4 ,x ha? ! same resemblance also ) a man's ve9s1 :i* proce$+ f diff]5t p>ts1 aft] ! l conc\rse1 ins]t !mselves at la/ into ! two pr9cipal ve9s ( ! body4 ,b :5 ,i consid]$ t also ! actions ( m51 :i* s+ly are inconsid]able1 aft] _m conjunctures1 gr[ at la/ ei!r into "o great protect+ p[]1 or into two de/roy+ factions1 ,i c\ld n b approve ! /ructure ( y\r poem1 :i* ought to be no o!r ?an su* z an imitation ( human life require?4 ,9 ! /reams !mselves ,i f9d no?+ b settl$ val\r1 clean hon\r1 calm c\nsel1 le>n$ div]sion1 & pure love2 save only a torr5t or two ( ambition1 :i*1 ?\gh a fault1 has some:at h]oic 9 x1 & !re=e mu/ h place 9 an h]oic poem4 ,to %ew ! read] 9 :at place he %all f9d e excell5t picture ( virtue y h drawn1 is too long4 ,& to %[ him "o1 is to prejudice ! re/2 yet ,i _c =be> to po9t him to ! description ( love 9 ! p]son ( ,b]?a1 9 ! sev5? canto ( ! second book4 ,!re has no?+ be5 said ( t subject1 nei!r by ! anci5t nor mod]n poets1 comp>able to x4 ,poets are pa9t]s2 ,i w\ld fa9 see ano!r pa9t] draw s true1 p]fect1 & natural a love to ! life1 & make use ( no?+ b pure l9es1 )\t ! help ( any ! lea/ uncomely %ad[1 z y h done4 ,b let x be read z a piece by itself3 = 9 ! almo/ equal height ( ! :ole1 ! em95ce ( p>ts is lo/4 ,!re are "s t are n pleas$ ) fiction1 unless x be bold2 n only to exce$ ! "w1 b also ! possibility ( nature2 !y w\ld h imp5etrable arm\rs1 en*ant$ ca/les1 invuln]able bodies1 iron m51 fly+ horses1 & a ?\s& o!r su* ?+s1 :i* are easily feign$ by !m t d>e4 ,aga9/ su* ,i def5d y1 )\t ass5t+ to ^? t condemn ei!r ,hom] or ,virgil2 by diss5t+ only f ^? t ?9k ! beauty ( a poem consi/e? 9 ! exorbitancy ( ! fiction4 ,= z tru? is ! b\nd ( hi/orical1 s ! resemblance ( tru? is ! utmo/ limit ( poetical lib]ty4 ,9 old "t among/ ! hea!n1 su* /range fictions & metamorphoses 7 n s remote f ! articles ( _! fai?1 z !y are n[ f ours1 & !re=e 7 n s unpleasant4 ,beyond ! actual works ( nature a poet may n[ g2 b beyond ! conceiv$ possibility ( nature1 nev]4 ,i c all[ a geograph] to make 9 ! sea1 a fi% or a %ip1 :i* by ! scale ( 8 map w\ld be two or ?ree hundr$ miles long1 & ?9k x done = ornam5t1 because x is done )\t ! prec9cts ( 8 und]tak+3 b :5 he pa9ts an elephant s1 ,i pres5tly appreh5d x z ignorance1 & a pla9 confession ( t]ra incognita4 ,z ! description ( great m5 & great actions is ! con/ant design ( a poet2 s ! descriptions ( wor?y circum/ances are necess>y accessions to a poem1 & be+ well p]=m$1 are ! jewels & mo/ preci\s ornam5ts ( poesy4 ,su* 9 ,virgil are ! fun]al games ( ,an*ises1 ! duel ( neas & ,turnus1 c4 ,& su* 9 y\rs1 are ! ,hunt+1 ! ,battle1 ! ,city ,m\rn+1 ! ,fun]al1 ! ,h\se ( ,a/ragon1 ! ,libr>y & ! ,temple2 equal to 81 or ^? ( ,hom] :om he imitat$4 ,!re rema9s n[ no m to be consid]$ b ! expression1 9 :i* consi/e? ! c\nt5ance & col\r ( a beautiful ,muse2 & is giv5 h] by ! poet out ( 8 own provision1 or is borr[$ f o!rs4 ,t :i* he ha? ( 8 own1 is no?+ b exp]i5ce & k ( nature1 & specially human nature2 & is ! true & natural col\r4 ,b t :i* is tak5 out ( books1 ! ord9>y boxes ( c\nt]feit complexion1 %[s well or ill1 z x ha? m or less resemblance ) ! natural2 & are n to be us$ )\t exam9ation unadvis$ly4 ,= 9 him t pr(esses ! imitation ( nature1 z all poets d1 :at great] fault c !re be1 ?an to betray an ignorance ( nature 9 8 poem2 especially1 hav+ a lib]ty all[$ him1 if he meet ) any ?+ he _c ma/]1 to leave x out8 ,t :i* give? a poem ! true & natural col\r1 consi/e? 9 two ?+s2 :i* are1 to "k well1 t is1 to h images ( nature 9 ! memory di/9ct & cle>2 & to "k mu*4 ,a sign ( ! fir/ is p]spicuity1 propriety1 & dec5cy2 :i* delight all sorts ( m51 ei!r by in/ruct+ ! ignorant1 or soo?+ ! le>n$ 9 _! k4 ,a sign ( ! latt] is novelty ( expression1 & please? by excitation ( ! m9d2 = novelty cause? admiration1 & admiration curiosity1 :i* is a delightful appetite ( k4 ,!re be s _m words 9 use at ?is day 9 ! ,engli% tongue1 t1 ?\gh ( magnific s\nd1 yet l ! w9dy bli/]s ( tr\bl$ wat]s1 h no s5se at all1 & s _m o!rs t lose _! mean+ by be+ ill c\pl$2 t x is a h>d matt] to avoid !m4 ,= hav+ be5 obtrud$ ^u y\? 9 ! s*ools1 by su* z make x1 ,i ?9k1 _! bus9ess !re1 z x is express$ by ! be/ poet 8,) t]ms to *>m ! weak & pose ! wise10 ,,gondib]t1 ,book ii4 ,canto #e1 v]se #dd4 !y gr[ up ) !m1 & ga9+ reputation ) ! ignorant1 are n easily %ak5 (f4 ,to ?is palpable d>kness1 ,i may also add ! ambiti\s obscurity ( express+ m ?an is p]fectly conceiv$2 or p]fect conception 9 few] words ?an x requires4 ,:i* expressions1 ?\gh !y h _h ! hon\r to be call$ /rong l9es1 are inde$ no bett] ?an riddles1 & n only to ! read]1 b also aft] a little "t to ! writ] himself1 d>k & tr\blesome4 ,to ! propriety ( expression ,i ref] t cle>ness ( memory1 by :i* a poet :5 he ha? once introduc$ any p]son :atsoev]1 speak+ 9 8 poem1 ma9ta9e? 9 him to ! end ! same "* he gave him 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! v>iation :]e(1 is a *ange ( pace1 t argues ! poet tir$4 ,( ! indec5cies ( an h]oic poem1 ! mo/ rem>kable are ^? t %[ disproportion ei!r betwe5 ! p]sons & _! actions1 or betwe5 ! mann]s ( ! poet & ! poem4 ,( ! fir/ k9d1 is ! uncomel9ess ( repres5t+ 9 great p]sons ! inhuman vice ( cruelty1 or ! sordid vices ( lu/ & drunk5ness4 ,to su* p>ts1 z ^? ! anci5t approv$ poets ?\ght x fit to suborn1 n ! p]sons ( m51 b ( mon/]s & bea/ly giants1 su* z ,polyphemus1 ,cacus1 & ! ,c5taurs4 ,= x is suppos$ a ,muse1 :5 %e is invok$ to s+ a song ( t nature1 %\ld maid5ly advise ! poet to set su* p]sons to s+ _! own vices ^u ! /age2 = x is n s unseemly 9 a trag$y4 ,( ! same k9d x is to repres5t scurrility1 or any action or language t move? mu* laught]4 ,! delight ( an epic poem consi/e? n 9 mir?1 b admiration4 ,mir? & laught] are prop] to com$y & satire4 ,great p]sons1 t h _! m9ds employ$ on great designs1 h n leisure en\gh to laugh1 & are pleas$ ) ! contemplation ( _! own p[] & virtues1 s z !y ne$ n ! infirmities & vices ( o!r m5 to recomm5d !mselves to _! own fav\r by comp>ison1 z all m5 d :5 !y laugh4 ,( ! second k9d1 :]e ! disproportion is betwe5 ! poet & ! p]sons ( 8 poem1 "o is 9 ! dialect ( ! inf]ior sort ( p1 :i* is always diff]5t f ! language ( ! c\rt4 ,ano!r is1 to d]ive ! illu/ration ( any ?+ f su* metaphors or comp>isons z _c come into m5's ?\ghts1 b by mean conv]sation1 & exp]i5ce ( humble or evil arts1 :i* ! p]son ( an epic poem _c be ?\ght acqua9t$ )4 ,f kn[+ mu*1 proce$e? ! admirable v>iety & novelty ( metaphors & similitudes1 :i* are n possible to be light$ on 9 ! compass ( a n>r[ k4 ,& ! want :]e( compelle? a writ] to expressions t are ei!r defac$ by "t1 or sulli$ ) vulg> or long use4 ,= ! phrases ( poesy1 z ! airs ( music1 ) (t5 he>+ become insipid2 ! read] hav+ no m s5se ( _! =ce1 ?an our fle% is s5sible ( ! bones t su/a9 x4 ,z ! s5se we h ( bodies1 consi/e? 9 *ange ( v>iety ( impression1 s also does ! s5se ( language 9 ! v>iety & *angeable use ( words4 ,i mean n 9 ! affectation ( words newly br\ght home f travel1 b 9 new1 & )al significant1 translation to our purposes1 ( ^? t be already receiv$2 & 9 f>-fet*$1 b )al1 apt1 in/ructive1 & comely similitudes4 ,hav+ ?us1 ,i hope1 avoid$ ! fir/ exception1 aga9/ ! incompet5cy ( my judgm5t1 ,i am b little mov$ ) ! second1 :i* is ( be+ brib$ by ! hon\r y h done me1 by attribut+ 9 y\r preface some:at to my judgm5t4 ,= ,i h us$ y\r judgm5t no less 9 _m ?+s ( m9e1 :i* com+ to light w !reby appe> ! bett]4 ,& s y h y\r bribe aga94 ,hav+ ?us made way = ! admission ( my te/imony1 ,i give x briefly ?us4 ,i nev] yet saw poem1 t _h s mu* %ape ( art1 heal? ( morality1 & vig\r & beauty ( expression1 z ?is ( y\rs4 ,& b = ! clam\r ( ! multitude1 t hide _! envy ( ! pres5t "u a rev]5ce ( antiquity1 ,i %\ld say fur!r1 t x w\ld la/ z long z ei!r ! neid1 or ,iliad1 b = "o disadvantage2 & ! disadvantage is ?is2 ! languages ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 by _! colonies & conque/s1 h put (f fle% & blood1 & are become immutable1 :i* none ( ! mod]n tongues are l to be4 ,i hon\r antiquity2 b t :i* is commonly call$ old "t1 is "y "t4 ,! glory ( antiquity is due1 n to ! dead1 b to ! ag$4 ,& n[1 :il/ ,i ?9k ( x1 give me leave ) a %ort discord to sweet5 ! h>mony ( ! approa*+ close4 ,i h no?+ to object aga9/ y\r poem2 b diss5t only f some?+ 9 y\r preface1 s\nd+ to ! prejudice ( age4 ,x is commonly said1 t old age is a return to *ildhood4 ,:i* me?9ks y insi/ on s long1 z if y desir$ x %\ld be believ$4 ,t is ! note ,i mean to %ake a little4 ,t say+1 meant only ( ! weakness ( body1 0 wre/$ to ! weakness ( m9d1 by fr[>d *ildr51 we>y ( ! controlm5t ( _! p>5ts1 ma/]s1 & o!r admonitors4 ,secondly1 ! dotage & *ildi%ness !y ascribe to age1 is nev] ! effect ( "t1 b sometimes ( ! excesses ( y\?1 & n a return+ to1 b a cont9ual /ay1 ) *ildhood4 ,= !y t want+ ! curiosity ( furni%+ _! memories ) ! r>ities ( nature 9 _! y\?1 pass _! "t 9 mak+ provision only = _! ease & s5sual delight1 are *ildr5 /ill at :at ye>s soev]2 z !y t com+ into a popul\s city1 nev] go+ out ( _! inn1 are /rang]s /ill1 h[ long soev] !y h be5 !re4 ,?irdly1 !re is no reason = any man to ?9k himself wis] to-day ?an ye/]day1 :i* does n equally conv9ce he %all be wis] to-morr[ ?an to-day4 ,f\r?ly1 y w be =c$ to *ange y\r op9ion h]eaft] :5 y are old2 & 9 ! mean "t y discr$it all ,i h said be=e 9 y\r comm5dation1 because ,i am old already4 ,b no m ( ?is4 ,i believe1 ,sir1 y h se5 a curi\s k9d ( p]spective1 :]e he t looks ?r\gh a %ort holl[ pipe ^u a picture conta9+ div]s figures1 sees none ( ^? t are !re pa9t$1 b "s "o p]son made up ( _! p>ts1 convey$ to ! eye by ! artificial cutt+ ( a glass4 ,i f9d 9 my imag9ation an effect n unlike x1 f y\r poem4 ,! virtues y di/ribute !re among/ s _m noble p]sons1 repres5t1 9 ! read+1 ! image b ( "o man's virtue to my fancy1 :i* is y\r own2 & t s deeply impr9t$1 z to /ay = ev] !re1 & gov]n all ! re/ ( my ?\ghts & affections 9 ! way ( hon\r+ & s]v+ y to ! utmo/ ( my p[]1 t am1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ humble & ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,p>is1 ,jan4 #aj1 #afej4 ------- ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,edw4 ,,h[>d4,b ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,mr4 ,,edw>d ,,h[>d4 ,,sir1 ,my judgm5t 9 poetry ha?1 y "k1 be5 once already c5sur$ by v good wits1 = comm5d+ ,gondib]t2 b yet !y h n1 ,i ?9k1 disabl$ my te/imony4 ,= :at au?ority is !re 9 wit8 ,a je/] may h x2 a man 9 dr9k may h x2 be flu5t ov] night1 & wise & dry 9 ! morn+4 ,:at is x8 ,or :o c tell :e!r x be bett] to h x or be )\t x1 especially if x be a po9t$ wit8 ,i w take my lib]ty to praise :at ,i l1 z well z !y d to repreh5d :at !y d n l4 ,y\r poem1 ,sir1 conta9s a well & judici\sly contriv$ /ory1 full ( admirable & h]oic actions1 set =? 9 noble & p]spicu\s language1 su* z becomes ! dignity ( ! p]sons y introduce3 :i* two ?+s ( !mselves are ! heigh? ( poetry4 ,i "k t v>iety ( /ory1 true or feign$1 is ! ?+ :]e) ! read] is ent]ta9$ mo/ delightfully4 ,& ?is also to ! smallness ( ! volume is n want+4 ,y\rs is b "o small piece2 :]eas ! poets t are ) u s mu* admir$1 h tak5 l>g] subjects4 ,b let an ,engli% read]1 9 ,hom] or ,virgil 9 ,engli%1 by :omsoev] translat$1 read "o piece by itself1 no great] ?an y\rs2 ,i may make a "q :e!r he w be less pleas$ ) y\rs ?an 84 ,i "k y d n equal y\r poem to ei!r ( !irs3 ! bulk ( ! "w does n di/+ui% ! art ( ! workman4 ,! ,battle ( ,mice & ,frogs may be own$ )\t disp>agem5t by ,hom] himself4 ,yet if ,hom] _h writt5 no?+ else1 he nev] _h _h ! reputation ( s admirable a poet z he 04,c ,ajax 0 a man ( v great /ature1 & ,teuc] a v little p]son3 yet he 0 bro!r to ,ajax1 bo? 9 blood & *ivalry4 ,i comm5d y\r poem = judgm5t1 n = bulk2 & am assur$ x w be welcome to ! _w ) its own confid5ce2 ?\gh if x come =? arm$ ) v]ses & epi/les1 ,i _c tell :at to ?9k ( x4 ,= ! great wits w ?9k !mselves ?reat5$1 & rebel4 ,unusual =tifications ^u ! bord]s1 c>ry ) !m a suspicion ( ho/ility4 ,& poets w ?9k su* lett]s ( comm5dation a k9d ( conf$]acy & league1 t5d+ to usurp ^u _! lib]ty4 ,i h told y my judgm5t1 & y may make use ( x z y please4 ,b ,i rememb] a l9e or two 9 y\r poem1 t t\*$ ^u div9ity1 :]e9 we diff]$ 9 op9ion4 ,b s9ce y say ! book is lic5s$1 ,i %all ?9k no m ^u x1 b only res]ve my lib]ty ( diss5t+1 :i* ,i "k y w all[ me4,d ,i re/1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ humble & ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,*atswor?1 ,octob] ! #bd?1 #affh4 ,footnote ,b3 ,?is lett] is "h pr9t$ f ! autograph ( ,mr4 ,hobbes1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,r[l& ,eyles ,eg]ton ,w>burton1 ,esq4 ( ,arley ,hall1 ,*e%ire4 ,! same lett]1 ) ! v>iations h]eaft] notic$1 0 prefix$ to ,mr4 ,h[>d's poem1 8,! ,briti% ,pr9ces10 publi%$ 9 #affi3 x is !re address$ 8,to ! ,hon\rable ,edw>d ,h[>d1 ,esq4 on 8 int5d$ impression ( 8 poem ( ! ',briti% ,pr9ces1'0 & is subscrib$1 8,i ne$ say no m1 b re/1 ,y\r ,hon\r's mo/ humble & ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbs4 ,*atswor?1 ,nov4 ! #f?1 #affh40 ,footnote ,c3 ,! passage betwe5 brackets is omitt$ 9 ! lett] prefix$ to ! ,briti% ,pr9ces1 & ! foll[+ is sub/itut$ = x3 8,besides 'tis a virtue 9 a poet to advance ! hon\r ( 8 remote/ ance/ors1 especially :5 x has n be5 done be=e4 ,:at1 ?\gh y out-g ! limits ( c]ta9 hi/ory8 ,d pa9t]s1 :5 !y pa9t ! face ( ! e>?1 leave a blank beyond :at !y "k8 ,d n !y fill up ! space ) /range rocks1 mon/]s1 & o!r gallantry1 to fix _! "w 9 ! memory ( m5 by ! delight ( fancy8 ,s w y\r read]s f ?is poem ?9k hon\rably ( _! orig9al1 :i* is a k9d ( piety40 ,footnote ,d3 ,?is passage is omitt$ 9 ! 8,briti% ,pr9ces40 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ------------------------------------ ,g4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,,pr9t]1 #ajj1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,bohn4 ------- ,to be complet$ 9 #ab ,vols4 #hvo4 ea* #abs4 clo? lett]$1 ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes ,,( ,,malmesbury1 ,,n[ ,,fir/ ,,collect$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,moleswor?1 ,,b>t4 ,m4,p4 ------- ,al?\gh ! close reason+ ( ,,hobbes1 express$ 9 beautiful language1 has creat$ a ho/ ( admir]s1 yet1 ow+ to ! excessive r>ity ( 8 deta*$ writ+s1 _m ( :i* h nev] be5 repr9t$1 no complete set ( 8 works is to be f\nd 9 any "o ( our public or private libr>ies4 ,to rem$y ?is evil1 & to pres5t an edition wor?y ( ! ,au?or1 ! ,editor has collect$ toge!r ! v>i\s pieces1 & at 8 own co/ has det]m9$ to repr9t !m uni=mly1 9 ! be/ /yle ( mod]n typography4 ,five volumes 7,i4 ,,ii4 ( ! ,lat91 & ,i4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ( ! ,engli% works7 are already publi%$1 & ! rema9d] w foll[ z spe$ily z a due reg>d to correctness w all[4 ,z ! impression is limit$1 & ! price ( ea* volume 7betwe5 #ejj & #fjj pages1 ) ,engrav+s7 is unusually l[1 ! ,publi%] has e reason to expect t )9 a %ort p]iod ! :ole ( ! copies w be subscrib$ =1 & !re=e w\ld e>ne/ly recomm5d an e>ly application1 to prev5t disappo9tm5t4 ,an excell5t analysis ( ?is au?or's writ+s w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,hallam's able ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ,europe1 & ! foll[+ te/imonies 9 fav\r ( 8 /yle w convey "s idea ( ! e/imation 9 :i* 8 writ+s are held4 8,hobbes' language is s lucid & concise t x w\ld almo/ be z improp] to put an algebraical process 9 diff]5t t]ms z "s ( 8 metaphysical p>agraphs40--,,hallam4 8,a p]man5t f\ndation ( 8 fame consi/s 9 8 admirable /yle1 :i* seems to be ! v p]fection ( didactic language48--,,sir ,,james ,,mack9to%4 8,"h let u d ju/ice to t great man's memory1 at a "t 8 writ+s seem to be entirely neglect$1 :o1 ) all 8 errors1 we mu/ all[ to be "o ( ! fir/ m5 ( 8 age1 = a bright wit1 a deep p5etration1 & a cultivat$ und]/&+40--,,bp4 ,,w>burton4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------- ,9 cr[n #hvo4 price #hs4 9 extra bo>ds1 ,an ,apology ,,= ,ca!dral ,s]vice4 8,apology = ! ,bible8 ,i didn't "k t ! ,bible want$ any apology40--,,k+ ,,george ,,iii4 8,?is is a v delightful "w1 & conta9s mu* m ?an its title implies4 ,! /yle is qua9t & orig9al1 & rem9ds u ( t ( "s ( our old] writ]s4 ,x is ?r\gh\t enri*$ ) a numb] ( curi\s & int]e/+ quotations & illu/rations1 :i* display consid]able in=mation & rese>*4 ,x is full ( ! '_s ( antiquity1' if we may use su* an expression1 & is deeply imbu$ ) a love = ^? admirable & v5]able in/itutions1 :i* we owe to ! wisdom ( pa/ ages4 ,! def5ce ( ! practice ( *ant+1 ( ! :ole ,ca!dral ,s]vice1 &1 inde$1 ( ,ca!dral in/itutions altoge!r1 is excell5t1 & w repay an att5tive p]usal40--,,*ur*man4 8,?is clev] "w is inde$ /ill ( ! ,_s ( ,antiquity1 & ev9ces great orig9ality & fre%ness ( ?\ght1 brilliancy ( imag9ation1 pr(\nd argum5t1 /rong feel+1 & a ?or\gh & he>t$ love ( ! cause s eloqu5tly advocat$40--,,salisbury ,,h]ald4 ------- ,9 foolscap #hvo4 price #hs4 9 clo?1 lett]$1 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,demo/h5es4 ,& o!r ,orig9al ,poems3 ,,) ,,! ,,prome!us ,,& ,,agamemnon ,,( ,,s*ylus1 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,greek1 ,,by ,,george ,,crok] ,,fox1 ,,esq4 8,we hail ! publication ( ?is "w z a valuable addition to our lit]ature4 ,) an elegant & graceful d$ication to our "y & int]e/+ ,que51 ! volume consi/s ( orig9al ,poems1 di/+ui%$ = beauty ( ?\ght1 express$ 9 language classic & poli%$2 & ( translations r>ely equall$ = fidelity & vig\r4 ,! ,dea? ( ,demo/h5es is inde$ a noble subject1 nobly execut$40444 8,we h n[ done our mo/ ardu\s b pleas+ task1 to review ! f9e/ poems :i* h appe>$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 ?is utilit>ian age ( /eam & vap\r1 :51 :il/ we are go+ on ) our rail-roads1 we are go+ back 9 our le>n+1 x is r>e to f9d a m9d :i* c ?9k ) & emulate ! anci5ts--give a new *>m to classic lit]ature--call =? ! mighty spirits ( ,greece--br+ !m1 ) all _! eloqu5ce & g5ius1 be=e u--create ) !m--copy aft] !m4 ,mr4 ,fox1 !re=e1 des]ves our comm5dation1 & m]its our gratitude = 8 classical volume ( poems2 = no?+ p]fect 9 eloqu5ce1 no?+ p]fect 9 poetry1 c be produc$1 unless we love1 /udy1 & imitate ! great ma/]s ( ?\ght & ta/e--! anci5ts-- 8---- ------------------color *e sanno40--,dante4 ,! classical is ano!r "n = ! beautiful1 & ,mr4 ,fox's volume mu/ *>m all1 except ! ignorant )\t le>n+1 & ! le>n$ )\t ta/e40--,,dubl9 ,,review4 ------- ,9 "o volume1 #hvo4 price #afs4 9 clo?1 lett]$1 ,a ,,classical ,,ar*,,ological ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,mann]s1 ,,cu/oms1 ,,laws1 ,,in/itutions1 ,,arts1 ,c4 ,,( ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,nations ,,( ,,antiquity ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,prefix$ ,a ,,synoptical ,,& ,,*ronological ,,view ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4 ,,by ,p4 ,a4 ,,nuttall1 ,,ll4,d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 #ae vols4 #hvo4 price #gl4 #ags4 #f;d4 9 bo>ds1 ,,taylor',s 7,,bp4 ,,j]emy7 ,,works1 ,) ,life1 by ,bp4 ,,heb]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ------- ,,arrian ,,on ,,c\rs+1 ,translat$ f ! ,greek1 ) ,classical & ,practical ,annotations1 & a brief ,sket* ( ! ,life ( ! ,au?or4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix1 conta9+ "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,canes ,v5atici ( ,classical ,antiquity2 royal #hvo4 #bd embelli%m5ts f ! ,antique1 on ,india pap]1 extra bo>ds1 #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 ------- ,,brydges' 7,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,h>=d ,,jones7 ,,works ,,on ,,p]sia4 ,! ,dyna/y ( ! ,kaj>s1 translat$ f ! orig9al ,p]sian ,manuscript pres5t$ by ,8 ,maje/y ,faty ,aly ,%ah to ,sir ,h>=d ,jones ,brydges1 ,b>t4 ,k4,c4 ,,ll4,d4 late ,envoy ,extraord9>y & ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y f 8 ,britannic ,maje/y to ! ,c\rt ( ,teh]an4 ,to :i* is prefix$1 a succ9ct ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia previ\s to t ,p]iod1 #hvo4 frontispiece & #c maps1 bo>ds1 #al4 #ds4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,transactions ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,mission to ! ,c\rt ( ,p]sia 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjg-aa1 by ,sir ,h>=d ,jones ,brydges1 ,b>t4 ,to :i* is add$ a brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,wahauby1 #b vols4 #hvo4 plates1 bds4 #al4 #as4 ------- ,,dansey 7,,rev4 ,w47 ,,on ,,rural ,,deans4 ,hor ,decanic ,rurales1 be+ an ,attempt to illu/rate1 by a ,s]ies ( ,notes & ,extracts1 ! ,"n & ,title1 ! ,orig91 ,appo9tm5t1 & ,functions ( ,rural ,deans1 c4 #b vols4 #dto4 half-b\nd morocco1 top edges gilt1 #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 ,ar*deacon ,godd>d1 9 8 rec5t *>ge1 /rongly recomm5ds ?is excell5t "w to ! att5tive p]usal ( e cl]gyman4 ------- ,,higg9s' 7,g47 ,,celtic ,,druids2 ,or an ,attempt to %[ t ! ,druids 7 ! ,prie/s ( ,ori5tal ,colonies1 :o emigrat$ f ,india1 & 7 ! ,introduc]s ( ! fir/ or ,cadmean ,sy/em ( ,lett]s1 & ! build]s ( ,,/oneh5ge1 ( ,c>nac1 & ( o!r ,cyclopean ,works 9 ,asia & ,europe1 #dto4 map & num]\s plates1 bds4 #cl4 ,also1 by ! same ,au?or4 ,,anacalypsis1 ,an ,attempt to draw aside ! ,veil ( ! ,saitic ,isis2 or an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,languages1 ,nations & ,religions1 #b vols4 #dto4 plates1 bds4 #el4 ------- ,,woodville',s 7,,dr4 ,,wm47 ,,m$ical ,,botany2 ,,?ird ,,edition1 mat]ially enl>g$ & improv$ by ,pr(essor ,sir ,,william ,,jackson ,,hook]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4,s4 c4 & ,g4 ,,spratt1 ,esq4 #e vols4 #dto4 #caj plates1 engrav$ by ,s[]by & ,spratt1 bo>ds1 #el4 #aes4 #f;d4 or ) ! plates f9ely col\r$1 #hl4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! press1 & %ortly w be publi%$1 9 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,,dr4 ,,field',s ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,notes1 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,john ,s4 ,,brew]4 ,m4,a4 ,,( ,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ------- ,z ,dr4 ,field's ,book ( ! ,*ur* has become excessively r>e1 &1 ?\gh mu* 9 reque/1 is n atta9able at any price1 ! ,publi%]1 at ! sugge/ion ( sev]al em95t cl]gym51 has und]tak5 a new edition ( ?is v valuable "w4 ,9 ord] to r5d] x wor?y ( att5tion1 & f> sup]ior to all prec$+ ones1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,brew] 7a ,g5tleman ^: well-kn[n dilig5ce & accuracy gu>antee its be+ execut$ 9 ! be/ mann]7 has k9dly (f]$ 8 s]vices to collate ! v>i\s editions1 to v]ify all ! ,ref]5ces1 & to supply additional ,notes :]e necess>y4 ,he has likewise det]m9$1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme r>ity ( _m ( ! ,au?ors cit$ by ,dr4 ,field1 to give 8 quotations at full l5g? at ! bottom ( ea* page2 & at ! end ( e *apt] a brief li/ ( writ]s1 especially ( ,engli% ,div9es1 :o h treat$ on ! same subject3 ?us r5d]+ ! "w a ,,text ,,book ,,( ,,!ology4 ,z ! r>ity ( ?is ma/]piece ( "o ( our mo/ em95t ,div9es has prev5t$ its be+ s univ]sally kn[n z x des]ves to be1 ! ,publi%] may be p>don$ = cit+ a few among ! num]\s comm5dations 9 its fav\r4 ,col]idge1 ! ,poet1 9 a lett] to 8 son1 ! ,rev4 ,d]w5t ,col]idge1 emphatically writes3--8,,?is ,,"o ,,volume1 ,,?or\ghly ,,und]/ood ,,& ,,appropriat$1 ,,w ,,place ,,y ,,9 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,rank ,,( ,,doctr9al ,,*ur*-,,(-,,engl& ,,div9es1 ,,& ,,( ,,no ,,mean ,,rank ,,z ,a ,,true ,,doctr9al ,,*ur* ,,hi/orian40 ,k+ ,james ,i4 delight$ to disc\rse ) ,field on po9ts ( ,div9ity1 &1 :5 he fir/ prea*$ be=e him1 said3 8,is 8 "n ,field8 ,?is is ! ,,field = ,god to dwell 940 ,on he>+ ( 8 dea?1 ! ,k+ express$ regret1 & add$1 8,i %\ld h done m = t man60 ,full]1 9 ! same punn+ age1 calls him1 8,t le>n$ ,div9e1 ^: memory smelle? l a ,,field :i* ! ,"l ha? bless$40 ,an?ony a ,wood tells u he 0 e/eem$ 8! be/ disputant 9 ! s*ools40 8,field 0 well skill$ 9 ,s*ool ,div9ity1 & a frequ5t prea*] :ile he liv$ 9 ,ox=d%ire1 & is said to h be5 v in/rum5tal 9 prev5t+ ! increase ( noncon=mity 9 ! ,univ]sity40--,,g\gh4 8,:5 he fir/ set ab\t writ+ 8 book ',,( ,,! ,,*ur*1' 8 old acqua9tance1 ,dr4 ,kettle1 dissuad$ him1 tell+ him t :5 once he 0 engag$ 9 controv]sy he w\ld nev] live quietly1 b be cont9ually tr\bl$ ) answ]s & replies4 ,to ?is ,field answ]$1 ',i w s write t !y %all h no great m9d to answ] me2' :i* prov$ to be ne>ly ! case1 z 8 ma9 argum5ts 7 nev] refut$40--,,*alm]s4 ,heyl91 9 8 8,life ( ,laud10 calls him1 8! rev]5d "r le>n$ ,dr4 ,field1 ^: excell5t works w keep 8 "n alive to succe$+ ages40 --------------------- ,,subscrib]s' ,,names ,,receiv$ ,,by ,,john ,,bohn1 #ag1 ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,9 ! table ( cont5ts1 ! page numb] = ! f9al section 78,lett] to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,edw>d ,h[>d07 0 incorrectly giv5 z p4 #dei4 ,! section beg9s at p4 #deh & ! correction 0 made4 ,at #db4ag1 ! ^w #8=w>dness' appe>s4 ,sev]al l9es e>li]1 #8fr[>dness' is us$4 ,! discrepancy is probably a pr9t]'s error4 #8,fr[>d' is also us$ else:]e3 #8fr[>d *ildr51 we>y ( ! controlm5t ( _! p>5ts' 7p4 #deg74 ,s9ce ,hobbes is discuss+ a specific behavior1 ! =m] has be5 reta9$ z less ambigu\s4 ,! *apt] summ>y = ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,ii ( ,,de ,,corpore ,,politico1 on p4 #ach1 misnumb]$ section #b z #8#a'4 ,on p4 #aag1 a ref]5ce to section #af ( ! ,x,i,ith *apt] ( ,human ,nature is incorrect4 ,! #f? section ( t *apt] is ! obvi\sly correct ref]5ce4 ,on p4 #bja1 a ref]5ce to section #i ( ! ,v,i,ith *apt] ( ! same text is also incorrect4 ,! #h? section seems to be ! int5d$ ref]5ce4 ,o!r errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 ! orig9al4 #bf4ba ,i take nosce tei_/e ipsum = a precept ,space add$4 #agf4cb ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 the fle% ,add$4 #ahc4ah is n only n necessaa_/ry ,replac$4 #baf4ab a duty ( sov]eigns ,ins]t$4 #bdh4bh ,?us y see ! case put by ,/4 ,paul ,ins]t$4 #bgj4bb are necesssary4 ,remov$4 #ccc4a nor _h he he receiv$ ,remov$4