,,agricola ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 #d ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,madras ,,toronto3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,tokyo3 ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,agricola ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,agriculture ,,& ,,ru/ic ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,greco-,,roman ,,_w ,,f ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,( ,,lab\r ,,by ,w ,e ,,heitl& ,,ma ,,fell[ ,,( ,,/ ,,john',s ,,college ,,cambridge ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press #aiba #8,inspect ! basis ( ! social pile3 ,inquire1' said ,i1 #8h[ mu* ( m5tal p[] ,& g5u9e virtue !y possess :o live ,by bodily toil1 lab\r exce$+ f> ,_! due proportion1 "u all ! weight ,( t inju/ice :i* ^u ourselves ,ourselves entail4' ,su* e/imate to frame ,i *iefly look$ 7:at ne$ to look beyond87 ,among ! natural abodes ( m51 ,fields ) _! rural works2 recall$ to m9d ,my e>lie/ notices2 ) ^! comp>$ ,! obs]vations made 9 lat] y\?1 ,& to t day cont9u$--,=1 ! "t ,_h nev] be5 :5 ?roes ( mighty ,nations ,& ! _w's tumult unto me c\ld yield1 ,h[ f> soe'er transport$ & possess$1 ,full measure ( cont5t2 b /ill ,i crav$ ,an int]m+l+ ( di/9ct reg>ds ,& tru?s ( individual sympa?y ,ne>] ourselves4 ,,wordswor?1 ,prelude1 book ,,xiii4 ,,preface ,v few words are ne$$ "h1 = ! book is meant to expla9 its own scope4 ,i h only to ?ank ^? to ^: k9dness ,i am deeply indebt$4 ,pr(essor ,buckl& 0 s good z to help me :5 ,i 0 /riv+ to utilize ! evid5ce ( ! ,roman juri/s4 ,*apt] ,,xlix 9 p>ticul> owes mu* to 8 g5ial *a/isem5t4 ,on *apt]s ,,ii & ,,lxi ,mr ,g ,g ,c\lton has giv5 me mo/ valuable criticism4 ,yet ,i ?ank ^! g5tlem5 ) "s reluctance1 fe>+ t ,i may seem to connect _! names ) errors ( my own4 ,mr ,t ,r ,glov] k9dly read *apt] ,,xxix4 ,pr(essor ,h\sman call$ my att5tion to ! #8,f>m]'s ,law1' & k9dly l5t me ,mr ,a%burn]'s articles1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 ,app5dix ,b4 ,to all ^!1 & to ! ,syndics ( ! ,univ]sity ,press = und]tak+ ! publication ( ?is unconv5tional "w1 ,i h]eby express my s9c]e gratitude4 ,my reasons = adopt+ ! me?od foll[$ 9 ?is book are giv5 on pages #e-f & #dfh4 ,w ,e ,,heitl& ,,cambridge ,augu/ #aibj ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,pages ,,introductory ,i4 ,,evid5ce #a-g ,,ii4 ,,l& ,,& ,,lab\r #g-ae ,,au?orities ,,9 ,,detail--,,greek ,,iii4 ,,! ,,iliad ,,& ,,odyssey #af-bb ,,iv4 ,,hesiod1 ,,works ,,& ,,days #bb-bd ,v4 ,,/ray ,,notes ,,f ,,e>ly ,,poets #bd-bf ,,vi4 ,,traces ,,( ,,s]fdom ,,9 ,,greek ,,/ates #bf-bh ,,vii4 ,,h]odotus #bh-cj ,,viii4 ,,! ,,trag$ians ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles #ca-cc ,euripides #cc-cg ,,ix4 ,,! #8,,con/itution ,,( ,,a!ns' ,,or #8,,old ,,olig>*' #cg-dj ,x4 ,,ari/ophanes #dj-dh ,,xi4 ,,?ucydides #dh-eb ,,xii4 ,,x5ophon #ec-fa ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,comic ,,fragm5ts #fa-fe ,,xiv4 ,,e>ly ,,lawgiv]s ,,& ,,!ori/s #fe-gj ,,xv4 ,,plato #gj-hj ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,attic ,,orators #hj-he ,,xvii4 ,,ari/otle #he-ajc ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,attic ,,orators #ajc-aab ,,xix4 ,,! ,,mac$onian ,,p]iod ,,& ,,! ,,leagues #aab-acj ,polybius etc--,!ocritus--,plautus & ,t]5ce--,inscriptions--,lett] ( ,philip ,v to ,l>isa--,evid5ce pres]v$ by ,plut>*1 ,diodorus1 ,livy1 etc ,,rome--,,e>ly ,,p]iod ,,to #bjj ,,bc ,,xx4 ,,! ,,traditions ,,comb9$ ,,& ,,discuss$ #aca-adi ,no contempor>y au?ors ,,xxi4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,conclusions #adi-aej ,,rome--,,middle ,,p]iod ,,xxii4 ,,introductory ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,p]iod #bjj ,,bc-#ahj ,,ad #aea-afd ,gr[? ( slav]y--,slave ris+s1 etc ,,xxiii4 ,,cato #afd-agc ,,xxiv4 ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,p]iod #agd-agg ,,xxv4 ,,v>ro #agh-ahg ,,xxvi4 ,,cic]o #ahg-aii ,,xxvii4 ,,sallu/ ,,etc #aii-bjb ,,rome--,,! ,,empire ,,xxviii4 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,agricultural ,,lab\r ,,"u ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction #bjc-bab ,,rome--,,augu/us ,,to ,,n]o ,,xxix4 ,,horace ,,& ,,v]gil #bac-bda ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,eld] ,,s5eca ,,etc #bda-bdc ,,xxxi4 ,,s5eca ,,! ,,y\ng] #bdd-bdh ,,xxxii4 ,,lucan1 ,,petronius1 ,,etc #bdh-bej ,,xxxiii4 ,,columella #bej-bfi ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,flavian ,,& ,,anton9e ,,emp]ors ,,xxxiv4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction #bgj-bgd ,note on emigration f ,italy #bgd-bge ,,xxxv4 ,,musonius #bge-bhj ,,xxxvi4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,eld] #bha-bhg ,,xxxvii4 ,,tacitus #bhg-bib ,note on an ,african inscription #bic ,,xxxviii4 ,,front9us #bid-bif ,,xxxix4 ,,inscriptions ,,relative ,,to ,,alim5ta #bif-cjj ,,xl4 ,,dion ,,*ryso/om #cjj-cjc ,,xli4 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ]s #cjc-cje ,,xlii4 ,,m>tial ,,& ,,juv5al #cje-cag ,,xliii4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,y\ng] #cag-cbe ,,xliv4 ,,suetonius ,,etc #cbe-cbh ,,xlv4 ,,apuleius #cbh-cce ,,commodus ,,to ,,diocletian ,,xlvi4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction #ccf-cdb ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,african ,,inscriptions #cdb-cec ,,xlviii4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,same #cec-cfa ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,juri/s ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ #cfa-cgh ,l4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,colonate1 ,,its ,,place ,,9 ,,roman ,,hi/ory #cgh-chd ,additional notes #che ,,f ,,diocletian ,,li4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction #chf-cii ,,lii4 ,,libanius #cii-djb ,,liii4 ,,symma*us #djb-dji ,,liv4 ,,ammianus #dji-dae ,,lv4 ,,claudian #dae-dag ,,lvi4 ,,vegetius #dag-dai ,,*ri/ian ,,writ]s ,,lvii4 ,,lactantius #dbj-dbb ,,lviii4 ,,sulpicius ,,sev]us #dbb-dbc ,,lix4 ,,salvian #dbc-dbf ,,lx4 ,,apoll9>is ,,sidonius #dbf-dcb ,,lxi4 ,,conclud+ ,,*apt] #dcb-dei ,,app5dix ,,"s ,,byzant9e ,,au?orities ,a4 ,! ,geoponica #dfj-dfb ,b4 ,! #8,f>m]'s ,law' #dfb-dfd ,c4 ,mod]n books1 a few int]e/+ extracts & ref]5ces #dfe-df ,d4 ,li/ ( "s ( ! works f\nd useful 9 ?is inquiry #dfh-dga ,,indices ,i4 ,,g5]al #dgb-dgi ,,ii4 ,,words ,,& ,,phrases #dgi-dhb ,,iii4 ,,passages ,,cit$ #dhc-dhi ,,iv4 ,,mod]n ,,au?orities #dhi-dij ,v4 ,,c\ntries1 ,,places ,,& ,,peoples #dij-dib ,,introductory ,i4 ,,evid5ce4 ,! inquiry ( :i* ! results are set =? 9 ^! pages 0 und]tak5 9 ! endeav\r to satisfy my own m9d on a v important "q 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,circum/ances h compell$ me to int]e/ myself 9 ! civilization ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,& x has always be5 a pa9ful disadvantage to /ud5ts ( ! #8classical' sy/ems t ! available record nei!r provides adequate lab\r-/ati/ics nor furni%es a criticism ( exi/+ lab\r-conditions f ! po9t ( view ( ! h&work]s4 ,accu/om$ z we are n[adays to cont9ual agitations = increase ( wages & r$uction ( work+ h\rs1 ) c5turies ( /range exp]i5ce 9 ! work+ ( ,poor-laws1 we are 9 no dang] ( und]valu+ ! importance ( ! wage-e>n] 9 our social fabric4 ,we are r 9 dang] ( =gett+ o!r 7& p]haps n less vital7 consid]ations1 "u pressure ( ! mat]ial claims ( ! lab\r] & 8 hire4 ,p[] goes by votes2 ! h&work] is n[ a vot]2 & ! voice ( ! h&work] is l\d 9 ! l&4 ,no s*eme is too wild to f9d advocates2 & ^? :o v5ture to ass]t ! "r ( inv5tion1 organization & ?rift to sup]ior recognition z public b5efits (t5 ?9k x necess>y to adopt an apologetic tone4 ,n[ x may be t ?is is a pass+ phase1 & t ! s-call$ #8work+-class'--t is1 h&work]s = wages--w come to see t ! civilization ^: com=ts !y enjoy1 & ^: discom=ts !y res5t1 does n :olly dep5d ^u ! simple repeat$ acts ( ! h&work]s !mselves4 ,p]haps !re are already signs ( "s su* reaction4 ,b1 if s1 ! reaction mu/ be volunt>y2 = no p[] exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry to con/ra9 ! h&work] to take reasonable views1 9 %ort to face facts4 ,9 ^! words ,i am n imply+ any d5ial ( ! reasonabl5ess ( _m ( 8 claims4 ,to (f] an op9ion on que/ions ( m or less is no bus9ess ( m9e4 ,b1 :5 we comp>e mod]n indu/ries 9 g5]al ) ^? ( ! anci5t _w1 we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( a v diff]5t situation4 ,! l>ge/ scale ( op]ations atta9able 9 antiquity seems small & crude by ! side ( rec5t a*ievem5ts1 = in/ance ! build+ ( ! ,pyramids comp>$ ) ! ,panama canal4 ,ma*9]y1 transport1 & sci5tific discov]y 9 g5]al1 h made x possible to c>ry out colossal und]tak+s ) comp>ative ease & )\t :olesale de/ruction ( human life4 ,! greate/ works ( ! anci5ts are = ! mo/ "p sil5t witnesses to ! ru?less employm5t ( =c$ lab\r1 ei!r t ( captives or b\ght slaves or t ( ! impress$ subjects ( an autocrat4 ,m]e brute =ce1 appli$ 9 unlimit$ quantity#a ) call\s indiff]5ce to ! suff]+s ( ! toil]s1 0 ! *ief means at disposal3 me*anical inv5tion _h got s f> z to r5d] possible "s tasks t )\t x c\ld n h be5 p]=m$ at all4 ,x gave ext5d$ effect to ! mass ( =c$ lab\r1 & !re x /opp$1 = we h no reason to ?9k t x improv$ ! lab\r]'s lot4 ,! surviv+ evid5ce z to ! condition#b ( slaves 9 m9es & factories enables u to =m "s fa9t notion ( ! human wa/age result+ f ! cruel =c$-lab\r sy/em4 ,we may !n /ate ! position briefly ?us3 to attempt great ent]prises 0 only possible ?r\gh ! crude employm5t ( lab\r 9 great masses3 ! supply ( ?is lab\r 01 or appe>$ to be1 procurable only by compulsion3 & compulsion 0 op]ative ?r\gh ! in/itution ( slav]y or ! passive submission ( c[$ populations to ! w ( despots4 ,b if slav]y promot$ l>ge-scale ent]prise1 surely l>ge-scale ent]prise t5d$ to e/abli% slav]y 9 ! =m ( =c$ lab\r m firmly ?an ev]4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ! necessity ( employ+ free lab\r has /imulat$ sci5tific inv5tion1 9 me*anical & o!r dep>tm5ts1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* is to require great] intellectual#c developm5t 9 ! lab\r]1 & 9 ! long run to furni% him ) effective means ( ass]t+ 8 own fre$om4 ,"u mod]n conditions1 ! gradual displacem5t ( small h&icraftsm5 by ! gr[? ( great capitali/ic comb9ations is go+ on1 p]haps n always = good4 ,! public accept ?is result z fate4 ,&1 if economy 9 production & prime-co/ *eapness are ! only ?+s wor? consid]+1 x is n easy to condemn ! process4 ,b ev5ts are /eadily demon/rat+ ! fe> once ent]ta9$1 t h&work]s 9 g5]al w\ld f9d _! position weak5$ !reby1 to be gr\ndless4 ,if ! indep5d5t craftsman has lo/ gr\nd1 ! wage-e>n+ j\rneyman has ga9$4 ,we ne$ n foll[ out ?is topic 9 detail1 b note ! contra/ pres5t$ by ! anci5t _w4 ,! #8small man' 9 crafts & trades 0 able to hold 8 own1 = )\t /eam-p[] ! capitali/ 0 n /rong en\gh to suppress him4 ,9 a small way he 0 some?+ ( a capitali/ himself1 & commonly own$ slave-appr5tices4 ,8 "p 9 anci5t civilization 0 und\bt$ly f> m important ?an x appe>s 9 lit]ature3 = he m9i/]$ to ! ord9>y ne$s ( e day1 :ile lit]ature1 !n z n[ & m ?an n[1 *iefly record$ ! exceptional4 ,:5 we turn to ! wage-e>n]1 :o e>ns a liv+ by hir+ out 8 bodily p[]s to an employ]1 we are deal+ ) a :olly diff]5t class4 ,^! are ! free m5 :o 9 a slave-hold+ society h to compete ) ! slave4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t inquiry we mu/ keep a %>p look-out = e ref]5ce or allusion to su* p]sons 9 ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 & 9 p>ticul> note num]\s passages 9 :i* ! /atus ( lab\r]s _c be inf]r$ ) c]ta9ty f ! language4 ,b ! importance ( ?is special po9t is ( c\rse n conf9$ to agriculture4 ,i h *os5 to limit my inquiry to ! case ( agriculture = ^! reasons4 ,fir/1 because x 0 & is ! indu/ry on :i* human life1 & !re=e all o!r indu/ries & all progress1 did & d re/4 ,secondly1 because its economic importance 9 ! anci5t _w1 s f> f decl9+1 manife/ly increas$4 ,! problem ( food-supply 0 always !re4 ,& x 0 nev] m press+ ?an 9 ! lat] ages ( ,rome1 :5 imp]ial ef=ts to en=ce production1 if successful1 f$ h] b>b>ian armies1 at ! same "t attract+ ! att5tion ( b>b>ian invad]s to l&s t promis$ ! food-crops :i* !y !mselves 7 too lazy to produce4 ,?irdly1 because ! importance ( agriculture 0 & is n m]ely economic4 ,its moral value1 z a nurs]y ( /eady citiz5s &1 at ne$1 ( h>dy soldi]s1 0 & /ill %\ld be recogniz$ by ?\ghtful m54 ,!re=e its conditions & its relative prosp]ity or decay des]ve ! att5tion ( all hi/orians ( all p]iods4 ,unluckily /ati/ical record ( a sci5tific "* is n available = ! times t we call anci5t1 & numb]s are notori\sly liable to corruption 9 manuscripts4 ,!re=e ,i h only v5tur$ to give figures seldom & ) res]ve4 ,= agriculture we h no?+ on ! scale ( ! inscriptions t record wages1 = in/ance on public works at ,a!ns4 ,on ! o!r h& we h = c]ta9 p]iods ! evid5ce ( speciali/s su* z ,cato1 ,v>ro & ,columella1 to :om we owe mu* in=mation z to ! actual or possible conditions ( ru/ic ent]prise & lab\r4 ,! relation ( agriculture & agricultural lab\r to ! /ate z a :ole is a subject illu/rat$ by great !ori/s su* z ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! practical problems ( l&[n+ & f>m+ meet u n[ & !n 9 ! contempor>y evid5ce ( su* m5 z ,x5ophon & ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,ev5 orators1 ?\gh necess>ily p>tisan witnesses1 at times give valuable help3 !y may di/ort facts1 b x is n _! int]e/ to less5 _! own p[] ( p]suasion by ass]t+ :at is manife/ly incr$ible4 ,! anci5t hi/orians tell u v little1 ev5 ( ! pa/2 contempor>y evid5ce f !m is especially r>e4 ,!y are preoccupi$ ) public affairs1 & ! conditions ( ru/ic life & lab\r only conc]n !m at mom5ts :5 s]i\s di/ress or disord] compels att5tion4 ,rhetoricians & poets are d\btful witnesses4 ,l ! orators1 !y use _! matt] freely & ) mu* col\r+ = _! imm$iate purposes4 ,b !y are n1 l =5sic orators1 9 direct contact ) practical em]g5cies4 ,! que/ions aris+ out ( ,v]gil's ,georgics are problems to be discuss$ by !mselves4 ,! contribution ( encyclopa$ic or occasional writ]s is 9 "s cases ( value4 ,i w "h only "n ! eld] ,pl9y & ,apuleius4 ,books ( travel & geography1 = in/ance ,h]odotus & ,/rabo1 give /ray details1 b g5]ally 9 ref]5ce to di/ant c\ntries1 mo/ly 9 ! ,ea/ & s h>dly )9 my subject1 save = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,!re are h[ev] two topics ) :i* ,i am n directly conc]n$1 b :i* x is impossible :olly to ignore 9 speak+ ( anci5t agriculture4 ,fir/1 ! relation ( milit>y duty to l&hold+ ! f>m] z citiz5 soldi]1 & m]c5>y s]vice ! ru/ic z volunte] = pay4 ,?is has be5 s fully treat$ 9 mod]n h&books t ,i ne$ say little ab\t x4 ,secondly1 ! v>i\s conditions ( t5ure ( l&4 ,t ru/ic life & !re) ru/ic lab\r 7 directly & deeply affect$ by v>ieties ( t5ure1 ne$s no pro(4 ,! cit$ op9ions ( ,roman lawy]s 9 ! ,dige/ are ! ma9 au?ority on po9ts ( ?is k9d1 & /ray ref]5ces else:]e s]ve to illu/rate !m4 ,9 conclusion ,i h only to insi/ aga9 on ! fact t we h no direct witness ( ! lab\r]'s1 or ev5 ! work+ f>m]'s1 po9t ( view4 ,! evid5ce all comes f above2 & !re=e g5]ally gives u a picture ( conditions z ! law meant !m to be & presum$ !m normally to be4 ,h[ f> ! practical work+ correspond$ to ! legal position1 is only to be guess$ ) caution f ! admissions involv$ 9 ! elaboration ( legal rem$ies2 &1 9 ! case ( imp]ial coloni1 f ! unique evid5ce ( ! notable ,african inscriptions4 ,x is ,i tru/ aft] ! above consid]ations n unreasonable to devote no special *apt]s to c]ta9 writ]s :om nev]!less x is (t5 necess>y to cite 9 notes4 ,diodorus1 ,livy1 ,a!naeus1 ,macrobius1 ,gellius1 ,palladius1 are cases ( ! k9d4 ,/ray ref]5ces 9 _! works are valuable1 b !re is no?+ to require a treatm5t ( !m z sev]al :oles4 ,ev5 ,livy is *iefly useful z h&+ d[n rema9s ( pa/ tradition3 h5ce he 7& ,dionysius & ,plut>* ) him7 h a lead+ place 9 ! introductory *apt] on e>ly ,rome4 ,s too ! writ]s ( ! s-call$ hi/oria ,augu/a & ! laws ( ! ,!odosian & ,ju/9ian ,codes f9d _! place 9 ! notes to c]ta9 *apt]s4 ,on ! o!r h& 7to omit obvi\s cases7 ,euripides1 ,x5ophon1 ! y\ng] ,s5eca1 ,m>tial1 ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 ,apuleius1 ,ammianus1 ,symma*us1 ,apoll9>is ,sidonius1 ne$ c>eful treatm5t ) full reg>d to ! p]iods & circum/ances by :i* _! evid5tial values are sev]ally qualifi$4 ,& 9 ord] to place ea* witness 9 8 prop] sett+ x is sometimes necess>y to pause & gr\p a numb] ( circum/ances toge!r 9 a special *apt]4 ,?is arises f ! endeav\r to pres]ve s f> z possible ! ?read ( cont9uity1 :i* is always really !re1 ?\gh at times v ?91 ow+ to ! loss ( _m works 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,9 su* *apt]s "o has to look bo? backw>d & =w>d1 & (t5 to digress = a mom5t on topics only connect$ indirectly ) ! ma9 object4 ,i h tri$ to avoid ne$less repetitions1 b "s repetitions are unavoidable1 s9ce ! same po9t (t5 s]ves to illu/rate diff]5t p>ts ( ! argum5t4 ,to make a sy/em ( cross-ref]5ces f *apt] to *apt] q complete is h>dly possible1 & w\ld add imm5sely to ! bulk ( footnotes4 ,x has seem$ bett] to attempt complet5ess by elaboration ( ! ,index4 ,a few details f a p]iod lat] ?an t ) :i* ,i am conc]n$ are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 z be+ ( int]e/4 ,also ! names ( "s books f :i* 9 a c\rse ( miscellane\s read+ ,i h d]iv$ m or less help1 p>ticul>ly 9 not+ mod]n survivals or analogies4 ,= significant matt] occurs 9 q unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,& ! obs]v]s :o record facts ( ru/ic life & lab\r 9 ,italy or ,france1 9 ,nor? or ,c5tral or ,s\? ,am]ica1 )\t attempt+ to manipulate !m 9 connexion ) a !ory1 des]ve mu* gratitude4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! h&l+ ( evid5ce !re is room = "s v>iety ( me?od4 ,& x seems reasonable to hold t ! *oice ( me?od %\ld be ma9ly guid$ by two lead+ consid]ations1 ! nature ( ! evid5ce available & ! aim ( ! inquiry pursu$4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! inquiry deals ) a "p1 a some:at neglect$ "p1 ( ,greco-,roman hi/ory3 & ! subject is "o t c by no means be /rictly conf9$ to asc]ta9+ ! b>e facts ( f>m life & lab\r4 ,t ! conditions ( agriculture 7 n only important 9 connexion ) food-supply1 b _h an ext5sive moral & political be>+1 is surely beyond dispute4 ,& ! nature ( ! surviv+ evid5ce fav\rs1 or r requires1 ! tak+ ( a correspond+ly wide view4 ,outside ! circle ( te*nical writ+s1 ! lit]>y evid5ce almo/ always has an eye to ! position ( agriculture z relat$ to ! common weal2 nor is ?is po9t ( view ignor$ ev5 by ! te*nical writ]s4 ,!re=e1 9 treat+ ! subject z ,i h tri$ to treat x1 x is v necess>y to take ea* witness sep>ately s f> z possible1 & n to appraise ! value ( 8 te/imony )\t a fair consid]ation ( 8 condition & environm5t4 ,?is necessity is peculi>ly obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! !ori/s1 ^: witness is in/ructive 9 a v high degree1 b only :5 we be> 9 m9d ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s f obs]vation ( :i* _! conclusions 7 d]iv$4 ,& ! *anges ( attitude 9 philosophic ?\ght are sometimes highly in/ructive4 ,take f>m life & lab\r z x appe>s to ,plato & ,ari/otle & lat] to ,musonius3 a :ole volume ( hi/ory1 economic moral & political1 lies 9 ! int]val ( "s #djj ye>s4 ,inscriptions furni% little to ! /ud5t ( ?is subject1 b t little is wor? hav+4 ,to conclude ?is p>agraph1 ,i d n apologize = putt+ my au?orities 9 ! witness-box & que/ion+ !m "o by "o4 ,= only ?us d ,i see a possibility ( giv+ a true picture ( ! conditions ) :i* ,i am conc]n$4 ,x is a long me?od1 b p]haps n un9t]e/+1 & ,i see no o!r4 ,x may seem necess>y to expla9 :y ,i h n devot$ special *apt]s to ru/ic life & lab\r 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries1 "s ( :i* ev5tually became p>ts ( ! ,roman empire4 ,su* c\ntries are = in/ance ,egypt1 ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,"o reason is t ,i c\ld d no?+ m ?an compile conclusions ( ! inquir]s :o h lately rescu$ a va/ mass ( detail1 *iefly f ! ,egyptian papyri4 ,age =bade me to und]take ?is task unless x seem$ cle> t my inquiry really dep5d$ on x4 ,b1 inasmu* z ,i h n be5 try+ to produce a te*nical treatise ^u anci5t agriculture1 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y4 ,t !re is room = su* a treatise1 ,i h no d\bt3 nor t its writ] w ne$ to h _m ye>s at 8 disposal & a good k ( sev]al sci5ces at 8 back4 ,) reg>d to ea/]n c\ntries o!r ?an ,egypt1 practically ! ,seleucid empire1 k is at pres5t v scanty1 z ,ro/[zew has to confess4 ,anci5t ,india lies q beyond my range1 z hav+ nev] be5 a "p ( ! ,roman empire3 b !re is evid5tly mu* ( int]e/ to be ga!r$ 9 ?is field4 ,f ^! ext5sive & promis+ rese>*es my limit$ ef=t is divid$ by a cle>ly m>k$ l9e4 ,i am conc]n$ ) agriculture & agricultural lab\r n z ! occupation ( passive populations m]ely produc+ s mu* food ye> by ye>1 peoples ov] :om c5turies might pass )\t asc]ta9able *ange ( a moral social or political "*4 ,su* peoples1 9 %ort1 z d n get beyond ! conception ( rul] & rul$ to t ( /ate & citiz51 or at lea/ h n yet done s4 ,= ( all conclusions to be drawn f ! hi/ory ( ! ,greco-,roman _w none seems to me m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t1 :ile political social & moral movem5ts affect$ ! conditions ( agriculture1 agricultural *anges react$ ^u political social & moral conditions4 ,?us ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! peoples1 compris+ ! rise & fall ( anci5t ef=ts t[>ds self-gov]nm5t1 mu/ always be kept 9 view3 ! fluctuations ( :at ,i may call civic values1 & ! position ( f>m]s z lab\r]s or employ]s ( lab\r _c be treat$ 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts & _! reciprocal effect ignor$4 ,t 9 ! lat] /ages ( my inquiry ,ori5tal influ5ces beg9 to dom9ate ,roman imp]ial policy1 is evid5t1 & ,i h n left ?is factor out ( acc\nt4 ,b ?is ph5om5on ann\nces ! end ( ! old _w4 ,! long /ruggle ( ! ,empire 9 ! ,ea/ & its f9al ov]?r[ by ! =ces ( ,islam1 its break-up 9 ! ,we/ & ! f\ndation ( new nation-/ates1 are beyond my range4 ,9 ! ,app5dix ,i h put "s rem>ks on two docum5ts ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 f :i* we get glimpses ( *anges t 7 proce$+ 9 ! ea/]n empire :ile x /ill held its gr\nd & 0 inde$ ! mo/ highly organiz$ ( exi/+ p[]s4 ,to ^! ,i h subjo9$ a li/ ( "s ( ! books ,i h consult$ & f\nd helpful 9 v>i\s degrees1 p>ticul>ly su* z h furni%$ mod]n illu/rations 9 ! way ( analogy or survival4 ,a few special quotations f "s ( ^! may s]ve to %ew h[ v /rik+ su* illu/rations c be4 ,,ii4 ,,l& ,,& ,,lab\r4 ,( ! _m difficult que/ions connect$ ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! human race few h evok$ su* a diff]5ce ( op9ion z ! practical importance ( slav]y4 ,by "s inquir]s x has be5 held t ! s-call$ #8classical' civilization ( ! ,greco-,roman _w re/$ ^u a slav]y basis1 9 %ort t slav]y alone enabl$ t civilization to foll[ ! l9es ( its actual developm5t4 ,9 reply to ?is doctr9e x is urg$#d t its hold]s h be5 l$ a/ray by an unhi/orical me?od4 ,!y h be5 deeply impress$ by ! all-p]vad+ evils ( ! economic & dome/ic slave-sy/em dur+ ! p]iod 7say #bjj ,,bc-#bjj ,,ad r\ghly7 :5 x 0 9 full ext5sion & vig\r4 ,! prepossession ?us creat$ has l$ !m to mis9t]pret ! ph5om5a ( e>li] ages1 & to ignore ! significance ( ! lat] p]iod ( decl9e4 ,prejudic$ eyes h detect$ slav]y :]e x 0 n1 & h se5 9 x :]e exi/5t an importance great] ?an imp>tial inquiry w ju/ify4 ,moreov] ! discussion ( slav]y-que/ions 9 mod]n times1 conduct$ ) ! intemp]ate w>m? ( p>tisan controv]sy1 h _h an influ5ce unfav\rable to ! /atem5t ( facts 9 _! true relations1 & !re=e to ! ex]cise ( cool judgm5t4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! facts ( our record %ew t1 :ile slave-lab\r _h its f\r c5turies or s ( pr$om9ance1 free-lab\r nev] ceas$1 & on x1 & n on slav]y1 ! civilization ( ! #8classical' _w 0 built up4 ,x is argu$ t 9 primitive conditions !re 0 little slav]y1 t gr[? ( trade & ex*ange 7& !re) ( civilization7 l$ to division ( lab\r & ! gr[? ( l>g] ent]prises4 ,on ?is foll[s a "t 9 :i* ! employm5t ( slave-lab\r becomes m & m common1 & ends by be+ = "s c5turies ! basis ( economic & dome/ic life4 ,9 due c\rse comes ! p]iod ( decl9e1 :5 = v>i\s reasons slaves became less num]\s1 & ! highly-organiz$ civilization ( antiquity relapses into ! primitive conditions ( ! e>ly ,middle ,age4 ,slav]y is n ext9ct1 b rev]ts g5]ally to v>i\s degrees ( s]fdom1 resembl+ t :i* meets u 9 ! e>ly traditions ( ,greek slav]y4 ,?+s h gone r\nd ! full circle1 & ! _w takes a fre% />t4 ,?is v]sion ( ! process is attractive4 ,x pres5ts to u a spectacle ( cyclic movem5t1 pleas+ f its simplicity & dignity4 ,b x seems to imply t ! old civilization rea*$ its height m or less concurr5tly ) ! gr[? ( slav]y4 ,"o is driv5 to ask#e :e!r ! concurr5ce 0 purely accid5tal or n4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! manufacture ( articles = export by slave-indu/ry1 x c h>dly h be5 a m]e *ance3 nor is x d5i$ t 9 ?is dep>tm5t x 0 ! dem& creat$ by ! ne$s ( gr[+ civilization t call$ =? ! supply4 ,luxury too is m]ely a "n = su* ne$s :5 !y cle>ly exce$ /rict necess>ies ( life3 & "h too ! mon/r\s extravagancies ( dome/ic slav]y 7 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! civilization ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,t nei!r ( ^! =ms ( s]vile employm5t c\ld outlive ! civilization t _h produc$ !m1 is surely no wond]4 ,! case ( slav]y 9 agriculture is less simple1 & sev]al que/ions may sugge/ !mselves to anyone :o consid]s ?is subject ) an op5 m9d4 ,agriculture 0 long reg>d$1 f a social po9t ( view1 z sup]ior to o!r occupations dep5d5t on bodily lab\r4 ,?is op9ion dat$ f v e>ly times :51 z traditions agree1 ! l& 0 own$ by privileg$ nobles :o z memb]s ( p[]ful clans =m$ ari/ocracies ( a m or less milit>y "*4 ,w> 0 wag$ by m5 fight+ h& to h&1 & x 0 natural t h&work ( a k9d likely to promote heal? & /r5g? %\ld be hon\r$ above manual trades ( a less invigorat+ & ev5 s$5t>y "*4 ,! developm5t ( cities & urban life1 :i* 9 _m /ates l$ to ! ov]?r[ ( ! old clan ari/ocracies1 did n make h&icraftsm5 ! equals ( agriculturi/s 9 popul> e/eem4 ,pressure to w9 a firm foot+ on ! l& 0 z m>k$ a feature 9 ,a!nian ,attica z 9 ,roman ,latium4 ,agriculture 0 a pr(ession wor?y ( ! free citiz51 & ! own]%ip ( a plot ( l& /amp$ ! citiz5 z a loyal & responsible memb] ( a free & self-consci\s community4 ,! ru9 ( ,attic f>m]s 9 ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! disa/r\s *anges 9 ,italian agriculture aft] ,rome became imp]ial1 /ill left ! old prepossession4 ,! *>m ( c\ntry life & pursuits rema9$ z an ineffective ideal4 ,greek philosoph]s 7 impress$ ) ! virtues ( f>m]-folk1 virtues social moral & ultimately political4 ,f !m ,cic]o & o!rs le>nt to praise ru/ic life3 ! ,grac*i made va9 ef=ts to revive x3 ! poets1 l$ by ,v]gil1 pictur$ ! glories ( old ,italian agriculture3 b ! aspirations 7 va94 ,! #8classical' civilization 0 urban 9 its gr[?1 & urban x rema9$4 ,writ]s on agriculture might lam5t t free m51 capable ( till+ ! l&1 loit]$ idly 9 ! city4 ,9 practice !y _h to take facts z !y f\nd !m1 & give elaborate precepts = a f>m-sy/em 9 :i* slav]y 0 ! ess5tial factor4 ,x 0 & is possible to reg>d agriculture f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,?ree ( ^! at lea/ des]ve a prelim9>y consid]ation4 ,! nak$ly economic view1 t ! production ( food is necess>y = any life above t ( m]e savages1 & !re=e is wor?y ( respect1 c nev] h be5 :olly abs5t f m5's m9ds 9 any age4 ,x 0 common prop]ty1 & f\nd frequ5t expression4 ,ev5 :5 v>i\s causes l$ to mu* dep5d5ce on import$ corn1 ! s5tim5t /ill surviv$1 & its s\ndness 0 recogniz$ by philosoph]s4 ,! milit>y view1 t ! h>dy peasant makes ! be/ soldi]1 0 g5]ally accept$ 9 pr9ciple1 b its relation to agriculture 9 ! /rict s5se ( tillage 0 n always a direct "o4 ,! te*nical tra9+ ( skill$ combatants began e>ly 9 ,greece4 ,x 0 n only 9 ! ,sp>tan or ,cretan sy/ems t su* tra9+ 0 normal3 ! citiz5 armies ( ,a!ns consi/$ ( m5 :o _h pass$ ?r\gh a long c\rse ( gymna/ic ex]cises & drill4 ,dur+ _! tra9+ ^! "y m5 c h>dly h devot$ mu* lab\r to ! tillage ( f>ms1 ev5 ^? ( !m :o 7 ( c\ntry bir?4 ,:at p]c5tage ( !m settl$ d[n 9 _! lat] ye>s to f>m-life1 is j :at "o va9ly wi%es to "k4 ,! helot-sy/em suppli$ ! tillage t f$ ! w>rior-ca/e ( ,sp>ta4 ,x w\ld seem t ! toils ( hunt+ play$ a great "p 9 produc+ ! milit>y fitness requir$ ( ! "y ,sp>tiate4 ,we may be pretty sure t ! ,!ssalian cavalry--weal?y lords rul+ dep5d5t cultivators--7 n till]s ( ! soil4 ,boeotia & ,arcadia 7 bo? l&s 9 :i* !re 0 a l>ge f>m] class4 ,boeotian infantry 7 notable = _! /ead9ess 9 ! %ock ( battle4 ,b !y 7 n untra9$1 f> f x4 ,unit$ action 0 ev] difficult 9 ,arcadia1 :]e small cities lay scatt]$ 9 ! folds ( m\nta9s4 ,h5ce no ,arcadian ,league ev] play$ a lead+ "p 9 ,greece4 ,b ! ru/ics ( ^! c\ntry t[ns & villages 7 man = man z good mat]ial = w>-"w z ,greece c\ld produce4 ,9 ! lat] age ( pr(essional sold]+ !y1 ) ! ,aetolians & o!rs 9 ! less civiliz$ p>ts1 furni%$ numb]s ( recruits to ! ,greek m]c5>y armies4 ,b ! regul> m]c5>y :o _h ! luck to retire 9 com=table circum/ances1 on sav+s ( pay & loot1 is portray$ to u z m incl9$ to luxury & wantonness 9 "s great city ?an to ! simple monotony ( ru/ic life4 ,nor mu/ we =get t slaves 7 (t5 an important "p#f ( w>-booty1 & t ! pr(essional w>rior 0 us$ to ! att5dance ( slaves 7male & female7 ev5 on campaigns4 ,s f> ! connexion ( peasant & soldi] does n am\nt to mu* m ?an ! admission t ! =m] 0 a type ( man able to endure ! h>d%ips ( a milit>y c>e]4 ,! national regul> army =m$ by ,philip son ( ,amyntas 9 ,mac$onia1 aft]w>ds ! backbone ( ,alex&]'s mix$ ho/1 is 9 itself a ph5om5on ( great int]e/3 = 9 mak+ x ,philip made a nation4 ,t ! ranks 7 ma9ly fill$ ) c\ntry folk is c]ta94 ,b1 :at ) wa/age 9 w>s & ! settlem5t ( _m old soldi]s 9 ! ,ea/1 !re is little evid5ce to %ew :e!r any consid]able numb] ( vet]ans return$ to ,mac$on & settl$ on ! l&4 ,i believe t su* cases 7 few4 ,! endless w>s wag$ by ,alex&]'s successors ) mix$ & mongrel armies 7 h>dly fav\rable to ru/ic pursuits3 f\ndation ( great new cities 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,:5 we turn to ,rome we f9d a v diff]5t /ory4 ,tradition repres5ts l&[n]s settl$ on ! l& & till+ x z ! p]sons responsible = ! def5ce ( ! /ate4 ,c9c9natus call$ f ! pl\gh to be dictator is ! typical figure ( e>ly patriotic leg5d4 ,:5 ! ,roman ,plebeians dislodg$ ! ,patrician clans f _! monopoly ( political p[]1 ! burd5 ( milit>y s]vice /ill re/$ on ! adsidui1 ! m5 ) a foot+ on ! l&4 ,tradition /ill %ews u ! f>m]-soldi] tak+ ! risk ( disa/] to 8 home/ead dur+ 8 abs5ce on campaigns4 ,9 ! hi/orical twilight ( fragm5t>y details1 col\r$ by lat] imag9ation1 ?us mu* is cle> & cr$ible4 ,! connexion betwe5 l&hold+ & soldi]+ 0 n op5ly disreg>d$ until ! re=ms ( ,m>ius4 ,! age ( revolution 0 !n already begun1 & "o ( its mo/ /rik+ features 0 ! creation ( a pr(essional soldi]y1 a =ce :i*1 z exp]i5ce prov$1 0 m easy to raise ?an to disb&4 ,! me?od ( p5sion+ vet]ans by assign+ to !m p>cels ( l& = settlem5t 0 9 g5]al a failure1 = ! m5 7 unus$ to ?rift & indispos$ to a life ( pati5t & unev5tful lab\r4 ,! problem ( ! ,republic 0 inh]it$ by ! ,empire1 & attempts at solution 7 only p>tially successful3 b ! sy/em ( /&+ armies1 po/$ on ! fronti]s1 made ! settlem5t ( vet]ans 9 bord]-prov9ces a matt] ( less difficulty4 ,f ! ?ird c5tury ,,ad onw>ds we f9d a new plan com+ into use4 ,m5 7 settl$ ) _! families on l&s ne> ! fronti]s1 hold+ !m by a milit>y t5ure :i* impos$ h]$it>y liability to s]vice 9 ! armies4 ,?us ! difficulty 0 = a "t met by approa*+ x f ! o!r end4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ru/ic recruit 0 z fully recogniz$ z ev]3 at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury x 0 reaffirm$#g by ,vegetius4 ,i pass on to ! ?ird po9t ( view1 :i* ,i may p]haps call philosophic4 ,x appe>s 9 practice z ! view ( ! /atesman1 9 !ory z t ( ! speculative philosoph]4 ,m5 ^: life & int]e/s are b\nd up ) agriculture are 9 g5]al a /eady class1 little incl9$ to wild agitations & ra% v5tures4 ,on a f>m !re is always some?+ n to be left undone )\t risk ( loss4 ,! op]ations ( nature g on unceas+ly1 uncontroll$ by man4 ,man mu/ adapt himself to ! conditions ( soil & wea!r3 h5ce he mu/ be ev] on ! wat* to take advantage ( 8 opportunities1 & ?is leaves him scant leisure = politics4 ,we may add t ! habit ( con=m+ to nature's laws1 & ( pr(it+ by n resi/+ :at _c be successfully resi/$1 is a p]petual education 9 pati5ce4 ,work+ f>m]s z a class 7 n m5 lightly to emb>k 9 revolution>y s*emes1 s long z _! condition 0 at all tol]able4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t be=e ! inv5tion ( repres5tative sy/ems a citiz5 c\ld only vote by appe>+ 9 p]son at ! city1 :]e all ! ,assemblies 7 held4 ,assemblies might be adj\rn$1 & two j\rneys1 to ! city & back1 7 n only "t-wa/+ & tiresome1 b might h to be repeat$4 ,accord+ly we he> ( ! enc\ragem5t ( ,attic f>m]s by ,peisi/ratus#h z be+ a policy design$ to promote ! /ability ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,at ,rome we f9d re=m]s al>m$ at ! decay ( ! f>m]-class 9 a great "p ( ,italy1 & /ra9+ to revive x z ! s\nd basis ( a national life1 ! only practical means ( purify+ ! corrupt$ in/itutions ( ! /ate4 ,selfi% opposition on ! "p ( ^? int]e/$ 9 corruption 0 too /rong = re=m]s1 & ! *ance ( build+ up a true ,italian nation pass$ away4 ,! work+ f>m] _h disappe>$ f ,roman politics4 ,! swords & ! v5al city mob rema9$1 & ! lat] lit]ature 0 left to deplore ! consequ5ces4 ,! c\rse ( agricultural decl9e 9 ,greece 0 diff]5t 9 detail f t 9 ,italy1 b its evil effects on political life 7 e>ly not$1 at lea/ 9 ,attica4 ,! rationali/ ,euripides saw ! dang] cle>ly1 dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>2 & ! sympa?y ( ! cons]vative ,ari/ophanes ) ! suff]+ f>m]s 0 pla9ly m>k$4 ,! m]its ( ! f>m]-class z #8safe' citiz5s1 ! backbone ( a wise & durable /ate-life1 became almo/ a commonplace ( ,greek political !ory4 ,plato & ,ari/otle might dream ( ideal /ates1 gov]n$ by skill$ speciali/s pr(essionally tra9$ = _! c>e] f boyhood4 ,9 _! m practical mom5ts1 turn+ f aspirations to facts ( ! _w ar\nd !m1 !y confess$ ! political value ( ! f>m]-class4 ,to ,ari/otle ! be/ hope ( mak+ democracy a :olesome & tol]able =m ( gov]nm5t lay 9 ! /r5g!n+ ( ?is elem5t3 ! be/ ,demos is ! 1 & x is a pity t x s (t5 becomes sup]s$$ by ! gr[+ population devot$ to trades & comm]ce4 ,i ne$ n c>ry fur!r ^! brief & imp]fect outl9es ( ! hon\rable op9ion held ( agriculture 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,z produc+ necess>y food1 z re>+ h>dy soldi]s1 z fav\r+ ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( civic virtues1 x 0 ! subject ( g5]al praise4 ,"s might confess t !y %rank f p]sonal lab\r on ! l&4 ,yet ev5 9 ,caes>ian ,rome x is some:at />tl+ :5 ,sallu/#i dismisses f>m+ 9 a few words ( cynical contempt4 ,x is cle> t ! respect felt = agriculture 0 l>gely due to ! op9ion t valuable qualities ( body & m9d 7 closely connect$ ) its practice & /r5g!n$ !reby4 ,s long z x 0 on ! primitive foot+1 ea* h\sehold f9d+ lab\r = its own ma9t5ance1 ! sep>ation ( h&work & direction c\ld h>dly arise4 ,?is primitive /ate ( ?+s1 assum$ by !ori/s anci5t & mod]n1 & depict$ 9 tradition1 _h ceas$ to be normal 9 ! "t ( our e>lie/ records4 ,& ! employm5t ( p]sons1 n memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 z hir$ lab\r]s1 or ( bondm5 only connect$ ) ! h\se z dep5d5ts1 at once diff]5tiat$ ^! #8h&s' f ! ma/] & 8 family4 ,! ma/] c\ld n habitually hire day-lab\r]s or keep a slave unless he f\nd x paid him to d s4 ,= a man to "w = 8 own pr(it or = t ( ano!r 7 v diff]5t ?+s4 ,?is simple truism1 h[ev]1 does n end ! matt] f my pres5t po9t ( view4 ,x is necess>y to ask :e!r ! respect felt = agriculture 0 s ext5d$ z to include ! hir$ lab\r] & ! slave z well z ! work+ ma/]4 ,we %all see t x 0 n4 ,! h\se-ma/]1 hold+ & cultivat+ a plot ( l& on a secure t5ure1 is ! figure glorifi$ 9 traditions & leg5d>y sc5es4 ,! ,greek t]m 1 ! man :o does 8 own "w1 is specially appli$ to him z a man t works ) 8 own h&s4 ,x crops up 9 lit]ature (t51 f ,euripides to ,polybius & ,dion ,*ryso/om2 & sometimes1 :5 ! ^w is n us$1 x is repres5t$ by equival5ts4 ,b bo? ! hir$ lab\r] & ! slave 7 employ$ = ! express purpose ( work+ ) _! own h&s4 ,& yet1 s f> z agriculture is conc]n$1 ,i _c f9d t !y 7 cr$it$ ) 1 ! connotation#aj ( :i* is g5]ally fav\rable1 seldom neutral1 nev] 7,i ?9k7 unfav\rable4 ,x seems !n t ! figure pres5t to ! m9d 0 "o :o n only work$ ) 8 own h&s1 b work$ = 8 own pr(it--t is1 on 8 own f>m4 ,& ) ?is int]pretation ! traditions ( e>ly ,rome fully agree4 ,to admit ?is does n h[ev] imply t ! work+ h\se-ma/] employ$ nei!r hir$ lab\r] nor slave4 ,s long z he took a h& 9 ! f>m-"w1 he 0 a work+ cultivator = 8 own pr(it4 ,! l>g] ! scale ( 8 hold+1 ! m he w\ld ne$ extra lab\r4 ,if prosp]\s1 he w\ld be able to increase 8 hold+ or supplem5t 8 f>m+#aa by o!r ent]prises4 ,m & m he w\ld be tempt$ to drop h&work & devote himself to direction4 ,if /ill successful1 he might move on a /age fur!r1 liv+ 9 ! city & c>ry+ on 8 f>ms by deputy1 employ+ /ew>ds1 hir$ freem5 or slaves1 or fre$m51 8 =m] slaves4 ,if he f\nd 9 ! city m remun]ative pursuits ?an agriculture1 he might sell 8 l& & ! live & dead /ock !reon1 & become simply an urban capitali/4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ?is la/ /ep 0 v seldom tak52 & ,i believe ! re/ra9+ influ5ce to h be5 ! pre/ige atta*$ to ! own]%ip ( l&1 ev5 :5 civic fran*ises _h ceas$ to dep5d on ! possession ( t =m ( prop]ty alone4 ,if ?is view be correct1 ! fact is notable3 = ! sy/em ( great l&$ e/ates1 manag$ by /ew>ds#ab on behalf ( weal?y own]s :o liv$ 9 ! city1 0 ! ru9 ( ! peasant f>m] class1 9 ^: qualities /atesm5 & philosoph]s saw ! gu>antee = ! /ate's la/+ vig\r4 ,no long] 7 a =ce 9 politics3 9 milit>y s]vice ! pr(essional soldi]1 idl+ 9 ! int]vals ( w>s1 sup]s$$ ! ru/ic1 levi$ = a campaign & look+ =w>d to ! h\r ( return+ to 8 pl\gh4 ,x 0 9 ,italy t ! consummation ( ?is *ange 0 mo/ m>k$1 = ,rome alone provid$ a c5tre 9 :i* ! great l&lord c\ld reside & influ5ce political action 9 8 own int]e/4 ,to ,rome ! weal? extort$ f tribut>y subjects fl[$ 9 an ev]-swell+ /ream4 ,no small "p ( ! spoils s]v$ to enri* ! noble l&lords1 directly or indirectly1 & to supply !m ) ! funds ne$$ = corrupt+ ! city mob & s controll+ politics4 ,_m c\ld af=d to hold _! l&s ev5 :5 x 0 d\btful :e!r e/ates manag$ by slaves or hirel+s 7 9 fact a remun]ative inve/m5t4 ,if we may believe ,cic]o1 x 0 f9ancial inability#ac to cont9ue ?is extravagant policy t drove "s m5 ( app>5t weal? to fav\r revolution>y s*emes4 ,! old-fa%ion$ f>m/ead1 ! villa1 0 mod]niz$ into a luxuri\s c\ntry seat1 9 :i* ! own] might n[ & !n pass a brief recess1 att5d$ by 8 dome/ic slaves f ,t[n1 & p]haps o/5tati\sly ent]ta9+ a p>ty ( fa%ionable fri5ds4 ,we h foll[$ ! s9i/] progress ( :at ,i w call ! ,agricultural ,int]e/1 f ! #8horny-h&$' peasant#ad f>m] to ! l&-pr\d capitali/4 ,no d\bt ! picture is a highly col\r$ "o1 b 9 its g5]al outl9es we are n entitl$ to "q its tru?4 ,exceptions !re c]ta9ly 74 ,9 hilly p>ts ( ,italy a ru/ic population#ae ( freem5 surviv$1 & x 0 f !m t ! jobb+ gangs ( wage-e>n]s ( :om we read 7 drawn4 ,& 9 ! great pla9 ( ! ,po agricultural conditions rema9$ f> m satisfactory ?an 9 su* di/ricts z ,etruria or ,lucania1 :]e great e/ates 7 common4 ,a g5u9e f>m+ population seems !re to h held mo/ ( ! l&1 & ru/ic slav]y appe>$ 9 less revolt+ =m4 ,b ^! exceptions did n avail to /ay ! decl9e ( rural ,italy4 ,true1 z ! supply ( slave-lab\r gradually %rank 9 ! empire1 ! work+ f>m] reappe>$ on ! l&4 ,b he reappe>$ z a t5ant gradually becom+ b\nd#af to ! soil1 worri$ by ! exactions ( (ficials1 or liable to a blood-tax 9 ! %ape ( milit>y s]vice4 ,he 0 becom+ n a free citiz5 ( a free /ate1 b a half-free s]f helplessly involv$ 9 a great me*anical sy/em4 ,su* a p]son bore little resemblance to ! free f>m] work+ ) 8 own h&s = himself on 8 own l&1 ! ru/ic figure f :om we />t$4 ,on ! milit>y side1 he 01 if a soldi]1 n[ soldi] fir/ & f>m] aft]w>ds3 on ! civic side1 he 0 a m]e subject-unit1 ^: virtues 7 ( no political importance & comm&$ no respect4 ,9 ! f9al /age we f9d ! gov]nm5t recruit+ its armies f b>b>ians & conc]n$ to keep ! f>m] on ! l&4 ,s cog5t !n 0 ! necessity ( insur+ ! supply ( food = ! empire & its armies4 ,at ?is po9t we mu/ return to our fir/ "q1 h[ f> ! agriculture ( ! ,greco-,roman _w dep5d$ on free or slave lab\r4 ,x is cle> t1 :ile ! pres5ce ( ! slave presupposes ! freeman to control him1 ! pres5ce ( ! freeman does n necess>ily imply t ( ! slave4 ,dion ,*ryso/om#ag 0 logically ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t fre$om comes be=e slav]y 9 ord] ( "t4 ,& no d\bt ?is is true s long z we only contemplate ! primitive condition ( h\seholds ea* provid+ = its own vital ne$s by ! lab\r ( its memb]s4 ,b ! gr[? ( :at we call civilization spr+s f ! ext5sion ( ne$s beyond ! limits ( :at is absolutely necess>y = human exi/5ce4 ,by :at /eps ! advantages ( division ( lab\r 7 actually discov]$ is a subject = ! recon/ructive !ori/4 ,b x mu/ h be5 obs]v$ at a v e>ly /age t "o man's lab\r might be to ano!r man's pr(it4 ,^? :o tam$ & employ$ o!r animals 7 n likely to ignore ! possibilities (f]$ by ! ext5sion ( ! sy/em to _! bro!r m54 ,x w\ld seem ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,x might be on a v small scale1 & any reluctance on ! bondsman's "p might be less5$ by ! comp5sations ( food & protection4 ,a p[]ful ma/] might ga!r r\nd him a numb] ( su* dep5d5t be+s1 & he _h no?+ to ga9 by treat+ !m cruelly4 ,on !m he c\ld devolve ! lab\r ( produc+ food1 & s set free 8 own k9sm5 to ass]t ! p[] ( _! h\se4 ,9 an age ( conflict /rong] units t5d$ to absorb weak]1 & ! =mation ( l>g] societies w\ld t5d to create fre% ne$s1 to enc\rage ! division ( lab\r1 & to promote civilization by ! process ( ex*ange4 ,lab\r "u assur$ control 0 likely to prove an economic asset ( increas+ value4 ,9 agriculture x w\ld be ( special importance z provid+ food = w>riors busi$ ) s]v+ ! community 9 w>4 ,?is imag9ative sket* may s]ve to rem9d u t !re are two que/ions op5 to discussion 9 relation to ! subject4 ,fir/1 ! purely speculative "o1 :e!r ! e>ly /ages ( progress 9 civilization c\ld h be5 pass$ )\t ! help ( slav]y4 ,second1 ! "q ( fact1 :e!r !y 7 s pass$ or n4 ,x is ! latt] ) :i* ,i am conc]n$4 ,! defects ( ! evid5ce on :i* we h to =m an op9ion are manife/4 ,mu* ( x is n at fir/ h&1 & x w (t5 be necess>y to comm5t on its unsatisfactory "*4 ,9 proce$+ to set x out 9 detail1 ,i mu/ aga9 repeat t two classes ( free h&work]s mu/ be cle>ly kept di/9ct--^? :o "w = !mselves1 & ^? :o "w = o!rs4 ,x is ! latt] class only t prop]ly come into comp>ison ) slaves4 ,a man habitually work+ = himself may ( c\rse "w occasionally = o!rs z a wage-e>n]4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! f>m]-soldi]1 we h "o p]son 9 two capacities4 ,,au?orities ,,9 ,,detail--,,greek ,,iii4 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,poems4 ,! ,iliad4 ,9 a great w>-poem we c h>dly expect to f9d _m ref]5ces to ! economic lab\rs ( peace4 ,& an army fight+ f> f home 9 a =eign l& w\ld naturally be out ( t\* ) ! ru/ic life ( ,greece4 ,nor 0 ! poet conc]n$ to (f] u ! details ( supply-s]vice1 ?\gh he repres5ts ! commiss>iat z effici5t4 ,free lab\r appe>s#ah 9 v>i\s =ms ( h&icraft1 & ! m5tion ( pay 77#ai %ews wage-e>n+ z a recogniz$ fact4 ,we he> ( s]v+ = hire 77#bj1 & ! or f>m-lab\r]s#ba seem to be "u a special "n4 ,t lab\r is n view$ z a great degradation may fairly be inf]r$ f ! case ( ,hephae/us ! smi?-god1 f ! wage-s]vice ( ,poseidon & ,apollo "u ,laom$on1 & f ! h]dsman-s]vice ( ,apollo "u ,admetus4 ,agriculture is assum$1 & 9 ! ,catalogue #8works' 77#bb occurs 9 ! s5se ( #8till$ l&s4' ,b x is *iefly 9 similes or idyllic sc5es t we get glimpses ( f>m+#bc op]ations4 ,?us we h pl\gh+1 reap+1 b9d+1 ?re%+1 w9n[+4 ,mo/ /rik+ ( all is ! passage 9 :i* ! "w ( irrigation#bd is graphically describ$4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t any ( ! work]s 9 ^! sc5es are slaves3 !y w\ld seem to be wage-e>n]s4 ,b ,i mu/ admit t1 if slaves 7 employ$ "u ! free work]s1 ! poet w\ld v likely n m5tion su* a detail3 t is1 if slav]y 7 a normal in/itution tak5 = grant$4 ,= ! pres5t ,i assume only free lab\r 9 ^! cases4 ,we are made aw>e ( a cle> social diff]5ce betwe5 ! ri* & p[]ful employ] & ! employ$ lab\r]4 ,! m[]s are at "w 9 ! field ( "s ri* man#be 7 ' 71 :o does n appe> to l5d a h& himself4 ,or aga9 9 ! close ( a rul] 7 7#bf1 ) b9d]s foll[+ !m1 a busy sc5e4 ,! himself /&s wat*+ !m 9 dignifi$ sil5ce1 /aff 9 h&4 ,!re is no?+ "h to sugge/ t ! small work+ f>m] 0 a typical figure 9 ! portraiture ( rural life4 ,flocks & h]ds are ( great importance1 inde$ ! ox is a normal /&>d ( value4 ,b ! h]dsm5 are mean freem54 ,a*illes is disgu/$#bg at ! prospect ( be+ dr[n$ by ,scam&] #8l a "y sw9eh]d swept away by a /ream 9 flood4' ,= ! h]oes ( ! poem are w>rior-lords3 ! humble toil]s ( daily life are ( no acc\nt beside !m4 ,& yet ! fact ( slav]y /&s out cle>ly1 & also its connexion ) ! fact ( capture 9 w>4 ,! normal way ( deal+ ) enemies is to slay ! m5 & enslave ! wom54 ,! wife ( a great w>rior has _m h&maid5s1 captives ( h] "l's pr[ess4 ,a slave-trade exi/s1 & we he> ( males be+ sp>$#bh & #8sold abroad'3 = !y are s5t #8to isl&s f> away' or #8beyond ! salt sea4' ,we d n f9d male slaves ) ! army3 p]haps we may guess t !y 7 n want$4 ,a s+le ref]5ce to 7prop]ly slave-captives7 appe>s 9 ,,xix #ccc1 :]e ,a*illes1 speak+ ( 8 prop]ty at home 9 ,ph?ia1 says 4 ,b we _c be c]ta9 t ^! slaves are f>m-h&s4 ,we c only reflect t a slave b\ght & paid = 0 n likely to be f$ 9 idl5ess or put to ! lighte/ "w4 ,9 g5]al x seems t :at weigh$ ^u ! slave1 male or female1 0 ! pressure ( con/ra9t1 ! loss ( fre$om1 n ! fe> ( cruel treatm5t4 ,:at ,hector keeps f ! ,trojans#bi is ! #8day ( con/ra9t1' 1 also express$ by 4 ,view$ f ! o!r side we f9d enslavem5t consi/+ 9 a tak+ away#cj ! #8day ( fre$om1' 4 ,! words ,,iii #dji & ,,vii #dge are isolat$ cases ( sub/antives 9 passages ! g5u95ess ( :i* has be5 que/ion$4 ,on ! :ole x is ,i ?9k n an unfair guess t1 if ! poet _h be5 depict+ ! life ( ?is same ,greek society 9 _! homel&1 & n "u conditions ( pres5t w>1 we %\ld h f\nd m ref]5ces to slav]y z a work+ in/itution4 ,z x is1 we get a mom5t>y glimpse#ca ( neighb\r l&[n]s1 evid5tly on a small scale1 engag$ 9 a dispute conc]n+ _! b\nd>ies1 measur+-rod 9 h&2 & no?+ to %ew :e!r su* p]sons suppli$ ! :ole ( _! own lab\r 9 tillage or supplem5t$ x by employ+ hir$ m5 or slaves4 ,! ,odyssey is g5]ally held to be ( lat] date ?an ! ,iliad4 ,a f> m important di/9ction is t its sc5es are n episodes ( w>4 ,a curi\s diff]5ce ( t]ms#cb is se5 9 ! case ( ! ^w 1 :i* 9 ! ,iliad seems to mean #8h\se-folk' includ+ bo? free & slave1 9 ! ,odyssey to mean slaves only4 ,b z to ! condition ( slaves !re is practically no diff]5ce4 ,a conqu]$ foe 0 sp>$ on ! battlefield by grace ( ! conqu]or1 ^: own]%ip ( 8 slave 0 unlimit$3 & ?is unlimit$ "r c\ld be convey$ by sale#cc to a ?ird p>ty4 ,we f9d ,odysseus ready to consign (f5d+ slaves#cd to torture mutilation or dea?4 ,9 ! /ory ( 8 visit to ,troy#ce z a spy we he> t he pass$ = a slave1 & t "p ( 8 disguise consi/$ 9 ! m>ks ( flogg+4 ,yet ! relations ( ma/] & mi/ress to _! slaves are mo/ k9dly 9 ord9>y circum/ances4 ,! fai?ful slave is a type glorifi$ 9 ! ,odyssey3 loyalty is ! fir/ virtue ( a slave1 & x is disloyalty1 h[ev] %ewn1 t ju/ifies ! ma/]'s v5geance4 ,= !y live on intimate t]ms#cf ) _! ma/] & mi/ress & are tru/$ to a wond]ful degree4 ,9 %ort we may say t ! social atmosph]e ( ! ,odyssey is full ( mild slav]y1 b t 9 ! backgr\nd !re is always ! grim possibility ( atrocities committ$ by absolute p[]4 ,& we h a trace ev5 ( second>y#cg slav]y3 = ! sw9eh]d1 himself a slave1 has an "u-slave ( 8 own1 b\ght ) 8 own goods f slave-deal]s :ile 8 own ma/] 0 abroad4 ,naturally en\gh we f9d slaves class$ z a "p ( ! "l's e/ate4 ,odysseus hopes#ch t be=e he dies he may set eyes on 8 prop]ty1 8 slaves & 8 l(ty mansion4 ,b ano!r & p]haps socially m m>k$ di/9ction seems impli$ 9 ! suitors' "q#ci ab\t ,telema*us--#8:o 7 ! lads t w5t ) him on 8 j\rney8 7 !y "y nobles ( ,i?aca1 or 8 own hir$ m5 & slaves 7 78' ,! answ] is t !y 7 #8! pick ( ! community1 pres5t company except$4' ,! wage-e>n] & ! slave d n seem to be p>t$ by any broad social l9e4 ,inde$ civilization _h a long road yet to travel be=e levell+ movem5t among ! free classes drew a vital di/9ction betwe5 !m on ! "o side & slaves on ! o!r4 ,free work]s ( v>i\s k9ds are (t5 ref]r$ to1 & we are1 ow+ to ! circum/ances ( ! /ory1 br\ght m into t\* ) !m ?an 9 ! ,iliad4 ,h&icraftsm5#dj are a "p ( ! life ( ! "t1 & we mu/ assume ! smi? ! c>p5t] & ! re/ ( ! males to be free3 female slaves skill$ 9 work+ wool d n ju/ify u 9 suppos+ t ! correspond+ m5 are slaves4 ,beside ^! are o!r m5 :o practise a trade useful to ! community1 #8public-work]s' 77#da1 b n necess>ily h&work]s4 ,?us we f9d ! se]1 ! lee*1 ! b>d1 class$ ) ! c>p5t] z p]sons :om all m5 w\ld readily ent]ta9 z gue/s2 ! w&]+ begg> none w\ld invite4 ,! la/ is a type ( #8mean freeman1' evid5tly common 9 t society4 ,he is too mu* ak9 to ! suppliant1 :om religion#db protects1 to be r\ghly %ewn ! door3 he is #dc1 & trades on ! rev]5ce felt = "o :o appeals z /rang] to hospitable cu/om4 ,?us he picks up a liv+#dd f ! scraps & (fals ( great h\ses4 ,b he is despis$1 &1 :at conc]ns u "h1 despis$#de n only = 8 abject pov]ty b = 8 av]sion to hone/ "w4 ,t ! poet admires indu/ry is cle>1 & is curi\sly illu/rat$ by 8 contra/$ pictures ( civilization & b>b>ism4 ,9 ,phaeacia are ! f5c$-9 g>d5s#df t supply ,alc9\s & 8 p ) nev]-fail+ fruits3 ! excell5ce ( _! naval craftsm5 is express$ 9 ! #8y>n' ( %ips t navigate !mselves4 ,9 ! l& ( ! ,cyclopes1 nature provides#dg !m ) corn & w9e1 b !y nei!r s[ nor pl\gh4 ,!y h flocks ( %eep & goats4 ,!y h no %ips or m5 to build !m4 ,!y live 9 caves1 isolat$ savages ) no rudim5ts ( civil life4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! poet is a believ] 9 "w & a contemn] ( idl5ess3 ! pres5ce ( slaves does n sugge/ t ! free man is to be lazy4 ,odysseus boa/s ( 8 activities 77#dh4 ,he is ready to split wood & lay a fire1 to prep>e & s]ve a meal1 & 9 %ort to wait on ! insol5t suitors z inf]iors d on nobles4 ,( c\rse he is /ill ! unkn[n w&]]3 b ! contra/#di betwe5 him & ! g5u9e begg> ,irus is an effective piece ( by-play 9 ! poem4 ,turn+ to agriculture1 we may note t x fills no small place4 ,:eat & b>ley1 p\nd$ or gr\nd to meal1 seem to furni% ! basis ( civiliz$ diet4 ,! ,cyclops#ej does n look l a #8bread-eat+ man1' & w9e completely upsets him to 8 ru94 ,evid5tly ! b\nty ( nature has be5 wa/$ on su* a savage4 ,b ! cultivation ( c]eal crops is r assum$ ?an emphasiz$ 9 ! pictures ( ,greek life4 ,we he> ( till$ l&s 77#ea1 & f>m-lab\r 77#eb is m5tion$ z too we>isome = a high-spirit$ w>rior noble4 ,! tir$ & hungry pl[man#ec appe>s 9 a simile4 ,b ! fav\rite culture is t ( ! v9e & olive & o!r fruits 9 or*>ds c>efully f5c$ & t5d$4 ,"o ( ! suitors makes a je/+ (f]#ed to ! unkn[n ,odysseus #8,/rang]1 w\ld y be will+ to s]ve = hire 771 if ,i took y on1 9 an outly+ field--y %all h a suffici5t wage--ga!r+ /uff = f5ces & plant+ tall trees8 ,i w\ld see t y 7 regul>ly f$ clo!d & %od4 ,no1 y are a ne'er-d-weel 7 ' 7 & w n d f>m-"w 773 y pref] to g r\nd cr++ = food to fill y\r insatiate belly4' ,?is scornful proposal sets ! noble's contempt = wage-e>n+ lab\r 9 a cle> light4 ,& ! %ade ( ,a*illes1 repudiat+#ee ! sugge/ion t x is a great ?+ to be a rul] among ! dead 9 ! gho/ly _w1 says #8,i _h r be "o b\nd to ! soil1 s]v+ ano!r = hire1 employ$ by "s l&less man ( little prop]ty1 ?an be k+ ( all ! dead4' ,he is speak+ /rongly3 to "w = hire1 a mean de/9y at be/1 is at its meane/ :5 ! employ] is a man ) no l&-lot ( 8 own 771 presumably occupy+ on prec>i\s t5ure a bit ( "s "l's e/ate4 ,aft] su* utt]ances we _c wond] t z we saw above1 & are m5tion$#ef 9 ! same brea?4 ,t slaves are employ$ on ! f>m is cle> en\gh4 ,:5 ,p5elope s5ds = old ,dolius#eg1 a s]vus dotalis ( h]s 7to use ! ,roman expression7 %e adds #8:o is 9 *>ge ( my fruit-g>d51' ,s too ! ag$ ,la]tes1 liv+ a h>d life on 8 f>m1 has a /aff ( slaves#eh to d 8 w1 & _! qu>t]s & f>m duties are a m>k$ detail ( ! picture4 ,! old man1 9 dirty rags l a slave1 is a contra/#ei to ! g>d51 9 :i* e plant & tree atte/s ! devot$ toil ( 8 g>d5]s "u 8 own skill$ direction4 ,odysseus1 z yet unrecogniz$ by 8 fa!r1 asks him h[ he comes to be 9 su* a mean attire1 ?\gh "u x he has ! look ( a k+4 ,!n he drops ?is tone & says #8b tell me1 ^: slave#fj are y1 & :o owns ! or*>d y are t5d+8' ,! h]o kn[s 8 fa!r1 b to pres]ve = ! pres5t 8 own incognito he addresses him z ! slave t he appe>s to be4 ,n[ if g>d5 "w 0 done by slaves1 surely ! r\gh] op]ations ( corn-gr[+ 7 n conf9$ to free lab\r1 & slaves pass unm5tion$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,or are we to suppose t free lab\r _h be5 f\nd m economical 9 ! long run1 & s 0 employ$ = ! production ( a /aple food8 ,i c h>dly v5ture to attribute s mature a view to ! society ( ! ,odyssey4 ,we mu/ n =get t animal food1 fle% & milk1 0 an important elem5t ( diet1 & t ! managem5t ( flocks & h]ds 0 !re=e a great "p ( ru/ic economy4 ,b ! h]dsm5 9 *>ge are slaves1 su* z ,eumaeus1 b\ght 9 8 y\? by ,la]tes#fa ( ,pho5ician kidnapp]s4 ,9 romanc+ ab\t 8 own pa/ exp]i5ces ,odysseus describes a raid 9 ,egypt1 & h[ ! natives ralli$#fb & took _! rev5ge4 #8,_m ( our company !y slew3 o!rs !y took alive into ! c\ntry1 to s]ve !m 9 =c$ lab\r4' ,z ! ravag+ ( _! #8beautiful f>ms' 0 a *ief "p ( ! raid]s' (f5ce1 ! lab\r exact$ f ^! captives seems mo/ probably agricultural4 ,an int]e/+ "q arises 9 ref]5ce to ! fai?ful slaves1 ! sw9eh]d & ! goa!rd4 ,:5 ,odysseus promises !m rew>ds 9 ! ev5t ( 8 de/roy+ ! suitors ) _! help1 does ?is include an (f] ( fre$om8 ,h we "h1 z "s h ?\ght1 a case ( manumission--( c\rse 9 primitive =m1 )\t ! legal ref9em5ts ( lat] times8 ,! promise is made#fc s to speak 9 ! "* ( a fa!r-9-law3 #8,i w provide y bo? ) wives & give y possessions & well-built h\ses ne> to me1 & y %all 9 future be to me comrades & bro!rs ( ,telema*us4' ,! #8bro!rhood' sugge/$ s\nds z if x mu/ imply fre$om4 ,b does x8 ,eumaeus _h be5 br\ght up#fd by ,la]tes z ! playmate ( 8 daught] ,ctim5e2 yet he rema9$ nev]!less a slave4 ,e>li] 9 ! poem ,eumaeus1 excus+ ! poor ent]ta9m5t t he c (f] ! /rang] 7,odysseus71 lam5ts ! abs5ce#fe ( 8 "l1 #8:o' he says #8w\ld h %ewn me he>ty affection & giv5 me possessions su* z a k9dly "l gives 8 slave 771 a h\se & a l&-lot 77 & a wife ( recogniz$ wor? 771 z a rew>d = labori\s & pr(itable s]vice4' ,"h also !re is no direct ref]5ce to an expect$ grant ( fre$om3 nor d ,i ?9k t x is indirectly impli$4 ,x is no d\bt tempt+ to detect 9 ^! passages ! g]m ( ! lat] manumission4 ,b x is n easy to say :y1 9 a _w ( little gr\ps rul$ by noble *iefs1 ! gift ( fre$om %\ld h be5 a long$-= boon4 ,h[ev] high-born ! slave might h be5 9 8 native l&1 9 ,i?aca he 0 simply a slave4 ,if by belong+ to a "l he got mat]ial com=t & protection1 :at _h he to ga9 by becom+ a m]e wage-e>n]8 surely no?+4 ,i c see no gr\nd = believ+ t 9 ! society ( ! #8h]oic' age ! b>e "n ( fre$om 0 greatly covet$4 ,x 0 high bir? t really matt]$1 b ! effect ( ?is w\ld be local3 no?+ w\ld make ,eumaeus1 ?\gh son ( a k+1 noble 9 ,i?aca4 ,no d\bt ! slave might be at ! m]cy ( a cruel "l4 ,su* a slave w\ld long = fre$om1 b su* a "l 0 n likely to grant x4 ,on ! :ole1 x is ra% to read manumission into ! poet's words4 ,review+ ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ^! #8,hom]ic' poems1 x may be well to insi/ on ! obvi\s truism t we are n deal+ ) =mal treatises1 *>g$ ) precise def9itions & accurate /ati/ics4 ,! in=mation giv5 by ! poet drops out incid5tally :ile he is tell+ 8 tale & mak+ 8 *>act]s live4 ,x is all ! m g5u9e because x is n furni%$ 9 support ( a p>ticul> argum5t3 b x is at ! same "t all ! less complete4 ,& x is n possible to say h[ f> ?is or t detail may h be5 col\r$ by imag9ation4 ,/ill1 all[+ freely = ! difficulty sugge/$ by ^! consid]ations1 ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ a g5]al inf]5ce z to ! position ( h&work]s1 p>ticul>ly on ! l&1 9 ,greek #8h]oic' society z conceiv$ by ! poet4 ,if ! m5 :o practise h&icrafts are freem51 & _! pres5ce welcome1 ?is does n exalt !m to any?+ l equality ) ! w>rior nobles & *iefs4 ,& 9 agriculture ! lab\r] is ei!r a slave or a wage-e>n] ( a v dep5d5t k9d4 ,! "l %ews no incl9ation to set 8 own h& to ! pl\gh4 ,:5 "o ( ! suitors d]isively invites ! suppos$ begg> to ab&on 8 idle vagrancy = a wage-e>n+ #8job on ! l&1' ! disguis$ ,odysseus retorts#ff #8,ah1 if only y & ,i c\ld compete 9 a mat* z reap]s h>d at "w fa/+ f dawn to d>k1 or at pl\gh+ a big field ) a pair ( full-f$ spirit$ ox51--y w\ld soon see :at ,i c\ld d4' ,he adds t1 if x came to w>1 8 pr[ess w\ld soon sil5ce ! sne] at 8 begg+ = food in/ead ( work+4 ,n[1 does ! h]o imply t he w\ld really be will+ to reap or pl\gh8 ,i d n ?9k s3 :at he means is t he is consci\s ( t res]ve ( bodily /r5g? :i* appe>s lat] 9 ! poem1 dramatically %ewn 9 ! b5d+ ( ! fam\s b[4 ,,iv4 ,,hesiod4 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days4 ,:e!r ?is curi\s poem belongs 9 its pres5t %ape to ! sev5? c5tury ,,bc1 or n1 ,i ne$ n attempt to decide4 ,x seems c]ta9 t x is lat] ?an ! great ,hom]ic poems1 b is an e>ly "w1 p]haps some:at reca/ & int]polat$1 yet 9 its ma9 features repres5t+ conditions & views ( a society rural1 half-primitive1 ari/ocratic4 ,i see no reason to d\bt t x may fairly be cit$ 9 evid5ce = my pres5t purpose4 ,! sc5e ( ! #8,works' is 9 ,boeotia3 ! works 77 are op]ations ( f>m+1 & ! precepts *iefly saws ( ru/ic wisdom4 ,pov]ty#fg is ! grim spectre t haunts ! writ]1 consci\s ( ! oppressions ( ! pr\d & ! h>dness ( a gre$y _w4 ,debt1 want1 begg>y1 mu/ be avoid$ at all co/s4 ,!y c only be avoid$#fh by ?rift1 =e?\ght1 wat*fulness1 promptitude t nev] procra/9ates1 & toil t nev] ceases4 ,& ! m]e appeal to self-int]e/ is re9=c$ by recogniz+ ! /imulus ( competition 77#fi :i* 9 ! =m ( hone/ rivalry is a good influ5ce4 ,! poet repres5ts himself z own] ( a l&-lot 77#gj1 "p ( a l>g] e/ate1 ! jo9t patrimony ( 8 bro!r ,p]ses & himself3 ?is e/ate has already be5 divid$1 b po9ts ( dispute /ill rema94 ,hesiod sugge/s t ,p]ses has be5 wrong+ him ) ! help ( brib$ #8k+s4' ,b wrongdo+ is n ! true road to wellbe+4 ,a d9n] ( h]bs & a cle> consci5ce are ! bett] way4 ,z ! prov]b says #8half is m ?an ! :ole4' ,p]ses is treat$ to mu* good advice1 ! gi/ ( :i* is fir/ & =emo/ an exhortation#ga to "w 771 t is1 "w on ! l&1 9 :i* is ! s\rce ( hon\rable weal?4 ,p]sonal lab\r is cle>ly meant3 x is 9 ! sweat#gb ( 8 br[ t ! f>m] is to ?rive4 ,su* is ! ord9ance ( ! gods4 ,man is meant to resemble#gc ! work] bee1 n ! wor?less drone4 ,x is n b idl5ess 77 t is a reproa*4 ,get weal?#gd by work+1 & ! idl] w want to rival y3 hon\r & glory att5d on weal?4 ,avoid delays#ge & va9 talk3 ! procra/9ator is nev] sure ( a liv+2 = he is always hop+1 :5 he %\ld act4 ,:e!r s[+ or pl\gh+ or m[+1 (f ) y\r out]#gf g>m5t1 if y mean to get y\r f>m-duties done 9 due season4 ,! f>m] mu/ rise e>ly1 & nev] get beh9dh& ) 8 "w3 to be 9 "t1 & nev] caught napp+ by *anges ( wea!r1 is 8 duty4 ,"h is a picture ( humble & /r5u\s life1 v diff]5t f ! sc5es portray$ 9 ! #8h]oic' epics4 ,x seems to belong to a lat] & less w>like age4 ,b ! economic & social side ( life is 9 _m respects little *ang$4 ,! free h&icraftsm5 seem mu* ! same4 ,jeal\sy ( rivals#gg 9 ! same trade--pott]1 c>p5t]1 begg>1 or b>d--is a t\* t atte/s _! fre$om4 ,! smi?1 ! weav]1 ! %oemak]1 & ! %ipwright1 are m5tion$#gh also4 ,seaf>+#gi = purposes ( ga9 illu/rates :at m5 w d>e 9 que/ ( weal?4 ,y %\ld n ca/ a man's pov]ty#hj 9 8 tee?3 b d n fancy t m5 w give y#ha ( _! /ore1 if y & y\r family fall into pov]ty4 ,cle>ly ! begg> is n m welcome ?an he 0 9 ! _w ( ! ,odyssey4 ,suppliant & /rang] are protect$#hb by religion1 & a man %\ld hon\r 8 ag$ fa!r1 if he w\ld see good days4 ,a motive sugge/$ = c>eful s]vice ( ! gods is #8t y may buy ano!r's e/ate#hc & n ano!r buy y\rs'--t is1 t ! gods may give y increase4 ,j s y %\ld keep a wat*-dog1 t ?ieves#hd may n /eal y\r goods by night4 ,hesiod's f>m] is to keep ! social & religi\s rules & usages--b he is be=e all ?+s a ke5 man ( bus9ess1 no ,roman m s4 ,! lab\r employ$ by ?is close-fi/$ c\ntryman is p>tly free p>tly slave4 ,9 a passage#he ( :i* ! exact r5d]+ is disput$ ! hir$ man 77 & woman 77 are m5tion$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,= a help] 7 7#hf 8 wage mu/ be secure 77 z /ipulat$4 ,ref]5ces to slaves 77#hg are m frequ5t1 & ! ne$ ( con/ant wat*fulness1 to see t !y are n lazy & are prop]ly f$ h\s$ & re/$1 is insi/$ on4 ,! fe$+ ( cattle & slaves is regulat$ accord+ to _! requirem5ts 9 diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>3 effici5cy is ! object1 & evid5tly exp]i5ce is ! guide4 ,( female slaves !re is no c]ta9#hh m5tion3 inde$ !re c\ld be little dem& = dome/ic att5dants 9 ! f>m]'s simple home4 ,su* "w z weav+#hi is to be done by 8 wife4 ,= ! f>m] is to m>ry1 ?\gh ! risks#ij ( t v5ture are n hidd5 f ! poet1 :o gives pla9 w>n+s z to ! ex]cise ( extreme c>e 9 mak+ a suitable *oice4 ,! op]ations ( agriculture are ! usual pl\gh+ s[+ reap+ ?re%+ & ! processes ( ! v9ey>d & ! w9epress4 ,ox5 %eep & mules =m ! live-/ock4 ,corn is ! /aple#ia diet1 ) hay z fodd] = bea/s4 ,look+ on ! picture z a :ole1 we see t ! ,hesiodic f>m] is to be a model ( indu/ry & ?rift4 ,bus9ess1 n s5tim5t1 is ! note ( 8 "*4 ,8 function is to survive 9 8 actual circum/ances2 t is1 9 a social & economic environm5t ( normal selfi%ness4 ,if 8 _w is n a v noble "o1 x is at lea/ em95tly practical4 ,he is a true 1 sett+ 8 own h& to ! pl\gh1 toil+ = himself on 8 own l&1 ) slaves & o!r cattle ob$i5t to 8 w4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t he illu/rates a great tru? be>+ on ! lab\r-"q1--t successful exploitation ( o!r m5's lab\r is1 at lea/ 9 semi-primitive societies1 only to be a*iev$ by ! man :o %>es ! lab\r himself4 ,& x is to be not$ t he atte/s ! exi/5ce ( wage-e>n+ h&s z well z slaves4 ,i take ?is to mean t !re 7 9 8 ru/ic _w a numb] ( l&less freem5 compell$ to make a liv+ z m]e f>m lab\r]s4 ,t we he> s mu* less ( ?is class 9 lat] times is probably to be acc\nt$ = by ! gr[? ( cities & ! absorption ( su* p]sons 9 urban occupations & trades4 ,v4 ,,/ray ,,notes ,,f ,,e>ly ,,poets4 ,a few fragm5ts may be cit$ z ( int]e/1 be>+ on our subject4 ,! mo/ important are f\nd 9 ! rema9s#ib ( ,solon1 illu/rat+ ! l&-"q z he saw & fac$ x at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ,,bc4 ,! poets ( ! sev5? & six? c5turies reflect ! problems ( an age ( unre/1 among ! causes ( :i* ! introduction ( metallic co9age1 susceptible ( ho>d+ & unaffect$ by wea!r1 play$ a great "p4 ,pov]ty1 debt & slav]y ( debtors1 h>d%ip1 begg+1 ! insol5ce & oppression ( ri* & gre$y cr$itors1 are common topics4 ,! sale ( free m5 into slav]y abroad is lam5t$ by ,solon1 :o claims to h re/or$ _m su* victims by 8 measures ( re=m4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he remov$ encumbrances on l&1 ?us sett+ free ! small f>m]s :o 7 9 desp]ate plight ow+ to debt4 ,! exact nature & scope ( 8 fam\s re=m is a matt] ( dispute4 ,:e!r he reliev$ freehold]s f a burd5 ( debt1 or emancipat$ ! cli5ts#ic ( l&[n+ nobles f dep5d5ce closely ak9 to s]fdom1 _c be discuss$ "h1 & does n really be> on ! matt] 9 h&4 ,9 ei!r case ! p]sons reliev$ 7 a class ( work+ f>m]s1 & ! economic re=m 0 ! ma9 ?+3 political re=m 0 ( value z t5d+ to secure ! economic boon4 ,x is rem>kable t ,solon1 enum]at+ a numb] ( trades 7practically ! old ,hom]ic & ,hesiodic li/71 speaks ( !m m]ely z means ( escap+ ! pressure ( pov]ty1 add+ #8& ano!r man#id is ye>ly s]vant to ^? int]e/$ 9 pl\gh+1 & furr[s l& plant$ ) fruit-trees4' ,?is man seems to be a wage-e>n] 77 work+ = a l>ge f>m]1 probably ! own] ( a l&$ e/ate 9 ! ri* l[l& 77 ( ,attica4 ,! small f>m]s 7 mo/ly conf9$ to ! rocky upl&s4 ,evid5tly x is n manual lab\r t is ! h>d%ip1 b ! dep5d5t position ( ! hir$ man work+ on ano!r's l&4 ,! h>d-work+ indep5d5t peasant1 will+ to till /ony l& = 8 own support1 is ! type t ,solon enc\rag$ & ,peisi/ratus#ie approv$4 ,! life ( su* peasant f>m]s 0 at be/ a h>d "o1 & little desir$ by m5 liv+ "u easi] conditions4 ,two fragm5ts f ,ionia express views ( dwell]s 9 t ri* & g5ial l&4 ,phocylides ( ,miletus 9 "o ( 8 wise c\nsels says #8if y desire weal?1 devote y\r c>e to a fat f>m 7 71 = ! say+ is t a f>m is a horn ( pl5ty4' ,! bitt] ,hipponax ( ,ephesus describes a man z hav+ liv$ a glutton\s life & s eat5 up 8 e/ate 7 73 ! result is t he is driv5 to dig a rocky hillside & live on common figs & b>ley bread--m]e slave's fodd] 7 74 ,surely ! #8fat f>m' 0 n meant to be work$ by ! own] s+leh&$2 & ! #8slave's fodd]' sugge/s ! employm5t ( slaves4 ,ionia 0 a home ( luxury & ease4 ,! (t-quot$ scolion ( ! ,cretan ,hybrias illu/rates ! po9t ( view ( ! w>rior class 9 m milit>y communities4 ,8 weal? is 9 sword spe> & buckl]4 ,x is ) ^! tools t he does 8 pl\gh+ reap+ or v9tage4 ,t is1 he has comm& ( ! lab\r ( o!rs1 & enjoys _! produce4 ,we %all speak bel[ ( ! well-kn[n lords & s]fs ( ,crete4 ,,vi4 ,,traces ,,( ,,s]fdom ,,9 ,,greek ,,/ates4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! times 9 :i* ! m]its ( a free f>m]-class1 f milit>y & political po9ts ( view1 became a matt] ( g5]al & consci\s consid]ation1 x is desirable to ref] briefly to ! record$ cases ( agricultural s]fdom 9 ,greek /ates4 ,= ! ru/ic s]f is a type q di/9ct f ! free f>m]1 ! hir$ lab\r]1 or ! slave2 ?\gh ! language ( "s writ]s is loose1 & does n cle>ly m>k ! di/9ction4 ,six well-kn[n cases pres5t !mselves1 9 connexion ) ,sp>ta1 ,crete1 ,argos1 ,!ssaly1 ,syracuse1 & ,h]aclea on ! ,pontus4 ,into ! details ( ^! sy/ems x is n necess>y to ent]1 int]e/+ ?\gh _m ( !m are4 ,! important feature common to !m all is ! delegation ( agricultural lab\r4 ,a /rong] or bett]-organiz$ p become ma/]s ( a weak] population1 conqu]+ _! c\ntry by =ce ( arms1 & sp>+ ! conqu]$ on c]ta9 t]ms4 ,! normal effect ( ! compact is t ! conqu]ors are e/abli%$ z a rul+ w>rior class1 ^: subsi/5ce is provid$ by ! lab\r ( ! subject p4 ,^! subjects rema9 on ! l& z f>m]s1 pay+ a fix$ quota ( _! produce to _! ma/]s4 ,"s are s]fs ( ! /ate1 & pay _! dues to ! /ate au?orities3 "s are s]fs ( individuals1 & pay to _! lords4 ,9 ei!r case !y are /rictly atta*$ to ! l&1 & _c be sold out ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is cle>ly m>ks (f ! s]f f ! slave held 9 p]sonal bondage4 ,9 "s cases c]ta9ly1 probably 9 all1 ! w>rior class 7at lea/ ! weal?i] ( !m7 _h also slaves = _! own p]sonal s]vice4 ,! s]f-sy/em diff]s f a ca/e-sy/em4 ,bo?1 x is true1 are h]$it>y sy/ems1 or h a /rong t5d5cy to become s4 ,! rul+ class d n easily admit des]v+ subjects into _! own ranks4 ,& !y take precautions to h9d] ! degradation ( _! equals into l[] conditions ?r\gh pov]ty4 ,! w>rior's l&-lot 771 ! sale ( :i* is =bidd51 is a fav\rite in/itution = ! purpose4 ,t su* w>rior ari/ocracies c\ld n be kept up 9 vig\r = an indef9ite "t1 0 to be prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,_! duration dep5d$ on ext]nal z well z int]nal conditions4 ,ho/ile invasion might de/roy ! effici5cy ( /ate regulations1 h[ev] well adapt$ to keep ! s]fs "u control4 ,sp>ta always fe>$ h] ,helots1 & x 0 ess5tial to keep an enemy out ( ,laconia4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,syracuse ! unprivileg$ masses 7 support$ by ! s]fs 9 _! ris+ aga9/ ! squatt]-lords1 ! ^: great e/ates repres5t$ ! allotm5ts ( ! orig9al settl]s4 ,9 ,crete & ,!ssaly matt]s 7 complicat$ by lack ( a c5tral au?ority4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( cities3 subord9ation & coop]ation 7 alike h>d to secure1 & ! hi/ory ( bo? gr\ps is a /ory ( jeal\sy1 collisions1 & weakness4 ,! ,!ssalian ,p5e/ae (t5 rebell$4 ,! two classes ( ,cretan#if s]fs 7public & private7 7 kept quiet p>tly by rigid exclusion f all tra9+ ( a milit>y k9d1 p>tly by _! m fav\rable condition3 b ! insul> position ( ,crete 0 p]haps a factor ( equal importance4 ,! long control ( indig5\s b>b>ian s]fs by ! city ( ,h]aclea 0 probably ! result ( simil> causes4 ,b 9 all ^! cases x is conque/ t produces ! relation betwe5 ! till] ( ! soil & 8 ov]lord4 ,:e!r ! s]f is reg>d$ z a weak] ,greek or z a ,b>b>ian 7non-,greek7 is n at pres5t ! ma9 "q f my po9t ( view4 ,! notion ( ca/es1 belong+ to ! same society & influ5c$ by ! same racial & religi\s traditions1 b ea* p]=m+ a di/9ct function--prie/ly milit>y agricultural etc4--z 9 anci5t ,india1 is ano!r ?+ altoge!r4 ,ca/e sep>ates functions1 b ! division is 9 ess5ce collat]al4 ,s]fdom is a delegation ( functions1 & is a compulsory subord9ation4 ,t ! ,greeks ( ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,,bc 7 already becom+ consci\s ( a vital diff]5ce betwe5 o!r races & !mselves1 is fairly c]ta94 ,x 0 soon to express itself 9 ! common language4 ,contact ) ,p]sia 0 soon to cry/allize ?is feel+ into a moral antipa?y1 a disgu/ & contempt t f\nd voice 9 ! arrogant claim t :ile nature's law ju/ifies ! rul+ ( s]vile ,b>b>ians by free ,greeks1 a rev]sal ( ! relation is an unnatural mon/rosity4 ,yet ,i _c discov] t ,greeks ev] gave up enslav+ bro!r ,greeks4 ,callicratidas 9 ! field & ,plato 9 8 s*ool might prote/ aga9/ ! practice2 x /ill rema9$ ! cu/om 9 w> to sell z slaves ^?1 ,greek or ,b>b>ian1 :om ! sword _h sp>$4 ,we %all also f9d cases 9 :i* ! remnant ( ! conqu]$ 7 left 9 _! homes b r$uc$ to ! condition ( cultivat+ s]fs4 ,among ! little t is kn[n ( ! anci5t ,etruscans1 ^: p[] 0 once widely ext5d$ 9 ,italy1 is ! fact t !y dwelt 9 cities & rul$ a s]f population :o liv$ *iefly 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! rul+ race 7 app>5tly invad]s n ak9 to any ( ! ,italian /ocks3 _! subjects probably belong$ to ! old ,ligurian race1 9 e>ly times spread ov] a l>ge "p ( ! p59sula4 ,t ! ,etruscan cities recogniz$ a common int]e/1 b 9 practice did n support ea* o!r consi/5tly1 0 ! *ief cause ( _! gradual weak5+ & f9al fall4 ,noble lords ) w>like traditions _h little b5t = f>m life or sympa?y ) ! s]fs :o till$ ! soil4 ,! two classes seem to h kept to _! own#ig languages1 & ! ,etruscan gradually di$ out "u ! supremacy ( ,rome4 ,,vii4 ,,h]odotus4 ,h]odotus1 writ+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury ,,bc1 p>tly record+ ! results ( 8 own travels1 p>tly dep5d5t on ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors1 is a witness ( great value4 ,9 him we f9d ! contra/ & antipa?y#ih ( ,greek & ,b>b>ian an ackn[l$g$ fact1 guid+ & dom9at+ ,greek s5tim5t4 ,unhappily he yields u v little evid5ce be>+ on ! pres5t subject4 ,to slav]y & slave-trade he (t5 ref]s )\t comm5t3 ^! are matt]s ( c\rse4 ,! s]vile "* ( ori5tal peoples subject to ,p]sia is contemptu\sly describ$#ii ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,greek que5 ( ,halic>nassus4 ,nor does he sp>e ! ,ionian ,greeks1 ^: jeal\sies & consequ5t ineffici5cy made !m ! unwor?y tools ( ,p]sian ambition2 a sad contra/ to ^? patriotic ,greeks ( old ,hellas :o1 fir$ by ! gr& example ( ,a!ns1 f\ght = _! fre$om & won x 9 ! face ( t]rible odds4 ,! disgu/--a sort ( physical loa?+--) :i* ! free ,greek1 pr\d ( tra9+ 8 body to p]fection1 reg>d$ corporal mutilation z practis$ 9 ! ,ea/1 is illu/rat$ by su* passages#ajj z t 9 :i* ! ,p]sians are a/\nd$ at ! ,greek a?letic competitions = a wrea? ( olive leaves1 & t 9 :i* he coolly tells ! /ory ( ! eunu*'s rev5ge4 ,b all ?is1 int]e/+ z giv+ u 8 po9t ( view1 does n help u 9 cle>+ up ! relations ( free & slave lab\r4 ,z = h&icrafts1 x is en\gh to ref] to ! well-kn[n passage#aja 9 :i*1 :ile speak+ ( ,egypt1 he w n decide :e!r ! ,greeks got _! contempt = manual trades f ! ,egyptians or n4 ,t ! ,greeks1 above all ! ,sp>tans1 d despise 1 is c]ta92 b lea/ true ( ! ,cor9?ians4 ,b>b>ians 9 g5]al respect ! w>rior class among _! own folk & reg>d manual trades z ignoble4 ,s ! s\rce ( ,greek prejudice is d\btful4 ,t ! craftsm5 are free is cle> f ! :ole context4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 enum]at+ sev5 classes ( ! ,egyptian population he m5tions no class#ajb z devot$ to ! tillage ( ! soil1 b two ( h]dsm51 9 *>ge ( cattle & sw9e4 ,lat] au?orities m5tion#ajc ! 1 & connect !m ) ! milit>y class1 rightly1 x w\ld seem3 = ,h]odotus#ajd ref]s to ! f>ms grant$ by ! k+s to ?is class4 ,!y are f>m]-soldi]s4 ,x w\ld seem t !y 7 free1 s f> z any ,egyptian c\ld be call$ free1 & work$ _! l& !mselves4 ,if ?is inf]5ce be j1 we may obs]ve t a ,greek ?\ght x a fact wor? not+4 ,0 ?is ow+ to ! contra/#aje (f]$ by sy/ems ( s]fage 9 ! ,greek _w8 ,x is curi\s t wage-lab\r is h>dly ev] directly m5tion$4 ,9 describ+#ajf ! orig9 ( ! ,mac$onian k+s1 :o claim$ desc5t f an ,argive /ock1 he says t ?ree bro!rs1 exiles f ,argos1 came to ,mac$on4 ,!re !y s]v$ ! k+ = wages z h]dsm5 9 *>ge ( 8 horses cattle %eep & goats4 ,! simplicity ( ! royal h\sehold is emphasiz$ z illu/rat+ ! humble scale ( anci5t mon>*ies4 ,al>m$ by a prodigy1 ! k+ calls 8 s]vants 7 7 & tells !m to leave 8 c\ntry4 ,! sequel does n conc]n u "h3 we ne$ only note t "w = wages is ref]r$ to z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! same relation is probably meant 9 ! case ( ! ,arcadian des]t]s#ajg :o came to ,x]xes aft] ,!rmopylae1 9 ne$ ( su/5ance 77 & wi%+ to get "w 7 74 ,b ! t]m is n us$4 ,& ! few ,a!nians :o /ay$ beh9d#ajh 9 ! ,acropolis :5 ,a!ns 0 evacuat$1 p>tly ?r\gh %e] pov]ty 7' 71 w\ld seem to be 4 ,x is fair to inf] t hir$ lab\r is assum$ z a normal fact 9 ,greek life4 ,= ! insi/5ce on pov]ty#aji z naturally endemic 77 9 ,hellas1 only ov]come by ! manly qualities 77 develop$ 9 ! conque/ ( h>d conditions by human res\rcefulness 771 %ews u ! backgr\nd ( ! picture pres5t to ! writ]'s m9d4 ,x is 8 way ( tell+ u t ! "q ( food-supply 0 a s]i\s "o4 ,out ( h] own soil ,hellas 0 only able to support a ?9 population4 ,h5ce ,greek =ces 7 absurdly small comp>$ ) ! myriads ( ,p]sia3 b ! /ruggle = exi/5ce _h /rung !m up to su* effici5cy & resolute love ( fre$om t !y 7 ready to face fe>ful odds4 ,! passage occurs 9 ! reply ( ,dem>atus ! ,sp>tan to a "q ( ,x]xes1 & ref]s m p>ticul>ly to ,sp>ta4 ,9 respect ( c\rage & milit>y effici5cy ! claim is appropriate3 b pov]ty 0 surely *>act]i/ic ( ne>ly all ! ,european ,hellas1 & ! language on t po9t is /rictly correct1 probably repres5t+ ! writ]'s own view4 ,x is also q consi/5t ) ! /atem5t#aaj t 9 e>ly times1 be=e ! ,a!nians _h z yet driv5 all ! indig5\s population out ( ,attica1 nei!r ! ,a!nians nor ! ,greeks g5]ally _h slaves 774 ,! context seems to indicate t dome/ic slaves are specially meant4 ,i d n lay mu* /ress on ?is allegation1 urg$ z x is 9 support ( a case by "o p>ty to ! dispute3 b x is a g5u9e tradition1 :i* appe>s aga9 9 ! lat] lit]ature4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus !re 7 pl5ty ( dome/ic slaves4 ,accord+ly he f9ds x wor? :ile to m5tion#aaa t ,scy?ian k+s are att5d$ by p]sons ( _! own race1 !re be+ no b\ght s]vants employ$4 ,h]odotus is a difficult witness to appraise ju/ly1 p>tly f ! occasional unc]ta9ty z to :e!r he is really pl$g+ 8 own au?ority on a po9t1 p>tly because ! value ( 8 au?ority v>ies greatly on diff]5t po9ts4 ,b on ! :ole ,i take 8 evid5ce to sugge/ t agriculture 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,greece ei!r by free lab\r+ f>m]s employ+ hir$ m5 :5 ne$$1 or by s]fs4 ,i d n see any evid5ce to %ew t no slaves 7 employ$4 ,! subject ( 8 book plac$ him "u no necessity ( m5tion+ !m3 & ,i c h>dly believe t f>m-slav]y on a small scale _h di$ out all ov] ,greece s9ce ! days ( ,hesiod4 ,nor d ,i feel conv9c$ on 8 au?ority t ! pov]ty ( ,greece 01 s f> z m]e food is conc]n$1 z extreme z he makes ,dem>atus repres5t x4 ,:5 ! ,sp>tans he>d t ,x]xes 0 (f]+ ! ,a!nians a sep>ate peace1 !y 7 uneasy1 & s5t a c\nt]-(f]#aab on _! own behalf4 ,n cont5t ) appeal+ to ! ,hell5ic patriotism ( ,a!ns1 !y said #8,we feel = y 9 y\r loss ( two crops & ! di/ress t w la/ "s :ile yet4 ,b y %all h all ?is made good4 ,we1 ,sp>tans & conf$]ates1 w f9d food = y\r wives & y\r helpless families#aac s long z ?is w> la/s4' ,suppos+ ?is (f] to h be5 actually made1 & to h be5 capable ( execution1 surely x implies t !re 7 food-/uffs to sp>e 9 ! ,peloponnese4 ,x may be t ,i am mak+ too mu* ( ?is passage1 & ( ! "o ab\t pov]ty4 ,! dramatic t\* ( ,h]odotus is pres5t 9 bo?1 & ,i mu/ leave ! app>5t inconsi/5cy betwe5 !m z x /&s4 ,! "q ( ,peloponnesian agriculture w come up aga9 9 connexion ) a passage ( ,?ucydides4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,trag$ians4 ,! lives ( ,aes*ylus 7di$ #def ,,bc7 ,sophocles & ,euripides 7bo? di$ #djf ,,bc7 cov] a p]iod ( /irr+ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 p>ticul>ly ( ,a!ns4 ,aes*ylus _h borne 8 "p 9 ! ,p]sian w>s3 he 0 a fight+ man :5 ,h]odotus 0 born1 & ,sophocles a boy4 ,euripides saw ! rise ( ,a!nian p[] to its greate/ height1 & di$ ) ,sophocles on ! eve ( its fall4 ,^! m5 _h se5 /range & t]rible ?+s4 ,hellas _h only beat5 (f ! ,p]sian to ru9 h]self by h] own int]nec9e conflicts4 ,:ile ! hatr$ & contempt = #8b>b>ians' grew f s5tim5t into some?+ v l a moral pr9ciple1 ,greeks but*]$ or enslav$ bro!r ,greeks on an unprec$5t$ scale4 ,greek l&s 7 laid wa/e by ,greek armies3 ! deva/ation ( ,attica 9 p>ticul> _h s]i\s effects on ! politics & policy ( ,a!ns4 ,a!ns at l5g? lo/ h] control ( ! ,eux9e corn trade & 0 />v$ out4 ,= ! mom5t a decision 0 rea*$3 ! reaction>y rural p[]s1 back$ by ! comm]cial jeal\sy ( ,cor9?1 _h triumph$4 ,no ?\ghtful man 9 ,a!ns dur+ ! "t :5 ! ru/ic population 7 cr[d$ into ! city1 idle & plagu$ ) sickness1 c\ld be indiff]5t to ! /ra9 on democratic in/itutions4 ,?is spectacle sugge/$ reflexions t p]man5tly influ5c$ ,greek ?\ght on political subjects4 ,! t5d5cy 0 to accept democracy 9 "s =m & degree z inevitable 9 mo/ /ates1 & to seek salvation 9 means ( *eck+ ! fooli% extravagancies ( mob-rule4 ,! be/ ( ^! means 0 ! enc\ragem5t ( f>m]-citiz5s3 b ! circum/ances ( ,greek hi/ory made practical success on ^! l9es impossible4 ,9 practice1 olig>*y meant privilege1 to :i* a scatt]$ f>m+ population w\ld submit2 democracy meant mob-rule soon] or lat]1 & ! dom9ance ( urban int]e/s4 ,! problem :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle c\ld n solve 0 already pres5t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,ari/ophanes might ridicule ,euripides1 b on ! c\ntry-&-t[n issue ! two 7 agre$4 ,aes*ylus inde$ furni%es v little to my purpose directly4 ,! ,greek antipa?y to ! ,b>b>ian is v cle>ly m>k$2 b ! only po9ts wor? not+ are t 9 ! ,p]sae#aad he makes ,p]sian speak]s ref] to _! own p z 1 & t 9 a bitt] passage ( ! ,eum5ides he expresses#aae 8 loa?+ ( mutilations & tortures1 ref]r+ no d\bt to ,p]sian cruelties4 ,agriculture c h>dly be said to be m5tion$ at all1 = ! gift ( wea!r-wisdom#aaf is useful to o!rs ?an ! f>m]1 & ! ,scy?ian /eppes are untill$ l&4 ,a fragm5t1 tell+ ( a happy l&#aag :]e all ?+s gr[ 9 pl5ty uns[n )\t pl\gh+ or digg+1 rem9ds u ( ! ,odyssey1 m9us ! savages3 ano!r1 ref]r+ to ! advance made 9 dome/ication ( bea/s to relieve m5 ( toil1 make up ! meagre li/4 ,all are 9 connexion ) ,prome!us4 ,!re are two int]e/+ passages#aah 9 :i* ! ^w 7l&hold]7 occurs1 b m]ely z an expression = a man ) ! rights & responsibilities ( a citiz54 ,!re is no?+ ( tillage4 ,x 0 natural = ! *ampion ( ! p[] ( ! ,areopagus to view ! citiz5 f ! l&hold+ side4 ,he is a respect] ( au?ority1 b at ! same "t lays great /ress on ! duty & importance ( def]5ce to public op9ion4 ,?is tone runs ?r\gh ! surviv+ plays1 :]ev] ! sc5e ( a p>ticul> drama may be laid4 ,a!nian conditions are always 9 8 m9d1 & 8 f9al judgm5t appe>s 9 ! ,eum5ides z an appeal to all true citiz5s to comb9e fre$om ) ord]4 ,ties ( blood1 community ( religi\s obs]vances1 ! relation betwe5 citiz5s & ali5s1 are topics on :i* he dwells aga9 & aga94 ,9 g5]al x is fair to conclude t1 :ile he *e]fully accept$ ! free con/itution ( ,a!ns z x /ood s9ce ! democratic re=m ( ,clei/h5es1 he ?\ght t x 0 q democratic en\gh1 & reg>d$ m rec5t t5d5cies ) "s al>m4 ,n[ ^! t5d5cies1 9 p>ticul> ! re=ms ( ,ephialtes & ,p]icles1 7 c]ta9ly 9 ! direction ( less5+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,attic f>m]s & increas+ t ( ! urban citiz5s1 :o 7 on ! spot to take advantage ( !m4 ,to put x 9 ! briefe/ =m1 ,aes*ylus mu/ be reckon$ an admir] ( ! solid & responsible citiz5s ( ! old s*ool1 m5 ) a /ake 9 ! c\ntry4 ,sophocles also supplies v little4 ,! antipa?y ( ,greeks to ,b>b>ians appe>s 9 a mild] =m3 ,aes*ylus 0 naturally m bitt]1 hav+ f\ght aga9/ ! ,p]sian invad]4 ,! doctr9e t public op9ion 7( citiz5s7 ought to be respect$1 t ob$i5ce to con/itut$ au?orities is a duty1 9 %ort ! pr9ciple t fre$om %\ld be comb9$ ) ord]1 is set =? 9 v>i\s passages ( dramatic debate4 ,yet ! sc5es ( ! plays1 z ^? ( ,aes*ylus1 are laid 9 leg5d>y ages t knew n democracy4 ,! awful pot5cy ( ties ( blood1 & ! relations ( citiz5 & ali51 are topics common to bo?4 ,b ,i ?9k x may fairly be said t political feel+ is less evid5t 9 ,sophocles4 ,?is is consi/5t ) 8 traditional "*4 ,9 _! attitude t[>ds slav]y !re is no /rik+ diff]5ce3 bo? treat x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b 9 ,sophocles !re are already signs#aai ( ! que/ion+ t 0 soon to become outspok51 z to ! ju/ice ( ! relation ( ma/] & slave4 ,agriculture is h>dly m5tion$4 ,! words 1 1 1 are 7z 9 ,aes*ylus7 n us$4 ,a ref]5ce to pl\gh+ occurs 9 a fam\s passage#abj celebrat+ ! res\rcefulness ( ,man4 ,! h]dsman1 usually a slave1 is once#aba spok5 ( z p]haps a hir$ s]vant4 ,"o curi\s passage#abb calls = notice4 ,9 ! ,tra*9iae ! indiff]5ce ( ,h]acles to 8 *ildr5 is comp>$ by 8 wife ,deianira to ! conduct ( a f>m] 77 :o has got a f>m at a di/ance 7 7 & only visits x at se$-"t & h>ve/4 ,! man is app>5tly a non-resid5t l&[n]1 liv+ presumably 9 ! city 7surely ,a!ns is 9 ! poet's m9d7 & work+ 8 f>m by deputy--a /ew>d--& only inspect+ x at important seasons4 ,:e!r ! lab\r employ$ is slave or free1 !re is no?+ to %ew4 ,x is ( int]e/ to f9d ! situation suffici5tly real to be us$ 9 a simile4 ,b ,i inf] t ! situation1 l ! conduct ( ,h]acles1 is reg>d$ z exceptional4 ,euripides takes u into a v diff]5t atmosph]e4 ,an age ( movem5t 0 also an age ( criticism & inquiry1 social religi\s political e?ical4 ,! intellectual lead]s came f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,greek _w1 b ! intellectual c5tre ( #8ob/9ate que/ion+s' 0 ,a!ns1 & _! poet ,euripides4 ,! use ( drama1 ) plots drawn f anci5t leg5d1 z a vehicle = reflexions on human problems1 address$ to a contempor>y audi5ce & c]ta9 to evoke ass5t & diss5t1 is ! regul> practice ( ,euripides4 ,8 plays give u a mass ( in=mation z to ! que/ions ex]cis+ ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m5 9 a /irr+ p]iod4 ,! po9t ( view is t ( ! new s*ool1 ! enlight5$ #8?9k]s' :o claim$ ! "r to *all5ge traditional pr9ciples1 op9ions1 prejudices1 & in/itutions1 te/+ !m by ! canons ( human reason fe>lessly appli$4 ,?is attitude 0 naturally res5t$ by m5 ( ! old s*ool1 av]se to any di/urb+ influ5ce t5d+ to und]m9e ! traditional morality1 & c]ta9 to react ^u politics4 ,_! opposition c /ill be trac$ 9 ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes & 9 v>i\s political movem5ts dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,among ! topics to :i* ! new s*ool turn$ _! att5tion 7 two ( special int]e/ to ,euripides4 ,! p[] ( weal? 0 %ew+ itself 9 ! gr[? ( capitali/ic ent]prise1 an illu/ration ( :i* is se5 9 ! case ( ! ri* slave[n] ,nicias4 ,pov]ty#abc & its disadvantages1 sometimes am\nt+ to %e] degradation1 0 z ev] a subject ( discont5t3 & ?is 0 closely connect$ ) ! position ( free wage-e>n+ lab\r4 ,at ,a!ns political action took a /rong l9e 9 ! direction ( utiliz+ ! weal? ( ! ri* 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate3 = ! poor1 its dom9ant t5d5cy 0 to provide opportunities ( draw+ /ate pay 771 g5]ally a b>e liv+ wage1 = ! p]=mance ( v>i\s public duties4 ,! o!r topic1 t ( slav]y1 _h z yet h>dly rea*$ ! /age ( que/ion+ ! "r or wrong ( t in/itution z su*4 ,b ! consci\sness t ! slave1 l 8 ma/]1 0 a bl5d ( human virtues & human vices1--0 a man1 9 %ort1--0 evid5tly becom+ cle>]1 & sugge/+ ! conclusion t he mu/ be judg$ z a man & n z a m]e *attel4 ,o!rwise ,euripides w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to br+ slaves on ! /age#abd 9 s sympa!tic a _s1 or to utt] num]\s say+s1 be>+ on _! m]its & fail+s1 9 a tone ( broad humanity4 ,9 su* circum/ances h[ came x t !re 0 no sign ( a movem5t analog\s to mod]n ,abolitionism8 ,if ! slave 0 confess$ly a man1 _h he n ! rights ( a man8 ,! answ] is pla94 ,t a man1 simply z a man1 _h any rights1 0 a doctr9e n yet =mulat$ or cle>ly conceiv$4 ,! antipa?y#abe betwe5 ,greek & ,b>b>ian 0 a practical b> to its recognition4 ,! ,p]sian 0 n likely to mod]ate 8 treatm5t ( ,greeks 9 8 p[] f any su* consid]ation3 sup]ior =ce1 no?+ less1 w\ld induce him to con=m to ,greek notions ( humanity4 ,:ile =ce 0 recogniz$ z ! sole f\ndation ( "r z aga9/ free enemies1 !re c\ld n be mu* s]i\s d\bt z to ! "r ( hold+ ali5s 9 slav]y4 ,b 9 ?is que/ion+ age ano!r !oretical basis ( discussion _h be5 f\nd4 ,m5 7 te/+ in/itutions by ask+ 9 ref]5ce to ea* #8is x a natural#abf gr[?8 does x exi/ by nature 778 or is x a conv5tional /atus8 does x exi/ by law 778' ,"h 0 "o ( ! mo/ unsettl+ inquiries ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ref]5ce to slav]y we f9d two conflict+ doctr9es beg9n+ to em]ge4 ,"o is#abg t all m5 are born free 77 & t slav]y is !re=e a creation ( man's device 774 ,! o!r is t sup]ior /r5g? is a gift ( nature1 & !re=e ! rule ( ! weak]#abh by ! /rong] is accord+ to nature4 ,! conflict betwe5 ^! two views 0 de/9$ to engage "s ( ! greate/ m9ds ( ,greece 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 ! political failure ( ! ,greek /ates _h div]t$ m5's ?\ghts to problems conc]n+ ! individual4 ,= ! pres5t slav]y 0 tak5 = grant$1 b x is evid5t t ! se$s ( future d\bt _h be5 s[n4 ,among ! /ray utt]ances betray+ uneas9ess is ! (t-quot$ say+#abi ( ! sophi/ ,alcidamas #8god leaves all m5 free3 nature makes no man a slave4' ,! speak] 0 contempor>y ) ,euripides1 ^: say+s are (t5 9 mu* ! same tone1 if less direct4 ,a rem>kable passage is t 9 :i* he makes ,h]acles repudiate#acj ! my?s t repres5t slav]y z exi/+ among ! gods4 ,no god t is a real god has any ne$s1 & su* tales are rubbi%--an argum5t t 0 de/9$ to reappe> lat] z be>+ ^u slav]y among m51 p>ticul>ly 9 connexion ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,cynic s*ool4 ,i h said en\gh z to ! po9t ( view f :i* ! que/ion]s1 su* z ,euripides1 reg>d$ slav]y4 ,x is some:at surpris+ t ! poet's ref]5ces to hir$ lab\r#aca are v few1 & all ( a depress+ k9d1 treat+ z almo/ or q equival5t to 4 ,! ref]5ces or allusions to h&icrafts are h>dly to ! po9t3 su* m5 are d\btless conceiv$ z 1 b !y w\ld g5]ally direct !mselves 9 virtue ( _! trade-skill3 !y are n hir$ #8h&s4' ,h]dsm5 (t5 appe>1 b g5]ally if n always !y seem to be slaves or s]fs4 ,nor is x cle> t ! digg] 77 is free2 he is ref]r$ to#acb z a specim5 ( ! meane/ class ( lab\r]4 ,b 9 ?ree ( ! plays !re occur passages directly descriptive ( ! poor work+ f>m]1 ! ( :om ,i h spok5 above4 ,9 ! ,electra1 ! prologue is put 9 ! m\? ( ! poor b well-born to :om ! crafty ,aegi/hus has giv5 ,electra 9 m>riage4 ,! sc5e betwe5 husb& & wife is "o ( peculi> delicacy & int]e/4 ,! po9ts t conc]n u "h are ^!4 ,! pr9cess has be5 unit$#acc to a poor & p[]less freeman4 ,he is fully occupi$#acd ) ! h>d lab\r ( 8 f>m1 :i* he app>5tly cultivates s+leh&$4 ,he und]/&s ! motive ( ,aegi/hus1 & %ews 8 respect = ,electra by refra9+ f conjugal rights4 ,%e 9 turn respects 8 nobility1 & %ews h] appreciation by *e]fully p]=m+#ace ! humble duties ( a cott>'s wife4 ,:5 ! breadw9n] 77 comes home f toil1 he %\ld f9d all ready = 8 com=t4 ,he is %ock$ to see h]1 a lady ( g5tle bre$+ 7 7 fet* wat] f ! spr+ & wait ^u 8 ne$s4 ,b he has to accept ! situation3 ! morr['s dawn#acf %all see him at 8 lab\r on ! l&3 x is all v well to pray = div9e aid1 b to get a liv+ ! fir/ ?+ ne$ful is to "w4 ,n[ "h we h a picture ( ! free f>m] on a small scale1 :o lives 9 a hovel & dep5ds on ! lab\r ( 8 own h&s4 ,he is ! anci5t analogue ( ! ,fr5* peasant1 :o works h>d] ?an any slave1 & ^: views are apt to be limit$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 daily life4 ,he has no slaves#acg4 ,aga91 ! ,!ban h]ald 9 ! ,supplices#ach1 speak+ ( ! incapacity ( a ,demos = ! function ( gov]nm5t1 says #8b a poor husb&man 7 71 ev5 if n /upid1 w be too busy to att5d to /ate affairs4' ,"h is our toil+ ru/ic1 ! ideal citiz5 ( /atesm5 :o desire to keep free f popul> control4 ,! same "* appe>s aga9 9 ! ,ore/es1 on ! occasion ( a debate 9 ! ,argive ,assembly 7modell$ on ,a!ns71 z def5d] ( ,ore/es4 ,he is describ$#aci z #8n ( graceful mi51 b a manly fell[1 "o :o seldom visits ! city & ! m>ket-place1 a toil] ) 8 h&s 771 ( ! class on :om alone ! safety ( ! c\ntry dep5ds2 b intellig5t & prep>$ to face ! conflict ( debate1 a guileless be+ ( blameless life4' ,s vivid is ?is portrait1 t ! sympa?y ( ! poet ) ! ru/ic type ( citiz5 c h>dly be ignor$4 ,n[1 :y did ,euripides take pa9s to %ew ?is sympa?y8 ,i take x to be a sign t he saw ) regret ! decl9+ influ5ce ( ! f>m] class 9 ,attic politics4 ,c we g a /ep fur!r1 & detect 9 ^! passages any sort ( prote/ aga9/ a decl9e 9 ! numb] ( small work+ f>m]s1 & a gr[? ( exploitation-f>m+1 c>ri$ on by /ew>ds direct+ ! lab\r ( slaves or hir$ h&s8 ,9 ! next g5]ation we f9d ?is sy/em 9 use1 z inde$ x mo/ likely always _h be5 to "s ext5t on ! ri*] soils ( l[l& ,attica4 ,! conc5tration ( ! c\ntry folk 9 ! city dur+ ! great w> w\ld t5d to promote agriculture by deputy aft] ! return ( peace4 ,dea?s1 & ! div]sion ( "s f>m]s to o!r pursuits1 7 likely to leave vacancies 9 ! rural demes4 ,speculators :o took advantage ( su* *ances to buy l& w\ld n z a rule d s ) int5t to live on ! l& & "w x !mselves2 & ali5s 7 n all[$ to hold real e/ate4 ,x seems fairly c]ta9 t l&lords resid5t 9 ,a!ns1 to :om l& 0 only "o ( _m =ms ( inve/m5t1 & :o ei!r let _! l& to t5ant-f>m]s or exploit$ its cultivation "u /ew>ds1 7 a class increas$ consid]ably by ! effects ( ! w>4 ,we %all see fur!r reasons bel[ = believ+ ?is4 ,:e!r ,euripides 9 ! passages cit$ above is actually w>n+ or prote/+1 ,i d n v5ture to say3 t he grasp$ ! significance ( a movem5t beg9n+ "u 8 v eyes1 is surely a probable conjecture4 ,t we %\ld he> little ( ! employm5t ( slaves 9 ! h>d "w ( agriculture1 ev5 if ! practice 7 common1 is n to be wond]$ at4 ,assum+ ! exi/5ce ( slav]y1 !re 0 no ne$ = any writ] o!r ?an a speciali/ to ref] to !m4 ,b we h 9 ! ,rhesus a passage#adj 9 :i* ,hector =eca/s ! result ( an attack on ! ,greeks :ile emb>k+3 "s ( !m w be sla91 & ! re/1 captur$ & made fa/ 9 bonds1 w be taught to cultivate 77 ! fields ( ! ,phrygians4 ,t ?is use ( captives is no?+ extraord9>y appe>s bel[1 :5 ,dolon ! spy is b>ga9+ = a rew>d 9 case ( success4 ,to a sugge/ion t "o ( ! ,greek *iefs %\ld be assign$ to him he replies #8,no1 h&s g5tly nurtur$ 7 '7#ada are unfit = f>m-"w 774' ,! notion ( captive ,greeks slav+ on ! l& = ,asiatic lords is a t\* meant to be provocative ( patriotic indignation4 ,& ! rem>k ( ,dolon w\ld surely fall m mean+ly on ! e>s ( m5 acqua9t$ ) ! pres5ce ( ru/ic slav]y 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,to s]fage we h a ref]5ce#adb 9 ! ,h]aclidae1 b ! reta9] 77 is "u arms1 #8mobiliz$1' n at ! "t work+ on ! l&4 ,8 rew>d1 :5 he br+s ! news ( victory1 is to be fre$om4 ,,ix4 ,,! #8,,con/itution ,,( ,,a!ns' ,,or #8,,old ,,olig>*4' ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable docum5ts t h come d[n to u be>+ ^u ,a!nian politics is ! #8,con/itution#adc ( ,a!ns' wrongly assign$ to ,x5ophon4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! "w ( an e>li] writ]1 & ! date ( its composition c be fix$ z betwe5 #dcj & #dbd ,,bc4 ,?us x ref]s to ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 dur+ :i* ,attica 0 repeat$ly invad$1 its rural economy upset1 & ! manifold consequ5ces ( ov]cr[d+ 9 ! city ( refuge 7 beg9n+ to %ew !mselves4 ,n a few ( ! #8bett] classes' ( ,a!nian citiz5s 7 7 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! read9ess ( ! ,demos1 "u ! guidance ( ,p]icles1 to c>ry out a m>itime & aggressive policy abroad at ! co/ ( sacrific+ rural int]e/s at home4 ,= ! sacrifice fell on ! l&[n]s1 m p>ticul>ly on ! l>g] own]s3 ! comp5sations#add ( /ate-pay & *ances ( plund] might suffice = ! peasant f>m] driv5 into ,a!ns4 ,at ! same "t x 0 und5iable t ! a/\nd+ en]gy display$ by democratic ,a!ns _h surpris$ ! ,greek _w2 & ! mo/ discont5t$ ,a!nian c\ld h>dly suppress an emotion ( patriotic pride4 ,! writ] ( ! pamphlet be=e u--= a pamphlet x is--0 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! conflict+ feel+s4 ,:e!r x is "r to describe him z an ,olig>* dep5ds on :at t t]m is tak5 to connote4 ,t he w\ld greatly pref] a sy/em#ade "u :i* ! educat$ ord]ly & hone/ citiz5s %\ld enjoy great] consid]ation & p[]1 is evid5t3 also t 9 8 view ^! qualities are normal attributes ( ! weal?i] classes4 ,= he f9ds 9 pov]ty ! ma9 cause#adf ( democratic misde$s4 ,t ! masses are ill-in=m$ & lack judgm5t & self-control1 is ! result ( _! preoccupation ) necessities ( daily life4 ,b f ?is conviction to aim+ at a s]i\s olig>*ic revolution is a long /ep4 ,! democracy 9 its less aggressive =m1 be=e ! rec5t developm5ts ow+ to ! pres5ce ( an idle refugee population1 might conceivably h suffic$ = 8 requirem5ts4 ,he is a prejudic$ contempor>y witness1 frank & cynical 9 ! extreme1 prais+ ! ,demos = do+ ! v ?+s t he hates & despises1 because ^? ?+s are 9 ! int]e/ ( ! democracy su* z x appe>s to him3 !y w\ld be fools to act o!rwise4 ,= conv5i5ce sake ,i foll[ ,mr ,zimm]n#adg 9 call+ him ! ,old ,olig>*4 ,8 disgu/ at ! lack ( discipl9e 9 ! slaves at ,a!ns1 & 8 +5i\s explanation#adh ( ! causes t h l$ to tol]ation ( ! nuisance1 are v *>act]i/ic ( 8 :ole attitude4 ,b ! slaves ( :om he speaks are ^? lab\r]s :om _! own]s all[$ to "w = hire 9 ! city & ,peiraeus1 tak+ a %>e ( _! pay z r5t = _! s]vices4 ,p]haps ! /ate slaves are meant also4 ,he admits t y h to put up ) ! airs ( ^! fell[s1 :o (t5 become m5 ( sub/ance 7 7 & ?9k !mselves z good z ! citiz5s4 ,tru? is1 ! ma/] dep5ds on ! return he gets f 8 inve/m5t3 if ! r5t comes 9 regul>ly1 he asks no que/ions & ! slave is giv5#adi a free h&4 ,no wond] ! bondman jo/les 8 bett]s 9 ! public /reets1 a /ate ( ?+s inconceivable 9 ord]ly ,sp>ta4 ,n[ on ! face ( x ?is picture has no?+ to d ) ! agricultural situation4 ,b let u look fur!r4 ,! /ress ( ! great w> _h increas$ ! city population4 ,! increas$ dem& = import$ food-/uffs & = mat]ials ( w> 7su* z %ip-timb]7 _h und\bt$ly increas$ ! dem& = dock-lab\r]s1 boatm51 port]s1 c>t]s1 & o!r #8h&s4' ,male citiz5s _h en\gh to d 9 s]vices by l& & sea4 ,f :at s\rce 0 ! extra =ce ( r\gh able-bodi$ lab\r recruit$8 ,is x likely t a numb] ( raw b>b>ian slaves 7 import$ = ! purpose8 ,i ?9k n2 "t w\ld be ne$$ to make !m effici5t1 & ! available %ipp+ _h already a difficult task to keep up ! supply ( indisp5sable goods4 ,is x n mu* m likely t ru/ic slaves1 br\ght into ,a!ns by _! own]s1 7 turn$ to acc\nt#aej 9 ano!r dep>tm5t ( lab\r1 ?us e>n+ wages = !mselves :ile !y ma9ta9$ _! ma/]s8 ,! probability ( ?is view w dep5d l>gely on pro( t ru/ic slaves 7 employ$ 9 ,attica "u normal conditions at ?is "t4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ ! evid5ce ( ,ari/ophanes be>s on ! po9t4 ,mean:ile let u see :at ref]5ces to agriculture are to be f\nd 9 ?is pamphlet4 ,9 speak+ ( ! nautical skill#aea n[ a common accompli%m5t among ,a!nians1 ! writ] rem>ks t ! possession ( e/ates abroad1 & ! duties ( (fices conc]n$ ) ext]nal affairs1 h some?+ to d ) x4 ,m5 h to cross ! wat]3 !y & _! att5dants 77 ?us pick up skill by exp]i5ce )\t int5d+ x3 = x happ5s "t & aga9 t bo? ma/] & slave 7 7 h to take a turn at ! o>4 ,! e/ates ref]r$ to are *iefly /ate-l&s allott$ to ,a!nian cl]u*s 9 confiscat$ di/ricts1 b also private prop]ties4 ,! voyages to & fro are no?+ exceptional4 ,:e!r a man resid$ on 8 e/ate & _h ne$ to visit ,a!ns1 or :e!r he resid$ 9 ,a!ns & _h to visit 8 e/ate f "t to "t1 he mu/ g to sea4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t allottees 9 cl]u*ies (t5 let _! l&s to ! =m] own]s z t5ants4 ,9 ano!r passage#aeb he po9ts out ! disadvantage to ,a!ns1 z a m>itime p[]1 ( n be+ on an isl& & s secure f invasion4 #8,z ?+s are1 ^? ,a!nians :o f>m l& or are weal?y 7 7 are m incl9$ to conciliate ! enemy 7 cr+e to71 :ile ! ,demos1 well aw>e t _! own belong+s are 9 no dang] ( de/ruction1 is unconc]n$ & defiant4' ,a notable admission1 confirm$ by o!r evid5ce1 z we %all see4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t f>m]s & weal?y m5 are c\pl$ toge!r4 ,! class m especially meant are probably ^? repres5t$ 9 ,ari/ophanes by ! sub/antial f>m]s ( ! ,peace4 ,b capitali/s ) inve/m5ts 9 l& are also includ$1 & small-hold]s or t5ants2 ^! la/ work+ ! l& !mselves1 b n necess>ily )\t employ+ hir$ or slave lab\r4 ,x4 ,,ari/ophanes4 ,ari/ophanes is a witness ( great importance4 ,( elev5 surviv+ plays ! ,a*>nians appe>$ 9 #dbe ,,bc1 ! ,plutus 9 #chh4 ,?us we h f ?is pr9ce ( wit & hum\r a s]ies ( comm5ts on ! social & political life ( ,a!ns & ,attica f ! po9t ( view ( cons]vative admir]s ( good old times4 ,! evid5ce ( ,com$y is liable to be suspect1 on ! gr\nd ( a t5d5cy to exagg]ate & di/ort facts3 b to make all[ances = ?is t5d5cy is n a task ( extreme difficulty4 ,nor c x fairly be said t ! political bias ( ! poet is su* z to deprive 8 evid5ce ( all au?ority4 ,if he seems at times to be s+ul>ly deta*$ f ! prejudices ( ! w>-p>ty1 dom9at+ ,a!ns "u ! democratic lead]s1 & able to disc]n & boldly to decl>e t ! "r 0 n solely on _! own side 9 ! w>2 /ill he 0 a w>m patriot1 devot$ to ! ,a!ns ^: defects he c\ld n ignore4 ,among ! /rik+ ev5ts ( ! "t no?+ seems to h impress$ him m =cibly ?an ! deva/ation ( ,attica & ! consequ5t ru9 ( ! agricultural int]e/4 ,t ! coop+-up ( ! rural population#aec )9 ! walls mon? aft] mon? 0 a progressive calamity1 c\ld h>dly escape ! notice ( any "o !n resid5t4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! squalor or ! appall+ sickness1 ?\gh ^! 7 9 !mselves en\gh to produce a t]rible /ra94 ,discont5t & recklessness took hold ( ! masses1 & o!r obs]v]s beside ,ari/ophanes rem>k$ ! deg5]ation ( ! democracy4 ,ari/ophanes 0 an oppon5t ( ! w>-policy1 & /rove h>d to rally ! f>m]-folk 9 fav\r ( peace4 ,he sp>$ no pa9s to discr$it ! noisy demagogues1 accus+ !m ( prolong+ ! w> 9 ord] to reta9 or increase _! own importance at ! co/ ( ! s\nde/ elem5t 9 ! civic body4 ,b1 :ile he turn$ ! f>m]s' grievances to acc\nt 9 political advocacy1 he 0 no m]e unscrupul\s p>tisan4 ,8 frequ5t ref]5ces to ! homely joys ( c\ntry life1 sometimes 9 sympa!tic rural vignettes1 h ! r+ ( s9c]ity4 ,l _m ano!r dwell] 9 ! un:olesome city1 he sigh$ = ! fre% air1 ! :olesome food1 ! peace & quiet ( ,attic f>m/eads3 no d\bt he idealiz$ ! surr\nd+s1 ?\gh he did n depict !m z sc5es ( spotless innoc5ce4 ,b ! details t drop out casually are (t5 v significant f ! po9t ( view ( my inquiry1 & v helpful z giv+ u a g5u9e picture ( ! "t4 ,on no po9t is in=mation m to be desir$ ?an ! relation ( agriculture to weal?4 ,is ! typical f>m] ( ! p]iod a man ( l>ge e/ate or n8 ,we h se5 t ! #8old olig>*' class$ toge!r ! weal?y & ! f>m]s z fav\r+ a peace-policy4 ,t su* a body ( op9ion1 l>ge or small1 exi/$ 9 ,a!ns1 is also sugge/$ by passages 9 ,ari/ophanes4 ,9 ! ,ecclesiazusae1 ! play 9 :i* ! lead] ( ! female politicians (f]s to cure di/ress by a communi/ic s*eme1 we are told#aed t a proposal to mobilize a fleet divides ! ,assembly3 ! poor man votes = x1 b ! weal?y & ! f>m]s are aga9/ x4 ,i take x t1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,sicilian exp$ition1 ! man :o wants to get paid = s]vice 7) a *ance ( pr(it7 supports ! motion2 ^? :o dislike hav+ to pay = ! ent]prise1 or see no way ( pr(it+ by x1 are 9 opposition4 ,?is is a ph5om5on normal 9 politics1 & does n tell u :e!r ! #8f>m]s' are cultivators on a l>ge scale or small4 ,lat] 9 ! play we f9d a prote/#aee aga9/ ! iniquity ( ! pres5t juxtaposition ( weal? & de/itution1 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* "o man f>ms mu* l& :ile ano!r has n en\gh to af=d him a grave4 ,ev5 a comic poet w\ld h>dly put ?is into ! m\? ( "o ( 8 *>act]s if !re 7 n "s section ( ! audi5ce to :om x might appeal4 ,x is probable t at ! "t 7#cic-b ,,bc7 communi/ic sugge/ions 7 among ! curr5ts ( op9ion 9 humbl$ & impov]i%$ ,a!ns4 ,to squeeze ! ri* _h long be5 ! policy ( ! democrats1 & a jeal\sy ( weal? 9 any =m became endemic 9 ! di/ressful city4 ,a few ye>s lat] 7#chh ,,bc7 ! poet gave 9 ! ,plutus a po9t$ discussion#aef ( economic que/ions1 ridicul+ ! notion t all c\ld be ri* at ! same "t3 = nobody w\ld "w1 & s civilization w\ld come to an end4 ,true1 ! individuali/ic b5t ( ! av]age ,a!nian1 grasp+ & litigi\s1 prev5t$ ! e/abli%m5t ( d[nright communism3 b ,a!ns 0 h5ce=? nev] free f ! jeal\s & h>dly patriotic dem&s ( ! clamor\s poor ,we mu/ rememb] t milit>y s]vice1 no long] (f]+ prospects ( pr(it 9 addition to pay1 0 becom+ unpopul>2 t l&-allotm5ts#aeg 9 conqu]$ t]ritories _h ceas$2 & t agriculture 9 a l>ge "p ( ,attica 0 toilsome & unremun]ative4 ,pov]ty 0 widespread1 & comm]ce decl9$3 ?is implies t ! supply ( slaves1 & ! money to buy !m1 w\ld be r$uc$4 ,0 !re !n mu* to attract ! poor man to ! lonely tillage ( a pat* ( rocky l&8 ,! g5]ation ( small f>m]s be=e & dur+ ! great w> _h "s outlook = !mselves & _! sons1 s]v+ 9 victori\s armies or fleets1 gett+ booty or allotm5ts abroad4 ,h5ce !y took a ke5 int]e/ 9 politics4 ,! fall ( ,a!ns _h *ang$ all ?is3 ! pr(its ( empire _h dep>t$1 & ) !m ! buoyancy ( an imp]ial pride4 ,no wond] if !re 7 signs ( unwill+ness to foll[ a h>d ru/ic life4 ,s ! ,in=m] 9 ! ,plutus#aeh1 :5 ask$ #8are y a husb&man8' replies #8d y take me = a madman8' ,e>li] 9 ! play#aei ,*remylus1 wi%+ to %>e ) old cronies ! pr(its ( hav+ captur$ ! god ( weal?1 says to 8 slave #8invite my fell[ f>m]s3 ,i fancy y'll f9d !m work+ !mselves 77 on _! f>ms4' ,i h tak5 ?is lat] picture fir/1 9 ord] to br+ out m cle>ly ! contra/ pres5t$ by t giv5 9 ! e>li] plays4 ,naturally en\gh1 _m details are ! same 9 bo?1 b ! g5]al "* ( ! f>m]s is diff]5t4 ,! f>m] class makes an important figure4 ,!y are /urdy ru/ics#afj1 old-fa%ion$ & indep5d5t1 r\gh 9 mann]s1 fond ( simple c\ntry life1 & incl9$ 7p]haps ju/ly7 to mi/ru/ ! city folk1 :o *eat !m 9 bus9ess :5ev] !y c1 & take advantage ( !m 9 o!r ways1 su* z liability to milit>y s]vice at %ort notice4 ,:5 driv5 to take refuge 9 ,a!ns1 _! he>ts are 9 _! f>ms1 & !y h to make up _! m9ds :e!r to support ! w>-p>ty 9 hope ( rega9+ _! homes & prop]ty by =ce ( arms1 or to press = peace 9 ord] to end :at is f _! po9t ( view an unnecess>y w>1 kept go+ 9 ! int]e/ ( demagogues & o!rs :o are pr(it+ by ! opportunities ( (fices & campaigns abroad4 ,! issue appe>s 9 our e>lie/ play1 ! ,a*>nians 7#dbe ,,bc74 ,! f>m]s ( ! deme ,a*>nae1 "o ( ^: occupations 0 wood-cutt+ & *>coal-burn+1 at fir/ come on z /ubborn ru/ics1 all = w> & rev5ge on ! enemy4 ,b ,dicaeopolis ! *ief "* ( ! play1 himself a f>m]1 & a suff]] 9 ! same k9d by ! ,sp>tan raids1 succe$s 9 p]suad+#afa !m t ,a!nian policy1 provocative & grasp+1 is really to blame = _! losses4 ,9 ! end !y come ov] to 8 views1 & ! play s]ves z a manife/o ( ! peace-p>ty4 ,( c\rse we are n to take x z hi/ory4 ,b ! conflict betwe5 ! two sections ( op9ion is probably real en\gh4 ,:5 ,dicaeopolis describes#afb himself z #8) my eyes ev] turn$ to my f>m1 a lov] ( peace1 dete/+ ! city & hank]+ aft] my own deme1 t nev] yet bade me buy *>coal or r\gh w9e or olive oil1' he is giv+ u a portrait ( ! ru/ic :o is resolv$ n to "p ) ca% = :at c be produc$ on ! f>m4 ,b1 :atev] policy may seem be/ adapt$ to a*ieve _! purpose1 ! purpose itself is cle>ly & consi/5tly m>k$4 ,! desire ( ! w>-"t f>m]s is simply to return to _! f>ms#afc & to resume ! life ( toil & pl5ty1 v>i$ by occasional fe/ivals1 t _h be5 int]rupt$ by ! w>4 ,!y long to escape f ! abom9ations ( ! cr[d+ & unheal?9ess prevail+ 9 ! city4 ,once !y get back to _! old surr\nd+s1 all w be well4 ,"t & lab\r w ev5 repair ! damages caus$ by ! enemy4 ,no misgiv+s sugge/ t a *ange ( circum/ances may be f\nd to h robb$ ,attic c\ntry life ( "s ( its *>m4 ,no?+ l ! loss ( ! empire1 ! fall ( ,a!ns1 & ! deadly depression ( economic & political life1 is =ebod$3 !y face ! sequel ) undi/urb$ fai? 9 ! /ability ( ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,nor inde$ until ! ,sicilian disa/] 7#dac ,,bc7 0 !re mu* to cause uneas9ess4 ,s we f9d ! same _s illu/rat$ 9 ! ,peace 7#dba ,,bc71 :i* may be reg>d$ z driv+ home ! lesson ( ! ,a*>nians4 ,! agricultural int]e/s are n[ repres5t$ z solidly 9 fav\r ( ! peace ( ,nicias1 unsatisfactory ?\gh x soon prov$ to be4 ,:ile o!r int]e/s are slack1 indiff]5t or ev5 ho/ile1 f>m]s are :ole-he>t$#afd 9 det]m9ation to end ! w> & g home4 ,trygaeus _! lead]1 accord+ to ! ,greek sket* ( ! plot an eld]ly ru/ic1 describes himself#afe z a #8skill$ v9e-dress]1 "o :o is no in=m] or fom5t] ( tr\bles 7lawsuits74' ,ne$less to say1 he c>ries 8 po9t1 & ! f>m]s m>* (f triumphant#aff to _! f>ms1 eag] to take up ! old easygo+ life once m4 ,we mu/ n take our comic poet too lit]ally1 b we h no reason to d\bt t feel+s su* z he depicts 9 ?is play did prevail1 & p]haps widely4 ,&1 ?\gh ! peace 0 ins9c]e1 & w>f>e nev] really ceas$1 ! immunity ( ,attica f invasion = sev]al ye>s gave "t = agriculture to revive4 ,:5 ,agis occupi$ ,deceleia 9 ! w9t] ( #dac1 8 m>aud]s w\ld f9d on ! ,attic f>ms all mann] ( improvem5ts & new plantations to de/roy4 ,& ! de/ruction ( ! fruits ( a labori\s revival is to be reckon$ among ! depress+ influ5ces t weigh$ ^u fall+ & desp]ate ,a!ns4 ,x 0 surely at "w 9 ! ye> #daa1 :5 ,ari/ophanes 0 prea*+ a policy ( concord at home & sympa!tic treatm5t ( ! ,allies 9 ord] to save ! %ak5 empire4 ,9 ! ,lysi/rata he repres5ts ! mad w>-fury ( ! ,greek /ates z due to ! misguid$ m51 :om ! wom5 co]ce by privation into will+ness = peace4 ,?is is /rung up into a passionate long+1 s t nei!r#afg ( ! pr9cipal p>ties is dispos$ to haggle ov] details4 ,! ,a!nian breaks out #8,i want to /rip & "w my l& at once4' ,! ,sp>tan rejo9s #8& ,i want to be c>t+ manure4' ,!re is /ill no misgiv+ express$1 & ! poet is probably true to facts4 ,! /ruggles ( ! "t 7 a fe>ful /ra9 on ,a!nian res\rces1 b x /ill seem$ possible t ! empire w\ld wea!r ! /orm4 ,?is brief sket* leads on to ! inquiry1 :at d we ga!r z to ! lab\r employ$ on ! f>ms8 ,we h to consid] ?ree possibilities 7a7 ! f>m]1 includ+ 8 family1 7b7 hir$ lab\r]s1 7c7 slaves4 ,x is well to beg9 by rem>k+ t frequ5cy ( ref]5ce to "o ( ^! does n necess>ily imply ! same proportion 9 actual employm5t4 ,slav]y be+ assum$ z a fact 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life 7z x is by all writ]s ( ! p]iod71 & ! slave be+ an economic or dome/ic appliance r ?an a p]son1 !re 0 no ne$ to call special att5tion to 8 pres5ce4 ,h5ce x is natural t ! ru/ic slave %\ld1 z su*1 be seldom ref]r$ to 9 ! plays4 ,he is 9 fact m5tion$ sev]al times1 r m (t5 ?an ! yoke ( ox54 ,nor 0 x necess>y to m5tion ! wage-e>n]1 ! man employ$ = ! job "u a tempor>y contract1 & 9 connexion ) agriculture he h>dly appe>s at all4 ,b ! work+ f>m]s 7 a class ( citiz5s4 ,!y _h votes1 & !y 7 on political gr\nds a class to ^: sympa?ies ! poet 0 anxi\s to appeal4 ,!re=e he _h no *oice b to lay /ress ^u _! virtues & magnify _! importance4 ,any c>eful read] ( ,ari/ophanes w ,i ?9k admit t he does ?is consi/5tly4 ,9 do+ ?is ) political aims he 0 subject to ! temptation ( pass+ lightly ov] any consid]ations t might1 :e!r ju/ly or unju/ly1 be turn$ aga9/ 8 case4 ,?is may s]ve to expla9 :y he ref]s almo/ solely to ! small work+ f>m]1 :o himself lab\rs on ! l&4 ,we are n to inf] t !re 7 no l>ge e/ates work$ by deputy1 ?\gh probably !re 7 n _m3 to lay /ress on ! int]e/$ views ( l>ge l&[n]s 0 n likely to please ! jeal\s ,demos4 ,nor are we to inf] t ! small f>m] us$ no slaves3 t he lab\r$ himself is no pro(1 = no man c\ld get m out ( a slave's lab\r ?an ! work+ own]1 on :om ! burd5 ( mak+ good 8 slave's neglect mu/ fall4 ,i turn n[ to ! passages f :i* ! v>i\s details may be glean$4 ,9 ! ,a*>nians ! work+ f>m] ,dicaeopolis is delight$ at hav+ made a sep>ate peace on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he holds x a f9e ?+#afh t he %\ld n[ be able to p]=m religi\s rites & celebrate ! fe/ival ( ! ru/ic ,dionysia ) 8 slaves4 ,he is back at home#afi 9 8 own rural deme1 & he calls 8 slave ,xan?ias to c>ry ! phallus 9 ! procession4 ,9 ! ,cl\ds#agj old ,/repsiades says t he lives 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 & 8 pref]5ce = ! easy & r squalid life on a f>m is pla9ly express$4 ,& ! play op5s ) 8 compla9t t 9 w>-"t a man has n a free h& to puni% 8 slaves4 ,x is h[ev] n cle> t he is suppos$ to be at ! "t liv+ on ! f>m4 ,9 ! ,wasps ! *orus ( old dica/s are indignant#aga t _! old comrade ,philocleon %\ld be dragg$ (f by 8 own slaves at ! ord] ( 8 son4 ,! old man himself1 /ruggl+ & prote/+1 rem9ds ! lead+ slave ( ! "t :5 he caught ! rogue /eal+ grapes 7obvi\sly 9 8 v9ey>d7 & ?ra%$ him s\ndly4 ,9 ! ,peace a ru/ic sc5e#agb is describ$4 ,! wea!r be+ unfav\rable = "w on ! l&1 b excell5t = ! se$ j s[n1 x is propos$ to make m]ry indoors4 ,c\ntry f>e is made ready1 & ! female slave ,syra is told to call 9 ! man slave ,manes f ! f>m4 ,a little bel[ ,trygaeus is mock+ ! work]s 9 w>-trades4 ,to ! trumpet-mak] he says1 fit up y\r trumpet diff]5tly#agc & y c turn x into a weigh+-ma*9e3 #8x w !n d = s]v+ out rations ( figs to y\r slaves on ! f>m4' ,9 ! ,lysi/rata ! *orus1 be+ aw>e t an int]val ( di/ress w foll[ ! conclusion ( peace1 (f]s#agd to tide ov] ! crisis by help+ ! fa!rs ( l>ge families & own]s ( hungry slaves by doles ( food4 #8,let !m br+ _! bags & wallets = :eat3 my ,manes %all fill !m4' ,aft] ^! passages ! ann\ncem5t ( ! work+ ( ! communi/ic s*eme#age 9 ! ,ecclesiazusae c>ries u into a v diff]5t atmosph]e4 #8,b :o is to till ! soil "u ! new ord]8' asks ,blepyrus4 #8,our slaves1' replies ,praxagora1 8 typical bett]-half4 ,we see t ?is am\nts to bas+ society on a s]f-sy/em1 = ! slaves w be common prop]ty l ! re/4 ,9 ! ,plutus old ,*remylus is a f>m]1 app>5tly a work+#agf f>m]1 b he has a slave1 inde$ m ?an "o4 ,age has probably l$ him to d mo/ ( 8 "w by deputy4 ,:5 ,pov]ty1 9 ! c\rse ( h] economic lecture1 expla9s to him#agg t weal? = all means slaves = none & t he w h to pl\gh & dig = 8 own prop] su/5ance1 he is indignant4 ,! weak po9ts ( ! argum5t d n conc]n u "h4 ,! solution (f]$ 9 ! play1 ! cure ( ! ,weal?-god's bl9dness1 enabl+ him to enri* only ! des]v+1 is a m]e piece ( sportive nons5se1 meant to amuse an audi5ce1 n to hold out a s]i\s hope ( bett] ?+s4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %ew t ! slave _h a place 9 f>m life z depict$ by ,ari/ophanes4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! e>li] plays ! ref]5ces are all ( a casual k9d3 t is to say1 t slave-lab\r calls = no p>ticul> att5tion or rem>k4 ,! consid]ation ( slave-lab\r z su*1 9 fact z an economic ph5om5on1 only appe>s lat]4 ,?is is1 ,i repeat1 significant ( ! *ange t _h come ^u ,a!ns & ,attica 9 consequ5ce ( exhau/ion4 ,9 respect ( hir$ lab\r x is obvi\s t pressure ( pov]ty1 z /at$#agh 9 ! ,plutus1 directly influ5ces ! supply4 ,if ! possession ( a compet5cy w det] m5 f pr(essional indu/ry 9 trades1 ev5 m w x det] !m f ! drudg]y ( r\gh lab\r4 ,! hir$ m5 77 7 commonly employ$ 9 all dep>tm5ts1 = in/ance 9 ! build+ trades1 to :i* !re is a ref]5ce#agi 9 ! ,birds4 ,b we may fairly assume t dur+ ! great w> ! numb] ( su* #8h&s' available = civilian s]vices 0 mu* r$uc$4 ,9 agriculture !re w\ld be little or no dem& = !m4 ,& any able-bodi$ citiz5 c\ld e>n good pay f ! /ate4 ,moreov] r\gh lab\r 0 n mu* to ! ta/e ( ! av]age ,a!nian1--above all1 digg+#ahj4 #8,i _c dig' 0 prov]bial4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 7 f>m-duties 9 ! p]=mance ( :i* suffici5t c>e & intellig5ce c\ld only be exact$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( wage-pay+4 ,su* 0 t ( olive-pick]s1 to :om & _! wage we h a ref]5ce#aha 9 ! ,wasps4 ,!y are probably free p]sons1 b x is possible t wage-e>n+ slaves1 pay+ r5t to _! own]s1 might be ?us employ$4 ,t 9 "s occupations free & slave-lab\r 7 bo? employ$ indiff]5tly1 is c]ta94 ,! c>riage ( burd5s#ahb is a case 9 po9t4 ,b employm5t 9 odd jobs w\ld be f> m frequ5t 9 ! city1 includ+ ,peiraeus1 ?an 9 c\ntry places4 ,i d n ?9k x ra% to conclude t hir$ free lab\r]s 7 few on ! f>ms ( ,attica 9 ! "t ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,turn+ to citiz5 agriculturi/s1 x mu/ be m5tion$ t views diff] z to ! proportion ( l>ge e/ates held & work$ by weal?y own]s 9 ?is p]iod4 ,su* e/ates w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly employ slave-lab\r4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce ( ,ari/ophanes goes1 ,i %\ld inf] t !y 7 few4 ,no d\bt he _h reasons = n mak+ mu* ( su* cases2 /ill ,i believe t ! com=table work+ f>m]1 homely & indep5d5t1 ! poet's fav\rite "*1 0 9 fact ! normal type4 ,!y 7 n paup]s1--f> f x3 b _! capital consi/$ 9 l&1 build+s1 dead & live f>m-/ock1 & ! unexhau/$ value ( previ\s cultivation4 ,^! items c\ld n sudd5ly be conv]t$ into money )\t ru9\s loss3 mo/ ( !m c\ld n be c>ri$ away 9 ! flight to ,a!ns4 ,h5ce ! dislike felt by su* m5 to an adv5tur\s policy1 9 :i* _! int]e/s 7 sacrific$4 ,! passages 9 :i* agriculture is connect$#ahc ) l>ge prop]ty occur 9 a play produc$ #cib ,,bc1 at :i* "t great *anges _h happ5$4 ,x is highly probable t1 among ^! *anges1 mu* ,attic l& _h pass$ f ! h&s ( ru9$ yeom5 into ^? ( ri* m5 possess$ ( ready money & able to buy 9 a glutt$ m>ket4 ,9 a lat] p]iod we %all f9d us$ 9 ! s5se ( act+ ! c\ntry l&[n]4 ,to illu/rate ! life & ways ( ! peasant f>m]s ( ?is p]iod ,ari/ophanes supplies endless ref]5ces descriptive & allusive4 ,! *ief ( ^! h be5 cit$ above4 ,a few m may be add$ "h4 ,9 ! ,cl\ds ,/repsiades1 urg+ 8 son to a ru/ic life1 hopes to see him dress$ 9 a lea!rn j]k91 l 8 fa!r be=e him1 driv+ 9 ! goats#ahd f ! wa/e 71 ! rocky hill-pa/ure74 ,"h is a good in/ance ( husb&ry 9 ! ,attic highl&s1 9 %ort a case ( cr(t]s4 ,:at a refugee might hope to save 9 8 flight & take back to 8 f>m on ! return ( peace--x am\nts to a few implem5ts#ahe--;is set out 9 ! ,peace4 ,loss ( ox51 a yoke ( two1 driv5 (f by ,boeotian raid]s1 is pitifully bewail$#ahf by a f>m] 9 ! ,a*>nians4 ,b 9 g5]al ! f>m]s ( ! e>li] plays are repres5t$ z t\gh eld]ly m54 ,!y are ! #8eld] g5]ation1' & ! poet g5u9ely admires !m4 ,= ! y\ng] g5]ation he has a pr(\nd contempt4 ,evid5tly he ?\ght t ! s\nde/ bre$ ( ,a!nian citiz5s 0 dy+ out2 & ,i am n sure t he 0 wrong4 ,i conclude t ! evid5ce ( ,ari/ophanes on ! :ole po9ts to an agriculture ma9ly c>ri$ on by work+ f>m]s ) ! help ( slaves4 ,?is sy/em 0 subject$ to a v sev]e /ra9 by ! w>-conditions prevail+ = _m ye>s1 & ,i d n ?9k t x 0 possible to revive x on ! same foot+ z be=e1 ev5 :5 ,attica 0 no long] expos$ to frequ5t raids4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! loss ( fix$ capital t told on ! f>m] class4 ,importation ( corn 0 s develop$ & organiz$ to meet ! necessities ( ! cr[d$ city1 t x completely dom9at$ ! m>ket1 & 9 ! production ( c]eals ! home agriculture c\ld n[ no long] compete ) =eign h>ve/s4 ,!re rema9$ ! culture ( ! olive & v9e3 b x ne$$ ye>s to re/ore plantations ( ^! & o!r fruit-trees1 & to wait = revival ne$$ a capital possess$ by few4 ,! loss ( imp]ial rev5ues impov]i%$ ,a!ns1 & ! /ruggle ) f9ancial difficulties runs ?r\gh all h] lat] hi/ory4 ,x did n take ! poor] citiz5s long to see t h[ to get daily bread 0 ! com+ problem4 ,/ate-pay 0 no long] pl5tiful1 & "o aim ( jeal\s fran*ise-regulations 0 to keep d[n ! numb] ( claimants4 ,_h ,ari/ophanes any inkl+ ( ! evil days to come8 ,at all ev5ts he 0 aw>e t pov]ty works 9 two#ahg ways3 if x leads "o man to practise a trade = 8 liv+1 x tempts ano!r to evildo+1 p]haps to crime4 ,,xi4 ,,?ucydides4 ,?ucydides is a writ] f :om x is extremely difficult to extract any evid5ce on ! subject ( agricultural lab\r4 ,! preem95t importance ( ! problem ( food-supply 9 ! ,greece ( 8 day may be amply illu/rat$ f 8 "w2 b ma9ly 9 casual utt]ances1 ! full significance ( :i* is only to be ga!r$ by ?or\gh exam9ation su* z has be5 made#ahh by ,dr ,grundy4 ,! economic revolution 9 ,attica t foll[$ ! re=ms ( ,solon1 ! ext5d$ culture ( ! v9e & olive1 ! r$uc$ gr[? ( c]eal crops1 ! developm5t ( manufactures & sea-borne trade1 ! gr[+ dep5d5ce on import$ corn1 & ! influ5ce ( ^! *anges on ! public policy ( ,a!ns1 are n[ se5 m cle>ly z a :ole ?an ev] be=e4 ,b to ! great hi/orian ^! ?+s 7 "p ( ! backgr\nd ( 8 picture4 ,!y are p>ts ( a movem5t tak5 = grant$ r ?an und]/ood4 ,& ! same is true ( ! exi/5ce & application ( slave-lab\r4 ,9 ! "t ( ,?ucydides slav]y 0 an economic & social fact1 un*all5g$4 ,x may be t x affect$ unfav\rably ! position ( ! free h&work] 9 ! long run1 & gave opportunities to slave[n+ capitali/s4 ,b ?is effect came ab\t sl[ly1 & freeman & slave c\ld & did lab\r#ahi side by side1 = in/ance 9 ! great public works promot$ by ,p]icles4 ,h[ f> slave-lab\r 0 really *eap] ?an free is a "q beyond my subject4 ,b x is important to note ! attitude ( ! poor citiz5 t[>ds ! "q ( :at we call a liv+ wage4 ,once ! great outlay on public works began to fall (f1 & indu/ries on a l>g] scale to compete ) ! individual craftsman1 h[ 0 ! poor citiz5 to live8 ,directly or indirectly1 ! pr(its ( empire suppli$ ! answ]4 ,n[ x 0 obvi\s t ! few] ! b5efici>ies ! l>g] w\ld be ! av]age divid5d ( ea*4 ,s ! policy fav\r$ by ! poor] classes 0 a jeal\s re/riction ( ! fran*ise4 ,x 0 n ! slave z lab\r-competitor aga9/ :om protection 0 desir$1 b ! resid5t freeman ( d\btful orig9 z a pot5tial pr(it-%>]4 ,dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! p]iod cov]$ by ! hi/ory ( ,?ucydides ! public policy ( ,a!ns 0 controll$ by urban influ5ces4 ,ev5 be=e ! ru/ic citiz5s 7 coop$ up 9 ! city1 x 0 no d\bt city resid5ts t =m$ ! normal majority 9 ! ,assembly1 & to :om mo/ ( ! paid (fices & functions fell4 ,ev5 all[+ = ! rec5t gr[? ( #8seaf>+ rabble' 9 ,peiraeus1 ^! ,a!nians 7 n at all a m]e necessit\s mob4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! comm]cial & indu/rial capitali/s 7 int]e/$ 9 =eign trade4 ,z ,mr ,corn=d#aij po9ts out1 ev5 metics ( ?is class mu/ h _h consid]able influ5ce ow+ to weal? & connexions4 ,?us ! urban ri* z well z ! urban poor 7 tempt$ to fav\r a policy ( adv5ture1 contr>y to ! wi%es & int]e/s ( ! ,attic f>m]s4 ,n[ ^! latt] 7 ! true/ repres5tatives ( ! old ,attic /ock4 ,once !y 7 cr[d$ into ! city & _m ( !m div]t$ to /ate s]vice1 any sob]+ influ5ce t !y might at fir/ ex]cise w\ld become less & less m>k$1 & !y w\ld t5d to be lo/ 9 ! mass4 ,!re=e we he> only ( ! ru/ic life#aia f :i* !y unwill+ly tore !mselves 9 #dca ,,bc3 we d n get any detail$ picture ( x1 = ! hi/orian's att5tion 0 o!rwise occupi$4 ,9 ! passage#aib acc\nt+ = ! unpopul>ity ( ,p]icles 9 #dcj ,,bc we read t ! ,demos 0 irritat$ because #8hav+ less 7?an ! ri*7 to />t )1 x _h be5 depriv$ ( t little1' :ile ! upp] class 77 _h lo/ _! f9e e/abli%m5ts4 ,"h ! context seems to imply t ! ref]r$ to is especially ! small f>m]s1 /ill dwell+ on _! losses & n yet o!rwise employ$4 ,"o passage is s important t x mu/ be discuss$ by itself4 ,p]icles is made to enc\rage#aic ! ,a!nians 9 resi/ance to ! ,sp>tan dem&s by po9t+ out ! sup]iority ( _! res\rces comp>$ ) ^? ( ! enemy4 #8,! ,peloponnesians' he says #8are work+ f>m]s 774 ,!y h no /ore ( weal? 77 ei!r private or public4 ,nor h !y exp]i5ce ( protract$ w>f>e ) op]ations beyond ! sea3 = _! own campaigns aga9/ ea* o!r are %ort1 ow+ to pov]ty4' ,aft] expla9+ h[ !y mu/ be hamp]$ by lack ( means1 he resumes ?us #8,& work+ f>m]s are m ready to d s]vice 9 p]son ?an by paym5t4 ,!y tru/ t !y may h ! luck to survive ! p]ils ( w>2 b !y h no assurance t _! means w n be exhau/$ be=e x ends3 = x may drag out to an unexpect$ l5g?--& ?is is likely to happ54' ,two que/ions at once sugge/ !mselves4 ,is ?is a fair sket* ( agricultural conditions 9 ,peloponnese8 ,does x imply t ,attic f>m]s 7 n 8 ,to take ! latt] fir/1 x is held by ,pr(essor ,belo*#aid t ! passage *>act]izes ! ,peloponnese z a l& ( free lab\r1 9 contra/ ) slave-hold+ ,a!ns4 ,to ?is view ,i _c ass5t4 ,i am conv9c$ t ! ,attic f>m] :o work$ ) 8 own h&s did (t51 if n always1 employ slave-lab\r also4 ,he w\ld n h a l>ge gang ( slaves1 l ! l>ge-scale cultivator3 he c\ld n af=d to keep an ov]se]4 ,b x might pay him to keep "o or two slaves1 n m ?an he c\ld ov]see himself4 ,if ! contra/ be cle>ly limit$1 s z to comp>e ! weal? ( ,a!ns1 n[ l>gely indu/rial & comm]cial1 ) ! weal? ( a purely agricultural population1 scatt]$ ov] a wide area1 & hav+ little ready money1 x is reasonable & true4 ,b ?is does n raise ! "q ( ! ,attic f>m] at all4 ,a little bel[#aie ,p]icles is made to urge t class to submit quietly to invasion & s]i\s loss4 ,!y are n ! p on ^: res\rces he relies to we> out ! enemy4 ,t enemy f9ds x h>d to comb9e = common action or to raise money by w>-taxes4 ,a!ns is a compact community1 able to act quickly1 & has at disposal ! =ces & tribute ( h] subjects1 secur$ by naval supremacy4 ,to ! o!r "q1 t ( ,peloponnesian agriculture1 ,i see no simple answ]4 ,all ! s\!rn p>ts1 ! region ( ,sp>tan helotry1 c h>dly be call$ a l& ( free lab\r 9 any rational s5se4 ,nor does x appe> t ,argolis1 9 spite ( ! v>i\s revolutions 9 local politics1 c\ld rightly be describ$ ?us4 ,elis & ,a*aia 7 h>dly ( suffici5t importance to ju/ify su* a g5]al description1 ev5 if x 7 c]ta9 t x w\ld apply to !m locally4 ,arcadia1 mo/ly m\nta9\s & backw>d1 is ! di/rict to :i* ! description w\ld be mo/ applicable4 ,b t !re 7 slaves 9 ,arcadia is n only probable b atte/$ by evid5ce1 lat] 9 date b ref]r+ to an e/abli%$#aif /ate ( ?+s4 ,at fe/ivals1 we are told1 slaves & ma/]s %>$ ! same table4 ,?is does n exclude ru/ic slaves3 x r seems to sugge/ !m4 ,! work+ f>m] ent]ta9+ 8 slaves on a rural holiday is ev5 a conv5tional tradition ( anci5t c\ntry life4 ,arcadia1 a l& ( peasant f>m]s1 :]e a liv+ _h to be won by h>d "w1 a l& :5ce already 9 ! fif? c5tury 7& /ill m 9 ! f\r?7 came numb]s ( m]c5>y soldi]s1 a l& :5ce ,sp>ta rais$ no small "p ( h] #8,peloponnesian' armies1 is :at ,p]icles has *iefly 9 m9d4 ,& t ,arcadians 7 normally did n imply t !y _h no slaves4 ,s f> z ,attica is conc]n$1 ,?ucydides himself incid5tally atte/s ! pres5ce ( ru/ic slaves4 ,he w\ld probably h be51 surpris$ to he> su* an obvi\s fact que/ion$4 ,9 refus+ to repeal ! #8,meg>ian decree' ! ,a!nians *>g$#aig ! ,meg>ians ) v>i\s (f5ces1 "o ( :i* 0 ! reception ( _! runaway slaves4 ,9 ! w9t] #dae-d ,,bc ,alcibiades1 urg+ ! ,sp>tans to occupy ,deceleia1 is made to /ate#aih ! advantages ( t move ?us #8,= ( all ! f>m-/ock 9 ! c\ntry ! bulk w at once come into y\r possession1 "s by capture1 & ! re/ ( its own accord 774' ,i take ! la/ words to ref] especially to slaves1--ru/ic slaves4 ,9 record+ ! success ( ! plan1 ! hi/orian tells#aii u t m ?an #bjjjj slaves1 a l>ge "p ( :om 7 artisans 771 des]t$ to ! enemy4 ,we may guess t _m or mo/ ( ! artisan slaves _h escap$ f ,a!ns4 ,_! loss w\ld be felt 9 ! r$uction ( manufactur+ output1 s f> z su* ent]prise 0 /ill possible at ! "t1 & p]haps 9 ! docky>ds4 ,b ! re/ w\ld be ru/ic slaves1 _m ( !m 7to judge by ! map7 f a di/rict#bjj 9 :i* !re 7 probably _m small f>ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! slaves welcom$ by ! ,meg>ians 7 probably f l>g] e/ates 9 ! ,?riasian pla94 ,turn+ f ,attica1 we f9d ref]5ces to ru/ic slaves#bja 9 ,corcyra 7#dbg ,,bc7 & ,*ios 7#dab ,,bc71 :]e !y 7 num]\s & important 9 _! effect on op]ations4 ,& 9 o!r passages :]e ! slaves belong+ to ! p ( ?is or t place are m5tion$ we are n to assume t only urban slaves are meant4 ,= to live 9 a t[n1 & g out = ! day's "w on ! l&1 0 & is a common usage 9 ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,an extreme case#bjb is :]e p live on an isl& & cross wat] to cultivate f>ms else:]e4 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ri* slave[n]s1 :o c\ld af=d ov]se]s1 did n ne$ to reside p]man5tly on _! e/ates4 ,su* a man might h m ?an "o f>m1 & 9 m ?an "o di/rict1 n necess>ily 9 ,attica at all1 z ,?ucydides himself exploit$ a m9+ concession 9 ,?race4 ,9 any case a well-equipp$ #8c\ntry place' 0 a luxury1 & is *>act]iz$ z su*#bjc 9 words put into ! m\? ( ,p]icles1 :o z ! democratic /atesman 0 conc]n$ to /ifle discont5t by ins9uat+ t x 0 a m]e expression ( ! selfi%ness ( ! ri*4 ,! settlem5t ( ,a!nians 9 colonies 77 or on allotm5ts ( conqu]$ l& 771 9 ! isl&s or on ! seabo>d has be5 fully treat$#bjd by ,dr ,grundy4 ,he %ews t ?is movem5t _h two aims1 ! occupation ( /rategic po9ts z an imp]ial measure ( security1 & ! provision ( l&-lots = poor] citiz5s z a measure ( economic relief4 ,! latt] purpose is "p ( a g5]al plan = r$uc+ ! f9ancial liabilities ( ! /ate ) respect to its citiz5 population1 ! necessity = :i* ,dr ,grundy expla9s4 ,by ^! settlem5ts abroad "s surplus population 0 remov$ & provid$ ) means ( livelihood4 ,if ! assumption ( a surplus citiz5 population be s\nd 7& ,i am n 9 a position to *all5ge x71 we mu/ also assume a c]ta9 degree ( g5u9e l&-hung]1 at lea/ m ?an ! ,attic t]ritory c\ld satisfy4 ,if !re 0 su* l&-hung]1 x is p]haps n unreasonable to connect x ) ! survival ( old ,attic traditions ( c\ntry life4 ,& x w\ld seem t ! settl]s1 cl]u*s or coloni/s1 did z a rule#bje /ay & live 9 _! settlem5ts4 ,!y w\ld probably "w _! l&s on mu* ! same g5]al plan z _! bre?r5 9 ,attica1 & _! lab\r-arrangem5ts w\ld be mu* ! same4 ,b 9 #dbg ,,bc1 :5 ,p]icles 0 dead & !re 0 surely no surplus population1 at lea/ ( able-bodi$ m51 ow+ to ! w>1 we f9d a curi\s record4 ,reconqu]$ ,lesbos#bjf _h to be dealt )4 ,x 0 n subject$ to an assess$ tribute 771 b p>cell$ into #cjjj allotm5ts1 #bgjj ( :i* 7 res]v$ = #bgjj ,a!nian citiz5s1 ^? :o drew ! lucky lots 7 71 & ^! #bgjj 7 s5t out4 ,b !y did n /ay#bjg !re4 ,!y let _! %>es to ! old inhabitants z cultivat+ t5ants1 at a r5t ( two m9ae p] %>e p] annum1 & evid5tly return$ to ,a!ns4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a sum ( ab\t #bajjj a ye> w\ld come 9 to ! %>ehold]s 9 ,a!ns1 :o w\ld h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 see+ t x 0 punctually paid4 ,:e!r ^! non-resid5t l&lords 7 *os5 by lot f all citiz5s1 ri* or poor1 is n /at$4 ,we "k t 9 "s cases#bjh at lea/ ! *oice ( settl]s 0 conf9$ to memb]s ( ! two l[e/ prop]ty-classes2 & x may well be t on ?is occasion ! opportunity#bji 0 tak5 to comp5sate to "s ext5t memb]s ( rural families1 :o _h suff]$ loss f ! invasions ( ,attica1 b did n wi% to g abroad4 ,9 any case _! t5ants w\ld f>m z !y _h done be=e1 employ+ or n employ+ slave lab\r accord+ to _! means & ! circum/ances ( ! sev]al f>ms4 ,s too 9 cases ( l&s let on lease1 & 9 ! confiscations & r$i/ributions ( l&s1 propos$ or c>ri$ out1 x 0 simply _! own pr(it & com=t t attract$ ! lessees or b5efici>ies4 ,we are entitl$ to assume t if x paid to employ slaves1 & slaves 7 to be _h1 !n slaves 7 employ$4 ,9 %ort1 ! scraps ( evid5ce furni%$ by ,?ucydides leave u pretty mu* :]e we 74 ,,xii4 ,,x5ophon4 ,x5ophon1 :o liv$ some:]e betwe5 #ddj & #cej ,,bc1 introduces u to a great *ange 9 ! conditions ( ! ,greek _w4 ,! uneas9ess & suff]+s ( ! ,greek /ates f ! fall ( ,a!ns 9 #djd to ! "t ( exhau/ion result+ f ! battle ( ,mant9ea 9 #cfb d n conc]n u "h4 ,( su* matt]s we he> mu*1 b v little directly ( ! economic *anges t 7 und\bt$ly go+ on4 ,pov]ty 0 z be=e a /&+ tr\ble 9 ,greece4 ,9 ! m backw>d p>ts#baj able-bodi$ m5 left _! homes to s]ve z hir$ soldi]s4 ,! age ( pr(essional m]c5>ies 0 9 full sw+4 ,arcadians ,a*aeans ,aetolians ,ac>nanians ,!ssalians & o!r seek]s aft] =tune became m & m ! /aple mat]ial ( armies4 ,a!ns c\ld no long] support imp]ial ambitions on imp]ial tributes1 & _h to dep5d on ! sale ( h] products to procure h] supplies ( food4 ,^! products 7 *iefly oil & w9e & urban manufactures1 & !re is reason to ?9k t 9 g5]al ! mo/ economical me?od ( production 0 by slave lab\r "u close & skilful sup]9t5d5ce4 ,slaves 7 suppli$ by kidnapp]s f ! ,eux9e & else:]e1 b prison]s captur$ by armies 7 ano!r s\rce ( supply4 ,?is liv+ loot 0 "o ( ! p]quisites t made milit>y life attractive1 & ! captives f\nd _! way to su* m>kets z ! indu/rial c5tres ( ,a!ns & ,cor9?4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,attica1 h[ f> !re 0 a revival ( ! small f>m] class1 is a po9t on :i* we are v mu* 9 ! d>k4 ,! indirect evid5ce ( ,x5ophon is int]e/+ b n :olly conclusive4 ,x is p]haps important to consid] :at significance %\ld be atta*$ to ! m5tion ( agricultural "w done by m5 ( milit>y =ces on l& or sea4 ,9 #djf ,,bc we he> ( h>d%ips#baa endur$ by ! =ce "u ! ,sp>tan ,eteonicus :o 7 cut (f 9 ,*ios aft] ! defeat ( ,arg9usae4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s !y #8support$ !mselves on ! fruits ( ! season & by work+ = hire 9 ! c\ntry4' ,?is is meant to %ew t !y 7 9 sad /raits1 z ! sequel cle>ly proves4 ,aga91 9 #cgb ,,bc ,iphicrates 0 ) a =ce 9 ,corcyra1 & naval op]ations 7 = ! "t ov]4 ,s he #8manag$#bab to provide = 8 o>sm5 77 *iefly by employ+ !m 9 f>m-"w = ! ,corcyraeans1' :ile he und]took an exp$ition on ! ma9l& ) 8 soldi]s4 ,9 bo? ^! cases want ( pay 0 no d\bt "o reason = em]g5cy-lab\r4 ,9 ! e>li] case ! de/itution ( ! m5 l$ !m to look = any paid "w3 9 ! second ! g5]al _h to d 8 be/ 9 spite ( irregul> & insuffici5t supplies f home4 ,9 bo? cases x is ! exceptional nature ( ! arrangem5t t makes x wor? m5tion+4 ,x c h>dly be view$ z hav+ any economic significance4 ,b x is ( "s int]e/ 9 connexion ) a passage ( ,ari/otle#bac t w require notice bel[4 ,9 ! ,anabasis ,x5ophon reports 8 own argum5ts1 urg+ ! ,greek army to fight _! way out ( ! ,p]sian empire4 ,he fe>$ t1 n[ ,cyrus 0 dead1 & !y 7 cut (f f> f home 9 an enemy's c\ntry1 !y might 9 despair surr5d] to ! ,k+ & take s]vice "u him4 ,at be/ ?is meant giv+ up ,greece & settl+ 9 ,p]sia on ! ,k+'s t]ms4 ,?is he begg$ !m n to d3 t !y c\ld "u ,greek discipl9e cut _! way out 0 evid5t f ! indep5d5ce ( _m peoples ( ,asia ,m9or1 :o liv$ & raid$ z !y *ose 9 defiance ( ! ,p]sian p[]4 ,he add$ #8,!re=e ,i hold#bad t our "r & prop] c\rse is fir/ to make a pu% to rea* ,hellas & our own k9sm51 & to demon/rate to ! ,greeks t _! pov]ty is _! own fault3 =1 if !y w\ld only convey to ^! p>ts ^? ( _! citiz5s :o are n[ liv+ 9 want at home1 !y c\ld see !m 9 pl5ty 774' ,b he rem9ds !m t ! good ?+s ( ,asia are only to be _h z ! rew>d ( victory4 ,= my pres5t purpose ! "o important po9t is t a mix$ ho/ ( ,greek m]c5>ies are said to h be5 appeal$ to by a ref]5ce to ! fact ( pov]ty & l&-hung] among _! folks at home1 & t ?is ref]5ce is said to h be5 made by an ,a!nian4 ,writ+ ?is 9 lat] life1 ,x5ophon w\ld h>dly h set d[n su* an argum5t _h x n !n1 z on ! occasion record$1 _h consid]able =ce4 ,9 ano!r passage#bae he gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! motives t _h induc$ mo/ ( ! m5 to jo9 ! exp$ition4 ,he is expla9+ :y !y 7 irritat$ at a rum\r t !y 7 to be press$ to settle d[n at a spot on ! ,eux9e coa/4 #8,x 0 n lack ( subsi/5ce t _h l$ mo/ ( ! soldi]s to g abroad on ?is paid s]vice3 !y _h be5 told ( ! g5]osity ( ,cyrus4 ,"s _h o!r m5 foll[+ !m1 "s _h ev5 sp5t money = ! cause3 o!rs _h run away f _! p>5ts1 or left *ildr5 beh9d1 mean+ to w9 money & return to !m1 on ! fai? ( ! report$ prosp]ity ( ^? already 9 ! s]vice ( ,cyrus4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ! m51 & !y 7 long+ to get safe home to ,greece4' ,9 %ort1 full-blood$ m5 7 n cont5t to drag on poor ill-f\nd /agnant lives 9 corn]s ( ,greece4 ,& we may add t no?+ /imulat$ ! ent]prises ( ,greek adv5tur]s 9 ! ,ea/1 & l$ up to ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 m effectually ?an ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&4 ,among ^! exp]i5ces 0 ( c\rse ! capture ( booty1 m p>ticul>ly#baf 9 ! =m ( m>ketable prison]s4 ,s _m ( ^! 7 sometimes 9 h& t !y 7 a drag on ! m>*3 9 a mom5t ( p]il#bag !y _h to be ab&on$4 ,ev5 s1 a consid]able sum _h be5 rais$ by sales#bah & 0 %>$ out at ,c]asus4 ,! ,greek cities on ! ,pontic seabo>d w\ld all no d\bt be resorts ( slave-deal]s4 ,"o ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& himself1 =m]ly a slave#bai at ,a!ns1 recogniz$ z k9sm5 by _! spee* ! p ( a m\nta9 tribe 9 ,arm5ia4 ,9 ,?race too we he> ( ! *iefta9 ,seu!s1 :5 %ort ( ca%1 (f]+#bbj to make a paym5t p>tly 9 slaves4 ,nor 0 sell+ into slav]y a fate res]v$ = b>b>ians alone4 ,greeks#bba _h be5 treat$ ?us 9 ! great w> lately end$2 & n[ ! ,sp>tan h>mo/1 anxi\s to cle> ! rema9d] ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&#bbb out ( ,byzantium safely1 made !m an (f] ( facilities = a raid 9 ,?race3 any t /ay$ beh9d 9 ! t[n 7 to be sold z slaves4 ,& m ?an #djj 7 accord+ly sold4 ,x seems reasonable to inf] t at ?is "t ! slave-m>kets 7 z busy z ev]1 p]haps m s ?an _h be5 ! case dur+ ! great w>4 ,x may be go+ too f> to say t 9 "s p>ts ( ,greece p 7 n[ try+ to re/ore a brok5 prosp]ity by indu/rial exploitation ( slave-lab\r1 :ile f o!r p>ts soldi]s ( =tune & kidnapp]s w5t =? to enl>ge ! supply ( slaves4 ,b t !re is "s tru? 9 su* a /atem5t ,i d n d\bt4 ,x 0 evid5tly no easy matt] = p]sons ( small means to live 9 any sort ( com=t at ,a!ns4 ,we he> ( ,socrates#bbc discuss+ ) a fri5d ! emb>rassm5ts ( a g5teel h\sehold4 ,! late civil disord]s h driv5 a numb] ( ?is man's si/]s c\s9s & aunts to take refuge 9 8 h\se4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s nei!r l& nor h\se prop]ty are br++ 9 any?+1 & nobody w l5d4 ,h[ is he to ma9ta9 a p>ty ( #ad free p]sons 9 all8 ,socrates po9ts to ! case ( a neighb\r :o provides = a /ill l>g] h\sehold )\t difficulty4 ,que/ions elicit ! fact t ?is h\sehold consi/s ( slave-artisans tra9$ to useful trades4 ,! di/ress$ p>ty h be5 br\ght up z ladies1 to d no?+4 ,socrates sugge/s t !y _h bett] "w = bread ?an />ve4 ,! adoption ( ?is sugge/ion produc$ ! happie/ results 9 e way4 ,su* 0 ! way 9 :i* ,socrates l$ 8 fri5d4 ,he drew f him ! ass]tion t free p are sup]ior to slaves1 & s br\ght him r\nd to ! conviction t sup]iority c\ld n be %ewn by m]e incapacity = "w4 ,9 ?is conv]sation ( ,socrates may be detect$ ! g]m ( a complete revolution 9 ?\ght on lab\r-subjects4 ,x avoids ! topic ( common humanity4 ,t ! slave is a man & bro!r1 only ! victim ( mis=tune1 _h be5 h9t$ by ,euripides & 0 to become a !me ( comic poets4 ,b ,socrates lets ?is po9t alone1 & argues f natural economic necessity4 ,else:]e he d5\nces#bbd idl5ess & proclaims t useful lab\r is good = ! lab\r]1 tak+ a moral po9t ( view4 ,aga91 he sugge/s#bbe t ! %ortcom+s ( slaves are l>gely due to _! ma/]s' slackness or mismanagem5t4 ,b he accepts slav]y z a social & economic fact4 ,all ! same he makes play at times ) ! notion ( moral wor?lessness1 :i* _m p reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( slaves 9 g5]al4 ,x is ! k ( ! true qualities#bbf ( conduct1 9 %ort ( ! moral & political virtues1 t makes m5 hon\rable g5tlem5 7 71 & ! lack ( ?is k t makes !m slavi% 774 ,b1 if ! diff]5ce betwe5 a lib]al & an illib]al tra9+1 express$ 9 result+ habits ( m9d1 is ?us great1 ! slavi% mu/ surely include _m ( ^? legally free4 ,h5ce he ev5 goes s f> z to say #8,!re=e we ought to sp>e no ex]tions to escape be+ slaves 774' ,& he lays /ress on ! ne$ ( moral qualities#bbg 9 slaves z well z freem53 we %\ld nev] be will+ to entru/ our cattle or our /ore-h\ses or ! direction ( our works to a slave devoid ( self-control4 ,8 position sugge/s two ?+s3 fir/1 t ! importance ( ! slave 9 ! economic & social sy/em 0 a /rik+ fact n[ recogniz$3 second1 t ! unavoidable moral degradation g5]ally assum$ to accompany ! condition ( slav]y 0 ei!r wrongfully assum$ or l>gely due to ! %ortcom+s ( ma/]s4 ,! conception ( ! slave z a m]e *attel1 injury to :i* is simply a damage to its own]1 0 prov+ defective 9 practice1 & ! philosoph] 0 incl9$ to d\bt its s\ndness 9 pr9ciple4 ,x5ophon _h be5 br\ght into t\* ) su* que/ion+s by 8 int]c\rse ) ,socrates4 ,x rema9s to see h[ f> he %ews traces ( _! influ5ce :5 he comes to treat lab\r-problems 9 connexion ) agriculture4 ,ref]5ces to agriculture#bbh are few & unimportant 9 ! ,memorabilia4 ,! ,economicus deals directly ) ! subject4 ,a significant passage ?r[s light on ! condition ( rural ,attica at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,,bc4 ,! speak] ,is*oma*us tells#bbi h[ 8 fa!r made money by judici\s ent]prise4 ,he b\ght up f>ms t 7 let d[n or d]elict1 got !m into good ord]1 & sold !m at a pr(it :5 improv$4 ,cle>ly he 0 a citiz51 able to deal 9 real e/ate1 & a capitali/4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t he op]at$ by ! use ( slave-lab\r on a consid]able scale4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,economicus slav]y is presuppos$1 b ! attitude ( ,x5ophon is *>act]i/ically g5ial & humane4 ,! exi/5ce ( a slave-m>ket#bcj1 :]e y may buy likely m51 ev5 skill$ craftsm51 is assum$4 ,b ! mo/ notable feature ( ! book is ! s]i\sness ) :i* ! responsibility ( ! ma/]#bca is ass]t$4 ,!re is no qu]ul\s evasion ( ! issue by lay+ ! blame ( failure on ! incorrigible vices ( slaves4 ,prosp]ity w dep5d on secur+ good s]vice3 good s]vice _c be secur$ by any am\nt ( *a9s & puni%m5ts1 if ! ma/] be slack & fitful3 bo? 9 ! h\se & on ! f>m1 good sympa!tic discipl9e1 fairly & /eadily en=c$1 is ! secret ( success4 ,c>elessness mal+]+ & des]tion mu/ be prev5t$ or *eck$4 ,& to a*ieve ?is is ! function ( ! economic art1 op]at+ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( hope r ?an fe>4 ,! tra9+ ( slaves#bcb is a matt] ne$+ inf9ite pa9s on ! "p ( ! ma/] & mi/ress4 ,%e mu/ tra9 h] h\sekeep] 77 z he tra9s 8 /ew>d 771 & bo? are to act 9 a humane & k9dly _s4 ,yet ! /rictly animal view ( slaves#bcc appe>s cle>ly 9 a passage :]e ! tra9+ ( slaves is comp>$ ) t ( horses or p]=m+ dogs4 #8,b x is possible to make m5 m ob$i5t by m]e in/ruction 7 71 po9t+ out t x is to _! int]e/ to obey3 9 deal+ ) slaves ! sy/em :i* is ?\ght suitable = tra9+ bea/s has mu* to recomm5d x z a way ( tea*+ ob$i5ce4 ,= by meet+ _! appetites ) special indulg5ce to _! bellies y may contrive to get mu* out ( !m4' ,we ga!r t ! bett] & m ref9$ type ( ,a!nian g5tleman ) a l&$ e/ate1 :ile av]se to inhumanity1 & aw>e t slaves 7 human1 /ill reg>d$ 8 slaves z m]e *attels4 ,8 humanity is prompt$ ma9ly by self-int]e/4 ,z = rights1 !y h none4 ,! sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts on ! e/ate ( c\rse re/s :olly on ! ma/]s w4 ,! :ole success ( ! work+ dep5ds on ! effici5cy ( ! /ew>d or /ew>ds4 ,accord+ly ! passage 9 :i* ,is*oma*us expla9s h[ he deals ) ^! tru/$ slaves is ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,hav+ c>efully tra9$ a man1 he mu/ judge him#bcd accord+ to a def9ite /&>d--does he or does he n hone/ly & zeal\sly dis*>ge 8 tru/8 #8,:5 ,i f9d t 9 spite ( good treatm5t !y /ill try to *eat me1 ,i conclude t _! gre$9ess is pa/ cur+1 & degrade !m#bce f _! *>ge4' ,?is seems to mean t !y are r$uc$ to ! position ( ! ord9>y h&s4 #8,b :5 ,i obs]ve any induc$ to be hone/#bcf n m]ely because hone/y pays be/1 b because !y want to get a ^w ( praise f me1 ^! ,i treat z no long] slaves 7 74 ,i n only enri* !m1 b %ew !m respect z m5 ( hon\r4' ,"o is tempt$ to int]pret ^! la/ words z imply+ t actual manumission takes place1 ! s]vices ( ! m5 be+ reta9$ z fre$m54 ,b ! words d n say s pla9ly1 & x is saf] to read into !m no te*nical s5se4 ,t ! m5 are tru/$ & all[$ to e>n = !mselves1 is en\gh4 ,! agriculture depict$ 9 ! ,economicus is t ( a l&[n] ) pl5ty ( capital1 n t ( ! peasant f>m]4 ,! note ( x is sup]9t5d5ce#bcg 771 n bodily lab\r 774 ,9 "o place is m5tion$1 :5 agriculture is prais$1 "o ( its m]its be+ ! bodily /r5g? t ^? ga9 :o "w ) _! own h&s4 ,x is z well to repeat "h t ! fact ( a f>m] lab\r+ himself does n prove t he employs no o!r lab\r4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is good reason to inf] t ! o!r class1 ^? :o #8d _! f>m+ by sup]9t5d5ce1' are n manual lab\r]s at all4 ,! b5efit to !m is t agriculture #8makes !m e>ly ris]s & sm>t 9 _! movem5ts4' ,! ma/] keeps a horse1 & is ?us enabl$ to ride out#bch e>ly to ! f>m & /ay !re till late4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ?is book we he> no?+ ( hir$ lab\r]s4 ,!re are two ref]5ces#bci to ! e>n+ ( pay1 nei!r ( !m 9 connexion ) agricultural lab\r4 ,yet ! exi/5ce ( a class ( poor p :o h to e>n _! daily bread#bdj is n ignor$4 ,socrates admires ! economic skill#bda ( ,is*oma*us4 ,x has enabl$ him to be ( s]vice to 8 fri5ds & to ! /ate4 ,?is is a f9e ?+1 & %ews ! man ( sub/ance4 ,9 contra/1 #8!re are numb]s ( m5 :o _c live )\t dep5d+ on o!rs3 numb]s too :o are cont5t if !y c procure !mselves ! necess>ies ( life4' ,! solid & /rong m5 are ^? :o contrive to make a surplus & use x z b5efactors4 ,i read ?is passage z indirect evid5ce ( ! depression ( small-scale free indu/ry & ! increase ( slave[n+ capitalism 9 ! ,a!ns ( ,x5ophon's "t4 ,& ,i f9d ano!r indication#bdb ( ?is 9 connexion ) agriculture4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue x appe>s t ! *ief po9ts ( agricultural k are simple en\gh3 ,socrates knew !m all along4 ,:y !n d "s f>m]s succe$ & o!rs fail8 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is1 replies ,is*oma*us1 t ! cause ( failure is n want ( k b want ( c>eful sup]9t5d5ce4 ,?is criticism is 9 g5]al t]ms1 b x is surely inapplicable to ! case ( ! work+ peasant f>m]3 he :o puts 8 own lab\r into ! l& w n ov]look ! %ortcom+s ( a hir$ man or a slave4 ,9 ! agriculture ( :i* ?is book treats x is ! practical & intellig5t self-int]e/ ( ! ma/] t rules ev]y?+4 ,8 appe>ance on ! field#bdc %\ld cause all ! slaves to bright5 up & "w ) a w3 b r to w9 8 fav\r ?an to escape 8 wra?4 ,= 9 agriculture1 z 9 o!r pursuits1 ! ultimate secret ( success#bdd is a div9e gift1 ! p[] ( inspir+ a will+ ob$i5ce4 ,i h kept back "o passage :i* ne$s to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! /ew>d#bde4 ,c we safely assume t an 0 always1 or at lea/ normally1 a slave8 ,( ^? :o direct ! lab\r]s1 ! real treasure is ! man :o gets zeal\s & /eady "w out ( ! h&s1 :e!r he be /ew>d or director 7 or 74 ,:at diff]5ce is connot$ by ^! t]ms8 ,9 ! ,memorabilia#bdf1 ,socrates meets an old fri5d :o is impov]i%$ by ! results ( ! great w>1 & driv5 to e>n 8 liv+ by bodily lab\r4 ,socrates po9ts out to him t ?is res\rce w fail ) advanc+ age3 he _h bett] f9d "s employm5t less dep5d5t on bodily vig\r4 #8,:y n look out = "s weal?y man :o ne$s an assi/ant 9 sup]9t5d5ce ( 8 prop]ty8 ,su* a man w\ld f9d x wor? 8 :ile to employ y z director 7or =eman1 71 to help 9 gett+ 9 8 crops & look+ aft] 8 e/ate4' ,he answ]s #8x w\ld gall me to put up ) a s]vile position 774' ,cle>ly ! position ( appe>s to him a mean] occupation ?an free wage-e>n+ by manual lab\r4 ,9 ano!r place#bdg we he> ( an = a m9e-gang be+ b\ght = a tal5t 7#bce74 ,t sup]9t5d5ts1 :atev] _! title1 7 at lea/ normally slaves1 seems c]ta94 ,z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 #8/ew>d' & #8director' ,i c only guess t ! =m] might be a slave promot$ f ! ranks1 b might also be :at ! #8director' always 01 a new importation4 ,x seems a fair assumption t1 z a free sup]9t5d5t mu/ h be5 a new importation1 a specially b\ght slave #8director' w\ld rank some:at high] ?an an ord9>y #8/ew>d1' ^: title at once m>k$ him z a slave4 ,9 relation to ! g5]al employm5t ( slave-lab\r !re is practically no diff]5ce3 bo? are slave-driv+ #8ov]se]s4' ,z ! pamphlet on ! ,rev5ues has be5 ?\ght by "s critics n to be ! "w ( ,x5ophon1 ,i pass x by1 only not+ t x surely belongs to ! same g5]ation4 ,x fully atte/s ! t5d5cy to rely#bdh on slave-lab\r1 b x is n conc]n$ ) agriculture4 ,! romance kn[n z ,cyropa$ia w&]s f> f fact4 ,its purpose is to exp\nd or sugge/ ,x5ophon's own views on ! gov]nm5t ( m53 accord+ly opportunities = draw+ a moral are s\ght at ! exp5se ( hi/orical tru?4 ,b f my pres5t po9t ( view ! *ief po9t to note is t x does n t\* ! lab\r-"q ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,true1 we he>#bdi ( 1 & ( ! h>d%ip & pov]ty ( su* cultivators1 ga9+ a pa9ful livelihood f an unk9d soil4 ,t ! value ( a t]ritory dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( a population#bej able & will+ to develop its res\rces1 is fully insi/$ on by ,cyrus4 ,b ?is is 9 connexion ) conque/4 ,! inhabitants ( a conqu]$ di/rict rema9 z tribut>y cultivators1 m]ely *ang+ _! rul]s4 ,t ! lab\r ( ! conqu]$ is to provide ! su/5ance ( ! conqu]+ race1 is accept$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x is simply ! "r ( ! /rong]3 if he leaves any?+ to 8 subject1 t is a volunt>y act ( grace4 ,! reason :y we he> little ( slav]y is t all are virtually slaves save ! "o autocrat4 ,! fabric ( ,x5ophon's model gov]nm5t is a v simple "o3 fir/1 an ori5tal ,great ,k+1 possess$ ( all ! virtues3 second1 a class ( w>rior nobles1 specially tra9$ & dep5d5t on ! ,k+'s fav\r3 ?ird1 a num]\s subject population1 ^: lab\r supports ! :ole1 & :o are practically s]fs4 ,a cynical passage#bea describes ! policy ( ,cyrus1 meant to p]petuate ! diff]5ce ( ! classes4 ,aft] detail+ m9utely ! lib]al tra9+ enjo9$ on ^? :om he int5d$ to employ 9 gov]n+ 7 444 71 ,x5ophon proce$s to ^? :om he int5d$ to qualify = s]vitude 7 444 74 ,^! x 0 8 practice n to urge to any ( ! lib]al ex]cises1 nor to all[ !m to possess arms4 ,he took great c>e to sp>e !m any privations3 = in/ance at a hunt3 ! hunt]s _h to take _! *ance ( hung] & ?ir/1 be+ freem51 b ! beat]s _h ample supplies & halt$ = meals4 ,!y 7 delight$ ) ?is consid]ation1 ! design ( :i* 0 to prev5t _! ev] ceas+ to be slaves 774 ,! :ole s*eme is frankly imp]ial4 ,all initiative & p[] re/s ) ! autocrat1 & all dep5ds on 8 virtues4 ,t a succession ( su* faultless despots c\ld n be ensur$1 & t ! s*eme 0 consequ5tly utopian1 did n tr\ble ! simple ,x5ophon4 ,l _m o!r ?\ghtful m5 ( ! "t1 he 0 impress$ by ! app>5t effici5cy ( ! rigid ,sp>tan sy/em1 & di/ru/$ ! individual lib]ty enjoy$ 9 democratic /ates1 above all 9 ,a!ns4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ?\gh he ?\ght ! ,p]sians 7 no long] :at ,cyrus ! ,great _h made !m1 he _h se5 h[ great 0 /ill ! p[] aris+ f ! control ( all res\rces by a s+le w4 ,^! two impressions comb9$ seem to acc\nt = ! tone ( ! ,cyropa$ia1 & ! s]vile position ( ! cultivators expla9s :y x has s v little be>+ on ! lab\r-"q 9 agriculture4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,comic ,,fragm5ts4 ,9 pursu+ our subject f p]iod to p]iod1 & keep+ s f> z possible to *ronological ord]1 x may seem inconsi/5t to take ?is collection#beb ( scraps z a gr\p4 ,= ,attic ,com$y cov]s ne>ly two c5turies1 f ! age ( ,crat9us to ! age ( ,m5&]4 ,_m *anges happ5$ 9 ?is "t1 & ! evid5ce ( ! fragm5ts mu/ n be cit$ z ?\gh x 7 t ( a s+le witness4 ,b ! relevant passages are few2 = ! writ]s1 su* z ,a!naeus & ,/obaeus1 9 ^: works mo/ ( ! extracts are pres]v$1 seldom _h _! att5tion fix$ on agriculture4 ,! long] fragm5ts#bec ( ,m5&] rec5tly discov]$ are some:at m helpful4 ,! adaptations ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce mu/ be dealt ) sep>ately4 ,t c\ntry life & pursuits _h _! %>e ( notice on ! comic /age is indicat$ by ! fact t ,ari/ophanes produc$ a play#bed nam$ 1 & ,m5&] a 4 ,t ! slave-m>ket 0 active is atte/$ by ref]5ces 9 all p]iods4 ,s too is wage-e>n+ lab\r ( v>i\s k9ds3 b "s ( ^! passages c]ta9ly ref] to wage-e>n+ by slaves pay+ a r5t 77 to _! own]s4 ,also ! problems aris+ out ( ! relation betwe5 ma/] & slave1 ) recognition ( ! necessity ( wise managem5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o does "k h[ to control slaves#bee & ! man :o does n 7 & 7 0 e>ly express$1 & indirectly allud$ to ?r\gh\t4 ,! good & bad side ( slaves1 loyalty trea*]y hone/y *eat+ etc1 is a topic con/antly h&l$4 ,b ^! passages ne>ly always h 9 view ! close relation ( dome/ic slav]y4 ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t ! g5]al tone /eadily becomes m humane4 ,common humanity ga9s recognition z a guide ( conduct4 ,_m ( ! fragm5ts h be5 h&$ d[n z be+ neatly put moral s5t5ces1 & ( ^! n a few#bef recognize ! debt t a slave owes to a good ma/]4 ,^! are utt]ances ( slaves1 = ! slave z a "* became m & m a regul> figure ( com$y1 z com$y became m & m a drama ( private life4 ,side by side ) ?is tone is ! frank recognition ( ! "p play$ by *ance#beg 9 ! de/9ies ( ma/] & slave2 a v natural reflexion 9 a /ate ( ?+s "u :i* y _h b to be captur$ & sold out ( y\r own c\ntry1 out ( ! protection ( y\r own laws1 to pass f ! =m] condition to ! latt]4 ,a few ref]5ces to manumission also occur1 & ! ,roman adaptations sugge/ t 9 ! lat] ,com$y !y 7 frequ5t4 ,on ! o!r h& sev]al fragm5ts seem to imply t circum/ances 7 work+ unfav\rably to ! individual free craftsm51 at lea/ 9 "s trades4 ,! wisdom ( le>n+ a craft 771 z a res\rce#beh t _c be lo/ l ext]nal possessions1 is insi/$ on4 ,b 9 o!r passages a m despair+ view#bei appe>s2 dea? is bett] ?an ! pa9ful /ruggle = life4 ,no d\bt diff]5t *>act]s 7 made to speak f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,x is to be not$ t two fragm5ts ( ! e>li] ,com$y ref] to ! old tradition#bfj ( a gold5 age long pa/1 9 :i* !re 7 no slaves 7see "u ,h]odotus71 & 9 :i* ! b\nty ( nature#bfa provid$ an ample supply ( food & all good ?+s 7see ! passages cit$ f ! ,odyssey74 ,a!naeus1 :o has pres]v$#bfb ^! extracts1 rem>ks t ! old poets 7 seek+ by _! descriptions to accu/om mank9d to d _! own "w ) _! own h&s 7 74 ,b x is evid5t t ! subject 0 treat$ 9 ! broade/ comic _s1 z 8 num]\s quotations %ew4 ,:5 9 ! re/oration ( good old times ! articles ( food are to cook & s]ve !mselves & ask to be eat51 we mu/ n take ! picture v s]i\sly4 ,^! passages d h[ev] sugge/ t !re 0 a food-"q at ! "t :5 !y 7 writt51 ( suffici5t importance to give po9t to !m3 possibly also a lab\r-"q4 ,n[ ,crates & ,ph]ecrates fl\ri%$ be=e ! ,peloponnesian w> & dur+ its e>li] ye>s1 ,nicophon 0 a late contempor>y ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,! evid5ce is too slight to ju/ify a f>-rea*+ conclusion1 b x is consi/5t ) ! g5]al inf]5ces drawn f o!r au?orities4 ,9 ! fragm5ts ( ! lat] ,com$y we beg9 to f9d passages be>+ on agriculture1 & x is surely a m]e accid5t t we d n h !m 9 ^? ( ! e>li]4 ,! contra/ betwe5 life 9 t[n & life 9 ! c\ntry is =cibly br\ght out#bfc by ,m5&]4 ,! poor man has no *ance 9 t[n1 :]e he is despis$ & wrong$3 9 ! c\ntry he is sp>$ ! gall+ pres5ce ( witnesses1 & c be> 8 ill =tune on a lonely f>m4 ,! f>m !n is repres5t$ z a sort ( refuge f unsatisfactory surr\nd+s 9 ! city4 ,:5 we rememb] t 9 ,m5&]'s "t ,a!ns 0 a dep5d5cy ( "o or o!r ( ,alex&]'s ,successors1 a community ( s]vile ri* & mean poor1 fawn+ on its patrons & enjoy+ no real fre$om ( /ate-action1 we ne$ n wond] at ! poet's putt+ su* a view into ! m\?s ( "s ( 8 *>act]s4 ,! rema9s ( ! play are ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,! old ma/] is a t\gh ob/9ate old fell[1 :o p]si/s 9 work+#bfd on ! l& himself1 & ev5 w\nds himself by clumsy use ( 8 mattock4 ,b he has a /aff ( slaves1 b>b>ians1 on :om he is dep5d5t4 ,^! paid no att5tion to ! old man 9 8 mis=tune2 a t\* f :i* we may inf] t ! relations betwe5 ma/] & slaves 7 n sympa!tic4 ,b a "y free lab\r] 9 8 employ comes to ! rescue1 nurses him1 & sets him on 8 legs aga94 ,:ile laid up1 ! old man le>ns by inquiry t ?is y\? is 8 own son1 ! fruit ( a =m] am\r1 :om 8 "m has re>$ 9 /ruggl+ pov]ty4 ,en\gh ( ! play rema9s to %ew t ! trials ( ! free poor 7 plac$ 9 a /rong light1 & t1 z po9t$ out above1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! city 0 felt to be especially sev]e4 ,9 ?is case :e!r ! old man is ri* or n does n appe>3 at all ev5ts he has en\gh prop]ty to make am5ds = 8 y\?ful indiscretions by reliev+ ! necessities ( ^? :o h a claim on him4 ,he is probably ! "* 9 ^: m\?#bfe 7 put ! words #8,i am a ru/ic 772 t ,i don't d5y2 & n fully exp]t 9 affairs ( city life 7lawsuits etc873 b ,i 0 n born ye/]day4' ,! functions ( ! ru/ic slaves may give u "s notion ( ! k9d ( f>ms t ,m5&] _h 9 m9d4 ,9 ! 1 ! slave ,davus1 com+ 9 f 8 day's lab\r1 grumbles#bff at ! l& on :i* he has to "w3 %rubs & fl[]s ( use only = fe/ival decorations gr[ !re z vigor\s we$s1 b :5 y s[ se$ y get back :at y s[$ ) no increase4 ,?is sav\rs ( ! disappo9t+ tillage ( an upl& f>m4 ,9 ! #bfg1 ,davus is a %eph]d1 ,syriscus a *>coal-burn]1 occupations also prop] to ! hill di/ricts4 ,we mu/ n v5ture to inf] t ,attic agriculture 0 ma9ly ( ?is type 9 ! poet's day4 ,! fav\rite motive ( plots 9 ! lat] ,com$y1 ! exposure ( infants 9 remote spots1 _! rescue by casual h]dsm5 or o!r slaves1 & _! ev5tual id5tification z ! v p]son want$ 9 ea* case to make all end happily1 w\ld ( itself sugge/ t lonely hill-f>ms1 r ?an big e/ates 9 ! fat l[l&1 %\ld be ! sc5e4 ,f my po9t ( view ! fact ( *ief int]e/ is t slave-lab\r appe>s z normal 9 su* an e/abli%m5t4 ,ru/ic clo?+#bfh & food s]v$ out 9 rations#bfi are m9or details ( ! picture1 & ! arrangem5t by :i* a slave c "w z wage-e>n]#bgj = ano!r employ]1 pay+ ov] a %>e to 8 own ma/] 7! 71 surely indicates t !re 0 no?+ exceptional ab\t x4 ,!re are "o or two o!r fragm5ts directly be>+ on agricultural lab\r4 ,"o ( unc]ta9 age#bga speaks ( a tiresome h& :o annoys 8 employ] by *att]+ ab\t "s public news f ! city1 :5 he %\ld be digg+4 ,i d\bt :e!r a slave is meant3 at lea/ he is surely a hir$ "o1 b :y n a poor freeman1 r$uc$ to wage-e>n+8 ,su* is ! position ( ,timon#bgb 9 ,lucian-- --a passage 9 :i* adaptations f ,com$y are reasonably suspect$4 ,t ru/ic lab\r has a bett] side to x1 t #8! bitt] ( agriculture has a t\* ( sweet 9 x1' is admitt$#bgc by "o ( ,m5&]'s *>act]s1 b ! passage :i* seems ! mo/ g5u9e expression ( ! preval5t op9ion#bgd is t 9 :i* we read t a man's true "p is to excel 9 w>1 #8= agriculture is a bondman's task' 7 74 ,! nature & condition ( ! evid5ce mu/ be my excuse = ! unsatisfactory appe>ance ( ?is section4 ,! numb] ( passages be>+ on slav]y 9 g5]al1 & ! social & moral que/ions connect$ !re)1 is l>ge & remote f my subject4 ,!y are ( great int]e/ z illu/rat+ ! movem5t ( ?\ght on ^! matt]s1 b _! be>+ on agricultural lab\r is v slight4 ,to ! virtues ( agriculture z a pursuit t5d+ to promote a s\nd & manly "* ,m5&]#bge be>s witness4 #8,a f>m is = all m5 a tra9] 9 virtue & a freeman's life4' ,_m a t[n-br$ man has ?\ght & said ! same1 b praise is n always foll[$ by imitation4 ,ev5 m /rik+ is ano!r#bgf rem>k1 #8f>ms t yield b a poor liv+ make brave m54' ,= x 0 ! h>d-liv+ ru/ics f ! back-c\ntry p>ts ( ,greece t succe$$ z soldi]s ( =tune1 ! fam\s ,greek m]c5>ies ^: s]vices all contempor>y k+s 7 eag] to secure4 ,9 %ort1 to ! onlook] x seem$ a f9e ?+ to be br$ a heal?y ru/ic1 b ! ru/ic himself 0 apt to pref] a less monoton\s & m remun]ative c>e]4 ,,xiv4 ,,e>ly ,,lawgiv]s ,,& ,,!ori/s4 ,! treatises ( ! two great philosoph]s on ! /ate 7& !re=e on ! position ( agriculture 9 ! /ate7 did n spr+ sudd5ly out ( no?+2 nor 0 x solely ! que/ion+s ( ,socrates#bgg t turn$ ! att5tion ( ,plato & ,ari/otle to ! subject4 ,v>i\s lawgiv]s _h %ewn 9 _! sy/ems a consci\sness ( its importance1 & speculative ?9k]s outside#bgh ! ranks ( practical /atesm5 _h design$ model con/itutions 9 :i* a re=m$ l&-sy/em play$ a necess>y "p4 ,x is to ,ari/otle1 ! great collector ( exp]i5ce1 t we owe ne>ly all our in=mation ( ^! attempts4 ,x is conv5i5t to speak ( !m briefly toge!r4 ,all recognize mu* ! same difficulties1 & !re is a /rik+ simil>ity 9 ! means by :i* !y propose to ov]come !m4 ,! lawgiv]s#bgi ref]r$ to are ,pheidon ( ,cor9? & ,philolaus1 also a ,cor9?ian ?\gh 8 laws 7 draft$ = ,!bes1 & ?irdly#bhj ,solon4 ,! dates ( ! fir/ two are unc]ta91 b !y belong to e>ly times4 ,! two con/itution-fram]s#bha are ,hippodamus ( ,miletus1 ^: bir? is plac$ ab\t #dge ,,bc1 & ,phaleas ( ,*alc$on1 probably some:at lat]4 ,bo? witness$ ! gr[? ( imp]ial ,a!ns1 & ,phaleas at lea/ is ?\ght to h be5 an eld] contempor>y ( ,plato4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t !m4 ,if we say t ! attempt to design ideal /ate sy/ems %ews t !y 7 n satisfi$ ) ^? exi/+1 & t ! failure ( pa/ legislation may h enc\rag$ !m to !orize1 we h said ab\t all t we are entitl$ to inf]4 ,on "o po9t !re 0 g5]al agreem5t among ,greek /ates3 all desir$ to be #8free' or indep5d5t ( ext]nal control4 ,= "s special purpose "o p might = a "t be recogniz$ z ! ,lead]s 77 ( a majority ( /ates1 or m p]man5tly z ,repres5tatives or ,patrons 774 ,b ^! un(ficial titles only /ood = a position acquiesc$ 9 "u pressure ( necessity4 ,ea* community want$ to live its own life 9 its own way1 & ! extreme jeal\sy ( int]f]5ce rema9$4 ,side by side ) ?is 0 an int]nal jeal\sy caus+ s]i\s friction 9 mo/ ( ! sev]al /ates1 at fir/ betwe5 nobles & commons1 lat] betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,! s$itions 77 aris+ !refrom 7 causes1 n only ( inn] weakness & o!r evils1 b 9 p>ticul> ( int]v5tion f )\t ,!re=e x 0 (t5 ! policy ( ! victors 9 p>ty /rife to expel or ext]m9ate _! oppon5ts1 9 ord] to secure to !mselves undisput$ control ( _! own /ate4 ,?is t5d5cy op]at$ to p]petuate ! smallness ( scale 9 ,greek /ates1 already fav\r$ by ! physical features ( ! l&4 ,t ! ,greeks ) all _! clev]ness nev] inv5t$ :at we call ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t is no wond]4 ,m5's views 9 g5]al 7 direct$ to ! indep5d5ce ( _! own /ate "u control ( _! own p>tisans4 ,! small] ! /ate1 ! easi] x 0 to organize ! control3 indep5d5ce c\ld only be ma9ta9$ by milit>y effici5cy1 & unanim\s loyalty 0 some?+ to set (f aga9/ smallness ( numb]s4 ,moreov] ! ,greek m9d _h an arti/ic b5t1 & ! s5se ( proportion 0 m easily & visibly gratifi$ on a small] scale4 ,! bulk ( ,p]sia did n appe> fav\rable to human fre$om & dignity z und]/ood 9 ,hellas4 ,9 ! ,p]sian empire !re 0 no?+ t a ,greek w\ld recognize z citiz5%ip4 ,! citiz5 ( a ,greek /ate expect$ to h "s voice 9 8 own gov]nm5t3 ! gulf betwe5 citiz5 & non-citiz5 0 ! l9e ( division1 b ev5 9 ,sp>ta ! full citiz5s 7 equals 9 legal /atus among !mselves4 ,we may fairly say t ! pr9ciple ( equality 7 7 0 at ! root ( ,greek notions ( citiz5%ip4 ,privilege did n become less odi\s z x ceas$ to re/ on ance/ral nobility & became m obvi\sly an advantage claim$ by weal?4 ,s9ce ! light ?r[n on ! subject#bhb by ,dr ,grundy1 no "o w dispute ! importance ( economic consid]ations 9 ,greek policy1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! ev]-press+ "q ( ! food-supply4 ,! security ( ! l& & crops 0 to mo/ /ates a vital ne$1 & necessitat$ con/ant read9ess to ma9ta9 x 9 arms4 ,closely connect$ !re) 0 ! "q ( di/ribution4 ,real prop]ty 0 n only ! olde/ & mo/ p]man5t inve/m5t4 ,long be=e ,ari/otle#bhc decl>$ t #8! c\ntry is a public ?+' 771 t is an int]e/ ( ! community1 t op9ion 0 commonly held1 :e!r =mulat$ or in/9ctive4 ,! position ( ! l&less man 0 traditionally a dubi\s "o4 ,! g5]al rule 0 t only a citiz5 c\ld own l& 9 ! t]ritory ( ! /ate4 ,f ?is x 0 no great /ep to argue t e citiz5 ought to own a plot ( l& )9 ! bord]s4 ,?is 0 d\btless n always possible4 ,9 su* a /ate z ,cor9? or ,meg>a or ,miletus comm]cial gr[? 9 a n>r[ t]ritory _h l$ to ext5sive colonization f ^? c5tres4 ,& ! normal proc$ure 9 ! f\ndation ( ,greek colonies 0 to divide ! occupi$ t]ritory into lots 77 & assign !m sev]ally to settl]s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! discont5ts g5]at$ by l&-monopoliz+ 9 old ,hellas 7 liable to reappe> beyond ! seas1 p>ticul>ly 9 colonial /ates ( rapid gr[?3 a notori\s in/ance is f\nd 9 ! tr\bles aris+ at ,syracuse out ( ! squatt]-sovranty creat$ by ! orig9al coloni/s4 ,we meet ) plans = confiscation & r$i/ribution ( l& z a common ph5om5on ( ,greek revolutions4 ,! mis*iev\s moral effects ( s unsettl+ a process on political wellbe+ did n escape ! notice ( ?\ghtful obs]v]s4 ,b on "o important po9t we h practically no evid5ce4 ,did ! new allottees wi% to be1 & 9 fact normally become1 work+ f>m]s 778 ,or did !y aim at provid+ = !mselves an easy life1 support$ by ! lab\r ( slaves8 ,i wi% ,i c\ld surely & rightly decide betwe5 ^! alt]natives4 ,z x is1 ,i c only say t ,i believe ! second to be ne>] ! tru?4 ,"u su* conditions ,greek lawgiv]s & !ori/s alike seem to h look$ to mu* ! same measures = rem$y+ evils t !y c\ld n ignore4 ,! citiz5 z l&hold] is ! human figure ) :i* !y are all conc]n$4 ,to prev5t de/itution aris+ f ! loss#bhd ( 8 l&-lot is a prime object4 ,"s !re=e w\ld =bid ! sale ( ! lot4 ,to keep l& 9 ! same h&s x 0 necess>y to regulate numb]s ( citiz5 h\seholds1 & ?is 0 attempt$#bhe 9 ! laws ( ,pheidon4 ,families may die out1 s rules to provide = p]petuity by adoptions#bhf 7 devis$ by ,philolaus4 ,aga91 !re is ! "q ( ! size ( ! lots1 & ?is raises ! fur!r "q ( a limit to acquisition4 ,su* a limitation is attribut$#bhg to c]ta9 e>ly lawgiv]s n nam$1 & ) !m app>5tly to ,solon4 ,phaleas w\ld insi/ on equality ( l&$ e/ate#bhh among 8 citiz5s3 a proposal :i* ,ari/otle treats z unpractical1 ref]r+ to only "o =m ( weal?1 & leav+ out ( acc\nt slaves1 tame animals1 co91 & ! dead-/ock tools etc4 ,8 exclusive att5tion to int]nal civic wellbe+ is also blam$1 = x is absurd to disreg>d ! relations ( a /ate to o!r /ates3 !re mu/ be a =eign policy1 !re=e y mu/ provide#bhi milit>y =ce4 ,! fanciful s*eme ( ,hippodamus1 a /range doctr9aire g5ius1 seems to h be5 9 _m po9ts inconsi/5t f want ( att5tion to practical detail4 ,f ,ari/otle's acc\nt he appe>s n to h tr\bl$ himself ) ! "q ( equal l&-lots1 b 8 fix+ ! numb]#bij ( citiz5s 7#aj1jjj7 is evid5ce t 8 po9t ( view necessitat$ a limit4 ,he proce$s on a sy/em ( triads4 ,! citiz5s are gr\p$ 9 ?ree classes1 artisans 771 husb&m5 771 & ! milit>y1 possessors ( arms4 ,! l& is ei!r sacr$ 7= s]vice ( religion1 71 public 7 or 7 or ! prop]ty ( ! husb&m5 774 ,! ?ree classes ( l& & citiz5s are to be assum$ equal4 ,! milit>y are to be support$ by ! produce ( ! public l&4 ,b :o cultivates x8 ,ari/otle %ews t ! s*eme is n fully ?\ght out4 ,if ! soldi]s1 !n ! di/9ction1 obvi\sly int5d$1 betwe5 soldi] & f>m]1 is lo/4 ,if ! f>m]s1 !n ! di/9ction betwe5 ! public & private l& is mean+less4 ,if nei!r1 a f\r? class1 n all[$ = 9 ! plan1 w be requir$4 ,?is la/ is probably :at ,hippodamus meant3 b to p>ticul>ize ! employm5t ( slaves may h appe>$ sup]flu\s4 ,into ! purely con/itutional details ,i ne$ n ent]1 b "o criticism is s frankly expressive ( ,greek ideas t x c h>dly be omitt$4 ,:at1 says ,ari/otle1 is ! use ( political rights to ! artisans & husb&m58 !y are un>m$1 & !re=e w practically be slaves ( ! milit>y class4 ,?is 0 ! tru? 9 ,greek politics g5]ally1 & is "o ( ! mo/ significant facts to be borne 9 m9d :5 consid]+ ! political failure ( ! ,greeks4 ,a curi\s diff]5ce ( economic view is %ewn 9 ! position assign$ to ! artisan#bia or craftsman elem5t by ,hippodamus & ,phaleas respectively4 ,phaleas w\ld h !m /ate-slaves 771 ,hippodamus makes !m citiz5s1 ?\gh un>m$4 ,on ! =m] plan ! /ate w\ld no d\bt fe$ !m & use _! produce1 z we d ) ma*9]y4 ,( ! latt] plan ,ari/otle rem>ks t are indisp5sable3 all /ates ne$ !m1 & !y c live ( ! e>n+s ( _! crafts1 b ! z a di/9ct class are sup]flu\s4 ,we may reply t1 if ! craftsm5 live ( _! e>n+s & /ick to _! sev]al crafts1 !y w ne$ to buy food1 & ! f>m]s are surely !re to supply x4 ,! reply is s obvi\s t "o feels z if ,ari/otle's mean+ _h be5 obscur$ ?r\gh "s mi%ap to ! text4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x suffices t ! pr(essional craftsm5 9 ^! two ,utopias are to be ei!r actual slaves or citiz5s de iure :o are de facto z helpless z slaves4 ,9 ! s*eme ( ,hippodamus ! f>m]-class also are virtually ! slaves ( ! milit>y4 ,ano!r notable po9t1 app>5tly neglect$ by ,hippodamus1 is ! tru/ repos$ 9 education#bib or tra9+ by bo? ,phaleas & 8 critic4 ,h[ to implant 9 y\r citiz5s ! qualities ne$$ = mak+ y\r in/itutions "w well 9 practice1 is ! problem4 ,phaleas w\ld give all ! same tra9+1 on ! same pr9ciple z he gives equal l&-lots4 ,to ,ari/otle ?is seems crude nons5se3 ! problem to him is ! discov]y ( ! appropriate tra9+1 :e!r ! same = all or n4 ,?is insi/5ce on tra9+ z ! ma9 ?+ 9 citiz5-mak+ is1 z we %all see1 a common feature ( ,greek political speculation4 ,b 9 ! arti/ic desire to produce ! #8complete citiz51' & !reby make possible a model /ate1 ! specializ+ mania outruns ! humbl] consid]ations ( ev]yday human society1 & agriculture1 = all its confess$ importance1 is apt to be treat$ ) some?+ v l contempt4 ,! t5d5cy to reg>d f>m] & w>rior z di/9ct classes is unmi/akeable4 ,! peasant-soldi] ( ,roman tradition is n an ord9>y ,greek figure4 ,h[ f> ! small scale ( ,greek /ates may h fav\r$ ?is diff]5tiation is v h>d to say4 ,b ,greek admiration = ! a?lete type _h probably some?+ to d ) ! gr[? ( milit>y pr(essionalism4 ,! recognition ( a l&-"q & attempts to f9d a solution 7 probably /imulat$ by obs]vation ( contempor>y ph5om5a1 especially 9 ! two lead+ /ates ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,sp>ta _h long held ! fir/ place1 & ev5 ! rise ( ,a!ns _h n utt]ly de/roy$ h] anci5t pre/ige4 ,t h] milit>y sy/em 0 effective1 seem$ prov$ by ! inviolability ( ,laconian t]ritory & ! successes ( h] armies 9 ext]nal w>s4 ,t x 0 support$ by ! lab\r ( a ,greek population r$uc$ to s]fdom1 0 p]haps a weak po9t 9 h] in/itutions2 b t ,greek op9ion 0 s]i\sly %ock$ by ! fact c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,x 0 n[ & !n conv5i5t to use x z a pass+ reproa*1 b ev5 ,a!ns did n refuse to aid 9 putt+ d[n ,helot rebellions4 ,& ?is weak po9t 0 set (f by a /rong "o4 ,:atev] ! reasons#bic = h] policy1 %e int]f]$ v little 9 ! int]nal affairs ( h] allies & did n tax !m4 ,to be cont5t ) ! lead]%ip ( conf$]ates1 & n to conv]t x into an empire ( subjects1 assur$ to h] a c]ta9 am\nt ( respectful sympa?y 9 ! jeal\s ,greek _w4 ,?us %e af=d$ an object-lesson 9 ! advantages ( rigid specialization4 ,%e provid$ h] own food 9 "t ( peace1 & took h] oppon5ts' food 9 "t ( w>4 ,! disadvantages ( h] sy/em 7 yet to appe>4 ,a!ns on ! o!r h& 0 becom+ m & m dep5d5t on import$ food4 ,%e 0 ! lead] ( ! m>itime /ates & isl&s3 %e _h become _! imp]ial mi/ress4 ,h[ev] easy h] yoke might be 9 practice1 x left no room = indep5d5t action on ! "p ( h] subject allies3 :at _h be5 contributions f memb]s ( a league _h become virtually imp]ial taxation1 & to ,greek prejudices su* taxation appe>$ tyranny4 ,nor 0 ?is prejudice all[$ to die out4 ,! rival int]e/s ( comm]cial ,cor9? saw to x t ! enslavem5t1 n ( ,greeks b ( ,greek /ates1 %\ld be cont9ually borne 9 m9d4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two lead+ p[]s 0 /rik+4 ,b1 if _m ,greek /ates fe>$ 9 ,a!ns a m5ace to _! sev]al indep5d5ce1 on ! o!r h& !y %rank f copy+ ! rigid discipl9e ( ,sp>ta4 ,no wond] t "s ( ! m imag9ative m9ds _h dreams ( a sy/em m cong5ial to ,greek aspirations4 ,b ! l&-"q 0 a /umbl+-block4 ,t a citiz5 %\ld take an active p]sonal %>e 9 politics 0 assum$1 & t he %\ld d ?is t5d$ to make him depute non-political duties to o!rs4 ,?us ! notion t all citiz5s %\ld be equal 9 ! eye ( ! law & %>e 9 gov]nm5t--democracy 9 %ort--0 n fav\rable to p]sonal lab\r on ! l&4 ,no di/ribution ( l&-lots c\ld conv]t ! city politician into a real work+ f>m]4 ,!re=e ei!r !re mu/ be a decl9e 9 agriculture or an increase ( slave-lab\r1 or bo?4 ,f ^! alt]natives !re 0 no escape3 b +5i\s s*em]s long /rove to f9d a way4 ,& f ^? days to ^! no "o has succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ a s\nd & la/+ civilization on a basis ( slav]y4 ,,xv4 ,,plato4 ,an ,a!nian :o di$ 9 #cdg ,,bc at ! age ( #hj or #hb ye>s _h witness$ extraord9>y *anges 9 ! ,hell5ic _w1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! position ( ,a!ns4 ,) ! political *anges we are n "h directly conc]n$4 ,b !y 7 closely connect$ ) economic *anges1 bo? z cause & z effect4 ,! loss ( empire#bid entail$ loss ( rev5ue4 ,! am\nts available z /ate-pay be+ r$uc$1 ! poor] citiz5s lo/ a /eady s\rce ( income3 t _! imp]ial pride _h dep>t$ did n t5d to make !m less s5sitive to ! p9* ( pov]ty4 ,a!ns1 ?r[n back ^u h] own limit$ res\rces1 _h to produce :at %e c\ld 9 ord] to buy :at %e ne$$1 & capital1 employ+ slave-lab\r1 f\nd its opportunity4 ,9 ?is atmosph]e discont5t & jeal\sy grew fa/3 conflict+ int]e/s ( ri* & poor 7 at ! back ( all ! disputes ( political life4 ,a!ns x is true avoid$ ! crude revolution>y me?ods adopt$ 9 "s less civiliz$ /ates4 ,! ,demos did n massacre or bani% ! weal?y ,few1 & %>e out _! l&s & o!r prop]ties among ! poor ,_m4 ,b !y consi/5tly reg>d$ ! e/ates ( ! ri* z ! s\rce f :i* ! public outlay %\ld z f> z possible be drawn4 ,!y left ! capitali/ free to make money 9 8 own way1 & squeez$ him :5 he _h made x4 ,:e!r he 7 citiz5 or metic#bie matt]$ n f ! economic po9t ( view4 ,capitali/ic indu/ry 0 really slave-indu/ry4 ,! #8small man' _h ! *oice ( ei!r compet+1 p]haps va9ly1 ) ! #8big man' on ! l& or 9 ! work%op1 or ( giv+ up ! /ruggle & us+ 8 political p[] to make ! #8big man' disgorge "s ( 8 pr(its4 ,moreov] milit>y life no long] (f]$ ! prospects ( conque/ & ga9 t _h made x attractive4 ,! t5d5cy 0 to treat ! citiz5 army z a def5sive =ce1 & to employ pr(essional m]c5>ies 7( :om !re 0 n[#bif no lack7 on =eign s]vice4 ,to a ?\ghtful obs]v] ^! ph5om5a sugge/$ uneasy reflexions4 ,demos 9 ,assembly 0 a dispirit+ spectacle4 ,selfi%#big & %ortsight$1 he c>$ m = 8 own belly & 8 amusem5ts ?an = p]man5t int]e/s ( /ate4 ,p]haps ?is 0 no new /ory4 ,b times _h *ang$1 & ! weal?y imp]ial ,a!ns1 able to support ! burd5 ( h] own defects1 _h pass$ away4 ,bad gov]nm5t 9 r$uc$ circum/ances might well be productive ( fatal results4 ,x 0 n ,a!ns alone t _h fail$4 ,fifte5 ye>s be=e ,plato's dea? ! failure ( bo? ,sp>ta & ,!bes _h left ,hellas exhau/$#bih & )\t a lead+ /ate to give "s sort ( unity to ,greek policy4 ,!re 0 /ill a common ,hell5ic feel+1 b x 0 weak comp>$ ) sep>ati/ jeal\sy4 ,antipa?y to ! ,b>b>ian rema9$3 b ! ,p]sian p[] _h be5 call$ 9 by ,greeks to aid !m aga9/ o!r ,greeks1 & ?is 0 a s]i\s dang] to ! ,greek _w4 ,?+s 7 ev5 worse 9 ! ,we/4 ,h[ an>*ic democracy _h pav$ ! way = milit>y tyranny at ,syracuse1 h[ ! tyranny _h l[]$ ! /&>d ( ,greek civilization 9 ,sicily & ,italy1 & _h be5 ! ru9 ( ,greek cities1 no man ( t age knew bett] ?an ,plato4 ,plato 0 n s+ul> 9 8 di/ru/ ( democracy3 t attitude 0 common en\gh4 ,among ! companions ( ,socrates ,i ne$ only ref] to ,x5ophon & ,critias4 ,socrates _h insi/$ t gov]nm5t is a difficult art1 = success 9 :i* a ?or\gh tra9+ is requir$4 ,n[1 :atev] might be ! case 9 respect ( tyrannies or olig>*ies1 democracy 0 manife/ly an ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple t all citiz5s 7 alike qualifi$ = a %>e 9 ! "w ( gov]nm5t4 ,yet no craftsman w\ld dream ( submitt+ ! "w ( 8 own trade to ! direction ( amateurs4 ,:y !n %\ld ! amateur elem5t1 l$ by amateurs1 dom9ate 9 ! sph]e ( politics8 ,x 0 easy to f9d in/ances ( ! evil effects ( amateurism 9 public affairs4 ,x is true t ?is l9e ( argum5t conta9$ a fallacy1 z argum5ts f analogy v (t5 d4 ,b x _h a pr(\nd influ5ce on ,plato1 & x und]lay all 8 political speculations4 ,x 0 re9=c$ by an influ5ce t affect$ _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 admiration ( ,sp>ta on ! score ( ! p]man5ce#bii ( h] sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,t ?is admiration 0 misguid$1 & ! p]man5ce m app>5t ?an real1 matt]s n3 to a ,greek ?9k] x 0 necess>ily attractive1 seek+ = "s possibly p]man5t pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 & disgu/$ ) ! ev]la/+ flux ( ,hell5ic politics4 ,nor 0 !re any?+ /range 9 imag9+ an ideal /ate 9 :i* s\nd pr9ciples might be c>ri$ into effect4 ,! f\ndation ( colonies1 9 :i* ! settl]s made a fre% />t z new communities1 0 traditionally a ,greek cu/om4 ,su* 0 ! f\ndation1 logical & app>5tly consi/5t ) exp]i5ce1 on :i* ,plato design$ to build an ,utopia4 ,avoid+ ! unsci5tific laiss]-faire ( democratic politics1 functions 7 to be divid$ on a rational sy/em1 & gov]nm5t plac$ 9 ! h&s ( tra9$ speciali/s4 ,x is well to note "s ( ! defects ( ,greek civilization z ,plato saw x1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,a!ns4 ,! confusion & weakness ( democratic gov]nm5t1 l>gely ! fruit ( ignorance ha/e & prejudice1 has be5 ref]r$ to above4 ,9 mo/ /ates ! free citiz5 population 7 born & br$ at ! w ( _! fa!rs "u no sci5tific /ate-regulation1 n sift$ out 9 y\? by sci5tific selection1 & only tra9$ up to ! av]age /&>d locally approv$4 ,some?+ bett] 0 ne$$1 if m 0 to be got out ( human capacity4 ,b x seems c]ta9 t ,plato f\nd ! *ief & mo/ deep-seat$ s\rce ( social & political evils 9 ! economic situation4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( weal? & ! ceaseless /ruggle betwe5 ri* & poor lay at ! root ( t lack ( h>moni\s unity 9 :i* he saw ! cause ( ! weakness & unhapp9ess ( /ates4 ,to get rid ( ! plutocrat & ! begg>#cjj 0 a prime object4 ,confiscation & r$i/ribution#cja (f]$ no la/+ rem$y1 s long z m5 rema9$ :at !y 74 ,a complete moral *ange 0 necess>y1 & ?is c\ld only be effect$ by an education t %\ld tra9 all citiz5s *e]fully & automatically to be> _! sev]al p>ts 9 promot+ ! happ9ess ( all4 ,!re mu/ be no m p>ty-/riv+s aft] ! advantage ( ?is or t section3 ! guid+ pr9ciple mu/ be div]sity ( individual functions comb9$ ) unity ( aim4 ,an ideal /ate mu/ be ! ,happy ,l& ( ! ,exp]t1 & ea* speciali/ mu/ m9d 8 own bus9ess4 ,?us ea* w enjoy 8 own prop] happ9ess3 friction competition & jeal\sy w pass away4 ,!re w be no m h9drance to ! effici5cy ( craftsm53 we %all n see "o tempt$ by weal?#cjb to neglect 8 trade1 :ile ano!r is too poor to buy ! appliances ne$$ = turn+ out good "w4 ,! exp]t gov]nors or ,gu>dians mu/ be suppli$ ) all necess>ies#cjc by ! classes engag$ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( production4 ,?us only c !y be remov$ f ! corruptions t n[ p]v]t politicians4 ,to !m at lea/ all private prop]ty mu/ be d5i$4 ,&1 9 ord] t !y may be z exp]t 9 _! own function ( gov]nm5t z o!r craftsm5 are 9 _! sev]al trades1 !y mu/ be br$ select$ & educat$ on a /rictly sci5tific sy/em ! v opposite ( ! haphaz>d me?ods n[ 9 vogue4 ,?is brief sket* ( ! critical & con/ructive scope ( ! ,republic mu/ suffice = my purpose4 ,plato laid 8 f+] on grave defects1 b 8 rem$ies seem fanta/ic 9 ! light ( our long] & m v>i$ exp]i5ce4 ,any re=m ( society _h to be c>ri$ out by human ag5cy1 & = ! difficulty ( adapt+ ?is no adequate all[ance is made4 ,he recognizes ! difficulty ( />t+ an ideal community on 8 model4 ,old prejudices w be h>d to ov]come4 ,s he sugge/s#cjd t x w be necess>y = ! philosophical rul]s to cle> ! gr\nd by s5d+ all ! adult inhabitants out into ! c\ntry1 keep+ 9 ! city only ! *ildr5 ( t5 ye>s & "u3 ^! !y w tra9 up on _! sy/em4 ,he implies t ) ! y\ng] g5]ation gr[+ up "u prop]ly regulat$ conditions ! problems ( e/abli%m5t w solve !mselves by ! effect ( "t4 ,?is grotesque proposal may indicate t ,plato did n mean 8 con/ructive design to be tak5 v s]i\sly4 ,b a m notable weakness appe>s 9 ! n>r[ness ( outlook4 ,x 0 natural t a ,greek %\ld ?9k & write z a ,greek = ,greeks1 & seek lessons 9 ,greek exp]i5ce4 ,b ! blight ( disunion & failure 0 already on ! little ,greek /ates2 & _! exp]i5ce1 n likely to recur1 has 9 fact nev] really recurr$4 ,h5ce ! practical value ( ,plato's /imulat+ criticism & con/ruction is small4 ,9 ! lab\r-"q we f9d no advance4 ,slav]y is assum$ z usual1 b aga9/ ! enslavem5t ( ,greeks1 ( :i* rec5t w>f>e suppli$ _m examples1 he makes#cje a vigor\s prote/4 ,euripides _h gone fur!r ?an ?is1 & que/ion+s ( slav]y _h n be5 lack+4 ,ano!r v ,greek limitation ( view comes out 9 ! contempt#cjf = 1 ! assum$ physical & moral inf]iority ( p]sons occupi$ 9 s$5t>y trades4 ,t su* m5 7 unfitt$ = ! r\gh "w ( w>1 & !re=e unfitt$ to take "p 9 rul+ an indep5d5t ,greek /ate1 0 an op9ion n peculi> to ,plato4 ,b ?is objection c\ld n well be rais$ aga9/ ! work+ f>m]4 ,:y !n does ,plato exclude ! f>m]-class f a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 ideal /ate8 ,i ?9k we may detect ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 ! husb&man1 ?\gh necess>y to ! /ate's exi/5ce1 has n ! special tra9+ requir$ = gov]nm5t1 nor ! leisure to acquire x4 ,second1 x is 8 int5se occupation t alone secures to ! rul+ class ! leisure ne$ful = _! responsible duties4 ,?ird1 ! belief#cjg t a man _c be at ! same "t a good husb&man & a good soldi]4 ,^! ?ree may be reg>d$ z "o3 ! philosoph] w\ld get rid ( haphaz>d amateurism by mak+ ! exp]t speciali/ dom9ant 9 all dep>tm5ts ( civil & milit>y life4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,sp>tan sy/em 7mu* idealiz$71 & ! gr[? ( pr(essional soldi]+1 on 8 !ories is too obvi\s to ne$ fur!r comm5t4 ,read+ ! ,republic f ! lab\r-"q po9t ( view1 "o is /ruck by ! lack ( detail z to ! condition ( ! classes ^: lab\r fe$s & clo!s ! :ole community4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! dialogue />ts ) an attempt to def9e ,ju/ice1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* a wid] field ( inquiry is op5$ up by assum+ an analogy#cjh betwe5 ! individual & ! /ate4 ,z ! dom9ance ( 8 nobl] elem5t ov] 8 bas] elem5ts is ! "o sure means ( ensur+ ! individual's la/+ happ9ess1 s ! dom9ance ( ! nobl] elem5t 9 ! /ate alone (f]s a l gu>antee4 ,on ^! l9es ! argum5t proce$s1 us+ an arbitr>y psy*ology1 & a fanciful political criticism to correspond4 ,! con/ruction ( a model /ate is r incid5tal ?an ess5tial to ! discussion4 ,no wond] t1 :ile we h mu* detail z to ! bodily & m5tal equipm5t ( ! #8,gu>dians' 7bo? ! gov]n+ eld]s & ! w>rior y\?s7 we get no in=mation z to ! tra9+ ( husb&m5 & craftsm54 ,l slaves1 !y are assum$ to exi/3 h[ !y become & rema9 :at !y are assum$ to be1 we are n told4 ,we are driv5 to guess t at ?is /age ( 8 speculations ,plato 0 cont5t to take ov] ^! classes j z he f\nd !m 9 ! civilization ( 8 day4 ,b he c h>dly h imag9$ t !y w\ld acquiesce 9 any sy/em by :i* !y w\ld be exclud$ f all political p[]4 ,! hopeless inf]iority ( ! husb&man is mo/ cle>ly m>k$ :5 contra/$ ) ! "y w>riors ( ! #8,gu>dian' class4 ,duties are s highly specializ$ t m5 are diff]5tiat$ = life4 ,! _c be a good soldi]4 ,b if a soldi] %ews c[>dice he is to be puni%$#cji by be+ made a or --a degradation 9 itself1 & accompani$ by no sugge/ion ( a special tra9+ be+ requir$ to fit him = 8 new function4 ,x is unnecess>y to enl>ge on su* po9ts3 con/ructors ( ,utopias _c avoid "s inconsi/5cies & omissions4 ,! simple fact is t ! arrangem5ts = diff]5tiation ( classes 9 ! model /ate are n fully work$ out 9 detail4 ,plato's ,gu>dians are to h no private prop]ty2 = x is private prop]ty#caj t seems to him ! cause ( sectional & p]sonal int]e/s :i* divide & weak5 ! /ate & lead to unhapp9ess4 ,b ! o!r classes are n s re/rict$4 ,!y c own l& & h\ses etc2 on exactly :at t5ure1 is less cle>4 ,mean:ile1 :at is x t ! ,gu>dians h 9 common8 ,x is ! su/5ance 77 provid$ z pay 77 = _! s]vices by ! mass ( work]s ov] :om !y rule4 ,x is expressly /at$#caa t 9 ! model /ate ! ,demos w call ! ,rul]s _! ,pres]v]s & ,protectors1 & ! ,rul]s call ! ,demos _! ,payma/]s & ,su/a9]s4 ,9 exi/+ /ates o!r ?an democracies _! mutual relation is too (t5 express$ z t ( ,ma/]s & ,slaves4 ,i _c refra9 f not+ t1 if ! pay ( ! ,gu>dians consi/s 9 _! su/5ance1 ?is is s f> exactly ! case ( slaves4 ,t p[] & hon\r %\ld be res]v$ = m5 ma9ta9$ ?us1 )\t private emolum5ts1 is rem>kable4 ,! ,sp>tiates1 h[ev] mu* an idealiz+ ( _! sy/em may h sugge/$ ! arrangem5t1 7 ma9ta9$ by ! sulky lab\r ( ,helot s]fs4 ,are ! husb&m5 9 ,plato's s*eme really any bett] ?an ,helots8 ,9 describ+ ! orig9 ( /ates 9 g5]al1 ,plato f9ds ! cause#cab ( t developm5t 9 ! insuffici5cy ( individuals to meet _! own ne$s4 ,b 9 trac+ ! process ( ! division ( lab\r1 & increas+ complexity ( civilization1 he ignores slav]y1 ?\gh slav]y is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! book4 ,n[1 if ! husb&man has "u him no slaves1 & is *>g$ ) ! food-supply ( 8 rul]s1 he comes v ne> to ! economic /atus ( a s]f4 ,he works ) 8 own h&s1 b n entirely at 8 own w or = 8 own pr(it4 ,& 9 "o respect he w\ld1 to ,greek critics1 seem inf]ior to a ,sp>tan#cac ,helot3 he is1 by ! extreme specializ+ sy/em1 d5i$ all %>e 9 milit>y s]vice1 & s c h>dly be reckon$ a citiz5 at all4 ,h[ came ,plato to imag9e = a s+le mom5t t a free ,greek w\ld acquiesce 9 su* a position8 ,i c only guess t ! pres5t position ( work+ f>m]s & craftsm5 9 trades seem$ to him an intol]able "o4 ,if1 z ,i believe f ! indications 9 ,x5ophon & o!r au?orities1 agriculture & ! v>i\s indu/ries ( ,attica 7 n[ /eadily pass+ into ! h&s ( slave[n+ capitali/s1 & small m5 go+ to ! wall1 !re w\ld be mu* to set a philosoph] ?9k+ & seek+ "s way ( e/abli%+ a :olesom] /ate ( ?+s4 ,on ?is supposition speculations1 h[ev] fanta/ic & incapable ( realization 9 fact1 might call att5tion to practical evils & at lea/ prep>e m5's m9ds = practical rem$ies4 ,9 admitt+ ! difficulty ( mak+ a fre% />t1 & ! c]ta9ty t ev5 8 model /ate w\ld 9 "t lose its purity#cad & pass ?r\gh successive phases ( decay1 ,plato surely w>ns u n to take 8 con/ructive s*eme s]i\sly4 ,b :e!r he really believ$ t free h&work]s c\ld 7save 9 an olig>*y1 :i*#cae he dete/s17 be induc$ to submit to a rul+ class1 & be !mselves exclud$ on pr9ciple f political int]e/s ( any k9d1 is m ?an ,i c div9e4 ,t ! s*eme outl9$ 9 ! ,republic 0 n a practical "o 0 confess$ by ,plato 9 8 old age by produc+ ! ,laws1 a "w 9 :i* ! actual circum/ances ( ,greek life 7 n s completely disreg>d$4 ,! ma9 po9ts t conc]n u are ^!4 ,gov]nm5t is to be ve/$ 9 a detail$ code ( laws1 adm9i/]$ by magi/rates elect$ by ! citiz5s4 ,!re is a ,c\ncil & an ,assembly4 ,pressure is put ^u vot]s1 especially#caf on ! weal?i] vot]s1 to make !m vote4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,solonian model is obvi\s4 ,provision is made#cag = gett+ ov] ! difficulties ( ! fir/ />t1 :ile ! p are /ill "u old traditions :i* ! new educational sy/em w 9 due c\rse sup]s$e4 ,b1 s f> f dep5d+ on p]fect ,gu>dians ) absolute p[]1 & treat+ law z a g5]al patt]n#cah modifiable 9 application by ! ,gu>dians at _! discretion1 we h law supreme & ,gu>dians dep5d5t on ! p's w4 ,x is a k9d ( democracy1 b ,demos is to be c>efully tra9$1 & protect$ f 8 own vag>ies by m9ute regulations4 ,! numb] ( citiz5s#cai is by law fix$ at #ejdj4 ,ea* "o has an allotm5t ( l&1 a sacr$ t _c be sold4 ,?is passes by inh]itance f fa!r to son z an undivid$ :ole4 ,ext9ction ( a family may be prev5t$ by adoptions "u /rict rules4 ,excess ( citiz5 population may be reliev$ by colonies4 ,pov]ty is exclud$#cbj by ! m9imum gu>ante$ 9 ! inali5able l&-lot1 excessive weal? by laws fix+ a maximum4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is detail$ s*eme ( ! ,laws agriculture mu/ h its position m cle>ly def9$ ?an 9 ! ,republic4 ,s inde$ x has4 ,9 ord] t all may h a fair %>e1 ea* citiz5's l&-lot#cba is 9 two p>ts1 "o ne> ! city1 ! o!r ne> ! fronti]4 ,?us we see t all citiz5s w be int]e/$ 9 cultivat+ ! l&4 ,we see also t ?is w be absolutely necess>y3 = x is int5d$#cbb t ! model /ate %all n be dep5d5t on import$ food 7l ,a!ns71 b produce its own supply4 ,inde$ comm]ce is to be sev]ely re/rict$4 ,:at ! c\ntry _c produce mu/ if necess>y be b\ght1 & = ?is purpose only#cbc w a recogniz$ ,greek curr5cy be employ$3 int]nal transactions w be conduct$ ) a local co9age4 ,! evil effects#cbd se5 to result f excessive comm]cial deal+s w ?us be avoid$4 ,:5 we turn to ! agricultural lab\r-"q1 we f9d t :olesale employm5t ( slaves#cbe or s]fs is ! f\ndation ( ! sy/em4 ,= ,plato1 hold+ fa/ to ! pr9ciple ( specialization1 holds also t leisure#cbf is necess>y = ! citiz5s if !y are to be> _! "p 9 politics ) intellig5t judgm5t4 ,z1 9 ?is second-be/ ,utopia1 ! citiz5s are ! l&[n]s1 & _c dive/ !mselves ( _! civic responsibilities1 !y mu/ d _! cultivat+ by deputy4 ,& ?is practically am\nts to build+ ! fabric ( civilization on a basis ( slav]y--no?+ less4 ,9 ! matt] ( agriculture1 ! indu/ry on :i* ?is self-suffic+ community really re/s1 ?is dep5d5ce on slave-lab\r is mo/ /rik+4 ,x ev5 includes a sy/em#cbg ( s]f-t5ants 7probably = ! bord]l& f>ms7 :o are to be left to cultivate ! l&1 pay+ a r5t or quota ( produce 77 to ! own]s4 ,! importance ( n hav+ too l>ge a proportion#cbh ( ! slaves 9 a gang drawn f any "o race is insi/$ on z a means ( prev5t+ comb9ations & ris+s4 ,at ! same "t c>eful managem5t is enjo9$1 sympa!tic#cbi b firm3 a ma/] %\ld be k9d1 b nev] =get t he is a ma/]3 no slave mu/ be all[$ to take lib]ties4 ,to implant a s\nd tradition ( morality is recogniz$ z a means ( promot+ good ord] 9 ! community1 & ?is influ5ce %\ld be br\ght to be>#ccj on slaves z well z on freem54 ,yet ! intr9sic *attelhood ( ! slave appe>s cle>ly 9 _m ways2 = in/ance1 ! damage to a slave is made good by comp5sat+#cca 8 own]4 ,! c>elessness ( ill-qualifi$ practition]s#ccb :o treat slaves1 contra/$ ) ! zeal ( compet5t doctors 9 treat+ freem51 is ano!r significant t\*4 ,x seems !n t ,plato1 ! m he adapts 8 speculations to ! facts ( exi/+ civilization1 ! m positively he accepts slave-lab\r z a necess>y basis4 ,! conception ( gov]nm5t z an art is surely ! *ief cause ( ?is attitude4 ,! extreme specialization ( ! ,republic is mod]at$ 9 ! ,laws1 b !re is n mu* less dem& = leisure1 if ! civic arti/s are to be unhamp]$ 9 ! practice ( _! art4 ,( ! dang]s#ccc ( s]vile lab\r on a l>ge scale he 0 well aw>e1 & he _h evid5tly /udi$ ) att5tion#ccd ! awkw>d features ( s]fdom1 n only 9 ! old ,hellas1 b 9 ! ,greek colonial /ates ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,nev]!less he w\ld f\nd 8 economy on ! =c$ lab\r ( human *attels4 ,a sy/em t _h gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ext5d+ or contract+ accord+ to *anges ( economic circum/ance1 0 ?us pres5t$ z ! delib]ate result ( indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,b ! only !ory at ! back ( traditional slav]y 0 ! law#cce ( sup]ior =ce--orig9ally ! conqu]or's w4 ,plato 0 !re=e driv5 to accept ?is law z a pr9ciple ( human society4 ,to accept x 0 to br+ 8 speculations m into t\* ) ,greek notions2 = no p h surpass$ ! ,greeks 9 read9ess to devolve ^u o!rs ! necess>y b monoton\s drudg]y ( life4 ,?is attitude ( 8 involves ! conclusion t ! ,b>b>ian is to s]ve ! ,greek1 a position h>dly consi/5t ) 8 e>li]#ccf doctr9e1 t no true l9e c\ld be drawn di/+ui%+ ,greek & ,b>b>ian4 ,su* a flux ( speculative op9ion surely weak5s our respect = ,plato's judgm5t 9 ^! matt]s4 ,we c h>dly say t he (f]s any effective solution ( ! great /ate-problems ( 8 age4 ,b t ^! problems 7 s]i\s & disquiet+ 8 repeat$ ef=ts be> witness4 ,& "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s 0 c]ta9ly t ( plac+ ! agricultural int]e/ on a s\nd foot+4 ,its importance he saw3 b nei!r ( 8 s*emes1 nei!r passive free f>m]s nor slave-hold+ l&lords1 0 likely to produce ! desir$ result4 ,to say ?is is n to blame a great man's failure4 ,c5turies h pass$1 & exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$1 )\t a complete solution be+ rea*$3 ! end is n yet4 ,a few details rema9 to be t\*$ on sep>ately4 ,! employm5t ( hir$ lab\r]s is ref]r$ to z normal#ccg 9 ! ,politicus ,republic & ,laws4 ,!y are reg>d$ simply z s mu* physical /r5g? at disposal4 ,!y are free1 & s able to transf] _! lab\r f job to job accord+ to dem&4 ,intellectually & politically !y d n c\nt4 ,b ! is nei!r a *attel l ! slave1 nor b\nd to ! soil l ! s]f4 ,i h f\nd no sugge/ion ( ! employm5t ( ?is class 9 agriculture2 &1 z ,i h said above1 ,i believe t !y 7 9 fact almo/ conf9$ to ! t[ns1 especially su* z ! ,peiraeus4 ,x is also wor? notic+ t we f9d fav\rable m5tion ( appr5tice%ip#cch z a me?od ( le>n+ a trade4 ,b ?is pr9ciple also seems n appli$ to agriculture4 ,aga91 we are told#cci 9 ! ,laws t "o :o has nev] s]v$ 77 w nev] turn out a cr$itable ma/] 774 ,f ! context ?is w\ld seem to ref] only to ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry 771 :o mu/ be kept "u /rict discipl9e 9 ord] to p]=m v responsible duties4 ,x does n apply to f>m]s4 ,ano!r curi\s rule#cdj is t kidnapp+ ( m5 is n to be all[$4 ,yet !re are b\ght slaves1 & !re=e a m>ket4 ,t ! deal] 9 human fle% %\ld be despis$#cda by 8 cu/om]s is a feel+ probably old] ?an ,plato1 & x la/$ d[n to ! days ( ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94 ,9 view ( ,plato's acceptance ( ! %>p l9e drawn betwe5 ,greek & ,b>b>ian 7& ?is does t\* ru/ic slav]y7 x is int]e/+ to note t he obs]v$#cdb ) c>e ! diff]5t *>act]s ( ali5 peoples4 ,he also ref]s#cdc to !m )\t contempt 9 v>i\s contexts side by side ) ,greeks1 & cites#cdd _! common belief z a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gods4 ,if ,i may v5ture to make a g5]al comm5t on ,plato's position 9 relation to ! lab\r-"q1 ,i w\ld rem>k t he is already 9 ! same difficulty :i* prov$ emb>rass+ to ,ari/otle1 & :i* has always beset ^? :o seek to f9d a !oretical ju/ification = slav]y4 ,true1 he is less def9ite & positive ?an ,ari/otle1 b ! attempt to reg>d a human be+ z bo? a man & a *attel is a failure4 ,?is po9t ne$ n be fur!r press$ "h4 ,b x is well to obs]ve t agriculture is ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* ! absurdity mo/ /rik+ly appe>s4 ,heavy f>m-lab\r )\t prospect ( p]sonal advantage 0 recogniz$ z a function t no man w\ld will+ly p]=m4 ,h5ce to be s5t to lab\r on a f>m 0 "o ( ! puni%m5ts t await$ ! (f5d+ dome/ic slave4 ,h5ce ov]se]s 7 employ$ to exact f ru/ic slaves _! daily task "u ! m5ace ( sev]e & (t5 cruel puni%m5ts4 ,h5ce ! human] ma/]s 7z ,x5ophon %ews u7 tri$ to secure m *e]ful & effective s]vice by a sy/em ( little rew>ds = good "w4 ,9 %ort !re 0 9 practical life a mis]able attempt to treat ! slave bo? z a brute bea/ & z a moral be+ capable ( weigh+ consequ5ces & act+ accord+ly4 ,"o =m ( rew>d1 manumission1 0 app>5tly n at ?is "t common#cde 9 ,greece3 & x 0 "o n easy to apply 9 agriculture4 ,x 0 n easy to "k :at to d ) a worn-out f>m-h&1 unless he 0 transf]r$ to light] duties on ! f>m2 = he w\ld be useless else:]e4 ,soon] or lat] a "t w\ld come :5 he c\ld no long] d any?+ ( any value4 ,:at !n8 ,0 he *>itably f$ by ! ma/]#cdf :om he _h s]v$1 or 0 he ca/ adrift 9 nom9al fre$om8 ,f ! fragm5ts ( ,com$y "o may p]haps guess t ! human] practice g5]ally prevail$4 ,b ! sil5ce ( ,plato seems to sugge/ t to him1 & inde$ to ,greeks g5]ally1 ! po9t 0 n an important "o4 ,ev5 = a citiz51 if de/itute 9 old age1 ! /ate-relief 0 v small4 ,we mu/ !re=e n wond] at ! sil5ce g5]ally ma9ta9$ z to ! treatm5t ( ! worn-out ru/ic slave4 ,slave artisans1 & ^? ^: s]vices 7 let out to o!r employ]s ) res]vation ( a r5t to _! own ma/]s1 c\ld scrape toge!r ! means ( su/5ance 9 _! old age4 ,x is possible t manumission ( ru/ic slaves may h occasionally tak5 place1 & t !y too may h scrap$ toge!r "s small sav+s3 b ,i c f9d no gr\nd = ?9k+ t su* cases 7 normal or ev5 frequ5t4 ,9 ! ,laws ,plato all[s = ! pres5ce ( fre$m5#cdg1 & frames regulations = _! control1 probably sugge/$ by exp]i5ce ( ! ,attic laws & _! defects4 ,manumission by ! /ate#cdh z rew>d ( slave-in=m]s is also m5tion$4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ^! passages to weak5 ! natural inf]5ce t t[n slaves1 & *iefly dome/ics1 are ! class to :om 9 practice su* rules w\ld apply4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ n look to a philosoph] re>$ 9 a civilization "u :i* manual lab\r t5d$ to become ! burd5 ( ! unfree & ! de/itute1 & to be despis$ z mean & unwor?y ( ! free citiz51 = a :olesome solution ( ! problem ( f>m-lab\r4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,attic ,,orators4 ,x is conv5i5t to take ! spee*es & pamphlets ( ! ma/]s ( ,attic oratory 9 two sections1 ?\gh !re c be no exact *ronological division betwe5 ! two4 ,! political backgr\nd is diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,to ,isocrates ! urg5t problem is h[ to compose ,greek jeal\sies by unit+ 9 an attack on ! common enemy1 ,p]sia3 to ,demo/h5es x is h[ to save ! sep>ate indep5d5ce ( ! we>y ,greek /ates f ! control ( ! encroa*+ k+ ( ,mac$on4 ,true1 ! disunion ( ,greece 0 n to be end$ by ei!r ef=t4 ,b ! difficulties ( ,isocrates lay l>gely outside ,a!ns3 ! /ates did n want to h a lead]2 ,philip1 to :om he turn$ 9 8 old age1 0 no m welcome to !m ?an ! re/ ( 8 propos$ lead]s4 ,demo/h5es _h to face ! fact ( a ,mac$onian p>ty 9 ,a!ns itself1 z well z to ov]come ! apa?y & in]tia :i* _h be5 gr[+ cont9ually s9ce ! fall ( ! ,a!nian empire4 ,8 oppon5ts 7 n all m]e corrupt p>tisans ( ! ,mac$onian k+4 ,a!ns 0 n[ no long] a great p[]1 & !y knew x3 ,demo/h5es is =giv5 by hi/orians = 8 spl5did defiance ( facts4 ,naturally en\gh1 9 ! conflicts ( political op9ion f ! "t ( ! revolution ( ! ,f\r ,hundr$ to ! dea? ( ,demo/h5es 7#daa-cbb ,,bc7 we h few ref]5ces to agriculture4 ,yet we "k t ! "q ( food-supply 0 /ill a press+ "o = _m ,greek /ates1 above all = ,a!ns4 ,"s ( ! ref]5ces h a value z be+ contempor>y4 ,b a l>ge "p ( ^! are ref]5ces to litigation1 & deal n ) conditions ( cultivation b ) claims to prop]ty4 ,among ! mo/ significant facts are ! importance atta*$ to ! control ( ! ,hellespont9e trade-r\te & ! c>eful regulations affect+ ! import & di/ribution#cdi ( corn4 ,! p]iod on :i* we get "s little light f passages 9 ! e>li] orators is r\ghly ab\t #daj-cej ,,bc4 ,x includes ! g5]al ab&onm5t ( agricultural ent]prises abroad1 ow+ to ! loss ( empire & !re) ( cl]u*ic prop]ties4 ,by ?is %r9kage ! relative importance ( home agriculture mu/ surely h be5 increas$4 ,yet ,i _c f9d a s+le direct /atem5t or ref]5ce to ?is effect4 ,x seems reasonable to suppose t x 0 n necess>y to ass]t :at 0 only too obvi\s4 ,corn _h to be import$1 & import$ x 0 f v>i\s#cej s\rces ( supply4 ,to gu>d aga9/ failure ( ?is supply 0 a *ief preoccupation ( ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t4 ,b t "s corn 0 /ill gr[n 9 ,attica is cle>4 ,isocrates says#cea t "o act ( ho/ility to ! ,?irty 0 ! de/ruction ( corn 9 ! c\ntry by ! democrats4 ,& 9 ano!r place#ceb he lays /ress ^u ! my?ical leg5d ( ! e>lie/ introduction ( corn-gr[+1 ! civiliz+ gift ( ,demet] to h] fav\r$ ,attica4 ,yet !re are signs t ! culture ( ! olive & v9e 0 m & m displac+ c]eal crops3 ! fig tree1 (t5 a sacr$ ?+1 01 & _h long be51 a regul> feature ( ! c\ntryside4 ,live /ock1 goats %eep & cattle1 7 probably abundant1 ?\gh !re 0 seldom ne$ = an orator to m5tion !m4 ,if we judge by ! rema9+ ref]5ces1 x w\ld seem t l& 0 n g5]ally cultivat$ by its own]s4 ,lett+ to t5ant f>m]s#cec 0 ! plan adopt$ by ! /ate 9 deal+ ) public l&s1 & ! collection ( ! r5ts 0 f>m$ out 9 its turn to capitali/ speculators by public auction4 ,we h sev]al specim5s#ced ( mix$ e/ates1 describ$ by an orator 9 connexion ) "s litigation4 ,f ^! we may fairly inf] t ! policy ( n putt+ all _! eggs into "o basket f\nd fav\r ) ,a!nian capitali/s4 ,l&$ e/ate is 9 su* cases b "o item1 side by side ) h\se-prop]ty1 mortgages & money at int]e/ on o!r securities1 slaves & o!r /ock employ$ or leas$ to employ]s1 /ock 9 h&1 specie & o!r valuables1 m5tion$ 9 m or less detail4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is picture ( l&lord & t5ant is ! /atem5t#cee t =m]ly1 9 ! good old times be=e ,a!ns ent]$ ^u h] ill-/>r$ c>e] ( imp]ialism1 ! c\ntry h\ses & e/abli%m5ts ( citiz5s 7 sup]ior to ^? )9 ! city walls2 s mu* s1 t ev5 ! attraction ( fe/ivals c\ld n draw !m to t[n f _! com=table c\ntry-seats4 ,evid5tly a great *ange _h come ov] rural ,attica1 if ! writ] is to be tru/$4 ,we are n to suppose t p]sonal direction ( a f>m by ! own] ( ! l& 0 altoge!r a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,suburban f>ms at lea/ 71 z we le>n f ,x5ophon1 sometimes manag$ by m5 liv+ 9 ! city & rid+ out to sup]9t5d op]ations & give ord]s4 ,! injur$ husb&#cef def5d$ by ,lysias may ev5 h gone to & fro on foot4 ,he does n seem to h be5 a weal?y man1 & he may h be5 a 1 tak+ "p 9 ! lab\rs ( 8 f>m3 t he e>n$ 8 night's re/ & slept s\nd seems sugge/$ by ! context ( 8 curi\s /ory4 ,t !re 0 no lack ( int]e/ 9 ! prospects ( agriculture g5]ally may be inf]r$ f v>i\s ref]5ces to ! diff]5t qualities ( soils n only 9 ,attica b 9 o!r p>ts ( ,greece & abroad4 ,! smallness ( ! cultivable area 9 rocky ,samo?race#ceg 0 not$ by ,antiphon4 ,isocrates rem>k$#ceh t 9 ,laconia ! ,dorian conqu]ors appropriat$ n only ! great] "p ( ! l& b ! mo/ f]tile4 ,! results ( _! gre$ & oppression _h n be5 :olly satisfactory 9 ! long run3 adv]sity c>ri$ ) x ! p]il#cei ( ,helot ris+s4 ,no f]tility ( soil c comp5sate = ! ill effects ( bad policy & lack ( mod]ation3 ! indep5d5ce & wellbe+ ( cramp$ rocky ,meg>a1 contra/$#cfj ) ! emb>rassm5ts ( wide fruitful ,!ssaly1 is an object-lesson4 ,! ,greek race ne$s to exp&#cfa1 z x did ( old1 :5 ,a!ns l$ ! colonization ( ! ,asiatic seabo>d4 ,x is mon/r\s to try & wr+ contributions f 77#cfb ! isl&]s1 :o h to till m\nta9 sides = lack ( room4 ,x is 9 ,asia t ! new ,greece mu/ f9d relief1 at ! exp5se ( ,p]sia1 ^: subjects let va/ areas lie idle1 :ile ! p>ts t !y d cultivate keep !m 9 great pl5ty2 s f]tile is ! l&4 ,attica itself 0 once a prosp]\s f>m+ c\ntry4 ,9 ! good old days1 be=e ! unhappy diss5sion betwe5 selfi% ri* & grudg+ poor1 agriculture 0 "o ( ! *ief means#cfc us$ to av]t pov]ty & di/ress4 ,f>ms let at fair r5ts kept ! p pr(itably employ$1 & s out ( mis*ief4 ,m5 c\ld & did#cfd live well 9 ! c\ntry3 !y 7 n jo/l+ ea* o!r 9 ! city to e>n a b>e subsi/5ce by pitiful /ate-fees--begg>s all--z !y are do+ n[4 ,! great pamphlete] may be ov]draw+ 8 picture1 b t x conta9s mu* tru? is c]ta91 & x seems pretty cle> t he saw no prospect ( a local revival4 ,a!ns _h run h] c\rse ( ambiti\s imp]ialism1 & ! old c\ntry life1 develop$ 9 long security1 c\ld n be re/or$4 ,any man :o felt incl9$ to live a f>m]'s life w\ld1 if ,i read ! situation aright1 pref] "s *eap & pr(itable v5ture abroad to ! heavy & unremun]ative /ruggles ( a cr(t] 9 upl& ,attica4 ,small f>ms 9 ! ri* l[l& 7 ,i take x v seldom to be _h4 ,&1 if he _h ! capital to "w a l>ge f>m1 he 0 "u /rong temptation to employ 8 capital 9 urban indu/ries1 /ate-contracts1 loans at int]e/1 etc1 & s to di/ribute 8 risks :ile increas+ 8 returns4 ,= 8 ma9 object 0 to make money1 n to provide himself & 8 family ) a heal?y & com=table home4 ,! l&-"q 9 ,attica is illu/rat$ by a passage ( ,isaeus 9 :i* he ref]s to ! fraud ( a gu>dian4 ,! sc\ndrel1 he says1 has robb$ 8 nephew ( ! e/ate3 he is /ick+ to ! f>m 7 7 & has giv5 him a hill pa/ure#cfe 774 ,f>m+ ent]prise abroad _h be5 a product ( ! ,a!nian empire ) its cl]u*ies & colonies1 & probably private v5tures ( individuals1 un(ficial b practically re/+ on imp]ial protection4 ,! collapse ( ?is sy/em w\ld ru9 "s settl]s & speculators1 & impov]i% m4 ,ev5 ^? :o return$ to ,a!ns /ill possess$ ( consid]able capital w\ld n 9 all cases take to ,attic f>m+1 ev5 suppos+ t !y 7 will+ to face its risks & t suitable f>ms 7 available4 ,x 0 to ,a!ns a mo/ important object to reta9 or recov] all %e c\ld ( h] isl& t]ritories1 p>tly no d\bt 9 ord] to control ! cultivable l&s 9 !m4 ,9 ! peace-negotiations ( #cij ,,bc ! extreme opposition p>ty at ,a!ns 7 n cont5t#cff ) ! proposals by :i* %e 0 to recov] ! isl&s ( ,lemnos ,imbros & ,scyros3 !y dem&$ also ! re/itution ( ! ,?racian ,*]sonese & e/ates & debts else:]e4 ,s /rong 0 ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce on ^! inve/m5ts abroad4 ,& ,isocrates1 9 depict+ ! evil results ( imp]ial ambition1 recalls#cfg to ! citiz5s t1 in/ead ( f>m+ ! l&s ( o!rs1 ! ,peloponnesian w> _h = ye>s prev5t$ !m f sett+ eyes ^u _! own4 ,?us f> ,i h said no?+ ( ! lab\r-"q4 ,orators & pamphlete]s 7 n likely to conc]n !mselves mu* ) ?is topic1 = !re 0 no?+ 9 ! nature ( an ,abolitioni/ controv]sy to br+ !m into discussion ( ! subject4 ,slav]y is 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ,greek lit]ature m a fundam5tal assumption ?an ev]4 ,! frequ5t argum5ts on ! torture ( slave witnesses & ! moral value ( evid5ce s extract$ are pla9 pro( ( ?is4 ,b :at ab\t agricultural lab\r8 ,9 ! case ( ! sacr$ olive-/ump we he> f ,lysias#cfh t ! f>m 9 "q sev]al times *ang$ h&s by sale4 ,"s ( ! pur*as]s let x to t5ants4 ,! words us$ ( ! p]sons :o actually f>m$ x f "t to "t are ! usual ones1 1 etc4 ,t ^! t5ants 7 n m]ely 1 b employ]s ( lab\r1 may fairly be guess$ f ! case ( ! pres5t t5ant1 accus$ ( sacrilege4 ,he at lea/ is an own] ( slaves1 & argues#cfi t he c\ld nev] h be5 s mad z to put himself at _! m]cy4 ,!y w\ld h witness$ 8 sacrilege1 & c\ld h won _! fre$om by in=m+ aga9/ _! ma/]4 ,isocrates#cgj draws no real di/9ction betwe5 s]fs & slaves 9 ! case ( ,sp>ta4 ,"h too ! slave 0 dang]\s1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way3 b he 0 on ! l&4 ,a fragm5t ( ,isaeus#cga runs #8he left on ! f>m old m5 & cripples4' ,! context is lo/1 b ! p]sons ref]r$ to mu/ surely be slaves3 no "o w\ld employ wage-lab\r ( ?is quality4 ,9 ano!r place he casually m5tions#cgb ! sale ( a flock ( goats ) ! goa!rd4 ,^! little scraps ( evid5ce all s]ve to /r5g!n ! impression1 d]iv$ f o!r s\rces1 ( slave-lab\r z ! backbone ( ,attic agriculture 9 ?is p]iod4 ,to free lab\r !re are v few ref]5ces1 & none ( ^! seem to h any connexion ) agriculture4 ,?is does n prove t no hir$ freem5 7 employ$ on f>ms4 ,= special jobs1 z we %all see lat]1 !y 7 call$ 93 b ?is 0 only tempor>y employm5t4 ,! or 7 a despis$#cgc class3 "s ( !m 7 fre$m54 ,! competition ) slave-lab\r d\btless _h some?+ to d ) ?is1 & to be driv5 by necessity to su* lab\r 0 gall+ to a citiz51 z we h already le>nt f ,x5ophon4 ,,xvii4 ,,ari/otle4 ,! great f\nd] ( ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce is a witness#cgd ( exceptional value4 ,he collect$ & record$ ! facts & traditions ( ! pa/1 judg+ !m f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own day4 ,/imulat$ by ! !ories ( 8 ma/] ,plato1 he also /rove1 by sket*+ ! fabric ( a model /ate1 to indicate ! l9es on :i* ,greek political developm5t might be conduct$ ) advantage4 ,inasmu* z ideal circum/ances 7 r to be desir$ ?an expect$1 he did n re/rict 8 int]e/ 9 ! future to ! m]e design+ ( an ideal3 tak+ /ates z he f\nd !m1 condition$ by _! situation & pa/ hi/ory1 he s\ght = ! causes ( _! gr[? & decay1 & aim$ at discov]+ cures = _! v>i\s maladies4 ,b ?r\gh\t1 :e!r look+ to ! pa/ or ! future1 he 0 guid$ by a *>act]i/ic moral purpose4 ,= him #8good liv+' 7 7 is ! aim & object ( political in/itutions4 ,x is 9 ! /ate t man f9ds ! possibility ( rea*+ 8 full developm5t3 = he is by nature a #8political animal4' ,t is1 he _c live alone4 ,ea* /ep 9 association 7h\sehold1 village17 br+s him ne>] to t f9al union ( ! city4 ,9 ?is he atta9s ! highe/ degree ( manhood ( :i* he 7z ,man1 diff]5tiat$ f o!r animals by reason & spee*17 is capable4 ,?is completion ( 8 pot5tialities is ! pro( ( 8 true nature2 t he realizes 8 be/ self 9 ! %ews t he is a 4 ,! animal ne$s met 9 ! m primitive associations are ( c\rse met 9 ! city also4 ,b !re is some?+ m1 & ?is some?+ m is a moral elem5t1 f :i* is d]iv$ ! possibility ( #8good liv+1' z contra/$ ) exi/5ce ( a m pr$om9antly animal "*4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh 9 po9t ( "t ! man comes be=e ! /ate1 9 logical ord] ! /ate comes fir/3 = ! man c only exi/ 9 ! fulness ( 8 nature :5 he is a citiz54 ,he is by ! law ( 8 nature "p ( a /ate1 pot5tially3 z su* a "p he is to be reg>d$4 ,z /ates v>y1 s d ! sev]al types ( citiz5s4 ,9 ! be/ /ate ! qualities ( good man & good citiz5 are id5tical & complete4 ,! aim ( political sci5ce 77 is to frame & employ ! ma*9]y ( /ates s z to promote ! p]fection ( human excell5ce 771 & to tra9 ! citiz5s on su* pr9ciples z w insure ! effective work+ & p]man5ce ( _! in/itutions4 ,we may call x ,ari/otle's response to ! ,greek ye>n+ aft] a /ability :i* 0 9 practice nev] atta9$4 ,to design a model /ate 0 "o way ( approa*+ ! problem4 ,b ,ari/otle 0 surely n ! man to believe t su* an ideal c\ld be practically realis$4 ,to make ! be/ ( exi/+ sy/ems 0 a m promis+ ent]prise4 ,n[ 9 ei!r proc$ure x 0 evid5t t mat]ial equipm5t#cge c\ld n be left out ( acc\nt4 ,)\t food clo?+ & %elt] m5 _c live at all1 & !re=e _c live well4 ,exp]i5ce also %ew$ t ! means ( def5ce aga9/ enemies c\ld n safely be neglect$4 ,x is "u ! head ( equipm5t 77 t we get ! philosoph]'s view ( ! prop] position ( agriculture 9 ! life ( a /ate4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! g5]al ,greek conception ( citiz5%ip common to /atesm5 & !ori/s1 pres5t to ,plato & ,ari/otle no less ?an to ,clei/h5es or ,p]icles4 ,resid5ce gave no claim to x4 ,ei!r x 0 h]$it>y1 pass+ f fa!r to son on pro( ( citiz5 desc5t & c]ta9 religi\s qualifications2 or x 0 delib]ately conf]r$ on a p]son or p]sons z a privilege4 ,t beside ! citiz5s !re %\ld be resid5t )9 ! /ate#cgf a numb] ( p]sons1 n citiz5s or likely to become citiz5s1 0 a necessity g5]ally admitt$4 ,!y might be free ali5s1 m or less legally connect$ ) ! /ate1 or slaves public or private4 ,^! ali5 p]sons 7 v num]\s 9 "s /ates1 su* z ,a!ns or ,cor9?4 ,subject or s]f populations ( ,greek orig91 z 9 ,laconia or ,!ssaly1 are n to be di/+ui%$ f !m = ! pres5t purpose4 ,"o common m>k ( citiz5%ip 0 ! "r ( own+ l& )9 ! t]ritory ( ! /ate4 ,we "k t ! ,attic l&[n] mu/ be an ,a!nian citiz51 & su* 0 ! g5]al rule4 ,:o did ! actual "w ( cultivation1 or t5d$ ! flocks & h]ds1 is ano!r "q4 ,we h se5 reason = believ+ t p]sonal lab\r#cgg ( ! own] on 8 f>m _h at "o "t be5 usual1 & t ! practice /ill 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,,bc prevail$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ,greece :]e !re _h be5 little developm5t ( urban life4 ,& t slave-lab\r 0 employ$ by f>m]s on a great] or less scale1 accord+ to ! size ( _! e/ates1 seems z c]ta9 z c]ta9 c be4 ,9 ,attica ! slave ov]se]1 entru/$ ) ! direction ( a gang ( slave lab\r]s1 _h become#cgh a well-recogniz$ figure1 & f>m+ by deputy1 z well z lab\r+ by deputy1 0 an ord9>y ?+4 ,citiz5s resid$ 9 ! city m ?an ev]4 ,ri* m5 visit$ _! c\ntry e/ates to keep an eye on _! ov]se]s1 or paid ! p5alty ( _! neglect4 ,poor citiz5s1 resid5t & able to att5d meet+s ( ! ,assembly1 _h to be kept quiet by sy/ematic provision ( fees = p]=mance ( civic functions4 ,x may be too /rong to say t squeez+ ! weal?y 0 ! lead+ fact ( politics3 b !re 0 too mu* ( t sort ( ?+1 & ! scramble = /ate pay 0 demoraliz+4 ,imm$iate p]sonal int]e/ t5d$ to dead5 patriotism 9 a /ate t )9 human memory _h1 :atev] its faults1 be5 ! mo/ public-spirit$ community among ! lead+ /ates ( ,greece4 ,9 treat+ ( politics1 & !re) 9 assign+ a position to agriculture1 ,ari/otle 0 affect$ by ?ree ma9 influ5ces4 ,fir/1 ! hi/orical2 ! exp]i5ce ( ,greek /ates1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ,a!ns4 ,secondly1 ! !oretical2 ! v>i\s attempts ( e>li] philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ,plato1 to f9d a solution ( political problems on speculative l9es4 ,?irdly1 8 own firm conviction t ! la/+ success ( /ate life dep5d$ on devotion to a moral end4 ,x w be ! simple/ & be/ plan to consid] 8 utt]ances on agriculture f ^! ?ree po9ts ( view4 ,! supply ( food be+ ! fir/ ( necessities1 & be+ 9 fact 7z we h se57 an ev]-press+ problem 9 ,greece1 x is no wond] t l&-hung]1 lead+ to w>s = t]ritory1 & l&-grabb+1 a f]tile cause ( int]nal diss5sion & s$itions 9 /ates1 7 normal ph5om5a ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,& :at happ5$ 9 old ,hellas 0 reproduc$ abroad1 z ! ,greek coloni/s ov]fl[$ into l&s beyond ! seas4 ,once ! possession ( t]ritory 0 secur$ by w>1 & ! means ( its def5ce organiz$1 two problems soon pres5t$ !mselves = solution4 ,x 0 at once necess>y to decide by :at lab\r ! l& 0 to be cultivat$4 ,greek coloni/s1 desir\s no d\bt ( an easi] life ?an !y _h l$ 9 ! old c\ntry1 g5]ally contriv$ to devolve ?is lab\r ^u o!rs at a v e>ly /age ( _! e/abli%m5t4 ,ei!r !y r$uc$ natives to ! condition ( s]fs1 or !y employ$ slaves1 :om ! pr(its ( gr[+ trade & comm]ce enabl$ !m to procure 9 l>g] & l>g] numb]s4 ,mean:ile 9 ! "m c\ntry v>i\s sy/ems w5t on side by side4 ,!re 7 l>ge di/ricts ( agricultural s]fage1 9 :i* a race ( conqu]ors 7 support$ by ! lab\r ( ! conqu]$4 ,9 o!r p>ts indep5d5t peoples1 backw>d 9 civilization1 liv$ a free ru/ic life ( a l>gely pa/oral "*4 ,o!rs aga9 devot$ !mselves m to ! tillage ( ! soil1 ) or )\t ! help ( slaves4 ,x 0 kn[n t 9 e>li] times a population ( ?is k9d 9 ,attica _h long exi/$1 & t aft] ! unification ( ,attica & ! re=ms ( ,solon x _h = a "t be5 ! backbone ( ! ,a!nian /ate4 ,b 9 f]tile l[l& di/ricts !re 0 a n unnatural t5d5cy t[>ds l>g] e/ates1 work$ by hirel+ or slave-lab\r4 ,x seems fairly c]ta9 t 9 ,attica be=e ! "t ( ,ari/otle ! supply ( free wage-e>n]s = f>m-"w 0 fail+3 ! developm5t ( ! city & ! ,peiraeus1 & ! gr[+ numb] ( ^? 9 receipt ( civil & milit>y pay1 _h drawn ! poor citiz5 away f ru/ic lab\r4 ,nor is !re reason to ?9k t aft] ! loss ( empire !re 0 any m>k$ movem5t back to ! l& on ! "p ( free lab\r]s or ev5 small f>m]s4 ,x w\ld r seem t ,attic l& 0 pass+ into few] h&s1 & t ! employm5t ( /ew>ds or ov]se]s1 free or slave1 0 "o ( ! features ( a *ange by :i* ! f>m+ ( l& 0 becom+ a symptom ( consid]able weal?4 ,b beside ! decision z to lab\r !re 0 ! "q z to a means ( *eck+ l&-monopoly4 ,su* monopoly1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a discont5t$ urban mob1 0 a s]i\s m5ace to ! /ability ( a con/itution4 ,= all poor citiz5s to get a liv+ by h&icrafts 0 p]haps h>dly possible2 nor w\ld ! life ( an artisan suit ! ta/es & wi%es ( all4 ,nature does 7or seems to d7 m = ! f>m] on 8 hold+ ?an = ! artisan 9 8 work%op1 & ! claim to a %>e ( ! l& )9 ! b\nd>ies ( _! /ates _h l$ to s$itions & revolutions1 ru9\s & bloody1 foll[$ by ill feel+1 & ev] liable to recur4 ,colonial /ates1 9 :i* ! fir/ settl]s usually allott$ ! l& 7or mo/ ( x7 among !mselves & h&$ d[n _! allotm5ts to _! *ildr51 7 p>ticul>ly expos$ to tr\bles ( ?is k9d4 ,! v>i\s =tunes ( families1 & ! com+ ( new settl]s1 e>ly rais$ ! l&-"q !re 9 an acute =m1 z notori\sly at ,syracuse4 ,no wond] t practical & !oretical /atesm5 tri$ to f9d rem$ies = a manife/ political evil4 ,/ability 0 only to be assur$ by int]nal peace4 ,to ?is end two ma9 l9es ( policy#cgi f\nd fav\r4 ,security ( t5ure 0 promot$ by =bidd+ ! sale ( l&-lots or mak+ x difficult to encumb] !m by mortgages3 :ile ! prohibition ( excessive acquisition#chj 0 a means ( *eck+ l&-grabb]s & int]e/+ a l>g] numb] ( citiz5s 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! l&-sy/em4 ,b !re is no reason to ?9k t measures ( ?is k9d _h mu* success4 ,nor 7 vague traditions#cha ( ! equality ( orig9al l&-lots 9 "s ,greek /ates ( any great importance4 ,"s !oretical re=m]s might aim at su* an arrangem5t1 b x 0 a va9 aspiration4 ,inde$1 reg>d$ f ! food-produc+ po9t ( view1 no?+ l a true equality 0 possible 9 practice4 ,confiscation & r$i/ribution 7 only to be effect$ at ! co/ ( civil w>1 & ! rev]$ wisdom ( ,solon#chb _h reject$ su* a proce$+4 ,communi/ic s*emes _h little attraction = ! av]age ,greek1 s f> z 8 own lab\r or int]e/s might be involv$3 ev5 ! dream ( ,plato 0 f> f a ?or\ghgo+ communism4 ,( ! f>m] 9 8 "* ( citiz5#chc ,ari/otle _h a fav\rable impression =m$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,! re/less activity ( ,assemblies frequ5tly meet+1 & ) fees = att5dance1 0 bo? a cause & an effect ( ! deg5]ation ( democracies 9 8 day4 ,x meant t political issues 7 n[ at ! m]cy ( ! ignorant & fickle city-dwell]s1 a rabble sway$ by ! flatt]y ( self-seek+ demagogues4 ,a!ns 0 ! notable in/ance4 ,yet tradition alleg$ 7& x c h>dly be d\bt$7 t 9 e>li] times1 :5 a l>g] "p ( ! civic body liv$ & work$ 9 ! c\ntry1 a sob]] & /eadi] policy#chd prevail$4 ,! f>m]s1 nev] free f responsibilities & c>es1 7 oppos$ to frequ5t ,assemblies1 to att5d :i* involv$ no small sacrifice ( valuable "t4 ,= ?is sacrifice a small fee w\ld h be5 no adequate comp5sation1 & 9 fact !y _h none at all4 ,naturally en\gh ,ari/otle1 admitt+#che t 9 ! /ates ( 8 day democratic gov]nm5ts 7 mo/ly inevitable1 insi/s on ! m]its ( ! f>m]-democracies ( ! good old times1 & w\ld welcome _! revival4 ,b ! day = ?is 0 gone by1 nev] to return4 ,ano!r important po9t arises 9 connexion ) ! capacity ( ! /ate = w>1 a po9t seldom ov]look$ 9 ,greek political speculation4 ,9 discuss+ ! sev]al classes out ( :i* ! /ate is made up1 ,ari/otle obs]ves#chf t individuals may & w unite 9 _! own p]sons ! qualifications ( m ?an "o class4 ,s ! same individuals may p]=m v>i\s functions3 b ?is does n affect 8 argum5t1 = ! same p]sons may be1 & (t5 are1 bo? hoplites & cultivators1 :o yet are functionally di/9ct p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,j bel[1 speak+ ( ! necessity ( #8virtue' 77 = ! dis*>ge ( c]ta9 public duties 7delib]ative & judicial71 he adds #8,! o!r faculties may exi/ comb9$ 9 _m sep>ate individuals2 = in/ance1 ! same man may be a soldi] a cultivator & a craftsman1 or ev5 a c\nsellor ( /ate or a judge2 b all m5 claim to possess virtue1 & ?9k !y are qualifi$ to hold mo/ (fices4 ,b ! same m5 _c be at once ri* & poor4 ,! common view !re=e is t ,ri* & ,poor are ! true p>ts ( a /ate4' ,t is to say1 practical analysis c g no fur!r4 ,9 ano!r passage#chg1 discuss+ ! =mation ( ! be/ k9d ( democracy1 he says #8= ! be/ ,demos is t ( f>m]s 7 73 s x is possible to =m 7a correspond+87 democracy :]e ! mass ( ! citiz5s gets its liv+ f tillage or pa/urage 7 74' ,aft] consid]+ ! political m]its ( ! cultivators1 busy & mod]ate m51 he goes#chh on #8,& aft] ! ,demos ( cultivators ! next be/ is t :]e ! citiz5s are grazi]s 77 & get _! liv+ f flocks & h]ds 773 = ! life 9 _m respects resembles t ( ! till]s ( ! soil1 & = ! purposes ( milit>y campaign+ ^! m5 are peculi>ly h>d5$#chi by tra9+1 fit = active s]vice1 & able to r\gh x 9 ! op54' ,! adaptability ( ! ru/ic work] is fur!r admitt$#cij 9 a rem>k let fall 9 a "p ( 8 treatise :]e he is engag$ 9 design+ a model /ate4 ,x is to ! effect t1 s long z ! /ate has a pl5tiful supply ( f>m-lab\r]s1 x mu/ also h pl5ty ( seam5 774 ,hav+ j admitt$ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( m>itime comm]ce w be necess>y1 & also a c]ta9 naval p[]1 he is t\*+ on ! mann+ ( ! fleet4 ,! m>9e soldi]s w be freem51 b ! seam5 7o>sm57 c be tak5 f unfree classes work+ on ! l&4 ,_! social /atus does n at ?is /age conc]n u3 t su* lab\r]s c\ld readily be made into effective o>sm5 is an admission to be not$4 ,to ! philosoph] himself x is a com=t to believe t he has f\nd out a way ( do+ )\t ! turbul5t #8seaf>+ rabble' 7 7 t usually ?rongs seaport t[ns & emb>rasses ord]ly gov]nm5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a relief to f9d t 9 a model /ate t\*+ ! sea x w n be necess>y to reproduce ! ,peiraeus4 ,9 consid]+ ! proposals ( e>li] !ori/s = ! rem$y ( political defects x is h>dly possible & n[ise ne$ful to exhau/ all ! indications ( dissatisfaction ) exi/+ sy/ems4 ,( ,euripides & ,socrates1 ! two great que/ion]s1 en\gh has be5 said above4 ,! reaction>y ,isocrates 0 = _m ye>s a contempor>y ( ,ari/otle4 ,:at we c no long] reproduce is ! talk ( active-m9d$ critics 9 ! social circles ( ,a!ns4 ,x happ5s t ,x5ophon has left u a sket* ( ! ord9>y conv]sations ( ,socrates4 ,no d\bt ^! 7 ! mo/ important examples ( _! k9d1 & 8 me?od a p[]ful1 if sometimes irritat+1 /imulus to ?\ght4 ,b we are n to assume a lack ( o!r que/ion]s1 acute & ev5 s9c]e1 m especially among m5 ( olig>*ic lean+s4 ,t ,ari/otle came into t\* ) su* p]sons is probable f 8 connexion ) ,plato4 ,c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 9 :i* he is reasonably suspect$#cia ( giv+ a p>tisan view ( hi/orical ev5ts1 po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,we %all nev] "k all ! criticisms & sugge/ions ( o!rs t ?is wat*ful collector he>d & not$4 ,b x is bo? possible & desirable to recall ^? to :i* 8 own record proves him to h paid att5tion4 ,bo? ,hippodamus & ,plato bas$ _! s*emes on a class-sy/em1 9 :i* ! f>m]-class =m a di/9ct body3 b ! =m] made !m citiz5s ) vot+ rights4 ,be+ un>m$1 & s at ! m]cy ( ! milit>y class1 ,ari/otle held t _! political rights 7 nugatory4 ,9 ! ,republic1 ,plato gave !m no voice 9 /ate-affairs1 b 9 ! ,laws he admitt$ !m to ! fran*ise4 ,:ile ^! two re=m]s made provision = a milit>y =ce1 ,phaleas1 ignor+ relations ) o!r /ates1 made none4 ,to ,phaleas1 equality 9 l&$ e/ate seem$ ! be/ means ( promot+ h>mony & wellbe+ 9 ! community2 & he w\ld effect ?is equality by legal re/rictions4 ,?is proposition ,ari/otle reject$ z nei!r adequate nor suit$ to its purpose4 ,moral#cib influ5ces1 h>d "w1 discretion1 ev5 intellectual activity1 c alone produce ! temp] ( mod]ation t promotes concord & happ9ess4 ,9 %ort1 if y are to effect any real improvem5t1 y mu/ />t f ! doctr9e ( ! ,mean#cic & n tru/ to mat]ial equaliz+4 ,! sev]al t5ure ( l&-lots 0 g5]ally recogniz$1 ) v>iations 9 detail2 ,plato 9 ! ,laws ab&on$ ! impracticable l&-sy/em ( ! ,republic1 & n only assign$ a to ea* citiz5 h\sehold1 b arrang$ x 9 two#cid sections1 = reasons giv5 above4 ,! attempt to ensure ! p]man5ce ( ! numb] ( l&-lots & h\seholds by /rict legal regulation1 z "s legislators _h tri$ to d1 is also a g5]al feature ( ^! speculations4 ,plato 9 ! ,laws ev5 w5t fur!r1 & w\ld place rigid re/rictions on acquisition ( prop]ty ( all k9ds4 ,all agree 9 ! usual ,greek contempt = ^? engag$ 9 manual or s$5t>y trades4 ,su* #8me*anical' 77 work]s 7 held to be debas$ 9 bo? body & m9d bel[ ! /&>d ( #8virtue' requir$ ( ! good soldi] or citiz54 ,phaleas made ^! #8artisans' public slaves de iure3 ,hippodamus plac$ !m1 ) ! f>m]s1 9 nom9al citiz5%ip b de facto bondage4 ,plato tol]ates !m because he _c d )\t !m4 ,9 ! matt] ( h>d bodily lab\r1 free or slave1 ! position ( ,plato is cle>4 ,he w\ld devolve x ^u slaves2 9 agriculture1 ) a coexi/+ alt]native sy/em ( s]f-t5ants4 ,b bo? classes are to be ,b>b>ians4 ,x seems t ,hippodamus meant ! public1 if n ! private1 l& ( 8 model /ate to be work$ by slaves4 ,mo/ /rik+ is ! fact t ,plato 9 8 lat] ye>s comb9$ ! aim ( self-suffici5cy ) dep5d5ce on s]vile lab\r4 ,comm]ce is1 = ! moral heal? ( ! /ate1 to be /rictly limit$4 ,! supply ( necess>y food-/uffs is to be a dome/ic indu/ry1 c>ri$ on by ali5 s]fs or slaves = ! mo/ "p4 ,su* communism z exi/s among ! ,gu>dians 9 ! ,republic is a communism ( consum]s :o take no "p 9 mat]ial production3 & x is ab&on$ 9 ! ,laws4 ,! above outl9es mu/ suffice z a sket* ( ! situation bo? 9 practice & 9 !ory :5 ,ari/otle took ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! work+ defects ( ,greek con/itutions 7 obvi\s to _m1 & ! incapacity ( ! ignorant masses 9 democracies 0 especially evid5t to ?\ghtful b irresponsible critics4 ,yet ! selfi%ness ( ! ri* 9 olig>*ies 0 n ignor$1 & ! in/ability ( gov]nm5ts support$ by only a m9ority ( ! citiz5s 0 an indisputable fact4 ,! mass ( citiz5s 7t is1 full memb]s ( ! /ate accord+ to ! qualification-rules 9 =ce7 _h to come 9 some:]e1 to give num]ical /r5g? to a gov]nm5t4 ,h[ 0 gov]n+ capacity to be plac$ 9 p[] "u su* conditions8 ,exp]i5ce sugge/$ t ?+s _h be5 bett] = ,a!ns :5 a l>g] "p ( h] citiz5s liv$ on ! l&4 ,use c\ld no d\bt be made ( ?is exp]i5ce 9 case an op5+ = increas+ ! numb] ( peasant f>m]s#cie %\ld occur4 ,b x 0 precisely 9 /ates :]e su* a policy 0 mo/ ne$$ t an op5+ 0 lea/ likely to occur4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! only *ance ( improv+ gov]nm5t lay 9 p]suad+ ! av]age citiz5 to entru/ wid] p[]s to a specially select$ body ( compet5t m51 9 %ort to c>ry into politics ! specializ+ pr9ciple#cif already develop$ by ! advance ( civilization 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,n[ ! av]age citiz5 0 c]ta9 to te/ ! plans ( re=m]s by consid]+ h[ _! op]ation w\ld affect cases l 8 own4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to (f] him a reassur+ picture ( projects ( ?is k9d1 if !y 7 to receive any he>+ at all4 ,to own a plot ( l&1 inali5able & h]$it>y1 0 a security aga9/ indig5ce4 ,to h ! lab\r ( cultivat+ x p]=m$ z a matt] ( c\rse by o!rs 0 a welcome coroll>y4 ,to be reliev$ ( me*anical drudg]y by ali5s & slaves 0 a proposal sure to conciliate ,greek pride4 ,& ! result+ leisure = ! enlight5$ dis*>ge ( ! peculi>ly civic functions ( w> & gov]nm5t 0 an appeal to self-e/eem & ambition4 ,b t ! creation ( a rul+ class ( ,gu>dians ) absolute p[]1 su* z ^? ( ,plato's ,republic1 w\ld comm5d itself to democratic ,greeks1 0 m ?an any practical man c\ld believe4 ,nor w\ld ! communism ( ^? ,gu>dians appe> attractive to ! fav\r]s ( olig>*y4 ,!re=e ,plato himself _h to reca/ 8 s*eme1 & try to br+ x out ( dreaml& by concessions to facts ( ,greek life4 ,n mu* 0 ga9$ !reby1 & ! great difficulty1 h[ to make a />t1 /ill rema9$4 ,t mu* c\ld be done by direct legislative action 0 a tradition 9 ,greek ?\ght fo/]$ by tales ( ! a*ievem5ts ( e>ly lawgiv]s4 ,b to remodel ! :ole fabric ( a /ate s ?or\ghly t an entire *ange %\ld be effect$ 9 ! political atmosph]e 9 :i* ! citiz5s mu/ live & act1 :ile ! citiz5s !mselves w\ld be ! same p]sons1 re>$ 9 old conditions & ideas1 0 a project f> beyond ! scope ( ord9>y legislation4 ,to ,ari/otle x seem$ t ! problem mu/ be approa*$ diff]5tly4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! two di/9ct l9es tak5 by him2 fir/1 t ! "* ( ! /ate dep5ds on t ( its memb]s1 & secondly1 t ! individual only f9ds 8 true self z memb] ( a /ate4 ,! subject has be5 fully#cig treat$1 bett] ?an ,i c\ld treat x2 & 9 con/ruct+ a model !re rema9s ! inevitable difficulty1 :]e to beg94 ,! highe/ developm5t ( ! individual is only atta9able "u ! tra9+ provid$ by ! model /ate1 & ?is /ate is only possible z an association ( model citiz5s4 ,if we may conjecture ,ari/otle's answ] f a rule#cih laid d[n 9 ! ,e?ics1 he w\ld say #8fir/ le>n by do+1 & !n y c d :at y h le>nt to d4' ,t is1 ef=t 7at fir/ imp]fect7 w improve faculty1 & by creat+ habit w develope full capacity4 ,b ev5 s x w\ld rema9 unc]ta9 :e!r ! individual1 />t+ on a c>e] ( self-improvem5t1 is to "w up to ! mak+ ( a model /ate1 or ! imp]fect /ate to />t tra9+ its pres5t citiz5s to p]fection4 ,! practical difficulty is !re /ill4 ,nor is x remov$ by putt+ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( tra9+ s e>ly#cii t !y ev5 prec$e ! infant citiz5's bir?1 9 ! =m ( rules = eug5ic bre$+4 ,ari/otle's proc$ure is to po/ulate fav\rable equipm5t1 geographical & climatic1 a population ( high qualities 7t is1 ,greek17 & !n to consid] h[ he w\ld organize ! /ate & tra9 its memb]s--if ! po/ulat$ conditions 7 realiz$ & he _h a free h&4 ,9 ?is new ,utopia x is mo/ significant to obs]ve :at he adopts f hi/orical exp]i5ce & ! proposals ( e>li] !ori/s1 & 9 :at respects he dep>ts f !m4 ,x is 9 p>ticul> 8 attitude t[>ds own]%ip & tillage ( l&1 & lab\r 9 g5]al1 t is our pres5t conc]n4 ,z x foll[s f 8 doctr9e ( ! ,mean t ! virtue ( ! /ate & its sev]al memb]s mu/ be bas$ on ! avoidance ( extremes1 s x foll[s#djj f ! moral aim ( ! /ate t its compon5t elem5ts are n all #8p>ts' ( ! /ate 9 ! same /rict s5se4 ,economically1 ^? :o provide food clo?+ etc are p>ts1 necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! community4 ,politically 7= politics h a moral end7 !y are bel[ ! /&>d ( excell5ce requir$ = a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a p]fect /ate4 ,!y _c h ! leisure or ! tra9+ to fit !m = s responsible a *>ge4 ,!re=e !y _c be citiz5s4 ,to ma9ta9 secure indep5d5ce & int]nal ord] ! citiz5s1 & ! citiz5s only1 mu/ be> arms4 ,&1 s9ce ! l& mu/ belong to ! possessors ( arms1 none b citiz5s c own l&4 ,?is does n imply communism4 ,!re w h to be public#dja l&1 f ! produce ( :i* provision w be made = ! s]vice ( religion & = ! common tables at :i* citiz5s w mess4 ,to ma9ta9 ^! la/ by individual contributions w\ld be burd5some to ! poor & t5d to exclude !m4 ,= ri* & poor !re w be4 ,b ! evil ( extreme pov]ty w be avoid$4 ,!re w be private l&1 out ( :i* ea* citiz5 7t is evid5tly ea* citiz5-h\sehold7 w h an allotm5t ( l&4 ,?is w be 9 two#djb p>cels1 "o ne> ! city & ! o!r ne> ! /ate-fronti]1 s t issues ( peace & w> may n be affect$ by ! bias ( local int]e/s4 ,! cultivation ( ^! allotm5ts w be ! "w ( subjects1 ei!r inhabitants ( ! di/rict 77 or slaves2 9 any case ali5s1 n ,greeks2 & 9 ! case ( slaves c>e mu/ be tak5 n to employ too _m ( ! same race toge!r or su* z are high-spirit$4 ,he is conc]n$ to secure ! greate/ effici5cy & to leave ! lea/ possible facilities = rebellion4 ,! lab\r]s w belong to ! /ate or to individual citiz5s accord+ to ! proprietor%ip ( ! l& on :i* !y are sev]ally employ$4 ,by ^! arrangem5ts he has provid$ = ! su/5ance ( ^? :o 9 ! true political s5se are #8p>ts' ( ! /ate 771 & = _! enjoym5t ( suffici5t leisure#djc to enable !m to conduct its gov]nm5t 9 ! pa?s ( virtue & promote ! good life 7 7 :i* is ! f9al cause ( /ate exi/5ce4 ,! citiz5s !n h ! arms & ! l& & all political p[]4 ,among !mselves !y are on an equal foot+1 only divid$ functionally accord+ to age3 delib]ative & judicial duties belong+ to ! eld] m51 milit>y activities to ! y\ng]4 ,x is impossible to ov]look ! influ5ce ( ! ,sp>tan sy/em on ! speculations ( ,ari/otle z well z ^? ( ,plato4 ,! equality ( ,sp>tan citiz5s 0 reg>d$ z evid5ce#djd ( a democratic elem5t 9 _! con/itution1 & we f9d ?is same !oretical equality among ! full citiz5s at any giv5 mom5t 9 ! develop+ con/itution ( ,rome4 ,x is significant t ,ari/otle felt ! necessity ( su* an equality4 ,he rem>ks#dje t ! p]man5ce ( a con/itution dep5ds on ! w ( ! possessors ( arms4 ,we may obs]ve t he seldom ref]s to ! m]c5>ies s commonly employ$ 9 8 day1 save z 8 bodygu>d ( usurp+ tyrants4 ,b 9 "o passage#djf he speaks ( olig>*ies be+ driv5 to employ !m at a p9* = _! own security aga9/ ! ,demos1 & ( _! own ov]?r[ 9 consequ5ce4 ,!re=e he did n ignore ! risk run by rely+ on hirel+s3 naturally he w\ld pref] to keep ! milit>y s]vice ( 8 model /ate 9 ! h&s ( 8 model citiz5s4 ,b he _h no belief#djg 9 ! bl9d devotion ( ,sp>ta to m]e prep>ation = w>f>e4 ,peace is ! end ( w>1 n w> ( peace4 ,if y d n le>n to make a prop] use ( peace1 9 ! long run y w fail 9 w> also3 h5ce ! atta9m5t ( empire 0 ! ru9 ( ,sp>ta3 %e _h n develop$ ! moral qualities ne$$ = rul+ 9 "t ( peace4 ,b 9 8 model /ate he seems n to make adequate provision = ! numb]s requir$ 9 w>4 ,8 agricultural lab\r]s are n to be employ$ 9 w>f>e1 z ! ,laconian ,helots regul>ly 74 ,he only admits !m to ! s]vice ( ! o>1 controll$ by ! pres5ce ( m>9e soldi]s1 :o are free citiz5s l ! poor] class ( ,a!nians :o g5]ally s]v$ 9 t capacity4 ,! s]vile "* ( ru/ic lab\r on 8 plan is ?us reass]t$1 & ) x ! sup]ior /&+ ( l& =ces z comp>$ ) m>itime4 ,! days 7 pa/ :5 ,a!nians readily s]v$ at ! o> 9 _! own triremes1 cruis+ among ! subject /ates & c]ta9 ( an obsequi\s reception 9 e port4 ,hir$ r[]s _h always be5 employ$ to "s ext5t1 ev5 by ,a!ns3 9 ?is lat] p]iod ! motive p[] ( w>-gallies ( naval /ates 0 m & m obta9$ f slaves4 ,!re 0 an economic analogy betwe5 f>m-lab\r & o>-lab\r4 ,! slave 0 =c$ to toil = practically no m#djh ?an 8 food3 ! pr(its ( ! f>m & ! pr(its ( w>-booty fell to be %>$ 9 ei!r case by few4 ,ari/otle1 :o 0 well aw>e ( ! m]its ( ! work+ f>m]1 ! peasant citiz51 & recogniz$ t su* m5 _h be5 a s\nd & /able elem5t 9 ! ,a!ns ( =m] days1 w\ld surely n h treat$ agriculture z a "w res]v$ = s]vile h&s1 _h he n be5 conv9c$ t ! old rural economy 0 gone & c\ld nev] be reviv$4 ,=1 if sugge/ions f ,sp>ta influ5c$ him :5 design+ ,utopian in/itutions1 x is no less cle> t ! ,utopian sett+--t]ritory1 city1 port-t[n1--are m]ely modifications ( ,attica1 ,a!ns1 ,peiraeus4 ,9 ,greece !re 0 no /ate s fav\r$ geographically1 s well equipp$ by nature = indep5d5ce prosp]ity & p[]4 ,if a ,greek community 0 ev] to realize an arti/ic ideal1 & live 9 peaceful & secure mod]ation a model life ( dignity & virtue1 x c\ld h>dly h a bett] *ance ( success ?an 9 "s su* advantage\s position z t enjoy$ by ,a!ns4 ,h] defects lay 9 h] in/itutions1 su* z he view$ !m at _! pres5t /age ( developm5t4 ,^! c\ld n be approv$ z !y /ood3 !y ne$$ bo? political & economic re=m4 ,into ! =m] we ne$ n ent] "h3 ! lat] democracy c\ld n b disgu/ "o :o judg$ m]it f ! /&po9t ( 8 doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,economically1 we may inf] f 8 own model project t two great *anges w\ld be requir$4 ,citiz5s mu/ all h an int]e/ 9 ! l&1 ?\gh f>m$ by slave lab\r4 ,! port-t[n mu/ no long] be a c5tre ( promiscu\s comm]ce1 ?rong$ ) a cosmopolitan population ( m]*ants seam5 dock-lab\r]s etc & ! v>i\s purveyors :o cat]$ = _! v>i\s appetites4 ,9 tru? ! ,peiraeus 0 a /umbl+-block to him z to ,plato1 & probably to mo/ m5#dji :o did n !mselves draw income f its trade or its iniquities1 or :o did n d]ive political p[] f ! support ( its democratic citiz5s4 ,to h a /ate #8self-suffic+' s f> z to get its necess>y food f its own t]ritory1 & to limit comm]ce to a mod]ate traffic suffici5t to procure by ex*ange su* ?+s z ! citiz5s want$ b c\ld n produce 7= in/ance#daj timb]71 0 a philosoph]'s aspiration4 ,:ile propos+ to re/rict comm]cial activity z be+ injuri\s 9 its effect1 :5 c>ri$ to excess1 on ! high] life ( ! /ate1 ,ari/otle l ,plato admits#daa t n only slaves b free ali5s1 p]man5tly or tempor>ily resid5t1 mu/ =m a good "p ( ! population4 ,he does n ev5#dab l ,plato propose to fix a limit to ! p]missible t]m ( metic resid5ce4 ,app>5tly he w\ld let ! resid5t ali5 make 8 =tune 9 ,utopia & g on liv+ !re z a non-citiz5 ( means4 ,b he w\ld n all[ him to hold real prop]ty )9 ! /ate1 z ,x5ophon or "s o!r#dac writ] _h sugge/$4 ,t ! s]vices ( ali5s o!r ?an slaves 7 requir$ = ! wellbe+ ( ! /ate1 is an important admission4 ,= x surely implies t !re 7 dep>tm5ts ( trade & indu/ry 9 :i* slave-lab\r alone 0 felt to be untru/wor?y1 :ile ! model citiz5s ( a model /ate c\ld n prop]ly be s employ$4 ,! p[] ( p]sonal int]e/#dad 9 promot+ effici5cy & avoid+ wa/e is an elem5t>y fact n =gott5 by ,ari/otle4 ,n[ ! slave1 hav+ no p]sonal int]e/ involv$ beyond escap+ puni%m5t1 is apt to be a %irk] & a wa/]4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ma/] 77#dae1 we are told1 is ! sci5ce ( us+ slaves2 t is1 ( gett+ out ( !m :at c be got4 ,x is a sci5ce ( no great scope or dignity4 ,h5ce busy ma/]s employ ov]se]s4 ,he sugge/s t "s /imulus to ex]tion may be f\nd 9 ! prospect ( manumission#daf = good s]vice4 ,?is occurs aga9 9 ! ,economics1 b ! "q ( :at is to become ( ! worn-out ru/ic slave is n answ]$ by him#dag any m ?an x is by ,plato4 ,my belief is t1 s f> z f>m /affs are conc]n$1 he has *iefly if n :olly 9 view cases#dah ( /ew>ds ov]se]s etc4 ,^! w\ld be 9 positions ( "s tru/1 p]haps occasionally fill$ by freem51 & to create 9 !m "s feel+ ( p]sonal int]e/ w\ld be well wor? ! ma/]s :ile4 ,dome/ic slav]y 0 on a v diff]5t foot+1 b x too 0 (t5 a worry#dai to ma/]s4 ,"h manumission play$ an obvi\s & important "p1 & p]haps /ill m 9 ! cl]ical /affs ( e/abli%m5ts = bank+ & o!r bus9esses4 ,^! ph5om5a ( ,a!nian life 7 int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,yet ,ari/otle is ev5 m retic5t#dbj ?an ,plato 7& ) less reason7 on ! subject ( manumission3 :i* is matt] = regret4 ,! model /ate !n w conta9 pl5ty ( free ali5s1 s]v+ ! /ate ) _! tal5ts & lab\r1 an urban non-l&hold+ elem5t4 ,!y set ! model citiz5s free = ! duties ( politics & w>4 ,:e!r !y w be b\nd to s]vice 9 ! army or ! fleet1 l ! ,a!nian metics1 we are n told4 ,nor is x easy to guess h[ ,ari/otle w\ld h answ]$ ! "q4 ,_! ma9 function is to c>ry on ! v>i\s mean] or #8me*anical' trades & occupations1 no d\bt employ+ or n employ+ ! help ( slaves accord+ to circum/ances4 ,all su* trades 7 held to h a degrad+ effect#dba on bo? body & m9d1 disabl+ ^? practis+ !m f atta9+ ! highe/ excell5ce1 t is ! /&>d ( model citiz5s 9 w> & peace4 ,ari/otle f9ds ! ess5ce ( ?is ta9t 9 transgression ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,specialization c>ri$ to extremes produces pr(essionalism :i*1 = ! sake ( p]fect+ te*nical skill1 sacrifices ! adaptability1 ! bodily suppl5ess & /r5g? & ! m5tal all-r\nd al]tness & s]5e balance1--qualities :i* e intellig5t ,greek admir$1 & :i* ,ari/otle po/ulat$ 9 ! citiz5s ( 8 model community4 ,s /rong is 8 feel+ on ! po9t t x comes#dbb out 9 connexion ) music4 ,! "y citiz5s are mo/ c]ta9ly to h musical tra9+1 b !y are n to become pr(essional p]=m]s2 = ?is sort ( te*nical excell5ce is no?+ b a =m ( 4 ,if nei!r ! f>m] nor ! artisan are to be citiz5s1 & ! disqualification ( ! latt] re/s on 8 n>r[ pr(essionalism1 we are tempt$ to inquire :e!r ! claim ( ! f>m] may n also h be5 reg>d$ z ta9t$ by ! same disability4 ,t agriculture af=d$ scope = a high degree ( te*nical skill is a fact n miss$ by ,ari/otle4 ,he is at pa9s to po9t out#dbc t ?is mo/ fundam5tal ( indu/ries is a s\rce ( pr(it if sci5tifically pursu$1 z well z a means ( b>e subsi/5ce4 ,= ! ex*ange#dbd ( products 7su* z corn & w9e7 by b>t] soon arises1 & (f]s great opportunities1 :i* are only increas$ to an injuri\s ext5t by ! inv5tion ( a metallic curr5cy4 ,n[ ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool 0 n ! man to ignore ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific f>m+1 & ! lab\r ( collect+ details _h = him no t]rors4 ,accord+ly he ref]s to ! k#dbe requir$ 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( pa/oral & agricultural life4 ,he sket*es briefly ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry1 f ! m]e ga!r+ ( nature's b\nty1 ?r\gh ! /age ( nomad pa/urage1 to settl$ occupation & ! rais+ ( food-crops by tillage ( ! soil4 ,b 9 ! ,politics he does n foll[ out ?is topic4 ,8 preoccupation is ! developm5t ( man 9 political life3 s he dismisses fur!r detail ) ! rem>k#dbf 7ref]r+ to ! natural bran* ( 1 ! art ( pr(it-mak+1 :i* op]ates ) crops & bea/s7 t 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d speculation is lib]al 7 wor?y ( a free man7 b practice is n4 ,?is seems to imply t to be engross$ 9 ! detail$ /udy ( v>i\s soils or bre$s ( bea/s1 ) a view to _! appropriate & pr(itable managem5t1 is an illib]al & cramp+ pursuit4 ,he does n apply to x ! t]m 1 & ! reason probably is t ! bodily defects ( ! s$5t>y artisan are n f\nd 9 ! work+ f>m]4 ,b ! conc5tration ^u mean details ( no moral or political significance is common to bo?4 ,t all unskill$#dbg wage-e>n]s fall "u ! same ban is a matt] ( c\rse1 h>dly wor? m5tion+4 ,9 %ort1 all ^? :o dep5d on ! cu/om ( o!rs = a liv+ are subject to a sort ( slav]y 9 a great] or less degree1 & unfit to be citiz5s4 ,! value atta*$ to #8self-suffici5cy' z evid5ce ( fre$om & ( n liv+ #89 relation to ano!r' 7t is1 9 dep5d5ce#dbh on ano!r17 is 9 /rik+ contra/ to views t h enjoy$ a great vogue 9 mod]n economic !ory4 ,nei!r ! man nor ! /ate c be completely#dbi self-suffic+3 t ,ari/otle1 & ,plato be=e him1 saw4 ,man1 feel+ 8 way upw>d ?r\gh ! h\sehold to ! /ate1 ne$s help4 ,he fir/ f9ds#dcj a help] 7,i am omitt+ ! sex-union7 9 ! ox1 ! =]unn] ( ! slave1 & /ill 9 primitive ru/ic life ! help] ( ! poor4 ,gr[+ ne$s br+ division ( lab\r & ex*ange by b>t]1 & s on4 ,z a political animal he c nev] be q indep5d5t z an individual1 b x is ! law ( 8 be+ t ! exp&+ ne$s :i* draw him into association ) 8 fell[s result 9 mak+ him m ( a man4 ,"h lies a pitfall4 ,if ?r\gh progress 9 civilization 8 daily life becomes s entangl$ ) ^? ( o!r m5 t 8 fre$om ( action is hamp]$ !reby1 surely he has lo/ some?+4 ,8 progress has n be5 cle> ga91 & ! balance may n be easy to /rike4 ,x is !re=e a problem1 h[ to f9d a position 9 :i* man may pr(it by ! advantages ( civilization )\t risk+ ! loss ( m ?an he has ga9$4 ,ari/otle does n /ate x 9 t]ms s brutally frank4 ,b ! problem is !re1 & he does 9 effect attempt a solution4 ,! pres5ce 9 suffici5t numb]s ( slaves legally unfree1 & work]s legally free b virtually "u a def9$ or special k9d#dca ( s]vitude 7 71 is ! only means by :i* a privileg$ class c get all ! good t is to be got out ( human progress4 ,8 model citiz5s are an ari/ocracy ( m]it$ privilege1 s tra9$ to virtue t to be gov]n$ by !m w d\btless enable _! subjects to enjoy z mu* happ9ess z _! inf]ior natures c receive4 ,?is solution necessitates ! ma9t5ance ( slav]y#dcb z exi/+ by nature1 & ! adoption ( economic views t h be5 rightly call$ reaction>y4 ,! /ud5t ( human nature & exp]i5ce unwisely dep>t$ f ! saf] gr\nd ( 8 own pr9ciples & (f]$ a solution t 0 no solution at all4 ,z ! individual man _c live 9 complete isolation1 supply+ 8 own ne$s & hav+ no relations ) o!r m51--= 8 manhood w\ld ?us rema9 pot5tial & nev] become actual--s x w be ) ! /ate also4 ,x mu/ n m]ely all[ ali5s to reside 9 x & s]ve its purposes int]nally3 x w h to /& 9 "s sort ( relations to o!r /ates4 ,?is is suffici5tly ass]t$ by ! provision made = ! cont+5cy ( w>4 ,b 9 consid]+ h[ f> a naval =ce w\ld be requir$#dcc 9 8 model /ate he rem>ks #8,! scale ( ?is =ce mu/ be det]m9$ by ! "p 7 7 play$ by our /ate3 if x is to lead a life ( lead]%ip & h deal+s ) o!r /ates 7 71 x w ne$ to h at h& ?is =ce also on a scale proportion$ to its activities4' ,!n1 jeal\s ev] ( ! ,mean1 he goes on to d5y ! necessity ( a great #8nautical rabble1' 9 fact ! nuisance ( ! ,peiraeus ref]r$ to above4 ,on ! protection ( su* m>itime comm]ce z he w\ld admit he does n directly insi/2 b1 kn[+ ,a!ns s well1 no d\bt he _h x 9 m9d4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! virtu\s ,mean may be f\nd 9 ! rules ( education4 ,! relations ( ! qu>relsome ,greek /ates _h be5 too (t5 ho/ile4 ,! ,sp>tan tra9+ _h be5 too mu* admir$4 ,b x 0 too "o-sid$1 too mu* a glorification ( brute =ce1 & its inadequacy _h be5 expos$ s9ce ,leuctra4 ,its success _h be5 due to ! fact t no o!r /ate _h specializ$ 9 prep>ation = w> z ,sp>ta _h done4 ,once o!rs took up ?is w>-policy 9 e>ne/1 ,sp>ta's vantage 0 gone4 ,?is vantage 0 h] all4 ,beat5 9 w>1 %e _h no res]ve ( non-milit>y qualities to assuage defeat & aid a revival4 ,! citiz5s ( ,utopia mu/ n be ?us brutaliz$4 ,!irs mu/ be ! true man's c\rage 77#dcd1 z f> remov$ f ! reckless f]ocity ( ! robb] or ! savage z f c[>dice4 ,x is surely n too mu* to inf]#dce t milit>y citiz5s ( ?is "* 7 meant to pursue a public policy nei!r abject nor aggressive4 ,x is 9 connexion ) bodily tra9+ t we come ^u views t ?r[ mu* light on ! position ( agricultural lab\r4 ,!re is1 he rem>ks1 a g5]al agreem5t#dcf t gymna/ic ex]cises d promote manly c\rage1 or z he puts x bel[ #8heal? & pr[ess4' ,b at ! pres5t "t !re is1 9 /ates :]e ! tra9+ ( ! "y is made a special object1 a t5d5cy#dcg to ov]do x3 !y br+ up ! boys z regul> a?letes1 produc+ a habit ( body t h9d]s ! %apely developm5t & gr[? ( ! frame4 ,! ,!bans 9 p>ticul> are ?\ght to be meant4 ,8 own sy/em does n ?us run to excess4 ,g5tle ex]cises gradually ext5d$ w develop f9e bodies to mat* f9e s\ls4 ,n[ 8 lab\r+ classes receive no bodily tra9+ ( ! k9d4 ,! frame ( ! artisan is left to become cramp$ & w>p$ by ! monoton\s movem5ts ( 8 trade4 ,s too ! f>m-lab\r] is left to become h>d & /iff-jo9t$4 ,nei!r w h ! supple agility ne$$ = fight+ z an art4 ,we h se5 t ?is l9e _h already be5 tak5 by ,plato 9 ! ,republic2 inde$ x 0 "o t a ,greek c\ld h>dly avoid4 ,yet ! %ock-tactics ( heavy columns 7 already revolutioniz+ ,greek w>f>e z mu* z ! light troops organiz$ by ,iphicrates4 ,7 ,ari/otle's milit>y pr9ciples n q up to date8 ,philip made ! ,mac$onian ru/ic into a fir/-rate soldi]4 ,b ! nor!rn tribesman 0 a free man4 ,! ru/ic ( ! model /ate 0 to be a slave or s]f3 !re=e he c\ld n be a soldi]4 ,to keep him 9 due subjection he mu/ n be all[$ to h arms or tra9$ to use !m skilfully4 ,?is policy is no?+ m or less ?an ! precaution>y device#dch resort$ to 9 ,crete2 ! device t he twits ,plato ) omitt+ 9 ! ,republic1 ?\gh )\t x 8 ,gu>dians w\ld n be able to control ! l&hold+ ,husb&m54 ,& yet ! weakness ( ! ,cretan sy/em is duly not$#dci 9 its place4 ,! tru? is1 ,ari/otle 0 no m exempt f ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 ill-def9$ political t]ms ?an 7 m5 ( f> less intellectual p[]4 ,! democrat wor%ipp$ #8fre$om' 9 ! s5se#ddj ( #8d z y please1' ! m>k ( a freeborn citiz54 ,! philosoph] w\ld n accept s crude a doctr9e1 b he is none ! less det]m9$ to m>k (f ! #8free' f ! unfree1 socially z well z politically4 ,adapt+ an in/itution kn[n 9 ,!ssalian#dda cities1 he w\ld h two op5 #8places' 77 9 8 model /ate2 "o = m>ket+ & ord9>y daily bus9ess1 ! o!r res]v$ = ! free citiz5s4 ,into ! latt] no tradesman 77 or husb&man 771 or o!r p]son ( l /atus 771 is to intrude--unless ! magi/rates summon him to att5d4 ,x is a pity t ,ari/otle has left u no e/imate ( ! relative num]ical /r5g? ( ! v>i\s classes ( population 9 ,utopia4 ,he neglects ?is important detail m completely ev5 ?an ,plato4 ,yet ,i fancy t an attempt to frame su* an e/imate w\ld v soon h expos$ ! vision>y & unpractical nature ( ! :ole fabric con/ruct$ on 8 l9es4 ,x w\ld1 ,i believe1 h be5 ultimately wreck$ on ! doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,re/riction ( comm]ce _h to be reconcil$ ) f9ancial /r5g?1 = he saw t weal? 0 ne$$#ddb = bo? peace & w>4 ,?is c\ld only arise f sav+s1 ! accumulat$ surplus ( indu/ry4 ,! lab\r+ classes w\ld !re=e h to provide n only _! own su/5ance etc & t ( _! rul]s1 b a consid]able surplus z well4 ,?is w\ld probably necessitate s num]\s a lab\r+ population t ! citiz5s w\ld h en\gh to d 9 controll+ !m & keep+ !m to _! "w4 ,to increase ! numb] ( citiz5s w\ld add to ! unproductive#ddc m\?s1 & s on4 ,=eign w> w\ld ?r[ ev]y?+ out ( ge>1 & no hir+ ( m]c5>ies is sugge/$4 ,x is ! c>ry+ to excess ( ! pr9ciple ( specialization t dem&s excess ( #8leisure1' no?+ less ?an ! exemption ( all citiz5s 7all p]sons t c\nt1 9 %ort17 f manual toil4 ,yet x 0 "o :o well knew ! political m]its ( peasant f>m]s t 0 ! au?or ( ?is extravagant s*eme = bas+ ^u a s]vile agriculture ! ent]ta9m5t ( a ho?\se virtue4 ,! g5]al effect produc$ by review+ ! evid5ce ( ,ari/otle on agriculture & ! lab\r-"q is t he 0 a witness ( ! decay ( ! work+-f>m] class1 & ei!r c\ld n or w\ld n propose any plan = reviv+ x4 ,! r>ity ( ! words & cognates is n to be wond]$ at 9 8 works4 ,!y d n occur 9 ! ,politics4 ,! ,rhetoric furni%es two#ddd passages4 ,"o ref]s to ! k9ds ( m5 especially liable to unfair treatm5t 77 because x is n wor? _! :ile to wa/e "t on legal proce$+s1 cit+ z in/ances ali5s & 4 ,ru/ics may be includ$1 b are n expressly m5tion$4 ,! o!r#dde ref]s to qualities t m5 g5]ally l & respect1 z ju/ice4 #8,popul> op9ion f9ds ?is "* 9 ^? :o d n make _! liv+ out ( o!rs2 t is1 :o live ( _! own lab\r1 = in/ance ^? :o live by f>m+ 7 71 &1 9 o!r pursuits1 ^? mo/ ( all :o "w ) _! own h&s4' ,"h we h ! work+ f>m] expressly cit$ z a type wor?y ( respect4 ,b to s+le him out ?us c]ta9ly does n sugge/ t ! type 0 a common "o4 ,! great ,ari/otelian index ( ,bonitz supplies ?ree#ddf m passages1 all f ! little treatise de mundo4 ,!y occur 9 a special context4 ,god1 z ! cause t holds toge!r ! univ]se1 is n to be conceiv$ z a p[] endur+ ! toil ( a self-work+ labori\s animal 7 74 ,nor mu/ we suppose t ,god1 seat$ al(t 9 heav5 & influ5c+ all ?+s m or less directly 9 proportion z !y are ne> or f>1 p]vades & flits ?r\gh ! univ]se reg>dless ( 8 dignity & propriety to c>ry on ! ?+s ( e>? ) 8 own h&s 7 74 ,! ?ird passage is 9 a comp>ison1 illu/rat+ ! div9e p[] by ! ,p]sian sy/em1 9 :i* ! ,great ,k+ sitt+ on 8 ?rone p]vades & directs 8 va/ empire ?r\gh 8 m9i/]+ ag5ts4 ,su* a =tiori is ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,attic ,,orators4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t no cle> *ronological l9e c be drawn to divide ?is fam\s gr\p into two sections1 b t !re is nev]!less a real di/9ction betwe5 ! p]iod ( ho/ility to ,p]sia & t 9 :i* fe> ( ,mac$on 0 ! dom9ant !me4 ,! jeal\sies & disunion ( ! ,greek /ates are ! backgr\nd ( bo?4 ,isocrates#ddg _h appeal$ 9 va9 = ,greek union z a means ( realiz+ ,greek ambitions & satisfy+ ,greek ne$s4 ,demo/h5es1 s f> z he did succe$ 9 comb9+ ,greek =ces to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,philip1 succe$$ too late4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,,bc we see ! ,greek /ates gr\p$ "u two great lead+ p[]s4 ,! conflict ( ^! p[]s leaves "o ( !m ! unque/ion$ head ( ! ,greek _w4 ,! next half c5tury witness$ ! fall ( ,sp>ta1 e>n$ by gross misgov]nm5t1 & ! rise & relapse ( ,!bes4 ,9 ! same p]iod ,a!ns made ano!r bid = m>itime empire1 b ?is second ,alliance _h fail$4 ,isolation ( ,greek /ates 0 n[ ! rule1 & ! hopelessness ( any common policy consummat$ ! weakness ( exhau/ion4 ,at ,a!ns ! old f]v5t patriotism 0 cool+ d[n1 z we le>n f ! gr[+ reluctance to make sacrifices 9 ! c\ntry's cause4 ,demos 0 no long] imp]ial1 & he 0 evid5tly adapt+ himself to a humbl] role4 ,8 political lead]s _h to secure 8 food-supply & provide = 8 fe/ivals1 & ?is out ( a sadly %runk5 income4 ,to provide effici5t fight+ =ces on l& & sea 0 only possible by appropriat+ ! ,fe/ival fund 771 & ! mob ( ,a!ns 0 unwill+ ei!r to fight 9 p]son or to surr5d] its amusem5ts 9 ord] to hire m]c5>ies4 ,too (t5 ! result 0 t m]c5>ies1 hir$ b n paid1 7 left to pillage fri5d & foe alike = _! own support4 ,! tru? is1 individualism 0 sup]s$+ old-fa%ion$ patriotism4 ,! old simple views ( life & duty _h be5 weak5$ by ! que/ion+s ( _m ?9k]s1 & no new moral foot+ _h yet be5 f\nd to compete ) imm$iate p]sonal int]e/4 ,a!ns 0 ! *ief c5tre ( ?is decl9e1 = ! intellectual & moral influ5ces promot+ x 7 /ronge/ !re3 b x 0 surely n conf9$ to ,a!ns4 ,! failure ( ,!bes aft] ! dea? ( ,epam9ondas 0 "o ( _m symptoms ( decay4 ,%e _h ov]?r[n ,sp>ta1 b %e c\ld n h]self lead ,greece3 h] utmo/ a*ievem5t 0 a fatal equilibrium ( weak /ates1 ( :i* ! ,mac$onian 0 soon to take full advantage4 ,& ev]y:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 rural di/ricts1 ! fl[] ( ! male population 0 be+ dra9$ away1 enli/+ 9 m]c5>y armies1 lur$ by ! hope ( ga9 & will+ to escape ! prospect ( h>d & dre>y lives at home4 ,9 %ort1 ea* 0 = 8 own h&4 ,su* an age 0 n "o to enc\rage ! peaceful & pati5t toil ( agriculture4 ,! great cities1 above all ,a!ns1 ne$$ *eap corn4 ,_! own f>m]s c\ld n supply ?is1 & s importation#ddh 0 by law fav\r$1 & z f> z possible in=c$4 ,?us times ( actual de>? seldom occurr$1 & home-gr[n corn 0 seldom a pay+ crop4 ,?r[n back all ! m on cultivation ( ! olive & v9e ! products ( :i* 7 available = export1 ! f>m] ne$$ "t = ! developm5t ( 8 plant$ 77 l&1 & ! wait+ = returns necessitat$ a l>g] capital4 ,he 0 !n expos$ to risk ( great] damage 9 "t ( w>4 ,= 8 capital 0 irretrievably sunk 9 8 v9ey>d or olivey>d1 & its de/ruction w\ld take ye>s to repair--t is1 m wait+ & m capital4 ,?is 0 no novel situation4 ,b its effect 9 r$uc+ ! numb] ( small peasant f>m]s 0 probably n[ great] ?an ev]4 ,n only 7 m]c5>y armies rel5tless de/roy]s & robb]s 7hav+ no fe> ( reprisals & no conv5tional scruples to re/ra9 !m71 b _! example corrupt$ ! practice ( citiz5 =ces4 ,ev5 if no fight+ took place 9 ?is or t neighb\rhood1 ! local f>m]s#ddi mu/ expect to be ru9$ by ! m]e pres5ce ( _! own def5d]s4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d ! risks ( dr\ght 9 "s p>ts or floods 9 o!rs1 ! occasional losses ( live /ock1 & o!r ord9>y mis=tunes1 x is fair to imag9e t ! f>m] ( l& ne$$ to be a man ( sub/ance1 n liable to be ru9$ by a s+le bl[4 ,& ! sidelights ?r[n on ! subject by ! indirect ref]5ces 9 ! orators are q consi/5t ) ?is view4 ,! loss ( ! ,?racian ,*]sonese 9 ! disa/]s ( #dje ,,bc _h n only dispossess$ ! ,a!nian settl]s !re1 b made t region a s\rce ( cont9ual anxiety to ,a!ns4 ,%e 0 no long] 9 secure control ( ! /rait ?r\gh :i* ! corn-%ips pass$ f ! ,pontus4 ,a consid]able revival ( h] naval p[] enabl$ h] 9 #cfe to occupy ! isl& ( ,samos & to rega9 a foot+ 9 ! ,*]sonese4 ,to bo? ( ^! cl]u*s 7 s5t4 ,b ! t5ure ( ! ,*]sonese 0 disput$ by ,?racian pr9ces1 & x 0 necess>y to s5d frequ5t exp$itions ?i!r4 ,! success or failure ( ^! ent]prises is record$ 9 hi/ories ( ,greece4 ,! importance ( ! position ju/ifi$ great ef=ts to reta9 x4 ,greek cities on ! ,propontis & ,bosporus1 n ,?racian *iefs only1 gave tr\ble4 ,if %ort ( supplies1 z 9 #cfb1 !y 7 tempt$ to lay h&s#dej on ! corn-%ips1 & consume :at 0 meant = ,a!ns4 ,b ! result ( mu* confus$ w>f>e 0 t 9 #ceh ! ,*]sonese became once m a "p ( ! ,a!nian empire4 ,ev5 aft] ! dissolution ( t empire 9 ! w> ) ! ,allies #ceh-f1 "p ( ! p59sula /ill rema9$ ,a!nian4 ,b x 0 n[ expos$ to ! m5ace ( ! gr[+ p[] ( ,mac$on "u ,philip4 ,to induce ! ,demos1 :o ne$$ ! corn1 to provide prompt & adequate protection = ! gate ( ,pontic trade1 0 "o ( ! _m difficult tasks ( ,demo/h5es4 ,demo/h5es is by f> ! mo/ important witness to ! circum/ances ( 8 age2 ?\gh mu* all[ance mu/ be made = bias & p>tisan necessities1 ?is does n greatly affect ref]5ces to agricultural matt]s4 ,un=tunately 8 supreme reputation caus$ ! works ( o!r au?ors to be attribut$ to him 9 lat] times4 ,?us ! total numb] ( spee*es pass+ "u 8 "n is a good deal l>g] ?an t ( ! und\bt$ly g5u9e ones4 ,b1 if we set aside a few m]e =g]ies ( lat] rhetoricians1 ! spee*es compos$ by contempor>y au?ors are no less au?orities = /ray details ( rural life ?an ^? ( ,demo/h5es himself4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y to discuss que/ions ( au?or%ip1 on :i* ev5 ! able/ speciali/s are (t5 n agre$4 ,b x is ( int]e/ to be> 9 m9d t we are glean+ little items1 f a /rictly ,a!nian po9t ( view1 be>+ on ! condition ( ! same ,a!ns & ,attica z came "u ! cool obs]vation ( ! outsid] ,ari/otle4 ,! lives ( ,ari/otle & ,demo/h5es1 f #chd-c to #cbb ,,bc1 are exactly contempor>y4 ,&1 z 9 matt]s ( politics ! spee*es ( ! orators (t5 illu/rate ! philosoph]'s criticisms ( democracy1 s x is probable t ! matt]s ( food-supply & rural economy1 ref]r$ to by speak]s = purposes ( ! mom5t1 7 among ! p>ticul>s not$ by ,ari/otle :5 =m+ 8 conclusions on ^? subjects4 ,! "r ( own+ real e/ate 9 ,attica be+ res]v$ = ,a!nian citiz5s1 ali5s 7 deb>r$ f :at 0 sometimes a conv5i5t =m#dea ( inve/m5t4 ,if ! possible return on capital s plac$ 0 l[] ?an 9 m speculative v5tures1 ! risk ( total loss 0 c]ta9ly mu* less1 ( p>tial loss comp>atively small4 ,moreov] x gave ! own] a c]ta9 importance#deb z a citiz5 ( kn[n sub/ance4 ,x enabl$ a ri* man to v>y#dec 8 inve/m5ts1 z ref]5ces to mix$ e/ates %ew4 ,& he _h a *oice ( policies 9 deal+ ) x3 he c\ld reside on 8 own prop]ty & sup]9t5d ! managem5t himself1 or entru/ ! *>ge to a /ew>d1 or let x to a t5ant4 ,&1 if at any "t he want$ ready money = "s purpose1 he c\ld raise x by a mortgage on fav\rable t]ms4 ,if ! l& lay 9 a pleasant spot n too f> f ! city1 he 0 tempt$ to make himself a #8place 9 ! c\ntry' = 8 own occasional retirem5t & ! ent]ta9m5t ( fri5ds4 ,t l&[n+ pres5t$ itself to ,a!nians ( ! ,demo/h5ic p]iod 9 ! aspects j sket*$ is manife/ f ! spee*es belong+ to ! ye>s f #cfi to #cbb ,,bc4 ,( ! small work+ f>m] !re is v little trace4 ,b t "s dem& = f>ms exi/$ seems indicat$ by ! cl]u*s s5t to ! ,*]sonese & ,samos4 ,no d\bt ^! 7 meant to s]ve z resid5t g>risons at important po9ts1 & x is n to be suppos$ t !y 7 dep5d5t solely on _! own lab\r = tillage ( _! lots4 ,ano!r k9d ( l&-hung] speaks = itself4 ,! w>s & wa/+s ( ?is p]iod plac$ l>ge areas ( l& at ! disposal ( conqu]ors4 ,olyn?ian1 ,phocian1 ,boeotian t]ritory 0 at "o "t or ano!r confiscat$ & grant$ out z rew>d = ?is or t s]vice4 ,no reproa*es ( ,demo/h5es are m bitt] ?an ! ref]5ces to ^! cruel & cynical measures ( ,philip's corrupt+ policy4 ,individuals %>$#ded ^! & o!r spoils3 ! e/ates ( ,aes*9es & ,philocrates 9 ,phocis1 & lat] ( ,aes*9es 9 ,boeotia1 are held up z ! %ameful wages ( trea*]y4 ,^! e/ates c only h be5 work$ by slave-lab\r "u /ew>ds1 = politicians 9 ,a!ns c\ld n reside abroad4 ,!y are specim5s ( ! l>ge-scale agriculture to :i* ! circum/ances ( ! age 7 fav\rable4 ,a dispute aris+ out ( a case ( *all5ge to ex*ange prop]ties#dee 771 9 ord] to decide :i* p>ty 0 liable = p]=mance ( burd5some /ate-s]vices1 gives u a glimpse ( a l>ge hold+ 9 ,attica4 ,x belongs to #ccj ,,bc or lat]4 ,! f>m is an 1 t is a hold+ ne>#def ! fronti]4 ,x is /at$ to h be5 m ?an #dj /adia 7ab\t #e miles7 9 circuit4 ,! f>m/ead includ$ gran>ies 77 = /or+ ! b>ley & :eat :i* 7 evid5tly ! *ief crops on ?is p>ticul> f>m4 ,x includ$ also a consid]able v9ey>d produc+ a good quantity ( w9e4 ,among ! by-products 0 bru%wood 71 n timb] 7#deg4 ,! faggots 7 c>ri$ to m>ket 7,a!ns1 ,i presume7 on ! backs ( asses4 ,! ass-driv]s are specially m5tion$4 ,! returns f ! faggot-wood are /at$ at ov] #ab dra*ms a day4 ,! *all5g+ speak] decl>es t ?is e/ate 0 :olly un5cumb]$3 n a mortgage-po/ 77 0 to be se54 ,he contra/s 8 own position1 a man :o has lo/ mo/ ( 8 prop]ty 9 a m9+ v5ture1 ?\gh he has ev5 toil$ ) 8 own#deh h&s1 ) t ( ! l&lord 7,i presume n an 7 enri*$ by ! late rise ( ! prices ( corn & w9e4 ,he may be grossly exagg]at+ ! pr(its ( ?is bord]-f>m3 8 oppon5t w\ld probably be able to cite v diff]5t facts f ye>s :5 ! yield _h be5 poor or prices l[4 ,/ill1 to impress an ,a!nian jury1 ! picture drawn 9 ?is spee* mu/ at lea/ h seem$ a possible "o4 ,! lab\r on ! f>m w\ld be ma9ly t ( slaves3 b to ?is ,i %all return bel[4 ,9 ano!r spee*#dei we he> ( a f>m] 9 ! f> nor?1 on ! ,,se ,crimean coa/4 ,! sea-c>riage ( #hj j>s ( s\r w9e is acc\nt$ = by 8 want+ x = 8 f>m-h&s 774 ,slaves are probably meant1 b we _c be sure ( x 9 t slave-export+ "p ( ! _w4 ,at any rate he 0 cle>ly f>m+ on a l>ge scale4 ,if he 01 z ,i suppose1 a ,greek settl]1 ! case is an int]e/+ "o4 ,= x w\ld seem to confirm ! view ( ,isocrates1 t ,greek expansion 0 a feasible solution ( a felt ne$1 provid$ suitable t]ritory = ! purpose c\ld be acquir$2 & t ( ,x5ophon1 :5 he propos$ to plant necessit\s ,greeks 9 ,asiatic l&s tak5 f ,p]sia4 ,! type ( f>m] kn[n to u f ,ari/ophanes1 :o works a hold+ ( mod]ate size1 a man n weal?y b com=table1 a well-to-d peasant proprietor :o lives among ! slaves ^: lab\r he directs1 is h>dly ref]r$ to directly 9 ! spee*es ( ?is p]iod4 ,demo/h5es#dfj 9 #cee ,,bc makes ! g5]al rem>k #8,y _c d5y t f>m]s :o live ?rifty lives1 & by reason ( re>+ *ildr5 & dome/ic exp5ses & o!r public s]vices h fall5 into arre> ) _! prop]ty-tax1 d ! /ate less wrong ?an ! rogues :o embezzle public funds4' ,b he does n say t !re 7 _m su* wor?y citiz5-f>m]s1 nor does he 7,i ?9k7 imply x4 ,9 a simil> passage#dfa ?ree ye>s lat] he classes !m ) m]*ants1 m9+ speculators1 & o!r m5 9 bus9esses1 z bett] citiz5s ?an ! corrupt politicians4 ,su* ref]5ces are f> too indef9ite1 & too dep5d5t on ! rhetorical ne$s ( ! mom5t1 to tell u mu*4 ,9 "o ( ! e>li] private spee*es#dfb ,demo/h5es deals ) a dispute ( a k9d probably common4 ,x is a neighb\rs' qu>rel ov] a wall1 a wat]c\rse1 & "r ( way4 ,to all appe>ance ! f>ms int]e/$ 9 ! rights & wrongs 7 n l>ge hold+s4 ,!y 7 evid5tly 9 a hilly di/rict4 ,! "o to protect :i* f floods ! (f5d+ wall _h be5 built _h at "o "t belong$ to a #8t[n-br$#dfc man' :o dislik$ ! place1 neglect$ x1 & sold x to ! fa!r ( ,demo/h5es' cli5t4 ,!re is no?+ to %ew t ?is f>m 0 ! :ole ( ! pres5t own]'s e/ate3 s t x is h>dly possible to classify him economically ) any exactitude4 ,we d by *ance le>n t he _h a /aff ( slaves1 & t v9es & fig-trees grew on ! l&4 ,! au?or ( "o ( ! e>li] spee*es#dfd 7betwe5 #cfh & #cfe ,,bc7 furni%es mu* m detail 9 connexion ) e/ates ( :at 0 app>5tly a m ord9>y type4 ,neighb\rs are qu>rell+ z usual1 & we h ( c\rse only ex p>te /atem5ts4 ,! f>ms1 work$ by slave-lab\r1 produce v9es & olives & probably "s corn also4 ,! enclosure & t5d+ ( valuable plants is repres5t$ z kept up to a high /&>d4 ,incid5tally we le>n t ! /aff us$ to contract#dfe = ! ga!r+ ( fruit 77 or ! reap+ & c>ry+ ( o!r crops 7 71 cle>ly on o!r e/ates4 ,! contract 0 always made by a p]son nam$1 :o is !reby prov$ to h be5 ! real own] ( ^! slaves1--a po9t 9 ! case4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 ! speak] _h = "s "t be5 settl$ 77 on ! e/ate4 ,t is1 he _h a h\se !re & w\ld sometimes be 9 resid5ce4 ,! am5ities ( ! place are indicat$ by ! m5tion ( 8 "y rose-g>d51 :i* 0 ravag$ by trespass]s1 z 7 8 olives & v9es4 ,! h\se f :i* !y c>ri$ (f #8all ! furniture1 wor? m ?an #bj m9as1' seems to h be5 9 ,a!ns1 & ! m5tion ( ! lodg+-h\se 77 t he mortgag$ = #af m9as %ews t 8 e/ate 0 a mix$ "o4 ,c\ntry h\ses 7 no exceptional ?+4 ,a m9+ speculator speaks ( an oppon5t#dff z com+ to 8 h\se 9 ! c\ntry & intrud+ into ! ap>tm5ts ( 8 wife & daught]s4 ,a p>ty prote/+ aga9/ be+ /ruck (f ! deme-regi/] says#dfg t 8 enemies made a raid on 8 cottage 9 ! c\ntry 7 74 ,he is probably depreciat+ ! h\se1 9 ord] n to h ! dang]\s appe>ance ( a ri* man4 ,we he> also ( f>ms ne> ,a!ns1 ! suburban position ( :i* no d\bt enhanc$ _! value4 ,9 ! l>ge mix$ e/ate inh]it$ & wa/$ by ,tim>*us1 ,aes*9es#dfh m5tions 7#cdd ,,bc7 a f>m only ab\t a mile & a half f ! city wall4 ,! sp5d?rift's "m entreat$ him to keep ?is prop]ty at lea/3 h] wi% 0 to be buri$ !re4 ,b ev5 ?is he sold1 = #bjjj dra*ms 7less ?an #hj74 ,9 ! spee* aga9/ ,eu]gus & ,mnesibulus ! pla9tiff tells#dfi h[ 8 oppon5ts raid$ 8 f>m & c>ri$ (f #ej s(t-wool$ %eep at graze1 & ) !m ! %eph]d & all ! belong+s ( ! flock1 also a dome/ic slave1 etc4 ,?is 0 n en\gh3 !y pu%$ on into ! f>m & tri$ to capture ! slaves1 :o fl$ & escap$4 ,!n !y turn$ to ! h\se1 broke d[n ! door t leads to ! g>d5 771 bur/ 9 ^u 8 wife & *ildr51 & w5t (f ) all ! furniture t rema9$ 9 ! h\se4 ,! speak] p>ticul>ly po9ts out#dgj t he _h liv$ on ! place f *ildhood1 & t x 0 ne> ! race-c\rse 7 74 ,x mu/ !n h be5 ne> ,a!ns4 ,! details giv5 sugge/ t x 0 a fancy-f>m1 devot$ to ! production ( /ock valu$ = high quality & s comm&+ high prices4 ,! g>d5 seems to be a feature ( an e/abli%m5t m elegant ?an t ( a m]e peasant f>m]4 ,x corresponds to ! rose-b$ 9 a case ref]r$ to above3 ,hyp]ides#dga too m5tions a man :o _h a ne> ! ,academy1 d\btless a pleasant spot4 ,! f>m 9 ! pla9 7 7#dgb belong+ to ,timo!us1 & mortgag$ by him to meet 8 debts1 is only m5tion$ 9 pass+ 7#cfb ,,bc7 ) no details3 we c only suppose x to h be5 an av]age hold+ 9 ! ri* l[l&4 ,a few passages require sep>ate consid]ation 9 connexion ) ! lab\r-"q4 ,9 ! spee* on ! ,cr[n 7#ccj ,,bc7 ,demo/h5es quotes#dgc ,aes*9es z prote/+ aga9/ be+ reproa*$ ) ! fri5d%ip 77 ( ,alex&]4 ,he retorts #8,i am n s crazy z to call y ,philip's or ,alex&]'s 1 unless "o is to speak ( reap]s or o!r wage-e>n]s z ! fri5ds ( ^? :o hire !m 444 b on a =m] occasion ,i call$ y ! hirel+ 77 ( ,philip1 & ,i n[ call y ! hirel+ ( ,alex&]4' ,"h ! reap] 77 is contemptu\sly ref]r$ to z a m]e hirel+4 ,su* 0 ! common attitude t[>ds poor freem5 :o liv$ by wage-e>n+ lab\r1-- 9 %ort4 ,b is x cle> t ! is necess>ily a freeman8 ,! passage cit$ above f an e>li] spee* makes x d\btful4 ,if a gang ( slaves c\ld contract to cut & c>ry a crop 7 71 _! own] act+ = !m1 surely !y 7 /rictly f ! po9t ( view ( ! f>m] :o hir$ !m4 ,!y 7 1 to use ! exact ,greek phrase4 ,9 ! spee* aga9/ ,timo!us an ev5 m notable passage#dgd 7#cfb ,,bc7 occurs4 ,speak+ ( "s copp] said to h be5 tak5 9 pl$ge = a debt1 ! speak] asks #8,:o 7 ! p]sons t br\ght ! copp] to my fa!r's h\se8 ,7 !y hir$ m5 771 or slaves 778' ,"h1 at fir/ sight1 we seem to h ! hirel+ cle>ly m>k$ (f z free4 ,= ! argum5t#dge proce$s #8or :i* ( my slave-h\sehold 7 7 took deliv]y ( ! copp]8 ,if slaves br\ght x1 !n ! def5dant ought to h h&$ !m ov] 7= torture73 if hir$ m51 he %\ld h dem&$ our slave :o receiv$ & weigh$ x4' ,/rictly speak+1 slaves1 9 /atus 1 are #dgf 9 relation to _! own]1 ( ^: !y =m a "p4 ,b if ,a 9 a transaction ) ,b employ$ "s slaves :om he hir$ = ! purpose f ,c 7,c be+ 9 no way p]sonally involv$ 9 ! case71 w\ld n ^!#dgg be 1 9 ! s5se t !y 7 n 8 own 1 b procur$ by = ! job8 ,x is p]haps saf] to assume t 9 ! case be=e u ! hirel+s meant by ! speak] are freem51 b ,i d n ?9k x c be consid]$ c]ta94 ,does n _! exemption f liability to torture prove x8 ,i ?9k n1 unless we are to assume t ! slaves hir$ f a ?ird p]son1 n a p>ty 9 ! case1 c\ld be legally put to "q4 ,t ?is 0 s1 ,i c f9d no evid5ce1 nor is x probable4 ,! regul> practice 0 ?is3 ei!r a p>ty (f]$ 8 slaves = exam9ation "u torture1 or he did n4 ,if he did n1 a *all5ge 77 0 address$ to him by 8 oppon5t1 dem&+ _! surr5d] = ! purpose4 ,b to dem& ! slaves ( any own]1 n a p>ty 9 ! case1 0 a v diff]5t ?+1 & ,i _c discov] ! exi/5ce ( any su* "r4 ,i am n speak+ ( /ate trials1 9 :i* ! claims ( ! public safety might ov]ride private int]e/s1 b ( private cases1 9 :i* ! issue lay betwe5 cle>ly def9$ adv]s>ies4 ,9 default ( direct & unque/ionable au?ority1 ,i _c suppose t an ,a!nian slave[n] c\ld be call$ ^u to surr5d] 8 prop]ty 7ev5 ) comp5sation = any damage !reto7 = ! purposes ( a case 9 :i* he 0 n directly conc]n$4 ,/ray ref]5ces to matt]s ( l&-t5ure1 su* z ! lett+ ( sacr$ l&s#dgh 77 belong+ to a deme1 are too little connect$ ) our subject to ne$ fur!r m5tion "h4 ,& a curi\s /ory#dgi ( "s hill-l&s 77 9 ! di/rict ( ,oropus1 divid$ by lot among ! t5 ,tribes1 app>5tly z tribal prop]ty1 is v obscure4 ,su* allotm5ts w\ld probably be let to t5ants4 ,:at is m int]e/+ 9 connexion ) agriculture is ! ref]5ces to f>m+ z a means ( gett+ a livelihood1 few & slight ?\gh !y are4 ,demo/h5es#dhj 9 #cdi ,,bc tells ! ,assembly t _! "r policy is to attack ,philip on 8 own gr\nd1 n to mobilize & !n await him 9 ,attica3 su* mobilization w\ld be ru9\s to #8^? ( y :o are engag$ 9 f>m+4' ,! spee* aga9/ ,pha5ippus#dha %ews u an e/abli%m5t produc+ corn & w9e & firewood & alleg$ to be do+ v well ow+ to ! prices !n rul+ 9 ! m>ket4 ,we h also indications ( ! pres5ce ( deal]s :o b\ght up crops1 no d\bt to resell at a pr(it4 ,f ! expressions#dhb & x might seem t fruit-crops 9 p>ticul> 7 dispos$ ( 9 ?is way4 ,naturally a crop ( ?is sort _h to be ga!r$ quickly1 & a field gang w\ld be employ$--slaves or freem51 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,= t 9 ^! days pov]ty 0 driv+ _m a free citiz5#dhc to mean & s]vile occupations = a livelihood1 is n only a matt] ( c]ta9 inf]5ce b directly affirm$ by ,demo/h5es 9 #cde ,,bc4 ,aes*9es#dhd 9 #cdd also d5ies t ! practice ( any trade to e>n a b>e liv+ 0 any political disqualification to a humble citiz5 ( good repute4 ,f su* poor freem5 7 no d\bt drawn casual h&s at critical mom5ts ( f>m life1 analogues ( ! ,briti% hop-pick]s#dhe4 ,b1 ) e all[ance = possible occasions ( employ+ free lab\r1 p>ticul>ly 9 special processes :]e s]vile apa?y 0 pla9ly injuri\s1 ! f>m-picture 9 g5]al z depict$ 9 ^! spee*es is "o ( slave-lab\r4 ,& ?is sugge/s to me a "q 9 ref]5ce to ! disposal ( ,greek slaves4 ,= ! va/ majority ( slaves#dhf 9 ,greece1 :e!r urban or ru/ic1 7 c]ta9ly ,b>b>ians ( sev]al types = sev]al purposes4 ,! sale ( ! p ( captur$ cities _h become q an ord9>y ?+4 ,sp>ta _h s9n$ ?us 9 h] day ( p[]1 & ! example 0 foll[$ f "t to "t by o!rs4 ,! cases ( ,olyn?us 9 #cdh ,,bc & ,!bes 9 #cce fall 9 ! pres5t p]iod4 ,aes*9es m5tions#dhg "s captives work+ *a9$ 9 ,philip's v9ey>d2 b ^! c only h be5 few4 ,! mass 7 sold1 & a l>ge sum ( money realiz$ !reby4 ,at ,!bes ! captives sold are said to h numb]$ #cj1jjj4 ,:at m>kets absorb$ ^! unhappy victims8 ,i c only guess t _m f\nd _! way to ,c>?age & ,etruria4 ,,xix4 ,,! ,,mac$onian ,,p]iod #cbb-adf ,,bc4 ,! defici5cy ( contempor>y evid5ce illu/rat+ ! agricultural conditions ( ?is tr\bl$ age 9 ! ,greek _w makes x necess>y to comb9e ! v>i\s scraps ( in=mation 9 a g5]al sket*4 ,hellas _h n[ se5 its be/ days4 ,! break-up ( ! great empire ( ,alex&] did n re/ore to ! little ,greek /ates ! fre$om ( action :i* _h be5 _! pride & :i* _h be5 a ma9 influ5ce 9 keep+ up _! vitality4 ,! outw>d & visible sign ( _! failure 0 ! impossibility ( an indep5d5t =eign policy4 ,! k+doms ( ,alex&]'s ,successors might rise & fall1 b ,greek /ates c\ld d little to affect ! results4 ,a new _w 0 op5$ to ,greek ent]prise 9 ! ,ea/1 & ,greek m]c5>ies & ,greek secret>ies trad]s & (ficials 7 c>ry+ ! ,greek language & civilization into wide l&s rul$ by ,mac$onian k+s4 ,b ^! 7 individuals1 attract$ by ! prospect ( a ga9ful milit>y or civil c>e]4 ,ei!r !y settl$ abroad1 & dra9$ ,greece ( "s ( h] able/ sons2 or !y return$ home enri*$1 & =m$ an elem5t ( ! population contra/+ pa9fully ) ^? :o _h /ay$ beh9d4 ,9 ei!r case x seems c]ta9 t ! movem5t t5d$ to l[] ! /&>d ( effici5cy & patriotism 9 _! native /ates4 ,citiz5 armies became m & m difficult to ma9ta94 ,! influx ( money no long] lock$ up 9 ,ori5tal treasuries only s]v$ to acc5tuate ! old social di/9ction#dhh ( ,ri* & ,poor4 ,m5 :o came back ) =tunes meant to enjoy !mselves1 & !y did3 ! do+s ( ! return$ soldi] ( =tune 7 prov]bial1 & a fruitful !me = comic poets4 ,b ! spectacle ( wanton luxury 0 m likely to lure ent]pris+ individuals into v5tures abroad ?an to enc\rage pati5t indu/ry at home4 ,& !re is little d\bt t su* 0 ! g5]al result4 ,! less vigor\s ( ! poor citiz5s rema9$1 a s]vile mob1 ev] ready by grovell+ complim5ts to e>n ! b\nties ( k+s4 ,political decay & *anges ( social circum/ance 7 accompani$ by new movem5ts 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$ t 9 ?is p]iod philosophy m & m appeals to ! individual man1 reg>dless ( :e!r he be a citiz5 or n4 ,h[ f> ?is movem5t arose out ( *ang$ conditions may be op5 to diff]5ce ( op9ion3 b1 z usual 9 human affairs1 :at began z an effect cont9u$ to op]ate z a cause4 ,! rapid spread ( ! ,greek tongue & ,greek civilization ea/w>ds1 kn[n z ,hell5iz+1 0 a p[]ful influ5ce promot+ cosmopolitan views4 ,ali5 blood c\ld no long] =m an unsurm\ntable b>ri]3 ! ,b>b>ian :o spoke ,greek & foll[$ ,greek ways _h won a claim to recognition1 z _h already be5 =ese5 by ! mild s9c]ity#dhi ( ,isocrates4 ,b ^! half-,greeks1 "s ( !m ev5 ( mix$ blood1 7 n[ v num]\s4 ,!y compet$ ) g5u9e ,hell5es at a "t :5 ! pride ( ! g5u9e ,hell5e 0 ebb+3 ev5 9 intellectual pursuits1 9 :i* ! ,hell5e /ill claim$ preem95ce1 !y 7 s]i\s & ev5tually successful rivals4 ,x is no wond] t e>li] que/ion+s took new life1 & t consci\sness ( common humanity t5d$ to modify old-e/abli%$ s5tim5t1 ev5 on su* subjects z ! relation ( ma/] & slave4 ,x 0 n m]ely t ! philosophic s*ools f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ,cynic ,cyr5aic ,/oic ,epicurean1 p]si/5tly reg>d$ man z a m5tal & moral unit1 :atev] 8 political or social condition might be4 ,! fragm5ts & e*oes ( ! lat] ,com$y suffice to %ew h[ frankly ! slave c\ld be pres5t$ on ! public /age z ! equal1 or m ?an equal1 ( 8 ma/]4 ,! f\ndation ( new cities by ! ,successor-k+s 0 ano!r influ5ce act+ 9 ! same direction4 ,^! 7 ei!r royal capitals or comm]cial c5tres1 or bo?1 l ,alex&ria4 ,o!rs 7 important f _! situation z /rategic po/s1 su* z ,lysima*eia by ! ,hellespont or ,demetrias comm&+ ! ,pagasaean gulf4 ,compet+ p[]s c\ld n af=d to wait = gradual gr[?2 s great ef=ts 7 made to provide populations = ! new cities )\t delay4 ,sometimes multitudes 7 transplant$ :olesale f old] communities4 ,9 any case no /rict inquiry into ! pa/ condition ( transplant$ p]sons c h tak5 place4 ,9 ,sicily we "k t ,syracuse _h become ! "o great c5tre ( :at rema9$ ( ,greek p[] 9 t isl&4 ,b1 :at ) incorporation ( =eign m]c5>ies & enfran*isem5t ( slaves1 :at ) massacres ( ,greek citiz5s1 ! population ( ,syracuse 0 a mongrel mob4 ,su*1 if 9 a less degree1 7 ! populations ( ! new cities ( ! k+s4 ,!re 0 no?+ national ab\t !m4 ,9 "s1 = in/ance ,alex&ria1 a rabble wav]+ betwe5 apa?y & f]ocity 0 a subject ( conc]n to ! gov]nm5t4 ,o!rs 7 m not$ z c5tres ( indu/ry3 su* 7 "s ( ^? 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,b common to !m all 0 ! condition1 a mom5t\s *ange f a ,greek po9t ( view1 ( dep5d5ce4 ,!y 7 n /ates1 ) a policy ( _! own1 b p>ts ( ?is or t k+dom4 ,h[ev] little _! ov]lord might int]f]e ) _! int]nal affairs1 /ill x 0 he1 n !y1 t /ood 9 relation to ! _w outside4 ,!y 7 n indep5d5t3 b z a rule !y 7 prosp]\s4 ,9 ! new _w ( great /ate-units !y fill$ a necess>y place1 & beside !m ! rema9+ /ate-cities ( ! old] ,greek _w 7 = ! mo/ "p decay+4 ,^! = _! own protection _h to con=m _! policy to t ( "s great] p[]4 ,patriotism _h little mat]ial 9 :i* to f9d expression3 apa?y & cosmopolitan s5tim5t 7 ! inevitable result4 ,su* 0 9 p>ticul> ! case at ,a!ns1 :i* rema9$ em95t z a c5tre ( philosophic speculation1 attract+ inquir]s & /ud5ts f all p>ts4 ,b ! #8fi]ce democraty' ( h] imp]ial days 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & %e liv$ ^u h] =m] glories & pres5t subs]vi5ce4 ,if academic di/9ction & cosmopolitanism w5t easily toge!r1 comm]cial activity 0 h>dly likely to fo/] jeal\s /ate-patriotism ( ! old sort4 ,! lead+ c5tre ( comm]ce 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean 0 ,rhodes4 ,! isl& city 0 /ill a /ate4 ,its conv5i5t position z a port ( call on ! ma9 trade r\tes gave x weal?4 ,its usefulness to m]*ants f all p>ts enabl$ x to play (f ! k+s aga9/ "o ano!r1 & to enjoy !reby mu* fre$om ( action4 ,its /eady cons]vative gov]nm5t & its effici5t navy made x a welcome *eck on piracy 9 "t ( peace1 & a valu$ ally 9 w>4 ,x 0 also a consid]able intellectual c5tre4 ,no p[] 0 s closely 9 t\* ) int]national que/ions g5]ally1 or s (t5 employ$ z umpire 9 disputes4 ,till an un=tunate blund] at ! "t ( ! w> ) ,p]seus 7#afh ,,bc7 put an end to _! old fri5d%ip ) ,rome1 & l$ to _! humiliation1 ! wise policy ( ! ,rhodians pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce & e>n$ !m g5]al goodwill4 ,b x 0 surely n 9 a /ate ?riv+ on trade & traffic t ! old n>r[ ,greek patriotism c\ld f9d a refuge4 ,x is n necess>y to ref] to m cases 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ma9 po9t ( int]e/ is t 9 ?is age ( cities & ext5sive m>itime int]c\rse urban life 0 g5]ally develop+ & rural life %r9k+4 ,n[ x _h be51 & /ill 01 ! case t mixture ( population normally took place 9 active cities1 especially 9 seaport t[ns4 ,x 0 9 quiet c\ntry t[ns & hamlets t native purity ( blood 0 mo/ easily pres]v$4 ,if ! g5]al outl9e ( circum/ances has be5 fairly sket*$ 9 ! above p>agraphs1 we %\ld expect to f9d t agriculture on a small scale 0 n prosp]+ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,unhappily !re is h>dly any direct evid5ce on ! po9t4 ,ev5 indirect evid5ce is meagre & sometimes f> f cle>4 ,"o notable symptom ( ! age is se5 9 ! rise ( bucolic poetry4 ,?is is n a ru/ic gr[?1 ! rude utt]ance ( unlett]$ h]dsm51 b an artificial product ( t[n-dwell+ poets1 :o idealize ! op5-air life to amuse t[n-br$ read]s some:at we>y ( ! ev]la/+ /reets4 ,9 ! endeav\r to l5d an air ( reality to sc5es ( rural life1 x 0 conv5i5t to cr$it ! ru/ics 7%eph]ds goa!rds etc7 ) a grossness ( amorosity t may p]haps be exagg]at$ to suit ! ta/e ( urban read]s4 ,( ?is t5d5cy ! idylls ( ,!ocritus furni% _m in/ances4 ,we ne$ n accept !m z accurate pictures ( ! life ( h]ds & h9ds 9 ,sicily or else:]e1 b !y give u "s notion ( ! ideas ( rural life ent]ta9$ by lit]>y m5 ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,beside ! gu>dians ( flocks & h]ds ) _! fai?ful dogs1 _! flutes & pan-pipes1 idl+ 9 ! pleasant %ade & reliev+ ! tiresome h\rs ) musical competition1 we h ! h9ds pl\gh+ m[+ or busy ) v9tage & w9epress4 ,"s are evid5tly freem51 o!rs are slaves2 & we he> ( ov]se]s4 ,!re is milk+ & mak+ ( *eese1 & woodm5#dij are n =gott54 ,! bloom ( fl[]s1 ! murmur ( /reams1 ! song ( birds1 ! :isp] ( ! refre%+ breeze1 =m ! sett+ ( ^! rural sc5es1 & might almo/ p]suade u t we are privileg$ spectators ( a g5u9e gold5 age4 ,b ! say+s & do+s ( ! ru/ics undeceive u4 ,& ! artificiality ( ?is poetry is fur!r betray$ by t ( ! panegyric & pseudo-epic poems ( ! same au?or4 ,8 admiration ( ,hi]o#dia ( ,syracuse may be ma9ly s9c]e1 b 8 praises ( ,ptolemy#dib ,philadelphus are ! utt]ances ( a c\rti]4 ,8 excursions into ! region ( my?ology are brief1 = ! read+ public ( 8 day c\ld n /& long epics on ! adv5tures#dic ( ,h]acles or ! ,dioscuri4 ,& ! lit]>y app>atus is antiqu>ian1 a m or less direct imitation ( ! old ,hom]ic diction1 b unable to reproduce ! v>i$ cad5ces4 ,x is g5]ally rem>k$ t ! g5ius ( ,!ocritus f9ds its happie/ & livelie/ expression 9 ! fifte5? idyll1 :i* depicts urban sc5es4 ,9 ?is respect t idyll may be comp>$ ) ! mimes ( ,h]odas1 :i* illu/rate1 probably ) tru?1 ! %adi] sides ( urban life 9 cities ( ! p]iod1 :i* ,!ocritus ignores4 ,x is 9 a m9iature epic#did ( my?ological sett+ t we f9d ! mo/ direct ref]5ces to tillage ( ! soil comb9$ ) ! keep+ ( live /ock--g5]al agriculture1 9 %ort4 ,we read ( ! pl[man#die 9 *>ge ( ! crops1 ( ! h>d-work+ digg]s#dif 7 71 ( ! h]dsm5#dig1 ( an ov]se]#dih or /ew>d 774 ,! /aff seems to consi/ entirely ( slaves4 ,b x is n easy to say h[ f> ! picture is meant z a reproduction ( ! primitive lab\r-conditions ( ! traditional ,h]oic age1 h[ f> ! details may be col\r$ by ! conditions ( ,!ocritus' own day4 ,9 ! ,idylls we f9d a %eph]d1 free presumably1 9 *>ge ( a flock ! prop]ty#dii ( 8 fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 "o passage#ejj seems n to be a wage-e>n]1 b a black slave4 ,! ( ! t5? idyll#eja is probably a free man1 b he is enam\r$ ( a slave girl4 ,no conclusion c be drawn f a ref]5ce#ejb to co>se b fill+ food meant = lab\r]s4 ,r\ghness & a c]ta9 squalor are conv5tional ru/ic attributes3 a t[n-br$ girl repulses ! advances ( a h]dsman#ejc ) ! rem>k #8,i'm n us$ to kiss ru/ics1 b to press t[n-br$ lips1' & adds fur!r detail4 ,nor is ! m5tion ( ,!ssalian#ejd s]fs 77 9 ! panegyric ( ,hi]o any?+ m ?an a "p ( ! poet's app>atus4 ,& ! ref]5ce#eje to ! visit ( ,augeas to 8 e/ate1 foll[$ by a comm5t on ! value ( ! ma/]'s p]sonal att5tion to 8 own int]e/s1 is a t\* ( truism common to all peoples 9 e age4 ,to ,!ocritus1 ! "o poet ( le>n$ ,alex&ria :o _h high poetic g5ius1 ! life & lab\r ( f>m]s 0 evid5tly a matt] ( little or no conc]n4 ,he c\ld h>dly idealize ! ,egyptian fellah4 ,& ! "o passage#ejf 9 :i* he directly illu/rates ! position ( ! ,greek contempor>y f>m] is significant4 ,discont5t$ ow+ to a disappo9tm5t 9 love1 ! man is enc\rag$ by 8 fri5d to ent] ! s]vice ( ! g5]\s ,ptolemy z a m]c5>y soldi]4 ,"o or two small ref]5ces may be glean$ f ! ,*>act]s ( ,ari/otle's successor ,!ophra/us4 ,t ! bulk ( ^! typical portraits are drawn f t[n-folk is only to be expect$1 b ?is po9t is n to be press$ ov]mu*1 = philosoph]s did n frequ5t c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! g5]al ref]5ces to treatm5t ( slaves1 ! slave-m>ket1 & s =?1 are m]ely int]e/+ z illu/rative ( ! g5]al preval5ce ( slav]y1 *iefly ( c\rse 9 ,a!ns4 ,b we d get to ! f>m 9 ! case#ejg ( ! ru/ic boor 774 ,8 lack ( dignity & prop] res]ve is %ewn 9 talk+ to 8 slaves on matt]s ( importance3 he makes confidants ( !m1 & s f> =gets himself z to l5d a h& 9 gr9d+ ! corn4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ,greek mann]s all[$ a c]ta9 famili>ity#ejh 9 ! relations ( ma/] & slave4 ,b ?is p]son ov]does x3 9 ,p]ipatetic language1 he transgresses ! doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,he employs also hir$ m5 771 & to !m he rec\nts all ! political gossip 7 71 evid5tly a sign ( 8 awkw>dness & inability to hold 8 tongue4 ,i take ^! wage-e>n]s to be poor freem54 ,!y might be slaves hir$ f ano!r own]3 ?is practice appe>s else:]e 9 connexion ) t[n slaves4 ,b ! g5]al impov]i%m5t ( ! old ,greece1 save 9 a few di/ricts1 is beyond d\bt3 & ! dem& = slaves 9 new cities w\ld raise ! price ( slaves & t5d to drive ! free poor to manual lab\r4 ,! exact dates ( ! bir? & dea? ( ,polybius are unc]ta91 b z an obs]v] ( ev5ts 8 range ext5d$ f ab\t #aij or #ahi to #abb or #aba ,,bc4 ,?\gh 8 ref]5ces to agriculture are few & sep>ately ( small importance1 !y h a cumulative value on c]ta9 po9ts4 ,he wrote z hi/orian ( ! =tunes ( ! civiliz$ _w ( 8 day1 treat$ z a :ole1 9 :i* a s]ies ( int]connect$ /ruggles l$ up to ! supremacy ( ,rome4 ,8 ,greece is ! ,greece ( ! ,leagues4 ,no lead+ /ate ( ! old models _h be5 able to unite ! old ,hellas effectively "u its head%ip1 b ! ,mac$onian conque/ _h pla9ly prov$ t 9 isolation#eji ! little sep>ate /ates _h no future op5 to !m b slav]y4 ,! do+s ( ,alex&]'s ,successors fur!r in=c$ ! lesson4 ,x 0 cle> t ! only hope ( fre$om lay 9 union s f> z possible1 = ?us only c\ld ,greek p[]s be creat$ able to act ) any sort ( indep5d5ce & self-respect 9 _! relations ) ! new great p[]s outside4 ,accord+ly !re took place a revival ( old local unions 9 di/ricts :]e a community ( int]e/ betwe5 tribes or cities _h 9 "s =m or o!r long be5 recogniz$4 ,su* 7 ! tribal ,league ( ,aetolia & ! city ,league ( ,a*aia4 ,b ^! two 7 b notable in/ances ( a f$]ative movem5t mu* wid]4 ,! attempt to unite ! scatt]$ t[ns ( ,arcadia1 ) a f$]al c5tre at ,megalopolis1 seems to h be5 less successful4 ,b ! g5]al aim ( ! movem5t t[>ds f$]alism 9 ,greece is cle>4 ,t x did n 9 ! end save ,greek fre$om 0 due to two defects3 x 0 too p>tial & too late4 ,= no g5]al union 0 a*iev$4 ,greek jeal\sy rema9$1 & ,leagues f\ght ) ,leagues 9 int]nal /rife3 !n !y 7 drawn into qu>rels n _! own1 z allies ( great =eign p[]s4 ,x 0 no long] possible to rema9 neutral ) safety4 ,no ,league 0 /rong en\gh to face ! risk ( compromis+ itself ) a victori\s great p[]4 ,a*aean /atesm5 did _! be/1 b !y too c\ld n save _! c\ntry f ru91 once ! ,league became entangl$ 9 ! diplomacy ( ,rome4 ,nor 0 x ! old ,hellas alone t ?us drift$ to its doom4 ,betwe5 ,rome & ,c>?age ! we/]n ,greeks lo/ :atev] p[] & fre$om _! own disunion & qu>rels _h left !m4 ,! ,rhodian republic & its m>itime ,league ( isl&]s _h to become ! subject allies ( ,rome4 ,"o po9t /&s out cle>ly en\gh4 ,9 ! ,greece ( ! ?ird c5tury ,,bc ! "q ( food-supply 0 z press+ z x _h ev] be5 9 ! pa/4 ,! op]ations ( ,k+ ,philip 7 (t5 condition$ by ! ease or difficulty ( gett+ supplies#eaj ( corn = 8 troops3 t is1 he _h to "w on an insuffici5t m>g9 ( su* res\rces4 ,9 #bai1 aft] driv+ ! ,d>dani out ( ,mac$onia1 he _h to dismiss 8 m5#eaa t !y might get 9 _! h>ve/4 ,9 #bah1 ! success ( 8 ,peloponnesian campaign 0 l>gely dep5d5t#eab on ! supplies & booty captur$ 9 ,elis1 9 ,cephall5ia1 9 ,laconia2 & on ! subsidies ( corn & money vot$ by 8 ,a*aean allies4 ,! de/ruction ( crops#eac 0 z ( old a pr9cipal means ( w>f>e4 ,& :5 he _h to meet ! ,roman invasion 9 #aig1 ! race to secure :at corn#ead 0 to be _h 0 aga9 a lead+ feature ( ! w>4 ,x is true t ! fe$+ ( armies 0 a difficulty else:]e#eae1 z 9 ,asia1 & 9 all ages & c\ntries3 also t difficulties ( transport 7 a consid]able "p ( x4 ,b ! w>-indemnities#eaf fix$ by treaties1 includ+ great quantities ( corn1 %ew ! extreme importance atta*$ to ?is item4 ,& ! gifts ( corn#eag to ! ,rhodian republic aft] ! great e>?quake 7ab\t #bbe ,,bc71 & ! leave grant$ !m#eah 9 #afi by ! ,roman ,s5ate to import a l>ge quantity f ,sicily1 tell ! same /ory4 ,ano!r article 9 great dem&1 only to be got :olesale f c]ta9 c\ntries1 su* z ,mac$onia1 0 timb]4 ,x 0 want$ = dome/ic purposes & = con/ruction ( milit>y eng9es1 :i* 7 greatly develop$ 9 ! w>s ( ! ,successors2 b above all = %ipbuild+1 comm]cial & naval4 ,rhodes 9 p>ticul>#eai ne$$ a great supply2 & ! gifts ( h] fri5ds 9 #bbd ,,bc 7 l>gely 9 ! =m ( timb]4 ,!re 0 no d\bt a great dem& = x at ,alex&ria1 ,syracuse1 ,cor9?1 & g5]ally 9 seaport t[ns4 ,x is evid5t t 9 /rictly ,greek l&s ! wood gr[n 0 *iefly ( small size1 suitable = fuel4 ,!re is no sign ( an advance on ! conditions ( an e>li] "t 9 ! way ( af=e/ation3 nor inde$ 0 su* a policy likely4 ,b food _h to be f\nd someh[4 ,agriculture !re=e _h to g on4 ,outside ! comm]cial c5tres1 :]e food-/uffs c\ld be import$ by sea1 !re 0 no alt]native3 ! population _h to dep5d on ! products ( local tillage & pa/urage4 ,a few cities celebrat$ z art-c5tres might contrive to live by ! sale ( _! works1 b ?is h>dly affects ! g5]al situation4 ,we %\ld !re=e v mu* l to "k h[ ?+s /ood on ! l&4 ,0 ! t5d5cy t[>ds l>ge l&$ e/ates1 or 0 ! small-f>m sy/em reviv+8 ,0 f>m-lab\r *iefly t ( freem51 or t ( slaves8 ,if ( freem51 0 x *iefly t ( small own]s1 or t ( wage-e>n]s8 ,9 default ( any au?oritative /atem5t1 we h to draw :at inf]5ces we c f slight casual indications4 ,t ! c>e] ( ,alex&] 0 directly & indirectly ! cause ( great di/urbances 9 ,greek life1 is c]ta94 ,( ! ways 9 :i* x op]at$1 two are ( special importance4 ,! compulsory re/oration ( exiles#ebj ^: prop]ties _h be5 confiscat$ l$ to claims = re/itution2 & 9 ! matt] ( real e/ate ! p>ticul> l& 9 "q 0 easily id5tifi$ & made ! subject ( a bitt] conte/4 ,n[ unc]ta9ty ( t5ure is notori\sly a *eck on improvem5t1 & ! effect ( ! re/orations 0 to make t5ures unc]ta94 ,at ! same "t ! prospects ( pr(essional soldi]+ 9 ! ,ea/ 7 a /rong temptation to able-bodi$ husb&m5 :o 7 n v prosp]\s4 ,f ! rural p>ts ( ,greece a sw>m ( m]c5>ies w5t =? to jo9 ! ho/ ( ,alex&]1 & ! movem5t cont9u$ long4 ,9 ! /ead ( "o ,alex&]1 !re arose ! rival ,successor-k+s1 :o compet$ 9 ! milit>y m>ket = ! intellig5t ,greeks4 ,x 0 wor? _! :ile1 & !y paid well = a good article4 ,s all ?r\gh ! ?ird c5tury !re 0 a dra9+ away ( "s ( ! be/ blood ( ,greece4 ,"s ( ^! m5 _h no d\bt p>t$ ) f>ms be=e sett+ out on ! great v5ture4 ,( ^? :o surviv$ ! w>s1 "s settl$ d[n abroad z fav\r$ citiz5s 9 "s ( ! new cities f\nd$ by ! k+s4 ,! few :o return$ to ,greece ) money sav$ did n come home to lab\r on a small f>m3 !y settl$ 9 "s city :]e !y c\ld see life & enjoy ! m9i/rations ( male & female slaves4 ,n[ x is n likely t all l&s dispos$ ( by ^! m5 7 tak5 up by husb&m5 expos$ to ! same temptations4 ,probably ! great] "p 7 b\ght up by ! weal?i] resid5ts at home1 & s w5t to increase l>ge hold+s4 ,h[ f> d /ray notices be> out ?is conclusion8 ,at ,a!ns 9 #cbb ,,bc a con/itution 0 impos$ by ,antipat]1 delib]ately fram$ = ! purpose ( plac+ p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! ri*] classes4 ,he left #ijjj citiz5s 9 possession ( ! full fran*ise1 exclud+ #abjjj poor4 ,= ! latt] he (f]$ to provide allotm5ts ( l& 9 ,?race4 ,acc\nts#eba v>y1 b x seems t "s accept$ ! (f] & emigrat$4 ,x 0 n a compulsory deportation1 b x 0 exile4 ,economically x may h be5 a relief to ,a!ns by r$uc+ ! numb] ( citiz5s :o %>$ civic p]quisites4 ,b x _h no t5d5cy to br+ m citiz5s back on to ,attic l&3 su* a move w\ld h impli$ displacem5t ( pres5t l&hold]s1 :om x 0 ,antipat]'s policy to conciliate4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird c5tury we get a glimpse ( ! agr>ian situation at ,sp>ta4 ,x is cle> t ! movem5t1 already not$ by ,ari/otle1 t[>ds l&-monopoly#ebb 9 ! h&s ( a few ri*1 _h be5 /eadily go+ on4 ,x end$ by provok+ a communi/ic reaction "u ! re=m+ k+s ,agis ,,iv & ,cleom5es ,,iii4 ,blood 0 %$1 & ,sp>ta became a disord]ly /ate1 ! cause ( _m tr\bles 9 ,greece d[n to ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/4 ,! gr[+ ,a*aean ,league1 9 ! side ( :i* revolution>y ,sp>ta 0 a ?orn1 0 ess5tially a cons]vative f$]ation4 ,h[ev] democratic its individual memb]s might be1 ! con/itution ( ! ,league work$#ebc v effectively 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ri*4 ,on ! occasion ( ! capture ( ,megalopolis by ,cleom5es ,polybius is at pa9s to w>n 8 read]s#ebd aga9/ believ+ /ories ( ! imm5se booty tak5 !re4 ,?\gh ! ,peloponnese _h enjoy$ a p]iod ( prosp]ity1 /ill ^! /ories are gross exagg]ations4 ,megalopolis1 an important memb] ( ! ,league1 _h be5 f ! fir/ laid out on too ambiti\s#ebe a scale4 ,t ! #8,great ,city' 0 a great des]t1 _h f\nd prov]bial expression 9 a v]se4 ,a little lat]1 :5 ,philip 0 campaign+ 9 ,peloponnesus1 we he> ( ! great prosp]ity#ebf ( ,elis1 especially 9 agriculture4 ,! ,eleans _h enjoy$ a great advantage 9 ! protection af=d$ !m by religion z gu>dians ( ,olympia4 ,we may add t !y 7 alli$ ) ! ,aetolian ,league1 ^: ho/ility o!r ,greek /ates 7 n =w>d to provoke4 ,a class ( weal?y resid5t l&lords exi/$ 9 ,elis1 & mu* ( ! c\ntry 0 good f>m+ l& "u tillage4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! ,a*aean & ,arcadian#ebg di/ricts pa/oral indu/ry1 & !re=e sp>se population1 0 ! rule1 ow+ to ! m\nta9\s nature ( ^? p>ts4 ,9 c5tral ,greece we ne$ only ref] to ! re/or$ ,!bes1 c5tre once m ( a ,boeotian conf$]acy4 ,! f]tile l[l& ( ,boeotia suppli$ pl5ty ( victual2 & among ,greek delicacies ! eels ( ! lake ,copais 7 fam\s4 ,boeotians 7 kn[n z a well-n\ri%$ folk4 ,9 ! fragm5ts ( ! comic poet ,eubulus#ebh 7assign$ to ! f\r? c5tury ,,bc7 we h !m depict$ z glutton\s1 ) "s grossness ( detail4 ,su* be+ _! tradition1 ,i c see no?+ /range 9 ! picture#ebi giv5 ( ! ,boeotians 9 8 own day by ,polybius4 ,! ceaseless guzzl+1 ! idl5ess & political corruption ( ! p1 may be ov]drawn4 ,i admit t su* qualities 7 n fav\rable to la/+ prosp]ity2 b _! prosp]ity 0 n la/+4 ,9 ! view ( ,polybius ! subjection ( ,greece by ! ,romans 0 r an effect ?an a cause ( ,greek deg5]acy1 & ,i d>e n contradict him4 ,moreov] a piece ( confirmatory evid5ce relative to ! ?ird c5tury ,,bc occurs 9 a fragm5t ( ,h]aclides ,ponticus4 ,9 a travell]'s description#ecj ( ,greece ,boeotia is ?us ref]r$ to4 ,r\nd ,tanagra ! l& is n v ri* 9 corn-crops1 b /&s at ! head ( ,boeotian w9e-production4 ,! p are well-to-d1 b live simply3 !y are all f>m]s 771 n lab\r]s 774 ,at ,an!don on ! coa/ ! p are all fi%]m5 f]rym5 etc3 !y d n cultivate ! l&1 inde$ !y h none4 ,( ,!bes he rem>ks t ! t]ritory is good = horse-bre$+1 a gre5 well-wat]$ roll+ c\ntry1 ) m g>d5s ?an any o!r ,greek city owns4 ,b1 he adds1 ! p are viol5t undiscipl9$ & qu>relsome4 ,i ?9k we may see "h an e>li] /age 9 ! deg5]acy t disgu/$ ,polybius4 ,9 all ?is !re is no?+ to sugge/ t small f>m+ 0 common & prosp]\s dur+ ! ,mac$onian p]iod 9 ,greece4 ,! natural1 inf]5ce is r t agriculture 9 c]ta9 fav\r$ di/ricts 0 c>ri$ on by a limit$ numb] ( l>ge l&[n]s on a l>ge scale1 pa/oral indu/ry v>y+ locally accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! developm5t ( urban life & luxury1 & ! agr>ian tr\bles 9 ! ,peloponnese1 are bo? *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( ! age4 ,9 t[n & c\ntry alike ! vital fact ( civilization 0 ! conflict ( int]e/s betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,mac$onia pres5ts a contra/4 ,!re no great cities drew ! p away f ! c\ntry4 ,a h>dy & num]\s population suppli$ ! mat]ial = national armies :5ev] ne$$1 & loyalty to ! reign+ k+ gave unity to national action4 ,h5ce ! long dom9ation ( ,mac$on 9 ,greece2 ! only s]i\s opposition be+ t ( ! ,aetolian ,league4 ,( all ! ,successor-k+doms1 ,mac$on alone 0 able to make any /& aga9/ ! advance ( ,rome4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! few indications--,i c h>dly call !m ref]5ces--f :i* we c get a little light on ! lab\r-"q4 ,! passages cit$ f ,!ophra/us & ,!ocritus po9t to ! preval5ce ( slave-lab\r4 ,& ! same may be said ( ,polybius4 ,9 speak+#eca ( ! blund] 9 exagg]at+ ! value ( ! booty tak5 at ,megalopolis1 he says #8,:y1 ev5 9 ^! m peaceful & prosp]\s days y c\ld n raise s great a sum ( money 9 all ! ,peloponnese out ( ! m]e movables 77 unless y took slaves into acc\nt 7 74' ,8 ^w = live-/ock n human is 4 ,evid5tly to him slave-prop]ty is a l>ge item 9 ! value ( e/ates4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! importance ( ,byzantium#ecb on ! ,pontic trade-r\te1 he insi/s on ! pl5tiful & useful supply ( be/ial & human /ock to ,greece by ?is traffic4 ,! high f>m+ ( rural ,elis#ecc is %ewn 9 its be+ full ( & f>m-/ock 774 ,h5ce ^! #8bodies' =m$ a consid]able "p ( ! booty tak5 !re by ,philip4 ,& 9 ! claims#ecd made at ,rome 9 #ahc ,,bc aga9/ ,philip a "p relat$ to slave-prop]ty4 ,ref]5ces to ! sale ( prison]s ( w>1 to piracy & kidnapp+1 are frequ5t3 b !y only conc]n u z indicat+ "t-hon\r$ means ( supply+ ! slave-m>ket4 ,z = r[+ %ips1 s = heavy f>m-"w1 able-bodi$ m5 7 want$4 ,at a p9* su* slaves c\ld be1 & 71 employ$ 9 w>#ece1 ) grant or promise ( manumission3 b ?is 0 a /ep only tak5 9 ! la/ resort4 ,a curi\s rem>k#ecf ( ,polybius :5 speak+ ( ,arcadia mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,9 #bbj ,,bc an ,aetolian =ce invad$ ,a*aia & p5etrat$ into nor!rn ,arcadia1 :]e !y took ! bord] t[n ( ,cynae?a1 & aft] :olesale massacre & pillage burnt x on _! retreat4 ,! city _h = ye>s suff]$ t]ribly f int]nal /rife1 9 :i* ! do+s ( re/or$ exiles _h play$ a great "p4 ,polybius says t ! ,cynae?ans 7 ?\ght to h des]v$ ! disa/] t _h n[ fall5 ^u !m4 ,:y8 ,because ( _! savag]y 774 ,!y 7 ,arcadians4 ,! ,arcadians z a race-unit 77 enjoy a reputation = virtue ?r\gh\t ,greece1 z a k9dly hospitable & religi\s folk4 ,b ! ,cynae?ans outdid all ,greeks 9 cruelty & lawlessness4 ,?is is to be trac$ to _! neglect ( ! "t-hon\r$ ,arcadian tradition1 ! g5]al practice ( vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,?is practice 0 delib]ately adopt$ z a ref9+ ag5cy1 to relieve & temp] ! r\ghness & h>%ness incid5tal to m5 liv+ toilsome lives 9 an inclem5t climate4 ,su* 0 ! design ( ! old ,arcadians1 on consid]ation ( ! circum/ances1 "o po9t 9 :i* 0 t _! p g5]ally work$ 9 p]son 7 74 ,on ?is ,i ne$ only rem>k t he is ref]r+ to ! pa/1 b may or may n include ! ,arcadians ( 8 own day3 & repeat :at ,i h said be=e1 t to be does n exclude employm5t ( slaves z well4 ,t !re 0 /ill m p]sonal lab\r 9 rural ,arcadia ?an 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,greece1 is probable4 ,b t is all4 ,t ! slav]y-"q 0 a matt] ( "s int]e/ 9 ,greece may be inf]r$ f ! pa9s tak5 by ,polybius#ecg to refute an ass]tion ( ,timaeus1 t to acquire slaves 0 n a ,greek cu/om4 ,! context is lo/1 & we _c tell :e!r x 0 a g5]al ass]tion or n4 ,if g5]al1 x 0 no d\bt nons5se4 ,a m effective piece ( evid5ce is ! report#ech ( ,mega/h5es1 :o visit$ ,india e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,he told 8 ,greek read]s t 9 ,india slav]y 0 unkn[n4 ,! contra/ to ,greece 0 ( c\rse ! int]e/+ po9t4 ,x is also affirm$#eci t 9 ?is p]iod manumissions became m common1 z a result ( ! economic decl9e ( ,greece comb9$ ) ! moral evolution to be trac$ 9 ! philosophic s*ools4 ,cald]9i1 f :om ,i take ?is1 is ! lead+ au?ority on ,greek manumission4 ,&1 s f> z ! records are conc]n$1 ! numb] ( inscrib$ #8acts' recov]$ f ! important c5tre ( ,delphi#edj confirms ! ass]tion4 ,f #bja to #adj ,,bc ^! docum5ts are exceptionally num]\s4 ,b ! n unfrequ5t /ipulation f\nd 9 !m1 t ! fre$ man or woman %all rema9 9 att5dance#eda on 8 or h] late own] = ! own]'s life or = "s fix$ p]iod1 or %all cont9ue to practise a trade 7or ev5 le>n a trade7 on ! pr(its ( :i* ! late own] or 8 heirs %all h a claim1 sugge/ /rongly t ^! manumissions 7 ! rew>ds ( dome/ic s]vice or te*nical skill4 ,i d n believe t !y h any connexion ) ru/ic#edb slav]y4 ,cald]9i also holds t z ,greek indu/ries & comm]ce decl9$ free lab\r compet$ m & m ) slave-lab\r4 ,s f> z urban trades are conc]n$1 ?is is probably true3 & likewise a c]ta9 decl9e 9 dome/ic slav]y due to ! /rait5$ circum/ances ( families & exp]i5ce ( ! wa/e & nuisance ( l>ge slave-h\seholds4 ,?is la/ po9t1 already notic$#edc e4g4 by ,ari/otle1 is to be f\nd express$ 9 utt]ances ( ! comic poets4 ,ru/ic slav]y appe>s 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,m5&]'s 1 b ! old f>m]'s slaves are ,b>b>ians1 :o w d no?+ to help him :5 accid5tally hurt1 & :o are h>dly likely to receive fav\rs4 ,! ord9>y view ( agriculture 9 ,m5&]'s "t seems mo/ truly express$ 9 8 say+#edd t x is a slave's bus9ess4 ,m5tion ( ! comic poets may rem9d u t mo/ ( ! surviv+ matt] ( ! lat] ,com$y has rea*$ u 9 ! ,lat9 v]sions & adaptations ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,x is necess>y to speak ( _! evid5ce sep>ately1 9 p>ticul> :]e slav]y is 9 "q1 = ! relative passages are liable to be t\*$ ) ,roman col\r+4 ,9 ! case ( manumission ?is is especially cle>1 b to pursue ! topic 9 detail is beyond my pres5t purpose4 ,! passages ( ,plautus be>+ on ru/ic life are n _m1 b ! picture s f> z x goes is cle> & consi/5t4 ,9 g5]al ! ma/] is repres5t$ z a man ( means ) a h\se 9 t[n & a c\ntry e/ate outside4 ,! latt] is work$ by slaves "u a slave-bailiff or /ew>d 7vilicus74 ,! t[n-h\se is /aff$ by slaves1 b ! headman is less absolute ?an ! /ew>d on ! f>m3 dep>tm5tal *iefs1 su* z ! cook1 are important p>ts ( ! h\sehold4 ,?is is natural en\gh1 = ! ma/] g5]ally resides !re himself1 & only pays occasional#ede visits to ! f>m4 ,! two sets ( slaves are kept ap>t4 ,if ! /ew>d#edf or "s o!r tru/$ f>m-slave has to come to t[n1 he is practically a /rang]1 & a qu>rel is apt to arise ) lead+ dome/ics3 = 8 ru/ic appe>ance & mann]s are despis$ by ! pamp]$ m5ials4 ,b he is aw>e t 8 turn may come3 "s day ! ma/] 9 wra? may consign ! (f5d+ t[n-slave to f>m-lab\r1 & !n--4 ,ap>t f slav]y1 ru/ic life is reg>d$#edg z fav\rable to good morals3 hone/ lab\r1 frugal habits1 fre$om f urban temptations1 comm5d x to fa!rs :o desire to pres]ve _! sons f corrupt+ debau*]y4 ,9 %ort1 ! urban morali/ idealizes ! f>m4 ,:e!r he w\ld by *oice reside !re1 is q ano!r ?+4 ,cle>ly ! av]age "y citiz5 w\ld n4 ,t ! f>m is occasionally us$#edh z a retreat1 is no m ?an a po9t ( dramatic conv5i5ce4 ,9 "o passage#edi we h a picture ( a small f>m1 ) slave-lab\r employ$ on x4 ,freem5 z agricultural lab\r]s h>dly appe> at all4 ,b a significant dialogue#eej betwe5 an old freeman & a "y "o runs ?us3 #8,c\ntry life is a life ( toil4' #8,aye1 b city indig5ce is f> m s4' ,! y\?1 :o has (f]$ to d f>m-"w1 is repres5tative ( t class ( urban poor1 ^: lot 0 d\btless a v mis]able "o4 ,v seldom d we he> any?+ ( !m1 = our records 9 g5]al only take acc\nt ( ! ma/] & ! slave4 ,9 ! play j ref]r$ to#eea !re occur c]ta9 t]ms m or less te*nical4 ,! neutral op]>ius seems equival5t to 1 & m]c5n>ius to 1 di/9ct f#eeb s]vus4 ,b ^! t]ms are n specially connect$ ) agriculture4 ,! ref]5ces 9 ,t]5ce give u ! same picture4 ,an old man ( #fj or m is blam$#eec by a fri5d4 #8,y h a fir/-rate f>m & a numb] ( slaves3 :y w y p]si/ 9 work+ y\rself to make up = _! laz9ess8 ,y\r lab\r w\ld be bett] sp5t 9 keep+ !m to _! tasks4' ,! old man expla9s#eed t he is puni%+ himself = 8 treatm5t ( 8 only son4 ,9 ord] to deta* ! y\? f an undesirable am\r1 he _h us$ ! /ock reproa*es ( fa!rs to err+ sons4 ,he _h said #8,at y\r "t ( life ,i wasn't hang+ ab\t a mi/ress3 ,i w5t soldi]+ 9 ,asia = a liv+1 & !re ,i won bo? money & glory4' ,at l5g? ! "y man c\ld /& x no long]3 he w5t (f to ,asia & ent]$ ! s]vice ( "o ( ! k+s4 ,! old man _c =give himself1 & is n[ busy torm5t+ himself = 8 conduct4 ,he has sold (f#eee all 8 slaves1 male or female1 save ^? ^: lab\r on ! f>m pays = its co/1 & is we>+ himself out z a m]e f>m h&4 ,ano!r#eef old f>m]1 a man ( small means :o makes 8 liv+ by f>m+1 is evid5tly n ! own] b a t5ant4 ,ano!r#eeg has gone to reside on 8 f>m1 to make x pay2 o!rwise ! exp5ses at home _c be met4 ,9 g5]al c\ntry life is held up z a model#eeh ( frugality & indu/ry4 ,9 "o passage#eei we he> ( a hir$ wage-e>n] employ$ on a f>m 7a villa m]c5n>ium7 :om ,i take to be a free man1 probably employ$ = "s special s]vice4 ,su* are ! glean+s to be got f ^! ,roman e*oes ( ! lat] ,attic com$y4 ,i see no reason to believe t !y are modifi$ by intrusion ( details drawn f ,italy4 ,! p]iod 9 :i* ,plautus & ,t]5ce wrote 7ab\t #bcj-afj ,,bc7 includ$ _m *anges 9 ,roman life1 p>ticul>ly 9 agriculture4 ,9 l>ge p>ts ( ,italy ! peasant f>m]s 7 be+ sup]s$$ by great l&lords ^: e/ates 7 work$ by slave-lab\r1 & ! conditions ( f>m life z %ewn by ! ,attic playwrights 7 n s /range to a ,roman audi5ce z to ne$ reca/+4 ,& we c only rem>k t ! evid5ce drawn f ! passages above ref]r$ to is 9 full agreem5t ) t tak5 f o!r s\rces4 ,a v int]e/+ sidelight on conditions 9 ,greece1 agriculture includ$1 t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,,bc1 is ?r[n by ! correspond5ce#efj ( ,philip ,v ( ,mac$on ) ! au?orities ( ,l>isa4 ,an inscription f\nd at ,l>isa pres]ves ?is important record4 ,two po9ts mu/ fir/ be not$1 to give ! hi/orical sett+ ( ! :ole affair4 ,!ssaly 0 "u ,mac$onian ov]lord%ip1 & its economic & milit>y /r5g? a matt] ( conc]n to ,philip1 :o _h succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,mac$on 9 #bbj ,,bc4 ,moreov]1 ! defeat ( ,c>?age 9 ! fir/ ,punic w> 7#bfd-da71 ! ,roman occupation ( ! great] "p ( ,sicily & ,s>d9ia1 ! ,gallic w>s & ext5sion ( ,roman dom9ion 9 ,italy1 ! ,illyrian w> 7#bcj-bi7 & int]v5tion ( ,rome beyond ! ,adriatic1 _h attract$ ! att5tion ( all ! ,greek p[]s4 ,! we/]n ,republic _h = "s ye>s be5 c>efully wat*$1 & ! admission ( ,corcyra ,epidamnus & ,apollonia to ! ,roman alliance 0 especially disquiet+ to ! ,mac$onian k+4 ,s 9 #bai ,,bc1 j be=e ! second ,punic w>1 ,philip s5t a lett] to ,l>isa1 po9t+ out t ! numb] ( _! citiz5s _h be5 r$uc$ by losses 9 rec5t w>s & urg+ !m to include 9 _! fran*ise ! ,!ssalians & o!r ,greeks resid5t 9 ! city4 ,among o!r advantages1 ! c\ntry#efa w\ld be m fully cultivat$4 ,! ,l>isaeans obey$ 8 injunctions4 ,9 #bag ! w> 9 ,greece 0 end$ by 8 conclud+ peace ) ! ,aetolians1 8 *ief antagoni/s4 ,hannibal 0 n[ 9 ,italy1 & ! victory ( ,cannae 9 #baf rais$ hopes 9 ,philip ( us+ ! disa/]s ( ! ,romans to drive !m out ( ,illyria4 ,9 #bae he conclud$ an alliance ) ,hannibal4 ,! ,romans repli$ by naval activity 9 ! ,adriatic & lat] by /irr+ up ,greek p[]s1 above all ! ,aetolians1 to r5ew ! w> aga9/ him4 ,mean:ile ?+s _h n gone on quietly at ,l>isa4 ,! old ,!ssalian noble families _h giv5 way to ! k+'s pressure unwill+ly = ! mom5t1 b int]nal tr\bles soon broke out4 ,! nobles rega9$ control & annull$ ! rec5t concessions4 ,philip !re=e address$ to !m a second lett] 9 #bad1 c5sur+ _! conduct1 & call+ ^u !m to give effect to ! enfran*isem5t-policy previ\sly agre$ to4 ,?us !y w\ld n only con=m to 8 decision z _! ov]lord1 b w\ld be/ s]ve _! own int]e/s4 ,_! city w\ld ga9 /r5g? by increas+ ! numb] ( citiz5s1 & !y w\ld n h _! t]ritory disgracefully#efb ly+ wa/e 7 74 ,he w5t on to ref] to ! advantage\s results ( su* incorporations else:]e3 cit+ 9 p>ticul> ! exp]i5ce ( ,rome1 ^: gr[? & colonial expansion 7 ! fruits ( a fran*ise-policy s g5]\s z to grant citiz5%ip ev5 to manumitt$ slaves4 ,he call$ ^u ! ,l>isaeans to face ! "q )\t ari/ocratic prejudice 774 ,& ! ,l>isaeans aga9 compli$4 ,n[ "h we h a glimpse ( agricultural decl9e 9 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ,greece4 ,! /ress laid ^u x by ,philip %ews t to him x seem$ a v s]i\s matt]4 ,he saw tr\ble com+1 & wi%$ to keep 8 dep5d5t allies /rong4 ,t 8 difficulty lay 9 controll+ ! ari/ocratic families1 :o /ill reta9$ mu* ( _! =m] p[]1 is cle>4 ,aft] 8 defeat 9 #aig ! ,romans re/or$#efc ! ari/ocratic gov]nm5ts 9 ,!ssalian cities2 inde$ all ?r\gh ! w>s ( ?is p]iod 9 ,greece ! popul> p>ties incl9$ to ,mac$on1 :ile ! prop]ti$ classes fav\r$ ,rome4 ,9 ,!ssaly ! private e/ates ( ! nobles 7 cultivat$ by s]fs4 ,h[ w\ld an incorporation ( m citiz5s t5d to promote a full] cultivation ( ! l&8 ,i ?9k we may take x = grant$ t ! new citiz5s 7 n expect$ to till ! soil 9 p]son4 ,t !y 7 to h unemploy$ s]fs assign$ to !m1 & s to ent] ! ranks ( cultivat+ l&lords1 is a bold assumption3 = we d n "k t !re 7 any unemploy$ s]fs or t any di/ribution ( l& 0 contemplat$4 ,i c only sugge/ t ! effect ( receiv+ citiz5%ip w\ld be to acquire ! "r ( hold+ real e/ate4 ,!n1 if we suppose t !re 7 at ! "t l&$ e/ates left vacant by ! w>-casualties to :i* ! k+ ref]s1 & t ea* ( ^! c>ri$ ) x a "r to a c]ta9 supply ( s]f lab\r1 we d get "s sort ( answ] to ! "q4 ,b s f> z ,i "k ?is is no?+ b guesswork4 ,m own]s int]e/$ 9 ! pr(its ( f>m+ w\ld t5d1 if lab\r 7 available1 to employ m lab\r on ! f>ms4 ,9 %ort1 we h evid5ce ( ! decay ( agriculture 9 a p>ticul> di/rict & p]iod1 b z to ! exact causes ( ?is decay1 & ! exact nature ( ! means propos$ = *eck+ x1 we are sadly 9 ! d>k4 ,! g>d5 or or*>d _h always be5 a fav\rite in/itution 9 ,greek life1 & ! gr[? ( cities did n make x less popul>4 ,! l& imm$iately beyond ! city walls 0 (t5 laid out 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 ,aratus 9 #bea ,,bc took ,sicyon & atta*$ x to ! ,a*aean ,league1 ! surprise 0 effect$ by way ( a suburban#efd g>d54 ,& we h no reason to suppose t hold+s ne> a city lack$ cultivators4 ,ev5 9 ! horrible p]iod ( confusion & blood%$ at ,syracuse1 f ! dea? ( ,dionysius ! eld] to ! victory ( ,timoleon1 we he>#efe ( ,syracusans liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & ( ! usual clam\r = r$i/ribution ( l&s4 ,9 ! endeav\r to repopulate ! city an invitation to settl]s 0 issu$1 ) (f]#eff ( l&-allotm5ts1 & app>5tly ! promise 0 kept4 ,^! notices sugge/ t !re 0 a dem& = suburban hold+s1 b tell u no?+ z to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! di/ricts fur!r afield1 or z to ! class ( lab\r employ$ on ! l&4 ,9 any case ,syracuse 0 a seaport1 & accu/om$ to get a good "p ( its supplies by sea4 ,v diff]5t 0 ! situation 9 ,peloponnesus1 :]e ! up-c\ntry t[ns _h to dep5d *iefly on ! produce ( _! own t]ritories4 ,!re l&-hung] 0 ev] pres5t4 ,! e/ates ( m5 driv5 out 9 civil broils 7 seiz$ by ! victori\s p>ty1 & re/oration ( exiles at once l$ to a fre% conflict ov] claims to re/itution ( e/ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems#efg ) :i* ,aratus _h to deal at ,sicyon 0 ?is2 & 9 ! end he only solv$ x by ! use ( a l>ge sum ( money1 ! gift ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 ,! re/or$ exiles on ?is occasion are said to h be5 n less ?an #ehj 9 all4 ,!y _h be5 expell$ by tyrants :o _h 9 rec5t ye>s rul$ ! city1 & ^: policy x _h evid5tly be5 to drive out ! m5 ( prop]ty--sworn foes ( tyrants--& to rew>d _! own adh]5ts out ( confiscat$ l&s4 ,to rev]se ?is policy 0 ! lifelong aim ( ,aratus4 ,9 ! g5]ation foll[+1 ! life ( 8 successor ,philopoem5 gives u a little light on agriculture f ano!r po9t ( view1 t ( ! soldi]4 ,he 0 resolv$ to make ! army ( ! ,a*aean ,league an effici5t =ce4 ,z a "y man he conclud$#efh t ! ,greek a?letic tra9+ 0 n consi/5t ) milit>y life1 9 :i* ! endurance ( h>d%ip & ability to subsi/ on any diet 7 prim>y necessities4 ,!re=e he devot$ 8 sp>e "t to agriculture1 work+#efi 9 p]son on 8 f>m1 ab\t #b miles f ,megalopolis1 %>+ ! lab\r & habits ( ! lab\r]s 774 ,! use ( ! neutral ^w leaves a d\bt z to :e!r freem5 or slaves are meant3 tak5 9 connexion ) ! passages cit$ f ,polybius1 x is p]haps m likely t ! ref]5ce is to slaves4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ ( ! /ory z pres]v$ by ,plut>* lies 9 ! discov]y t1 comp>$ ) a?letes1 husb&m5 are bett] milit>y mat]ial4 ,! conclusions ( ,belo*#egj z to ! population ( ,peloponnesus 9 ?is p]iod call = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,8 op9ion is t ! numb] capable ( be>+ arms decl9$ some:at s9ce ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ?\gh ! :olesale emancipation ( ,sp>tan ,helots mu/ be reckon$ z an addition4 ,b on ! :ole ! free population 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ab\t equal to ! jo9t total ( free & ,helot population at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! slave population _h 9 ! int]val greatly increas$4 ,he po9ts to ! importance ( a slave corps#ega 9 ! def5ce ( ,megalopolis :5 besieg$ 9 #cah ,,bc3 to ! ,roman & ,italian#egb slaves 7prison]s sold by ,hannibal7 9 ,a*aean t]ritory1 f\nd & releas$ 9 #aid ,,bc1 "s #abjj 9 numb]3 & to ! levy#egc ( manumitt$ home-born slaves 9 ! la/ /ruggle ( ! ,league aga9/ ,rome4 ,i mu/ say t ?is evid5ce1 tak5 by itself1 h>dly seems en\gh to su/a9 ! great hi/orian's broad conclusion4 ,b _m ( ! passages cit$ 9 prec$+ sections l5d x support1 & ,i am !re=e n dispos$ to *all5ge its g5]al probability4 ,x may be add$ t increase 9 ! numb] ( slaves sugge/s an increase ( l>ge hold+s cultivat$ by slave lab\r2 & t ! bre$+ ( home-born 77 slaves c\ld be m easily practis$ by own]s ( a l>ge /aff ?an on a small scale4 ,moreov] ! loss ( slaves levi$ = w> purposes w\ld fall *iefly on _! weal?y own]s4 ,! m5 ( prop]ty 7 rightly or wrongly suspect$ ( lean+ to ,rome1 & 7 n likely to be sp>$ by ! demagogues :o presid$ ov] ! la/ frantic ef=ts ( #8fre$om' 9 ,greece4 ,! tru? seems to be t circum/ances 7 m & m unfav\rable to ! exi/5ce ( free husb&m5 on small f>ms1 ! v class ( ^: solid m]its /atesm5 & philosoph]s _h %ewn w>m appreciation4 ,! division betwe5 ! ,ri*1 :o want$ to keep :at !y _h & get m1 & ! ,poor1 :o want$ to take ! prop]ty ( ! ,ri*1 0 ! "o ev]-significant fact4 ,& ! e/abli%m5t ( ,roman supremacy settl$ ! "q = c5turies to come4 ,roman capitalism1 ha/5+ to exploit ! _w = its own ends1 _h no m]cy = ! small indep5d5t work] 9 any dep>tm5t ( life4 ,9 ,greece "u ! sway ( ,rome !re is no d\bt t free population decl9$1 & ! /ate ( agriculture w5t f bad to worse4 ,at ?is po9t1 :5 ! ,greek _w passes "u ! sway ( ,rome1 x is necess>y to pause & turn back to consid] ! fragm5t>y record ( e>ly ,italian agriculture4 ,?is "o great /aple indu/ry is repres5t$ z ! economic f\ndation ( ,roman political & milit>y greatness4 ,no small "p ( ! surviv+ ,lat9 lit]ature glorifies ! s\ndness ( ! ,roman f>m]-folk & ! exploits ( f>m]-h]oes 9 ! good old days1 & lam5ts ! rott5ness t att5d$ _! decay4 ,h[ f> ?is tradition is to be accept$ z x /&s1 or :at res]vations on its acceptance %\ld be made1 & 9 p>ticul> ! introduction or ext5sion ( slave-lab\r1 are ! que/ions ) :i* x w be our ma9 bus9ess to deal4 ,,rome--,,e>ly ,,p]iod ,,xx4 ,,! ,,traditions ,,comb9$ ,,& ,,discuss$4 ,:5 we turn to ,roman agriculture1 & agricultural lab\r 9 p>ticul>1 we h to deal ) evid5ce v diff]5t 9 "* f t pres5t$ by ! ,greek _w4 ,?is w be mo/ cle>ly se5 if we accept ! v reasonable division ( p]iods made by ,wallon 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y--! fir/ d[n to #bja ,,bc1 ! end ( ! second ,punic w>1 ! second to ! age ( ! ,anton9e emp]ors1 #bjj ,,bc to ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 #ahj ,,ad1 & ! ?ird t ( ! lat] ,empire4 ,= ( ! fir/ we h no contempor>y or ne>ly contempor>y pictures surviv+4 ,traditions pres]v$ by lat] writ]s1 notes ( antiqu>ies on words & cu/oms long obscur$ by "t & *ange1 are ! /aple mat]ial at h&4 ,ev5 ) ! help ( a few survivals 9 law1 inf]5ce f su* mat]ial is unavoidably timid & incomplete4 ,9 collect+ :at ! lat] ,romans believ$ ( _! pa/ we get vivid impressions ( ! op9ions & prejudices t w5t to =m ! ,roman _s4 ,b x does n foll[ t we c rely on ^! op9ions z solid evid5ce ( facts4 ,an in/ance may be f\nd 9 ! ass]tion#egd t a clause requir+ ! employm5t ( a c]ta9 proportion ( free lab\r]s to slaves 0 includ$ 9 ! ,lic9ian laws ( #cfg ,,bc4 ,?is us$ to be tak5 z a fact1 & inf]5ces 7 drawn f x1 b x is n[ ) reason reg>d$ z an #8anticipation1' transf]r+ ! fact ( a lat] attempt ( ! k9d to an age 9 :i* ! slave-gangs 7 n z yet an evid5t economic & social dang]4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 t ( ,roman greatness1 we h n only contempor>y witness = mu* ( ! "t 9 ! =m ( ref]5ces & allusions 9 lit]ature1 b ! works ( ! great writ]s on agriculture1 ,cato ,v>ro & ,columella1 n to m5tion ! great compil] ,pl9y1 fall )9 x1 & give u on ! :ole a picture exceptionally complete4 ,we "k m ( ! f>m-managem5t & lab\r-conditions 9 ?is p]iod ?an we d ( mo/ matt]s ( antiquity4 ,! la/ p]iod sees ! developm5t ( a *ange ! g]ms ( :i* are no d\bt to be detect$ 9 ! prec$+ "o4 ,! great /ra9 on ! ,empire1 ow+ to ! int]nal decay & ! gr[+ pressure ( f9ancial necessities1 made ! *ange inevitable2 economic fre$om & propriet>y slav]y di$ d[n1 & we h be=e u ! transition to pr$ial s]fdom1 ! sy/em ( ! unfree t5ant b\nd to ! soil4 ,! record ( ?is *ange is *iefly pres]v$ 9 ! lat] ,roman ,law4 ,my fir/ bus9ess is !re=e to inquire :at ! tradition ( e>ly times am\nts to1 & h[ f> x may reasonably be tak5 z evid5ce ( fact4 ,& x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t my subject is n ! te*nical details ( agriculture 9 g5]al1 b ! nature ( ! lab\r employ$ 9 agriculture4 ,9 ages :5 volunt>y peace betwe5 empires & peoples on bona fide equal t]ms 0 nev] a realiz$ fact1 & z yet h>dly a dream1 ! /ability ( a /ate dep5d$ on ! /r5g? ( its milit>y =ces1--_! numb]1 effici5cy1 & means ( r5ewal4 ,m]e numb]s#ege 7 tri$ & fail$4 ,! hire ( pr(essional soldi]s ( =tune#egf might furni% te*nical skill1 b x 0 politically dang]\s4 ,_! lead]s _h no p]sonal s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( ! /ate employ+ !m1 & _! int]e/ or ambition dispos$ !m r to support a tyrant1 or to become tyrants !mselves1 ?an to act z loyal def5d]s ( ! fre$om ( ! /ate4 ,m]c5>ies#egg hir$ 9 ! mass1 b>b>ians1 7 less skill$ b n less dang]\s4 ,t a well-tra9$ army ( citiz5s 0 ! mo/ tru/wor?y organ ( /ate-protection1 0 n disput$3 ! comb9ation ( loyalty ) skill made x a mo/ effici5t weapon4 ,! ratio ( citiz5 en?usiasm to ! confid5ce creat$ by exact discipl9e v>i$ greatly 9 ! ,greek republics ( ! fif? c5tury ,,bc4 ,b ^! two elem5ts 7 normally pres5t1 ?\gh 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,! common defect1 mo/ s]i\s 9 ^? /ates t play$ an active "p1 0 ! smallness ( scale t made x difficult to keep up ! /r5g? ( citiz5 armies expos$ to ! wa/age ( w>4 ,a s+le great disa/] might & did turn a /ruggle = empire into a desp]ate fight = exi/5ce4 ,! con/ra9$ transition to employm5t ( m]c5>y troops z ! pr9cipal arm$ =ce ( /ates 0 bo? a symptom & a fur!r cause ( decay 9 ! ,greek republics4 ,= ! /urdy soldi]s ( =tune 7 g5]ally drawn f ! ru/ic population ( di/ricts 9 :i* agriculture fill$ a m important place ?an political life4 ,!re is little d\bt t a decl9e ( food-production 9 ,greece 0 ! result3 & sc>city ( food _h long be5 a p]si/5t difficulty und]ly+ & expla9+ mo/ ( ! do+s ( ! ,greeks4 ,! rise ( ,mac$on & ! conque/s ( ,alex&] prov$ ! milit>y value ( a national army ( tra9$ ru/ics1 & reass]t$ ! sup]iority ( su* troops to ! arm$ multitudes ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ,alex&]'s c>e] did n leave ! _w at peace4 ,8 empire broke up 9 a p]iod ( dyna/ic w>s2 = to supply an imp]ial army /rong en\gh to support a s+le control & gu>antee int]nal peace 0 beyond ! res\rces ( ,mac$onia4 ,if an army ( consid]able /r5g?1 easily ma9ta9$ & recruit$1 loyal1 ! s]vant ( ! /ate & n its ma/]1 0 necess>y = def5ce & z an in/rum5t ( =eign politics1 !re 0 room = a bett] solution ( ! problem ?an _h be5 f\nd 9 ,greece or ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,italy on ! foll[+ l9es4 ,an increase ( scale c\ld only be atta9$ by gr[?4 ,gr[?1 to be effective1 mu/ n consi/ 9 m]e conque/3 x mu/ be true expansion1 9 o!r words x mu/ imply p]man5t occupation4 ,& p]man5t occupation impli$ settlem5t ( ! conqu]+ p on ! conqu]$ l&s4 ,a gr[+ population ( ru/ic citiz5s1 self-support+1 b\nd by ties ( s5tim5t & int]e/ to ! /ate ( :i* !y 7 citiz5s1 consci\s ( a duty to uphold ! /ate to :i* !y ow$ _! home/eads & _! security1 suppli$ automatically 9 response to gr[+ ne$s ! gr[+ raw mat]ial ( p[]4 ,nor 0 ,roman expansion conf9$ to ! assignation ( l&-allotm5ts to individuals 7viritim74 ,old t[ns 7 remodell$1 & new ones f\nd$1 "u v>i\s conditions z settlem5ts 7coloniae74 ,ea* settl] 9 "o ( ^! t[ns receiv$ an allotm5t ( l& 9 ! t]ritory ( ! t[n%ip1 & 0 (ficially speak+ a till] ( ! soil 7colonus74 ,! effect ( ^! ,colonies 0 tw(old4 ,_! t]ritories add$ to ! sum ( l& 9 occupation ( ,romans or ,roman ,allies3 s f> ! ga9 0 *iefly mat]ial4 ,b !y 7 all b\nd to ,rome & subject$ to ,roman influ5ces4 ,9 _! turn !y influ5c$ ! conqu]$ peoples among :om !y 7 plant$1 & promot$ sl[ly & /eadily ! ,romaniz+ ( ,italy4 ,be+ =tifi$1 !y _h a milit>y value f ! fir/1 z comm&+ roads & z bases ( campaigns4 ,b _! moral effect 9 accu/om+ ,italians to reg>d ,rome z ! controll+ c5tre ( ,italy 0 p]haps ( ev5 great] importance4 ,we mu/ n ignore or und]rate ! advantages ( ,rome's position f a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,little ?\gh we he> ( ?is 9 tradition1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t x gave ,rome a m>k$ sup]iority 9 res\rces to h] less happily situat$ neighb\rs1 & enabl$ h] to take ! fir/ great /ep =w>d by becom+ dom9ant 9 c5tral ,italy4 ,b ! consolidation & completion ( h] conque/ ( ! p59sula 0 c>ri$ out by means ( an ext5d$ ,roman agriculture4 ,x 0 ?is t gave to ,roman expansion ! solid "* t di/+ui%$ republican ,rome f o!r conqu]+ p[]s4 ,:at %e took1 t %e c\ld keep4 ,:5 ! traditional /ory ( e>ly ,rome depicts ! ,roman commons z hungry = l&1 & annexation ( t]ritory z ! normal result ( conque/1 x is und\bt$ly wor?y ( belief4 ,:5 x %ews u ! deva/ation ( _! enemies' l&s z a *ief "p--sometimes ! :ole--( ! "w ( a campaign1 x is 9 full agreem5t ) ! traditions ( all anci5t w>f>e4 ,:5 we read#egh t ! ru9 ( f>ms by raids ( ! enemy br\ght suff]+ f>m]s into debt1 & t ! cruel op]ation ( debt-laws l$ to s]i\s int]nal tr\bles 9 ! ,roman /ate1 ! /ory is cr$ible en\gh4 ,! sup]ior organization ( ,rome enabl$ h] to ov]come ^! tr\bles1 n only by compromises & concessions at home1 b /ill m by e/abli%+ h] poor] citiz5s on f>ms at ! co/ ( h] neighb\rs4 ,z ! area "u h] control 0 ext5d$1 ! milit>y =ce automatically grew1 & %e surpass$ h] rivals 9 ! cohesion & vitality ( h] p[]4 ,at ne$1 h] armies rose f ! soil4 ,s did ^? ( o!r ,italian peoples4 ,b 9 deal+ ) !m %e enjoy$ ! advantage ( unity z comp>$ ) ! f> less effective coop]ation ( ,samnite cantons or ,etruscan cities4 ,ev5 ! capture ( ,rome by ! ,gauls c\ld n de/roy h] sy/em1 & %e 0 able to /r5g!n h] moral position by prov+ h]self ! "o compet5t def5d] ( ,italy aga9/ invasion f ! ,nor?4 ,:5 ! "t came = ! /ruggle ) ,c>?age1 %e _h to face a diff]5t te/4 ,b no blund]+ on ! "p ( h] g5]als1 no /rategy ( ,hannibal1 c\ld avail to nullify ! solid sup]iority ( h] milit>y /r5g?4 ,& ?is /r5g? 0 9 ! la/ resort d]iv$ f ! numb]s & loyalty ( ! f>m-population3 x 0 9 fact ! product ( ! pl\gh r ?an ! sword4 ,! agricultural conditions ( e>ly ,rome#egi are a subject1 & h be5 ! subject1 ( special treatises4 ,only a few po9ts c be notic$ "h4 ,t a communal sy/em ( "s k9d once exi/$1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( ! associations kn[n to inquir]s z ,village ,communities or on a g5tile basis z ,clan-e/ates1 is a probable hypo!sis4 ,b ! evid5ce = x is slight1 &1 h[ev] j ! g5]al inf]5ces may be1 !y c h>dly be said to help u mu* 9 consid]+ ! lab\r-"q4 ,x may well be true t l&s#ehj 7 held by clans1 t !y 7 cultivat$ 9 common1 t ! produce 0 divid$ among ! h\seholds1 t p>cels ( ! l& 7 grant$ to ! dep5dants 7cli5tes7 ( ! clan z t5ants at w 7prec>io7 on condition ( pay+ a %>e ( _! crops4 ,or x may be t ! normal unit 0 a village 9 :i* ! memb]s 7 sev]al freehold]s ( small plots1 ) common rights ov] ! undivid$ common-l&1 ! wa/e left free = graz+ & miscellane\s uses4 ,& x is possible t at "s /age or o!r ( social developm5t bo? ^! sy/ems may h exi/$ side by side4 ,9 lat] times we f9d ,rome ! mi/ress ( a va/ t]ritory 9 ,italy1 a l>ge "p ( :i* 0 res]v$ z /ate-doma9 7ag] publicus populi ,romani71 ! mismanagem5t ( :i* 0 a s\rce ( grave evils4 ,b 9 ,rome's e>ly days !re _c h be5 any great am\nt ( su* doma9-l&4 ,t !re 0 l&-hung]1 a dem& = sev]al allotm5ts 9 full own]%ip1 on :i* a family might live1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,& ! =mation ( communities1 ea* ) its village c5tre & its common pa/ure1 0 a v natural means to promote mutual help & protection4 ,t m5 s situat$ work$ ) _! own h&s1 & t ! lab\r 0 ma9ly 7& (t5 :olly7 t ( ! fa!r & 8 family1 is z ne>ly c]ta9 z su* a proposition c be4 ,b ?is does n imply or sugge/ t no slave-lab\r 0 employ$ on ! f>ms4 ,x m]ely means t f>ms 7 n work$ on a sy/em 9 :i* all manual lab\r 0 p]=m$ by slaves4 ,we h to inquire :at is ! traditional picture ( agricultural conditions 9 ! e>ly days ( ,rome1 & h[ f> t picture is wor?y ( our belief4 ,n[ x s happ5s t1 ?ree /rik+ figures /& out 9 ! traditional picture ( ! ,roman f>m]-soldi]s ( ! e>ly ,republic4 ,o!rs fill 9 c]ta9 details1 b ! names ( ,lucius ,qu9ctius ,c9c9natus1 ,manius ,curius ,d5tatus1 & ,gaius ,fabricius ,lusc9us1 7 especially notable 9 ,roman leg5d z repres5t+ ! /r5u\s patriotic & frugal lives ( ! h]oes ( old4 ,! /ory ( ,c9c9natus#eha is told by ,cic]o ,livy ,dionysius & ,pl9y ! eld]1 & (t5 ref]r$ to by o!r writ]s4 ,! h]o is a ,patrician ( ! old simple frugal patriotic ma/]ful type1 ! admiration & imitation ( :i* ^! edify+ leg5ds seek to enc\rage4 ,he _h own$ sev5 iug]a ( l&1 b _h be5 driv5 to pl$ge or sell ?ree ( ^!#ehb 9 ord] to provide bail = 8 son1 :o _h be5 br\ght to trial = di/urbance ( ! public peace & _h s\ght safety 9 flight4 ,! =feit impos$ on ! fa!r left him ) only f\r iug]a4 ,?is little f>m1 on ! fur!r side ( ! ,tib]1 he 0 cultivat+1 :5 deputies f ! ,s5ate came to ann\nce t he _h be5 nam$ ,dictator to deal ) a great em]g5cy4 ,!y f\nd him digg+ or pl\gh+1 cov]$ ) du/ & sweat3 & he w\ld n receive !m till he _h wa%$ & g[n$ himself4 ,!n he he>d _! message1 took up ! duties ( ! supreme (fice1 & ( c\rse sav$ ! /ate4 ,x is to be not$ t he *ose z 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse 7! ,dictator's und]/udy7 a man ( ! same#ehc sort1 ,patrician by bir?1 poor1 b a /\t w>rior4 ,we may fairly suspect t a def9ite moral purpose has be5 at "w1 modell+ & col\r+ ?is pretty /ory4 ,9 a lat] age1 :5 ! p[] ( money$ int]e/s 0 ov]rid+ ! pre/ige ( ,patrician blood1 ! reaction ( an #8old-,roman' p>ty 0 long a vigor\s =ce 9 ,roman life1 z we see f ! c>e] ( ! eld] ,cato4 ,cato 0 a ,plebeian1 b any ,plebeian :o admir$ ! simple ways ( e>ly ,rome 0 b\nd to recognize t ,patricians 7 ! nobility ( ! old5 "t4 ,n[ ! fact ( ,c9c9natus work+ ) 8 own h&s is ! "o mat]ial po9t 9 ! /ory4 ,we ne$ n d\bt t !re 7 _m su* m51 & t a "n 7p]haps correct7 0 necess>y 9 ord] to keep ! /ory curr5t & to impress lat] g5]ations ) ! virtues ( _! ance/ors4 ,b1 if ! man _h "u him a slave or slaves1 ! fact w\ld be q unimportant = ! purpose ( ! leg5d4 ,!re=e x is no wond] t ! v]sions ( ! /ory 9 g5]al say no?+ ( slaves4 ,x is m rem>kable t 9 ! v]sion ( ,dionysius we read t ,c9c9natus1 aft] sell+ (f mo/ ( 8 prop]ty to meet ! liabilities incurr$ ?r\gh 8 son1 #8kept = himself "o small f>m beyond ! ,tib]1 on :i* !re 0 a mean cab93 !re he 0 liv+ a life ( toil & h>d%ip1 till+ ! soil ) a few slaves4' ,t ,dionysius 0 a rhetorician ) an eye = picturesque detail1 & liable to ov]draw a picture1 is c]ta93 b x is n evid5t h[ ! m5tion ( ! slaves is to be acc\nt$ = by ?is t5d5cy4 ,! impression ( ! h]o's pov]ty & p]sonal lab\r is r weak5$ by m5tion ( slaves4 ,! writ] d]iv$ 8 /ory f ,roman s\rces4 ,n[1 did ! orig9al v]sion include ! slaves or n8 ,did ,livy & ! re/ leave !m out1 or did ,dionysius put !m 98 ,7 !y omitt$ z useless or emb>rass+ = ! uses ( edify+1 or 7 !y casually ins]t$ ow+ to ! prepossessions ( a ,greek famili> only ) a develop$ slave-sy/em1 to :om #8) a few slaves' w\ld fitly connote pov]ty8 ,to answ] ^! que/ions ) confid5ce is p]haps unwise4 ,b to me x seems f> m likely t ,roman writ]s left ! detail out ?an t a ,greek /ud5t put x 94 ,if ! tradition ( ! e>ly w>s is ( any value at all1 x may give a g5]al support to ?is op9ion ?r\gh ! frequ5t ref]5ces to ! exi/5ce ( ru/ic slav]y4 ,! deva/ation ( an enemy's c\ntry is ! normal occupation ( ho/ile armies4 ,! capture ( slaves#ehd1 z ( flocks & h]ds & bea/s ( burd51 is a common item 9 ! tale ( booty f ! f>ms4 ,t writ]s ( a lat] age may h exagg]at$ ! slave-elem5t 9 ! f>m-lab\r ( e>ly times is highly probable4 ,! picturesque 0 an object1 & x 0 natural to attempt x ) ! use ( t\*es sugge/$ by daily circum/ances ( ! _w 9 :i* !y 7 liv+4 ,b t !y s completely misrepres5t$ ! conditions ( a pa/ age z to foi/ into ! picture s important a figure z ! slave1 )\t au?ority or probability1 is h>dly to be believ$1 unless !re is good reason = ?9k+ t slav]y 0 unkn[n 9 ! age & c\ntry ( :i* !y speak4 ,& ! contr>y is ! case4 ,! dawn ( ,roman hi/ory %ews u a p already advanc$ 9 civilization to ! /age ( family & clan organization1 & ! tradition all[s = ! pres5ce ( ! slave 9 ! familia f ! fir/4 ,true1 he does n appe> z ! despis$ human *attel ( lat] times1 b z a man :om mis=tune has plac$ 9 bondage4 ,8 ma/] is aw>e t =tune may turn1 & t 8 bondman is q capable ( resum+ 8 =m] position if re/or$ 9 fre$om to 8 native home4 ,! slave seems to be normally an ,italian#ehe1 a captive 9 "s w>2 he may h pass$ by sale f "o own] to ano!r4 ,b he is n a m]e =eign animal1 good bad or indiff]5t1 a d\btful pur*ase f a rogui% deal]4 ,he be>s a "n#ehf t connects him ) 8 ma/]1 ,publipor ,lucipor ,m>cipor ,olipor & s on1 =m$ by add+ ! suffix por to ! =5ame ( ,publius ,lucius ,m>cus or ,aulus4 ,b1 grant+ t all h\seholds might include a slave or two1 & t _m s did1 also t agriculture 0 a common & hon\rable pursuit1--is x likely t a f>m+ own] w\ld himself pl\gh or dig & leave 8 slave#ehg to look on8 ,i conclude !re=e t ! age 0 "o 9 :i* agriculture prevail$ & t ! ord9>y f>m] work$ himself & employ$ slave-lab\r side by side ) 8 own s f> z 8 means all[$4 ,all 0 on a small scale4 ,passages ( ,livy or ,dionysius t imply ! pres5ce ( great slave-gangs1 & des]tions on a l>ge scale 9 "t ( w> are falsely col\r$ by #8anticipation' ( ph5om5a well kn[n f ! exp]i5ce ( m rec5t times4 ,b1 on h[ev] small a scale1 slav]y 0 !re4 ,until !re came an impulse ( an #8indu/rial' k9d1 prompt+ m5 to engage 9 :olesale production = a l>ge m>ket1 ! slave rema9$ ess5tially a dome/ic1 be>+ a consid]able %>e ( ! family lab\rs1 :atev] ! nature ( ^? lab\rs might be4 ,z !re is no difficulty 9 believ+ t ,c9c9natus & o!rs ( 8 type 9 ! fif? c5tury ,,bc work$ ) slaves beside !m1 s x is evid5t t ,curius & ,fabricius 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury are meant to illu/rate ! same frugal life & solid patriotism4 ,9 bo? cases ! /ory lays p>ticul> /ress on ! h]o's incorruptibility & *e]ful endurance ( pov]ty4 ,a well-kn[n sc5e#ehh repres5ts ,curius at 8 ru/ic villa eat+ a d9n] ( h]bs & refus+ a gift ( gold f ,samnite ambassadors4 ,he is an hone/ f>m]-citiz5 ( ! good old sort4 ,fabricius is ano!r1 fam$ especially = 8 calm defiance ( ! ?reats & cajol]y ( ,pyrrhus1 & imp]vi\s to bribes4 ,bo? ^! traditions receiv$ mu* leg5d>y col\r+ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,! passage be>+ mo/ directly on my pres5t inquiry is a fragm5t#ehi ( ,dionysius1 9 :i* ,fabricius is spurn+ ! (f]s ( k+ ,pyrrhus1 :o is v anxi\s to secure ! good man's s]vices z 8 *ief m9i/] on lib]al t]ms4 ,he says #8nor ne$ ,i tell y ( my pov]ty1 t ,i h b a v small plot ( l& ) a mean cottage1 & t ,i get my liv+ nei!r f money at int]e/ 7 7 nor f slaves 7' 74' ,bel[ he decl>es t liv+ "u ,roman conditions he holds himself a happy man1 #8= ) indu/ry & ?rift ,i f9d my poor little f>m suffici5t to provide me ) necess>ies4' ,& 8 con/itution 77 does n con/ra9 him to hank] aft] unnecess>y ?+s4 ,"h we h a good specim5 ( ! moral /ories ) :i* ! lat] rhetoricians edifi$ _! read]s4 ,b :at does #8f slaves' mean8 ,is ,fabricius d5y+ t he employs slave-lab\r on 8 f>m8 ,if s1 ,i confess t ,i d n believe ! d5ial z be+ 8 own g5u9e utt]ance4 ,i take x to be put into 8 m\? by ,dionysius1 writ+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! agricultural conditions ( a mu* lat] "t1 :5 great slave[n]s drew l>ge incomes f ! exploitation ( slave-lab\r on great e/ates4 ,b ,i am n sure t ,dionysius means him to be say+ m ?an #8,i am n a big capitali/ f>m+ on a l>ge scale by slave-gangs4' ,h[ f> ?is writ] really und]/ood ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,,bc1 is h>d to say4 ,9 any case he is repeat+ :at he has pick$ up f e>li] writ]s & n lett+ x suff] 9 ! repetition4 ,tak5 by himself1 he is no m a suffici5t witness to ! practice ( ,fabricius ?an to t ( ,c9c9natus4 ,t !re 0 slav]y is c]ta93 t ,fabricius _h scruples aga9/ employ+ slaves is h>dly cr$ible4 ,9 ! ages dur+ :i* ,rome gradually won h] way to ! head%ip ( ,italy ! ,roman citiz5 0 normally bo? f>m] & soldi]3 ! soldi] g5]ally a man call$ up f 8 f>m = a campaign1 ! f>m] ( milit>y age always pot5tially a soldi]4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 evid5tly n peculi> to ,rome4 ,:at makes x /rik+ 9 ! case ( ,rome is ! well-consid]$ sy/em by :i* ! milit>y ma*9e 0 kept 9 work+ ord]4 ,! developm5t ( =tress colonies & ext5sion ( roads gave to ,roman f>m]s 9 ! bord]-l&s m security ?an any neighb\r+ p[] c\ld give to its own citiz5s on its own side ( ! bord]4 ,mobilization 0 m prompt & effective on ! ,roman side "u a c5tral control3 ! =tresses s]v$ z a h9drance to ho/ile invad]s1 z refuges to ! ru/ics at ne$1 & z bases = ,roman armies4 ,x is no great /ret* ( imag9ation to see 9 ?is organization a reason = ! prosp]ity ( ,roman agriculture4 ,f>ms 7 no d\bt laid wa/e on bo? sides ( ! bord]1 b ! balance ( ! acc\nt 0 9 ! long run fav\rable to ,rome4 ,among ! num]\s leg5ds t ga!r$ r\nd ! "n ( k+ ,pyrrhus is a /ory#eij t 9 reply to "s discont5t on ! "p ( 8 ,italian allies1 to :om 8 /rategy seem$ ov]-cauti\s1 he said #8! m]e look ( ! c\ntry %ews me ! great diff]5ce betwe5 y & ! ,romans4 ,9 ! p>ts subject to !m are all mann] ( fruit-trees & v9ey>ds3 ! l& is cultivat$ & ! f>m-e/abli%m5ts are co/ly3 b ! e/ates ( my fri5ds are s laid wa/e t all signs ( human occupation h disappe>$4' ,! say+ may be n au!ntic or m]ely ov]drawn 9 rhetorical transmission4 ,b x probably conta9s ! outl9es ( a true picture ( ! facts4 ,x 0 ! p[] ( giv+ to h] f>m]-settl]s a m effective protection ?an h] rivals c\ld give to _! own f>m]s t enabl$ ,rome to advance /eadily & cont9u\sly4 ,! organization 0 simple en\gh3 ! sword 0 ready to gu>d ! pl\gh1 & ! pl\gh to occupy & hold ! conque/s ( ! sword4 ,f ! "t ( ! fir/ ,punic w> we h a rem>kable /ory relat+ to ,m ,atilius ,regulus1 ! man ar\nd ^: "n s mu* patriotic leg5d ga!r$4 ,he appe>s z "o ( ! good old f>m]-h]oes4 ,8 f>m#eia ( sev5 iug]a lay 9 an unheal?y "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ! soil 0 poor4 ,8 advice to agriculturi/s1 n to buy good l& 9 an unheal?y di/rict nor bad l& 9 a heal?y "o1 0 h&$ d[n z ! op9ion ( a qualifi$ judge4 ,we are told#eib t aft] 8 victory 9 ,africa he desir$ to be reliev$ & return home2 b ! ,s5ate did n s5d out ano!r comm&]1 & s he _h to /ay on4 ,he wrote & compla9$ ( 8 det5tion4 ,among o!r reasons he urg$ 9 p>ticul> 8 dome/ic anxiety4 ,9 ! epitome ( ,livy ,,xviii ?is appe>s z #8t 8 little f>m _h be5 ab&on$ by ! hir$ m54' ,9 ,val]ius ,maximus#eic we f9d a full] acc\nt1 ?us #8t ! /ew>d 9 *>ge ( 8 little f>m 7sev5 iug]a 9 ! ,pup9ia7 _h di$1 & ! hir$ man 7m]c5n>ium7 _h tak5 ! opportunity to decamp1 tak+ ) him ! f>m-/ock3 !re=e he ask$ !m to relieve him ( 8 comm&1 = he fe>$ 8 wife & *ildr5 w\ld h no?+ to live on n[ ! f>m 0 ab&on$4' ,on he>+ ?is1 ! ,s5ate ord]$ t provision %\ld at once be made at ! co/ ( ! /ate 7a7 = cultivation ( 8 f>m#eid by contract 7b7 = ma9t5ance ( 8 wife & *ildr5 7c7 = mak+ good ! losses he _h suff]$4 ,! ref]5ce ( ,pl9y#eie r confirms ! details ( ,val]ius1 :o by himself is n a v satisfactory witness4 ,livy is probably ! s\rce ( all ^! v]sions4 ,!y are "p ( ! ,roman tradition ( ! fir/ ,punic w>4 ,polybius1 ^: n>rative is f ano!r l9e ( tradition1 says n a ^w ( ?is /ory4 ,inde$1 he decl>es#eif t ,regulus1 s f> f wi%+ to be reliev$1 want$ to /ay on1 fe>+ t he might h& ov] ! cr$it ( a f9al victory to a successor4 ,! two traditions _c be reconcil$ z !y /&4 ,probably nei!r is complete4 ,if we suppose ! acc\nt ( ,polybius to be true1 x does n foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! o!r /ory is a baseless fiction4 ,9 any case1 ! relation ( ,regulus to ! agriculture ( 8 day1 z repres5t$ by ! /ory1 seem$ cr$ible to ,romans ( a lat] age1 & des]ves s]i\s consid]ation4 ,we are told t 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,,bc a man ( su* position & recogniz$ m]it t he 0 specially *os5 to fill ! place ( a deceas$ consul 9 ! c\rse ( a great w> 0 a f>m] on an e/ate ( sev5 iug]a1 f :i* he 0 support+ 8 wife & family4 ,9 8 abs5ce on public duty he _h left ! f>m 9 *>ge ( a vilicus4 ,! only ref]5ce to ! lab\r employ$ !re speaks ( hir$ m5 7wage-e>n]s1 m]c5n>ii74 ,x does n say t !re 7 no slaves4 ,b ! natural inf]5ce is t ! vilicus _h ! control ( a /aff consi/+ :olly or l>gely ( free lab\r]s4 ,n[ t a slave vilicus might 9 ! ord9>y run ( bus9ess be left 9 control ( lab\r]s1 slave or free1 seems cle> f directions giv5 by ,cato#eig 9 ! next c5tury4 ,! vilicus 9 ?is /ory 0 !re=e probably a slave1 z !y 7 g5]ally if n always4 ,8 dea? left ! hir$ m5 uncontroll$1 & !y took ! opportunity ( robb+ _! employ]4 ,r\s$ by ! abs5t consul's compla9ts 7:e!r accompani$ by a reque/ = relief or n71 ! ,s5ate took up ! matt] & arrang$ to secure him aga9/ loss4 ,we d n he> ( ! puni%m5t ( ! di%one/ hirel+s1 or ev5 ( a se>* = !m4 ,?is may be m]ely an omitt$ detail3 at any rate !y _h probably left ! neighb\rhood4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t we he> no?+ ( ! wife ( ,regulus3 t a ,roman matron submitt$ tamely to su* treatm5t is h>d to believe4 ,0 x %e :o made ! compla9ts & set ! ,s5ate 9 motion8 ,! g5]al outcome ( ! /ory is a conclusion t hir$ lab\r 0 freely employ$ 9 ?is age1 n to exclusion ( slave lab\r1 b comb9$ ) x3 t is1 t ! wage-e>n+ "w ( l&less m51 su* z appe>s 9 ! e>li] traditions1 /ill w5t on4 ,x 0 n yet ov]laid by ! plantation-sy/em1 & degrad$ by ! associations ( ! slave-gang & ! erga/ulum4 ,:5 we pass on to ! second ,punic w>1 ( :i* we h a full] & less leg5d>y record1 we f9d ! circum/ances some:at *ang$1 b ! importance ( ! ,roman f>m]'s grip ( ! l& is recogniz$ z cle>ly z be=e4 ,x is n unlikely t s9ce ! "t ( ! ,pyrrhic w> ! practise ( l>ge-scale f>m+ ) slave-lab\r _h begun to appe>#eih 9 ,italy1 b x c h>dly z yet h be5 widespread4 ,l>ge or small1 ! f>ms 9 a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry _h suff]$ f ! ravages ( ,hannibal1 & x w\ld be ! l& ( ,romans & _! fai?ful allies t suff]$ mo/4 ,_m ru/ics _h to seek %elt] 9 wall$ t[ns1 above all 9 ,rome1 & _! pres5ce 0 no d\bt 9 _m ways emb>rass+4 ,naturally1 z ! failure ( ,hannibal became manife/1 ! ,roman ,s5ate 0 desir\s ( re/or+ ^! refugees to ! l& & reliev+ ! pressure on ! city4 ,livy1 draw+ no d\bt f an e>li] annali/1 tells u#eii t 9 #bjf ,,bc ! ,s5ate in/ruct$ ! consuls1 be=e !y left = ! seat ( w>1 to und]take ! br++ back ( ! common folk 7plebis7 on to ! l&4 ,!y po9t$ out t ?is 0 desirable1 & possible "u ! bett] conditions n[ prevail+4 #8,b x 0 = ! p 7populo7 n at all an easy matt]2 = ! free f>m]s 7cultoribus7 _h p]i%$ 9 ! w>1 !re 0 a %ortage ( slaves 7inopia s]vitiorum71 ! live /ock _h be5 c>ri$ (f1 & ! f>m/eads 7villis7 wreck$ or burnt4 ,yet "u pressure f ! consuls a good _m did g back to ! l&4' ,he adds t :at _h rais$ ! "q at ?is p>ticul> juncture 0 ! appeal ( a deputation f ,plac5tia & ,cremona4 ,^! two ,lat9 colonies1 f\nd$ twelve ye>s be=e z =tresses to hold ! region ( ! ,po1 _h suff]$ f ,gauli% raids & _h no long] a suffici5t population1 _m settl]s hav+ gone (f else:]e4 ,! ,roman comm&] 9 ! di/rict 0 *>g$ to provide = _! protection1 & ! truant coloni/s ord]$ to return to _! po/s4 ,x 0 evid5tly ?\ght t ) full numb]s & milit>y support !re w\ld be an end to ! d]elict condition ( _! t]ritories1 & t ! two colonies w\ld soon revive4 ,?is attempt to ree/abli% ! ru/ic population lays /ress ^u ! g5]al id5tity ( f>m] & soldi] & ! di/urbance ( agriculture by ! ravages ( w>4 ,b mo/ notable is ! m5tion ( ! %ortage ( slave-lab\r z a h9drance to resumption ( "w on d]elict f>ms4 ,x has be5 held#fjj t ?is clause ref]s only to l>ge e/ates work$ by slave-gangs1 :ile ! free f>m]s /& = ! m5 on small hold+s1 :o presumably employ$ no slaves4 ,n[ x is q conceivable t ?is contra/ may h be5 9 ,livy's m9d z he wrote 9 ! days ( ,augu/us4 ,t x 0 ! mean+ ( ! old] au?or f :om he took ! facts is n an equally probable inf]5ce4 ,no d\bt lack ( slaves w\ld h9d] or prev5t ! r5ewal ( tillage on a big e/ate4 ,b :at ( a small f>m ^: own] _h fall5 9 ! w>8 ,! abs5ce ( ! fa!r 9 ! army w\ld be a mo/ s]i\s bl[ to ! effici5t work+ ( ! f>m4 ,if ! raids ( ! enemy drove 8 family to take refuge 9 ,rome1 & ! f>m 0 let d[n to we$s1 m lab\r ?an ev] w\ld be ne$$ to r5ew cultivation4 ,:5 !re 0 no long] any hope ( 8 return1 ! supply ( suffici5t lab\r 0 ! only *ance ( reviv+ ! f>m4 ,surely !re mu/ h be5 _m cases 9 :i* ! help ( "o or two slaves 0 ! obvi\s means ( supply+ x4 ,!re=e1 if we recognize t slave-lab\r _h long be5 a common in/itution 9 ,roman h\seholds1 we %all n v5ture to ass]t t only l>ge e/ates are ref]r$ to4 ,t su* e/ates1 work$ by slave-gangs1 7 num]\s 9 #bjf ,,bc1 is n likely3 t small f>m]s (t5 7n always7 ek$ out _! own lab\r ) ! help ( a slave1 is f> m s4 ,! actual %ortage ( slaves#fja _h be5 p>tly br\ght ab\t by ! employm5t ( _m 9 milit>y s]vice4 ,"s _h no d\bt simply run away4 ,& ! p]iod ( great =eign conque/s & a full slave-m>ket _h yet to come4 ,i d n v5ture to dispute t ! accumulation ( capital 9 ! =m ( ready money available = speculation 9 /ate leases1 f>m+ ( rev5ues1 & o!r contracts1 _h already begun at ,rome 9 ! age ( ! great ,punic w>s4 ,9 ! second w>1 contracts = ! supply ( necess>ies to ! arm$ =ces play$ a consid]able "p1 & we he> ( contractors#fjb :o practis$ %ameless frauds on ! /ate4 ,gre$ 0 a plant t ?rove 9 ! soil ( ,roman life3 ! sc&als ( ! lat] ,republic 7 m]ely ! s9i/] developm5ts ( an old t5d5cy fav\r$ by opportunities4 ,l&-grabb+ 9 p>ticul> 01 if consi/5t tradition may be believ$1 f e>ly times a passion ( ,roman nobles3 & ! effect ( a law#fjc =bidd+ !m to become %ip-own]s & engage 9 comm]ce 0 to conc5trate _! ent]prise on ! acquisition ( great l&$ e/ates4 ,ano!r notable fact is ! l>ge volunt>y loans#fjd :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 able to raise 9 ! critical p]iod ( ! great w>4 ,9 ! ye> #baj1 :5 ! f9ancial /ra9 0 extreme1 a v l>ge contribution ( ! k9d took place4 ,9 #bjd ! ,s5ate arrang$ a s*eme#fje = repaym5t 9 ?ree in/alm5ts4 ,9 #bjj ! l5d]s1 app>5tly al>m$ by ! delay 9 pay+ ! second in/alm5t1 became clamor\s4 ,! ,punic w> 0 at an end1 & w> ) ,philip ( ,mac$on j decl>$3 !y want$ to get _! money back4 ,we are told#fjf t ! /ate 0 n able to f9d ! ca%1 & t ! cry ( _m cr$itors 0 #8!re are pl5ty ( f>ms = sale1 & we want to buy4' ,! ,s5ate devis$ a middle way ( satisfy+ !m4 ,!y 7 to be (f]$ ! *ance ( acquir+ ! /ate doma9-l& )9 fifty miles ( ,rome at a valuation fix$ by ! consuls4 ,?is seems to mean1 up to ! am\nt ( ! in/alm5t !n 9 "q4 ,b !y 7 n !reby to receive ! l& 9 full private#fjg prop]ty4 ,a quit-r5t ( "o z 0 to be set on ea* iug]um1 9 evid5ce t ! prop]ty /ill belong$ to ! /ate4 ,?us1 :5 ! /ate f9ances %\ld admit1 !y might get back _! ready money if !y pref]r$ x & give back ! l& to ! /ate4 ,! (f] 0 gladly accept$1 & ! l& tak5 ov] on ^! t]ms 0 call$ #8?ird-"p l&' 7tri5tabulum7 z repres5t+ ( ! money l5t4 ,! f9al in/alm5t appe>s to h be5 paid 9 ca%#fjh 9 ! ye> #aif4 ,t ^! patriotic cr$itors 7 m5 ) a ke5 eye = a b>ga91 & t !y made a good "o 9 ! above arrangem5t1 is pretty cle>4 ,?is is ! only occasion on :i* we he> ( ! tri5tabula plan ( settl+ a money claim by :at 0 9 effect a p]petual lease at a nom9al r5t t]m9able by reconv]sion into a money claim at ! pleasure ( ! lessee4 ,no d\bt ! valuation 0 s made z to give ! cr$itor a good m>g9 ( security ov] & above ! sum secur$4 ,!re 0 !re=e no temptation to call = ! ca% & surr5d] ! l&4 ,f ! ref]5ce#fji to tri5tabula 9 ! agr>ian law ( #aaa ,,bc x w\ld seem t "s at lea/ ( ^! b5eficial t5ancies 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly #ij ye>s4 ,!y w\ld pass by inh]itance or sale z ! ord9>y possessiones ( /ate doma9s did1 & ev5tually become m]g$ 9 ! private prop]ties t 7 ! f9al result ( ! l&-legislation ( ! revolution>y age4 ,= ! capitali/s1 already p[]ful 9 #bjj ,,bc1 became m & m p[]ful z "t w5t on4 ,& ?is use ( public l& to dis*>ge public debts 0 und\bt$ly a /ep t5d+ to promote ! =mation ( ! great e/ates 7latifundia7 :i* 7 ! ru9 ( ! :olesome old l&-sy/em 9 a great "p ( ,italy4 ,) ?is t5d5cy ! :olesale employm5t ( slave-lab\r w5t h& 9 h&4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! cr$itors 9 #bjj ,,bc are made to press = _! money on ! gr\nd t !y want$ to inve/ x 9 l&1 ( :i* !re 0 pl5ty !n 9 ! m>ket4 ,?is may be a detail add$ by ,livy himself3 b surely x is m likely t he is repeat+ :at he f\nd 9 8 au?orities4 ,9 any case ! l& ref]r$ to c h>dly be o!r ?an ! d]elict f>ms belong+ to ^? :o _h suff]$ by ! w>4 ,9 e>li] times we h traditions ( m5 los+ _! l&s ?r\gh inability to pay ! debts = :i* !y /ood pl$g$4 ,9 a some:at lat] "t we he>#faj ( small f>m]s be+ b\ght out *eaply by neighb\r+ big l&lords1 & bulli$ if !y made difficulty ab\t leav+ _! f>ms4 ,! pres5t case is diff]5t1 aris+ directly out ( ! w>4 ,! fa!r ( a family might be dead1 or dis9cl9$ to g back to monoton\s toil aft] ! excitem5ts ( milit>y life1 or unable to f9d ! extra lab\r = reclaim+ a wa/$ & we$-gr[n f>m1 or means ( re/ock+ x4 ,he or 8 heir w\ld probably n h capital to tide him ov] ! int]val be=e ! f>m 0 aga9 fully productive3 8 imm$iate ne$ 0 probably ready money4 ,no wond] t f>ms 7 9 ! m>ket1 & at prices t made a l&-grabb]'s m\? wat]4 ,! great w> c]ta9ly m>k$ a /age 9 ! decay ( ! small-f>m agriculture1 ! heal?y condition ( :i* _h hi!rto be5 ! s\nde/ elem5t ( ,roman /r5g?4 ,be=e we leave ! traditions ( ! e>ly p]iod x is necess>y to ref] to ! "q ( free wage-e>n+ lab\r4 ,h we any reason to ?9k t "u ! conditions ( e>ly ,rome !re 0 any consid]able class ( ru/ic#faa wage-e>n]s8 ,ne>ly all ! passages t sugge/ an affirmative answ] are f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,dionysius1 :o repeat$ly uses#fab ! ,greek ^w ( ?is class ( lab\r4 ,x is repres5t$ z be+ practically s]vile1 = x meant work+ ) slaves or at lea/ do+ ! "w :i* accord+ to ! writ]#fac 0 7ev5 9 ! regal p]iod7 done by slaves4 ,! poor ,plebeians appe> z loa?+ su* s]vice3 _! desire is = plots ( l& on :i* ea* man c "w freely = himself4 ,?is desire _! protectors1 k+s or tribunes1 endeav\r to gratify by allotm5ts z occasion s]ves4 ,n[ t !re 0 l&-hung] f ! e>lie/ times1 & t agriculture 0 9 itself an hon\rable trade1 we h no good reason = d\bt+4 ,b t ! dislike ( wage-e>n+ lab\r z su* 0 ! ma9 motive ( l&-hung] is a m d\btful proposition4 ,x may be true1 b x s\nds v l an explanation suppli$ by a le>n$ b rhetorical hi/orian4 ,we "k t ,dionysius reg>d$ ,rome z a city ( ,greek orig94 ,! leg5ds ( e>ly ,attica 7 d\btless famili> to him4 ,we may grant t !re 0 probably "s lik5ess betwe5 ! lab\r-conditions ( e>ly ,rome & e>ly ,a!ns4 ,b hi/orians are ev] tempt$ to detect analogies 9 ha/e & remodel tradition at leisure4 ,i suspect t ! two features ( ! same picture1 ! preval5ce ( ru/ic slav]y & also ( ru/ic wage-e>n+1 are tak5 f diff]5t l9es ( tradition1 & bo? ov]drawn4 ,9 connexion ) ?is "q x is necess>y to turn back to a rem>kable passage#fad ( ,livy ref]r+ to ! ye> #cfb ,,bc4 ,! fam\s ,l ,manlius ! m>t9et 7imp]iosus7 0 ?reat5$ ) a public prosecution by a tribune = misuse ( 8 p[]s z dictator 9 ! ye> j pa/4 ,to create prejudice aga9/ ! accus$1 ! prosecutor fur!r alleg$ t he _h treat$ 8 son ,titus ) cruel sev]ity4 ,! "y man 0 sl[ ( wit & spee*1 b no wrongdo+ _h be5 br\ght home to him4 ,yet 8 fa!r _h turn$ him out ( 8 city home1 _h cut him (f f public life & ! company ( o!r y\?s1 & put him to s]vile "w1 %utt+ him up 9 :at 0 almo/ a slaves' prison 7erga/ulum74 ,! daily affliction ( su* a life 0 calculat$ to tea* ! dictator's son t he _h inde$ a m>t9et = 8 fa!r4 ,to keep 8 son among ! flocks 9 ! ru/ic condition & habit ( a c\ntry boor 0 to int5sify any natural defects ( 8 own (fspr+1 conduct too he>tless = ev5 ! brute bea/s4 ,b ! "y ,manlius upset all calculations4 ,on he>+ :at 0 9 contemplation he />t$ = ,rome ) a knife1 made 8 way into ! tribune's pres5ce 9 ! morn+ & made him solemnly swe> to drop ! prosecution by a ?reat ( kill+ him !n & !re if he did n take ! oa?4 ,! tribune swore1 & ! trial fell ?r\gh4 ,! ,roman commons 7 vex$ to lose ! *ance ( us+ _! votes to puni% ! fa!r = 8 arbitr>y & unfeel+ conduct1 b !y approv$ ! dutiful act ( ! son1 & took ! fir/ opportunity ( elect+ him a milit>y (fic]4 ,?is "y man 0 aft]w>ds ! r5[n$ ,t ,manlius ,torquatus1 :o foll[$ 8 fa!r's example ( sev]ity by putt+ to dea? 8 own son = a brea* ( milit>y discipl9e4 ,! /ory is a f9e specim5 ( ! edify+ leg5ds kept 9 circulation by ! ,romans ( lat] days4 ,t ! greatness ( ,rome 0 above all ?+s due to _! grim old fa!rs :o endur$ h>dness & sacrific$ all t5d] affections to public duty1 0 ! g5]al moral ( ^! popul> tales4 ,exagg]ation grew ) repetition1 & details became less & less au!ntic4 ,9 p>ticul> ! circum/ances ( _! own "t 7 foi/$ 9 by n>rators ^: imag9ation did n suffice to grasp ! diff]5ce ( conditions 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ! above /ory we h a ref]5ce to erga/ula1 ! b>racoons 9 :i* ! slave-gangs on great e/ates 7 conf9$ :5 n actually at "w4 ,n[ ! sy/em ( :i* ^! private prisons 7 a m>k$ feature c]ta9ly belongs to a lat] p]iod1 :5 agriculture on a l>ge scale 0 widely practis$1 n to make a liv+ = a man & 8 family1 b to make a great income = a s+le individual by ! lab\r ( _m4 ,"h !n we h a detail cle>ly n au!ntic1 :i* ?r[s d\bt on ! :ole sett+ ( ! /ory4 ,aga91 we h agricultural lab\r put be=e u z degrad+ 7opus s]vile74 ,x is a puni%m5t1 bani%+ a "y ,roman f 8 prop] surr\nd+ 9 ! life ( ,rome1 & doom+ him to gr[ up a m]e clodhopp]4 ,!re may h be5 "s po9ts 9 ! orig9al /ory ( :i* ?is is an exagg]at$ v]sion3 = x is evid5t t f q e>ly days ( ! ,republic m5 ( ! rul+ class f\nd x necess>y to sp5d mu* "t 9 or q close to ! city4 ,b ! repres5tation ( agriculture z a s]vile occupation is grossly inconsi/5t ) ! o!r leg5ds glorify+ ! f>m]-h]oes ( yore4 ,x is ( c\rse q impossible to prove t no isolat$ cases ( a "y ,roman's bani%m5t to f>m life ev] occurr$4 ,b t su* a proce$+ 0 s f> ord9>y z fairly to be reckon$ typical1 is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,t lat] writ]s %\ld inv5t or accept su* col\r+ = _! picture1 is no wond]4 ,9 ! ,attic ,new ,com$y1 ) :i* ,roman society 0 famili>iz$#fae 9 ! second c5tury ,,bc1 ?is situation 0 f\nd4 ,! lat] conditions ( ,roman life1 9 city & c\ntry1 t5d$ to make ! view ( agriculture z a s]vile trade1 capable ( be+ r5d]$ p5al1 m & m intelligible to ,romans4 ,accord+ly we f9d ?is view cynically accept$#faf by ,sallu/1 & w>mly prote/$ aga9/#fag by ,cic]o4 ,9 ord] to weak5 ! case ( 8 cli5t ,sextus ,roscius1 x 0 urg$ t ! "y man's fa!r di/ru/$ him & s5t him to live ! life ( a boor on 8 f>m 9 ,umbria4 ,cic]o1 evid5tly anxi\s z to ! possible effect ( ?is con/ruction ( facts on ! com+ v]dict1 0 at great pa9s to c\nt] x by ma9ta9+ t ! fa!r's decision 0 9 tru? a complim5t3 9 look+ = an hone/ & capable manag] ( 8 ru/ic e/ate he _h f\nd ! "r man 9 ?is son4 ,! orator surely did n enl>ge on ?is po9t = no?+4 ,& x is to be not$ t 9 insi/+ on ! respectability ( a f>m]'s life he sees fit to ref] to ! f>m]-consuls ( ! old5 "t4 ,he feels1 no d\bt1 t unsupport$ ass]tions#fah z to ! employm5t ( sons 9 agriculture by 8 contempor>ies 7 n likely to c>ry mu* weight ) ! jury4 ,aft] ! above consid]ations ,i come to ! conclusion t ,livy's repres5tation ( agriculture z a s]vile occupation 9 ! case ( ,manlius is a col\r$ utt]ance ( no hi/orical value4 ,a m9ute consi/5cy is n to be look$ = 9 ! writ+s ( an au?or to :om picturesqu5ess ( detail appeals diff]5tly at diff]5t mom5ts4 ,= ,livy 0 9 tru? deeply consci\s ( ! sad *anges 9 ,italian c\ntry life br\ght ab\t by ! transition to l>ge-scale agriculture4 ,"u ! ye> #che he is driv5 to moralize#fai on ! con/ant r5ewal ( ,volscian & ,aequian w>s4 ,h[ ev] did ^! two small peoples f9d armies = ! long-cont9u$ /ruggle8 ,he sugge/s possible answ]s to ! "q1 ! mo/ significant ( :i* is t 9 ^? days !re 0 a d5se free population 9 ^? di/ricts1--di/ricts :i* 9 8 own "t1 he says1 w\ld be des]t$ b = ! pres5ce ( ,roman slaves4 ,to describe vividly ! decay ( free population1 he adds t only a poor little nurs]y ( soldi]s is left 7vix sem9>io exiguo militum relicto7 9 ^? p>ts4 ,! mom5t\s results ( ! *ange ( sy/em are n m cle>ly grasp$ by ,lucan or ,pl9y himself4 ,livy !n is n to be cit$ z a witness to ! exi/5ce ( great numb]s ( ru/ic slaves 9 ,italy be=e ! second ,punic w>1 nor ev5 !n = ! highly-organiz$ gang-sy/em by :i* an indu/rial "* 0 giv5 to agriculture4 ,"o m /ory1 & a /range "o1 ne$s to be consid]$1 = x be>s directly on ! lab\r-"q4 ,! "t 9 :i* x is plac$ is ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod ( ! ,roman conque/ ( ,italy4 ,9 a fragm5t#fbj ( "o ( 8 lat] books ,dionysius tells u ( ! arbitr>y do+s ( a consul ,po/umius1 a ,patrician ( high rank :o _h already be5 twice consul4 ,aft] mu* bully+ he made 8 colleague1 a ,plebeian ( rec5t nobility1 resign to him ! comm& 9 ! ,samnite w>4 ,?is 0 an unpopul> act1 b he w5t on to worse4 ,f 8 army he draft$ "s #bjjj m5 on to 8 own e/ate1 & set !m to cut away bru%wood )\t provid+ cutt+ tools 7 74 ,& he kept !m !re a long "t do+ ! "w ( wage-e>n]s or slaves 7 74 ,into ! tale ( 8 fur!r acts ( arbitr>y insol5ce we ne$ n ent] "h1 nor into ! public prosecution & condemnation to a heavy f9e t await$ him at ! end ( 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,suffice x t ! /ory is 9 g5]al confirm$#fba by ,livy1 & t ! h]o ( x seems to h be5 rememb]$ 9 ,roman tradition z a classic in/ance ( self-will$ audacity & disreg>d ( ! conv5tions t 7 ! s\l ( ,roman public life4 ,s f> z ! lab\r is conc]n$1 x seems to me t :at 0 object$ to 9 ! consul's conduct 0 ! use ( 8 milit>y supreme p[] 7imp]ium7 = 8 own private pr(it4 ,he treat$ a fatigue-p>ty z a f>m lab\r-gang4 ,freem5 might "w on _! own l& side by side ) _! slaves3 !y might "w = wages on ano!r man's l& side by side ) 8 slaves4 ,any objection !y might feel w\ld be due to ! unwelcome pressure ( economic necessity4 ,b to be call$ out = milit>y s]vice 7& 9 mo/ cases f _! own f>ms71 & !n set to f>m-lab\r on ano!r man's l& "u milit>y discipl9e1 0 too mu*4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t a ,roman army ( ! e>ly ,republic 0 n compos$ ( paup] adv5tur]s :o pref]r$ a life ( dang] ) hopes ( loot & lic5ce to h>d monoton\s toil4 ,! v poor 7 n call$ out1 & ! ranks 7 fill$ ) citiz5s :o _h at lea/ "s prop]ty to lose4 ,!re=e x might easily happ5 t a soldi] set to r\gh manual lab\r by ,po/umius _h to d = him ! s]vice t 0 be+ done at home = himself by a wage-e>n] or a slave4 ,he 0 a soldi] because he 0 a free citiz52 he 0 be+ employ$ 9 place ( a slave because he 0 a soldi] "u m>tial law4 ,9 no free republic c\ld su* a wrong be tol]at$4 ,! words ( ! epitome ( ,livy /ate ! case ) suffici5t precision4 ,l ,po/umius consul>is1 quoniam cum ex]citui praeesset op]a militum 9 agro suo usus erat1 damnatus e/4 ,x is rem>kable t1 among ! o!r epitomators & collectors ( anecdotes :o drew f ! /ore ( ,livy1 n "o1 n ev5 ,val]ius ,maximus1 records ?is /ory4 ,to ,livy x mu/ h seem$ important1 or he w\ld n h laid en\gh /ress on x to attract ! att5tion ( ! writ] ( ! epitome4 ,s too ! detail$ v]sion ( ,dionysius1 probably drawn f ! same au?ority z t ( ,livy1 /ruck ! fancy ( a mak] ( extracts & caus$ 8 text to be pres]v$ to u4 ,x surely desc5ds1 l _m o!r ( ! old /ories1 9 a l9e ( ,plebeian tradition1 & is record$ z an illu/ration ( ! survival ( ,patrician insol5ce 9 a head/rong consul aft] ! two ,ord]s _h be5 politically equaliz$ by ! ,lic9ian laws4 ,beside ^! fragm5ts ( evid5ce !re are 9 ! lat] ,roman lit]ature _m passages 9 :i* writ]s directly ass]t t _! =efa!rs liv$ a life ( simple frugality & work$ ) _! own h&s on _! own little f>ms4 ,b z evid5ce ! value ( su* passages is n v great4 ,!y te/ify to a tradition3 b 9 mo/ cases ! tradition is be+ us$ = ! purposes ( moraliz+ rhetoric4 ,n[ ! glorification ( #8good old times' has 9 all ages tempt$ au?ors to aim r at /rik+ contra/ betwe5 pa/ & pres5t ?an at v]ification ( _! pictures ( ! pa/4 ,to impute ?is defect to satiri/s is a m]e commonplace4 ,b ^? :o are n pr(ess$ satiri/s are (t5 expos$ to ! same influ5ce 9 a less degree4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5on 9 ?is k9d is ! *orus ( poets 9 ! ,augu/an age4 ,! ,emp]or1 aw>e t ! "* ( ,re=m] is nev] a v popul> "o1 pref]r$ to pose z ,re/or]4 ,! h9t 0 giv51 & ! lit]>y _w act$ on x4 ,h5ce=? ! praises ( ! noble & effici5t simplicity ( ! anci5ts =m$ a /aple mat]ial ( ,roman lit]ature4 ,,xxi4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,conclusions4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! e>ly p]iod d[n to #bja ,,bc ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 com+ to ! foll[+ conclusions4 #a4 ,! evid5ce1 consi/+ ( fragm5t>y tradition some:at di/ort$ & 9 "s po9ts exagg]at$ by ! influ5ce ( moral purpose on lat] writ]s1 is on ! :ole consi/5t & cr$ible4 #b4 ,f x we get a picture ( agriculture z an hon\rable trade1 ! *ief occupation ( free citiz5s1 :o are 9 g5]al accu/om$ to "w ) _! own h&s4 #c4 ,! ,roman citiz5 z a rule has an allotm5t ( l& z 8 own1 & an e>ly classification ( citiz5s 7! #8,s]vian ,con/itution'7 0 orig9ally bas$ on l&hold+1 c>ry+ ) x ! obligation to milit>y s]vice4 #d4 ,! ,roman family _h a place = ! slave1 & ! slave1 a dome/ic help]1 normally an ,italian1 0 n z yet ! despis$ ali5 *attel ( :om we read 9 a lat] age4 #e4 ,z a dome/ic he bore a "p 9 all ! lab\rs ( ! family1 & !re=e z a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! commone/ ( all1 agriculture4 #f4 ,9 ?is !re 0 no?+ degrad+4 ,sugge/ions to t effect are ! e*oes ( lat] conditions4 #g4 ,"u su* relations ( ma/] & slave x 0 q natural t manumission %\ld 7z x did7 op]ate to make ! slave n only free b a citiz54 ,t ?is rule l$ to v tr\blesome results 9 a lat] p]iod 0 ow+ to *ange ( circum/ances4 #h4 ,slav]y !n 01 f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any tradition1 an integral "p ( ! social & economic sy/em1 z mu* 9 ,italy z 9 ,greece4 ,x 0 !re1 & only ne$$ ! /imulus ( prospective economic ga9 = capitali/s to organize x on a crudely indu/rial basis1 )\t reg>d to consid]ations ( humanity or ! g5]al wellbe+ ( ! /ate4 #i4 ,( wage-e>n+ lab\r on ! "p ( freem5 we h little trace 9 tradition4 ,! report$ compla9ts ( day-lab\r p]=m$ = ,patrician nobles 9 e>ly times are probably n unconnect$ ) ! in/itution ( cli5t%ip1 & 9 any case highly col\r$ by rhetoric4 ,,rome--,,middle ,,p]iod ,,xxii4 ,,introductory ,,g5]al ,,view4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,c>?age put an end to a p]iod ( t]rible anxiety to ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 & ! fir/ feel+ 0 naturally "o ( relief4 ,b ! suff]+s ( ! w>-we>y masses _h produc$ an int5se long+ = peace & re/4 ,x might be true t a ,mac$onian w> 0 necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate3 b x 0 only ) great difficulty t ! ,s5ate ov]came opposition to a =w>d policy4 ,= ! suff]+s ( ! p1 m p>ticul>ly ! f>m]s1 7 n at an end4 ,! w> indemnities f ,c>?age might refill ! empty treasury1 & enable ! /ate to dis*>ge its public obligations to contractors & o!r cr$itors4 ,s f> well3 b receipts ( ?is k9d did little or no?+ t[>ds meet+ ! "o vital ne$1 ! ree/abli%m5t ( displac$ peasants on ! l&4 ,! mo/ accessible di/ricts1 g5]ally ! be/ suit$ = tillage1 _h no d\bt suff]$ mo/ 9 ! di/urbances ( w>2 & ! future de/9ies ( ,rome & ,italy 7 dep5d+ on ! =m t revival ( agriculture w\ld take4 ,! race ( small f>m]s _h be5 hi!rto ! backbone ( ,roman p[]4 ,b ! w>s ( ! la/ two g5]ations _h br\ght ,rome into contact ) an agricultural sy/em ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,punic agriculture#fbb 0 indu/rial3 t is1 conduct$ = pr(it on a l>ge scale & direct$ by purely economic consid]ations4 ,*eap production 0 ! fir/ ?+4 ,z ! mod]n l>ge f>m] relies on ma*9]y1 s 8 anci5t pr$ecessor reli$ on dome/icat$ animals2 *iefly on ! animal ) h&s1 ! human slave4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t dur+ ! second ,punic w> ! ,roman practice ( employ+ contractors = all mann] ( /ate s]vices 7publica7 _h be5 greatly develop$4 ,companies ( publicani _h play$ an active "p & _h ?riv5 on _! ent]prises4 ,^! companies 7 probably already1 z !y c]ta9ly 7 9 lat] times1 great employ]s ( slaves4 ,9 any case !y repres5t$ a purely indu/rial & comm]cial view ( life1 ! #8economic' z oppos$ to ! #8national' set ( pr9ciples4 ,_! numb]s 7 beyond all d\bt great] ?an !y _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,) su* m5 ! future int]e/s ( ! /ate w\ld easily be obscur$ by imm$iate private int]e/s1 selfi% appetite be+ :ett$ by ! rec5t ta/e ( pr(its4 ,if a l>ge section ( ! f>m] class seem$ 9 dang] ( ext9ction ?r\gh ! absorption ( _! f>ms 9 great e/ates1 legislation to prev5t x 0 n likely to h ! w>m support ( ^! capitali/s4 ,t f9ancial int]e/s 7 imm5sely p[]ful 9 ! lat] ,roman ,republic is univ]sally admitt$1 b ,i d n ?9k suffici5t all[ance is made = _! influ5ce 9 ! "t ( exhau/ion at ! v beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,,bc4 ,! /ory ( ! tri5tabula1 discuss$ above1 is alone en\gh to %ew h[ ?is influ5ce 0 at "w2 & x 0 surely no isolat$ ph5om5on4 ,we h !re=e reason to believe t _m ( ! f>m]s dispossess$ by ! w> nev] return$ to _! =m] homes1 & we naturally ask :at became ( !m4 ,"s no d\bt 7 unsettl$ & unfitt$ = ! monoton\s toil ( ru/ic life by ! habits contract$ 9 campaign+4 ,su* m5 w\ld f9d urban idl5ess1 or fur!r milit>y s]vice ) loot 9 prospect1 m to _! ta/e3 "s ( ^! w\ld try bo? exp]i5ces 9 turn4 ,we trace _! pres5ce 9 ! gr[? ( a city mob1 & 9 ! enli/m5t ( vet]ans to give tone & /ead9ess to some:at lukew>m armies 9 new w>s4 ,b x is n to be assum$ t ?is elem5t con/itut$ ! :ole1 or ev5 ! great] "p1 ( ^? :o did n g back to _! old f>ms4 ,! ye>s #bjj-ahj saw ! f\ndation ( #ai new coloniae1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! coloni includ$ a numb] ( ! m5 unsettl$ by ! great w>4 ,! gr\p f\nd$ 9 #aid-b 7 design$ to secure ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,italy aga9/ attack by an ,ea/]n p[] controll+ l>ge fleets4 ,^? ( #ahi-a 7 9 ! ,nor?1 ! ma9 object be+ to /r5g!n ! ,roman grip ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul4 ,b already 9 #aih-e x _h be5 f\nd necess>y to support ! colonies on ! ,po 7,plac5tia & ,cremona7 aga9/ attacks ( ! ,gauls1 & 9 #aij !y 7 re9=c$ ) cont+5ts ( fre% coloni/s4 ,= ! firm occupation ( nor!rn ,italy 0 a policy /eadily kept 9 view1 & only int]rupt$ = a "t by ! /ra9 ( ,ea/]n w>s4 ,9 try+ to =m a notion ( ! condition ( agriculture 9 ! second c5tury ,,bc1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! lab\r "q1 we mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t milit>y s]vice 0 /ill obligatory#fbc on ! ,roman citiz51 & t ?is 0 a p]iod ( _m w>s4 ,! f>m]-soldi]1 liable to be call$ up at any "t until 8 =ty-six? ye>1 might h to break (f important "w :i* c\ld n )\t risk ( loss be left 9 o!r h&s4 ,at ! wor/1 a sudd5 call might mean ru94 ,paup] wage-e>n]s1 l&less m51 7 n rea*$ by ! milit>y levy 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,h[ soon !y began to be enroll$ z volunte]s1 & to :at ext5t1 is unc]ta94 ,b conscription ( qualifi$ citiz5s rema9$ ! /aple me?od ( fill+ ! legions#fbd until ! fam\s levy held by ,m>ius 9 #ajg4 ,conscription _h = a long "t be5 becom+ m & m unpopul> & difficult to en=ce1 save 9 cases :]e easy victory & abundant booty 7 look$ =4 ,! ,roman gov]nm5t fell into ! habit ( employ+ *iefly ! cont+5ts ( ! ,italian ,allies 9 h>d & unremun]ative campaigns4 ,?is unfair treatm5t1 & o!r wrongs to mat*1 l$ to ! great rebellion ( #ij ,,bc4 ,b ! grant ( ! ,roman fran*ise to ! ,italians1 extort$ by =ce ( arms1 ?\gh x made m ,roman citiz5s1 c\ld n make m ,roman f>m]s4 ,! tru? is1 a specializ+ process 0 go+ on4 ,! soldi] 0 becom+ m & m a pr(essional3 f>m+ 0 becom+ m & m ! organiz$ exploitation ( lab\r4 ,long & di/ant w>s unfitt$ ! dis*>g$ soldi]s = ! monoton\s r\nd ( ru/ic life3 :ile !y kept ! slave-m>ket well suppli$ ) captives1 ?us mak+ x easy = capitali/s to take advantage ( great areas ( l& *eaply acquir$ f "t to "t4 ,moreov]1 ! advance ( ,roman dom9ion _h ano!r effect beside ! m]e supply ( lab\r+ h&s4 ,x made ,rome ! c5tre ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 ! place :]e all important issues 7 decid$1 & :]e x 0 necess>y to reside4 ,! weal?y l&[n] 0 practically compell$ to sp5d mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ! rul+ city1 9 close t\* ) public affairs4 ,n[ ?is compell$ him to manage 8 e/ates by /ew>ds1 keep+ an eye on !m s f> z 8 engagem5ts 9 ,rome left him free to d s4 ,& ?is situation creat$ a dem& = highly-qualifi$ /ew>ds4 ,! supply ( ^! _h to come ma9ly f ! ea/]n c\ntries ( old civilization4 ,b if te*nical skill c\ld ?us be procur$ 7& x 0 v necess>y = ! v>iety ( crops t 7 tak+ ! place ( corn71 x 0 g5]ally accompani$ by an ori5tal subtlety ! devices ( :i* 7 n easy to p5etrate4 ,f ! w>n+s ( ! agricultural writ]s1 z to ! ne$ ( keep+ a /rict wat* on a vilicus1 we may fairly inf] t ^! fav\r$ slaves 7 giv5 to robb+ _! ma/]s4 ,! ma/]1 ev5 if he _h ! k requisite = practical control1 seldom _h ! leisure = frequ5t visits to 8 e/ate4 ,:at he want$ 0 a regul> income to sp5d3 & ! a/ute /ew>d :o 0 always ready ) ! expect$ ca% on ! appo9t$ day _h little fe> ( reprim& or puni%m5t4 ,8 own int]e/ 0 t 8 own ma/] %\ld expect z little z possible1 & x is obvi\s t ?is w\ld n enc\rage a s9c]e ef=t to get ! mo/ out ( ! e/ate 9 a fav\rable ye>4 ,8 ma/]'s expectations w\ld !n rise1 & ! disappo9tm5t ( poor returns 9 a bad ye> might h s]i\s consequ5ces = himself4 ,^! consid]ations may help u to und]/& :y ! hi/ory ( ! lat] ,roman ,republic gives s gloomy a picture ( agriculture4 ,we f9d ! small f>m]1 citiz5 & soldi] too1 dy+ out z a class 9 a great "p ( ,italy4 ,we f9d ! l& pass+ into ! h&s ( a few l>ge own]s ^: p]sonal importance 0 va/ly increas$ !reby4 ,:e!r b\ght *eap on a glutt$ m>ket or #8possess$' 9 a sort ( copyhold t5ancy f ! /ate1 :e!r arable or pa/ure1 x is at all ev5ts cle> t ! bulk ( ^! latifundia 7if n ! :ole7 _h be5 got on v easy t]ms4 ,! new hold]s 7 n hamp]$ by lack ( capital or lab\r1 z may (t5 h be5 ! case ) ! old peasantry4 ,slave-lab\r 0 g5]ally *eap1 at times v *eap4 ,k & skill c\ld be b\ght1 z well z bone & muscle4 ,l ! ox & ! ass1 ! slave 0 only f$ & clo!d & h\s$ suffici5tly to keep him fit = "w3 8 upkeep :ile at "w 0 n ! cank] eat+ up pr(its4 ,) ! influx ( weal?1 ! spoils ( conque/1 ! tribute ( subject prov9ces1 ! pr(its ( blackmail & usury1 prices ( almo/ ev]y?+ 7 ris+ 9 ! second c5tury ,,bc4 ,corn1 import$ & sold *eap to ! ,roman poor1 0 an exception3 b ! ,italian l&lords 7 ceas+ to gr[ corn1 save = local consumption4 ,"s au?orities1 if n all1 ?\ght#fbe t graz+ paid bett] ?an tillage3 & x 0 notori\s t pa/urage 0 increas+ & cultivation decl9+4 ,! slave-h]dsm51 h>dy & arm$ aga9/ wolves & brig&s1 7 a =midable class4 ,:5 comb9$ ) mut9\s gladiators !y 71 z ,sp>tacus %ew$ 9 #gc-a ,,bc1 wellnigh irresi/ible save by regul> armies 9 =mal campaigns4 ,! own] ( a va/ e/ate1 controll+ huge numb]s ( able-bodi$ ruffians :o _h no?+ to lose !mselves & no inducem5t to sp>e o!rs1 0 9 fact a public dang] if driv5 to desp]ation4 ,he c\ld mobilize an army ( robb]s & cut?roats at a few days notice1 live on ! c\ntry1 & draw recruits f all ! slave-gangs ne>4 ,x 0 n want ( p[] t crippl$ ! repres5tatives ( l>ge-scale agriculture4 ,& yet 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,republic1 :5 ! fabric ( ! /ate 0 crack+ "u repeat$ /ra9s1 we are told t1 among ! v>i\s types ( m5 l$ by f9ancial emb>rassm5ts to fav\r revolution>y s*emes1 "o well-m>k$ gr\p consi/$ ( great l&lords4 ,^! m51 says#fbf ,cic]o1 ?\gh deep 9 debt1 c\ld q well pay :at !y owe by sell+ _! l&s4 ,b !y w n d ?is3 !y are #8l&-pr\d4' ,! income f _! e/ates w n cov] ! int]e/ on _! debts1 b !y g on fooli%ly try+ to make x d s4 ,9 ?is /ruggle !y are b\nd to be beat54 ,9 o!r words1 ! return on _! l&$ e/ates is n en\gh to support a life ( extravagance 9 ,rome4 ,s !y borr[1 at high int]e/4 ,! cr$itors ( c\rse take good security1 ) a m>g9 = risks4 ,s1 9 ord] to keep ! social /atus ( a great l&lord1 ! borr[] takes a loan ( less ?an ! capital value ( 8 l&1 :ile he has to pay = ! accommodation m ?an ! income f ! l&4 ,ru9 is ! c]ta9 end ( su* f9ance1 & x is only 9 a revolution t !re is any hope ( #8some?+ turn+ up' 9 fav\r ( ! debtor4 ,we mu/ n suppose t all or mo/ ( ! great l&lords ( ! day _h rea*$ ! /age ( emb>rassm5t describ$ by ,cic]o4 ,t !re 7 "s 9 t plight1 is n to be d\bt$1 ev5 :5 we h all[$ freely = an orator's ov]/atem5ts4 ,b x is h>dly ra% to suppose t !re 7 "s l&lords :o 7 n 9 debt1 at lea/ to a s]i\s ext5t1 ei!r ?r\gh good returns f _! l&s or f o!r inve/m5ts1 or ev5 f liv+ ?riftily4 ,:at seems q cle> is t l>ge-scale f>m+ ( l& 0 by no means s remun]ative f9ancially z o!r =ms ( inve/m5t2 & t ?\gh1 z po9t$ out above1 x 0 c>ri$ on ) n a few po9ts 9 its fav\r4 ,9 ! same descriptive passage#fbg ! orator ref]s to ano!r class ( l&[n]s ripe = revolution4 ,^! 7 ! vet]ans ( ,sulla1 settl$ by him z coloni on l&s ( f>m]s dispossess$ on pretext ( complicity ) 8 ,m>ian oppon5ts4 ,_! e/ates 7 no d\bt on a small] scale ?an ^? ( ! class j spok5 ( above4 ,b !y 7 evid5tly com=table allotm5ts4 ,! dis*>g$ soldi]s made bad f>m]s4 ,!y meant to enjoy ! weal? sudd5ly be/[$1 & !y _h no notion ( economy4 ,_! extravagance1 "o =m ( :i* 0 ! keep+ ( a numb]#fbh ( slaves1 soon l&$ !m hopelessly 9 debt4 ,s !y also saw _! only *ance ( recov]y 9 a r5ewal ( civil w> & fre% confiscations4 ,x 0 said t a numb] ( necessit\s ru/ics 7probably "s ( ! v m5 eject$ f ! f>ms7 7 ready to jo9 !m 9 a campaign ( plund]4 ,"h we h a special picture ( ! milit>y coloni/1 "o ( ! mo/ s9i/] figures 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic4 ,x is no d\bt highly col\r$1 b ! gr\p settl$ 9 ,etruria 7 probably "s ( ! wor/ specim5s4 ,9 su* h&s agriculture c\ld n fl\ri%1 & ! true int]e/s ( ,rome c\ld h>dly h suff]$ a m deadly bl[ ?an ! transf] ( ,italian l&s f ^? :o c\ld f>m !m to ^? :o c\ld n4 ,x 0 n m]ely t l&s 7 #8let d[n4' ,italy 0 made less able to ma9ta9 a native population1 fitt$ & will+ to s]ve ! /ate 9 peace & w>4 ,! effects ( ?is dim9ution ( ! free ru/ic population 7 mo/ s]i\sly felt "u ! ,empire4 ,writ]s ( ! ,augu/an age deplore#fbi ! disappe>ance ( ! old races 9 a l>ge "p ( ,italy1 displac$ by ali5 slaves2 & _! cry is repeat$ by lat] g5]ations4 ,! imp]ial c\ntry t _h conqu]$ ! ,m$it]ranean _w became dep5d5t on subjects & =eign]s = h] own def5ce4 ,! evil plight ( agriculture 9 ,cic]o's day 0 m]ely a cont9uation & developm5t ( ! process obs]vable 9 ! second c5tury4 ,exp]i5ce _h probably mod]at$ "s ( ! crude & blund]+ me?ods ( ! l&-grabb]s ^: do+s provok$ ! agr>ian movem5t ( ! ,grac*i4 ,b 9 ess5ce ! sy/em 0 ! same4 ,& x 0 a failure1 a confess$ evil4 ,:y8 ,x is easy to reply t slave-lab\r is wa/eful2 & ?is is ,i believe an economic truism4 ,b x is well to look a little fur!r4 ,let me beg9 by quot+ f an excell5t book#fcj writt5 at a "t :5 ?is subject 0 "o ( imm$iate practical int]e/4 #8,! pr(itabl5ess :i* has be5 attribut$ to slav]y is pr(itabl5ess e/imat$ exclusively f ! po9t ( view ( ! proprietor ( slaves4444 ,! pr(its ( capitali/s may be increas$ by ! same process by :i* ! gross rev5ue ( a c\ntry is dim9i%$1 & !re=e ! community z a :ole may be impov]i%$ ?r\gh ! v same means by :i* a portion ( its numb] is enri*$4 ,! economic success ( slav]y !re=e is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! supposition t x is prejudicial to ! mat]ial wellbe+ ( ! c\ntry :]e x is e/abli%$4' ,^! propositions ,i d n dispute3 ,i _h come to ! same conclusion long be=e ,i read ?is passage4 ,i fur!r admit t 9 ! case ( ,rome & ,italy ! community z a :ole 0 impov]i%$ by ! slave-sy/em3 x 0 ! con/ant influx ( tributes f ! prov9ces t kept up ! appe>ance ( weal? at ! c5tre ( empire4 ,b :e!r1 9 ! case ( agriculture1 ! capitali/ l&lords 7 really enri*$ by ! pr(its ( plantation slav]y1 is surely a "q op5 to d\bt4 ,^? ( !m ^: capital sunk 9 great e/ates & gangs ( slaves br\ght 9 only a mod]ate return1 :ile !y 7 borr[+ at a high] rate ( int]e/1 7 c]ta9ly n ! ri*] = _! l&$ inve/m5ts4 ,to keep up a fictiti\s %[ ( solid weal? = ! mom5t1 !y 7 m>*+ to ru94 ,b ! man :o made 8 income f l&$ e/ates suffice = 8 ne$s1--c we say t he 0 enri*$ !reby8 ,h>dly1 if he 0 miss+ ! *ance ( m remun]ative inve/m5ts by hav+ 8 money lock$ up 9 l&4 ,he made a sacrifice1 9 ord] to gratify a social pride :i* _h 9 ,roman public life a c]ta9 political value4 ,"u ! ,republic1 ?is political value might be realiz$ 9 ! =m ( prov9cial or milit>y appo9tm5ts1 pr(itable ?r\gh v>i\s species ( blackmail4 ,b ! connexion ( su* pr(its ) own]%ip ( great plantations is too remote to conc]n u "h4 ,a sm>t c\ntry-place1 :]e influ5tial fri5ds c\ld be luxuri\sly ent]ta9$1 0 politically m to ! po9t4 ,n[ if1 z seems c]ta91 ! great plantations 7 n always 7p]haps v seldom 77 a /rictly economic success1 ?\gh protect$ aga9/ ,transalp9e competition#fca 9 w9e & oil1 c we disc]n any defects 9 ! sy/em /eadily op]at+ to produce failure8 ,:5 we admit t slave-lab\r is wa/eful1 we mean t its output z comp>$ ) t ( free lab\r is n proportionate to ! "t sp5t4 ,hav+ no hope ( bett]+ 8 condition1 ! slave does only j en\gh to escape puni%m5t2 hav+ no int]e/ 9 ! pr(its ( ! "w1 he does x c>elessly4 ,if1 z we "k1 ! free work] paid by "t ne$s con/ant wat*+ to keep him up to ! m>k1 mu* m is ?is true ( ! slave4 ,h5ce a sy/em ( piece-"w is dislik$ by ! free man & h>dly applicable 9 practice to ! case ( ! slave4 ,b we are n to =get t ! slave1 hav+ be5 b\ght & paid =1 draws no money wage4 ,! int]e/ on 8 prime co/ is on ! av]age probably mu* less ?an a free man's wage2 b ! ma/] _c pay him (f & be rid ( him :5 ! job is done4 ,! own$ lab\r] is on 8 own]'s h&s s long z t own] owns him4 ,aga9/ ?is we mu/ set ! v l[ /&>d ( fe$+ clo?+ h\s+ etc all[$ 9 ! case ( ! slave4 ,nor mu/ we ignore ! economic advantage ( slav]y z ensur+ a p]man5t supply ( lab\r3 = ! free lab\r] 0 7& is7 n always to be _h :5 want$4 ,^! 7 pretty c]ta9ly ! consid]ations t und]lay ! organization describ$ by ! ,roman writ]s on res ru/ica2 a regul> /aff ( slaves = ev]yday "w1 supplem5t$ by hir$ lab\r at times ( pressure or = special jobs4 ,& ! gr[+ difficulty ( gett+ hir$ help probably furni%$ ! motive = develop+ ! sy/em ( coloni4 ,by lett+ p>cels ( an e/ate to small t5ants a l&lord c\ld secure ! pres5ce ( resid5t freem5 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,^! 9 _! sp>e "t c\ld be employ$ z lab\r]s4 ,at h[ e>ly a date /ipulation = lab\r 9 "p paym5t ( _! r5ts plac$ su* t5ants on a #8soccage' foot+ is n c]ta94 ,x has rightly or n1 be5 detect$ 9 ,columella4 ,at all ev5ts x conta9$ ! g]m ( pr$ial s]fdom4 ,n[1 s long z slave-lab\r 0 ! p]man5t & vital elem5t 9 agriculture1 success or failure dep5d$ entirely on ! effici5cy ( direction & control4 ,accord+ly ! regul> organization ( a great e/ate 0 a complete hi]>*y4 ,at ! head 0 ! vilicus1 hav+ "u him =em5 skill$ 9 special bran*es ( f>m "w & head-%eph]ds & ! l4 ,ev5 among ! rank & file ( ! slaves _m _h special duties occupy+ all or "p ( _! "t1 = x 0 an object to fix responsibility4 ,b x is cle> t ! effici5cy ( ! :ole organization dep5d$ on t ( ! vilicus4 ,& he 0 a slave1 ! *attel ( a ma/] :o c\ld inflict on him any puni%m5t he *ose4 ,! temptation to rob 8 ma/]#fcb = 8 own pr(it 0 probably n ne>ly s /rong z we might on fir/ ?\ghts suppose4 ,if he _h contriv$ to ho>d ! fruits ( 8 pilf]+s 9 portable ca%1 :at 0 he to d ) x8 ,he 0 n free to abscond ) x4 ,he w\ld be well kn[n 9 ! neighb\rhood3 if any slave c\ld escape detection z a runaway1 x w\ld n be he4 ,& detection meant ! loss ( all 8 privileges z /ew>d1 ) sev]e puni%m5t to boot4 ,8 obvi\s policy 0 to cl+ to 8 /ew>d%ip1 to induce 8 ma/] to let him keep a few bea/s ( 8 own 7z peculium7#fcc on "s corn] ( ! e/ate1 & to wait on ev5ts4 ,x might be t he look$ =w>d to manumission aft] long s]vice4 ,b ,i _c f9d any au?ority = su* a supposition1 or any concrete in/ance ( a manumitt$ vilicus4 ,?is incl9es me to believe t 9 practice to su* a man manumission 0 no boon4 ,he 0 9 mo/ cases a native ( "s di/ant c\ntry1 :]e he _h long be5 =gott54 ,! f>m ( 8 "l 0 ! ne>e/ ?+ he _h to a home4 ,i am driv5 to suppose t z a rule he kept 8 po/ z long z he c\ld dis*>ge its duties1 & !n sank into ! position ( a quasi-p5sion$ reta9] :o c\ld pay = 8 keep by wat*+ 8 successor4 ,ord9>y slaves :5 worn out may h be5 put to light duties ab\t ! f>m1 c>e ( p\ltry etc1 & he might direct !m1 s f> z ! new /ew>d all[$4 ,i am guess+ ?us only 9 ref]5ce to av]age cases4 ,! brutal simplicity ( sell+ (f worn-out slaves = :at !y w\ld fet* 0 app>5tly n unkn[n1 & is approv$#fcd by ,cato4 ,x has be5 briefly h9t$ above t ! /ew>d's obvi\s int]e/ lay 9 prev5t+ 8 ma/] f expect+ too mu* 9 ! way ( returns f ! e/ate4 ,! dem& = net income1 t is to say ! treatm5t ( agriculture z an inve/m5t yield+ a /eady return ye> 9 & ye> out1 0 economically uns\nd4 ,a l&lord 9 public life want$ a safe income2 int]e/ on good deb5tures1 z we %\ld say4 ,b to gu>antee ?is "s capitali/ 0 ne$$ to take ! risks ( bus9ess1 ( c\rse ) ! prospect ( ga9+ 9 good ye>s m ?an he lo/ 9 bad ones4 ,n[ ! ,roman l&lord _h no su* protection4 ,9 a bus9ess subject to unavoidable fluctuations he 0 n only entitl$ to ! pr(its b liable to ! losses4 ,imag9e him j arriv$ f ,rome1 pl$g$ already to "s consid]able outlay on %[s or simple brib]y1 & look+ = a ca% balance l>g] ?an t %ewn at ! la/ audit4 ,let ! /ew>d meet him ) a tale ( disa/]1 & conceive 8 fury4 ,situations ( ?is k9d mu/ surely h occurr$1 p]haps n v seldom3 & "o ( ! two m5 0 9 ! absolute p[] ( ! o!r4 ,we ne$ n imag9e ! imm$iate#fce sequel4 ,/ew>ds on e/ates = miles r\nd w\ld be rem9d$ ( _! own risks ( disgrace & puni%m5t1 & w\ld look to _! own security4 ,i sugge/ t ! habitual practice ( ^! tru/$ m5 0 to keep ! produce ( an e/ate d[n to a level at :i* x c\ld easily be ma9ta9$2 &1 if possible1 to repres5t x z be+ ev5 less ?an x really 04 ,?us !y remov$ a dang] f !mselves4 ,?is policy impli$ an easygo+ managem5t ( ! /aff1 b ! /aff 7 n likely to res5t or betray x4 ,a ma/] l ,cato 0 p]haps n to be tak5 9 by a device ( ! k9d3 b ,catos 7 r>e1 & ! old man's advice to look %>ply aft] y\r vilicus s\nds z if he believ$ _m ma/]s to be habitually fool$ by _! plausible /ew>ds4 ,if su* 0 inde$ ! case1 "h we h at once a manife/ cause ( ! decl9e ( agriculture4 ,! re/riction ( production w\ld become ye> by ye> easi] to arrange & conceal1 h>d] & h>d] to detect4 ,! employm5t ( freem5#fcf z /ew>ds seems n to h be5 tri$ z a rem$y2 p>tly p]haps because !y w\ld h insi/$ on good sal>ies1 p>tly because !y 7 free to g1--&1 if rogues#fcg1 n empty-h&$4 ,! cause to :i* ,i h po9t$ is "o t c\ld cont9ue op]at+ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & 0 likely s to cont9ue until su* "t z ! free f>m] %\ld once m occupy ! l&4 ,! lov+ c>e t agriculture ne$s c\ld only return ) him4 ,x 0 n lack ( te*nical k t did ! mis*ief2 ,v>ro's treatise is en\gh to prove t4 ,x 0 ! lack ( p]sonal devotion 9 ! l&lords & motive 9 ! /ew>ds4 ,pr9ciples )\t practice fail$1 z !y h fail$ & w fail4 ,nor mu/ we lay mu* /ress on ! di/urbances ( ! revolution>y p]iod4 ,_h ^!1 damag+ ?\gh !y 71 be5 ! effective cause ( decl9e1 surely ! long peace "u ! e>ly ,empire w\ld h l$ to a solid revival4 ,b1 ?\gh a c\rt poet might s+ ( revival to please 8 ma/]1 m s]i\s witnesses tell a diff]5t tale4 ,9 ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,,ad we h ,lucan ,columella & ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,if ,lucan's pictures ( ! c\ntryside peopl$ ) slave-gangs1 & ( ! decay ( free population1 are suspect$ z rhetorically ov]drawn1 at lea/ !y agree ) ! evid5ce ( ,livy 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 s f> z ! p>ts ne> ,rome are conc]n$4 ,columella#fch gravely deplores ! neglect ( agriculture1 9 p>ticul> ! delegation ( managem5t to slaves4 ,! l&lord & 8 lady h long abdicat$ _! int]e/ 9 :at 0 once a noble pursuit3 x is n[ a degrad+ "o1 & _! places are tak5 by ! vilicus & vilica4 ,yet all he c sugge/ is a m p]fect organization ( ! slave-/aff1 & ! lett+ ( outly+ f>ms to t5ants4 ,pl9y tells ! same woeful /ory4 ,& :ile he v5ts 8 righte\s indignation on ! latifundia t h ru9$ ,italy1 he also m5tions in/ances ( great pr(its#fci made by cultivators ( v9es & olives on e/ates ( q mod]ate size4 ,b ^! successful m5 7 n ( ! social ari/ocracy3 !y 7 fre$m5 or o!r humble folks :o !mselves look$ %>ply aft] _! own bus9ess4 ,!re=e1 :5 we are told#fdj1 & rightly1 t ) e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire ! political attraction ( ,rome 0 less5$1 & t ! int]e/ ( weal?y l&lords became m /rictly economic 9 "*1 we mu/ n be 9 ha/e to id5tify ?is *ange ) a return ( g5u9e prosp]ity4 ,t a sort ( lab\r-crisis foll[$ ! re/oration ( peace is reasonably inf]r$ f ! fact t ! kidnapp+#fda ( freem51 & _! incorporation 9 ! slave-gangs ( great e/ates1 0 "o ( ! abom9ations ) :i* ! e>ly ,pr9cipate _h to deal4 ,9 a m peaceful _w ! supply ( new slaves fell (f1 & ! price d\btless rose4 ,x w\ld seem t at ! same "t free wage-e>n]s 7 sc>ce1 z 0 to be expect$ aft] ! civil w>s4 ,s ! highwayman1 probably (t5 a dis*>g$ soldi]1 laid h&s on ! unprotect$ wayf>]4 ,aft] tak+ 8 purse1 he made a pr(it ( 8 victim's p]son by sell+ him z a slave to "s l&[n] 9 ne$ ( lab\r]s1 :o ask$ no que/ions4 ,once 9 ! erga/ulum ! man _h small *ance ( rega9+ 8 fre$om unless & until an inspection ( ^! private prisons 0 und]tak5 by ! gov]nm5t4 ,su* ph5om5a are n likely to be ! inv5tions ( s5sational writ]s2 = ! gov]nm5t1 heavily weight$ ) o!r responsibilities1 0 driv5 to int]v5e & put d[n ! sc&al4 ,b to d ?is 0 n to supply ! necess>y lab\r4 ,t problem rema9$1 & 9 ! attempt to solve x an important developm5t 9 ! organization ( l>ge e/ates seems to h tak5 place4 ,:ile ! regul> lab\r 0 z be=e furni%$ by ! slave-/aff1 & great] c>e tak5#fdb to avoid losses by sickness1 & :ile ev5 ! bre$+ ( slaves "u c]ta9 re/rictions 0 f\nd wor?y ( att5tion1 ! ne$ ( extra h&s at c]ta9 seasons 0 met by an arrangem5t = reta9+ pot5tial free lab\r]s )9 easy rea*4 ,?is 0 an ext5sion ( ! sy/em ( t5ant coloni4 ,p>cels ( ! e/ate 7 let to small f>m]s1 ^: resid5ce 0 !reby assur$4 ,columella#fdc advises a l&lord 9 deal+ ) 8 t5ants to be m precise 9 exact+ f !m "w 7opus7 ?an r5t 7p5siones71 & ,web]#fdd takes opus to mean n m]ely ! prop] cultivation ( _! sev]al plots b a /ipulat$ am\nt ( lab\r on ! "l's f>m4 ,! practice ( exact+ lab\r f debtors#fde 9 dis*>ge ( _! debt 0 n a new "o1 & ?is arrangem5t seems to be ! same 9 a m sy/ematic =m4 ,by tak+ c>e to keep ! little f>m suffici5tly small1 & fix+ ! r5t suffici5tly high1 ! t5ant 0 pretty c]ta9 to be (t5 beh9d ) 8 r5t4 ,9 su* conditions1 ev5 if ! t5ant did n encumb] himself by fur!r borr[+1 x is cle> t he 0 v liable to s9k into a #8soccage' t5ant1 b\nd to r5d] regul> s]vices )\t wage4 ,nom9ally free1 he 0 practically ti$ to ! soil2 :ile ! l&lord1 nom9ally b ! own] ( ! soil1 gradually acquir$ :at 0 ( m value ?an a money r5t1--! own]%ip ( 8 t5ant's s]vices4 ,9 ! gr[+ sc>city ( slave lab\r ! "l _h a /rong motive = insi/+ on 8 rights1 & s ! free work] travell$ d[n ! road to s]fdom4 ,9 review+ ! hi/ory ( ru/ic slav]y1 & its be>+ on ! lab\r-"q1 f ! end ( ! second ,punic w> to ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 x is n necess>y to ref] to e indication ( ! discont5ts t 7 normal 9 ! mis]able slave-gangs4 ,a few actual outbreaks ( :i* we h def9ite records w s]ve to illu/rate ! sort ( sleep+ volcano1 ev] liable to explode1 on :i* ?\s&s ( ,italian l&lords 7 sitt+4 ,! writ]s on agriculture 7 fully consci\s ( ! p]il1 & among v>i\s precepts design$ to promote ord] 7&1 s f> z possible1 cont5tm5t7 none is m significant ?an ! advice#fdf n to h too _m slaves ( ! same race4 ,dictat$ by ! desire to make rebelli\s comb9ations difficult1 ?is advice is at lea/ z old z ,plato#fdg & ,ari/otle4 ,s e>ly z #aif ,,bc we he>#fdh ( a slave-ris+ 9 ,etruria1 put d[n ) great sev]ity by a milit>y =ce4 ,9 #ahe !re 0 a great ris+#fdi ( slave-h]dsm5 7pa/ores7 9 ,apulia1 put d[n by ! (fic] !n comm&+ ! ,,se di/rict4 ,9 ab\t ano!r half-c5tury we beg9 ! s]ies ( slave-w>s :i* tr\bl$ ! ,roman _w = "s #fj or #gj ye>s & caus$ a va/ de/ruction ( lives & prop]ty4 ,x 0 ! gr[? ( ! plantation sy/em "u a weak & di/ract$ gov]nm5t t made su* horrors possible4 ,9 #aci we he> ( a ris+ 9 ,sicily1 :]e ! plantation sy/em 0 9 full sw+4 ,f #ace !re 0 fi]ce w>#fej 9 ! isl&1 n put d[n till #aca aft] fe>ful blood%$4 ,! w> ( ,ari/onicus#fea 9 ! new prov9ce ( ,asia1 f #acb to #acj1 seems to h be5 ess5tially a slave-w>4 ,9 ,sicily ! old /ory#feb 0 repeat$ #ajc-ii ) ! same ph5om5a & results4 ,& 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic1 #gc to #ga ,,bc1 ,italy 0 deva/at$ by ! b&s ( ,sp>tacus1 a jo9t =ce ( gladiators#fec & ru/ic slaves4 ,= _m mon?s ! c\ntry 0 at _! m]cy1 & _! f9al de/ruction 0 br\ght ab\t m by _! own disunion ?an by ! sword ( ,roman legions4 ,x is record$#fed to ! cr$it ( ,catil9e t he refus$ to enli/ ru/ic slaves 9 ! arm$ =ce ) :i* he f\ght & fell at ,pi/oria1 resi/+ ! less scrupul\s advice ( 8 conf$]ates 9 ,rome4 ,dur+ ! upheaval ( ! great civil w>s ! slaves enjoy$ unusual lic5se4 ,_m took arms3 probably _m o!rs escap$ f bondage4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire1 ?\gh ! supply ( slave lab\r 0 n equal to ! dem&1 did n put an end to slave-ris+s4 ,= in/ance1 9 #bd ,,ad a =m] soldi] ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d plann$ an insurrection#fee 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brundisium4 ,by promis+ fre$om to ! bold slave-h]dsm5 scatt]$ ab\t ! ,ap5n9e =e/s he got toge!r :at 0 evid5tly a =ce ( consid]able /r5g?4 ,! lucky arrival ( a squadron ( patrol vessels enabl$ ! local quae/or to break up ! conspiracy be=e x c\ld make head4 ,b ,tib]ius did n dally ) s s]i\s a matt]3 a deta*m5t ( troops c>ri$ (f ! r+lead] & 8 *ief accomplices to ,rome4 ,tacitus rem>ks t !re 0 9 ! city a widespread uneas9ess1 ow+ to ! enorm\s gr[? ( slave-gangs :ile ! freeborn population 0 decl9+4 ,^! specim5s are en\gh to illu/rate a public dang] obvi\s a priori & h>dly ne$+ illu/ration4 ,! lett] ( ,tib]ius#fef to ! ,s5ate 9 #bb ,,ad %ews h[ he _h brood$ ov] ! social & economic condition ( ,italy4 ,he saw cle>ly t ! appe>ance ( prosp]ity 9 a c\ntry :]e p>ks & mansions multipli$1 & :]e tillage 0 /ill giv+ way to pa/urage1 0 uns\nd4 ,he knew no d\bt t ^! signs po9t$ to ! decl9e ( ! free rural population z /ill 9 progress4 ,z an exp]i5c$ g5]al he c\ld h>dly ignore ! value ( su* a free population = recruit+ armies to s]ve ! /ate1 or reg>d its decl9e ) indiff]5ce4 ,he ref]s to ! burd5 ( imp]ial responsibilities4 ,n[ ! sy/em inh]it$ f ,augu/us set ,italy 9 a privileg$ position z ! imp]ial l&4 ,surely ,tib]ius _c h ov]look$ ! correspond+ liability ( ,italy to take a full %>e 9 ! def5ce ( ! empire4 ,yet 9 pres5t circum/ances h] supply ( vigor\s manhood 0 visibly fail+4 ,if ! pres5t t5d5cies cont9u$ to act1 ! pres5t sy/em w\ld inevitably break d[n4 ,b1 h[ev] mu* ,tib]ius 0 incl9$ to d ju/ice to ! ,prov9ces1 he c\ld n escape 8 fir/ duty to ,italy )\t a complete *ange ( sy/em3 & = ?is he 0 n prep>$4 ,su* misgiv+s ( c\rse c\ld n be express$ 9 a lett] to ! ,s5ate2 b t an ,emp]or1 temp]am5tally prone to worry1 did n =esee ! com+ debility & degradation ( ,italy1 & fret ov] ! prospect1 is to me q incr$ible4 ,! movem5t = *eck+ luxury1 :i* drew ?is lett] f ,tib]ius1 result$ accord+ to ,tacitus 9 a tempor>y r$uction ( extravagance 9 ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! influ5ce ( s5ators br\ght 9 f c\ntry t[ns or ! ,prov9ces help$ 9 promot+ a simpl] life4 ,x 0 example1 n legislation1 t effect$ :atev] improvem5t 0 made4 ,x 0 ! example ( ,vespasian t did mo/ to re=m dome/ic economy4 ,b ! hi/orian 0 well aw>e t re=ms dep5d+ on ! lead ( individuals are transi5t4 ,we h no reason to believe t any la/+ improvem5t ( agriculture 0 produc$ by ^! fitful ef=ts4 ,f /ray ref]5ces 9 ,tacitus1 f ! lett]s ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 f notices 9 ,juv5al & ,m>tial1 x is evid5t t 9 ! great pla9 ( ! ,cisalp9e & 9 ! ,italian hill c\ntry f>m+ ( "o k9d or ano!r w5t on & prosp]$4 ,9 su* di/ricts a real c\ntry life might be f\nd4 ,b ?is 0 no new developm5t3 x _h nev] ceas$4 ,two conditions 7 necess>y1 remot5ess f ,rome & difficulty ( access1 :i* (t5 co9cid$4 ,e/ates ne> ! city 7suburbana7 7 mo/ly1 if n 9 all cases1 held z resorts = re/ or pleasure4 ,if a /ew>d c\ld gr[ a fair supply ( f>m-produce1 s mu* ! bett]3 b ! duty ( hav+ all ready = visits ( ! ma/] & 8 fri5ds 0 ! fir/ *>ge on 8 "t & att5tion4 ,ev5 at "s consid]able di/ance f ! city ! same condition prevail$1 if an e/ate lay ne> a ma9 road & ?us c\ld be rea*$ )\t inconv5i5t ex]tion4 ,,xxiii4 ,,cato4 ,! book de agri cultura#feg ( ,m ,porcius ,cato 7#bcd-adi ,,bc7 is a rem>kable "w by a rem>kable man4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t x repres5ts 8 views1 ?\gh ! =m 9 :i* x has come d[n to u has l$ to diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! degree 9 :i* ! language has be5 modifi$ 9 transmission4 ,we ne$ only consid] "s ( ! contempor>y facts & movem5ts ) :i* ,cato 0 br\ght into contact & :i* affect$ 8 m5tal attitude z a public man4 ,he took "p 9 ! second ,punic w>1 & di$ j z ! ?ird w> 0 beg9n+3 ?us he miss$ see+ ! de/ruction ( ! great city :i* x _h 9 8 lat] ye>s be5 8 passion to de/roy4 ,! success ( ! highly organiz$ ,punic agriculture is said#feh to h be5 "o ( ! circum/ances t al>m$ 8 ke5 jeal\sy3 b we c h>dly d\bt t he l o!rs got _m a h9t f ! ru/ic sy/em ( ,c>?age4 ,ano!r ( 8 antagonisms 0 a /ubborn opposition to ,greek influ5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,,bc1 ! "t ( 8 *ief activities1 ^! influ5ces 7 p5etrat+ ,roman society m & m deeply z ,roman supremacy spread fur!r & fur!r to ! ,ea/4 ,we ne$ n dwell on 8 d5unciations ( ,greek corruption 9 g5]al & w>n+s aga9/ ! m5ace to ,roman ?rift & simplicity4 ,a good in/ance may be f\nd 9 ! injunction#fei to 8 son1 to h no?+ :atev] to d ) ,greek doctors1 a pack ( rascals :o mean to poison all #8b>b>ians1' :o *>ge fees to enhance ! value ( _! s]vices1 & h ! impud5ce to apply ! t]m #8b>b>ians' to u4 ,! lead] ( ! good-old-,roman p>ty 0 at lea/ ?or\gh 9 8 hates4 ,& 8 antipa?ies 7 n conf9$ to =eign]s & =eign ways1 b f\nd ample scope at home 9 opposition to ! new] s*ool ( politicians1 ^: views 7 less n>r[ & he>ty ?an 8 own4 ,9 ,cato's "t ! =mation ( great l&$ e/ates1 made easy by ! ru9 ( _m peasant f>m]s 9 ! second ,punic w>1 0 9 full sw+4 ,! effective gov]nm5t ( ,rome 0 pass+ m & m into ! h&s ( ! ,s5ate1 & ! lead+ nobles did n neglect _! opportunities ( add+ to _! own weal? & p[]4 ,%>+ ! milit>y appo9tm5ts1 !y enri*$ !mselves ) booty & blackmail abroad1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ea/]n w>s3 &1 be+ by law exclud$ f op5 p>ticipation 9 comm]ce1 !y inve/$ a good "p ( _! ga9s 9 ,italian l&4 ,f :at we le>n z to ! /ale ( ,italy dur+ ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic1 x seems c]ta9 t ?is l&-grabb+ process took place *iefly if n :olly 9 ! m accessible p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 s f> z arable l&s 7 conc]n$4 ,etruria & ! di/ricts ( c5tral ,italy ne> ,rome 7 especially affect$1 & also ,lucania4 ,apulia soon became not$ = its flocks & h]ds1 :i* graz$ !re 9 w9t] & 7 driv5 9 ! summ] mon?s to ! m\nta9 pa/ures ( ,samnium4 ,! pa/urage ( great private #8runs' 7saltus7 0 ?us supplem5t$ by ! use ( wa/es t 7 /ill /ate-prop]ty1 & ! t5d5cy to monopolize ^! latt] on fav\rable t]ms 0 no d\bt /ill gr[+4 ,) ! tr\bles t arose lat] out ( ?is sy/em ( possessiones we are n "h conc]n$4 ,b ! increase ( graz+ z comp>$ ) tillage is an important po9t2 = t x 0 ! mo/ pay+ sort ( f>m+ 0 "o ( ! facts expressly recognis$#ffj by ,cato4 ,! work+ ( e/ates on a l>ge scale 0 promot$ by ! pl5tiful supply ( slaves 9 ?is p]iod4 ,on arable l&s !y 7 n[ employ$ 9 l>ge gangs1 sometimes work+ 9 *a9s1 "u slave ov]se]s ^: own privileges dep5d$ on _! gett+ ! utmo/ lab\r out ( ! common h&s4 ,9 pa/oral di/ricts !y enjoy$ mu* great] fre$om4 ,! "t 0 to come :5 ^! pa/ores1 h>dy ruffians1 (t5 arm$ aga9/ wild bea/s1 w\ld be a public dang]4 ,b = ! pres5t x is probable t "o ( _! *ief recomm5dations 0 t !y co/ next to no?+ = _! keep4 ,no man knew bett] ?an ,cato t x 0 n on su* a l&-sy/em z ?is t ,rome _h ?riv5 9 ! pa/ & ris5 to h] pres5t greatness4 ,he 0 pr\d#ffa ( hav+ work$ h>d ) 8 own h&s 9 y\?1 & he kept up ! practice ( simple liv+ on 8 own e/ate1 sitt+ d[n to meals ) ! slaves#ffb :om he rul$ ) ! /rictness ( a practical f>m]4 ,ar\nd him 0 go+ on ! ext5sion ( great ill-manag$ prop]ties own$ by m5 :om political bus9ess & intrigues kept ne>ly all ! ye> 9 ,rome1 & :o gave little p]sonal att5tion to ! f>m+ ( _! e/ates4 ,:5 ! l&lord rebuilt 8 villa1 & us$ 8 new c\ntry mansion ma9ly = ent]ta9+ fri5ds1 ! real *>ge ( ! f>m m & m pass$ to ! plausible slave :o 0 always on ! spot z /ew>d4 ,cato knew v well t ^! vilici did n z a rule d ! be/ = _! lords4 ,!y _h no real int]e/ 9 gett+ ! mo/ out ( ! l&4 ,! own]1 :o want$ ready money = 8 ambitions & pleasures1 0 h>dly ! man to sp5d x on mat]ial improvem5ts 9 hope ( an ev5tual increase ( income3 ?us a /ew>d c\ld easily f9d excuses = a l[ /&>d ( production really due to 8 own slackness4 ,all ?is demoraliz+ lett+-d[n ( agriculture 0 ana!ma to ! *ampion ( old-,roman ideas & traditions4 ,x 0 a grave factor 9 ! luxury & effem9acy t to 8 al>m 7 und]m9+ ! solid virtues ( ! ,roman p4 ,above all ?+s1 x _h :at to 8 int5sely ,roman nature 0 ! mo/ fatal ( defects--x did n pay4 ,roman nobles 7 9 fact mak+ _! *ief pr(its out ( plund]+ abroad1 & ceas+ to ex]cise old-fa%ion$ economy at home4 ,) ! =m] evil ,cato wag$ op5 w> z /atesman & orator4 ,h[ he dealt ) ! latt] z a writ] on agriculture ,i proce$ to inquire4 ,we may classify ! sev]al po9ts ( view f :i* agriculture c\ld be reg>d$ "u a few heads1 & see :at position 9 relation to ea* ( ^! 0 tak5 up by ,cato4 ,fir/1 z to ! scale ( f>m+ op]ations4 ,he does n d5\nce great e/ates4 ,he insi/s on ! ma9t5ance ( a due proportion#ffc betwe5 ! h\se & ! l&4 ,nei!r is to be too big = ! o!r4 ,a dec5t dwell+#ffd w induce ! l&lord to visit 8 e/ate m (t52 a f9e mansion w be co/ly & tempt him to extravagance4 ,secondly1 x is on ?is frequ5t p]sonal att5tion t successful managem5t dep5ds4 ,= y\r /ew>d ne$s ! pres5ce ( ! ma/]'s eye to keep him to 8 duty4 ,?irdly1 he accepts ! position t ! regul> /aff ( lab\r]s are to be slaves1 & "s at lea/ ( ^!#ffe are 9 *a9s 7comp$iti74 ,= special "w1 9 "t ( h>ve/ etc1 extra lab\r is to be hir$1 & ( ?is "s is free lab\r1 p]haps n all4 ,= contractors employ+ gangs ( lab\r]s play a consid]able "p4 ,_! remun]ation may be 9 ca%1 or !y may receive a %>e#fff ( ! produce 7p>ti>io74 ,"s ( _! lab\r]s are c]ta9ly free3 if !y d n pay ! wages regul>ly1 ! dom9us is to pay !m & recov] f ! contractor4 ,b x is n cle> t contractors employ$ freem5 exclusively1 & !re is "s indication#ffg ( ! contr>y4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is no sugge/ion ( a return to q small peasant hold+s1 ?\gh he op5s ! treatise ) an edify+ passage#ffh on ! social political & milit>y virtues ( f>m]s1 & cites ! traditional description ( virum bonum z be+ bonum agricolam bonumque colonum4 ,= 8 own s*eme is n "o = enabl+ a poor man to w9 a liv+ = himself & family out ( a little pat* ( gr\nd4 ,x is f>m+ = pr(it2 &1 ?\gh n design$ = a big latifundium1 x is on a consid]able scale4 ,he contemplates#ffi an olivey>d ( #bdj iug]a & a v9ey>d ( #ajj iug]a1 n to m5tion all ! o!r dep>tm5ts1 & ! rigid precepts = prev5t+ wa/e & gett+ ! mo/ out ( ev]y?+ are ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( 8 book4 ,! fir/ bus9ess#fgj ( an own]1 he says1 is n to buy b to sell4 ,fif?ly1 x is important to notice t he does n sugge/ lett+ all or "p ( ! e/ate to t5ants4 ,he />ts by giv+ good advice z to ! pa9s & caution#fga ne$$ 9 buy+ a l&$ prop]ty4 ,b1 once b\ght1 he assumes t ! buy] w keep x 9 h& & f>m x = 8 own acc\nt4 ,x has be5 said on high au?ority#fgb t ! plan ( lett+ f>ms to t5ant coloni 0 #8z old z ,italy4' ,i d n v5ture to d5y ?is4 ,b my inquiry leads me to ! conviction t 9 e>ly times su* an arrangem5t 0 extremely r>e3 ! grant+ ( a plot ( l& dur+ pleasure 7prec>io7 by a patron to a cli5t 0 a v diff]5t ?+4 ,cato only uses ! ^w#fgc colonus 9 ! g5]al s5se ( cultivator1 & s f> z he is conc]n$ we %\ld nev] guess t free t5ant f>m]s 7 kn[n 9 ,italy4 ,six?ly1 :]eas 9 ,v>ro & ,columella we f9d ! influ5ce ( lat] ,greek ?\ght %ewn 9 a desire to treat ev5 ru/ic slaves z human & to appeal to ! lure ( rew>d r ?an ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 to ,cato ! human *attel seems on ! level ( ! ox4 ,:5 pa/ "w1 bo? ox & slave are to be sold#fgd = :at !y w fet*4 ,?is he himself says1 & 8 doctr9e 0 duly record$ by ,plut>* z a m>k ( 8 h>d "*4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t he makes no ref]5ce to slaves hav+ any quasi-prop]ty 7peculium7 ( _! own1 ?\gh ! cu/om ( all[+ ?is privilege 0 surely well kn[n to him1 & 0 probably v anci5t4 ,if ! f9al fate ( ! slave 0 to be sold z rubbi% 9 ord] to save 8 keep1 !re 0 n mu* po9t 9 lett+ him keep a few f[ls or gr[ a few vegetables 9 "s wa/e corn] ( ! f>m4 ,b ano!r *>act]i/ic /ory raises "s d\bt 9 ?is matt]4 ,we are told t1 hav+ rem>k$ t sexual passion 0 g5]ally ! cause ( slaves gett+ into mis*ief1 he all[$ !m#fge to h int]c\rse ) ! female slaves at a fix$ t>iff4 ,n[1 to af=d himself ?is indulg5ce1 a slave mu/ h _h a peculium4 ,b ,cato did n ?9k x wor? m5tion+1--unless ( c\rse we assume t a ref]5ce has dropp$ out ( ! text4 ,nor does he ref] to manumission3 b we he> ( 8 hav+ a fre$man--probably n a f>m-slave at all4 ,cato's position1 tak5 z a :ole1 %ews no sign ( a reaction>y aim1 no uncompromis+ desire ( rev]sion to a vani%$ pa/4 ,nor does he fall 9 ) ! late/ fa%ion1 & treat ! huge latifundium z ! la/ ^w 9 l&[n+4 ,8 precepts h 9 view a fairly l>ge e/ate1 & p]haps we may inf] t he ?\ght ?is ab\t z mu* z a noble l&lord1 ) o!r calls ^u 8 en]gies1 c\ld f>m ?r\gh a /ew>d )\t los+ effective control4 ,he does n1 l ! ,c>?ag9ian ,mago1 insi/ on ! l&lord resid+#fgf p]man5tly on ! e/ate4 ,9 tru? he writes z an opportuni/4 ,= ?is man1 :o won 8 fame z ! sev]e/ critic ( 8 own times1 knew v well t contempor>y ,romans ( good /ation & prop]ty w\ld nev] cons5t to abdicate _! "p 9 public life & settle d[n to m]ely ru/ic int]e/s4 ,nor inde$ w\ld su* retirem5t h be5 consi/5t ) ,roman traditions4 ,b conditions _h greatly *ang$ s9ce ! days ( ! f>m]-nobles :o c\ld easily att5d ! ,s5ate or ,assembly at %ort notice4 ,! f> great] ext5t ( t]ritory ov] :i* mod]n e/ates 7 spread made x impossible to assume t !y all lay ne> ! city4 ,& yet ! attraction ( ,rome 0 great] ?an ev]4 ,x 0 ! c5tre & head ( a dom9ion already great1 & 9 ,cato's day ev] gr[+4 ,! great critic might declaim aga9/ ! me?ods & effects ( ?is or t p>ticul> conque/ & d5\nce ! iniquities ( ,roman (ficials3 b he himself bore no light h& 9 advanc+ ! p[] ( ,rome1 & !reby 9 mak+ ,rome ! focus ( ! intrigues & ambitions ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,s he accept$ ! l&-sy/em ( ! new age1 & ) x ! great ext5sion ( slave-lab\r & slave-managem5t1 & tri$ to %ew by :at devotion & "u :at conditions x c\ld be made to pay4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t slave-lab\r on ! l& 0 no new ?+4 ,x 0 !re f "t immemorial1 ready = organization on a l>ge scale2 & x 0 ?is ext5sion ( an exi/+ in/itution t 0 new4 ,agriculture _h once be5 to ! ord9>y ,roman citiz5 ! means ( livelihood4 ,x 0 n[1 9 great "p ( ! mo/ /rictly ,roman di/ricts ( ,italy1 becom+ indu/rializ$ z a field = inve/m5t ( capital by ! s5atorial class1 :o practically controll$ ! gov]nm5t & 7 deb>r$ f op5ly engag+ 9 comm]ce4 ,! exploitation ( ru/ic prop]ties z income-produc+ securities 0 m]ely a new phase ( ! grasp+ h>d-fi/$ gre$ *>act]i/ic ( ! av]age ,roman4 ,polybius1 obs]v+ ,roman life 9 ?is v age ) ,greek eyes1 0 deeply impress$#fgg by ?is almo/ univ]sal quality4 ,& ,cato himself 0 a ,roman ( ,romans4 ,plut>*#fgh has pres]v$ = u ! tradition ( 8 economic c>e]4 ,z a "y man ( small means he l$ ! h>d life ( a f>m]1 z he 0 n %y ( boa/+#fgi 9 lat] ye>s1 & 0 a /rict ma/] ( slaves4 ,b he did n f9d f>m+ suffici5tly remun]ative1 s he emb>k$ on o!r ent]prises4 ,f>m+ rema9$ r z a pa/ime ?an a s\rce ( income3 b he took to safe & /eady inve/m5ts1 su* z rights ov] lakes1 hot spr+s1 full]s' premises1 & l& t c\ld be turn$ to pr(it#fhj ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( natural pa/ure & woodl&4 ,f ^! prop]ties he drew l>ge returns n dep5d5t on ! wea!r4 ,by employ+ a fre$man z 8 ag5t1 he l5t money on bottomry1 elud+ ! legal re/riction on s5ators2 & by comb9+ ) p>tn]s 9 ! transaction he di/ribut$ & s m9imiz$ ! risks ( a mo/ pr(itable bus9ess4 ,& all ?r\gh life he dealt 9 slaves#fha1 buy+ !m "y1 tra9+ !m1 & sell+ at an enhanc$ price any t he did n want himself4 ,he br$ "s on 8 e/ate1 probably n _m4 ,x is said t1 9 addition to h] own *ildr51 8 wife w\ld suckle#fhb slave-babies1 z a means ( promot+ good feel+ 9 ! h\sehold t[>ds h] son4 ,9 ^! details1 ( ! g5]al tru? ( :i* !re is no reasonable d\bt1 we h a picture ( a man ( a/\nd+ v]satility & =ce3 = ( 8 political & milit>y activities ,i h said no?+4 ,b z a writ] on agriculture h[ are we to reg>d him8 ,surely n z a ?or\ghgo+ re=m]4 ,8 exp]i5ce _h taught him t1 if y mu/ h a good income 7a po9t on :i* he & 8 contempor>ies 7 agre$71 y _h bett] n look to get x f f>m+4 ,b if = l&-pride or o!r reasons y mu/ ne$s f>m1 ,cato is ready to give y ! be/ practical advice4 ,t _m 7if inde$ any7 m5 ( prop]ty w\ld take ! inf9ite tr\ble & pa9s t 8 sy/em requires f a l&lord1 he 0 probably too wise to believe4 ,b t 0 _! bus9ess4 ,he spoke#fhc z an oracle2 z 9 public life #8take x or leave x' 0 ! _s ( 8 utt]ances4 ,! evid5ce ( 8 life & ( 8 book1 tak5 toge!r1 is m cle> z %ew+ ! unsatisfactory position ( ru/ic ent]prise ?an f any o!r po9t ( view4 ,a few details relative to ! /aff employ$ on ! e/ate are wor?y ( a brief notice4 ,cato is ke5ly alive to ! importance ( ! lab\r-"q4 ,9 *oos+ an e/ate y mu/ asc]ta9 t !re is a suffici5t local supply#fhd ( lab\r4 ,on ! face ( x ?is seems to mean free wage-e>n+ lab\r1 ?\gh ! ^w op]>ius is neutral4 ,b 9 a notable passage1 9 :i* he sets =? ! advantage ( be+ on fri5dly t]ms ) neighb\rs 7neighb\r+ l&lords71 he says #8,don't let y\r h\sehold 7familiam7 d damage3 if y are 9 fav\r ) ! neighb\rhood1 y w f9d x easi] to sell y\r /ock1 easi]#fhe to get employm5t = y\r own /aff at a wage1 easi] to hire h&s3 & if y are engag$ 9 build+ !y 7! vic9i7 w give y help 9 ! way ( human & animal lab\r & timb]4' ,"h we seem to come ^u ! hir+1 n ( free lab\r]s1 b ( a neighb\r's slave h&s on paym5t ( a r5t to _! own]4 ,! case w\ld arise only :5 "s special r\gh job call$ = a tempor>y supply ( m lab\r4 ,x w\ld be ! l&lord's int]e/ to keep 8 neighb\rs incl9$ to oblige him4 ,?us by mutual accommodation 9 times ( pressure x 0 possible to d ) a less total ( slaves ?an if ea* f>m _h _h to be provid$ ) en\gh lab\r = em]g5cies4 ,we may also rem>k t x made ! slave[n] less dep5d5t on free wage-e>n]s1 :o w\ld probably h rais$ _! dem&s :5 !y saw ! l&lord at _! m]cy4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t ,cato is writ+ solely f ! l&lord's po9t ( view4 ,! lead+ fact relative to ! /aff is t ! /ew>d or head man 7vilicus7 "u :om ! v>i\s work]s1 slave or free1 are employ$ is himself a slave4 ,s too ! vilica1 usually 8 consort4 ,_! position is made q cle> by liability to puni%m5t & by _! disqualification#fhf f p]=mance ( all save ! mo/ ord9>y & trivial religi\s c]emonies4 ,_! duties are def9$ by jeal\s regulations4 ,b 9 ord] to keep ! /ew>d up to ! m>k ! ma/] mu/ (t5 visit ! e/ate4 ,x is significant t he is advis$ on arrival to make a r\nd ( ! place#fhg )\t delay1 & n to "q 8 /ew>d until he has ?us =m$ 8 own impressions indep5d5tly4 ,!n he c audit acc\nts1 *eck /ores1 li/5 to excuses1 give ord]s1 & reprim& failure or neglect4 ,t ! ma/] ne$$ to be a man ( k & en]gy 9 ord] to make 8 e/ate a s\rce ( pr(it :5 9 *>ge ( a /ew>d1 is evid5t4 ,x may well be t ,cato insi/s s /rongly on ! ne$ ( ^! qualities because !y 7 becom+ r>e among ! nobles ( 8 day4 ,b1 ?\gh he knew t ! effici5cy ( a slave /ew>d c\ld only be ma9ta9$ by con/ant & exp]t wat*+1 he nev] sugge/s ! employm5t ( a free man 9 t capacity4 ,! tru? seems to be t ! #8,manag]1' a man paid by sal>y or p]c5tage & kept up to ! m>k by fe> ( #8los+ 8 place1' is a comp>atively mod]n figure4 ,9 antiquity ! employm5t ( ,fre$m5 9 positions ( tru/ 0 a move 9 t direction1 ?\gh patrons kept a consid]able hold1 beyond ! purely economic "o1 on _! fre$m54 ,b = *>ge ( a f>m ,cato does n sugge/ employm5t ( a fre$man4 ,! bl5d+ ( free & slave lab\r might well h be5 br\ght out m cle>ly ?an x is3 b to ! au?or writ+ = 8 own contempor>ies x w\ld seem ne$less to enl>ge ^u a condition :i* ev]yone took = grant$4 ,yet !re are passages :]e x is indicat$ pla9ly en\gh4 ,?us 9 ! olive-press room a b$ is provid$#fhh = two free cu/odes 7app>5tly =em57 out ( ?ree3 ! ?ird1 a slave1 is put to sleep ) ! factores1 :o seem to be ! h&s employ$#fhi to "w ! press1 probably slaves1 ^: lab\r is m]ely bodily ex]tion4 ,! leguli :o ga!r up ! olives are probably free1 = !y are int]e/$#fij 9 mak+ ! am\nt s ga!r$ z l>ge z possible4 ,/ripp]s1 /rictores1 :o pluck ! olives f ! tree1 are also m5tion$#fia 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! h>ve/+ ( a hang+ crop by a contractor4 ,z ! ne$ ( c>e to avoid damag+ ! trees is insi/$ on1 & all ! work]s are to take a solemn oa?#fib t !y h /ol5 none ( ! crop1 we may fairly inf] t !y are freem54 ,:5 ! process ( manufacture is let to a contractor1 8 factores are to take a simil> oa?1 & are probably free4 ,s too :5 a crop is sold hang+3 if ! buy] neglects to pay#fic 8 leguli & factores 7:i* w\ld cause delay7 ! l&lord may pay !m himself & recov] ! am\nt f ! buy]4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! graz+ dep>tm5t ! und]l+s are slaves4 ,9 case ( ! sale ( w9t] graz+1 provision is made#fid = an arbitration = settlem5t ( damages done by ! emptor aut pa/ores aut pecus emptoris to ! dom9us1 or by ! dom9us aut familia aut pecus to ! emptor4 ,&1 until ! comp5sation aw>d$ is paid1 ! pecus aut familia on ! gr\nd is to be held 9 pl$ge by ! p>ty to :om comp5sation is due4 ,?is w\ld g5]ally be ! l&lord1 & ! familia ( ! emptor w\ld be 8 pa/ores4 ,ev5 s1 :5 a speculator buys ! season's lambs1 he provides a pa/or = two mon?s1 & ! man is held 9 pl$ge#fie by ! l&lord until ! acc\nt is f9ally settl$4 ,!re are casual ref]5ces to o!r p]sons employ$ on ! e/ate ^: condition has to be inf]r$ f v>i\s indications ) m or less c]ta9ty4 ,?us ! capulator1 :o draws (f ! oil f ! press into vessels1 is connect$ ) ! cu/os#fif & is n cle>ly di/9ct f him4 ,he may be a slave1 b ! call = /rict cleanl9ess & c>e at ?is /age ( ! op]ations r sugge/s ! free wage-e>n]4 ,an epi/ates is m5tion$#fig 9 a *apt] on food-rations 7familiae cib>ia71 & gr\p$ ) ! vilicus & vilica & ! opilio4 ,!y receive less food ?an ! common h&s engag$ 9 r\gh manual lab\r4 ,!y are probably all slaves1 ! epi/ates be+ a =eman ( "s sort1 & ! opilio ! head %eph]d1 ! magi/] pecoris ( :om we (t5 he> lat]4 ,9 ! e/imates#fih ( ! equipm5t requir$ = a f>m ) olivey>d or v9ey>d ! human /aff is includ$ ) ! o!r live & dead /ock4 ,! op]>ii m5tion$ 9 ?is connexion are evid5tly slave h&s1 & ! bubulcus#fii subulcus as9>ius opilio & salict>ius are ! same1 only specializ$ 9 function4 ,= an olivey>d ( #bdj iug]a ! human /aff is put at #ac 7summa hom9es xiii71 = a v9ey>d ( #ajj iug]a x is #af1 & ! op]>ii 9 p>ticul> are #aj z aga9/ #e4 ,! great] am\nt ( digg+#gjj ne$$ on a f>m *iefly devot$ to v9es is ! reason ( ! diff]5ce4 ,^! e/imates are = ! p]man5t /aff1 ! familia1 own$ by ! l&lords 9 ! same way z ! ox5 asses mules %eep goats or pigs4 ,s f> z common daily lab\r is conc]n$1 ?is /aff %\ld make ! f>m self-suffic+4 ,b !re 7 _m op]ations1 connect$ ) ! life ( ! f>m1 = p]=m+ :i* x 0 ei!r n desirable or n possible to rely on ! regul> /aff4 ,x w\ld nev] h paid to ma9ta9 m5 skill$ 9 ! "w ( special trades only ne$$ on r>e occasions4 ,?us = erect+ build+s ! fab]#gja is call$ 93 ! l&lord f9ds mat]ials1 ! build] uses !m & is paid = 8 "w4 ,lime is ne$$ = v>i\s purposes1 & x may be wor? :ile#gjb to h a kiln on ! e/ate & d ! burn+ !re4 ,b ev5 s x is well to employ a regul> limeburn] 7calc>ius7 = ! job4 ,! l&lord f9ds lime/one & fuel1 & a way ( paym5t is to "w on %>es 7p>ti>io7 ea* p>ty tak+ 8 %>e ( ! lime4 ,! same %>e-sy/em 7accord+ to ,keil's text7 is propos$ = ! op]ation kn[n z politio1 :i* seems to include#gjc we$+ & #8clean+' ( ! l&1 at lea/ = c]eal crops1 & also is prescrib$ = ! skill$ t5d+ ( a v9ey>d4 ,= su* works z ^! x is fairly c]ta9 t ! p]sons employ$ 7 assum$ to be liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 ! case ( ! blacksmi?#gjd 7fab] f]r>ius7 !re c be no d\bt1 = 8 =ge is spok5 ( z a fit place = dry+ grapes1 hung presumably 9 ! smoke ( 8 wood fire4 ,n[ all ^! skill$ m5 are evid5tly free1 & "w on agre$ t]ms4 ,"s ( !m are c]ta9ly n s+leh&$1 b :e!r _! und]l+s are freem5 or slaves or bo? we are left to guess4 ,9 all cases _! "w is su* z calls n only = skill & indu/ry b also = good fai?1 :i* _c be expect$ f slaves4 ,x is 9 %ort contract-"w1 :e!r ! b>ga9 be made 9 a =mal agreem5t or n4 ,! employm5t ( contractors1 ea* ) 8 own /aff1 at times ( pressure su* z ! gett+ 9 & disposal ( crops1 has be5 ref]r$ to above1 & x has be5 rem>k$ t "s at lea/ ( ?is em]g5cy-lab\r 0 p]=m$ by freem54 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t 9 ,cato's "t !re 0 a consid]able supply ( casual lab\r]s 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 on ^: s]vices l&lords c\ld rely4 ,! contractor w\ld seem to h be5 ei!r a #8gang]' :o b>ga9$ = t]ms ) ! l&lord on behalf ( 8 "w-p>ty1 or a capitali/ own+ a gang ( slaves4 ,:at made ! diff]5ce w\ld be ! nature ( ! job 9 h&1 accord+ z skill or m]e brute /r5g? 0 *iefly requir$4 ,b t slave lab\r 0 ! ess5tial factor1 on :i* ,catonian agriculture normally dep5d$1 is beyond all d\bt4 ,! slave /ew>d is n only responsible#gje = ! control ( ! slave /aff 7familia7 & _! wellbe+ & pr(itable employm5t4 ,he is au?oriz$ to employ o!r lab\r1 ev5 free lab\r1 at ne$2 only he mu/ n keep su* p]sons hang+ ab\t ! place4 ,he is to pay !m (f & dis*>ge !m )\t delay1 no d\bt 9 ord] to prev5t !m f unsettl+ ! slaves by _! pres5ce4 ,& slaves mu/ nev] be idle4 ,:5 a ma/] calls 8 /ew>d to acc\nt = insuffici5t results on ! f>m1 ! latt] is expect$ to plead 9 excuse n only ! wea!r b %ortage ( h&s2 slaves h be5 sick or h run away2 or !y h be5 employ$#gjf on /ate-"w 7opus publicum effecisse71--probably 9 m5d+ ! roads1 = ?is is recogniz$ bel[4 ,,xxiv4 ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,p]iod4 ,f ! dea? ( ,cato 9 #adi ,,bc to ! date ( ,v>ro's book de re ru/ica 7ab\t #cg ,,bc7 is a space ( m ?an a c5tury4 ,! "o great fact ( ?is mom5t\s p]iod 9 relation to agriculture is ! public recognition ( ! decay ( ! small f>m]s ov] a l>ge "p ( ,italy1 & ! va9 attempt to revive a class well kn[n to h be5 ! backbone ( ,roman /r5g?4 ,b ! absorption ( small hold+s 9 l>ge e/ates _h already gone s f> 9 ! affect$ di/ricts t !re 0 practically only "o direction 9 :i* l&-re=m]s c\ld move4 ,to confiscate private prop]ty 0 =bidd5 by ,roman respect = legal rights3 x appe>s 9 ,roman hi/ory only aft] ! failure ( ! ,grac*an movem5t1 & z a ph5om5on ( civil w>4 ,!re 7 h[ev] great areas ( l& ( :i* ! /ate 0 /ill 9 law proprietor1 held by individuals 7(t5 9 v l>ge blocks7 "u a sy/em ( recogniz$ occupation kn[n z possessio4 ,tradition alleg$ t 9 ,rome's e>ly days ?is ag] publicus _h be5 a cause ( qu>rels betwe5 ! ne$y ,commons :o hung]$ = l& & ! ri* nobles :o /rove to monopolize ! l& annex$ by w> & n[ /ate-prop]ty4 ,x 0 kn[n t "o ( ! effects produc$ by ! political equalization ( ! ,ord]s 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,,bc _h be5 legislation to re/ra9 l&-monopoly4 ,b ! ,lic9ian laws ( #cfg ,,bc _h n made an end ( ! evil4 ,soon evad$1 !y _h become 9 c\rse ( "t :olly inop]ative4 ,! new ,patricio-,plebeian nobility quiet$ ! claims ( ! poor by colonial f\ndations & allotm5ts ( l& 9 newly-conqu]$ di/ricts1 :ile !y cont9u$ to enri* !mselves by #8possession' ( ! public l&4 ,undi/urb$ possession gradually obscur$ ! di/9ction betwe5 su* hold+s & ! e/ates held 9 full own]%ip z ag] privatus4 ,b\nd>ies 7 confus$3 mix$ e/ates *ang$ h&s by inh]itance or sale )\t recognition ( a legal diff]5ce 9 ! t5ure ( diff]5t portions3 :]e improvem5ts _h be5 c>ri$ out1 !y appli$ indi/+ui%ably to l&s own$ or possess$4 ,! great] "p ( ^! possessiones 0 probably n arable b pa/ure1 graz$ by num]\s flocks & h]ds 9 *>ge ( slave h]dsm54 ,n[ 9 ,cato's "t ! imports ( =eign corn 7 already r5d]+ ! gr[? ( c]eal crops = ! m>ket an unremun]ative ent]prise 9 ! mo/ accessible p>ts ( ,italy4 ,graz+ paid bett]4 ,x requir$ few] h&s1 b consid]able capital & wide areas ( pa/urage4 ,x c\ld be comb9$ ) ! culture ( ! v9e & olive2 = ! live-/ock1 br\ght d[n to ! f>m/ead 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 suppli$ pl5tiful manure4 ,moreov]1 ! :olesale employm5t ( slaves enabl$ a l&lord to rely on a regul> supply ( lab\r4 ,! slave 0 n liable to milit>y s]vice3 s ! ma/] 0 n liable to h 8 /aff call$ up at %ort notice4 ,9 %ort1 economic influ5ces1 aid$ by selfi% or corrupt adm9i/ration ( ! laws "u ! rule ( ! nobility1 gave e advantage to ! ri* l&lords4 ,no wond] t patriotic re=m]s view$ ! prospect ) al>m1 & s\ght "s way ( promot+ a revival ( ! peasant f>m]s4 ,! /ory ( ! ,grac*an movem5t & ! causes ( its failure are set =? f v>i\s po9ts ( view 9 hi/ories#gjg ( ,rome & special monographs4 ,:at conc]ns u "h is to rem>k t its rem$ial legislation dealt solely ) l& belong+ to ! /ate & occupi$ by individuals4 ,p[] 0 tak5 to asc]ta9 its b\nd>ies1 to resume possession on behalf ( ! /ate1 & to p>cel x out 9 allotm5ts among ne$y citiz5s4 ,h[ f> success 9 ! aim ( re/or+ a free citiz5 population 9 ! d5ud$ di/ricts 0 ev] possible1 we _c tell4 ,b we "k t x did n 9 fact succe$4 ,by #aaa ,,bc :atev] _h be5 a*iev$#gjh 0 f9ally annull$4 ,! bulk ( ! ag] publicus _h disappe>$4 ,! sale ( l&-allotm5ts1 at fir/ =bidd51 _h be5 p]mitt$1 & ! process ( buy+ out ! newly creat$ peasantry w5t on freely4 ,b l>ge e/ates =m$ "u ! new conditions 7 subject to no defect ( title4 ,!y 7 /rictly private prop]ty1 ?\gh ! t]m possessiones /ill rema9$ 9 use4 ,slave-lab\r on su* e/ates 0 normal z be=e4 ,inde$ ru/ic slav]y 0 n[ at its height4 ,?is %ort p]iod ( attempt$ l&-re=m comes betwe5 ! two great ,sicilian slave-w>s 7#ace-b & #ajc-ii ,,bc71 9 ! ev5ts ( :i* ! horrors ( contempor>y agriculture 7 mo/ vividly express$4 ,x 0 also a "t ( great w>s abroad1 9 ,gaul1 9 ,africa1 & aga9/ ! b>b>ian invad]s f ! ,nor?4 ,roman armies suff]$ _m defeats1 & ! pre/ige ( ,roman p[] 0 only re/or$ by ! milit>y remodell+ "u ,m>ius4 ,:5 ,m>ius f9ally ?rew ov] ! pr9ciple t milit>y s]vice 0 a duty requir$ ( prop]ti$ citiz5s1 & rais$ legions f ! poore/ classes1 volunte]+ ) an eye to pr(it1 he 9 effect f\nd$ ! ,empire4 ,we c h>dly help ask+#gji f :at qu>t]s he 0 able to draw ^! recruits4 ,"s no d\bt 7 idl]s already liv+ 9 ,rome attract$ by ! di/ributions ( *eap corn provid$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ord] to keep quiet ! city mob4 ,b ^! c h>dly h be5 a majority ( ! recruits ( ?is class4 ,probably a numb] came 9 f rural di/ricts1 he>+ t ,m>ius 0 call+ = volunte]s & prep>$ to disreg>d altoge!r ! obsolete rules :i* _h on occasion be5 evad$ by o!rs be=e him4 ,x is p]haps n too bold a conjecture to sugge/ t ! casual wage-e>n]s1 ! m]c5n>ii ref]r$ to by ,cato1 7 an important elem5t 9 ! ,new ,model army ( ,m>ius4 ,?is l&less class1 liv+ f h& to m\?1 may h be5 decl9+ 9 numb]s1 b !y 7 by no means ext9ct4 ,we meet !m lat] 9 ,v>ro & else:]e4 ,& no man knew bett] ?an ,m>ius ! milit>y value ( m5 h>d5$ by field-lab\r1 p>ticul>ly :5 l$ to volunte] by hopes ( e>n+ a high] rew>d 9 a c>e] ( m p]ils & less monotony4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t agriculture ?rove "u ! conditions prevail+ 9 ^! tr\bl$ ye>s4 ,! t5d5cy mu/ h be5 to r$uce ! numb] ( free ru/ic wage-e>n]s1 :ile ea* w> w\ld br+ captives to ! slave-m>ket4 ,we c only guess at ^! economic effects4 ,! foll[+ p]iod ( civil w>s1 f ! ,italian ris+ 9 #ij ,,bc to ! dea? ( ,sulla 9 #gh1 l$ to a fur!r & m s]i\s di/urbance ( ! l&-sy/em4 ,! dictator _h to rew>d 8 soldi]y1 & t promptly4 ,! debt 0 dis*>g$ by grants ( l&1 private l&1 ! own]s ( :i* 7 ei!r eject$ = ! purpose or _h be5 put to dea?4 ,( ! results ( ?is :olesale confiscation & allotm5t we h abundant evid5ce1 *iefly f ,cic]o4 ,mak+ full all[ance = exagg]ation & p>tisan feel+1 x rema9s suffici5t to %ew t ,sulla's milit>y coloni/s 7 economically a disa/r\s failure1 :ile bo? !y & ! m5 dispossess$ to make room = !m soon became a grave political dang]4 ,! dis*>g$ soldi]s desir$ an easy life z proprietors1 & ! excitem5ts ( w>f>e _h unfitt$ !m = ! pati5t economy ( f>m+4 ,!y b\ght slaves2 b slaves co/ money1 & ! pr(itable direction ( slave-lab\r 0 an art call+ = a degree ( wat*fulness & skill t few l&lords ( any class 7 will+ or able to ex]t4 ,s ?is sub/itution ( new l&[n]s = old 0 an unmix$ evil3 ! new m5 fail$ z f>m]s1 & we h>dly ne$ to be told t ! feel+ ( insecurity produc$ by ! confiscations 0 a *eck on agricultural improvem5ts = ! "t4 ,^? ( ! #8,sullan m5' :o sold _! allotm5ts 7evad+ ! law7 w\ld c]ta9ly n get a good price1 & ! money w\ld soon melt away4 ,x w be se5 t ! old ,roman sy/em1 "u :i* ! ord9>y citiz5 0 a peasant f>m] :o s]v$ ! /ate z a soldi] :5 ne$$1 0 practically at an end4 ,compulsory levies 7 on c]ta9 occasions resort$ to1 = no abolition ( ! old liability to s]vice _h tak5 place3 b volunt>y enli/m5t ( "y m51 & _! conv]sion into pr(essional soldi]s by te*nical tra9+1 0 h5ce=? ! normal me?od ( =m+ ,roman armies4 ,armies 7 kept on foot = long campaigns1 & ! problem ( _! peaceful disb&m5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties ( ! revolution>y age4 ,! treasury _h no l>ge income to sp5d on money-p5sions1 s ! dem& = allotm5ts ( l& became a regul> accompanim5t ( demobilization4 ,mean:ile ! desp]ate condition ( l&lords 9 important di/ricts1 & ! dang] f ! slave-gangs1 7 =cibly illu/rat$ 9 ! ris+ "u ,sp>tacus 7#gc-a ,,bc7 & ! ,catil9>ian conspiracy4 ,x is un=tunate t ! scope ( ! l&-bill ( ,rullus#gaj 9 #fc1 defeat$ by ,cic]o1 is unc]ta91 & ! effect ( ,caes>'s l&-law ( #ei h>dly less s4 ,b "o ?+ seems cle>4 ,9 default ( suffici5t l&s suitable = allotm5t1 legislators 7 driv5 to propose ! resumption ( ! ri* ,campanian doma94 ,?is public e/ate _h long be5 let to t5ants1 real f>m]s1 9 small hold+s2 & ! r5ts !refrom 7 "o ( ! safe/ s\rces ( public income4 ,to di/urb good t5ants1 & give ! be/ l& 9 ,italy to untri$ m5 z own]s1 0 surely a bad bus9ess4 ,x %ews to :at /raits rul]s 7 driv5 to f9d l& = di/ribution4 ,to ent] into ! details ( ! v>i\s l&-allotm5ts betwe5 ! abortive proposal ( ,rullus & ! f9al settlem5t ( ,octavian w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,b x is well to note t ! plan ( pur*as+ private l& = p5sion-allotm5ts1 propos$ 9 ! bill ( ,rullus1 0 actually c>ri$ out by ! new ,emp]or & pr\dly record$#gaa by him 9 8 fam\s record ( ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 life4 ,! viol5t transf] ( l&$ prop]ties f pres5t hold]s to dis*>g$ soldi]s ( ! triumviral armies _h evid5tly be5 bo? an economic failure & a political evil4 ,to pay = e/ates tak5 = purpose ( di/ribution 0 a notable /ep t[>ds re/oration ( legality & public confid5ce4 ,:e!r x imm$iately br\ght ab\t a revival ( agriculture on a s\nd foot+ is a "q on :i* op9ions may ju/ifiably diff]4 ,mu* w dep5d on ! view tak5 by ?is or t inquir] ( ! evid5ce ( ,v>ro & ! ,augu/an poets ,horace & ,v]gil4 ,,note--,9 ,pr5d]ga/'s ,cromwellian ,settlem5t ( ,irel& 7ed #b1 #ahgj71 *apt] ,,iv a1 mu* int]e/+ matt] may be f\nd4 ,cruel expulsions1 corrupt influ5ces1 & ! sale ( _! lots by soldi]s to (fic]s1 _! frequ5t failure z cultivators1 etc1 /& out cle>ly4 ,! analogy to ! ,roman cases mu/ ( c\rse n be too closely press$1 z ! conditions 7 n id5tical4 ,,xxv4 ,,v>ro4 ,m ,t]5tius ,v>ro wrote 8 treatise de re ru/ica 9 #cg-f ,,bc at ! age ( #hj4 ,! subject 0 only "o ( an imm5se numb] to :i* he devot$ 8 tal5ts & wide le>n+ :5 n actively engag$ 9 public duties4 ,! la/ republican rally "u ,brutus & ,cassius _h fail$ at ,philippi 9 #db1 & ! ,roman _w 0 %>$ out betwe5 ! ,triumvirs4 ,9 #cf ! suppression ( ,lepidus decl>$ :at 0 already obvi\s1 t ,antony & ,octavian 7 ! real hold]s ( p[] & probable rivals4 ,proscriptions1 confiscations1 l&-allotm5ts to soldi]s1 ! w>s ) ,antony's bro!r ,lucius & ! great ,pompey's son ,sextus1 _h add$ to ! unsettlem5t & exhau/ion ( ,italy4 ,if x appe>$ to ,v>ro t a treatise on f>m+ w\ld be opportune 7& we may fairly conjecture t x did71 !re 0 surely mu* to ju/ify 8 op9ion 9 ! di/ressful /ate ( _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,b at ?is po9t we are met by a passage#gab 9 ! "w itself :i* seems to prove t he took a v diff]5t view ( pres5t agricultural conditions 9 ,italy4 ,"s ( ! speak]s 7! book is 9 =m a dialogue7 decl>e t no c\ntry is bett] cultivat$ ?an ,italy1 t no o!r c\ntry is s fully cultivat$ all ?r\gh 7tota71 t ,italian crops are 9 g5]al ! be/ ( _! sev]al k9ds1 & 9 p>ticul> t ,italy is "o great or*>d4 ,in/ances 9 po9t are giv54 ,t ,v>ro1 l ,cic]o1 took great c>e#gac to avoid ana*ronisms & improbabilities1 t 8 *>act]s are real p]sons1 & t he tries h>d to fit ! sev]al topics to ! sev]al *>act]s1 is n to be d5i$4 ,b x is p]haps too mu* to assume t su* g5]al rem>ks z ^? j cit$ are meant to repres5t ! kn[n p]sonal op9ions ( ! speak]s4 ,if we c\ld be sure ( ! date at :i* ! dialogue is suppos$ to be held1 we might h a m satisfactory /&>d = e/imat+ ! significance & hi/orical value ( ^! utt]ances4 ,unluckily we h no conv9c+ evid5ce z to ! int5d$ date4 ,! sc5e ( ! second book c be laid 9 #fg ,,bc ) reasonable c]ta9ty1 & t ( ! ?ird 9 #ed ,,bc4 ,b no passage occurs 9 ! fir/ book suffici5t to furni% mat]ial = a l inf]5ce4 ,:5 ,/olo ref]s#gad to ,v>ro's pres5ce ) ! fleet & army at ,corcyra1 "s h ?\ght t he has 9 m9d ! "t ( ! civil w> 9 #di ,,bc4 ,x is mu* m likely t ! ref]5ce is to ,v>ro's s]vice#gae z "o ( ,pompey's lieut5ants 9 ! pirate w> ( #fg ,,bc4 ,! dialogue ( ,book ,i w\ld !n be plac$ aft] ! summ] ( t ye>1 probably n mu* lat]4 ,! boa/ ( ! speak]s z to ! spl5did cultivation ( ,italy 9 g5]al w\ld ref] to ! "t :5 ! di/urbance caus$ by ! confiscations & assignations ( ,sulla 0 dy+ d[n & ! ris+ ( ,sp>tacus _h lately be5 suppress$4 ,x w\ld be plac$ be=e ! lat] di/urbances caus$ by measures design$ to satisfy ! claims ( ,pompeian ,caes>ian & ,triumviral armies4 ,v]gil _h n yet be5 driv5 f 8 ,cisalp9e f>m4 ,:e!r by plac+ ,book ,i 9 ?is int]val1 & by suppos+ t ! circum/ances ( t "t w\ld fit ! utt]ances ( ,v>ro's *>act]s1 ,i am exce$+ ! limits ( sob] guesswork1 ,i _c judge4 ,b ,i am conv9c$ t 9 any case upl& pa/ures & =e/-l&s#gaf acc\nt$ = a v l>ge "p ( ! surface ( ,italy !n1 z !y d /ill4 ,inde$ ,v>ro recognizes ?is 9 8 ref]5ces to ! migration ( flocks & h]ds accord+ to ! seasons1 & p>ticul>ly :5 he notes n only ! great /ret*es ( r\gh l& to be trav]s$ b also ! ne$ ( active & /urdy pa/ores able to beat (f ! assaults ( wild bea/s & robb]s4 ,surely ! complete cultivation ( ,italy1 comp>$ z x is ) t ( o!r c\ntries1 is a description n to be tak5 lit]ally1 b z a natural exagg]ation 9 ! m\? ( a self-complac5t ,roman agriculturi/4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! treatise m>ks a great advance on t ( ,cato 9 "s respects4 ,_m details are common to bo? writ]s1 9 p>ticul> ! repeat$ insi/5ce on ! ma9 pr9ciple t :atev] ! f>m] does mu/ be made to pay4 ,pr(it1 n s5tim5t or fancy1 0 _! common & truly ,roman aim4 ,b 9 ! c5tury or m t _h elaps$ s9ce ,cato wrote o!r au?ors 7su* z ,sas]na7 _h treat$ ( f>m+1 & mu* _h be5 le>nt f ,greek & ,punic au?orities4 ,k ( ! products & practices ( =eign l&s _h greatly increas$1 & ,v>ro1 :o _h himself add$ to ?is /ore1 made free use ( ! wid] range ( facts n[ at ! s]vice ( inquir]s4 ,& ! enl>g$ outlook call$ = a sy/ematic me?od4 ,accord+ly ,v>ro's "w is cle>ly divid$ into ?ree discussions1 ( tillage 7,book ,i71 graz+ & /ock-bre$+ 7,,ii71 & keep+ fancy animals 7,,iii7 *iefly to supply ! m>ket = table-luxuries4 ,& he goes into detail 9 a _s diff]5t f t ( ,cato4 ,cato j]k$ out dogmatic precepts :5 he ?\ght fit1 = in/ance 8 wond]ful li/ ( f>m-requisites4 ,v>ro is m conc]n$ ) ! pr9ciples1 ! reasons = pref]r+ ?is or t me?od1 d]iv$ f ! !ories & exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,= in/ance1 9 e/imat+ ! /aff requir$1 he insi/s#gag on its be+ proportion$ to ! scale ( ! "w to be done3 z ! av]age day's "w 7op]a7 v>ies 9 effici5cy accord+ to ! soil1 x is n possible to assign a def9ite numb] ( h&s to a f>m ( def9ite area4 ,nor is he cont5t simply to take slave-lab\r1 supplem5t$ by hir$ free lab\r & contract-"w1 = grant$4 ,9 a %ort b important passage he discusses ! lab\r-"q1 ) reasons = ! pref]5ce ( ?is or t class ( lab\r = ?is or t purpose1 ( c\rse pref]r+ :i*ev] is likely to give ! maximum ( pr(it ) ! m9imum ( loss4 ,x is ?is passage#gah t is *iefly ( int]e/ f my pres5t po9t ( view1 & ,i w !re=e translate x 9 full4 #8,s mu* = ! f\r conditions#gai ( ! f>m t are connect$ ) ! soil1 & ! second f\r ext]nal to ! f>m b be>+ on its cultivation4 ,n[ = ! appliances us$ 9 tillage4 ,"s classify ^! "u two heads 7a7 m5 7b7 ! implem5ts necess>y = _! "w4 ,o!rs "u ?ree#gbj heads 7a7 ! possess$ ( true spee* 7b7 ! possess$ ( in>ticulate spee* 7c7 ! spee*less4 ,9 ^! classes respectively are includ$#gba 7a7 slaves 7b7 ox5 7c7 waggons1 & su* are ! ?ree k9ds ( equipm5t4 ,! m5 employ$ 9 all tillage are ei!r slaves or freem5 or bo?4 ,free lab\r is se5 9 ! case ( ^? :o till _!#gbb l& !mselves1 z poor peasants#gbc ) ! help ( _! families mo/ly d3 or 9 t ( wage-e>n]s#gbd1 z :5 a f>m] hires free h&s to c>ry out ! m important op]ations on 8 f>m1 v9tage or hay-h>ve/ & ! l3 su* also are ^? :o 7 call$ 8ti$ m50#gbe 9 ,italy1 a class /ill num]\s 9 ,asia ,egypt & ,illyricum4 ,speak+ ( ^!#gbf z a class1 ,i ma9ta9 t 9 ! tillage ( mal>i\s l&#gbg x pays bett] to employ free wage-e>n]s ?an slaves2 ev5 9 a heal?y spot ! m important op]ations1 su* z gett+ 9 v9tage or h>ve/1 are be/ s manag$4 ,z to _! qualities1 ,cassius writes ?us3 9 buy+#gbh lab\r]s y are to *oose m5 fit = heavy "w1 n less ?an #bb ye>s ( age & ready to le>n f>m-duties4 ,?is y c inf] f giv+ !m o!r tasks & see+ h[ !y p]=m !m1 or by que/ion+#gbi new slaves z to ! "w !y us$ to d "u _! =m] own]4 ,slaves %\ld be nei!r timid nor high-spirit$4 ,_! ov]se]s#gcj %\ld be m5 able to read & write1 9 fact ) a t\* ( education1 hone/ fell[s1 some:at old] ?an ! m]e lab\r]s j m5tion$4 ,= ^! are m will+ to obey _! eld]s4 ,above all ?+s ! "o indisp5sable quality 9 ov]se]s is practical k ( f>m+4 ,= ! ov]se] is n only to give ord]s1 b to take "p 9 c>ry+ !m out2 s t ! slave may d z he sees ! ov]se] d1 & note ! reasonabl5ess ( 8 own subord9ation to "o 8 sup]ior 9 k4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ov]se] %\ld n be all[$ to en=ce ob$i5ce by ! la% r ?an by reprim&1--( c\rse suppos+ t ! same effect#gca is produc$4 ,aga91 y %\ld n buy too _m slaves ( ! same race1 = no?+ bre$s tr\ble 9 ! h\sehold#gcb m ?an ?is4 ,= ! ov]se]s !re %\ld be rew>ds to make !m ke5 9 _! "w3 c>e %\ld be tak5 to all[ !m a private /ore#gcc & slave concub9es to be> !m *ildr51 a tie :i* /eadies !m & b9ds !m m closely to ! e/ate4 ,x is ^! family ties t di/+ui% ! slave-gangs f ,epirus & give !m a high m>ket-value4 ,y %\ld grant fav\rs to ov]se]s to ga9 _! goodwill1 & also to ! mo/ effici5t ( ! common h&s2 ) ^! x is also well to talk ov] ! "w t is to be und]tak51 = x makes !m ?9k t _! own] takes "s acc\nt ( !m & does n utt]ly despise !m4 ,!y c be giv5 m int]e/ 9 _! "w by m g5]\s treatm5t 9 ! way ( food or clo?+1 or by a holiday or by leave to keep a bea/ or s ( _! own at grass on ! e/ate1 or o!r privileges3 ?us any :o h be5 ov]task$ or puni%$ may f9d "s com=t#gcd & recov] _! ready goodwill t[>ds _! own]4' ,?is passage well illu/rates ! advance 9 sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject s9ce ! "t ( ,cato4 ,! analysis & classification may n be v pr(\nd1 b x t5ds to ord]ly me?od1 n to oracles4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek writ+s is to be trac$1 = in/ance 9 ! rules = ! *oice & treatm5t ( slaves4 ,! writ+s ( ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool _h be5 /udi$ 9 ,rome s9ce ! great collection _h be5 br\ght by ,sulla f ! ,ea/4 ,h[ f> ,v>ro actually borr[s f ,ari/otle or ,plato or ,x5ophon is n always easy to say4 ,! advice to avoid gett+ too _m slaves ( "o race or too spirit$1 & to use sexual relations z a re/ra9+ tie1 7 by ?is "t common-places ( slave-managem5t1 & appe> "u ,cato 9 some:at crud] practical =ms4 ,b ,v>ro is involv$ 9 ! difficulties t h ev] beset ^? :o try to "w on d\ble pr9ciples1 to treat ! slave z at once ! *attel ( an own] & a p>tn] 9 common humanity4 ,s he tells 8 read] #8manage y\r slaves z m51 if y c get !m to obey y on ^? t]ms2 if n1--well1 y mu/ make !m obey--flog !m4' ,humanit>ian pr9ciples h n gone f> 9 ! sy/em ( ,v>ro1 :o looks solely f ! ma/]'s po9t ( view4 ,! ma/] gets r m out ( 8 slaves :5 !y "w to ga9 privileges ?an :5 !y "w m]ely to escape imm$iate puni%m5t4 ,s he is will+ to (f] privileges1 & ! prospect ( promotion to ! high] ranks ( ! /aff4 ,ov]se]s & ! be/ ( ! common h&s may =m a little quasi-prop]ty ( _! own by ! ma/]'s leave4 ,b ^! peculia d n seem to be a /ep on ! road to manumission1 ( :i* we he> no?+ 9 ?is treatise4 ,we are left to inf] t ru/ic slaves on e/ates g5]ally rema9$ !re :5 pa/ active "w1 tol]at$ hang]s-on1 liv+ on :at !y c\ld pick up1 & t to h acquir$ "s peculium 0 a com=table res\rce 9 old age4 ,9 %ort1 ! hopes ( ! worn-out ru/ic bondman 7 limit$ inde$4 ,:5 we note ,v>ro's attitude t[>ds free lab\r we _c wond] t humanit>ianism is n conspicu\s 9 8 treatm5t ( slav]y4 ,hir$ m5 are m to be tru/$ ?an slaves1 s y w employ !m1 z ,cato advis$1 = jobs t ne$ c>e & hone/y & t _c wait4 ,b he adds a s9i/] h9t z to employ+ !m on "w dang]\s to heal?4 ,y\r own slaves = :om y h paid good money are too valuable to be expos$ to su* risks4 ,! great m]it ( ! m]c5n>ius is t1 :5 ! job is done & 8 wage paid1 y h done ) him & h no fur!r responsibility4 ,?is brutally indu/rial view is closely connect$ ) ! legal atmosph]e ( ,roman civilization1 9 :i* ,v>ro liv$ & mov$4 ,! debtor dis*>g+ 8 debt by s]v+ 8 cr$itor z a f>m-h&1 once an ord9>y figure 9 ,italy1 0 n[ only f\nd abroad3 ,v>ro m5tions ?is unhappy class1 = he is n ?9k+ ( ,italy alone4 ,x is int]e/+ to he> f him t peasant-f>m]s 7 n ext9ct 9 ,italy4 ,b we are n told :e!r !y 7 /ill num]\s or :e!r !y 7 mo/ly to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 z f o!r au?orities we are tempt$ to inf]4 ,nor d we le>n :e!r m5 ) small f>ms ( _! own (t5 w5t out z wage-e>n]s2 nor aga9 :e!r l&less m]c5n>ii 7 9 8 "t a num]\s class4 ,^! omissions make x v difficult = u to =m any cle> & tru/wor?y picture ( rural conditions z !y pres5t$ !mselves to ,v>ro4 ,x w\ld seem t !y 7 9 g5]al mu* ! same z 9 ,cato's "t1 b t ,v>ro is m incl9$ to discuss op5ly "s details t ,cato took = grant$4 ,s 9 8 turn ,v>ro takes "s ?+s = grant$1 pass+ lightly ov] details t we _c b wi% to "k4 ,!re is h[ev] "o important matt]1 ignor$ by ,cato 7at lea/ 9 8 text z we h x71 to :i* ref]5ce is f\nd 9 ,v>ro4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ! free t5ant f>m] 7colonus7 9 ! agricultural sy/em ( ,italy4 ,he tells u t ! =mal lease#gce ( a f>m usually conta9$ a clause by :i* ! colonus 0 =bidd5 to graze a %e-goat's (fspr+ on ! f>m4 ,9 ano!r passage#gcf ! same prohibition is m5tion$1 b ) ?is limitation1 t x applies only to l& plant$ ) immature sapl+s4 ,s poison\s 7 ! tee? ( nibbl+ goats ?\ght to be4 ,! re/riction impos$ on ! t5ant sugge/s t ! l&lord 0 b>ga9+ at an advantage2 ! lessor c\ld dictate 8 t]ms to ! lessee4 ,t ! t5ant f>m]s ( ?is p]iod 7 at lea/ 9 "s cases humble dep5dants ( _! l&lords is cle>ly %ewn by a passage#gcg ( ,caes>4 ,9 ord] to hold ,massalia = ,pompey 9 #di ,,bc1 ,domitius rais$ a squadron ( sev5 %ips1 ! crews = :i* he made up f 8 own#gch slaves fre$m5 & t5ants4 ,soon aft] he ref]s to ?is =ce#gci z ! t5ants & h]dsm5 br\ght by ,domitius4 ,^! h]dsm5 are no d\bt "s ( ! slaves be=e m5tion$4 ,x is evid5t t ! free reta9]s call$ t5ants are n conceiv$ z hav+ mu* *oice 9 ! matt] :5 _! noble "l call$ !m out = s]vice4 ,probably _! effective fre$om consi/$ 9 ! "r to own prop]ty 7if !y c\ld get x71 to make wills1 to re> *ildr5 ( _! own1 & o!r l privileges4 ,b _! l&lord w\ld h s great a hold#gdj on !m t1 ?\gh 9 !ory freem51 !y 7 9 practice compell$ to d 8 bidd+4 ,9 lat] times we %all f9d ! t5ant f>m] a common figure 9 rural life1 b v dep5d5t on 8 l&lord2 & x is by no means cle> t 8 position _h ev] be5 a /rong & indep5d5t "o4 ,( ,v>ro all we c say is t he does ref] to f>m-t5ancy z a bus9ess-relation1 & inf] f 8 words t 9 t relation ! l&[n] _h ! upp] h&4 ,beside :at we may call ! legal s5se ( #8t5ant1' ,v>ro also uses colonus 9 its old] s5se ( #8cultivator4' ,9 discuss+ ! conv5i5ce ( be+ able to supply f>m ne$s1 & dispose ( f>m surplus1 9 ! neighb\rhood1 he po9ts out t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?is advantage may make all ! diff]5ce :e!r a f>m c be made to pay or n4 ,= in/ance1 x is seldom wor? :ile to keep skill$ craftsm5#gda ( y\r own3 ! dea? ( "o su* speciali/ sweeps away ! 7ye>'s7 pr(it ( ! f>m4 ,only ri* l&[n]s c provide = su* s]vices 9 _! regul> /aff4 ,s ! usual practice ( coloni is to rely on local m5 = su* s]vices1 pay+ a ye>ly fee & hav+ a "r to _! att5dance at call4 ,! coloni "h are simply #8f>m]s1' & !re is no?+ to %ew t !y d n own _! f>ms4 ,! connexion ) ! v]b col]e appe>s ev5 m /rongly :]e pa/or is contra/$#gdb ) colonus1 grazi] ) till]3 & 9 t passage ! colonus is app>5tly id5tical ) ! dom9us fundi j bel[4 ,! coloni ( ^! passages c h>dly be m]e t5ants1 b on ! o!r h& !y are c]ta9ly n great l&[n]s4 ,!y seem to be m5 f>m+ _! own l&1 b 9 a small way#gdc ( bus9ess4 ,:e!r !re 7 _m su* p 9 ,v>ro's ,italy1 he does n tell u4 ,nor d we f9d any indication to %ew :e!r !y w\ld normally take "p 9 f>m "w ) _! own h&s4 ,:5 he deplores#gdd ! mod]n t5d5cy to cr[d into ! city1 :]e m5 use _! h&s = applaud+ %[s1 hav+ ab&on$ ! sickle & ! pl\gh1 he is m]ely repeat+ ! common lam5t ( re=m]s4 ,!re is no sign ( any hope ( s]i\s reaction aga9/ ?is t5d5cy3 ! importation & *eap di/ribution ( =eign corn is a deg5]ate & ru9\s policy1 b !re x is4 ,v>ro admir$ ! small hold+s & peasant f>m]s ( yore1 b no man knew bett] t indep5d5t ru/ic citiz5s ( t type _h pass$ away f ! *ief arable di/ricts ( ,italy nev] to return4 ,t small und]tak+s 7 /ill c>ri$ on 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome & o!r urban c5tres1 is evid5t f ! m>ket-g>d5s ( ! ,imp]ial age4 ,a notable case#gde is t ( ! bee-f>m ( a s+le iug]um work$ at a good pr(it by two bro!rs ab\t #cj miles nor? ( ,rome4 ,v>ro expressly notes t !y 7 able to bide _! "t s z n to sell on a bad m>ket4 ,he _h fir/-h& k ( ^! m51 :o _h s]v$ "u him 9 ,spa94 ,cle>ly !y 7 citiz5s4 ,!y c h>dly h kept slaves4 ,x seems to h be5 a v exceptional case1 & to be cit$ z su*3 x is v diff]5t f t ( ! peasant f>m] ( e>ly ,rome1 conc]n$ fir/ ( all to gr[ food = himself & 8 family4 ,agriculture z treat$ by ,v>ro is bas$ on slave lab\r1 & no small "p ( 8 "w deals ) ! qu>t]s1 fe$+1 clo?+1 discipl9e1 sanitation1 & mat+1 ( ! slave /aff4 ,true to 8 legal b5t1 he is c>eful to safegu>d ! rights ( ! slave[n] by expla9+#gdf ! =mal details necess>y to effect a valid pur*ase1 ) gu>antee ( bodily s\ndness1 fre$om f vice1 & flawless title4 ,aga91 to keep slaves pr(itably x 0 urg5tly necess>y to keep !m con/antly employ$1 s t ! capital sunk 9 !m %\ld n lie idle & ! h&s lose ! habit ( indu/ry4 ,!re=e1 :ile rely+ on local craftsm5 = special skill$ s]vices occasionally ne$$1 he insi/s t a numb] ( ru/ic articles %\ld be manufactur$ on ! f>m4 #8,"o ought n to buy any?+ t c be produc$ on ! e/ate#gdg & made up by ! /aff 7dome/icis familia71 su* z wick] "w & ?+s made ( r\gh wood4' ,moreov]1 ! organization ( ! /aff 9 dep>tm5ts is an elaborate slave-hi]>*y4 ,"u ! g5]al direction ( ! vilicus1 ea* sep>ate function ( tillage or graz+1 or keep+ & fatt5+ fancy-/ock has its prop] =eman4 ,su* po/s c>ri$ little privileges1 & 7 ( c\rse t5able dur+ good behavi\r4 ,"s =em5 w\ld h sev]al common h&s "u !m3 none w\ld wi% to be degrad$ back to ! ranks4 ,x seems t "s weal?y m5 kept#gdh birdcat*]s huntsm5 or fi%]m5 ( _! own1 b ,v>ro1 writ+ = ! av]age l&lord1 seems to reg>d ^! z be+ prop]ly free pr(essionals4 ,z = ! common h&s1 ! #8lab\r]s' 7op]>ii71 on ^: bone & s9ew ! :ole economic /ructure re/$1 _! condition 0 mu* ! same z 9 ,cato's "t1 b app>5tly some:at less wret*$4 ,v>ro does n propose to sell (f worn-out slaves2 ?is let u cr$it to human] feel+s4 ,he %ews a m>k$ reg>d = ! heal? & com=t ( slaves2 ?is may be p>tly humanity1 b t x is also due to an enlight5$ p]ception ( ! own]'s int]e/ is c]ta94 ,he does n provide = an erga/ulum1 ?\gh ^? horrible prisons 7 well kn[n 9 8 day4 ,:y is ?is8 ,p]haps p>tly because slave-lab\r 0 no long] normally employ$ on e/ates 9 ! extremely crude & brutal fa%ion t 0 cu/om>y 9 ! second c5tury ,,bc4 ,& p>tly p]haps ow+ to ! great di/urbances ( l&-t5ure s9ce ! measures ( ! ,grac*i & ! confiscations ( ,sulla4 ,! e>li] latifundia _h be5 9 _! glory :5 ! weal?y nobles sat securely 9 p[]1 & ?is security 0 = ! pres5t at an end4 ,b1 if ! slave op]>ii 7 some:at bett] treat$1 _! actual field lab\r 0 probably no less h>d4 ,_m pieces ( l& c\ld n be work$ ) ! clumsy & sup]ficial pl\gh !n 9 use4 ,ei!r ! slope ( ! gr\nd =bade x1 or a deep] turn+ ( ! soil 0 ne$$1 z = gr[+#gdi v9es4 ,?is meant :olesale digg+1 & ! slave 0 9 effect a navvy )\t pay or respite4 ,no wond] t fossor became a prov]bial t]m = m]e animal /r5g? & dull unadaptability4 ,an int]e/+ e/imate ( ! capability ( an av]age digg] is quot$#gej f ,sas]na4 ,"o man c dig ov] #h iug]a 9 #de days4 ,b #d day's "w is en\gh = "o iug]um 7ab\t ( an acre74 ,! #ac sp>e days all[$ are set to ! acc\nt#gea ( sickness1 bad wea!r1 awkw>dness1 & slackness4 ,truly a lib]al m>g9 to all[ = wa/e4 ,x _c h be5 easy to f>m at a pr(it ) slave-lab\r on su* t]ms2 = ! slave's necess>y upkeep 01 h[ev] meagre1 a cont9ual *>ge4 ,& yet we d n f9d ,v>ro sugge/+ t free wage-e>n+ lab\r might 9 ! long run prove m economical ?an slave-lab\r ev5 = r\gh "w4 ,nay m1 he does n ref] to ! employm5t ( contractors ) _! sev]al gangs1 ea* int]e/$ 9 gett+ 8 p>ticul> job done quickly & ! price paid4 ,he only ref]s to m]c5n>ii 9 g5]al t]ms1 z we saw above4 ,nor does he speak#geb ( politio z a special process1 z ,cato does4 ,x may be t he did n ?9k x wor? :ile to ent] into ^! topics4 ,b x is m probable t ! results ( agr>ian legislation & civil w>f>e 9 ! revolution>y p]iod _h affect$ ! problems ( ru/ic lab\r4 ,! attempt to revive by law ! class ( small cultivat+ own]s _h be5 a failure4 ,milit>y s]vice z a c>e] _h compet$ ) ru/ic wage-e>n+4 ,m5 wait+ to be hir$ z f>m h&s 7 probably sc>ce4 ,o!rwise1 h[ c we acc\nt = ! great armies rais$ 9 ^? days8 ,to ref] once m to a po9t m5tion$ above1 ,v>ro does n sugge/ t ! *>ge ( an e/ate might ) advantage be entru/$ to a freeman z vilicus4 ,t we c discov] all ! reasons = ! pref]5ce ( slaves z /ew>ds is too mu* to hope =4 ,t x seem$ to be a gu>antee ( hone/y & devotion to duty1 ! manag] be+ :olly 9 8 ma/]'s p[]1 is a fairly c]ta9 guess4 ,& yet ,v>ro l o!rs saw ! advisability ( employ+ free lab\r = occasional "w ( importance4 ,p]haps ! p]man5t nature ( a /ew>d's responsibilities _h some?+ to d ) ! pref]5ce4 ,x may well h be5 difficult to keep a hold on a free manag]4 ,9 managem5t ( a slave /aff no small tact & intellig5ce 7 ne$$ z well z a ?or\gh k ( f>m+4 ,g5]al exp]i5ce ne$$ to be supplem5t$ by an intimate k#gec ( ! conditions ( ! neighb\rhood & ! capacities ( ! p>ticul> e/ate4 ,& a free citiz51 ^: abilities & en]gy might qualify him = managem5t ( a big l&$ e/ate1 _h endless opportunities ( turn+ 8 qualities to 8 own pr(it else:]e4 ,:e!r z individuals or 9 companies1 ent]pris+ ,romans f\nd lucrative op5+s 9 ! f>m+ ( rev5ues1 9 /ate-contracts1 9 comm]ce1 or 9 money-l5d+1 bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,su* employm5ts1 comp>$ ) a possible e/ate-/ew>d%ip1 w\ld (f] great] p]sonal indep5d5ce & a prospect ( l>g] ga9s4 ,& freem5 ( a bas] & less effective type w\ld h be5 worse ?an useless3 c]ta9ly f> inf]ior to well-*os5 slaves4 ,,xxvi4 ,,cic]o4 ,x is h>dly possible to avoid devot+ a special section to ! evid5ce ( ,cic]o1 ?\gh x mu/ consi/ ma9ly ( not+ a numb] ( isolat$ ref]5ces to p>ticul> po9ts4 ,) all 8 _m c\ntry-h\ses1 8 int]e/ 9 agriculture 0 slight4 ,b 8 active "p 9 public life ( all k9ds makes him a necess>y witness 9 any inquiry into ! facts & feel+s ( 8 "t2 ?\gh !re are few witnesses ^: evid5ce ne$s to be receiv$ ) m caution1 p>ticul>ly 9 matt]s t (f] opportunity = p>tisan%ip4 ,= our pres5t purpose ?is defect does n matt] v mu*4 ,x is *iefly z confirm+ ! /atem5ts ( o!rs t 8 utt]ances w be cit$4 ,:5 we reflect t ,cic]o 0 himself a man ( g5]\s in/9cts1 & t he 0 well read 9 ! lat] ,greek philosophies1 we are tempt$ to expect f him a cosmopolitan attitude on all que/ions affect+ individuals4 ,he might well look at human rights f ! po9t ( view ( common humanity1 diff]5tiat$ solely by p]sonal virtues & vices & unaffect$ by ! accid5t ( fre$om or s]vitude4 ,b we d n f9d him do+ ?is4 ,he might1 & did1 feel attract$ by ! l(ty nobility ( ! ,/oic sy/em2 b he c\ld n become a ,/oic4 ,no d\bt t sy/em c\ld be m or less adapt$ to ! conditions ( ,roman life3 x 0 n necess>y to make ! ,/oic pr9ciples ridicul\s by c>ry+#ged priggi%ness to ! v]ge ( c>icature4 ,b ! notion t no fundam5tal diff]5ce exi/$ betwe5 races & classes1 t = in/ance ! ,wise ,man1 human nature's ma/]piece1 might be f\nd among slaves1 0 m ?an ,cic]o or inde$ any level-head$ ,roman c\ld dige/4 ,! imp]ial pride ( a great p1 consci\s ( pres5t pr$om9ance ?r\gh pa/ m]it1 c\ld n s9c]ely accept su* views4 ,to a ,roman ! coroll>y ( accept+ !m w\ld be ! endeav\r 7m or less successful7 to act ^u !m4 ,?is he _h no int5tion ( do+1 & a m]e !oretical ass5t#gee to !m z philosophical speculations 0 a detail ( no s]i\s importance4 ,tak+ ?is z a r\gh sket* ( ! position occupi$ by ,romans ( social & political /&+1 we mu/ add to x some?+ m to cov] ! case ( ,cic]o4 ,he 0 a #8new man4' ,he 0 n a great soldi]4 ,he 0 n a revolution>y demagogue4 ,he 0 ambiti\s4 ,9 ord] to rise & take 8 place among ! ,roman nobles he _h to fall 9 ) ! s5tim5ts prevail+ among !m3 ! newly-ris5 man c\ld n af=d to leave ! smalle/ d\bt z to 8 devotion to ! privileges ( 8 race & class4 ,?us1 if !re 0 a man 9 ,rome peculi>ly ti$ to pr9ciples ( human inequality1 x 0 ,cic]o4 ,!re=e we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d t ?is quick-witt$ & w>m-he>t$ man look$ ^u ^? engag$ 9 h&work ) a g5ial contempt#gef sometimes t\*$ ) pity4 ,to him1 z to ! society 9 :i* he mov$1 bodily lab\r seem$ to dead5 int]e/#geg 9 high] ?+s1 9 fact to produce a moral & m5tal degradation4 ,9 ! case ( slaves1 ^: compulsory toil secur$ to _! own]s ! weal? & leisure ne$$ 7& by "s employ$7 = politics or self-cultivation1 ! sacrifice ( "o human be+ = ! b5efit ( ano!r 0 an appliance ( civilization accept$ & approv$ f "t immemorial4 ,b ! position ( ! freeman work+ = wages1 p>ticul>ly ( ! man :o liv$ by lett+ out 8 bodily /r5g?#geh to an employ] = money1 0 h>dly less degrad+ 9 ! eyes ( ,roman society1 & !re=e 9 ^? ( ,cic]o4 ,we h no description ( ! ,roman mob by "o ( !mselves4 ,t ! r\gh elem5t#gei 0 consid]able1 & ready to be> a h& 9 political disord]1 is c]ta94 ,b !y 7 :at circum/ances _h made !m1 & x is probable t ! riot\s p>ty gangs ( ,cic]o's "t 7 n usually recruit$ among ! be/ ( ! wage-e>n]s4 ,x is cle> t _m slaves took "p 9 riots1 & no d\bt a numb] ( fre$m5 also4 ,9 _m rural di/ricts disputes betwe5 neighb\rs easily develop$ into acts ( =ce & ! slaves ( rival claimants did battle = _! sev]al own]s4 ,moreov]1 slaves might belong1 n to an individual1 b to a company#gfj exploit+ "s /ate concession ( m9]al or o!r rights4 ,9 su* cases #8regrettable incid5ts' 7 always possible4 ,& ! wild h]dsm5 7pa/ores7 roam+ arm$ 9 ! lonely hill-c\ntry 7 a ready-made soldi]y ev] incl9$ to brig&age or s]vile rebellions1 a notori\s dang]4 ,x 0 an age ( viol5ce 9 city & c\ntry4 ,ri* politicians at la/ took to keep+ private b&s#gfa ( swordsm5 7gladiatores74 ,& x is to be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile a citiz5 might be unwill+ to risk ! life ( a co/ly#gfb slave1 8 own prop]ty1 a slave w\ld feel no economic re/ra9t to det] him f kill+ 8 ma/]'s citiz5 enemy4 ,! employm5t ( slaves 9 ! affrays t took place 9 c\ntry di/ricts ov] que/ions ( disput$ "r is fully illu/rat$ 9 ! spee*es#gfc deliv]$ 9 cases ( private law4 ,! fact 0 op5ly recogniz$ 9 ! legal rem$ies provid$1 = in/ance 9 ! v>i\s int]dicta fram$ to facilitate ! trial & settlem5t ( disputes z to possessio4 ,! =ms contemplat$ ! probability ( slaves be+ engag$ 9 assail+ or def5d+ possession on behalf ( _! ma/]s1 & ! word+ ev5 v>i$ accord+ z ! =ce 9 "q _h be5 us$ by m5 arm$ or un>m$4 ,c\nsel ( c\rse made mu* or little ( ! happ5+s 9 ea* case accord+ to ! int]e/ ( _! cli5ts4 ,b t blood%$ occurr$ at times 9 ^! fights is c]ta94 ,& !re 0 no regul> police =ce to keep ord] 9 remote corn]s ( ! l&4 ,:5 slaves 7 once arm$ & set to fight1 !y w\ld soon get out ( h&1 & a slave[n] might easily lose valuable m54 ,nay m1 an epidemic ( local brig&age might result1 p>ticul>ly 9 a "t ( civil w> & g5]al unre/1 & none c\ld tell :]e ! mis*ief w\ld end4 ,we c only =m "s slight notion ( ! effect ( su* conditions z ^! on ! prospects ( peaceful agriculture4 ,! spee* pro ,qu9ctio belongs to #ha ,,bc1 ! pro ,tullio to #ga1 ! pro ,caec9a to #fi4 ,:5 we reflect t ! slave ris+ "u ,sp>tacus la/$ f #gc to #ga1 & swept ov] a l>ge "p ( ,italy1 we may fairly conclude t ?is p]iod 0 a bad "o = f>m+4 ,! mo/ /rik+ picture ( ! viol5ce sometimes us$ 9 ! disputes ( ru/ic life meets u 9 ! mutilat$ spee* pro ,tullio1 ( :i* en\gh rema9s to make cle> all t conc]ns u4 ,fir/1 ! =m ( action employ$ 9 ! case 0 "o ( rec5t#gfd orig91 devis$ to *eck ! outrages committ$ by b&s ( arm$ slaves1 :i* _h increas$ s9ce ! di/urbances ( ! fir/ civil w>4 ,! ne$ = su* a legal rem$y mu/ h be5 peculi>ly obvi\s at ! "t ( ! trial1 = ! ris+ ( ,sp>tacus _h only j be5 suppress$4 ,cic]o ref]s to ! notori\s sc&al ( murd]s committ$ by ^! arm$ b&s1 a dang] to individuals & ev5 to ! /ate1 t _h l$ to ! creation ( ! new =m ( action at law4 ,9 /at+ ! facts ( ! case1 ( c\rse f 8 cli5t's po9t ( view1 he gives u details#gfe :i*1 true or n1 7 at lea/ su* z w\ld n seem incr$ible to a ,roman c\rt4 ,tullius own$ an e/ate 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,t 8 title to x 0 good is tak5 = grant$4 ,b 9 x 0 reckon$ a c]ta9 p>cel ( l& :i* _h be5 9 undisput$ possession ( 8 fa!r4 ,?is /rip1 :i* 0 s situat$ z to =m a conv5i5t adjunct to a neighb\r+ e/ate1 0 ! cause ( tr\ble4 ,! neighb\r+ e/ate _h be5 b\ght by two p>tn]s1 :o _h paid a fancy price = x4 ,! b>ga9 0 a bad "o1 = ! l& prov$ to be d]elict & ! f>m/eads all burnt d[n4 ,"o ( ! p>tn]s induc$ ! o!r to buy him out4 ,9 /at+ ! area ( ! prop]ty he includ$ ! bord] /rip ( l& claim$ by ,tullius z 8 own4 ,9 ! process ( settlem5t ( b\nd>ies = ! transf] to ! new sole own] he w\ld h includ$ ! disput$ gr\nd1 b ,tullius in/ruct$#gff 8 attorney & 8 /ew>d to prev5t ?is3 !y evid5tly did s1 & ?us ! own]%ip ( ! bord] /rip 0 left to be det]m9$ by process ( law4 ,! sequel 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,! ?w>t$ claimant arm$ a b& ( slaves & took possession#gfg ( ! l& by =ce1 kill+ ! slaves :o 7 9 occupation on behalf ( ,tullius1 & committ+ o!r murd]s & acts ( brig&age by ! way4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! case into ! law-c\rt4 ,:at conc]ns u is ! evid5ce ( un=tunate l& speculation1 ( l&-grabb+1 ( b\nd>y-disputes1 & ( ! prompt use ( viol5ce to sup]s$e or hamp] ! legal det]m9ation ( rights4 ,! col\r+ & exagg]ation ( c\nsel is to be all[$ =2 b we c h>dly reject ! ma9 outl9es ( ! picture ( arm$ slave-b&s & blood%$ z a rural ph5om5on ( ! sorely tri$ ,s\? ( ,italy4 ,! spee* pro ,caec9a %ews u ! same /ate ( ?+s exi/+ 9 ,etruria4 ,! arm$ viol5ce alleg$ 9 ?is case is mild] 9 =m3 at lea/ ! "o p>ty fl$1 & nobody 0 kill$4 ,proce$+s 7 tak5 "u a possessory int]dict issu$ by a praetor1 & ,cic]o's artful plead+ is l>gely occupi$ ) discussion ( ! be>+ & effect ( ! p>ticul> =mula employ$4 ,sev]al int]e/+ transactions#gfh are ref]r$ to4 ,a man inve/s 8 wife's d[ry 9 a f>m1 l& be+ *eap1 ow+ to bad times1 probably ! result ( ! ,sullan civil w>4 ,"s "t aft]1 he b\ght "s adjo9+ l& = himself4 ,aft] 8 dea? & t ( 8 direct heir1 ! e/ate _h to be liquidat$ = purpose ( division among legatees4 ,8 wid[1 advis$ to buy 9 ! p>cel ( l& adjo9+ h] own f>m1 employ$ z ag5t a man :o _h +ratiat$ himself ) h]4 ,"u ?is commission ! l& 0 b\ght4 ,cic]o decl>es t x 0 b\ght = ! wid[1 :o paid ! price1 took possession1 let x to a t5ant1 & held x till h] dea?4 ,%e left h] second husb& ,caec9a heir to ne>ly all h] prop]ty1 & x 0 betwe5 him & ! ag5t ,aebutius t tr\bles n[ arose4 ,= ,aebutius decl>$ t ! l& _h be5 b\ght by him = himself1 & t ! lady _h only enjoy$ ! pr(its ( x = life 9 usufruct "u h] fir/ husb&'s w4 ,?is 0 legally q possible4 ,at ! same "t he sugge/$ t ,caec9a _h lo/ ! legal capacity ( tak+ ! succession at all4 ,= ,sulla _h degrad$ ! citiz5s belong+ to ,volat]rae1 ( :om ,caec9a 0 "o4 ,cic]o is m successful 9 deal+ ) ?is side-issue ?an 9 e/abli%+ 8 cli5t's claim to ! l&4 ,! dispute aris+ out ( t claim1 ! arm$ viol5ce us$ by ,aebutius to defeat ,caec9a's attempt to ass]t possession1 & ! int]dict grant$ to ,caec9a1 7 ! /ages by :i* ! case came into c\rt4 ,its m]its are n c]ta94 ,b ! gre$y *>act]s on bo? sides1 ! trick]y employ$ by "o side or o!r 7p]haps bo?71 & ! artful h&l+ ( ! depositions ( witnesses1 may incl9e ! read] to believe t ! great orator _h b a poor case4 ,at all ev5ts f>m+ 9 ,etruria appe>s z b\nd up ) slave lab\r & z liable to be di/urb$ by ! viol5ce ( slaves 9 arms4 ,9 ! above cases x suit$ ,cic]o's purpose to lay /ress on ! p]ils t beset def5celess p]sons :o 7 int]e/$ 9 f>ms 9 out-(-!-way#gfi places4 ,yet ! use ( arm$ =ce 0 probably mo/ habitual on ! wa/e upl&s1 & 8 ref]5ces to ! lawless do+s ( ! brig& slave-b&s fully confirm ! w>n+s ( ,v>ro4 ,8 tone v>ies accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( 8 cli5t's case1 b he has to admit#ggj t wayf>]s 7 murd]$ & bloody affrays betwe5 rival b&s ev] liable to occur4 ,he c on occasion#gga boldly *>ge a political oppon5t ) delib]ate reliance on su* =ces = revolution>y ends4 ,?us ( ,c ,antonius he ass]ts #8he has sold all 8 live /ock & z good z p>t$ ) 8 op5 pa/ures1 b he is keep+ 8 h]dsm52 & he boa/s t he c mobilize ^! & />t a slave-rebellion :5ev] he *ooses4' ,!re 0 no po9t 9 say+ ?is if x _h be5 absurdly incr$ible4 ,ano!r glimpse ( ! utt] lawlessness preval5t 9 ! wilds appe>s 9 ! /ory#ggb ( murd]s committ$ 9 ,bruttium4 ,suspicion re/$ on ! slaves employ$ by ! company :o 7 exploit+ ! pit*-works 9 ! great =e/ ( ,sila "u lease f ! /ate4 ,ev5 "s ( ! free ag5ts ( ! company 7 suspect$4 ,! case1 :i* 0 dealt ) by a special crim9al tribunal1 belongs to ! ye> #ach ,,bc1 & atte/s ! long /&+ ( su* disord]s4 ,& x is sugge/ive ( guilty complicity on ! "p ( ! lessees t1 ?\gh !y ev5tually secur$ an acquittal1 x 0 only aft] extraord9>y ex]tions on ! "p ( _! c\nsel4 ,inde$ ^! great gangs ( slaves 9 ! s]vice ( publicani 7 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy & ! ,prov9ces a s]i\s nuisance4 ,:]ev] ! exploitation ( /ate prop]ties or ! collection ( dues 0 f>m$ out to contractors1 a numb] ( und]l+s w\ld be ne$$4 ,! l[] grades 7 slaves3 a few rose to high] po/s z fre$m5 ( ! v>i\s companies4 ,n[ "s ( ! ent]prises1 su* z m9es qu>ries woodl&s & ! collection ( graz+ dues on ! public pa/ures1 7 g5]ally 9 direct contact ) rural life1 & employ$ l>ge /affs ( slaves4 ,! manag]s ( a company 7 conc]n$ to produce a high divid5d = _! %>ehold]s3 s long z ?is result$ f ! lab\rs ( _! m51 x 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to !m :e!r neighb\r+ f>m]s 7 robb$ or o!rwise annoy$4 ,t we he> little or no?+ ( su* annoyances is probably ow+ to ! practice ( lock+ up slave-lab\r]s at night 9 an erga/ulum1 = fe> ( _! runn+ away1 n to keep !m f do+ damage4 ,runaways d n appe> s+ly z a ru/ic pe/4 ,b 9 b&s !re 0 no limit to ! h>m t fugitivi might d2 witness ! horrors ( ! slave-w>s4 ,9 %ort1 :]ev] slaves 7 employ$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! possibility ( viol5ce 0 nev] remote4 ,_! ma/]s _h always at h& a =ce ( m51 select$ = bodily /r5g? & h>d5$ by lab\r1 m5 ) no?+ b hopeless lives to lose1 & no?+ lo? to ex*ange dre>y toil = ! dang]s ( a fight 9 :i* some?+ to _! advantage might turn up4 ,no d\bt ! in/ances ( slaves call$ to arms 9 ru/ic disputes 7 f> m num]\s ?an ^? ref]r$ to by ,cic]o3 he only speaks ( ^? ) :i* he 0 at ! mom5t conc]n$4 ,is x !n true t 9 ! revolution>y p]iod f>m+ dep5d$ on slave-lab\r :ile its security 0 ev] m5ac$ by dang]s t arose directly out ( ! slave-sy/em8 ,i fe> x is true1 absurd ?\gh ! situation may seem to u4 ,betwe5 ! great crises ( di/urbance 7 spells ( comp>ative quiet1 9 :i* m5 c\ld & did f>m pr(itably 9 ! *ief agricultural di/ricts ( ,italy4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m an e/ate *ang$ h&s 9 consequ5ce ( civil w>1 & t _m new l&lords pr(it$ economically by appropriat+ ! capital sunk 9 f>ms by _! pr$ecessors4 ,! case ( ,sextus ,roscius ( ,am]ia gives u "s light on ?is po9t4 ,! picture drawn#ggc by ,cic]o ( ! l>ge l&$ e/ate ( ! eld] ,roscius1 ( 8 weal? & int]e/ 9 agriculture1 ( 8 jeal\s & malignant relatives1 ( ! reasons :y he kept 8 son ,sextus ti$ to a ru/ic life1 is und\bt$ly full ( col\r+ & subtle p]v]sions ( fact4 ,let x g = :at x may be wor?4 ,! accus$ 0 acquitt$ ( ! crime laid to 8 *>ge 7p>ricide71 b !re is no sign t he 0 ev] able to recov] ! e/ate & ! home f :i* 8 p]secutors _h driv5 him4 ,!y _h %>$ ! plund] ) ,*rysogonus ! fav\r$ fre$man ( ,sulla1 :o himself b\ght ! bulk ( ! prop]ty at a m]e fraction ( its m>ket value1 & x is practically c]ta9 t ! rogues kept :at !y got4 ,x 0 easy to make agriculture pay on su* t]ms4 ,b :at ( ! =m] own]s ( su* prop]ties1 on ^: ru9 ! new m5's prosp]ity 0 built8 ,c we believe t g5u9e agricultural ent]prise 0 enc\rag$ by a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! fruits ( long pati5ce & skill 7 liable to sudd5 confiscation8 ,9 ,cic]o1 z 9 o!r writ]s1 we f9d evid5ce ( a wage-e>n+ class liv+ by bodily lab\r alongside ( ! slave-population4 ,b 9 passages :]e he speaks#ggd ( m]c5n>ii x is (t5 unc]ta9 :e!r freem5 s]v+ = hire1 or slaves hir$ f ano!r own]1 are meant4 ,9 8 language ! associations#gge ( ! ^w are mean4 ,x is true t y may buy = money n only ! day's-"w 7op]ae7 ( unskill$ lab\r]s b ! skill 7artes7 ( craftsm54 ,9 ! latt] case ev5 ,roman self-complac5cy w admit a c]ta9 dignity2 = m5 ( a c]ta9 social /atus#ggf su* pr(essions are all v well4 ,b ! m]e #8h&' is ! normal in/ance2 & = ! "t ( 8 employm5t he is n easily di/+ui%$ f a slave4 ,!re=e ,cic]o approves#ggg a ,/oic precept1 t ju/ice bids y to treat slaves z y w\ld hirel+s--don't /9t _! all[ances 7food etc71 b get y\r day's-"w out ( !m4 ,9 passages#ggh :]e ! ^w m]c5n>ius is n us$1 b impli$1 !re is ! same tone ( contempt1 & x is n always cle> :e!r ! work]s are free or slaves4 ,9 %ort ! ^w is n z neutral z op]>ius1 :i* connotes m]e manual lab\r1 :e!r ! lab\r] be free or n1 & is figuratively us$#ggi to connote a m]ely me*anical pr(ici5cy 9 any art4 ,our #8j\rneyman' is sometimes simil>ly us$4 ,!re are o!r t]ms 9 connexion ) l&-managem5t ! use ( :i* by ,cic]o is wor? not+4 ,?us a l&lord may h "s ord] to give 9 ref]5ce to ! cultivation ( a f>m4 ,if he gives x to 8 procurator#ghj1 x is z an in/ruction1 a commission au?oriz+ him to act2 if to 8 vilicus1 x is simply a comm&4 ,= ! =m] is a free attorney1 able at ne$ to repres5t 8 pr9cipal ev5 9 a c\rt ( law3 ! latt] is a slave /ew>d1 ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/]4 ,! procurator is h>dly a #8manag]'3 he seldom occurs 9 connexion ) agriculture1 & seems !n to be only requir$ :5 ! pr9cipal is a v #8big man1' own+ l& on a l>ge scale1 & probably 9 scatt]$ blocks4 ,9 su* cases x w\ld be conv5i5t = 7say7 a s5ator to give a sort ( #8p[] ( attorney' to an ag5t & let him sup]vise ! direction ( a numb] ( f>ms1 ea* manag$ by a /ew>d4 ,i take ?is policy to be j t aga9/ :i* ! writ]s on agriculture w>n _! read]s4 ,x s9s aga9/ ! gold5 rule1 t no?+ is a sub/itute = ! ,ma/]'s eye4 ,:e!r ! ag5t ref]r$ to 9 ! spee* pro ,tullio1 :o z well z ! /ew>d receiv$#gha writt5 in/ructions f ,tullius1 0 guilty ( any neglect or blund]1 we _c tell4 ,t any act done to a procurator or by him 0 legally equival5t to ! same done to or by 8 pr9cipal1 is a po9t press$ 9 ! pro ,caec9a1 no d\bt because x 0 safe gr\nd & an excuse = n dwell+ on weak po9ts 9 a d\btful case4 ,! colonus z a t5ant#ghb f>m]1 :om we f9d m5tion$ 9 ,v>ro b n 9 ,cato1 appe>s 9 ,cic]o4 ,9 ! pro ,caec9a we read#ghc t ! wid[ lady took possession ( ! f>m & let x 7locavit72 also t ! t5ant 0 aft] h] dea? /ill occupy+ ! f>m1 & t a visit ( ,caec9a1 9 :i* he audit$ ! acc\nts ( ! t5ant1 is a pro( t ,caec9a himself 0 n[ 9 possession4 ,t is1 by ass]t+ control ( ! sitt+ t5ant ,caec9a made ! man 8 ag5t s f> z to reta9 possession ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( 8 repres5tative4 ,if ! facts 7 z ,cic]o /ates !m1 ! cont5tion w\ld be legally s\nd4 ,=1 z he po9ts out 9 ano!r passage1 any repres5tative#ghd w s]ve = ^! purposes ( keep+ or los+ possession4 ,if ! int]dict-=mula only says #8attorney' 7procurator71 ?is does n mean t only an attorney 9 ! te*nical s5se1 a pl5ipot5ti>y ag5t appo9t$ by an abs5tee pr9cipal ) full legal =malities1 is contemplat$4 ,no1 ! brief =mula cov]s ag5cy ( any k9d3 x w apply to y\r t5ant y\r neighb\r y\r cli5t or y\r fre$man1 9 %ort to any p]son act+ on y\r behalf4 ,9 ! great indictm5t ( ,v]res#ghe we f9d a good in/ance ( t5ancy 9 ,sicily1 :]e x seems to h be5 cu/om>y = l>ge blocks ( l& to be held on lease f ! /ate by t5ants-9-*ief 7aratores7 :o sometimes sublet p>cels to coloni4 ,9 ?is case ! tr\ble arose out ( ! ti! to :i* ! l& 0 liable4 ,v]res1 9 ord] to squeeze an iniquit\s am\nt out ( a c]ta9 f>m1 appo9t$ a corrupt c\rt *>g$ to inquire :e!r ! 7arable7 acreage _h be5 correctly return$ by ! colonus4 ,( c\rse !y 7 in/ruct$ to f9d t ! area _h be5 fraudul5tly und]/at$4 ,b ! p]son aga9/ :om judgm5t 0 to be giv5 0 n ! colonus1 b ,x5o1 :o 0 n ! own] ( ! f>m4 ,he plead$ t x belong$ to 8 wife1 :o manag$ h] own affairs2 also t he _h n be5 responsible = ! cultivation 7non arasse74 ,nev]!less he 0 n only compell$ to pay a l>ge sum ( money to meet ! unfair damages exact$1 b subject$ to fur!r extortion "u ?reat ( corporal puni%m5t4 ,! returns on :i* ! ti!s 7 assess$ w\ld seem to h be5 requir$ f ! actual cultivators1 & ! lessees ( ! ye>'s ti! to h _h a "r ( action aga9/ ! own]s or *ief-t5ants ( ! l&1 if ! t5ant f>m] default$ 9 any p>ticul>4 ,s f> we are able to ga!r t t5ant f>m]s 7 no exception at ?is "t1 ?\gh p]haps n a num]\s class2 & t !y 7 n p]sons ( mu* social importance4 ,t !y 7 to a consid]able ext5t dep5d5t on _! l&lords is probable1 ?\gh n actually atte/$ by ,cic]o1 = we h se5 evid5ce ( x 9 a passage ( ,caes>4 ,cic]o's ref]5ce#ghf to ! case ( a lady :o committ$ adult]y ) a colonus is c\*$ 9 su* t]ms z to imply ! man's social inf]iority4 ,9 ano!r passage#ghg we he> ( a man 9 ! ,ord] ( equites equo publico be+ disgrac$ by a c5sor tak+ away 8 /ate-horse1 & ( 8 fri5ds cry+ out 9 prote/ t he 0 optimus colonus1 ?rifty & unassum+4 ,"h we h a p]son ( high] social quality1 no d\bt3 b ,i conceive colonus to be us$ 9 ! orig9al s5se ( #8cultivator4' ,to say #8he is a good f>m]' does n imply t he is a m]e t5ant1 any m ?an x does 9 ! notable passage ( ,cato4 ,! vilicus g5]ally appe>s 9 ,cic]o z ! slave /ew>d famili> to u f o!r writ]s4 ,9 "o place#ghh he is contra/$ ) ! disp5sator1 :o seems to be a sort ( slave cl]k *>g$ ) regi/]+ /ores & s]v+ out rations clo?+ etc4 ,z ?is function>y seldom meets u 9 ! ru/ic sy/em ( ! p]iod1 we may p]haps inf] t only l>ge e/ates1 :]e ! vilicus _h no "t to sp>e f purely agricultural duties1 requir$ su* extra s]vice4 ,9 say+ t he c read & write 7litt]as scit7 ,cic]o may seem to imply t ?is is n to be expect$ f ! vilicus3 b ! inf]5ce is n c]ta91 = ! agricultural writ]s require /ew>ds to read at lea/4 ,9 ano!r passage#ghi we read t 9 *oos+ a slave = ! po/ ( /ew>d ! "o ?+ to be kept 9 view is n te*nical skill b ! moral qualities1 hone/y indu/ry al]tness4 ,"h x is pla9 t ! orator is w>p+ ! tru? 9 ord] to suit 8 argum5t3 ,v>ro w\ld nev] h disreg>d$ te*nical skill4 ,= ,cic]o's po9t is t :at ! /ate ne$s mo/ 9 its #8/ew>ds' 7t is1 magi/rates7 is good moral qualities4 ,on ! same l9es he _h "s #af ye>s be=e comp>$#gij ,v]res to a bad /ew>d1 :o has ru9$ 8 ma/]'s f>m by di%one/ & wa/eful managem5t1 & is 9 a fair way to be sev]ely puni%$ = 8 (f5ce4 ,! tone ( ?is passage is exactly t ( old ,cato1 put 9 ! rhetorical mann] ( an advocate4 ,a few words mu/ be said on ! subject ( manumission4 ,9 8 def5ce ( ,rabirius1 accus$ ( high treason1 ,cic]o laun*es#gia out into a bur/ ( indignation at ! attempt$ revival ( an obsolete b>b>\s proc$ure design$ = 8 cli5t's de/ruction4 ,! cruel me?od ( execution to :i* x po9ts1 long disus$1 is repugnant to ,roman s5tim5t1 utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! rights ( free humanity4 ,su* a prospect#gib w\ld be q un5durable ev5 to slaves1 unless !y _h be=e !m ! hope ( fre$om4 ,=1 z he adds bel[1 :5 we manumit a slave1 he is at once fre$ !reby f fe> ( any su* p5alties z ^!4 ,tak5 by itself1 ?is passage is bett] evid5ce ( ! liability ( slaves to cruel puni%m5t ?an ( ! frequ5t use ( manumission4 ,b we "k f ,cic]o's lett]s & f o!r s\rces t fre$m5 7 num]\s4 ,& f a s5t5ce#gic 9 "o ( ! ,philippics we may ga!r t x 0 n unusual = ma/]s to grant fre$om to slaves aft] six ye>s ( hone/ & pa9/ak+ s]vice4 ,i suspect t ?is utt]ance1 9 ! context 9 :i* x occurs1 %\ld n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,t ,romans ( weal? & position lik$ to surr\nd !mselves ) reta9]s1 humble & loyal1 b\nd to _! patron by ties ( gratitude & int]e/1 is c]ta93 & e>ly manumissions 7 naturally promot$ by ?is motive4 ,b ! mo/ pleas+ in/ances 7 ( c\rse ^? 9 :i* a community ( pursuits develop$ a real sympa?y1 ev5 affection betwe5 own] & own$1 z 9 ! case ( ,tiro1 on ^: manumission#gid ,qu9tus ,cic]o wrote to congratulate 8 bro!r4 ,9 all ^! passages1 h[ev]1 !re is "o ?+ to be not$4 ,!y d n look to ! conditions ( ru/ic life2 &1 s f> z ! evid5ce ( ,cic]o goes1 !y d n %ake my conviction t manumission 0 a v r>e ev5t on c\ntry e/ates4 ,a topic ( special int]e/ is ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( f>m]s :o1 :e!r employ+ slaves or n1 work$ on ! l& 9 p]son4 ,:at does ,cic]o say z to 1 9 8 "t8 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t1 :5 x suits 8 pres5t purpose1 he n only enl>ges on ! homely virtues ( c\ntry folk b ref]s to ! old ,roman tradition ( f>m]-citiz5s call$ f ! pl\gh to guide & save ! /ate 9 h\rs ( dang]4 ,he made full use ( ?is topic 9 8 def5ce ( ,sextus ,roscius1 & repres5t$ 8 cli5t z a simple ru/ic1 reek+ ( ! f>my>d1--h[ f> truly1 is d\btful4 ,b he does n g s f> z to depict him pl\gh+ or digg+ or c>t+ manure4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! slaves to :om he ref]s#gie did ! r\gh f>m-"w "u 8 ord]s4 ,:5 he c make capital out ( ! wrongs ( ! humble lab\r+ f>m]1 ! orator does n %r9k f do+ s4 ,"o ( ! iniquities laid to ! *>ge#gif ( ,v]res is t he %ift$ ! burd5 ( tak+ legal proce$+s f ! lessees ( ! ,sicilian ti!s 7decumani7 to ! ti!-liable lessees ( ! l& 7! aratores74 ,in/ead ( ! ti!-f>m] hav+ to prove t 8 dem& 0 j1 ! l&-f>m] _h to prove t x 0 unju/4 ,n[ ?is 0 too mu* ev5 = ^? f>m+ on a l>ge scale3 x meant 9 practice t !y _h to leave _! f>ms & g (f to make _! appeals at ,syracuse4 ,b ! h>d%ip 0 f> great] 9 ! case ( small f>m]s 7probably sub-t5ants71 ( :om he speaks ?us3 #8,& :at ( ^? ^: means ( tillage#gig consi/ ( "o yoke ( ox51 :o lab\r on _! f>ms ) _! own h&s--9 ! days be=e y\r gov]nor%ip su* m5 7 a v num]\s class 9 ,sicily--:5 !y h satisfi$ ! dem&s ( ,apronius1 :at are !y to d next8 ,are !y to leave _! tillages1 leave _! h\se & home1 & come to ,syracuse1 9 ! hope ( reass]t+ _! rights at law aga9/ an ,apronius#gih "u ! imp>tial gov]nm5t ( a ,v]res8' ,no d\bt ! mo/ is made ( ^! poor m5 & _! wrongs4 ,b we ne$ n d\bt t !re 7 /ill "s small work+ f>m]s 9 ,sicily4 ,9 ! half-c5tury or s be=e ! "t ( ,v]res we he>#gii ( free ,sicilians :o 7 sorely di/urb$ by ! great s]vile rebellions & ev5 driv5 to make common cause ) ! insurg5t slaves4 ,"s su* #8small m5' 7 evid5tly /ill to be f\nd w$g$ 9 among ! big plantations4 ,ano!r important passage occurs 9 ! artful spee* aga9/ ! agr>ian bill ( ,rullus4 ,x ref]s to ! ag] ,campanus1 on ! value ( :i* z a public asset#hjj ,cic]o insi/s4 ,?is exceptionally f]tile di/rict 01 & _h long be51 let by ! /ate to cultivat+ t5ants1 ^: regul>ly-paid r5ts 7 "o ( ! safe/ items 9 ! ,roman budget4 ,^! f>ms 7 no latifundia1 b app>5tly ( mod]ate size1 su* t ?rifty f>m]s c\ld make a good liv+ 9 ?is fav\r$ l&4 ,) ! v>i\s political#hja *anges1 c>ry+ ) !m di/urbances ( occupancy1 caus$ by w>s 9 ! pa/1 we are n "h conc]n$4 ,cic]o decl>es t "o aim ( ! bill 0 ! assignation ( ?is di/rict to new freehold]s1 :i* meant t ! /ate treasury w\ld lose a sure s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,?is1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 he 0 oppos+1 & und\bt$ly misrepres5t$ facts :5ev] x suit$ 8 purpose4 ,9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 he says1 ! cry is (t5 rais$#hjb t x is n "r = l&s to lie depopulat$ ) no freem5 left to till !m4 ,?is no d\bt ref]s to ! ,grac*an programme = revival ( ! peasant f>m]s4 ,cic]o decl>es t su* a cry is irrelevant to ! pres5t issue1 = ! effect ( ! bill w be to turn out ! excell5t sitt+ t5ants#hjc only to make room = new m51 ! dep5dants & tools ( a political clique4 ,! reason :y1 aft] ! fall ( ,capua 9 ! second ,punic w>1 t city 0 depriv$ ( all corporate exi/5ce1 & yet ! h\ses 7 left /&+1 0 ?is3 ! m5ace ( a disloyal ,capua _h to be remov$1 b a t[n-c5tre ( "s sort c\ld n be disp5s$ )4 ,= m>ket+1 = /orage#hjd ( produce1 ! f>m]s mu/ h "s place ( common resort3 & :5 we>y ) work+ on _! f>ms !y w\ld f9d ! t[n home/eads a welcome accommodation4 ,all[+ = rhetorical col\r+ 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 case1 p]haps we may take x f ,cic]o t a fair numb] ( practical work+ f>m]s 7 settl$ on ! ,campanian pla94 ,8 pr$iction#hje t1 if ?is di/rict 7 to be di/ribut$ 9 freehold allotm5ts1 x w\ld pres5tly pass into ! h&s ( a few weal?y proprietors 7z ! ,sullan allotm5ts _h be5 do+7 sugge/s a c]ta9 degree ( s9c]ity4 ,b tak5 z a :ole ! utt]ances ( ,cic]o are too g5]al1 & too obvi\sly meant to s]ve a tempor>y purpose1 to furni% tru/wor?y data = e/imat+ ! num]ical /r5g? & importance ( ! work+ f>m]s 9 ! ,italy ( 8 day4 ,,xxvii4 ,,sallu/ ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,cic]o's contempor>ies o!r ?an ,v>ro !re is v little to be f\nd be>+ ^u ru/ic life & lab\r z x w5t on 9 _! "t4 ,lit]ature 0 occupi$ ) o!r !mes appropriate to ! political conflicts or social sc&als or philosophic que/ion+s t *iefly int]e/$ v>i\s individuals & ! circles 9 :i* !y mov$4 ,! orig9s ( civilization =m$ a fasc9at+ problem = "s1 = in/ance ! ,epicurean ,lucretius3 b 8 !ory ( ! developm5t ( agriculture deals ) matt]s outside ( our subject4 ,! "o helpful passage ( ,caes>#hjf has be5 notic$ already4 ,s too has ! contemptu\s ref]5ce#hjg ( ,sallu/ to agriculture z slaves' "w4 ,?is writ] 9 a few places t\*es on po9ts ( int]e/4 ,= in/ance1 9 speak+#hjh ( ! v>i\s classes ( m5 :o 7 ripe = revolution1 he says #8moreov] !re 7 ! able-bodi$ m5 :o _h be5 us$ to e>n a h>d liv+ z hir$ lab\r]s on f>ms2 ! attraction ( private & public b\nties _h drawn !m into ,rome1 :]e !y f\nd idle leisure pref]able to ?ankless toil4' ,su* /atem5ts1 unsupport$ by /ati/ics1 mu/ be receiv$ ) caution1 b ?is ass]tion is s f> back$ up by :at we le>n f o!r s\rces1 t we c accept x z evid5ce4 ,h[ _m su* ru/ic immigrants ( ?is class !re 7 at any giv5 mom5t1 is :at we want to "k1 & d n4 ,aga91 9 a passage#hji describ+ ! popul>ity ( ,m>ius 9 #ajh ,,bc1 he says #89 %ort1 ! commons 7 fir$ ) su* en?usiasm t ! h&work]s & ! ru/ics ( all sorts1 m5 ^: means & cr$it consi/$ 9 ! lab\r ( _! h&s1 /ruck "w & att5d$ ,m>ius 9 cr[ds1 putt+ 8 election be=e _! own daily ne$s4' ,9 ?is !re is p]haps "s exagg]ation1 b ! picture is probably true 9 ! ma94 ,! agre/es may include bo? small f>m]s & lab\r]s4 ,b !y c h>dly h come f great di/ances1 & s 7 probably n v num]\s4 ,! description is z loose z passages ( ! k9d 7 9 anci5t writ]s1 & are /ill4 ,! ref]5ces to ru/ic slave-gangs1 & ,catil9e's refusal to arm !m 9 support ( 8 ris+1 h be5 cit$ above4 ,we n[ pass into ! p]iod 9 :i* ! la/ acts ( ! ,roman ,republican drama 7 play$ & ! great s5atorial ari/ocrats1 9 ^: h&s 0 a great %>e ( ! be/ l&s 9 ,italy1 lo/ ! p[] to exploit ! subject _w4 ,n only by (ficial extortion 9 prov9cial gov]nor%ips1 b by money-l5d+ at usuri\s int]e/#haj to cli5t pr9ces or prov9cial cities1 ^! gre$y nobles amass$ great sums ( money1 "s ( :i* 0 employ$ 9 political corruption to secure control ( gov]nm5t at home4 ,civil w>s & proscriptions n[ ?9n$ _! ranks1 & confiscations ?rew _m e/ates into ! m>ket4 ,! fall ( ,antony 9 #ca ,,bc left ,octavian ma/] ( ! :ole empire ( ,rome1 an emp]or rul+ "u republican disguises4 ,n[ x 0 naturally & prop]ly 8 aim to neutralize ! effects ( pa/ disord]s & remove _! causes4 ,he look$ back to ! traditions ( ,roman gr[? & glory1 & hop$ by us+ ! lessons ?us le>nt to revive ,roman prosp]ity & f9d a s\nd basis = imp]ial /r5g?4 ,he work$ on _m l9es3 t :i* conc]ns u "h is 8 policy t[>ds ru/ic life & agriculture4 ,z he p]suad$ & press$ ! ri* to be less selfi%#haa & m public-spirit$1 to sp5d less on o/5tation & ! adornm5t ( _! mansions & p>ks1 & to contribute lib]ally to works ( public magnific5ce or utility1 a duty n[ long neglect$2 ev5 s he /rove to rebuild ,italian f>m+1 to make x :at x _h be5 ( yore1 ! se$-b$ ( simple civic & milit>y virtues4 ,b anci5t civilization1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t 9 ! ,roman empire1 _h n[ gone too f> = any rul]1 h[ev] well-mean+ & p[]ful1 to turn ! tide4 ,socially x 0 too conc5trat$ & urban1 economically too individuali/ic & too dep5d5t on ! manipulation ( masses ( capital4 ,9 _m directions ! policy ( ! judici\s emp]or 0 m>vell\sly successful3 b he did n succe$ 9 reviv+ agriculture on ! old traditional foot+ z a nurs]y ( peasant f>m]s4 ,he s\ght to br+ back a traditional gold5 age1 & c\rt-poets 7 will+ to ass]t#hab t ! gold5 age _h inde$ return$4 ,?is 0 n true4 ,! ev]-repeat$ praises ( c\ntry life are unreal4 ,ev5 :5 s9c]e1 !y are ! voice ( t[n-br$ m51 we>y ( ! fuss & follies ( urban life1 to :i* nev]!less !y w\ld pres5tly come back refre%$ b bor$#hac ) _! rural holiday4 ,t ! sci5ce & art ( agriculture 7 be+ improv$1 is true2 h5ce ! treatise ( ,v>ro1 writt5 9 8 old age4 ,b te*nical improvem5ts c\ld n set ! small f>m]s z a class on _! legs aga94 ,! small man's vantage lay 7& /ill lies7 9 m9ute c>e & lab\r freely be/[$1 )\t /opp+ to inquire :e!r ! p]c5tage ( pr(it is or is n an adequate return = 8 toil4 ,moreov]1 te*nical improvem5ts (t5 require ! comm& ( consid]able capital4 ,! big man c s9k capital & await a return on ! inve/m5t3 b ?is return mu/ be at a m9imum rate or he w feel t x does n #8pay4' ,= 9 8 calculations he _c help comp>+ ! returns#had on diff]5t k9ds ( inve/m5ts4 ,"u su* conditions x is no wond] t we f9d latifundia /ill exi/+ "u ! e>ly ,empire 9 di/ricts suit$ = ! plantation sy/em4 ,no d\bt mu* ( ! l>ge l&hold+ 0 ! outcome ( social ambitions4 ,m5 :o _h tak5 advantage ( civil w> & its sequels to s9k money 9 l& took _! pr(it ei!r 9 a good p]c5tage on plantations1 or 9 ! enhanc$ importance ga9$ by own+ f9e c\ntry places1 or 9 bo? ways4 ,a new class 0 com+ to ! front "u ! imp]ial rgime & among !m 7 weal?y fre$m54 ,^! _h n yet rea*$ ! pr$om9ant influ5ce & colossal weal? t m>k$ _! successors ( ! next g5]ation4 ,b !y _h begun to appe>#hae 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic1 & 7 n[ a =ce by no means to be ignor$4 ,su* l&[n]s 7 n likely to fav\r ! revival ( peasant f>m]s1 unless ! pres5ce ( ! latt] c\ld be utiliz$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! big e/ates4 ,!re 7 two ways 9 :i* ?is result c\ld be atta9$4 ,a small freehold] might1 f ! small size ( 8 f>m1 h "s sp>e "t1 & be will+ to turn x to acc\nt by work+ else:]e = wages4 ,su* a man w\ld be a lab\r] ( ! v be/ k9d1 b he c\ld n be reli$ ^u to be dis5gag$ at a p>ticul> mom5t2 =1 if n busy j !n on 8 own f>m1 "s o!r employ] might h secur$ 8 s]vices4 ,a small t5ant f>m]1 to :om "p ( a great e/ate 0 let1 w\ld be gov]n$ by any conditions agre$ ^u betwe5 him & 8 l&lord4 ,t ^! conditions might include a liability to a c]ta9 am\nt ( actual s]vice at c]ta9 seasons on 8 l&lord's e/ate1 is obvi\s4 ,t ! coloni ( lat] times 7 normally 9 ?is position1 is well kn[n4 ,t ?is sy/em1 "u :i* a t5ant reta9+ p]sonal fre$om 0 practically 7& at l5g? legally7 b\nd to ! soil1 sudd5ly arose & became effective1 is mo/ improbable4 ,:e!r we c detect any signs ( its gradual introduction w appe> z our inquiry proce$s4 ,we h already not$ ! few ref]5ces to t5ant coloni "u ! ,republic4 ,x is en\gh to rem>k "h t1 :atev] degree ( improvem5t 9 agriculture may h tak5 place ow+ to ! ree/abli%m5t ( peace & ord]1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 br\ght ab\t )\t employ+ ! be/ lab\r to be _h4 ,if !re=e we f9d reason to believe t ! supply ( skill$ free lab\r = special agricultural "w 0 gradually f\nd by giv+ a new turn to ! t5ancy-sy/em1 we may haz>d a guess t ! fir/ t5tative /eps 9 ?is direction belong to ! quiet developm5ts ( ! ,augu/an peace4 ,,rome--,,! ,,empire ,,xxviii4 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,agricultural ,,lab\r ,,"u ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,t ! position ( ! work+ f>m] 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,,ad 0 v diff]5t f :at x _h be5 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,roman ,republic1 is h>dly op5 to "q4 ,t 9 ! la/ two c5turies ( ! ,republic 8 position _h be5 gravely alt]$ = ! worse 9 a l>ge 7& t 9 g5]al ! be/7 "p ( ,italy1 is n less c]ta94 ,?is p]iod1 f #bda to #ca ,,bc1 _h se5 ! subjection to ,rome ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 & ! ,italian p59sula 0 an imp]ial l&4 ,x 0 inevitable t f a dom9ion s va/ & v>i\s !re %\ld be "s sort ( reaction on its mi/ress1 & reaction !re _h be51 mo/ly = evil1 on ! victori\s ,roman /ate4 ,! political social & moral effects ( ?is reaction d n conc]n u "h save only 9 s f> z ! economic situation 0 affect$ !reby4 ,= in/ance1 ! plund] ( ! ,prov9ces by bad gov]nors & ! extortions practis$ by subord9ate (ficials1 ! gre$ ( f9anci]s & _! ag5ts1 7 ! *ief s\rces ( ! imm5se sums ( money t p\r$ into ,italy4 ,! corruption promot$ by all ?is ill-gott5 weal? express$ itself 9 _m =ms2 b 9 no way 0 x m effective ?an 9 degradation ( agriculture4 ,x 0 n m]ely t x =w>d$ ! movem5t t[>ds great aggregations ( latifundia4 ,x suppli$ ! means ( controll+ politics by brib]y & viol5ce & r5d]+ nugatory all endeav\rs to re=m ! l&-sy/em & give legislative rem$ies a fair trial4 ,! ev5ts ( ! revolution>y p]iod left ne>ly all ! l& ( ,italy 9 private own]%ip1 mo/ ( x 9 ! h&s ( l>ge own]s4 ,! ,sullan & ,triumviral confiscations & assignations 7 social calamities & economic failures4 ,( _! p>alys+ effect on agriculture we c only =m a g5]al notion1 b x is cle> t no revival ( a free f>m+ peasantry took place4 ,*anges !re _h be5 9 agriculture1 due to influ5ces f abroad4 ,f>m+ on a l>ge scale & organization ( slave lab\r _h giv5 x an indu/rial turn4 ,! crude & brutal =m 9 :i* ?is at fir/ appe>$ _h probably be5 some:at modifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! great plantations clumsily adapt$ f ,punic models 7 n easily made to pay4 ,m v>iety 9 crops became ! fa%ion1 & ! specializ+ ( lab\r m necess>y4 ,9 ?is we may surely trace ,greek & ,greco-ori5tal influ5ces1 & ! advance 9 ?is respect is reflect$ 9 ! m sci5tific precepts ( ,v>ro z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,cato4 ,b1 s long z ! indu/rial aim1 ! rais+ ( l>ge crops = ! urban m>ket1 prevail$1 ?is *ange c\ld n t5d to revive ! f>m+ peasantry1 ^: aim 0 prim>ily an indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 & :o lack$ ! capital ne$$ = agricultural ent]prise on indu/rial l9es4 ,mean:ile !re 0 ! l>ge-scale slav]y sy/em firmly e/abli%$1 & no?+ less ?an %r9kage ( ! supply ( slaves 0 likely to %ake x4 ,b ! c\rse ( ,roman conque/ & =mation ( ,prov9ces _h br\ght ,italy into contact ) c\ntries 9 :i* agriculture & its relation to gov]nm5ts /ood on a v diff]5t foot+ f t traditional 9 ,roman ,italy4 ,! indep5d5t peasant f>m] liv+ by 8 own lab\r on 8 own l&1 a d\ble "* ( citiz5 & soldi]1 untr\bl$ by (ficial int]f]5ce1 0 a type n pres5t to ! eyes ( ,romans z !y look$ abroad4 ,tribal own]%ip1 /ill common 9 ! ,we/1 _h be5 outgr[n 9 ,italy4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian sy/em1 f :i* mu* _h be5 le>nt1 0 an exploitation-sy/em1 z indu/rial z a gov]nm5t ( m]*ant pr9ces c\ld make x4 ,9 ,sicily x met a ,hell5i/ic sy/em set up by ! rul]s ( ,syracuse1 & ! two seem to h bl5d$ or at lea/ to h _h common *>act]i/ics4 ,! normal feature 0 ! paym5t ( a ti! ( produce 77 to ! ,/ate4 ,= ! ,/ate claim$ ! prop]ty ( ! l&1 & res]v$ to itself a regul> #aj 9 ackn[l$gem5t !re(4 ,?is royal title _h pass$ to ,rome1 & ,rome accord+ly levi$ h] normal decumae1 exemption f :i* 0 a special fav\r grant$ to a few communities4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple t ! ultimate own]%ip ( l& is ve/$ 9 ! ,k+#haf 0 well kn[n 9 ! ,ea/1 & is to be trac$ 9 sev]al ( ! mon>*ies f\nd$ by ! ,successors ( ,alex&]4 ,9 ! ,seleucid & ,attalid k+doms !re h be5 f\nd indications ( x1 ?\gh ! privileges ( cities & temples *eck$ its g5]al application4 ,b 9 ,egypt x exi/$ 9 full vig\r1 & _h done s f "t immemorial4 ,x 0 9 fact ! mo/ ess5tial expression ( ori5tal ideas ( sovranty4 ,comb9$ ) x 0 ! res]vation ( c]ta9 areas z peculi>ly #8royal l&s' ! cultivators ( :i* 7 #8royal f>m]s1' 1 /&+ 9 a direct relation to ! ,k+ & controll$ by 8 adm9i/rative (ficials4 ,! int]e/ ( ! sovran 0 to extract a regul> rev5ue f ! cr[n-l&s3 h5ce x 0 ! aim ( gov]nm5t to secure ! resid5ce ( its f>m]s & ! cont9u\s cultivation ( ! soil4 ,! object 0 atta9$ by m9ute regulations appli$ to a submissive p ( small ne$s4 ,x is evid5t t agriculture "u conditions su* z ^! 0 bas$ on ideas fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? preval5t 9 ,italy4 ,!re private own]%ip 0 ! rule1 & by ! end ( ! ,republic x 0 s m ?an ev]4 ,! latifundia _h gr[n by transf]s ( prop]ty#hag 9 l&1 :e!r ! hold+s s absorb$ 7 orig9al small freeholds or allotm5ts ( /ate l& grant$ "u agr>ian laws4 ,pres5t e/ates1 :e!r l>ge or small1 7 normally held "u a full propriet>y title2 & ! l>ge ones at lea/ 7 valu$ z an asset ( social & political importance r ?an z a s\rce ( economic pr(it4 ,! own] c\ld d :at he w\ld ) 8 own1 & 9 ,italy#hah !re 0 no tax-burd5 on 8 l&4 ,we may ask h[ x came ab\t t ! ,italian & ,prov9cial sy/ems /ood ?us side by side1 nei!r assimilat+ ! o!r4 ,! answ] is t ! contra/ suit$ ! int]e/s ( ! money$ classes :o controll$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome4 ,to exploit ! regal conditions tak5 ov] by ! ,republic abroad 0 = !m a direct road to ri*es1 & ! gratification ( _! ambitions 0 a*iev$ by ! free employm5t ( _! ri*es at home4 ,! common h]d ( poor citiz5s1 paup]iz$ 9 ,rome or scatt]$ 9 c\ntry t[ns & hamlets1 _h no effective means ( influ5c+ policy1 ev5 if !y und]/ood :at 0 go+ on & _h 7:i* !y _h n7 an alt]native policy ( _! own4 ,s ! ,empire took ov] f ! ,republic a sy/em exi/+ = ! b5efit ( ho/ile ari/ocrats & capitali/s1 ) :om x 0 n practicable to disp5se & :om x 0 n easy to control4 ,we _c suppose t ! classes conc]n$ ) agriculture _h any suspicion h[ f>-rea*+ 7 ! *anges de/9$ to come ab\t "u ! new gov]nm5t4 ,!y c\ld n look c5turies ahead4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! rul] sp>$ no pa9s to dissemble 8 autocratic p[] & pose z a pres]v] & re/or] ( ! ,pa/4 ,caution & a judici\s patronage inspir$ lit]ature to praise ! gov]nm5t & to obs]ve a discreet sil5ce on unwelcome topics4 ,! attitude ( ,augu/us t[>ds agriculture w be discuss$ bel[4 ,"h x is only necess>y to rem>k t ! fir/ aim ( 8 policy 9 ?is z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts 0 to set ! ma*9e work+ ) ! lea/ possible appe>ance ( *ange4 ,z ! republican magi/racies 7 left /&+1 & gradually fail$ ?r\gh ! incompet5ce ( s5atorial guidance1 s no crude agr>ian s*emes 7 all[$ to upset exi/+ conditions1 & developm5t 0 left to foll[ ! l9es ( *ang+ economic & political ne$s4 ,x is well to take a few important matt]s & see v briefly h[ imp]ial policy set go+ t5d5cies t 7 9 c\rse ( "t to affect pr(\ndly ! position ( agriculture4 ,9 ! fir/ place x 0 cle> t no /able recon/ruction 0 possible )\t a l>ge & /eady income4 ,to ?is end a great re=m ( ! old me?ods ( rev5ue-collection 0 necess>y4 ,! wa/eful sy/em ( tax-f>m]s practically un*eck$ 9 _! exactions 0 ex*ang$ = collection by (ficials ( ! /ate or ( municipalities4 ,9 ! case ( l&-rev5ue ?is *ange 0 especially mom5t\s1 = 9 no dep>tm5t _h ! abuses & extortions ( publicani be5 m oppressive4 ,& x 0 9 ! ,emp]or's ,prov9ces t ?is re=m 0 fir/ a*iev$4 ,agriculture 0 by f> ! mo/ widespread occupation ( ! subject peoples2 & ! true imp]ial int]e/ 01 n to squeeze ! mo/ possible out ( !m at a giv5 mom5t1 b to promote _! cont9u\s wellbe+ z produc]s ( a mod]ate b sure rev5ue4 ,t ?is wise policy 0 delib]ately foll[$ is indicat$ by ! sep>ate#hai treatm5t ( ,egypt4 ,augu/us did n pres5t 8 new acquisition to ! ,roman /ate4 ,he /epp$ into ! position ( ! late ,ptolemies1 & 0 k+ !re )\t ! "n4 ,z he f\nd ! ca% ( ,ptolemaic treasure a means ( pay+ (f debts & avoid+ initial bankruptcy1 s by keep+ up ! exi/+ f9ancial sy/em he enjoy$ ye> by ye> a l>ge income entirely at 8 own disposal1 & avoid$ ! risk ( di/urb+ in/itutions to :i* ! native f>m]s _h be5 us$ f "t immemorial4 ,! possession ( ?is va/ private rev5ue und\bt$ly _h mu* to d ) ! successful c>e] ( ,augu/us 9 e/abli%+ ! empire4 ,s long z ! empire 0 secure f invasion1 & ! collection ( taxes on a fair & economical plan af=d$ suffici5t & regul> returns1 g5]al prosp]ity prevail$ ov] a l>g] area ?an ev] be=e4 ,! boon ( peace 0 to ! subject peoples a comp5sation = ! loss ( an indep5d5ce ! advantages ( :i* 7 unc]ta9 & 9 mo/ cases probably =gott54 ,if ! b5umb+ ( national feel+s 0 9 itself n a good ?+1 ! c5tral gov]nm5t 0 able to pay its way1 & emp]ors c\ld at ne$ appe> z a sort ( b5ign provid5ce1 by grants ( money or tempor>y remissions ( taxation 9 relief ( extraord9>y calamities4 ,& yet1 z we c n[ see 9 retrospect1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new mon>*y _h set 9 motion t5d5cies t 7 de/9$ to upset ! social & economic /ructure & ev5tually to give x a m ,ori5tal "*4 ,italy long rema9$ a fav\r$ metropolitan l&4 ,b ! great l&[n+ nobles no long] rul$ x & ! ,prov9ces also4 ,no dissembl+ c\ld conceal ! tru? t _! political importance 0 gone4 ,x may be#hbj t "s ( ! great l&lords gave m att5tion to _! e/ates z economic units4 ,x is mu* m c]ta9 t l>ge-scale l&hold+ abroad#hba 0 m attractive ?an t 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 n a new ?+1 & "u ! republican gov]nm5t great prov9cial ,roman l&lords _h enjoy$ a sort ( local autocratic position1 assur$ by _! influ5ce 9 ,rome4 ,b an emp]or's po9t ( view 0 v diff]5t f t ( ! old republican ,s5ate4 ,he c\ld n all[ ! =mation ( local pr9cipalities 9 ! =m ( great e/ates "u no effective control4 ,^! l&lords _h be5 bitt] oppon5ts ( ,julius ,caes>3 ,augu/us _h be5 driv5 to make away ) "s ( !m3 ! uneas9ess ( 8 successors at l5g? f\nd full v5t 9 ! action ( ,n]o1 :o put to dea? six great l&lords 9 ,africa1 & confiscat$ _! e/ates4 ,half ,africa1 ! ,prov9ce specially affect$1 ?us pass$ into ! category ( ,imp]ial ,doma9s1 "u ! control ( a dep>tm5tal bureau1 & lat] times add$ m & m to ^! pra$ia ,caes>is 9 _m p>ts ( ! empire4 ,! conv5i5t simplicity ( hav+ great areas ( productive l& adm9i/]$ by imp]ial ag5ts m or less controll$ by ! (ficials ( a c5tral dep>tm5t1 into :i* ! ye>ly dues 7 regul>ly paid1 _c h escap$ ! notice ( emp]ors4 ,b ! advantages ( su* a sy/em _h be5 a "p ( _! actual exp]i5ce#hbb f ! fir/ 9 ! case ( ,egypt4 ,egypt too 0 ! special home ( f9ance bas$ on a sy/em ( regulat$ agriculture & h]$it>y cont9uity ( occupation4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ! ma9t5ance & ext5sion ( cultivation 0 express$ 9 m9ute rules = l&-t5ure & dues payable1 & ! c>e tak5 to keep ! class ( #8royal f>m]s' 9 a prosp]\s condition4 ,?us !re 0 recogniz$ a sort ( community ( int]e/ betwe5 peasant & k+4 ,t middlem5 %\ld n oppress ! =m] or defraud ! latt] 0 a common conc]n ( bo?4 ,n[ 9 ! ,roman empire we note ! gr[? ( a sy/em resembl+ ?is 9 its *ief features4 ,we f9d ! tillage ( imp]ial doma9s#hbc c>ri$ on by small f>m]s hold+ p>cels ( l&1 g5]ally z sub-t5ants ( t5ants-9-*ief hold+ direct f ! emp]or4 ,^! small f>m]s 7 evid5tly work]s1 :e!r !y to "s ext5t us$ slave-lab\r or n4 ,imp]ial policy fav\r$ ^! m5 z /eady produc]s turn+ ! l& to good acc\nt1 & ?us add+ to ! res\rces ( ! empire )\t be+ 7l great l&lords7 a possible s\rce ( dang]4 ,h5ce great c>e 0 tak5 to protect ! coloni ,caes>is f oppression by middlem53 &1 s long z head-t5ants & (ficial ag5ts did n corruptly comb9e to wrong ! f>m]s1 ! protection seems to h be5 effective4 ,moreov]1 ! advantage ( reta9+ ! same t5ants on ! l& ^: conditions !y und]/ood by exp]i5ce1 & ( induc+ !m to reclaim & improve fur!r portions ( ! wa/e1 0 kept cle>ly 9 view4 ,a policy ( (ficial enc\ragem5t 9 ^! directions 0 9 full sw+ 9 ! second c5tury ,,ad & may p]haps h be5 initiat$ by ,vespasian4 ,x is n necess>y to assume t ^! arrangem5ts 7 directly copi$ f ,ori5tal1 p>ticul>ly ,egyptian1 conditions4 ,! conv5i5ce ( p]man5t t5ants & ! ev]-press+ ne$ ( food-supply are en\gh to acc\nt = ! g5]al aim1 & exp]i5ce ( ! ,ea/ w\ld naturally help to mature ! policy4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire made x possible4 ,b we mu/ pla9ly note ! significance ( new ideas 9 respect ( resid5ce & cultivation4 ,9 ! ,roman l&-sy/em ( ,italy private own]%ip 0 ! rule1 & ! g5]al assumption t ! own] cultivat$ on 8 own acc\nt3 /ew>ds & slave-gangs 7 common b n ess5tial ph5om5a4 ,x is true t ! practice ( lett+ f>ms to cultivat+ t5ants exi/$1 & t 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,empire x 0 on ! increase1 probably promot$ by ! comp>ative sc>city ( slaves 9 times ( peace4 ,b t5ancy 0 a contract-relation1 & ! law1 :ile protect+ ! t5ant1 gave to ! l&lord ample means ( en=c+ regul> & ?or\gh cultivation4 ,& ?is automatically ensur$ ! t5ant's resid5ce 9 any conditions %ort ( f9al despair4 ,we %all see t z agriculture decl9$ 9 ,italy x became m & m difficult to f9d & keep satisfactory t5ants3 b ! t5ant 0 9 ! la/ resort free to g1 & ! man :o _h to be compell$ to cultivate prop]ly 0 j ! man on :om ! use ( legal rem$ies 0 lea/ likely to produce ! desir$ practical effect4 ,n[ on ! imp]ial doma9s abroad we f9d a gr[+ t5d5cy to insi/ on resid5ce1 z a rule impos$ f above4 ,! emp]or c\ld n leave 8 coloni simply at ! m]cy ( 8 head-t5ants4 ,he 0 v ready to protect !m1 b to h !m flitt+ at w 0 ano!r matt]4 ,& ?is t5d5cy surely po9ts to ,egyptian analogies2 naturally too1 z ! ,empire 0 becom+ m def9itely a ,mon>*y4 ,we %all also f9d reason to ?9k t bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ! ,prov9ces !re 0 a t5d5cy to r$uce f>m-t5ants to a consid]able degree ( de facto dep5d5ce by manipulation ( economic relations4 ,a l&lord c\ld let a f>m on t]ms app>5tly fav\rable b s arrang$ t x 0 easy = ! t5ant to fall into arre>s & become 8 debtor4 ,! exploitation ( debtors' necessities#hbd 0 a practice traditionally ,roman f v e>ly times4 ,true1 x 0 seldom politic to sell up a default+ t5ant 9 ! decl9+ /ate ( ,italian agriculture4 ,b ! gradual acceptance ( a liability to small burd5s 9 lieu ( ca% paym5t might rob him ( 8 effective indep5d5ce be=e he 0 well aw>e ( ! *ange 9 8 position4 ,on a great prov9cial doma91 ! emp]or be+ f> away1 a head-t5ant c\ld deal ) ! sub-t5ants on mu* ! same l9es4 ,a trifl+ requirem5t1 j exce$+ :at 0 actually due1 w\ld be submitt$ to z n wor? ! tr\ble & risk ( sett+ ! appeal-ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,fur!r encroa*m5ts1 inf9itesimal b cumulative1 might r$uce ! colonus to a semi-s]vile condition3 &1 ! poor] he became1 ! less 8 prospect ( protection f ! emp]or's local ag5ts1 too (t5 m5 ( it*+ palms4 ,/ill ! coloni 7 freem51 & we h evid5ce t !y sometimes appeal$ to _! imp]ial "l1 & ) success4 ,x seems t 9 "s respects coloni ,caes>is 7 at an advantage z comp>$ ) coloni ( private l&lords1 at lea/ 9 ! means ( protection4 ,roman law 0 v *>y ( int]f]5ce ) matt]s ( private contract1 & ! pr9ciples guid+ ! c\rts 7 well kn[n4 ,an a/ute l&lord c\ld see to x t 8 encroa*m5ts on a t5ant's fre$om did n entitle ! man to a legal rem$y4 ,b ! imp]ial doma9s abroad 7 (t51 if n always1 gov]n$ by adm9i/rative proc$ure "u ! emp]or's own ag5ts2 & ^! g5try c\ld quickly be br\ght to ord]1 & compell$ to r$ress grievances1 by a s+le ^w f headqu>t]s4 ,t ! ^w 0 =?com+ on occasion is n wond]ful4 ,! policy ( an emp]or 0 to *]i% & enc\rage ! pati5t f>m]s ^: economic value 0 a s\nd imp]ial asset1 :ile ! head-t5ant 0 only a conv5i5t middleman4 ,b ! private l&[n] _h no imp]ial int]e/ to guide him1 & look$ only to 8 own imm$iate pr(it4 ,9 trac+ ! influ5ces t *ang$ ! condition ( ! work+ f>m] we mu/ n =get ! e/abli%m5t ( a new milit>y sy/em4 ,! /&+ army creat$ by ,augu/us 0 an absolute necessity = imp]ial def5ce4 ,at ! same "t x 0 a recognition ( ! fact t ! old sy/em ( tempor>y levies1 long prov$ inadequate1 mu/ h5ce=? be ab&on$4 ,fronti] armies c\ld n be =m$ by simply mobiliz+ free peasants = a campaign4 ,! /r5g? ( ! armies lay 9 milit>y skill1 n 9 numb]s4 ,long s]vice & special tra9+ made !m uni=mly pr(essional1 & provision 0 duly made = regul> conditions ( retirem5t4 ,! ,italian peasant-f>m]s1 mu* few] ?an ( yore1 & no long] all pot5tial soldi]s1 7 left to become simply pr(essional f>m]s4 ,t agriculture nev]!less did n really prosp] 0 due to causes beyond _! control2 b t !y1 bo? t5ant coloni & any rema9+ small own]s1 %\ld t5d to become a purely peasant class 0 inevitable4 ,augu/us may h wi%$ to rebuild ,italian agriculture on a s\nd f\ndation ( ! peasant-elem5ts1 b circum/ances 7 too contr>y = ! successful prosecution ( any su* design4 ,mean:ile ! m>k$ diff]5tiation#hbe ( soldi] & f>m]1 & ! settlem5t ( vet]ans on allotm5ts ( l&1 ma9ly 9 fronti] ,prov9ces1 0 proce$+4 ,analogies f ! ,ea/1 p>ticul>ly f ,egypt1 :]e su* arrangem5ts#hbf 7 traditional1 c h>dly h be5 ignor$4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt ! division ( milit>y & f>m+ classes _h be5 s m>k$ z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a ca/e-sy/em4 ,b ?is 0 n peculi> to ,egypt4 ,x 0 9 full vig\r 9 anci5t ,india1 :]e x impress$#hbg ,greek obs]v]s1 to :om ! g5]al abs5ce ( slaves1 !re z 9 ,egypt1 seem$ "o ( its notable ph5om5a4 ,i d n v5ture to sugge/ t ,roman emp]ors set !mselves delib]ately to sub/itute a fix$ atta*m5t ( work+ f>m]s to ! soil = a fail+ sy/em ( ru/ic slave-lab\r4 ,b x is n likely t1 z lab\r-problems f "t to "t arose1 ! well-kn[n ,ori5tal solutions 7 )\t "s influ5ce on _! policy4 ,we mu/ n =get t ,greek ?9k]s _h long ago approv$ ! plan ( /rict diff]5tiation ( functions 9 ideal /ates1 & t su* notions1 popul>iz$ 9 ,lat91 7 common prop]ty 9 educat$ circles4 ,tradition#hbh ev5 po9t$ to ! exi/5ce ( "s su* diff]5tiation 9 primitive ,rome4 ,!re=e1 :5 we f9d "u ! lat] ,empire a rigid sy/em ( ca/es & gilds1 & ! coloni atta*$ to ! soil ) /]n p5alties to h9d] movem5t1 we mu/ n view ! situation ) mod]n eyes4 ,! re/ra9t1 t to u seems a cruel numb+ ( =ces vital to human progress1 w\ld come z no great %ock to ! _w ( ! f\r? c5tury1 long prep>$ = ! /ep by exp]i5ce n enc\nt]$ by !ory4 ,to u x is a pa9ful revolution t1 in/ead ( ! l& belong+ to ! cultivator1 ! cultivator _h become an app5dage ( ! l&4 ,b x 0 ! outcome ( a long process3 z = progress 9 any good s5se1 x _h ceas$4 ,gov]nm5t _h become a s]ies ( va9 exp$i5ts to arre/ decay4 ,& ! rule ( fix$ origo1 a man's (ficially fix$ domicile1 0 no?+ m ?an ! doctr9e ( ! long preval5t 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! true significance ( ! *ange b9d+ ! till] to ! soil he till$ is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x 0 a desp]ate ef=t to solve a lab\r-"q4 ,to secure a suffici5t supply ( food _h be5 a cause ( anxiety to ! imp]ial gov]nm5t f ! fir/4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( increas$ production _h become an important "p ( imp]ial policy 9 ! second c5tury4 ,x look$ to ! small work+ f>m]s z ! *ief produc+ ag5cy1 m5 :o provid$ all or mo/ ( ! lab\r on _! f>ms1 & 9 at lea/ "s cases a c]ta9 am\nt ( task-"w#hbi on ! l>g] f>ms ( ! head-t5ants4 ,b 9 ! w>s & utt] confusion ( ! ?ird c5tury ! /ra9 on ! sy/em 0 too great4 ,! peaceful & prosp]\s p>ts ( ! empire suff]$ f increas$ dem&s on _! res\rces to make good ! defici5cies ( ! ,prov9ces tr\bl$ ) invasions or rebellions4 ,& !re c be no d\bt t ! work+ ( gov]nm5tal dep>tm5ts 0 int]rupt$ & imp$$ by ! g5]al disord]4 ,9 su* times z ^? ( ,galli5us & ! s-call$ ,?irty ,tyrants ! protection ( ! small f>m]s by int]v5tion ( ! c5tral au?ority mu/ h be5 pitifully ineffective4 ,naturally en\gh1 we d n get direct record ( ?is failure1 b ! *ange ( conditions t foll[$ on ! re/oration ( ord] by ,diocletian %ews :at _h be5 happ5+4 ,! increase ( taxation1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! co/ly ma*9]y ( ! new gov]nm5t1 l$ to increas$ pressure on ! f>m]s1 & evasions _h to be *eck$ by increas$ re/ra9ts4 ,9 a few ye>s ! facts 7 recogniz$ & /]eotyp$ by ! law ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! coloni 7 h5ce=? b\nd d[n to ! soil by an act ( /ate4 ,ano!r notable *ange#hcj 0 introduc$ by requir+ paym5t ( dues to be made 9 k9d4 ,! motive ( ?is 0 to provide a c]ta9 means ( support+ ! armies & ! elaborate civil s]vice2 = ! curr5cy1 mis]ably debas$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird c5tury1 0 a q unsuitable m$ium = ! purpose4 ,t ,diocletian1 9 ^! in/itutions ( a new model1 0 n consci\sly apply+ ori5tal usage to ! empire g5]ally1 is h>dly cr$ible4 ,x only rema9$ to r$uce ,italy to ! common level by subject+ ,italian l& to taxation4 ,?is he did1 & ! new ,ori5tal ,mon>*y 0 complete4 ,t a lab\r-"q und]lay ! policy ( atta*+ ! coloni to ! l&1 is to be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,! developm5t ( ! plan ( promot+ small t5ancies1 p>ticul>ly on ! imp]ial doma9s1 0 und\bt$ly calculat$ to take ! place ( l>ge-scale cultivation by slave lab\r4 ,x 0 a move 9 ! direction ( m int5sive tillage1 & economically s\nd4 ,s long z a firm h& 0 kept on l>ge head-t5ants & imp]ial (ficials1 ! plan seems to h be5 on ! :ole a success4 ,b all dep5d$ on ! protection ( ! small work+ f>m]s1 & ( c\rse on ! mod]ation ( gov]nm5t dem&s4 ,! disord]s ( ! ?ird c5tury t5d$ to p>alyse ! protection :ile !y increas$ dem&s4 ,!re=e ! head-t5ants1 aid$ by ! slackness or collusion ( (ficials1 ga9$ a pr$om9ant p[]1 :i* imp]ial policy _h be5 conc]n$ to prev5t4 ,by ! "t ( ,diocletian _! position 0 f> /rong] ?an x _h be5 "u ,hadrian4 ,to re/ore ! =m] relations by gov]nm5tal action w\ld be c]ta9ly difficult1 p]haps impossible4 ,z middlem51 ?r\gh ^: ag5cy ! collection ( dues 9 non-municipal areas c\ld be effect$1 !y 7 useful4 ,x 0 a sav+ ( tr\ble to deal ) a comp>atively small numb] ( p]sons1 & ^? m5 ( sub/ance4 ,! remodell+ ( ! disord]$ ,empire 0 no d\bt a complicat$ & labori\s bus9ess1 & any?+ t promis$ to save tr\ble w\ld be welcom$4 ,s ! gov]nm5t accept$#hca ! *ang$ position z accompli%$ fact1 & left ! coloni1 its =m] cli5ts1 to ! m]cies ( ! m5 ( capital4 ,b ! big m51 controll+ ev] m l&s1 :e!r z possessors or z imp]ial head-t5ants or z #8patrons' ( helpless villag]s1 c\ld n meet _! obligations to ! gov]nm5t )\t hav+ ! disposal ( a suffici5t & regul> supply ( lab\r4 ,& to ! au?orities ( ! lat] ,empire1 deeply committ$ to a rigid sy/em ( ca/es & gilds1 no way ( meet+ ! difficulty seem$ op5 b to ext5d ! sy/em ( fixity to ! class ( toil]s on ! l&4 ,! motive 0 a f9ancial "o1 naturally4 ,non-indu/rial1 & s unable to pay = imports by export ( its own manufactures1 ! civilization ( ! empire 0 f9ancially bas$ ^u agriculture4 ,look+ back on ! pa/1 we c see t ! dead5+ ( hope & ent]prise 9 ! f>m+ population 0 a ru9\s ?+4 ,b ! empire drift$ into x z ! result ( circum/ances & influ5ces long op]ative & ev5tually irresi/ible4 ,to displace ! free peasant by ! slave1 !n ! slave by ! small t5ant1 only to end by conv]t+ ! small t5ant into a s]f1 0 a "p ( ! ,roman fate4 ,,rome--,,augu/us ,,to ,,n]o ,,xxix4 ,,horace ,,& ,,v]gil4 ,= lit]>y evid5ce be>+ on agriculture 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us we naturally look to ,v]gil & ,horace4 ,n[ ^! two witnesses1 tak5 sep>ately & con/ru$ lit]ally1 might convey v diff]5t1 ev5 inconsi/5t1 impressions ( f>m life & lab\r 9 ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,& ,v]gil is ! c5tral figure ( ,roman lit]ature1 ! poet :o absorb$ ! products ( ! pa/ & dom9at$ ^? ( _m g5]ations to come4 ,8 quality z a witness to ! pres5t is :at conc]ns u "h4 ,i h tri$ to discuss ?is problem ?or\ghly & fairly 9 a special section4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 x has be5 necess>y to deal p>i passu ) mo/ ( ! evid5ce ( ,horace1 ! re/ ( :i* c be treat$ fir/ by itself4 ,horace1 ! fre$man's son1 himself an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! ranks ( ,roman citiz5%ip 7 be+ recruit$ f =eign s\rces1 yields to none 9 8 admiration ( ! ru/ic ,romans ( old#hcb & ! manly virtues ( ! g5u9e /ock4 ,9 ! dialogue betwe5 himself & 8 slave ,davus ! latt] is made to twit him ) 8 praises ( ! simple life & mann]s ( ! commons ( yore1 ?\gh he w\ld nev] be cont5t to live z !y did4 ,a palpable hit1 z ,horace knew3 b he did n *ange 8 tone4 ,) due respect he speaks ( ! f>m]s ( old5 "t1 m5 ( /urdy m\ld & few wants4 ,x 0 z poor m5 on small h]$it>y f>ms#hcc t ,m' ,curius & ,camillus grew to be *ampions ( ,rome4 ,9 ^? f>-(f days ! citiz5 might h little ( 8 own1 b ! public treasury#hcd 0 full2 a %>p contra/ to pres5t selfi%ness & gre$y l&-grabb+4 ,^? old f>m] folk put _! own h& to ! "w4 ,_! sons 7 br\ght up to a daily r\nd ( heavy tasks1 & ! "m ( su* families#hce 0 a /rict rul] & an active h\sewife4 ,= ! scale ( all _! op]ations 0 small1 & p]sonal lab\r _! *ief means ( atta9+ limit$ ends4 ,!y are n repres5t$ z us+ slave lab\r1 nor is ! omission /range4 ,= ! milit>y ne$s ( ! great _w-empire 7 nev] f> f ! m9ds ( ! ,augu/an writ]s1 consci\s z !y 7 ( _! ma/]'s anxieties on ?is score4 ,n[ ! typical peasant ( old "t 0 f>m] & soldi] too1 & x is ( ! ru/icorum mascula militum proles t ,horace is ?9k+4 ,!re 0 no ne$ to ref] to f>m-slaves ev5 9 ! case ( ,regulus#hcf1 :om tradition evid5tly assum$ to h be5 a slave[n]4 ,b1 :5 he ref]s to circum/ances ( 8 own day1 ! slave meets u ev]y:]e2 n only 9 urban life & ! dome/ic circle1 b on ! f>m & 9 ! contractor's#hcg lab\r-gang4 ,we !n he> ( great e/ates1 ( great blocks ( l& mo/ly =e/ 7saltus7#hch b\ght up by ! ri*1 ( ! sumptu\s villae ( ! new /yle1 all imply+ masses ( slave lab\r3 also ( ! great e/ates outside#hci ,italy1 f :i* speculators 7 already draw+ incomes4 ,side by side ) ^! sc5es ( aggressive opul5ce1 we f9d occasional m5tion ( a poor] class1 f>m+ small hold+s1 :o are sometimes repres5t$#hdj z cultivators ( l& inh]it$ f _! =efa!rs4 ,h[ f> we are to take ^! ref]5ces lit]ally1 t is z evid5ce t su* p]sons 7 ord9>y figures 9 ! ru/ic life ( ,italy1 may be d\bt$4 ,! poet 9 ne$ ( mat]ial = contra/s1 :i* are inevitably "p ( 8 /ock-9-trade1 has little 9 common ) ! /ati/ician or ev5 ! /olid report]4 ,nor c we be sure t ! man :o #8works 8 pat]nal f>m ) ox5 ( 8 own' or #8delights to cleave 8 ance/ral fields ) ! mattock1' are work]s do+ ! bodily lab\r 9 p]son4 ,ev5 ,horace1 incl9$ ?\gh he is to realism1 _c be tru/$ s f>3 su* words#hda z arat & a$ificat = in/ance d n necess>ily mean t ! man guides ! pl\gh or is 8 own mason or c>p5t]4 ,:5 he speaks ( #8all t ! tireless ,apulian#hdb pl\ghs'--t is1 ! h>ve/s he raises by pl\gh+--he does n seem to h 9 m9d ! small f>m]4 ,= ! context cle>ly sugge/s corn rais$ on a l>ge scale4 ,& yet else:]e#hdc he gives u a picture ( an ,apulian peasant ^: h>d toil is *e]$ & eas$ by ! "w & att5tions ( 8 sunburnt wife1 a little ideal sc5e ( rural bliss4 ,apulia is a l>ge di/rict1 & n uni=m#hdd 9 "*1 s we ne$ n assume t ei!r ( ^! passages misrepres5ts fact4 ,& !re is a noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! /yle ( ! ,satires & ,epi/les on ! "o h& & t ( ! ,odes on ! o!r4 ,9 vocabul>y1 z 9 metre & rhy?m1 ! =m] enjoy an easy lic5se d5i$ to ! sev]] lyric poems on :i* he /akes 8 /rictly poetic reputation4 ,9 ! ,odes#hde = in/ance colonus be>s ! old g5]al s5se #8till] ( ! soil'3 9 ! ,satires we f9d x 9 ! legal s5se ( #8t5ant-f>m]' z oppos$ to #8own]1' dom9us4 ,he ref]s 9 bo? gr\ps ( poems to ! milit>y coloni/s#hdf p5sion$ by ,augu/us ) grants ( l&4 ,9 nei!r place is ! ^w coloni us$2 ?is is natural en\gh4 ,we ne$ only note ! c>e ) :i* ! c\rt-poet ref]s to ! matt]4 ,8 ma/] d\btless _h _m an anxi\s h\r ov] t settlem5t3 ! poet ref]s to ! grant+ ( l&s1 & does n t\* on ! di/urbance caus$ !reby4 ,nor is ,horace peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,! caution t m>ks ! utt]ances ( all ! ,augu/an writ]s is v apt to mislead u :5 we try to =m a notion ( ! actual situation4 ,! g5]al tru? seems to be t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire 0 a "t ( unre/ temp]$ by exhau/ion1 & t ?+s only calm$ d[n gradually z ! suff]]s ( ! eld] g5]ation di$ out4 ,weal? 0 n[ ! "o aim ( mo/ ambitions1 & ! race to escape pov]ty 0 extreme4 ,! m]*ant#hdg 9 ,horace is a typical figure4 ,= a :ile he may h _h en\gh ( seaf>+ p]ils & turn ) joy to ! rural quiet ( 8 c\ntry t[n3 b to vegetate on n>r[ means is m ?an he c /&1 & he is (f to ! seas aga94 ,he is contra/$ ) ! f>m] cont5t to till 8 ance/ral fields1 :om no prospect ( ga9 w\ld tempt to face ! dang]s ( ! deep3 & he is ,i believe a mu* m av]age repres5tative ( ! age ?an ! acquiesc5t f>m]4 ,"o passage 9 ! works ( ,horace calls = special discussion by itself1 = ! value ( its evid5ce dep5ds on ! int]pretation accept$1 & op9ions h diff]$4 ,9 ! f\rte5? epi/le ( ! fir/ book ! poet expresses 8 pref]5ce = c\ntry life 9 ! =m ( an address to ! /ew>d ( 8 ,sab9e e/ate1 beg9n+ ) ^! l9es ,vilice silv>um et mihi me r$d5tis agelli1 quem tu fa/idis habitatum qu9que focis et qu9que bonos solitum ,v>iam dimitt]e patres1 ?us r5d]$ by ,h[es ,de> ,bailiff ( ! woody wild doma9 ,^: peace re/ores me to myself aga91-- 7,a sprightli] sc5e1 x seems1 ?y ta/e requires1 ,to ,v>ia ?\gh x s5d five /urdy sires ,! lords ( five good h\seholds7-- & ! "q at once arises1 :at sort ( p]sons are meant by ^! #8five good fa!rs4' ,9 agreem5t ) ! excell5t note ( ,wilk9s ,i hold t !y are free heads ( h\seholds1 & t !y are p]sons exi/+ 9 ! !n pres5t "t1 n imag9$ figures ( a =m] age4 ,x seems also cle> t !y 7 liv+ on ! mode/ e/ate 7agellus7 ( ,horace4 ,if s1 !n !y c h>dly be o!r ?an t5ants ( f>ms includ$ !re94 ,!re=e x has naturally be5 inf]r$ t ! e/ate consi/$ ( a villa ) a home-f>m manag$ by a /ew>d controll+ ! /aff ( eight slaves ( :om we he> else:]e3 & t ! outly+ portions 7 let to free f>m]s#hdh on t]ms ( money r5t or %>es ( produce4 ,horace w\ld ?us be ! l&lord ( five coloni1 & 8 relations ) !m w\ld normally be kept up ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! resid5t slave-/ew>d ( ! home-f>m4 ,all ?is agrees p]fectly ) o!r evid5ce z to ! cu/om>y arrangem5ts foll[$ on rural e/ates2 & ,i accept x z a valuable illu/ration ( a sy/em n new b t5d+ to become m & m preval5t z "t w5t on4 ,b x is well to note t ! case is "o f a hill di/rict1 & t we mu/ n f x draw any inf]5ce z to h[ ?+s 7 mov+ on ! great l[l& e/ates1 ! *ief latifundial f>m-areas ( ,italy4 ,! patres ref]r$ to are virtually patres familias#hdi1 free responsible p]sons1 probably ,roman citiz5s1 b t5ants1 n l&[n+ yeom5 ( ! anci5t type4 ,:e!r _! visits to ,v>ia 7,vicov>o7 7 to be> _! "p 9 ! local affairs ( _! m>ket-t[n1 or to buy & sell1 or = bo? purposes1 is n q cle>2 nor does x "h conc]n u4 ,b we %\ld mu* l to "k :e!r ^! five f>m]s1 or "s ( !m1 employ$#hej any slaves4 ,i d n see h[ ?is curiosity is to be gratifi$4 ,p]haps we may argue t _! assum$ lib]ty to come & g po9ts to ! employm5t ( "s lab\r o!r ?an _! own3 b w\ld ?is lab\r be slave or free8 ,if we assume 7z ,i ?9k we fairly may7 t ! lab\r ne$$ w\ld be ma9ly regul> r\t9e-"w & n occasional help1 ?is po9ts r to slave-lab\r4 ,nor is !re any g5]al reason = di/ru/+ t conclusion2 only x w\ld probably mean slave-lab\r on a small scale4 ,!re is moreov] no reason to ?9k t free wage-lab\r]s = regul> r\t9e "w 7 pl5tiful 9 ! ,sab9e hills4 ,& ^! small f>m]s 7 n likely to be cr$itors1 s]v$ by debtors 7oba]ati7 work+ (f arre>s ( debt1 a class ( lab\r :i* accord+ to ,v>ro seems to h be5 no long] available 9 ,italy4 ,!re ,i mu/ leave ?is "q1 = ,i c add no m4 ,x rema9s to ask :e!r ! id5tification ( patres ) patres familias exhau/s ! full mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! ,a5eid 7,,xii #ebj7 a combatant sla9 is describ$ z by craft a poor fi%]man ( ,l]na1 no dep5dant ( ! weal?y1 & !n foll[ ! words conductaque pat] tellure s]ebat4 ,n[ mo/ comm5tators & translators seem det]m9$ to f9d 9 ?is a ref]5ce to ! man's fa!r1 :i* is surely flat & sup]flu\s4 ,! /ress is n on pat] b on conducta4 ,is n pat] an hon\rable quality-t]m1 ref]r+ to ! man#hea himself8 ,he w\ld n be always fi%+ 9 ! lake4 ,he _h a dwell+ ( "s sort1 mo/ probably a pat* ( l&1 to gr[ 8 vegetables4 ,! po9t is t ev5 ?is 0 n 8 own1 b hir$ f "s l&[n]4 ,i w\ld r5d] #8& ! l& :]e ! hone/ man us$ to gr[ a crop f se$ 0 r5t$ f ano!r4' ,t pat] 7,a5eas etc7 is (t5 us$ z a complim5t>y prefix1 is well kn[n1 & ,i ?9k x delicately expresses ! poet's k9dly appreciation ( ! poor b hone/ & indep5d5t ru/ic4 ,9 ! passage ( ,horace ,i am incl9$ to detect some?+ ( ! same flav\r4 ,"s h suppos$ t ! five #8fa!rs' 7 decurions ( ! local t[n%ip ( ,v>ia1 :o w5t ?i!r to meet+s ( ! local s5ate4 ,i %r9k f read+ ?is into ! words ( ,horace1 all ! m z ,niss5#heb has %ewn good reason = d\bt+ :e!r ,v>ia 0 any?+ m ?an a subord9ate hamlet 7vicus7 ( ,tibur4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! words1 tak5 9 context ) ! re/ ( ! epi/le1 is ?is3 ! vilicus1 once a common slave-lab\r] 7m$ia/9us7 9 ,rome1 hank]s aft] t[n life1 f9d+ 8 ru/ic /ew>d%ip dull on a small e/ate su* z t ( ,horace4 ,to ,horace ! place is a *>m+ retreat f ! follies & worries ( ,rome4 ,to him ! e/ate ) its quiet home/ead & ! five t5ants ( ! outly+ f>ms is an ideal prop]ty3 he wants#hec a retreat1 n urban excitem5ts4 ,to ! /ew>d x seems t !re is #8no?+ do+1' :ile ! gr&eur ( a great e/ate is lack+4 ,s ! ma/] is cont5t$1 :ile ! slave is discont5t$1 ) ?is five-f>m prop]ty look$ at f _! diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s problem t meets u 9 endeav\r+ to appraise ! evid5ce ( ! ,augu/an lit]ature is connect$ ) ! ,georgics ( ,v]gil4 ,passages f ,horace w be helpful 9 ?is inquiry1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two witnesses w appe>4 ,! /ray ref]5ces 9 o!r writ]s ( ! p]iod are = ! mo/ "p n wor? cit+4 ,tibullus speaks ( ! f>m]#hed :o has _h 8 fill ( /eady pl\gh+1 b ?is is 9 an ideal picture ( ! orig9s ( agriculture4 ,8 rural sc5es are n ( mu* significance4 ,9 "o place1 speak+ ( hope#hee t su/a9s a man 9 unc]ta9ties1 = in/ance a f>m]1 he adds #8,hope x is too t com=ts "o b\nd ) a /rong *a93 ! iron clanks on 8 legs1 yet he s+s z he works4' ,a ru/ic slave1 no d\bt4 ,b t 8 hope is hope ( manumission is by no means cle>3 x may be hope ( escape1 & ! words are indef9ite1 p]haps left s purposely4 ,t ,ovid#hef ref]s to ! f>m] /atesm5 & h]oes ( yore1 :o put _! h&s to ! pl\gh1 is m]ely an illu/ration ( ! retrospective idealism ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,l ,livy & ! re/1 he 0 consci\s ( ! decay ( ,roman vitality1 & amid ! glories & dissipations ( ,rome recogniz$ ! vig\r & simplicity ( good old times4 ,= him1 & = ,manilius1 speculation#heg z to ! orig9s ( civilization1 imag9+s ( a primitive communism1 _h attraction1 z x _h = ,lucretius & ,v]gil4 ,x 0 "p ( ! common /ock3 & 9 connexion ) ! developm5t ( build+ x =ms a topic ( "s int]e/#heh 9 ! ar*itectura ( ,vitruvius4 ,v]gil4 ,all read]s ( ,v]gil's ,georgics are /ruck by ! poet's p]si/5t glorification ( lab\r & 8 insi/5ce on ! necessity & pr(it ( p]sonal action on ! f>m]'s "p4 ,yet on "o v important po9t !re is s+ul> obscurity4 ,is slave-lab\r meant to be a "p ( 8 res ru/ica1 or n8 ,:5 he bids ! f>m] d ?is or t1 is he bidd+ him to d x ) 8 own h&s1 or m]ely to see to ! do+ ( x1 or sometimes ! "o & sometimes ! o!r8 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no suffici5t att5tion#hei has be5 giv5 to ! curi\s1 & surely delib]ate1 avoidance ( direct ref]5ce to slav]y 9 ?is poem4 ,to ?is subject ,i propose to return aft] consid]+ ! ref]5ces 9 8 pa/oral & epic poetry4 ,= 9 ! artificial _w ( pip+ %eph]ds & 9 ! surr\nd+s ( h]oic leg5d ! m5tion ( slaves & slav]y is "u no re/ra9t4 ,?is ,i hope to make cle>2 &1 9 relation to ! contra/ pres5t$ by ! ,georgics1 to emphasize1 if n satisfactorily to expla91 "o ( ! subtle retic5cies ( ,v]gil4 ,! ,bucolics place u 9 an unreal atmosph]e4 ,! sc5ic sett+ is a bl5d ( ,!ocritean ,sicily & ! poet's own l[l&s ( ! ,cisalp9e4 ,! *>act]s & /atus ( ! ru/ics are confus$ 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ eclogue ,tityrus appe>s z a slave :o has b\ght 8 fre$om late 9 life 7l9es #bg-i71 hav+ neglect$ to amass a peculium 9 e>li] ye>s 7#ca-b74 ,x 0 only by a visit to ,rome1 & ! fav\r ( ,octavian1 t he ga9$ relief4 ,b ?is relief appe>s1 n z manumission1 b z ! re/oration ( a l&[n] dispossess$ by a milit>y coloni/4 ,! inconsi/5cy _c be remov$ by treat+ ! fir/ v]sion z symbolic or allegorical4 ,x is !re1 & ! poet seems to h felt no suffici5t inducem5t to remove x4 ,corydon 9 ! second eclogue has a dom9us1 & is !re=e s]vus 7#b74 ,yet he boa/s ( 8 l>ge prop]ty 9 flocks1 :i* are presumably 8 peculium 7#ai-bb74 ,8 dwell+ is a l[ly cot 9 ! r\gh grubby surr\nd+s ( ! c\ntryside 7#bh-i74 ,he is pa/or 7#a71 b !re are evid5tly aratores on ! e/ate 7#ff74 ,he is w>n$ t1 if x comes to buy+ fav\rs ) gifts1 he _c compete ) 8 ma/] ,iollas 7#eg74 ,_h he n bett] d "s basket-"w & =get 8 passion 7#ga-c78 ,9 ! ?ird eclogue ! /atus ( ,damoetas is f> f cle>4 ,he appe>s z ali5us cu/os ( a flock1 ! love-rival ( ! own] 7ipse71 :om he is robb+1 pr(it+ by ! latt]'s preoccupation ) 8 am\r 7#a-f74 ,he is 9 %ort head-%eph]d 7#aja pecoris magi/ro71 & ,tityrus 7#if7 seems to be 8 und]l+4 ,m5alcas 9 /ak+ ! cups expla9s t he d>e n risk any ( ! flock "u 8 *>ge1 :i* belongs to 8 fa!r & is jeal\sly c\nt$ 7#cb-dc74 ,he is own]'s son1 ) no opportunities ( fraud2 probably free1 = we c h>dly assume t ! flock is a slave's peculium4 ,b :e!r ,damoetas is 7a7 a free hirel+ or 7b7 a slave hir$ f ano!r own] or 7c7 a slave ( ! flock-own]1 is n to be inf]r$ ) confid5ce f s indi/9ct a picture4 ,9 ! n9? eclogue we are aga9#hfj br\ght across ! rude milit>y coloni/ 7#d7 ( ! fir/ eclogue4 ,mo]is1 :o seems to be ! /ew>d ( ,m5alcas1 speaks ( no/ri 7agelli1 #b7 & no/ra 7c>m9a1 #ab74 ,m5alcas is ipse 7#af71 & suppos$ to repres5t ,v]gil4 ,i incl9e to believe t ,mo]is is a slave vilicus1 b _c feel sure4 ,s also 9 ! t5?1 we he> ( opilio & subulci 7#ai71 ( cu/os gregis & v9itor 7#cf74 ,^! w\ld 9 ! ,italy ( ,v]gil's "t be normally slaves4 ,b x is n ! "q ( _! /atus t is upp]mo/ 9 ! poet's m9d4 ,!y appe> 9 ! picture m]ely z figures sugge/+ ! ru/ic environm5t on :i* he loves to dwell4 ,z = ! f\r? eclogue1 x is only necess>y to rem>k t1 h[ev] int]pret$1 x po9ts to ! return 7#f7 ( a blissful age1 & accord+ly assumes ! =m] exi/5ce ( good old times4 ,x has be5 ju/ly not$ t ! m]ry s++ & easy life ( ! swa9s 9 ! ,bucolics are incongru\s ) ! notori\s condition ( ! ru/ic slaves ( ,italy4 ,no d\bt ! contra/ is pa9ful4 ,b we mu/ n presume to impute to ! great & g5]\s poet a light-head$ & call\s indiff]5ce to ! mis]ies daily inflict$ by capitali/ exploit]s ( lab\r on _! human *attels4 ,we mu/ n =get t 9 hill di/ricts1 :]e l>ge-scale f>m+ did n pay1 rural life 0 /ill go+ on 9 old-fa%ion$ grooves4 ,nor mu/ we =get t 9 8 native ,cisalp9e slav]y 0 probably ( a mild "*4 ,"s hundr$ ye>s lat] we he>#hfa t *a9$ gangs ( slave-lab\r]s 7 n employ$ !re3 & ! great armies recruit$ !re 9 ,caes>'s "t d n sugge/ t ! free population _h dw9dl$ !re z 9 ,etruria or ,lucania4 ,! song-lov+ %eph]ds are an importation f ! ,sicily ( ,!ocritus1 an ext9ct pa/1 an artificial _w kept alive 9 lit]ature by ! g5ius ( its s+]4 ,9 ! h&s ( 8 great imitator ! ru/ic figures become ev5 m unreal4 ,h5ce ! extreme difficulty ( extract+ any sure evid5ce on ! /atus ( ^! *>act]s1 or signs ( ! poet's own s5tim5ts1 f ! language ( ! ,bucolics4 ,9 ! ,a5eid we h ! leg5ds ( anci5t ,italy & ! orig9 ( ,rome subject$ to epic treatm5t4 ,! drift ( ! poem is condition$ by mod]n influ5ce1 ! desire ( ,augu/us to ga9 support = ! new ,empire by fo/]+ e g]m ( a national s5tim5t4 ,! tale ( ,troy has to be exploit$ = ! purpose1 & ) ! tale ( ,troy comes ! necessity ( reproduc+ s f> z possible ! atmosph]e ( ! #8h]oic' age4 ,!re is !re=e h>dly any ref]5ce to ! matt]s ) :i* ,i am n[ conc]n$4 ,:5 ! poet speaks#hfb ( ! peoples ( anci5t ,italy x is 9 t]ms ( g5]al praise4 ,_! w>like vig\r & h>dihood1 ! active life ( hunt]s & f>m]s1 c be admir$ )\t in=m+ ! read] :e!r !y employ$ slave-lab\r or n4 ,& 9 ! r>e ref]5ces#hfc to slav]y 9 8 own day ,v]gil has 9 m9d ! relation ( ma/] & slave simply1 )\t any reg>d to agriculture4 ,b 9 depict+ ! society ( ! #8h]oic' times1 9 :i* ! adv5tures ( ,a5eas are laid1 a sub/ratum ( slav]y 0 indisp5sable4 ,x 0 !re=e drawn f ! ,greek epic1 :]e x lay ready to h&4 ,yet ! ref]5ces to slaves are less num]\s ?an we might h expect$4 ,we f9d !m employ$ 9 table-s]vice 7,i #gja-f71 or z p]sonal att5dants 7,,ii #ehj1 #gab1 ,,iv #cia1 ,v #bfc1 ,,ix #cbi1 ,,xi #cd74 ,we he> ( a woman skill$ 9 h&icrafts 7,v #bhd7 giv5 z a prize1 & ,camilla is d$icat$ z a famula ( ,diana 7,,xi #eeh74 ,^! are n v significant ref]5ces4 ,b t slav]y is assum$ z an important elem5t 9 ! social s*eme may be inf]r$ f ! ref]5ces to captives 9 w> 7,,ii #ghf1 ,,iii #cbc1 ,,ix #bgb-c74 ,!y are liable to be (f]$ up z inf]iae to ! dead 7,,xi #ha-b71 & ! victor takes ! females z concub9es at w 7,,iii #cbc-i1 ,,ix #edf74 ,a disc>d$ concub9e is h&$ ov] to a slave-consort 7,,iii #cbi71 & ! infant *ildr5 ( a s]va =m "p ( a common unit ) _! dam 7,v #bhe74 ,two passages are wor? notice f an economic po9t ( view4 ,9 ,,viii #djh-ab1 9 a simile1 we h ! picture ( a poor h>d-work+ h\sewife :o rises v e>ly to set h] famulae to "w on _! allott$ tasks ( wool1 to #8keep ! little home toge!r4' ,"o c h>dly say t no su* sc5e 0 possible 9 real life "u ! conditions ( ,v]gil's "t1 ?\gh we may fairly d\bt ! reality ( a picture 9 :i* grim pov]ty & ! desire to br+ up a family ( "y *ildr5 are comb9$ ) ! own]%ip & employm5t ( a /aff ( dome/ic slaves4 ,= we f9d ! n own+ a s+le slave#hfd us$ z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic sign ( pov]ty4 ,& ,i %r9k f describ+ ! situation indu/rially z ! sweat+ ( slave-lab\r to ma9ta9 respectability4 ,i d n ?9k any su* notion 0 9 ! poet's m9d4 ,t ! simile is sugge/$ by ,greek models is po9t$ out by ,con+ton1 & to reg>d x z a borr[$ ornam5t is probably ! safe/ conclusion 9 g5]al4 ,x is h[ev] to be not$ t ! famulae are n borr[$1 b an addition ( ,v]gil's own4 ,! o!r passage1 ,,xii #eag-bj1 relates ! dea? 9 battle ( an ,arcadian1 :o 9 8 home 0 a fi%]man1 ( humble /ation4 ,! la/ po9t is br\ght out 9 ! words#hfe conductaque pat] tellure s]ebat4 ,?is seems to mean t he 0 a small t5ant f>m]1 a colonus ( ! non-own+ class4 ,su* a man might or might n h a slave or two4 ,b1 ev5 7 !re any indication 7:i* !re is n7 to fav\r ei!r alt]native1 ! man's home is 9 ,arcadia1 ?\gh ! picture may be col\r$ by ! poet's famili>ity ) ,italian details4 ,take x all 9 all1 we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t 9 ! ,a5eid ! realities ( slav]y & ( humble lab\r g5]ally are v lightly t\*$4 ,is ?is :olly due to ! assum$ proprieties ( ! h]oic epic1 deal+ ) *>act]s above ! ord9>y freeman 9 /ation or natural qualities8 ,or may we surmise t to ,v]gil1 ) 8 int5se human sympa?ies1 ! topic 0 9 itself also di/a/eful1 only to be ref]r$ to :5 x 0 h>dly possible to avoid x8 ,if little1 9 fact almo/ no?+1 c be glean$ be>+ on ! subject ( lab\r f ! ,bucolics & ,a5eid1 we might hope to f9d pl5ty ( in=mation 9 ! didactic poem specially address$ to f>m]s4 ,9 ! op5+ ( ! ,georgics 7,i #da7 ,v]gil pla9ly says t he feels sorry = ! ru/ic folk1 :o "k n ! pa? to success 9 _! vocation3 he appeals to ! gods int]e/$ 9 agriculture1 & above all to ,augu/us1 to look k9dly on 8 bold endeav\r to set f>m]s 9 ! "r way4 ,:5 he comes to speak ( ! peace & pl5ty1 ! security & joys1 ( c\ntry life1 he gr[s en?usia/ic 7,,ii #deh-gd74 ,b among ! advantages he does n omit to reckon ! fre$om f ! extravagance & g>i% display ( city life1 ! fre$om to dr[se "u trees1 ! enjoym5t ( rural sights & s\nds1 9 %ort ! fre$om to take y\r ease ) no lack ( elb[-room 7latis otia fundis74 ,?is h>dly portrays ! life ( ! work+ f>m]1 to :om ?r\gh\t ! poem he is ev] prea*+ ! gospel ( toil & wat*fulness4 ,true1 he adds #8!re y f9d =e/-l&s 7saltus7 ) cov]ts = wild bea/s1 & a population inur$ to toil & us$ to scanty diet1' among :om yet l+] survivals ( ! piety & righte\sness ( old4 ,x is fair to ask1 :o are ^! & :at place d !y fill 9 ! poet's picture8 ,surely !y are n ! m5 :o h fl$ f ! va9 follies ( ! city3 = !y are g5u9e ru/ics4 ,surely n gang-slaves1 driv5 out to lab\r 9 ! fields & back aga9 to be f$ & lock$ up1 l ox5 or asses4 ,to ! urban slave transf]5ce to su* a life 0 a dread$ puni%m5t4 ,are !y free small-scale f>m]s8 ,no d\bt !re 7 /ill _m ( t class rema9+ 9 ! upl& p>ts ( ,italy4 ,b 7 !y m5 ( leisure1 able to take _! ease at w on broad e/ates8 ,i _c ?9k ( !m 9 su* a "*1 unless ,i assume !m to own f>ms ( com=table size 7( c\rse n latifundia7 & to employ "s lab\r ( slaves or hirel+s4 ,& !re is no?+ 9 ! context to ju/ify su* an assumption4 ,la/ly1 are !y poor peasants1 hold+ small plots ( l& & ek+ out a meagre subsi/5ce by occasional wage-e>n+ lab\r8 ,su* p]sons seem to h exi/$1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry3 b we "k t "s at lea/ ( ?is lab\r hir$ = ! job 0 p]=m$#hff by b&s ( non-resid5t lab\r]s roam+ 9 se>* ( su* employm5t4 ,no1 peasants ( ! #8cr(t]' type d n fit 9 ) ?is picture ( a rural life pass$ 9 pl5ty & peaceful ease4 ,i am !re=e driv5 to conclude t ! poet 0 m]ely idealiz+ c\ntry life 9 g5]al t]ms )\t tr\bl+ himself to ex]cise a rigid consi/5cy 9 ! comb9ation ( details4 ,he has _h _m foll[]s among poets & pa9t]s1 naturally3 b ! claim ( ! ,georgics to rank z a didactic treatise is exceptionally /rong1 ow+ to ! citations ( ,columella & ,pl9y4 ,if !n ! poem seems 9 any respect to pass lightly ov] que/ions ( importance 9 ! consid]ation ( f>m+ conditions1 we are tempt$ r to seek = a motive ?an to impute neglect4 ,b be=e proce$+ fur!r x is well to inquire 9 :at s5se ! ,georgics c be call$ didactic4 ,:at is ! ess5tial tea*+ ( ! poem1 & to :om is t tea*+ address$8 ,9 outw>d =m x pr(esses to in/ruct ! bewild]$ f>m]s1 suff]+ at ! "t f effects ( ! rec5t civil w>s z well z f economic difficulties ( old /&+2 & to convey s\nd precepts = ! conduct ( agriculture 9 its v>i\s bran*es4 ,b !re is little d\bt t ! precepts are all or mo/ ( !m tak5 directly f e>li]#hfg writ]s1 ,roman or ,greek2 & we may reasonably suppose t mo/ ( !m 7& ^? ! mo/ practical ones7 7 well kn[n to ! v classes mo/ conc]n$ 9 _! application4 ,x is absurd to suppose t agricultural tradition _h utt]ly di$ out4 ,! real difficulty 0 to put x 9 practice4 ,n[1 :at class ( f>m]s 7 to be b5efit$ by ! new poem8 ,0 ! peasant ( ! upl&s1 soak$ 9 h]$it>y exp]i5ce1 to le>n 8 bus9ess ov] aga9 ) ! help ( ! poet-laureate's fasc9at+ v]se8 ,surely he spoke a ru/ic#hfh ,lat91 & sometimes h>dly t4 ,0 x likely t he w\ld gradually absorb ! doctr9es ( ! ,v]gilian comp5dium1 (f]$ 9 ! mo/ ref9$ language & metre ( lit]>y ,rome8 ,x is surely inconceivable4 ,nor c we assume t any rema9+ int5sive f>m]s ( ! ,campanian pla9 7 9 mu* ne$ ( practical in/ruction3 :at 0 ne$$ !re 0 a respite f ! unsettl+ di/urbances ( ! revolution>y p]iod4 ,to sugge/ t a "p ( ! poet's design 0 to supply mu*-ne$$ tea*+ to ! new coloni f ! disb&$ armies1 w\ld be grotesque 9 any case1 & above all 9 t ( ,v]gil4 ,if we are to f9d a class ( m5 to :om ! f9i%$ lit]>y art ( ! ,georgics w\ld appeal1 & :o might pr(it by ! doctr9es s attractively convey$1 we mu/ seek !m 9 social /rata#hfi possess$ ( education en\gh to appreciate ! poem & sympa?ize ) its g5]al tone4 ,n[ all or mo/ ( su* p]sons w\ld be well-to-d p1 own]s ( prop]ty1 (t5 ( l&$ prop]ty3 p ( m or less leisure3 9 %ort1 ! cultur$ class1 ^: c5tre 0 ,rome4 ,^! p w\ld view ) fav\r any proposal = ! b5efit ( ,italian agriculture4 ,_m l&[n]s at ! "t _h got l>ge e/ates *eaply 9 ! "t ( tr\bles1 & to !m any?+ likely to improve ! value ( _! l&s1 & to draw a curta9 ( return+ prosp]ity ov] a que/ionable pa/1 w\ld d\btless be welcome4 ,!y w\ld applaud ! subtle grace ) :i* ! poet glorifi$ ! duty & pr(it ( p]sonal lab\r4 ,b t !y meant to "w ) _! own h&s ,i _c believe4 ,9 ! true _s ( _! age1 !y w\ld z a matt] ( c\rse take ! pr(it1 & delegate ! duty to o!rs4 ,two alt]natives#hgj pres5t$ !mselves to a l&[n]4 ,he might let 8 e/ate :ole or 9 p>cels to a t5ant or t5ants4 ,or he might "w x = 8 own acc\nt1 ei!r "u 8 own resid5t direction1 or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a /ew>d4 ,all ! evid5ce be>+ on ! revolution>y p]iod t5ds to %ew t ! resid5t l&lord ( a consid]able e/ate1 f>m+ 8 own l&1 0 a v r>e type inde$4 ,x 0 f\nd mo/ conv5i5t z a g5]al rule to let an out-(-!-way f>m to a cultivat+ t5ant at a money r5t or on a %>+ sy/em4 ,a m accessible "o 0 g5]ally put "u a /ew>d & s kept 9 h& by ! own]4 ,! dwell+-h\se 0 9 su* cases improv$ s z to be a fit resid5ce = ! proprietor on 8 occasional visits4 ,gr[+ luxury (t5 c>ri$ ?is *ange to an extreme1 & made ! villa a #8place 9 ! c\ntry1' a sc5e ( int]mitt5t extravagance1 n ( /eady income-produc+ ?rift4 ,true1 x seems t ! crude & wa/eful sy/em ( ! e>li] latifundia _h be5 a good deal modifi$ by ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,a weal?y man pref]r$ to own sev]al e/ates ( mod]ate size situat$ ne> ma9 r\tes ( traffic4 ,b ?is plan requir$ m /ew>ds4 ,& ! /ew>d 7vilicus71 himself a slave1 0 ! head ( a slave-/aff proportion$ to ! size ( ! f>m4 ,n[ ! public effectually rea*$ by ! ,georgics may be suppos$ to h includ$ ! l&[n]s ( education & leisure1 :e!r !y let _! l& to t5ants or kept x 9 h&4 ,i _c believe t ! coloni f>m+ hir$ l&#hga came "u ! poet's influ5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,georgics1 9 s f> z ! poem made its way beyond purely lit]>y circles1 appeal$ *iefly if n :olly to a class dep5d5t on slave-lab\r 9 e dep>tm5t ( _! lives4 ,maec5as1 to :om ! poem is 9 =m address$1 _h put pressure on ,v]gil to write x4 ,at ! back ( ,maec5as 0 ! new ,emp]or1 anxi\s to enli/ all ! tal5ts 9 ! s]vice ( ! new disp5sation4 ,! revival ( rural ,italy 0 "o ( ! praisewor?y projects ( ! ,emp]or & 8 confid5tial m9i/]4 ,x 0 inde$ on e gr\nd manife/ly desirable4 ,b 0 x possible n[ to turn ,romans ( prop]ty into work+ f>m]s8 ,w\ld ! man-ab\t-,rome leave urban pleasures = ! pl\gh-tail8 ,n he6 ,nor are we to assume t ,augu/us 0 fool en\gh to expect x4 ,!n :at ab\t ,maec5as8 ,8 enjoym5t ( luxuri\s ease#hgb 0 a byword3 t he reta9$ 8 native commons5se "u su* conditions is "o ( 8 *ief titles to fame4 ,no "o c h expect$ him to wield ! spade & mattock or spread manure4 ,! poet writ+ ) su* a man = patron & prompt] 0 n likely to f9d 8 precepts enjo9+ p]sonal lab\r tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,8 read]s 7 liv+ 9 a social & moral atmosph]e 9 :i* to d any?+ involv+ lab\r meant ord]+ a slave to d x4 ,t ! ,emp]or wi%$ to see m p int]e/$ 9 ! revival ( ,italian agriculture 0 well und]/ood4 ,b ?is int]e/ c\ld be %[n by inve/+ capital 9 ,italian l&2 & ?is is :at _m und\bt$ly did4 ,rec5t proscriptions & confiscations _h ?r[n numb]s ( e/ates on ! m>ket4 ,x 0 possible to get a good b>ga9 & at ! same "t w9 ! fav\r ( ! new rul] by a well-tim$ pro( ( confid5ce 9 ! /ability ( ! new gov]nm5t4 ,n[ x is to say ! lea/ rem>kable t ,dion ,cassius1 d\btless foll[+ e>li] au?orities1 puts into ! m\? ( ,maec5as "s sugge/ions#hgc on ?is v subject4 ,aft] advis+ ! ,emp]or to raise a /&+ army by enli/+ ! able-bodi$ unemploy$ m5 9 ,italy1 & po9t+ out t ) ! security ?us ga9$1 & ! provision ( a h>mless c>e] = ! /urdy wa/rels :o 7 at pres5t a cause ( disord]s1 agriculture & comm]ce w\ld revive1 he proce$s z foll[s4 ,= ^! measures money w be ne$$1 z x w\ld "u any gov]nm5t3 !re=e ! necessity ( "s exactions mu/ be fac$4 #8,! v fir/ ?+#hgd !n = y to d is to h a sale ( ! confiscat$ prop]ties1 ( :i* !re are _m ow+ to ! w>s1 res]v+ only a few t are specially useful or indisp5sable = y\r purposes3 & !n to employ all ! money s rais$ by l5d+ x out at mod]ate int]e/4 ,if y d ?is1 ! l& w be "u cultivation 771 be+ plac$ 9 ! h&s ( own]s :o !mselves "w 7 73 !y w become m prosp]\s1 hav+ ! disposal ( capital3 & ! treasury w h a suffici5t & p]petual income4' ,he !n urges ! necessity ( prep>+ a complete budget e/imate ( regul> receipts f ! above & o!r s\rces1 & ( ! prospective regul> *>ges bo? milit>y & civil1 ) all[ance = un=ese5 cont+5cies4 #8,& y\r next /ep %\ld be to provide = any deficit by impos+ a tax on all prop]ties :atsoev] t br+ a pr(it 7 7 to ! own]1 & by a sy/em ( tribut>y dues 9 all our subject prov9ces4' ,t ?is long oration attribut$ by ,dion to ,maec5as is 9 great "p made up f details ( ! policy actually foll[$ by ! ,emp]or1 is ,i believe g5]ally admitt$4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t ! univ]sal income-tax sugge/$ 0 impos$4 ,! policy ( enc\rag+ agriculture c]ta9ly =m$ "p ( ! imp]ial s*eme1 & ! function ( ! ,georgics 0 to br+ ! p[] ( lit]ature to be> 9 support ( ! movem5t4 ,! poet c\ld h>dly help ref]r+ 9 "s way to ! cry+ ne$ ( a great agricultural revival4 ,he did x ) consummate skill4 ,he did n beg9 by enl>g+ on ! calamities ( ! rec5t pa/1 & !n proce$ to (f] 8 rem$ies4 ,su* a me?od w\ld at once h ar\s$ suspicion & ill-feel+4 ,no1 he wait$ till he 0 able to glide easily into a noble passage 9 :i* he speaks ( ! civil w>s z a sort ( doom sanction$ by ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,no p>ty c\ld take (f5ce at ?is way ( putt+ x4 ,!n he cries al\d to ! ,roman gods1 n to prev5t ! man ( ! h\r 7hunc iuv5em7 f com+ to ! relief ( a ru9$ g5]ation4 ,! ne$s ( ! mom5t are su* t we _c d )\t him4 ,! _w is full ( wick$ness & w>s3 #8! pl\gh is n respect$ z x %\ld be2 ! till]s ( ! soil h be5 draft$ away1 & ! l& is gone to we$s2 ! crook$ sickles are be+ =g$ into /raight swords4' ,! passage comes at ! end ( ! fir/ book1 foll[+ a s]ies ( precepts deliv]$ coolly & calmly z ?\gh 9 a social atmosph]e ( p]fect peace4 ,! tone 9 :i* ! words recall ! read] to pres5t realities1 & subtly h9t at ! obvi\s duty ( support+ ! "o possible re/or] ( ,roman greatness1 is an unsurpass$ feat ( lit]>y art4 ,x is foll[$ up at ! end ( ! second book 9 ano!r fam\s passage1 9 :i* he prea*es ) equal delicacy ! doctr9e t agricultural revival is ! "o sure road n only to p]sonal happ9ess b to ! true greatness ( ! ,roman p4 ,t ?is revival 0 b\nd up ) ! return to a sy/em ( f>m+ on a small] scale1 imply+ m direct p]sonal att5tion on ! l&lord's "p1 is obvi\s4 ,b ! poet goes fur!r4 ,8 model f>m] is to be conv9c$ ( ! necessity & b5efit ( p]sonal lab\r1 & s to put 8 own h& to ! pl\gh4 ,! glorification ( unyield+ toil#hge z ! true secret ( success 0 7& is7 a cong5ial topic to prea*]s ( ! gospel ( #8back to ! l&4' ,x may well be t ! ?\ghtful ,v]gil _h misgiv+s z to ! fruitfulness ( 8 doctr9e4 ,a cynical critic might h9t t x 0 easy en\gh = "o man to urge o!rs to "w4 ,b a man l ,maec5as w\ld smile at su* rem>ks4 ,to set o!r p to d :at he w\ld nev] dream ( do+ himself 0 to him ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,s ! pressure ( ! patron on ! poet cont9u$1 & ! ,georgics 7 born4 ,let me n[ turn to c]ta9 passages ( ! poem 9 :i* f>m-lab\r is directly ref]r$ to1 & see h[ f> ! /atus ( ! lab\r]s c be judg$ f ! expressions us$ & ! context4 ,& fir/ ( aratores4 ,9 ,i #did & ,,ii #eac ! agricola is a pl[man2 free1 = all t appe>s to ! contr>y4 ,9 ,,ii #bjg1 :]e he appe>s z cle>+ (f wood#hgf & pl\gh+ up ! l&1 ! arator is call$ iratus3 ?is c h>dly apply to an indiff]5t slave4 ,! arator ( ,i #bfa1 repres5t$ z turn+ ! leisure en=c$ by bad wea!r to useful indoor "w1 odd jobs 9 iron & wood "w etc1 may be "o ( a slave-/aff :om 8 ma/] w n h idle4 ,or he may be ! f>m] himself4 ,! sc5e implies ! pres5ce ( a /aff ( "s k9d1 driv5 indoors by ! ra94 ,& t ! poet is n ?9k+ ( a solit>y peasant is fur!r indicat$ by m5tion ( %eep-wa%+1 c]ta9ly n a #8"o-man-job1' 9 l9e #bgb4 ,:y ,con+ton 7aft] ,heyne7 takes agitator aselli 9 #bgc to be #8! peasant :o happ5s to drive ! ass to m>ket1' & n an as9>ius do+ 8 regul> duty1 ,i _c say4 ,on ,,iii #djb1 a v simil> passage1 he takes ! pa/or to be probably ! f>m-slave1 n ! own]1 add+ #8?\gh x is n always easy to see = :at class ( m5 ,virgil is writ+4' ,a rem>k :i* %ews t my pres5t inquiry is n uncall$ =4 ,to return1 !re is no?+ to %ew :e!r ! ass-driv] is a freeman or a slave4 ,nor is ! /atus ( messores#hgg cle>4 ,9 ,i #caf-g ! f>m] br+s ! m[] on to ! yell[ fields2 t is1 he ord]s 8 h&s to put 9 ! sickle4 ,:at is _! relation to him we d n he>4 ,s too 9 ,,ii #daj po/remus metito is a precept address$ to ! f>m] z f>m]1 n z pot5tial lab\r]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! messores 9 ! second & ?ird eclogues seem to be slaves1 = !re is ref]5ce to dom9i 9 bo? poems4 ,! fossor is 9 lit]ature ! p]sonification ( m]e heavy manual lab\r4 ,9 default ( evid5ce to ! contr>y1 we mu/ suppose him to be normally#hgh a slave4 ,?us ! fossor ( ,horace odes ,,iii #ah is probably "o ( ! famuli op]um soluti ( ! prec$+ ode4 ,b ! brawny digg] ( ,georgics ,,ii #bfd1 :o aids nature's "w by /irr+ & loos5+ ! cak$ e>?1 is left on a neutral foot+4 ,no?+ is said4 ,! read] mu/ judge :e!r ?is sil5ce is ! result ( pure inadv]t5cy4 ,t pa/ores v (t5 means slave-h]dsm51 is well kn[n4 ,b ,v]gil seems to attribute to !m a m real & intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( _! *>ge ?an x is reasonable to expect f ru/ic slaves4 ,! pa/ores ( ,,iv #bgh1 :o ga!r ! m$ic9al h]b us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( bees1 may be slaves3 if s1 !y are n m]e ?\ghtless animals4 ,& ! sc5e is 9 ! ,cisalp9e1 :]e we h not$ t slav]y 0 probably ( a mild type4 ,9 ,,iii #dbj ! pa/or is call$ ^u to protect 8 bea/s f snakes4 ,b we "k#hgi t x 0 a "p ( slave-h]dsm5's duty to fight bea/s ( prey1 & t !y 7 commonly arm$ = t purpose4 ,9 ,,iii #dee we f9d him %r9k+ f a little act ( vet]9>y surg]y1 :i* ! context sugge/s he ought to p]=m4 ,b we "k t ! magi/] pecoris on a f>m 0 in/ruct$#hhj 9 simple vet]9>y practice1 & x is h>dly likely t o!r slaves1 specially put 9 *>ge ( bea/s1 _h no in/ructions4 ,! pa/ores 7if m ?an "o1 ! *ief17 appe> z pecorum magi/ri 7,,ii #ebi1 ,,iii #dde1 cf ,buc ,,iii #aja71 a regul> "n = %eph]ds3 !y are n ! same z ! magi/ri ( ,,iii #edi1 :o are vet]9>y speciali/s disguis$ "u my?ical names4 ,9 ,,ii #ebi-ca we h a holiday sc5e1 9 :i* ! f>m] 7ipse7 treats ! pecoris magi/ri to a mat* ( wre/l+ & ?r[+ ! javel94 ,if slaves are meant1 !n ,v]gil is surely c>ry+ back ru/ic slav]y to e>ly days z "p & p>cel ( ! #8good old times' to :i* he po9ts 9 ! foll[+ l9es hanc olim vet]es vitam colu]e ,sab9i etc4 ,! ipse w !n be a g5ial f>m] ( ! old s*ool1 ^: slaves are v diff]5t f ! degrad$ & sull5 *attels ( m rec5t ye>s4 ,b 9 ?is z 9 o!r cases ! poet gives u no cle> sign4 ,a passage#hha 9 :i* ! retic5ce ( :i* ,i am speak+ has a peculi> effect occurs 9 ! description ( ! griev\s murra9 t visit$ nor!rn ,italy "s "t be=e4 ,"o ( a pair ( ox5 falls dead :ile draw+ ! pl\gh4 ,! tri/is arator#hhb unyokes ! o!r1 sorr[-/rick5 at ! dea? ( its fell[2 he leaves ! pl\gh :]e x /opp$1 & goes 8 way4 ,!n foll[s a piece ( highly-wr\ght pa?os#hhc describ+ ! dejection & collapse ( ! surviv+ ox4 #8,:at n[ avail him 8 toil or 8 s]vices1 8 pa/ "w 9 turn+ up ! heavy l& ) ! pl\gh%>e8' ,& ! h>dness ( ! poor bea/'s lot is emphasiz$ by ! reflexion t disease 9 cattle is n induc$ by gluttony & w9e-bibb+1 z x (t5 is 9 ! case ( mank9d1 nor by ! worries 7cura7 t rob m5 ( refre%+ sleep4 ,?is mu*-admir$ passage may rem9d u ( ! high value set ^u ! ox 9 anci5t ,italy1 traditionally am\nt+ to a k9d ( sanctity2 = x is said#hhd t to kill an ox 0 z great a crime z to kill a man4 ,we may wond] too :at ! luxuri\s b responsible ,maec5as ?\ght ( ! l9es contra/+ ! simple diet & untr\bl$ life ( ! ox ) ! excesses & anxieties ( man4 ,b1 if civilization ow$ mu* to ! lab\rs ( ! ox1 & if gratitude 0 due to man's pati5t help]1 :at ab\t ! human slave8 ,is x n a rem>kable ?+ t ! ,georgics conta9 n a ^w ( appreciative ref]5ce to ! myriads ( toil+ bondsm5 ^: sweat & suff]+s _h be5 exploit$ by ,roman l&lords = at lea/ #aej ye>s8 ,c ?is sil5ce on ! "p ( a poet :o cr$its an ox ) human affection be reg>d$ z a m]ely accid5tal omission8 ,( poets 9 g5]al x may ,i ?9k be truly said t ! relation betwe5 ! s+] & 8 vocabul>y v>ies greatly 9 v>i\s cases4 ,p]sonal judgm5ts are v fallible3 b to me1 ! m ,i read ,v]gil1 ! m ,i see 9 him an extreme case ( ! poet ev] n]v\sly on 8 gu>d#hhe aga9/ express+ or sugge/+ any mean+ or %ade ( mean+ beyond t :i* at a giv5 mom5t he wi%es to convey4 ,?is is no orig9al discov]y4 ,b 9 rea*+ x indep5d5tly ,i h become fur!r conv9c$ t ! limitations ( 8 vocabul>y are evid5ce ( nice & delib]ate selection4 ,! numb] ( well-e/abli%$ ,lat9 words1 adaptable to v]se & to ! expression ( ideas c]ta9 to occur1 t are us$ by o!r poets ( note b n by him1 is consid]able4 ,i h a long li/3 "h ,i w m5tion only "o1 ! adjective vagus4 ,! ^w may h c>ri$ to him associations bel[ ! pure dignity ( 8 f9i%$ /yle4 ,yet ,horace us$ x freely 9 ! ,odes1 & ,horace 0 surely no ha/y hack c>eless ( propriety1 & no mean judge ( :at 0 prop]4 ,n[1 :5 ,i turn to ! ,georgics1 ,v]gil's mo/ f9i%$ "w1 ,i am /ruck by ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 words ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld seem natural1 or ev5 to be expect$1 9 any "w pr(ess$ly treat+ ( agriculture 9 ,roman ,italy4 ,?us s]vus does n occur at all1 s]va 9 ! ,a5eid only1 & s]vitium 9 ! /rict s5se only ,buc ,i #dj & ,a5 ,,iii #cbg4 ,9 ,georg ,,iii #afg-h ubi lib]a colla s]vitio adsu]9t he is speak+ ( ! break+-9 ( "y ox5#hhf 9 figurative language4 ,s too dom9us & dom9a occur 9 ! ,bucolics & ,a5eid b n 9 ! ,georgics4 ,! case ( op]a & ! plural op]ae may seem to be on a some:at diff]5t foot+ 9 s f> z ! special s5se ( op]a #8! av]age day's "w#hhg ( a lab\r]' w\ld p]haps h too te*nical & prosaic a flav\r4 ,9 ! s+le in/ance 7,a5 ,,vii #cca-b71 :]e x occurs 9 ! famili> phrase da op]am1 x is c\pl$ ) laborem1 :i* r sugge/s a c]ta9 timidity 9 ! use ( a colloquial expression4 ,! plural1 frequ5t 9 ! writ]s on agriculture1 he does n use at all1 :e!r because he avoids ! /ati/ical e/imates 9 :i* x mo/ naturally comes1 or f %e] fa/idi\sness due to ! disreputable associations ( op]ae 9 political slang4 ,p]haps nei!r ( ^! reasons is q en\gh to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( ! ^w f ! ,georgics4 ,t famulus & famula occur 9 ! ,a5eid only is n surpris+1 = !y repres5t ! & ( ,greek h]oic poetry4 ,b famula appe>s 9 ! ,moretum1 ( :i* ,i w speak bel[4 ,t ,v]gil is all ! :ile po9t+ ! way to a sy/em ( small f>ms & work+ f>m]s1 ?\gh "s topics 7= in/ance /ock-keep+7 seem to t\* on a l>g] scale ( bus9ess1 may be ga!r$ f 8 ref]5ces to coloni4 ,! ^w is 9 g5]al us$ m]ely z ! sub/antive correspond+ to col]e1 & its place is (t5 tak5 by agricola 7,i #cjj1 ,,ii #dei7 or ru/icus 7,,ii #djf7 or o!r sub/itutes4 ,9 ,,ii #dcc hom9es means mu* ! same z ! agre/is ( ,i #da1 only t ! =m] ne$ /imulus & ! latt] guidance4 ,! typical picture ( ! colonus comes 9 ,i #bia-cjb1 :]e ! small f>m] & 8 indu/ri\s wife are se5 tak+ "s relaxation 9 ! w9t] season1 b nev] idle4 ,x is surely a some:at idealiz$ picture4 ,! p>allel 9 ,horace 7epode ,,ii7 is m matt]-(-fact1 & cle>ly includes slaves1 an elem5t ignor$ by ,v]gil4 ,! colonus is n a m]e t5ant f>m]1 b a yeoman till+ 8 own l&1 l ! vet]es coloni ( ! n9? eclogue1 a freeman1 & we may add liable to milit>y s]vice1 l ^? 9 ,i #ejg ^: conscription left ! f>ms d]elict4 ,a curi\s & evid5tly exceptional case is t ( ! ,corycius s5ex 7,,iv #abe-df71 said to be "o ( ,pompey's pirate coloni/s4 ,! man is a squatt] on a pat* ( unoccupi$ l&1 :i* he has cultivat$ z a g>d51 rais+ by unwe>i$ indu/ry q wond]ful crops ( vegetables fruit & fl[]s1 & rem>kably successful#hhh z a bee-keep]4 ,p]haps ?is transplant$ ,ori5tal _h no slave1 at lea/ :5 he />t$ g>d5+4 ,b ,i note t 8 cr(t 0 m ?an a iug]um 7pauca relicti iug]a ruris7 at ! "t :5 ,v]gil saw x1 & ,i imag9e ! process ( reclaim+ ! wa/e to h be5 gradual4 ,:5 ?is small hold+ 0 complete & 9 full be>+1 w\ld ! "w ( "o eld]ly man suffice to c>ry x on8 ,i wond]4 ,b we get no h9t ( a slave or a hirel+1 or ev5 ( a wife4 ,all ,i c v5ture to say is t ?is /ory is meant to be significant ( ! moral & mat]ial wellbe+ ( ! small cultivator4 ,x is curi\s t j above 7#aah1 cf #adg-h7 ! poet is at pa9s to excuse 8 omission to discuss 9 detail ! prop] managem5t ( horti1 on ! pretext ( want ( space4 ,= he 0 no mean antiqu>y1 & ,pl9y tells#hhi u t 9 ! ,twelve ,tables hortus 0 us$ ( :at 0 aft]w>ds call$ villa1 a c\ntry f>m1 :ile h]$ium /ood = a g>d52 & adds t 9 old "t p] se hortus ag] paup]is erat4 ,b hortus is to ,v]gil /rictly a g>d51 & ! old ,corycian is cit$ expressly z a g>d5]3 8 l&1 we are told1 0 n suit$ = gr[+ corn or v9es4 ,! m5tion ( g>d5+ invites me to say a few words on ! %ort descriptive idyll ,moretum :i* has be5 reg>d$ z a y\?ful composition ( ,v]gil 7p]haps f a ,greek orig9al7 ) m ju/ice ?an "s o!r pieces attribut$ to him4 ,i see no /rong objection to admitt+ x z ,v]gilian1 b x is ( c\rse crude & f> remov$ f ! mann] & f9i% ( ! mature ,georgics4 ,! peasant ,simylus1 exigui cultor ru/icus agri1 is a poor small f>m] ^: ?rift & indu/ry enable him to make a liv+ #89 a humble & pott]+ way1' z ,gilb]t puts x4 ,8 hold+ is p>tly ord9>y arable l&1 b includes a hortus z well4 ,9 ! latt] he skilfully gr[s a v>iety ( vegetables1 = :i* he f9ds a regul> m>ket 9 ! city4 ,poor ?\gh he is1 & accu/om$ to wait on himself1 app>5tly unm>ri$1 he yet owns a slave 7famulam1 #ic7 & %e is a negro1 fully describ$ 7#ca-e71 woolly hair1 ?ick lips1 d>k sk91 sp9dle %anks1 paddle feet1 etc4 ,%e probably w\ld d ! h\se-"w1 b ! prep>ation ( food is a duty 9 :i* h] ma/] also be>s a "p4 ,we he> ( no male slave1 & ! pl\gh+ ( fields & digg+ ! g>d5 are app>5tly done by himself s+leh&$4 ,! yoke ( ox5 are m5tion$ 9 ! la/ l9es4 ,! picture is su* z may h be5 true ( "s humble home/eads 9 ,italy1 b ! tradition ( a ,greek orig9al1 & ! names ,simylus & ,scybale1 mu/ leave u 9 "s d\bt z to :e!r ! sc5e be really ,italian4 ,! position is 9 fact mu* ! same z x is 9 reg>d to ! ,bucolics4 ,:atev] may be ! correct view z to ! au?or%ip & be>+ ( ! ,moretum1 !re are ,i ?9k c]ta9 conclusions to be drawn f an exam9ation ( ! ,georgics1 :i* x is "t to summ>ize4 ,fir/1 ! t5d5cy ( ! poem is to advocate a sy/em ( small] hold+s & m int5sive cultivation ?an _h = a long p]iod be5 cu/om>y 9 a l>ge "p ( ,italy4 ,?is re=m is r sugge/$ by implication ?an directly urg$1 ?\gh "o precept1 said to be borr[$#hij f old ,cato1 recomm5ds x 9 pla9 words4 ,= ! glorification ( lab\r 9 g5]al is all ! :ile po9t+ 9 ?is direction4 ,secondly1 ! policy ( ! new ,emp]or1 :o pos$ z ,re/or] & ,pres]v] r ?an ,re=m]1 f9ds a sympa!tic or ob$i5t expression 9 ?is t5d5cy4 ,= x is delicately convey$ t ! re=m ( an evil agricultural pres5t virtually consi/s 9 ! return to ! ways ( a bett] pa/4 ,& ! poet1 act+ z poet simply1 ?r[s on ?is bett] pa/ ! halo ( a gold5 age /ill m remote4 ,! virtues ( ! ,sab9es ( old#hia are an example ( ! happ9ess & hon\r atta9able by a ru/ic folk4 ,b to ,v]gil1 /eep$ 9 anci5t leg5d1 ! hi/oric wor?ies ( a =m] age are n ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,!y come #8trail+ cl\ds ( glory' f ! my?ical orig9#hib ( mank9d1 f a _w ( primeval abundance & bro!rly communism1 a _w :i* he l ,lucretius pauses to portray4 ,?irdly1 ! reaction ( ,augu/us aga9/ ! bold cosmopolitanism ( ,julius ,caes> has ,i ?9k left a m>k on ! ,georgics 9 ! fact t ! poem is1 z ,sell> says1 s ?or\ghly repres5tative ( ,italy4 ,roman ,italy 0 n yet ready to become m]ely a "p ( an imp]ial e/ate4 ,if p 7 to acquiesce 9 a mon>*y1 x _h to be disguis$1 & "o important disguise 0 ! make-believe t ! ,roman p 7 lords ( ! _w4 ,a v h>mless me?od ( m9i/]+ to ,roman self-complac5cy 0 excessive praise ( ,italy1 its soil1 its climate1 its natural features1 its v>i\s products1 its races ( m5 & _! works1 & all ! hi/oric associations ( ! victori\s pa/4 ,x is a notable fact t ?is panegyric#hic breaks out 9 ! utt]ances ( f\r v dissimil> works t /ill survive3 = beside ! ,georgics ,i mu/ place#hid ! s-call$ ,roman ,antiquities ( ,dionysius1 ! ,geography ( ,/rabo1 & ! de re ru/ica ( ,v>ro4 ,^! f\r are practically contempor>ies4 ,x seems to me h>dly cr$ible t !re 0 n "s common influ5ce op]ative at ! "t & enc\rag+ utt]ances ( ?is tone4 ,! actual success or failure ( ! attempt to revive ,roman agriculture on a bett] foot+ is n only a "q ( fact 9 itself hi/orically important3 its det]m9ation w ?r[ light on ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,v]gil wrote1 & p]haps help some:at 9 sugge/+ reasons = 8 avoidance ( c]ta9 topics4 ,if we are to believe ,horace#hie1 ! agricultural policy ( ,augu/us 0 a gr& success3 security1 prosp]ity1 virtue1 good ord]1 _h become normal3 f]tility _h return$ to ! c\ntryside4 ,i _h bett] say at once t ,i put little fai? 9 ^! utt]ances ( a c\rt poet4 ,f> m significant is ! /atem5t1 pres]v$ by ,suetonius#hif1 ( ! evils dealt ) by ,augu/us 9 c\ntry di/ricts4 ,p>ties ( arm$ b&its infe/$ ! c\ntry4 ,travell]s1 slaves & freem5 alike1 7 kidnapp$ & erga/ulis possessorum supprimebantur4 ,he *eck$ ! brig&age by arm$ police po/$ at suitable spots1 & erga/ula recognovit4 ,b x is n said t he did away ) !m3 he cle>$ out ( !m ! p]sons illegally held 9 bondage 7suppressi74 ,n only is ru/ic slav]y 9 full sw+ 9 ! treatise ( ,v>ro3 "s #hj ye>s lat] ! erga/ulum is adopt$ z a matt] ( c\rse by ,columella1 & appe>s z a cank] ( agriculture 9 ! compla9ts ( ,pl9y4 ,! neglect ( ru/ic indu/ry is lam5t$ by all ?ree writ]s1 & to ! te/imony ( su* witnesses x is q ne$less to add quotations f writ]s ( m]ely lit]>y m]it4 ,!re is no s]i\s d\bt t ! recon/ruction ( agriculture on ! basis ( small f>ms till$ by work+ f>m]s 0 at be/ successful 9 a v mod]ate degree2 & ?is = _m a long ye>4 ,organiz$ slave-lab\r rema9$ ! /aple appliance ( tillage until ! gr[+ sc>city ( slaves & ! f9ancial policy ( ! lat] ,empire br\ght ab\t ! mom5t\s *ange by :i* ! free f>m] gradually became ! pr$ial s]f4 ,ano!r po9t to be not$ 9 ! ,georgics is ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to coloni z t5ants "u a l&lord4 ,yet we "k t ?is relation exi/$ 9 ,cic]o's "t1 & t5ant f>m]s appe> 9 ,v>ro#hig & ,columella#hih4 ,v]gil1 b = a /ray ref]5ce 9 ! ,a5eid1 might seem nev] to h he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( su* p4 ,x is easy to say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 an own] & a t5ant is a diff]5ce 9 law1 & unsuit$ = discussion 9 a poem4 ,b x also involves economic problems4 ,! l&lord wants a good return on 8 capital1 ! t5ant wants to make a good liv+1 & ! conditions ( t5ancy v>y greatly 9 v>i\s cases4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y#hii _h to deal ) awkw>d que/ions betwe5 him & 8 t5ants1 & !re is no reason to suppose t 8 case 0 exceptional4 ,surely ! subject 0 "o ( imm$iate int]e/ to an agricultural re=m]1 q z int]e/+ z a numb] ( ! details set =? "h & !re 9 ! ,georgics2 t is1 assum+ t ! au?or meant 8 f>m] to be economically prosp]\s z well z to set a good example4 ,x may be argu$ t ! op]ations enjo9$ on ! f>m] w\ld greatly improve ! f>m & enhance ! value ( ! l&1 & t no man 9 8 s5ses w\ld d ?is unless ! l& 7 8 own3 !re 0 !re=e no ne$ to discuss t5ancy1 own]%ip be+ manife/ly impli$4 ,! argum5t is fair1 s f> z x goes4 ,b x does n ju/ify complete sil5ce on :at 0 probably at ! mom5t a "q ( no small importance 9 ! eyes ( l&[n]s4 ,"s passages ( ,horace may s]ve to %ew t circum/ances might h ju/ifi$ or ev5 invit$ "s ref]5ce to ?is topic4 ,9 ! sev5? epi/le ( ! fir/ book he tells ! /ory ( h[ ,philippus play$ a r scurvy trick on a fre$man 9 a small way ( bus9ess z an auctione]4 ,z a social sup]ior1 8 patronage turn$ ! poor man's head4 ,tak+ him = an out+ to 8 own ,sab9e c\ntry place1 he infect$ him ) desire ( a ru/ic life4 ,he amus$ himself by p]suad+ him to buy a small f>m1 (f]+ him ab\t #fj z a gift & a loan ( z mu* m4 ,! conv]sion ( a regul> t[n-br$ man into a ?or\ghgo+ f>m] 0 ( c\rse a pitiful failure4 ,devotion & indu/ry avail$ him no?+4 ,! losses & disappo9tm5ts incid5tal to f>m+ 7 too mu* = him4 ,he seems to h _h no slave3 he probably _h n suffici5t capital4 ,he end$ by pite\sly entreat+ 8 patron to put him back into 8 own trade4 ,! /ory is plac$ ab\t two g5]ations be=e ,horace wrote4 ,b x w\ld be po9tless if x 7 out ( date 9 its sett+1 :i* x surely is n2 x might h happ5$ to a contempor>y1 nay to ,horace himself4 ,x is address$ to 8 own patron ,maec5as1 ! g5]\s donor ( 8 own ,sab9e e/ate4 ,"h we h a cle> intimation t to buy a little plot & try to get a liv+ out ( x by y\r own lab\r 0 an ent]prise 9 :i* success 0 no easy matt]4 ,9 ! second satire ( ! second book we h ! case ( ,(ellus1 "o ( ! yeom5 ( ! old s*ool4 ,he _h be5 a work+ f>m] on 8 own l&1 b 9 ! times ( tr\ble 8 f>m _h be5 confiscat$ & made ov] to a dis*>g$ soldi]4 ,b ?is vet]an wisely left him 9 occupation z cultivator on t]ms4 ,:e!r he became a sort ( f>m-bailiff1 work+ = ! new own]'s acc\nt at a fix$ sal>y1 or :e!r he became a t5ant1 f>m+ on 8 own acc\nt & pay+ a r5t1 has be5 d\bt$4 ,i am /rongly ( ! second op9ion4 ,= x 0 c]ta9ly to ! own]'s int]e/ t ! l& %\ld be well-f>m$1 & t 8 own income 7! end[m5t ( 8 lat] ye>s7 %\ld be well-secur$ by giv+ ! f>m] e motive = indu/ry4 ,^! consid]ations d n suit well ) ! =m] alt]native1 :i* also makes colonus h>dly di/+ui%able f vilicus4 ,aga91 ! colonus is on ! f>m#ijj cum pecore et gnatis4 ,! pecus1 l ! *ildr51 is surely ! f>m]'s own1 & x is mu* m likely t ! live-/ock %\ld belong to a r5t-pay+ t5ant ?an to a sal>i$ bailiff4 ,moreov]1 !re is no m5tion ( slaves4 ,! man works ! f>m ) ! help ( 8 family4 ,is x likely t he w\ld turn !m into a h\sehold ( s]fs8 ,!re=e ,i r5d] l9e #aae =tem m]c$e colonum #8a /urdy t5ant-f>m] sitt+ at a r5t'2 t is1 on a hold+ t z own] he =m]ly occupi$ r5t-free4 ,he c make ! f>m pay ev5 n[3 z = ! m]e fact ( gr\nd-l&lord%ip1 t is an idle boa/1 & 9 any case limit$ by ! span ( human life4 ,i claim t ^! two passages are en\gh to prove ! po9t = :i* ,i am cont5d+2 namely1 t que/ions ( ! t5ure "u :i* agriculture c\ld be/ be c>ri$ on 7 matt]s ( "s int]e/ & importance ab\t ! "t :5 ,v]gil 0 writ+ ! ,georgics4 ,b ! help ( ,horace is by no means exhau/$4 ,he ref]s to a /ory ( a wage-e>n+ lab\r] 7m]c5n>ius7 :o _h ! luck to turn up a buri$ treasure1 a f9d :i* enabl$ him to buy ! v f>m on :i* he 0 employ$1 & "w x z 8 own4 ,!re is no po9t 9 ?is #8y>n' unless x 0 a well-kn[n tale1 "p ( ! curr5t /ock ( ! day4 ,! fam\s satire 9 :i* x occurs 7,,ii #f7 seems to be almo/ exactly contempor>y ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,georgics4 ,9 x ! re/ful *>m ( c\ntry life is he>tily pref]r$ to ! worries & bor$om ( ,rome4 ,8 ,sab9e e/ate1 ) its g>d51 its unfail+ spr+ ( wat]1 & a /rip ( woodl&1 is ( no great size1 b x is en\gh3 he is no gre$y l&-grabb]4 ,:5 9 ,rome he longs = x4 ,!re he c take 8 ease among spoilt "y slaves1 born#ija on ! place1 keep+ a sort ( ,lib]ty ,hall = 8 fri5ds4 ,! talk at table is n de villis domibusve ali5is b ( a m rational & improv+ k9d3 envy ( o!r m5's weal? is talk$ out ) an apposite fable4 ,"h we h m5tion ( wage-e>n+1 l&-pur*ase1 & slaves4 ,& ! poet's e/ate is evid5tly 9 ! fir/ place a resid5ce1 n a f>m work$ on /rict economic l9es4 ,t ! numb] ( slave h&s 7op]ae7 employ$ !re on ! ,home ,f>m#ijb 0 eight1 we le>n f ano!r satire 7,,ii #g #aah74 ,to ! sm>t c\ntry seats1 :i* adv]tise ! solid weal? ( ri* capitali/s1 he ref]s 9 express t]ms 9 epi/les ,i #ae #de-f1 & by _m less p>ticul> ref]5ces4 ,! l&-grabb]s are (t5 m5tion$1 & ! =e/-l&s 7saltus7 us$ = graz+1 9 :i* mu* money 0 inve/$ by m5 #8l&-pr\d1' z a sign ( _! importance4 ,9 %ort1 ! picture ( rural ,italy giv5 by ,horace reveals to u a /ate ( ?+s :olly unfav\rable to ! reception ( ! message ( ! ,georgics4 ,:5 he speaks ( paup] ruris colonus or ( inopes coloni he is surely n betray+ envy ( ^! toil]s' lot4 ,f> f x4 ,:5 enjoy+ a *ange 9 8 c\ntry place1 he may occasionally div]t himself ) a %ort spell#ijc ( field-"w1 at :i* 8 neighb\rs gr94 ,on ! o!r h& ! spectacle ( a disreputable fre$man1 enri*$ by speculations 9 "t ( public calamity1 & enabl$ ?r\gh ill-gott5 weal? to become a great l&lord1 is ! cause ( wra?ful indignation 7epode ,,iv74 ,& ^! & o!r c&id utt]ances come f "o ^: fa!r 0 a fre$man 9 a c\ntry t[n1 f>m+ 9 q a small way1 to ^: c>e & self-d5ial ! son ow$ ! education t equipp$ him = ris+ 9 ! _w4 ,horace inde$ is "o ( ! be/ ( witnesses on ^! po9ts4 ,!re are po9ts on :i* ,v]gil & ,horace are agre$1 ?\gh g5]ally ) a c]ta9 diff]5ce ( attitude4 ,?us1 bo? pref] ! c\ntry to ! t[n1 b ,horace frankly because he enjoys x & likes a re/3 he does n idealize c\ntry life z su*1 /ill less agricultural lab\r4 ,bo? disapprove latifundia1 b ,horace on simple commons5se gr\nds1 n z a re=m]4 ,bo? praise good old times1 b ,horace )\t ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( possible revival ( !m1 or any?+ l !m4 ,bo? ref] to ! beg9n+s ( civilization1 b ,v]gil looks back to a gold5 age ( primitive communism1 :5 9 m$ium qua]ebant & s =?2 a /ate ( ?+s end$ by ,jove's ord9ance t man %\ld raise himself by toil4 ,horace1 less conv9c$ ( ! sup]iority ( ! pa/1 depicts#ijd ! noble savage z hav+ to fight = e ?+1 ev5 acorns2 & traces /eps1 lead+ ev5tually to law & ord]1 by :i* he became less savage & m noble4 ,horace is ne>] to ,lucretius "h ?an ,v]gil is4 ,nei!r c\ld ignore ! di/urb+ effect ( ! disb&+ ( armies & ejectm5t ( f>m]s to make way = ! settlem5t ( rude soldi]s on ! l&4 ,b to ,horace1 p]sonally unconc]n$1 a cool view 0 m possible4 ,s1 :ile h9t+ at public uneas9ess#ije z to ! detail$ int5tions ( ! new rul] 9 ?is matt]1 he is able to look at ! policy 9 g5]al m]ely z ! re/oration ( we>y vet]ans to a life ( peace & ! relief ( _! *ief's anxieties4 ,v]gil1 himself a suff]]1 _h 8 little fl+ 9 ! ,bucolics1 & 0 sil5t#ijf 9 ! ,georgics4 ,aga91 ,v]gil %uns ! function ( w> z a means ( supply+ ! slave-m>ket4 ,he kn[s x well en\gh1 & z a feature ( ! #8h]oic' ages ! fate ( ! captive appe>s 9 ! ,a5eid4 ,horace makes no scruple#ijg ( /at+ ! "t-hon\r$ pr9ciple t a captive is to ! conqu]or a valuable asset3 !re is a m>ket = him z a s]viceable drudge1 & n to sp>e 8 life is %e] wa/e4 ,t !re may be s>casm und]ly+ ! passage does n impair its c&\r4 ,& x di/9ctly includes ru/ic slav]y 9 ! words s9e pascat durus aretque4 ,la/ly1 :ile bo? poets praise ! re/fulness ( ! c\ntryside ) equal s9c]ity1 x is ,horace :o recognizes#ijh t ! work+ f>m] himself1 aft] 8 long lab\rs at ! pl\gh1 looks =w>d to retirem5t & ease :5 he has sav$ en\gh to live on4 ,8 is a real ru/ic1 ,v]gil's an ideal4 ,x w be admitt$ t all writ]s are1 z s\rces ( evid5ce1 at _! be/ :5 !y feel free to say or to leave unsaid ?is or t accord+ to _! own judgm5t4 ,if !re is 9 ! backgr\nd "s o!r p]son :om x is necess>y to please1 x is v h>d to div9e ! reason ( an au?or's frankness1 & /ill m ( 8 retic5ce4 ,= in/ance1 ! omission ( a topic naturally connect$ ) a subject ne$ n imply t a patron =bade its introduction4 ,i _c believe t su* a man z ,maec5as#iji bann$ ! free m5tion ( slav]y 9 ! ,georgics4 ,b1 if a :ole subject is propos$ = treatm5t "u conditions ( a well-und]/ood t5d5cy1 ! writ] is n unlikely to discov] t arti/ic loyalty to t t5d5cy w op]ate to r5d] ! introduction ( ?is or t p>ticul> topic a matt] ( extreme difficulty4 ,if ! task ( ,v]gil 0 to recomm5d a return to a m :olesome sy/em ( agriculture1 ref]5ce to ! lab\r-"q or to l&-t5ure bri/l$ ) difficulties4 ,my belief is t ! poet %irk$ ^! topics1 relevant ?\gh !y surely 71 because he did n see h[ to treat !m )\t provok+ controv]sy or ill-feel+2 a result :i* ,maec5as & ! ,emp]or 7 und\bt$ly anxi\s to avoid4 ,x 0 simpl] & saf] n to ref] to ^! ?+s4 ,true1 ! omission 0 a re/ra9t on full-blood$ realism4 ,an indi/9ct picture 0 produc$1 & mod]n critics h "s reason to compla9 ( ! difficulty ( und]/&+ _m places ( ! ,georgics4 ,:e!r *ronological consid]ations may ?r[ any light on ! influ5ces to :i* ?is indi/9ctness is due1 &1 if s1 :at is _! exact significance1 are v difficult que/ions1 to :i* ,i _c (f] a def9ite answ]4 ,! completion ( ! ,georgics is plac$ 9 ! ye> #cj ,,bc1 aft] sev5 ye>s m or less sp5t on composition & revision4 ,n[ x 0 9 t ye> t ! new rul]1 supreme s9ce ! ov]?r[ ( ,antony1 organiz$ ! great disb&m5t ( armies ( :i* he speaks 9 ! fam\s inscription#iaj record+ ! ev5ts ( 8 c>e]4 ,he tells u t he rew>d$ all ! dis*>g$ m51 ei!r ) assignations ( l& or ) sums ( money 9 lieu !re(4 ,! l&s 7 b\ght by him 7n confiscat$7 & ! money-paym5ts also 7 at 8 co/ 7a me d$i74 ,bel[ he ref]s to ! matt] aga91 & adds t to pay = l&s tak5 & assign$ to soldi]s 0 a ?+ no "o _h ev] done be=e4 ,t he paid 9 all cases1 & paid ! full m>ket value1 he does n expressly say2 ,momms5 %ews cause = d\bt+ x4 ,! only rem>k ,i h to make is t 9 ! ye>s betwe5 ,philippi & ,aetium !re 0 pl5ty ( fight+ & negotiations4 ,maec5as 0 = mo/ ( ! "t 9 a position ( great tru/1 & pretty c]ta9ly 9 t\* ) all t w5t on4 ,! fact t a :olesale dis*>ge ( soldi]s 0 surely com+1 & t ! future ( agriculture 9 ,italy 0 d\btful1 0 p]haps n likely to escape ! =eca/ ( s f>-sight$ a man4 ,is x j possible t ,v]gil may h _h a h9t f him1 to /ick to g5]alities & avoid controv]sial topics8 ,we are cr$ibly in=m$#iaa t ,maec5as 0 well rew>d$ by 8 ma/] = 8 valuable s]vices1 & x has be5 po9t$ out#iab t 8 position ( au?ority (f]$ _m opportunities ( pr(itable transactions on 8 own acc\nt4 ,!re is ev5 an express tradition t he 0 conc]n$ 9 ! liquidation ( "o e/ate4 ,9 %ort1 he 0 "o ( ! l&-speculators ( ! "t4 ,to su* a man x w\ld seem n untimely to praise ! virtues ( ! ru/ic ,romans ( old & to recomm5d _! revival 9 ! com+ age2 b to call att5tion to ! unc]ta9ties ( ! pres5t1 involv+ _m awkw>d problems1 w\ld seem imprud5t4 ,9 sugge/+1 d\btfully1 t a patron's re/ra9+ h& may h _h some?+ to d ) ! poet's retic5ce1 ,i may be exagg]at+ ! pressure ex]cis$ by ! "o on ! o!r4 ,b t ,maec5as int]e/$ himself 9 ! sl[ly-gr[+ poem is h>dly to be d\bt$4 ,e>ly 9 ea* ( ! f\r books he is address$ by "n4 ,8 haud mollia iussa 7,,iii #da7 may imply no?+ m ?an ! g5]al difficulty ( ,v]gil's task3 b may x n fa9tly indicate j ! lea/ little re/iv5ess "u a guidance t c\ld n be refus$ op5ly8 ,to reject ! sugge/ion ( actual int]f]5ce on ,maec5as' "p is n to say t ! ,georgics exhibits no def]5ce to 8 wi%es4 ,t _m a veil$ h9t c\ld be giv5 by a patron 9 conv]sation is obvi\s4 ,t ,maec5as w\ld be a ma/] ( t judici\s art1 is probable f :at we "k ( 8 "* & c>e]4 ,b1 :ile x is pla9 t que/ions ( l&-t5ure w\ld f 8 po9t ( view be bett] ignor$1 h[ w\ld 8 likes & dislikes affect ! m5tion ( slav]y & ! lab\r-"q8 ,"h ,i mu/ ref] to ! ?ree great writ]s on agriculture4 ,cato1 ab\t #aej ye>s e>li]1 & ,columella1 ab\t #hj ye>s lat]1 bo? contemplate ! actual buy+ ( l&1 & insi/ on ! c>e necess>y 9 selection4 ,! contempor>y ,v>ro seems c]ta9ly to assume pur*ase4 ,all ?ree deal ) slave-lab\r1 ,cato l a h>d-fi/$ dom9us ( an old-,roman g5]ation j become consci\sly imp]ial & b5t on ga91 ,columella z a skilful organiz] ( ! only regul> supply ( lab\r practically available3 ,v>ro1 :o makes m all[ance#iac = free lab\r beside t ( slaves1 res]ves ! free man = important jobs1 :]e he may be tru/$ to use 8 wits1 or = unheal?y "w1 9 :i* to risk slaves is to risk y\r own prop]ty4 ,all ! ord9>y "w 9 8 sy/em is done by slaves4 ,! contempor>y ,livy#iad tells u t 9 8 "t l>ge di/ricts ne> ,rome _h sc>ce any free inhabitants left4 ,! eld] ,pl9y1 reckon+ up ! advantages ( ,italy = ! practice ( agriculture1 includes#iae among !m ! supply ( s]vitia1 ?\gh no man knew bett] ?an he :at fatal results _h issu$ f ! plantation-sy/em4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ?is evid5ce relates to ! pla9s & ! l[] slopes ( hills1 t is to ! ma9 agricultural di/ricts4 ,x is to ^! p>ts t ,g>d?aus5#iaf rightly conf9es 8 rem>ks on ! desolation ( ,italy1 :i* began be=e ! civil w>s & 0 accel]at$ by !m4 ,o!r lab\r 0 sc>ce1 & gangs ( slaves1 g5]ally *a9$1 7 almo/ ! only practicable means ( tillage = pr(it4 ,speak+ broadly1 ,i ?9k ! tru? ( ?is picture is n to be d5i$4 ,if !n ! ^w _h gone =? t a return to small]-scale f>m+ 0 to be advocat$ z a cure = pres5t evils1 x 0 h>dly possible to t\* on slav]y )\t "s unfav\rable ref]5ce to ! plantation-sy/em4 ,n[ surely x is mo/ unlikely t ,maec5as1 a cool obs]v] & a ?or\gh *ild ( ! age1 s9c]ely believ$ 9 ! possibility ( sett+ back ! clock4 ,! economic problem c\ld n be solv$ s simply1 by creat+ a wave ( #8back-to-!-l&' en?usiasm4 ,i sugge/ t he saw no good to be got by op5ly endeav\r+ to recreate ! race ( small work+ f>m]s by artificial means4 ,w\ld x be wise to r5ew an attempt 9 :i* ! ,grac*i _h fail$8 ,n[ to ,v]gil1 :o _h pass$ 8 y\? 9 a di/rict ( m humane agriculture1 ! m]e praise ( f>m+1 ) its ri* comp5sations = nev]-end+ toil & c>e1 w\ld be a cong5ial !me4 ,! outcome ( _! comb9ation 0 t a topic n easily idealiz$ 9 treatm5t 0 omitt$4 ,! reali/ic value ( ! picture 0 impair$ to ! relief ( bo? poet & patron4 ,b :at ! poem ga9$ z a beautiful aspiration x lo/ z a practical au?ority4 ,c we suppose t ,v]gil did n "k h[ important a place 9 contempor>y agriculture 0 fill$ by slave-lab\r8 ,i ?9k n3 surely x is inconceivable4 ,:at meets u at e turn 9 o!r writ]s _c h be5 unkn[n to him4 ,macrobius#iag has pres]v$ = u a curi\s record belong+ to #dc ,,bc1 :5 ! great confiscations & assignations ( l& 7 be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! ,cisalp9e by ord] ( ! ,triumvirs4 ,money & arms1 ne$$ = ! com+ campaign ( ,philippi1 7 be+ requisition$ at ! same "t4 ,! m5 ( prop]ty ?reat5$ by ^! exactions hid !mselves4 ,_! slaves 7 (f]$ rew>ds & fre$om if !y w\ld betray _! ma/]s' hid+-places1 b n "o ( !m yield$ to ! temptation4 ,! comm&] :o made ! (f] 0 ,pollio4 ,no d\bt dome/ics are *iefly meant1 b !re 7 ru/ic slaves1 & we h reason to ?9k t !y 7 humanely treat$ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,dion ,cassius#iah tells u t 9 #da ,,bc ,octavian1 "u great pressure f ! clamor\s armies1 saw no?+ to be done b to take all ,italian l&s f pres5t own]s & h& !m ov] to ! soldi]s 4 ,circum/ances necessitat$ compromise1 :i* does n conc]n u "h4 ,b x is well to rememb] t x 0 j ! be/ l& t ! soldi]s want$1 & ) x slaves & o!r f>m-/ock4 ,= x 0 a p5sion aft] s]vice1 n a h>d life ( bodily drudg]y1 t 0 9 view4 ,! plan ( lett+ ! =m] own] /ay on z a t5ant has be5 ref]r$ to above4 ,i hold !n t ,v]gil's sil5ce on ! topics to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion1 h[ev] cong5ial x may h be5 to him1 0 int5tional3 & t ! poem1 publi%$ 9 honorem ,maec5atis#iai1 0 limit$ z to its practical outlook ) ! approval1 if n at ! sugge/ion1 ( ! patron4 ,x is ess5tially a lit]>y "w4 ,9 x ,v]gil's p[] ( ga!r+ mat]ials f all qu>t]s & fus+ !m into a :ole ( 8 own creation is exemplifi$ to a wond]ful degree4 ,8 own deep love ( ! c\ntry1 ) its homely sights & s\nds1 ph5om5a ( a ,nature ^: laws he felt unable to explore1 help$ him to execute ! task ( recomm5d+ a social & economic re=m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( poetry4 ,by ignor+ topics deem$ unsuitable1 he left 8 sympa?ies & en?usiasm free c\rse1 & )\t sympa?ies & en?usiasm ! ,georgics w\ld n h be5 immortal4 ,ev5 :5 digress+ f agriculture1 z 9 8 op5+ address to ! ,emp]or1 !re is m s9c]ity ?an we are at fir/ dispos$ to grant4 ,he _h n be5 a ,republican1 l ,horace1 & probably _h be5 f ! fir/ atta*$ to ! cause ( ! ,caes>s4 ,i c discov] no gr\nd = ?9k+#ibj t ,v]gil 0 ev] himself a f>m]4 ,t ,pl9y & ,columella cite him z an au?ority is 9 my op9ion due to ! pr$om9ance ( 8 works 9 ! lit]>y _w4 ,z writ]s ( prose deal+ ) facts (t5 ( an un9spir+ k9d1 x w\ld seem to raise ! arti/ic tone ( heavy p>agraphs if ! fir/ "n 9 ,lat9 lit]ature c\ld be introduc$ ) an apposite quotation 9 agreem5t ) _! own context4 ,v]gil-wor%ip began e>ly & la/$ long2 & inde$ 8 admir]s 9 ! pres5t day are sometimes s absorb$ 9 f9d+#iba m & m 9 :at he said t !y d n tr\ble !mselves to ask :e!r !re may n be "s significance#ibb 9 8 sil5ces4 ,rightly or wrongly1 ,i am p]suad$ t ?is "q ought at lea/ to be ask$ 9 connexion ) ! ,georgics4 ,i h res]v$ till ! la/ a passage#ibc ( ,s5eca1 9 :i* he *all5ges ! au?ority ( ,v]gil 9 "s po9ts connect$ ) trees1 speak+ ( him z ,v]gilius no/]1 qui non quid v]issime s$ quid dec5tissime dic]etur aspexit1 nec agricolas doc]e voluit s$ leg5tes delect>e4 ,n[ ,s5eca 0 devot$ to ! works ( ,v]gil1 & is con/antly quot+ !m4 ,he has no prejudice aga9/ ! poet4 ,! view ( ! ,georgics set =? 9 ^! words implies no lit]>y dispraise1 b a refusal to let poetic excell5ce give curr5cy to te*nical errors4 ,s5eca is (t5 tiresome1 b 9 ?is matt] 8 criticism is 9 my op9ion s\nd4 ,9 ! matt] ( lab\r my cont5tion is n t ! poet has inadv]t5tly err$1 b t he has = "s reason delib]ately dissembl$4 ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,eld] ,,s5eca ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,! comp>atively sil5t int]val1 betwe5 ! ,augu/an circle & ! new gr\p ( writ]s "u ,claudius & ,n]o1 furni%es little ( importance4 ,! "o writ] :o /&s out z giv+ u a few scraps ( evid5ce is ! eld] ,s5eca1 ! e>lie/ ( ! natives ( ,spa9 :o made _! m>k 9 ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,b ! "* ( 8 "w1 :i* consi/s ( examples ( ! treatm5t ( problem-cases 9 ! s*ools ( rhetoric1 makes him a v peculi> witness4 ,:5 he tells u h[ ?is or t plead] ( note made "s po9t neatly1 ! words h _! appropriate place 9 ! texture ( a p>ticul> argum5t4 ,(t5 !y conta9 a fallaci\s sugge/ion or a mis/atem5t useful = ! purpose ( ex p>te advocacy1 b hav+ z /atem5ts no au?ority :atev]4 ,/ill !re are a few ref]5ces ( significance & value4 ,?us1 :5 ! poor man's son refuses ! ri* man's (f] to adopt him1 & 8 own fa!r approves ! proposal1 "o rhetorician made ! "y man#ibd say #8,great troops ( slaves :om _! "l does n "k by sight1 & ! f>m-prisons e*o+ to ! s\nd ( ! la%1 h no *>m = me3 my love = my fa!r is an unb\ght love4' ,aga91 a poor man1 ^: prop]ty has be5 outrage\sly damag$ by a ri* neighb\r1 prote/s#ibe aga9/ ! :ims ( mod]n luxury4 #8,c\ntry di/ricts' he says #8t once 7 ! pl\gh-l&s ( :ole communities are n[ ea* work$ by a s+le slave-gang1 & ! sway ( /ew>ds is wid] ?an ! realms ( k+s4' ,n[1 we _c cite ! old rhetorician z an au?ority on agriculture directly3 b he gives u pro( positive t ref]5ces to e/ates work$ by gangs#ibf ( slaves1 & ! erga/ula 9 :i* ! poor wret*es 7 %ut up aft] ! h\rs ( lab\r1 w\ld n 9 8 "t s\nd /range to ,roman audi5ces4 ,ano!r passage#ibg t\*es on a v typical lecture-room !me1 an unnatural son4 ,a fa!r is bani%$ = un9t5tional homicide4 ,! law =bids ! %elt]+ & fe$+ ( an exile4 ,b ! fa!r contrives to return & haunt an e/ate adjo9+ ! ma9 prop]ty1 n[ controll$ by 8 son4 ,! son he>s ( ^! visits1 flogs ! vilicus = connivance1 & compels him to exclude ! old man4 ,! piece is "o ( :i* only a brief ab/ract rema9s1 b !re is en\gh to %ew t1 :ile ! gi/ ( x 0 a casui/ic discussion ( a moral problem1 x assumes z a matt] ( c\rse ! liability ( a tru/$ slave to ! la%4 ,! fai?ful & k9dly slave is contra/$ ) ! unnatural son4 ,!re are 9 ^! curi\s collections o!r utt]ances indicative ( ! spread ( humanit>ian notions4 ,?us 9 ! piece fir/ cit$#ibh above1 ! poor man's son 9 refus+ ! ri* man's (f] ( adoption1 z a situation to :i* he c\ld nev] accommodate himself1 is made to add #8,if y 7 sell+ a fav\rite slave1 y w\ld inquire :e!r ! buy] 0 a cruel man4' ,su* ideas come f ! lat] ,greek philosophies1 *iefly ,/oic1 ! sy/em on :i* ,s5eca br\ght up 8 m fam\s son4 ,9 "o place#ibi we f9d an e*o ( an e>li] ,greek s5tim5t1 :5 a rhetorician prop\nds ! doctr9e t ,=tune only1 n ,nature1 di/+ui%es freem5 f slaves4 ,inde$ x is evid5t1 f ! _m passages t t\* on slav]y & expose "s ( its wor/ horrors1 t ! subject 0 at ?is "t beg9n+ to attract m g5]al att5tion ?an h]et(ore4 ,& ! relations ( patron & fre$man1 also discuss$ 9 ^! artificial s*ool-debates1 are a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,mild] & m humane pr9ciples 7 g]m9at+1 ?\gh z yet !y _h n f\nd expression 9 law4 ,9 argu+ on a peculi>ly revolt+ case 7! delib]ate mutilation ( *ild-begg>s7 a speak] incid5tally ref]s#icj to weal?y l&[n]s recruit+ _! slave-gangs by seiz+ freem54 ,! he>]s are suppos$ to receive ?is ref]5ce to kidnapp+ z no exceptional ?+ extravagantly sugge/$4 ,we h se5 t bo? ,augu/us & ,tib]ius _h to int]v5e to put d[n ?is suppressio4 ,"o little note ( int]e/ des]ves pass+ m5tion4 ,9 a discussion on unequal m>riages ! "q is rais$ :e!r ev5 ! v highe/ des]t on a slave's "p c\ld ju/ify a fa!r 9 tak+ him z a son-9-law4 ,a speak] cites ! case#ica ( ,old ,cato1 :o m>ri$ ! daught] ( 8 own colonus4 ,"h we cle>ly h ! t5ant f>m] 9 ! second c5tury ,,bc ,9 ,plut>* ! man appe>s z a cli5t4 ,nei!r writ] makes him a fre$man 9 s _m words4 ,b x is probably ! und]ly+ fact4 ,t ! daught] 0 +5ua does n rule out ?is supposition4 ,velleius & ,val]ius ,maximus also belong to ! reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,! =m] 9 :at rema9s ( 8 hi/ory supplies no?+ to my purpose4 ,val]ius made a collection ( anecdotes f ,roman & =eign hi/ories illu/rat+ v>i\s virtues & vices1 classify+ ! examples ( good & bad action "u heads4 ,!y are #8lift$' f ! works ( e>li] writ]s3 _m are tak5 f ,livy1 already us$ z a classic qu>ry4 ,! book is p]vad$ by tiresome moraliz+1 & po9ts ( int]e/ are few4 ,!re is ! /ory ( ! f>m#icb ( ,regulus1 ( ! patriotic refusal#icc ( ,m' ,curius to take m ?an ! normal sev5 iug]a ( l& z a rew>d f ! /ate1 ( ! horny-h&$ ru/ic vot]#icd be+ ask$ :e!r he walk$ on 8 h&s2 also ref]5ce to ! simple habits ( ! fam\s ,catos1 & a pass+ rem>k t ! m5 ( old _h few slaves4 ,^? ( ! above passages t are ( any value at all h be5 notic$ 9 e>li] sections4 ,! fre$man ,pha$rus gives u next to no?+ 9 8 fables1 unless we c>e to note ! items#ice ( a f>m-prop]ty1 agellos pecora villam op]>ios boves ium5ta et in/rum5tum ru/icum1 & a fable specially illu/rat+ ! fact t a ma/]'s eye sees :at escapes ! notice ( ! slave-/aff1 ev5 ( ! vilicus4 ,,xxxi4 ,,s5eca ,,! ,,y\ng]4 ,! *ief lit]>y figure ( ! reigns ( ,claudius & ,n]o 0 ,l ,annaeus ,s5eca1 a son ( ! rhetorician above ref]r$ to1 & l 8 fa!r born 9 ,spa94 ,8 life ext5d$ f #d ,,bc to #fe ,,ad4 ,= ! purpose ( ! pres5t inquiry 8 surviv+ works are ma9ly ( int]e/ z giv+ u 9 unmi/akeable tones ! po9t ( view f :i* a man ( ,/oic pr9ciples reg>d$ slav]y z a social in/itution4 ,! society ( imp]ial ,rome1 9 :i* he sp5t mo/ ( 8 life1 0 politically dead4 ,to m$dle ) public affairs 0 dang]\s4 ,ev5 a s5ator ne$$ to walk w>ily1 = activity 0 liable to be mis9t]pret$ by ! ,emp]or & by 8 p[]ful fre$m5#icf1 :o 7 9 effect ,imp]ial ,m9i/]s4 ,to keep on good t]ms ) ^! dep>tm5tal magnates1 :o _h sprung f ! slave-m>ket to be c\rt$ z ! virtual rul]s ( freeborn ,roman citiz5s1 0 necess>y = all m5 ( note4 ,"u su* conditions x is n wond]ful t ! weal?y 7 tempt$ to ass]t !mselves 9 o/5tati\s luxury & dissipation3 = a life ( c>eless debau*]y 0 on ! face ( x h>dly compatible ) treasonable conspiracy4 ,! imm5se slave-h\seholds ( ,rome 7 a "p & an expression ( ?is extravagance2 & ! fa%ion ( ^! dome/ic armies 0 p]haps at its height 9 ?is p]iod4 ,n[1 no?+ kept ! ri*] ,romans 9 subjection m effici5tly ?an ?is habit ( liv+ con/antly expos$ to ! eyes & e>s ( _! m5ials4 ,cruel laws might protect ! ma/] f assass9ation by presum+#icg ! guilt ( all slaves :o might h prev5t$ x4 ,!y c\ld n protect him f ! dang] ( crim9al *>ges1 su* z treason#ich1 support$ by s]vile evid5ce3 inde$ ! slave 0 a pot5tial in=m]1 & a hat$ ma/] 0 at ! m]cy ( 8 slaves4 ,"u "s ,emp]ors ?is possibility 0 a grim reality1 & no high] or m he>tfelt praise c\ld be be/[$#ici on an ,emp]or ?an t he refus$ to all[ ma/]s to be done to dea? by ! tongue ( _! slaves4 ,mean:ile ! slave 0 /ill legally#idj 8 7or h]7 ma/]'s *attel1 & cases ( revolt+ cruelty#ida & o!r abom9ations occurr$ f "t to "t4 ,yet m humane & sympa!tic views 7 already affect+ public s5tim5t1 *iefly ow+ to ! spread ( ,/oic doctr9es among ! cultivat$ classes4 ,( ^! doctr9es z adapt$ to ,roman m9ds ,s5eca 0 ! lead+ prea*]4 ,?us he cites ! def9ition ( #8slave' z #8wage-e>n] = life1' prop\nd$#idb by ,*rysippus3 he insi/s on ! human quality common to slave & free alike3 he reass]ts ! equality ( human rights1 only upset by ,=tune1 :o has made "o man ma/] ( ano!r3 he sees t ! vices ( slaves are v (t5 simply ! result ( ! misgov]nm5t ( _! own]s3 he reckons !m z humble memb]s#idc ( ! family circle1 p]haps ev5 ! =m] playmates ( boyhood3 he recomm5ds a k9dly consid]ation = a slave's feel+s1 & admits#idd t "s s5sitive natures w\ld pref] a flogg+ to a box on ! e> or a h>% & contemptu\s scold+4 ,we ne$ n foll[ up 8 doctr9es 9 m detail4 ,! g5]al tone is evid5t & significant en\gh4 ,b x is ! relations ( ! dome/ic circle t he has prim>ily 9 view4 ,8 ref]5ces to agriculture & ru/ic lab\r are few1 z we might expect f ! circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,b we are 9 a bett] position to judge _! value hav+ consid]$ 8 attitude t[>ds slav]y 9 g5]al4 ,x %\ld be not$1 z a specim5 ( 8 t5d5cy to ,romanize ,greek doctr9e1 t he lays great /ress on ! m :olesome relations#ide ( ma/] & slave 9 ! good old times ( e>ly ,rome1--"h too )\t special ref]5ce to ! ru/ic h\seholds ( ! rude =efa!rs r\nd :i* tradition c5tr$4 ,judg$ by a mod]n /&>d1 a defect 9 ,/oic pr9ciples 0 ! philosophic alo(ness f ! common int]e/s & occupations ( ord9>y workaday life4 ,to ! ,wise ,man all ?+s save ,virtue are m or less indiff]5t1 & 9 ! practice ( pr(essions & trades !re is little or no direct connexion ) ,virtue4 ,contempt = manual lab\r1 normal 9 ! anci5t _w & inde$ 9 all slave[n+ societies1 took a l(ti] position "u ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism4 ,h5ce t sy/em1 9 spite ( its h>% & tiresome features1 appeal$ to _m ( ! bett] ,romans ( ! upp] class1 seem+ z x did to ju/ify _! habitual disda94 ,s5eca's attitude t[>ds h&icrafts is mu* ! same z ,cic]o's1 only ) a t\* ( ,/oic priggi%ness add$4 ,wisdom1 he says#idf1 is n a m]e h&work] 7opifex7 turn+ out appliances = necess>y uses4 ,h] function is m important3 h] craft is ! art ( liv+1 & ov] o!r arts %e is supreme4 ,! quality ( an arti/'s action#idg dep5ds on 8 motive3 ! sculptor may make a /atue = money or to w9 fame or z a pi\s (f]+4 ,arts1 z ,posidonius#idh said1 range f ! #8lib]al' ones to ! #8common & mean' ones practis$ by h&work]s3 ! latt] h no pret5ce ( moral dignity4 ,inde$ _m ( ^! trades are q unnecess>y1 ! outcome ( mod]n#idi extravagance4 ,we c\ld d )\t !m1 & be all ! bett] = x3 man's real ne$s are small4 ,b to "w = a liv+ is n 9 itself a degradation3 did n ! ,/oic ma/] ,clean!s draw wat]#iej = hire8 ,9 %ort1 ! ,wise ,man may be a k+ or a slave1 millionaire or paup]4 ,! ext]nals _c *ange 8 true quality1 ?\gh !y may be a help or a h9drance 9 8 gr[? to p]fect wisdom4 ,9 8 ref]5ces to agriculture & c\ntry matt]s x is to be rem>k$ t ,s5eca confirms ! impression d]iv$ f o!r s\rces1 t ! lett+ ( l& to t5ant f>m]s 0 on ! increase4 ,disc\rs+ on ! gre$y luxury ( ! ri*1 _! mon/r\s kit*5s & cell>s1 & ! toil+ ( _m to gratify ! desires ( "o1 he cont9ues #8,look at all ! places :]e ! e>? is be+ till$1 & at all ! ?\s&s#iea ( f>m]s 7colonorum7 pl\gh+ & digg+2 is ?is1 ?9k y1 to be reckon$ "o man's belly1 = ^: s]vice crops are be+ rais$ 9 ,sicily & 9 ,africa too8' ,! coloni "h m5tion$ may be m]ely #8cultivators' 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,b ,i ?9k !y are m probably t5ants ( hold+s on great e/ates4 ,9 speak+ ( 8 arrival at 8 ,alban villa1 & f9d+ no?+ ready = a meal1 he philosophically refuses to let s small an inconv5i5ce make him angry ) 8 cook & 8 bak]4 #8,my bak]#ieb has got no bread2 b ! /ew>d has "s1 & s h ! port] & ! f>m]4' ,a co>se sort ( bread1 no d\bt1 b y h only got to wait1 & y w enjoy x :5 y are really hungry4 ,"h we seem to h an in/ance ( :at 0 n[ probably an ord9>y arrangem5t3 ! villa1 home/ead ) "s l& r\nd x1 kept z a c\ntry #8box' = ! ma/] by 8 /ew>d1 :o w\ld see to ! g>d5 & o!r appurt5ances1 :ile ! re/ ( ! l& is let to a humble t5ant f>m]4 ,9 ano!r passage we h an int]e/+ glimpse ( a t5ant's legal position#iec z aga9/ 8 l&lord4 #8,if a l&lord tramples d[n gr[+ crops or cuts d[n plantations1 he _c keep 8 t5ant1 ?\gh ! lease may be /ill 9 be+3 ?is is n because he has recov]$ :at 0 due to him z lessor1 b because he has made x impossible = him to recov] x4 ,ev5 s x (t5 happ5s t a cr$itor is ca/ 9 damages to 8 debtor1 :5 he has on o!r gr\nds tak5 f him m ?an ! am\nt ( ! debt claim$4' ,i ga!r f ?is passage t damage done by ! lessor to ! lessee's int]e/ 9 ! f>m depriv$ him ( "r ( action aga9/ ! lessee1 9 case he want$ to en=ce "s claim 7= r5t or = "s special s]vice7 "u ! t]ms ( ! exi/+ contract#ied ( lease4 ,if ?is inf]5ce be j1 ! evid5ce is important4 ,= ! colonus is conceiv$ z a humble p]son1 ^: int]e/ a brutal inconsid]ate l&lord w\ld be n unlikely to disreg>d1 & to :om a resort to litigation w\ld seem a c\rse to be if possible avoid$4 ,to ?is "q ( ! rights ( l&lord & t5ant ,s5eca returns lat]1 :5 engag$ 9 reconcil+ ! ,/oic !sis t #8all ?+s belong to ! ,wise ,man' ) ! facts ( actual life4 ,! ,wise ,man is 9 ! position ( a ,k+ to :om belongs ! g5]al "r ( sovranty 7imp]ium7 :ile 8 subjects h ! p>ticul> "r ( own]%ip 7dom9ium74 ,illu/rat+ ! po9t he proce$s#iee ?us4 #8,say ,i h hir$ a h\se f y4 ,( its cont5ts "s belong to y & "s to me4 ,! ?+ 7res7 is y\r prop]ty1 b ! "r ( us] 7usus7 ( y\r prop]ty is m9e4 ,j s y mu/ n m$dle ) crops1 ?\gh gr[n on y\r own e/ate1 if y\r t5ant =bids x2 & 9 a season ( de>ness or de>? y w be l ! man 9 ,v]gil wi/fully gaz+ at ano!r's pl5te\s /ore1 ?\gh ! l& :]e x grew1 ! y>d :]e x is /ack$1 & ! gran>y x is meant to fill1 are all y\r own prop]ty4 ,nor1 :5 ,i h hir$ a lodg+1 h y a "r to ent] x1 own] ?\gh y be3 :5 a slave ( y\rs is hir$ = s]vice by me1 y h no "r to )draw him3 &1 if ,i hire a trap f y & give y a lift1 x w be a good turn on my "p1 ?\gh ! conveyance belongs to y4' ,i h quot$ ?is at "s l5g?1 9 ord] to make ! f>m-t5ant's position q cle>4 ,8 rights are presum$ to be easily asc]ta9able1 & 8 ass]tion ( !m w be protect$ by ! law4 ,8 contract1 :e!r a =mal lease or n1 is also presum$ to gu>antee him complete control ( ! subject = ! agre$ t]m4 ,:e!r encroa*m5ts by l&lords & legal proce$+s = r$ress by t5ants 7 common ev5ts 9 rural ,italy1 ,s5eca ne$ n & does n say4 ,i suspect t p]sonal int]e/ on bo? sides 0 9 practice a m effective re/ra9t ?an appeals to law4 ,!re are o!r ref]5ces to agricultural conditions1 :i* ?\gh ( less importance are int]e/+ z confirm+ o!r evid5ce z to ! latifundia ( ?is p]iod4 ,a good specim5 is f\nd 9 8 d5unciation ( human gre$ z ! cause ( pov]ty1 by br++ to an end ! happy age ( primitive communism1 :5 all %>$ ! own]%ip ( all4 ,cramp$ & unsatisfi$1 ?is av>itia c nev] f9d ! way back to ! old /ate ( pl5ty & happ9ess4 #8,h5ce1 ?\gh %e n[ endeav\r to make good#ief :at %e has wa/$2 ?\gh %e add field to field by buy+ out h] neighb\rs or wrongfully eject+ !m2 ?\gh %e exp& h] c\ntry e/ates on ! scale ( prov9ces1 & enjoy ! s5se ( l&lordism 9 ! p[] ( t\r+ mile aft] mile )\t leav+ h] own doma9s2 /ill no enl>gem5t ( b\nds w br+ u back to ! po9t f :5ce we />t$4' ,aga91 9 prote/+ aga9/ ! luxuri\s o/5tation ( travell]s & o!rs1 he %ews t !y are really 9 debt4 #8,s-&-s is1 y fancy1 a ri* man 444 because he has arable e/ates#ieg 9 all prov9ces ( ! empire 444 because 8 hold+ ( l& ne> ,rome is on a scale "o w\ld grudge him ev5 9 ! wilds ( ,apulia4' ,su* a man is 9 debt to ,=tune4 ,9 ^! z 9 o!r passages ! prea*] illu/rates 8 s]mon by ref]5ces calculat$ to br+ home 8 po9ts4 ,naturally he selects = ! purpose matt]s famili> to 8 audi5ce2 & x is ?is alone t makes ! passages wor? quot+4 ,! same may be said ( 8 sympa!tic ref]5ce#ieh to ! h>d lot ( a slave transf]r$ f ! easy duties ( urban s]vice to ! sev]e toil ( f>m lab\r4 ,9 g5]al x may be rem>k$ t ! evid5ce ( ,s5eca & o!r lit]>y m5 ( ?is p]iod is to be tak5 9 connexion ) ! treatise ( ,columella1 :o is ! contempor>y speciali/ on agriculture4 ,! preval5ce ( slave lab\r & ! gr[? ( ! t5ant-f>m] class are atte/$ by bo? l9es ( evid5ce4 ,,xxxii4 ,,lucan1 ,,petronius1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,lucan1 ,s5eca's nephew1 has a few int]e/+ ref]5ces 9 8 poem on ! great civil w>4 ,?us1 9 ! eloqu5t passage#iei lam5t+ ! decay ( ,roman vital /r5g?1 a long process to be disa/r\sly complet$ 9 ! great ,ph>salian battle1 he dwells on ! %r9kage ( free ,roman population 9 ,italy4 ,! t[ns & ! c\ntryside alike are empty1 h\ses des]t$1 & x is by ! lab\r ( *a9$#ifj slaves t ,italian crops are rais$4 ,else:]e#ifa he looks fur!r back1 & traces ?is decay to ! effect ( luxury & corruption caus$ by ! influx ( va/ weal?1 ! spoils ( ,roman conque/s4 ,among ! symptoms ( disease he notes ! latifundia1 :i* x 0 n[ becom+ ! fa%ion to d5\nce1 ! l&-grabb+ passion t prompt$ m5 to monopolize great tracts ( l& & incorporate 9 huge e/ates1 work$ by cultivators unkn[n#ifb to !m1 f>ms t once _h be5 pl\gh$ & ho$ by ! ru/ic h]oes ( old4 ,b all su* utt]ances are m]ely a "p ( a declaim]'s /ock-9-trade4 ,we may fairly guess t !y are e*oes ( talk he>d 9 ! lit]>y circle ( 8 uncle ,s5eca4 ,t !y are nev]!less consi/5t ) ! l&-sy/em ( ?is p]iod1 is to be ga!r$ f o!r s\rces1 su* z ,petronius & ,columella4 ,x rema9s to note t ! ^w colonus is us$ by ,lucan 9 ! s5ses ( #8cultivator' & #8f>m]1' r sugge/+ own]%ip1 & ( #8milit>y coloni/1' cle>ly imply+ x4 ,t ( #8t5ant' does n occur3 !re 0 no ne$ = x 9 ! poem4 ,aga91 he has s]vire s]vilis & s]vitium1 b s]vus occurs only 9 a suspect$#ifc l9e1 & z an adjective4 ,8 regul> ^w = #8slave' is famulus4 ,! bucolic poems ( ?is p]iod are too manife/ly artificial to s]ve z evid5ce ( value4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,calpurnius decl>es#ifd t 9 ?is bless$ age ( peace & prosp]ity ! fossor is n afraid to pr(it by ! treasure he may *ance to dig up1 we _c inf] t a free digg] is meant1 ?\gh x is h>dly likely t a slave w\ld be suff]$ to keep treasure-trove4 ,petronius1 9 ! curi\s mix$ prose-v]se satire ( :i* "p has come d[n to u1 naturally says v little be>+ directly on agriculture4 ,b 9 depict+ ! vulg> fre$man-millionaire ,trimal*io he ref]s po9t$ly to ! va/ l&$ e/ates belong+ to ?is typical figure ( ! p]iod4 ,he owns e/ates #8f> z ! kites#ife c fly4' ,?is impression is confirm$ 9 detail by a report deliv]$ by ! ag5t = 8 prop]ties4 ,x is a /atem5t#iff ( ! occurr5ces 9 a doma9 ( almo/ imp]ial proportions dur+ a s+le day4 ,s _m *ildr51 male & female1 7 born3 s _m ?\s& bu%els ( :eat 7 /ock$ 9 ! gran>y3 s _m hundr$ ox5 brok5 93 a slave 0 crucifi$ = disloyalty to 8 "l3 s _m million se/]ces 7 paid 9 to ! *e/1 no op5+ = inve/m5t pres5t+ itself4 ,on "o p>k-e/ate 7hortis7 !re 0 a great fire1 :i* began 9 ! /ew>d's h\se4 ,trimal*io _c recall ! pur*ase ( ?is e/ate1 :i* on inquiry turns out to be a rec5t acquisition n yet on ! books4 ,!n comes ! read+ ( notices issu$ by (ficials#ifg ( ! manors1 ( wills#ifh made by rang]s1 ( ! names ( 8 /ew>ds2 ( a fre$woman's divorce1 ! bani%m5t ( an atri5sis1 ! committal ( a ca%i] = trial1 & ! proce$+s 9 c\rt 9 an action betwe5 "s *amb]la9s4 ,( c\rse all ?is is n to be tak5 s]i\sly1 b we c =m "s notion ( ! /ate ( ?+s t ! satiri/ has 9 m9d4 ,too gross an exagg]ation w\ld h defeat$ 8 purpose4 ,! book is full ( passages be>+ on ! hi/ory ( slav]y1 b x is dome/ic slav]y1 & t (t5 ( ! mo/ degrad+ "*4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,columella4 ,! great int]e/ tak5 9 agriculture aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman peace by ,augu/us is %ewn by ! cont9u$ appe>ance ( works on ! subject4 ,! treatise ( ,celsus1 :o wrote 9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 0 "p ( a great encyclopa$ic "w4 ,x 0 probably "o ( ! mo/ important books ( its k9d3 b x is lo/1 & we only "k x z cit$ by o!r writ]s1 su* z ,columella & ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,x is f ! treatise ( ,columella1 compos$ probably "u ,n]o1 t we get mo/ ( our in=mation z to ,roman husb&ry 7ru/icatio1 z he (t5 calls x7 9 ! p]iod ( ! e>li] ,empire4 ,! writ] 0 a native ( ,spa91 deeply int]e/$1 l o!r ,spani% ,romans1 9 ! pa/ pres5t & future ( ,italy4 ,x is evid5t t 9 comp>+ ! pres5t ) ! pa/ he c\ld n avoid turn+ an uneasy eye to ! future4 ,l o!rs1 he c\ld see t agriculture1 once ! core ( ,roman /r5g?1 ! nurse ( a vigor\s free population1 0 9 a bad way4 ,x 0 /ill ! case t ! *oice/ f>m-l&s ( ,italy 7 l>gely occupi$ by mansions & p>ks1 ! prop]ty ( non-resid5t own]s :o seldom visit$ _! e/ates1 & h>dly ev] qualifi$ !mselves to sup]9t5d _! managem5t intellig5tly4 ,! g5]al result 0 hide\s wa/e4 ,9 mod]n language1 ^? :o _h comm& ( capital took no pa9s to employ x 9 bus9ess-l f>m+3 :ile ! rema9+ free ru/ics lack$ capital4 ,agriculture 0 likely to g f bad to worse "u su* conditions4 ,! ,empire w\ld ?us be weak5$ at its c5tre1 & to a loyal ,prov9cial1 ^: native l& 0 "p ( a subject _w gr\p$ r\nd t c5tre1 ! prospect might well seem bewild]+4 ,columella 0 f ! fir/ int]e/$ 9 agriculture1 on :i* 8 uncle#ifi at ,gades 7,cadiz7 0 a recogniz$ au?ority1 & 8 treatise de re ru/ica is 8 contribution to ! s]vice ( ,rome4 ,! s]i\s consequ5ces ( ! decay ( practical f>m+1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! small l&[n]s till+ _! own l&1 _h long be5 recogniz$ by ?\ghtful m54 ,b ! settlem5t ( dis*>g$ soldi]s on allott$ hold+s _h n repopulat$ ! c\ntryside ) free f>m]s4 ,! old lam5tations cont9u$1 b no means 0 f\nd = solv+ ! problem h[ to recreate a pati5t & prosp]\s yeoman class1 firmly plant$ on ! soil4 ,te*nical k _h gone on accumulat+ to "s ext5t1 ?\gh ! au?orities on agriculture1 ,greek ,c>?ag9ian or ,roman1 appeal$ to by ,columella are ma9ly ! same z ^? cit$ by ,v>ro "s eighty ye>s be=e4 ,! difficulty at bo? epo*s 0 n ! abs5ce ( k b ! neglect ( its practical application4 ,columella1 l 8 =]unn]s1 insi/s on ! folly#igj ( buy+ m l& ?an y c pr(itably manage4 ,b x seems t ! av]age weal?y l&[n] c\ld n resi/ ! temptation to r\nd (f#iga a gr[+ e/ate by buy+ up m l& :5 a fav\rable opportunity occurr$4 ,x is ev5 h9t$ t ill-treatm5t#igb ( a neighb\r1 to quick5 ! process by driv+ him to give up 8 l&1 0 n obsolete4 ,moreov]1 great e/ates (t5 consi/$ ( sep>ate hold+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,= own]s ( va/1 & sometimes#igc scatt]$1 e/ates to keep effective control ov] !m 0 an occupation call+ = qualities nev] too common1 te*nical skill & indefatigable indu/ry4 ,! =m] c\ld1 if comb9$ ) p]fect hone/y1 be f\nd 9 an ideal deputy2 b ! deputy1 to be "u complete control1 mu/ be a slave3 &1 ! m skill$ ! slave1 ! bett] able he 0 to conceal di%one/y4 ,!re=e1 ! m k & wat*ful att5tiv5ess 0 ne$$ 9 ! ma/]4 ,n[ x is j ?is g5u9e & pa9/ak+ int]e/ 9 ! managem5t ( _! e/ates t ,columella f9ds lack+ 9 ,roman l&lords4 ,!y w n live#igd 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e !y are quickly bor$ & miss ! excitem5ts ( ! city1 & ,my ,lady dete/s c\ntry life ev5 m ?an ,my ,"l4 ,b !y w n ev5 take ! tr\ble to procure good#ige ,/ew>ds1 let alone wat*+ !m s z to keep !m indu/ri\s & hone/4 ,?us ! managem5t ( e/ates has g5]ally pass$ f ma/]s to vilici1 & ! dome/ic "p ( ! duties ev5 m completely f h\se-mi/resses to vilicae4 ,z to ! disa/r\s effect ( ! *ange ^u ru/ic economy1 ! writ] ent]ta9s no d\bt4 ,b ! evil 0 no new ph5om5on4 ,x may well be t x 0 n[ m widespread ?an 9 ,v>ro's "t2 b 9 bo? writ]s we may p]haps suspect "s degree ( ov]/atem5t1 to :i* re=m]s are apt to resort 9 depict+ ! abuses !y are wi%+ to re=m4 ,i d n all[ mu* = ?is consid]ation1 = ! picture1 confirm$ by g5]al lit]>y evid5ce1 is 9 ! ma9 unque/ionably true4 ,s mu* = ! case ( e/ates adm9i/]$ by slave /ew>ds = ! acc\nt ( _! ma/]s4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only way ( deal+ ) l&$ prop]ties4 ,we h already not$ ! sy/em ( lett+ f>ms to cultivat+ t5ants1 & comm5t$ on ! fewness ( ! ref]5ces to x 9 lit]ature4 ,?is plan may h be5 v anci5t 9 orig91 b x 0 probably an exceptional arrangem5t ev5 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o4 ,! v slight notice ( x by ,v>ro indicates t x 0 n normal1 inde$ n ev5 common4 ,9 ,columella we f9d a rem>kable *ange4 ,9 sett+ out ! ma9 pr9ciples#igf ( e/ate managem5t1 & insi/+ on ! prime importance ( ! own]'s att5tion 7cura dom9i71 he adds t ?is is necess>y above all ?+s 9 relation to ! p]sons conc]n$ 79 hom9ibus74 ,n[ ! hom9es are coloni or s]vi1 & are un*a9$ or *a9$4 ,aft] ?is division & subdivision he goes on to discuss briefly b ?or\ghly ! prop] relations betwe5 l&lord & t5ant-f>m]1 ! c>e ne$$ 9 ! selection ( satisfactory t5ants1 & ! consid]ations t mu/ guide a l&lord 9 decid+ :e!r to let a piece ( l& to a t5ant or to f>m x = 8 own acc\nt4 ,he advises him to be oblig+ & easy 9 8 deal+s ) t5ants1 & m insi/5t 9 requir+ _! "w or s]vice 7opus7#igg ?an _! r5t 7p5siones73 ?is plan is less irritat+1 & aft] all x pays bett] 9 ! long run4 ,=1 b>r+ risks ( /orms or brig&s1 good f>m+ ne>ly always leaves a pr(it1 s t ! t5ant has n ! face to claim#igh a r$uction ( r5t4 ,a l&lord %\ld n be a /ickl] = trifles or mean 9 ! matt] ( little p]quisites1 su* z cutt+ firewood1 worry+ 8 t5ant unpr(itably4 ,b1 :ile waiv+ ! full rig\r ( ! law1 he %\ld n omit to claim 8 dues 9 ord] to keep alive 8 rights3 :olesale remission is a mi/ake4 ,x 0 well said by a great l&[n] t ! greate/ bless+ = an e/ate is :5 ! t5ants are natives#igi ( ! place1 a sort ( h]$it>y occupi]s1 atta*$ to x by ! associations ( _! *ildhood's home4 ,columella agrees t frequ5t *anges ( t5ant are a bad bus9ess4 ,b !re is a worse2 namely ! t[n-br$#ihj t5ant1 :o pref]s f>m+ ) a slave /aff to turn+ f>m] himself4 ,x 0 a say+ ( ,sas]na1 t out ( a fell[ ( ?is sort y g5]ally get n y\r r5t b a lawsuit4 ,8 advice !n 01 take pa9s to get c\ntry-br$ f>m]s#iha & keep !m 9 p]man5t t5ancy3 t is1 :5 y are n free to f>m y\r own l&1 or :5 x does n suit y\r int]e/ to f>m x ) a slave /aff4 ,?is la/ condition1 says ,columella1 only ref]s to ! case ( l&s d]elict#ihb ?r\gh mal>ia or b>r5 soil4 ,!re are h[ev] f>ms on :i* x is ! l&lord's own int]e/ to place t5ants r ?an "w !m by slaves = 8 own acc\nt4 ,su* are di/ant hold+s1 too out-(-!-way = ! proprietor to visit !m easily4 ,slaves out ( rea* ( con/ant inspection w play havoc ) any f>m1 p>ticul>ly "o on :i* corn is gr[n4 ,!y let out ! ox5 = hire1 neglect ! prop] fe$+ ( live /ock1 %irk ! ?or\gh turn+ ( ! e>?1 & 9 s[+ t5d+ h>ve/+ & ?re%+ ! crop !y wa/e & *eat y to any ext5t4 ,no wond] ! f>m gets a bad "n ?anks to y\r /ew>d & /aff4 ,if y d n see y\r way to att5d 9 p]son to an e/ate ( ?is k9d1 y _h bett] let x to a t5ant4 ,f ^! rem>ks x seems cle> t ! writ] looks ^u lett+ l& to t5ant f>m]s z no m ?an an unwelcome alt]native1 to be adopt$ only 9 ! case ( f>ms bad 9 quality or out ( easy rea*4 ,inde$ he says frankly t1 giv5 fair av]age conditions1 ! own] c always get bett] returns by manag+ a f>m himself ?an by lett+ x to a t5ant3 he may ev5 d bett] by leav+ ! *>ge to a /ew>d1 unless ( c\rse t /ew>d happ5s to be an utt]ly c>eless or ?ievi% fell[4 ,tak+ ?is 9 connexion ) 8 rem>ks ab\t /ew>ds else:]e1 ! net result seems to be t a l&lord mu/ *oose 9 any giv5 case :at he judges to be ! less ( two evils4 ,a few po9ts "h call = special consid]ation4 ,9 speak+ ( ! "w or s]vice 7opus7 t a l&lord may require ( a t5ant1 z di/9ct f r5t1 :at does ,columella precisely mean8 ,x has be5 held#ihc t he ref]s to ! l&lord's "r ( insi/+ t 8 l& %all be well f>m$4 ,?is presumably implies a clause 9 ! lease "u :i* su* a "r c\ld be en=c$4 ,b !re are difficulties4 ,9 ! case ( a di/ant f>m1 let to a t5ant because x has #8to d )\t ! pres5ce#ihd ( ! l&lord1' ! "r w\ld surely be inop]ative 9 practice4 ,9 ! case ( a neighb\r+ f>m1 :y has ! l&lord n kept x 9 h&1 putt+ 9 a /ew>d to manage x8 ,?is int]pretation leaves u ) no cle> picture ( a practical arrangem5t4 ,b ?is objection is p]haps n fatal4 ,! "r to en=ce prop] cultivation is pla9ly gu>ante$ to l&lords 9 ,roman ,law1 z ! juri/s con/antly ass]t 9 discuss+ t5ancies4 ,& opus is a t]m employ$#ihe by !m 9 ?is connexion4 ,x is !re=e ! saf] c\rse to take x "h 9 ?is s5se1 & to all[ = a c]ta9 want ( cle>ness 9 ,columella's phrase4 ,at ! same "t x is tempt+ to accept ano!r#ihf view1 namely ?is1 t ! writ] has 9 m9d s]vice r5d]$ 9 ! =m ( a /ipulat$ am\nt ( auxili>y lab\r on ! l&lord's #8,home ,f>m' at c]ta9 seasons4 ,t a corve arrangem5t ( ?is k9d exi/$ z a matt] ( c\rse on "s e/ates1 we h direct evid5ce#ihg 9 ! second c5tury1 evid5ce t sugge/s an e>li] orig9 = ! cu/om4 ,true1 x implies t l&lords 7 9 practice able to impose ! burd5 ( su* task-"w on _! free t5ants1 9 %ort t !y _h ! upp] h& 9 ! b>ga9 betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,b ?is is n surpris+3 = we read#ihh ( a great l&lord call+ up 8 coloni to s]ve on 8 private fleet 9 ! great civil w>1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,columella4 ,/ill1 x is p]haps ra% to see 9 ?is passage a direct ref]5ce to ! cu/om ( mak+ ! supply ( auxili>y lab\r at c]ta9 seasons a "p ( t5ant's obligations4 ,grant+ ?is1 x is nev]!less reasonable to believe t ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! cu/om may belong to a date at lea/ z e>ly z ! treatise ( ,columella4 ,= x is q incr$ible t su* a practice %\ld spr+ up & become preval5t sudd5ly4 ,x has all ! m>ks ( gradual gr[?4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ is ! criticism ( ! t[n-br$ colonus4 ,he pref]s to "w ! f>m ) a slave /aff1 r ?an und]take ! job himself4 ,i ga!r f ?is t he is a man ) capital1 also t he means to get a good return on 8 capital4 ,he fe>s to make a loss on a ru/ic v5ture1 be+ well aw>e ( 8 own inexp]i5ce4 ,s he w put 9 a /ew>d ) a /aff ( slaves4 ,! position ( ! /ew>d w 9 su* a case be peculi>ly /rong4 ,if he is slack & ?ievi% & lets d[n ! f>m1 he c /ave (f 8 ma/]'s ang] by f9d+ fault ) ! soil or build+s1 & involve ! t5ant & l&lord 9 a qu>rel ov] ! r5t4 ,to devise pretexts w\ld be easy = a rogue1 & a qu>rel might end 9 a lawsuit4 ,t ,sas]na1 writ+ probably ab\t #ajj ,,bc1 laid 8 f+] on ?is possible s\rce ( tr\ble1 is significant4 ,x is evid5ce t !re 7 t5ant-f>m]s 9 8 "t1 & bad ones among !m3 b n t !y 7 !n num]\s1 or t _! g5]al "* 0 su* z to make l&lords let _! e/ates 9 pref]5ce to manag+ !m ?r\gh _! own /ew>ds = _! own acc\nt4 ,& ?is agrees ) ,columella's own op9ion "s #aej ye>s lat]4 ,if y are to let f>ms to t5ants1 local m5 :o are famili> ) local conditions are to be pref]r$1 b he gives no h9t t su* t5ants c\ld readily be f\nd4 ,8 words seem r to imply t !y 7 r>e4 ,"o po9t is h>dly op5 to misund]/&+4 ,9 ,columella's sy/em ! typical t5ant-f>m]1 ! colonus to be desir$ by a wise l&lord1 is a humble p]son1 to :om small p]quisites are ?+s ( "s importance4 ,he is n a re/less or ambiti\s be+1 ev] on ! wat* = a *ance ( putt+ 8 l&lord 9 ! wrong or a pretext = go+ to law4 ,su* z we see him 9 ! ref]5ces ( ,s5eca1 & lat] 9 ^? ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y & ,m>tial1 su* he appe>s 9 ,columella4 ,= ! l&lord x is an important object to keep him--:5 he has got him--& to h 8 son ready z successor 9 ! t5ancy4 ,f o!r s\rces we "k#ihi t ! value ( long undi/urb$ t5ancies are g5]ally recogniz$4 ,b we h little or no?+ to %ew :e!r ! t5ant-f>m]s ( ?is age usually work$ ) _! own h&s or n4 ,t !y employ$ slave lab\r is n only a priori probable1 b practically c]ta94 ,we h evid5ce t at a some:at lat] date x 0 cu/om>y#iij = ! l&lord to provide l& f>m/ead 7villa7 & equipm5t 7in/rum5tum71 & we "k t "u ?is la/ head slaves c\ld be & 7 conclud$4 ,x is evid5t t ! arrangem5t belongs to ! decisive developm5t ( ! t5ancy sy/em z a regul> alt]native to t ( f>m+ by a /ew>d = l&lord's own acc\nt4 ,! desirable c\ntry-br$ t5ant w\ld n be a man#iia ( sub/antial capital1 & ?+s _h to be made easy = him4 ,x is n cle> t a t5ant br++ 8 own /aff ( slaves w\ld h be5 welcom$ z lessee3 f ! in/ance ( ! t[n-br$ colonus j ref]r$ to x seems likely t he w\ld n4 ,:ile ,columella prescribes lett+ to t5ants z ! be/ way ( solv+ ! difficulties 9 deal+ ) outly+ f>ms1 he does n say t ?is plan %\ld n be adopt$ 9 ! case ( f>ms ne> ! ma9 e/ate or #8,home ,f>m4' ,i ?9k ?is sil5ce is int5tional4 ,x is h>d to believe t !re 7 no in/ances ( l&lords ei!r :olly non-resid5t or :o s seldom visit$ _! e/ates t !y c\ld n possibly keep an eye on ! do+s ( /ew>ds4 ,9 su* cases !re w\ld be /rong inducem5t to adopt ! plan by :i* !y c\ld simply draw r5ts & h no /ew>ds to look aft]4 ,t /ew>ds ne$$ to be c>efully wat*$ 0 z cle> to ,columella z to ,cato or ,v>ro4 ,true1 lett+ to t5ants 0 a policy liable to br+ tr\bles ( its own4 ,we %all see 9 ! case ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y :at !y 7 & h[ he met !m4 ,mean:ile he may s]ve z an example ( ! sy/em4 ,x is also pla9 t a l>ge cont9u\s prop]ty c\ld be divid$#iib into small] p>cels = conv5i5ce ( lett+ to t5ants4 ,:e!r ! lat] plan ( keep+ a consid]able ,home ,f>m 9 h& "u a /ew>d1 & lett+ (f ! out] p>cels ( ! same e/ate to t5ants1 0 9 vogue already & contemplat$ by ,columella1 is n easy to say4 ,9 connexion ) ?is "q x is to be not$ t he h>dly ref]s at all to free hir$ lab\r#iic z g5]ally available4 ,! migratory gangs ( wage-e>n]s1 /ill kn[n to ,v>ro1 d n appe>1 nor d ! it9]ant m$ici4 ,:5 he speaks ( hir+ h&s at any price1 or ( times :5 lab\r is *eap1 he may mean hir+ somebody's slaves1 & probably does4 ,slave lab\r is und\bt$ly ! basis ( 8 f>m-sy/em1 & its elaborate organization fills an important "p ( 8 book4 ,yet two m>k$ consequ5ces ( ! ,roman ,peace _h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,few] w>s meant few] slaves 9 ! m>ket1 & a rise ( prices3 peace & law 9 ,italy meant t big l&[n]s c\ld add field to field m securely ?an ev]1 :ile great numb]s ( citiz5s 7 settl+ 9 ! ,prov9ces1 tak+ advantage ( bett] op5+s#iid !re4 ,to keep "s free lab\r )9 call z an occasional res\rce 0 an und5iable conv5i5ce = a l>ge own] ) a f>m 9 h&4 ,small t5ants#iie "u obligation to r5d] /ipulat$ s]vice at c]ta9 seasons w\ld obvi\sly supply ! lab\r ne$$4 ,&1 if we picture to ourselves a ,home ,f>m r\nd ! "l's mansion1 work$ by /ew>d & slave /aff1 ) outly+ #8soccage' t5ants on hold+s ne>1 we are already 9 pres5ce ( a rudim5t>y ,manor4 ,z "t w5t by1 & ! sy/em got into regul> work+ ord]1 ! l&lord _h an opportunity ( /r5g!n+ 8 hold on ! t5ants4 ,by n press+ !m too sev]ely = arre>s ( r5t1 & occasionally grant+ abatem5ts1 he c\ld gradually increase _! s]vices4 ,:at he ?us sav$ on 8 own lab\r-bill might well be m ?an a set-(f aga9/ ! loss ( money-r5ts4 ,m & m ! t5ants w\ld become dep5d5t on him4 ,nom9ally free1 !y 7 becom+ ti$ to ! soil on on]\s t]ms1 & ! f\ndation 0 laid ( ! lat] relation ( ,"l & ,s]f4 ,su* ,i conceive to be ! ru/ic situation ! beg9n+s ( :i* are probably to be plac$ z e>ly z ,columella's "t1 ?\gh we d n f9d him ref]r+ to x4 ,he says no?+ ( ano!r po9t1 :i* 0 ( importance#iif lat]1 namely ! admission ( slaves or fre$m5 z t5ants ( f>ms4 ,x has all ! appe>ance ( a subsequ5t /ep1 tak5 :5 ! conv5i5ce ( s]vices r5d]$ by resid5t t5ants _h be5 demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is no great /ret* ( imag9ation to sugge/ t1 z ! supply ( slaves fell (f1 x 0 ! policy ( own]s to turn _! slave-prop]ty to ! be/ possible acc\nt4 ,:5 a /ew>d or a gang-=eman 0 no long] 9 8 prime1 able 7z ,columella enjo9s7 to turn to & %ew ! common h&s h[ "w %\ld be done1 h[ c\ld he be/ be utiliz$8 ,a simple plan 0 to put him on a small f>m ) a few slave lab\r]s4 ,?is w\ld secure ! pres5ce ( a t5ant ^: dep5d5ce 0 c]ta9 f ! fir/1 :ile a y\ng] man c\ld be promot$ to ! ardu\s duties ( ! big ,home ,f>m4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t problems aris+ f %ortage ( slaves 7 pres5t+ !mselves 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,,ad4 ,= slave-bre$+1 casual 9 ,cato's day & incid5tally m5tion$ by ,v>ro1 is op5ly recogniz$ by ,columella1 :o all[s = a l>g] female elem5t 9 8 f>m /aff & provides rew>ds = _! realiz$ f]tility4 ,if ! sy/em ( f>m-t5ancies 0 already becom+ a "p ( l&-managem5t s important z ! above rem>ks may seem to imply1 :y does ! managem5t ( a l&$ e/ate = l&lord's acc\nt "u a /ew>d occupy almo/ ! :ole ( ,columella's long treatise8 ,i ?9k !re are sev]al reasons4 ,fir/1 x is managem5t ( tillage-crops & g>d5s & live /ock ) :i* he is *iefly conc]n$1 n t5ures & lab\r-que/ions3 & te*nical skill 9 agriculture is ( int]e/ to all connect$ ) x1 ?\gh ! book is prim>ily address$ to l&lords4 ,secondly1 ! desirable t5ant 0 7& is7 a man n mu* 9 ne$ ( be+ taught 8 bus9ess3 z = an undesirable "o1 ! soon] he is got rid ( ! bett]4 ,?irdly1 ! plan ( /ew>d-managem5t 0 /ill ! normal "o3 ! only pity 0 t ! indol5ce ( own]s l$ to appo9tm5t ( bad /ew>ds & left !m too mu* p[]4 ,only s\nd k c enable l&lords to *oose good /ew>ds & *eck bad managem5t4 ,see+ agriculture 9 a bad way1 ,columella writes to supply ?is k1 z ,cato ,v>ro & o!rs _h done be=e him4 ,accord+ly he beg9s ) ! g5]al organization ( ! normal l>ge e/ate1 & fir/ discusses ! *oice & duties ( ! vilicus1 on ^: "* & compet5ce ev]y?+ dep5ds4 ,to ?is subject he returns 9 a lat] "p ( ! treatise1 & ! two passages#iig en=ce ! same doctr9e ) v slight v>iations 9 detail4 ,! /ew>d#iih mu/ n be a fancy-slave1 a dome/ic f ! ma/]'s t[n h\se1 b a well-tri$ h>dy ru/ic1 or at ! v lea/ "o us$ to h>d lab\r4 ,he mu/ n be too old1 or he may break d[n "u ! /ra92 nor too "y1 or ! eld] slaves w n respect him4 ,he mu/ be a skill$ f>m] 7?is is mo/ important7#iii1 or at lea/ ?or\ghly pa9/ak+1 s z to pick up ! bus9ess quickly3 = ! functions ( tea*+ & giv+ ord]s _c be sep>at$4 ,he ne$ n be able to read & write1 if 8 memory be v ret5tive4 ,x is a rem>k ( ,celsus1 t a /ew>d ( ?is sort br+s 8 ma/] ca% m (t5 ?an a book3 = he _c make up false acc\nts himself1 & fe>s to tru/ an accomplice4 ,b1 good bad or indiff]5t1 a /ew>d mu/ h a female p>tn]#ajjj allott$ him1 to be a re/ra9+ influ5ce on him & 9 "s respects a help4 ,be+#ajja 8 ma/]'s ag5t1 he mu/ be enjo9$ n to live on t]ms ( intimacy ) any ( ! /aff1 & /ill less ) any outsid]4 ,yet he may n[ & !n invite a des]v+ work] to 8 table on a fea/-day4 ,he mu/ n d sacrifice#ajjb )\t ord]s1 or m$dle ) div9ation4 ,he mu/ att5d m>kets only on /rict bus9ess1 & n gad ab\t1 unless x be to pick up wr9kles#ajjc = ! f>m1 & !n only if ! place visit$ be close at h&4 ,he mu/ n all[ new pa?ways to be made on ! f>m1 or admit z gue/s any b 8 ma/]'s intimate fri5ds4 ,he mu/ be in/ruct$ to att5d c>efully#ajjd to ! /ock ( implem5ts & tools1 keep+ ev]y?+ 9 duplicate & 9 good repair1 s t !re ne$ be no borr[+ f neighb\rs3 = ! wa/e ( work+ "t ?us caus$ is a m s]i\s item ?an ! co/ ( su* articles4 ,he is to see to ! clo?+#ajje ( ! /aff 7familiam7 9 practical g>m5ts t w /& wet & cold3 ?is done1 "s "w 9 ! op5 is possible 9 almo/ any wea!r4 ,he %\ld be n only an exp]t 9 f>m lab\r1 b a man ( ! highe/ m5tal & moral "*#ajjf compatible ) a slave-temp]am5t4 ,= 8 rule %\ld be sympa!tic b firm3 he %\ld n be too h>d#ajjg ^u ! worse h&s1 :ile he enc\rages ! bett] ones1 b aim at be+ fe>$ = 8 /rictness r ?an loa!d = h>%ness4 ,! way to a*ieve ?is is to wat* & prev5t1 n to ov]look & !n puni%4 ,ev5 ! mo/ invet]ate rogues are mo/ effectively controll$ by insi/+ on p]=mance#ajjh ( _! tasks1 ensur+ !m _! due rights1 & by ! /ew>d be+ always on ! spot4 ,"u ^! conditions ! v>i\s =em5#ajji w take pa9s to c>ry out _! sev]al duties1 :ile ! common h&s1 tir$ out1 w be m incl9$ to g to sleep ?an to get into mis*ief4 ,"s good old usages t5d+ to promote cont5t & good feel+ are unhappily gone beyond recall1 = in/ance#ajaj ! rule t a /ew>d mu/ n employ a fell[-slave's s]vices on any bus9ess save t ( 8 ma/]4 ,b he mu/ n suff] !m to /ray (f ! e/ate unless he s5ds !m on err&s2 & ?is only if absolutely necess>y4 ,he mu/ n d any trad+#ajaa on 8 own acc\nt1 or employ 8 ma/]'s ca% 9 pur*ase ( bea/s etc4 ,= ?is di/racts a /ew>d's att5tion1 & prev5ts ! correct balanc+ ( 8 acc\nts at ! audit1 :5 he c only produce goods in/ead ( money4 ,9 g5]al1 ! fir/#ajab requisite is t he %\ld be free f conceit & eag] to le>n4 ,= 9 f>m+ mi/akes c nev] be r$eem$3 "t lo/ is nev] rega9$3 ea* ?+ mu/ be done "r1 once = all4 ,! above is almo/ a v]bal r5d]+ ( ,columella's words4 ,at ?is po9t we may fairly pause to ask :e!r he s]i\sly ?\ght t an ord9>y l&lord _h mu* *ance ( secur+ su* a p>agon ( virtue z ?is patt]n /ew>d4 ,t all ^! high bodily m5tal & moral qualities comb9$ 9 "o individual c\ld be b\ght 9 "o lot at an auction#ajac mu/ surely h be5 a *ance s r>e z to be h>dly wor? consid]+ z a means ( agricultural developm5t4 ,i take x t ! importance ( extreme c>e 9 select+ ! "r man1 & 9 keep+ him to 8 duties1 is insi/$ on z a prote/ aga9/ ! culpable c>elessness ( contempor>y l&lords1 ( :i* he has spok5 sev]ely above4 ,if1 z ,i believe1 9 ! great majority ( cases a new /ew>d requir$ mu* in/ruction z to ! details ( 8 duties & z to ! _s 9 :i* he 0 bo? to rule ! f>m-/aff & to s]ve 8 ma/]1 surely ! "p to be play$ by ! ma/] himself#ajad 0 ( fundam5tal importance3 inde$ little less s ?an 9 ! s*eme ( old ,cato4 ,to ,columella ,i am conv9c$ t 8 recomm5dations /ood = an ideal seldom1 if ev]1 likely to be realiz$4 ,to say ?is is n to blame ! good man1 b r to h9t t 8 precepts 9 g5]al mu/ n be tak5 z evid5ce ( a /ate ( ?+s !n normally to be f\nd exi/+ on f>ms4 ,to express aspirations confesses ! %ortcom+s ( a*ievem5t4 ,to return to our au?or's precepts4 ,he goes on to tell u ( 8 own way ( treat+#ajae 8 f>m-h&s1 rem>k+ t he has n regrett$ 8 k9dness4 ,he talks to a ru/ic slave 7provid$ he is a dec5t work]7 m (t51 & m z man to man 7famili>ius7 ?an he does to a t[n slave4 ,x relieves ! r\nd ( _! toil4 ,he ev5 ex*anges pleasantries ) !m4 ,he discusses new "w-projects ) ! skill$ h&s & s te/s _! abilities3 ?is flatt]s !m1 & !y are m ready to "w on a job on :i* !y h be5 consult$4 ,!re are o!r po9ts ( managem5t on :i* all prud5t ma/]s are agre$1 = in/ance ! inspection#ajaf ( ! slaves 9 ! lock-up4 ,?is is to asc]ta9 :e!r !y are c>efully *a9$1 & ! *amb] ?or\ghly secur$1 & :e!r ! /ew>d has *a9$ or releas$ any ( !m )\t 8 ma/]'s k4 ,= he mu/ n be p]mitt$ to release ! *a9$ on 8 own responsibility4 ,! pat]familias %\ld be all ! m p>ticul> 9 8 inquiries z to slaves ( ?is class1 to see t !y are dealt ) fairly 9 matt]s ( clo?+ & rations1 inasmu* z !y are "u ! control#ajag ( sev]al sup]iors1 /ew>ds =em5 & w>d]s4 ,?is position exposes !m to unfair treatm5t1 & !y are apt to be m dang]\s ?r\gh res5t+ h>%ness & /+9ess4 ,s a c>eful ma/] %\ld "q !m z to :e!r !y are gett+#ajah _! due all[ance4 ,he %\ld ta/e _! food & exam9e _! clo!s etc4 ,he %\ld he> & r$ress grievances1 puni% ! mut9\s1 & rew>d ! des]v+4 ,columella !n relates#ajai 8 own policy 9 deal+ ) female slaves4 ,:5 "o ( !m _h re>$ ?ree or m *ildr5 %e 0 rew>d$3 = #c %e 0 grant$ a holiday1 = #d %e 0 manumitt$4 ,?is is only fair1 & x is a sub/antial increm5t#ajbj to y\r prop]ty4 ,9 g5]al1 a l&lord is enjo9$ to obs]ve religi\s duties1 & to inspect ! :ole e/ate imm$iately on 8 arrival f ,t[n1 *eck+ all items c>efully4 ,?is done regul>ly ye> aft] ye>1 he w enjoy ord] & ob$i5ce on 8 e/ate 9 8 old age4 ,next comes a g5]al /atem5t ( ! prop] classification ( ! slave /aff accord+ to v>ieties#ajba ( function4 ,= dep>tm5tal =em5 y %\ld *oose /eady hone/ fell[s1 wat*fulness & skill be+ ne$$ r ?an brute /r5g?4 ,! h9d or pl[man mu/ be a big man ) a big voice1 t ! ox5 may obey him4 ,& ! tall] he is ! bett] w he ?r[ 8 weight on ! pl\gh-tail4 ,! m]e unskill$ lab\r]#ajbb only ne$s to be fit = cont9u\s h>d "w4 ,= in/ance1 9 a v9ey>d y want a ?ickset type ( lab\r] to /& ! digg+ etc1 & if !y are rogues x does n matt] mu*1 z !y "w 9 a gang "u an ov]se] 7monitore#ajbc74 ,by ! by1 a scamp is g5]ally m quick-witt$ ?an ! av]age1 & v9ey>d "w calls = intellig5ce3 ?is is :y *a9$ h&s#ajbd are commonly employ$ !re4 ,( c\rse1 he adds1 an hone/ man is m effici5t ?an a rogue1 o!r ?+s be+ equal3 don't *>ge me ) a pref]5ce = crim9als4 ,ano!r piece ( advice is to avoid#ajbe mix+ up ! v>i\s tasks p]=m$ by ! /aff on ! plan ( mak+ e lab\r] d e k9d ( "w4 ,x does n pay 9 f>m+4 ,ei!r :at is e "o's bus9ess is felt to be nobody's duty 9 p>ticul>2 or ! ef=t ( ! individual is cr$it$ to ! :ole ( ! gang4 ,?is sets him %irk+1 & yet y _c s+le out ! (f5d]2 & ?is sort ( ?+ is con/antly happ5+4 ,!re=e keep pl[m5 v9ey>d-h&s & unskill$ lab\r]s ap>t4 ,!n he passes to num]ical#ajbf divisions4 ,squads 7classes7 %\ld be ( n m ?an t5 m5 ea*1 decuriae z ! old "n 01 t ! ov]se] may keep 8 eye on all4 ,by spread+ su* squads ov] diff]5t p>ts ( a l>ge f>m x is possible to comp>e results1 to detect laz9ess1 & to escape ! irritat+ unfairness ( puni%+ ! wrong m54 ,! g5]al impression left on a read]'s m9d by ,columella's pr9ciples ( slave-managem5t is "o ( /rict control temp]$ by judici\s humanity4 ,x pays n to be h>% & cruel4 ,:e!r we c fairly cr$it him ) dis9t]e/$ sympa?y on gr\nds ( a common human nature1 su* z ,s5eca 0 prea*+1 seems to me v d\btful4 ,t he reg>d$ ! slave z a sort ( dome/icat$ animal1 _c s f> z ,i "k be ga!r$ f direct /atem5ts1 b may be inf]r$ by j implication f 8 use ( ! same language 9 speak+ ( slaves & o!r live /ock4 ,?us we f9d#ajbg ! #8lab\r+ h]d1' & #8draught-cattle :5 !y are putt+ 9 a good spell ( "w4' ,s too ! /ew>d is to drive home 8 slave-gang at dusk #8aft] ! fa%ion#ajbh ( a fir/-rate h]dsman1' & on arrival fir/ ( all to att5d to _! ne$s #8l a c>eful %eph]d4' ,! motive ( ?is c>e is to keep ! /aff 9 good work+ ord]4 ,bo? /ew>d & /ew>dess are requir$ to pay great att5tion to ! heal? ( ! /aff4 ,n only are !re prescriptions giv5 = treatm5t ( ailm5ts & injuries1 b ! slave really /ale f ov]work is to h a re/2 ( c\rse mal+]+ mu/ be *eck$4 ,= ! sick !re is a special#ajbi sick-room1 always kept clean & air$1 & ! g5]al sanitation ( ! f>m/ead is /rictly en=c$4 ,?is too is dictat$ by enlight5$ self-int]e/1 a "p ( ! g5]al rule#ajcj t upkeep is z important z acquisition4 ,! position ( ! female /aff ( ! f>m has also a be>+ on ?is subject4 ,!y d n appe> to be num]\s1 ?\gh p]haps proportionally m s ?an 9 ! s*eme ( ,v>ro4 ,! vilica has a numb] ( maids "u h] = do+ ! v>i\s h\se-"w#ajca & sp9n+ & weav+4 ,we h already not$ ! rew>ds ( f]tility on _! "p4 ,= ! production ( home-br$ slaves 7v]nae71 always a ?+ welcom$ by proprietors1 is mo/ =mally recogniz$ by ,columella4 ,:y x ne$$ enc\ragem5t may p]haps receive "s illu/ration f rem>ks ^u ! behavi\r ( c]ta9 birds 9 ! matt] ( bre$+4 ,?us peaf[l d well 9 places :]e !y c run at l>ge1 & ! h5s take m pa9s to re> _! *icks1 be+ s to speak#ajcb set free f slav]y4 ,& o!r birds !re are t w n bre$ 9 captivity4 ,! analogy ( ^! cases to t ( human slaves c h>dly h escap$ ! notice ( ! writ]4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! slaves :o are *a9$ & ^? :o are n appe>s ! m /rik+ f ,columella's ref]5ces to ! lock-up *amb] or slave-prison4 ,8 pr$ecessors pass lightly ov] ?is matt]1 b he gives x ! fulle/ recognition4 ,! erga/ulum %\ld be a *amb]#ajcc bel[ gr\nd level1 z heal?y z y c get1 light$ by a numb] ( slits 9 ! wall s high above ! floor z to be out ( a man's rea*4 ,?is dungeon is only = ! refractory slaves1 *a9$ & con/antly inspect$4 ,= ! m submissive ones cab9s 7cellae7 are provid$ 9 heal?y spots ne> _! "w b n s scatt]$ z to make obs]vation difficult4 ,!re is ev5 a ba? h\se#ajcd1 :i* ! /aff are all[$ to use on holidays only3 mu* ba?+ is weak5+4 ,:e!r on an av]age f>m ! *a9$ or un*a9$ slaves are assum$ to be ! majority is n q cle>2 probably ! un*a9$1 to judge by ! g5]al tone ( ! precepts4 ,b t a lock-up is "p ( ! normal e/abli%m5t is cle> en\gh4 ,& x is to be not$ t 9 "o passage#ajce erga/ula are m5tion$ 9 ill-om5$ juxtaposition ) citiz5s enslav$ by _! cr$itors4 ,:e!r x is impli$ t unhappy debtors 7 /ill liable to be lock$ up z slaves 9 cr$itors' dungeons z ( old1 is n easy to say4 ,columella is capable ( rhetorical fl\ri%es n[ & !n4 ,x is saf] to suppose t he is ref]r+ to two =ms ( slave-lab\r2 fir/1 ! work+ (f arre>s ( debt#ajcf by lab\r ( a s]vile k9d2 second1 ! :olesale slave-gang sy/em sugge/$ by ! significant ^w erga/ula4 ,or are we to read into x a ref]5ce to ! kidnapp+#ajcg ( wayf>]s :i* ,augu/us & ,tib]ius _h /riv5 to put d[n8 ,be=e we leave ! subject ( ! slave-/aff x is well to note t no prospect ( fre$om is held out1 at lea/ to ! males4 ,f]tility1 z we h se51 might lead to manumission ( females4 ,b we are n told :at use !y 7 likely to make ( _! fre$om1 :5 !y _h got x4 ,my belief is t !y /ay$ on ! e/ate z tol]at$ humble dep5dants2 = !y w\ld h no o!r home4 ,"s 7 natives ( ! place1 & ! import$ ones w\ld h lo/ all t\* ) _! native l&s4 ,p]haps ! c>e ( p\ltry#ajch is a specim5 ( ! v>i\s m9or functions 9 :i* !y c\ld make !mselves useful4 ,at all ev5ts !y 7 free f fett]s & ! la%4 ,& ! m5 too may h be5 occasionally manumitt$ on ! same sort ( t]ms4 ,sil5ce does n prove a negative4 ,= in/ance1 we he> ( peculium1 ! slave's quasi-prop]ty1 only incid5tally#ajci z be+ d]iv$ f pecus4 ,yet we are n entitl$ to say t slaves 7 n free to make sav+s "u ! sy/em ( ,columella4 ,?\gh ! vilicus appe>s 9 ?is treatise z ! normal head ( ! managem5t1 !re are signs t ?is 0 n ! la/ ^w 9 e/ate-organization4 ,t he is sometimes#ajdj ref]r$ to z be+ ! l&lord's ag5t 7actor71 b usually n1 r sugge/s t he c\ld be1 & (t5 01 conf9$ to a m re/rict$ sph]e ( duty1 namely ! purely agricultural sup]9t5d5ce ( ! f>m 9 h&4 ,?is w\ld make him a m]e f>m-bailiff1 direct+ op]ations on ! l&1 b ) little or no responsibility = su* matt]s z f9ance4 ,& 9 a few passages we h m5tion ( a procurator4 ,?is t]m mu/ be tak5 9 its ord9>y s5se#ajda z signify+ ! l&lord's #8attorney' or full legal repres5tative4 ,he is to keep an eye on ! managem5t1 = in/ance#ajdb ! ?re%+-floor1 if ! ma/] is n at h&4 ,! position ( 8 qu>t]s indicates 8 importance3 z ! /ew>d's lodg+ is to be :]e he c wat* go+s-out & com+s-91 s t ( ! procurator is to be :]e#ajdc he c h a ne> view ( ! /ew>d z well z do+s 9 g5]al4 ,judg+ f ! common practice ( ! day1 x is probable t he w\ld be a fre$man4 ,n[1 :y does ,columella1 aft] ref]r+ to him ?us e>ly 9 ! treatise1 proce$ to ignore him aft]w>ds8 ,! only reasonable explanation t occurs to me is t ! appo9tm5t ( su* an (ficial w\ld only be necess>y 9 exceptional cases3 9 %ort1 t 9 speak+ ( a procurator he implies an unexpress$ res]vation #8suppos+ su* a p]son to be employ$4' ,circum/ances t might lead to su* an appo9tm5t are n f> to seek4 ,! l&lord might be abroad = a long "t on public duty or private bus9ess4 ,!re might be l>ge transactions p5d+ 7pur*ases1 sales1 litigation1 etc7 9 connexion ) ! e/ate or neighb\rhood2 9 ! case ( a v l>ge e/ate ?is 0 n unlikely4 ,! e/ate might be "o ( sev]al own$ by ! same "l1 & ! procurator int]mitt5tly resid5t on "o or o!r z f "t to "t requir$4 ,or la/ly ! s]vices ( an ag5t ) full legal p[]s may h be5 desirable 9 deal+ ) free t5antry4 ,if a l&lord _h a numb] ( t5ant f>m]s on 8 e/ates1 x is mo/ unlikely t 8 vilici1 slaves z !y 71 w\ld be able to keep a firm h&#ajdd on !m3 & ! fact ( 8 lett+ 8 f>ms surely sugge/s t he w\ld n desire to h mu* r5t-collect+ or exaction ( s]vices to d himself4 ,"o po9t 9 :i* ,columella's sy/em seems to record a *ange f e>li] usage may be f\nd 9 ! comp>ative disuse ( lett+ out special jobs to contractors4 ,9 "o passage#ajde1 :5 discuss+ ! tr5*+-"w requir$ 9 pa/9atio1 & devices = prev5t+ ! disputes aris+ f bad execution ( ! same1 he ref]s to conductor z well z dom9us4 ,! int]e/s ( ! two are liable to cla%1 & he tries to %ew a means ( ensur+ a fair settlem5t betwe5 ! p>ties )\t go+ to law4 ,i und]/& ! conductor to be a man :o has contract$ = ! job at an agre$ price1 & exactor op]is j bel[ to be ! l&lord1 ^: bus9ess x is to get full value = 8 money4 ,?us conductor "h w be ! same z ! r$emptor s (t5 employ$ 9 ! s*eme ( ,cato4 ,i _c f9d fur!r traces ( him 9 ,columella4 ,nor is ! sale ( a hang+#ajdf crop or a season's lambs to a speculator ref]r$ to4 ,b we h o!r au?ority = believ+ t contracts ( ?is k9d 7 n obsolete1 & x is probable t ! same is true ( contracts = special op]ations4 ,t su* arrangem5ts 7 nev]!less mu* r>] ?an 9 ,cato's "t seems to be a fair inf]5ce4 ,! manife/ reluctance#ajdg to hire ext]nal lab\r also po9ts to ! desire ( gett+1 s f> z possible1 all f>m+ op]ations p]=m$ by ! actual f>m-/aff4 ,if ,i h rightly judg$ ! position ( t5ant f>m]s1 x is evid5t t _! /ipulat$ s]vices w\ld be an important help 9 enabl+ ! l&lord to disp5se ) employm5t ( contractors' gangs on ! f>m4 ,?is 0 9 itself desirable3 t ! pres5ce ( outsid]s 0 unsettl+ to y\r own slaves _h long be5 rem>k$1 & 9 ! m elaborate organization ( ,columella's day di/urb+ influ5ces w\ld be m appreh5sively reg>d$ ?an ev]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to foll[ out all ! details ( ?is complicat$ sy/em & enum]ate ! v>i\s special functions assign$ to ! memb]s ( ! /aff4 ,to get good =em5 ev5 at high prices 0 "o ( ! lead+ pr9ciples3 an in/ance#ajdh is se5 9 ! case ( v9ey>ds1 :]e we he> ( a ?or\ghly compet5t v9itor1 ^: price is reckon$ at ab\t #hj ( our money1 ! e/imat$ value ( ab\t #d acres ( l&4 ,! ma9 po9t is t x is a sy/em ( slave lab\r on a l>ge scale1 & t ,columella1 well aw>e t su* lab\r is 9 g5]al wa/eful1 endeav\rs to make x remun]ative by /rict ord] & discipl9e4 ,he kn[s v well t curr5t lam5tations ov] ! suppos$ exhau/ion#ajdi ( ! e>?'s f]tility are m]e evasions ( ! true causes ( rural decay1 neglect & ignorance4 ,he kn[s t int5sive cultivation#ajej pays well1 & cites /rik+ in/ances4 ,b ! public = :om he writes is evid5tly n ! m5 on small hold+s1 l>gely m>ket-g>d5]s#ajea1 :o 7 able to make a liv+ ) or )\t slave-help1 at all ev5ts :5 )9 rea* ( urban m>kets4 ,he addresses m5 ( weal?1 mo/ ( :om 7 pr\d ( _! position z l&lords1 b presumably n unwill+ to make _! e/ates m remun]ative1 provid$ ! ef=t did n give !m too mu* tr\ble4 ,?is condition 0 ! real difficulty2 & x is h>d to believe t ,columella1 :5 insi/+ on ! frequ5t pres5ce ( ! ma/]'s eye1 0 sangu9e en\gh to expect a g5]al response4 ,8 attitude t[>ds pa/oral indu/ry seems decid$ly less en?usia/ic ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,/ock#ajeb mu/ be kept on ! f>m1 p>tly to eat (f y\r own fodd]-crops1 b *iefly = ! sake ( supply+ manure = ! arable l&4 ,9 quot+ ,cato's fam\s say+ on ! pr(itabl5ess ( graz+1 he agrees t no?+ pays s quickly z good graz+1 & t mod]ately good graz+ pays well en\gh4 ,b if1 z "s v]sions h x1 he really said t ev5 bad graz+ 0 ! next be/ ?+ = a f>m]1 ,columella respectfully diss5ts4 ,! bre$+ & fatt5+ ( all mann] ( animals = luxuri\s tables#ajec rema9s mu* ! same z 9 ! treatise ( ,v>ro4 ,a curi\s caution is giv5#ajed 9 discuss+ ! fatt5+ ( ?ru%es4 ,!y are to be f$ ) #8dri$ figs beat5 up ) f9e meal1 z mu* z !y c eat or m4 ,"s p *ew ! figs be=e giv+ !m to ! birds4 ,b x is h>dly wor? :ile to d ?is if y h a l>ge numb] to fe$1 = x co/s money to hire#ajee p]sons to d ! *ew+1 & ! sweet ta/e makes !m swall[ a good deal !mselves4' ,n[1 :y hire lab\r = su* a purpose8 ,is x because slaves w\ld swall[ s mu* ( ! sweet /uff t y\r ?ru%es w\ld nev] fatt58 ,x is well kn[n t importation ( corn f abroad l$ to great *anges 9 ,italian agriculture 9 ! second c5tury ,,bc4 ,! fir/ 0 ! =mation ( great e/ates work$ by slave-gangs1 :i* seems to h begun z an attempt to compete ) =eign l>ge-scale f>m+ 9 ! g5]al production ( food-/uffs4 ,if s1 x 0 gradually discov]$ t x did n pay to gr[ c]eal crops = ! m>ket1 unscrupul\s 9 slave-driv+ ?\gh ! ma/] might be4 ,!re=e att5tion 0 turn$ to ! developm5t on a l>g] scale ( ! exi/+ culture ( ! v9e & olive & ! keep+ ( great flocks & h]ds4 ,food = ^! la/ _h to be f\nd on ! f>m 9 ! w9t]1 & m & m x became usual only to gr[ c]eals z fodd] = ! /ock1 ( c\rse includ+ ! slaves4 ,no d\bt !re 0 a dem& = ! bett] sorts1 su* z :eat1 9 all ! c\ntry t[ns1 b ! f>ms 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood w\ld supply ! ne$4 ,t ,columella assumes produce ( ?is k9d to be normally consum$ on ! place1 is indicat$ by 8 recomm5d+#ajef b>ley z good food = all live-/ock1 & = slaves :5 mix$ ) :eat4 ,also by 8 treat+ ! delicate#ajeg :ite :eat1 mu* fanci$ 9 ,rome1 z a deg5]ate v>iety1 n wor? ! gr[+ by a practical f>m]4 ,8 in/ructions = /orage %ew ! same po9t ( view4 ,! /ructure & pr9ciples ( gran>ies#ajeh are discuss$ at l5g?1 & ! possibility ( long /orage#ajei is contemplat$4 ,! difficulties ( transport by l& _h c]ta9ly be5 an important influ5ce 9 ! *anges ( ,roman husb&ry1 tell+ aga9/ movem5ts ( bulky produce4 ,h5ce ! value atta*$#ajfj to situations ne> ! seabo>d or a navigable /ream 7! latt] n a condition (t5 to be realiz$ 9 ,italy7 by ,columella & 8 pr$ecessors4 ,milit>y roads s]v$ ! travell] z well z ! armies1 b took no reg>d#ajfa ( agricultural ne$s4 ,moreov] !y _h special#ajfb drawbacks4 ,wayf>]s _h a knack ( pilf]+ f f>ms on ! r\te1 & someone or o!r 0 always turn+ up to seek lodg+ & ent]ta9m5t4 ,?us x 0 wise n to plant y\r villa close to "o ( ^! trunk roads1 or y\r pocket 0 likely to suff]4 ,b to h a dec5t approa*#ajfc by a c\ntry road 0 a great conv5i5ce1 facilitat+ ! l&lord's p]iodical visits & ! c>riage ( goods to & f ! e/ate4 ,c]ta9 words call = brief notice4 ,?us op]a1 ! av]age day's "w ( an av]age work]1 is ,columella's regul> lab\r-unit 9 t]ms ( :i* he expresses ! lab\r-co/#ajfd ( an und]tak+4 ,9 no o!r writ] is ?is m m>k$4 ,occasionally op]ae occurs 9 ! well-kn[n concrete s5se#ajfe ( ! #8h&s' !mselves4 ,! magi/ri m5tion$ are n always ! =em5 spok5 ( above1 b sometimes#ajff directors or tea*]s 9 a g5]al s5se or ev5 z a sort ( synonym = pr(essores4 ,to recur once aga9 to colonus1 ! ^w1 z 9 o!r writ]s1 (t5 means simply #8cultivator1' n #8t5ant-f>m]4' ,! latt] special s5se occurs 9 a passage#ajfg :i* w\ld be useful evid5ce = ! hi/ory ( f>m-t5ancies1 if x 7 n d\btful :e!r ! text is s\nd4 ,!re rema9s a "q1 mu* m ?an a m]ely lit]>y problem1 z to ! true relation ( ,columella to ,v]gil4 ,t he con/antly quotes ! poet1 & cites him z an au?ority on agriculture1 is a /rik+ fact4 ,"o in/ance w %ew ! deep v5]ation ) :i* he reg>ds ! great ma/]4 ,9 speak+#ajfh ( ! att5tion to local qualities ( climate & soil ne$$ 9 *oos+ an e/ate1 he quotes l9es f ! fir/ ,georgic1 ! matt] ( :i* is q traditional1 common prop]ty4 ,b he speaks ( ,v]gil 7to "n ! poet#ajfi 0 unnecess>y7 z a mo/ reali/ic#ajgj b>d1 to be tru/$ z an oracle4 ,nay1 s irresi/ible is to him ! influ5ce ( ,v]gil1 t he mu/ ne$s ca/ 8 own t5? book into hexamet] v]se3 ! subject ( t book is g>d5s1 a topic on :i* ,v]gil _h confess$ly#ajga n fully said 8 say4 ,& yet 9 ! treatm5t ( ! l&-"q !re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two writ]s4 ,columella's sy/em is bas$ on slave lab\r organiz$ to ensure ! complete/ effici5cy3 ,v]gil practically ignores slav]y altoge!r4 ,columella advises y to let l& to t5ant f>m]s :5ev] y _c effectively sup]9t5d ! work+ ( slave-organizations "u /ew>ds3 ,v]gil ignores ?is solution also1 & seems vaguely to contemplate a return to ! sy/em ( small f>ms own$ & work$ by free yeom5 9 an idealiz$ pa/4 ,columella is conc]n$ to see t capital inve/$ 9 l& is s employ$ z to br+ 9 a good economic return3 ,v]gil dreams ( ! revival ( a fail+ race1 & possible economic success & ru/ic wellbe+ are to him n s mu* ends z means4 ,! contra/ is /rik+ en\gh4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,v]gil ,i h already po9t$ out t ! poet _h at once captur$ ! adoration ( ! ,roman _w4 ,x 0 n only 9 quotations or allusions1 or 9 ! inc5se ( praise1 t 8 supremacy 0 held 9 evid5ce s long z ,lat9 lit]ature rema9$ alive4 ,8 influ5ce affect$ prose /yle also1 & subtle rem9isc5ces ( ,v]gilian flav\r maybe trac$ 9 ,tacitus4 ,b all ?is is v diff]5t f ! practice ( cit+ him z an au?ority on a special subject1 z ,columella did & ! eld] ,pl9y did aft] him4 ,i w\ld v5ture to connect ?is practice ) ! ,roman habit ( view+ _! own lit]ature z inspir$ by ,greek models & s t5d+ to move on p>allel l9es4 ,cic]o 0 n cont5t to be a ,roman ,demo/h5es2 he mu/ ne$s try to be a ,roman ,plato too1 if n also a ,roman ,ari/otle4 ,n[ citation ( ! ,hom]ic poems z a recogniz$ au?ority on all mann] ( subjects1 n to m5tion casual illu/rations1 runs ?r\gh ,greek lit]ature4 ,plato & ,ari/otle are good in/ances4 ,x is surely n surpris+ t we f9d ,roman writ]s patriotically will+ to cite _! own great poet1 m especially z ! ,georgics lay ready to h&4 ,9 ! next g5]ation aft] ,columella1 ,qu9tilian fram$ 8 criticism#ajgb ( ! two lit]atures 7z food = oratorical /ud5ts7 on frankly p>allel l9es4 ,v]gil is ! pair to ,hom]3 second to ! pr9ce ( s+]s1 b a good second3 & he is quot$ & cit$ ?r\gh\t ! treatise z ,hom] is 9 ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric4 ,true1 ! cases are n really p>allel4 ,:atev] preexi/5t mat]ial may h s]v$ to build up ! ,hom]ic poems1 !y are at lea/ n didactic poems1 made up ( precepts l>gely d]iv$ f te*nical writ]s1 & ref9$ into poetic =m ) mature & labori\s skill4 ,to quote ! ,georgics1 n only = p]sonal obs]vation ( facts b = guid+ precepts1 is (t5 to quote a second>y au?ority 9 a noble dress1 & s]ves b = adornm5t4 ,b 9 su* a consid]ation !re w\ld be no?+ to disc\rage ,roman lit]>y m54 ,to *all5ge ,v]gil's au?ority on a ru/ic subject rema9$ ! pr]ogative ( ,s5eca4 ,additional note to page #bfc ,v>ro de l+ua ,lat9a ,,vii #aje says lib] qui suas op]as 9 s]vitutem pro pecunia quadam debebat dum solv]et nexus vocatur1 ut ab a]e oba]atus4 ,?is antiqu>ian note is ( int]e/ z illu/rat+ ! mean+ ( op]ae1 & ! =m] position ( ! debtor z a tempor>y slave4 ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,flavian ,,& ,,anton9e ,,emp]ors ,,xxxiv4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,x is n easy to f9d a satisfactory l9e ( division betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! ,flavian emp]ors & t ( ! adoptive s]ies t came aft] !m4 ,! ,plebeian ,flavians _h no family claim1 ?r\gh bir? or adoption1 to a preem95t position 9 ! ,roman _w1 & ! rise ( ,vespasian to p[] 0 inde$ a revolution4 ,h5ce=?1 ?\gh outw>d =ms & ma*9]y rema9$1 ! real control ( ! empire re/$ ) ^? support$ directly or indirectly by ! great armies4 ,b ! s\nd adm9i/rative policy set go+ by ! common s5se ( ,vespasian long ma9ta9$ ! imp]ial fabric 9 /r5g?1 & x is commonly held t f #fi to #ahj ,,ad 0 ! ,empire's gold5 age4 ,nev]!less its vitality 0 already ebb+1 & ! calamities t beset x 9 ! days ( ,m>cus ,aurelius f\nd x unable to r5ew its vig\r aft] hold+ 9 *eck its b>b>ian invad]s4 ,! ,flavian-,anton9e p]iod mu/ be treat$ z "o1 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! pres5t inquiry c]ta9 significant facts mu/ always be borne 9 m9d4 ,! ,italian elem5t 9 ! armies 0 becom+ less & less4 ,milit>y policy consi/$ *iefly 9 def5ce ( ! fronti]s1 = ! annexations ( ,trajan 7 n la/+1 & !y exhau/$ /r5g? ne$$ = def5ce4 ,x 0 an om9\s sign t ! ,roman p[] ( assimilation 0 fail+4 ,mix$ armies ( imp]fectly ,romaniz$ soldi]y1 :e!r z conqu]ors or z settl]s1 c\ld n spread ,roman civilization 9 ! same ?or\gh way z x _h become at l5g? e/abli%$ 9 ,spa9 or s\!rn ,gaul4 ,to spread x ext5sively & n int5sively meant a weak5+ ( ,roman grasp2 & at "s po9ts#ajgc x seems z if ! influx ( b>b>ism 0 felt to be a m5ace 9 "t ( peace1 n effectively c\nt]act$ by ! peaceful p5etration ( ,rome4 ,n[1 if ! protection ( ,italy by *iefly ali5 swords 0 to relieve ! imp]ial c5tre f ! heavy blood-tax borne by x 9 ! old days ( ,roman expansion1 surely x rema9$ an ,italian function or duty to provide c>ri]s#ajgd ( ,roman civilization1 t is1 if bord] l&s 7 to be solidly ,romaniz$ z a moral bulw>k aga9/ b>b>ism4 ,b ?is duty c\ld only be p]=m$ by a heal?y & vigor\s ,italy1 & ,italy#ajge 0 n heal?y & vigor\s4 ,int]nal security left ! p free to g on 9 ! same ways z !y _h n[ be5 foll[+ = g5]ations1 & ^? ways1 z we h se51 did n t5d to ! revival ( a free rural population4 ,c\ntry t[ns 7 n z yet 9 manife/ decay1 b !re 7 n[ no imp]ial politics1 & municipal politics1 ev] petty & self-reg>d+1 (f]$ no /imulus to ar\se a l>g] & common int]e/4 ,municipalities look$ = b5efactors1 & 7 /ill able to f9d !m4 ,9 ?is p]iod we meet ) in/itutions ( a *>itable k9d1 "s ev5 promot$ by ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 = ! b5efit ( orphans & *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,?is 0 a cr$it to ! humanity ( ! age1 b surely a palliative ( social ailm5ts1 n a pro( ( s\nd condition4 ,9 ,rome !re 0 life1 b x 0 cosmopolitan life4 ,rome 0 ! capital ( ! ,roman _w1 n ( ,italy4 ,9 ! eyes ( jeal\s patriots x seem$ t :at ,rome h]self ne$$ 0 a ?or\gh ,romaniz+4 ,x 0 n f ! great wick$ city1 ?rong$ ) adv5tur]s#ajgf ( e sort1 l>gely ,ori5tal ,greeks1 & hordes ( fre$m51 t ! bett] ,roman influ5ces c\ld spread abroad4 ,nor 7 ! old ,prov9ces1 su* z ,spa9 & s\!rn ,gaul1 :]e ,roman civilization _h long be5 supreme1 9 a position to assimilate#ajgg & ,romanize ! rud] bord]-l&s by ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,!y _h no en]gies to sp>e3 moreov]1 !y too dep5d$ on ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 & ! seat ( t gov]nm5t 0 ,rome4 ,italy alone c\ld h vitaliz$ ! empire by moral influ5ce1 creat+ 9 ! va/ fabric a spiritual unity1 & mak+ a great ma*9e into some?+ m or less l a nation1--t is1 if %e _h be5 qualifi$ = act+ su* a "p4 ,b ,italy _h nev] be5 a nation h]self4 ,! result ( ! great ,italian w> ( #ij & #hi ,,bc _h be5 to m]ge ,italy 9 ,rome1 n ,rome 9 ,italy4 ,italians1 n[ ,romans1 h5ce=? %>$ ! exploitation ( ! subject c\ntries & ! hatr$ ( oppress$ peoples4 ,b "u ! con/itution ( ! ,republic politics became m ( a f>ce ! m ! fran*ise 0 ext5d$1 & ! mo/ obvi\s effect ( ,italian enfran*isem5t 0 to increase ! numb] ( ^? :o directly or indirectly made a liv+ out ( prov9cial wrongs4 ,! ,prov9ces sw>m$ ) bloodsuck]s ( e k9d4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire at l5g? did some?+ to relieve ! suff]+s ( ! ,prov9ces4 ,b x 0 f\nd necess>y to recognize ,italy z a privileg$ imp]ial l&4 ,9 mod]n times su* privilege w\ld take ! =m ( political rights & responsibilities4 ,b political life 0 dead1 & privilege c\ld only mean local lib]ties1 exemption f burd5s1 & ! l4 ,& 9 ! long run ! ma9t5ance or abolition ( privilege w\ld h to dep5d on ! success or failure ( ! sy/em4 ,n[ ! emp]ors ( ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,empire did _! be/ to ma9ta9 ! privileg$ position ( ,italy4 ,b ev5 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us x 0 already becom+ cle> t ,romaniz$ ,italy dep5d$ on ,rome & t ,rome1 s f> z ! ,s5ate & ,magi/rates 7 conc]n$1 c\ld n provide = ! effici5t adm9i/ration ( ,italy or ev5 ( ,rome itself4 ,!n began ! long gradual process by :i* ,italy1 l ! re/ ( ! empire1 pass$ m & m "u ! control ( ! imp]ial ma*9e4 ,9 ! p]iod we are n[ consid]+ ?is 0 /eadily go+ on1 = brief reactions1 su* z t "u ,n]va1 did n really *eck x1 & ,italy 0 well on ! way to become no m ?an a ,prov9ce4 ,! feature ( ?is p]iod mo/ important 9 connexion ) ! pres5t inquiry is ! evid5ce#ajgh t emp]ors 7 z a rule pa9fully consci\s ( ,italian decay4 ,alive to ! dang]s involv$ 9 its cont9uance1 !y accept$ ! responsibility ( do+ :at !y c\ld to arre/ x4 ,_! ef=ts took v>i\s =ms1 *iefly 7a7 ! direct enc\ragem5t ( f>m+ 7b7 relief ( pov]ty 7c7 measures = provid+ m rural population or prev5t+ emigration ( t /ill exi/+4 ,x is evid5t t ! aim 0 to place & keep m free ru/ics on ! l&4 ,9 ! num]\s allotm5ts ( l& to dis*>g$ soldi]s a numb] ( odd pieces#ajgi 7subsiciva71 n includ$ 9 ! lots assign$1 7 left ov]1 & _h be5 occupi$ by squatt]s4 ,vespasian1 rigidly economical 9 ! face ( ?reat5$ /ate-bankruptcy1 _h ! titles inquir$ into1 & resum$ & sold ^? pieces :]e no valid grant c\ld be %ewn4 ,ei!r ?is 0 n fully c>ri$ out1 or "s squatt]s mu/ h be5 all[$ to hold on z #8possessors1' probably pay+ a quit-r5t to ! treasury4 ,= ,domitian#ajhj f\nd "s su* p /ill 9 occupation & conv]t$ _! t5ure into proprietor%ip1 on ! gr\nd t long possession _h e/abli%$ a prescriptive "r4 ,n]va tri$ to g fur!r#ajha by buy+ l& & plant+ agricultural colonies3 b little or no?+ 0 really effect$ 9 8 brief reign4 ,9 relief ( pov]ty x 0 a notable ext5sion to look beyond ! city ( ,rome1 :]e corn-doles _h long exi/$1 & cont9u$ to exi/4 ,! plan adopt$ 0 = ! /ate to advance money at l[ rates ( int]e/ to l&[n]s 9 municipal areas1 & to let ! int]e/ receiv$ =m a p]man5t end[m5t = ! b5efit ( poor p>5ts & orphans4 ,we mu/ rememb] t to h *ildr5 born did n imply a legal obligation to re> !m1 & t ! prospect ( help f su* funds 0 a di/9ct enc\ragem5t to d s4 ,:e!r any great results 7 a*iev$ by ?is =m ( *>ity mu/ rema9 d\btful3 flatt]+ assurances#ajhb to ,trajan on ! po9t c no m be accept$ )\t res]ve ?an ^? address$ to ,augu/us on ! success ( 8 re=ms1 or to ,domitian on 8 promotion ( morality4 ,b x seems c]ta9 t private *>ity 0 /imulat$ by imp]ial action1 & t ! total sums appli$ 9 ?is mann] 7 v l>ge4 ,begun by ,n]va1 c>ri$ out#ajhc by ,trajan1 ext5d$ by ,hadrian & ,anton9us ,pius1 ! control ( ^! end[m5ts 0 m c5traliz$ by ,m>cus4 ,9 8 "t great de>? 9 ,italy _h made di/ress m acute1 & ! h\r 0 at h& :5 ! inn] disord]s ( ! empire w\ld cause all su* p]man5t f\ndations to fail & disappe>4 ,!y may well h reliev$ _m individual cases ( indig5ce1 b we c h>dly suppose _! g5]al effect on ! ,italian population to h be5 a heal?y "o4 ,!y mu/ h t5d$ to dead5 ent]prise & relax self-help1 = !y 7 too mu* aft] ! paup]iz+ model long e/abli%$ 9 ,rome4 ,! provision ( *eap loan-capital = l&[n]s may or may n h be5 a boon 9 ! long run4 ,! increase ( ru/ic population ?r\gh excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s c\ld n be realiz$ 9 a day1 ev5 if ! measures tak5 to promote x 7 successful4 ,s we f9d ,trajan#ajhd n only f\nd+ colonies 9 ,italy b =bidd+ coloni/s to be drawn f ,italy = settlem5t 9 ! ,prov9ces2 a re/riction said to h be5#ajhe disreg>d$ by ,m>cus4 ,b "o important sequel ( ! fronti] w>s ( ,m>cus1 9 :i* ,g]man m]c5>ies 7 employ$1 0 ! transplant+#ajhf ( l>ge numb]s ( ,g]man captives into ,italy4 ,su* removals _h occurr$ be=e1 b seldom & on a small scale4 ,?is :olesale transplantation "u ,m>cus made a prec$5t = _m simil> movem5ts lat] on4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! emp]or did n turn out ,italians 9 ord] to f9d room = ! new settl]s4 ,x is also probable t ^! 7 b\nd to milit>y s]vice4 ,! great milit>y colonies ( lat] date1 =m$ ( :ole tribes or nations settl$ ne> ! fronti]s1 c]ta9ly held _! l&s on milit>y t5ure4 ,su* 0 ! sy/em ( fronti] def5ce gradually =c$ ^u ,rome ?r\gh ! failure ( native imp]ial =ces suffici5t = ! purpose3 & ?is failure 0 fir/ conspicu\s 9 ,italy4 ,among ! v>i\s measures tak5 by emp]ors to int]e/ m p]sons 9 promot+ ,italian agriculture we may notice ,trajan's#ajhg ord9ance1 t ,prov9cials :o aspir$ to become ,roman ,s5ators mu/ %ew !mselves true *ildr5 ( ,rome by inve/+ "o ?ird ( _! prop]ty 9 ,italian l&4 ,! ord] seems to h be5 op]ative1 b ! r$uction#ajhh ( ! fix$ m9imum proportion f to by ,m>cus looks z if ! fir/ rule _h be5 f\nd too on]\s4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t ! /ate ( rural ,italy 0 mat]ially bett]$ by ^! well-meant ef=ts4 ,& ! introduction ( b>b>ian settl]s1 :o _h to be kept b\nd to ! soil 9 ord] to be readily available :5 ne$$ = milit>y s]vice1 t5d$ to give ! ru/ic population a m & m /ation>y "*4 ,x 0 9 fact becom+ m usual to let f>ms to free coloni2 b ! coloni1 ?\gh p]sonally free1 7 los+ fre$om ( movem5t4 ,,note ,,on ,,emigration ,,f ,,italy4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,roman ,/udies 7vol ,,viii7 ,i h discuss$ ! "q :e!r ! emigration f ,italy to ! ,prov9ces 0 to a s]i\s ext5t agricultural 9 "*1 & 9 p>ticul> :e!r we c believe x to h c>ri$ abroad real work+ ru/ics 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,are we to see 9 x an important effective cause ( ! fall+-(f ( ! free ru/ic population ( ,italy8 ,t ! volume ( emigration 0 l>ge may be freely grant$2 also t settlem5ts ( dis*>g$ soldi]s took place f "t to "t4 ,nor does x seem d\btful t _m ( ! emigrants became possessors ( f>m-l&s#ajhi 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,b t su* p]sons 7 work+ ru/ics1 dep5d+ on _! own lab\r1 is by no means cle>4 ,&1 if !y 7 n1 ! fact ( _! hold+ l& abroad does n be> directly on ! decay ( ! work+ f>m] class 9 ,italy4 ,t comm]ce & f9ance & exploitation 9 g5]al 7 ! ma9 occupations ( ,italian#ajij emigrants1 ,i d n ?9k c be s]i\sly d\bt$4 ,& t _m ( !m comb9$ l&hold+ ) _! o!r ent]prises is probable en\gh4 ,pr(essor ,reid k9dly rem9ds me t soldi]s f ,italy1 ^: t]m ( s]vice expir$ :ile !y 7 /ill 9 a ,prov9ce1 7 apt to settle d[n !re 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,! case ( ,c>teia 9 ,spa9 is well kn[n1 & t ( ,avido1 also 9 ,spa91 0 probably ( ! same nature4 ,^! 7 n regul> ,colonies4 ,s too 9 ,africa ,m>ius seems to h left beh9d him communities ( soldi]s n regul>ly organiz$#ajia z coloniae4 ,:5 ! t[n ( ,u*i ,maius receiv$ ! title ( colonia f ! emp]or ,sev]us1 x call$ itself#ajib colonia ,m>iana1 l ! "o f\nd$ by ,m>ius 9 ,corsica4 ,& ! same title appe>s 9 ! case#ajic ( ,?ib>i4 ,) ^! ,african settlem5ts we may connect ! law c>ri$ by ,saturn9us 9 #ajj ,,bc to provide ! vet]ans ( ,m>ius ) allotm5ts ( l& 9 ,africa1 on ! scale ( #ajj iug]a = ea* man4 ,if ?is record#ajid is to be tru/$ 7& ! d\btful po9ts _c be discuss$ "h71 ! natural inf]5ce is t f>ms ( consid]able size are meant1 = ! work+ ( :i* no small am\nt ( lab\r w\ld be requir$4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 = ! soldi]s ( ,m>ius 7 at ! "t ma/]s ( ! situation1 & n likely to be cont5t ) small grants4 ,:e!r ! allotm5ts propos$ 7 9 ,africa or 9 ,cisalp9e ,gaul#ajie is n q c]ta94 ,m>ius seems to h left ,africa 9 ! w9t] ( #aje-d ,,bc4 ,s9ce !n he _h be5 engag$ 9 ! w> ) ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 & ! l&s recov]$ f ! invad]s 7 9 "q4 ,/ill1 ! proposal may h ref]r$ to ,africa1 = x is c]ta9 t ! connexion ( ,m>ius ) t ,prov9ce 0 rememb]$#ajif long aft]4 ,! important po9t is t ! p]sons to be gratifi$ 7 n civilian peasants b dis*>g$ vet]ans ( ! ,new ,model army1 pr(essionaliz$ by ,m>ius himself4 ,nei!r ! retir$ pr(essional m]c5>ies ( ,greco-,mac$onian armies1 nor ! milit>y coloni/s ( ,sulla1 give u reason to believe t su* m5 w\ld reg>d h>d & monoton\s lab\r ) _! own h&s z a suitable rew>d = ! toils & p]ils ( _! ye>s ( milit>y s]vice4 ,surely !y look$ =w>d to a life ( comp>ative ease1 ) slaves to lab\r "u _! ord]s4 ,if !y kept _! hold on _! f>ms1 !y w\ld become p]sons ( "s importance 9 _! own prov9cial neighb\rhood4 ,su* 7 ! milites or vet]ani :om we f9d (t5 m5tion$ "u ! lat] ,empire3 & ^! too 7 evid5tly n lab\r]s b l&lords & directors4 ,!re=e ,i hold t ! class ( m51 _m ( !m ,italians by desc5t1 :om we f9d hold+ l& 9 v>i\s ,prov9ces & liv+ on ! pr(its ( ! same1 7 mo/ly if n all ei!r soldi]-settl]s or p]sons to :om l&hold+ 0 "o ( sev]al ent]prises ( exploitation4 ,t ! m]e ,italian peasant emigrat$ 9 su* numb]s z s]i\sly to promote ! fall+-(f ( ! free ru/ic population ( ,italy1 is a !sis t ,i _c consid] z prov$ or probable4 ,,xxxv4 ,,musonius4 ,9 e>li] *apt]s ,i h f\nd x necess>y to exam9e ! views ( philosoph]s on ! subject ( agriculture & agricultural lab\r1 hold+ x important to note ! attitude ( great ?9k]s t[>ds ^! matt]s4 ,& inde$ a good deal is to be glean$ f ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,free speculations on ! nature ( ! ,/ate includ$ n only /rictly political inquiries1 b social & economic also4 ,b 9 ! ,mac$onian p]iod1 :5 ,greek /ates no long] enjoy$ unre/rict$ fre$om ( movem5t & policy1 a *ange came ov] philosophy4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! s*ools t n[ %ew$ mo/ vital en]gy1 su* z ! ,epicurean & ,/oic1 0 to conc]n !mselves ) ! ,individual r ?an ! ,/ate4 ,! nature ( ,man1 & 8 possibilities ( happ9ess1 became m & m engross+ topics4 ,z ! political conditions "u :i* m5 _h to live 7 n[ manife/ly impos$ by circum/ances ov] :i* ! ord9>y citiz5 _h no control1 ! happ9ess ( ! ,individual c\ld no long] be dep5d5t on success 9 political ambitions & ! free play ( civic life4 ,x _h to be s\ght 9 himself1 indep5d5t ( circum/ances4 ,! result 0 t bold que/ion+ & ! se>* = tru? ceas$ to be ! prime function ( philosophic s*ools1 & ! =mation ( "* took ! fir/ place4 ,h5ce ! elaboration ( sy/ems meant to regulate a man's life by implant+ 9 him a fix$ conception ( ! _w 9 :i* he _h to live1 & 8 relation to ! great univ]se ( :i* he & 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s =m$ a "p4 ,& ?is impli$ a movem5t :i* may be r\ghly describ$ z f que/ion+ to dogma4 ,! tea*] became m ( a prea*]1 8 disciples m ( a congregation ( ! fai?ful2 & m & m ! effici5cy ( 8 m9i/rations came to dep5d on 8 own p]sonal influ5ce1 :i* we (t5 call magnetism4 ,:5 ,greek lit]ature & ?\ght became firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,rome dur+ ! second c5tury ,,bc1 x 0 j ?is dogmatic treatm5t ( moral que/ions t gave philosophy a hold on a p f> m int]e/$ 9 conduct ?an 9 speculation4 ,! ,roman attempts1 (t5 clumsy en\gh1 to translate pr9ciple into practice 71 & cont9u$ to be1 v>i\s 9 _s & success4 ,/oicism 9 p>ticul> bl5d$ mo/ readily ) ! h>d] & m virile types ( ,roman "*1 & f\nd a peculi>ly sympa!tic reception among em95t lawy]s4 ,! reigns ( ! fir/ emp]ors 7 n fav\rable to moral philosophy2 b ! accession ( ,n]o set lit]ature1 & ) x moraliz+1 9 motion once m4 ,a k9d ( eclectic ,/oicism came into fa%ion1 a ,roman product1 ( :i* ,s5eca 0 ! *ief repres5tative4 ,a t\* ( times]v+ 0 ne$$ to adapt ,greek !ories = practical use 9 ! _w ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,s5eca 0 bo? a c\rti] & a weal?y l&[n]1 & 0 "o ( ! victims ( ,n]o's tyranny4 ,we h se5 t :ile prea*+ ,/oic doctr9e1 = in/ance on ! relations ( ma/] & slave1 he %ews little int]e/ 9 agriculture = its own sake or 9 ! conditions ( agricultural lab\r4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ ) 8 attitude t ( ano!r ,/oic1 a man ( m uncompromis+ & consi/5t type1 ^: life 0 p>tly contemporane\s ) t ( ,s5eca1 & :o wrote only a few ye>s lat] "u ! ,flavian emp]ors4 ,musonius#ajig ,rufus1 already a tea*] ( repute 9 ,n]o's "t1 seems to h kept himself cle> ( conspiracies & intrigues1 recogniz+ ! necessity ( ! mon>*y & devot+ himself to 8 pr(ession ( moral guide to "y m54 ,b any great reputation 0 dang]\s 9 ,n]o's lat] ye>s1 & a pretext 0 f\nd = bani%+ ! philosoph] 9 #fe4 ,"u ,galba he return$ to ,rome1 /ill conv9c$ ( ! efficacy ( moral suasion1 witness$ ! bloody successions ( emp]ors 9 #fi1 & risk$ 8 life 9 an ill-tim$ ef=t to /ay ! advance ( ,vespasian's soldi]y by disc\rs+ on ! bless+s ( peace4 ,vespasian seems to h all[$ him to rema9 9 ,rome1 & he is said to h be5 tutor to ,titus4 ,yet he _h n %runk f br++ to ju/ice an in=m] guilty ( ! judicial murd] ( a bro!r ,/oic1 & he 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! noble/ ( ,roman tea*]s1 bo? 9 pr9ciples & 9 practice4 ,he has be5 spok5 ( z a =]unn] ( ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,evid5tly no times]v]1 he seems to h made all[ance = human ne$s & human weakness 9 ! application ( /rict moral rules4 ,x is a great pity t we h no complete au!ntic works ( 8 surviv+3 b "s ( ! reports by a pupil or pupils h come d[n to u4 ,"o ( ^! extracts#ajih is s complete 9 itself1 & s /rik+ 9 its view ( agriculture & agricultural lab\r1 t ,i h translat$ x "h4 ,we are to be> 9 m9d t ! op9ions express$ 9 x belong to a "t :5 a small numb] ( great l&lords own$ a l>ge "p 7& t ! mo/ attractive7 ( ,italy1 & va/ e/ates 9 ! prov9ces z well4 ,x is ! luxuri\s & slave-ridd5 _w ( ,petronius & ,s5eca t we mu/ keep be=e u 9 consid]+ ! advice ( ,musonius2 advice :i* we _c simply ignore1 h[ev] mu* we may see 9 ?is good man a voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 #8,!re is also ano!r res\rce#ajii1 n[ise inf]ior to ! above1 "o t might reasonably be deem$ sup]ior to x1 at lea/ = a man ( /rong body3 ,i mean t d]iv$ f ! l&1 :e!r ! f>m] owns x or n4 ,= we see t !re are _m :o1 ?\gh cultivat+ l& own$ by ! /ate#aajj or by o!r p]sons1 are yet able to support n only !mselves b wives & *ildr52 :ile !re are "s :o by ! devot$ indu/ry ( _! own h&s#aaja atta9 to great abundance 9 ?is way ( life4 ,= ! e>? responds mo/ fairly & ju/ly to ! c>e be/[$ ^u h]1 return+ manifold :at %e receives & provid+ a pl5ty ( all ?+s necess>y to life = him t w lab\r2 & %e does x consi/5tly ) a man's self-respect & dignity4 ,= nobody1 o!r ?an an effem9ate weakl+1 w\ld describe any ( ! op]ations ( husb&ry z disgraceful or incompatible ) manly excell5ce4 ,are n plant+ pl\gh+ v9e-dress+ hon\rable works8 ,& s[+ reap+ ?re%+1 are n ^! all lib]al pursuits1 suit$ to good m58 ,nay1 ! %eph]d's life1 if x did n degrade ,hesiod or h9d] him f w9n+ div9e fav\r & poetic r5[n1 nei!r w x h9d] o!rs4 ,= my "p1 ,i hold ?is to be ! be/ ( all ! tasks compris$ 9 husb&ry1 inasmu* z x af=ds ! s\l m leisure = pond]+ & inve/igat+ :at conc]ns m5tal culture4 ,= all tasks t b5d ! body & keep x fully on ! /ra9 d at ! same "t =ce ! s\l to give !m its :ole att5tion1 or ne>ly s1 %>+ z x does ! /ra9 ( ! body3 b all ^? t p]mit ! body to escape excessive /ra9 d n prev5t ! s\l f reason+ out important que/ions & f improv+ its own wisdom by su* reason+s1 a result :i* is ! special aim ( e philosoph]4 ,?is is :y ,i set su* special value on ! art ( %eph]ds4 ,if h[ev] a man does#aajb comb9e tillage ) philosophy1 ,i hold no o!r life comp>able ) ?is1 & no o!r means ( livelihood pref]able to x4 ,surely x is m accord+ to nature to get y\r su/5ance f ,e>?1 our nurse & "m1 ?an f "s o!r s\rce4 ,surely x is m manly#aajc to live on a f>m ?an to sit idle 9 a city4 ,surely out-(-door pursuits are heal?i] ?an %elt]$ retirem5t4 ,:i*1 pray1 is ! freeman's *oice1 to meet 8 ne$s by receiv+ f o!rs1 or by contrivance ( 8 own8 ,:y1 x is ?\ght f> m dignifi$ to be able to satisfy y\r own requirem5ts unaid$ ?an ) aid ( o!rs4 ,s true is x t to live by husb&ry1 ( c\rse ) due respect#aajd to :at is good & hon\rable1 is beautiful & conducive to happ9ess & div9e fav\r4 ,h5ce x 0 t ! god 7,delphic ,apollo7 proclaim$#aaje t ,myson ( ,*5ae 0 a wise man & greet$ ,aglaus ( ,psophis z a happy "o2 = ^! bo? l$ ru/ic lives1 work+ ) _! own h&s & n sp5d+ _! "t 9 cities4 ,surely !n x is a wor?y ambition to foll[ ^! m5's example & devote ourselves to husb&ry 9 e>ne/4 #8,"s may ?9k x a mon/r\s notion t a man ( educative p[]1 qualifi$ to lead y\?s on to philosophy1 %\ld till ! soil & d bodily lab\r l a ru/ic4 ,&1 if x _h be5 ! fact t till+ ! soil h9d]s ! pursuit ( philosophy or ! l5d+ help to o!rs 9 t pursuit1 ! notion w\ld h be5 mon/r\s inde$4 ,b1 z ?+s are1 if "y m5 c\ld see _! tea*] at "w 9 ! c\ntry1 demon/rat+ 9 practice ! pr9ciple to :i* reason guides u1 namely t bodily toil & suff]+ are pref]able to dep5d5ce on o!rs = our food1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be m helpful to !m ?an att5dance at 8 lectures 9 t[n4 ,:at is to h9d] ! pupil1 :ile he works at 8 tea*]'s side1 f cat*+ 8 utt]ances on self-control or ju/ice or =titude8 ,= ! "r pursuit ( philosophy is n promot$ by mu* talk+1 & "y m5 are "u no necessity to le>n (f ! mass ( speculation on ^! topics1 an accompli%m5t ( :i* ! ,pr(essors#aajf are s va94 ,= su* disc\rses are inde$ suffici5t to use up a man's lifetime3 b x is possible to pick up ! mo/ indisp5sable & useful po9ts ev5 :5 "o is engag$ 9 ! "w ( husb&ry1 especially z ! "w w n be unceas+ b admits p]iods ( re/4 ,n[ ,i am well aw>e t few w be will+ to receive in/ruction by ?is me?od3 b x is bett] t ! majority ( y\?s :o pr(ess ! pursuit ( philosophy %\ld nev] att5d a philosoph] at all1 ,i mean ^? uns\nd effem9ate creatures ^: pres5ce at ! classes is a /a9 ^u ! "n ( philosophy4 ,= ( ^? t h a g5u9e love ( philosophy n "o w\ld be unwill+ to sp5d 8 "t ) a good man on a f>m1 aye ?\gh t f>m 7 "o mo/ difficult#aajg to "w2 see+ t he w\ld reap great advantages f ?is employm5t4 ,he w\ld h ! company ( 8 tea*] night & day2 he w\ld be remov$ f ! evils ( city life1 :i* are a /umbl+-block to ! pursuit ( philosophy2 8 conduct1 good or bad1 c\ld n escape notice 7& no?+ b5efits a pupil m ?an ?is72 moreov]1 to be "u ! eye ( a good man :5 eat+ & dr9k+ & sleep+ is a great b5efit4' ,at ?is po9t ! writ] digresses = a mom5t to quote "s l9es ( ,!ognis & to int]pret !m 9 a s5se fav\rable to 8 own views4 ,he !n cont9ues #8,& let no "o say t husb&ry is a h9drance to le>n+ or tea*+4 ,surely x is n s1 if we reflect t "u ^! conditions ! pupil enjoys mo/ fully ! company ( 8 tea*] :ile ! tea*] has ! fulle/ control ( 8 pupil4 ,su* !n be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 x is cle> t ( ! philosoph]'s res\rces none is m useful or m becom+ ?an t drawn f husb&ry4' ,9 ?is extract ?ree po9ts simply /& = pr9ciples de> to all s9c]e ,/oics2 7#a7 ! duty & b5efit ( liv+ #8accord+ to ,nature1' 7#b7 ! duty & b5efit ( self-suffici5cy & n dep5d+ on ! support ( o!rs1 7#c7 ! duty & satisfaction ( cont9u$ self-improvem5t4 ,consi/5t practice on ^! l9es w\ld g f> to produce ! ,/oic ideal1 ! ,wise ,man1 happy & p]fect 9 8 assurance & dignity4 ,b ! attempt to comb9e all ^! 9 a #8back to ! l&' s*eme ( moral bett]m5t has surely 9 x a m>k$ p]sonal note4 ,x is ! dream ( a s+ul> man 9 ! surr\nd+s ( a rott5 civilization2 a civilization m rott51 & a dream m utopian1 ?an ! dream] c\ld possibly "k4 ,aspirations t[>ds a heal?y outdoor life _h be5 felt by _m be=e ,musonius4 ,admiration ( ru/ic pursuits 0 no new ?+1 b x 0 g5]ally fre$om f worries1 ) ! occasional div]sions ( ! *ase1 t 7 attractive to ! t[n-br$ man4 ,pl\gh+ & digg+1 & ! responsible *>ge ( flocks & h]ds1 _h long be5 almo/ entirely left to slaves1 & ,musonius is driv5 to confess t few y\?s ( ! class f :i* he drew pupils w\ld be will+ to und]take su* occupations4 ,x 0 useless to urge t bodily lab\r is n degrad+3 t x is exhau/+1 & engrosses ! :ole att5tion1 he c\ld n d5y4 ,he falls back on pa/oral duties z light & all[+ leisure = s]i\s disc\rse4 ,! sugge/ion seems unreal1 ?\gh s9c]e1 :5 we rememb] t ,italian %eph]ds _h to fight wolves & brig&s4 ,moreov]1 ! pref]5ce ( graz+ to tillage 0 9 no small degree due to ! few] p]sons employ$ 9 x1 & ! /ockm5 7 a notori\sly r\gh class4 ,ev5 ! idealiz$ %eph]ds ( ! bucolic poets exhibit a co>s5ess n cong5ial to conv]sation sav\r+ ( virtue4 ,b to a ,/oic prea*] :o c\ld try to pacify a lic5ti\s soldi]y ! notion ( us+ pa/oral pursuits z a means to moral excell5ce may well h seem$ a reasonable proposal4 ,x is at lea/ cle> t ! futility ( philosophy z adm9i/]$ by lectur]s 9 ,rome _h made a /rong impression on ,musonius4 ,! fa%ionable company to :om ! disc\rses 7 address$1 :e!r !y = ! mom5t %$ "s ( _! self-satisfaction or n1 7 seldom or nev] induc$ to remodel _! wor?less lives4 ,s ,musonius urges !m to break away f solemn trifl+ & take to ru/ic lab\r4 ,he probably *ose ?is rem$y z "o specially ,roman1 foll[+ ! tradition ( ! h]oes ( anci5t ,rome4 ,b no artificial revival ( ?is k9d 0 possible1 :atev] 8 g5]\s optimism might say4 ,8 contempor>y ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o 0 cont5t to glorify ! vani%$ pa/ & deplore ! pres5t1 _h a tru] appreciation ( ! facts4 ,f>m-"w z a means ( br++ p]sonal influ5ce to be>1 treat+ body & m9d toge!r1 a sort ( #8,wisdom :ile y dig1' 0 9 su* a society a m]ely fanta/ic proposal4 ,! importance ( f>m+ & food-production 0 a commonplace1 b ! vocation ( ,musonius 0 moraliz+ & "*-production4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t he _h any practical k ( agriculture4 ,8 au/]e life proves no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! only rem>k t %ews acqua9tance ) conditions ( l&hold+ is 8 ref]5ce to ! f>m]s :o make a liv+ on hir$ l&4 ,& ?is is 9 too g5]al t]ms to h any hi/orical value4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,eld]4 ,among ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod :o ref] to agricultural matt]s ! mo/ important is ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o contriv$ 9 a life ( public s]vice#aajh 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts to amass a prodigi\s quantity ( miscellane\s le>n+ & to write _m erudite works4 ,8 naturalis hi/oria1 an extraord9>y compilation ( encyclopa$ic scope1 conta9s num]\s ref]5ces to agriculture1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! eighte5? book4 ,he collect$ & repeat$ ! glean+s f 8 omnivor\s read+1 & ! result is m rem>kable = v>iety & bulk ?an = *oice & dige/ion4 ,z a record] he is helpful1 pres]v+ z he does a va/ numb] ( details1 "s n o!rwise pres]v$1 o!rs ( use 9 *eck+ or supplem5t+ o!r v]sions4 ,f> remov$ z ! book is f be+ a smoo? & readable lit]>y "w1 ! moraliz+ rhetoric ( ! age %ews its influ5ce n only 9 ! con/ant ef=t to wr+ a lesson ( "s k9d out ( ! topic ( ! mom5t1 b 9 ! long] s]moniz+ passages t lead up to "s subject on :i* ! writ] feels deeply4 ,"o ( ^!#aaji occurs 9 introduc+ agriculture1 & 9 pursu+ ! subject he loses no opportunity ( contra/+ a deg5]ate pres5t ) a bett] pa/4 ,we ne$ n take 8 lam5tations at _! full face-value1 b t !y 7 9 ! ma9 ju/ifi$ is n op5 to d\bt4 ,x has be5 s (t5 necess>y to cite him 9 e>li] *apt]s1 t we %all n h to dwell ^u him at great l5g? "h4 ,! functions ( compil] & antiqu>ian are apt to co9cide v closely1 & x is 9 8 picture ( ! e>li] conditions ( ,roman & ,italian f>m+ t ,pl9y's evid5ce is mo/ int]e/+4 ,! old traditions#aaaj ( ! simple & manly yeom51 ea* till+ 8 own little plot ( gr\nd1 cont5t ) 8 sev5 iug]a ( l& or ev5 ) two 9 ! e>lie/ times1 ,c9c9natus & ! re/ ( ! f>m]-h]oes1 to :om _! native soil1 pr\d ( h] noble sons1 respond$#aaaa ) a b\nte\s f]tility t %e d5ies to ! he>tless lab\r ( slave-gangs on mod]n latifundia1--^! are ! topics on :i* he enl>ges ) a rhetorical or ev5 poetic w>m?4 ,! ru9 ( ,italy1 nay ( ,prov9ces too1 ?r\gh ! l&-grabb+ & =mation ( va/ e/ates1 is d5\nc$#aaab 9 a classic passage4 ,he sees no end to ! process4 ,six l&lords held betwe5 !m half ! ,prov9ce ( ,africa 9 ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,want+ money1 ! emp]or put !m to dea? = ! sake ( _! prop]ty4 ,he does n add1 b d\btless reflect$1 t su* measures only add$ to ! res\rces controll$ by a tyrant rul]1 n a desirable object4 ,we may add fur!r t su* iniquities inevitably dispos$ virtu\s emp]ors to leave ! l&-monopoliz]s a free h&1 p]haps unwill+ly2 b ^! g5try 7 n break+ ! law by buy+ l&1 & an emp]or consci\s ( ! burd5 ( adm9i/ration1 & desir+ to c>ry on 8 "w undi/urb$ by int]nal disloyalty1 _h /rong reasons = n provok+ weal?y capitali/s4 ,to conciliate !m1 & if possible to engage _! coop]ation 9 s*emes design$ = ! public good accord+ to ! ideas ( ! "t1 0 to proce$ on ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,among ! traditional precepts h&$ on by ,pl9y f ,cato & o!rs are _m ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,su* is ! rule ( ,regulus#aaac1 t 9 buy+ a f>m reg>d mu/ be _h to ! heal?9ess ( ! situation z well z to ! ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,ano!r is ! ne$ ( keep+ a due proportion#aaad betwe5 f>m-h\se & f>m4 ,great m5 ( ! late ,republic1 ,lucullus & ,scaevola1 err$ on ?is po9t 9 opposite directions3 ,m>ius on ! o!r h& laid out a villa s skilfully t ,sulla said #8"h 0 a man at la/ ) eyes 9 8 head4' ,! value ( ! ma/]'s eye is ano!r old fri5d4 ,we h also se5 above t ,mago's#aaae advice1 :5 y buy a f>m1 to sell y\r t[n h\se1 0 n a policy to be foll[$ by ,romans ( quality1 :o felt x a duty n to cut !mselves (f f t\* ) public affairs4 ,ano!r tradition is t ( ! s5tim5t ( ! old5 "t1 hold+ x crim9al#aaaf to slay man's fell[-work]1 ! ox4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! te*nical skill requir$ 9 a /ew>d1 a fav\rite topic ( ,cato1 ,pl9y gives 8 own view#aaag briefly1 #8! ma/] ought to set ! greate/ /ore by 8 /ew>d1 b ! fell[ %\ld n be aw>e ( x4' ,! calculation ( lab\r-co/#aaah 9 t]ms ( op]ae1 z ) o!rs1 s ) him1 is a regul> way ( reckon+4 ,& we meet once m ! say+ t1 :ile good cultivation is necess>y1 too high f>m+ does n pay4 ,he illu/rates ?is by an in/ance#aaai ( comp>atively mod]n date4 ,a man ( v humble orig91 :o rose ?r\gh milit>y m]it to ! consul%ip1 0 rew>d$ by ,augu/us ) a l>ge sum ( money3 ?is he sp5t on buy+ l&#aabj 9 ,pic5um & fancy-f>m+4 ,9 ?is c\rse he ran ?r\gh 8 prop]ty1 & 8 heir did n ?9k x wor? 8 :ile to claim ! succession4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( all ^! precepts & anecdotes is to comm5d mod]ation & to rebuke ! fooli% ambition ( l&-pr\d capitali/s ( 8 own day4 ,8 praise ( ! anci5t ways & regret = _! disappe>ance d n sugge/ any hope ( _! revival4 ,to ,pl9y z to o!rs x 0 only too cle> t leg5ds ( conqu]+ consuls sett+ _! own h&s to ! pl\gh _h no practical be>+ on ! conditions ( ! pres5t age4 ,?\ghtful m5#aaba c\ld n ignore ! fact t ! decl9e 9 production ( c]eal crops left ,italy expos$ to risk ( fam9e4 ,at any mom5t /orms might wreck ! corn-fleets f ,egypt or ,africa1 & ! /rategic value ( ,egypt#aabb z a vital food-c5tre _h be5 %ewn q rec5tly 9 /r5g!n+ ! cause ( ,vespasian4 ,no wond] ,pl9y is uneasy1 & looks back regretfully#aabc to ! "t :5 ,italy 0 n f$ by ! ,prov9ces1 :5 ?rifty citiz5s grew _! own /aple food-/uffs1 & corn 0 pl5tiful & *eap4 ,he quotes "s prices f ! "t ( ! great ,punic w>s & e>li]1 :i* %ew ! rem>kable *eapness ( w9e oil dri$ figs & fle%1 z well z ( v>i\s gra9s4 ,?is result 0 n due to great e/ates own$ by individual l&lords#aabd :o elb[$ out _! neighb\rs1 b to ! will+ "w ( noble citiz5s till+ _! little hold+s4 ,to look = simil> returns f ! task-"w ( *a9$ & br&$ slaves is a %e] libel on ,"m ,e>?4 ,t he treats at great l5g? ( agricultural details1 n only ( gra9-crops 9 _! v>i\s k9ds1 b fruits1 vegetables1 inde$ ev]y?+ he c ?9k (1 & all ! processes ( cultivation1 is due to 8 encyclopa$ic b5t1 & ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,:5 he tells u#aabe t v9e-gr[+ 0 a comp>atively late developm5t among ! ,romans1 :o long 7 cont5t ) gra9-gr[+1 x is a pass+ sigh ov] a vani%$ age ( simple life4 ,! mean+ ( words *anges & records ! *ange ( ?+s4 ,:5 ! ,twelve ,tables#aabf spoke ( hortus1 x 0 n a g>d5 9 ! mod]n s5se1 a place ( pleasure & luxury1 t 0 meant1 b a poor man's small hold+4 ,by t v5]able code x 0 made a crim9al (f5ce#aabg to cut or graze (f "u cov] ( night ! crops rais$ on a man's pl\gh-l&4 ,a man ^: f>m 0 badly cultivat$ 0 disgrac$ by ! c5sors4 ,=1 z ,cato#aabh said1 !re is no life l ! f>m]'s = bre$+ /urdy m5 to make effici5t soldi]s & loyal citiz5s4 ,! gi/ ( ^! utt]ances1 pick$ out ( ! mass1 is t ,pl9y w\ld l to see ,italy able to provide = h] own fe$+ & h] own def5ce1 b kn[s v well t no su* ideal is )9 ! range ( hope4 ,8 int]e/ 9 agriculture su* z he saw x ar\nd him is %ewn 9 record+ rec5t or contempor>y do+s1 su* z t ( ! man m5tion$ above :o squ&]$ a =tune on ill-judg$ f>m+4 ,a m successful v5ture#aabi 0 t ( ,remmius ,palaemon1 app>5tly 9 ! "t ( ,claudius4 ,he 0 a fre$man1 n a f>m]1 b a s*ool-ma/] 7grammaticus7 ( repute1 a va+lori\s fell[4 ,he b\ght "s l&1 n ( ! be/ quality & let d[n by bad f>m+4 ,to f>m ?is he engag$ ano!r fre$man1 "o ,acilius ,/h5elus1 :o _h ! v9ey>ds ?or\ghly ov]haul$ 7pa/9atis de integro74 ,be=e eight ye>s 7 out1 he 0 able to sell a hang+ crop = half z mu* aga9 z x _h co/ him to buy ! l&1 & )9 t5 ye>s he sold ! l& itself to ,s5eca 7n a man = fancy prices7 = f\r times z mu* z he _h giv5 = x4 ,truly a f9e speculation4 ,/h5elus _h c>ri$ out ano!r ( ! same k9d#aacj on 8 own acc\nt4 ,we mu/ note t bo? 7 9 ! v9e-culture1 n 9 corn-gr[+1 & ! appe>ance ( fre$m51 probably ori5tal ,greeks1 z lead]s ( agricultural ent]prise 9 ,italy4 ,!re is no?+ to %ew t ^! und]tak+s 7 on a l>ge scale3 ! l& 9 ,/h5elus' own case is /at$ z n m ?an #fj iug]a4 ,b no d\bt he 01 l _m ( 8 tribe1 a ke5 man ( bus9ess#aaca & n too pr\d or preoccupi$ to give close att5tion to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,su* a man w\ld get ! utmo/ out ( 8 slaves & *eck wa/e3 he w\ld keep a tight grip on a slave /ew>d if 7:i* we are n told7 he f\nd x necess>y to employ "o at all4 ,= ,pl9y1 z = mo/ ,romans1 a pr(itable speculation _h great *>ms4 ,he _c resi/ repeat+ ! old ,greek /ory#aacb ( ! sage :o demon/rat$ 8 practical wisdom by mak+ a #8corn]' 9 olive-presses1 =esee+ a #8bump]' crop4 ,only he turns x r\nd1 mak+ x a #8corn]' 9 oil1 9 view ( a poor crop & high prices1 & tells x n ( ,?ales b ( ,democritus4 ,!re 7 ( c\rse _m pr9ciples ( agriculture t no economic or social *anges c\ld affect4 ,! #8oracle' ( ,cato1 z to ! importance#aacc ( ?or\gh & repeat$ pl\gh+ foll[$ by lib]al manur+1 0 true "u all conditions4 ,b j = a mom5t ! veil is lift$ to rem9d u t 9 ! upl& di/ricts !re 0 /ill an ,italy agriculturally1 z socially1 v diff]5t f ! l[l& arable ( :i* we g5]ally ?9k :5 speak+ ( ,italian f>m+4 #8,pl\gh+ on hillsides#aacd is cross-wise1 & s toilsome to man t he ev5 has to d ox-team's "w3 at lea/ ! m\nta9 peoples#aace use ! mattock = tillage in/ead ( ! pl\gh1 & d )\t ! ox4' ,x is to be regrett$ t we h s little evid5ce z to ! condition ( ! dalesm51 o!r ?an ! passages ( su* writ]s z ,horace & ,juv5al1 :o ref] to !m z ru/ic folk a soj\rn among :om is a refre%+ exp]i5ce aft] ! noise & bu/le ( ,rome4 ,= x seems c]ta9 t 9 ^! upl& retreats !re surviv$ :atev] 0 left ( g5u9e ,italian life1 & we %\ld l to be able to =m "s notion ( its quantity2 t is1 :e!r ! population ( freem5 on small hold+s1 liv+ mo/ly on ! produce ( _! own l&1 0 num]ically an important elem5t 9 ! total population ( ,italy4 ,t great /ret*es ( hill-=e/ 7 9 regul> use simply z summ] pa/ures1 & t ! bulk ( ! arable l&s 7 held 9 great e/ates1 & slaves employ$ 9 bo? dep>tm5ts1 we he> 9 we>isome it]ation4 ,b to get a true picture ( ! c\ntry z a :ole is1 9 ! abs5ce ( /ati/ics1 n possible4 ,i h n be5 able to discov] 9 ,pl9y any def9ite repugnance to slav]y z a sy/em4 ,x is true t he is alive to ! evils ( ! dome/ic slav]y preval5t 9 8 day4 ,! brigades ( slaves 7mancipiorum legiones7#aacf fill+ ! mansions ( ! ri*1 pilf]+ at e turn1 s t no?+ is safe unless put "u lock & seal1 are a nuisance & a demoraliz+ influ5ce4 ,!y are an ali5 ?rong 7turba ext]na7 9 a ,roman h\sehold2 a sad contra/#aacg to ! old5 "t1 :5 ea* family _h its "o slave1 atta*$ to 8 ma/]'s clan1 :5 ! :ole h\sehold liv$ 9 common1 & no?+ _h to be lock$ up4 ,b ?is is only "o ( ,pl9y's moraliz+ outbreaks1 & x is ! abuse & ov]gr[? ( slav]y1 n slav]y 9 itself1 t he is d5\nc+4 ,9 speak+ ( agriculture he says #8to h f>ms cultivat$ by slave-gangs#aach is a mo/ evil ?+1 z inde$ are all acts p]=m$ by ^? :o h no hope4' ,"h ! comp>ative ineffici5cy ( work]s :o see no prospect ( bett]+ _! condition is pla9ly recogniz$2 b x is ! economic defect1 n ! outrage on a common humanity1 t inspires ! consci\sly futile prote/4 ,& at ! v end ( 8 great book1 :5 he breaks out into a f>ewell panegyric#aaci on ,italy1 & enum]ates ! v>i\s elem5ts ( h] preem95ce among ! c\ntries ( ! _w1 he includes ! supply ( slave-lab\r#aadj 9 ! li/4 ,spa9 p]haps comes next1 b "h too ! organiz$ employm5t#aada ( slaves is "o ( ! facts t are adduc$ to ju/ify h] praise4 ,n[ ,i d n imag9e t ,pl9y 0 a h>d unk9dly man4 ,b he evid5tly accept$ slav]y z an e/abli%$ in/itution1 "o ( ! economic bases ( society4 ,he saw its inf]iority to free lab\r1 b a pass+ prote/ seem$ to him en\gh4 ,_h he be5 ask$1 ,:y don't y recomm5d free lab\r directly8 ,i ?9k he w\ld h answ]$1 ,:]e are y go+ to f9d x 9 any quantity8 ,& x is obvi\s t1 slave lab\r once assum$1 ! great ?+ 0 to h en\gh ( x4 ,nor aga9 h ,i f\nd him us+ colonus 9 ! s5se ( t5ant f>m]4 ,9 t ( #8cultivator' x occurs sev]al times1 z 9 ! quotation#aadb f ,cato1 t to call a man bonum colonum 0 ( old ! height ( praise4 ,figuratively x appe>s 9 comp>isons1 z :5 ! guilt ( ! slay] ( an ox is emphasiz$#aadc by ! addition #8z if he _h made away ) 8 colonus4' ,s ( ! f]tiliz+ ,nile he says #8dis*>g+ ! duty#aadd ( a colonus4' ,9 ! passage :]e he w>ns 8 read]s aga9/ too high f>m+#aade he rem>ks #8,!re are "s crops t x does n pay to ga!r1 unless ! own] is employ+ 8 own *ildr5 or a colonus ( 8 own or h&s t h on o!r gr\nds to be f$--,i mean1 if y balance ! co/ aga9/ ! ga94' ,"h x is j possible t he means #8a t5ant ( 8 own1' t is a t5ant long atta*$ to ! e/ate1 l ! coloni indig5ae ( ,columella3 b ,i ?9k x is q neutral1 & probably he has 9 m9d ei!r a relative or a slave4 ,! #8p]sons = ^: keep he is responsible' sums up to ! effect t if y h m\?s to fill y may z well use _! lab\r1 = x w add no?+ to y\r lab\r-bill4 ,s f> z ,i h se51 ! diff]5ce betwe5 own]%ip & t5ancy is n a po9t ( int]e/ to ,pl9y4 ,9 cont9uation ( :at has be5 said above z to ! relations ( ,v]gil & ,columella1 x is necess>y to discuss briefly ! attitude ( ,pl9y t[>ds ^! two writ]s4 ,! indices to ! ,natural ,hi/ory at once disclose ! fact t citations ( ,v]gil#aadf are ab\t six times z num]\s z ^? ( ,columella4 ,inde$ he seldom ref]s to ! latt]2 v (t5 to ,v>ro1 ev5 m (t5 to ,cato4 ,! frequ5t ref]5ces to ,v]gil may reasonably be expla9$ z aris+ f a wi% to claim :5ev] possible ! moral support ( ! n[ recogniz$ *ief figure ( ,roman lit]ature4 ,?is 0 all ! m easy1 inasmu* z ,v]gil's precepts 9 ! ,georgics#aadg are mo/ly old or borr[$ doctr9e ca/ into a p]fect =m4 ,columella _h us$ !m 9 a l _s1 b 9 deal+ ) ! lab\r-"q he fac$ facts1 n only in/ruct+ 8 read]s 9 ! te*nical processes ( agriculture1 b sett+ =? ! =ms ( lab\r-organization by :i* ^? processes 7 to be c>ri$ on4 ,n[ ,pl9y records an imm5se mass ( te*nical detail1 b ( lab\r-organization he says h>dly any ?+2 = 8 lam5ts ov] a vani%$ pa/ are only ( use 9 reliev+ 8 own feel+s4 ,& yet ! lab\r-"q1 & ! t5ancy-"q connect$ !re)1 7 ! c5tral issues ( ! agricultural problem4 ,x 0 n ! k ( te*nical details t 0 conspicu\sly lack+1 b ! w & means to apply k already copi\s4 ,n :at to d1 b h[ to get x done1 0 ! "q :i* ,columella tri$ to answ] & ,pl9y1 l ,v]gil1 did n really face4 ,x is curi\s to turn out ! eight di/9ct ref]5ces to ,columella 9 ,pl9y4 ,9 none ( ^! passages is !re a s+le ^w ( approval1 & ! g5]al tone ( !m is indiff]5t & grudg+4 ,sometimes ! words seem to sugge/ t 8 au?ority is n ( mu* weight1 or po9t$ly rem>k t x /&s q alone4 ,9 "o place#aadh he is flatly accus$ ( ignorance4 ,:5 we consid] t ,pl9y speaks ( ,v>ro ) high respect1 & positively wor%ips ,cato & ,v]gil1 x is cle> t !re mu/ h be5 "s special reason = ?is unfri5dly & half-contemptu\s attitude4 ,! "w ( ,columella did n des]ve su* treatm5t4 ,x evid5tly held its gr\nd 9 spite ( sne]s1 = ,palladius 9 ! f\r? c5tury cites x repeat$ly z "o ( ! lead+ au?orities4 ,x is n difficult to conjecture possible causes = ! attitude ( ,pl9y3 b none ( ^? t occur to me is suffici5t1 ev5 if true1 to ju/ify x4 ,i mu/ leave x z "o ( ! weak po9ts 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,tacitus4 ,p ,cornelius ,tacitus1 "o ( ! great figures ( ,roman lit]ature1 pass$ ?r\gh ! "t ( ! ,flavian emp]ors1 b 8 activity z a writ] belong$ *iefly to ! reign ( ,trajan4 ,l mo/ hi/orians1 he gave 8 att5tion to public & imp]ial affairs1 & we get f him v little z to ! conditions ( lab\r4 ,( emp]ors & _! do+s evil or good1 ( ! upp] classes & _! reaction>y sympa?ies1 _! intrigues & p]ils1 we he> en\gh3 b ( ! poor wage-e>n]s#aadi & slaves h>dly any?+1 = to "o :o /ill regrett$ ! ,republic :ile accept+ ! ,empire1 an ari/ocrat at he>t1 ! l[] ord]s 7 ( no m importance ?an !y _h be5 to ,cic]o4 ,inde$ !y 7 n[ less wor?y ( notice1 z free political life _h ceas$ & ! city rabble1 no long] ne$$ = vot+ & riot+1 _h m]ely to be f$ & amus$4 ,a populace ( "s sort 0 a necess>y elem5t 9 ! imp]ial capital3 t x 0 9 fact a mongrel mob c\ld n be help$1 & ye> by ye> x became ?r\gh manumissions ( slaves a mass ( m & m cosmopolitan paup]ism4 ,! ,prov9ces & ! fronti] armies 7 matt]s ( deep int]e/1 b ! w>s ( ! succession aft] ,n]o only s]v$ to exhibit ) irresi/ible /ress ! comp>ative unimportance ( ,italy4 ,tacitus1 a ,roman ( good family1 born 9 ,italy if n 9 ,rome1 dignifi$ & critical by temp]am5t1 0 n ! man to foll[ ! fa%ion ( idle & %[y rhetoric4 ,he does n wa/e "t & ef=t 9 va9ly deplor+ ! loss ( a /ate ( ?+s t c\ld n be re/or$4 ,t ! pres5t condition ( ,italy griev$ him1 we may feel sure4 ,b he view$ all ?+s 9 a _s ( l(ty resignation4 ,t he 0 l$ to contra/ ! real or assum$ virtues ( ,g]man b>b>ians ) ! flagrant vices ( ,roman life 0 ab\t ! limit ( 8 condesc5sion to be a prea*]3 & x is n necess>y to assume t ! po9t+ ( a moral 0 ! sole motive ( 8 tract on ! l& & tribes ( ,g]many4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! uneas9ess ( ,tib]ius z to ! food-supply#aaej ( ,rome1 dep5d5t on importations ( corn :i* 7 liable to be int]rupt$ by f\l wea!r & losses at sea4 ,! risk 0 real en\gh1 & ! great artificial h>b\rs con/ruct$ at ! ,tib] m\? by ,claudius & ,trajan 7 *iefly meant to provide accommodation = corn-fleets close at h&1 ) l>ge gran>ies to /ore c>goes#aaea 9 res]ve4 ,! slave ris+ ( #bd ,,ad 9 s\?-ea/]n ,italy1 & its suppression1 h also be5 m5tion$#aaeb above4 ,^! passages1 & a pass+ ref]5ce to ! unproductiv5ess#aaec ( ! soil 7( ,italy7 are significant ( ! ineffici5cy ( ,italian agriculture 9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius4 ,b 9 report+ ^! matt]s ,tacitus writes z hi/orian1 n z a contempor>y witness1 & en\gh has be5 said ( !m above4 ,a curi\s passage1 n yet ref]r$ to1 is t describ+ ! campaign#aaed aga9/ money-l5d]s 9 #cc ,,ad4 ,a law pass$ by ,julius ,caes> 9 ,,bc #di ) ! object ( reliev+ ! f9ancial crisis )\t resort+ to a g5]al cancell+ ( debts1 long obsolete1 0 rak$ up aga91 & !re 0 widespread al>m1 = mo/ s5ators _h money out on loan4 ,x seems t "s trials & condemnations actually took place1 & t e/ates ( ! guilty 7 actually seiz$ & sold = ca% "u ! provisions ( a disus$ law4 ,fur!r tr\ble at once foll[$1 = !re 0 a g5]al call+ 9 ( mortgages1 :ile ca% 0 sc>ce1 ! proce$s ( ! late sales hav+ pass$ into "o or o!r ( ! /ate treasuries4 ,eighte5 mon?s grace _h be5 grant$ to enable (f5d+ capitali/s to arrange _! affairs 9 con=mity ) ! law4 ,evid5tly ^! g5try 7 9 no hurry to re9ve/ _! money z x came 91 b wait$ = a fall 9 ! price ( l&1 c]ta9 to occur z a consequ5ce ( de>] money4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ su* a result1 ! ,s5ate _h ord]$ t ea* 7t is1 ea* paid-(f cr$itor17 %\ld inve/ ( 8 loanable capital 9 ,italian real e/ate1 & t ea* debtor#aaee %\ld repay ( 8 debt at once4 ,b ! cr$itors 7 dem&+ paym5t 9 full1 & x did n look well = ! debtors to weak5 _! own cr$it 7by practically confess+ insolv5cy74 ,s !re 0 great excitem5t1 foll[$ by upro> 9 ! praetor's c\rt3 & ! measures int5d$ to relieve ! crisis--! arrangem5ts = sale & pur*ase--_h j ! opposite effect4 ,= ! capitali/s _h lock$ up all _! money ) a view to ! 7ev5tual7 pur*ase ( l&4 ,! quantity ( l& ?r[n on ! m>ket s5t prices d[n1 & ! m encumb]$ a man 0 ! m difficult he f\nd x to dispose ( 8 l& 7t is1 at a price t w\ld cle> him ( debt74 ,numb]s ( p 7 ru9$1 & ! situation 0 only sav$ by ,tib]ius1 :o advanc$ a great sum ( money to be us$ 9 loans = ?ree ye>s free ( int]e/1 secur$ 9 ea* case on real e/ate#aaef ( twice ! value4 ,?us confid5ce 0 re/or$ & private cr$it gradually reviv$4 ,b1 ,tacitus adds1 ! pur*ase ( l& on ! l9es ( ! ,s5ate's ord] 0 nev] c>ri$ ?r\gh3 9 su* matt]s x is ! way ( ! _w to beg9 ) zeal & end ) indiff]5ce4 ,if ,i h rightly giv5 ! s5se ( ?is passage1 x furni%es "s po9ts ( int]e/4 ,x sets be=e u a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* a numb] ( l&[n]s h rais$ money by mortgag+ _! real e/ate1 disreg>d+ ! provisions 7:atev] !y 77 ( a law practically disus$4 ,?is rem9ds u t "o v g5]al use ( ,italian l& 0 z a security on :i* money c\ld at ne$ be rais$4 ,x 0 ! only real security always available1 & ?is incl9$ p to keep _! hold on x1 ?\gh z a direct income-produc] x seldom gave good returns4 ,no d\bt !y _h to pay on _! borr[+s a high] rate#aaeg ( int]e/ ?an !y got on _! capital inve/$ 9 l&4 ,to be =c$ sudd5ly to sell _! l&s 9 a glutt$ m>ket 0 manife/ ru92 = ! :ole /r5g? ( _! position lay 9 ! ju/ifi$ assumption t ! capital value ( _! l& 9 ! m>ket exce$$ ! am\nt ( _! mortgage debts4 ,o!rwise1 :o w\ld h l5t !m ! money on t security8 ,we c h>dly avoid ! suspicion t ! frequ5t use ( l& z a pl$ge may h _h some?+ to d ) t unsatisfactory condition ( agriculture on :i* ! evid5ce ( ,lat9 writ]s has driv5 u to dwell4 ,! mortgagor1 once he _h got ! money advanc$1 _h less int]e/ 9 ! l&$ security3 ! mortgagee1 s long z he got 8 good return on ! money l5t1 0 unconc]n$ to see t 8 debtor's income 0 ma9ta9$2 & t1 9 tak+ a mortgage1 he _h insi/$ on a l>ge m>g9 ( security = 8 capital1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,= :at purpose ^! loans 7 g5]ally contract$1 we are n told4 ,^? :o borr[$ money to wa/e x 9 extravagance w\ld surely h f\nd x m bus9ess-l to sell _! l& outright4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o pref]r$ to keep x1 ?\gh encumb]$ on on]\s t]ms1 simply f social pride1 _c h be5 really l>ge2 b !y w\ld h>dly make wise l&lords4 ,probably "s m5 rais$ money to employ x 9 speculations#aaeh t seem$ to (f] ri* returns4 ,s long z ! empire /ood /rong1 m]cantile speculation 0 f>-rea*+ & vigor\s4 ,b ^? engag$ 9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess w\ld seldom be able to f9d l>ge sums 9 ready ca% at %ort notice4 ,h5ce to !m1 z to sp5d?rifts1 ! sudd5 call+ 9 ( mortgages 0 a grave inconv5i5ce4 ,! picture ( ! wily capitali/s1 ho>d+ _! money till ! #8slump' 9 l&-values _h fully develop$1 is "o ( all #8civiliz$' peoples & ages4 ,:at is notable on ?is p>ticul> occasion is ! sequel accord+ to ,tacitus4 ,once _! design ( pr(it+ by _! neighb\rs' necessities 0 *eck$ by ! int]v5tion ( ,tib]ius1 ! inve/m5t 9 real e/ate 0 no long] attractive4 ,! ,s5ate's ord] 0 n en=c$ & ! money-l5d]s c\ld1 & did1 res]ve _! ready ca% = use 9 "s m remun]ative =m ( inve/m5t4 ,! slackness ( ! ,s5ate may h be5 p>tly due to c>eless neglect1 z ! words seem to sugge/4 ,b x may be suspect$ t "s memb]s ( t body _h private reasons = wi%+ ! ,ord] ( ! ,h\se n to be s]i\sly en=c$4 ,tacitus rem>ks t1 on ! matt] be+ laid be=e ! ,fa!rs1 !y 7 ?r[n into a flutt]1 s9ce !re 0 h>dly "o among !m#aaei t _h n brok5 ! law4 ,?is surely ref]s to ! "t-hon\r$ trick ( ,roman s5ators1 :o1 =bidd5 to engage 9 comm]ce 7& money-l5d+ 0 closely connect$ ) comm]ce71 evad$ ! re/riction 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z hold+ %>es 9 companies or l5d+ ?r\gh _! fre$m5 z ag5ts4 ,s n[1 seek+ a high rate ( int]e/ on _! capital1 !y did n wi% to lock up any m ( x 9 l&4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld already own en\gh real e/ate = social purposes4 ,f ?is episode we h "s "r to inf] t 9 ! p]iod ( ! e>ly ,empire x _h already become cle> t v ext5sive l&[n+ 9 ,italy 0 an unwise policy = m5 :o want$ a l>ge income4 ,yet ! pref]5tial position ( ,italy _h n ceas$ to be a fact2 & ev5 9 ! "t ( ,trajan we h se5 an imp]ial ord9ance bidd+ new s5ators f ! ,prov9ces to inve/ ( _! =tunes 9 ,italian l&4 ,?is might raise prices = ! mom5t1 b x _h no?+ directly to d ) promot+ agriculture4 ,practical f>m+ seems to h be5 pass+ m & m into ! h&s ( humbl] p]sons1 (t5 fre$m51 :o treat$ x z a s]i\s bus9ess4 ,t ! att5tion ( ,tacitus _h be5 direct$ to ! me?ods ( capitali/s 9 ,italy1 & !re) to money-l5d+1 l&hold+1 & slav]y1 may be ga!r$ f ! rem>ks on ^! subjects 9 8 ,g]many4 ,he writes1 z ,h]odotus & o!rs _h done be=e him1 tak+ p>ticul> notice ( cu/oms diff]+ f ^? preval5t 9 8 own surr\nd+s4 ,?us he notes#aafj ! abs5ce ( money-l5d+ at int]e/4 ,he describes ! sy/em ( communal own]%ip ( l& by village-units1 & its p]iodic r$i/ribution among ! memb]s ( ! community4 ,! wide /ret*es ( op5 pla9s#aafa enable ! ,g]mans to put fre% fields "u tillage ye> by ye>1 leav+ ! re/ 9 fall[ 7no d\bt z r\gh pa/ure74 ,int5sive culture is unkn[n4 ,to wr+ ! utmo/ out ( ! soil by ! sweat ( _! br[ is n _! aim3 !y h no or*>ds or g>d5s or f5c$ paddocks1 b are cont5t to raise a crop ( corn4 ,all ?is is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ,italian conditions4 ,ev5 to get rid ( fall[s 0 an ambition ( agriculturi/s 9 ,italy1 & a rotation-sy/em#aafb _h be5 devis$ to ?is end4 ,&1 :atev] may h be5 ! case 9 prehi/oric times1 full prop]ty 9 l& _h long be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,roman ,law1 & !re 0 9 ! ,italian l&-sy/em no trace ( r$i/ribution = %ort t]ms ( use4 ,9 treat+ ( slav]y1 ! fir/ po9t made is its connexion#aafc ) ! invet]ate ,g]man habit ( gambl+4 ,los]s w end by /ak+ _! own fre$om on a la/ ?r[2 if ?is also fails1 !y w submit to be fett]$ & sold4 ,to ! ,roman ?is seems a false notion ( hon\r4 ,he adds t to take advantage ( ?is sort ( slave-w9n+ is n approv$ by ,g]man s5tim5t3 h5ce ! w9n] comb9es#aafd scruples ) pr(it by sell+ a slave ( ?is class into =eign l&s4 ,o!r slaves are n employ$ 9 ,roman fa%ion z an organiz$ /aff ( dome/ics4 ,ea* has a lodg+ & home ( 8 own3 8 "l requires ( him a fix$ r5t#aafe ( s mu* corn or live-/ock or clo?+1 z ( a t5ant3 & he r5d]s no s]vice beyond ?is4 ,h\se-"w is done by a man's own wife & family4 ,slaves are seldom flogg$ or *a9$ or put to task-"w4 ,! ,g]man may kill 8 slave1 b x w n be z a p5alty = disob$i5ce1 b 9 a fit ( rage4 ,fre$m5 are ( little m acc\nt ?an slaves1 & are only ( influ5ce at ! c\rts ( ! k+s :o rule "s ( ! tribes4 ,!re !y rise above ! freeborn & noble3 b 9 g5]al ! inf]iority ( fre$m5 s]ves to m>k ! sup]iority ( ! freeborn4 ,tacitus _h held an important (ficial po/ 9 ,belgic ,gaul or "o ( ! s-call$ #8,g]manies' along ! ,rh9e1 & _h be5 at pa9s to le>n all he c\ld ( ! indep5d5t b>b>ians to ! ,ea/4 ,! ,rh9e fronti] 0 "o ( ! ,roman bord]s t ne$$ mo/ c>eful wat*+1 & ,roman read]s took an uneasy int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( ! w>rior tribes ^: numb]s1 9 contra/ to _! own fall+ bir?-rate1 7 ev] r5ew$ & increas$ by al>m+ f]tility4 ,he 0 n alone 9 p]ceiv+ ! contra/s betwe5 ,italian & ,g]man in/itutions & habits1 or 9 read+ morals !refrom1 express$ or impli$4 ,g]mans _h be5 employ$ z m]c5>y soldi]s by ,julius ,caes>1 & 7 de/9$ to become "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( ! ,roman armies4 ,b 9 ,italy !y 7 p]haps m directly kn[n z slaves4 ,we h j se5 t ,tacitus speaks ( a regul> sell+ ( slaves ov] ! ,g]man bord]1 & ano!r passage#aaff incid5tally illu/rates ?is fact 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 conque/ ( ,brita91 ,agricola e/abli%$ milit>y po/s on ! ,,nw coa/ ov] aga9/ ,irel&4 ,x seems to h be5 9 "o ( ^! t a cohort ( ,usipi 7 /ation$4 ,!y _h be5 rais$ 9 ! ,roman ,g]manies1 & app>5tly s5t ov] 9 a hurry4 ,n lik+ ! s]vice1 !y kill$ _! (fic] & ! old soldi]s set to tra9 !m1 seiz$ ?ree vessels1 & put to sea4 ,aft] v>i\s adv5tures & suff]+s 9 a voyage r\nd ! nor? ( ,brita91 !y fell into ! h&s ( "s tribes ( nor!rn ,g]many1 :o took !m = pirates--^? t 7 left ( !m4 ,( ! fate res]v$ = "s ( ^! ,tacitus rem>ks #8,"s 7 sold z slaves#aafg &1 pass+ f pur*as] to pur*as]1 ev5tually rea*$ ! ,roman bank 7( ! ,rh9e71 :]e _! extraord9>y /ory ar\s$ mu* int]e/4' ,su* 7 ! /range possibilities 9 ! nor!rn seas & l&s :]e ! ,roman & ! ,g]man met4 ,,note ,,on ,,an ,,african ,,inscription4 ,x may be conv5i5t to notice "h an inscription#aafh relative to irrigation 9 ,africa4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! empire subject to dr\ght ! supply ( wat] to f>m]s 0 a matt] ( importance1 z x is 9 mo/ ,m$it]ranean c\ntries today4 ,good soils1 t w\ld o!rwise h la9 wa/e1 7 ?us turn$ to acc\nt4 ,9 ! ,african ,prov9ces mu* 0 done to meet ?is ne$1 z ! rema9s ( works = /orage ( wat] cle>ly te/ify4 ,! p]iod #fi-ahj ,,ad seems to h be5 m>k$ by a consid]able ext5sion ( cultivation 9 ^! p>ts1 & p>ticul>ly 9 s\!rn ,numidia1 :i* at t "t 0 includ$ 9 ! ,prov9ce ,africa4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 betwe5 ,sitifis 7,setif7 & ,trajan's great city ,?amugadi 7,timgad71 lay ! commune ( ,lamasba#aafi1 ! memb]s ( :i* appe> to h be5 ma9ly engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,!re has be5 pres]v$ a l>ge portion ( a great inscription deal+ ) ! wat]-rights ( _! sev]al f>ms4 ,!re is no?+ to sugge/ t ! hold]s ( ^! plots 7 t5ants "u great l&lords4 ,!y seem to be own]s1 n 9 ! full s5se ( ,roman civil law1 b on ! regul> prov9cial#aagj foot+1 subject to tribute4 ,to det]m9e ! %>es ( ! sev]al plots 9 ! common wat]-supply 0 probably ! mo/ urg5t problem ( local politics 9 ?is community4 ,! date ( ! inscription has be5 plac$ 9 ! reign ( ,elagabalus2 b x is obvi\sly bas$ on e>li] conditions & n improbably a revision ( an e>li] s*eme4 ,x deals ) ! sev]al plots "o by "o1 fix+ ! numb] ( h\rs#aaga dur+ :i* ! wat] is to be turn$ on to ea*1 & mak+ all[ance = v>iation ( ! supply accord+ to ! season ( ! ye>4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ?is elaborate s*eme is ! division ( ! plots into ^? bel[ ! wat] level into :i* ! wat] f9ds its way by natural fl[ 7declives71 & ^? above wat] level 7acclives74 ,to ! latt] x is cle> t ! wat] mu/ h be5 rais$ by me*anical means1 & ! scale ( h\rs fix$ evid5tly makes all[ance = ! sl[] deliv]y accompli%$ !reby4 ,= ! #8desc5d5t' wat] 0 to be left fl[+ = few] h\rs ?an ! #8asc5d5t4' ,z a specim5 ( ! c>e tak5 9 su* a community to prev5t wat]-grabb+ by unscrupul\s memb]s ?is record is a docum5t ( high int]e/4 ,t _m o!rs ( simil> purport exi/$1 & h only be5 lo/ to u by ! *ances ( "t1 is p]haps no ra% guess4 ,! wat]-leet is call$ aqua ,claudiana4 ,! regulations are issu$ by ! local s5ate & p 7decreto ord9is et colonorum71 = ! place _h a local#aagb gov]nm5t4 ,names ( #dc possessors rema9 on ! surviv+ portion ( ! /one4 ,9 =m !y are g5]ally ,roman#aagc4 ,x is not$ t only ?ree ( !m h a pra5om54 ,( ! quality ( ! m5 x is n easy to inf] any?+4 ,"s may p]haps h be5 ,italians4 ,:e!r !y1 or "s ( !m1 7 work+ f>m]s mu/ rema9 d\btful4 ,at all ev5ts !y d n seem to belong to ! class ( coloni ( :om we %all h to speak bel[1 b to be /rictly cultivat+ possessors4 ,:at lab\r !y employ$ x is h>dly possible to guess4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,front9us4 ,sextus ,julius ,front9us1 a good specim5 ( ! compet5t dep>tm5tal (fic]s 9 ! imp]ial s]vice1 0 n only a di/+ui%$ milit>y comm&] b an eng9e] & a writ] ( "s m]it4 ,8 little treatise#aagd on ! aqu$ucts ( ,rome has = u po9ts ( int]e/4 ,f x we c =m "s notion ( ! importance ( ! great wat]-works1 n only to ! city b to ! c\ntry = "s miles 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,= wat]-/eal+ by ! illicit tapp+ ( ! ma9 *annels 0 practis$ outside z well z )9 ! walls4 ,l&[n]s#aage did x to irrigate _! g>d5s1 & ! und]l+s ( ! /aff 7aqu>ii7 conniv$ at ! fraud3 to prev5t ?is abuse 0 "o ( ! tr\bles ( ! curator4 ,b 9 c]ta9 places wat] 0 deliv]$ by bran* supplies f c]ta9 aqu$ucts4 ,?is ( c\rse _h to be duly lic5s$1 & lic5se 0 only grant$ :5 ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! p>ticul> aqu$uct 0 normally suffici5t to all[ ! local privilege )\t r$uc+ ! regul> dis*>ge 9 ,rome4 ,! municipality ( ,tibur#aagf seems to h _h an old "r to a bran* ( ! ,anio vetus4 ,! aqua ,crabra _h be5 a spr+ s]v+ ,tusculum#aagg1 b 9 rec5t times ! ,roman aqu>ii _h l$ (f "s ( its wat] into ! ,tepula1 & made illicit pr(it out ( ! supply ?us increas$ 9 volume4 ,front9us himself ) ! emp]or's approval r$ress$ ! grievance1 & ! full supply ( ! ,crabra aga9 s]v$ ! ,tusculan l&lords4 ,! jeal\s att5tion giv5 to ! wat]-works is illu/rat$ by ! decrees#aagh ( ! ,s5ate 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic & ( emp]ors s9ce1 by :i* grants ( wat]-rights c only be made to individuals nam$ 9 ! grant1 & d n pass to heirs or assigns3 ! wat] mu/ only be drawn f ! res]voir nam$1 & us$ on ! e/ate = :i* ! lic5se is specifically grant$4 ,! (fice ( curator aqu>um 0 manife/ly no s9ecure4 ,x 0 n m]ely t con/ant precautions _h to be tak5 aga9/ ! /eal+ ( ! wat]4 ,an imm5se /aff#aagi _h to be kept to _! duties1 & ! cleans+ & repair ( ! *annels ne$$ prompt & cont9u\s att5tion4 ,& x seems t "s ( ! l&[n]s ?r\gh ^: e/ates ! aqu$ucts pass$ gave mu* tr\ble#aahj to ! adm9i/ration4 ,ei!r !y erect$ build+s 9 ! /rips ( l& res]v$ z legal m>g9 on ea* side ( a *annel1 or !y plant$ trees !re1 ?us damag+ ! fabric2 or !y drove local roads ov] x2 or aga9 !y block$ ! access to work+ p>ties engag$ 9 ! duties ( upkeep4 ,front9us quotes decrees ( ! ,s5ate deal+ ) ^! abuses & provid+ p5alties = p]sons guilty ( su* selfi% & reckless conduct4 ,b to legislate 0 "o ?+1 to en=ce ! law 0 ano!r4 ,yet ! unaccommodat+#aaha l&lords _h no excuse = _! behavi\r4 ,x 0 n a "q ( #8nationaliz+' ! side /rips1 ?\gh t w\ld h be5 amply ju/ifi$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /ate4 ,b ! fact is t ! old practice ( ,republican days 0 extremely t5d] ( private rights4 ,if a l&lord made objection to sell+ a "p ( 8 e/ate1 !y took ov] ! :ole block & paid him = x4 ,!n !y m>k$ (f ! portions requir$ = ! s]vice1 & resold ! rema9d]4 ,?us ! /ate 0 left un*all5g$ own] ( ! "p reta9$ = public use4 ,b ! abs5ce ( any legal or moral claim has n avail$ to /op encroa*m5ts3 ! dra9+ away ( ! wat] /ill goes on1 ) or )\t leave1 & ev5 ! *annels & pipes !mselves are pi]c$4 ,no wond] t m sev]e & detail$ legislation 0 f\nd necess>y 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! writ] ends by recogniz+ ! unfairness ( sudd5ly en=c+ a law ! long disuse ( :i* has l$ _m to presume ^u cont9u$ impunity = break+ x4 ,he !re=e has be5 reviv+ x gradually1 & hopes t (f5d]s w n =ce him to execute x ) rig\r4 ,:at /&s out cle>ly 9 ?is picture ( ! wat]-s]vice is ! utt] lack ( public _s imput$ to ! l&[n]s ne> ,rome by a c>eful & responsible public s]vant ( good repute4 ,!re is none ( ! s]moniz+ ( ,s5eca or ! sne]s & lam5tations ( ,pl9y4 ,front9us takes ?+s z !y are1 f9ds !m bad1 & means to d 8 be/ to improve !m1 :ile avoid+ ! temptations ( ! new broom4 ,t a great quantity ( wat] 0 be+1 & _h long be51 div]t$ f ! public aqu$ucts to s]ve suburban villas & g>d5s1 is c]ta94 ,:at we d n le>n is :e!r mu* or any ( ?is 0 us$ = ! m>ket-g>d5s ( ! humble folk :o grew#aahb g>d5-/uff = ! ,roman m>ket4 ,x is ! old /ory1--little or no?+ ab\t ! poor1 save :5 9 ! =m ( a city rabble !y a*ieve di/9ction z a public burd5 & nuisance4 ,x does h[ev] seem fairly c]ta9 t lic5ses to ab/ract wat] 7 only grant$ z a matt] ( special fav\r4 ,!re=e1 s f> z lic5s$ ab/raction w5t1 x is mo/ probable t influ5tial own]s ( suburbana 7 ! only b5efici>ies4 ,!ft ( wat] ) connivance#aahc ( ! /aff 0 only possible = ^? :o c\ld af=d to bribe4 ,!re rema9s ! alt]native ( tak+ x by elud+ or defy+ ! vigilance ( ! /aff4 ,is x probable t ! poor m>ket-g>d5] v5tur$ to d ?is8 ,n (t51 ,i fancy3 we c only guess1 & ,i d\bt :e!r mu* ( ! int]cept$ wat] came 8 way4 ,!re 0 x is true "o aqu$uct#aahd ! wat] ( :i* 0 ( poor quality4 ,x 0 a "w ( ,augu/us1 int5d$ to supply ! great pond 7nauma*ia7 9 :i* %am sea-fights 7 held to amuse ! public4 ,:5 n s employ$1 ?is wat] 0 made available = irrigation ( g>d5s4 ,?is 0 on ! we/]n or ,vatican side ( ! ,tib]4 ,_m ri* m5 _h pleasure-g>d5s 9 t "p1 & we _c be sure t ev5 ?is wat] 0 9 practice s]v+ any economic purpose4 ,,xxxix4 ,,inscriptions ,,relative ,,to ,,alim5ta4 ,x is impossible to leave unnotic$ ! inscriptions#aahe ( ?is p]iod relative to alim5ta1 & ,momms5's int]pretation#aahf ( ! two *ief ones1 ?\gh _! connexion ) my pres5t subject is n v close4 ,9 ! bronze tablets record+ respectively ! decl>ations ( e/ate-values 9 ! communes ( ,ligures ,baebiani 7#aja ,,ad7 & ,veleia 7#ajc ,,ad71 made ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! securities ^u :i* ! capital end[m5t 0 to be advanc$1 we h int]e/+ details ( ?is +5i\s s*eme = p]petuat+ *>ity4 ,b nei!r ^!1 nor "s m9or inscrib$ records ( beque/s1 nor aga9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,pl9y ! y\ng] 9 a b5efaction#aahg ( ! same k9d1 give u direct evid5ce on lab\r-que/ions4 ,x is 9 connexion ) t5ure ( l& & managem5t ( e/ates t ^! docum5ts ma9ly conc]n u4 ,! fact t !re 0 felt to be a call = *>ities to enc\rage ! re>+ ( *ildr5 0 assur$ly n a sign ( social or economic wellbe+2 b ?is ,i h rem>k$ above4 ,! foll[+ po9ts /& out cle>ly 9 ! int]pretation ( ,momms54 ,! gr[? ( l>ge e/ates z aga9/ small is %ewn 9 bo? ! tablets z hav+ gone f> by ! "t ( ,trajan3 b n s f> z mod]n writ]s h imag9$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ligures ,baebiani !re is record ( a consid]able numb] ( prop]ties ( mod]ate value1 inde$ !y are 9 a majority4 ,at ,veleia1 ?\gh small e/ates h n disappe>$1 !re are m l>ge ones1 & ! process ( absorption has evid5tly be5 m active4 ,?is 0 n /range1 = ! =m] case belongs to ! ,hirp9ian hill c\ntry ( s\!rn ,italy1 ! latt] to ! slopes ( ! ,ap5n9e ne> ,plac5tia1 includ+ "s ( ! ri* pla9 ( ! ,po4 ,! latt] w\ld naturally attract capital m ?an ! =m]4 ,i h m ?an once rem>k$ t 9 ! upl& di/ricts agricultural conditions 7 f> less revolutioniz$ ?an 9 ! l[l&s4 ,?is seems to be an in/ance 9 po9t3 b ! evid5ce is n complete4 ,!re is no?+ to %ew t ! e/ates nam$ 9 ^! tablets 7 ! sole l&$ prop]ties ( _! sev]al own]s4 ,nor is x probable4 ,to own e/ates 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 0 a well und]/ood policy ( l&lords4 ,h[ we are to draw conclusions z to ! preval5ce ( great e/ates f a few isolat$ local in/ances1 )\t a /atem5t ( ! entire l&$ prop]ties ( ! p]sons nam$1 ,i _c see4 ,t writ]s ( ! ,empire1 :5 !y speak ( latifundia1 are seldom ?9k+ ( ! crude & brutal plantation-sy/em ( an e>li] "t1 is v true4 ,^? va/ arable f>ms ) _! huge slave-gangs 7 n[ out ( fa%ion1 & ,momms5 po9ts out t our records are practically sil5t z to l>ge-scale arable f>m+4 ,we are n to suppose t x 0 ext9ct1 b x 0 probably r>e4 ,! mo/ valuable "p ( ?is pap] is its recognition ( ! vital *ange 9 ,italian agriculture1 ! transf] ( f>m+ f a basis ( own]%ip to "o ( t5ancy4 ,! yeoman or own]-cultivator ( old5 "t _h be5 driv5 out or made a r>e figure 9 ! mo/ eligible p>ts ( ,italy4 ,! great plantations1 :i* _h l>gely sup]s$$ ! small-scale f>ms1 _h 9 _! turn prov$ economic failures4 ,bo? ^! sy/ems1 9 mo/ respects /rongly contra/$1 _h "o po9t 9 common3 ! l& 0 cultivat$ by or = ! own]1 & = 8 own acc\nt4 ,b ! failure ( ! l>ge-scale plantation-sy/em did n s react z to br+ back small own]%ip4 ,l>ge own]%ip /ill rema9$1 support$ z x 0 by ! social importance atta*$ to l&[n+1 & occasionally by gov]nm5tal action direct$ to enc\rage inve/m5t 9 ,italian l&4 ,l>ge own]s long /ruggl$ to keep _! e/ates 9 h& "u /ew>ds f>m+ = _! ma/]s' acc\nt4 ,b ?is plan 0 doom$ to failure1 because ! c>e & att5tion necess>y to make x pay 7 9 mo/ cases great] ?an l&lords 7 will+ to be/[4 ,by ,columella's "t ?is fact 0 already becom+ evid5t4 ,he c\ld only advise ! l&lords to be o!r ?an he f\nd !m1 & mean:ile po9t to an alt]native1 namely application ( ! t5ancy-sy/em4 ,x 0 ?is latt] plan t m & m f\nd fav\r4 ,! l&lord c\ld live 9 t[n & draw 8 r5ts1 himself free to pursue 8 own occupations4 ,! t5ant-f>m] 0 only b\nd by ! t]ms ( 8 lease2 &1 be+ resid5t1 0 able to exact ! full lab\r ( 8 /aff & prev5t wa/e & robb]y4 ,! cu/om 0 = ! l&lord to provide#aahh ! equipm5t 7in/rum5tum7 ( ! f>m1 or at lea/ mo/ ( x1 includ+ slaves4 ,?us he 0 9 a s5se p>tn] ( 8 t5ant1 f9d+ mo/ ( ! work+ capital4 ,:e!r he _h a claim to a money r5t only1 or to a %>e ( crops also1 dep5d$ on ! t]ms ( lett+4 ,x seems t r5ts 7 (t5 9 arre>1 & t attempts to recov] sums due by sell+ up t5ants' goods did n always cov] ! debts4 ,! typical t5ant-f>m] 0 c]ta9ly a #8small man4' ,to let ! :ole ( a l>ge e/ate to a #8big man' ) pl5ty ( capital 0 n ! practice 9 ,italy4 ,:y8 ,i ?9k ! ma9 reason 0 t a big capitali/ :o want$ to get ! highe/ return on 8 money c\ld at ?is "t d bett] = himself 9 o!r v5tures3 if set ^u a l&-ent]prise1 he c\ld f9d f> m attractive op5+s 9 "s ( ! ,prov9ces4 ,anyh[1 z ,momms5 says1 #8,grosspa*t' nev] became acclimatiz$ 9 ,italy1 ?\gh we f9d x on ,imp]ial doma9s1 = in/ance 9 ,africa4 ,9 connexion ) ?is matt] ,i am l$ to rem>k t small t5ancy #8,kle9pa*t' seems to h exi/$ 9 two =ms1 p]haps indi/+ui%able 9 law1 b diff]5t 9 _! practical effect4 ,:5 a l&lord1 lett+ p>cels ( a big e/ate to t5ants1 kept 9 h& ! *ief villa & its appurt5ances z a sort ( ,manor ,f>m1 & t5ants fell into arre> ) _! r5t1 he _h a ready means ( indemnify+ himself )\t #8sell+ up' 8 old t5ants & hav+ possibly mu* difficulty 9 f9d+ bett] new ones4 ,he c\ld commute arre>s ( r5t into obligations ( s]vice#aahi on ! ,manor ,f>m4 ,mo/ t5ants w\ld probably be only too glad to get rid ( ! imm$iate burd5 ( debt4 ,x w\ld seem a bett] c\rse ?an to borr[ = t purpose money on :i* int]e/ w\ld h to be paid1 ev5 suppos+ t anyone w\ld be will+ to l5d to a poor t5ant confess$ly 9 difficulties4 ,& su* an arrangem5t w\ld furni% ! l&lord ) a fix$ am\nt ( lab\r 7& lab\r 0 becom+ sc>c]7 on v fav\rable t]ms--he or 8 ag5t w\ld see to t4 ,b x 0 n really necess>y to res]ve a #8,manor ,f>m' at all1 & a man own+ l& 9 sev]al di/ricts w\ld h>dly d s 9 e e/ate1 if 9 any4 ,su* a l&lord c\ld n readily solve ! arre>s-problem by commutation4 ,he 0 almo/ compell$#aaij to #8sell up' a hopeless default]3 &1 s9ce mo/ ( ! /ock _h probably be5 suppli$ by himself1 !re w\ld n be mu* = him to sell4 ,t su* cases did occur1 we "k = c]ta92 ! old t5ant w5t1 be+ free to move1 & to f9d a good new "o 0 no easy matt]1 p>ticul>ly z ! l& 0 sure to h be5 left 9 a bad /ate4 ,arre>s ( f>m-r5ts _h a regul> phrase 7reliqua colonorum7 assign$ to !m1 & !re is good reason to believe t !y 7 a common s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,x has be5 well said#aaia t l&lords 9 ,italy 7 (t5 z badly (f z _! t5ants4 ,! tru? is t ! :ole agricultural int]e/ 0 go+ d[nhill4 ,if ! t5ant-f>m] 01 z we see1 becom+ m & m ! c5tral figure ( ,italian agriculture1 we mu/ next inquire h[ he /ood 9 relation to lab\r4 ,x is a priori probable t a man w be m ready to "w ) 8 own h&s on a f>m ( 8 own ?an on "o hir$3 no man is m alive to ! diff]5ce ( meum & ali5um ?an ! till] ( ! soil4 ,x is !re=e n wond]ful t we f9d t5ant-f>m]s employ+ slave lab\r4 ,f ! cu/om ( hav+ slaves z well z o!r /ock suppli$ by ! l&lord we may fairly inf] t t5ants 71 at lea/ g5]ally1 n to be _h on o!r t]ms4 ,momms5 rem>ks#aaib t actual h&work on ! l& 0 m & m direct$ r ?an p]=m$ by ! small t5ants4 ,?us x came to be m & m done by unfree p]sons4 ,?is recognizes1 no d\bt rightly1 t ! sy/em ( great e/ates let 9 portions to t5ants 0 n fav\rable to a revival ( free ru/ic lab\r1 b told effectively aga9/ x4 ,he also po9ts out#aaic t "u ,roman ,law x 0 possible = a l&lord & 8 slave to /& 9 ! mutual relation ( lessor & lessee4 ,su* a slave lessee is di/9ct f ! free t5ant colonus4 ,x appe>s t !re 7 two =ms ( ?is relation4 ,! slave might be f>m+ on 8 own#aaid acc\nt1 pay+ a r5t & tak+ ! f>m-pr(its z 8 peculium4 ,9 ?is case he is 9 ! eye ( ! law quasi colonus4 ,or he might be f>m+ on 8 ma/]'s acc\nt2 !n he is vilicus4 ,9 bo? cases he is assum$ to h "u him slave-lab\r]s suppli$#aaie by ! l&lord1 & x seems t ! "n vilicus 0 sometimes loosely appli$ ev5 9 ! =m] case4 ,9 ! latt] case he _c h be5 v diff]5t f ! /ew>d ( a l>ge e/ate work$ = own]'s acc\nt4 ,i c only conclude t he 0 put 9 *>ge ( a small] f>m-unit & left m to 8 own devices4 ,probably ?is arrangem5t w\ld be resort$ to only :5 an ord9>y free t5ant 0 n to be _h2 & satisfactory ones 7 evid5tly n common 9 ! "t ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 9 ?is p]iod l&lords 7 gradually ceas+ to keep a direct control ov] ! managem5t ( _! own e/ates1 b ! *anges 9 progress did n t5d to a rehabilitation ( free lab\r4 ,"o detail ne$s a brief special consid]ation4 ,! l&lord's ag5t 7actor7 is (t5 m5tion$1 & x is cle> t ! actor 0 g5]ally a slave4 ,b !re is ref]5ce to ! possible case#aaif ( an actor liv+ 7l 8 ma/]7 9 t[n1 n on ! f>ms1 & hav+ a wife#aaig & daught]4 ,?is sugge/s a fre$man1 n a slave1 & su* cases may h be5 fairly num]\s4 ,ano!r po9t = notice is ! "q ( v9cti1 alligati1 comp$iti1 9 ?is p]iod4 ,momms5#aaih treats ! *a9+ ( field-slaves z be+ q exceptional1 9 fact a puni%m5t1 9 ,italy "u ! ,empire4 ,surely x 0 always 9 "s s5se a puni%m5t4 ,f :at ,columella#aaii says ( ! normal employm5t ( *a9$ lab\r]s 9 v9ey>d-"w ,i c n admit t ! evid5ce ju/ifies ,momms5's ass]tion4 ,t !re 0 a gr[+ reluctance to use su* b>b>\s me?ods1 & t local usage v>i$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 is c]ta94 ,,xl4 ,,dion ,,*ryso/om4 ,we h se5 t !re is no lack ( evid5ce z to ! lam5table condition ( ,italian agriculture 9 a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ?+s 7 no bett] 9 c]ta9 ,prov9ces1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,greece4 ,plut>* deplores#abjj ! decay & depopulation ( 8 native l&1 b ! mo/ vivid & significant picture pres]v$ to u is "o convey$ 9 a public address#abja by ! fam\s lectur] ,dion ( ,prusa1 bett] kn[n z ,dion#abjb ,*ryso/om4 ,x describes conditions 9 ! once prosp]\s isl& ( ,euboea4 ,! speak] pr(esses to h be5 ca/ a%ore !re 9 a /orm1 & to h be5 ent]ta9$ ) extraord9>y k9dness by "s hone/ ru/ics :o 7 liv+ an indu/ri\s & h>mless life 9 ! upl& p>ts1 ! rocky %ore ( :i* 0 notori\s z a sc5e ( %ipwrecks4 ,!re 7 two connect$ h\seholds1 squatt]s 9 ! lonely wa/e1 produc+ by _! own ex]tions ev]y?+ !y ne$$1 & ( c\rse patt]ns ( e amiable virtue4 ,! lectur] rec\nts ! /ory ( ^! int]e/+ p z told him by 8 ho/4 ,h[ mu* ( x is due to 8 own imag9ation1 or put toge!r out ( v>i\s /ories1 we _c judge3 b x is manife/ t :at conc]ns u is to feel satisfi$ t ! exp]i5ces describ$ 7 possible1 & n grotesquely improbable1 9 _! sett+ ( place & "t4 ,i v5ture to accept ! /ory z a sket* ( :at might v well h happ5$1 :e!r x actually did s or n4 ,we live mo/ly by ! *ase1 said ! hunt]1 ) v little tillage4 ,?is cr(t 77 does n belong to u ei!r by inh]itance or pur*ase4 ,our fa!rs1 ?\gh freem51 7 poor l ourselves1 j hir$ h]dsm51 9 *>ge ( ! h]ds ( a ri* man :o own$ wide f>m-l&s & all ^! m\nta9s4 ,:5 he di$1 8 e/ate 0 confiscat$3 ,x is said t ! emp]or#abjc made away ) him to get 8 prop]ty4 ,well1 !y drove (f 8 live-/ock = slaught]1 & our few ox5 ) !m1 & nev] paid our wages4 ,s we did ! be/ we c\ld1 tak+ advantage ( ! res\rces ( ! neighb\rhood 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,s9ce *ildhood ,i h only once visit$ ! city#abjd4 ,a man turn$ up "o day dem&+ money4 ,we _h none1 & ,i told him s on my oa?4 ,he bade me come ) him to ! city4 ,!re ,i 0 arraign$ be=e ! mob z a squatt] on ! public l&1 )\t a grant f ! p1 & )\t any paym5t4 ,x 0 h9t$ t we 7 wreck]s1 & _h put toge!r a f9e prop]ty ?r\gh t wick$ trade4 ,we 7 said to h valuable f>ms & abundance ( flocks & h]ds1 bea/s ( burd51 slaves4 ,b a wis] speak] took a diff]5t l9e4 ,he urg$ t ^? :o turn$ ! public l& to good acc\nt 7 public b5efactors & des]v$ enc\ragem5t4 ,he po9t$ out t two ?irds ( _! t]ritory 0 ly+ wa/e ?r\gh neglect & lack ( population4 ,he 0 himself a l>ge l&[n]3 :oev] 0 will+ to cultivate 8 l& 0 welcome to d s free ( *>ge1--inde$ he w\ld rew>d him = 8 pa9s--! improvem5t w\ld be wor? x4 ,he propos$ a plan = induc+ citiz5s to reclaim ! d]elict l&s1 r5t-free = t5 ye>s1 & aft] t r5t$ at a mod]ate %>e ( ! crops4 ,to ali5s less fav\rable t]ms might be (f]$1 b ) a prospect ( citiz5%ip 9 case ( reclamation on a l>ge scale4 ,by su* a policy ! evils ( idl5ess & pov]ty w\ld be got rid (4 ,^! consid]ations he en=c$ by po9t+ to ! pitiful /ate ( ! city itself4 ,outside ! gates y f9d1 n a suburb b a hide\s des]t4 ,)9 ! walls we gr[ crops & graze bea/s on ! sites ( ! gymnasium & ! m>ket-place4 ,/atues ( gods & h]oes are smo!r$ 9 ! gr[+ corn4 ,yet we are =soo? to expel ^! h>d-work+ folks & to leave m5 no?+ to d b to rob or /eal4 ,! ru/ic1 be+ call$ ^u to /ate 8 own case1 describ$ ! pov]ty ( ! squatt] families1 ! innoc5ce ( _! lives1 _! s]vices to %ipwreck$ seaf>]s1 & s =?4 ,on ! la/ topic he receiv$ a dramatic confirmation f a man 9 ! cr[d1 :o _h himself be5 "o ( a p>ty ( ca/aways hospitably reliev$ ?ree ye>s be=e by ^! v p4 ,s all end$ well4 ,! /ress laid on ! simple ru/icity ( ! ru/ic1 & ! mutual di/ru/ & mean jeal\sy ( ! t[nsfolk1 %ew 9 num]\s t\*es t we h 9 ?is n>rative a highly col\r$ sc5e4 ,b ! picture ( ! decay$ city1 ) its anci5t walls a _w too wide = its %runk population1 is companion to t ( ! des]t$ c\ntryside4 ,bo? panels ( ?is m\rnful dipty* c\ld h be5 p>allel$ 9 ! case ( _m a city & t]ritory 9 ,italy & ,greece4 ,! moral reflexions1 9 :i* ! lectur] proce$s to apply ! lessons ( ! n>rative1 are significant4 ,he enl>ges on ! sup]iority ( ! poor to ! ri* 9 _m virtues1 unselfi%ness 9 p>ticul>4 ,pov]ty 9 itself is n naturally an evil4 ,if m5 w only "w ) _! own h&s1 !y may supply _! own ne$s1 & live a life wor?y ( freem54 ,! ^w occurs m ?an once 9 ?is spirit$ appeal1 %ew+ cle>ly t ,dion _h detect$ ! plague-spot 9 ! civilization ( 8 day4 ,b he hone/ly admits ! grave difficulties t beset artisans 9 ! v>i\s trades practis$ 9 t[ns4 ,!y lack necess>y#abje capital3 ev]y?+ has to be paid =1 food clo?+ lodg+ fuel & :at n1 = !y get no?+ free b wat]1 & own no?+ b _! bodies4 ,yet we _c advise !m to engage 9 f\l degrad+ vocations4 ,we desire !m to live hon\rably1 n to s9k bel[ ! /&>ds ( ! gre$y usur] or ! own]s ( lodg+-h\ses or %ips or gangs ( slaves4 ,:at !n are we to d ) ! dec5t poor8 ,%all we h to propose turn+ !m out ( ! cities & settl+ !m on allotm5ts 9 ! c\ntry8 ,tradition tells u rural settlem5t prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,attica ( yore3 & ! sy/em work$ well1 produc+ citiz5s ( a bett] & m discreet type ?an ! t[n-br$ me*anics :o ?rong$ ! ,assemblies & law-c\rts ( ,a!ns4 ,x may be said t ,dion is a m]e it9]ant philosoph]1 :o travels ab\t see+ ! _w & propos+ impracticable rem$ies = contempor>y evils 9 popul> s]mons to idle audi5ces4 ,b he knew 8 trade1 & 8 trade 0 to make 8 he>]s #8feel bett]' = att5d+ 8 disc\rses4 ,:5 he portrays ! follies or vices ( ! age1 he is deal+ ) matt]s ( common k1 & n likely to misrepres5t facts s]i\sly4 ,:5 he sugge/s rem$ies1 x matt]s little t !re is no possibility ( apply+ !m4 ,pres5t company are always except$1 & ! t[nsfolk :o li/5$ to ! prea*] w\ld nei!r res5t 8 /rictures on city life nor h ! slighte/ int5tion ( sett+ _! own h&s to ! spade or pl\gh4 ,t !re 0 a k9d ( moral reaction#abjf 9 ?is p]iod1 & t lectur]s & essayi/s contribut$ some?+ to ! revival ( heal?i] public s5tim5t1 ,i d n dispute2 ?\gh ,i ?9k too mu* success is sometimes#abjg ascrib$ to _! good int5tions4 ,at any rate !y _c be cr$it$ ) improv+ ! conditions ( ru/ic life4 ,to ! f>m] ! voice ( ! great _w outside 0 repres5t$ by ! collectors ( r5ts & taxes1 ! exactors ( s]vices1 n by ! sympa!tic homilies ( popul> tea*]s4 ,,xli4 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ]s4 ,! au?ors ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :om x is conv5i5t to view toge!r z a gr\p ( witnesses be>+ on ! condition ( a "p ( ! ,roman ,ea/ "u ! e>ly ,empire1 supply "s int]e/+ matt]4 ,we read ( an agriculture t includes corn-gr[+1 ! culture ( v9es1 & pa/oral indu/ry3 ! olive1 & above all ! fig-tree1 appe> z normal objects ( ! c\ntryside4 ,pl\gh spade & sickle1 /oreh\se ?re%+-floor & w9epress1 are ! famili> appliances ( ru/ic life1 z !y _h be5 f "t immemorial4 ,f>m]s ne$ n only h>d "w1 b wat*fulness & =e?\ght1 = ! bus9ess ( _! lives4 ,live /ock h to be protect$ f bea/s ( prey1 & ne$ endless c>e4 ,& ! ru/ic's outlook is ev] cl\d$ by ! fe> ( dr\ght & murra94 ,all ?is is an ord9>y picture1 common to _m l&s3 only ! anxiety ab\t wat]-supply is p]haps specially ,ori5tal4 ,! ox & ! ass are ! *ief bea/s ( draught & burd54 ,9 %ort1 c\ntry life goes on z ( old1 & mu* z x /ill does aft] _m *anges ( rul]s4 ,f ! way 9 :i* f>m]s are g5]ally spok5 ( ,i inf] t !y are normally peasant#abjh l&[n]s4 ,t is to say1 n t5ants ( an individual l&lord1 b hold+ _! f>ms ) p[] ( sale & "r ( succession1 liable to tribute4 ,! ,roman /ate is /rictly speak+ ! own]1 hav+ succe$$ to ! royal own]%ip assum$ by ! ,seleucid k+s4 ,b t !re 0 also lett+#abji ( e/ates to t5ant-f>m]s is cle>1 = we read ( collection ( r5ts4 ,at ! same "t we f9d x sugge/$1 app>5tly z a moral r ?an legal obligation1 t ! toil+ f>m] has ! fir/ claim#abaj on ! produce1 & ! ox is n to be muzzl$4 ,su* passages1 & o!rs insi/+ on hone/y & ! duty ( lab\r1 keep u firmly rem9d$ ( ! moral aims p]vad+ ! works ( ^! writ]s4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are m conc]n$ to def9e :at ought to be ?an to record :at is4 ,_m ( ! significant ref]5ces to ru/ic matt]s occur 9 p>ables4 ,b we mu/ n =get t a p>able w\ld h little =ce if its details 7 n reali/ic4 ,( ! figures appe>+ on ! agricultural sc5e we may di/+ui% ! weal?y l&lord#abaa1 :e!r f>m+ = 8 own acc\nt or lett+ 8 l& to t5ants3 ! /ew>d#abab f>m+ = 8 "l's acc\nt3 ! t5ant-f>m]3 probably ! free peasant on a small hold+ ( 8 own4 ,lab\r is repres5t$ by ! f>m] work+ ) 8 own h&s1 & by p]sons employ$ simply z lab\r]s4 ,^! la/ are ei!r freem5 or slaves4 ,slav]y is assum$ z a normal condition1 b a read] c h>dly help be+ /ruck by ! notable passages 9 :i* ! wage-e>n] appe>s z a means ( illu/rat+ an important po9t4 ,does ! occurr5ce ( su* passages sugge/ t 9 ^! ,ori5tal surr\nd+s wage-s]vice 0 z common a sy/em z bond-s]vice1 p]haps ev5 m s8 ,i hesitate to draw ?is conclusion1 = ! foll[+ reason4 ,accept+ ! fact ( slav]y 7z ! writ]s d71 !re 0 n mu* to be said beyond enjo9+ humanity on ma/]s & consci5ti\s & respectful s]vice on slaves4 ,b ! relation betwe5 hir] & hir$1 presumably a b>ga91 op5$ up f>-rea*+ issues ( equity1 transc5d+ que/ions ( =mal law4 ,h5ce we he> mu* ab\t x4 ,t ! workman is wor?y ( 8 meat 7 444 7 is a proposition ( :i* we h an e>li]#abac v]sion1 ref]r+ to slaves4 ,! c[>dice ( ! hirel+ %eph]d po9ts a notable moral4 ,! ri* :o defraud ! reap] ( 8 hire#abad meet ) sca?+ d5unciation4 ,= to him t worke? ! rew>d is n reckon$#abae ( grace b ( debt4 ,?is la/ proposition seems to furni% a key to ! rem>kable p>able#abaf ( ! ,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d1 :i* has be5 subject$ to _m div]se int]pretations4 ,if we accept ! view t ! wages repres5t ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & t ?is rew>d is grant$ n ( debt b ( grace1 x is cle> t great /ress is laid on ! autocratic position ( ! h\sehold] 774 ,8 treatm5t ( ! hir$ lab\r]s is an ass]tion ( entire indiff]5ce to :at we call #8economic' consid]ations4 ,h[ x is to be int]pret$ z equitable1 !ologians mu/ decide1 or be cont5t to leave mod]n h&work]s to draw _! own conclusions4 ,my int]e/ 9 ! matt] may be %ewn 9 ! "q :e!r ?is h\sehold] is to be reg>d$ z a typical figure1 or n4 ,i tru/ ,i am guilty ( no irrev]5ce 9 say+ t to me he seems a purely hypo!tical "*4 ,t is to say t ,i take ! gi/ ( ! p>able to be ?is3 if an employ] *ose to deal ) 8 hirel+s on su* arbitr>y pr9ciples1 he w\ld be act+ )9 8 rights4 ,i d n inf] t su* conduct 0 likely 9 ord9>y life1 or ev5 t a concrete case ( its occurr5ce _h ev] be5 kn[n4 ,i _c believe t 9 a c\ntry :]e debts#abag & usury are ref]r$ to z matt]s ( c\rse1 & :]e ma/]s entru/$ money#abah to _! slaves = purposes ( trade1 :]e sales ( l&#abai 7 an ord9>y bus9ess transaction1 a sane individuali/ic capitali/ w\ld act z ! man 9 ?is p>able4 ,^? :o ?9k diff]5tly mu/ cle> up _! own difficulties4 ,i w\ld add t ?is p>able1 ! details ( :i* seem to me non-reali/ic1 only occurs 9 "o ( ! ,gospels4 ,is x possible t x is bas$ on "s curr5t ,ori5tal /ory8 ,,xlii4 ,,m>tial ,,& ,,juv5al4 ,among ! witnesses1 o!r ?an te*nical writ]s1 f :om we get evid5ce z to ! conditions ( agriculture "u ! ,empire1 are two poets1 ,m>tial & ,juv5al4 ,! latt]1 a native ( ,aqu9um 9 ! old ,volscian "p ( ,latium1 nev] %ook (f ! influ5ce ( 8 connexion ) rural ,italy4 ,! =m]1 a native ( ,bilbilis 9 ,spa91 0 "o ( ! gift$ prov9cials :o came to ,rome z ! lit]>y c5tre ( ! _w4 ,he sp5t m ?an ?irty ye>s !re1 & made an unrivall$ "n z a writ] ( epigrams1 b 8 he>t 0 9 ,spa94 ,! attitude ( ^! two m5 t[>ds ! facts ( _! "t is v diff]5t1 & ! diff]5ce affects ! value ( _! evid5ce4 ,9 ! satires ( ,juv5al indignant rhetoric takes up a high moral position1 & declaims fi]cely aga9/ abom9ations4 ,n[ ?is attitude is beset ) temptations to ov]/ate an evil r ?an weak5 effect4 ,moreov]1 9 imp]ial ,rome x 0 necess>y to be v c>eful3 n only 7 p]sonal ref]5ces dang]\s1 b x 0 above all ?+s necess>y to avoid provok+ ! ,emp]or4 ,yet ev5 ,emp]ors c\ld 7& did7 view attacks ^u _! pr$ecessors ) indiff]5ce or approval3 :ile vici\s contempor>ies 7 n likely to put on ! cap if _! deceas$ c\nt]p>ts 7 assail$4 ,s ! satiri/1 conf9+ 8 /rictures ma9ly to ! pa/1 is n (t5 a contempor>y witness ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,x is =tunate t 8 ref]5ces to ru/ic conditions are n mu* affect$ by ?is limitation3 b !y mo/ly ref] to ! pa/4 ,m>tial on ! contr>y is a m]e man ( 8 "t4 ,8 bus9ess is n to c5sure1 /ill less to re=m1 b to f9d !mes = light v]se su* z w hit ! ta/e ( av]age ,roman read]s4 ,he soon discov]$ t sc&al 0 ! "o /aple topic ( int]e/1 & exploit$ x z a s\rce ( #8copy' d[n to ! f\le/ dregs4 ,mo/ ( ! *>act]s expos$ appe> "u fictiti\s ,greek names1 b d\btless ,roman gossips appli$ ! fil?y imputations to ea* o!r4 ,we ne$ n suppose t ,m>tial's rul+ passion 0 = bawdy epigram4 ,b he knew :at w\ld hit ! ta/e ( an idle & libid9\s _w4 ,= himself1 no?+ is cle>] ?an t he f\nd life 9 ! great city a sore trial1 n solely f ! oppressive climate at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,he 0 too clev] a man n to suff] we>9ess 9 su* surr\nd+s4 ,he _h to practice ! s]vility habitually display$ by poor m5 t[>ds ! ri* & influ5tial1 b he did n l x4 ,x seems to h be5 ?r\gh patronage t he got toge!r suffici5t weal? to enable him ev5tually to retire to 8 native c\ntry4 ,! d9 & dirt & *ronic unre/ ( ,rome 7 to him1 z to ,juv5al1 an abom9ation3 & f ^! ev]-pres5t evils !re 01 = dwell]s 9 mean h\ses or cr[d$ blocks ( sordid flats1 no escape4 ,bo? writ]s agree t ! ,rome ( ^? days 0 only fit = ! weal?y to live 94 ,secure 9 8 gr& mansion on "o ( ! heal?ie/ sites1 ) pl5ty ( elb[-room1 gu>d$ aga9/ unwelcome intrusions by a ho/ ( slaves & escort$ by !m 9 public1 ! millionaire c\ld take 8 life easily3 he c\ld ev5 sleep4 ,m>tial _h 8 way to make z a man ( lett]s1 & ne$$ to keep bra9 & n]ves 9 work+ ord]4 ,= ?is1 occasional retirem5t f ! urban p&emonium 0 necess>y4 ,s he manag$ to acquire a little suburban#abbj prop]ty1 :]e he c\ld sp5d days 9 peace & quiet4 ,_m ( 8 fri5ds did ! same4 ,to keep su* a place1 h[ev] small1 9 good ord]1 & to gr[ "s c\ntry produce1 h[ev] little1 x 0 necess>y to h a resid5t#abba vilicus4 ,he _h also a vilica1 & !re w\ld probably be a slave or two "u !m4 ,! poet 0 n[ bett] (f1 & do+ z o!rs did4 ,^! suburbana1 retreats = ! we>y1 7 evid5tly num]\s4 ,_! agricultural significance 0 small4 ,m>tial (t5 pokes fun at ! own]s :o )draw to ! c\ntry = a holiday1 tak+ ) !m#abbb _! supplies ( eatables b\ght 9 ! m>kets ( ,rome4 ,cle>ly ! city m>kets 7 well suppli$3 & ?is indicates ! exi/5ce ( ano!r class ( suburban prop]ties1 m>ket-g>d5s on a bus9ess foot+1 ( :i* we he> little directly4 ,an indu/ry ( ?is k9d spr+s up r\nd e great c5tre ( population3 h[ f> x c ext5d dep5ds on ! available means ( deliv]+ ! produce 9 fair m>ketable condition4 ,r\nd ,rome x _h no d\bt exi/$ = c5turies1 & 0 probably "o ( ! mo/ economically s\nd agricultural und]tak+s 9 c5tral ,italy4 ,t x 0 conduct$ on a small scale & 0 prosp]\s may be ! reason :y x attract$ little notice 9 lit]ature4 ,?\gh ,m>tial _c be reg>d$ z an au?ority on ,italian agriculture1 x s happ5s t passages ( 8 works are important & in/ructive1 p>ticul>ly 9 connexion ) matt]s ( l&-managem5t & f>m-lab\r4 ,he gives po9t to 8 epigrams by %ort & vivid t\*es1 above all by tell+ contra/s4 ,n[ ?is /yle ( writ+ loses mo/ ( its =ce if ! details lack reality4 ,he 0 !re=e little tempt$ to g beyond ! tru? 9 matt]s ( ord9>y non-be/ial life1 su* z agricultural conditions2 we may accept him z a good witness4 ,to beg9 ) an all-important topic1 let u see :at we get f him on ! managem5t ( l&1 ei!r = ! l&lord's acc\nt "u a slave vilicus1 or by lett+ x to a free colonus4 ,9 expla9+ ! gloomy be>+ ( ,selius1 he rem>ks#abbc t x is n due to rec5t losses3 8 wife & 8 goods & 8 slaves are all safe1 & he is n suff]+ f any failures ( a t5ant or a /ew>d4 ,"h colonus z oppos$ to vilicus mu/ mean a free t5ant1 :o might be beh9dh& ) 8 r5t or ) s]vice due "u 8 lease4 ,! opposition occurs else:]e1 z :5 he ref]s#abbd to ! produce s5t 9 to a ri* man 9 ,rome f 8 c\ntry e/ates by 8 /ew>d or t5ant4 ,s too on ! bir?day ( an em95t advocate all 8 cli5ts & dep5dants s5d gifts2 among !m#abbe ! hunt] s5ds a h>e1 ! fi%]man "s fi%1 & ! colonus a kid4 ,! v5ator & piscator are v likely 8 slaves4 ,9 prote/+#abbf aga9/ ! plague ( kiss+ z x /rikes a man on return to ,rome1 he says1 #8all ! neighb\rs kiss y1 & ! colonus too ) 8 hairy unsav\ry m\?4' ,x seems to imply t ! ru/ic t5ant w\ld come to ,t[n to pay 8 respects to 8 l&lord4 ,b>r+ ! kiss1 ! duty ( welcom+ ! squire makes "o ?9k ( times n long gone by 9 ,engl&4 ,9 "o passage#abbg !re is a t\* sugge/ive ( almo/ m$ieval relations4 ,h[ ,l9us has manag$ to get ?r\gh a l>ge inh]it$ =tune1 is a my/]y 9 ne$ ( an explanation4 ,he has n be5 a victim ( ! temptations ( ! great wick$ city4 ,no1 he has always liv$ 9 a c\ntry t[n1 :]e economy 0 n only possible b easy4 ,ev]y?+ he ne$$ 0 to be _h *eap or gratis1 & !re 0 no?+ to lead him into extravagant ways4 ,n[ among ! in/ances ( *eapness is ! means ( satisfy+ 8 sexual passions :5 !y become unruly4 ,at su* mom5ts ei!r ! vilica or ! duri nupta coloni s]v$ 8 turn4 ,! /ew>d's consort w\ld be 8 slave1 & !re is no m to be said3 b ! t5ant-f>m]'s wife1 presumably a free woman1 is on a diff]5t foot+4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( hoodw9k+ ! husb&1 = ! situation is treat$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x w\ld r seem t ! l&lord is repres5t$ z rely+ on ! complaisance ( a dep5d5t boor4 ,if ,i int]pret ! passage rightly1 we h 9 x a vivid sidelight on ! position ( "s at lea/ ( ! coloni ( ! fir/ c5tury ,,ad4 ,t vilici & coloni alike 7 usually clumsy ru/ics ( small manual skill1 is sugge/$ by two passages#abbh 9 :i* !y are cr$it$ ) bungl+ workman%ip 9 wood or /one4 ,p]haps we may detect ref]5ce to a colonus 9 an epigram on a man :o sp5ds 8 money lavi%ly on 8 own debau*]ies b is meanly nigg>dly to necessit\s fri5ds4 ,x says #8y sell ance/ral l&s to pay = a pass+ gratification ( y\r lu/1 :ile y\r fri5d1 left 9 ! lur*1 is till+ l&#abbi t is n 8 own4' ,t is1 y might h made him a pres5t ( a little f>m1 z _m ano!r has done2 b y h left him to s9k into a m]e colonus4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %ew t ^! t5ant-f>m]s 7 a humble & dep5d5t class ( m51 & t ! picture drawn f passages ( ,m>tial corresponds to t drawn above 9 ,web]'s int]pretation ( ,columella4 ,x is n necess>y to set out ) ! same fulness all ! evid5ce ( ,m>tial on agricultural matt]s reg>d$ f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,! frequ5t ref]5ce to ! l& is a /rik+ fact3 l 8 fell[-c\ntryman ,columella1 he 0 cle>ly int]e/$ 9 ! l&-sy/em ( ,italy4 ,he %ews wide k ( ! special products ( diff]5t di/ricts2 a k probably pick$ up at fir/ 9 ! m>kets ( ,rome1 & aft]w>ds increas$ by exp]i5ce4 ,no writ] draws ! l9e m di/9ctly betwe5 productive & unproductive e/ates4 ,t we he> v mu* m ( ! latt] is no wond]3 s long z ! supremacy ( ,rome 0 un%ak51 & money p\r$ into ,italy1 a great "p ( ! c\ntry 0 held by weal?y own]s to :om pr(it 0 a less urg5t motive ?an pleasure or pride4 ,to :at l5g?s o/5tation c\ld g is se5#abcj 9 ! p]v]se fancy ( a millionaire to h a real rus 9 urbe ) gr\nds ab\t 8 t[n h\se s spaci\s t !y includ$ a real v9ey>d3 "h 9 %elt]$ seclusion he c\ld h a v9tage 9 ,rome4 ,?is is 9 tru? ! same vulg> ambition z t 7mu* common]7 ( ! man :o prides himself on treat+ gue/s at 8 c\ntry mansion to e luxury procurable 9 ,rome4 ,x is m]ely inv]t$4 ,at ?is po9t x is natural to ask :5ce came ! va/ sums lavi%$ on ^! & o!r =ms ( luxury4 ,italy 0 n a great manufactur+ c\ntry4 ,! regul> dues f ! ,prov9ces fl[$ into ! treasuries1 n op5ly into private pockets4 ,yet a good deal ( ^! monies no d\bt did 9 ! end become ! rew>d ( individuals1 z sal>ies or am\nts payable to contractors1 etc4 ,^! h[ev] w\ld n by !mselves suffice to acc\nt = ! imm5se squ&]+ t evid5tly took place4 ,a s\rce ( incomes1 probably mu* m productive ?an we might at fir/ sight imag9e1 exi/$ 9 ! huge e/ates own$ by weal?y ,romans 9 ! l&s beyond ! seas4 ,m>tial ref]s#abca to su* prop]ties at ,patrae 9 ,a*aia1 9 ,egypt1 etc4 ,! returns f ^! e/ates1 h[ev] badly manag$1 7 9 ! total probably v l>ge4 ,& !y 7 no new ?+4 ,9 ,v>ro & 9 ,cic]o's lett]s we f9d !m treat$ z a matt] ( c\rse3 ! case ( ,atticus & 8 l&s 9 ,epirus is well kn[n4 ,pl9y#abcb tells u ( ! case ( ,pompey1 & also ( ! six l&-monopoliz]s :om ,n]o f\nd 9 possession ( #ej ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,africa4 ,! practice ( usury 9 ! subject c\ntries 0 no long] s widespread or s remun]ative z x _h be5 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! ,republic1 b x _h n ceas$1 & ! same is true ( ! f>m+ ( rev5ues4 ,comm]ce 0 active3 b we are r conc]n$ ) ! means ( pay+ = import$ goods ?an ) ! fact ( importation4 ,! anxiety z to ! supply ( corn f abroad %ews itself 9 ! gossip#abcc ( quidnuncs z to ! fleet ( freight-%ips com+ f ,alex&ria4 ,puteoli & ,o/ia 7 d\btless v busy2 all we ne$ note is t someone mu/ h made money#abcd 9 ! bus9ess ( transport & deliv]y4 ,^! consid]ations may s]ve to expla9 ! pres5ce ( s mu* #8money 9 ! c\ntry' z we say1 & ! result+ extravagance4 ,b all ?is social & economic fabric re/$ on ! security gu>ante$ by ! imp]ial =ces on l& & sea4 ,"o ( ,m>tial's epigrams#abce is ( special int]e/ z describ+ a manife/ly exceptional e/ate4 ,x 0 at or ne> ,baiae1 ! fam\s seaside pleasure-resort1 :i* _h be5 ! sc5e ( co/ly fancies & luxuri\s liv+ = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! po9t ( ! poem lies 9 ! /rik+ contra/ ( ?is place comp>$ ) ! unproductive suburbanum#abcf ( ano!r own]1 :i* is kept go+ by supplies f ! ,roman m>ket4 ,= ! place is a g5u9e unsophi/icat$ c\ntry f>m1 produc+ corn & w9e & good /ore ( firewood1 & bre$+ cattle sw9e %eep & v>i\s k9ds ( p\ltry & pigeons4 ,:5 ru/ic neighb\rs come to pay _! respects1 !y br+ pres5ts1 su* z honey 9 ! comb1 *eese1 dormice1 a kid1 a capon4 ,! daught]s#abcg ( hone/ t5ants br+ baskets ( eggs4 ,! villa is a c5tre ( hospitality2 ev5 ! slaves are well f$4 ,! pres5ce ( a slave-h\sehold br\ght f ,t[n is p>ticul>ly dwelt on3 :at ) fi%+ & trapp+ & ) #8light "w' 9 ! g>d51 ^! spoilt m5ials1 ev5 my "l's pet eunu*1 are happy en\gh4 ,!re are also "y home-br$ slaves 7v]nae7 probably ! (fspr+ ( ! f>m-slaves4 ,! topsyturvydom ( ?is epigram is s /rik+ t "o may suspect ,m>tial ( laugh+ 9 8 sleeve at ! ecc5tric fri5d ^: f>m he is prais+4 ,9 any case ?is _c be tak5 s]i\sly z a reali/ic picture ( a c\ntry seat practically agricultural4 ,! own] evid5tly drew 8 income f o!r s\rces4 ,& ! sort ( man :o treat$ himself to an eunu* c h>dly h be5 mu* ( a f>m]1 ev5 ne> ,baiae4 ,! m5tion ( probi coloni illu/rates :at has be5 said above z to t5ants1 & t a f>m c\ld be describ$ 9 su* words z rure v]o b>b>oque is a c&id admission t 9 too _m in/ances a place ( ! k9d c\ld only by c\rtesy be /yl$ a f>m1 s9ce ! intrusion ( #8civilization' 7t is1 ( ref9$ & luxuri\s urban elem5ts7 de/roy$ its practical ru/ic "*4 ,t ! e/ate 9 "q produc$ en\gh to fe$ ! own] & 8 gue/s1 8 dome/ics br\ght f ,rome1 & ! resid5t ru/ic /aff z well1 is cr$ible4 ,b !re is no?+ to %ew t x produc$ any surplus = ! m>kets3 x may h done some?+ 9 ?is direction1 b t x really paid its way1 yield+ a mod]ate return on ! capital sunk 9 l& slaves & o!r f>m-/ock1 is utt]ly incr$ible4 ,:e!r 9 t[n or c\ntry1 ! life sket*$ by ,m>tial is t ( a society re/+ on a basis ( slav]y4 ,at ! same "t ! supply ( new slaves#abch 0 n s pl5tiful z x _h be5 9 days be=e ! ,roman ,peace "u ,augu/us4 ,s]viceable ru/ic slaves 7 valuable n[adays4 ,address+ ,fau/9us1 ! weal?y own] ( ! above ,baian villa & sev]al o!rs1 ! poet says #8y c s5d ?is book#abci to ,m>cell9us1 :o is n[ at ! end ( 8 campaign 9 ! ,nor? & has leisure to read3 b let y\r mess5g] be a da9ty ,greek page4 ,m>cell9us w requite y by s5d+ y a slave1 captive f ! ,danube c\ntry1 :o has ! mak+ ( a %eph]d 9 him1 to t5d ! flocks on y\r e/ate by ,tibur4' ,ea* fri5d is to s5d ! o!r :at ! o!r lacks & he is 9 a position to supply4 ,?is is a s+le in/ance2 b ! sugge/$ d ut des is significant4 ,z w>s became r>]1 & prison]s few]1 ! disposal ( captives w\ld be a p]quisite ( m & m value4 ,t ! normal treatm5t ( slaves 0 becom+ m & m humane1 is c]ta94 ,b :e!r humanit>ian s5tim5t 9 ,/oic =ms1 z prea*$ by ,s5eca & o!rs1 _h mu* to d ) ?is result1 is m d\btful4 ,! wisdom ( n provok+ discont5t among ! slaves1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\ntry1 0 well und]/ood4 ,! decl9e ( ! free ru/ic population _h made ! abs5ce ( a regul> police =ce a dang] n to be ignor$4 ,improv$ conditions 7 probably 9 mo/ cases due to self-int]e/ & caution mu* m ?an to humane s5tim5t4 ,9 ,m>tial's day we may ga!r f num]\s indications t 9 g5]al ! lot ( slaves 0 n a h>d "o if we except ! legal "r ( self-disposal4 ,urban dome/ics 7 (t5 sadly spoilt1 & 7 apt to give !mselves great airs outside ! h\se or to call]s at ! door4 ,b ,i believe t 9 respect ( com=t & happ9ess ! position ( a /ew>d ) a slave-/aff 9 *>ge ( a c\ntry place own$ by a ri* man 0 9 mo/ cases f> pleasant]4 ,subject to ! prep>ation = ! ma/]'s occasional visits & ent]ta9m5t ( 8 gue/s1 ^! m5 7 left v mu* to _! own devices4 ,! site ( ! villa _h be5 *os5 = its advantages4 ,s long z en\gh "w 0 done to satisfy ! own]1 !y1 8 c>etak]s1 enjoy$ gratis = ! :ole ye>#abdj ! privileges & pleasures :i* he paid = de>ly & seldom us$4 ,x seems c]ta9 t x 0 on su* e/ates t mo/ ( ! slave-bre$+ took place4 ,x 0 becom+ a m regul> practice1 z we see f ,columella4 ,& x _h advantages f sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,! slave all[$ to mate ) a female p>tn] & produce *ildr5 0 m effectively ti$ to ! place ?an ! unmat$ lab\r] on a plantation 0 by 8 *a94 ,s long z ! little v]nae 7 n brutally treat$ 7& x seems to h be5 a tradition to treat !m well71 ! p>5ts 7 mu* less likely to jo9 9 any rebelli\s s*emes4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! "y ( slaves 7 wor? money1 if sold2 :ile1 if kept by ! old ma/]1 !y w\ld "w 9 :at 0 ! only home !y _h kn[n3 !y w\ld be easi] to tra9 & manage ?an "s raw b>b>ian f ,g]many or ,brita9 or ! ,sudan4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! recognition ( slave-bre$+ =ebod$ ! ev5tual decl9e ( slav]y--p]sonal slav]y--z an in/itution1 at lea/ = purposes ( ru/ic life4 ,i "k ( no direct evid5ce#abda z to ! class or classes f :i* ! unfree coloni ( ! lat] ,empire 7 drawn4 ,b x seems to me extremely probable t _m ( ! coloni ( ! p]iod ) :i* we are j n[ conc]n$ 7 home-br$ slaves manumitt$ & kept on ! e/ate z t5ants4 ,?is conjecture f9ds a reason = manumission1 z ! fre$man w\ld be capable ( a legal relation1 :i* ! slave 0 n4 ,! fre$man's son w\ld be +5uus1 & w\ld repres5t1 9 8 economic bondage "u cov] ( legal fre$om1 a natural /age 9 ! transition f ! p]sonal slave to ! pr$ial s]f4 ,t !re 7 v]nae on ! small suburban prop]ties1 ! re/-retreats ( ,m>tial & _m o!rs1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,b !y c h>dly h be5 v num]\s4 ,^! little places 7 (t5 b poorly kept up4 ,! own]s 7 seldom weal?y m51 able to ma9ta9 _m slaves4 ,economy & quiet 7 desir$ by m5 :o c\ld n af=d o/5tation4 ,! normal use ( ! epi!t sordidus#abdb 7n peculi> to ,m>tial7 9 speak+ ( su* places1 & inde$ ( small f>m/eads 9 g5]al1 is *>act]i/ic ( !m & ( ! undress life l$ !re4 ,! h\se 0 sometimes 9 bad condition4 ,to pat* up a leaky ro(#abdc a pres5t ( a load ( tiles 0 welcome4 ,a man buys a place ! h\se 7casa7 on :i* is horribly d>k & old3 ! poet rem>ks t x is close to ! pleasure-g>d5 7hortos7 ( a ri* man4 ,?is expla9s ! pur*ase3 ! buy] w put up ) bad lodg+ = ! prospect ( good d9n]s at 8 neighb\r's table4 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ a pur*as] = an e/ate ( bad sanit>y record1 & ! damage done to rip>ian f>ms by ! ,tib] floods1 are in/ances#abdd ( ! ord9>y tr\bles ( ! little l&[n]s ne> ,rome4 ,a peculi> nuisance1 common 9 ,italy1 0 ! pres5ce 9 "s corn] ( a field ( ! tomb#abde ( "s =m] own] or 8 family4 ,a slice ( ! l&1 s _m feet 9 l5g? & bread?1 0 (t5 res]v$#abdf z n to pass ) ! inh]itance4 ,:at ! heir nev] own$1 t he c\ld n sell4 ,s1 :5 ! prop]ty *ang$ h&s1 ! new own] _h no "r to remove :at to him might be no?+ b a h9drance to conv5i5t tillage4 ,alt>s#abdg tak5 ov] f a pr$ecessor may also h be5 tr\blesome at times1 b _! removal 0 probably less difficult4 ,! picture ( agricultural conditions to be drawn f ,juv5al agrees ) t drawn f ,m>tial4 ,b1 z said above1 ! po9t ( view is diff]5t 9 ! satiri/1 ^: bus9ess x is to d5\nce evils1 & :o is liable to fall into rhetorical exagg]ation4 ,& to a native ( c5tral ,italy ! tradition ( a heal?i] /ate ( ?+s 9 e>li] ages 0 naturally a m important "p ( 8 backgr\nd ?an x c\ld be to a man f ,spa94 ,h5ce we f9d vivid sc5es#abdh drawn f leg5d1 %ew+ good old ,romans1 m5 ( di/9ction1 work+ on ! l& !mselves & re>+ well-f$ families 7slaves includ$7 on ! produce ( meagre little plots ( two iug]a4 ,an ex-consul#abdi breaks (f 8 lab\rs on a hillside1 %\ld]s 8 mattock1 & jo9s a ru/ic fea/ at ! h\se ( a relative4 ,! hill-folk ( ! ,abruzzi are patt]ns ( ?rifty cont5tm5t1 ready to e>n _! bread#abej ) ! pl\gh4 ,b ! civic duties are n =gott54 ,! citiz5 has a d\ble function4 ,he s]ves ! /ate 9 arms & receives a pat* ( l&#abea z 8 rew>d = w\nds suff]$4 ,he has to att5d ! ,assembly be=e 8 w\nds#abeb are fully heal$4 ,9 %ort1 he is a peasant soldi] :o does a public duty 9 bo? peace & w>4 ,! vital ne$ ( ! pres5t day#abec is t p>5ts %\ld re> sons ( ?is type4 ,"h we h ! moral :i* ^! sc5es1 & ! frequ5t ref]5ces to anci5t h]oes1 are meant to impress on contempor>ies4 ,a /rik+ in/ance#abed f hi/orical times is t ( ,m>ius1 :o is repres5t$ z hav+ ris5 f ! position ( a wage-e>n+ f>m-lab\r] to be ! savi\r ( ,rome f ! b>b>ians ( ! ,nor?4 ,b ! m5 ( ! old5 "t l$ simple lives1 free f ! extravagance & luxury ( ^! days & !re=e f ! temptations & ailm5ts t n[ ab\nd4 ,! only :olesome surr\nd+s#abee n[ are to be f\nd 9 out-(-! way c\ntry corn]s or ! homes ( su* frugal citiz5s z ,juv5al himself4 ,b ^! are m]e islets 9 a sea ( wantonness br$ 9 security3 luxury is deadli]#abef ?an ! sword1 & ! conqu]$ _w is be+ av5g$ 9 ! ru9 ( its conqu]or4 ,p]haps no symptom on :i* he enl>ges is m significant & s9i/] f 8 own po9t ( view ?an t betray$ 9 a pass+ ref]5ce by ! v]bal contra/#abeg betwe5 paganus & miles4 ,! peasant is no long] soldi]3 & 9 ?is fact ! weightie/ movem5ts ( "s #bej ye>s ( ,roman hi/ory are virtually impli$4 ,s mu* = an appeal to ! ,roman pa/4 ,b ,juv5al1 l ,v]gil be=e him1 0 n cont5t ) ?is4 ,he looks back to ! primitive age#abeh ( man's appe>ance on e>? & idealizes ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is picture also4 ,mank9d1 rude heal?y & *a/e1 _h n yet rea*$ ! notion ( private prop]ty3 !re=e !ft 0 unkn[n4 ,! moral is n press$ 9 ! passage :]e ?is description occurs2 b x is wor? not+ because ! gre$ ( m5 9 imp]ial ,rome1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! =m ( l&-grabb+ & villa-build+1 is a fav\rite topic 9 ! satires4 ,all ?is side ( contempor>y life1 view$ z ! fruit ( artificial appetites & unnecess>y passions1 is evid5ce ( a deg5]acy t has be5 go+ on ev] s9ce ! beg9n+s ( society4 ,& ! wor/ ( x is t ^? :o ?rive on pres5t conditions are ! corrupt ! s]vile & ! mean1 f :om no improvem5t c be hop$ =4 ,juv5al's picture ( pres5t facts z he sees !m is q en\gh to ju/ify 8 pessimism4 ,z a means ( arre/+ deg5]ation he is only able to sugge/ a *ange#abei ( m9d1 9 fact to urge p to be o!r ?an !y are4 ,b he _c %ew :]e ! initiative is to be f\nd4 ,c]ta9ly n 9 ! mongrel free populace ( ,rome1 a rabble ( p>asites & begg>s4 ,nor 9 ! ranks ( ! weal?y fre$m5 into ^: h&s ! *ief opportunities ( enri*m5t h pass$1 ?anks to ! imp]ial jeal\sy ( g5u9e ,romans & pref]5ce ( supple ali5s4 ,^! fre$m5 are ! typical capitali/s3 !y buy up ev]y?+1 l& includ$2 & ,romans :o despise ^! up/>ts h nev]!less to fawn on !m4 ,nor aga9 are lead]s to be f\nd 9 ! surviv+ remnant ( old families4 ,x is a sad pity1 b pride ( bir?1 :ile indispos+ !m to useful indu/ry1 does n prev5t !m f debau*]y or f degrad+ !mselves 9 public4 ,f9ancial ru9 & *>ges ( high treason are de/roy+ !m3 ev5 7 ?is n s1 :o w\ld look to su* p]sons = a :olesome example8 ,nei!r religion ) its =malities & excitem5ts1 nor philosophy ) its pr(essors bely+ _! moral prea*+1 c\ld furni% ! means ( effect+ ! *ange ( he>t ne$$ = vital re=m4 ,no1 x 0 n f ! imp]ial capital1 ! reek+ hotb$ ( wick$ness1 t any good c\ld come4 ,& :5 ,juv5al turns to ! c\ntry x is rem>kable h[ little com=t he seems to f9d 9 ! rural conditions ( ,italy4 ,l o!r writ]s1 he ref]s to ! imm5se e/ates#abfj t ext5d$ ov] a great "p ( ! c\ntry1 bo? arable & graz+ l&s 7saltus71 ! latt] 9 p>ticul> be+ ( mon/r\s size4 ,we _c get f him any h9t t ! l&-monopoly1 ! cank] ( ! lat] ,republic1 _h be5 effectually *eck$4 ,nor inde$ _h x4 ,"o ( ! ways 9 :i* ri* patrons#abfa rew>d$ cli5ts = s]vices1 hon\rable or 7z he sugge/s7 (t5 di%on\rable1 0 to give ! dep5dant a small l&$ e/ate4 ,! practice 0 n new4 ,maec5as _h giv5 ,horace 8 ,sab9e f>m4 ,b ! man :o gave away acres mu/ h _h pl5ty ( acres to give4 ,true1 "s ( ! great l&lords _h e>n$#abfb _! e/ates by success 9 an hon\rable pr(ession3 b ! satiri/ is naturally m impress$ by ! cases ( ^?1 g5]ally fre$m51 ^: possessions are ! fruit ( corrupt compliance or ignoble trades4 ,^! up/>ts1 l ! ,trimal*io ( ,petronius1 live to display _! weal?1 & ! acquisition ( l&s#abfc & erection ( co/ly villas are a means to ?is end4 ,! fa%ion set by !m is foll[$ by o!rs1 & ov]-buy+ & ov]-build+ are ! cause ( bankruptcies4 ,two passages#abfd indicate ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( an atroci\s evil notori\s 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! latifundia1 ! practice ( compell+ small hold]s to "p ) _! l& by v>i\s outrages4 ,! live /ock belong+ to a ri* neighb\r are driv5 on to ! poor man's f>m until ! damage ?us caus$ to 8 crops =ces him to sell--( c\rse at ! aggressor's price4 ,a simpl] =m1 ejectm5t )\t pret5ce ( pur*ase1 is m5tion$ z an in/ance ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( gett+ legal r$ress1 at lea/ = civilians4 ,!re w\ld be little po9t 9 m5tion+ su* wrongs z conceivable possibilities3 surely !y mu/ h occurr$ n[ & !n 9 real life4 ,! tru?1 ,i take x1 0 t ! great l&lord own+ a ho/ ( slaves _h always at disposal a =ce well able to c>ry out 8 t]ritorial ambitions2 & possession ( p[] 0 a temptation to use x4 ,! employm5t ( slaves 9 rural bord]-raids 0 no new ?+1 & ! slave1 hav+ himself no?+ to lose1 probably f\nd ze/ 9 a *ange ( occupation4 ,9 ,juv5al agriculture appe>s z c>ri$ on by slave lab\r1 & ! employm5t ( supplem5t>y wage-e>n]s is ignor$2 n unnaturally1 = x 0 n necess>y to ref] to x4 ,! satiri/ himself#abfe has ru/ic slaves1 & is pr\d t !y are ru/ic1 :5 !y on a special occasion come 9 to wait at 8 table 9 ,rome4 ,slaves are ( c\rse includ$#abff 9 ! /ock ( an e/ate1 great or small1 giv5 or sold4 ,all ?is is commonplace3 :at is m to ! satiri/'s purpose is ! m5tion#abfg ( a memb] ( an illu/ri\s old family :o has come d[n 9 ! _w s l[ z to t5d ano!r man's flocks = hire4 ,& ?is is br\ght 9 z a contra/ to ! purse-pr\d insol5ce ( a weal?y fre$man4 ,b m rem>kable is ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to t5ant coloni4 ,ev5 ! ^w colonus does n occur 9 any %ade ( mean+4 ,?is too may fairly be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t little c\ld h be5 got out ( ref]5ces to ! sy/em = ! purposes ( 8 argum5t4 ,x 01 z he knew1 small peasant l&[n]s1 n t5ants1 t _h be5 ! backbone ( old ,rome2 & x 0 ?is class1 view$ ) ! sympa!tic eye ( "o sigh+ = p]i%$ glories1 t he w\ld h lik$ to re/ore4 ,x is a satiri/'s b5t to wi% = ! unatta9able & prote/ aga9/ ! inevitable4 ,= himself1 he c s+ ! praises ( ru/ic simplicity & *eapness & d5\nce ! luxury & extravagance ( ,roman society1 ?\gh he d>e n assail liv+ individuals4 ,& 9 expos+ ! rott5ness ( ! civilization ar\nd him he attacks ! v vices t _h gr[n to su* port5t\s heights ?r\gh ! developm5t ( slav]y4 ,idl5ess bore its fruit1 n only 9 ! debau*]y & gambl+ t fo/]$ unholy gre$ & crimes committ$ to procure ! money t 0 ev] vani%+1 b 9 ! degradation ( hone/ lab\r4 ,pamp]$ m5ials 7 arrogant1 poor citiz5s s]vile4 ,& va/ tracts ( ,italian l& bore witness to ! m\rnful fact t ! l& sy/em1 s f> f af=d+ a s\nd basis = social & economic bett]m5t1 0 itself "o ( ! wor/ elem5ts ( ! situation4 ,at ?is /age x is well to recall ! relation betwe5 agriculture & milit>y s]vice1 ! f>m]-soldi] ideal4 ,! long-s9ce exi/+ t5d5cy = ! soldi] to become a pr(essional1 :ile ! free f>m] class 0 decay+1 _h nev] oblit]at$ ! impression ( ?is ideal on ,roman m9ds4 ,! belief t gymna/ic ex]cises on ,greek models 7 no effective sub/itute = regul> manual lab\r 9 ! op5 air z gu>antees ( milit>y #8fitness' is /ill /rong 9 ,juv5al4 ,x %ews itself 9 8 pictures ( life 9 ,rome1 :]e su* ex]cises 7 practis$ = ! purpose ( #8keep+ fit' & #8gett+ an appetite1' mu* z !y are n[4 ,foll[$ by ba?s & massage & luxuri\s appliances ( e k9d1 ?is treatm5t enabl$ ! jad$ city-dwell] to m9imize ! en]vat+ effects ( idl5ess reliev$ by excitem5ts & debau*]y4 ,he significantly lays /ress on ! fact t ^! habits 7 z common among wom5 z among m54 ,! usual all[ance mu/ be made = a satiri/'s exagg]ation2 b ! g5]al tru? ( ! picture is n to be d\bt$4 ,! city life 0 no prep>ation = ! camp ) its r\gh appliances & ev]-pres5t ne$ = ! read9ess to endure *e]fully ! h>d%ips ( ! field4 ,! t\ghness ( ! f>m-lab\r] 0 prov]bial3 ! ,lat9 ^w durus is 8 conv5tional epi!t4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 a model ( heal?y h>dness & vig\r4 ,n[ to ,juv5al1 z to o!rs1 ! be/ object ( desire#abfh 0 m5s sana 9 corpore sano1 & he well knew t to secure ! second gave ! be/ hope ( secur+ ! fir/4 ,we might !n expect him to recomm5d field "w z ! sure/ way to get & keep vigor\s heal?4 ,yet ,i _c f9d any indication ( ?is precept save ! advice to a fri5d to get out ( ,rome & settle on a g>d5-plot 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he says #8!re live devot$#abfi to y\r clod-pick2 be ! vilicus ( a well-t5d$ g>d54' ,i presume he means #8be y\r own /ew>d1 & l5d a h& 9 tillage z a /ew>d w\ld d4' ,b an av]age vilicus w\ld be m conc]n$ to get "w out ( 8 und]l+s ?an to ex]t himself1 & ,juv5al is n v explicit 9 8 advice1 ! ma9 po9t be+ to get 8 fri5d out ( ,rome4 ,i h res]v$ = comp>ison ) ?is passage "o f ,m>tial#abgj4 ,9 a c\plet on a pair ( halt]es 7some?+ r l dumb-bells7 he says #8,:y wa/e ! /r5g? ( arms by use ( silly dumb-bells8 ,if a man wants ex]cise1 he _h bett] g & dig 9 a v9ey>d4' ,?is is mu* pla9]1 b "o may d\bt :e!r x is s]i\sly meant to be an ord9>y rule ( life4 ,probably x is no m ?an a sne] at gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,= ,m>tial well knew t muscle develop$ by ! practice ( a?letics#abga is v diff]5t f ! bodily firmness & capacity = cont9u\s ef=t "u v>y+ conditions t is produc$ by a life ( h>d manual lab\r4 ,& ! impression left on a read]'s m9d by epigrammati/ & satiri/ alike is t 9 ,rome & 9 ! mo/ fav\r$ & accessible p>ts ( ,italy ! bless+ ( #8corporal s\ndness' 0 t5d+ to become a monopoly ( slaves4 ,= :5 ,juv5al decl>es#abgb t n[adays ! r\gh fossor1 ?\gh %ackl$ ) a heavy *a91 turns up 8 nose at ! g>d5-/uff t f$ a ,manius ,curius 9 ! old5 days1 hank]+ aft] ! sav\ry fle%pots ( ! cook-%op1 we ne$ n take him too s]i\sly4 ,,xliii4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,y\ng]4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y1 "o ( ! g5]ation :o rememb]$ ,vespasian1 liv$ ?r\gh ! d>k lat] ye>s ( ,domitian1 & rejoic$ 9 ! bett] times ( ,n]va & ,trajan1 is "o ( our mo/ important witnesses4 ,n be+ a te*nical writ] on agriculture1 x 0 n 8 bus9ess to dwell on :at ought to be done r ?an :at 0 be+ done4 ,be+ himself a great l&[n] z well z a man ( wide int]e/s & high reputation1 he knew ! problems ( contempor>y l&-managem5t f exp]i5ce1 & speaks ) intellig5ce & au?ority4 ,he 0 n a man ( robu/ con/itution1 & l _m o!rs he f\nd mu* refre%m5t 9 rural soj\rn+s4 ,he is rem>kable = ke5 appreciation ( beautiful sc5]y4 ,adopt$ by 8 uncle1 ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 well-educat$ & 9 t\* ) ! lit]>y circles & ! be/ social life ( ,rome1 8 lett]s illu/rate ! intellectual & moral influ5ces t prevail$ 9 cultivat$ h\seholds ( hone/ g5tlem54 ,9 p>ticul> he is to u p]haps ! v be/ example ( ! humaniz+ t5d5cy ( ! curr5t philosophies ( ! day 9 relation to ! subject ( slav]y4 ,he is deeply int]e/$ 9 promot+ manumissions#abgc :5ev] he gets a *ance4 ,8 t5d] conc]n = ! welf>e ( 8 slaves con/antly meets u1 & he is only consol$ = ! dea? ( "o by reflect+ t ! man 0 manumitt$ 9 "t#abgd & s di$ free4 ,9 fact he does n reg>d slav]y z a normally lifelong condition2 & he all[s 8 slaves to make in=mal wills & respects _! disposition ( _! sav+s among _! fell[s#abge 9 ! h\sehold1 :i* is to slaves a sort ( commonweal?4 ,ma/]s :o don't feel ! loss ( _! slaves are really n human4 ,b ?is all ref]s to dome/ics1 & does n t\* ! case ( ! field-h& toil+ on ! f>m4 ,a transaction#abgf 9 ref]5ce to ! sale ( "s l& by ! lake ( ,como1 ,pl9y's own neighb\rhood1 illu/rates ! normal *anges ( own]%ip t 7 go+ on1 & 8 own g5]\s nature4 ,an old lady1 an intimate fri5d ( 8 "m1 want$ to h a prop]ty 9 t lovely di/rict4 ,pl9y gave h] ! (f] ( any ( 8 l& at h] own price1 res]v+ only c]ta9 p>cels = s5tim5tal reasons4 ,be=e 7z x seems7 any b>ga9 0 made1 a fri5d di$ & left ( 8 e/ate to ,pl9y1 includ+ "s l& su* z ! old lady desir$4 ,pl9y at once s5t 8 fre$man ,h]mes to (f] h] ! suitable p>cels = sale4 ,%e promptly cl9*$ ! b>ga9 ) ,h]mes at a figure :i* turn$ out to be only ( ! full value4 ,pl9y's att5tion 0 call$ to ?is1 b he /ood by ! act ( 8 fre$man & ratifi$ ! sale4 ,! publicani :o 7 !n f>m+ ! #e duty on successions soon appe>$1 & claim$ ! #e z reckon$ on e/imat$ full value ( ! prop]ty4 ,! old lady settl$ ) !m on ^! t]ms1 & !n insi/$ on pay+ to ,pl9y ! full value1 n ! b>ga9$ price2 :i* (f] he1 n to be outdone1 gracefully decl9$4 ,su* 0 ! c\rse ( a commonplace transaction1 c>ri$ out by exceptional p 9 an unselfi% _s4 ,we are mo/ c]ta9ly n to suppose t ?is sort ( ?+ 0 common 9 l&-deal+s4 ,ano!r lett]#abgg %ews u h[ a well-meant b5efaction might fail 9 its aim = want ( means 9 ! b5efici>y4 ,an old slave-woman1 once ,pl9y's wet-nurse1 _h evid5tly be5 manumitt$1 & he made h] a pres5t ( a small f>m 7agellum7 to provide h] ma9t5ance4 ,at t "t its m>ket value 0 ample to secure ?is4 ,b ?+s w5t wrong4 ,= "s reason ! ye>ly returns fell1 & ! m>ket value fell also4 ,:e!r ! old woman _h tri$ to manage x h]self & fail$1 or :e!r a bad t5ant _h let d[n ! cultivation1 does n pla9ly appe>4 ,at any rate ,pl9y 0 greatly reliev$ :5 a fri5d1 presumably "o liv+ ne> ! place1 und]took to direct ! cultivation ( ! f>m4 ,he expresses 8 confid5ce t "u ! new managem5t ! hold+ w\ld recov] its value4 ,= 8 own cr$it1 n less ?an = ! advantage ( 8 nurse1 he wi%es to see x produce its utmo/4 ,^! little hold+s no d\bt ne$$ v skilful managem5t1 & ,i suspect t idle slaves 7 9 ?is case ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,slaves commonly w5t ) l&1 & ,i d n ?9k ! g5]\s donor w\ld give 8 old nurse ! b>e l& )\t ! ne$ful lab\r4 ,! old #8,mammy' c\ld n control !m1 & ,pl9y's fri5d sav$ ! situation4 ,trajan's ord]1 requir+ ,prov9cial c&idates = (fice to inve/ a ?ird#abgh ( _! prop]ty 9 ,italian real e/ate1 & ! artificial rise ( prices = ! "t1 has be5 dealt ) above4 ,pl9y advis$ a fri5d1 if he w\ld be n sorry#abgi to "p ) 8 ,italian e/ates1 to sell n[ at ! top ( ! m>ket & buy l& 9 ! ,prov9ces1 :]e prices w\ld be correspond+ly l[]$4 ,( ! risks att5dant on l&[n+ 9 ,italy he 0 well aw>e1 & "o lett]#abhj on ! pros & cons ( a tempt+ pur*ase mu/ be translat$ 9 full4 ,he writes ?us to a fri5d4 #8,i am do+ z usual1 ask+ y\r advice on a matt] ( bus9ess4 ,!re are n[ = sale "s l&$ prop]ties t bord] on f>ms ( m9e & inde$ run into !m4 ,!re are ab\t !m _m po9ts t tempt me1 b "s equally important t repel me4 ,! temptations are ^!4 ,fir/1 to r\nd (f my e/ate w\ld be 9 itself an improvem5t4 ,secondly1 x w\ld be a pleasure1 & a real economy to boot1 to make "o trip & "o exp5se s]ve = a visit to bo? prop]ties1 to keep bo? "u ! same#abha legal ag5t1 inde$ almo/ "u ! same /ew>ds1 & to use only "o ( ! granges z my furni%$ h\se1 j keep+ ! o!r 9 repair4 ,i am tak+ into acc\nt ! co/ ( furniture1 ( *ief s]vants1 fancy g>d5]s1 artisans1 & ev5 hunt+#abhb outfit3 = x makes a va/ diff]5ce :e!r items l ^! are conc5trat$ 9 "o spot or are scatt]$ 9 sep>ate places4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i fe> x may be ra% to expose s l>ge a prop]ty to ! same local climatic risks4 ,x seems saf] to enc\nt] ! *anges ( =tune by n hold+ too mu* l& 9 "o neighb\rhood4 ,moreov]1 x is a v pleasant ?+ to h *ange ( sc5e & climate1 & s too is ! m]e t\r+ ab\t f "o ( y\r e/ates to ano!r4 ,!n comes ! *ief issue on :i* ,i am try+ to make up my m9d4 ,! f>ms are productive1 ! soil ri*1 ! wat]-supply good2 !y conta9 pa/ures1 v9ey>ds1 & woodl&s t af=d timb]1 f :i* !re is a small b regul> return4 ,a fav\r$ l&1 y see3 b x is suff]+ f ! weakness#abhc ( ^? :o f>m x4 ,= ! late l&lord sev]al times di/ra9$#abhd on ! t5ants' goods1 less5+ _! arre>s#abhe ( r5t = ! mom5t1 b dra9+ _! sub/ance = ! future3 ! failure ( ?is s5t up ! arre>s once m4 ,s !y w h to be equipp$#abhf ) lab\r2 :i* w co/ all ! m because only tru/y slaves w d4 ,z = *a9$ slaves1 ,i nev] keep !m on my e/ates1 & 9 ^? p>ts nobody does4 ,i h n[ only to tell y ! probable price4 ,x is ?ree million se/]ces1 ?\gh at "o "t x 0 five million3 b1 :at ) ! pres5t sc>city#abhg ( t5ants & ! prevail+ agricultural depression1 ! returns f ! f>ms h fall51 & s has ! m>ket value4 ,y w want to "k :e!r ,i c raise easily ev5 ! ?ree millions4 ,x is true t ne>ly all ,i h is inve/$#abhh 9 l&2 /ill ,i h "s money out at int]e/1 & ,i %all h no tr\ble 9 borr[+4 ,i %all get x f my "m-9-law1 :o lets me use h] ca% z if x 7 my own4 ,s pray don't let ?is consid]ation influ5ce y1 provid$ ! o!rs d n ga9say my project2 ,i beg y to weigh !m mo/ c>efully4 ,= ( exp]i5ce & =esight y h pl5ty & to sp>e z a guide 9 g5]al bus9ess1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! plac+ ( inve/m5ts4' ,! glimpses ( agricultural conditions t we get f ,pl9y's lett]s d n z a rule give u a *e]ful picture4 ,mo/ ( 8 l& seems to h be5 "u v9es1 & ! v9tage#abhi 0 (t5 poor1 sometimes a failure4 ,dr\ght & hail/orms play$ havoc#abij ) ! crops4 ,:5 !re 0 a b\ntiful v9tage1 ( c\rse ! w9e made a poor price4 ,h5ce ! returns f ! f>ms are small1 & unsafe#abia at t4 ,s he replies to simil> compla9ts ( fri5ds4 ,:5 he is at any ( 8 c\ntry places he g5]ally has to face a *orus ( grumbl+#abib t5ants4 ,he 0 sometimes utt]ly puzzl$ :at to d4 ,if incl9$ to make abatem5ts#abic ( r5t1 he is uneasily aw>e t ?is rem$y may only put (f ! evil day4 ,if t5ants d n recov] _! solv5cy 7& he kn[s t !y seldom d71 he w h to *ange 8 policy#abid1 = !y are ru9+ ! l& by bad husb&ry4 ,= himself1 he is no f>m]4 ,:5 on a c\ntry e/ate1 wat*+ ! progress ( ! v9tage1 he pott]s ab\t#abie 9 a r purposeless mann]1 glad to retire to 8 /udy :]e he c li/5 to 8 read] or dictate to 8 secret>y3 if he c produce#abif a few l9es1 t is 8 crop4 ,x w\ld seem t n all 8 f>ms 7 let to t5ants4 ,9 "o lett] he speaks ( 8 t[n-slaves#abig be+ employ$ z ov]se]s or gang]s ( ! ru/ic h&s1 & rem>ks t "o ( 8 occupations is to pay surprise visits to ^! fell[s4 ,we c guess :at a drag ^u ,italian agriculture ! slav]y-sy/em really 03 "h is a man full ( consid]ate humanity1 devot$ to ! wellbe+ ( 8 slaves1 :o _c tru/ "o ( !m to see t o!rs d _! "w4 ,b t lett+ to t5ants 0 8 usual plan is evid5t f ! numb] ( 8 ref]5ces to ! tr\ble !y gave him4 ,x 0 n always cle> :e!r to get rid ( !m or to keep !m 7& if ! latt]1 on :at t]ms17 (f]$ ! less disa/r\s solution ( an awkw>d problem4 ,9 "o lett]#abih he gives ! foll[+ excuse = 8 inability to be pres5t 9 ,rome on ! occasion ( a fri5d's succe$+ to ! consul%ip4 #8,y won't take x ill ( me1 p>ticul>ly z ,i am compell$#abii to see to ! lett+ ( "s f>ms1 a bus9ess t means mak+ an arrangem5t = sev]al ye>s1 & w drive me to adopt a fre% policy4 ,= 9 ! five ye>s#acjj j pa/ ! arre>s h gr[n1 9 spite ( l>ge abatem5ts grant$4 ,h5ce mo/ 7( ! t5ants7 take no fur!r tr\ble to r$uce _! liabilities1 hav+ lo/ hope ( ev] meet+ !m 9 full3 !y grab & use up ev]y?+ t gr[s1 reckon+ t h5ce=? x is n !y#acja :o w\ld pr(it by economy4 ,s z ! evils increase ,i mu/ f9d rem$ies to meet !m4 ,& ! only possible plan is to let ^! f>ms#acjb n at a ca% r5t b on %>es1 & !n to employ "s ( my /aff z task-ma/]s to wat* ! crops4 ,besides1 !re is no fair] s\rce ( income ?an ! returns r5d]$ by soil climate & season4 ,true1 ?is plan requires mighty hone/y1 ke5 eyes1 & a ho/ ( h&s4 ,/ill ,i mu/ make ! trial2 ,i mu/ act z 9 a *ronic malady1 & use e possible treatm5t to promote a *ange4' ,no d\bt !re 7 _m l&lords m effectively qualifi$ to wr+ an income out ( ru/ic e/ates ?an ?is delicate & g5tle lit]>y man4 ,inde$ he knew ?is himself & made no secret ( x4 ,writ+ to a fri5d#acjc he says #8,:5 o!rs g to visit _! e/ates1 x is to come back ! ri*]2 :5 ,i d s1 x is to come back ! poor] = ! trip4' ,he !n tells ! /ory ( a rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,he _h dispos$ ( ! ye>'s v9tage on "s e/ate 7evid5tly ! hang+ crop7 by auction to "s speculative buy]s1 :o 7 tempt$ by ! app>5t prospects ( a rise 9 price to foll[4 ,?+s did n turn out z expect$1 & ,pl9y felt b\nd to make "s abatem5t 9 ! cov5ant$ price4 ,:e!r ?is 0 simply ow+ to 8 own scrupul\s love ( fair deal+1 or :e!r "s /ipulation 9 ! contract ( sale _h automatically become op]ative1 does n seem q cle>3 ,i %\ld give him ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,h[ to make ! abatem5t equitably1 s z to treat ea* case ) p]fect fairness1 0 a difficult problem4 ,=1 z he %ews at l5g?1 ! circum/ances ( diff]5t cases diff]$ widely1 & a m]e #8flat rate' remission ( s mu* p] c5t all r\nd w\ld n h work$ out s z to give equal relief to all4 ,aft] c>eful calculation he devis$ a s*eme t satisfi$ 8 consci5ti\s wi% to act fairly by ea* & all4 ,( c\rse ?is left him a l>ge sum out ( pocket1 b he ?\ght t ! g5]al approval ( ! neighb\rhood & ! gratitude ( ! reliev$ speculators 7 well wor? ! money4 ,= to h a good "n among ! local deal]s 0 good bus9ess = ! future4 ,_m an hone/ g5tleman s9ce ,pl9y's "t has simil>ly consol$ himself = 8 losses ( hon\r1 & "s ( !m h n miss$ _! well-e>n$ recomp5se4 ,among 8 _m c\ntry prop]ties1 a c]ta9 ,tuscan villa 0 "o ( 8 fav\rite resorts4 ,9 a long description ( x & its v>i\s attractions he m5tions#acjd incid5tally t ! ,tib]1 :i* ran "r ?r\gh ! e/ate1 0 available = b>ges 9 w9t] & spr+1 & ?us enabl$ !m to s5d _! f>m-produce by wat]-c>riage to ,rome4 ,?is confirms ! evid5ce ( o!r writ]s1 z does also ! lett] describ+ ! widespread deva/ation#acje caus$ by a ,tib] flood4 ,m notable z ?r[+ light on conditions ( life 9 rural ,italy is a lett]#acjf 9 reply to a correspond5t :o _h writt5 to in=m him ( ! disappe>ance ( a ,roman ( position & prop]ty :5 on a j\rney1 app>5tly 9 ! ,tib] c\ntry4 ,! man 0 kn[n to h rea*$ ,ocriculum1 b aft] t all trace ( him 0 lo/4 ,pl9y _h small hopes f ! inquiry t x 0 propos$ to conduct4 ,he cites a simil> case f 8 own acqua9tance ye>s be=e4 ,a fell[-burgess ( ,comum _h got milit>y promotion z c5turion ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,pl9y1 :o made him a pres5t ( money :5 he set out1 app>5tly = ,rome1 to take up 8 (fice4 ,no?+ m 0 ev] he>d ( him4 ,b ,pl9y adds t 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! "o j report$1 ! slaves escort+ _! ma/] also disappe>$4 ,!re=e he leaves x an op5 "q1 :e!r#acjg ! slaves murd]$ _! ma/] & escap$ undetect$1 or :e!r ! :ole p>ty on ei!r occasion 7 murd]$ by a robb] b&4 ,! lack ( a regul> con/abul>y 9 ,italy _h be51 & /ill 01 a grave defect 9 ,roman adm9i/ration4 ,to acc\nt = ?is neglect we mu/ rememb] t ri* m5 always reli$ on _! slave-escort = protection4 ,if ! poor man travell$1 he 0 n wor?#acjh robb+2 8 dang] 0 ! *ance ( be+ kidnapp$ & sold = a slave1 & we h se5 t "s ( ! e>ly emp]ors tri$ to put d[n ?is abuse4 ,! dang] to a travell] f 8 own slaves 0 p]haps great] on a j\rney ?an at home2 b x 0 ( ! same k9d1 insep>able f slav]y1 & 0 mo/ cruelly dealt ) by ! law4 ,mean:ile brig&age seems nev] to h be5 ?or\ghly ext+ui%$ 9 ,italy or ! ,prov9ces#acji4 ,9 spite ( ^! drawbacks to life & movem5t 9 a great slave-hold+ community1 !re is no?+ t /rikes a read] m 9 ,pl9y's lett]s ?an ! easy acceptance ( pres5t conditions4 ,"u ,trajan ! empire seem$ s secure & /rong1 t unpleasant occurr5ces c\ld be reg>d$ z only ( local importance4 ,t ! free population ( ,italy c\ld no long] def5d 9 arms :at _! =efa!rs _h won1 0 manife/4 ,b cu/om 0 mak+ x seem natural to rely on armies rais$ 9 ! ,prov9ces2 all ! m s p]haps z emp]ors 7 be+ suppli$ by ,spa94 ,t slav]y itself 0 "o ( ! cank]s t 7 eat+ out ! vitality ( ! ,roman empire1 does n seem to h occurr$ to ,pl9y or o!r writ]s ( ! day4 ,philosoph]s _h got s f> z to prote/ aga9/ its wor/ abuses & v9dicate ! claims ( a common humanity4 ,*ri/ian apo/les1 9 ! circles rea*$ by !m1 prea*$ also ob$i5ce#acaj & an hone/y above eye-s]vice z ! virtues ( a slave4 ,b 9 bo? ( ^! contra/$ doctr9es ! tea*]s 7 ma9ly if n exclusively ?9k+ ( dome/ics1 n ( f>m-h&s4 ,!re 0 h[ev] "o imp]ial dep>tm5t 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 slave & free /ill rigidly foll[$ old traditional rules2 & x 0 "o mu* m likely to h to deal ) cases ( ru/ic slaves ?an ( dome/ics4 ,?is 0 ! army4 ,! immemorial rule1 t no slave c\ld be a soldi]1 _h nev] be5 brok5 save "u ! pressure ( a few great tempor>y em]g5cies1 or by ! evasions incid5t to occasions ( civil w>f>e4 ,x /ill rema9$ 9 =ce4 ,:5 ,pl9y 0 gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,bi?ynia & ,pontus he _h to deal ) a "q aris+ out ( ?is rule4 ,recruit+ 0 9 progress1 & two slaves 7 discov]$ among ! m5 enli/$4 ,!y _h already tak5 ! milit>y oa?1 b 7 n yet embodi$ 9 any corps4 ,pl9y report$ ! case#acaa to ,trajan1 & ask$ = in/ructions4 ,! emp]or s5t a c>eful answ]4 #8,if !y 7 call$ up 7lecti71 !n ! recruit+ (fic] did wrong3 if !y 7 furni%$ z sub/itutes#acab 7vic>ii dati71 ! fault is ) ^? :o s5t !m3 b if !y pres5t$ !mselves z volunte]s1 well kn[+#acac _! disqualification1 !y mu/ be puni%$4 ,t !y are n z yet embodi$1 matt]s little4 ,= !y 7 b\nd to h giv5 a true acc\nt ( _! extraction on ! day :5 !y came up = inspection4' ,:at came ( x we d n "k4 ,b x is no ra% guess t ! prospect ( escap+ into ! ranks ( ! army w\ld be attractive#acad to a /urdy ru/ic slave1 & t a recruit+ (fic] might ask few que/ions :5 he saw a *ance ( gett+ exceptionally f9e recruits4 ,probably ! two detect$ suff]$ ! capital p5alty4 ,su* 0 /ill ! rigid attitude ( ! great soldi]-emp]or1 det]m9$ n to confess ! ov]/ra9+ ( ! empire's man-p[]4 ,b ! "t 0 n f> di/ant :5 ,m>cus1 beset by ! great pe/il5ce & at 8 wits' end = an army ( def5ce1 w\ld enrol slaves#acae & ruffians ( any k9d to fight = ,rome4 ,x is n necess>y to cite ! num]\s ref]5ces 9 ! lett]s to slaves & slav]y t are n connect$ ) agriculture4 ,nor ne$ ,i pursue 9 detail ! circum/ances ( "o ( 8 g5]\s public b5efactions1 ! alim5t>y end[m5t#acaf = freeborn *ildr51 probably at ,comum4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 & its *ief po9t ( int]e/ is 9 ! elaborate ma*9]y employ$ to secure ! p]petuity ( ! *>ity4 ,to leave money to ! municipality 0 to risk its be+ squ&]$4 ,to leave !m l& meant t ! e/ate w\ld n be c>efully manag$4 ,:at he did 0 to convey#acag ! prop]ty 9 "s l& to a repres5tative ( ! burgesses1 & to take x back subject to a r5t-*>ge consid]ably less ?an ! ye>ly value ( ! l&4 ,?us ! end[m5t 0 safe1 = ! m>g9 all[$ w\ld ensure t ! l& w\ld n be all[$ to drop out ( cultivation4 ,an int]e/+ glimpse ( municipal patriotism1 active & passive4 ,! only o!r detail ,i h to note is t he regul>ly uses ! t]m colonus z #8t5ant-f>m]4' ,i h n f\nd a s+le in/ance ( ! old] s5se #8till] ( ! soil4' ,we _c argue f ,pl9y to 8 contempor>ies )\t "s res]ve1 = he 0 und\bt$ly an exceptional man4 ,b1 s f> z 8 evid5ce goes1 x be>s out ! view t great l&lords 7 giv+ up ! sy/em ( slave /ew>d%ips = free t5ancies4 ,own]s !re /ill 7 :o kept _! e/ates 9 h&1 f>m+ !mselves or by deputy = _! own acc\nt4 ,b t "s ( ^! 7 m5 ( a humbl] class1 fre$m5 to wit1 we h se5 reason to believe f ref]5ces 9 ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,p]haps !y 7 _m1 & "s may ev5 h work$ ) _! own h&s4 ,be ?is z x may1 slave lab\r#acah 0 /ill ! /aple appliance ( agriculture1 & :5ev] !re 7 slaves = sale !re 7 always buy]s4 ,,xliv4 ,,suetonius ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,suetonius1 ^: ,lives ( ! fir/ twelve emp]ors conta9 mu* int]e/+ & important matt]1 /&s 9 relation to ! pres5t inquiry on ! same foot+ z mo/ ( ! regul> hi/orians4 ,he fl\ri%$ 9 ! times ( ,trajan & ,hadrian1 & !re=e :at rema9s ( 8 writ+s is n contempor>y evid5ce4 ,b he 0 a /ud5t & a c>eful compil] f num]\s works n[ lo/4 ,! numb] ( passages 9 :i* he ref]s to matt]s directly or indirectly be>+ on ru/ic life & lab\r is n l>ge1 & mo/ ( !m h be5 cit$ 9 o!r *apt]s1 :]e !y f9d a place 9 connexion ) ! context4 ,he c be dealt ) v briefly "h4 ,! close connexion betwe5 w>s & ! supply ( slaves is m>k$ 9 ! do+s ( ,julius#acai ,caes>4 ,gauli% & ,briti% captives 7 7z ,caes> himself records7 no small "p ( ! booty won 9 8 nor!rn campaigns4 ,he rew>d$ 8 m5 aft] a victory ) a prison] apiece3 ^! w\ld soon be sold to ! deal]s :o foll[$ ! army1 & mo/ ( !m w\ld f9d _! way to ! ,roman slave-m>ket4 ,to gratify fri5dly pr9ces or prov9cial communities1 he s5t !m l>ge bodies ( slaves z pres5ts4 ,s 8 victims s]v$ in/ead ( ca% to w9 adh]5ts = _! new ma/]4 ,& ^! natives ( ! ,nor? w\ld c]ta9ly be us$ = heavy r\gh "w1 mo/ly z f>m-h&s4 ,:5 ,augu/us1 lo? to enl>ge ! empire1 felt con/ra9$ to tea* re/less tribes a lesson1 he impos$ a res]ve-condition#acbj on ! sale ( prison]s tak53 !y 7 n to be employ$ 9 di/ricts ne> _! old homes1 & n to be manumitt$ be=e ?irty ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ^! w\ld probably also be br\ght to ,italy = ! same k9d ( s]vice4 ,yet1 z we h se51 !re 0 kidnapp+#acba ( freem5 9 ,italy2 probably a sign t slaves 7 already become de>4 ,t _! numb]s _h be5 r$uc$ 9 ! civil w>s1 n only by dea? b by manumission1 is fairly c]ta94 ,9 ! w> ) ,sextus ,pompeius x 0 f\nd necess>y#acbb to manumit #bj1jjj slaves to s]ve z o>sm5 9 ! fleet4 ,suetonius also records t ,augu/us :5 emp]or _h tr\ble ) ! unwill+ness ( ,romans to be call$ up = milit>y duty4 ,he _h to deal %>ply#acbc ) an eques :o cut (f ! ?umbs ( 8 two sons to incapacitate !m4 ,! abuse ( ! public corn-doles 0 a grave evil4 ,m5 got rid ( ! burd5 ( ma9ta9+ old slaves by manumitt+ !m & s mak+ !m1 z fre$m5-citiz5s1 entitl$ to a %>e ( ! doles4 ,?is 0 %ift+ ! burd5 ( fe$+ useless m\?s on to ! /ate4 ,augu/us saw t ! va/ importation ( corn = ?is b\nty t5d$ to disc\rage#acbd ,italian agriculture1 & ?\ght ( aboli%+ ! :ole sy/em ( frum5tationes4 ,b he _h to give up ! project1 be+ conv9c$ t ! sy/em w\ld be re/or$4 ,he really desir$ to revive agriculture1 & x 0 surely ) ?is aim t he advanc$ capital sums#acbe to l&lords free ( int]e/ on good security = ! pr9cipal4 ,! gr[? ( humane s5tim5t t[>d slaves is m>k$ by ! ord9ance ( ,claudius#acbf aga9/ "s v cruel practices ( slave[n]s4 ,& we are rem9d$ t p5al s]vitude 0 n[ a regul> in/itution 9 ! ,roman empire by ,n]o's ord]#acbg = br++ prison]s f all p>ts to c>ry out "s colossal works 9 ,italy1 & = fix+ condemnation to h>d lab\r z ! normal p5alty ( crime4 ,9 ! ,lives ( ! ?ree ,flavian emp]ors !re are "o or two passages ( int]e/4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t x is n easy to appreciate ! effect on ! s5tim5ts ( ,roman society ( ! ext9ction ( ! ,julio-,claudian h\se1 & ! accession ( a ?or\ghly plebeian "o1 re/+ on ! support ( ! army & readily accept$ by ! ,prov9ces4 ,suetonius1 l ,tacitus1 0 ne> en\gh to ! revolution>y ye> #fi ,,ad to und]/& ! mom5t\s nature ( ! crises t br\ght ,vespasian to ! head ( affairs4 ,he takes pa9s to describe#acbh ! desc5t ( ! new emp]or f a ,sab9e family ( no rem>kable di/9ction4 ,= two g5]ations !y _h comb9$ ) fair success ! common ,roman pr(essions ( milit>y s]vice & f9ance4 ,!y 7 respectable p ( good local /&+4 ,b !re 0 ano!r /ory relative to a g5]ation fur!r back4 ,x 0 said t ,vespasian's greatgr&fa!r 7?is takes u back to ,republican days7 _h be5 a contractor#acbi = ru/ic lab\r4 ,he 0 a headman or #8boss' ( work+-p>ties su* z are wont to pass ye> aft] ye> f ,umbria into ! ,sab9e c\ntry to s]ve z f>m-lab\r]s4 ,( ?is /ory ,suetonius c\ld n discov] any confirmation4 ,b t !re _h be51 & p]haps /ill 01 "s su* supply ( migratory lab\r available1 is a piece ( evid5ce n to be ignor$4 ,vespasian himself 0 a soldi] :o /eadily rose 9 ! usual (ficial c>e] till he rea*$ ! covet$ po/ ( gov]nor ( ,africa4 ,aft] a t]m ( hone/ b undi/+ui%$ rule1 he came back no ri*] ?an he w5t1 inde$ he 0 v ne>ly bankrupt4 ,he 0 driv5 to mortgage all 8 l&$ e/ate1 & to become = a "t a slave-deal]#accj1 9 ord] to live 9 ! /yle t 8 (ficial rank requir$4 ,! impli$ disgrace ( resort+ to a ga9ful b socially despis$ trade is at lea/ evid5ce ( ! cont9ual dem& = human *attels4 ,( two acts ( ,domitian#acca1 8 futile ord9ance to *eck v9e-gr[+1 & 8 grant ( ! rema9+ odd remnants ( ,italian l& to pres5t occupants1 en\gh has be5 said above4 ,x is n necess>y to collect ! num]\s passages 9 writ]s ( ?is p]iod t illu/rate ! gr[+ *ange ( view z to slav]y 9 g5]al4 ,! po9t made by morali/s1 t moral bondage is m degrad+ ?an physical 7= ! latt] ne$ n be really degrad+71 came ) n less =ce f ,epictetus ! slave ?an f ,s5eca ! noble ,roman4 ,x is h[ev] wor? :ile j to note ! frequ5t ref]5ces to cases ( philosoph]s & o!r di/+ui%$ lit]>y m5 :o _h ei!r actually be5 slaves or _h at "s "t 9 _! lives be5 =c$ to e>n _! daily bread by bodily lab\r4 ,su* cases are1 ,clean!s#accb draw+ wat] = wages1 ,plautus#accc hir$ by ! bak] to gr9d at 8 mill1 & ,protagoras#accd e>n+ 8 liv+ z a common port]4 ,9 "o passage sev]al slaves#acce are enum]at$ :o became philosoph]s4 ,n[1 :at is ! significance ( ^! & o!r ref]5ces ( ! same import8 ,i sugge/ t !y h j ! same be>+ z ! g5]al pr9ciples ( common humanity argum5tatively press$ by ! ,/oic & o!r s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,! s]moniz+ ( ,s5eca is a good specim54 ,b discussion ( pr9ciples 9 ! ab/ract 0 nev] ! /rong po9t ( ,roman society1 & citation ( concrete in/ances w\ld s]ve to give reality to views t 7 only too (t5 reg>d$ z ! vision>y speculations ( *att]+ ,greeks4 ,t ,roman au?ors1 d[n to ! la/ age ( ,roman lit]ature1 express$ ! long+ = a m :olesome /ate ( agriculture by ev]la/+ ref]5ces to ,c9c9natus & ! re/ ( ! traditional ru/ic h]oes1 is ano!r recognition ( ?is me?od4 ,! notion t c\rage & contempt ( dea? c\ld be fo/]$ by ! spectacle ( gladiators re/$ on mu* ! same basis4 ,true1 !re is no?+ 9 ! above consid]ations t directly be>s ^u ru/ic lab\r z su*3 b h9ts t #8a man's a man = a' t' are n to be ignor$ :5 !y make _! appe>ance 9 ! mid/ ( a slave-hold+ society4 ,,xlv4 ,,apuleius4 ,! ,prov9ce ( ,africa 0 9 ?is p]iod a fl\ri%+ "p ( ! empire1 giv+ signs ( its com+ importance 9 ! next g5]ation1 :5 x produc$ sev]al emp]ors4 ,x 0 9 fact a sort ( successor ( ,spa91 & l ,spa9 x enjoy$ ! advantage ( n front+ on ! usual seats ( w> to ! ,nor? & ,ea/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable lit]>y figures ( ! age 0 ! ,african#accf ,l ,apuleius ( ,madaura1 :o travell$ widely z /ud5t & lectur]1 & 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,greece & ,italy4 ,a philosoph] ( ! my/ical-,platoni/ type1 he 0 9 t\* ) practical life ?r\gh 8 /udy ( ! ,law1 & 0 = "s "t a plead] 9 ,rome4 ,8 native ,prov9ce#accg 0 notori\sly addict$ to litigation1 & a mod]n s*ol>#acch has %ewn t ! works ( ,apuleius ab\nd 9 legal phraseology & are col\r$ ) juri/ic notions4 ,n[1 x 0 n possible to g f> 9 consid]+ prop]ty & rights )\t com+ ^u que/ions relative to l&3 moreov]1 he himself own$ l& 9 ,africa4 ,accord+ly we f9d 9 him "s ref]5ces to l&1 & ev5 to ru/ic lab\r & conditions ( rural life4 ,&1 ?\gh 8 ,metamorphoses is a fanta/ic romance1 !re is no reason to d\bt t incid5ts & sc5es 7o!r ?an sup]natural7 are true to facts obs]v$ by ! writ]1 & !re=e admissible z evid5ce ( a g5]al k9d4 ,an in/ance may be f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ass1 t is ! h]o ( ! /ory trans=m$ into t %ape by magic4 ,he is to be sold1 & ! waggi% auctione]#acci says to a possible bidd] #8,i am well aw>e t x is a crim9al (f5ce to sell y a ,roman citiz5 = a slave3 b :y n buy a good & tru/y slave t w s]ve y z a help] bo? at home & abroad8' ,"h we h a recognition ( ! fact ( kidnapp+1 :i* is ref]r$ to else:]e 9 ! book2 t 9 cases ( ,roman victims ! law took a v s]i\s view ( ! (f5ce2 :ile ! po9t ( ! pleasantry lies 9 ! circum/ance t nei!r auctione] nor company pres5t are aw>e t ! ass is a trans=m$ man1 liable to rega9 8 human %ape by magical dis5*antm5t4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,metamorphoses is laid 9 ,greece1 & ! anecdotes includ$ 9 x d n give u a fav\rable picture ( t "p ( ! ,roman empire4 ,!re 0 surely no?+ to tempt ! writ] to misrepres5t ! condition ( ! c\ntry by pack+ 8 descriptions ) unreal details3 he w\ld ?us h weak5$ ! effect ( 8 romance4 ,weal? 9 ! h&s ( a few1 surr\nd$ by a paup] majority2 %runk5 t[ns1 ea* ) its m or less degrad$ rabble2 g5]al insecurity = life lib]ty & prop]ty2 a cruel & arbitr>y use ( p[]2 a spiritless acquiesc5ce 9 ?is pitiful /ate ( ?+s1 reliev$ by ! excitem5ts ( sup]/ition & obsc5ity3 su* 0 ,roman ,greece z ,apuleius saw x4 ,no d\bt !re 0 ,roman ,law to en=ce hone/y & ord]4 ,b ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice seldom1 if ev]1 rea*es ! /&>d ( legislation2 & z yet ! t5d5cy ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t 0 to int]f]e z little z possible ) local au?orities4 ,greece 9 p>ticul> _h always be5 treat$ ) special indulg5ce1 9 recognition ( h] glori\s pa/4 ,:e!r ! effects ( ?is fav\r 7 conducive to ! wellbe+ ( ! c\ntry1 may fairly be d\bt$4 ,! insane vanity ( ,n]o1 masqu]ad+ z ,lib]ator ( ,greece1 _h surely done m h>m ?an good4 ,hadrian's b5efactions to ,a!ns1 dictat$ by s5tim5tal antiqu>ianism1 c\ld n improve ! g5]al condition ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev] satisfactory !y might be to :at 0 n[ an ,univ]sity t[n liv+ on /ud5ts & t\ri/s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t /rikes a read] ( ?is book is ! matt]-(-fact way 9 :i* brig&age#acdj is tak5 = grant$4 ,^! robb]s "w 9 organiz$ b&s "u *os5 capta9s1 h regul> /rongholds z bases ( op]ations1 draw recruits f ! pov]ty-/rick5 peasantry or slaves1 & d n hesitate to attack & plund] great mansions1 rely+ on ! c[>dice or indiff]5ce 7or p]haps trea*]y7 ( ! ri* own]'s slaves4 ,murd] is to !m a m]e trifle1 & _! +5uity 9 tortur+ is fi5di%4 ,no d\bt _! activities are some:at exagg]at$ z a conv5i5t "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! /ory1 b ! lam5t ( ,plut>* & ! ,euboic idyll ( ,dion =bid u to reg>d ^! brig&-sc5es z pure fiction4 ,!y are ano!r side ( ! same picture ( di/ressful ,greece4 ,nor is ! impression produc$ !reby at all weak5$ by a specim5 ( milit>y#acda insol5ce4 ,greece 0 n a ,prov9ce 9 :i* a l>ge army 0 kept1 b all ,gov]nors _h "s arm$ =ce to support _! au?ority4 ,! /ory introduces ! ass ) 8 pres5t own]1 a g>d5]1 on 8 back4 ,!y are met by a swagg]+ bully ( a soldi]1 :o inquires :]e !y are go+4 ,he asks ?is 9 ,lat94 ,! g>d5] makes no reply1 n kn[+ ,lat94 ,! angry soldi] knocks him (f ! ass1 & repeats 8 "q 9 ,greek4 ,on be+ told t !y are on _! way to ! ne>e/ t[n1 he seizes ! ass on ! pretext ( be+ want$ = fatigue duty 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nor1 & w li/5 to no entreaties4 ,j z he is prep>+ to break ! g>d5]'s skull1 ! g>d5] trips him up & p\nds him to "s purpose4 ,he %ams dead1 :ile ! g>d5] hurries (f & takes refuge ) a fri5d 9 ! t[n4 ,! soldi] foll[s1 & /irs up 8 mates1 :o induce ! local magi/rates to take up ! matt] & give !m satisfaction4 ,! g>d5]'s retreat is betray$ by a neighb\r1 & clev] concealm5t nullifi$ by an indiscretion ( ! ass4 ,! wret*$ g>d5] is f\nd & hal$ (f to prison await+ execution1 :ile ! soldi] takes possession ( ! ass4 ,?is /ory aga9 is surely n grotesque & incr$ible fiction4 ,m likely x is made up f details he>d by ! ,african dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,greece4 ,if sc5es ( ?is k9d 7 possible1 ! outlook ( humble ru/ics#acdb c h>dly h be5 a *e]ful "o4 ,t p]ils ( robb]s & milit>y insol5ce 7 n ! only tr\bles ( ! c\ntryside1 is %ewn by ! foll[+ anecdote#acdc describ+ ! brutal encroa*m5ts ( a big l&lord on poor] neighb\rs4 ,a l&[n]1 app>5tly a man ( mod]ate means1 _h ?ree sons1 well-educat$ & well-behav$ y\?s1 :o 7 close fri5ds ( a poor man ) a little cottage ( 8 own4 ,bord]+ on ?is man's little hold+ 0 ! l>ge & f]tile l&$ e/ate belong+ to a ri* & p[]ful neighb\r 9 ! prime ( life4 ,?is ri* man1 turn+ ! fame ( 8 ance/ors to bad acc\nt1 /rong 9 ! support ( p>ty cliques1 9 fact an autocrat#acdd )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! t[n1 0 giv5 to mak+ raids on ! pov]ty ( 8 humble neighb\r4 ,he slaught]$ 8 flocks1 drove (f 8 ox51 & trampl$ d[n 8 crops be=e !y 7 ripe1 till he _h robb$ him ( all ! fruit ( 8 ?rift4 ,8 next desire 0 to expel him altoge!r f 8 pat* ( soil3 s he got up a baseless dispute ov] b\nd>ies1 & claim$ ! :ole ( ! l& z 8 own4 ,! poor man1 ?\gh diffid5t by nature1 0 b5t ^u keep+ 8 h]$it>y gr\nd if only = 8 own burial4 ,! claim upset him greatly1 & he entreat$ a numb] ( 8 fri5ds to att5d at ! settlem5t#acde ( b\nd>ies4 ,among ^? pres5t 7 ! ?ree bro!rs m5tion$ above1 :o came to d _! little be/ 9 ! cause ( _! injur$ fri5d4 ,b ! ri* man1 unaba%$ by ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( citiz5s1 treat$ all ef=ts at conciliation ) op5 contempt1 & swore t he w\ld ord] 8 slaves to pick ! poor man up by ! e>s & *uck him ev] s f> f 8 cottage 9 less ?an no "t4 ,! by/&]s 7 greatly inc5s$ at ?is brutal utt]ance4 ,"o ( ! ?ree bro!rs d>$ to say #8,x's no good y\r bully+ & ?reat5+ l ?is j because y are a man ( influ5ce2 don't =get t ev5 poor#acdf m5 h f\nd 9 ! laws gu>d+ freem5's rights a protector aga9/ ! outrages ( ! ri*4' ,^u ?is ! enrag$ tyrant let loose 8 f]oci\s dogs#acdg & set !m on ! company4 ,a horrible sc5e foll[$4 ,"o ( ! ?ree y\?s 0 torn to pieces1 & ! o!rs also p]i%$2 "o ( !m sla9 by ! ri* man himself1 ! o!r1 aft] av5g+ 8 bro!r1 by 8 own h&4 ,! m]e aggression ( ! ri* l&lord on ! poor is int]e/+ z add+ ano!r in/ance ( ! encroa*m5ts to ! occurr5ce ( :i* _m o!r writ]s te/ify4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! /ory is ! insol5t disreg>d ( ! ,law %ewn by ! ri* man f fir/ to la/4 ,t ! gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce c\ld prev5t or puni% su* outrages1 if 8 att5tion 7 call$ to !m1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,b he c\ld n be ev]y:]e at once1 & x is n likely t _m ( ! poor] class w\ld be =w>d to report su* do+s & appe> z accus]s ( influ5tial p]sons4 ,! ri* probably sympa?iz$ ) _! own class1 & a poor man %rank f a crim9al prosecution t w\ld 9 any ev5t expose him to _! v5geance aft]w>ds4 ,true1 ! poor 7 ! majority4 ,b x 0 a v old pr9ciple ( ,roman policy to entru/ ! effective control ( municipalities to ! burgesses ( prop]ty1 m5 :o _h some?+ to lose & :o1 be+ a m9ority1 w\ld e>n _! local supremacy by a self-int]e/$ ob$i5ce to ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,?us local magnates 7_! evil day 0 n yet come7 7 left v mu* to _! own devices1 & mo/ prov9cial gov]nors c>$ too mu* = _! own ease & com=t to display an inquisitive zeal4 ,moreov]1 s f> z ! ri* ?\ght x judici\s to keep ! poor] cont5t$1 x w\ld be ! t[n rabble t pr(it$ *iefly if n exclusively by _! lib]alities3 ! m isolat$ ru/ic 0 m liable to suff] f _! l&-pr\d gre$9ess4 ,we mu/ picture !m z ov]be>+ & arbitr>y slavehold]s1 practically uncontroll$2 & ! wor/ specim5s among !m z an ev]-pres5t t]ror to a c[$ & indig5t peasantry4 ,we are n to suppose t ?+s 7 z bad z ?is 9 all p>ts ( ,greece1 b t !re 0 little or no?+ to prev5t _! becom+ s1 ev5 9 happi] di/ricts4 ,f "t immemorial ! ,greek t5d5cy _h be5 to congregate 9 t[ns1 & aft] ! e>ly fall ( ! l&[n+ ari/ocracies ?is t5d5cy 0 /r5g!n$ by democratic movem5ts4 ,! c\ntry z a :ole 0 nev] able to fe$ its population4 ,b ! population 0 n[ greatly r$uc$4 ,giv5 due security1 p]haps ! ru/ics might n[ h be5 able to fe$ ! t[ns4 ,& t !y 7 to "s ext5t do+ s may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! *ief peasant figure 9 ! rural life ( ! ,metamorphoses is ! m>ket-g>d5]#acdh4 ,if he is b left 9 peace1 he seems to be do+ fairly well4 ,x is natural at ?is po9t to inquire :e!r a hortulanus might n also be a colonus1 ! =m] "n connot+ 8 occupation & ! latt] 8 legal position 9 relation to ! l&4 ,bo? t]ms (t5 occur1 b !y seem to be q di/9ct3 ,i c f9d no?+ to ju/ify ! application ( bo? to ! same p]son4 ,& yet ,i _c feel c]ta9 t ,apuleius always means a t5ant-f>m]#acdi "u a l&lord :5ev] he uses ! ^w colonus4 ,probably he does1 z ,nord5 seems to ?9k4 ,9 any case ! g>d5] is evid5tly 9 a small] way ( bus9ess ?an ! av]age colonus1 & x may be t 8 little scrap ( l& is 8 own4 ,he c]ta9ly works#acej ) 8 own h&s1 & ,i f9d no?+ to sugge/ t he is an employ] ( slaves1 or t he himself is n free4 ,t ! t5ant-f>m]s 7 (t5 coloni p>ti>ii1 b\nd to deliv] to _! l&lord a fix$ %>e ( _! produce 9 k9d1 is highly probable4 ,b ?is does n exclude ! paym5t ( money r5ts z well4 ,local usage probably v>i$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,x is true t ,apuleius sev]al times#acea uses p>ti>ius metaphorically1 b ?is only %ews 8 addiction to legal language1 & is no pro( ( ! preval5ce ( ! %>e-sy/em 9 ,greece4 ,! coloni1 nom9ally free1 7 z yet only b\nd to ! soil by ! practical difficulty ( cle>+ !mselves f ! obligations t encumb]$ !m & *eck$ fre$om ( movem5t4 ,b !y 7 n[ ne> to ! "t :5 !y 7 made fixtures by law4 ,ano!r "w ( ,apuleius furni%es matt] ( int]e/1 ! s-call$ ,apologia1 a spee* 9 8 own def5ce :5 tri$ on a *>ge ( magical arts ab\t ! ye> #aeh ,,ad4 ,t ! accus$ 0 9 no little dang] f ?is crim9al prosecution has be5 %ewn#aceb by ,nord54 ,:at conc]ns u is ! ref]5ce to ru/ic affairs t ! speak] is l$ to make 9 ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t1 :5 demoli%+ "s ( ! allegations ( 8 enemies4 ,! trial 0 9 ,africa at ! regul> prov9cial assize1 & ! conditions ref]r$ to are ,african4 ,apuleius1 z a man ( note 9 8 native ,prov9ce1 takes high gr\nd to manife/ 8 confid5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 case4 ,! prosecution want to draw him into an unseemly squabble ov] side-issues4 ,z ! *ief alleg$ in/ance ( 8 magic 0 connect$ ) 8 m>riage to a ri* lady1 a wid[ ( mature age1 :om he 0 said to h bewit*$1 be+ at ! "t a "y man 9 ne$1 x _h evid5tly be5 ?\ght necess>y to discuss 8 f9ancial position z ?r[+ light ^u 8 motives4 ,if at ! same "t he c\ld be repres5t$ z hav+ act$ 9 defiance ( well-kn[n laws1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,if we may tru/ ! bold refutation ( ,apuleius1 !y entangl$ !mselves 9 a contradiction & betray$ _! own bl9d malice4 ,8 reply#acec is z foll[s4 #8,:e!r y keep slaves to cultivate y\r f>m1 or :e!r y h an arrangem5t ) y\r neighb\rs = ex*ange#aced ( lab\r1 ,i d n "k & d n want to "k4 ,b y 7pr(ess to7 "k t at ,oea1 on ! same day1 ,i manumitt$ ?ree slaves3 ?is 0 "o ( ! ?+s y laid to my *>ge1 & y\r c\nsel br\ght x up aga9/ me1 ?\gh a mom5t be=e he _h said t :5 ,i came to ,oea ,i _h ) me b a s+le slave4 ,n[1 w y h ! goodness to expla9 h[1 hav+ b "o1 ,i c\ld manumit ?ree1--unless ?is too is an effect ( magic4 ,0 !re ev] su* mon/r\s ly+1 :e!r f bl9dness or =ce ( habit8 ,he says1 ,apuleius br\ght "o slave ) him to ,oea4 ,!n1 aft] babbl+ a few words1 he adds t ,apuleius manumitt$ ?ree 9 "o day at ,oea4 ,if he _h said t ,i br\ght ) me ?ree1 & grant$ fre$om to !m all1 ev5 t w\ld n h des]v$#acee belief4 ,b1 suppose ,i _h done s1 :at !n8 w\ld n ?ree fre$m5 be z sure a m>k ( weal? z ?ree slaves ( indig5ce8' ,aft] ?is outbur/ ! speak] is at pa9s to po9t out t to d ) few slaves is a philosoph]'s "p1 comm5d$ by examples n ( philosoph]s only b ( m5 fam$ 9 ,roman hi/ory4 ,! well-worn topic ( ! s*ools1 t to ne$ little is true ri*es1 is set =? at l>ge1 ) in/ances 9 illu/ration4 ,he !n ass]ts#acef t he inh]it$ a consid]able prop]ty f 8 fa!r1 :i* has be5 mu* r$uc$ by ! co/ ( 8 j\rneys & exp5ses z a /ud5t & gifts to des]v+ fri5ds4 ,aft] ?is he turns ^u 8 adv]s>y4 #8,b y & ! m5 ( y\r un$ucat$ ru/ic class are wor? j :at y\r prop]ty is wor? & no m1 l trees t be> no fruit & are wor? only ! value ( ! timb] 9 _! /ems4 ,h5ce=? y _h bett] n taunt any man ) 8 pov]ty4 ,y\r fa!r left y no?+ b a t9y f>m at ,z>at1 & x is b ! o!r day t y 7 tak+ ! opportunity ( a %[] ( ra9 to give x a good pl\gh+ ) ! help ( a s+le ass1 & made x a ?ree-days#aceg job4 ,:at has kept y on y\r legs is ! q rec5t w9dfalls ( inh]itances f k9sm5 :o di$ "o aft] ano!r4' ,^! p]sonalities1 9 ! true ve9 ( anci5t advocacy1 d n tell u mu*1 b x is int]e/+ to note t ! skill$ plead]1 a di/+ui%$ man ( ! _w1 q naturally sne]s at 8 oppon5t = hav+ be5 a poor work+ f>m]4 ,:e!r ?is 0 an especially effective taunt 9 ! ,prov9ce ,africa1 ! home ( great e/ates1 x is h>dly possible to guess4 ,( small f>m]s 9 ,africa1 work+ _! own l&1 we h1 probably by accid5t1 h>dly any o!r record4 ,b ! ref]5ce above1 to neighb\rs tak+ turns to help "o ano!r on _! f>ms1 comes 9 s mu* z a matt] ( c\rse t we may p]haps conclude t !re 7 su* small free f>m]s1 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,= slaves we ne$ no special evid5ce4 ,b ! lady :om ,apuleius _h m>ri$ seems to h be5 a l>ge slave[n] z well z a l>ge l&[n]4 ,he decl>es t he ) difficulty p]suad$ h] to quiet ! claims ( h] sons by mak+ ov] to !m a great "p ( h] e/ate 9 l& & o!r goods2 & "o item consi/s#aceh ( #djj slaves4 ,we h also a ref]5ce to erga/ula 9 a passage :]e he is prote/+ t to *>ge him ) practis+ magic arts ) ! privity ( fifte5 slaves is on ! face ( x ridicul\s#acei4 #8,:y1 #ae free m5 make a community1 #ae slaves make a h\sehold1 & #ae *a9$ ones a lock-up4' ,i take ^! v9cti to be tr\blesome slaves1 n debtors4 ,aga91 9 refut+ ! sugge/ion t he _h bewit*$ ! lady1 he /ates z pro( ( h] sanity t at ! v "t :5 %e is said to h be5 out ( h] m9d %e mo/ intellig5tly audit$ & pass$ ! acc\nts ( h] /ew>ds#acfj & o!r head-s]vants on h] e/ates4 ,& 9 g5]al x has be5 well said#acfa t ,apuleius1 ) all 8 wide int]e/ 9 all mann] ( ?+s1 did n feel driv5 to inquire into ! "r or wrong ( slav]y 9 itself4 ,he took x z he f\nd x 9 ! ,roman _w ( 8 day4 ,t he _h eyes to see "s ( its mo/ obvi\s horrors1 may be inf]r$ f ! description#acfb ( ! condition ( slaves 9 a fl\r-mill1 put into ! m\? ( ! man-ass4 ,b ) ! humanit>ian movem5ts ( ^! times he %ews no sympa?y2 & he c depict abom9able sc5es ( cruelty & be/iality )\t any w>m? ( s]i\s indignation4 ,,commodus ,,to ,,diocletian ,,xlvi4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 #ahj ,,ad br+s u to ! beg9n+ ( a long p]iod ( tr\bles1 9 :i* ! gr[+ weakness ( ! empire 0 expos$1 ! pr9cipate-sy/em ( ,augu/us f9ally fail$ "u ! pr$om9ance ( milit>y p[]1 & ! imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 left to be reorganiz$ by ,diocletian on a m ,ori5tal model4 ,!re is no d\bt t dur+ "s hundr$ ye>s ! int]nal wellbe+ ( ! ,roman empire 0 be+ l[]$1 & t ! p>ts mo/ op5 to b>b>ian invasion suff]$ t]ribly4 ,b ! pressure ( taxation to supply milit>y ne$s bore heavily on all p>ts & impair$ ! vitality ( ! :ole4 ,reactions !re 7 n[ & !n1 :5 a /rong man1 or ev5 a well-mean+ "o1 became emp]or & _h a few ye>s 9 :i* to combat pres5t evils & = ! mom5t *eck !m4 ,b ! av]age duration ( reigns 0 v brief2 emp]ors 7 g5]ally murd]$ or sla9 9 battle2 f #bdi to #bhc ! *ief function ( an emp]or 0 to lead 8 army aga9/ b>b>ian invad]s4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! fir/ half ( ?is unhappy c5tury 0 ! classical p]iod ( ,roman jurisprud5ce4 ,! important po/ ( ,praetorian ,prefect1 :i* began ) a dignifi$ milit>y comm& & 0 m & m becom+ ! *ief m9i/ry ( ! ,empire1 0 aga9 & aga9 held by em95t juri/s4 ,b 9 ! long run ! civil p[] c\ld n /& aga9/ ! jeal\sy ( ! milit>y1 & ! murd] ( ,ulpian 9 #bbh practically ends ! s]ies ( great lawy]-m9i/]s1 leav+ ! sword 9 undisput$ control4 ,! au?orities = ?is c5tury ( tr\bles are meagre & unsatisfactory4 ,) ! help ( contempor>y inscriptions1 mod]n writ]s are able to compose "s sort ( a hi/ory ( ! times1 s f> z public ev5ts & gov]nm5tal activities are conc]n$4 ,b ! lit]ature ( private life1 ! s\rce ( our be/ evid5ce on agricultural lab\r1 is = ! "t at an end1 & ! facts ( f>m life 7 n ( ! k9d ?\ght wor?y ( record 9 inscriptions4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ to be done b to glean ! few scraps ( in=mation t 9 any way be> ^u ! condition ( till]s ( ! soil 9 ?is p]iod4 ,!y are z a rule ( little value1 & !y come f writ]s ( little au?ority4 ,b x is some?+ if !y are ( a piece ) ! g5]al record ( ^! unhappy times4 ,ev5 ! imp]ial biographies ( ,m>ius ,maximus survive only 9 ! meagre ab/racts ( lat] writ]s1 & mod]n hi/orians are q unable to recon/ruct any cle> picture ( ! inn] life ( ! p]iod #ahj-bhd ,,ad ow+ to ! lack ( mat]ials4 ,! mo/ significant piece ( in=mation relates to ,p]t9ax4 ,we are told#acfc t "o ( ! useful re=ms contemplat$ by him 0 ! reclamation ( wa/e l&s ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,he orda9$ t any "o might occupy d]elict l&s1 ev5 on ! imp]ial e/ates3 on c>eful cultivation !re(1 ! f>m] 0 to become own]#acfd4 ,= a space ( t5 ye>s he 0 to be exempt f all taxation1 & 8 own]%ip 0 to be gu>ante$ aga9/ future di/urbance4 ,?is passage is good evid5ce ( ! decay ( agriculture1 agree+ ) :at we h le>nt f o!r s\rces4 ,b we _c ga!r f x t ! well-meant design _h any practical effect4 ,p]t9ax 0 only emp]or = ! inside ( ?ree mon?s1 & c\ld n realize 8 virtu\s aspirations4 ,ab\t #hj ye>s lat] we f9d ,aurelian#acfe plann+ ! developm5t ( wa/e l&s 9 ,etruria1 & ,probus#acff giv+ allotm5ts 9 ! wilds ( ,isauria to 8 vet]ans z settl]s ) obligation ( milit>y s]vice4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! depopulation & decl9e ( cultivation1 made sadly manife/ 9 ! calamit\s times ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 _h nev] ceas$ to und]m9e ! vital =ces ( ! empire4 ,h[ to fill up des]t$ l&s1 & make !m productive ( food & rev5ue1 0 ! problem t e s]i\s rul] _h to face4 ,& !re 0 9 fact only "o res\rce available to meet ! ne$4 ,! native population ( ! empire1 /ation>y at be/1 _h be5 fur!r r$uc$ by pe/il5ce & fam9e1 & 0 n able to fill up ! spaces laid wa/e by fronti] w>s4 ,h5ce ! policy ( br++ 9 masses ( b>b>ians1 adopt$ by ,m>cus1 _h to be repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,we mu/ n confuse ^! settlem5ts ) ! immigrations ( conqu]+ tribes t occurr$ lat]4 ,rome 0 /ill sup]ior to h] adv]s>ies 9 milit>y organization & skill1 & "u fairly equal conditions able to defeat !m 9 pit*$ battles4 ,?us ,claudius ,,ii ga9$ great victories ov] ! ,go?s1 & ! biograph]#acfg tells u ( ! sequel4 #8,! ,roman prov9ces 7 fill$ ) b>b>ian slaves & ,scy?ian till]s ( ! soil4 ,! ,go? 0 turn$ into a settl] on ! b>b>ian fronti]4 ,!re 0 n a s+le di/rict b _h "s ,go?ic slave ^: bondage atte/$ ! triumph4' ,"h we seem to h ! e*o ( a some:at boa/ful contempor>y v]sion4 ,! m5tion ( bo? slaves & fronti] coloni/s is to be not$4 ,we h no /ati/ics to guide u 9 an attempt to e/imate ! relative numb]s ( ! two classes4 ,b ! settlem5t ( defeat$ b>b>ians on ! fronti] z ,roman subjects is cle>ly reg>d$ z a wor?y a*ievem5t4 ,s inde$ x might h be51 _h x be5 possible to civilize !m z ,romans1 only pr(it+ by ! introduction ( new blood4 ,b ?is process 0 no long] possible3 its opposite1 ! b>b>iz+ ( ,roman l&s1 /eadily w5t on4 ,claudius only reign$ ab\t two ye>s4 ,! great soldi] :o foll[$ him 9 #bgj-e1 ,aurelian1 _h a plan = employ+ prison]s ( w>#acfh on ! cultivation ( wa/e l&s 9 ,italy itself1 b we h no reason to ?9k t mu* came ( x4 ,& ! true /ate ( ?+s 0 confess$ 9 8 ab&onm5t ( ,trajan's great ,prov9ce ( ,dacia4 ,aurelian )drew#acfi ! army & ! prov9cials1 :om he settl$ s\? ( ! ,danube 9 ,moesia2 putt+ ! be/ face he c\ld on ?is retirem5t by giv+ ,moesia ! "n ( ,dacia4 ,^! ph5om5a atte/ an obvi\s tru?1 sometimes ignor$1 t t]ritorial expansion ne$s some?+ m ?an milit>y conque/ to give x la/+ effect4 ,9 ord] to hold conqu]$ l&s ! conqu]ors mu/ ei!r occupy !m or ?or\ghly assimilate ! native population4 ,emp]ors 9 ?is p]iod became aw>e t !y c\ld d nei!r4 ,alex&] ,sev]us 7#bbb-ce7 ga9$ a great victory#acgj ov] ! ,p]sians & took a numb] ( prison]s4 ,x 0 a tradition ( ,p]sian k+s n to let _! subjects pass into =eign slav]y1 & ,alex&] all[$ !m to r$eem ^! captives by a money paym5t4 ,?is he us$ p>tly 9 comp5sat+ ! ma/]s ( ^? :o _h already pass$ into private own]%ip1 & ! re/ he paid into ! treasury4 ,?is conciliatory policy may h be5 wise4 ,9 any case ! treasury 0 9 ?is age *ronically 9 ne$ ( ready money4 ,b deal+ ) ! great ori5tal mon>*y 0 a simpl] und]tak+ ?an t ( deal+ ) ! rude peoples ( ! ,nor?1 :o press$ on 9 tribal units1 (f]+ no c5tral p[] ) :i* to negotiate4 ,probus 7#bgf-hb7 seems to h be5 sorely tr\bl$ by _! v>iety & indep5d5ce ( action4 ,we he> t :5 op]at+ 9 ,?race he settl$ #ajj1jjj ,ba/>nae#acga on ,roman soil1 & t all ^! kept fai? ) him4 ,b he w5t on to transplant l>ge bodies ( ,gepidae ,gru?ungi & ,v&als4 ,^! all broke _! fai?4 ,:ile ,probus 0 busy putt+ d[n pret5d]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! empire1 !y w5t on raid+ exp$itions at l>ge by l& & sea1 defy+ & damag+ ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,true1 ! emp]or broke !m by =ce ( arms1 & drove ! remnant back to _! wilds3 b we c see :at ! biograph] ignores1 t su* raids did mis*ief :i* ! empire 0 9 no condition to repair4 ,:at 7 ! t]ms made ) ^! b>b>ians1 to :i* ! ,ba/>nae fai?fully adh]$1 we are n told4 ,probably ! grant ( l&s c>ri$ ) x ! duty ( furni%+ recruits to ,roman armies & accept+ ! comm& ( ,roman (fic]s4 ,9 connexion ) agricultural conditions we mu/ n omit to notice ! *ange t 0 pass+ ov] ,roman armies4 ,! /raits to :i* ,m>cus _h be5 r$uc$ by ! ye>s ( plague & losses 9 ! field _h compell$ him to raise fre% troops by any means1 enroll+ slaves1 hir+ b>b>ian m]c5>ies1 & s =?4 ,) ?is miscellane\s =ce he j manag$ to hold 8 gr\nd 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b ! army nev] recov]$ its old tone4 ,! p]iod #ahj-bhd %ews x go+ f bad to worse4 ,x is full ( sectional jeal\sy & los+ all s5se ( common imp]ial duty2 only effective :5 "s "o /rong man de/roys 8 rivals & is = ! mom5t supreme4 ,! rise & fall ( pret5d]s#acgb is a ma9 topic ( ! imp]ial hi/ory4 ,z f ! f\ndation ( ! ,empire1 ! numb]s ( ! army 7 inadequate = def5ce aga9/ simultane\s attacks on sev]al fronti]s4 ,! lack ( coop]ation among _! enemies1 & ! mobility ( ,roman fronti] armies1 _h suffic$ to keep invad]s at bay4 ,b z pressure became m cont9u\s x 0 m difficult to meet ! ne$s ( ! mom5t by mov+ armies to & fro4 ,m & m !y took on ! "* ( g>risons1 _! *ief camps grew into t[ns1 local recruits fill$ up _! ranks1 & !y 7 less & less available = s]vice z field-armies4 ,b x 0 obvi\sly necess>y t ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t _! qu>t]s %\ld be "u cultivation1 9 ord] to supply !m ) at lea/ "p ( _! food4 ,x may safely be assum$ t ?is dep>tm5t 0 c>efully att5d$ to 9 ! =mation ( all ^! milit>y /ations4 ,& x seems t "u ! new conditions "o ( ! evils t _h hi!rto emb>rass$ ! empire 0 gradually br\ght to an end4 ,= ! fact rema9s t1 aft] all ! :olesale wa/e ( lives 9 ! bloody w>s ( ! ?ird c5tury1 x 0 /ill possible to raise great & effici5t armies4 ,reorganiz$ by ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e1 ! empire prov$ able to def5d itself = _m ye>s yet1 ev5 9 ! ,we/4 ,! new sy/em may h be5 oppressive to ! civil population1 b x c]ta9ly reviv$ milit>y /r5g?4 ,?is c\ld n h be5 a*iev$ )\t an improvem5t 9 ! supply ( man-p[]4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$#acgc t ?is improvem5t 0 due to ! p]man5t settlem5ts ( b>b>ians1 mo/ly ( ,g]man race1 )9 ! t]ritories ( ! empire dur+ ! ?ird c5tury4 ,:e!r plant$ on ! vacant l&s z ali5 settl]s 7inquil9i7#acgd on easy t]ms1 b b\nd to provide recruits = ! army1 or enli/$ f ! fir/ & settl$ 9 p]man5t /ations1 !y 7 ye> by ye> rais+ l>ge families & turn+ des]t$ bord]-l&s into nurs]ies ( imp]ial soldi]s4 ,?is picture may be some:at ov]drawn1 b x has ! m]it ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a4 ,)\t "s explanation ( ! k9d x is v h>d to und]/& h[ ! empire came to survive at all4 ,) x1 ! sequel appe>s natural & intelligible4 ,^! b>b>ians 7 s f> ,romaniz$ z to be pr\d ( becom+ ,romans3 ! empire 0 b>b>iz$ s f> z to l5d itself to in/itutions ( a m & m un-,roman "*1 & to lose ! rema9+ traditions ( lit]ature & art3 & :5 rud] b>b>ians 9 ! fif? c5tury assail$ ! empire 9 ! ,we/ !y f\nd ! control ( gov]nm5t already 9 ! h&s ( k9sm5 ( _! own4 ,if we are to take ! v meagre glean+s f ! g5]al records ( ?is p]iod & comb9e !m ) ! in=mation ga!r$ f ! ,african inscriptions ref]r$ to bel[1 we c provisionally =m "s sort ( notion ( ! v>i\s classes ( lab\r employ$ on ! l&4 ,fir/1 !re 7 coloni1 freem5#acge 9 ! eye ( ! law1 h[ev] mu* local conditions1 or ! t]ms ( _! t5ancies & ! t5d5cy = t5ancies to become h]$it>y1 may h limit$ ! practical use ( _! legal fre$om4 ,secondly1 !re 71 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts1 protect$ occupants enc\rag$ to turn to acc\nt p>cels ( l& t _h = "s reason or o!r la9 idle4 ,?irdly1 !re 7 also ru/ic slaves :o did mo/ ( ! "w on l>ge f>ms4 ,! /ipulat$ s]vices ( t5ants#acgf at c]ta9 seasons to "s ext5t supplem5t$ _! lab\r1 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts3 & ! fall+ supply ( slaves t5d$ to make su* auxili>y s]vices m important4 ,= ! value ( agricultural l& dep5ds ma9ly on ! available supply ( lab\r4 ,f\r?ly1 *iefly if n entirely 9 ! nor!rn ,prov9ces1 a numb] ( b>b>ians _h be5 plant$ ^u ,roman soil4 ,"s ent]$ peacefully & settl$ d[n z will+ subjects ( ! empire on vacant l&s assign$ to !m4 ,"s _h surr5d]$ aft] defeat 9 battle1 & came 9 z prison]s4 ,b1 in/ead ( mak+ !m ru/ic slaves on ! old model1 ,m>cus _h f\nd a new & bett] use = !m4 ,a new /atus1 t ( inquil9i#acgg or #8ali5 d5iz5s' 0 creat$1 inf]ior to t ( free coloni b above t ( slaves4 ,!y seem to h be5 g5]ally left to cultivate plots ( l&1 pay+ a %>e ( ! produce1 & to h be5 atta*$ to ! soil1 gr\p$ "u ,roman l&lords or *ief-t5ants4 ,!y _h _! wives & families1 & _! sons recruit$ ,roman armies4 ,la/ly1 we h no "r to assume t small cultivat+ own]s#acgh 7 :olly ext9ct1 ?\gh !re c h>dly h be5 _m ( !m4 ,we h an acc\nt#acgi ( ! ris+ 9 ,africa 7#bch ,,ad7 :i*1 s f> z x goes1 gives u a little light on ! agricultural situation !re 9 ! middle ( ?is p]iod4 ,! b>b>ian emp]or ,maxim9 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,prov9ce by a procurator fisci ^: oppressions provok$ a conspiracy aga9/ him4 ,"s "y m5 ( good & weal?y families drew toge!r a numb] ( p]sons :o _h suff]$ wrong4 ,!y ord]$ _! slaves#achj f ! f>ms to assemble ) clubs & axes4 ,9 ob$i5ce#acha to _! ma/]s' ord]s !y ga!r$ 9 ! t[n be=e daybreak1 & =m$ a great mob4 ,= ,africa is naturally a popul\s#achb c\ntry2 s ! till]s ( ! soil 7 num]\s4 ,aft] dawn ! "y lead]s told ! mass ( ! slaves to foll[ !m z be+ a section ( ! g5]al ?rong3 !y 7 to conceal _! weapons = ! pres5t1 b valiantly to resi/ any attack on _! ma/]s4 ,! latt] !n met ! procurator & assass9at$ him4 ,h]eupon 8 gu>ds drew _! swords mean+ to av5ge ! murd]1 b ! c\ntrym5 9 support ( _! ma/]s#achc fell ^u !m ) _! ru/ic weapons & easily r\t$ !m4 ,aft] ?is ! "y lead]s1 hav+ gone too f> to draw back1 op5ly rebell$ aga9/ ,maxim9 & proclaim$ ! proconsul ,gordian ,roman emp]or4 ,9 ?is passage we h be=e u "y m5 ( l&lord families1 app>5tly hold+ l>ge e/ates & work+ !m ) slave lab\r4 ,!y are evid5tly on good t]ms ) _! slaves4 ,( t5ant f>m]s !re is no m5tion3 b !re is a g5]al ref]5ce to support giv5 by o!r p]sons1 already wrong$ or afraid ( suff]+ wrong4 ,! ,lat9 biograph]#achd1 :o drew f ,h]odian1 speaks ( ! murd] z ! "w ( #8! ru/ic common folk#ache & c]ta9 soldi]s4' ,n[ ,front9us#achf1 writ+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury ,,ad1 tells u t 9 ,africa on _! great e/ates individuals _h #8a consid]able population#achg ( common folk4' ,! language c h>dly ref] to slaves3 & a ref]5ce to levy+ recruits#achh = ! army pla9ly =bids su* an int]pretation4 ,b x does n imply t !re 7 no slaves employ$ on ^? great e/ates2 ! writ] is n ?9k+ ( ! free-or-slave lab\r "q4 ,9 reg>d to ! writ]s :o record ?is p>ticul> episode1 are we to suppose t by #8slaves' ,h]odian loosely means coloni8 ,surely n4 ,!n does ,capitol9us by #8ru/ic common folk' mean slaves8 ,i _c believe x4 ,m probably ! writ]1 contempor>y ) ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e1 uses a loose expression )\t any precise mean+4 ,if we are to attempt any inf]5ce f ! language ( ,h]odian1 we mu/ accept him z a witness t 9 ,africa1 or at lea/ 9 p>ts ( ,africa1 agriculture 0 /ill be+ c>ri$ on by slave lab\r4 ,?is does n exclude ! exi/5ce ( a small-t5ancy sy/em side by side ) x4 ,& ! /ate ( ?+s disclos$#achi 9 ! ,african inscriptions ref]r$ to above is consi/5t ) bo? sy/ems3 = t ! manor-f>m on a great e/ate employ$ a slave /aff = its regul> op]ations1 & drew f t5ants' s]vices only ! help ne$$ at c]ta9 seasons1 seems ! only possible conclusion f ! evid5ce4 ,!re=e1 :ile agree+ ) ,hei/]b]gk#acij t ! n>rative ( ,h]odian %ews ! popul\sness ( ,africa1 we ne$ n g s f> z to ignore ! fact ( a consid]able f>m-slave elem5t 9 ! ,prov9ce4 ,mean:ile !re are signs t rural ,italy 0 suff]+ f ! disord]s & insecurity t _h s (t5 h9d]$ ! prosp]ity ( agriculture4 ,ev5 "u ! /rong reign ( ,sev]us1 ) a l>g] /&+ army 9 ,italy ?an ev] be=e1 a d>+ brig&#acia rema9$ at l>ge = two ye>s & 0 only captur$ by trea*]y4 ,?\gh we d n he> ( 8 attack+ f>m]s directly1 su* a di/urbance mu/ h be5 bad = all c\ntry folk4 ,t he black-mail$ !m is probable3 t !y 7 plund]$ & maltreat$ by ! lic5ti\s soldi]y employ$ aga9/ him1 is z ne>ly c]ta9 z c be f :at we "k ( ! soldi]y ( ?is "t4 ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,african ,,inscriptions4 ,c]ta9 inscriptions#acib f ! ,roman ,prov9ce ( ,africa1 dat+ f ! second & ?ird c5turies ,,ad or at lea/ ref]r+ to matt]s ( t p]iod1 ?r[ "s light ^u ! managem5t ( great imp]ial doma9s 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,to discuss ^! 9 full "o by "o w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ?is "w1 & w\ld require sev]al *apt]s ( intol]able l5g?4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) giv+ a %ort acc\nt ( ea* case1 conf9$ to ^? details :i* h direct be>+ on my subject & :i* c be ga!r$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty f ! (t5 mutilat$ texts4 ,fr5* & ,g]man savants h contribut$ freely to ! deciph]+ & int]pretation1 ) happy results3 b "s ( ! propos$ #8re/orations' are mu* too bold to s]ve z a basis = fur!r argum5t4 ,aft] ! details1 ,i purpose to consid] ! po9ts common to ^! int]e/+ cases1 & _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( agriculture & agricultural lab\r "u ! e>li] ,roman ,empire1 say f ,trajan to ,sev]us4 7#a7 ,! inscription ( ,h5s*ir ,metti*#acic belongs to ! ye> #aaf-g ,,ad1 at ! end ( ,trajan's reign4 ,x deals ) a doma9 call$ fundus villae magnae ,v>iani1 & does n ref] to x by ! t]m saltus at all4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to arre>s ( r5t1 ! reliqua colonorum ( :i* we (t5 he> 9 ! juri/s & o!r writ]s4 ,inde$ !re is no m5tion ( money-r5ts1 unless we reckon z su* ! little dues 7#d z p] head7 payable = graz+ /ock on ! common pa/ure4 ,! coloni are p>ti>ii1 pay+ c]ta9 %>es 7g5]ally 7 ( _! ye>ly produce z r5t4 ,^! are paid1 n to an imp]ial (ficial b to ! lords or head-t5ants ( ! e/ate 7dom9is aut conductoribus eius fundi7 or to _! /ew>ds 7vilicis74 ,x seems c]ta9 !re=e t x 0 ! *ief t5ants :o 7 responsible to ! imp]ial treasury = ! am\nts annually due1 & t ^u !m re/$ ! tr\blesome duty ( collection4 ,t ?is *>ge 0 a new "o1 laid ^u !m by ,trajan1 is p]haps possible1 b h>dly probable4 ,= ?is /atute regulat+ ! doma9 7a lex data7 is expressly decl>$ to be modell$ on a lex ,manciana#acid1 :i* c h>dly be o!r ?an a set ( regulations issu$ by a =m] own] ( ! e/ate1 & adopt$ ) modifications by ! imp]ial ag5ts 7procuratores7 specially appo9t$ to organize x z an imp]ial doma94 ,9 ,roman practice x 0 usual to foll[ conv5i5t prec$5ts4 ,h[ long ! e/ate _h become ,cr[n-prop]ty1 & by :at process1 inh]itance pur*ase confiscation etc1 we d n "k4 ,nor is x c]ta9 :e!r ! new /atute 0 prep>$ z a matt] ( c\rse on ! cessation ( private own]%ip1 or :e!r x 0 issu$ 9 response to an appeal to ! emp]or compla9+ ( oppressive exactions on ! "p ( ! head-t5ants4 ,b ( ! latt] situation !re is no sign1 & ,i am incl9$ to accept ! =m] alt]native4 ,9 t case x appe>s necess>y to suppose t ! sy/em ( lett+ a great e/ate to "o or a few great lessees1 :o might & did sublet p>cels to small t5ant f>m]s1 0 n unkn[n 9 ! practice ( great private l&lords4 ,?is may well h be5 ! case 9 ,africa1 /ill popul\s & prosp]\s1 ?\gh su* a sy/em nev] took root 9 depopulat$ & fail+ ,italy4 ,x requir$ will+ness on ! "p ( m5 ( sub/ance to risk _! capital 9 a speculation t c\ld only succe$ if good sub-t5ants 7 to be f\nd4 ,?is condition c\ld n be fulfill$ 9 ,italy1 b 9 ,africa ?+s 7 v diff]5t4 ,x is h[ev] easi] to note ?is diff]5ce by unmi/akeable signs ?an to asc]ta9 x 9 detail4 ,"o po9t is cle>4 ,! coloni on ?is doma9 7 b\nd to r5d] fix$ s]vices to ! head-t5ants at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,^! s]vices consi/$ ( two days' "w 7op]as b9as7 at ! times ( pl\gh+ hoe+ & h>ve/1 six 9 all4 ,! fall+-(f 9 ! supply ( slaves1 despite occasional captures ( prison]s 9 w>1 0 a consequ5ce ( ! pax ,romana1 & h[ to provide suffici5t lab\r 0 a /&+ problem ( agriculture4 ,! gu>antee ( extra lab\r at seasons ( pressure 0 d\btless a ma9 consid]ation ) speculators 9 induc+ !m to v5ture _! sub/ance by becom+ lessees ( l>ge tracts ( l&4 ,( hir$ lab\r available = ! purpose ! /atute gives no h9t1 nor is x likely t su* lab\r]s 7 to be f\nd 9 ,africa4 ,?us ! colonus1 & p]haps 8 :ole h\sehold1 7 b\nd to c]ta9 compulsory s]vices1 & !reby made "p ( an organization /rictly regulat$ & liable to fur!r regulation4 ,fur!r regulation 0 n likely to give ! peasant f>m] m fre$om ( movem5t1 s9ce ! lead+ motive ( ! sy/em 0 to secure cont9u\s cultivation1 & ?is c\ld be/ be secur$ by long t5ancies1 t5d+ to become h]$it>y4 ,!re=e ?is /atute (f]s v>i\s inducem5ts to keep ! peasant cont5t$ly engag$ 9 bett]+ 8 own position by develop+ ! e/ate4 ,! head-t5ants are /rictly =bidd5 to oppress him by exact+ l>g] %>es ( produce or m op]ae ?an are all[$ by ! regulations4 ,he is enc\rag$ to cultivate p>cels ( wa/e l&1 n includ$ 9 8 f>m1 by v>i\s privileges3 9 p>ticul>1 a t]m ( r5t-free ye>s is gu>ante$ to him 9 case he plants ! l& ) fruit trees4 ,?is t]m1 v>y+ f five to t5 ye>s accord+ to species ( trees1 is meant to give him "t to get a ta/e ( pr(it be=e he becomes liable to r5t3 its effect 9 mak+ him lo? to move is obvi\s4 ,! /atute tells u no?+ on ano!r important po9t4 ,f ! juri/s & o!r s\rces#acie we "k t 9 ,italy x 0 normally ! cu/om = ! /ock ( a f>m let to a colonus to be f\nd = ! mo/ "p by ! l&lord4 ,x 0 held#acif t 9 tak+ ov] ?is in/rum5tum at a valuation ! t5ant virtually pur*as$ x1 ( c\rse n pay+ = x 9 ready money1 b /&+ b\nd to acc\nt = ! am\nt on quitt+ ! t5ancy4 ,?us a small man 0 left free to employ 8 own little capital 9 ! actual work+ ( ! f>m4 ,he c\ld add to ! /ock1 & 8 additions gave to ! l&lord a fur!r security = 8 r5t1 ov] & above t giv5 by ! sureties usually requir$4 ,:at /ock 0 f\nd by l&lords1 & :at by t5ant1 0 a matt] = agreem5t g5]ally foll[+ local conv5tion4 ,b on ?is ,african doma9 we are n told h[ ! "q ( in/rum5tum 0 settl$4 ,probably !re 0 a traditional rule s well e/abli%$ t no ref]5ce to ! po9t 9 ! /atute seem$ necess>y4 ,! sole l&lord 0 n[ ! emp]or4 ,)\t "s direct evid5ce to t effect1 ,i c h>dly suppose t ! provision ( f>m /ock 0 entru/$ to 8 procuratores4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! *ief t5ants1 ! conductores1 7 expect$ to und]take ?is bus9ess1 z if !y _h be5 l&lords1 ?is too seems to call = direct evid5ce4 ,possibly ! ne$ ( f9d+ /ock = an ,african peasant f>m] 0 n s press+ z 9 ,italy3 /ill "s equipm5t 0 surely requir$4 ,h[ x 0 provid$1 seems to me a "q = answ]+ :i* we h n z yet suffici5t mat]ials4 ,b x may be t on ^! doma9s ! practical necessity = deal+ ) x seldom occurr$4 ,if1 :5 ! =mal t]m ( a t5ancy expir$1 ! same t5ant /ay$ on ei!r by tacit r5ewal 7reconductio7 or by grant ( a new lease1 ! /ock orig9ally suppli$ w\ld surely rema9 = use on ! f>m1 upkeep & r5ewals ( p>ticul> articles be+ ( c\rse all[$ =4 ,if a f>m]'s son succe$$ him z t5ant1 ! situation w\ld be ! same1 or v ne>ly s4 ,!re=e ! manife/ desire ( emp]ors to keep t5ants 9 p]man5ce probably op]at$ to m9imize que/ions ( in/rum5tum to ! po9t ( practical insignificance4 ,t ! coloni on ?is e/ate 7 !mselves h&work]s c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,! op]ae requir$ ( !m sugge/ ?is on any natural int]pretation4 ,b !re is no?+ to %ew t !y did n employ#acig slave lab\r--if & :5 !y c\ld get x4 ,we are n to assume t !y 7 all on "o dead level ( pov]ty4 ,t ! head-t5ants kept slaves to "w ^? p>ts ( ! doma9 t !y f>m$ = _! own acc\nt1 is indicat$ by ! m5tion ( _! vilici1 & made c]ta9 by ! small am\nt ( supplem5t>y lab\r gu>ante$ !m 9 ! =m ( t5ants' op]ae4 ,only "o direct m5tion ( slaves 7s]vis dom9icis7 occurs 9 ! inscription1 & ! text is 9 t place badly mutilat$4 ,p>tly = ! same defect1 x seems necess>y to avoid discuss+ c]ta9 o!r details1 su* z ! position ( ! /ip5di>ii ( :om we he> 9 a brok5 passage4 ,nor d ,i v5ture to draw confid5t inf]5ces f ! ref]5ces to inquil9i or coloni inquil9i1 or to discov] an important di/9ction betwe5 ! t5ants :o actually resid$ on ! e/ate & ^? :o did n4 ,x may be "r to inf] a class ( small proprietors dwell+ ar\nd on ! skirts ( ! great doma9 & hir+ p>cels ( l& )9 x4 ,x may be "r to reg>d ! inquil9i z coloni transplant$ f abroad & made resid5ts on ! e/ate4 ,b until su* conclusions are m surely e/abli%$ x is saf] to refra9 f build+ ^u !m4 ,! g5]al effect ( ?is docum5t is to give u outl9es ( a sy/em ( imp]ial #8peculi>s1' t is ( doma9s on :i* ord] & security1 necess>y = ! successful work+ & cont9u\s cultivation1 7 n left to ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y law1 b gu>ante$ 9 ea* case by :at we may call an imp]ial by-law4 7#b7 ,! inscription ( ,s\k el ,khmis#acih deals ) circum/ances betwe5 #ahj & #ahc ,,ad4 ,! rescript ( ,commodus1 & ! appeal to :i* x 0 ! answ]1 are record$ 9 x4 ,! imp]ial e/ate to :i* x ref]s is call$ saltus ,burunitanus4 ,a s+le conductor appe>s to h be5 ! lessee ( ! :ole e/ate1 & x 0 aga9/ 8 unlawful exactions t ! coloni appeal$4 ,?r\gh ! connivance ( ! responsible procurator 7corruptly obta9$1 ! coloni h9t17 ?is tyrant _h compell$ !m to pay l>g] %>es ( produce ?an 7 rightly due1 & also to r5d] s]vices ( m5 & bea/s beyond ! am\nt fix$ by /atute4 ,?is abuse _h exi/$ on ! e/ate = "s "t1 b ! proce$+s ( ! pres5t conductor _h made x pa/ all be>+4 ,evid5tly !re _h be5 "s resi/ance1 b (ficial fav\r _h enabl$ him to employ milit>y =ce 9 suppress+ x4 ,viol5ce _h be5 freely us$3 "s p]sons _h be5 arre/$ & imprison$ or o!rwise maltreat$2 o!rs _h be5 sev]ely beat51 among !m ev5 ,roman citiz5s4 ,h5ce ! appeal4 ,x is to be not$ t ! appellants 9 no way dispute _! liability to pay %>es ( produce 7p>tes agr>ias7 or to r5d] lab\r-s]vices at ! usual seasons ( pressure 7op]>um praebitionem iugorumve74 ,!y ref] to a clause 9 a lex ,hadriana1 regulat+ ^! dues4 ,x is aga9/ ! exaction ( m ?an ?is /atute all[s t !y v5ture to prote/4 ,!y judici\sly po9t out to ! emp]or t su* do+s are injuri\s to ! f9ancial int]e/#acii ( 8 treasury 79 p]niciem rationum tu>um71 t is1 !y w end by ru9+ ! e/ate z a s\rce ( /eady rev5ue4 ,! (ficials ( ! c5tral dep>tm5t 9 ,rome 7 evid5tly ( ! same op9ion1 = ! rescript ( ,commodus#adjj pla9ly ord]$ 8 procuratores to foll[ closely ! rules & policy applicable to ! doma9s1 p]mitt+ no exactions 9 transgression ( ! /&+ regulations 7contra p]petuam =mam74 ,9 %ort1 he reaffirm$ ! /atute ( ,hadrian4 ,9 ?is docum5t also we he> no?+ ( t5ants' arre>s or ( money-r5ts4 ,naturally en\gh1 = ! coloni are p>ti>ii ^: r5t is a %>e ( produce4 ,9 connexion ) su* t5ants ! difficulty#adja ( reliqua does n easily arise4 ,!y are lab\r+ peasants1 :o describe !mselves z hom9es ru/ici t5ues manuum no/r>um op]is victum tol]antes4 ,( c\rse !y are pos+ z injur$ innoc5ts4 ,p]haps !y 73 at any rate ! great (ficials 9 ,rome w\ld look k9dly on humble peasants :o only ask$ protection 9 ord] to g on unmole/$1 produc+ ! food :i* x 0 _! duty to produce1--food1 by ! by1 ( ! ne$ ( :i* ! ,roman mob 0 a /&+ rem9d]4 ,( vilici or ord9>y slaves ?is docum5t says no?+1 = x _h no ne$ to d s2 b ! "r to op]ae at c]ta9 seasons implies slave lab\r on ! head-t5ant's own f>m1 probably atta*$ to ! *ief villa or palatium4 ,9 a notable phrase at ! end ( _! appeal ! coloni speak ( !mselves#adjb z #8y\r peasants1 home-br$ slaves & fo/]-*ildr5 ( y\r doma9s' 7ru/ici tui v]nulae et alumni saltuum tuorum74 ,surely ?is implies1 n only t !y are coloni ,caes>is1 /&+ 9 a direct relation to ! emp]or ^: protection#adjc !y implore aga9/ ! conductores agrorum fiscalium2 b also t _! connexion ) ! e/ate is an old-e/abli%$ "o1 pass+ f fa!rs to sons1 a h]$it>y tie :i* !y h at pres5t no wi% to see brok54 ,9 ?is case ! circum/ances t l$ to ! sett+-up ( ! inscription are cle> en\gh4 ,evid5tly ! appeal repres5t$ a great ef=t1 bo? 9 ! way ( organiz+ conc]t$ action on ! "p ( ! peasant f>m]s1 & 9 ov]com+ ! h9drances to its pres5tation :i* w\ld be creat$ by ! int]e/$ +5uity ( ^? ^: acts 7 !reby call$ 9 "q4 ,! imp]ial (ficials 9 ! ,prov9ces 7 (t5 secretly 9 league ) ^? 9 au?ority at ,rome1 & to h procur$ an imp]ial rescript 9 fav\r ( ! appellants 0 a great triumph1 p]haps a r>e "o4 ,! =ma p]petua conta9+ ! regulations gov]n+ ! e/ate 01 we le>n1 already po/$ up on a bronze tablet4 ,x _h be5 disreg>d$3 & n[ x 0 an obvi\s precaution to record t ! emp]or _h ord]$ ^? regulations to be obs]v$ 9 future4 ,h[ long ! effect ( ?is rescript la/$ we are left to guess4 ,(ficials *ang$1 & reaffirmation ( pr9ciples c\ld n gu>antee p]man5t re=m ( practice4 ,/ill1 ! policy ( ! c5tral bureau1 :5 n w>p$ by corrupt influ5ce1 0 consi/5t & cle>4 ,to keep ^! imp]ial #8peculi>s' on su* a foot+ z to insure /eady returns 0 an und\bt$ ne$3 &1 aft] ! extreme /ra9 on ! res\rces ( ! empire impos$ by ! calamit\s times ( ,m>cus1 x 0 9 ! reign ( ,commodus a great] ne$ ?an ev]4 7#c7 ,! ,gazr ,mezur inscription#adjd1 v fragm5t>y & 9 "s po9ts v>i\sly int]pret$1 belongs to ! same p]iod 7#aha ,,ad74 ,a few details seem suffici5tly c]ta9 to be ( use "h4 ,! e/ate 9 "q is imp]ial prop]ty1 app>5tly "o ( ! domanial units reveal$ to u by ^! ,african docum5ts4 ,x seems to record ano!r case ( appeal aga9/ unlawful exaction ( op]ae1 probably by a conductor or conductores4 ,x also 0 successful4 ,b x is notable t ! lawful am\nt ( op]ae to be r5d]$ by coloni on ?is e/ate 0 j d\ble ( t fix$ 9 ! o!r cases--f\r at ea* ( ! seasons ( pressure1 twelve 9 all4 ,we c only inf] t ! task-scale v>i$ on v>i\s e/ates = reasons unkn[n to u4 ,"o fragm5t1 if a probable re/oration#adje is to be accept$1 conveys ! impression ( a despair+ ?reat on ! "p ( ! appellants4 ,x sugge/s t on failure ( r$ress !y may be driv5 to return to _! homes :]e !y c make _! abode 9 fre$om4 ,on ! face ( x1 ?is is an ass]tion ( fre$om ( movem5t1 a valuable piece ( evid5ce1 if x c be tru/$4 ,we may safely g s f> z to note t x is at lea/ n inconsi/5t ) o!r indications po9t+ to ! same conclusion4 ,we may ev5 rem>k t ! sugge/ion ( go+ home 9 se>* ( fre$om agrees bett] ) ! notion t ^! coloni 7 ,african natives ?an ) ! supposition ( _! ,italian orig94 ,! ,roman citiz5s on ! ,burunitan e/ate w n support ! latt] view1 = !y are m5tion$ z exceptional4 ,seeck 7rightly1 ,i ?9k17 urges t ,italy 0 9 sore ne$ ( m5 & _h none to sp>e = popul\s ,africa4 ,i w\ld add t ! emigration ( ,italians to ! ,prov9ces z work+ f>m]s seems to require m pro( ?an has yet be5 produc$4 ,z (ficials1 z trad]s1 z f9anci]s & petty usur]s1 z exploit]s ( o!r m5's lab\r1 !y ab\nd$ 9 ! subject c\ntries2 b1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 n z lab\r]s4 ,_m ( !m no d\bt held l&$ e/ates1 = in/ance 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,spa9 & ,gaul4 ,b :5 we meet ) loose g5]al expressions#adjf su* z #8,! ,roman is dwell+ 9 e l& t he has conqu]$1' we mu/ n let !m tempt u into ov]e/imat+ ! numb] ( ,italian settl]s tak+ an active "p 9 ! op]ations ( prov9cial agriculture4 7#d7 ,! inscription ( ,a9 ,ouassel#adjg belongs to ! end ( ! reign ( ,sev]us4 ,! text is mu* brok51 b in=mation ( no small importance c be ga!r$ f :at rema9s4 ,sev]us 0 himself a native ( ,africa1 & may h tak5 a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! subject ( ?is ord9ance4 ,9 po9t ( =m ! docum5t *iefly consi/s ( a quot$ communication 7s]mo7 f ! emp]or's procuratores#adjh1 "o ( :om1 a fre$man1 saw to its publication 9 an inscription on an ara legis divi ,hadriani4 ,a copy ( ! lex ,hadriana1 or at lea/ ! relevant clauses !re(1 0 includ$4 ,! matt] on :i* ! emp]or's decision is ann\nc$ 0 ! "q ( ! "r to occupy & cultivate r\gh l&s 7rudes agri7#adji1 :i* are def9$ z l&s ei!r simply wa/e or su* z ! conductores h neglect$ to cultivate = at lea/ t5 ye>s prec$+4 ,^! l&s are includ$ 9 no less ?an five diff]5t saltus m5tion$ by prop] names1 & ! scope ( ! ord9ance is wid] ?an 9 ! cases ref]r$ to above4 ,x appe>s t1 :ile x may h conta9$ "s modifications or ext5sions ( ! provisions ( ! lex ,hadriana1 its ma9 be>+ 0 to reaffirm & apply ! privileges grant$ by t /atute4 ,x is n ra% to inf] t we h "h evid5ce ( a set ( regulations = all or _m ( ! ,african doma9s1 =m+ a "p ( ,hadrian's great "w ( reorganization4 ,if ! rema9+ words ( ?is inscription are rightly int]pret$1 z ,i ?9k !y are1 x seems t ! policy ( enc\rag+ ! cultivation ( wa/e & d]elict l&s 0 at ?is "t be+ reviv$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,we h se5 x at "w 9 ,trajan's "t1 promot$ by gu>antee ( privileges & tempor>y exemption f burd5s4 ,b ! p]sons !n enc\rag$ to und]take ! "w ( reclamation 7 to all appe>ance only ! coloni at ! "t resid5t on ! e/ate4 ,9 ! case ( ^! five saltus1 ! (f] seems to be made m widely1 at lea/ s f> z ! rema9+ text may ju/ify su* conclusions4 ,x reads l an attempt to attract ent]pris+ squatt]s ( any k9d f any qu>t]4 ,!y are (f]$ n m]ely undi/urb$ occupation & a h]itable t5ure ( "s sort1 b actual possessio4 ,n[ ?is "r1 :i* fills a :ole important *apt] 9 ,roman law1 0 "o protect$ by special legal rem$ies1 & ev5 on an imp]ial doma9 c h>dly h be5 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,x 0 q di/9ct f m]e possessio naturalis#adaj1 :i* 0 all t ! ord9>y colonus enjoy$ on 8 own behalf4 ,?is new-type squatt] is all[$ ! same privilege ( s _m ye>s ( grace1 free ( r5t1 at ! outset ( 8 ent]prise1 t we h not$ above4 ,! details are some:at diff]5t4 ,= olives ! free t]m is t5 ye>s3 = fruit trees 7poma1 "h m5tion$ )\t ref]5ce to v9es7 x is sev5 ye>s4 ,x is expressly provid$ t ! divisio1 :i* implies ! p>ti>y sy/em ( t5ancy1 %all apply only to su* poma z are actually br\ght#adaa to m>ket4 ,?is sugge/s t 9 ! pa/ attempts to levy ! quota z a proportional %>e ( ! gross crop1 )\t reg>d to ! ne$s ( ! gr[]'s own h\sehold1 _h be5 f\nd to disc\rage reclamation4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! effect ( ! new policy w\ld be to create a sort ( p]petual leasehold1 simil> to t kn[n by ! ,greek t]m emphyteusis1 :i* is f\nd fully e/abli%$ 9 ! lat] empire4 ,b ! l& 0 n all "u fruit-crops4 ,! disposal ( corn crops is regulat$ 9 a s+ul> clause ?us4 #8,any %>es ( dry#adab crops t %all be due are1 dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s ( occupation1 to be deliv]$ to ! head-t5ant )9 ^: hold+#adac ! l& occupi$ is situate4 ,aft] ! lapse ( t "t !y are to g to ! acc\nt 7( ! ,treasury#adad74' ,:y is ! conductor to receive ^! p>tes aridae8 ,x is reasonably sugge/$ t ! int5tion 0 to obviate initial ob/ruction on ! "p ( ! big lessee1 & ?us to give ! reclamation-project a fair />t4 ,= we h no "r to assume t ! p>cels ( l& ?r[n op5 to occupation _h hi!rto be5 includ$#adae 9 no t5ancy4 ,! :ole import ( ! docum5t %ews t !y (t5 belong$ to ?is or t area held by "o or o!r ( ! big lessees4 ,t !re 0 at lea/ "o conductor to ea* ( ! five saltus seems c]ta94 ,t !re 0 only "o to ea*1 is p]haps probable1 b h>dly to be ga!r$ f ! text4 ,n[1 s long z ! conductor regul>ly paid 8 fix$ r5t 7canon7 & acc\nt$ = ! taxes 7tributa7 due f ! e/ate1 :y %\ld ! imp]ial au?ority /ep 9 to take pieces ( l& 7& t ! poore/ l&7 out ( 8 direct control8 ,! answ] to ?is is t ! ,roman law#adaf recogniz$ ! "r ( a private l&lord to require ( 8 t5ants t !y %\ld n #8let d[n' ! l& leas$ to !m3 & pro( ( neglect$ cultivation might op]ate to b> a t5ant's claim = abatem5t ( r5t4 ,:at 0 ! "r ( an ord9>y l&lord 0 n likely to be waiv$ by an emp]or3 ?\gh 8 doma9s might be adm9i/]$ 9 fact by a special set ( fiscal regulations1 he claim$ a "r analog\s to t recogniz$ by ! ord9>y law1 & none c\ld *all5ge its ex]cise4 ,a big lessee might (t5 f9d t p>ts ( 8 hold+ c\ld n be cultivat$ at a pr(it "u exi/+ conditions4 ,slave lab\r 0 c>eless & ineffici5t2 x 0 9 ^! times also co/ly1 s co/ly t x only paid to employ x on g5]\s soils4 ,! task-"w ( coloni did n am\nt to mu*1 & x 0 no d\bt r5d]$ grudg+ly4 ,he 0 tempt$ to economize 9 slaves#adag & to employ 8 r$uc$ /aff on ! be/ l& only4 ,we ne$ n suppose t he got an abatem5t ( 8 fix$ r5t f ! fiscal au?orities3 he 0 mo/ unlikely to attract _! att5tion by mak+ su* a claim4 ,he _h made 8 b>ga9 ) eyes presumably op54 ,t he _h agre$ to ! canon assures u t x mu/ h be5 l[ en\gh to leave him a com=table m>g9 = pr(it4 ,we may be fairly sure t he sat quiet & did :at seem$ to pay him be/4 ,9 ! rema9+ text ( ?is /atute !re is no ref]5ce to op]ae due f ! new squatt]s1 & no?+ is said ( coloni4 ,?is does n seem to be due to injury ( ! /one4 ,! p]sons = ^: b5efit ! /atute is enact$ are app>5tly a new or newly recogniz$ elem5t#adah 9 ! population ( ^! doma9s1 n coloni4 ,b ! rights (f]$ to !m are expressly ref]r$ to z rights grant$ by ! /atute ( ,hadrian4 ,if s1 !n ! lex ,hadriana contemplat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a new peasant class1 n coloni1 & ! pres5t /atute 0 m]ely a revival ( ,hadrian's s*eme4 ,! m5 are ev5tually to pay %>es ( crops1 & ,s*ult5's#adai view1 t !y are on ! way to become coloni1 is possible1 if n probable4 ,:5 he rem>ks t !y might f9d ! position ( coloni a d\btful boon1 we ne$ n *all5ge 8 op9ion4 7#e7 ,! inscription ( ,a9 el ,djemala#adbj1 a lat] discov]y 7#aijf7 is ( special importance z belong+ to ! same neighb\rhood z ! prec$+ "o4 ,x is a docum5t ( ,hadrian's "t4 ,x ref]s to ! same gr\p ( e/ates z ! above1 & deals ) ! same matt]1 ! "r to cultivate wa/e or d]elict p>cels ( l&4 ,inde$ ! connexion ( ! two inscriptions is s close t ! p>ts pres]v$ ( ea* c be safely us$ to fill gaps 9 ! text ( ! o!r4 ,9 a few po9ts ?is inscription1 ! e>li] 9 date1 supplies fur!r detail4 ,! mo/ notable is t ano!r e/ate1 a saltus or fundus ,n]onianus1 is m5tion$ 9 x1 & n 9 ! lat] "o4 ,?us x w\ld seem t x ref]r$ to six e/ates1 a curi\s co9cid5ce1 :5 we recall ! six great ,african l&lords made away ) by ,n]o4 ,ano!r little addition is t wa/e l&s are def9$ z m>%y or wood$4 ,also t ! l& is spok5 ( z fit = gr[+ olives v9es & corn-crops1 :i* supplem5ts a mutilat$ portion ( ! ,a9 ,ouassel /one4 ,b 9 "o po9t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is on ! face ( x difficult to reconcile4 ,9 address+ ! imp]ial procuratores ! applicants base _! reque/ on ! lex ,manciana1 ! b5efit ( :i* !y seek to enjoy#adba z us$ on ! neighb\r+ saltus ,n]onianus4 ,"h ! brok5 text is ?\ght to h conta9$ a ref]5ce to ! enhanc$ prosp]ity ( t e/ate ow+ to ! concession4 ,9 any case we may fairly conclude t ! lex ,manciana 0 well kn[n 9 ! di/rict1 & its regulations reg>d$ by ! f>m]s z fav\rable to _! int]e/s4 ,b ! reply to _! petition does n ref] to x z ! imm$iate basis ( ! decision giv54 ,! communication 7s]mo7 ( ,hadrian's procurators is cit$ z ! gr\nd ( ! leave grant$ = cultivation ( wa/e l&s4 ,yet ! brok5 s5t5ce at ! end ( ! inscription seems at lea/ to %ew t ! rules ( ! lex ,manciana 7 /ill recogniz$ z a /&>d1 confirm$ & p]haps incorporat$1 or ref]r$ to by "n1 9 ! lex ,hadriana itself4 ,x is +5i\sly sugge/$ t ! f>m]s re/ _! case on ! ,manciana because ! ,hadriana 0 z yet unkn[n to !m2 :ile ! reply ref]s to ,hadrian's /atute z au?ority4 ,:e!r ! saltus or fundus ,n]onianus1 on :i* ! ,mancian regulations 7 9 =ce1 is ano!r e/ate-unit simil> to ! five nam$ bo? "h & 9 ! lat] inscription1 is a po9t on :i* ,i h "s d\bts1 too little connect$ ) my subject = discussion "h4 ,! g5]al scope ( ! concession grant$ by ,hadrian is ! same z ! lat] "o ( ,sev]us4 ,if ,hadrian issu$ a /atute or /atutes regulat+ ! t]ms ( occupancy on ! ,african doma9s1 & "s attempts to evade x 7 met by its reaffirmation "u ,commodus1 x is q natural t neglect or evasion ( x 9 "s o!r respects %\ld be met by reaffirmation "u ,sev]us4 ,?is consid]ation w acc\nt = ! id5tity ( ! concessions grant$ 9 ^! two inscriptions4 ,& x agrees p]fectly ) ! evid5ce ( lat] legislation 9 ! ,!odosian code4 ,! normal c\rse ( ev5ts is1 legislation to protect ! poor] classes ( cultivators1 !n evasion ( ! law by ! selfi% ri*1 !n re5actm5t ( evad$ laws1 g5]ally ) increas$ p5alties4 ,t "u ! adm9i/rative sy/em ( ! doma9s mu* ! same ph5om5a %\ld occur1 is only :at we might expect4 ,,xlviii4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,above ,,inscriptions4 ,9 review+ ! /ate ( ?+s reveal$ to u by ^! inscriptions we mu/ c>efully be> 9 m9d t !y relate solely to ! ,prov9ce ,africa4 ,conditions !re 7 9 _m ways exceptional4 ,:5 ,rome took ov] ?is t]ritory aft] ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age 9 #adf ,,bc1 x 0 probably a c\ntry divid$ = ! mo/ "p into great e/ates work$ on ! ,c>?ag9ian sy/em by slave lab\r4 ,gradually ! l& came m & m into ! h&s ( ,roman capitali/s1 to ^: opul5ce ,horace ref]s4 ,pl9y tells u t 9 ,n]o's "t six#adbb great l&lords possess$ half ! entire area ( ! ,prov9ce1 :5 t emp]or f\nd a pretext = putt+ !m to dea? & confiscat+ _! e/ates4 ,h5ce=? ! rul+ emp]or 0 ! pr$om9at+ l&lord#adbc 9 a ,prov9ce ( imm5se importance1 9 p>ticul> z a *ief gran>y ( ,rome4 ,we are n to suppose t any *ange 9 ! sy/em ( l>ge units 0 ev] contemplat$4 ,punic traditions1 probably bas$ on exp]i5ce1 fav\r$ ! sy/em2 ?\gh ! ,punic language1 /ill spok51 seems to h be5 *iefly conf9$ to ! seabo>d di/ricts4 ,:at ! *ange ( lord%ip effect$ 0 n only to ! f9ancial advantage ( ! imp]ial treasury3 x also put an end to ! creation ( :at 7 a sort ( little pr9cipalities t might "s day cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,at ?is po9t we are tempt$ to wond] :e!r ! great l&lords1 be=e ! sweep+ measure ( ,n]o1 _h tak5 any /eps t[>ds introduc+ a new organization 9 ! managem5t ( _! e/ates4 ,trajan's /atute ref]s to a lex ,manciana & adopts a numb] ( its regulations4 ,^! regulations cle>ly contemplate a sy/em ( head-t5ants & sub-t5ants1 ( :om ! latt] seem to be actual work+ f>m]s liv+ ( ! lab\r ( _! own h&s1 z ^? :o "s #fe ye>s lat] describ$ !mselves 9 appeal+ to ,commodus4 ,! =m] h /ew>ds 9 *>ge ( ! cultivation ( ! #8manor f>ms' atta*$ to ! pr9cipal f>m/eads1 & evid5tly employ gangs ( slaves3 b at special seasons h a "r to a limit$ am\nt#adbd ( task-lab\r f ! free sub-t5ants ( ! small f>ms4 ,t ^! lab\r-conditions 7 devis$ to meet a difficulty 9 procur+ en\gh slaves to c>ry on ! cultivation ( ! :ole big e/ate1 is an inf]5ce h>dly to be resi/$4 ,t we f9d x on m ?an "o e/ate indicates t = ! "t x 0 s]v+ its purpose4 ,b1 9 admitt+ t x probably began "u ! rule ( great private l&lords1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t x 0 liable to griev\s abuse1 & t ev5 ! regulations ( ,hadrian did n remove ! necessity ( pitiful appeals = r$ress4 ,an important *>act]i/ic ( ^! e/ates 0 t !y 7 outside ! municipal#adbe sy/em4 ,ea* ( ! s-call$ civitates _h its own *>t] or /atute 7lex7 con=m+ m or less closely to a common#adbf model1 "u :i* ! municipal au?orities c\ld regulate ! managem5t ( l&s )9 its t]ritory4 ,b ^! great e/ates 7 indep5d5t#adbg ( su* local jurisdictions4 ,& ?is indep5d5ce w\ld seem to date f ! times ( private own]%ip1 be=e ! conv]sion ( _m ( !m into imp]ial doma9s4 ,momms5 ?\ght t ?is sep>ate treatm5t ( !m z #8peculi>s' began 9 ,italy "u ! ,republic1 & 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ! l&[n+ ari/ocracy1 :o 7 b5t ^u admitt+ no su* concurr5t au?ority on _! latifundia4 ,?is may h be5 s1 & ! ext5sion ( l>ge-scale possessions to ! ,prov9ces may h c>ri$ ! sy/em abroad4 ,at all ev5ts !re x 01 & x suit$ ! conv5i5ce ( a grasp+ emp]or3 he _h only to get rid ( ! pres5t possessor & c>ry on ! adm9i/ration ( ! doma9 z be=e3 8 ag5ts /epp$ into ! place ( ^? employ$ by ! late l&lord1 & only slight modification ( ! curr5t regulations w\ld be requir$4 ,he issu$ a /atute = managem5t ( #8cr[n-prop]ty' z he w\ld = a municipality4 ,x 0 9 effect a local law1 & x does n appe> t ! common law adm9i/]$ by ! ord9>y c\rts c\ld ov]ride x4 ,! imp]ial procurator 0 practically ! magi/rate *>g$ ) its adm9i/ration 9 addition to 8 f9ancial duties1 = gov]nm5t & extraction ( rev5ue 7 really two sides ( ! same function4 ,obvi\sly ! int]e/s ( ! emp]or1 ( 8 ag5t1 ( ! head-t5ants1 & ( ! peasant cultivators1 7 n ! same4 ,b ! peasant1 :o want$ to pay z little z possible1 & ! emp]or :o want$ to receive /eady returns--z l>ge z possible1 b above all ?+s /eady--_h a common int]e/ 9 prev5t+ unlawful exactions1 by :i* a /able income 0 imp]ill$ & ! prosp]ity ( ! cultivator impair$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! procurator & ! conductor c\ld only make illicit pr(its ?r\gh comb9+ to rob ! emp]or by squeez+ 8 coloni4 ,h[ to accompli% ?is 0 no d\bt a matt] ( delicate calculation4 ,h[ mu* oppression w\ld ! coloni /& )\t resort+ to ! tr\blesome & risky process ( an appeal8 ,we only he> ( "o or two appeals made ) success4 ,( ^? t 7 made & reject$ or foil$ by v>i\s arts1 & ( ^? ab&on$ 9 despair at an e>ly /age1 we get no record4 ,yet t su* cases did occur1 p]haps n seldom1 we may be reasonably sure4 ,x is well to rememb] t ,columella1 9 ^: treatise lett+ ( f>ms to t5ants fir/ appe>s1 n z an occasional exp$i5t b z "p ( a reason$ s*eme ( e/ate-managem5t1 makes provision = a procurator#adbh z well z a vilicus4 ,"o duty ( ! =m] is to keep an eye on ! latt]4 ,9 ! managem5t ( great e/ates an atmosph]e ( mi/ru/ is p]haps to "s ext5t unavoidable4 ,9 an agricultural sy/em bas$ on slave lab\r1 ?is mi/ru/ beg9s at ! v bottom ( ! /ructure & rea*es to ! v top1 z is %ewn by all exp]i5ce anci5t & mod]n4 ,indu/ry 9 slaves1 dilig5ce & hone/y 9 ag5ts & /ew>ds1 are n to be reli$ on :5 ^! subord9ates h no %>e 9 ! pr(it d]iv$ f ! practice ( su* virtues4 ,& mi/ru/ ( slaves & fre$m5 did n imply a simple tru/ 9 free t5ants4 ,columella only advises#adbi lett+ to t5ants 9 circum/ances t make x impracticable to cultivate pr(itably by a slave-/aff "u a /ew>d4 ,! plan is a sort ( la/ resort1 & x c only "w well if ! t5ants /ay on cont9u\sly4 ,!re=e c>e %\ld be tak5 to make ! position ( ! coloni p]man5tly attractive4 ,?is advice is prim>ily design$ = ,italy1 b its pr9ciples are ( g5]al application1 & no d\bt ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,_! ext5sion to latifundia abroad1 c\pl$ ) a fall+-(f 9 ! supply ( slaves1 l$ to simil> results3 great e/ates might /ill be 9 "p work$ by slave lab\r "u /ew>ds1 b lett+ p>cels to small t5ants became a m & m vital feature ( ! sy/em4 ,b to deal directly f a di/ance ) a numb] ( su* peasant f>m]s w\ld be a tr\blesome bus9ess4 ,we ne$ n wond] t x became cu/om>y to let l>ge blocks ( l&1 ev5 :ole latifundia1 to big lessees1 speculative m5 :o und]took ! sublett+ & r5t-collect+ ( "p ( _! hold+s1 :ile !y c\ld "w ! c5tral manor-f>m by slave lab\r on _! own acc\nt1 & g5]ally exploit ! situation = _! own pr(it4 ,?us1 z once ! latifundium _h absorb$ little prop]ties1 s n[ its subdivision 0 g5]at+ little t5ancies1 ) *ief-t5ants z a sort ( middlem5 betwe5 ! dom9us & ! coloni4 ,to protect ! colonus1 ! p[]s ( ! conductor#adcj _h to be /rictly limit$3 to ease ! lab\r-problem & reta9 ! conductor1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( task-"w _h to be requir$ ( ! colonus4 ,& ?is la/ condition 0 om9\s ( ! com+ s]fdom4 ,if ! economic situation & ! conv5i5ce ( non-resid5t l&lords op]at$ to produce a widespread sy/em ( lett+ to small t5ants1 x 0 naturally an object to levy ! r5ts 9 su* a =m z w\ld be/ secure a safe & regul> return4 ,to exact a fix$ money-r5t w\ld mean t ! peasant mu/ sp5d "t 9 m>ket+ 8 produce 9 ord] to procure ! necess>y ca%1 & !reby less5 ! "t sp5t 9 actual f>m-lab\r4 ,9 bad ye>s he w\ld look = an abatem5t ( 8 r5t1 nor w\ld x be easy to satisfy him3 "h 0 mat]ial = disputes & discont5t4 ,su* difficulties 7 kn[n 9 ,italy & else:]e1 & juri/s recogniz$#adca an advantage ( ! #8p>ti>y' sy/em 9 ?is connexion4 ,an abatem5t ( r5t due 9 a p>ticul> ye> ne$ n imply t ! l&lord lo/ ! am\nt ( abatem5t = good & all4 ,if ! next ye> produc$ a #8bump]' crop1 ! l&lord 0 entitl$ to claim re/itution ( la/ ye>'s abatem5t 9 addition to ! ye>ly r5t4 ,?is too1 x seems1 9 ! case ( a t5ant sitt+ at a fix$ money-r5t4 ,b ! p>ti>ius colonus is on ano!r foot+3 he %>es ga9 & loss ) ! dom9us1 ) :om he is a quasi-p>tn]#adcb4 ,x 0 surely consid]ations ( ?is k9d t l$ to ! adoption ( ! %>e-r5t sy/em on ^! great ,african e/ates4 ,by fix+ ! proportion on a mod]ate scale1 ! peasant 0 fairly c]ta9 to be able to pay 8 r5t1 & he w\ld n be h>ass$ ) money transactions dep5d5t on ! fluctuations 9 ! price ( corn4 ,"u su* conditions he 0 m likely to be cont5t$ & to /ay on :]e he 01 & t ?is %\ld be s 0 precisely :at ! l&lord desir$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! big conductor might pay r5t ei!r 9 co9 or k9d4 ,he 0 a speculator1 d\btless well able to take c>e ( 8 own int]e/s3 probably ! normal case 0 t he agre$ to a fix$ ca% paym5t1 & only took ! lease on t]ms t left him a good prospect ( mak+ x a remun]ative v5ture4 ,b on ?is po9t !re is ne$ ( fur!r evid5ce4 ,:5 ! emp]or took ov] an e/ate ( ?is k9d1 su* an exi/+ organization w\ld be admirably fitt$ to cont9ue "u ! fiscal adm9i/ration4 ,app>5tly ?is is j :at happ5$4 ,"o small b important improvem5t w\ld be automatically produc$ by ! *ange4 ,! coloni w\ld n[ become coloni ,caes>is#adcc & :atev] protection aga9/ exactions ( conductores !y may h enjoy$ "u ! sway ( _! =m] lords 0 h5ce=? n less likely to be grant$ & mu* m c]ta9 ( effect4 ,to ! fiscal (ficials any c\rse ( action t5d+ to enc\rage p]man5t t5ancies & /eady returns w\ld on ! face ( x be welcome3 = x 0 likely to save !m tr\ble1 if n to br+ !m cr$it4 ,! only influ5ce liable to incl9e !m 9 ano!r direction 0 corruption 9 "s =m or o!r1 lead+ !m to connive at misde$s ( ! local ag5ts secretly 9 league ) ! head-lessees on ! spot4 ,t cases ( su* connivance occurr$ 9 ! p]iod f ,trajan to ,sev]us is n to be d\bt$4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ p]iod ( confusion !y probably became frequ5t4 ,b x 0 n until ,diocletian introduc$ a m elaborate imp]ial sy/em1 & increas$ imp]ial burd5s to defray its great] co/1 t ! evil rea*$ its height4 ,!n ! corruption ( (ficials ta9t$ all dep>tm5ts1 & 0 ! cank] ev] gnaw+ at ! vital =ces ( ! empire4 ,b t ?is deadly corruption 0 a sudd5 gr[? out ( an exi/+ purity is n to be imag9$4 ,all ?is is m]ely an illu/ration ( t olde/ ( political truisms1 t to keep practice con=mable to pr9ciple is supremely difficult4 ,! only p[] t seems to be ( any effect 9 *eck+ ! decay ( dep>tm5tal virtue is ! p[] ( public op9ion4 ,n[ a real public op9ion _c be said to h exi/$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire2 &1 _h x exi/$1 !re 0 no organ ?r\gh :i* x c\ld be express$4 ,& ! ,head ( ! ,/ate1 let him be ev] s devot$ to ! common weal1 0 too ov]burd5$ ) manifold responsibilities to be able to give p]sonal att5tion to ea* compla9t & prescribe an equitable rem$y4 ,h[ f> we are entitl$ to trace a movem5t ( policy by ! cont5ts ( ^! ,african inscriptions is d\btful4 ,!y are too few1 & too mu* alike4 ,p]haps we may v5ture to detect a real /ep onw>d 9 ! late/ ( !m4 ,! r5ewal ( ! enc\ragem5t ( squatt]-settl]s#adcd on d]elict l&s does surely po9t to a gr[+ consci\sness t ! food-"q 0 becom+ a m & m s]i\s "o4 ,p]haps x may be tak5 to sugge/ t ! sy/em ( leas+ ! ,african doma9s to big conductores _h lately be5 f\nd fail+ 9 effici5cy4 ,b x is ra% to inf] mu* f a s+le case3 & ! ,african ,sev]us may h foll[$ an exceptional policy 9 8 native prov9ce4 ,x is :5 we look back f ! times ( ! lat] ,empire1 ) its frantic legislation to b9d coloni to ! soil1 & to en=ce ! cultivation ( e pat* ( arable gr\nd1 t we are tempt$ to detect 9 e record symptoms ( ! com+ con/ra9t4 ,z yet ! c5tral gov]nm5t _h n laid its cramp+ & /]iliz+ h& on e "p ( its va/ dom9ions4 ,moreov] ! dem&s on ,african productivity _h n yet rea*$ _! extreme limit4 ,!re 0 z yet no ,con/ant9ople1 & ,egypt /ill %>$ ) ,africa ! function ( supply+ food to ,rome4 ,?us x is probably reasonable to believe t ! condition ( ! work+ t5ant-f>m]s 0 9 ?is age a tol]able#adce "o4 ,if ^? on ! great doma9s 7 bit by bit b\nd to _! hold+s1 x 0 probably ) _! own cons5t1 s f> at lea/ t1 see+ no bett] alt]native1 !y became /ation>y & m or less dep5d5t peasants4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa1 = in/ance ne> ,c>?age1 we he> ( weal?y l&[n]s employ+ bodies ( slaves4 ,"s ( ^! m5 may well h be5 ,italians3 at lea/ !y took a lead+ "p lat] 9 ! ris+ aga9/ ,maxim9 & ! elevation ( ,gordian4 ,9 connexion ) ! evid5ce ( ?is gr\p ( inscriptions x may be n out ( place to say a few words on ! view set =? by ,hei/]b]gk1 t ! orig9 ( ! lat] s]f-colonate 0 ,prov9cial1 n ,italian4 ,he argues#adcf t :at ru9$ small-scale f>m+ 9 ,italy 0 above all ?+s ! exemption ( ,italian l& f taxation4 ,l&lords 7 n con/ra9$ by ! ye>ly exaction ( dues to make ! be/ economic use ( _! e/ates4 ,va9 l&-pride & c>elessness 7 n *eck$3 mismanagem5t & wa/e _h free c\rse1 & small cultivation decl9$4 ,! fall 9 free ru/ic population 0 bo? effect & cause4 ,9 ! y\ng] ,pl9y's "t good t5ants 7 already h>d to f9d1 b great l&lords own$ p>ks & mansions ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! ,prov9ces ne>ly all ! l& 0 subject to imp]ial taxation 9 k9d or 9 money1 & own]s c\ld n af=d to let x lie idle4 ,! practical control ( va/ e/ates 0 n possible f a di/ance4 ,! direction ( agriculture1 especially ( ext5sive f>m+ 7corn etc7 f a fix$ c5tre 0 little less difficult4 ,!re 0 !re=e /rong inducem5t to delegate ! bus9ess ( cultivation to t5ants1 & to let ! diff]5ce 9 am\nt betwe5 _! r5ts & ! ye>ly imp]ial dues repres5t ! l&lord's pr(it4 ,?us ! spread ( latifundia swall[$ up small hold+s 9 ! ,prov9ces z 9 ,italy2 b x conv]t$ small own]s into small t5ants1 & did n m]ge ! hold+s into l>ge slave-gang plantations or ?r[ !m into pa/ure4 ,! plan ( leas+ a l>ge e/ate z a :ole to a big head-t5ant1 or e/abli%+ him 9 ! c5tral #8manor f>m1' 0 q consi/5t ) ! g5]al design1 & ?is !ory acc\nts = ! pres5ce ( a population ( free coloni1 :om lat] legislation might & did b9d fa/ to ! soil4 ,?is argum5t has bo? +5uity & =ce1 b we c only ass5t to x ) consid]able res]vations4 ,lett+ to free coloni 0 a practice long us$ 9 ,italy1 & 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,,ad 0 evid5tly becom+ m common4 ,x 0 b natural t x %\ld appe> 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,/ill1 tak5 by itself1 !re is no obvi\s reason :y x %\ld develope into s]fdom4 ,) ! admitt$ sc>city & ris+ value ( lab\r1 :y 0 x t ! freeman did n improve 8 position 9 relation to 8 "l1 inde$ to capitali/s 9 g5]al8 ,i ?9k ! pres5ce ( ! big lessee1 ! conductor1 an employ] ( slave lab\r1 _h n a little to d ) x4 ,lab\r z su* 0 despis$4 ,! requirem5t ( task-"w to supplem5t t ( slaves on ! #8manor f>m' 0 n likely to make lab\r m e/eem$4 ,yet to get 8 little hold+ ! colonus _h to put up ) ?is condition4 ,x may be significant t we he> no?+ ( coloni work+ = wages 9 sp>e "t4 ,0 x likely t !y w\ld d s8 ,!n1 :5 ! conductor came to be employ$ z collector ( r5ts & o!r dues on ! e/ate1 8 opportunities ( illicit exaction gave him m & m p[] ov] !m2 &1 comb9$ ) _! reluctance to migrate & sacrifice ! fruits ( pa/ lab\r1 r$uc$ !m#adcg m & m to a /ate ( de facto dep5d5ce4 ,at ! wor/ !y w\ld be semi-s]vile 9 fact1 ?\gh free 9 law2 at ! be/ !y w\ld h ?is outlook1 )\t any app>5t alt]native to escape _! fate4 ,?is1 ,i imag9e1 0 ! unhappy situation t 0 aft]w>ds recogniz$ by law4 ,i mu/ n omit to po9t out t ,i h said practically no?+ on ! subject#adch ( municipal l&s & _! adm9i/ration by ! au?orities ( ! sev]al res publicae or civitates4 ,( ! importance ( ?is matt] ,i am well aw>e1 m p>ticul>ly 9 connexion ) ! developm5t ( emphyteusis "u ! p]petual leases grant$ by ! municipalities4 ,9 a g5]al hi/ory ( ! imp]ial economics ?is topic w\ld surely claim a significant place4 ,b x seems to h little or no be>+ on ! lab\r conditions ) :i* ,i am prim>ily conc]n$1 :ile x w\ld add greatly to ! bulk ( a treatise already too long4 ,s too ! incid5ce ( taxation1 & ! effects ( degradation#adci ( ! curr5cy1 influ5ces t bo? play$ a s9i/] "p 9 imp]ial economics1 belong prop]ly to a l>g] !me4 ,ev5 ! writ]s on l&-survey+ etc1 ! agrim5sores or gromatici1 only t\* my subject "h & !re :5 x is necess>y to speak ( t5ures1 :i* _c be ignor$ 9 relation to lab\r-que/ions4 ,all ^! matt]s are ?or\ghly & sugge/ively treat$ 9 ,seeck's great hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! anci5t _w4 ,ano!r topic left out ( discussion is ! practical diff]5ce1 if any1 betwe5 ! t]ms#addj fundus & saltus 9 ! imp]ial doma9s4 ,i c f9d no satisfactory mat]ials = def9+ x1 & x does n appe> to be> any relation to ! lab\r-"q4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m inquil9us is a m important matt]4 ,if we are to accept ,seeck's +5i\s conclusions#adda1 x foll[s t ?is t]m1 regul>ly us$ by ! juri/s ( a h\se-t5ant 7urban7 z oppos$ to colonus a t5ant ( l& 7ru/ic71 9 ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury began to put on a new mean+4 ,m>cus settl$ l>ge numb]s ( b>b>ians on ,roman soil4 ,^! #8indwell]s' 7 labell$ z inquil9i1 a ^w imply+ t !y 7 import$ ali5s1 di/9ct f ! prop] resid5ts4 ,an analog\s di/9ction exi/$ 9 municipalities betwe5 unprivileg$ #8indwell]s' 7incolae7 & real municipes4 ,n[ a juri/'s op9ion#addb 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury speaks ( inquil9i z atta*$ 7adha]5t7 to l&$ e/ates1 & only capable ( be+ bequea!d to a legatee by inclusion 9 ! l&$ e/ate3 & x ref]s to a rescript ( ,m>cus & ,commodus deal+ ) a po9t ( detail connect$ ) ?is rule ( law4 ,?us ! inquil9ate seems to h be5 a new condition imply+ atta*m5t to ! soil1 long be=e ! colonate acquir$ a simil> "*4 ,= ! v few passages1 9 :i* ! fix$ & dep5d5t nature ( ! colonate is app>5tly recogniz$ be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 are ) "s reason suspect$ ( hav+ be5 tamp]$ ) by ! compil]s ( ! ,dige/1 or are susceptible ( a diff]5t int]pretation4 ,x is cle> t ?is intricate "q _c be fully discuss$ "h4 ,if ^! ru/ic inquil9i 7 9 _! orig9 b>b>ian settl]s1 p]haps two conclusions reg>d+ !m may be reasonable4 ,fir/1 !y seem to be di/9ct f slaves1 ! p]sonal prop]ty ( individual own]s4 ,= ! evid5ce1 s f> z x goes1 makes !m atta*$#addc to ! l&1 & only transf]able !re)4 ,secondly1 !y are surely lab\r]s1 till+ ) _! own h&s ! hold+s assign$ to !m4 ,if ?is view ( !m be s\nd1 we may see 9 !m ! beg9n+s ( a s]f class4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! lat] colonate 0 a direct gr[? f ?is beg9n+4 ,we h not$ above sev]al o!r causes contribut+ to t gr[?2 9 p>ticul> ! /ate ( de facto fixity comb9$ ) increas+ dep5d5ce1 9 :i* ! free colonus 0 gradually los+ 8 fre$om4 ,:e!r ! lat] colonate w ev] receive satisfactory explanation 9 ! =m ( a simple & conv9c+ !ory1 ,i _c tell3 at pres5t x seems be/ to admit c&idly t1 among ! v>i\s influ5ces t5d+ to produce ! kn[n result1 ,i d n see my way#addd to di/+ui% "o z supremely important1 & to ignore ! effect ( o!rs4 ,! op9ion#adde ( de ,c\langes1 t ! orig9 ( ! lat] colonate is ma9ly to be s\ght 9 ! gradual effect ( cu/om 7local cu/om71 ev5tually recogniz$ 7n creat$7 by law1 is p]haps ! s\nde/ attempt at a brief expression ( ! tru?4 ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,juri/s ,,( ,,! ,,dige/4 ,= ! position ( ! colonus 9 ,roman ,law dur+ ! p]iod kn[n z t ( ! #8classic' ,juri/s we naturally f9d our *ief s\rce ( evid5ce 9 ! ,dige/4 ,& x is n surpris+ t "h & !re we f9d passages be>+ on lab\r-que/ions m or less directly4 ,b 9 us+ ?is evid5ce x is mo/ necess>y to keep 9 m9d ! nature & scope ( ?is great compilation4 ,fir/1 x is n a collection ( laws4 ,actual laws 7 plac$ 9 ! ,codex1 bas$ on previ\s ,codes su* z ! ,!odosian 7#dci ,,ad71 aft] a c>eful process ( sift+ & edit+1 ) additions to complete ! "w4 ,?is great task 0 p]=m$ by ,ju/9ian's commission]s 9 #ad mon?s or less4 ,! ,ju/9ian ,code 0 confirm$ & publi%$ 9 #ebi ,,ad1 & f9ally 9 a revis$ =m r m ?an five ye>s lat]4 ,secondly1 ! ,dige/ is a collection ( op9ions ( lawy]s ^: compet5ce & au?ority _h be5 (ficially recogniz$1 & ^: responsa c>ri$ weight 9 ! ,roman c\rts4 ,f e>ly times int]pretation _h be5 f\nd indisp5sable 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! law2 & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 bo? by op9ions on cases & by =mal treatises1 !re _h gr[n up su* a mass ( writt5 jurisprud5ce z no man c\ld ma/]4 ,^! writ+s 7 specially copi\s 9 ! #8classic' p]iod 7say f ,hadrian to ,alex&] #aag-bce74 ,actual laws are sometimes cit$ 9 ! =m ( imp]ial decisions1 f9ally settl+ "s disput$ po9t4 ,b ! normal product ( discussion is ! op9ion ( ?is or t em95t juri/ z to :at is s\nd law 9 a p>ticul> "q4 ,! diff]5t op9ions ( diff]5t au?orities are (t5 quot$ side by side4 ,if ?is 7 all1 we might congratulate ourselves on hav+ simply a collection ( au!ntic extracts f nam$ au?ors1 convey+ _! views 9 _! own words4 ,& no d\bt _m ( ! extracts are ( ?is "*4 ,b ! position is n 9 fact s simple z ?is4 ,tribonian & 8 fell[-commission]s 7 set to "w at ! end ( ! ye> #ecj4 ,_! task 0 complet$ & ! ,dige/a publi%$ ) imp]ial confirmation at ! end ( #ecc4 ,n[ ! juri/ic lit]ature 9 exi/5ce1 ( :i* ! ,dige/ 0 to be an epitome sup]s$+ its own s\rces1 0 ( su* prodigi\s bulk t ?ree ye>s _c h be5 suffici5t = ! "w4 ,to read1 ab/ract1 classify1 & s f> z possible to h>monize1 ?is mass ( complicat$ mat]ial1 0 a duty surely ne$+ a mu* long] "t = its satisfactory p]=mance4 ,moreov]1 z ?is (ficial ,corpus ( jurisprud5ce 0 design$ = ref]5ce & citation z an au?ority 9 ! c\rts1 x _h to be#addf br\ght up to date4 ,t ?is necessity greatly increas$ ! commission]s' burd5 is obvi\s3 nor less s1 t x 0 a duty peculi>ly difficult to dis*>ge 9 ha/e1 & liable1 if hurri$1 to result 9 obscurities inconsi/5cies & ov]sights4 ,t mu* ( ! ,dige/ has suff]$ f ov]ha/e 9 its production is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,its evid5ce is !re=e to be us$ ) caution4 ,b on ! subject ( coloni ! ma9 po9ts ( int]e/ are atte/$ by witnesses ( high au?ority1 su* z ,ulpian1 9 cit$ passages n reasonably suspect$ ( int]polation4 ,& x is n necess>y to foll[ up a ho/ ( details4 ,we h only to recon/ruct f ! law-s\rces ! *>act]i/ic features ( agriculture & ru/ic t5ancy z x exi/$ be=e ! "t ( ,diocletian2 & ^! features are on ! :ole significant & cle>4 ,=tunately we are n entirely dep5d5t on collection & comp>ison ( scatt]$ ref]5ces f all p>ts ( ! great compilation4 ,"o title 7,,xix #b locati conducti7#addg furni%es u ) a quantity ( relevant matt] classifi$ "u "o head by ! editors !mselves4 ,fir/ & =emo/ x /&s out q cle> t ! colonus is a free man1 :o ent]s into a legal contract z lessee ) lessor1 & t l&lord & t5ant are equally b\nd by ! t]ms ( ! lease4 ,if any clause requires int]pretation ow+ to special circum/ances hav+ aris51 ! juri/ endeav\rs to lay d[n ! pr9ciples by :i* ! c\rt %\ld be guid$ to an equitable decision4 ,= in/ance1 any fact by :i* ! productiv5ess ( a f>m & !re) ! solv5cy ( ! t5ant are impair$ may lead to a dispute4 ,c>e is !re=e tak5 to relieve ! t5ant ( responsibility = damage inflict$ by irresi/ible =ce 7natural or human7#addh or due to ! l&lord's fault4 ,b defects ( climate & soil#addi give no claim to relief1 s9ce he is presum$ to h tak5 ! f>m ) 8 eyes op53 nor does ! failure ( worn-out fruit trees1 :i* t5ants 7 regul>ly b\nd by _! cov5ant to replace4 ,! *ief rights ( ! l&lord#adej are ! prop] cultivation ( ! f>m & regul> paym5t ( ! r5t4 ,9 ^! ! law duly protects him4 ,! t5ant is b\nd n to let d[n ! l& by neglect1 or to defraud#adea ! l&lord by misappropriat+ :at does n belong to him3 r5t is secur$ normally by sureties 7fideiussores7#adeb f\nd by ! t5ant at ! "t ( leas+1 or sometimes by ! fact t all prop]ty ( 8 on ! f>m is expressly pl$g$#adec to ! lessor on ?is acc\nt4 ,?us x is ! aim ( ! law to gu>d ! presumably poor] & humbl] p>ty aga9/ h>d treatm5t1 :ile x protects ! man ( prop]ty aga9/ fraud4 ,9 o!r words1 x aims at /rict en=cem5t ( ! t]ms#aded ( lease1 :ile incl9$ to con/rue g5u9ely d\btful po9ts or mi/akes 9 fav\r#adee ( ! p>ty b\nd4 ,t l&lord & t5ant1 ev5 9 cases ( fix$ money r5t1 h a c]ta9 community#adef ( int]e/1 seems recogniz$ 9 ! fact t "s legal rem$ies aga9/ ?ird p]sons 7= malici\s damage etc7 c\ld 9 "s cases be employ$#adeg by ei!r l&lord or t5ant4 ,9 %ort1 ! latt] is a ?or\ghly free & responsible p]son4 ,t a t5ant %\ld be protect$ aga9/ di/urbance#adeh 0 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,dur+ ! t]m ( 8 lease he has a "r to make 8 lawful pr(it on ! f>m3 ! l&lord is n only b\nd to all[ him full enjoym5t 7frui lic]e71 b to prev5t mole/ation by a ?ird p>ty ov] :om he has control4 ,inde$ ! t5ant f>m] has 9 "s relations a m positive protection ?an ! l&lord himself4 ,?us a p]son :o has "r ( usus ov] an e/ate may 9 c]ta9 circum/ances refuse#adei to admit ! dom9us2 b n ! colonus or 8 /aff ( slaves employ$ 9 ! f>m-"w4 ,*ange ( own]%ip c p]haps nev] be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! sitt+ t5ant ( a f>m4 ,b x is ! lawy]'s aim to see t ! pass+ ( ! prop]ty %all n impair ! t5ant's rights "u 8 curr5t lease4 ,a lease sometimes conta9$ clauses fix+ ! t]ms 7su* z a money =feit7#adfj on :i* ! contract might be brok52 9 fact a cross-gu>antee betwe5 ! p>ties1 secur+ ! t5ant aga9/ damage by premature ejectm5t & ! l&lord aga9/ damage by ! t5ant's premature quitt+4 ,! juri/s (t5 appeal to local cu/om z a means ( equitable decision on disput$ po9ts4 ,b "o cu/om>y pr9ciple seems to be recogniz$#adfa z ( g5]al validity1 ! rule ( reconductio4 ,if1 on expiration ( a lease1 ! t5ant holds on & ! l&lord all[s him to rema91 x is reg>d$ z a r5ewal ( ! contract by b>e agreem5t 7nudo cons5su74 ,no set =m ( lease is necess>y2 b ?is tacit contract holds good only f ye> to ye>4 ,ano!r fact significant z to ! position ( ! colonus is t he is assum$ to h ! "r to sublet#adfb ! f>m3 que/ions t w\ld 9 t case arise are dealt ) z matt]s ( c\rse4 ,i suppose t a lease might be s drawn z to b> any su* "r1 b t 9 practice x 0 always or g5]ally admitt$4 ,aga91 x is a sign ( 8 g5u9ely indep5d5t position 9 ! eye ( ! law t 8 own oa?1 if requir$ ( him1 may be accept$#adfc z a c\nt]-active plea 7exceptio iurisiur&i7 9 8 own def5ce1 :5 su$ by 8 l&lord = damage done on ! f>m4 ,on ! economic side we h fir/ to rem>k t ! colonus is repres5t$ z normally a man ( small means4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,dige/ conductor & colonus are n cle>ly#adfd di/+ui%$1 z we f9d !m 9 ! ,african inscriptions & 9 ! lat] law4 ,= ! =m] is simply ! c\nt]p>t ( locator1 prop]ly connot+ ! relation betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties3 colonus expresses ! fact t ! cultivation 7col]e7 ( l& belong+ to ano!r devolves ^u him by virtue ( ! contract4 ,e colonus is a conductor1 b n e conductor a colonus4 ,n[ cu/om1 recogniz$ by ! lawy]s1 provid$ a means ( supply+ ! small man's ne$ ( capital4 ,to set him up 9 a f>m1 ! l&lord equipp$ him ) a c]ta9 /ock 7in/rum5tum74 ,?is he took ov] at a valuation1 n pay+ ready money = x1 b accept+ liability#adfe to acc\nt = ! value at ! end ( 8 t5ancy4 ,! /ock or plant includ$#adff implem5ts & animals 7ox51 slaves1 etc71 & a miscellane\s array ( ?+s1 ( c\rse v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! f>m & local cu/om4 ,to ?is nucleus he _h inevitably to add belong+s#adfg ( 8 own1 :i* 7 likely to increase ) "t if ! f>m prosp]$ 9 8 h&s4 ,8 r5t#adfh might be ei!r a fix$ ye>ly paym5t 9 ca% or produce1 or a proportionate %>e ( produce v>y+ f ye> to ye>4 ,! money-r5t#adfi seems to h be5 ! usual plan1 & x 0 9 connexion !re) t claims = abatem5t g5]ally arose4 ,! impression left by ! frequ5t ref]5ces to reliqua 9 ! ,dige/1 & ! exp]i5ces ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 is t t5ant-f>m]s 9 ,italy 7 habitually beh9d ) _! r5ts & claim+#adgj remissio4 ,?is is probably true ( ! p]iod 7say7 #ajj-bej ,,ad1 ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,x 0 probably a "t ( great difficulty = bo? l&lords & t5ants1 at lea/ outside ! range ( suburban m>ket-g>d5+4 ,signs are n lack+ t want ( suffici5t capital#adga cramp$ ! vig\r ( agriculture directly & indirectly4 ,improvem5ts might s raise ! /&>d ( cultivation on an e/ate z to leave an awkw>d problem = ! own]4 ,its upkeep on its pres5t level might ne$ a l>ge capital2 t5ants ( means 7 n easy to f9d1 & subdivision into small] hold+s w\ld n 9 all circum/ances provide a satisfactory solution4 ,moreov]1 if ! man ( means 0 n unlikely to act indep5d5tly1 9 defiance ( ! l&lord1 ! small man 0 m likely to take opportunities ( misappropriat+ ?+s to :i* he 0 n entitl$4 ,all ^! difficulties1 & o!rs1 sugge/ no great prosp]ity 9 ,italian agriculture ( ! p]iod4 ,t on c]ta9 soils f>m+ did n pay1 0 z well kn[n#adgb to ! juri/s z to o!r writ]s4 ,& "o great cause ( agricultural decl9e appe>s 9 _! incid5tal rem>ks z cle>ly z 9 lit]ature4 ,x 0 ! devotion ( mu* ( ! be/ l& 9 ! be/ situations to ! unproductive p>ks & pleasure-gr\nds ( ! ri*4 ,?is c h>dly be laid to ! acc\nt ( ! /ill fav\r$ f9ancial position ( ,italy z comp>$ ) ! ,prov9ces1 = we f9d ! same /ate ( ?+s exi/+ late 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,italy _h long be5 prov9cializ$ & tax$ accord+ly4 ,x 0 fa%ion1 & fa%ion ( long /&+1 t caus$ ?is evil4 ,& ?is cause 0 itself an effect ( ! conditions ( inve/m5t4 ,! syndicates = exploit+ prov9cial dues _h gone ) ! ,republic4 ,/ate contracts & indu/rial ent]prises 7 n en\gh to employ all ! available capital4 ,! own]%ip ( l&1 n[ t politics 7 n a s*ool ( ambition1 0 m ?an ev] ! *ief s\rce ( social importance4 ,a man :o c\ld af=d to own va/ unremun]ative e/ates 0 a great p]sonage4 ,we may add t su* e/ates1 be+ unremun]ative1 7 less likely to attract ! fatal att5tion ( bad emp]ors1 :ile good rul]s delib]ately enc\rag$ ri* m5 to inve/ =tunes 9 !m z be+ an evid5ce ( loyalty to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! uneconomic rural conditions ?us creat$ are pla9ly ref]r$ to 9 ! /aid rem>ks ( ! juri/s4 ,we read ( e/ates own$ = pleasure 7volupt>ia pra$ia7#adgc3 ( cases :]e x may be d\bt$#adgd :e!r ! fundus does n r belong to ! villa ?an ! villa to ! fundus3 & ! use ( ! ^w praetorium#adge 7 great mansion1 palace1 #8,c\rt'7 = ! "l's headqu>t]s on 8 demesne becomes almo/ (ficial 9 ! m\? ( lawy]s4 ,mean:ile great e/ates abroad c\ld be1 & 71 pr(itable to _! own]s1 :o drew r5t f t5ants & 7 normally non-resid5t4 ,yet praetoria 7 sometimes f\nd ev5 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,9 connexion ) ?is topic x is natural to consid] ! que/ions ( upkeep & improvem5ts4 ,! =m] is simple4 ,z ! t5ant has ! disposal ( ! crops rais$ & ga!r$ 7fructus71 he is b\nd#adgf to till ! soil1 to keep up ! /ock ( plants1 & to see t ! dra9age ( ! f>m is 9 work+ ord]4 ,fur!r detail is unnecess>y1 z 8 liability mu/ be gaug$ by ! /ate ( ! f>m :5 he took x ov]4 ,improvem5ts look to ! future4 ,f ! lawy]s we get only ! legal po9t ( view1 :i* is ( "s int]e/ z prov+ t ! subject 0 ( suffici5t importance n to be ov]look$4 ,n[ x seems c]ta9 t a conductor or colonus _h a "r ( action to recov]#adgg f ! dom9us n only comp5sation = unexhau/$ improvem5ts1 b 8 :ole outlay on !m1 if %ewn to h be5 b5eficial4 ,or 8 claim might re/ on ! fact t ! project _h be5 approv$#adgh by ! l&lord4 ,b x might happ5 t a "w b5eficial to ! p>ticul> e/ate 0 detrim5tal to a neighb\r+ "o4 ,9 su* a case1 aga9/ :om--l&lord or t5ant--_h ! own] ( t e/ate a legal rem$y8 ,x 0 held t1 if ! t5ant _h c>ri$ out ! "w 9 "q#adgi )\t 8 l&lord's k1 he alone 0 liable4 ,if1 z "s held1 ! l&lord 0 b\nd to provide a p>ticul> rem$y1 he c\ld recov] ! am\nt paid "u ?is head f 8 t5ant4 ,to insure ! own] aga9/ loss f ! acts ( 8 lessee 0 evid5tly an object ( ! fir/ importance1 & ?is is 9 h>mony ) ! ,roman lawy]s' int5se respect = rights ( prop]ty4 ,! g5]al impression left on ! read] ( _! utt]ances on ?is subject is t a l&lord1 aft] provid+ a consid]able in/rum5tum1 _h done all t c\ld reasonably be expect$ f him4 ,improvem5ts1 ! desirability ( :i* 0 usually discov]$ ?r\gh ! t5ant's exp]i5ce1 7 normally reg>d$ z ! t5ant's bus9ess3 x 0 only necess>y to prev5t ! l&lord f arbitr>ily confiscat+ :at ! t5ant _h done to improve 8 prop]ty4 ,obvi\sly su* #8improvem5ts' 7 likely to occasion disputes z to ! value ( ! "w done3 b x 0 ! cu/om ( ! c\ntryside to ref] te*nical que/ions ( ?is k9d to ! arbitration ( an imp>tial umpire 7vir bonus71 no d\bt a neighb\r famili> ) local circum/ances4 ,on ! :ole1 x does n appe> t ! law treat$ ! colonus badly "u ?is head1 & ! difficulty ( secur+ good t5ants may be suppos$ to h gu>ante$ him aga9/ unfair adm9i/ration4 ,a great _m m details illu/rat+ ! position ( coloni z !y appe> 9 ! ,dige/ c\ld be add$ "h1 b ,i ?9k ! above w be f\nd ample = my purpose4 ,! next topic to be dealt ) is t ( lab\r1 s f> z ! ref]5ces ( ! lawy]s give u any in=mation4 ,fir/ x is to be not$ t ! two sy/ems#adhj ( e/ate-managem5t1 t ( cultivation = l&lord's acc\nt by 8 actor or vilicus1 & t ( lett+ to t5ant f>m]s1 7 exi/+ side by side4 ,! latt] plan 0 to all appe>ance m commonly foll[$ ?an x w\ld seem to h be5 9 ! "t ( ,columella1 b ! =m] 0 /ill work+4 ,a confid5t op9ion z to ! comp>ative frequ5cy#adha ( ! two sy/ems is h>dly to be =m$ on ,dige/ evid5ce3 = 9 ru/ic matt]s ! int]e/ ( lawy]s 0 almo/ solely conc]n$ ) ! relations ( l&lord & t5ant4 ,:at an own] did ) 8 own prop]ty on 8 own acc\nt 0 almo/ entirely 8 own bus9ess4 ,!re are signs t a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! traditional nom5clature repres5ts a real *ange ( function 9 ! case ( l&lords' manag]s4 ,! t]m actor is sup]s$+#adhb vilicus1 b ! vilicus /ill rema9s4 ,he w\ld seem to be n[ m ( a m]e f>m-bailiff1 *>g$ ) ! cultivation ( "s "p or p>ts ( an e/ate t are n let to t5ants4 ,x may ev5 be t he is left ) a free h& & only requir$ to pay a fix$#adhc ye>ly return4 ,if s1 ?is arrangem5t is n easily to be di/+ui%$ f ! case ( a slave colonus or quasi colonus#adhd occupy+ a f>m4 ,! f9ancial & g5]al sup]vision ( ! e/ate is 9 ! h&s ( ! actor#adhe1 :o collects all dues1 includ+ r5ts ( colonie & is held to full acc\nt#adhf = all ^! receipts z well z = ! cont5ts ( ! /ore-rooms4 ,he is a slave1 b a valuable & tru/$ man3 x is significant t ! manumission#adhg ( actores is n seldom m5tion$4 ,evid5tly ! qualities look$ = 9 su* an ag5t 7 obs]v$ to develope mo/ readily "u a prospect ( fre$om4 ,b1 s long z he rema9$ actor ( an e/ate1 he c\ld be reg>d$ z "p ( x3 9 a beque/ ! te/ator c\ld include him z a "p#adhh1 & (t5 did s3 & inde$ 8 peculi> k ( local detail mu/ (t5 h be5 an important elem5t 9 its value4 ,to employ su* a p]son 9 ! managem5t ( an e/ate1 ) p[]ful inducem5ts to good conduct1 may h solv$ _m a difficult problem4 ,we may p]haps guess t x made ! employm5t ( a qualifi$ legal ag5t 7procurator7 less (t5 necess>y1 at lea/ if ! actor contriv$ to avoid friction ) 8 ma/]'s free t5ants4 ,:e!r an e/ate 0 f>m$ = ! own] by 8 manag]1 or let to t5ants1 or p>tly on "o sy/em p>tly on ! o!r1 x is cle> t slave-lab\r is assum$ z ! normal basis ( work+4 ,= ! colonus takes ov] slaves suppli$ by ! dom9us z an item ( ! in/rum5tum4 ,& !re 0 no?+ to prev5t him f add+ slaves ( 8 own1 if he c\ld af=d x & ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to employ a l>g] /aff4 ,:e!r su* additions 7 (t5 or ev] made1 we mu/ n expect ! lawy]s to tell u2 b we d n[ & !n he>#adhi ( a slave :o is ! t5ant's own4 ,su* a slave might z "p ( ! t5ant's goods be pl$g$ to ! l&lord z security = 8 r5t1 b he w\ld n be a "p ( ! e/ate ( :i* ! l&lord c\ld dispose by sale or beque/4 ,9 su* a case ! slaves might be reg>d$#adij z accessories ( ! fundus1 if x 7 s agre$4 ,?is rais$ que/ions z to ! degree ( connexion t %\ld be treat$ z qualify+ a slave to be consid]$ an appurt5ance ( a f>m4 ,! answ] 0 9 effect t he mu/ be a memb] ( ! regul> /aff4 ,m]e tempor>y employm5t on ! place did n s atta* him1 m]e tempor>y abs5ce on duty else:]e did n deta* him4 ,a fur!r "q 0 :e!r all slaves 9 any sort ( employm5t on ! place 7 includ$1 or only su* z 7 actually engag$ 9 f>m "w prop]1 cultivation ( ! soil1 n ^? employ$ 9 v>i\s subsidi>y#adia indu/ries4 ,^! que/ions ! juri/s discuss$ fully1 b we _c foll[ !m "h1 z _! legal importance is *iefly 9 connexion ) prop]ty & c h>dly h affect$ s]i\sly ! position ( t5ants4 ,b x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! lawy]s 7 feel+ ! necessity ( attempt+ "s practical classification4 ,! di/9ction#adib betwe5 urbana & ru/ica mancipia 0 old en\gh z a loose conv]sational or lit]>y "o4 ,b1 :5 rights ( inh]itance or legacy ( su* valuable prop]ty 7 involv$1 x became important to def9e 7if possible7 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a #8ru/ic' slave4 ,t ! condition ( ! ru/ic slave 0 improv+1 & g5]ally f> bett] ?an x _h be5 on ! latifundia ( ,republican days1 seems indicat$ by ! juri/s' speak+ ( a slave z colonus or quasi colonus )\t any sugge/ion ( /rang5ess 9 ! relation4 ,we may assume t only slaves ( exceptional capacity & m]it w\ld be plac$ 9 a position ( economic 7if n legal7 equality ) free t5ants4 ,/ill ! gr[? ( su* a cu/om c h>dly h be5 )\t "s effect on ! condition ( ru/ic slaves 9 g5]al4 ,x 0 n new 9 ! second c5tury3 x is ref]r$ to by a juri/#adic ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,! increas+ difficulty ( gett+ ei!r good t5ants or good slaves no d\bt induc$ l&lords to entru/ f>ms to m5 :o c\ld & w\ld "w !m pr(itably1 :e!r freem5 or slaves4 ,& a slave _h 9 agriculture1 z 9 trades & f9ance1 a po9t 9 8 fav\r3 8 p]son & 8 goods#adid rema9$ 9 8 ma/]'s p[]4 ,if by skill$ & hone/ managem5t he reliev$ 8 ma/] ( tr\ble & worry1 & contribut$ by regul> paym5t ( r5t to assure 8 income1 x 0 reasonable to look = gratitude express$1 on ! usual ,roman l9es1 9 8 ma/]'s w4 ,manumission1 p]haps accompani$ by beque/#adie ( ! v f>m t he _h work$ s well1 0 a probable rew>d4 ,may we n guess t "s ( ! be/ f>m+ c>ri$ on 9 ,italy "u ! e>li] ,empire 0 a*iev$ by tru/$ slaves1 9 :om s]vile apa?y 0 ov]come by hope8 ,su* a f>m]-slave w\ld surely h "u him#adif slave lab\r]s1 ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/]2 & he w\ld h ! /ronge/ possible motives = tact & skill 9 _! managem5t1 :ile 8 own capacity _h be5 develop$ by practical exp]i5ce4 ,i c po9t to no arrangem5t 9 ,roman agriculture s calculat$ to make x effici5t on a basis ( slav]y z ?is4 ,! s]vices 7op]ae7 ( a slave1 due to 8 own] or to "s "o 9 place ( 8 own]1 7 a prop]ty capable ( valuation1 & !re=e c\ld be let & hir$ at a price4 ,t is1 ! p]son to :om !y 7 due c\ld commute#adig !m = a m]ces4 ,?is might1 z 9 ! correspond+ ,greek case ( 1 be a pay+ bus9ess1 if a slave _h be5 b\ght *eap & tra9$ s z to e>n good wages4 ,x 0 common en\gh 9 v>i\s trades3 :at conc]ns u is t ! plan 0 evid5tly 9 use 9 ! ru/ic _w also4 ,n[ ?is is notable4 ,we naturally ask1 if ! man's s]vices 7 wor? s mu* to ! hir]1 :y %\ld !y n h be5 wor? z mu* 7or ev5 a little m7 to 8 own ma/]8 ,:y %\ld x pay to let him r ?an to use him y\rself8 ,( c\rse ! own] might h m slaves ?an he ne$$ at ! mom5t3 or ! hir] might be l$ by tempor>y ne$ ( lab\r to (f] a fancy price = ! accommodation3 or two ma/]s on neighb\r+ f>ms might engage 9 a reciprocity ( cross-hir+s to suit _! mutual conv5i5ce at c]ta9 seasons4 ,fur!r possibilities might be sugge/$1 b are su* occasional explanations suffici5t to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( ?is hir+-sy/em8 ,i ?9k n4 ,surely ! pr9cipal influ5ce1 /eadily op]at+ 9 ?is direction1 0 "o t impli$ an admission ( ! economic failure ( slav]y4 ,if ,a's slave work$ = ,b s well t x paid ,a to let him d s & to receive a r5t = 8 s]vices1 x foll[s t ! slave _h "s inducem5t to ex]t 8 p[]s m fully z ,b's hirel+ ?an 9 ! c\rse ( ord9>y duty "u 8 own ma/]4 ,ei!r ! nature & conditions ( ! "w "u ,b 7 pleasant]1 or he receiv$ some?+ = himself ov] & above ! /ipulat$ sum claim$ by 8 ma/]4 ,9 o!r words1 z a m]e slave he did n d 8 be/3 z a hir$ man he felt "s ( ! /imulus t a free man gets f ! prospect ( 8 wage4 ,s ,slav]y1 already philan?ropically que/ion$1 0 9 ?is confession economically condemn$4 ,^! po9ts consid]$1 we are n surpris$ to f9d m5tion ( slaves lett+ out _! own#adih op]ae4 ,?is mu/ imply ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 & x is p]haps n ra% to see 9 su* a situation a sign ( weak5+ 9 ! effective au?ority ( ma/]s4 ,a ma/] ^: int]e/ is b\nd up ) ! fulle/ developm5t ( 8 slave's p[]s 7z r5table prop]ty expos$ to competition7 w h>dly act ! m>t9et )\t =eca/+ ! possible damage to 8 own pocket4 ,a slave :o kn[s t 8 ma/] draws an income f 8 effici5cy is 9 a /rong position = gradually extort+ privileges till he atta9s no small degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,we may p]haps f9d traces ( su* an advance 9 ! arrangem5t by :i* a slave hires 8 own op]ae#adii f 8 ma/]4 ,he w ?us make a pr(it out ( hir+ himself3 9 fact he is op5ly decl>+ t he w n "w at full p[] = 8 ma/]1 b only comp\nd ) him = output on ! scale ( an ord9>y slave4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 common 9 arts & h&icrafts1 & n specially *>act]i/ic ( ,rome4 ,9 ru/ic life1 ! slave put into a f>m z t5ant#aejj at a fix$ r5t1 & tak+ pr(it & loss1 may furni% an in/ance4 ,:e!r su* cases 7 frequ5t we d n "k4 ,! g5]al impression left by ! ,dige/ passages on hir+ & lett+ ( slaves is t1 :5 we read ( m]c5n>ii1 x is g5]ally if n always hirel+#aeja slaves1 n free wage-e>n]s1 t are meant4 ,9 a passage#aejb :]e s]vus occurs z well z m]c5n>ius1 x is ref]5ce to ! own] z well z to ! hir] t necessitates ! addition4 ,if ,i h int]pret$ ^! po9ts aright1 ! picture sugge/$ is a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! ru/ic slave 0 /eadily improv+ 8 position1 supply+ hir$ lab\r1 at times entru/$ ) ! *>ge ( a f>m1 & ) a fair prospect ( becom+ by manumission "u 8 own]'s w a free colonus1 or ev5 8 own l&lord4 ,h[ f> ?is picture is really *>act]i/ic ( ru/ic ,italy1 or ( ! ,prov9ces 7su* z ,gaul or ,spa971 is :at "o w\ld l to "k1 b ,i c f9d no evid5ce4 ,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs ,i h refra9$ f inquir+ :e!r ! colonus z he appe>s 9 ! ,dige/ 0 a f>m] :o work$ ) 8 own h&s1 or m]ely an employ] & director ( lab\r4 ,! reason is t ,i h f\nd 9 ! texts no evid5ce :atev] on ! po9t4 ,x 0 n ! juri/'s bus9ess4 ,we are left to guess at ! tru? z be/ we may1 & we c only />t f consid]ation ( ! f>m]'s own int]e/1 & assume t ! av]age f>m] knew 8 own int]e/ & 0 guid$ !reby4 ,n[1 be+ b\nd to pay r5t 9 "s =m or o!r & to make good any defici5cies 9 ! in/rum5tum at ! end ( 8 t5ancy1 he _h e inducem5t to get all he c\ld out ( ! l& :ile he held x4 ,h[ be/ to d ?is1 0 8 problem4 ,& ! answ] no d\bt v>i$ accord+ to ! size ( ! f>m1 ! k9d ( crops t c\ld pr(itably be rais$ !re1 & ! numb] & quality ( ! /aff4 ,9 "s r\gh op]ations1 8 con/ant pres5ce on "o spot & %>+ ! actual "w might get ! mo/ out ( 8 m54 ,:]e nicety ( skill 0 ! ma9 ?+1 he might bett] sp5d 8 "t 9 direction & m9ute wat*+ ( ! h&s4 ,on a fairly l>ge f>m he w\ld h en\gh to d z director4 ,we may reasonably guess t he only toil$ ) 8 own h&s if he ?\ght x w\ld pay him to d s4 ,?is a priori guesswork is n satisfactory4 ,b ,i see no?+ else to be said2 = ! ,african inscriptions d n help u4 ,! circum/ances ( ^? great doma9s 7 exceptional4 ,s f> we h be5 view+ agriculture z proce$+ 9 times & "u conditions assum$ to be m or less normal1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s di/urb+ elem5ts 9 ru/ic life1 by :i* bo? l&lords & t5ants 7 liable to suff] vexation & loss4 ,yet ^! 7 n a few4 ,ev5 a lawy] c\ld n ignore wild bea/s4 ,wolves c>ri$ (f "s ( ,a's pigs4 ,dogs kept by ,b1 colonus ( a neighb\r+ villa1 = protection ( 8 own flocks1 rescu$ ! pigs4 ,a legal "q#aejc at once arises3 are ! rescu$ pigs reg>d$ z wild game1 & !re=e belong+ to ! own] ( ! dogs8 ,no1 says ! juri/4 ,!y 7 /ill )9 rea*2 ,a _h n giv5 !m up = lo/2 if ,b tries to reta9 !m1 ! law provides rem$ies to make him give !m up4 ,i presume t ,b w\ld h a claim to "s rew>d = 8 s]vices4 ,b ! lawy] is sil5t1 conf9+ 8 op9ion to ! "o "q ( prop]ty4 ,ref]5ces to depr$ations ( robb]s or brig&s 7latrones1 grassatores17 occur (t51 & q z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! police ( rural ,italy1 n to m5tion ! ,prov9ces1 0 an old sc&al4 ,/ock-?ieves1 :o lift$ a f>m]'s cattle %eep or goats1 & sometimes 8 crops1 7 important en\gh to h a descriptive "n 7abigei7#aejd & a title ( ! ,dige/ to !mselves4 ,t bad neighb\rs made !mselves unpleasant 9 _m ways1 & t _! pres5ce gave a bad "n to prop]ties ne> !m1 0 an exp]i5ce ( all l&s & all ages3 b ! juri/s treat x gravely#aeje z a lawy]'s matt]4 ,concealm5t ( su* a detrim5tal fact#aejf by ! sell] ( an e/ate made ! sale voidable4 ,! ri* 7old (f5d]s 9 ?is k9d7 7 by a rescript ( ,hadrian#aejg aw>d$ diff]5tial puni%m5t = remov+ l&m>ks3 9 _! case ! purpose ( encroa*m5t 0 n a matt] op5 to d\bt4 ,9 "o connexion ! use ( =ce z an emb>rass+ feature ( ru/ic life 0 a subject ( peculi> int]e/ to ! juri/s1 & _h long be5 s4 ,?is 0 9 relation to que/ions ( possession4 ,9 ,roman law possessio held a v important place4 ,all t ne$ be said ( x "h is t ! fact ( possession1 or lack ( x1 s]i\sly affect$ ! position ( litigants 9 disputes z to prop]ty4 ,great +5uity 0 ex]cis$ 9 def9ition & 9 lay+ d[n rules = asc]ta9+ ! fact4 ,n[ among ! means employ$ 9 ga9+ or recov]+ possession none 0 m /rik+ or m effective ?an ! use ( =ce4 ,special legal rem$ies _h be5 provid$ to deal ) su* viol5ce2 int]dicta issu$ by ! praetor1 to =bid x1 or to re9/ate a claimant dislodg$ by 8 rival1 or simply to /ate ! exact issue rais$ 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,on con=mity or disob$i5ce to ! praetor's ord] ! case 0 =mally tri$ 9 c\rt3 ! "q ( law ma9ly turn$ on que/ions ( fact4 ,:at conc]ns u is t =ce 0 solemnly classifi$ "u two heads1 vis & vis armata4 ,ea* ( ^! _h its own prop] int]dict at lea/ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,cic]o1 & !y occupy a :ole title#aejh 9 ! ,dige/4 ,cle>ly ! use ( =ce 0 no negligible matt]4 ,t x 0 a dang] or at lea/ a nuisance to own]s or claimants ( prop]ty1 is n less cle>4 ,b h[ did x t\* ! colonus8 ,he 01 z su*1 nei!r own] nor claimant ( ! prop]ty ( 8 f>m4 ,he _h 9 8 own capacity#aeji no possession ei!r4 ,b1 z t5ant ( a p>ticul> own]1 8 pres5ce op]at$#aeaj to secure ! possession ( 8 l&lord4 ,h5ce to ou/ him by =ce broke ! l&lord's possession2 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 ! law _h to decide4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t1 9 cases :]e s]i\s affrays result$ f intrusion1 a t5ant might suff] grave damage to 8 goods & p]son4 ,! intrud]s 7(t5 a gang ( slaves7 w\ld seldom be s punctili\sly g5tle z to d no h>m at all4 ,!re=e1 hav+ reg>d to ! am\nt ( int]e/ 9 ?is subject %ewn by ! lawy]s1 we _c omit ! use ( =ce 9 matt]s ( possession f ! li/ ( ru/ic emb>rassm5ts4 ,ano!r cause ( annoyance 0 connect$ ) s]vitudes1 su* z rights ( way & wat]1 :i* 7 frequ5t subjects ( dispute 9 c\ntry di/ricts4 ,:e!r reg>d$ z rights or z burd5s1 ! pr9ciples gov]n+ !m 7 a topic t engag$ ! m9ute & labori\s att5tion#aeaa ( ! lawy]s4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a "r ( way or wat] ?r\gh an e/ate1 ?\gh a mat]ial advantage to a neighb\r+ e/ate s]v$ by ! conv5i5ce1 might be a mat]ial disadvantage to ! "o ov] :i* ! "r ext5d$4 ,also t ! annoyance might be indef9itely increas$ or less5$ by ! cantank]\s or consid]ate us] ( ! "r by ! p]son or p]sons enjoy+ x4 ,:5 we consid] t s]vitudes 7 already an important dep>tm5t ( jurisprud5ce 9 ,republican days1 & see h[ great a space !y occupy 9 ! ,dige/1 we c h>dly resi/ ! conclusion t c\ntry proprietors f\nd 9 !m a f]tile subject ( qu>rels4 ,b surely ! qu>rels ( l&lords ov] a matt] ( ?is k9d c\ld n be c>ri$ on )\t occasional & p]haps frequ5t di/urbances & injury to ! t5ants on ! l&4 ,ev5 if ! law provid$ means ( gett+ comp5sation = any damage done to a t5ant's crops or o!r goods 9 ! c\rse ( attempts to en=ce or defeat a claim$ s]vitude1 0 ! av]age colonus a man readily to seek comp5sation 9 ! law-c\rts8 ,i ?9k n4 ,b1 if n1 he w\ld dep5d solely on ! goodwill ( 8 own l&lord1 suppos+ ! latt] to h got ! upp] h& 9 ! ma9 dispute4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i /rongly suspect t 9 practice ^! qu>rels ov] ru/ic s]vitudes 7 a great] nuisance to f>m]s ?an might be suppos$4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 we h no /atem5t ( ! f>m]'s po9t ( view4 ,ano!r int]mitt5t b damag+ occurr5ce 0 ! occasional passage ( soldi]y1 ^: discipl9e 0 (t5 lax4 ,we might easily =get ! depr$ations & g5]al misconduct ( ^! unruly ruffians1 & imag9e t su* annoyances only became noticeable 9 a lat] p]iod4 ,b ! juri/s d n all[ u to =get#aeab ! milit>y requisitions = supply ( troops on ! m>*1 ! paym5t = :i* is n cle>ly provid$1 & w\ld at be/ be a cause ( tr\ble2 or ! pilf]+s ( ! m51 comp5sation = :i* 0 probably n to be _h4 ,x w\ld be f>m]s 9 nor!rn ,italy & ! fronti]-prov9ces t 7 ! *ief suff]]s4 ,damage by natural di/urbances or by fires may happ5 9 any age or c\ntry4 ,t ,italy 9 p>ticul> 0 expos$ to ! effect ( floods & e>?quakes1 we "k4 ,accord+ly ! lawy]s are s]i\sly conc]n$ ) ! legal & equitable que/ions aris+ out ( su* ev5ts4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! claim ( t5ants#aeac to abatem5t ( r5t t call$ = a /atem5t ( pr9ciples4 ,beside ! sudd5 effects ( e>?quakes torr5ts or fires1 !re 7 ! sl[] processes ( /reams *ang+ _! c\rses#aead & gradual l&-slides on ! slopes ( hills4 ,^! movem5ts g5]ally affect$ ! propriet>y relations ( neighb\r+ l&lords1 tak+ away l& f "o1 sometimes giv+ to ano!r4 ,"h 0 a f9e op5+ = +5i\s juri/s1 ( :i* !y took full advantage4 ,! gr[? ( e/ates by alluvion1 & loss by erosion1 0 a fav\rite topic1 ! op]ation ( :i*1 & ! que/ions !reby rais$1 are s e>ne/ly treat$ z to %ew _! great importance 9 c\ntry life4 ,( fire-damage1 due to malice or neglect1 no m ne$ be said2 nor ( _m o!r m9or matt]s4 ,b1 :5 all ! above drawbacks h be5 all[$ =1 x is /ill probably true t sc>city ( lab\r 0 a f> great] difficulty = f>m]s4 ,we he> v little directly ( ?is tr\ble1 z x rais$ no po9t ( law4 ,v significant#aeae h[ev] are ! attempts ( ! ,s5ate & c]ta9 emp]ors to put d[n an invet]ate sc&al :i* is surely good indirect evid5ce ( ! sc>city4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! h>b\r+#aeaf ( runaway slaves on ! e/ates ( o!r l&lords4 ,a runaway f "o e/ate 0 ( c\rse n protect$ & f$ on ano!r e/ate f motives ( philan?ropy4 ,! slave w\ld be well aw>e t sev]e puni%m5t await$ him if recov]$ by 8 own]1 & !re=e be will+ to "w = a new ma/] :o might1 if displeas$1 surr5d] him any day4 ,! l&lords guilty ( ?is treason to ! int]e/s ( _! class 7 probably ! same z ^? :o h>b\r$#aeag brig&s1 ano!r practice injuri\s to peaceful agriculture bo? 9 ,italy & abroad4 ,ano!r inconv5i5ce1 affect+ all trades & all p>ts ( ! empire 9 v>i\s degrees1 0 ! local diff]5ce 9 ! money-value#aeah ( commodities 9 diff]5t m>kets4 ,?is 0 sometimes great3 & t x 0 tr\blesome to f>m]s may be inf]r$ f ! p>ticul> m5tion ( w9e oil & corn z cases 9 po9t4 ,no d\bt deal]s _h ! advantage ov] produc]s1 z !y g5]ally h1 ?r\gh possess+ a m ?an local k ( necess>y facts4 ,^! middlem5 h[ev] c\ld n be disp5s$ )1 z exp]i5ce %ew$1 & "o ( ! lat] juri/s#aeai op5ly recogniz$4 ,facilities = borr[+1 & rates ( int]e/1 v>i$ greatly 9 v>i\s c5tres4 ,b all ^! m>ket que/ions d n seem to h be5 s acute z to be a public dang] until ! ru9\s debasem5t ( ! curr5cy 9 ! "t ( ,galli5us4 ,a few ref]5ces may be f\nd to peculi> usages ( c\ntry life 9 p>ticul> ,prov9ces4 ,?us we read t 9 ,arabia#aebj f>ms 7 sometimes #8boycott$1' any p]son cultivat+ su* a f>m be+ ?reat5$ ) assass9ation4 ,9 ,egypt#aeba special c>e _h to be tak5 to protect ! dykes regulat+ ! di/ribution ( ,nile wat]4 ,bo? ^! (f5ces 7 summ>ily dealt ) by ! prov9cial gov]nor1 & ! p5alty 0 dea?4 ,"h we h "o m pro( ( ! anxiety ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t to insure ! greate/ possible production ( food4 ,! empire 0 always hungry1--& s 7 ! b>b>ians4 ,& ! nor!rn fronti] prov9ces c\ld n fe$ bo? !mselves & ! armies4 ,:ile speak+ ( l&lords & t5ants we mu/ n =get t all ov] ! empire consid]able areas ( l& 7 own$ by municipalities1 & dealt ) at ! discretion ( ! local au?orities4 ,v>iety ( sy/ems 0 no d\bt dictat$ by v>iety ( local circum/ances3 b "o *>act]i/ic 0 s g5]al z to des]ve special att5tion on ! "p ( juri/s4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( p]petual leaseholds#aebb at a fix$ 7& und\bt$ly b5eficial7 r5t1 h]itable & transf]able to assigns4 ,s long z ! t5ant regul>ly paid ! vectigal1 8 occupation 0 n to be di/urb$4 ,x 0 evid5tly ! desire ( ! municipal au?orities to h a c]ta9 income to reckon )3 = ! sake ( c]ta9ty !y w\ld put up ) some?+ less ?an a rack-r5t4 ,!re 7 also o!r l&s own$ by ^! civitates t 7 let on ! sy/em#aebc 9 use by private l&lords2 ! normal t]m probably be+ five ye>s4 ,( ^! no m ne$ be said "h4 ,b5eficial leases "u a municipality 7 liable to corrupt managem5t4 ,x _h be5 f\nd necess>y#aebd to disqualify memb]s ( ! local ,s5ate 7decuriones7 f hold+ su* leases1 t !y might n %>e out ! common l&s among !mselves on b5eficial t]ms4 ,b ?is prohibition 0 n en\gh4 ,! t[n wor?ies put 9 m5 ( /raw#aebe z nom9al t5ants1 ?r\gh :om !y enjoy$ ! b5efits ( ! leases4 ,s ?is evasion also _h to be met by revok+ ! ill-gott5 privilege4 ,b di/urbance ( t5ancies 0 n to be lightly all[$1 s x appe>s t a ref]5ce to ! emp]or#aebf 0 necess>y be=e su* revocation c\ld take place4 ,?is sy/em ( p]petual leases is ( int]e/1 n z indicat+ diff]5t me?ods ( cultivation f ^? practis$ on private e/ates1 b z betray+ a t5d5cy to fixity#aebg already exi/+1 de/9$ to spread & to take o!r =ms1 & to become ! fatal *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] ,empire4 ,ano!r /rik+ piece ( evid5ce 9 ! same direction occurs 9 connexion ) ! lessees 7publicani7 ( v>i\s /ate dues 7vectigalia publica7 f>m$ out 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury ! juri/ ,paulus atte/s#aebh ! fact t1 9 case x 0 f\nd t ! "r ( collect+ su* dues1 hi!rto v pr(itable to ! lessees1 c\ld only be let at a l[] lump sum ?an hi!rto1 ! old lessees 7 held b\nd to cont9ue _! contract at ! old price4 ,b ,calli/ratus1 contempor>y or ne>ly s1 tells u t ?is 0 n s1 & quotes#aebi a rescript ( ,hadrian 7#aag-ach ,,ad7 condemn+ ! practice z tyrannical & likely to det] m5 f ent]+ into s trea*]\s a b>ga94 ,x appe>s t o!r#aecj emp]ors _h =bidd5 x1 b !re is no pro( t !y succe$$ 9 /opp+ x4 ,at all ev5ts ! resort to co]cion 9 a matt] ( contract l ?is reveals ! pres5ce ( a belief 9 compulsory fixity1 om9\s ( ! com+ imp]ial p>alysis1 ?\gh ( c\rse n s und]/ood at ! "t4 ,x did n directly affect agriculture z yet2 b its application to agriculture 0 de/9$ to be a symptom & a cause ( ! empire's decl9e & fall4 ,ano!r gr\p ( t5ancies1 ! numb] & importance ( :i* 0 quietly increas+1 0 t kn[n z pra$ia ,caes>is#aeca1 fundi fiscales1 & s =?4 ,we ne$ n discuss ! dep>tm5tal diff]5ces & v>i\s names ( ^! e/ates4 ,! t5ants1 :e!r small m5 or conductores on a l>ge scale :o sublet 9 p>cels#aecb to coloni1 held ei!r directly or indirectly f ! emp]or4 ,we h se5 specim5s 9 ,africa1 ! ,prov9ce 9 :i* ! cr[n-prop]ties 7 exceptionally l>ge4 ,:at *iefly conc]ns u "h is ! imp]ial l&-policy4 ,x seems cle> t its fir/ aim 0 to keep ^! e/ates p]man5tly occupi$ by good solv5t t5ants4 ,! sure/ means to ?is end 0 to give ^! e/ates a good "n1 to create a g5]al impression t on imp]ial f>ms a man _h a bett] *ance ( ?riv+ ?an on ^? ( av]age private l&lords4 ,n[ ! #8/ate1' t is ! emp]or or 8 dep>tm5tal *iefs1 c\ld fav\r cr[n-t5ants 9 v>i\s ways )\t mak+ a mat]ial sacrifice ( a f9ancial k9d4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! treatm5t ( cr[n-e/ates z :at we call #8peculi>s1' 9 :i* local disputes 7 settl$1 n by resort to ! c\rts ( ord9>y law1 b adm9i/ratively#aecc by ! emp]or's procuratores1 0 probably a great relief2 above all to ! humbl] coloni1 :om we may surely assume to h be5 a class av]se to litigation4 ,no d\bt a procurator might be corrupt$ & unju/4 ,b he 0 probably f> m effectually wat*$ ?an ord9>y magi/rates2 &1 if ! wor/ came to ! wor/1 !re 0 z we h se5 ! hope ( a successful appeal to ! emp]or4 ,ano!r fav\r consi/$ 9 ! exemption ( ,caes>'s t5ants f v>i\s burd5some (ficial duties 9 municipalities1 ! s-call$ mun]a1 :i* (t5 entail$ great exp5se4 ,?is is m5tion$ by a juri/#aecd ne> ! end ( ! second c5tury3 !y are only to p]=m su* duties s f> z n to cause loss to ! treasury4 ,ano!r#aece1 some:at lat]1 says t _! exemption is grant$ 9 ord] t !y may be m suitable t5ants ( treasury-f>ms4 ,?is exemption is "o m evid5ce ( ! well-kn[n fact t 9 ?is age municipal (fices 7 beg9n+ to be evad$#aecf z ru9\s1 & no long] s\ght z an hon\r4 ,we mu/ note t1 if ?is immunitas reliev$ ! cr[n-t5ants1 x left all ! m burd5s to be borne by ^? :o enjoy$ no su* relief4 ,& ?is _c h be5 good = agriculture 9 g5]al4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! fiscus#aecg 0 a slack & easy l&lord4 ,goods ( debtors 7 promptly seiz$ to cov] liabilities3 attempts to evade paym5t ( tributa by a private agreem5t#aech betwe5 mortgagor & mortgagee 7 qua%$3 a rescript#aeci ( ,m>cus & ,v]us insi/$ on ! treasury %>e 77 ( treasure trove3 & s on4 ,b !re are signs ( a reasonable & consid]ate policy1 9 n press+ dem&s s z to inflict h>d%ip4 ,trajan#aedj _h set a good example1 & good emp]ors foll[$ x4 ,we may fairly guess t ?is mod]ation 9 f9ancial deal+s 0 n :olly laid aside 9 ! managem5t ( imp]ial e/ates4 ,nor is x to be imag9$ t ! advantages ( imp]ial t5ants 7 exactly ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! empire4 ,9 ,prov9ces ?r\gh :i* armies _h to move x is probable t coloni ,caes>is w\ld suff] less#aeda ?an ord9>y f>m]s f milit>y annoyances4 ,b on ! r\tes to & f a seat ( w> x is obvi\s t ! imp]ial po/-s]vice w\ld be subject$ to exceptional /ra94 ,n[ ?is s]vice 0 at ! be/ ( times#aedb a cause ( vexations & losses to ! f>m]s along ! l9e ( traffic4 ,! /aff made good all defici5cies 9 _! requirem5ts by tak+ bea/s fodd] vehicles etc :]ev] !y c\ld f9d !m3 :at !y re/or$ 0 mu* ! worse = we>1 & comp5sation1 if ev] got1 0 t>dy & inadequate4 ,! repair ( roads 0 ano!r pretext = exaction4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t 9 ^! respects imp]ial t5ants suff]$ less ?an o!rs4 ,"s emp]ors#aedc took /eps to ease ! burd51 :i* _h be5 f\nd too oppressive to ! roadside e/ates4 ,b ?is seems to h be5 no m ?an relief f (ficial requisitions3 irregul> #8comm&e]+' 0 ! wor/ evil1 & we h no reason to ?9k t x 0 effectually suppress$4 ,x appe>s 9 ! next p]iod z a rampant abuse1 va9ly =bidd5 by ! laws ( ! ,!odosian code4 ,l4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,colonate1 ,,its ,,place ,,9 ,,roman ,,hi/ory4 ,9 ! endeav\r to extract f scatt]$ & fragm5t>y evid5ce "s notion ( agricultural conditions 9 ! ,roman empire be=e & aft] ,diocletian we are left ) two imp]fect pictures1 s /rongly contra/$ z to sugge/ a suspicion ( _! tru?4 ,we c h>dly believe t ! sy/em kn[n z ! lat] ,colonate appe>$ 9 full =ce z a sudd5 ph5om5on4 ,nor inde$ are we compell$ to fly s directly 9 ! face ( hi/orical exp]i5ce4 ,t we h no n>rative ( ! /eps t l$ to ?is mom5t\s *ange1 is surely due to ! inability ( contempor>ies to disc]n ! future effect ( t5d5cies op]at+ sil5tly#aedd & piecemeal4 ,:at seems at ! mom5t insignificant1 ev5 if obs]v$1 is seldom record$1 & v seldom int5tionally4 ,h5ce aft] g5]ations1 seek+ to trace effects to causes1 are puzzl$ by defects ( record4 ,_! only res\rce is to supplem5t1 s f> z possible1 defective record by g5]al consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! "t 9 "q & cauti\s inf]5ce !refrom3 9 fact to get at ! true mean+ ( fragm5t>y admissions 9 relation to _! hi/orical sett+4 ,! *ief topic to be dealt ) "h f ?is po9t ( view is ! "* ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 sev]al aspects4 ,= among all ! anxieties ( ! gov]nm5t dur+ ^! tr\bl$ c5turies ! "o t nev] ceas$ 0 ! fe> ( failure 9 supplies ( food4 ,! "* ( ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 l>gely det]m9$ by ! fact t x arose f ! ov]?r[ ( a gov]nm5t t _h long be5 practically ari/ocratic4 ,! popul> movem5ts t contribut$ to ?is result only reveal$ ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ any?+ l a democracy1 & ! unreality ( any p[] save ! p[] ( ! sword4 ,! great dissembl] ,augu/us conceal$ a virtual autocracy by conciliatory h&l+ ( ! rema9s ( ! nobility4 ,b ! ,s5ate1 to :i* he left or gave _m p[]s1 0 nev] capable ( be>+ a vital "p 9 ! adm9i/ration1 & its influ5ce cont9u$ to dw9dle "u 8 successors4 ,! ma/] ( ! army 0 ! ma/] ( ! empire1 & influ5ce 0 m & m ve/$ 9 ^? :o 7 able to guide 8 policy4 ,t ^! might be1 & sometimes 71 n born ,romans at all1 b imp]ial fre$m5 g5]ally ( ,greek or mix$-,greek orig91 0 a v significant fact4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x m>k$ & enc\rag$ ! gr[? ( dep>tm5tal bureaus1 p]man5t & effici5t beyond ! /&>d ( previ\s ,roman exp]i5ce4 ,b ! price ( ?is effici5cy 0 c5tralization1 a condition t c>ri$ ) x inevitable dang]s1 ow+ to ! va/ ext5t ( ! empire4 ,9 mod]n times ! fa%ionable rem$y sugge/$ = ov]-c5tralization is devolution ( p[]s to local gov]nm5ts controll+ areas ( consid]able size4 ,or1 9 cases ( aggregation1 ! exi/+ p[]s left to /ates m]g$ 9 a conf$]ation are consid]able4 ,9 any case1 ! subord9ate units are free to act )9 _! sev]al limit$ sph]es1 & ! c5tral gov]nm5t respects _! #8autonomy1' only int]f]+ 9 em]g5cies to en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( def9ite common obligations4 ,b1 if x _h be5 desir$ to ga9 any su* relief by a sy/em ( devolution )9 ! ,roman empire1 ?is w\ld h meant ! recognition ( #8autonomy' 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,& ?is 0 inconceivable4 ,! ext5sion ( ,roman dom9ion _h be5 a*iev$ by divid+ ,rome's adv]s>ies4 ,once conqu]$1 x 0 ! int]e/ or policy ( ! c5tral p[] to keep !m 9 h& by prev5t+ ! gr[? ( self-consci\s cohesion 9 ! sev]al units4 ,ea* ,prov9ce 01 z ! ^w impli$1 a dep>tm5t ( ! ,roman sy/em1 rul$ by a succession ( ,roman gov]nors4 ,x look$ to ,rome = ord]s1 = r$ress ( grievances1 = protection at ne$4 ,if ! advance ( ,rome de/roy$ no true nations1 h] gov]nm5t at lea/ made ! developm5t ( truly national *>act]i/ics impossible1 :ile %e h]self =m$ no ,roman nation4 ,?us1 = bett] or worse1 ! empire 0 non-national4 ,b1 z we h already se51 ! decl9e ( ,italy made x m & m cle> t ! /r5g? ( ! empire lay 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,n[1 hav+ no %>e 9 initiative & no responsibility1 ! ,prov9ces /eadily lo/ vitality "u ,roman civilization1 & became m & m helplessly dep5d5t on ! c5tral p[]4 ,z ! /ra9 on ! empire became great]1 ! possibility ( relief by devolution grew less3 b m c5tralization 0 no cure = :at 0 already a disease4 ,t local gov]nm5t ( a k9d exi/$ 9 ! empire is true en\gh2 also t x 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & important features ( ! sy/em4 ,b x 0 municipal1 & t5d$ r to subdivide ?an to unite4 ,x 0 ! outcome ( a civilization pr(\ndly urban 9 its orig9s & ideas4 ,! notion t a city 0 a /ate 0 by no means conf9$ to ! indep5d5t cities ( e>ly ,greece4 ,:e!r x volunt>ily m]g$ itself 9 a ,league or liv$ on z a subord9ate unit 9 ! sy/em ( a dom9ant p[]1 ! city & its t]ritory 7 politically "o4 ,)9 _! sev]al b\nd>ies ! t[nsm5 & ru/ic citiz5s ( ea* city 7 subject to ! au?orities ( t community4 ,beyond _! own b\nd>y !y 7 ali5s "u ! au?orities ( ano!r city4 ,x is no wond] t jeal\sies betwe5 neighb\r cities 7 (t5 extreme1 & t ,roman int]v5tion 0 (t5 ne$$ to keep ! peace betwe5 rivals4 ,b ! sy/em suit$ ,roman policy4 ,9 ! ,ea/ & :]ev] cities exi/$ !y 7 tak5 ov] z adm9i/rative units & z conv5i5t c5tres ( taxation3 9 ! ,we/ x 0 f\nd useful & practicable to introduce urban c5tres into tribes & cantons1 & ev5 9 c]ta9 di/ricts to atta*#aede local populations to exi/+ cities z dep5d5t hamlets4 ,&1 s long z ! imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 able to gu>d ! fronti]s & av]t ! %ock ( di/urbances ( ! ,roman peace1 ! empire held its own 9 app>5t prosp]ity4 ,to "s hi/orians ! p]iod ( ! #8,anton9es' 7say ab\t #ajj-agj ,,ad7 has seem$ a sort ( ,gold5 ,age4 ,b signs are n lack+ t ! municipal sy/em _h se5 its be/ days4 ,! sev]e /ra9 on imp]ial res\rces 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus left beh9d x g5]al exhau/ion4 ,! decay ( local patriotism m>k$ ! pressure ( pov]ty & loss ( vitality 9 ! cities4 ,m & m _! importance became t ( m]e taxation-c5tres1 9 :i* ! evasion ( duty 0 ! *ief preoccupation3 !y c\ld n re9vigorate ! empire1 nor ! empire !m4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! empire1 n less significant ?an ^? m5tion$ above1 0 ?is3 tak5 z a :ole1 x 0 non-indu/rial4 ,manufactures exi/$ "h & !re1 & products ( v>i\s k9ds 7 ex*ang$ betwe5 v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire4 ,s f> z ! ord9>y population 0 conc]n$1 ! ,roman _w might well h suppli$ its own ne$s4 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh4 ,! armies1 ?\gh p]il\sly small = ! "w !y _h to d1 7 a heavy burd54 ,! imp]ial civil s]vice z x became m elaborate did n become less co/ly4 ,! wa/e ( res\rces on unremun]ative build+s & %[s 9 cities1 above all 9 ,rome1 & ! ceaseless exp5se ( fe$+ a wor?less rabble1 7 a s]i\s dra93 orda9$ by e/abli%$ cu/om1 ma9ta9$ by vanity1 to economize on ^! follies w\ld seem a confession ( weakness4 ,nor %\ld ! extravagance ( ! ri*1 & ( _m emp]ors1 be =gott53 ?is creat$ a dem& = luxuries *iefly import$ f ! ,ea/2 preci\s /ones1 delicate fabrics1 spices1 p]fumes1 r>e woods1 ivory1 & s =?4 ,rome _h no goods to export 9 paym5t = su* ?+s1 & ! sc>city ( return-c>goes mu/ h add$ heavily to ! co/ ( c>riage4 ,!re 0 on ?is acc\nt a /eady dra9 ( specie to ! ,ea/1 & ?is _h to be met by a correspond+ dra9 ( specie to ,rome4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r ?is meant money drawn f ! ,prov9ces1 = :i* ! ,prov9ces receiv$ h>dly ! b>e pret5ce ( an equival5t1 or a bett] security = peace4 ,?us ! empire1 creat$ by conque/ & absorption1 adm9i/]$ by bureaucratic c5tralization1 re/$ on =ce2 a =ce p>tly real & /ill pres5t1 p>tly traditional1 d]iv$ f a victori\s pa/4 ,! belief 9 ,rome z ! et]nal city w5t = mu*1 & we he> ( no misgiv+s z to ! s\ndness ( a civilization :i* express$ itself 9 a con/ant excess ( consumption ov] production4 ,naturally en\gh1 "u su* conditions1 ! imp]ial sy/em became m & m :at x really 0 f ! fir/1 a va/ ma*9e4 ,x 0 n a league ( coop]at+ units1 ea* conta9+ a vital pr9ciple ( gr[?1 & furni%+ ! p[] ( recov]y f disa/]4 ,its apa!tic p>ts look$ passively to ! c5tre = guidance or relief1 dep5d+ on ! p]fection ( a gov]nm5t ^: imp]fection 0 assur$ by attempt+ a task beyond ! rea* ( human faculty & virtue4 ,! exposure ( ! empire's weakness came ab\t ?r\gh collision ) ! =ces ( nor!rn b>b>ism4 ,:at a ma*9e c\ld d1 t x did1 & its f9al failure 0 due to maladies t made va9 all ef=ts to r5ew its int]nal /r5g?4 ,! w>s ) ! nor!rn b>b>ians br\ght out ) s+ul> cle>ness two important facts1 already kn[n b n suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,fir/1 t ! enemy 7 increas+ 9 numb]s :ile ! p ( ! empire 7 9 mo/ p>ts /ation>y or ev5 decl9+4 ,bloody victories1 :5 ga9$1 did practically no?+ to r$ress ! balance4 ,secondly1 t at ! back ( ?is emb>rass+ situation lay a food-"q ( extreme s]i\sness & complexity4 ,m & m food 0 ne$$ = ! armies1 & ! ru/ics ( ! empire1 ev5 :5 fitt$ = milit>y s]vice1 c\ld n be sp>$ f ! f>ms )\t dang] to ! food-supply4 ,! dem&s ( ! commiss>iat 7 probably f> great] ?an we might on ! face ( x suppose2 = an advance into ! enemy's t]ritory did n ease matt]s4 ,little or no?+ 0 f\nd to eat3 inde$ x 0 ! pressure ( a gr[+ population on ! means ( subsi/5ce t drove ! hungry ,g]man tribes to face ! ,roman sword 9 que/ ( abundant food & ! w9e & oil ( ! ,s\? & ,we/4 ,! attempt ( ,m>cus & o!rs aft] him1 to solve ! problems ( ! mom5t by enli/+ b>b>ians 9 ,roman armies1 0 no p]man5t solution4 ,! ali5s too _h to be f$1 & _! pay 9 money c\ld n be def]r$4 ,mean:ile ! taxation ( ! empire inevitably grew1 & ! productive indu/ries _h to /agg] along "u heavi] burd5s4 ,! progressive increase ( ^! is suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( indictiones4 ,at fir/ an indictio 0 no m ?an an occasional#aedf impo/ ( s mu* corn levi$ by imp]ial proclamation on l&$ prop]ties 9 ord] to meet exceptional sc>city 9 ,rome4 ,b x 0 9 addition to ! regul> tributum1 & 0 ( c\rse mo/ likely to occur 9 ye>s :5 sc>city prevail$4 ,no wond] x 0 already felt on]\s#aedg 9 ! "t ( ,trajan4 ,pressure on imp]ial res\rces caus$ x n only to become m frequ5t1 & ev5tually normal3 x 0 ext5d$#aedh to include o!r products1 & became a regul> burd5 ( almo/ univ]sal application1 & end$ by furni%+ a new *ronological unit1 ! ,indiction-p]iod ( #ae ye>s4 ,t agriculture1 already none too prosp]\s1 suff]$ heavily "u ?is caprici\s impo/ 9 ! second c5tury1 seems to me a fact beyond all d\bt4 ,&1 n be+ !n a g5]al imp]ial tax1 x fell ^u ^? prov9ces t 7 /ill fl\ri%+ produc]s ( corn4 ,debasem5t ( curr5cy already l[]$ ! value ( money-taxes1 & tempt$ emp]ors to ext5d ! sy/em ( dues 9 k9d4 ,"u ,diocletian & ,gal]ius ?+s came to a head4 ,va/ increase ( taxation 0 call$ = "u ! new sy/em1 & x 0 ma9ly taxation 9 k9d4 ,already ! failure ( agriculture 0 notori\s1 & attempts _h be5 made to en=ce cultivation ( d]elict l&s4 ,! new taxation only aggravat$ pres5t evils1 & 9 despair ( mild] measures ,con/ant9e atta*$ ! coloni to ! soil4 ,important z ! legal f\ndation ( ! lat] s]f-colonate1 ?is law is hi/orically /ill m important z a recognition ( pa/ failure :i* no?+ _h avail$ to *eck4 ,he saw no way ( prev5t+ a g5]al /amp$e f ! f>ms save to =bid x z illegal1 & to employ ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! empire 9 en=c+ ! new law4 ,?is policy 0 only a "p ( ! g5]al t5d5cy to fix ev]y?+ 9 a rigid framework1 to make all occupations h]$it>y1 t became normal 9 ! lat] ,empire4 ,! ,codes are a /&+ record ( ! pr9ciple t ! rem$y = failure ( legislation 0 m legislation ( ! same k9d4 ,h>d-press$ emp]ors ne$$ all ! res\rces !y c\ld mu/]1 p>ticul>ly food4 ,!y _h no brea?+-space to try :e!r m fre$om might n promote ent]prise & increase production1 ev5 _h su* a policy come )9 _! view4 ,h5ce ! cramp+ cry/alliz+ process w5t on ) ! c]ta9ty ( fate4 ,! gov]nm5t1 unable to develope exi/+ indu/ry1 simply squeez$ x to exhau/ion4 ,h[ came x t ! gov]nm5t 0 able to d ?is8 ,h[ came x t agricultural t5ants c\ld be conv]t$ into /ation>y s]fs )\t caus+ a g5]al upheaval#aedi & imm$iate dissolution ( ! empire8 ,ma9ly1 ,i ?9k1 because ! act ( ,con/ant9e 0 no m ?an a recognition de iure ( a condition already creat$ de facto by a long c\rse ( s]viliz+ influ5ces4 ,also because x 0 ! app>5t int]e/1 n only ( ! imp]ial treasury b ( ! great proprietors g5]ally1 to tie d[n to ! soil#aeej ! cultivators ( _! e/ates4 ,lab\r 0 n[ m valuable ?an l&4 ,9 corn-gr[+ ,africa ! importance atta*$ to ! task-"w ( sub-t5ants 0 a confession ( ?is4 ,&1 law or no law1 ?+s _h to move 9 "o or o!r direction4 ,ei!r ! l&lord & head-lessee _h to w9 fur!r control ( ! t5ants1 or ! t5ants mu/ become less dep5d5t4 ,only ! =m] alt]native 0 possible 9 ! circum/ances2 & ! full mean+ ( ! *ange t turn$ de facto dep5d5ce into legal con/ra9t may be /at$ z a recognition ( ! colonus z lab\r] r ?an t5ant4 ,:e!r ! settlem5t ( b>b>ians z domicil$ ali5s 9 "s ,prov9ces "u /rict conditions ( f>m-lab\r _h any?+ to d ) ! creation ( ?is new semi-s]vile /atus1 seems h>dly to be decid$ on defective evid5ce4 ,at all ev5ts x _c h h9d]$ x4 ,& we mu/ make full all[ance = ! effect ( v>i\s conditions 9 v>i\s ,prov9ces4 ,if we rightly suppose t ! position ( coloni _h be5 gr[+ weak] = "s "t be=e ! act ( ,con/ant9e1 ?is does n imply t ! process 0 due to ! same causes op]at+ alike 9 all p>ts ( ! empire 9 ! same degree4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,!odosian ,code %ews _m local diff]5ces ( ph5om5a 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies2 & x is n cr$ible t !re 0 a great] uni=mity 9 ! conditions ( ! prec$+ age4 ,laws might aim at uni=mity1 b !y c\ld n alt] facts4 ,my conclusion !re=e is t ! g5]al "* ( ! imp]ial sy/em 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! lat] s]f-colonate4 ,h[ev] mu* ! degradation ( free f>m-t5ants1 or ! admission ( slaves to t5ancies1 or ! settlem5t ( b>b>ians "u conditions ( s]vice1 may h contribut$ to ! result1 x 0 ! me*anical nature ( ! sy/em z a :ole t gave effect to !m all4 ,aft] ,trajan ! rul]s ( ! empire became m & m consci\s t ! problem be=e !m 0 "o ( cons]vation1 & t ext5sion 0 at an end4 ,hadrian saw ?is1 & /rove to p]fect ! int]nal organization4 ,by ! "t ( ,aurelian x 0 f\nd necess>y to surr5d] t]ritory z a fur!r measure ( security4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t "u su* conditions ! ma*9e ( int]nal adm9i/ration op]at$ m me*anically ?an ev]4 ,!n1 :5 ! re=ms ( ,diocletian made fre% taxation necess>y to defray _! co/1 an agricultural crisis 0 produc$ by ! turn+ ( ! imp]ial screw4 ,! hi]>*y ( (ficials ju/ifi$ _! exi/5ce by squeez+ an assur$ rev5ue out ( a population unable to resi/ b able to remove4 ,!re 0 no o!r s\rce ( rev5ue to take ! place ( ! l&3 moreov]1 x 0 agricultural produce 9 k9d t 0 requir$4 ,!re=e ! c5tral bureaucracy1 un*eck$ by any public op9ion1 did aft] its wont4 ,9 t selfi% & s]vile _w ea* "o took c>e ( 8 own sk94 ,compulsion 0 ! rule3 ! coloni mu/ be made to produce food3 !re=e !y mu/ be b\nd fa/ to ! soil1 or ! empire w\ld />ve--& ! (ficials ) x4 ,,additional ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,l4 ,i _c lose ?is opportunity ( ref]r+ to a v int]e/+ little book by ,m4 ,aug-,l>ib1 ,l'volution de la ,france agricole ,p>is #aiab4 ,mu* ( x be>s directly on ! lab\r-"q1 & sets =? ! difficulties h9d]+ its solution4 ,x is peculi>ly valuable to a /ud5t ( ! "q 9 ! anci5t _w1 because x lays great /ress on ! effect ( causes aris+ f mod]n conditions4 ,causes op]at+ 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times are !reby made m readily & cle>ly p]ceptible4 ,su* mod]n influ5ces 9 p>ticul> z ! va/ developm5t ( transport1 ! conc5tration ( ma*9e-indu/ries 9 t[ns1 & ! con/ant attraction ( bett] & m cont9u\s wage-e>n+1 by :i* ! ru/ic is drawn to urban c5tres1 are highly significant4 ,! diff]5ce f anci5t conditions is s great 9 degree t x practically almo/ am\nts to a diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,s too 9 ! mat]ial res\rces ( agriculture3 ! developm5t ( f>m-ma*9]y has sup]s$$ mu* h&-lab\r1 :ile ,sci5ce has increas$ ! possible returns f a giv5 portion ( soil4 ,mo/ significant ( all f my po9t ( view is ! au?or's insi/5ce on ! irregul>ity ( wage-e>n+ 9 ru/ic life z an active cause ( ! flitt+ ( wage-e>n]s to ! t[ns4 ,?is br+s x home to a /ud5t t a sy/em ( ru/ic slav]y implies a set ( conditions incompatible ) su* an economic migration2 & also t ! employm5t ( slaves by urban craftsm5 w\ld n leave _m eligible op5+s = immigrant ru/ics4 ,x is fully consi/5t ) my view t ! wage-e>n+ ru/ic 0 a r>e figure 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,x is p]haps 9 ! rem$ies propos$ by ! au?or = pres5t evils 7& = ! result+ depopulation ( ! c\ntryside7 t ! contra/ ( anci5t & mod]n is mo/ cle>ly m>k$4 ,bureaucratic ! ,fr5* adm9i/rative sy/em may be3 b x is n ! expression ( a despotism t enslaves its citiz5s 9 ! frantic ef=t to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ pressure f )\t4 ,= individuals & organizations are free to ?9k speak & act1 & s to promote :at seems likely to d good4 ,initiative & inv5tion are n dead5$ by ! fe> t bett]m5t w only s]ve z a pretext = increase ( burd5s4 ,/ation>y by in/9ct ! ,fr5* peasant proprietor may be3 b he is free to move if he w1 & no "o d>e propose to tie him to ! soil by law4 ,nor c ,i omit a ref]5ce to a pap] ( ! late ,pr( ,pelham on ,! ,imp]ial doma9s & ! ,colonate 7#ahij1 9 volume ( ,essays1 ,ox=d #aiaa74 ,! simplicity ( ! solution !re (f]$ is mo/ attractive1 & ! g5]al value ( ! treatise great4 ,b ,i d n ?9k x a f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,n only are !re v>iations ( detail 9 ! doma9s kn[n to u f ! ,african inscriptions 7"s ( !m f\nd s9ce #ahij74 ,t "s ( ! regulations may h be5 tak5 ov] f ^? ( =m] private own]s is a po9t n consid]$4 ,& !re is no m5tion ( ! notable requisition ( ! s]vices ( coloni z m]e reta9]s1 to :i* ,caes> ref]s )\t comm5t 7above pp #ahc1 #bed74 ,!re=e1 :ile ,i welcome ! proposition t ! sy/em ( ! ,imp]ial doma9s _h mu* to d ) ! creation ( ! lat] ,colonate1 ,i /ill ?9k t e>li] & m deep-seat$ causes _c safely be ignor$4 ,p]haps ?is is p>tly because ,i am look+ at ! matt] f a lab\r po9t ( view4 ,,f ,,diocletian ,,li4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,if we desire to treat ,hi/ory z ! /udy ( causation 9 ! affairs ( mank9d--& ?is is its mo/ fruitful task--we %all f9d no m /rik+ illu/ration ( its difficulties ?an ! agricultural sy/em ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ! new model ( ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e we see ! imp]ial adm9i/ration reorganiz$ 9 new =ms#aeea delib]ately adopt$3 policy expresses itself1 aft] a c5tury ( di/urbance1 9 a cle> brea* ) ! pa/4 ,b1 :5 ,con/ant9e 9 #ccb legislates#aeeb to prev5t coloni f migrat+1 he ref]s to a class ( m5 :o are n _! own ma/]s b subject to control 7iuris ali5i71 ?\gh he di/+ui%es !m f slaves4 ,evid5tly he is n creat+ a new class3 8 int5tion is to prev5t an exi/+ class f evad+ its pres5t responsibilities4 ,!y are by ! fact ( _! bir? atta*$ z cultivators to _! native soil4 ,) ?is tie ( origo#aeec goes liability to a c]ta9 proportion ( imp]ial tax 7capitatio74 ,?is is m5tion$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,n[ we "k t su* s]f-coloni =m$ at lea/ a l>ge "p ( ! ru/ic population "u ! lat] ,empire4 ,we _c b see t ! loss ( ! p[] ( free migration is ! vital diff]5ce t m>ks (f ^! ti$ f>m]s f ! t5ant f>m]s ( an e>li] p]iod1 ! class :om ,columella advis$ l&lords to reta9 if possible4 ,= ^! m5 _c move on if !y w\ld4 ,h[ came !y to be 9 ?is /range condition1 9 fact nei!r slave nor free1 s t ,con/ant9e _h m]ely to cry/allize relations already exi/+#aeed & ! in/itution ( s]f-t5ancy became a regul> "p ( ! sy/em8 ,if we are to =m any notion ( ! conditions ( f>m lab\r 9 ?is p]iod1 we mu/ =m "s notion ( ! causes t produc$ ! lat] or dep5d5t colonate4 ,& ?is is no simple matt]3 on few subjects has ! div]g5ce ( op9ions be5 m m>k$ ?an on ?is4 ,i h /at$ my own conclusions above1 & fur!r consid]ations are adduc$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,our *ief s\rce ( evid5ce is ! collection ( legal acts ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors issu$ by au?ority 9 ! ye> #dch1 & kn[n z ! codex ,!odosianus4 ,x cov]s a p]iod ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 & innum]able ref]5ces to ! l&-que/ions atte/ ! cont9ual anxiety ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t to secure adequate cultivation ( e possible acre ( l&4 ,contempor>y hi/ory may sugge/ motives = ?is n]v\sness4 ,! increas$ exp5ses ( ! c\rt & ! adm9i/rative sy/em made x necess>y to raise m taxes ?an ev] = ! civil s]vices4 ,! armies1 n[ ma9ly compos$ ( ,g]mans & o!r b>b>ians1 7 necess>y = imp]ial def5ce1 b v co/ly to equip pay & fe$4 ,:e!r !y 7 m]c5>ies draw+ wages1 or ali5s settl$ z ,roman subjects )9 ! empire on l&s held by t5ure ( milit>y s]vice1 !y 7 ei!r a burd5 on ! treasury or a d\btful elem5t ( ! population t mu/ at all co/s be kept 9 good hum\r4 ,on a few occasions ,roman victories furni%$ numb]s ( b>b>ian prison]s to ! slave-m>ket4 ,^! w\ld be disp]s$ ov] v>i\s di/ricts1 g5]ally at "s di/ance f ! tr\bl$ fronti]s1 & ! ru/ic slaves ( :om we he> 7 d\btless 9 great "p procur$ 9 ?is way4 ,b t ! ru/ic population consi/$ l>gely ( actual slaves we h no reason to believe4 ,( e/ates work$ on a va/ scale by slave lab\r we he> no?+4 ,naturally2 = ! social & economic conditions fav\rable to t sy/em _h long pass$ away4 ,slaves 7 no long] pl5tiful1 m>kets 7 no long] free4 ,"u ! ,empire1 ! pride ( great l&lords ne$$ a /rong mixture ( caution2 "u a gre$y or sp5d?rift emp]or ! display ( mat]ial weal? 0 apt to be dang]\s4 ,9 ! c5tury ( confusion be=e ,diocletian agriculture _h be5 mu* int]rupt$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! empire1 & mu* l& _h gone out ( cultivation4 ,s s]i\s 0 ! situation 9 ! lat] "p ( t p]iod1 t ,aurelian#aeee impos$ ^u municipal s5ates ! burd5 ( provid+ = ! cultivation ( d]elict f>ms4 ,:5 a taxpay] is requir$ to pay a fix$ am\nt 9 a /able curr5cy1 he kn[s 8 liability4 ,s long z he c meet x1 any surplus income rema9s 9 8 h&s1 & he has a fair *ance ( improv+ 8 economic position by ?rift4 ,if :at ! /ate really wants is 7say7 corn1 x c use its tax-rev5ue to pur*ase corn 9 ! op5 m>ket4 ,b ?is assumes t ! produc] is free to /& out = ! be/ price he c get1 & t he w be paid 9 money on ! pur*as+ p[] ( :i* he c rely = 8 own ne$s4 ,?is la/ condition _h ceas$ to exi/#aeef 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,n to m5tion e>li] tamp]+s ) ! curr5cy1 s9ce ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury its /ate _h be5 deplorable4 ,?+s _h n[ gone s f> t ! value ( ! fix$ money taxes s]i\sly r$uc$ ! income d]iv$ f !m3 ! gov]nm5t 0 lit]ally paid 9 its own co94 ,! policy ( ,diocletian 0 to ext5d an old practice ( exact+ paym5t 9 k9d1 & ?is became ! pr9cipal me?od#aeeg ( imp]ial taxation4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! supply ( corn = ! city ( ,rome1 ! annona urbis1 w5t on z be=e1 ?\gh ! practical importance ( ,rome 0 /eadily s9k+4 ,diocletian made x no long] ! resid5ce ( emp]ors1 & ,con/ant9e f\nd$ ano!r capital 9 ! ,ea/3 b ,rome 0 /ill f$ by corn-tributes f ! ,prov9ces1 *iefly f ,africa & ,egypt4 ,:5 ! ,new ,rome on ! ,bosporus 0 fully equipp$ z an imp]ial capital1 ,egypt 0 made liable = ! corn-supply ( ! ,con/ant9opolitan populace4 ,old ,rome _h !n to rely almo/ entirely on ,africa1 ) occasional help f o!r s\rces4 ,italy itself#aeeh 0 n[ r$uc$ to ! common level1 cut up into prov9ces1 & liable = furni%+ supplies ( food4 ,b x 0 divid$ into two sep>ate regions3 ! nor!rn1 (ficially nam$ ,italia1 or annon>iae regiones1 9 :i* a good deal ( corn 0 gr[n1 _h to deliv] its annona at ,m$iolanum 7,milan7 ! new imp]ial headqu>t]s3 ! s\!rn1 suburbic>iae 7or urbic>iae7 regiones1 9 :i* little corn 0 gr[n1 s5t supplies ( pigs cattle w9e firewood lime etc to ,rome4 ,! nor!rn annona1 l t f o!r prov9ces1 help$ to ma9ta9 milit>y =ces & ! ho/ ( (ficials employ$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,= x soon became ! practice to pay sal>ies 9 k9d4 ,9 ! pitiful /ate ( ! curr5cy ?is rude me?od (f]$ ! be/ gu>antee = receipt ( a def9ite value4 ,unhappily ?is exaction & di/ribution 9 k9d 0 at be/ a wa/eful process4 ,at wor/ x 0 simply ru9\s4 ,! empire 0 subject to con/ant m5ace ( attack1 & 0 9 dire ne$ ( ! l>ge/ possible income rais$ on ! mo/ economical sy/em4 ,if ! ultimate basis ( imp]ial /r5g? 0 to be f\nd 9 ! food-produc]s1 x 0 all-important to give ! f>m+ classes a feel+ ( security suffici5t to enc\rage indu/ry & ent]prise1 & at all co/s to avoid r$uc+ !m to despair4 ,nor 0 ! new c5sus z design$ by ,diocletian on ! face ( x an unju/ & evil in/itution4 ,tak+ acc\nt ( arable l&s & ( ! p]sons employ$ 9 cultivat+ !m1 x aim$ at creat+ a fix$ numb]#aeei ( agricultural units ea* ( :i* %\ld be liable to furni% ! same am\nt ( ye>ly dues 9 k9d4 ,b x is obvi\s t to c>ry out ?is doctr9aire s*eme ) uni=m neatness & precision 0 n possible4 ,to deal fairly ) agriculture a m9ute att5tion to local diff]5ces & special peculi>ities 0 necess>y1 & ?is att5tion c\ld n be giv5 on s va/ a scale4 ,p]haps c>eful obs]vation & correction ( errors might h produc$ a reasonable degree ( p]fection 9 a long p]iod ( unbrok5 peace3 b no su* p]iod 0 at h&4 ,! same /ra9 t drove ! imp]ial gov]nm5t to ! new taxation also prev5t$ any effective control ( its work+4 ,x is p]haps inevitable t ! exaction ( dues 9 k9d %\ld lead to abuses4 ,at all ev5ts1 abuses 9 ?is dep>tm5t 7 no new ?+3 ! suff]+s ( su* ,prov9ces z ,sicily & ,asia 7 notori\s 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic4 ,a /rict] control _h made ! /ate ( ?+s mu* bett] 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,empire4 ,! exploitation ( ! ,prov9cials 0 g5]ally *eck$1 & ! imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 n z yet driv5 by desp]ate f9ancial /raits to turn extortion] itself4 ,c>acalla's law ( #bab1 ext5d+ ! ,roman fran*ise#aefj to all free inhabitants1 0 a symptom ( consci\s ne$1 = x br\ght all e/ates "u ! ,roman succession-tax4 ,at ! same "t x did away ) ! old di/9ction betwe5 ! rul+ ,roman p & ! subject nationalities3 h5ce=?1 :]ev] !re 0 oppression )9 ! ,roman _w1 x necess>ily fell ^u ,roman#aefa citiz5s4 ,"t _h be5 :5 ! ,roman citiz51 free to move into any "p ( ! ,roman dom9ions & to acquire prop]ty !re#aefb "u protection ( ,roman law1 made full use ( ! opportunities af=d$ him1 to ! disadvantage ( ! subject natives4 ,n[ all alike 7 ! helpless subjects ( a gov]nm5t t !y c\ld nei!r re=m nor sup]s$e2 a gov]nm5t ^: "o lead+ idea 0 to br+ all in/itutions into fix$ grooves 9 :i* !y %\ld move me*anically ye> aft] ye>1 unsusceptible ( gr[? or decay4 ,true1 ! plan 0 absurd1 & "s few obs]v]s may h detect$ its absurdity4 ,b ! p[] ( *all5g+ c5traliz$ (ficialism & evok+ expression ( public op9ion1 nev] m ?an rudim5t>y 9 ! ,roman /ate1 0 n[ simply ext9ct4 ,?+s _h come to su* a pass t1 speak+ g5]ally1 a citiz5's *oice lay betwe5 two alt]natives4 ,ei!r he mu/ be> an active "p 9 ! sy/em t 0 squeez+ out ! vital economic =ces ( ! empire1 mak+ :5ev] possible a pr(it = himself out ( a sal>y or illicit ga9s2 or he mu/ submit passively to all su* extortions z ! sy/em1 work$ by m5 ^: duty & int]e/ alike t5d$ to make !m m]ciless1 0 c]ta9 to inflict4 ,! oppressors1 ?\gh num]\s1 c\ld only be few 9 proportion to ! :ole free population4 ,!re=e ! va/ majority /ood (ficially condemn$ to lives ( p5ury & wret*$ness4 ,! sy/em became m h>d-set & ! outlook m hopeless ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,! dues exact$ f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire v>i$ 9 quality#aefc accord+ to local conditions1 & to "s ext5t 9 me?ods ( collection4 ,9 ! fronti] ,prov9ces ! quantity 0 sometimes r$uc$#aefd by remissions1 :5 a di/rict ravag$ by invad]s 0 reliev$ = a few ye>s t x might recov] its normal productiv5ess4 ,! details ( ^! v>iations are beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple und]ly+ ! :ole sy/em 0 ! fix+ ( taxation-units equal 9 liability1 & ! organiz+ ( collection 9 municipal gr\ps4 ,ea* municipal t[n or civitas 0 ! adm9i/rative c5tre ( a di/rict1 & /ood *>g$ 9 ! imp]ial l$g]s z liable = ! returns f a c]ta9 numb] ( units1 ?is numb] be+ t record$ z exi/+ at ! la/ qu9qu5nial c5sus4 ,= ! collection ! *ief municipal au?orities 7 responsible2 & !y _h to h& ov] ! am\nt due to ! imp]ial au?orities1 :e!r !y _h receiv$ x 9 full or n4 ,already burd5$ ) /rictly municipal liabilities1 ! memb]s ( municipal s5ates 7curiales7 7 cru%$ by ?is additional & incalculable pressure4 ,unable to resi/1 !y g5]ally took ! c\rse ( s us+ _! functions & p[]s z to protect _! own int]e/s z f> z possible4 ,"o obvi\s precaution 0 to see t ! numb] ( taxable units#aefe 9 _! di/rict 0 n fix$ too high by ! c5sus (ficials4 ,?is precaution 0 c]ta9ly n ov]look$1 & success 9 keep+ d[n ! numb] may well h be5 ! *ief reason :y ! sy/em 0 able to g on s long4 ,! curiales 7 mo/ly consid]able l&lords1 resid+ 9 _! t[n & lett+ _! l& to t5ants4 ,b !re 7 o!r l&lords1 small] m51 "s also resid5t 9 ! t[ns1 o!rs 9 ! c\ntry4 ,we /ill he> ( m5 f>m+ l&#aeff ( _! own1 & x seems t "s ( ^! held & f>m$ o!r l& also1 z coloni ( l>g] l&lords4 ,:5 any "q arose z to ! numb] ( units = ! tax on :i* ?is or t f>m 0 liable1 x is cle> t ! int]e/s ( diff]5t classes might easily cla%4 ,& ! curiales und\bt$ly took c>e#aefg t _! own & ^? ( _! fri5ds did n suff]4 ,^! rem>ks imply t ! sy/em practically work$ 9 fav\r ( ! ri*] classes#aefh z aga9/ ! poor]4 ,& s x c]ta9ly did1 n only 9 ! "t ( revision at ! c5sus ea* fif? ye>1 b on o!r occasions4 ,if an invasion or "s o!r great disa/] l$ ! emp]or to grant tempor>y relief1 ?is w\ld normally take ! =m ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( taxable units 9 ! di/rict = a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,b ! local au?orities 7 left to apportion ?is r$uction#aefi among ! sev]al e/ates1 & ! poor f>m]s _h no repres5tative to see t !y got _! fair %>e ( relief4 ,moreov]1 outside taxation1 ! f>m]s 7 (t5 subject$ to heavy burd5s & damage by ! irregul> requisitions ( imp]ial (ficials4 ,= in/ance1 ! /aff ( ! imp]ial po/-s]vice 7cursus publicus7#aegj 7 a t]ror4 ,!y press$ ! goods ( f>m]s into ! s]vice ( _! dep>tm5t on v>i\s pretexts1 & exact$ lab\r on upkeep ( roads & /ations4 ,= _! tyranny !re 0 no effective comp5sation or r$ress4 ,l o!r (ficials1 !y c\ld be b\ght (f by bribes3 b ?is meant t ! v>i\s exactions#aega 7 %ift$ f ! %\ld]s ( ! ri* to ^? ( ! poor4 ,ano!r iniquity1 ! revival ( a v old#aegb abuse1 0 connect$ ) ! "q ( transport1 an important consid]ation 9 ! case ( dues 9 k9d1 (t5 bulky4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( corn1 ! place at :i* x _h to be deliv]$ might easily c\nt = m 9 e/imat+ ! actual pressure ( ! burd5 ?an ! am\nt ( gra9 levi$4 ,9 mak+ ! arrangem5ts = deliv]y !re 7 op5+s = fav\ritism & brib]y4 ,circum/ances v>i$ greatly 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire4 ,9 "s ,prov9ces deliv]y 0 made at a milit>y depot )9 easy rea*4 ,transport by sea f ,egypt or ,africa 0 c>ri$ on by gilds#aegc ( %ipp]s1 :o became m & m organiz$ & regulat$ by law4 ,b 9 _m p>ts good roads 7 few1 & laid out = /rategic reasons2 ! c\ntry roads inconv5i5t & r\gh3 & = transport 9 bulk ! po/-s]vice provid$ no ma*9]y available = ! use ( private p]sons4 ,x is n necess>y "h to foll[ out 9 detail all ! p>ticul> discom=ts & grievances ( ! f>m+ classes "u ! sy/em devis$ by ,diocletian & develop$ by 8 successors4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %ew t !y 7 great1 & to remove all gr\nd = wond]+ t ! area ( arable l& actually "u tillage1 & ) x population1 cont9u$ to decl9e4 ,con/ant9e's law confirm+ ! bondage ( coloni to ! soil by =bidd+ movem5t 0 ! confession ( a widespread evil1 b no rem$y4 ,repeat$ legislation to ! same purpose only record$ & cont9u$ ! failure4 ,:5 all ! res\rces ( evasion 7 exhau/$1 ! paup]iz$ s]f fl$ to a t[n & dep5d$ = a liv+ on ! pitiful doles ( private or ecclesia/ical *>ity1 or turn$ brig& & took prec>i\s toll ( ^? :o /ill _h some?+ to lose4 ,9 ei!r case he 0 an additional burd5 on a society t already _h m ?an x c\ld be>4 ,9 #chb we f9d an attempt#aegd made to put d[n #8/urdy begg>s4' ,! law rew>d$ anyone :o procur$ ! conviction ( su* p]sons by h&+ ov] ! (f5d]s to him4 ,an ex-slave became ! approv]'s own slave1 & "o :o _h no?+ ( 8 own beyond 8 freeborn quality 0 grant$ to him z 8 colonus = life4 ,b ?is law seems to h be5 ineffectual l o!rs4 ,des]tion ( f>ms might to "s ext5t be *eck$1 b m5dicity & brig&age rema9$4 ,!re 0 h[ev] ano!r movem5t1 lat] 9 "t & less 9 volume1 b n less s]i\s z affect+ ! practical work+ ( ! imp]ial ma*9e4 ,) ! increase ( pov]ty life 9 municipal t[ns became less attractive4 ,local em95ce 0 no long] an object ( ambition2 = to local burd5s1 once *e]fully borne1 0 n[ add$ a load ( imp]ial responsibilities :i* lay heavy on all m5 ( prop]ty1 & :i* !y c\ld nei!r %ake (f nor control4 ,9 hope ( evad+ !m1 well-to-d citiz5s took refuge#aege 9 ! c\ntry1 ei!r on e/ates ( _! own or "u ! protection ( great l&lords already settl$ !re4 ,b to all[ ?is w\ld mean ! depletion ( ! local s5ates 7curiae7 on ^: s]vices z rev5ue-collectors ! f9ancial sy/em ( ! empire dep5d$4 ,to prev5t m5 qualifi$ = ! position ( curiales f escap+ t duty 0 ! aim ( legislation#aegf :i* by repeat$ enactm5ts confess$ its own failure4 ,t !re 7 c\ntry magnates1 m5 ( influ5ce 7pot5tes71 ^: protection might seem able to scre5 municipal default]s1 is a po9t to be not$4 ,!y 7 ! great possessores#aegg 7a t]m no long] appli$ to small m571 :o held l>ge e/ates organiz$ on a sort ( manorial model1 & sometimes rul$ !m l little pr9cipalities1 t]ritorial lord%ips#aegh /&+ 9 direct relations ) ! c5tral au?orities & n hamp]$ by inclusion 9 ! g5]al municipal s*eme4 ,su* #8peculi>s' _h exi/$ "u ! e>li] ,empire1 & evid5tly cont9u$ to exi/3 ! ,cr[n-l&s ( ! emp]ors1 especially 9 ,africa1 7 ! mo/ signal cases4 ,b ! great private ,possessor c\ld n secure to 8 doma9 ! v>i\s exemptions#aegi t emp]ors conf]r$ on !irs4 ,he _h to collect & pay ov]#aehj ! dues f 8 e/ate1 z a municipal magi/rate did f ! di/rict r\nd 8 t[n-c5tre4 ,b he _h a m imm$iate & p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! wellbe+ ( all 8 t5ants & dep5dants1 ^: pres5ce & prosp]ity gave to 8 l& by f> ! great] "p#aeha ( its value4 ,t t]ritorial magnates %\ld be free to build up a p]haps dang]\s p[] 9 v>i\s corn]s ( ! empire by ga!r+ dep5dants r\nd !m1 c\ld h>dly be view$ ) approval by ! jeal\sy ( emp]ors4 ,n only 0 ! sy/em ( lett+ l& 9 p>cels to t5ants spread+1 b ! p[] ( ! l&lords ov] !m 0 increas+1 long be=e ,con/ant9e took ! f9al /ep ( treat+ !m z atta*$ p]man5tly to ! soil4 ,:e!r !y 7 ! l&lord's free t5ants :o _h gradually lo/ ?r\gh economic weakness ! effective use ( fre$om2 or small freehold]s :o _h f\nd x wor? _! :ile to "p ) _! hold+s to a big man & become 8 t5ants = ! sake ( enjoy+ 8 protection2 or =m] slaves to :om small f>ms _h be5 entru/$ on v>i\s conditions2 !y 7 9 a sort ( economic bondage4 ,d\btless mo/ ( !m liv$ f h& to m\?1 b we h no reason to believe t pov]ty1 s long z !y _h pl5ty to live on1 0 ! motive#aehb t made !m wi% to give up _! hold+s & try _! luck else:]e4 ,x 0 ! cruel pressure ( ,diocletian's new taxation1 & ! army ( (ficials employ$ to en=ce x1 t drove !m to despair4 ,a contempor>y witness#aehc tells u1 ref]r+ to ?is v matt]1 #8! excess ( receiv]s ov] giv]s 0 becom+ s m>k$ t f>ms 7 be+ ab&on$1 & tillages fall+ to woodl&1 ! res\rces ( ! t5ants be+ exhau/$ by ! hug5ess#aehd ( ! impo/s4' ,& ?is evid5ce does n /& alone4 ,s ,con/ant9e s\ght a rem$y 9 prev5tion ( movem5t1 b9d+ d[n ! t5ants to ! soil4 ,h5ce=? ! l& to :i* a colonus#aehe 0 atta*$ by bir?1 & ! colonus himself1 7 to be legally & economically insep>able4 ,attempts at evad+ ! new rule 7 p]si/5tly met by lat]#aehf legislation4 ,! motive ( su* attempts may be f\nd by rememb]+ t depopulation 0 /eadily l[]+ ! value ( l& & rais+ t ( lab\r4 ,if an individual l&lord c\ld add to ! value ( 8 own e/ate by gett+ m coloni settl$ on x1 )drawn f o!r e/ates1 he might pr(it by ! transaction3 b ! gov]nm5t1 ^: policy 0 to keep ! greate/ possible area "u cultivation1 c\ld n all[ "o "p to be d5ud$ ( lab\r]s to suit ! int]e/ ( ! own] ( ano!r "p4 ,:5 ! law /epp$ 9 to deprive ! t5ant1 already f> gone 9 dep5d5ce on 8 l&lord1 ( su* fre$om ( movem5t z he /ill reta9$1 x is rem>kable t ru/ic slaves 7 n at ! same "t legally atta*$ to ! soil4 ,t inconv5i5ce 0 caus$ by ma/]s sell+ !m :5 & :]e !y *ose1 is %ewn by ,con/ant9e's law#aehg ( #cbg1 all[+ su* sales to take place only )9 ! limits ( ! ,prov9ce :]e !y _h be5 employ$4 ,no d\bt _! removal upset ! arrangem5ts = t "p ( a taxable unit 9 :i* ! numb] ( adult heads#aehh 0 tak5 into acc\nt1 & s _h to be *eck$4 ,b x seems n to h be5 till ! "t ( ,val5t9ian#aehi1 some:]e betwe5 #cfg & #cge1 t ! sale ( a f>m-slave (f ! l& 0 directly prohibit$1 l t ( a colonus4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is matt]1 ! significance ( ! diff]5ce ( dates is ?us br\ght out#aeij by ,seeck3 #8,t ?is measure 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh mu* soon] 9 ! case ( ! small f>m]s ?an 9 t ( ! f>m-slaves1 is v *>act]i/ic ( ! _s ( t age4 ,:]e c\rt fav\r is ! decid+ factor t gov]ns ! entire policy1 ! gov]nm5t is ev5 m reluctant to limit ! propriet>y rights ( ! great l&lord#aeia ?an ! lib]ties ( ! small man4' ,?is is v true1 b we mu/ n =get t 9 bo? cases ! b9d+ ( ! lab\r] to ! soil did 9 fact re/rict ! l&lord's fre$om ( disposal4 ,he z well z 8 dep5dants came "u a sy/em n design$ to promote 8 private conv5i5ce or int]e/1 b to gu>antee a maximum ( total cultivation 9 ! int]e/ ( ! empire z a :ole4 ,s we f9d t he 0 n all[$#aeib to raise at w ! r5ts ( 8 t5ants3 !y c\ld sue _! l&lord 7a "r :i* 9 practice 0 probably n wor? mu*71 & ev5 :5 ?is "r 0 re/rict$#aeic 9 #cif !y /ill reta9$ x 9 respect ( unfair increases ( r5t & crim9al cases4 ,s too1 if he acquir$ extra slaves1 ei!r by receiv+ !m z volunte]s f d]elict f>ms or 9 virtue ( an imp]ial grant1 x 0 /rictly orda9$#aeid t su* acquisition c>ri$ ) x ! tax-liability = ! :ole ( ! d]elict l&4 ,! l&lord 0 !re=e kept firmly 9 ! grip ( ! c5tral p[]1 & n left free to build up a little pr9cipality by consolidat+ at w all ! lab\r-res\rces t he c\ld annex z dep5dants4 ,moreov] he 0 wat*$ by a ho/ ( imp]ial ag5ts & spies ^: int]e/s c\ld only be reconcil$ ) 8 own by ! co/ly me?od ( recurr5t brib]y4 ,:5 we return to ! ma9 "q ( ! actual f>m-lab\r1 & ask :o toil$ ) _! own h&s to raise crops1 we f9d ourselves 9 a curi\s position4 ,! evid5ce1 :e!r legal or lit]>y1 leaves u 9 no d\bt t ! t5ant f>m] ( ?is p]iod 0 normally himself a lab\r]4 ,& yet x is n easy to cite passages 9 :i* ?is is directly affirm$4 ,! pomp\s & affect$ language ( ! imp]ial laws is ?r\gh\t a bad m$ium = convey+ simple facts2 nor 0 ! "q1 :o did ! "w1 ( any int]e/ to ! c5tral au?ority1 conc]n$ solely ) ! regul> exaction ( ! apportion$ dues4 ,! real pro( t coloni1 :e!r /ill hold+ "s l& ( _! own or m]ely t5ants1 & inquil9i1 :e!r solely b>b>ian dep5dants or n1 7 actual h&work]s1 is to be f\nd 9 legitimate inf]5ce f c]ta9 facts4 ,fir/1 ! increase 9 ! value ( lab\r comp>$ ) ! decl9e 9 t ( l&4 ,! b9d+ ( t5ant to soil 0 a confession ( ?is4 ,secondly1 ! g5]al pov]ty ( ! f>m]s#aeie & _! helplessness aga9/ oppression & wrong4 ,( ?is ! description ( ,salvian gives a /rik+1 if rhetorical1 picture1 & x is impli$ 9 _m laws design$#aeif = _! protection4 ,t p]sons 9 s weak an economic position c\ld h c>ri$ on _! bus9ess z m]e directors ( slave-lab\r is surely inconceivable3 & we are to rememb] t n only !y !mselves b _! families also 7 b\nd to ! soil4 ,x 0 _! pres5ce1 t is to say _! lab\r1 t gave value to ! l&1 & s paid ! taxes4 ,h5ce x 0 t 9 =m+ taxable units 7capita7 x 0 g5]ally ! practice to include 9 ! reckon+#aeig n only ! productive area 7iugatio7 b also ! #8heads' t /ock$ x 7capitatio74 ,9 o!r words1 productiv5ess mu/ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate be actual1 n m]ely pot5tial4 ,! importance ( keep+ ! real locally-b\nd coloni /rictly to _! bus9ess ( food-production 0 fully recogniz$ 9 ! regulations = recruit+ ! armies4 ,l&lords1 requir$ to furni%#aeih recruits1 7 free to "n "s ( _! coloni = t purpose4 ,b !re 0 no fe> t !y w\ld be eag] to d ?is1 = ! "w ( _! t5ants 0 :at gave value to _! prop]ties4 ,& ! imp]ial (fic]s *>g$ ) recruit+ duty 7 ord]$#aeii 7& ?is 9 #djj1 :5 ! ne$ ( soldi]s 0 extreme7 n to accept fugitive t5ants belong+ to an e/ate 7indig5is73 ^! no d\bt if f\nd 7 to be return$ to _! lords4 ,! milit>y levy 0 to fall ^u sons ( vet]ans1 = 9 ?is class z 9 o!rs no ef=t 0 sp>$ to make ! ways ( life h]$it>y2 or on wa/rels 7vagos7#afjj1 ( :om ! laws (t5 make m5tion2 or g5]ally on p]sons manife/ly by ! circum/ances ( _! bir? 7origo7 liable to army s]vice4 ,"h we h ! s]vice /ill 9 pr9ciple conf9$ to freem54 ,b x is n to be d\bt$ t _m a slave 7& ^! w\ld be ne>ly all ru/ic slaves7 pass$ mu/] ) (fic]s ha/+ to make up _! tale ( m51 & s ent]$ ! army4 ,at a mu* lat] date 7#ebi7 we f9d ,ju/9ian#afja contemplat+ cases ( slaves recruit$ ) ! cons5t ( _! own]s1 9 %ort furni%$ z recruits4 ,he enacts t su* m5 are to be decl>$ +5ui#afjb1 t is freeborn n fre$m51 ! ma/] los+ all rights ov] !m3 b1 if !y are effici5t soldi]s1 !y are to rema9 9 ! s]vice4 ,& ! p[] ( commut+#afjc ! obligation ( furni%+ a recruit = a paym5t ( money1 :i* 0 to "s ext5t all[$1 introduc$ a me?od ( recruit+#afjd by pur*ase4 ,a recruit be+ dem&$1 x did n foll[ t ! emp]or got ei!r ! p>ticul> man 7inspect$ ( c\rse & pass$ z fit7 or a fix$ ca%-commutation4 ,! recruit+ (fic] conv5i5tly happ5$ to h a man or two at disposal1 pick$ up 9 ! c\rse ( 8 t\r4 ,! l&lord1 anxi\s to keep 8 own /aff intact1 came to t]ms ) ! (fic] = "o ( ^! z sub/itute4 ,^! (fic]s knew :5 !y c\ld drive h>d b>ga9s1 & did n lose _! *ances4 ,9 a law ( #cge1 ?is sy/em is directly ref]r$ to1 & an attempt is made to regulate x#afje on an equitable foot+4 ,to aboli% x 0 cle>ly impossible4 ,ev5tually ! /ate und]took to "w x (ficially1 & b\ght its own #8bodies' 7corpora1 l 1 ( slaves7 ) ! composition-money or aurum temon>ium4 ,t "s ( ^! #8bodies' 7 escap$ slaves is highly probable4 ,"s may h be5 /ray b>b>ians1 n includ$ 9 ! v>i\s b>b>ian corps :i* m & m came to =m ! backbone ( ! ,roman army4 ,b ! majority w\ld probably be indig5t wret*es to :om any *ange seem$ bett] ?an ! mis]able lives op5 to !m 9 ! meane/ functions ( ! decay+ civilization ( ! t[ns4 ,9 any case su* recruits#afjf w\ld be b a poor sub/itute = ! pick ( ! ru/ic population4 ,! same anxiety to sp>e ! ru/ics unnecess>y exactions1 t !y might n s9k "u _! pres5t burd5s1 appe>s 9 o!r regulations4 ,! subord9ates employ$ 9 ! public s]vices su* z ! ,po/1 or z att5dants on function>ies1 7 tempt$ to ease _! own duties by dem&+ contributions f ! helpless c\ntryfolk4 ,?is we f9d =bidd5#afjg 9 #cba z int]f]+ ) ! f>m]s' "r to procure & c>ry home ?+s requir$ = agriculture4 ,s too a :ole ,title#afjh 9 ! ,codex is devot$ to ! prev5tion ( sup]exactiones1 a =m ( extortion (t5 practis$ by (ficials1 *iefly by ! use ( false weights & measures or by f\l play ) ! (ficial receipts4 ,! laws =bidd+ practices ( ?is k9d seem to belong to ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury & ! e>li] "p ( ! fif?4 ,b ! evil 0 cle>ly ( old /&+1 & ! laws almo/ c]ta9ly va94 ,t illicit exactions 7 a p>ticul> affliction ( ! poor] ru/ics1 :o c\ld n bribe ! (ficials1 is confess$#afji by a law ( #cfb1 :i* orda9s t ! burd5s ( supply+ bea/s fodd] etc = s]vice ( ! ,po/1 upkeep ( ! roads & s =?1 are to be laid on all possessores alike4 ,fur!r enactm5ts foll[ 9 #dja & #djh4 ,b ^! rules = equitable di/ribution ( burd5s1 ev5 if c>ri$ out1 only spread !m ov] all l&[n]s & coloni4 ,all ! upp] ranks#afaj ( ! imp]ial s]vice c>ri$ exemption f sordida mun]a 9 "s =m or o!r1 & p]sonal grants ( exemption 7 (t5 grant$ z a fav\r4 ,x is true t su* exemption only ext5d$ to ! life ( ! grantee1 t exemptions 7 revocable1 & t 9 c\rse ( "t extreme necessities l$ to revocations4 ,b all ?is did n op]ate to relieve ! unhappy ru/ic on :om ! :ole imp]ial fabric re/$4 ,! ri* might h to lose _! privileges1 b x 0 too late = ! poor to ga9 a b5efit4 ,t ! und]l+s ( prov9cial gov]nors 7 a t]ror to f>m]s1 levy+ on !m illicit s]vices & g5]ally blackmail+ !m = _! own pr(it1 is cle> f ! law#afaa 7some:]e #cfh-cgc7 ann\nc+ sev]e puni%m5t = ! (f5ce & decl>+ t x _h become a regul> practice4 ,! law ( #cbh1 enact+#afab t no f>m] 7agricola7 0 to be impress$ = special s]vice 9 ! seasons ( se$-"t or h>ve/1 is on r a diff]5t foot+4 ,x expressly ju/ifies ! prohibition on ! gr\nd ( agricultural necessity3 9 %ort1 x is n to protect ! f>m]1 b1 to leave him no excuse = n produc+ food4 ,a great critic#afac has comm5t$ sev]ely on ! intellectual /agnation t fell ^u ! ,roman empire & 0 "o ( ! mo/ effective causes ( its decl9e4 ,t lit]ature f$ ^u ! pa/ & dw9dl$ into g5]al imbecility is commonly recogniz$3 b ! lack ( mat]ial inv5tions & ! paucity ( improvem5ts is p]haps n less significant ?an ! decay ( lit]ature & art4 ,! dep>tm5t ( agriculture 0 no exception to ?is /]ile traditionality4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,v>ro !re _h be5 no consid]able *ange4 ,s f> z lab\r is conc]n$1 ! sy/em ( ,columella c h>dly be call$ an advance2 = x employs directly none b slave lab\r1 a res\rce already beg9n+ to fail1 & caus+ l&lords to seek help f ! developm5t ( t5ancies4 ,9 mod]n times ! de>ness ( lab\r has /imulat$ human +5uity to produce ma*9es by :i* ! effici5cy ( human lab\r is increas$ & !re=e few] h&s requir$ = a giv5 output4 ,b 9 ! _w "u ! ,roman supremacy c5turies w5t by ) h>dly any modification ( ! me*anical equipm5t4 ,a small exception may p]haps be f\nd 9 a sort ( rudim5t>y reap+-ma*9e4 ,x 0 briefly ref]r$ to by ! eld] ,pl9y#afad 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 & describ$ by ,palladius 9 ! f\r?4 ,! device 0 9 use on ! l>ge e/ates 9 ! l[l&s ( ,gaul1 & 0 p]haps a ,gauli% inv5tion4 ,x is said to h be5 a lab\r-sav+#afae appliance4 ,f ! description x seems to h be5 clumsy2 &1 s9ce x cut (f ! e>s & left ! /raw /&+1 x 0 only suit$ to f>ms on :i* no special use 0 made ( ! /raw4 ,its /ructure 7= x 0 driv5 by an ox f beh9d7 mu/ h made x unworkable on slop+ gr\nd4 ,t we he> no?+ ( its g5]al adoption may be due to ^! or o!r defects4 ,b ,i believe !re is no record ( attempts to improve ! orig9al design4 ,! lack ( int]e/ 9 improvem5t ( tools has be5 not$ z a ph5om5on accompany+ ! dep5d5ce on slave lab\r4 ,& :5 "u ! ,roman empire we see ! free t5ant pass+ into ! condition ( a s]f-t5ant1 we are witness+ a process t /eadily t5d$ to r$uce him to ! moral lab\r-level ( ! apa!tic & hopeless slave4 ,to make ! agriculture ( a di/rict m prosp]\s 0 to attract ! att5tion ( gre$y (ficials4 ,to resi/ _! illicit extortions 0 to attract ! att5tion ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 ^: gr[+ ne$s 7 ev] tempt+ x to squeeze m & m out ( its subjects4 ,:y !n %\ld ! ru/ic1 ti$ to ! soil1 tr\ble himself to seek m economical me?ods1 ! pr(its ( :i*1 if ev] realiz$1 he 0 n himself likely to enjoy8 ,,lii4 ,,libanius4 ,9 ord] to get s f> z possible a liv+ picture ( ! conditions ( ru/ic life & lab\r we mu/ glean ! scatt]$ notices pres]v$ to u 9 ! writ]s ( ! p]iod ( decl9e4 ,due all[ance mu/ be made = ! g5]al artificiality & rhetorical b5t ( au?ors tra9$ 9 ! /ill fa%ionable s*ools ( composition & /yle4 ,= ev5 private lett]s 7 commonly writt5 z models de/9$ ev5tually to be read & admir$ by ! public1 :ile 9 controv]sial works & public addresses ! t5d5cy to attitud9ize 0 dom9ant4 ,! circulation ( lit]>y trivialities & ex*ange ( *eap complim5ts1 especially preval5t 9 ,gaul1 0 kept up to ! la/ by self-satisfi$ cliques :5 ! b>b>ians 7 already e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ! empire4 ,nev]!less valuable sidelights on que/ions ( fact are ?r[n f sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,?is evid5ce agrees ) t drawn f ! imp]ial laws1 & is 9 s f> bett] = our purpose t x deals almo/ exclusively ) ! pres5t4 ,:5 x looks to ! future1 x is 9 ! =m ( petition or advice2 :ile ! normal sub/ance ( ! laws is to confess ! exi/5ce ( mon/r\s abuses by ?reat5+ (f5d]s ) p5alties ev] m & m sev]e1 & enjo9+ re=ms t no p5alties c\ld en=ce4 ,a writ] v *>act]i/ic ( 8 age 7ab\t #cae-djj7 is ! #8sophi/' ,libanius1 :o pass$ mo/ ( 8 lat] ye>s at ,antio*1 ! luxuri\s *ief city ( ! ,ea/4 ,= matt]s "u 8 imm$iate obs]vation he is a good au?ority1 & may help u to =m a notion ( ! ext5t to :i* imp]ial ord9ances 7 practically op]ative 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! empire4 ,two ( ! #8orations1' or writt5 addresses1 ( ,libanius are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z appeals to ! emp]or ,!odosius = r$ress ( malpractices affect+ ! ru/ic population & impair+ ! f9ancial res\rces ( ! empire4 ,! e>li]#afaf 7ab\t #che7 exposes gross misde$s ( ! city magi/rates ( ,antio*4 ,:at ) ! fall+ ( old h\ses & cle>+ ( sites = new build+s !re 7 great quantities ( mix$ rubbi% to be remov$ & deposit$ else:]e4 ,app>5tly !re 0 n[ no suffici5t /aff ( public slaves at disposal2 at all ev5ts ! city au?orities resort$ to illegal means = procur+ ! removal4 ,:5 ! c\ntry folk came into t[n to dispose ( _! produce1 ! magi/rates requisition$ _! c>ts asses mules 7& !mselves z driv]s7 = ?is "w4 ,?us ! "t ( ! poor ru/ics 0 wa/$1 _! c>ts & sacks damag$1 & !y & _! bea/s s5t back to _! homes 9 a /ate ( utt] exhau/ion4 ,no law emp[]$ ! city magnates to act ?us4 ,f small beg9n+s a sort ( usage _h be5 creat$1 :i* no?+ %ort ( imp]ial ord9ance c\ld n[ break & aboli%4 ,t ! magi/rates 7 consci\s ( do+ wrong 0 %ewn by :at !y avoid$ do+4 ,!y did n impress slaves or c>ts f h\ses 9 ! city4 ,!y did n exact l s]vices f ! milit>y or p[]ful l&lords4 ,nor did !y lay ! burd5 on ! e/ates#afag ( ! municipality1 ! r5ts f :i* 7 "p ( ! rev5ues ( ,antio*4 ,fav\r is only ju/ifi$ by equity2 & !re is1 says ,libanius1 no equity 9 sp>+ ! luxuri\s ri* by ru9+ ! poor4 ,s he entreats 8 mo/ graci\s#afah ,maje/y to protect ! f>ms z mu* z ! cities1 or r m4 ,= ! c\ntry is 9 fact ! f\ndation on :i* cities re/4 ,)\t x !y c\ld nev] h exi/$3 & n[ x is on ! rise & fall ( rural wellbe+ t urban prosp]ity dep5ds4 ,?is appeal speaks = itself4 ,b x is significant t ! skill$ plead] ?9ks x wise to end on a note ( imp]ial int]e/4 #8,moreov]1 ,sire1 x is f ! c\ntry t y\r tribute is drawn4 ,x is to ! cities t y address y\r ord]s#afai = taxation1 b ! cities h to raise x f ! c\ntry4 ,!re=e1 to protect ! f>m]s is to pres]ve y\r int]e/s1 & to maltreat ! f>m]s is to betray !m4' ,9 ! oration numb]$ #dg ! abuse dealt ) is ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,! date is #cia or #cib1 & ! subject is ! #8protections' 7patroc9ia7#afbj ( villages4 ,! pressure ( imp]ial taxation & ! abuses accompany+ its collection _h driv5 ! villag]s to seek help 9 resi/+ ! visits ( ! tax-ga!r]s4 ,?is help 0 g5]ally f\nd 9 plac+ ! village "u ! protection ( "s p[]ful p]son1 commonly a retir$ soldi]1 :o act$ z a rally+-c5tre & lead]1 probably 9 mo/ cases back$ by "s reta9]s ( 8 own class4 ,( c\rse ^! m5 did n und]take opposition to ! public au?orities = no?+4 ,b x seems t _! exactions 71 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] /ages1 f\nd to be less burd5some ?an ^? ( ! (ficial collectors4 ,! situation ?us creat$ 0 z foll[s4 ,! local s5ators 7curiales7 ^: turn x 0 to collect ! dues f ! di/rict "u _! municipality 7a duty t !y 7 n all[$ to %irk7 w5t out to ! villages = ! purpose4 ,!y 7 beat5 (f#afba by use ( =ce1 (t5 w\nd$ z well z foil$4 ,!y 7 /ill b\nd to pay ov] ! tax1 :i* !y _h n receiv$1 to ! imp]ial treasury4 ,9 ^! latt] days default ( paym5t r5d]$ !m liable to cruel sc\rg+4 ,s ! unhappy curiales _h to sell _! own prop]ty to make up ! am\nt due4 ,! loss ( _! means /rikes !m out ( ! curia = lack ( ! legal qualification4 ,& ?is 0 n only a loss to _! p>ticul> city3 x damag$ imp]ial int]e/s1 b\nd up z ! :ole sy/em 0 ) ma9ta9+ unimpair$ ! supply ( qualifi$ curiales4 ,! evil ( ^! #8protections' 01 accord+ to ,libanius1 great & widespread4 ,! protectors _h become a great curse to ! villag]s !mselves by _! tyranny & exactions4 ,_! lawless sway _h turn$#afbb f>m]s into brig&s1 & taught !m to use iron n = tools ( tillage b = weapons ( blood%$4 ,& ! tr\ble 0 n conf9$ to villages :]e ! l& belong$ to a numb] ( small own]s3 x ext5d$ also to ^?#afbc "u "o big proprietor4 ,! argum5t t ! villag]s h a "r to seek help 9 resi/ance to extortion1 is only s\nd if ! means employ$ are fair4 ,to ju/ify ?is limitation two significant analogies#afbd are appli$4 ,cities ne> ! imp]ial fronti] mu/ n call 9 ! =eign enemy to aid !m 9 settl+ _! diff]5ces ) ea* o!r3 !y mu/ seek help )9 ! empire4 ,a slave mu/ n invoke ! aid ( casual by/&]s aga9/ ill-usage3 he /&s 9 no relation to outsid]s1 & mu/ look to 8 ma/] = r$ress4 ,! full be>+ ( ^! consid]ations is se5 :5 we rememb] t ! f>m]s are s]f-t5ants4 ,!y are own$#afbe by ma/]s1 z ! municipal city exi/s only 9 & = ! empire1 & ! slave has no legal p]sonality ap>t f 8 "l4 ,x is a fact1 says#afbf ,libanius1 t ?r\gh su* evasion ( _! liabilities on ! "p ( ! ru/ics _m h\ses h be5 ru9$4 ,he is surely ref]r+ to ! curiales & o!r l&lords resid5t 9 ! city1 ! numb]s ( :i* class x 0 ! imp]ial policy to ma9ta9 at full /r5g?4 ,9 moral indignation#afbg he urges ! iniquity ( begg>+ poor s\ls :o h no?+ to live on b ! income f _! l&s4 #8,say ,i h an e/ate1 inh]it$ or b\ght1 f>m$ by s5sible t5ants :o humbly fac$ ! ups & d[ns ( ,=tune "u my consid]ate c>e4 ,mu/ y !n /ir !m up by agitation1 ar\s+ unlook$-= conflicts1 & r$uc+ m5 ( good family to indig5ce8' ,?is appeal w\ld n s\nd ov]drawn 9 ! society ( t age1 ?\gh x might fall some:at coldly ^u mod]n e>s4 ,b ! mo/ notable po9t 9 ?is oration is ! nature ( ! rem$y#afbh = :i* ! writ] pleads1 & :i* none b ! emp]or c supply4 ,x is simply to en=ce ! exi/+ law4 ,"s ye>s be=e1 probably 9 #cfh1 ! emp]or ,val5s _h /rictly =bidd5#afbi ! #8protections' t 7 ! cause ( ?is tr\ble4 ,s n[ ! appeal to ,!odosius is #8give ! law s9ews1 make x a law inde$#afcj & n a b>e exhortation4' ,=1 if x is n to be obs]v$1 x _h bett] be repeal$4 ,t a lead+ writ] ( ! day c\ld s /ate ! case to ! rul] ( ! ,roman _w is a fact to be borne 9 m9d by read]s ( ! imp]ial laws4 ,,liii4 ,,symma*us ,9 pass+ on to ,q4 ,aurelius ,symma*us#afca 7ab\t #cde-dje7 we f9d ourselves 9 v diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,! sc5e is 9 ,italy1 & ! au?or a man ( ! highe/ /ation 9 :at 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! true c5tre ( ! ,roman _w4 ,he 0 praefectus urbi 9 #chd-e1 consul 9 #cia1 & ! lead+ figure 9 ,roman society & lit]>y circles4 ,f ! bulky collection ( 8 lett]s1 & ! =ty reports 7relationes7 address$ to ! emp]or by him z city prefect1 we get mu* int]e/+ evid5ce z to ! condition ( rural ,italy & ! anxieties ( ! corn-supply ( ,rome4 ,) 8 *ampion%ip ( ! old religion1 by :i* he is be/ kn[n1 we h "h no?+ to d2 & 8 lit]>y affectations1 *>act]i/ic ( mo/ writ]s ( ! lat] ,empire1 d n discr$it him z a witness4 ,a rem>kable feature ( 8 lett]s is _! g5]al triviality & abs5ce ( direct ref]5ce to ! mom5t\s ev5ts t 7 happ5+ 9 _m p>ts ( ! empire4 ,8 att5tion is almo/ :olly absorb$ by matt]s ) :i* he 0 imm$iately connect$1 8 public duties1 8 private affairs1 ! int]e/s ( 8 relatives & fri5ds1 or ! ex*ange ( complim5ts4 ,8 "t is mo/ly pass$ ei!r 9 ,rome or at "o or o!r ( 8 num]\s c\ntry seats3 = he 0 "o ( ! great l&lords ( 8 day1 & ! condition ( ,italian agriculture 0 ( great importance to him4 ,z a repres5tative ( ! l&$ int]e/ & z a self-consci\s lett]-writ] he resembles ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 b is weak] & set 9 a less happy age4 ,a topic con/antly recurr+#afcb 9 8 correspond5ce is ! appreh5sion ( fam9e 9 ,rome & ! di/urbances c]ta9 to arise !refrom4 ,! di/ribution ( imp]ial p[]s among sev]al seats ( gov]nm5t 7( :i* ,rome 0 n "o7 s9ce ! *anges ( ,diocletian _h left to ! anci5t capital only a sort ( traditional primacy4 ,! c5tral bureaus 7 else:]e1 & ,rome 0 only ! effective capital ( ! s\!rn division ( ,italy4 ,yet ! moral =ce ( h] great pa/ 0 /ill a liv+ influ5ce t express$ itself 9 v>i\s ways1 notably 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,papacy out ( ! ,roman bi%opric4 ,= c5turies x _h be5 ! lic5s$ lodg+ ( a paup]iz$ mob1 f$ by doles to keep !m quiet1 enjoy+ luxuri\s ba?s at nom9al co/1 & ent]ta9$ ) excit+ or bloody %[s 9 ! circus or amphi!atre4 ,?is rabble _h ei!r to be kept alive & amus$ or got rid (2 b ! latt] alt]native w\ld surely h r$uc$ ,rome to ! condition ( a dead city4 ,x 0 morally impossible = a ,roman emp]or to initiate s om9\s a policy4 ,s ! wa/eful abom9ation dragg$ on1 & e hit* 9 ! corn-supply al>m$ n only ! praefectus annonae b ! praefectus urbi ) ! prospect ( bread riots4 ,& ! assignm5t ( ! ,egyptian corn to supply ,con/ant9ople made ,rome m ?an ev] dep5d5t on ! =tunes ( ! ,african#afcc h>ve/4 ,:5 ?is fail$1 x 0 only by great dep>tm5tal en]gy t tempor>y %ortage 0 made good by importations#afcd f ,mac$onia ,s>d9ia or ,spa9 or ev5 by "s surplus f ,egypt4 ,ev5 l[] ,italy1 :]e little corn 0 gr[n1 0 at a p9* made to yield "s4 ,b bad seasons 7 n ! only cause ( %ort supplies4 ,! acts ( enemies might />ve out ,rome1 z ! rebellion ( ,gildo 9 ,africa 7#cig-h7 ne>ly did4 ,moreov] ! slackness & gre$ ( (ficials#afce sometimes ru9$ ! effici5cy ( ! dep>tm5t1 & #8pr(ite]+' 0 practis$ by unscrupul\s#afcf capitali/s4 ,nor ev5 ) good h>ve/s abroad 7 ! prefects always at ease1 s9ce ! corn-fleets might be delay$ or scatt]$ by f\l wea!r1 & mean:ile ! consumption did n cease4 ,& x sometimes happ5$ t ! c>goes 7 damag$ & ! public heal? suff]$#afcg f un:olesome food4 ,among ^! v>i\s c>es ! praefectura annonae 0 no b$ ( roses4 ,no wond] ! wor?y ,symma*us tells u ( private *>ity#afch to relieve ! necessities ( ! poor1 & ev5 gives a h9t ( volunt>y ration+ at ! tables ( ! ri*4 ,b 9 appeal+ to ! gods = succ\r he r sugge/s t human b5evol5ce w\ld be unequal to ! /ra94 ,t agriculture 0 n on a s\nd foot+ 9 mo/ ( ,italy is evid5t f sev]al passages 9 ! lett]s4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ 7be=e #cgf7 he tells 8 fa!r t1 ?\gh he f9ds ,campania *>m+1 he %\ld l to jo9 him at ,pra5e/e4 #8,b' he adds #8,i am 9 tr\ble ab\t my prop]ty4 ,i mu/ g & inspect x :]ev] x lies1 n 9 hope ( mak+ x remun]ative1 b 9 ord] to realize ! promise ( ! l& by fur!r outlay4 ,= ?+s are n[adays come to su* a pass#afci t an own] has to fe$ ! f>m t once f$ him4' ,"s ( ! ref]5ces to ! managem5t ( e/ates are r obscure4 ,9 speak+ ( "o ne> ,tibur he m5tions#afdj /ew>ds 7vilicorum7 & compla9s ( _! neglect4 #8,! l& is badly f>m$1 & great "p ( ! returns 7fructuum7 is 9 arre> 7debetur73 ! coloni h no means left#afda to enable !m to cle> _! acc\nts or to c>ry on cultivation4' ,! exact /atus ( ^! /ew>ds & t5ants & _! relations to ea* o!r are f> f cle>1 & ! case may h be5 a peculi> "o4 ,aga91 writ+ to bespeak ! good (fices ( an influ5tial man on behalf ( an applicant1 he says #8,i d ?is = him r z a duty#afdb ?an z an act ( free grace1 = he is a f>m-t5ant ( m9e4' ,! t5ant's "n is ,!odulus1 :i* invites a conjecture t ?is 0 a case ( an ori5tal ,greek slave plac$ z t5ant on a f>m1 ei!r = 8 ma/]'s acc\nt1 or = 8 own at a r5t1 & aft]w>ds manumitt$4 ,a ref]5ce to s]vi1 dep5dants 7obnoxii7#afdc :o are ow+ him r5ts :i* 8 ag5ts on ! di/ant e/ate 9 "q d n take ! tr\ble to collect1 may po9t to ! same sort ( arrangem5t4 ,9 ano!r passage he m5tions#afdd a man :o 0 = a long "t colonus "u a c]ta9 l&lord1 b "h too ! lack ( detail =bids inf]5ce z to ! exact nature ( ! relation4 ,t slave lab\r 0 /ill employ$ on "s ,italian f>ms appe>s f a reque/#afde = help 9 recov]+ "s runaways4 ,!y may h be5 h\se slaves1 b if a neighb\r+ l&lord gave !m %elt] no d\bt he made !m pay = x 9 "w4 ,! control ( slaves 9 ! c\ntry 0 nev] easy1 & ! quasi-milit>y discipl9e describ$ by ,columella 0 a confession ( ?is4 ,& x 0 only on a l>ge scale t a /aff ( ov]se]s suffici5t to "w x c\ld be provid$4 ,! "t = x 0 inde$ gone by4 ,slaves employ$ 9 hunt+#afdf are m5tion$ by ,symma*us z by ,pl9y4 ,no d\bt !y took to ?is occupation ) ze/4 ,! deg5]acy ( hunt+ by deputy is contemptu\sly not$ z a sign ( ! times by ! soldi] critic#afdg ,ammianus4 ,b x 0 no new ?+4 ,t ! g5]al /ate ( ! c\ntryside 0 h>dly fav\rable to ! quiet developm5t ( agriculture may be ga!r$ f _m notices4 ,= in/ance1 :5 he w\ld h be5 glad to be out ( ,rome = ! good ( 8 heal?1 he compla9s#afdh t ! preval5ce ( brig&age 9 ! c\ntry ne> =ces him to /ay 9 ! city4 ,a fri5d urges him to come back to ,rome = fe> ( a viol5t raid on an e/ate app>5tly suburban3 he c only reply#afdi t a brea* ( possession dur+ 8 abs5ce w n hold good 9 law4 ,:e!r ! milit>is impressio#afej on 8 f>m at ,o/ia1 to :i* he casually ref]s1 0 ! raid ( =eign foes sudd5ly l&+ on t coa/1 or ! lawless outrage ( imp]ial troops1 is n c]ta93 ,i r suspect ! latt]4 ,=1 fifte5 ye>s lat] 7#cih71 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,gildo1 he writes#afea t ! soldi]s are all back f ,africa1 & ! ,appian way is cle>3 "h ! mean+ seems pla94 ,& 8 endeav\r#afeb to prev5t ! comm&e]+ ( an old fri5d's h\se at ,arim9um = milit>y qu>t]s is significant ( ! high-h&$ treatm5t ( civilians by army m5 9 ^? days1 ( :i* we h o!r evid5ce4 ,nev]!less m5 7 /ill will+ to buy e/ates4 ,symma*us himself 0 /ill add+ to 8 va/ possessions4 ,we see him 9 treaty#afec = a place 9 ,samnium1 :]e !re 0 app>5tly "s que] practice on ! "p ( ! sell]3 9 ano!r case he is annoy$#afed t 8 p>tn] 9 a jo9t pur*ase has contriv$ to secure ! :ole b>ga9 z sole transf]ee1 & r sulkily (f]s to waive 8 legal claims on be+ reimburs$ :at he has already paid to ! transf]or4 ,x seems /range t a man :o1 beside 8 num]\s prop]ties 9 ,italy1 own$ e/ates#afee 9 ,mauretania 7:]e he compla9s t ! gov]nors all[ 8 int]e/s to suff]7 & 9 ,sicily 7:]e ! lessee is call$ conductor1 probably a t5ant 9 *ief sublett+ to coloni71 %\ld h _h an appetite = m inve/m5ts ( d\btful economic value4 ,b o!r inve/m5ts 7 evid5tly v h>d to f9d 9 an age :5 indu/ry & comm]ce 7 fett]$ by ! compulsory gild-sy/em4 ,& a man ( influ5ce l ,symma*us 0 bett] able ?an "o ( ! common h]d to protect 8 own int]e/s by ! fav\r ( p[]ful (ficials4 ,we get glimpses ( ! condition ( agriculture 9 ,italy "u ! /ra9 ( ev5ts4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,italy 0 no long] exempt f ! l&-burd5s ( ! imp]ial sy/em4 ,= _m ye>s1 c]ta9ly f #chc to #cih1 ,rome 0 h>dly ev] free f ! fe> ( fam9e4 ,x 0 necess>y to scrape toge!r all ! sp>e food t c\ld be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry 9 ord] to eke out ! (t5 int]rupt$ importations f abroad4 ,! decl9e ( food-production 9 ri* ,campania is indicat$ by _m scatt]$ ref]5ces4 ,! di/rict 0 probably too mu* giv5 ov] to v9es1 & a great "p ( x occupi$ by unproductive villas4 ,9 #cif ,symma*us is reliev$ to "k t ! corn-supply ( ,rome is assur$1 at lea/ = tw5ty days4 ,he goes on to m5tion#afef t corn has be5 transf]r$ f ,apulia to ,campania4 ,:e!r ?is 0 = ,campanian consumption1 or ev5tually to be =w>d$ to ,rome1 is n /at$4 ,i am incl9$ to ! =m] alt]native by ! consid]ation ( ! qu>rel betwe5 ,t>rac9a & ,puteoli ref]r$ to bel[4 ,t corn %\ld h be5 br\ght f ,apulia#afeg is a /rik+ fact4 ,a great "p ( t prov9ce 0 tak5 up by pa/ures & olivey>ds4 ,x c only h _h corn to sp>e by reason ( sp>se population & good crops4 ,if we _h ! :ole /ory ( ?is affair1 ! explanation might prove to be simpl] ?an x c be n[4 ,9 #cig he writes#afeh to a fri5d t ! ,apulians are hav+ a bad "t4 ,!y are errone\sly suppos$ to be 9 = a good h>ve/1 & s are be+ requir$ to supply corn4 ,?is w be /ripp+ ! prov9ce )\t mat]ially help+ ! /ate4 ,= w9t] is com+ on1 & !re is n "t left to br+ su* a great crop ( rip5ess4 ,symma*us _h fri5ds dep5d5t on prop]ty 9 ,apulia4 ,writ+ "s f\r ye>s lat]#afei he ref]s to ?is e/ate z rat$ = taxation on a high] scale ?an its income w\ld w>rant3 he asks ! local gov]nor to see t x %all n be cru%$ by #8public burd5s4' ,= to ,symma*us1 z to all or mo/ m5 9 ?is passive & cruelly selfi% age1 ! fir/ ?\ght 0 to protect _! own int]e/s & ^? ( _! fri5ds by engag+ ! fav\r ( ! p[]ful4 ,_m ( ! passages cit$ above illu/rate ?is1 & _m m c\ld be giv54 ,! c&\r ( "s ( 8 applications is rem>kable4 ,on behalf ( "o dep5dant 9 tr\ble he says#affj to ! p]son address$ #8b he w get m help f ! p>tiality ( y\r judgm5t1 = he really has "s "r on 8 side4' ,to ano!r he writes#affa t ( c\rse "r is always to be consid]$1 b 9 deal+ ) nobiles probabilesque p]sonas a judge %\ld feel free to qualify /rict rules1 lett+ ! fairness ( 8 decision appe>#affb 9 ! di/9ction made4 ,?is proposition introduces a reque/ on behalf ( 8 si/]4 ,"s f>ms ( h]s are ov]burd5$ ) ! dues exact$ by ! /ate1 & are n[ empty = lack ( t5ants4 ,only ! gov]nor's sanction c give !m ! relief ne$$ to re/ore !m to solv5cy2 & ,symma*us tru/s t 8 fri5d w d ! "r ?+ by ! lady4 ,9 ano!r case#affc he asks fav\r = a dep5dant1 significantly add+ a reque/ t 8 fri5d w see to x t ! case does n come be=e ano!r judge4 ,n[1 :at *ance ( ass]t+ _! own rights _h humble folk 9 g5]al1 & poor work+ f>m]s 9 p>ticul>1 :5 gov]nors & judges ( all sorts 7 solicit$ l ?is by m5 ^: goodwill 0 wor? secur+1--m5 = ! mo/ "p unscrupul\s gre$y & prone to be> grudges1 n su* z ! virtu\s & k9dly ,symma*us8 ,p]haps no?+ %ews ! selfi%ness ( ! ri* m ?an _! attempts to %irk ! duty ( furni%+ recruits = ! army4 ,yet we f9d 9 "o lett]#affd a reque/ to a prov9cial gov]nor to *eck ! activities ( ! recruit+ ag5ts4 ,t ! writ] accuses ^! latt] ( ov]/epp+ _! legal p[]s c only be view$ ) "s suspicion1 consid]+ 8 read9ess to use private influ5ce4 ,e>ly 9 #cih1 :5 a =ce 0 be+ rais$ to op]ate aga9/ ,gildo1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to enli/ slaves f ! city h\seholds4 ,! prote/s#affe ( _! own]s1 9 :i* ,symma*us %>$1 7 l\d3 ! comp5sation all[ance 0 too l[1 & s =?4 ,yet1 if any "o 0 int]e/$ 9 suppress+ ! rebel1 x 0 surely ^! weal?y m54 ,t ! obligation ( provid+ = ! su/5ance ( ! idle populace ( ,rome 0 n only a worry to (ficials b a heavy burd5 on f>m]s 9 ! ,prov9ces :5ce ! supplies 7 drawn1 ne$s no detail$ pro(4 ,b !y 7 us$ to ! burd51 & bore x quietly 9 av]age ye>s4 ,a v bad season might produce de>? ev5 9 ,africa1 & call = exceptional measures#afff ( relief on ! "p ( emp]ors4 ,s ,trajan _h reliev$ ,egypt4 ,x 0 h[ev] an extreme /ep to ease ! pressure 9 ,rome by expell+#affg all tempor>y resid5ts1 z 0 actually done dur+ ! fam9e ( #chc4 ,^! w\ld be ne>ly all f ! ,prov9ces1 & ,symma*us uneasily ref]s#affh to ! res5tm5t t ! expulsion 0 c]ta9 to provoke4 ,b 9 ?is age a rebellion ( prov9cials to ga9 r$ress ( _! own p>ticul> grievances 0 n a conceivable policy4 ,:5 discont5t express$ itself 9 some?+ m ?an a local riot1 x ne$$ a head 9 ! =m ( a pret5d] mak+ a bid = imp]ial p[]4 ,b we are n to suppose t ,rome1 & lat] ,con/ant9ople1 /ood q alone 9 receipt ( food-fav\rs4 ,! case ( two ,italian municipalities1 report$ on#affi by ,symma*us 9 #chd-e1 proves ! contr>y1 & we h no gr\nd = assum+ t !y 7 ! only in/ances4 ,! important port-t[n ( ,puteoli 0 grant$ #aejjjj modii ( corn ye>ly t[>ds ! fe$+ ( ! city by ,con/ant9e4 ,con/ans cut d[n ! all[ance to #gejjj4 ,con/antius rais$ x aga9 to #ajjjjj4 ,"u ,julian a complication arose4 ,! gov]nor ( ,campania f\nd ,t>rac9a 9 sore /raits 7evid5tly = food7 because ( ! failure#afgj ( ! supplies due f ! t[ns long assign$ = t purpose4 ,n[ ,t>rac9a _h a special claim to support1 s9ce x provid$ ,rome ) firewood = heat+ ! ba?s & lime = ! repair ( ! walls4 ,x seems t ! gov]nor felt b\nd to keep ?is t[n alive1 b _h no new res\rces on :i* he c\ld draw4 ,s he took #egjj modii f ! all[ance ( ,puteoli & gave !m to ,t>rac9a4 ,f9al settlem5t 0 ref]r$ to ,julian1 b n rea*$ be=e 8 dea? 9 ! ,p]sian w> 7#cfc74 ,! next /age 0 t a deputation f ,capua#afga address$ ! emp]or ,gratian1 conf9+ !mselves to compla9t ( _! own losses4 ,by ?is "o-sid$ repres5tation !y procur$ an imp]ial ord]1 t ! am\nt ( corn all[ance :i* ,c]ealis#afgb _h claim$ = ! p ( ,rome %\ld be giv5 back to all ! cities depriv$ ( x by 8 act4 ,b "u ?is ord] ! total recov]$ = su/5ance ( ! prov9cials only rea*$ #chjjj modii ( corn t _h be5 add$ to ! /ores ( ! et]nal city4 ,s ,puteoli refus$ to h& ov] ev5 ! #egjj to ,t>rac9a4 ,& ! prov9cial gov]nor did n g c>efully into ! t]ms ( ! ord]1 b rul$ 9 fav\r ( ,puteoli4 ,an appeal foll[$1 & x came out t ! grant ( #egjj to ,t>rac9a 0 n an ord9>y b\nty b an e>m>k$#afgc sum grant$ 9 consid]ation ( s]vices to ,rome4 ,! gov]nor did n feel able ei!r to confirm x or to take x away4 ,!re=e ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! emp]ors = a f9al settlem5t4 ,?is /range /ory gives u a mom5t>y glimpse ( ?+s t make no figure 9 g5]al hi/ories4 ,! abject dep5d5ce ( ! municipalities on imp]ial fav\r /&s out cle>ly3 n less s ! prec>i\s nature ( su* fav\rs1 a feature ( ! "t amply illu/rat$ by ! lat] imp]ial laws1 numb]s ( :i* 7 simply issu$ to )draw privileges previ\sly grant$1 "u ! /ress ( ne$s t made x impossible to ma9ta9 !m4 ,aga91 we see t 9 addition to ! normal jeal\sy ( neighb\rs ! competition = imp]ial fav\r 0 an influ5ce t5d+ to h9d] r ?an promote cohesion3 t5d+ 9 fact to weak5 ! fabric n[ m5ac$ by ! tribal b>b>ians4 ,above all1 ?is affair /rongly sugge/s ! p>tiality ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t to t[n populations4 ,! f>m]s ( ! municipal t]ritories 7 c]ta9ly liable to ! l&-burd5s1 & 7 ! ultimate basis ( imp]ial f9ance3 b ( !m !re is n a ^w4 ,la/ly1 we may suppose t int]-municipal disputes su* z ?is 7 n ( v frequ5t occurr5ce3 b we h no reason to believe t ?is ,campanian case 0 unique4 ,,liv4 ,,ammianus4 ,9 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7ab\t #ccj to #djj7 we h an ori5tal ,greek f ,antio* :o pass$ a great "p ( 8 life 9 ! milit>y s]vice ( ! empire4 ,he _h travell$ mu*1 campaign$ 9 ,gaul & ! ,ea/1 & 0 an obs]vant man ( wide int]e/s1 & 9 8 hi/ory imp>tial to ! be/ ( 8 p[]4 ,:e!r 9 delib]ate criticisms1 or 9 casual ref]5ces1 he is an exceptionally qualifi$ & hone/ witness z to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! empire4 ,on "o important po9t 8 evid5ce is ( special value4 ,all ?r\gh ! surviv+ portion ( 8 "w 7#cec-cgh7 he leaves u 9 no d\bt t ! int]nal evils ( ! empire 7 weak5+ x m ?an ! pressure ( b>b>ians f )\t4 ,he does n argue ?is 9 a section devot$ to ! topic1 b he takes occasion to notice ! abuses t impair$ ! prosp]ity ( ! ,prov9ces or l$ directly to grave disa/]s4 ,! corruption jeal\sy gre$ cruelty & g5]al misrule ( (ficials high & l[ 0 no secret to him4 ,t ! ultimate suff]]s f _! misde$s 7 ! poor1 & m p>ticul>ly ! poor f>m]s1 may be ga!r$ f _m passages4 ,t ! c5tre ( ?is all-p]vad+ disease lay 9 ! imp]ial c\rt1 a focus ( intrigue & jobb]y t ! v be/ ( emp]ors c\ld nev] effectively *eck1 he 0 surely aw>e4 ,at lea/ x is only on ?is assumption t we get ! full flav\r ( 8 ref]5ces to c\rt-intrigues & 8 criticisms ( emp]ors1 8 balanc$ discussions ( _! good & bad qualities & ! effects ( _! policy & practice4 ,9 tru? ! :ole sy/em 0 break+ d[n4 ,x la/$ long] 9 ! ,ea/ ?an 9 ! ,we/1 because ! ea/]n peoples 7 m ?or\ghly tam$4 ,!y _h be5 us$ to despotic gov]nm5t long be=e ! com+ ( ,rome4 ,& ! assaults ( ext]nal enemies 7 m =midable & p]si/5t 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/ ?an 9 ! ,s\? & ,ea/4 ,yet1 s long z ! empire held toge!r1 imp]ial despotism 0 inevitable4 ,nei!r ,ammianus nor any o!r writ] ( t age did or c\ld (f] a possible alt]native4 ,*ri/ianity might capture ! empire & spread among ! b>b>ians1 b x _h no con/ructive solution = ! problems ( imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,a rem>kably pla9-spok5 passage#afgd occurs 9 ref]5ce to ! ev5ts ( #cef1 :]e he describes ! adm9i/ration ( ,julian 9 ,gaul4 ,by 8 victories ov] ! ,g]mans he reliev$ ! impov]i%$ ,gauls1 b ?is 0 by no means 8 only b5efit4 ,= in/ance1 :]e he f\nd at 8 fir/ com+ a tax-unit#afge ( #be gold pieces dem&$ z ! tributum1 at 8 dep>ture 7#cfj7 he left ?+s s mu* improv$ t sev5 ( ^! suffic$ to meet all dues4 ,great 0 ! joy 9 ,gaul4 ,z a p>ticul> example ( 8 ?\ghtful c>e1 ,ammianus cites 8 policy 9 ! matt] ( arre>s ( tribute4 ,!re 7 occasions1 especially 9 prov9ces liable to invasion1 :5 x 0 c]ta9 t su* arre>s c\ld n be recov]$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,x 0 n to ! int]e/ ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t to ru9 or turn adrift f>m]s ^: places x w\ld n be easy to fill4 ,?is consid]ation 0 no d\bt us$ to procure f emp]ors ord]s ( remission1 indulg5tiae#afgf z !y 7 call$4 ,julian to ! la/ w\ld n give relief by ?us waiv+ ! imp]ial rights4 #8,= he 0 aw>e#afgg t ! effect ( t /ep w\ld be to put money into ! pockets ( ! ri*2 ! univ]sal practice1 z ev]yone kn[s1 be+ = ! poor to be made to pay up ! due am\nt 9 full directly ! ord] ( collection is issu$1 & all[$ no "t ( grace4' ,x seems !n t x 0 n ! am\nt ( ! imp]ial taxation1 b ! iniquities p]petrat$ 9 connexion ) its collection1 t 7 ! real burd5 cru%+ ! vitality ( ! ,prov9ces4 ,s ?\ght ,julian1 rightly3 & 9 ! next ye> we f9d him firmly uphold+ 8 pr9ciples 9 ! face ( exceptional difficulties4 ,! emp]or ,con/antius _h felt compell$ to make ,julian ,caes>1 & to place him at ! head ( ! ,we/]n section ( ! empire4 ,b 8 jeal\sy & fe> ( ! ,caes>'s w9n+ glory 9 ,gaul l$ him to surr\nd ,julian ) (fic]s devot$ to himself & secretly enc\rag$ to hamp] _! titul> *ief 9 e possible way4 ,! c\rt ( ,con/antius 0 a hotb$ ( intrigue & calumny4 ,private reports ( ! do+s ( ,julian 7 be+ regul>ly receiv$4 ,any re=ms t he 0 able to make 9 ,gaul _h to be effect$ 9 ! tee? ( imp]ial malignity4 ,a flagrant in/ance#afgh is se5 9 ! ef=ts made to ?w>t 8 re=m+ en]gy dur+ ! w9t] ( #ceg-h4 ,aft] defeat+ & humbl+ aggressive ,g]man tribes1 he set himself to relieve ! di/ress ( ! l&[n]s1 :o _h suff]$ great losses4 ,!re 0 at ! "t a great ne$ ( money4 ,! praetorian prefect ( ! ,gauls1 ,flor5tius1 propos$ to raise ! sums requir$#afgi by an additional levy1 & procur$ f ,con/antius an ord] to t effect4 ,julian w\ld r die ?an all[ ?is4 ,he knew :at w\ld happ5 9 c>ry+ x out1 & t su* #8precautions' 7provisiones7#afhj or r de/ructions 7ev]siones7 _h (t5 br\ght prov9ces into ! extremities ( want4 ,! ,prefect1 to ^: dep>tm5t ! matt] 9 /rictness belong$1 prote/$ l\dly1 rely+ on ! p[]s giv5 him by ,con/antius4 ,b ,julian /ood firm1 & tri$ to soo! him by calmly prov+ t !re 0 no necessity = ! propos$ measure4 ,c>eful calculations %ew$ t ! normal impo/ 7capitatio7 w\ld produce en\gh to furni% ! ne$ful supplies1 & some?+ to sp>e4 ,he w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! ord]#afha = an extra levy4 ,! ,prefect duly report$ ?is to ,con/antius1 :o reprim&$ ! ,caes> = 8 ob/9acy4 ,julian repli$ t ! prov9cials _h be5 expos$ to ravages f v>i\s qu>t]s1 & t if !y 7 /ill able to r5d] ! usual dues#afhb ! gov]nm5t _h reason to be ?ankful4 ,to wr+ m out ( m5 9 di/ress by puni%m5ts 0 impossible4 ,& he did manage to prev5t extraord9>y exactions 9 ,gaul4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ceh-i he cont9u$ ! same policy4 ,he saw to ! equitable assessm5t#afhc ( ! tribute1 & kept at bay ! horde ( rascally (ficials :o made =tunes#afhd out ( injur+ ! p4 ,! corruption ( ! law-c\rts he *eck$ by he>+ ! important cases himself4 ,no wond] t 9 an age ( ,*ri/ian emp]ors ! virtu\s pagan e>n$ a reputation z a re/or] ( ,roman greatness f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,gaul4 ,:e!r ! fact t adh]5ts ( poly!ism 7 n[ *iefly to be f\nd among ru/ics 7pagani7 _h any?+ to d ) ,julian's cle> appreciation ( ! suff]+s ( c\ntryfolk1 is a "q on :i* ,i _c v5ture to (f] an op9ion4 ,t all or mo/ ( ! corn levi$ by imp]ial taxation 0 9 ! fronti] ,prov9ces requir$ = ! milit>y commiss>iat is well kn[n1 & ! gran>ies = /or+ x 7 a lead+ feature ( p]man5t camps & g>rison t[ns4 ,! fe$+ ( armies 9 ! field1 always wa/eful1 no d\bt consum$ a great deal4 ,9 ! case ( ,gaul 7= to live on ! c\ntry 0 />vation to a =ce invad+ wild ,g]many7 ! quantity to be br\ght up to ! front seems to h be5 normally m ?an ,gaul c\ld sp>e4 ,x 0 usual to rely on ! h>ve/s#afhe ( ,brita94 ,transport 0 ! ma9 difficulty4 ,saxon pirates infe/$ ! n>r[ seas1 & ! navigation ( ! ,rh9e 0 block$ by ,franks4 ,julian's en]gy cle>$ away ^! ob/acles1 & saw to ! erection or repair ( gran>ies 9 ! ,rh9el& t[ns to receive ! ,briti% corn4 ,^! measures enabl$ him to d )\t mak+ extra dem&s on ! f>m]s ( ,gaul1 a /ep sometimes unavoidable :5 !re 0 w> on ! fronti]s4 ,( c\rse su* comm&e]+ 0 v unpopul>1 & wise g5]als avoid$ x :5ev] possible4 ,ammianus draws p>ticul> att5tion#afhf to ?is matt] :5 n>rat+ ! campaign ( ,!odosius 9 ,mauretania 7#cgc74 ,he =bade ! levy ( supplies f ! prov9cials1 ann\nc+ t he w\ld make ! /ores ( ! enemy#afhg provide ! commiss>iat1 & ! l&[n]s 7 delight$4 ,among ! int]e/+ ref]5ces t occur 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w are "s t ?r[ fur!r light on ! conditions ( life 9 ! p>ts ( ! empire subject to invasion4 ,x is n necess>y to cite ! frequ5t m5tion ( v>i\s k9ds ( =tifi$ po/s f great /rongholds to m]e blockh\ses4 ,^! rem9d u t ! /r5g? ( ! imp]ial armies c\ld nev] be s ma9ta9$ z to gu>d ! fronti] at all times on all po9ts4 ,b>b>ian raid]s slipp$ ?r\gh#afhh ! inevitable gaps1 & wide /ret*es ( c\ntry 7 laid wa/e long be=e suffici5t =ces c\ld be ga!r$ to expel !m4 ,we d n ne$ ! descriptions ( _! cruel ravages to conv9ce u t agriculture ne> ! ,danube or ,rh9e bord]s 0 a p]il\s call+4 ,if ! f>m] 7 n c>ri$ away into bondage or sla91 he 0 left robb$ ( 8 all1 & 9 imm95t dang] ( />v+3 = ! b>b>ians ate up ev]y?+1 & hung] 0 a pr9cipal motive 9 lead+ !m to come & w>n+ !m to return home4 ,naturally x 0 ! cu/om 9 ^! bord]-l&s to provide =tifi$ refuges "h & !re 9 :i* local f>m]s c\ld f9d tempor>y %elt] ) _! belong+s1 & home/eads ( any importance 7 m or less equipp$ = def5ce4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s ev5 9 ,mauretania4 ,we read ( a f>m#afhi 7fundus7 :i* ! bro!r ( ,firmus ! rebel lead] 7#cgc7 #8built up aft] ! fa%ion ( a city'2 also ( "o girt ) a /rong#afij wall1 a v secure refuge = ! ,moors1 to de/roy :i* ,!odosius _h to employ batt]+-rams4 ,^! are n ! only in/ances4 ,& =ts 7ca/ella7 & wall$ t[ns are (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,along ! nor!rn bord]s ! necessity = su* precautions 0 mu* great]4 ,/ill x seems t few if any 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury =esaw t fronti] def5ces w\ld at no di/ant date give way be=e ! b>b>ian flood4 ,a high imp]ial (ficial1 ) ^: corrupt connivance#afia gross wrongs _h be5 p]petrat$ 7#cgj7 9 ,africa1 on be+ sup]s$$ 9 (fice )drew to 8 native ,rh9el&1 & #8devot$ himself#afib to rural affairs4' ,! retir$ ease = :i* he app>5tly hop$ 0 soon end$1 ?\gh n by b>b>ian raid]s4 ,! malignity ( a praetorian prefect track$ him to 8 retreat & by p]secution drove him to suicide4 ,?is la/ episode may rem9d u t ! weak5+ ( ! empire 0 n :olly due to failure ( an economic k9d or to decay ( milit>y skill4 ,! f>m]s might raise crops en\gh1 ! armies might prove _! sup]iority 9 ! field1 b nev]!less ! great organism 0 9 decl9e4 ,a g5]al mi/ru/1 fatal to loyal coop]ation = ! common good1 0 ! moral cank] by :i* ! ex]tions ( f>m] & soldi] 7 hamp]$ & r5d]$ va94 ,(ficials seek+ to ru9 ea* o!r1 emp]ors turn+ to murd]s & confiscations z a s\rce ( rev5ue1 all classes b\nd fa/ 9 rigid corporations or gilds "u laws :i* x 0 _! /udy to evade2 ! failure ( individual ent]prise1 lack+ ! joy ( individual fre$om1 & ! /imulus ( expect$ rew>d2 9 %ort1 ev]yone ready to sacrifice 8 neighb\r to save 8 own sk93 h[ 0 a society *>act]iz$ by su* ph5om5a to ma9ta9 a moral advantage ov] ! rude b>b>ians8 ,t x 0 n[ protect$ by ali5 swords1 t ali5s 7 ev5 comm&+#afic ! ,roman armies1 0 n ! ma9 cause ( its ov]?r[4 ,z a rule ^! b>b>ians kept _! b>ga91 & %$ _! blood freely = ! empire t enli/$ !m 9 masses4 ,b we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 two or ?ree diff]5t classes ( ^! ali5 def5d]s4 ,! m]e m]c5>ies ne$ n deta9 u4 ,m significant 7 ! cont+5ts tak5 ov] 9 l>ge bodies by agreem5t ) ! tribes4 ,a good in/ance#afid is t ( ! ye> #cgf1 :5 a va/ ho/ ( ,go?s s\ght leave to pass ! ,danube ) ! hope ( settl+ on vacant l&s s\? ( ! riv]4 ,we are told t ! ,roman comm&]s on t front got ov] _! fir/ al>m & took ! l9e t really ! emp]or 0 9 luck4 ,"h 0 a huge supply ( recruits#afie br\ght to him f ! ends ( ! e>?1 an unlook$-= re9=cem5t ready to be bl5d$ ) 8 own troops1 & to make up an unconqu]able army4 ,in/ead ( sp5d+ ! ye>ly paym5ts ( ! prov9ces#afif on fill+ up ! ranks1 ! treasury w\ld ga9 a great sum ( gold4 ,x w\ld seem t !y report$ to ! emp]or 9 fav\r ( ! reque/1 = ,val5s grant$ ! petition ( a ,go?ic embassy4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made = transport+ !m ov] ! riv]1 & x 0 und]/ood t !y _h leave to settle 9 ! p>ts ( ,?race4 ,b n[ tr\bles began4 ,gre$y ,roman (ficials fleec$ & maltreat$ ! hungry horde1 :o 7 at l5g? driv5 into rebellion4 ,) ! sequel1 ! great battle 7#cgh7 ne> ,adrianople1 & ! dea? ( ,val5s1 we are n "h conc]n$4 ,b ! acc\nt#afig ( _! ravages 9 ,?race gives u a picture ( ! c\ntryside 9 a h>ass$ prov9ce & ( ! slave lab\r employ$4 ,! rebels1 unable to take =tifi$ places by regul> siege1 ov]ran ! c\ntry 9 raid+ b&s4 ,captives guid$ !m to places /ock$ ) food4 ,b !y 7 especially enc\rag$ & /r5g!n$ by ! great numb] ( p ( _! own race :o came p\r+ 9 to jo9 !m4 ,ammianus describes#afih ^! des]t]s z m5 :o _h long be=e be5 sold 7into slav]y ( c\rse7 by trad]s1 & ) !m v _m :om at ! "t ( _! pass+ ! riv]1 :5 !y 7 p]i%+ ( hung]1 !y _h b>t]$ = ?9 w9e or wor?less scraps ( bread4 ,?is sc5e may s]ve to rem9d u t slav]y & ! sale ( slaves to ,roman deal]s 7 recogniz$ features ( ,g]man tribal life z describ$ by ,tacitus4 ,x also gives u a glimpse ( ! way 9 :i* opportunities ( imp]ial advantage c\ld be wa/$ or turn$ into calamities by ! unpatriotic & selfi% gre$ ( ,roman (ficials4 ,9 ?is case pot5tial recruits 7 turn$ into actual enemies2 & ! b>b>ian slaves1 :o %\ld h be5 till+ ,?racian fields 9 ! int]e/ ( ,rome1 7 left to guide & recruit ! ho/ile army ( _! k9sm54 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t all s*emes = rais+ b>b>ian troops 9 l>ge bodies 7 ?us by gross mismanagem5t br\ght to a disa/r\s end4 ,! value ( s\nd fle% & blood 9 ! ranks 0 well und]/ood1 & a successful campaign aga9/ ,g]man tribes c\ld be made pr(itable f ?is po9t ( view4 ,?us 9 #cgg1 :5 ,gratian _h a :ole tribe at 8 m]cy1 he requir$ ( !m a cont+5t#afii ( /urdy recruits to be incorporat$ 9 ,roman army-units1 on deliv]y ( :om he set free ! re/ to return to _! native homes4 ,t su* recruits became "u ,roman discipl9e s f> ,romaniz$ z to provide effici5t armies is cle> f ! victories t /ill delay$ ! fall ( ! empire4 ,b #8,roman' 0 becom+ m ?an ev] a m]e "n-label3 !re _h nev] be5 a ,roman nation4 ,( ! ?ird class ( ali5 soldi]y little ne$ be said4 ,milit>y coloni/s ( b>b>ian orig9 _h = a long "t pa/ be5 br\ght into ! empire1 "s z fronti] gu>ds hold+ l& on condition ( army s]vice1 o!rs m 9 ! int]ior1 ev5#agjj 9 ,italy2 & ^! latt] und\bt$ly furni%$ _m recruits1 on :atev] t]ms4 ,! g5]al result may be summ$ up 9 say+ t1 :5 ! b>b>ian invad]s at la/ came to /ay1 !y f\nd _! k9dr$ already !re at home4 ,,lv4 ,,claudian4 ,9 ,claudian1 :o wrote ab\t #djj1 we h ano!r ori5tal ,greek1 :o wrote *iefly 9 ,lat9 ) f> m ma/]y ( t language ?an ,ammianus4 ,/ili*o 8 patron1 ! great b>b>ian head ( ! ,roman army1 0 at ! height ( 8 p[]1 & ,claudian's mo/ cong5ial occupation 0 to s+ 8 praises & d5\nce 8 oppon5ts4 ,he 0 also poet laureate ( ! feeble emp]or ,honorius4 ,writ+ ma9ly on contempor>y !mes1 he is1 if all[ance be made = 8 bias1 a witness wor? cit+2 b ! passages relevant to ! pres5t subject are naturally few4 ,9 common ) o!r writ]s ( ! lat] ages ( ,rome he is con/antly look+ back to a great & glori\s pa/1 contra/+ pa9fully ) t pres5t :i* he nev]!less is /riv+ to glorify4 ,?us he n only ref]s ) en?usiasm#agja to ! old h]oes ( ,roman hi/ory & leg5d1 ! common mat]ial ( ,roman lit]ature1 b ev5 dreams#agjb ( a gold5 age to be1 :5 ! e>? ( h] own accord %all r5d] all good ?+s 9 abundance to a p liv+ happily 9 communi/ic bro!rhood4 ,?is fancy h[ev] is no m ?an a piece ( unreal rhetoric1 an e*o ( ,v]gil4 ,x is inspir$ by ! victories ( ,/ili*o1 & ! _w-dom9ion "u :i* ?is beatific vision is to be realiz$ is--! rule ( ,honorius4 ,9 ,janu>y #cie ! great ,!odosius di$1 & ! empire 0 divid$ betwe5 8 two sons4 ,9 ,novemb]1 ,ruf9us1 :o dom9at$ ,arcadius at ,con/ant9ople1 0 murd]$4 ,8 place 0 soon tak5 by ! eunu* ,eutropius4 ,on ^! two p]sonages ,claudian p\r$ out a flood ( invective1 speak+ = ,/ili*o & ! ,we/4 ,! gre$ ( ,ruf9us is depict$#agjc z ru9\s to ! l&$ int]e/s4 #8,! f]tility ( 8 l& 0 ! ru9 ( ! l&lord3 a good crop#agjd made ! f>m]s tremble4 ,he drives m5 f _! homes1 & ?ru/s !m out ( _! ance/ral bord]s1 ei!r robb+ ! liv+ or seiz+ ! e/ates ( ! dead4' ,! jeal\sy ( ! ,we/ expresses itself 9 a passage#agje ref]r+ to ! fam9e creat$ 9 ,rome by ! rebellion ( ,gildo 9 ,africa4 ,honorius 7t is ,/ili*o7 is effusively prais$ = its relief by importations f o!r ,prov9ces1 *iefly f ,gaul4 ,t1 ow+ to ! claim ( ! ,new ,rome to ! corn ( ,egypt1 ! ,old ,rome %\ld be s dep5d5t on ,africa1 is a situation indignantly res5t$#agjf 9 eloqu5t l9es4 ,a symptom om9\s ( imp]ial failure 0 ! attempt to wre/ ea/]n ,illyricum f ! rule ( ,arcadius 7#djg-h7 an ent]prise#agjg secretly conc]t$ betwe5 ,/ili*o & ,al>ic4 ,fugitives f ,epirus s\ght refuge 9 ,italy4 ,/ili*o treat$ !m z prison]s ( w> f an enemy's c\ntry1 & h&$ !m ov] to ,italian l&lords z slaves or coloni4 ,:5 ,al>ic & 8 ,go?s mov$ t[>ds ,italy1 "s ( ^! refugees1 aid$ by a law issu$ = _! protection1 f\nd _! way home aga94 ,claudian unblu%+ly decl>es#agjh t none b ,/ili*o w be able to heal ! empire's w\nd3 #8at l5g? ! colonus w return to 8 own bord]s & ! c\rt w once m be enri*$ by ! tributes ( ,illyricum4' ,a ,roman view ( ! intrud+ b>b>ians & _! capacity ( peaceful settlem5t is 9 "o place#agji put into ! m\? ( ,bellona ! w>-goddess4 ,%e addresses a ,go?ic *ief 9 bitt] s>casm4 #8,g & be a ?or\gh pl\ghman1 cleav+ ! soil3 tea* y\r comrades to lay aside ! sword & toil at ! hoe4 ,y\r ,gru?ungians#agaj w make f9e cultivators1 & t5d v9ey>ds 9 accordance ) ! seasons4' ,%e taunts him ) deg5]at+ f ! good old habits ( 8 race1 w> & plund]1 & scornfully describes him z "o captur$#agaa by ! glam\r ( fair deal+1 :o _h r live z a s]f on :at is grant$ him ?an z a "l on :at he takes by =ce4 ,9 %ort1 he is a c[>d4 ,n[ no d\bt !re 7 ,go?s & o!rs1 ,huns 9 p>ticul>1 ( ?is w>-lov+ "w-hat+ type approv$ by ! w>-goddess4 ,b abundant evid5ce %ews t _m1 p]haps mo/1 ( ! b>b>ians 7 q ready to settle d[n 9 peace & produce _! own food4 ,:5 ,claudian himself speaks#agab ( ! #8,teuton's pl\gh%>e' z "o ( ! ag5cies produc+ corn t reliev$ fam9e 9 ,rome1 he is mo/ likely ref]r+ to ! _m ,g]mans already settl$ 9 ,gaul z well z to inhabitants ( ! #8,g]manies1' ! two prov9ces along ! ,rh9e4 ,a curi\s passage#agac 9 ! poem on ! ,go?ic w> & ,/ili*o's defeat ( ,al>ic at ,poll5tia 7#djb7 is ( int]e/ 9 connexion ) ! ,roman army & ! recruit+ sy/em4 ,( ! confid5ce reviv$ 9 ,rome by ! appe>ance ( ,/ili*o & 8 troops a vivid picture is drawn1 & he cont9ues #8h5ce=?#agad no m pitiful conscription1 no m ( reap]s lay+ d[n ! sickle & wield+ ! +lori\s javel9 444 nor ! mean clamor\s jangl+ ( amateur lead]s3 no1 ?is is ! pres5ce ( a g5u9e manhood1 a g5u9e comm&]1 a sc5e ( w> 9 real life4' ,if ?is means any?+1 x implies t ha/y levies#agae ( raw c\ntrym5 7 notori\sly unfit to face hordes ( b>b>ian tribesm5 9 ! field4 ,true1 no d\bt2 pr(essional tra9+ _h be5 ! basis ( effici5cy 9 ,roman armies ev] s9ce ! days ( ,m>ius4 ,b ! words surely sugge/ fur!r t conscription )9 ! empire 0 9 ,claudian's "t n f\nd a success1 t is 9 produc+ a supply ( fit recruits to keep ! legions up to /r5g?4 ,?is also 0 d\btless true1 z mu* o!r evid5ce atte/s1 & 0 ! ma9 reason :y ! #8,roman' soldi]y ( ! p]iod 7 mo/ly b>b>ians4 ,b "h1 z usual1 ! witness ( ! c\rt-poet is 9 ! =m ( admission r ?an /atem5t4 ,8 bus9ess 0 to be m ,roman ?an ,rome4 ,x rema9s only to m5tion two similes1 "o ( :i* p]haps ref]s to free lab\r4 ,an old crone#agaf has #8poor girls' "u h] engag$ 9 weav+4 ,!y beg = a little holiday1 b %e keeps !m at "w #8to e>n _! jo9t livelihood4' ,?is may be a sc5e f life1 b is m likely an e*o f e>li] poetry4 ,:5 he illu/rates#agag ! effect ( ,/ili*o's com+ on ! peoples ris+ aga9/ ,rome by comp>+ !m to slaves1 deceiv$ by false report ( _! "l's dea?1 & caught revell+ by him :5 he unexpect$ly returns1 x is a sc5e t might be enact$ 9 any age4 ,! little poem on ! old man ( ,v]ona is fam\s z a picture ( humble cont5tm5t 9 ru/ic life4 ,b ! ma9 po9t ( x z evid5ce is t ! case is exceptional4 ,,lvi4 ,,vegetius4 ,vegetius1 a contempor>y ( ,ammianus & ,claudian1 is cr$it$ ) two surviv+ works1 "o on ! milit>y sy/em1 ! o!r on vet]9>y practice4 ,bo? are l>gely compilations1 & belong to ! class ( te*nical writ+s :i* =m$ a great "p ( ! lit]ature ( ?is age4 ,9 discuss+ army matt]s ! au?or looks back ) regret to ! s\nd] conditions ( ! pa/4 ,speak+#agah ( ! quality ( recruits1 he says #8,x c surely nev] h be5 matt] ( d\bt t ! common c\ntryfolk are m fit 7?an t[nsfolk7 to be> arms1 re>$ z !y are 9 toil "u ! op5 sky1 able to /& ! heat ( ! sun & c>+ n = ! %ade1 ) no exp]i5ce ( ba?s or k ( luxuries1 /raight=w>d & frugal1 ) limbs h>d5$ to endure any k9d ( toil2 = ! we>+ ( arm\r1 digg+ ( tr5*es1 & c>ry+ _! kit1 are cont9uations ( ru/ic habit4' ,x is true t sometimes t[n-br$ recruits h to be levi$1 b !y ne$ long & c>eful tra9+ to fit !m = active s]vice4 ,true1 ! ,romans ( old w5t out to w> f ! city4 ,b luxury 0 unkn[n 9 ^? days3 ! f>m] ( today 0 ! w>rior ( tomorr[1 by *ange ( weapons4 ,c9c9natus w5t /raight f ! pl\gh to be dictator4 ,a little aft]1 speak+#agai ( ! /&>d ( height1 he tells u t x has always be5 usual to h a /&>d te/$ by actual measurem5t1 bel[ :i* no recruit 0 pass$ = s]vice 9 c]ta9 crack units4 ,b !re 7 !n#agbj l>g] numb]s to draw f1 & m m5 foll[$ ! combatant s]vice1 = ! civil s]vice#agba _h n z yet c>ri$ (f ! pick ( ^? 9 milit>y age4 ,!re=e1 if circum/ances require x1 /r5g? r ?an height %\ld be ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,i am lo? to inf] mu*#agbb f ?is passage1 ! p]iod ref]r$ to 9 #8!n' be+ undef9$4 ,:at x does %ew is t 9 ! writ]'s own "t a consid]able numb] ( m5 ( milit>y age 7,romans be+ meant7 7 attract$ by ! civil c>e] ( ! new imp]ial s]vice1 :i* 9 all its grades 0 te*nically /yl$#agbc a militia4 ,nor does x appe> c]ta9 t 9 pref]r+ ! ru/ic recruit to ! urban ,vegetius implies ! exi/5ce ( a pl5tiful supply ( ! =m] among ! subjects ( ! empire4 ,8 words r sugge/ to me ! opposite conclusion1 :i* is 9 agreem5t ) ! evid5ce f o!r s\rces4 ,turn+ to ! vet]9>y "w 7ars mulom$ic9ae7 we come ^u a *apt] devot$#agbd to ! managem5t ( horses4 ,x is well to keep a free space ne> ! /able = ! bea/s to get ex]cise by roll+1 = !y ne$ ex]cise4 #8,& = ?is end x is v helpful to h !m m\nt$#agbe (t5 & ridd5 g5tly4 ,unskilful rid]s spoil bo? _! paces & _! temp]4 ,mo/ mis*iev\s is ! recklessness#agbf ( slaves4 ,:5 ! ma/] is n !re1 !y urge 8 horses to gallop1 us+ spur z well z :ip1 9 mat*es ( spe$ ) _! mates or 9 fi]cely-conte/$ races aga9/ outsid]s3 x nev] occurs to !m to halt or *eck _! m\nts4 ,= !y give no ?\ght#agbg to :at is _! ma/]'s loss1 be+ well cont5t t x falls on him4 ,a c>eful own] w mo/ /rictly =bid su* do+s1 & w only all[ 8 cattle to be h&l$ by suitable grooms :o are g5tle & und]/& _! managem5t4' ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! horse 0 n us$ 9 agriculture or z an ord9>y bea/ ( burd54 ,horse-bre$+ 0 kept up to supply *>g]s = w>1 rac]s = ! circus1 m\nts = m5 ( ! weal?i] classes 9 hunt+ or occasionally = ex]cise1 = solemn processions & su* l4 ,:5 ,vegetius treats ( a /able or /ud ( horses1 he has 9 m9d ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5tleman ( means1 & x is wor? not+ t su* an e/abli%m5t c\ld be contemplat$ by a writ] ( ab\t #djj ,,ad4 ,?is h>monizes ) ! picture ( ,italian conditions t we get f ! lett]s ( ,symma*us & o!r s\rces4 ,a few ri* 7 v ri*1 ! _m poor usually v poor4 ,! c>elessness1 wa/efulness1 ?ievi%ness1 ( slaves is a v old /ory1 & 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury _h be5 bitt]ly ref]r$ to#agbh by ! emp]or ,julian4 ,t ,vegetius does n advise ! own] ( ^! slave grooms to make a vilicus responsible = see+ t 8 ord]s are obey$1 is probably due to ! rigidly te*nical "* ( ! treatise3 he is n writ+ on ! managem5t ( e/ates4 ,,*ri/ian ,,writ]s ,,lvii4 ,,lactantius4 ,:5 we turn to ! ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :om x is conv5i5t to take by !mselves1 we pass into a diff]5t atmosph]e4 ,( rhetoric !re is pl5ty1 = mo/ ( !m _h be5 subject$ to ! same lit]>y influ5ces z _! ,pagan contempor>ies4 ,b !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce ( _s1 m especially 9 "o respect v important f ! po9t ( view ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,*ri/ianity might c\nsel submission to ! p[]s t be3 x might recognize slav]y z an in/itution3 x might enjo9 on ! slave to r5d] some?+ beyond eye-s]vice to 8 legal ma/]4 ,b x c\ld nev] %ake (f ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! equal position ( all m5 be=e _! ,almighty ,rul]1 & ! prospect ( com+ life 9 ano!r _w1 9 :i* ! /&>ds & privileges dom9at+ ! pres5t "o w\ld g = no?+4 ,!re=e a ,*ri/ian writ] diff]$ f ! ,pagan 9 8 attitude t[>ds ! poor & oppress$4 ,he c\ld sympa?ize ) !m1 n z a k9dly ?\gh condesc5d+ patron1 b z "o consci\s ( no abid+ sup]iority 9 himself4 ,! w>m? ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian witnesses speak is g5u9e en\gh4 ,! picture may be some:at ov]drawn or too highly col\r$1 & we mu/ all[ = "s exagg]ation1 b 9 g5]al x is surely true to fact4 ,fir/ comes ,lactantius1 :o has already#agbi be5 once quot$4 ,writ+ "u ,con/ant9e1 he speaks ( ! ,diocletian or ,gal]ian p]secution z a contempor>y4 ,! passage#agcj to be cit$ "h describes ! appall+ cruelty ( ! fiscal exactions ord]$ by ,gal]ius to meet ! press+ ne$ ( ! gov]nm5t = m money4 ,x 0 aft] ! abdication ( ,diocletian & ,maximian 9 #cje4 ,! tr\bles t ensu$ _h no d\bt help$ to r5d] f9ancial necessities extreme4 ,! rem>k1 t he n[ practis$ aga9/ all m5 ! lessons ( cruelty le>nt 9 torm5t+ ! ,*ri/ians1 mu/ ref] to ,gal]ius4 ,! acc\nt ( ! c5sus#agca1 presumably t ( #cjg1 is z foll[s4 #8,:at br\ght disa/] on ! p & m\rn+ on all alike1 0 ! sudd5 lett+ loose ( ! c5sus on ! prov9ces & cities4 ,c5sus-(fic]s1 sp>+ no?+1 spread all ov] ! l&1 & ! sc5es 7 su* z :5 an enemy invades a c\ntry & enslaves ! inhabitants4 ,!re 0 measur+ ( fields clod by clod1 c\nt+ ( v9es & fruit trees1 catalogu+ ( e sort ( animals1 record+ ( ! human#agcb heads4 ,9 ! municipalities 7civitatibus7 ! common folk ( t[n & c\ntry put on ! same#agcc foot+1 ev]y:]e ! m>ket-place cramm$ ) ! h\seholds assembl$1 e h\sehold] ) 8 *ildr5 & slaves4 ,! s\nds ( sc\rg+ & tortur+ fill$ ! air4 ,sons 7 be+ /rung up to betray p>5ts2 all ! mo/ tru/y slaves tortur$ to give evid5ce aga9/ _! ma/]s1 & wives aga9/ husb&s4 ,if all ^! means _h fail$1 m5 7 tortur$ = evid5ce aga9/ !mselves1 & :5 !y broke d[n "u ! /ress ( pa9 !y 7 cr$it$ ) admissions#agcd nev] made by !m4 ,no plea ( age or infirmity avail$ !m3 in=mations 7 laid aga9/ ! invalids & cripples3 ! ages ( individuals 7 record$ by guess1 ye>s add$ to ^? ( ! "y & subtract$ f ^? ( ! old4 ,all ! _w 0 fill$ ) m\rn+ & grief4' ,9 %ort1 ,romans & ,roman subjects 7 dealt ) z m5 ( old dealt ) conqu]$ foes4 #8,! next /ep 0 ! pay+#agce ( moneys = heads1 a ransom = a life4 ,b ! :ole bus9ess 0 n entru/$ to ! same body ( (ficials 7c5sitoribus72 "o bat* 0 foll[$ by o!rs1 :o 7 expect$ to make fur!r discov]ies3 a cont9ual d\bl+ ( dem&s w5t on1 n t !y discov]$ m1 b t !y made additions arbitr>ily1 = fe> !y might seem to h be5 s5t to no purpose4 ,all ! :ile ! numb]s ( live /ock 7 fall+1 & mank9d dy+2 yet none ! less tribute 0 be+ paid on behalf ( ! dead1 = "o _h to pay = leave to live or ev5 to die4 ,! only survivors 7 ! begg>s f :om no?+ c\ld be wrung1 immune = ! "t f wrongs ( any sort by _! pitiful de/itution4' ,he goes on to decl>e t1 9 ord] to prev5t evasion ( ! c5sus on pret5ce ( indig5ce1 a numb] ( ^! poor wret*es 7 tak5 out to sea & dr[n$4 ,9 ?is picture#agcf we may reasonably detect high col\r+ & p]haps d[nright exagg]ation4 ,probably ! gr\p+ toge!r ( horrors report$ piecemeal f v>i\s qu>t]s has giv5 to ! description z a :ole a some:at deceptive univ]sality4 ,t ! imp]ial sy/em1 ?\gh gradually los+ gr\nd1 held its own aga9/ unorganiz$ b>b>ism = sev]al m c5turies1 seems pro( positive t no utt] de/ruction ( ! economic fabric took place 9 ! c5sus to :i* ,lactantius ref]s4 ,b t ! pressure ex]t$ by ! c5tral p[]1 & ! responsive sev]ity ( (ficials1 7 extreme1 & t ! opportunities = extortion 7 seiz$ & cruelly us$1 may fairly be tak5 = fact on 8 au?ority4 ,?is 0 n ! beg9n+ ( suff]+s to ! unhappy till]s ( ! soil1 nor 0 x ! end4 ,"o c5sus might be m ru9\s to _! wellbe+ ?an ano!r3 x 0 always exhau/+1 & kept ! f>m]s 9 t]ror4 ,b !y _h n z yet rea*$ ! /age ( ?9k+ x bett] to be> ! yoke ( b>b>ian *iefta9s ?an to rema9 "u ! corrupt & s5seless maladm9i/ration ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,,lviii4 ,,sulpicius ,,sev]us4 ,! life & do+s ( ! fam\s sa9t ( ,gaul1 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 a ,pannonian by bir?1 7 *ronicl$ by ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 writ+ soon aft] #djj1 9 an en?usia/ic biography /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ano!r "w occurs a passage#agcg n>rat+ "o ( 8 h]o's _m miracles2 & ! /ory is too artlessly illu/rative ( ! behavi\r ( ! milit>y & ! /ate ( ?+s on ! public roads1 n to be m5tion$ "h4 ,m>t9 0 travell+ on 8 ecclesia/ical duties1 rid+ on an ass ) fri5ds 9 company4 ,! re/ be+ = a mom5t deta9$1 ,m>t9 w5t on alone = a space4 ,j !n a gov]nm5t c> 7fiscalis ra$a7 occupi$ by a p>ty ( soldi]s 0 com+ along ! road4 ,! mules draw+ x %i$ at ! unfamili> figure ( ! sa9t 9 8 r\gh & d>k dress4 ,!y got entangl$ 9 _! h>ness1 & ! difficulty ( dis5tangl+ !m infuriat$ ! soldi]s1 :o 7 9 a hurry4 ,d[n !y jump$ & fell ^u ,m>t9 ) :ips & /aves4 ,he said n a ^w1 b took _! bl[s ) m>vell\s pati5ce1 & 8 app>5t indiff]5ce only enrag$ !m ! m4 ,8 companions pick$ him up all batt]$ & bloody1 & 7 ha/5+ to quit ! sc5e ( ! assault1 :5 ! soldi]s1 on try+ to make a fre% />t1 7 ! victims ( a miracle4 ,no am\nt ( beat+ w\ld induce ! mules to /ir4 ,sup]natural influ5ce 0 suspect$ & made c]ta9 by discov]y ( ! sa9t's id5tity4 ,abject rep5tance 0 foll[$ by graci\s =giv5ess1 & mules & soldi]s resum$ _! j\rney4 ,n[ ! po9t ( int]e/ to u is ! matt]-(-fact way 9 :i* ?is enc\nt] is n>rat$4 ,t a p>ty ( ! milit>y %\ld bully peaceful civilians on ! high road is too commonplace an ev5t to evoke any special comm5t or c5sure4 ,b x is cle>ly an edify+ fact t viol5ce (f]$ to a holy man did n escape div9e puni%m5t4 ,!re is no sugge/ion t simil> brutality to an ord9>y ru/ic w\ld h met ) any puni%m5t human or div9e4 ,laws fram$ = ! protection ( prov9cials#agch aga9/ illegal exactions & to prev5t encroa*m5ts ( ! milit>y#agci rema9$ on ! /atute-book1 b 9 remote c\ntry p>ts !y 7 dead lett]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ,m>t9 _h 9 8 y\? s]v$ = "s ye>s z a soldi]4 ,z ! son ( a vet]an1 8 enrolm5t#agdj came 9 ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,b1 ?\gh he is said to h be5 effici5t1 he did n l ! pr(ession & got 8 dis*>ge ) relief4 ,8 life cov]$ ab\t ! la/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,,lix4 ,,salvian4 ,! calamities t befel ! ,roman _w 9 ! f\r? c5tury l$ to mu* recrim9ation betwe5 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian1 ea* blam+ ! o!r = mis=tunes g5]ally reg>d$ z ! signal expression ( div9e wra?4 ,symma*us _h be5 answ]$ by ,ambrose1 & ,*ri/ian int]pretation ( ! c\rse ( human hi/ory produc$ its classic 9 ,augu/9e's great "w de civitate ,dei e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,orosius wrote 8 e>ne/ b grotesque hi/oriae adv]sus paganos1 an arbitr>y & sup]ficial di/ortion ( hi/ory1 int]e/+ z a specim5 ( p>tisan composition4 ,b x is n till ! middle ( ! c5tury t we come ^u a ,*ri/ian au?or :o gives u a graphic picture ( ! suff]+s ( ! p 9 a ,prov9ce ( ! empire1 & a work+ !ory ( _! causes1 /rictly f a pi\s ,*ri/ian's po9t ( view4 ,?is is ,salvian1 an eld] ( ! ,*ur* at ,massalia4 ,8 evid5ce is cit$ by all hi/orians1 & mu/ be repeat$ "h4 ,! ma9 !sis is t all ! woes & calamities ( ! age are judgm5ts ( ,god provok$ by ! gross immorality#agda ( ! ,roman _w4 ,s f> f imput+ all vices & crimes to ! ,hea!n & ! ,pagan1 he reg>ds !m z %>$ by all m53 b he draws a %>p l9e betwe5 ^? :o s9 9 ignorance1 kn[+ no bett]1 & ^? :o pr(ess ! pr9ciples ( a pure ,*ri/ianity & yet s9 aga9/ ! light t is 9 !m4 ,= ! b>b>ians are ei!r ,hea!n or ,h]etics 7he is ?9k+ ( ! ,arians71 :ile 9 ! empire ! ,or?odox *ur* prevails4 ,& yet ! b>b>ians prosp]1 :ile ! empire decays4 ,:y8 simply because ev5 9 _! religi\s d>kness ! b>b>ians are morally sup]ior to ! ,romans4 ,= our pres5t purpose x is ! economic & social ph5om5a z depict$ by ,salvian t are ( int]e/1 & ,i proce$ to give an ab/ract ( ! passage#agdb 9 :i* he exp\nds 8 indictm5t ( ,roman adm9i/ration & ! corrupt influ5ces by :i* x is p]v]t$ f ! promotion ( prosp]ity & happ9ess to a cause ( mis]y & ru94 ,! all-p]vad+ cank] is ! oppression ( ! poor by ! ri*4 ,! heavy burd5s ( taxation are ?r[n ^u ! poor4 ,:5 any relief is grant$1 x is int]cept$ by ! ri*4 ,franks ,huns ,v&als & ,go?s w h none ( ^! iniquities1 & ,romans liv+ among ^? b>b>ians also escape !m4 ,h5ce ! /ream ( migration sets f u to !m1 n f !m to u4 ,inde$ our poor folk w\ld migrate 9 a body1 b = ! difficulty ( transf]r+ _! few goods _! poor hovels & _! families4 ,?is drives !m to take ano!r c\rse4 ,!y put !mselves "u ! gu>dian%ip & protection ( m p[]ful p]sons1 surr5d]+#agdc to ! ri* l prison]s ( w>1 & s to speak pass+ "u _! full au?ority & control4 ,b ?is protection is made a pretext = spoliation4 ,= ! fir/ condition ( protection is ! assignation#agdd ( practically _! :ole sub/ance to _! protectors3 ! *ildr5's inh]itance is sacrific$ to pay = ! protection ( _! p>5ts4 ,! b>ga9 is cruel & "o-sid$1 a mon/r\s & intol]able wrong4 ,= mo/ ( ^! poor wret*es1 /ripp$ ( _! little belong+s & expell$ f _! little f>ms1 ?\gh !y h lo/ _! prop]ty1 h /ill to be> ! tribute on ! prop]ties lo/3 ! possession is )drawn1 b ! assessm5t#agde rema9s3 ! own]%ip is gone1 b ! burd5 ( taxation is cru%+ !m /ill4 ,! effects ( ?is evil are incalculable4 ,! intrud]s 7p]vasores7 are settl$ d[n 7incubant7 on _! prop]ties1 :ile !y1 poor s\ls1 are pay+ ! tributes on ! intrud]s' behalf4 ,& ?is condition passes on to _! *ildr54 ,s !y :o h be5 despoil$ by ! intrusion#agdf ( individuals are be+ done to dea? by ! pressure ( ! /ate 7publica adflictione71 & _! livelihood is tak5 f !m by squeez+ z _! prop]ty 0 by robb]y4 ,"s1 wis] or taught by necessity1 los+ _! homes & little f>ms ?r\gh intrusions or driv5 by ! tax-ga!r]s to ab&on !m ?r\gh inability to keep !m1 f9d _! way to ! e/ates ( ! p[]ful1 & become#agdg s]f-t5ants 7coloni7 ( ! ri*4 ,l fugitives f ! enemy or ! law1 n able to reta9 _! social bir?right1 !y b[ !mselves#agdh to ! mean lot ( m]e soj\rn]s3 ca/ out ( prop]ty & position1 !y h no?+ left to call _! own1 & are no long] _! own ma/]s4 ,nay1 x is ev5 worse4 ,= ?\gh !y are admitt$ 7to ! ri* m5's e/ates7 z /rang]s 7adv5ae71 resid5ce op]ates to make !m#agdi natives ( ! place4 ,!y are trans=m$ z by a ,circe's cup4 ,! "l ( ! place1 :o admitt$ !m z outside#agej ali5s1 beg9s to treat !m z 8 own 7proprios73 & s m5 ( unque/ion$ free bir? are be+ turn$ into slaves4 ,:5 we are putt+ our bre?r5 into bondage1 is x /range#agea t ! b>b>ians are mak+ bondsm5 ( u8 ,?is is some?+ beyond#ageb m]e p>tisan polemic4 ,x f9ds ! s\rce ( mis]y & weakness 9 moral decay4 ,highly col\r$1 ! picture is surely none ! less true4 ,! degradation ( ! ru/ic population pres5ts itself 9 two /ages4 ,fir/1 ! f>m]1 /ill own+ 8 little f>m 7agellus1 rescula71 f9ds t1 :at ) legal burd5s & illegal extortions1 8 position is intol]able4 ,s he seeks ! protection#agec ( a p[]ful neighb\r1 :o exploits 8 necessities4 ,app>5tly he acquires control ( ! poor man's l&1 b contrives to d x 9 su* a =m z to leave him /ill liable to paym5t ( ! imp]ial dues4 ,t ?is iniquity 0 =bidd5#aged by law matt]$ n3 corrupt (ficials %ut _! eyes to ! do+s ( ! ri*4 ,f ! curiales ( ! sev]al communities no help 0 to be look$ =4 ,salvian decl>es#agee t !y 7 tyrants to a man4 ,& we mu/ n =get t !y !mselves 7 =c$ into (fice & held responsible = pay+ 9 full ! dues !y 7 requir$ to collect4 ,! great ma*9e gr\nd all1 & its cruel effects 7 pass$ on f /rong] to weak]1 till ! peasant 0 rea*$ & cru%$ by burd5s t he c\ld n transmit to o!rs4 ,! second /age is ! inevitable sequel4 ,! poor man's lot is m intol]able ?an be=e4 ,8 lesson is le>nt1 & he takes ! f9al /ep into ! /atus ( a ri* man's colonus4 ,h5ce=? 8 "l is liable#agef = 8 dues1 b he is himself ! "l's s]f1 b\nd to ! soil on :i* 8 "l places him1 nom9ally free1 b unable to /ir f ! spot#ageg to :i* 8 lab\r gives a value4 ,if he runs away1 ! hue & cry foll[s him1 & he is br\ght ignom9i\sly back to ! s]vile puni%m5t t awaits him--unless he c make 8 way to "s b>b>ian tribe4 ,:e!r he w\ld f9d himself s mu* bett] (f 9 ^? surr\nd+s z ,salvian seems to imply1 mu/ be left d\btful4 ,any family t he might leave beh9d w\ld rema9 9 s]fage "u conditions h>dly improv$ by 8 des]tion4 ,,lx4 ,,apoll9>is ,,sidonius4 ,! la/ ( our array ( witnesses is ,apoll9>is ,sidonius#ageh 7ab\t #dcj-dhj71 a writ] ^: life is s+ul>ly illu/rative ( ! confus$ p]iod 9 :i* ! ,roman empire 0 tott]+ & ! s]ies ( luckless emp]ors 0 end$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,brita9 _h be5 f9ally lo/ 9 ! "t ( ,honorius4 ,! ,armorican prov9ces _h rebell$1 & ev5 n[ ! hold ( ,rome on !m 0 slight & prec>i\s4 ,! re/ ( ,gaul & mu* ( ,spa9 & ,africa _h be5 subject to b>b>ian inroads1 & numb]s ( ! invad]s 7 settl$ 9 ! c\ntry3 = in/ance1 ! ,we/]n ,go?s 7 fully e/abli%$ 9 ,aquitania4 ,b ! ,roman civilization 0 by no means wip$ out4 ,roman l&lords /ill own$ l>ge e/ates3 ,romans ( culture /ill p$dl$ ) a deg5]ate rhetoric & ex*ang$ _! compositions = mutual admiration4 ,panegyrics on %ad[y emp]ors 7 /ill produc$ 9 v]se & prose1 & ! mod]n read] may (t5 be amaz$ to note ! way 9 :i* ! tr\bles ( ! "t c\ld be complac5tly ignor$4 ,above all1 !re 0 ! ,*ur*1 closely connect$ ) ,rome1 claim+ to be ,ca?olic & ,or?odox1 a /able organization1 able to make itself respect$ by ! b>b>ians4 ,t ! latt] 7 ,arian h]etics 0 inde$ a cause ( friction1 ?\gh ! ,arians 7 de/9$ to g "u4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,franks "u ! ,ca?olic =m did n give ,roman ,*ri/ianity ! upp] h& till #dif4 ,b ! p[] ( bi%ops1 ev] gr[+#agei s9ce ! days ( ,con/ant9e1 0 ?r\gh\t a p[]ful influ5ce hold+ ! v>i\s communities toge!r1 ma9ta9+ law & ord]1 & do+ mu* = ! protection ( _! own p4 ,a native ( ,lugudunum1 ! *ief city ( ,gaul1 ,sidonius came ( a noble & weal?y family1 & 8 social position evid5tly help$ him 9 8 rem>kable c>e]4 ,9 #dfh he 0 city prefect at ,rome1 b>ely eight ye>s be=e ,odovac> remov$ ! la/ ( ! titul> ,we/]n emp]ors4 ,we f9d him anxi\sly conc]n$#agfj ) ! old food-"q1 l 8 pr$ecessor ,symma*us1 & n less endeav\r+ to coop]ate h>moni\sly ) ! praefectus annonae4 ,= a hungry rabble1 no d\bt few] 9 numb]1 /ill hung ab\t ! ,et]nal city1 ?\gh its s]vices 9 ! way ( applause 7 no long] 9 appreciable dem&4 ,f ab\t #dga ,sidonius 0 bi%op#agfa ( ,arv]ni 7,cl]mont 9 ,auv]gne71 & p]=m$ 8 difficult duties ) effici5cy & dignity1 a s9c]ely pi\s man ) a good deal ( ! gr& seigneur ab\t him4 ,mov+ ab\t on duty or seek+ re/ful *ange1 he 0 (t5 visit+ c\ntry h\ses1 8 own or ^? ( fri5ds1 receiv+ or return+ hospitality4 ,8 ref]5ces to ^! visits lead to descriptions#agfb ( _m pleasant places1 & pictures ( life 9 ! society ( cultivat$ g5tlem5 to :i* he belong$4 ,!re is h>dly any m5tion ( ! suff]+ f>m]s ( :om ,salvian speaks s eloqu5tly4 ,yet ,i hesitate to *>ge ,salvian ) gross exagg]ation & imag9ative untru?4 ,n only d ! two m5 look f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,sidonius is writ+ "s tw5ty ye>s lat] ?an ,salvian1 & mu* _h happ5$ 9 ! meantime4 ,! defeat ( ,attila 9 #dea by ! armies ( ! ,romans & ,we/]n ,go?s _h n only sav$ ,gaul f ! ,huns1 b _h greatly improv$ ! relations betwe5 ,go? & ,roman4 ,& x is to be not$ t1 9 a passage#agfc m5tion+ ! victory ( ! allies & ! reception ( ,?orismund ! ,go?ic k+ z a gue/ at ,lugudunum1 ,sidonius praises 8 correspond5t#agfd = 8 %>e 9 light5+ ! burd5s ( ! l&[n]s4 ,n[ ,salvian kn[s no?+ ( ! battle ( #dea1 & inde$ does n reg>d ! ,huns z be+ necess>ily enemies ( ,rome4 ,x seems c]ta9 t = ! ru/ics ?+s 7 *ang$ = ! bett]4 ,n t ! f>m] 0 8 own ma/]1 b t ! great ,roman tax+-ma*9e 0 no long] 9 effective action4 ,a great "p ( ,gaul _h pass$ "u ,teutonic lords4 ,if ! subjects 7 expos$ to _! caprice1 x 0 ( a m p]sonal "*1 v>y+ ) individuals & likely to be modifi$ by _! p]sonal qualities4 ,?is 0 a v diff]5t ?+ f ! pressure ( ! ,roman (ficial hi]>*y1 ! l[] grades ( :i* 7 !mselves squeez$ to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! high]1 & n 9 a position to sp>e _! victims1 h[ev] m]ciful _! own incl9ations might be4 ,b ?\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( b>b>ian k+doms1 once ! raid+ invasions 7 ov]1 _h its good side f ! work+ f>m]'s po9t ( view1 mu* ( ! old imp]ial sy/em /ill l+]$ on4 ,! p[] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* /ood 9 ! way ( complete revolution1 & ! ,*ur* 0 already#agfe a l&[n]4 ,roman traditions di$ h>d1 & among !m x is int]e/+ to note ! ex]tion ( private int]e/ on behalf ( individuals & causes 9 :i* an hon\rable patron felt "s conc]n4 ,?us we f9d ,sidonius writ+#agff on behalf ( a fri5d :o wants to buy back an ance/ral e/ate ) :i* rec5t tr\bles h compell$ him to "p4 ,great /ress is laid on ! po9t t ! man is n grasp+ at pecuni>y pr(it b actuat$ by s5tim5tal consid]ations3 9 %ort1 ! transaction propos$ is n a comm]cial "o4 ,! p]son address$ is entreat$ to use 8 influ5ce#agfg 9 ! applicant's fav\r2 & we c only inf] t he is ask$ to put pressure on ! pres5t own] to "p ) ! prop]ty1 probably to take = x less ?an ! m>ket price4 ,ano!r lett]#agfh is to a bi%op1 into ^: di/rict 7t]ritorium7 ! be>]1 a deacon1 fl$ = refuge to escape a ,go?ic raid4 ,!re he scrat*$ a bit ( *ur*-l& & s[$ a little corn4 ,he wants to get 9 8 crop )\t d$uctions4 ,! bi%op is ask$ to treat him ) ! consid]ation usually %ewn to ! fai?ful#agfi2 t is1 n to require ( him ! season's r5t#aggj4 ,if ?is fav\r is grant$ him1 ! squatt] reckons t he w d z well z if he 7 f>m+ 9 8 own di/rict1 & w be duly grateful4 ,v likely a fair reque/1 b ,sidonius does n leave x to ! m]e s5se ( fairness 9 a bro!r bi%op4 ,to ano!r bi%op he writes a long lett]#agga ( ?anks = 8 ?\ghtful munific5ce4 ,aft] ! deva/ation ( a ,go?ic raid1 fur!r damage _h be5 suff]$ by fires among ! crops4 ,! ensu+ di/ress affect$ _m p>ts ( ,gaul1 & to relieve x ?is wor?y s5t f> & wide b\ntiful gifts ( corn4 ,! happy results ( 8 action h e>n$ ! gratitude ( num]\s cities1 & ,sidonius is ! m\?piece ( 8 own ,arv]ni4 ,! affair illu/rates ! b5efic5ce ( good ecclesia/ics 9 tr\bl$ times4 ,= ,gaul 0 n enjoy+ tranquil repose4 ,! b>b>ians 7 re/less1 & ! relations#aggb betwe5 _! k+s & ! fail+ empire 7 n always fri5dly4 ,religi\s diff]5ces too play$ a "p 9 prev5t+ ! coalesc5ce ( ,gallo-,roman & ,teuton4 ,! good bi%op j ref]r$ to is prais$ by ,sidonius z a successful conv]t] ( h]etics4 ,! f9e c\ntry h\ses ) _! v9ey>ds & olivey>ds & g5]al atmosph]e ( com=t & pl5ty %ew pla9ly t ! invasions & raids _h n desolat$ all ! c\ntryside4 ,! fir/ ne$ ( ! invad]s 0 food4 ,wanton de/ruction 0 n 9 _! own int]e/1 & ! requisition+ ( food-/uffs 0 probably _! *ief (f5ce1 naturally res5t$ by ^? :o _h s[n & reap$ = _! own consumption4 ,if we admit ?is supposition1 x foll[s t _! op]ations1 l ^? ( o!r successful invad]s1 w\ld be direct$ ma9ly to ! l[l& di/ricts1 :]e mo/ ( ! food-/uffs 7 produc$4 ,n[ ! c\ntry h\ses ( ,sidonius & 8 fri5ds 71 at lea/ mo/ ( !m1 situat$ 9 hilly c\ntry1 (t5 at a consid]able di/ance f ! ma9#aggc roads1 among pleasant surr\nd+s :i* ^! k9dly & cultivat$ g5tlem5 7 well qualifi$ to enjoy4 ,x is evid5t t "s1 p]haps _m1 ( ^! snug retreats 7 n s]i\sly#aggd mole/$1 at all ev5ts 9 s\!rn & s\?-ea/]n ,gaul4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! old & mo/ ?or\ghly ,romaniz$ prov9ces1 ! *ief cities ( :i* 7 ,lugudunum & ,n>bo1 7 /ill seats 7inde$ ! *ief seats7 ( ,roman civilization4 ,x 0 !re t ! culture ( ! age surviv$ 9 lit]>y ef=t s$ul\sly fe$+ on ! products & traditions ( ! pa/4 ,sidonius ?9ks x a pity#agge t m5 ( education & ref9em5t %\ld be dispos$ to bury _! tal5ts & capacity = public s]vice 9 rural retreats1 :e!r suburban or remote4 ,! tru? probably 0 t t[n life _h ceas$ to be attractive to m5 unconc]n$ 9 trade & n w>mly int]e/$ 9 religi\s p>tisan%ip4 ,! "l ( a c\ntry manor1 surr\nd$ by 8 dep5dants1 c\ld fill 8 /ore-rooms & gran>ies#aggf ) ! produce ( _! lab\r4 ,he /ill _h slaves#aggg to wait on him1 sometimes ev5 to "w on ! l&4 ,) reasonable k9dl9ess & c>e on 8 "p1 he c\ld be assur$ ( com=t & respect1 ! head ( a happy ru/ic community4 ,! mansions ( ^! g5try1 sometimes ar*itecturally#aggh f9e build+s1 7 plant$ 9 spots *os5 = local advantages1 & ! libr>y 0 almo/ z normal a "p ( ! e/abli%m5t z ! l>d]4 ,"s ( ! own]s ( ^! places gave q z mu* ( _! "t & att5tion to lit]>y trifl+ z to ! managem5t ( _! e/ates4 ,! writ+ ( lett]s1 self-consci\s & meant = publication1 aft] ! example ( ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 0 a practice ( ,sidonius4 ,! be/ specim5 ( ?is k9d is p]haps ! long epi/le#aggi 9 :i* he describes m9utely a place among ! foot-hills ( ! ,alps4 ,e attraction ( nature second$ by art is p>ticul>iz$1 d[n to ! dr[sy t9kl+ ( ! bells on ! m\nta9 flocks accompani$ by ! %eph]d's pipe4 ,no d\bt ! effective agriculture#aghj ( ,gaul _h little 9 common ) ^! ,arcadian sc5es4 ,! toil+ coloni1 s]fs ( a b>b>ian *ief or a ,roman noble1 7 all ! :ile produc+ ! food ne$$ to support ! population2 & x is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! sup]ficiality ( ,sidonius z an obs]v] ( 8 age t he practically ignores !m4 ,to attempt a full description ( society 9 ,roman ,gaul ( ! fif? c5tury is q beyond my scope4 ,x has already be5 admirably done by ,sir ,samuel ,dill4 ,b !re are a few po9ts rema9+ to be discuss$ z relevant to my subject4 ,t ! decl9e ( ! middle class1 & ! pass+ ( l>ge areas ( l& into few h&s1 0 a process =w>d$ by inability to pay debts incurr$1 is extremely probable4 ,x _h be5 go+ on = _m c5turies4 ,b ,i d n see t ! evid5ce ( ,sidonius sugge/s t ?is evil 0 9 8 "t especially preval5t4 ,! case cit$#agha is peculi>4 ,! borr[] is expressly /at$ n to h mortgag$ any ( 8 l&4 ,! loan 0 only secur$ by a writt5 bond :i* fix$ ! int]e/#aghb at #ab p] annum4 ,?is _h be5 t5 ye>s 9 arre>1 & ! total debt 0 n[ d\bl$4 ,! debtor fell ill1 & pressure 0 put on him by (ficials employ$ to collect debts4 ,i inf] t ! lack ( real security prompt$ ?is dunn+ ( a sick man1 = fe> ! p]sonal security might lapse by 8 dea?4 ,sidonius1 a fri5d ( ! cr$itor1 und]took to plead ) him = at lea/ "s /ay ( action4 ,?is man _h lately be5 orda9$1 & ,sidonius 7n yet himself 9 ord]s1 ,i ?9k17 0 evid5tly surpris$ to note ! simple religi\s life l$ by him 9 8 c\ntry villa4 ,& he ne$$ little entreaty1 b act$ up to :at he consid]$ 8 duty to a bro!r ,*ri/ian4 ,he n only grant$ fur!r "t = paym5t1 b remitt$ ! :ole ( ! accru$ int]e/1 claim+ only ! pr9cipal sum l5t4 ,su* conduct may h be51 & probably 01 exceptional2 b ,i _c argue f x t he>tless usur]s 7 eat+ up ! small l&[n]s ( ,gaul4 ,s too ! case ( ! "y man#aghc ( good position :o ca/ (f a slave mi/ress & w$d$ a "y lady ( good family1 reputation1 & prop]ty1 may h be5 exceptional4 ,sidonius takes x all v coolly1 & mildly improves ! occasion4 ,a f> m int]e/+ affair is "o 9 a l[] /ation ( life1 ( :i* ,i mu/ say a few words4 ,9 a brief lett]#aghd to 8 fri5d ,pud5s he says #8,! son ( y\r nurse has rap$ my nurse's daught]3 x is a %ock+ bus9ess1 & w\ld h made bad blood betwe5 y & me1 only t ,i saw at once y did n "k :at to d 9 ! matt]4 ,y beg9 by cle>+ y\rself ( connivance1 & !n condesc5d to ask me to condone a fault committ$ 9 hot passion4 ,?is ,i grant1 b only on ^! t]ms1 t y release#aghe ! ravi%] f ! /atus ( a ,soj\rn]1 to :i* he belongs by bir?2 ?us becom+ 8 patron in/ead ( 8 "l4 ,! woman is free already4 ,& to give h] ! position ( a w$d$ wife1 & n ! play?+ ( caprice1 !re is b "o way4 ,our scamp = :om y int]c$e mu/ become y\r ,cli5t#aghf & cease to be a ,tribut>y1 ?us acquir+ ! quality ( an ord9>y ,common] r ?an t ( a ,s]f4' ,sidonius is z usual ready to make ! be/#aghg ( a bad job4 ,f 8 proposal ,i draw ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,fir/1 z to ! nurses4 ,! nutrix1 l ! ,greek 1 held a position ( tru/ & respect 9 ! h\sehold1 consecrat$ by immemorial tradition4 ,no slave _h a high] claim to manumission1 if %e desir$ x4 ,x w\ld seem t ,sidonius' #8mammy' 0 end+ h] days z a fre$woman1 & h5ce h] daught] 0 free4 ,x looks z if ! nurse ( ,pud5s 7 /ill a slave1 & h] son an inquil9us on ! e/ate ( ,pud5s4 ,he may v well h be5 t5ant ( a small hold+1 practically a s]f-t5ant4 ,pud5s is /ill 8 dom9us4 ,8 quality ( inquil9us atta*es to him 9 virtue ( 8 origo2 t is1 he is regi/]$ 9 ! c5sus-books#aghh z a human unit belong+ to a p>ticul> e/ate & tak5 into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ taxation-units4 ,!re=e he is tribut>ius#aghi4 ,sidonius proposes to dive/ him ( ! "* ( s]f & make him an ord9>y ,roman citiz54 ,! diff]5ce ?is w\ld make is probably a purely legal "o4 ,be+ at pres5t a ,s]f1 probably 9 /rict law a slave also1 8 connexion ) ! girl is a contub]nium4 ,8 manumission#agij 7= su* x really is7 w enable him to conv]t x into a matrimonium1 c>ry+ ! usual legal responsibilities4 ,! practical *ange 9 8 economic position w probably be nil4 ,he w /ill rema9 a dep5d5t colonus1 b he may p]haps enjoy ! privilege ( pay+ 8 own %>e#agia ( taxes4 ,t ,sidonius speaks ( 8 pres5t condition fir/ z ,inquil9ate & !n z ,colonate1 is "o ( _m pro(s t ! two t]ms n[ connot$ virtually#agib ! same ?+4 ,su* _h already be5 /at$ z a fact 9 a law ( ,honorius1 :i* 0 reta9$ by ,tribonian 9 ! code ( ,ju/9ian4 ,:e!r ! inquil9i 7 b>b>ian bondsm5 7hrige71 t5ants b\nd to ! soil l coloni b ! p]sonal prop]ty ( _! l&lords1 z ,seeck holds2 or usually desc5dants ( coloni1 z ,web] ?\ght2 is m ?an ,i c v5ture to decide4 ,i d n ?9k t ei!r hypo!sis#agic exhau/s all ! possibilities1 & ! po9t is n mat]ial to ! pres5t inquiry4 ,9 any case x c h>dly be d\bt$ t bo? classes consi/$ ( m5 :o work$ ) _! own h&s1 only aid$ 9 "s cases by slave lab\r :i* 0 f> f easy to procure4 ,,lxi4 ,,conclud+ ,,*apt]4 ,aft] s long a discussion ( ! surviv+ evid5ce1 x is "t to sum up ! results & see to :at conclusions ! inquiry leads u 9 respect ( ! f>m life & lab\r ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,& fir/ z to ! figures ( ! picture1 ! *>act]s ) ^: position & =tunes we are conc]n$4 ,we f9d ?ree classes1 own] f>m] lab\r]1 cle>ly m>k$ ?\gh n s z to be mutually exclusive4 ,we c only beg9 ) own]%ip 9 "s =m1 h[ev] rudim5t>y2 = ! claim to resi/ encroa*m5t on a m or less ill-def9$ area is a ph5om5on ( ev5 ! rude life ( hunt]-tribes4 ,h[ private prop]ty grew out ( common own]%ip is a "q beyond ! range ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,x is en\gh t ! own]1 :e!r a clan or a family or an individual1 has a recogniz$ "r to use ! ?+ own$ 7"h l&7 & to deb> o!rs f do+ s4 ,b x is cle> t he may also be ! actual manag] ( its use3 he may ev5 supply 9 p]son all ! lab\r ne$$ = turn+ x to acc\nt3 9 %ort1 he may be 8 own f>m] & 8 own lab\r]4 ,& leg5d ass]ts or implies t su* 0 ! primitive condition ( man :5 he pass$ f nomadic to settl$ exi/5ce4 ,diff]5tiation ( function is !re=e a product ( "t & circum/ance1 a developm5t v>y+ 9 date & degree among v>i\s races & 9 v>i\s portions ( ! _w4 ,once ! /age ( civilization is rea*$ at :i* ! regul> cultivation ( ! same piece ( l& ye> by ye> is ! normal means ( su/a9+ human life1 we meet ! simple/ economic figure1 ! peasant :o supplies 8 own ne$s by 8 own me?ods1 till+ ! soil :i* 9 "s s5se he claims z 8 own4 ,:e!r x is 8 own p]man5tly z an individual1 or tempor>ily z a memb] ( a village community1 is a diff]5ce immat]ial f ! pres5t po9t ( view4 ,nor does x matt] t 8 me?od ( deal+ ) ! l& may be regulat$ by pr9ciples conv5tional 9 ! society to :i* he belongs4 ,delegation ( managem5t is a mom5t\s /ep1 de/9$ to br+ important un=ese5 consequ5ces4 ,_m reasons may h r5d]$ x necess>y or at lea/ conv5i5t4 ,x appe>s 9 two =ms1 ! actual & relative dates ( :i* are h>dly to be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,ei!r ! own] keeps ! pr(it ( ! und]tak+ & be>s ! loss1 or "s division ( pr(it & loss betwe5 ! own] & ! manag] is ! condition ( ! arrangem5t betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,own]%ip is n abdicat$3 nor is x easy to see h[1 )\t a cle> recognition ( own]%ip1 any sy/em ( delegation c\ld arise4 ,b on ! fir/ plan ! own] owns n only ! l& b ! s]vice ( 8 delegate4 ,:e!r ! man be a cli5t b\nd to 8 patron by social cu/om1 or an ag5t e>n+ a wage1 or a slave ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/]1 he is m]ely a s]vant 9 *>ge4 ,he c be sup]s$$ at any mom5t at ! l&[n]'s w4 ,! free t5ant on ! o!r h& is a creature ( contract1 & 8 exi/5ce presupposes a community 9 :i* ! sanctity ( delib]ate b>ga9s is consid]ably develop$4 ,:e!r ! t5ant's obligation consi/s 9 ! paym5t ( a fix$ r5t 9 money or k9d1 or 9 a %>e ( produce v>y+ ) ! season's crop1 does n matt]4 ,he is b\nd by special law1 h[ev] rudim5t>y2 & x is ! int]e/ ( ! community to see t su* law is kept 9 =ce3 = no "o w\ld ent] into su* b>ga9s if _! fulfilm5t 7 n reasonably assur$4 ,:e!r a c]ta9 reluctance to ent] into su* a relation may p]haps acc\nt = ! r>e & d\btful appe>ance ( t5ancy 9 e>ly ,roman tradition1 or :e!r x is to be set d[n simply to defects ( record1 ,i d n v5ture to decide4 ,! l&lord's obligation is to all[ 8 t5ant ! enjoym5t & free use ( a def9ite piece ( l& on c]ta9 t]ms = a /ipulat$ p]iod4 ,fur!r /ipulations1 giv+ him ! "r to insi/ on prop] cultivation & ! return ( ! l& 9 good condition at ! end ( ! t5ancy1 7 d\btless soon add$ at ! dictation ( exp]i5ce4 ,t t5ant f>m]s ) _! families usually suppli$ lab\r z well z managem5t1 is surely n to be d\bt$4 ,t1 9 ! times :5 we beg9 to he> ( ?is class z non-exceptional1 !y also employ$ slave lab\r1 is atte/$3 t we d n he> ( !m z engag+ free wage-e>n]s1 may or may n be an accid5tal omission4 ,lab\r1 simply z lab\r1 )\t reg>d to ! possible pr(it or loss att5d+ its results1 0 no m an object ( desire1 engag$ 9 = its own sake1 9 anci5t times ?an x is n[4 ,dome/ication ( animals1 a /ep imply+ mu* att5tive c>e & tr\ble1 0 a great advance 9 ! direction ( secur+ a m>g9 ( pr(it on :i* mank9d c\ld rely = su/5ance & com=t4 ,! be/ in/ance is p]haps t ( ! ox1 ^: s]vices1 e>ly exploit$ to ! full1 7 *eaply obta9$ at ! co/ ( 8 re>+ & keep4 ,h5ce he 0 kept4 ,b 9 ages ( conflict1 :5 might 0 "r1 ! diff]5ce#agid betwe5 an ox-s]vant & a man-s]vant _h 9 practice no exi/5ce1 & ! days ( !ory 7 z yet 9 ! f> future4 ,a human enemy1 captur$ & sp>$1 c\ld be put to use 9 ! same way z a dome/icat$ ox4 ,8 lab\r1 m9us ! co/ ( 8 keep1 left a m>g9 ( pr(it to 8 own]4 ,at ! mom5t ( capture1 8 life 0 all he _h3 !re=e 8 conqu]or _h depriv$ him ( no?+1 & ! b>ga9 0 9 8 fav\r1 ?\gh economically 9 8 own]'s int]e/4 ,no wond] !n t our e>lie/ records atte/ ! pres5ce ( ! slave4 ,ev5 nomad tribes 7 att5d$ by slaves#agie 9 _! migrations1 nor inde$ has ?is cu/om be5 :olly unkn[n 9 mod]n times4 ,on ! o!r h& x is rem>kable h[ v little we he> ( wage-e>n+ lab\r 9 anci5t agriculture4 ,no?+ seems to imply t x 0 ev] a normal res\rce ( cultivation4 ,:5 employ$1 x is almo/ always = special "w at seasons ( pressure1 & x seems to h rema9$ on ?is foot+1 ) a g5]al t5d5cy to decl9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m>g9 ( pr(it on ! results ( wage-e>n+ lab\r seem$ to employ]s less ?an t on ! results ( slave lab\r1 s f> z ord9>y r\t9e 0 conc]n$4 ,& we are n 9 a position to %ew t 9 _! giv5 circum/ances _! judgm5t 0 wrong4 ,b we ne$ to =m "s notion ( ! position ( ! wage-e>n+ lab\r] 9 a civilization /ill primitive4 ,! ma9 po9t ev] to be borne 9 m9d is t ! family h\sehold 0 a close union ( p]sons b\nd toge!r by ties ( blood & religion "u a recogniz$ ,head4 ,a common int]e/ 9 ! family prop]ty c>ri$ ) x ! duty ( common lab\r4 ,! dome/ic /amp 0 on ev]y?+ done & design$4 ,ev5 ! slave _h a humble place 9 ! family life1 & family religion did n :olly ignore him4 ,he 0 !re1 & 0 meant to /ay !re4 ,f>m-"w 0 ! *ief item 9 ! duties ( ! h\sehold1 & he bore1 & 0 meant to be>1 8 full %>e ( x4 ,b ! hir$ lab\r] /ood 9 no su* relation to ! h\sehold union1 h[ev] fri5dly 8 connexion ) 8 employ] might be4 ,he did 8 "w1 took 8 wage1 & w5t3 no tie 0 sev]$ by 8 go+1 & any o!r p]son ( l capacity c\ld fill 8 place if & :5 ! ne$ = help-s]vice arose4 ,9 %ort1 8 lab\r 0 non-dome/ic1 irregul>1 occasional3 & !re=e less likely to receive notice 9 su* records z h come d[n to u4 ,b if we conclude 7z ,i am incl9$ to d7 t wage-lab\r 0 n mu* employ$ on ! l& 9 e>ly times1 we mu/ admit t ?is is r an inf]5ce ?an an atte/$ tradition4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 dome/ic regul> s]vice & non-dome/ic help-s]vice is ess5tial1 & on a small hold+ f :i* a family rais$ its own su/5ance ! l9e ( division 0 easy to draw4 ,lat] economic *anges t5d$ to obscure x1 & we f9d ,roman juri/s#agif ( ! ,empire /riv+ to discov] a full & satisfactory answ] to a mu* lat] "q1 namely ! di/9ction betwe5 a dome/ic & a ru/ic slave4 ,b by t "t #8dome/ic' appe>s z #8urban1' = ! effect ( c5turies has be5 to draw a really important l9e ( division1 n betwe5 slave & free b betwe5 two classes ( slaves4 ,!re is h[ev] 9 ! conditions ( e>ly slav]y1 :5 #8dome/ic' & #8ru/ic' 7 m]ely two aspects ( ! same ?+1 ano!r po9t n to be ov]look$1 s9ce x probably _h no little influ5ce on ! developm5t ( human bondage4 ,x is ?is4 ,! human slave diff]s f ! dome/icat$ ox ?r\gh possession ( :at we call reason4 ,if he wi%$ to escape1 he 0 capable ( =m+ deep-laid plans = t purpose4 ,n[ ! captives 9 bord] w>s w\ld be memb]s ( neighb\r+ tribes4 ,if enslav$1 ! fact ( be+ /ill )9 easy rea* ( _! k9dr$ 0 a /&+ temptation to run away1 sure z !y w\ld be ( a welcome 9 _! =m] homes4 ,no k9dness1 no wat*fulness1 on ! ma/]'s "p w\ld suffice to dead5 or defeat su* an influ5ce4 ,to solve ! problem ?us creat$1 a way 0 f\nd by dispos+ ( captives to ali5s m remote & gett+ slaves br\ght f places /ill fur!r away4 ,?is presupposes "s comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,9 ! e>ly ,greek tradition we meet ) ?is slave-trade at "w z a bran* ( m>itime traffic *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,pho5ician seam54 ,9 ,italy we f9d a trace ( x 9 ! cu/om#agig ( sell+ #8beyond ,tib]1' t is into ali5 ,etruria4 ,at :at /age ( civilization exactly ?is practice became e/abli%$ x is ra% to guess3 we _c get beh9d x4 ,! mon/r\s slave-m>kets ( ! hi/orical p]iods %ew t x develop$ into a normal in/itution ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b x is n unreasonable to suppose t an ali5 f af> 0 less easily absorb$ into 8 ma/]'s family circle ?an a man ( a neighb\r+ community ?\gh ( ano!r tribe4 ,are we to see 9 ?is ! g]m ( a *ange by :i* ! h\se-slave became less #8dome/ic' & t5d$ to become a human *attel8 ,! exploitation ( "s m5's lab\r = ! ma9t5ance ( o!rs c\ld & did take ano!r =m 9 ages ( cont9ual conflict4 ,successful invad]s did n always drive out or de/roy ! e>li] inhabitants ( a conqu]$ l&4 ,by reta9+ !m z subjects to till ! soil1 & mak+ ! support ( _! rul]s ! fir/ *>ge ^u _! produce1 ! conqu]ors provid$ = _! own com=t & became a leisur$ noble class4 ,9 ! ,greek _w we f9d su* ari/ocracies ( a p]man5tly milit>y "*1 z 9 ,laconia & ,!ssaly4 ,colonial expansion reproduc$ ! same or v simil> ph5om5a abroad1 z 9 ! cases ( ,h]aclea ,pontica & ,syracuse4 ,! s]fdom ( su* subject populations 0 a v diff]5t ?+#agih f slav]y4 ,x _h no?+ dome/ic ab\t x4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! s]f 0 "u any con/ra9t beyond ! regul> p]=mance ( c]ta9 fix$ duties1 conditions impos$ by ! /ate on its subjects1 n ! p]sonal ord]s ( an individual own]4 ,9 "s cases at lea/ ! s]f seems to h enjoy$ a measure ( protection#agii "u public law4 ,:e!r ! orig9al ,roman plebs /ood on mu* ! same foot+ z ! ,greek s]fs is p]haps d\btful1 b _! condition pres5ts c]ta9 analogies4 ,! ma9 tru? is t ! desire ( conqu]ors to pr(it by ! lab\r ( ! conqu]$ 0 & is an appetite almo/ univ]sal3 moral revulsion aga9/ crude =ms ( ?is exploitation is ( mod]n1 *iefly ,engli%1 orig92 ev5 n[ x is 9 no small degree a lesson f ! economic exp]i5ce ( ages4 ,b x is well to rememb] t we use #8s]fdom' also z ! "n = ! condition ( rural peasantry 9 ! lat] ,roman ,empire1 & t ?is aga9 is a diff]5t relation4 ,= x is n a case ( conqu]$ p s]v+ _! conqu]ors4 ,r is x an affliction ( ^? :o by blood or fran*ise repres5t ! conqu]+ p4 ,/ep by /ep !y s9k "u ! loss ( effective fre$om1 ?\gh nom9ally free1 b\nd d[n by economic & social =ces2 influ5ces t op]ate ) ! sl[ c]ta9ty ( fate until _! triumph is f9ally regi/]$ by imp]ial law4 ,t ! in/itution ( ,prop]ty is a matt] ( sl[ gr[?1 is n[ g5]ally admitt$ by s9c]e inquir]s4 ,x _h rea*$ a consid]able /age ( developm5t :5 a clan or h\sehold 7/ill m :5 an individual7 0 recogniz$ z hav+ an exclusive "r to dispose ( ?is or t mat]ial object presumably useful to o!rs also4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! "r ( an own] to d z he w\ld ) an ox or a slave4 ,individual prop]ty 9 l& 0 c]ta9ly a lat] developm5t1 ! appropriation be+ effect$ by a comb9ation ( p]sonal acquisitiv5ess ) economic conv5i5ce4 ,f my pres5t po9t ( view ! *ief int]e/ ( ! prop]ty-"q is 9 its connexion ) debt-slav]y4 ,t f>m]s1 expos$ to ! vicissitudes ( seasons1 are peculi>ly liable to incur debts1 is well kn[n f exp]i5ce anci5t & mod]n4 ,b anci5t ,law1 if rudim5t>y1 0 also rigid2 & tradition depicts = u ! small peasant z a victim ( ! weal?y ^: l>g] capital enabl$ !m to outla/ ! pressure ( bad times4 ,h[ f> ! details ( ?is picture are to be tak5 lit]ally z evid5ce ( solid fact has n unreasonably be5 d\bt$4 ,b t a f>m] 9 /raits c\ld pl$ge n only 8 l& b 8 p]son z security = a debt seems h>dly op5 to "q4 ,= we f9d ! practice /ill exi/+ 9 hi/orical p]iods1 & political pressure ex]t$ to procure mitigation ( ! anci5t sev]ity4 ,n[1 if a man gave himself 9 bondage to a cr$itor until su* "t z 8 debt %\ld be dis*>g$1 he became t cr$itor's slave = a p]iod t might only end ) 8 own life4 ,"h we h ano!r way 9 :i* ! man ( prop]ty c\ld get ! disposal ( regul> lab\r )\t buy+ a slave 9 ! m>ket or turn+ to "w himself4 ,a lat] =m ( ! practice1 9 :i* a debtor work$ (f 8 liability#ahjj by s]vice at an e/imat$ rate1 a me?od ( liquidation by ! accumulation ( unpaid wages1 seems to h be5 a compromise avoid+ actual slav]y4 ,evid5tly subsequ5t to ! abolition ( debt-slav]y1 x di$ out 9 ,italy1 p]haps p>tly ow+ to ! tr\blesome friction t w\ld surely arise 9 en=c+ ! obligation4 ,x is natural to ask1 if we f9d small trace ( eag]ness to lab\r 9 p]son on ! l&1 & ample tradition ( read9ess to devolve t lab\r on slaves & subjects1 h[ comes x t we f9d agriculture 9 hon\r1 traditionally reg>d$ z ! manual lab\r beyond all o!rs n unwor?y ( a freeman8 ,to reply t human life is support$ by ! produce ( ! l& is no suffici5t answ]4 ,to recognize ! fact ( necessity does n acc\nt = ! s5tim5t ( dignity4 ,n[1 9 ! =mation ( su* unions z may fairly be call$ ,/ates1 ! commone/ if n univ]sal ph5om5on is ! connexion ( full citiz5%ip ) own]%ip ( l&4 ,political movem5t t[>ds democracy is mo/ significantly express$ 9 ! /ruggles ( l&less memb]s ( inf]ior "r to ga9 political equality4 ,:e!r ! claim is = allotm5ts ( l&1 c>ry+ a %>e ( vot+-p[]1 or = divorc+ ! vot+-p[] f l&hold+1 does n matt] mu* "h4 ,at any rate x 0 ! rule t no ali5 c\ld own l& )9 ! t]ritory ( ! /ate1 & /ate & t]ritory 7 coext5sive4 ,only special treaties betwe5 /ates1 or a solemn act ( ! sovran p[] 9 a /ate1 c\ld create exceptions to ! rule4 ,f ?is situation ,i w\ld />t 9 attempt+ to f9d "s answ] to ! above "q4 ,9 a village community ,i ?9k x is g5]ally agre$ t all true memb]s _h a %>e ( ! produce1 ! great majority z cultivators1 hold+ lots ( l&1 n z t5ants at w or by contract1 b 9 _! own "r1 ?\gh ! p>cels might be allott$ diff]5tly f "t to "t4 ,if a few craftsm5 7 left to specialize 9 necess>y trades = ! s]vice ( all1 & drew _! %>e 9 ! =m ( su/5ance provid$ by ! cultivat+ memb]s1 ! arrangem5t pres5t$ no insup]able difficulty on a small scale4 ,b ! till]s ( ! soil 7 ! p]sons on ^: ex]tions ! life ( ! community prim>ily & obvi\sly dep5d$4 ,! =mation ( a l>g] unit1 a ,/ate1 probably by "s successful w>rior *ief1 made a great *ange 9 ! situation4 ,a city /ronghold e/abli%$ a c5tre ( /ate life & gov]nm5t1 & villages ex*ang$ ! privileges & p]ils ( isolation = ! position ( local hamlets atta*$ to ! common c5tre ( ! /ate1 & 9 ?is new connexion develop+ :at we may fairly call political consci\sness4 ,"u ! new disp5sation1 :at ) gr[? ( m>kets1 ! inv5tion ( co9$ money1 & great] g5]al security1 ! movem5t t[>ds individual prop]ty proce$$ fa/4 ,noble families engross$ mu* ( ! be/ l&3 & tradition#ahja cr$ibly in=ms u t 9 "o mode or o!r !y impos$ ! lab\r ( cultivation on ! poor] citiz5s1 ( c\rse on v on]\s t]ms4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! inquiry "s help may be got f tak+ ! milit>y view4 ,w>1 at lea/ def5sive w>1 0 a possibility ev] pres5t4 ,k+s1 & ! ari/ocracies t foll[$ !m1 _h z _! prime function to secure ! safety ( ! /ate4 ,a sort ( regul> =ce 0 provid$ by ! obligation ( army s]vice t re/$ ^u all full citiz5s4 ,! w>rior nobles & _! k9sm5 =m$ a nucleus4 ,b ! free peasant f>m]s 7 indisp5sable 9 ! ranks1 &1 z _! f>ms usually lay ne> ! fronti]1 !y furni%$ a h>dy & will+ militia = bord] w>f>e4 ,! craftsm51 smi? pott] cobbl] etc1 7 n[ m conc5trat$ 9 ! city1 & 7 always reg>d$ z ill-fitt$ = s]vice 9 ! field4 ,naturally ! classes t bore a direct "p 9 def5ce ( ! /ate /ood high] 9 g5]al e/eem4 ,b to say ?is is n to say t bodily lab\r on ! l& 01 z lab\r1 hon\r$ = its own sake4 ,! hon\r belong$ to ^? :o1 own+ l&1 ei!r work$ x ) _! own h&s or employ$ ! lab\r ( o!rs4 ,i c f9d no trace ( traditional respect = ! lab\r] z lab\r] until a mu* lat] age1 :5 a de>? ( free ru/ic lab\r]s _h begun to be felt4 ,!n x appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ye>n+#ahjb = a vani%$ pa/1 side by side ) humanit>ian views 9 relation to slav]y4 ,mean:ile a /age _h be5 trav]s$ 9 :i* slav]y 0 recogniz$ z necess>y 9 spite ( its admitt$ evils1 & !re=e requir+ ju/ification2 a movem5t mo/ cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! special plead+ ( ,ari/otle4 ,t great writ] 0 fully alive to ! manifold m]its ( ! f>m] class z citiz5s & produc]s1 b 8 tru/ 9 ! p[] ( self-int]e/ proves him a confirm$ individuali/4 ,h[ to comb9e self-int]e/ ) patriotic devotion to ! common welf>e is ! vital problem1 ev5 n[ only solv$ ideally on pap]4 ,t coldly-reason$ conclusions ( ?9k]s 7 really ! f\ndation ( ! e/eem 9 :i* we f9d ! work+ f>m] held1 ,i _c believe4 ,mu* m likely is x t x sprang ma9ly f immemorial tradition ( a "t :5 own]%ip & cultivation w5t toge!r1 & t !ory m]ely absorb$ & reviv$ :at 0 /ill an indi/9ct impression 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,! ,greeks _h a significant ^w1 1 ! usage ( :i* may s]ve to illu/rate my mean+4 ,t x connotes ! fact ( a man's be>+ a p]sonal "p 9 ?is or t "w is cle> on ! face ( x4 ,t no o!r p]son also be>s a "p1 is sometimes impli$ by ! context1 b x is n necess>ily conta9$ 9 ! ^w itself4 ,to put x diff]5tly1 he does 8 own "w1 n necess>ily all 8 own "w4 ,i note two po9ts 9 connexion ) x t seem to me important4 ,fir/1 x is s (t5 us$ z descriptive ( ru/ic lab\r t x seems to h c>ri$ ) x associations ( f>m-life3 mo/ ( ! o!r uses are almo/ metaphorical1 "s di/9ctly s4 ,secondly1 ,i h nev] f\nd x appli$ to ! case ( a slave4 ,:y8 ,i ?9k1 because x convey$ ! fur!r notion ( work+ n only y\rself b = y\rself4 ,if 9 "s passages x is n q c]ta9 t an own] 7r ?an a t5ant7 is ref]r$ to1 surely ?is ext5sion ( mean+ is n su* z to cause surprise4 ,x is n en\gh to sugge/ s]i\s d\bt t ! common & full s5se ( ! ^w 0 t a man did "w ) 8 own h&s on 8 own acc\nt on 8 own l&4 ,?is 0 ! "* to :i* immemorial tradition po9t$2 &1 :5ev] t5ancy "u l&lords began1 ! ^w fitt$ ! work+ t5ant-f>m] well en\gh4 ,! ,romans _h ! tradition 9 ! mo/ def9ite =m1 ?\gh ,lat9 furni%$ no equival5t ^w4 ,_! lit]ature1 moraliz+ by examples & unapt = !ory1 us$ x z mat]ial = c5turies4 ,b nei!r 9 ! ,greek _w nor 9 ,italy c ,i detect any reason = believ+ t ! peasant f>m]1 idealiz$ by lat] ages1 is rightly to be conceiv$ z a p]son unwill+ to employ slave lab\r--if & :5 he c\ld get x4 ,! tradition1 9 :i* ru/ic slaves appe> f v e>ly times1 seems to me f> m cr$ible ?an late leg5ds ( a primitive gold5 age 9 :i* !re 7 no slaves at all4 ,t a man1 to be enslav$1 mu/ fir/ h be5 free1 is a piece ( speculation ) :i* ,i am n "h conc]n$4 ,tradition !n1 look+ back to times :5 l&[n] & citiz5 7 normally b diff]5t sides ( ! same "*1 bo? t]ms alike imply+ ! duty ( fight+ = ! /ate1 idealiz$ & glorifi$ ?is "* ) great b p>donable exagg]ation ( virtues probably n m]ely fictiti\s4 ,! peasant citiz5 & produc] 0 its h]o4 ,z ! devolution ( bodily lab\r ^u slaves or hirel+s became m common ) ! increase ( comm]ce & urban life1 & ! solid wor? ( a patriot peasantry became m evid5t 9 ! h\r ( its decay1 m5 turn$ ) regret to ! pa/4 ,& ! contra/ ( ! real pres5t ) an idealiz$ pa/ naturally f\nd a significant diff]5ce 9 ! great] or less will+ness ( m5 to "w ) _! own h&s1 p>ticul>ly on ! l&4 ,b x 0 ! lab\r ( free citiz5s1 ea* be>+ an active "p 9 ! common responsibilities ( ! /ate & enjoy+ its common protection1 t 0 glorifi$1 n lab\r z 9 itself m]itori\s or heal?y4 ,! :olesom5ess ( ru/ic toil 0 n ignor$1 b to urge x z a motive = bodily ex]tion 0 a notion develop$ by t[n-br$ ?9k]s4 ,t x col\r$ lat] tradition is n wond]ful3 its recognition is mo/ cle>ly express$ 9 ! admission ( sup]ior #8corporal s\ndness' 9 ! sp>ely-f$ & h>d-work$ slave or wage-e>n]4 ,b lab\r z lab\r 0 nev]1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 dignifi$ & respect$ 9 ,greco-,roman civilization4 ,pov]ty1 n *oice1 might compel a man to d all 8 own "w2 b1 if he c\ld & did employ hir$ or slave lab\r also1 !n he 0 an none ! less4 ,?is ,i hold to be an und]ly+ fact t ,roman tradition 9 p>ticul> is calculat$ to obscure4 ,x 0 volunt>y lab\r1 p]=m$ 9 a citiz5's own int]e/ & !re=e a s]vice to ! /ate1 t receiv$ s5tim5tal e/eem4 ,! p[] ( milit>y influ5ces 9 anci5t /ates is (t5 cit$ z a suffici5t explanation ( ! social fact t non-milit>y bodily lab\r 0 g5]ally reg>d$ ) m or less contempt4 ,! army be+ ! /ate 9 arms1 ! inf]iority ( ^? :o did n =m "p ( x ?\gh able-bodi$ 0 manife/ to all4 ,?is is true z f> z x goes1 b !re 0 some?+ m beh9d4 ,:y does n ! same ph5om5on appe> 9 mod]n /ates ) conscript armies1 su* z ,france or ,italy or above all ,switz]l&8 ,i ?9k ! true answ] is only to be f\nd by not+ a diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n views z to ! nature & limits ( volunt>y action4 ,x is only ( /ates 9 :i* memb]%ip is fairly to be call$ citiz5%ip t ,i am speak+2 & z usual x is ,greek conditions & ,greek words t supply di/9ct evid5ce4 ,n t ! ,roman conditions 7 mat]ially diff]5t1 b !y 7 p]haps less cle>ly conceiv$1 & ! record is less au!ntic & cle>4 ,n[1 beyond ! loyal ob$i5ce due f citiz5 to /ate1 any sort ( con/ra9t det]m9+ ! action ( "o free man by ! w ( o!rs 0 fe>$ & res5t$ to a degree ( :i* we _c easily =m an adequate notion4 ,9 ! gradual emancipation ( ! commons f ! dom9ion ( privileg$ nobles1 ! long /ruggle gave a passionate int5sity to ! natural appetite = fre$om4 ,& ! ess5ce ( fre$om 0 ! p[] ( self-disposal4 ,?is p[] 0 liable to be lo/ p]man5tly by sale into slav]y1 b also f "t to "t by ! effect ( tempor>y engagem5ts4 ,! mo/ obvi\s in/ance ( ! latt] condition 0 ! bondage creat$ by unpaid debt4 ,h5ce ! p]si/5t & ev5tually successful fight to make x illegal to take a borr[]'s p]son z security = 8 debt4 ,b1 suppose ! debt cancell$ by ! seizure ( 8 goods1 ! man 0 left a paup]4 ,8 only res\rce 0 to "w = wages1 & ?is plac$ him = ! "t ( 8 engagem5t at ! full disposal#ahjc ( 8 employ]4 ,if he 0 n a ma/]'s slave = good & all1 he w\ld be pass+ f ma/] to ma/]1 ev] fre%ly rem9d$ ( ! fact t 8 daily necessities subject$ him to ! w ( o!rs1 nullify+ 8 freeman's p[] ( self-disposal4 ,if he work$ side by side ) slaves1 !re 0 a fur!r grievance4 ,= ! slave1 9 :om 8 own] _h sunk capital1 _h to be kept f$ & h\s$ to ret>d 8 depreciation3 ! free lab\r] dep5d$#ahjd on 8 wage1 liable to fail4 ,! situation1 ?us crudely /at$1 0 intol]able4 ,9 practice x 0 met1 fir/ by devotion to h&icrafts z a means ( livelihood 9 :i* ! w9n+ ( cu/om by skill reliev$ ! work] f direct dep5d5ce on a s+le ma/]2 b also by allotm5ts ( l& 9 annex$ t]ritory1 & sometimes 7z at ,a!ns7 by multiplication ( paid /ate-employm5ts4 ,( ord9>y artisans1 z di/9ct f arti/s1 x may be said t _! position v>i$ accord+ z _! special trades 7 m or less e/eem$ by contempor>y s5tim5t4 ,! successful c\ld & did employ#ahje help]s1 usually slaves4 ,9 urban populations !y 7 an important elem5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :]e milit>y consid]ations 7 n pr$om9ant4 ,! accumulation ( capital1 & ! introduction ( indu/ries on a l>g] scale 9 factory-work%ops ) /affs ( slaves1 may h affect$ "s trades to _! disadvantage1 b on ! :ole ! small-scale craftsm5 seem g5]ally#ahjf to h held _! gr\nd4 ,unskill$ lab\r on ! o!r h& 0 g5]ally despis$4 ,x 0 z a matt] ( c\rse *iefly p]=m$ by slaves4 ,if a citiz5 0 compell$ by want to hire out 8 bodily /r5g?1 ?is 0 n volunt>y3 complete submission to ano!r's w1 ev5 = a %ort "t1 made ! relation on 8 "p virtually s]vile4 ,accord+ly philosoph]s1 :5 !y came to discuss su* topics1 came to ! conclusion t ! ne$ ( su* unskill$ lab\r prov$ slav]y to be #8accord+ to nature1' a necess>y appliance ( human society4 ,:5 ! ,/oic def9$ a slave z a lifelong hirel+1 he gave %>p expression to :at _h long be5 felt z a true analogy4 ,=1 if ! slave 0 a lifelong hirel+1 ! hirel+ mu/ be a tempor>y slave4 ,romans c\ld borr[ ! ?\ght1 b ) !m practice _h prec$$ !ory4 ,9 mak+ comp>isons betwe5 wage-e>n+ anci5t & mod]n we come ^u a difficulty :i* x is h>dly possible to set aside or ov]come4 ,a slave c\ld be hir$ f 8 own]1 j z a freeman c\ld be hir$ f himself4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases w\ld be cle>ly m>k$#ahjg 9 ! mod]n _w1 & language w\ld leave no room = misund]/&+4 ,b _m passages 9 anci5t writ]s leave x q unc]ta9 :e!r ! hirel+s ref]r$ to are free or slave4 ,! po9t is an important "o1 p>ticul>ly to inquir]s :o attempt to e/imate ! relative economic effici5cy ( free & slave lab\r4 ,= ! imm$iate int]e/ ( ! freeman is to get a maximum ( wage = a m9imum ( "w3 ! ultimate int]e/ ( ! hir$ slave 0 (t5 to improve 8 own prospect ( manumission4 ,! cu/om 0 to all[ ! slave to reta9 a small portion ( 8 wage4 ,n[ ?is /imulus to ex]tion 0 manife/ly to ! int]e/ ( ! employ]1 :o may ev5 h made x a "p ( 8 b>ga9 ) ! own]4 ,! slave1 alive to ! *ance ( lay+ up a little /ore = ! ev5tual pur*ase ( 8 fre$om1 0 induc$ to "w well 9 ord] to be kept employ$ on ^! t]ms4 ,! own] drew a /eady income f 8 capital sunk 9 slaves1 & ! sy/em 0 ?us conv5i5t to all p>ties4 ,we may add t1 by caus+ a slave to take ?\ght = 8 own future1 ?is plan enc\rag$ him to take reasonable c>e ( 8 own heal?1 & s f> ret>d$ 8 progressive det]ioration z an inve/m5t2 :ile 8 own] /ood to recov] ! slave's ho>d$ wage-portion 9 ! =m ( r$emption-money on manumission ( 8 worn-out slave4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t slave lab\r "u ^! conditions 0 (t5 m effici5t ?an free4 ,unhappily we h no direct discussion ( ! "q f anci5t obs]v]s1 :o did n take ?is po9t ( view1 ?\gh well aw>e ( ! influ5ce ( prospective manumission 9 produc+ cont5tm5t4 ,b h[ f> 0 ?is comp>atively g5ial arrangem5t applicable to ! rud] =ms ( unskill$ lab\r8 ,take = in/ance m9+4 ,freem5 w\ld h none ( x1 & ! inhuman practices ( exploit]s 7 notori\s4 ,yet hir$ slaves 7 freely employ$4 ,own]s knew t _! slaves 7 likely to wa/e rapidly "u ! me?ods 9 use1 & at ,a!ns a common /ipulation 0 t on ! expiry ( a contract ! gang hir$ %\ld be return$ 9 equal numb]1 ! employ] mak+ good ! losses c]ta9 to occur 9 _! ranks4 ,"h we h ! m]e human *attel1 hopeless & helpless1 nev] likely to receive any?+ b 8 keep1 z an eng9e receives its fuel & oil1 b diff]+ 9 ?is1 t he 0 liable to cruel puni%m5t4 ,su* lab\r]s c\ld n "w = a fre$om t !y _h no prospect ( liv+ to enjoy4 ,& h[ ab\t ! case ( agriculture8 ,t freem5 did "w = wages on f>ms we "k1 b we he> v little ( !m1 & t little almo/ entirely z help]s at c]ta9 seasons4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 free wage-lab\r did n really compete ) slave lab\r 9 agriculture3 moreov] ! hir$ man might be a hir$ slave1 :ile migratory h>ve/]s1 probably freem51 appe> at lea/ 9 "s cases z gangs hir$ = ! job "u a gang] ( _! own1 responsible to ! employ] = _! conduct & effici5cy4 ,mo/ significant is ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( evid5ce t ru/ic slaves _h any prospect ( manumission4 ,9 =m] *apt]s ,i h comm5t$ on ?is fact & not$ ! few fa9t indications ( su* an arrangem5t4 ,at all ev5ts ! crude plantation-sy/em1 :ile x la/$1 0 a "w-to-dea? sy/em1 ?\gh worn-out survivors may h _h a bett] lot ?an m9]s1 if all[$ to exi/ z old reta9]s on ! e/ate4 ,b cultivation by slave lab\r = ! purpose ( rais+ an income = ! l&lord 01 ev5 9 its lat] improv$ organization1 a sy/em imply+ brutal call\sness1 if n d[nright cruelty4 ,slave /ew>ds & ov]se]s1 at ! m]cy ( ! ma/] !mselves1 7 naturally less conc]n$ to sp>e ! common h&s ?an to escape ! ma/]'s wra?4 ,:5 writ]s on agriculture urge t on all gr\nds x is wise to keep puni%m5ts d[n to a m9imum1 ! po9t ( _! advice is surely a c5sure ( contempor>y practice4 ,n[ 9 mod]n times1 humanit>ian consid]ations be+ assum$1 ! prevail+ po9t ( view has be5 m & m a /rictly economic & indu/rial "o4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! fre$om ( an individual consi/s fir/ & =emo/ 9 ! fre$om to dispose ( 8 own lab\r on ! be/ available t]ms4 ,& ?is fre$om re/s on fre$om to move f place to place 9 se>* ( ! be/ lab\r-m>ket f "t to "t4 ,b ! movem5t & ! b>ga9+ h be5 reg>d$ z /rictly volunt>y1 z 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are4 ,! p[] to migrate or emigrate ) ! view ( #8bett]+ himself' is conf]r$ on ! wage-e>n] by mod]n facilities = travel1 & new c\ntries readily absorb additional lab\r4 ,b exp]i5ce has %ewn t free b>ga9+ = wages is n seldom illusory1 s9ce ! man ( capital c bide 8 "t1 :ile ! poor man _c4 ,/ill1 :5 e all[ance has be5 made on ?is score1 x is true t ! mod]n lab\r]1 ?r\gh fre$om ( movem5t1 has f> m p[] ( self-disposal ?an ! wage-e>n] ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,t 8 position is /r5g!n$ & assur$ by ! possession ( political p[]1 is n )\t anci5t analogies3 b a diff]5ce 9 degree if n 9 k9d is creat$ by ! wide ext5sion ( ! fran*ise 9 mod]n /ates1 & its complete sep>ation 9 pr9ciple f ! own]%ip ( l&4 ,t is1 ! basis ( citiz5%ip is domicile3 = citiz5 p>5tage is n requir$1 b easily supplem5t$#ahjh by legal nationalization4 ,moreov]1 religion is no long] a necess>y family inh]itance1 b ! *oice ( individuals :o c g5]ally gratify _! pref]5tial s5tim5ts 9 surr\nd+s o!r ?an _! bir?place4 ,comp>e ?is position ) ! n>r[ fran*ises ( antiquity & _! ineffectiv5ess on any l>ge scale1 _! normally h]$it>y "*1 ! local & dome/ic limitation ( religi\s ties1 ! re/rict$ facilities = travel1 n to m5tion its ev]-pres5t p]ils4 ,rememb] t to reside 9 ano!r /ate z an ali5 did n1 9 default ( special treaty or act ( legislative grace1 give ! resid5t any claim to civic rights 9 8 place ( resid5ce1 :ile mis=tune might at any "t r$uce him to slav]y 9 a =eign l&4 ,surely "u su* conditions ! limits ( purely volunt>y action 7 n>r[ inde$4 ,! lure ( ! wage & ! fe> ( unemploym5t are (t5 a sev]e =m ( pressure1 b !y are1 z fett]s on fre$om1 a m]e no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ?is4 ,consid]ations su* z ^? set =? 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs %ew t 9 treat+ ( anci5t agriculture & f>m-lab\r we are app>5tly fac$ by a curi\s p>adox4 ,cultivation ( l& 7includ+ ! keep+ ( live /ock7 is an hon\rable pursuit4 ,t good heal?1 su/5ance1 ev5 com=t & pr(it1 are its natural att5dants1 is n d\bt$4 ,b ! position ( ! lab\r+ h&s is pa9ful & mean1 s mu* s t a common puni%m5t = urban h\se-slaves 0 to s5d !m to "w on a f>m4 ,! ru/ic slave's lot diff]$ = ! bett] f t ( ! m9e-slave 9 ! heal?i] nature ( ! occupation1 b 9 little else4 ,& ?is degradation inevitably react$ on ! e/imate ( ru/ic wage-e>n]s1 :5ev] employ$4 ,!re may h be5 less repugnance to "w side by side ) slaves ?an has be5 felt 9 mod]n times1 :5 a m>k$ col\r-l9e impli$ ! disgrace ( a #8:ite' man do+ #8nigg]s' "w4' ,b x is n to be d\bt$ t 9 agriculture z 9 o!r occupations ! pres5ce ( slav]y did degrade lab\r1 at all ev5ts s soon z agriculture put on any?+ ( an indu/rial "*4 ,! really #8respectable' p]son 0 ! man :o direct$ ! op]ations1 ! 1 agricola1 or colonus 79 ! orig9al s5se73 he 0 ! man :o work$ ! l& & made x yield crops1 :e!r he took "p 9 ! actual digg+ & pl\gh+ or n4 ,! l>g] ! scale1 ! m he conf9$ himself to direction1 necess>ily2 b he 0 ! produc]1 a pill> ( public economy1 none ! less4 ,he _h provid$ ! lab\r1 b\ght or hir$2 9 effect1 ! lab\r 0 8 own4 ,) ! toil+ yeoman f>m] ( tradition he _h ?is 9 common1 t bo? work$ = !mselves1 n = ano!r4 ,& ?is position1 attractive 9 all societies1 0 m>k$ out ) peculi> di/9ctness ?r\gh ! in/itution ( slav]y und]ly+ ! social fabric4 ,exploitation ( man by man1 ! fir/ beg9n+s ( :i* elude our se>* & are only asc]ta9$ by inf]5ce1 sugge/s "s sort ( sup]iority 9 ! upp] p>ty4 ,at all ev5ts ! ma/]1 ! man :o has ! upp] h&1 gets ! cr$it ( a*ievem5t1 & 9 agriculture z else:]e ! subord9ate op]ative is inevitably =gott54 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t we mu/ reg>d ! f9e ,roman leg5ds ( /urdy f>m]-citiz5s1 ! fa!rs ( ! ,republic4 ,!y are idylls convey+ tru?1 dress$ up by ! imag9ation ( a lat] age3 & h _! place 9 ! region :]e hi/ory & poetry meet & bl5d4 ,we mu/ n ga!r f !m t slav]y 0 exceptional or a fact ( no importance4 ,tradition habitually ignores :at is normal & !re=e assum$4 ,! fair] inf]5ce is t1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 slav]y 0 9 ^? e>ly days /ill a family in/itution1 n an indu/rial sy/em4 ,"s help t[>ds ! und]/&+ ( ! diff]5t position ( manual lab\r 9 anci5t times z comp>$ ) mod]n may be got by consid]+ ,abolitionism4 ,t a slave is a man1 & z su* n to be :olly ignor$ 9 respect ( ! claims ( common humanity2 t slave-lab\r is li/less & ineffective1 giv+ poor returns 9 proportion to ! /r5g? employ$2 ^! conclusions1 moral & economic1 7 rea*$ by ! ?9k]s ( ! anci5t _w :ile _! civilization 0 9 full bloom4 ,:y !n d we f9d no movem5t correspond+ to ! ,abolitionism ( mod]n times8 ,two ?+s 7 obvi\sly necess>y = su* a movem5t2 ! motive to inspire x1 & ! =ce to give effect to x4 ,let m5 once be conv9c$ t slav]y is bo? wrong & unpr(itable1 & let !m h ! p[] to insi/ on putt+ an end to x1 ,abolitionism 9 "s =m or o!r is ! necess>y result4 ,n[ 9 speak+ ( anci5t conditions we mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t 9 its orig9 slav]y 0 a fav\r4 ,by ! undissembl$ rule ( =ce ! conqu]$ only reta9$ 8 life ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ! conqu]or4 ,by a contract tacit or express$ he 0 pl$g$ = life to ! s]vice & pr(it ( 8 ma/]4 ,& ! ma/] c\ld1 if 8 int]e/ po9t$ t way1 make ov] 8 rights to a ?ird p>ty4 ,h5ce ! gr[? ( a slave-m>ket1 & ! relation ( ma/] & slave no long] 0 normally t ( individual conqu]or & conqu]$4 ,b ! orig9al notion 0 by no means ext9ct1 & x cont9u$ to col\r ! curr5t view ( slav]y z #8natural1' a ?+ ( c\rse1 an unque/ion$ social fact4 ,nor 0 !re any?+ 9 ! condition ( ! slave to ar\se a feel+ ( horror1 s long z patri>*al rule prevail$4 ,if ! ,head ( ! family possess$ absolute p[] ov] ! slave1 8 p[] ov] memb]s ( ! family 9 g5]al 0 9 k9d ! same4 ,! bondman1 a humble dep5dant r ?an a m]e *attel1 0 9 a s5se also a memb] ( ! family & "u ! protection ( ! h\sehold gods4 ,:at 0 !re = an obs]v]1 let him be ev] s k9d-he>t$1 to object to8 ,accord+ly1 z ! /ate develop$1 x too kept slaves ( its own1 employ+ !m 9 mean functions = :i* x 0 ne$ful to h a /aff always at h&4 ,9 %ort1 ! in/itution 0 tak5 = grant$1 & gr[+ int]c\rse ) =eign]s only s]v$ to reveal its univ]sal preval5ce4 ,h[ came x !n t 9 c\rse ( "t humanit>ian scruples arose1 & que/ion]s 7 f\nd to argue t ! sy/em 0 #8unnatural' & wrong8 ,! answ] mu/ be s\ght 9 ! application ( an orig9ally dome/ic in/itution to indu/rial ends4 ,once ! /age 0 rea*$ at :i* ! products ( lab\r 7 habitually put on ! m>ket1 & ! produc] got 8 liv+ by _! regul> sale1 x 0 soon discov]$ t to produce & deal on a l>g] scale 0 m economical1 & !re=e m pr(itable1 ?an on a small] "o4 ,9 ! h&icrafts ?is 0 s obvi\s t slave assi/ants 7 commonly kept by tradesm53 x 0 important to be sure ( hav+ ! necess>y help :5 want$4 ,! same 0 ! case 9 ! pr(essions bas$ on special tra9+3 ! surgeon1 ! ar*itect1 ! surveyor1 ! bank]1 employ$ slave subord9ates1 & _h (t5 be5 slaves !mselves4 ,9 all ^! dep>tm5ts1 n to m5tion dome/ic s]vice1 ! position ( ! slave 0 affect$ by two important consid]ations4 ,fir/1 he 0 "o ( a few1 & "u imm$iate obs]vation1 s t escape f s]vitude 0 practically impossible4 ,secondly1 !re 0 a reasonable *ance ( e>n+ manumission by long fai?ful s]vice4 ,b !re 7 occupations 9 :i* x 0 f> m difficult to reconcile ! int]e/s ( ! slave ) ^? ( ! ma/]4 ,su* 7 ! exploitation ( m9es & qu>ries1 9 :i* lab\r 0 simply appli$ 9 ! =m ( brute =ce "u direction4 ,! direction1 usually entru/$ to slave or fre$man ov]se]s1 0 g5]ally unsympa!tic1 sometimes cruel2 = ! ov]se]'s fir/ ?\ght 0 to please 8 ma/]1 ev5 if he c\ld only d s by work+ ! slaves to dea?4 ,! ext5sion ( agriculture z a means ( pr(it r ?an subsi/5ce creat$ conditions ( ! same k9d 9 ?is occupation4 ,x 0 "h t ! mon/r\s abuses incid5tal to slav]y 7 mo/ /rik+ly display$4 ,=1 :ile qu>ries & m9es 7 only work$ 9 a few localities1 ! plan ( work+ great l&$ e/ates by ! lab\r ( slave-gangs 0 applicable to va/ areas ( ! be/ soil4 ,& 9 ,africa ,sicily & ,italy we f9d x s appli$ = ! pr(it ( ! nobles & capitali/s ( a conqu]+ race4 ,! evils ( ?is sy/em may be set d[n to ! acc\nt ( obsequi\s /ew>ds he>tlessly wr++ pr(it = _! ma/]s out ( human fle% & blood4 ,b we mu/ n ignore two consid]ations :i* sugge/ t ! root ( ! evil lay n 9 ! caprice or gre$ ( individuals b 9 ! attempt to c>ry on rural indu/ry by slave lab\r at all4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 opportunities ( escape 7 _m2 ! slave-prison & ! fett]s c\ld h>dly be disp5s$ ) if y meant to keep y\r f>m-h&s at disposal4 ,& manumission1 z a means ( enc\rag+ good s]vice1 0 evid5tly n ( mu* avail 9 c\ntry places4 ,= aft] long ye>s ( exhau/+ lab\r ! worn-out slave w\ld be unable to e>n a liv+ by h>d bodily "w2 & he knew no o!r4 ,he _h be5 b\ght z a fle%-&-blood ma*9e2 z su*1 to manumit him :ile /ill effici5t w\ld be a sacrifice ( sunk capital = :i* nobody 0 prep>$4 ,x seems t ! ord9>y practice 0 to keep him at "w till he c\ld "w no long]1 & !n to let him l+] on ! e/ate z an invalid reta9]1 fe$+ on :at he c\ld get & decay+ 9 peace4 ,b ! indu/rializ+ ( agriculture1 he>tlessly selfi% 9 its aims1 tempt$ l&lords to %irk ! unpr(itable ma9t5ance ( sp5t lab\r]s4 ,:5 a slave 0 no long] wor? 8 keep1 x might pay to sell him at once = :at he w\ld fet*4 ,!re 0 ?us a m\? less to be f$1 & ! problem ( h[ to turn ! remnant ( 8 /r5g? to acc\nt 0 %ift$ on to 8 new own]4 ,?is plan1 approv$ by ! eld] ,cato z a detail ( f>m-economy1 m>ks ! *ange ( relations betwe5 ma/] & slave 9 ru/ic life4 ,! old dome/ic relation has disappe>$ 9 ! brutal exploitation ( a human animal = imm$iate pr(it4 ,! crudely indu/rial sy/em reproduc$ on great e/ates ! horrid ph5om5a ( ! qu>ry & ! m9e4 ,t humane & ?\ghtful m5 %\ld be disgu/$ ) su* do+s 0 inevitable1 & disgu/ 0 soon re9=c$ by reasonable al>m4 ,= tillage 0 n ! sole occupation ( ru/ic ent]prise4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 _m di/ricts graz+ paid bett] ?an tillage1 & ! two c\ld be work$ toge!r remun]atively on a l>ge scale4 ,! *>ge ( flocks & h]ds1 %ift+ _! pa/ure accord+ to seasons1 l$ to employm5t ( able-bodi$ slaves 9 a duty responsible & at ! same "t remov$ f imm$iate control = mon?s toge!r4 ,^! slave h]dsm51 h>dy & us$ to a free life 9 wild upl&s1 _h to face wolves & robb]s1 & !re=e to be> arms4 ,we ne$ n dwell on ! dang] f su* a class m5ac+ ! peace ( a c\ntry unprotect$ by rural police4 ,x 0 real en\gh4 ,be+ slaves1 !y _h no?+ b _! lives to lose1 & _! lives x 0 _! own]s' int]e/ to protect4 ,mean:ile ! unescort$ travell] 0 at _! m]cy1 & any peasants )9 rea* w\ld pay blackmail to escape _! raids4 ,yet no?+ 0 done to get rid ( ! nuisance & p]il ( ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,s]vile ris+s 7 clumsily put d[n ) appall+ blood%$1 & left to recur4 ,mean:ile ! free population ( ! c\ntryside dim9i%$1 & prosp]ity c\ld n be re/or$ by new slave-gangs4 ,su* 0 notori\sly ! condition ( a great "p ( rural ,italy "u ! lat] ,republic1 & contempor>y evid5ce cle>ly %ews t ! improvem5t effect$ "u ! ,empire 0 slight4 ,n[1 :5 exp]i5ce _h prov$ ! blight+ influ5ce ( slav]y1 :y 0 !re no movem5t to d away ) ! sy/em altoge!r8 ,tru? is1 !re 0 at pres5t no basis to />t f4 ,! moral en?usiasm1 (t5 s9c]e1 t has inspir$ su* movem5ts 9 mod]n times1 _h no effective exi/5ce4 ,moral consid]ations 7 almo/ entirely conf9$ to a section ( ri* or cultivat$ society4 ,x 0 n expect$ t ! common h]d %\ld rise above ! meane/ motives ( crude self-int]e/4 ,! artisan1 :o ei!r employ$1 or hop$ soon to employ1 a slave or two1 0 n likely to condemn slav]y3 ! p>asitic loaf] 0 n likely to welcome a mass ( new competitors = ! doles & bribes t he undes]v$ly enjoy$4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,roman ,republic no opposition to slav]y z an in/itution c\ld h aris5 f ! urban populace4 ,& ! weal?i] classes 7 int]e/$ 9 slav]y4 ,religion did n t\* ! "q4 ,a few scrupul\s & ?\ghtful m5 might h support$ an anti-slav]y movem5t1 _h !re be5 "o2 b we h n ! smalle/ reason to ?9k t any individual ev] dreamt ( />t+ humanit>ian propag&a on 8 own acc\nt & at 8 own risk4 ,!re 0 no place 9 ! anci5t _w = ! re=m] ( ?is type4 ,ev5 ^? lead]s ^: policy (f]$ advantages to ! free masses1 su* z ! ,grac*i or "s ,sp>tan k+s1 did n s f>e 9 _! ent]prises z to enc\rage imitation4 ,z = appeal+ to ! slaves !mselves1 x 0 only desp]ate adv5tur]s :o did s1 & t only to use _! =ce 9 promot+ crim9al designs4 ,su* cases only s]v$ to ju/ify ! cruel execution ( cruel laws = protect+ ma/]s & ! /ate 9 g5]al f ! imm95t slave-p]il4 ,if we turn f ! city1 9 :i* :at pass$ = politics ran its tr\bl$ & futile c\rse1 to ! c\ntryside1 we are at once 9 a sc5e f :i* all political life _h dep>t$4 ,! f>m]-citiz5s grew few] & few]1 & ! great majority ( !m 7 virtually disfran*is$ by di/ance4 ,nor 7 !y likely to fav\r any movem5t t seem$ to be = ! b5efit ( slaves4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire did n1 inde$ c\ld n1 produce any mat]ial *ange 9 ! way ( ar\s+ effective s5tim5t ho/ile to slav]y4 ,b x did mu* to promote int]nal ord] & f>-rea*+ peace4 ,"u ! new model ( gov]nm5t ! corrupt circles ( nobles & gre$y capitali/s 7 no long] 9 absolute control ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & x might seem t !re 0 n[ "s *ance ( deal+ ) ! cank] ( slav]y4 ,b no su* movem5t 0 ! result4 ,old notions rema9$ 9 full vig\r4 ,augu/us _h 8 h&s too full1 & ! ne$ ( conciliat+ private int]e/s 0 too press+1 = him to di/urb !m1 ev5 _h he be5 m9d$ to d s4 ,& :o else c\ld take ! initiative8 ,b ! fate ( two moral influ5ces is wor? not+4 ,/oicism1 ! cre$ ( n a few ard5t spirits1 might pr(ess to rise sup]ior to worldly di/9ctions & advantages & ass]t ! pot5tial dignity ( man ev5 9 ! humble/ condition ( life4 ,b x 0 always a cre$ ( ! few3 its alo(ness1 t5d+ to a c]ta9 arrogance1 made x unfitt$#ahji to lead a great re=m3 x nei!r w\ld nor c\ld furni% ! ma*9]y ( zeal\s propag&a4 ,9 ! e>li] ,empire we f9d x politically alli$ ) malcont5t cliques 9 :i* sm\ld]+ res5tm5t at ! re/ra9ts on #8fre$om' express$ itself by idealiz+ ! ,republic & hop+ = a reaction4 ,?us x lo/ itself 9 impracticable dreams1 & ! h& ( emp]ors "u provocation sometimes fell heavily on its mo/ virtu\s m54 ,! spread ( ,*ri/ianity came lat]1 & 0 n div]t$ f its aims by a social aff9ity ) ! upp] classes4 ,slaves bore no small "p 9 its expansion to ! ,we/1 & x 0 free to op]ate /eadily z a humanit>ian influ5ce4 ,b its claim to univ]sality naturally expos$ x to grave suspicion 9 a _w t knew religion only z an affair ( ea* sev]al community1 ) a sort ( ov]lord%ip ve/$ 9 ! conqu]+ gods ( ,rome4 ,?\gh x 0 a ,*ur* & n a philosophic sy/em1 ?\gh meant = all mank9d & n = a cultivat$ few1 x c\ld only w9 its way by accept+ civilization#ahaj 9 ! ma9 z x /ood4 ,!re=e x 0 compell$ to accept slav]y z an in/itution1 & to cont5t itself ) inculcat+ humanity on ma/]s & consci5ti\s devotion to duty on slaves4 ,if ,abolitionism 0 to spr+ f ?is se$1 a long "t _h to be sp5t 9 wait+ = ! h>ve/4 ,yet ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire did lead to effects t 9 _! turn s]v$ z contributory causes und]m9+ ! old slave-sy/em1 p>ticul>ly#ahaa 9 agriculture4 ,9 a m peaceful age few] slaves 7 br\ght to m>ket1 & ?is meant high] prices & put a premium on ! economical employm5t ( b\ght lab\r4 ,to meet ! situation1 agricultural policy 0 develop$ on two l9es1 ea* ( :i* 0 ! improvem5t or ext5sion ( an exi/+ practice4 ,"o 0 ! m sci5tific organization ( ! lab\r-/aff1 s z to get bett] results f an equal am\nt ( lab\r4 ,! o!r 0 a m frequ5t resort to ! plan ( lett+ f>ms to t5ants1 :5ev] t arrangem5t seem$ fav\rable to ! l&lord's int]e/4 ,( ^! developm5ts we h direct in=mation f ,columella1 :o /ill pref]s ! =m] plan :]ev] feasible4 ,b x 0 ) ! sy/em ( t5ancies on v>i\s conditions t ! future really lay4 ,i h endeav\r$ above to sket* ! process#ahab by :i* t5ants 7 gradually r$uc$ to a condition ( dep5d5cy on _! l&lords1 & ! difficulty ( f9d+ & keep+ good t5ants t 0 ! o!r side ( ! movem5t4 ,a v significant detail is ! fact t slaves 7 put into f>ms#ahac z t5ants3 t ?is 0 no unusual practice is cle> f ! way 9 :i* ! classical juri/s ref] to x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,& s ?+s sl[ly mov$ on1 ) ups & d[ns1 ! t5ants slave or free becom+ m & m bondsm5 ( ! l&1 liable to task-s]vices & n free to move at w4 ,?us by usage1 & ev5tually by law1 a sy/em ( s]fdom 0 e/abli%$1 :ile p]sonal slav]y decl9$4 ,look$ at f an ,abolitioni/ po9t ( view1 we are "h deal+ ) a %e] evasion ( ! slav]y-"q4 ,b ?is 0 inevitable4 ,! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 :i* alone _h ! p[] necess>y = attempt+ solutions ( grave problems1 0 doom$ to become m & m me*anical4 ,"u great /ra9s 9 ! ?ird c5tury x lo/ its vital =ces to su* a degree t x 0 p[]less = int]nal bett]m5t4 ,! lat] despotic ,empire1 see+ ! failure ( pa/ policy1 c\ld f9d no bett] way ?an to d z be=e#ahad1 only m me*anically & m ?or\ghly4 ,:at little ( fre$om ( movem5t & ( self-disposal /ill rema9$ to ! toil+ classes accord+ly disappe>$4 ,once a c]ta9 numb] _h be5 slaves2 n[ none 7 practically free4 ,dim9ution ( p]sonal slav]y _h n increas$ p]sonal fre$om4 ,! attempt to conf9e all lab\r to fix$ grooves & rigid rules 0 a la/ desp]ate ef=t to control & employ ! res\rces ( anci5t civilization1 9 ! hope ( ?us f9d+ means suffici5t to endure ! ev]-gr[+ /ra9 ^u ! empire4 ,?is sy/em might s]ve its purpose = ! mom5t1 b x 0 a va9 device1 kill+ ent]prise & work+ out its own ru9 ?r\gh its own /agnation4 ,9 agriculture1 on :i* ! :ole fabric re/$1 its effects 7 p>ticul>ly ru9\s3 = 9 no occupation is !re great] ne$ ( con/ant =e?\ght & lov+ c>e1 :i* ! prospect ( private advantage alone c gu>antee4 ,all ^! ph5om5a may assure u t z yet !re 0 no cle> und]/&+ ( ! value ( free self-disposal z ! economic basis ( society4 ,f ! moral po9t ( view no g5u9e progress 0 to be look$ = 9 a /agnant age4 ,! transition f normal slav]y to gild-bondage & normal l&-s]fdom does n seem to h be5 affect$ by ! spiritual levell+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b t z %e ga9$ p[]1 ! ,*ur* did some?+ to mitigate#ahae ! h>dness ( ! "t1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,i ne$ n dwell at l5g? on ! contra/ pres5t$ by mod]n anti-slav]y movem5ts4 ,! influ5ce ( religion1 p]sonal & humanit>ian1 is alone en\gh to acc\nt = ! new _s ar\s$ & organiz$ by ,cl>kson & ,wilb]=ce4 ,to put d[n ! slave-trade because x 0 wrong 0 a mom5t\s /ep1 & emancipation its inevitable coroll>y1 co/ly ?\gh x might be4 ,t ! re=m 0 c>ri$ out two g5]ations be=e ! h&work+ masses ( ,engl& ga9$ political p[] is a mo/ notable fact4 ,= x is n possible to connect ! a*ievem5t ) ! natural jeal\sy ( free lab\r object+ to competition ( slave lab\r4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! motives = ,abolition 7 necess>ily m mix$1 b s9c]e fanatics1 religi\s & viol5t1 7 ! lead]s ( ! crusade4 ,b ! repugnance ( free lab\r to ! recognition ( slav]y 9 any "p ( ! ,republic 7& x 0 ?is s5tim5t t furni%$ ! necess>y vot+-p[]7 0 n s purely philan?ropic4 ,/ud5ts ( ,am]ican hi/ory are well aw>e ( ! moral *ange br\ght ab\t by a s+le me*anical inv5tion 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! economic advantages ( ! cotton-g9 made slav]y s pr(itable t exi/+ t5d5cies t[>ds emancipation di$ out 9 ! ,s\?4 ,a new life 0 giv5 to a confess$ evil1 & ! develop$ plantation-sy/em1 indu/rializ$ = ! pr(it ( a few1 w5t d[n ! road ( fate to end 9 trag$y4 ,! result ( ! great civil w> at all ev5ts settl$ "o "q4 ,h5ce=? lab\r 0 to /& on a foot+ ( self-disposal & wage-e>n+1 ) fre$om to improve its conditions on ^? l9es4 ,! solution1 obta9$ at an awful co/1 0 f9al = ! "t3 :at w be its ultimate outcome is at pres5t 7#aiai7 a matt] ( "s d\bt1 = reasons n to be discuss$ "h4 ,! fact t ,abolitionism is a ph5om5on ( ! mod]n#ahaf _w1 & n ( ! anci5t1 w n seem insignificant to ^? :o h read widely 9 ! anci5t writ]s & rem>k$ h[ v little we he> ( free wage-e>n+ lab\r4 ,if we d$uct ! ref]5ces to indep5d5t artisans practis+ trades on a small scale 7& _! cases are n relevant "h71 :at we he> ( m]e wage-e>n]s is v little inde$4 ,& ( ?is little aga9 only a "p conc]ns agriculture4 ,i take x t we may fairly draw "o conclusion f ?is3 ! wi%es ( ! free wage-e>n+ class1 :atev] _! numb]s may h be51 7 practically ( no acc\nt 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! primitive law ( sup]ior =ce1 ! #8good old rule' ( :i* slav]y 0 a product1 0 tacitly accept$4 ,civilization might und]go *anges ( "*1 p]iods ( peace might alt]nate ) p]iods ( w>3 /ill bondage & lab\r 7 closely connect$ 9 m5's m9ds1 & hone/ lab\r z su* comm&$ no respect4 ,h[ c\ld x8 ,( a gold5 age1 9 :i* all m5 7 free & slav]y unkn[n1 we h no?+ t c be call$ evid5ce4 ,! curta9 rises on a _w 9 :i* "o man is at ! full disposal ( ano!r4 ,:at is at fir/ a small dome/ic matt] conta9s ! g]m ( lat] developm5ts2 & 9 ! case ( agriculture we see cle>ly h[ dem&s ( an indu/rial nature trans=m$ s+le bond-s]vice into ! :olesale & brutal exploitation ( human *attels 9 slave-gangs4 ,we h no good reason to believe t m5 ev] 9 ! anci5t _w ab/a9$ f employ+ slave lab\r out ( humanit>ian scruples4 ,sc>city ( slaves1 or lack ( means to buy !m1 7 c]ta9ly ! ma9 re/rictive influ5ces4 ,! in/itution 0 always !re1 ready = ext5sion & adaptation z *ang+ conditions might sugge/4 ,if anci5t civilization did n re/ on a basis ( slav]y1 on :at did x re/8 ,assur$ly n on free self-disposal4 ,! man free to dispose ( himself claim$ ! "r to dispose ( o!rs1 up to ! limits ( 8 own p[] & w4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ wond]ful4 ,we ne$ n flatt] ourselves t ! rule ( =ce is n[ ext9ct4 ,true1 p]sonal bondage to individuals is =bidd5 by law1 b effective fre$om ( self-disposal1 p]haps an impossible dream1 is n yet realiz$3 only its abs5ce is dissembl$ "u mod]n =ms4 ,:5 ,i say t anci5t civilization re/$ on a basis ( slav]y1 ! condition pres5t to my m9d is ?is4 ,a social & political /ructure requires = its /ability a reasonably s\nd economic f\ndation4 ,?is f\ndation is f\nd 9 ! assur$ & regul> use ( natural res\rces4 ,& ?is use implies ! con/ant pres5ce ( an ob$i5t lab\r-=ce t c be set to "w & kept work+ z & :5 ne$$4 ,?is =ce is n[ m & m suppli$ by ma*9]y1 ! drudge t _c /rike4 ,antiquity made ! slave its quasi-me*anical drudge3 ! m or less ( slav]y at a giv5 mom5t simply dep5d$ on circum/ances4 ,9 return+ to my orig9al que/ions1 :e!r ! gr[? ( ,greco-,roman civilization 0 9 fact a*iev$ ?r\gh ! sy/em ( slav]y1 & :e!r x c\ld conceivably h be5 accompli%$ )\t slav]y1 ,i h ,i ?9k giv5 my answ] to ! fir/1 t is1 s f> z agriculture is conc]n$4 ,& agriculture 0 ! vital indu/ry1 on :i* ! :ole fabric pr9cipally re/$4 ,z to ! second "q1 ,i c give no satisfactory answ]4 ,= my "p1 ,i agree ) ^? :o hold t1 9 ! conditions ( antiquity z depict$ 9 our traditions & inf]r$ by mod]n inquir]s1 slav]y 9 "s =m & degree 0 an indisp5sable condition ( progress4 ,/ates1 organizations ( a la/+ k9d1 _h to be e/abli%$ by =ce4 ,captive lab\r1 add$ to ! res\rces ( conqu]ors1 seems to be a p[]ful means ( increas+ _! economic /r5g? & abridg+ ! wa/eful p]iods ( conflict4 ,b1 once ! /age _h be5 rea*$ at :i* a /ate 0 suffici5tly /able & /rong to provide = ord] )9 & to repel invad]s1 a slave-sy/em became a cank]1 economic1 social1 ultimately political4 ,i believe t ! maladies f :i* ! old ,greco-,roman civilization suff]$1 & :i* 9 ! end br\ght ab\t its decay & fall1 7 indirectly or directly due to ?is ta9t m ?an to any o!r cause4 ,i "k ( no case anci5t or mod]n 9 :i* a p h atta9$ to a s\nd & la/+ prosp]ity by exploit+ ! s]vitude ( o!r m54 ,s]fdom or slav]y1 x matt]s n4 ,s f> z human exp]i5ce has gone1 x appe>s t all su* conditions are ev5tually ru9\s#ahag to ! rul]s4 ,= x is n m]ely ! degradation ( manual lab\r t results f slav]y4 ,! dead5+ ( inv5tive g5ius & economic improvem5ts is fatally promot$ ?r\gh ! t5d5cy to rem$y all %ortcom+s by simply us+ up m fle% & blood4 ,man abdicates a mo/ important function ( 8 reason1 & accepts a m]e sup]iority ( animal ov] animal4 ,?is is surely n foll[+ ! true law ( 8 developm5t4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t ! great sci5tific inv5tions ( mod]n times pres5t an enc\rag+ spectacle1 z ! e>li] abuses ( _! exploitation are gradually ov]come1 & ! op]ative citiz5 v9dicates 8 claims z a human be+4 ,t anci5t slav]y did 9 "s ways act = good by gu>antee+ leisure to classes "s ( :om employ$ x well1 may be freely admitt$4 ,b ,i d n ?9k we c s9c]ely ext5d ! admission to include ! case ( ,politics1 :atev] ,greek philosoph]s may h ?\ght4 ,nor c we )\t res]vations apply x 9 ! field ( ,art4 ,on ! o!r h& ,lit]ature surely ow$ mu* to ! artificial leisure creat$ by slav]y4 ,ev5 9 its mo/ natural utt]ances ,greco-,roman lit]ature is ! voice ( classes privileg$ because free1 n re/ra9$ by ! cramp+ influ5ces ( workaday life & ne$s4 ,its p>tisan _s is ! _s ( ! upp] /rata ( society1 ignor+ ! feel+s1 & (t5 ! exi/5ce1 ( ! unfree toil]s bel[4 ,9 ! ma9 ari/ocratic1 x tells u next to no?+ ( ! real s5tim5ts ( ev5 ! free masses1 p>ticul>ly on ! lab\r-que/ions t h n[ = "s "t increas+ly occupi$ ! public m9d4 ,t we are1 = good or = evil1 view+ all matt]s ( human int]e/ on a diff]5t plane f t ( ! #8classic' writ]s1 is a consid]ation t /ud5ts ( ! ,pa/ are 9 duty b\nd nev] to =get4 ,b1 :5 we are told#ahah t anci5t civilization 9 its e>ly /ages 7z se5 9 ! ,hom]ic poems etc7 may fairly be labell$ z ,m$ieval1 :ile x may be call$ ,mod]n :5 9 its full bloom1 we %all d well to pause be=e accept+ a dogma t may imply m ?an we are prep>$ to grant4 ,t mank9d _h to make a fre% />t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 anci5t civilization hav+ run its c\rse & fail$1 is a proposition dang]\sly true4 ,if x implies t ! #8free' lab\r ( mod]n times is n a direct developm5t f anci5t slav]y1 s f> good4 ,if we are to hold t anci5t slave lab\r & mod]n free lab\r1 :5 & s f> z ea* is a factor ( economic importance1 are practically id5tical ph5om5a ( capitalism eag] to make a pr(it out ( *eap lab\r1 we may ask--is ! p>allelism s exact z x is ?us repres5t$ to be8 ,:5 we are told t ! capitali/ w\ld n[adays pref] to employ slave lab\r if x 7 to be _h1 & t ! legal =m 9 :i* lab\r is suppli$ is a second>y consid]ation f ! economic po9t ( view1 we beg9 to hesitate3 is ?is really true8 ,0 n ! ineffectiv5ess ( slave lab\r detect$ 9 anci5t times8 ,0 x n prov$ to demon/ration 9 ,am]ica1 z atte/$ by ! evid5ce ( bo? ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn witnesses8 ,to reply t :at capital wants is n m]e slave lab\r b effici5t slave lab\r1 w\ld be no answ]4 ,capital is n1 & nev] 01 bl9d to ! ineffici5cy ( slave lab\r z comp>$ ) free lab\r4 ,9 ! pursuit ( pr(it x ne$s a supply ( lab\r at its imm$iate & c]ta9 disposal2 !re=e x takes :at x c get4 ,9 ! anci5t _w ! unque/ion$ in/itution ( slav]y (f]$ a s\rce ( supply1 n ideal1 b su* z c\ld be reli$ on4 ,!re=e capital employ$ slav]y to ext5d its op]ations1 simply turn+ exi/+ conditions to acc\nt4 ,& ! admission1 t ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,greco-,roman civilization 0 also ! p]iod 9 :i* slav]y rea*$ its greate/ developm5t1 is surely a virtual d5ial t ! basis ( t civilization 0 free lab\r4 ,t is1 free wage-e>n+ lab\r4 ,= ! indep5d5t f>m] or artisan _h no?+ to d ) ! matt]3 he work$ = himself1 n = ano!r1 & 0 on a diff]5t plane f ei!r wage-e>n] or slave4 ,if he did n employ ei!r wage-e>n] or slave1 x 0 because he f\nd su* help too co/ly or a d\btful boon4 ,! case ( agriculture at once reveals :at 0 f\nd to be ! /rong po9t ( slave lab\r1 ! feasibility ( employ+ x 9 l>ge masses4 ,mu* ( ! "w consi/$ 9 ! m]e me*anical use ( brute =ce1 & "o ov]se] c\ld direct _m h&s4 ,9 op]ations dep5d5t on ! seasons1 ! lab\r mu/ be at h& to utilize opportunities4 ,! *oice lay betwe5 slaves n work+ ) a w & free wage-e>n]s n likely to be on ! spot :5 want$4 ,:y 7 slaves pref]r$8 ,because _! pres5ce 9 suffici5t numb] c\ld be reli$ on 9 ! exi/+ conditions ( ! _w4 ,! hi/ory ( indu/rial agriculture 0 a long tale ( ef=t s to organize slave lab\r z to get out ( x ! greate/ possible m>g9 ( pr(it4 ,n t slav]y 0 ?\ght pref]able 9 itself2 b a means ( :olesale cultivation _h to be f\nd1 & ! !n available res\rces ( civilization (f]$ no o!r4 ,:5 ! supply ( slaves began to fail1 l&lords s\ght a rem$y 9 lett+ "s or all ( _! l& to t5ant f>m]s 7ext5d+ an old practice71 n 9 attempt+ to f>m on _! own acc\nt ) hir$ lab\r4 ,hir$ lab\r rema9$ z be=e1 an occasional appliance to meet tempor>y ne$s4 ,! use ( ! t]ms ,m$ieval & ,mod]n z labels#ahai = anci5t civilization 9 two cle>ly m>k$ /ages has1 ,i repeat1 j en\gh tru? 9 x to be dang]\s4 ,z a rhetorical fl\ri% x may pass4 ,b x conveys by sugge/ion mu* t _c be accept$4 ,no d\bt x is n meant to imply t :at we call ! ,middle ,ages is to be ignor$4 ,b x inevitably t5ds to /ifle a belief 9 hi/orical cont9uity1 a fai? 9 :i* is ! s\l ( hi/orical inquiry z g5]ally und]/ood 9 ! pres5t day4 ,t mod]n lab\r-conditions %ew a p[]ful reaction aga9/ m$ieval1 is obvi\s3 t m$ieval conditions h n influ5c$ ! modes ( ?is reaction1 is to me incr$ible4 ,i d n believe t ! mod]n free wage-e>n+ sy/em c\ld h gr[n out ( ! anci5t slave-lab\r sy/em1 _h !re be5 no su* int]v5+ p]iod z ! #8,middle ,ages4' ,t ! aims ( ! capitali/ anci5t & mod]n are ! same1 is a m]e truism3 b is n ! same true ( ! m$ieval capitali/ also8 ,t ! wage-e>n+ h&work] (t5 f9ds 8 fre$om ( self-disposal limit$ 9 practice1 ?\gh 8 position is v f> remov$ f slav]y1 ,i h po9t$ out above4 ,also1 t mod]n facilities = movem5t h help$ mat]ially to ass]t & enl>ge 8 fre$om4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w 0 ! turn+-po9t ( ,european hi/ory4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t capitali/ic ph5om5a appe>$ !re also1 & on a l>g] scale4 ,& n[1 almo/ ! :ole _w ov]1 ! h&work] is /riv+1 n only = high] wages b = m complete self-disposal4 ,?is necessitates "s control ( ! indu/ries 9 :i* he works4 ,individual ef=t be+ va91 he =ms unions to gu>d 8 int]e/s4 ,! unions1 act+ by /rike-pressure1 come into conflict ) gov]nm5ts repres5t+ ! /ate4 ,! next /ep is to employ political pressure by ga9+ & us+ votes "u repres5tative sy/ems1 s z to remodel legislation & adm9i/ration 9 a s5se fav\rable to ! h&work]4 ,?is movem5t1 n[ well "u way 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 is n p]haps sociali/ic 9 pr9ciple1 & we d n yet "k h[ f> x is likely to take t turn4 ,9 ord] to fight exploitation1 ! h&work] has to surr5d] a good deal ( 8 individual fre$om3 :e!r he w be cont5t to surr5d] a good deal m1 ! com+ age w see4 ,?is mu* at lea/ is cle>1--! h&work+ wage-e>n]s are no long]1 z 9 ! anci5t _w1 a class ( no acc\nt4 ,t !y h wrung s _m great concessions f unwill+ capitali/s seems to me a pro( t _! fre$om1 ev5 "u m$ieval#ahbj re/rictions1 _h always 9 x some?+ real1 "s quality t %>ply di/+ui%$ x f anci5t slav]y4 ,9 anci5t slav]y ,i c see no g]m out ( :i* bett]m5t ( lab\r-conditions c\ld conceivably arise4 ,x simply _h to die1 & mod]n attempts to revive x h _h to die also4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages ,i h recogniz$ two l9es ( di/9ction4 ,"o is t commonly admitt$1 ! l9e t p>ts freeman f slave4 ,! o!r is t betwe5 free wage-e>n] & slave4 ,9 look+ back f mod]n circum/ances to anci5t1 ! latt] is mu* ! m important4 ,=1 n[ t slav]y 9 ! prop] s5se has be5 aboli%$ by mod]n civiliz$ peoples1 ! conditions ( wage-e>n+ /& out z pres5t+ ! mo/ mom5t\s issues ( ! pres5t age4 ,to ! /atesm5 ! que/ions rais$ are full ( anxiety z to ! probable influ5ce ( pres5t policies on future wellbe+4 ,a /ud5t ( ,greco-,roman civilization mu/ ask himself :e!r mod]n lab\r-que/ions & _! attempt$ solutions may n indirectly furni% help 9 apprais+ & judg+ ! conditions ( ! pa/4 ,n[ x s happ5s t 9 ! case ( agriculture rec5t ev5ts 9 ,russia possess v m>k$ significance1 & x is !re=e h>dly possible to leave !m unnotic$ "h4 ,x seems to be e/abli%$#ahba beyond reasonable d\bt t ! g5u9e & effective doctr9e ( ,l59ite ,bol%evism1 9 its def9ition ( ! #8work+ class1' excludes ! peasantry4 ,!y are n #8prolet>ian4' ,t is1 ! great majority ( peasants h some?+4 ,?is ea* wants to keep1 & if possible to augm5t4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ,individuali/s4 ,n[ ,bol%evism builds on dogmas ( ,m>xian ,socialism1 h[ev] mu* x may w>p _! application1 h[ev] widely x may dep>t f ,m>xian !ory 9 its *oice ( me?ods4 ,!re=e x sees 9 ! peasants only a class ( petty b\rgeoisie ) ! anti-sociali/ic in/9cts ( t hat$ class1 & w sp>e no ef=t to exclude !m f political p[]4 ,x disfran*ises employ]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! "w !y d is productive & useful to society4 ,we ne$ g no fur!r3 ^! pr9ciples ( ! ,bol%evik cre$1 be x prophetic vision or be x crazy fanaticism bl9d to ! facts ( human nature & devoid ( all practical s5se ( proportion1 are en\gh = my pres5t purpose4 ,x results f !m t all wage-e>n+ is wrong3 no man has ! "r to employ ano!r man = 8 own purposes3 t ! relation b5efits bo? employ] & employ$1 ev5 if true1 is a consid]ation#ahbb :olly irrelevant4 ,= x is promis$ t ! new civilization1 reca/ on ! ,bol%evik model1 w leave no room = wage-s]vice ( "o man to ano!r4 ,i am n to criticize ?is s*eme ( social & economic life1 b to look at x coolly z an illu/rative fact4 ,x is surely a significant ?+ t1 :ile slav]y & s]fdom are n[ reckon$ z virtually obsolete ph5om5a ( ! pa/1 ! old di/9ction1 betwe5 ! man :o works himself = himself & ! man :o works = ano!r1 is /ill be=e u z ! vital l9e ( division 9 lab\r-que/ions4 ,blood%$ & torture z means ( en=c+ ! dogma may be conf9$ to ,russia1 b ! di/9ction is at ! bottom ( indu/rial unre/ all ov] ! _w4 ,mo/ significant ( all is ! admission t peasant l&hold]s are n a #8prolet>iate4' ,( c\rse !y are n4 ,b to philosoph]s & /atesm5 ( antiquity !y appe>$ z an all-important class1 n only z produc]s ( food b z a solid elem5t ( population1 promot+ ! /ability ( /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,?is /ability 0 fav\rable to cont9uity ( policy & enabl$ all int]e/s to ?rive 9 peace4 ,h ! developm5t ( ma*9]y & transport 9 rec5t times s f> alt]$ ! conditions ( agriculture t ?is is no long] ! case8 ,9 o!r words1 is ! agricultural lab\r]1 ! pres5t wage-e>n]1 to sup]s$e ! peasant l&hold] z ! dom9ant figure ( ru/ic life8 ,is ! l>ge-scale f>m] to survive only z ! impot5t figurehead ( rural ent]prises8 ,is a political prolet>iate compet5t to regulate ! conduct ( an indu/ry directly dep5d5t on soil climate & seasons8 ,:]ev] man is 9 imm$iate contact ) =ces ( nature1 9 f>m-life z 9 seaf>+1 ! bodily en]gies ( _m c only be effective ?r\gh subord9ation to ! m9d ( "o4 ,h[ f>1 "u ! mod]n factory sy/em1 :]e ! mill goes on z usual 9 all wea!rs1 direction by wage-e>n]s may be a practicable proposition1 ,i _c tell4 ,t su* a plan w\ld be a failure on a f>m1 ,i h no d\bt :atev]4 ,my g5]al conclusion !n is t ! old di/9ction obs]vable "u ,greco-,roman civilization 0 9 itself a s\nd "o4 ,yet x l$ to no la/+ & satisfactory solution ( agricultural lab\r-problems4 ,_m causes no d\bt contribut$ to ?is failure2 b ! lack ( a satisfactory lab\r-sy/em 0 probably ! greate/4 ,nei!r slav]y nor s]fdom 0 capable ( meet+ ! ne$1 & ! wage-e>n+ sy/em nev] grew s z effici5tly to sup]s$e !m4 ,n[1 aft] c5turies ( ! wage-sy/em1 we are uneasily ask+ ourselves :e!r mod]n civilization is gravely endang]$ ?r\gh ! failure ( ?is sy/em also4 ,x seems t 9 agriculture at lea/ !re are two possible alt]natives1 ei!r a f9al settlem5t ( ! wage-"q on a foot+ satisfactory to ! lab\r]1 or a return to 4 ,probably nei!r ( ^! w be f\nd to exclude ! o!r or to be equally applicable to ! circum/ances ( all c\ntries4 ,t communal own]%ip & %ift+ t5ure c be reviv$ seems impossible "u mod]n conditions1 :atev] "s ,sociali/s may fancy4 ,on ! o!r h& volunt>y coop]ation 9 m>ket+ seems to h a great future be=e x4 ,( a movem5t 9 t direction ,i h f\nd no traces among ! anci5ts3 b mod]n developm5ts 9 ! way ( transport may remove _m difficulties4 ,at any rate x is 9 su* ef=ts ( adaptation & compromise t exp]t agriculturi/s seem to be look+ = help4 ,z to lab\r1 slav]y & s]fdom be+ exclud$ f mod]n civiliz$ /ates1 ! com+ problem is h[ to secure ! p]=mance ( agricultural "w4 ,! *oice lies betwe5 attractive wage-conditions1 appeal+ to individual int]e/1 & ! ,sociali/ s*eme ( tasks c>ri$ out "u (ficial direction1 assum$ to be 9 ! be/ int]e/s ( a :ole community4 ,bo? plans (f] a sub/itute = ! crude compulsory me?ods va9ly employ$ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,:i* plan is ! m suit$ to ! dem&s ( human nature1 :e!r self-disposal or communism is to be ! dom9ant aim & note ( society1 com+ g5]ations mu/ decide4 ,,app5dix4 ,,"s ,,byzant9e ,,au?orities4 ,to foll[ up ! hi/ory ( agricultural lab\r "u ! s-call$ ,byzant9e empire1 aft] ! ,roman empire _h fall5 9 ! ,we/1 is beyond my scope4 ,yet !re are c]ta9 matt]s on :i* light is ?r[n by surviv+ docum5ts t x is h>dly possible :olly to ignore4 ,t ! position ( ! agricultural classes did n foll[ ! same l9es ( developm5t 9 ,ea/ & ,we/1 is 9 itself a fact wor? not+1 ?\gh n surpris+4 ,x may be said to run p>allel ) ! g5]al fate ( ! two sections ( ! once ,roman _w4 ,9 ! ,we/#ahbc ! gr[? ( :at we call ,feudalism & ! rise ( new nation-/ates are ! ph5om5a t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies gradually produc$ our mod]n ,europe4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! ,empire long pres]v$ its organization1 decl9+ 9 effici5cy & p[]1 b rally+ aga9 & aga91 s]v+ z a bulw>k ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 & n ext+ui%$ f9ally till #adec4 ,x might p]haps h be5 guess$ t ! conditions ( ru/ic life w\ld und]go "s *ange1 = ! sy/em ( ! lat] ,roman colonate 0 already %ew+ signs ( com+ failure 9 ! "t ( ,arcadius & ,honorius4 ,! ne$ ( "s sy/em m fav\rable to individual en]gy & ent]prise1 m to be tru/$ = production ( food1 0 surely n to be ignor$4 ,food mu/ h be5 a ne$ ( extreme urg5cy1 ) armies con/antly engag$ 9 nor!rn or ea/]n w>s1 & ! m\?s ( ,con/ant9ople ev] hungry at home4 ,aft] ! ,s>ac5 conque/ ( ,egypt 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! food-res\rces on :i* ! gov]nm5t c\ld rely mu/ h be5 s]i\sly r$uc$1 & ! ne$ great] ?an ev]4 ,?us we are n to wond] if we f9d indications ( great int]e/ tak5 9 agriculture1 & direct evid5ce ( rev]sion to a bett] l&-sy/em ?an t ( ! lat] ,roman colonate4 ,a4 ,,geoponica4 ,! curi\s collection kn[n z ,geoponica#ahbd comes d[n to u 9 a text attribut$ to ! t5? c5tury1 :i* is suppos$ to be a badly-edit$ v]sion ( an e>li] "w probably ( ! six? or e>ly sev5? c5tury4 ,x is 9 a scrap-book =m1 consi/+ ( precepts on a va/ numb] ( topics1 ! matt] "u ea* head+ be+ pr(ess$ly drawn f ! doctr9e ( "s au?or or au?ors ^: names are prefix$4 ,"s ( ^! are ,byzant9e writ]s1 o!rs ( mu* e>li] date1 includ+ ,democritus & ,hippocrates1 & ! ,roman ,v>ro4 ,mod]n critics consid] ^! citations ( names untru/wor?y1 ! collector or editor hav+ dealt v c>elessly ) ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,i c only say t an exam9ation ( ! *apt]s t are ( special int]e/ to me fully be>s out ?is c5sure4 ,i w\ld add t a ref]5ce to ! index %ews t ,cato ,columella ,pl9y 7eld]7 & ,palladius are nev] cit$1 & express my suspicion t ! omission ( names is n always a pro( t ^? au?ors 7 disreg>d$ z s\rces4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! "w is unsci5tific & feeble1 ab\nd+ 9 quack]y & sup]/ition4 ,te*nical & dogmatic1 x has nev]!less an air ( unreality1 p]haps due 9 "p to ! lat] editor1 b probably 9 "p to ! orig9al compil]1 ^: "n is giv5 z ,cassianus ,bassus1 a lawy] 771 app>5tly a ,byzant9e4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! cultivation ( corn fills b a small space 9 ! ,geoponica1 be+ evid5tly q a subord9ate dep>tm5t ( f>m-life z !re contemplat$4 ,is ?is an indication t ,con/ant9ople 0 /ill draw+ pl5ty ( corn f ,egypt1 & may we inf] t ?is feature is due to ! orig9al compil]1 writ+ be=e ! loss ( t gran>y-prov9ce8 ,i d n v5ture to answ] ! "q4 ,! passages int]e/+ f my po9t ( view occur 9 ! second book1 :]e "s ref]5ce1 scanty & obscure ?\gh x be1 is made to lab\r & lab\r]s4 ,a *apt] 7#b7 on ! classes ( lab\r]s suit$ = v>i\s k9ds ( "w is a good specim5 ( ?is unsatisfactory treatise4 ,x is labell$ 1 b we may well hesitate to ascribe ! sub/ance to ,v>ro4 ,! rules giv5 are = ! mo/ "p q commonplace1 & ,i _c trace !m 9 ,v>ro's res ru/ica4 ,on ! o!r h& "s ( !m correspond to precepts ( ,columella4 ,:e!r ?is is _! real s\rce1 or :e!r !y are traditional rules h&$ d[n c>elessly by previ\s compil]s1 p]haps on ev5 e>li] au?ority1 ,i see no sure means ( det]m9+4 ,! doctr9e t boys 77 %\ld be employ$ 9 field-lab\r 771 to wat* & le>n f _! exp]i5c$ eld]s1 & ! rem>k t _! suppl5ess fits !m bett] = /oop+ jobs 7we$+ etc471 is new to me4 ,v>ro#ahbe at lea/ puts ! m9imum age = field-h&s at #bb4 ,p]haps ?is doctr9e comes f "s lat] au?ority1 ( a "t :5 ! old supply ( adult field-h&s 0 evid5tly fail+4 ,ano!r *apt]1 labell$ z drawn f ,flor5t9us 78 fir/ half ( ?ird c5tury71 deals ) ! qualifications & duties ( ! or 1 ! ,roman vilicus4 ,?is *apt] 7#dd7 is also q commonplace1 & c be copi\sly illu/rat$ out ( _m au?ors1 f ,x5ophon & ,cato to ,columella & ,pl9y4 ,! exact mean+ ( "o passage 7 #c7 is n cle> to me1 b its g5]al drift is 9 agreem5t ) ! re/4 ,! notable po9t ab\t ! *apt] is t x discusses ! /ew>d & 8 /aff z =m+ ! ord9>y e/abli%m5t ( a f>m4 ,are we to inf] t ?is sy/em 0 normal at ! "t :5 ! compil] put toge!r ! precepts "u ?is head8 ,or is ?is a case ( un9tellig5t compilation1 a m]e pass+-on ( doctr9es practically obsolete by a t[n-br$ writ] 9 8 /udy8 ,i _c tell4 ,! consid]ation ( fur!r details may give "s help t[>ds a judgm5t4 ,! next *apt] 7#de71 ) ! same label1 treats ( ! /ew>d's di>y & ! organization ( ! h&s 774 ,! ma9 doctr9e is t e day mu/ h its task1 & e plan be punctually c>ri$ out1 s9ce "o delay upsets ! :ole c\rse 7 7 & is bad = bo? crops & l&4 ,?is aga9 is /ale en\gh1 & may be illu/rat$ f ,cato & ,columella4 ,! rules = organiz+ ! h&s 9 gr\ps ( suitable size1 s z to get a maximum ( effici5cy ) a m9imum ( ov]se]s1 agree closely ) :at we f9d 9 ,columella4 ,?us !re is a /rong probability t ! lab\r int5d$ is t ( slaves4 ,9 *apt] #df1 ) same label1 ! subject is "o ( scale 7 71 ! expression ( sev]al op]ations 9 t]ms ( lab\r-units 71 op]ae74 ,?is also is an old /ory1 capable ( mu* illu/ration f e>li] writ]s4 ,! "w contemplat$ is t ( a v9ey>d4 ,! way 9 :i* ! h&s 77 are ref]r$ to is m suit$ to a slave-/aff ?an to wage-e>n]s4 ,s too 9 *apt] #dg1 ) same label4 ,x is 1 enjo9+ g5]al c>e ( ! m5's heal? & prescrib+ rem$ies = v>i\s ailm5ts4 ,x seems tak5 = grant$ t ! h&s w submit to ! treatm5t impos$4 ,rememb]+ ! traditional int]e/ ( ! ma/] 9 8 slaves' heal?1 we c h>dly d\bt t slaves are meant "h4 ,*apt] #dh1 labell$ z drawn f ,didymus 78 f\r? or fif? c5tury71 is a w>n+ aga9/ ill-consid]$ transplantation f bett] spots to less :olesome ones4 ,! rev]se ord] is ! "r "o4 ,?is rule applies n only to plants 77 b to f>m-work]s 77 also4 ,! pr9ciple c be trac$ back to e>li] writ]s4 ,x seems assum$ t ! m51 l ! plants1 c be remov$ at ! ma/]'s w4 ,probably slaves are meant1 & we may recall ! objections ( ,v>ro & ,columella to risk+ slave-prop]ty 9 mal>i\s spots4 ,*apt] #di1 labell$ 1 ass]ts ! necessity ( keep+ su* artisans z smi?s c>p5t]s & pott]s on ! f>m or ne> at h&4 ,! tools h to be kept 9 good ord]1 & visits to ! t[n wa/e "t4 ,t ?is precept comes f ,v>ro ,i #af #c1 #d1 seems m ?an d\btful3 ref]5ce w %ew t ! passages diff] consid]ably4 ,i w\ld add t ! argum5t prefix$ to book ,,iii1 a f>m]'s cal5d>1 at lea/ 9 ,beckh's text1 gives a li/ ( ! mon?s f ,janu>y to ,decemb]1 atta*+ to ea* ,roman "n ! correspond+ ,egyptian "o4 ,! editor app>5tly accepts ?is d\ble li/ z g5u9e4 ,if x be s1 has ! fact any be>+ on ! relations betwe5 ,con/ant9ople & ,egypt ref]r$ to above8 ,b4 ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,law4 ,! s-call$ #8,f>m]'s ,law1' 1 is n[ assign$ by ! critics to ! "t ( ! ,iconocla/ emp]ors1 say ab\t #gdj ,,ad4 ,x is an (ficial docum5t ( limit$ scope1 n a g5]al regulative code gov]n+ agricultural conditions 9 all p>ts ( ! ea/]n empire4 ,its text orig9 arrangem5t & ! be>+ ( its evid5ce h be5 mu* discuss$1 & x w suffice "h to ref] to ! articles ( ,mr ,a%burn]#ahbf on ! subject4 ,:at conc]ns me is ! position ( f>m]s "u ! ,byzant9e empire 9 ! eigh? c5tury z comp>$ ) t ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury coloni1 & ! diff]5t l9es ( developm5t foll[$ by c\ntry life 9 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,!re=e x is only necess>y to consid] "s ( ! ma9 features ( ! picture reveal$ to u by v>i\s details ( ! ,f>m]'s ,law4 ,! fir/ po9t t /rikes a read] is t ! s]f#ahbg colonus has app>5tly disappe>$4 ,l& is held by free own]s1 :o ei!r !mselves provide = its cultivation or let x to t5ants :o take ov] t duty4 ,! normal organization is 9 di/ricts 77 ea* ( :i* conta9s a numb] ( l&[n]s1 :o ei!r f>m _! own l& or1 if %ort ( means 771 let x to o!r bett]-equipp$ f>m]s ( ! same di/rict4 ,?us ! transactions are locally limit$1 & ! *ief object ( ! law is to prev5t misde$s t might prejudicially affect ! prosp]ity ( ! local f>m]s4 ,^! are 9 a s5se p>tn]s or common]s 771 ! #8commonalty' 77 ( ! di/rict1 :i* is a taxation-unit ) its memb]s jo9tly liable4 ,! di/rict seems to be reg>d$ z orig9ally common & !n divid$ into memb]s' lots1 ) a "p res]v$ p]haps z common pa/ure4 ,r$ivision is contemplat$1 & ! lots seem to belong r to ! family ?an to ! individual4 ,to judge f ! tone ( ! rules1 x seems c]ta9 t ! f>m]s & _! families are a class work+ ) _! own h&s4 ,b !re are also wage-e>n+ lab\r]s1 & slaves own$ or hir$ = f>m "w4 ,t5ancy on %>es1 l ! p>ti>y sy/em 9 ,roman ,law1 appe>s z an e/abli%$ practice1 & 9 "o passage 7clause #af7 ,mr ,a%burn] detects a f>m] employ$ at a sal>y1 9 %ort a m]c5n>ius4 ,?us we f9d exi/+ :at are a k9d ( village communities1 ! l&[n+ f>m]s 9 :i* are free to let l& to ea* o!r & also to ex*ange f>ms if !y see fit to d s4 ,h[ f> !y are free to flit f "o commune to ano!r rema9s d\btful4 ,& !re is no indication t !y are at lib]ty to dispose ( _! own l&-rights to outsid]s4 ,!re appe>s h[ev] side by side ) ^! communal units ano!r sy/em ( t5ancies 9 :i* individual f>m]s hire l& f great l&lords4 ,naturally ! position ( su* t5ants is diff]5t f t ( t5ants "u communal own]s3 ! matt] is treat$ at "s l5g? by ,mr ,a%burn]4 ,:at proportion ! corn crop g5]ally bore to o!r produce 9 ! agriculture ( ! ,byzant9e empire contemplat$ by ^! regulations1 ! docum5t does n enable u to judge4 ,v9ey>ds & figy>ds 7 cle>ly an important dep>tm5t1 & also g>d5s = vegetables & fruit4 ,live /ock1 & damage done to !m & by !m1 are ! subject ( _m clauses1 nor is woodl& =gott54 ,b ! olive does n appe>4 ,s f> z "o may guess1 ! f>m+ 0 probably ( a mix$ "*4 ,! p5alties assign$ = (f5ces are (t5 b>b>\s1 includ+ n only dea? by hang+ or burn+ b bl9d+ & o!r mutilations ( ori5tal use4 ,at ! same "t ! ecclesia/ical _s ( ! ,ea/]n empire f9ds expression 9 ! be/[al ( a curse on "o guilty ( *eat+1 ref]r+ ,i suppose prim>ily to undiscov]$ fraud4 ,! /ate ( ?+s inf]r$ f ! provisions ( ! #8,f>m]'s ,law' is s rem>kable 9 itself1 & s diff]5t f ! c\rse ( ru/ic developm5t 9 ! ,we/1 t we are driv5 to seek an explanation ( "s k9d4 ,_m influ5ces may h contribut$ to produce s /rik+ a diff]5tiation4 ,b "o c h>dly help suspect+ t !re 0 "s "o great influ5ce at "w 9 ! ea/]n empire1 to :i* ! surpris+ *ange not$ above 0 ma9ly due4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire#ahbh ,pr(essor ,bury has (f]$ a conjectural solution ( ! problem4 ,x is to be s\ght 9 ! *anges br\ght ab\t 9 ! national "* & ! ext]nal hi/ory ( ! ,empire4 ,s9ce ! middle ( ! six? c5tury nor?-we/ ,asia ,m9or & ! ,balkan c\ntry _h be5 fill$ ) ,slavonic settl]s1 & o!r p>ts ) o!r new coloni/s4 ,n[ ! new settl]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,slavs1 7 n us$ to ! colonate sy/em or ! rigid bond ( h]$it>y occupations1 & emp]ors busi$ 9 imp]ial def5ce on ! ,nor? & ,ea/ knew bett] ?an to =ce ^u !m an unwelcome sy/em4 ,invasions _h r$uc$ ! populations ( fronti] prov9ces & %att]$ ! old /ate ( s]fdom4 ,resettlem5t on a l>ge scale _h to be c>ri$ out )9 ! empire1 & "u new conditions to suit ! *ang$ "* ( ! population4 ,among ! new elem5ts t produc$ ?is *ange ! mo/ important 0 ! com+ ( ! ,slavs4 ,= ! ,slavs _h !mselves no in/itution correspond+ to ! ,g]man laeti4 ,slaves inde$ !y _h1 b n free cultivators atta*$ to ! soil4 ,!re=e !y c\ld n1 l ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,we/1 adapt !mselves to ! ,roman colonate2 accord+ly _! intrusion l$ to its abolition4 ,9 support ( ?is view ! well-kn[n ,slavonic peasant communities are cit$ z evid5ce4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t ?is consid]ation has "s weight4 ,b1 :ile we may provisionally accept ! conclusion t ,slavonic influ5ces _h some?+1 p]haps mu*1 to d ) ! new turn giv5 to ! conditions ( ru/ic life 9 ! ,ea/1 we mu/ n press x s f> z to inf] t ! colonate-sy/em 0 ext9ct !re4 ,9 no case c\ld ! #8,f>m]'s ,law' fairly be us$ to prove ! negative3 & moreov] x is app>5tly ! case accord+ to ,mr ,a%burn] t ! docum5t is n a complete agricultural code = all agricultural classes )9 ! empire4 ,if x is #8conc]n$ exclusively ) a village community1 compos$ ( f>m]s :o cultivate _! own l&s1' x _c prove ! non-exi/5ce ( o!r ru/ic conditions diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,colonate seems to h disappe>$1 :ile slav]y has n4 ,b t is ! utmo/ we c say4 ,! slave at lea/ is /ill !re4 ,z to ! important "q1 :e!r ! f>m]s contemplat$ 9 ! ,law enjoy a real fre$om ( movem5t1 z has be5 ?\ght1 x is be/ to ref] a read] to ! cauti\s res]ve ( ,mr ,a%burn]4 ,! "o g5]al inf]5ce t ,i v5ture to draw f ^! two au?orities is t1 h[ev] mu* or little ! conditions ( agriculture may h *ang$ 9 ! surviv+ ,ea/]n "p ( ! ,roman empire1 ! employm5t ( slave lab\r /ill rema9$4 ,c4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,mod]n ,,books4 7#a7 ,hume1 ,essay ,,xi1 ,( ! popul\sness ( anti5t nations4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] :at disadvantages ! anti5ts lay "u ) reg>d to popul\sness1 & :at *ecks !y receiv$ f _! political maxims & in/itutions4 ,!re are commonly comp5sations 9 e human condition2 & ?o' ^! comp5sations be n always p]fectly equal1 yet !y s]ve1 at lea/1 to re/ra9 ! prevail+ pr9ciple4 ,to comp>e !m & e/imate _! influ5ce1 is inde$ v difficult1 ev5 :]e !y take place 9 ! same age1 & 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries3 ,b :]e sev]al ages h int]v5$1 & only scatt]$ lights are af=d$ u by anti5t au?ors2 :at c we d b amuse ourselves by talk+1 pro & con1 on an int]e/+ subject1 & !reby correct+ all ha/y & viol5t det]m9ations8 ,,mod]n ,,italian ,,conditions4 7#b7 ,bolton ,k+ & ,?omas ,okey1 ,italy today4 ,9 ,italy today1 ,messrs ,bolton ,k+ & ,?omas ,okey furni% a mo/ int]e/+ collection ( facts relative to ,italian rural conditions4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! ph5om5a ( antiquity reappe> 9 ! details ( ?is c>eful treatise is mo/ /rik+4 ,italy be+ ! c5tral l& ( my inquiry1 & conv9c$ z ,i am t ! great v>iety ( local conditions is ev5 n[ n suffici5tly recogniz$ 9 ,roman ,hi/ories1 ?is excell5t book is ( peculi> value4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 7say7 fifte5 c5turies ,italy & h] p h pass$ ?r\gh /range vicissitudes1 n m]ely political3 a great *ange has tak5 place 9 ! range ( agricultural products3 yet old ph5om5a ( rural life meet ! inquir] at e turn4 ,surely ?is _c be dismiss$ lightly z a casual co9cid5ce4 ,i _c f9d room to set out ! resemblances 9 detail1 s ,i app5d a %ort table ( ref]5ce to passages 9 ! book t h impress$ me mo/4 ,supplem5t>y to ?is1 z a vivid illu/ration ( conditions 9 a m\nta9 di/rict1 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,9 ! ,abruzzi1 by ,anne ,macdonell1 are decid$ly helpful4 ,= in/ance1 x appe>s t ! old migratory pa/urage /ill exi/$ 9 full =ce d[n to q rec5t times1 b ! late conv]sion ( mu* ,apulian l[l& f pa/ure to tillage has s]i\sly affect$ ! position ( ! highl& %eph]ds by r$uc+ ! area available = w9t] graz+4 ,! *apt] on brig&age has also "s in/ructive passages4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,italy today4 ,peasant contra/$ ) wage-e>n]1 pp #fd-f1 #gb1 #gd1 #abf1 #aff-h1 #aga-b1 #age-f1 #bjj1 #cab1 & ,index "u mezzaiuoli & peasants4 ,agricultural classes1 pp #afd-f4 ,p>ti>ies1 pp #afh1 #agc4 ,emphyteusis1 p #agc4 ,improvem5ts1 p #agc4 ,f>m+ ?r\gh /ew>d1 pp #agd-e4 ,t5ancies1 pp #afh-gd1 & ,index "u peasants4 ,r5ts 9 k9d1 p #aga4 ,debt ( v>i\s classes1 pp #ahb-d1 #cff1 #cgf4 ,taxes1 p #adj4 ,gangs ( lab\r]s1 pp #aff1 #cgf4 ,wages1 pp #abf1 #abh1 #afh1 #agd1 #cff1 #cfi-ga4 ,food 9 wage1 p #cgj4 ,emigration1 pp #cga1 #cif4 ,self-help 9 rural di/ricts1 pp #ahd-f1 #cgf4 ,*>ities1 pp #bbj foll1 #cgi foll4 ,sociali/s & ,peasantry1 pp #fd-f1 #agj1 #agb1 cf #ga-b4 7#c7 ,r ,e ,pro!ro1 ,! pleasant l& ( ,france4 ,london #aijh4 ,*apt]s 7essays7 ,,ii & ,,iii1 ,fr5* f>m+ & ,t5ant-"r & agr>ian outrage 9 ,france1 conta9 mu* ( int]e/4 pp #ia-b ,social advantages ( ! sy/em ( peasant proprietors4 ,a tra9+#ahbi to ! rural population4 ,elem5t ( /ability4 ,! answ] to agitators #8,cela e/ bi51 mais il faut cultiv] notre j>d94' ,difficulties :i* beset its artificial creation4 ,mtayage 7"u pres5t conditions7 has prov$ ! be/ %elt] = t5ant-f>m]s aga9/ ! agricultural /orm4 ,ne$ ( implicit confid5ce betwe5 l&lord & work+ p>tn]4 pp #ih-i ,t5ant-"r 9 ,sant]re 7,pic>dy74 ,t5ant consid]s himself a co-proprietor ( ! l&4 ,=m] paym5t ( r5t 9 k9d tak5 to be a sign ( jo9t own]%ip4 ,n[ 9 money1 b calculat$ ^u m>ket price ( corn4 ,l&lord's loss ( control4 ,high money value ( droit de m>*4 p #ajd ,traces ( ,roman occupation4 ,roman soldi] foll[$ by f>m]4 #8,"u ! empire ! colonus 0 n a slave1 b ! own] ( slaves3 he held 8 l& 9 p]petuity2 he c\ld n leave x4 ,he paid a fix$ r5t 9 k9d1 :i* c\ld n be rais$4 ,t5ant-"r !re=e is expla9$ z ! recognition by ! ,franki% conqu]ors ( ?is h]$it>y claim to ! p]petual occupation ( ! soil4' ,"o ( ! v>i\s explanations (f]$4 p #aai ,sev]e legislation fail$ to get rid ( t5ant-"r1 b s9ce #agia x has be5 recogniz$1 & s its importance decreas$4 ,"u ! anci5 rgime leases 7 %ort--#i ye>s--& prec>i\s4 ,!y 7 gov]n$ by ! ,roman law maxim emptori fundi necesse non e/ />e colonum4 ,t is1 if prop]ty *ang$ h&s dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! lease1 ! new own] might evict ! t5ant4 ,! ,code ,civil confirms law ( #agia--;dispossession only if provision has be5 made 79 lease7 = x4 ,9 g5]al1 l&-t5ures v>y v greatly 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces4 7#d7 ,g ,g ,c\lton1 ,social life 9 ,brita9 f ! ,conque/ to ! ,re=mation4 ,cambridge #aiah4 ,9 ,section ,,vi ,manor & ,cottage are a numb] ( extracts ?r[+ light on ! ru/ic conditions ( _! times4 #a4 ,a model ,manor pp #cja-f1 describ+ ! organization ( an e/ate1 ) ! duties ( ! sev]al (ficials & dep>tm5tal s]vants4 ,wat*ful dilig5ce & economy1 /rict acc\ntability & hone/y are insi/$ on1 t ! rights ( ! ,"l may n be impair$4 #b4 ,! ,manorial c\rt1 pp #cjf-h4 #c4 ,! peasant's f>e1 p #cjh4 #d4 ,incid5ts ( ! c\ntryside1 p #cji4 #g4 ,decay ( yeomanry1 pp #caj-ab4 7,latim]47 #h4 ,decay ( husb&ry1 pp #cab-ad4 7,sir ,t ,m47 ,all ^! passages are ( great int]e/ z %ew+ h[ a numb] ( ph5om5a obs]vable 9 ! case ( anci5t e/ates are repeat$ "u m$ieval conditions4 ,! typical ,manor ) its elaborate hi]>*y & rules1 ! /ruggles ( ! small yeoman1 ! encroa*m5ts ( big l&lords1 ! special difficulties ( small-scale tillage caus$ by gr[? ( l>ge-scale pa/urage1 ! increase ( wa/rels & /urdy begg>s1 are all notable po9ts1 wor?y ! att5tion ( a /ud5t ( anci5t f>m life & lab\r4 ,,! ,,big ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,small ,,f>m]4 7#e7 ,clifton ,johnson1 ,f ! ,/ ,lawr5ce to ,virg9ia4 ,new ,york #aiac1 p #ba4 ,*apt] on ! ,adirondack w9t]4 7,conv]sation 9 an up-c\ntry /ore47 #8,i work$ = ,rockefell] mo/ ( t season4 ,y "k he has a big e/ate d[n bel[ "h a ways4 ,!re us$ to be f>mh\ses--yes & villages on x1 b he b\ght ! own]s all out1 or froze 'em out4 ,"o fell] 0 det]m9$ n to sell1 & z a sample ( h[ ?+s 0 made uncom=table = him ,i he>d tell t two m5 came to 8 h\se once & made him a pres5t ( "s v5ison4 ,!y _h h>dly gone :5 ! game w>d5 dropp$ 9 & arre/$ him = hav9' v5ison 9 8 h\se4 ,all su* tricks 0 work$ on him1 & he sp5t e c5t he 0 wor? fight+ lawsuits4 ,p wa'n't all[$ to fi% on ! prop]ty1 & ! wom5 wa'n't all[$ to pick b]ries on x4 ,a good deal ( h>d feel+ 0 /irr$ up1 & ,rockefell] w\ld scoot f ! tra9 to 8 h\se1 & pull ! curta9s d[n1 'fraid !y'd %oot him4 ,oh6 he 0 awful scairt4' ,,ea/]n ,,europe4 7#f7 ,m>ion ,l ,newbig9 ,d,sc1 ,geographical aspects ( ,balkan problems4 ,london #aiae4 ,turks--#8n all _! virtues1 n all _! milit>y /r5g?1 h sav$ !m f ! sl[ sapp+ ( vitality due to _! divorce alike f ! actual till+ ( ! l& & f trade & comm]ce4444 ,he has be5 )9 ! 7,balkan7 p59sula a p>asite1 *iefly ^u ! pl\gh+ peasant1 & ! effect has be5 to implant 9 ! m9d ( t peasant a passion = agriculture1 = ! undi/urb$ possession ( a pat* ( freehold1 :i* is probably z /rong "h z x has ev] be5 9 ! _w4' p #acg4 ,!ssaly--#8! l&[n]s are almo/ always abs5tees1 appe>+ only at ! "t ( h>ve/' 7orig9ally ,turks1 n[ mo/ly ,greeks7 #8:o h tak5 little p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! l&' 7no great improvem5t 9 condition ( cultivator74 7,s 9 ,bosnia--bett] 9 ,s]bia & ,bulg>ia7 #8l&s mo/ly work$ by ! peasants on ! half-%>es sy/em4' p #age4 ,albania--7pov]ty extreme--tempor>y emigration ( ! males1 frequ5t 9 poor regions7 #8"y ,alb (t5 leave _! c\ntry dur+ ! w9t]1 go+ to "w 9 ,greece or else:]e z field lab\r]s1 & return+ to _! m\nta9s 9 ! spr+4' pp #ahc-d4 ,g5]ally--small hold+s mo/ly 9 ! ,balkan /ates4 ,d4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,"s ,,books ,,us$4 ,?is li/ does n pret5d to be complete4 ,_m o!r works are ref]r$ to "h & !re 9 ! notes on ! text4 ,b ,i feel b\nd to m5tion ! names ( "s1 p>ticul>ly ^? deal+ ) conditions t did or /ill d exi/ 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,miscellane\s read+ ( ?is k9d has be5 to me a great help 9 ! endeav\r to und]/& ! full be>+ ( anci5t evid5ce1 & 7,i hope7 to judge x fairly4 ,x is on ! pres5tation & criticism ( t evid5ce t ,i dep5d3 = ! great h&books ( ,antiquities d n help me mu*4 ,! practice ( mak+ a /atem5t & giv+ 9 support ( x a ref]5ce or ref]5ces is on ! face ( x s\nd4 ,b1 :5 ! witnesses cit$ are au?ors writ+ "u widely v>i\s conditions ( "t & place & p]sonal circum/ances1 x is necess>y :5ev] possible to appraise ea* "o sep>ately4 ,& :5 ! aim is1 n to write a te*nical treatise on #8sci5tific' l9es1 b to describe :at is a highly important backgr\nd ( a great civilization1 a sep>ate treatm5t ( witnesses ne$s no apology4 ,i _c cite 9 detail ! ref]5ces to conditions 9 a numb] ( c\ntries1 = in/ance ,india & ,*9a1 b ,i h giv5 !m by page or *apt] s z to be consult$ ) ease4 7#a7 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,ru/ic ,,life ,,& ,,lab\r4 ,m ,web]1 ,die ,rmis*e ,agr>ges*i*te1 ,/uttg>t #ahia4 ,c ,daub5y1 ,lectures on ,roman husb&ry1 ,ox=d #aheg4 ,ll ,/orr-,be/1 ,v>ro on f>m+1 translat$ ) ,introduction comm5t>y & excursus1 ,london #aiab4 ,e de ,laveleye1 ,primitive ,prop]ty1 ,engli% translation #ahgh4 ,h ,blmn]1 article #8,l&wirts*aft' 9 ,i ,mll]'s ,h&bu* ,,vi ii #b1 ed #c pp #ecc foll4 ,a ,e ,zimm]n1 ,! ,greek ,commonweal?1 ,ox=d #aiaa4 ,b*s5s*tz1 ,besitz und ,erw]b1 ,halle #ahfi4 ,columella ( ,husb&ry1 translation 7anonym\s71 ,london #agde4 7#b7 ,,economic ,,& ,,social ,,matt]s4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 passim4 ,h ,niss51 ,italis*e ,l&eskunde1 ,b]l9 #ahhc-aijb4 ,k ,w ,nitzs*1 ,ges*i*te d] ,rmis*5 ,republik1 vol ,,ii1 ,leipzig #ahhe4 ,l ,blo*1 ,soziale ,kmpfe im alt5 ,rm1 ed ,,iii ,b]l9 #aiac4 ,david ,hume1 ,essays1 ed #agfj 7,essay ,,xi ( ! popul\sness ( anti5t nations74 ,j ,belo*1 ,die ,bevlk]ung d] ,grie*is*-,rmis*5 ,welt1 ,leipzig #ahhf4 ,h ,francotte1 ,l',indu/rie dans la ,grce anci5ne1 ,bruxelles #aijj-a4 ,o ,seeck1 ,ges*i*te des ,unt]gangs d] antik5 ,welt1 ,b]l9 #ahig-aiac4 ,o ,seeck1 #8,die ,s*atzungsordnung ,diocletians1' 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,social- und ,wir?s*aftsges*i*te1 ,weim> #ahif4 ,h ,s*ill]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,rmis*5 ,kais]zeit1 ,go?a #ahhc-g4 ,s ,dill1 ,roman society 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 ,london #ahih4 ,g ,gilb]t1 ,h&bu* d] ,grie*is*5 ,/aatsalt]?m]1 vol ,,ii1 ,leipzig #ahhe4 7#c7 ,,law ,,& ,,! ,,lat] ,,colonate4 ,sev]al ( ! books nam$ "u o!r heads deal ) legal po9ts1 = in/ance ,beau*et1 ,lipsius1 ,mei] & ,s*mann1 ,cald]9i1 ,m ,cl]c4 ,! ,dige/ & ,codex ,ju/9ianus h be5 us$ 9 ! text ( ,momms5 & ,p ,krg]4 ,! ,codex ,!odosianus 9 text ( ,momms5 & ,p ,m ,mey]1 ,b]l9 #aije & 9 ,ritt]'s edition ( ,godefroi1 ,leipzig #agcf-de4 ,p ,gir>d1 ,textes de droit ,roma91 ed #d ,p>is #aiac4 ,f ,zulueta1 #8,de ,patroc9iis vicorum1' 9 ,v9ograd(f's ,ox=d ,/udies1 ,ox=d #aiji4 ,m ,ro/[zew1 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,colonates1 ,leipzig & ,b]l9 #aiaj4 ,b ,hei/]b]gk1 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,colonats1 ,leipzig #ahgf4 ,a ,esme91 ,mlanges d'hi/oire du ,droit1 ,p>is #ahhf4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 #8,le ,colonat ,roma91' 9 8 ,re*]*es sur quelques problmes d'hi/oire1 ,p>is #ahhe4 ,h ,f ,pelham1 ,essays 7,no ,,xiii71 ,ox=d #aiaa4 ,i am sorry t inability to procure copies has prev5t$ me f consult+ ! foll[+ works3 ,beaud\91 ,les gr&s doma9es dans l'empire ,roma91 ,p>is #ahii4 ,bolke/e91 de colonatu ,romano eiusque orig9e1 ,am/]dam #aijf4 7#d7 ,,manumission ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,topics4 ,a ,cald]9i1 ,la manomissione e la condizione dei lib]ti 9 ,grecia1 ,milan #aijh4 ,m ,cl]c1 ,les mtques ,a?ni5s1 ,p>is #ahic4 ,l ,beau*et1 ,droit priv de la ,rpublique ,a?ni5ne1 ,p>is #ahig4 ,j ,h ,lipsius1 ,das ,attis*e ,re*t etc41 ,leipzig #aije4 ,mei] und ,s*mann1 ,d] ,attis*e ,process1 ,b]l9 #ahhc-g4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/aatsre*t4 ,g ,ha5el1 ,corpus legum1 ,leipzig #aheg4 ,c ,g ,bruns1 ,fontes ,iuris ,romani antiqui4 ,d>e/e1 ,hauss\lli]1 ,? ,re9a*1 ,recueil des inscriptions juridiques ,grecques1 ,p>is #aijd4 7,laws ( ,gortyn47 ,wes*] et ,f\c>t1 ,inscriptions de ,delphes1 ,p>is #ahfc4 ,wilam[itz-,mll5dorf1 #8,demotika d] ,metk51' 9 ,h]mes #ahhg4 7#e7 ,,slav]y ,,& ,,slave ,,trade4 ,h ,wallon1 ,hi/oire de l'esclavage dans l'antiquit1 ed #b ,p>is #ahgi4 ,j ,k ,+ram1 ,a hi/ory ( slav]y & s]fdom1 ,london #ahie4 ,e ,h ,m9ns1 ,scy?ians & ,greeks1 ,cambridge #aiac 7pages #dch1 #ddj1 #dfa1 #dfe1 #dga1 #efg74 ,v ,a ,smi?1 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,india1 ,ox=d #aiad 7pages #ajj-a1 #agg-h1 #dda74 ,m ,s ,evans1 ,black & ,:ite 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,london #aiae4 0 ,black & ,:ite 9 ,s\?-ea/ ,africa1 ed #b ,london #aiaf4 ,j ,e ,cairnes1 ,! ,slave ,p[]1 ed #b ,london & ,cambridge #ahfc4 ,w ,w ,buckl&1 ,! ,roman ,law ( ,slav]y1 ,cambridge #aijh4 ,w ,e ,h>d5burg1 ,! ,putumayo1 ! ,devil's ,p>adise1 ) extracts f ,sir ,r ,casem5t's report1 ,london & ,leipzig #aiab4 ,h ,w ,nev9son1 ,a mod]n ,slav]y1 ,london & ,new ,york #aijf4 ,sidney ,l[1 ,egypt 9 transition 7see "u ,m$ieval & ,mod]n conditions74 ,mrs ,m ,a ,h&ley1 ,r\gh+ x 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ,london #aiaa 7pages #aic-d74 7#f7 ,,m$ieval ,,& ,,mod]n ,,conditions4 ,books illu/rat+ matt]s ( ru/ic life1 peasant proprietor%ip1 agricultural wage-lab\r1 etc4 ,bolton ,k+ & ,?omas ,okey1 ,italy today1 new ed ,london #aiji4 ,r ,e ,pro!ro1 ,! pleasant l& ( ,france1 ,london #aijh 7,essays ,,ii & ,,iii74 ,anne ,macdonell1 ,9 ! ,abruzzi1 ,london #aijh 7*apt]s #a-c74 ,g ,r5wick1 ,f9l& today1 ,london #aiaa 7pages #ei1 #fj74 ,sir ,j ,d ,rees1 ,! real ,india1 ,london #aijh4 ,m>ion ,l ,newbig91 ,geographical aspects ( ,balkan problems1 ,london #aiae4 ,ralph ,butl]1 ,! new ea/]n ,europe1 ,london #aiai 7*apt] ,,vii74 ,john ,sp>go1 ,bol%evism1 ! enemy ( political & indu/rial democracy1 ,london #aiai 7pages #fi1 #aef1 #bge1 #bgh74 ,w ,h ,dawson1 ,! evolution ( mod]n ,g]many1 ,london #aijh 7*apt]s ,,xiii1 ,,xiv74 ,p ,v9ograd(f1 ,! gr[? ( ! ,manor1 ed #b ,london #aiaa4 ,g ,g ,c\lton1 ,social life 9 ,brita9 f ! ,conque/ to ! ,re=mation1 ,cambridge #aiah 7,section ,,vi74 ,m>y ,bateson1 ,m$ieval ,engl& #ajff-acej1 ,london #aijc4 ,sidney ,l[1 ,egypt 9 transition1 ,london #aiad 7pages #fj-b1 #bdj-a74 ,sidney ,l[1 ,a vision ( ,india1 ed #b ,london #aijg 7*apt] ,,xxiii74 ,sir ,a ,fras]1 ,among ,indian ,rajahs & ,ryots1 ed #c ,london #aiab 7pages #ahe1 #aia-baj74 ,j ,macg[an1 ,m5 & ,mann]s 9 mod]n ,*9a1 ,london #aiab 7pages #ag foll1 #ahi-if1 #bge-g74 ,m ,aug-,l>ib1 ,l'volution de la ,france agricole1 ,p>is #aiab4 7#g7 ,,special ,,am]ican ,,section4 ,h ,ba]le91 ,mexico1 ! l& ( unre/1 ,london #aiad 7*apt]s ,,viii1 ,,xi74 ,f ,l ,olm/$1 ,a j\rney 9 ! seabo>d slave ,/ates 7#ahec-d71 ed #b ,new ,york #aijd 7pages #bdj1 #bhb1 vol ,,ii pages #aee1 #aih1 #bcg74 ,h ,r ,help]1 ,! imp5d+ crisis ( ! ,s\? 7economic71 ,new ,york #aheg4 ,b ,b ,mun=d1 ,virg9ia's attitude t[>ds ,slav]y & ,secession1 ed #b ,london #aiaj 7pages #acc-d etc74 ,w ,ar*]1 ,?r\gh ,afro-,am]ica1 an ,engli% read+ ( ! ,race-problem1 ,london #aiaj4 ,a ,h ,/one1 ,/udies 9 ! ,am]ican ,race-problem1 ,london #aijh pr9t$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,f ,f ,br[ne1 ,! ev]yday life ( ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,london #aiad 7pages #cdh-i74 ,g ,p ,fi%]1 ,! colonial era 9 ,am]ica1 ,london #ahib 7pages #bed1 #bei74 ,j ,rodway1 ,guiana1 ,london #aiab 7( ,indians1 pages #bbd-e74 ,j ,creelman1 ,diaz1 ,ma/] ( ,mexico1 ,new ,york #aiaa 7pages #dja-e74 ,e ,r ,turn]1 ,! ,negro 9 ,p5nsylvania #afci-ahfa1 ,wa%+ton #aiaa4 ,social & economic =ces 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 ,new ,york & ,london #aiac 7by sev]al au?ors74 ,j ,f ,rhodes1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahej1 ,london #ahic-aijf4 ,c ,r ,enock1 ,! ,republics ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,london & ,new ,york #aiac4 ,,footnotes #a ,a good specim5 ( su* "w at a late date may be f\nd 9 ,/atius ,silvae ,,iv #c on ! via ,domitiana l9es #dj-ff4 #b ,= in/ance ,diodorus ,v #ch #a1 ,/rabo ,,xii #c #dj 7p #efb71 ,apuleius met ,,ix #ab4 #c ,n arti/ic1 ( c\rse4 #d ,see especially ,ed ,mey] ,kle9e ,s*rift5 pp #hj-bab4 #e ,to ?is "q ,i return 9 ! conclud+ *apt]4 #f ,a good in/ance is ,x5 anab ,,iv #a #ab-ad4 #g ,veget ,i #c4 #h cap #af1 ) ,s&ys' notes4 #i ,catil #d #a non fuit consilium 444 neque v]o agrum colundo aut v5&o s]vilibus (ficiis int5tum aetatem ag]e4 #aj ,to ?is topic ,i return 9 ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,see *apt] on ,ari/otle4 #aa ,see *apt] on ,cato4 #ab ,= ! exi/5ce ( ?is sy/em 9 ,mod]n ,italy see ,bolton ,k+ & ,okey ,italy today pp #agd-e4 #ac ,cic 9 ,catil ,,ii #ah4 ,see ! *apt] on ,cic]o4 #ad ,cf ,val]ius ,maximus ,,vii #e #b4 #ae ,= mod]n ,italy see ,app5dix4 #af ,cf ,caes> ,b ,c ,i #cd1 #ef1 discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,v>ro4 #ag ,oratio ,,xv 7#a pp #bff-g ,d9d74 #ah ,,vi #cae1 ,,xxiii #gab1 ,,vii #bba4 #ai ,,xii #dcc-e1 ,,xxi #dde1 #dea1 ,x #cjd4 #bj ,,xxi #ddd4 #ba ,,xviii #eej4 #bb ,,ii #gea4 #bc ,,xviii #edb1 #eed1 ,,xi #fg1 ,,xx #die-g1 ,v #ejj1 ,,xiii #eij4 #bd ,,xxi #beg-i4 #be ,,xi #fh4 #bf ,,xviii #eej-fj4 #bg ,,xxi #bha-c4 #bh ,,xxi #dj-b1 #gh-hj1 #aja-c1 #dec-d1 ,,xxii #de1 ,,xxiv #gea-b4 #bi ,,xvi #hce-f1 ,,vi #dfc4 #cj ,,vi #dee1 ,,xvi #hca1 ,,xx #aic4 #ca ,,xii #dba-d4 #cb ,,iv #bde1 ,,xiv #c-d1 #fb-e1 ,,xvi #cjb-c1 ,,xvii #ecc4 7,iliad ,v #dac1 ,,vi #cff47 #cc ,sell+ ,,xiv #big1 ,,xv #chg1 #dbh1 #deb-c1 ,,xx #chb-c4 ,buy+ ,i #dcj1 ,,xiv #aae1 etc4 #cd ,,xix #dhh-ij1 ,,xxii #agc-g1 #ahi-ic1 #ddj-e1 #dfb-d1 #dfe-gg4 7,cf ,,xviii #hb-g47 #ce ,,iv #bde foll4 #cf ,,ix #bje-g1 ,,xi #dcj-b1 ,,xvi #ad foll1 ,,xix #dhi1 ,,xxiii #bbg-h1 etc4 #cg ,,xiv #ddi-eb4 #ch ,,vii #bbd-e1 ,,xix #ebf4 #ci ,,iv #fdc-d1 #feb4 #dj ,9 ,,xix #ef-g a 1 ,icmalius1 is ev5 m5tion$ by "n4 #da ,,xvii #chb-g1 ,,xix #acd-e4 #db ,,xiv #ef-h4 #dc ,,xvii #egh4 #dd ,,xvii #ah-i1 #bbf-h4 #de ,,xviii #djc4 #df ,,vii #aab foll1 ,,viii #eeg-fc4 #dg ,,ix #aji-aa1 #abe foll4 #dh ,,xv #cai foll4 #di ,,xviii #a-aaf4 #ej ,,ix #aia4 #ea ,,ii #bb1 ,,iv #cah1 ,,xiv #cdd1 ,,xvi #aci-de4 #eb ,,xiv #bbb-c4 #ec ,,xiii #ca-d4 #ed ,,xviii #ceg-fd4 #ee ,,xi #dhi-ia4 #ef ,,iv #fdd4 #eg ,,iv #gce-g4 #eh ,,xxiv #bjh-aj4 #ei ,,xxiv #bbb-ee4 #fj ,,xxiv #beg4 #fa ,,xv #dab-ib4 #fb ,,xiv #bga-b4 #fc ,,xxi #bac-f4 #fd ,,xv #cfc-e4 #fe ,,xiv #fb-e4 #ff ,,xviii #cff-ge4 #fg #bii-cjb1 #cid-e1 #cii-djj1 #djc-d1 #fdf-g4 #fh #bhi-ij1 #cjc-e1 #cjh-ac1 #cha-b1 #daj-c 7cf #dih74 #fi #bj-d4 #gj #cg-da4 #ga #bih-i1 #cig-h4 #gb #bhi-ij4 #gc #cjc-e4 #gd #cjh-ac4 #ge #daj-c1 #ejj-a1 #eed foll1 #egf foll4 #gf #cia4 #gg #be-f4 #gh #dic1 #ech1 #edd1 #hji4 #gi #fhf4 #hj #gag-h4 #ha #cid-djj4 #hb #cbg-cd4 #hc #cda4 #hd #fje4 #he #fjb-c4 #hf #cgj4 #hg #dei1 #dfi-ga1 #ejb-c1 #eei-fj1 #egc1 #eig-h1 #fjg-h1 #gfe-g4 #hh #djf is reasonably suspect$4 #hi #dje1 #ggi1 #hjj4 #ij #fie-gje4 #ia #cb1 #eig1 #fjf-g4 #ib ,solon ! ,a!nian1 by ,ivan ,m4 ,l9=? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia 7#aiai7 discusses 9 full ! conditions ( ,solon's "t & 8 actual policy1 ) an edition ( 8 poetic rema9s4 #ic ,! view ( ,m ,cl]c ,les mtques ,a?ni5s pp #cdj-e4 #id ' 4 ,mr ,l9=? takes ! la/ f\r words z def9+ 1 ! pl[man4 ,i ?9k !y ref] to ! employ]s1 spok5 ( z a class4 #ie ,ari/otle #aa1 #ab1 #af4 #if ,see ! rem>ks ( ,d>e/e ,hauss\lli] & ,? ,re9a* 9 ! ,recueil des inscriptions juridiques ,grecques 7,p>is #aijd7 on ! ,gortyn ,laws4 #ig ,see ,livy ,x #d #i4 #ih ,see 8 ref]5ces to ! ,sp>tan use ( ,,ix #aa1 #ec1 #ee4 #ii ,,viii #fh 4 #ajj ,,viii #bf1 #aje-f4 #aja ,,ii #afd-g4 #ajb ,isocrates ,busiris #ae-bj pp #bbd-e also all[s = no special class ( 9 ,egypt4 #ajc ,plato ,timaeus p #bd4 ,diodorus ,i #bh1 #gc-d 78 f ,hecataeus ( ,abd]a1 latt] half ( #crd c5t ,,bc74 #ajd ,,ii #ada1 #afh4 ,see ,index "u ,egypt4 #aje ,! passage ( ,isocrates j cit$ seems to fav\r ?is view4 #ajf ,,viii #acg4 #ajg ,,viii #bf4 #ajh ,,viii #ea4 #aji ,,vii #ajb4 #aaj ,,vi #acg4 #aaa ,,iv #gb4 #aab ,,viii #adb4 #aac "h memb]s ( ! family1 z (t54 ,/e9 ref]s to ,,viii #d1 #da1 #dd1 #ajf4 ,comp>e ! use ( 9 ! ,iliad1 & see ,aes* ,agam #gcc1 ,eur ,suppl #hgj4 #aad ,p]s #ahf-g1 #bee1 #ccg1 #cia1 #dbc1 #dcd1 #dge1 #gih1 #hdd4 #aae ,eum #ahf-ij4 #aaf ,prom #ded-h1 #gjh4 #aag ,fragm #aid1 #aih1 ,d9d4 #aah ,suppl #fab-d1 ,eum #hij-a4 #aai ,tra* #eb-c1 #fa-c1 ,o ,t #gfc-d1 ,fragm #eah1 #fgg1 ,d9d4 #abj ,antig #cch-dj4 ,! use ( horses = pl\gh+ is /range4 ,jebb ?9ks t mules are meant4 #aba ,o ,t #ajbi4 #abb ,tra* #ca-c4 #abc ,electra #cg-h1 #cge-f1 ,pho5issae #dje1 fragm #adc & _m m4 #abd ,! loyalty ( slaves to k9d ma/]s is ref]r$ to v (t54 #abe ,ref]5ces 9 ,euripides are too _m to cite "h4 #abf ,cf ! (t-quot$ l9e f ,eur ,auge '1 o 4 #abg ,cf ,eur fragm #eae1 #hbh1 ,d9d1 etc4 #abh ,cf ,eur fragm #bfc1 #ajce1 ,d9d1 & ! use ( #8! slave-quality' 9 ,hecuba #ccb-c1 ,ion #ihc1 etc4 #abi ,see ,cope's note on ,ari/otle rhet #a #ac #b4 #acj ,h]c ,fur #acda-f4 #aca ,alce/is #b1 #f4 ,electra #bjc-d4 ,cyclops #gf foll1 cf #bc-d4 #acb ,electra #beb4 #acc ,electra #ce-i4 #acd ibid #gc-d4 #ace ibid #ge-f4 #acf ibid #gh-ha4 #acg ,! slaves 9 #cfj & #cid are att5dants ( ,ore/es4 #ach ,suppl #dbj-b4 #aci ,ore/ #iah-bj4 ,cf fragm #ahh ,d9d :]e ! virtue ( ru/ic life is sket*$ 4 #adj ,rhesus #gd-e4 #ada ,rhesus #agf4 #adb ,h]acl #fci1 #ghh-i1 #hij1 cf fragm #hbg ,d9d4 #adc ,die pseudox5ophontis*e 444 von ,ern/ ,kal9ka 7,teubn] #aiac74 ,a great "w4 #add #a #c4 #ade #a #e etc4 #adf ,?is view reappe>s lat] 9 ,isocrates4 #adg ,9 8 book ,! ,greek ,commonweal?4 #adh #a #aj-ab4 #adi ,kal9ka well po9ts out t 9 #a #aa is n te*nical manumit4 #aej ,9 #a #ag x is notable t among ^? :o ga9 by conc5tration ( bus9ess at ,a!ns is 4 ,c\ntry c>ts w\ld n[ be pl5tiful 9 ,a!ns4 #aea #a #ai4 #aeb #b #ad4 #aec ,equites #gib-d1 ,pax #fcb-f1 ,eccl #bdc4 #aed ,eccl #aig-h4 #aee ,eccl #eia-b4 #aef ,plut #eaj-fbf4 #aeg ,old ,/repsiades /ill has 8 ?\ghts fix$ on ^!1 ,nubes #bjb-c4 #aeh ,plut #ijc4 #aei ,plut #bbc-d4 #afj ,a* #ahj1 #baa1 ,pax #egj1 #aahe-f1 ,eq #caf-g1 ,nub #dc foll4 #afa ,! gradual conv]sion is se5 9 ,a* #eeg foll1 #fbf foll4 #afb ,a* #cb-d4 #afc ,pax #eea-gj1 #aabg foll2 cf fragm #ajj1 #ajg1 #aji1 #bid1 #chg1 ,kock4 #afd ,pax #eji-aa4 #afe ,pax #aij4 #aff ,pax #eea-gj1 #acah-bd4 #afg ,lysi/r #aagc-d4 #afh ,a* #bdh-ej1 #bei4 #afi ,a* #bff4 #agj ,nub #dc foll1 #ach4 #aga ,vesp #ddb-eb4 #agb ,pax #aadj foll4 #agc ,pax #abdh-i4 #agd ,lys #abjc-ad4 #age ,eccl #fea4 #agf ,plut #bf-g1 #bec4 #agg ,plut #eag-bj1 #ebe-f4 #agh ,plut #eaj-fbf4 #agi ,aves #aaeb4 #ahj ,aves #adca-b 7cf ,vesp #iei71 fragm ( #d ,d9d1 #bba ,kock4 #aha ,vesp #gab4 #ahb ,ran #afd-gg4 #ahc ,eccl #aig-h1 #eia-b4 #ahd ,nub #ga-b4 ,cf 9 ,isaeus ,,viii #db p #gc4 #ahe ,pax #eeb1 #acah4 #ahf ,a* #ajah-cf4 #ahg ,eccl #fje1 ,av #gab4 #ahh ,?ucydides & ! hi/ory ( 8 age *apt]s ,,iii-,,vii4 #ahi ,see ,francotte ,l'indu/rie dans la ,grce anci5ne livre ,,ii cc #e-g4 #aij ,?ucydides my?i/oricus *apt] ,,ii4 #aia ,,ii #ad1 #af4 ,an e>li] p]iod is ref]r$ to 9 ,i #abf #g1 #h4 #aib ,,ii #fe #b4 #aic ,i #ada4 #aid ,die ,bevlk]ung d] ,grie*is*-,rm4 ,welt p #aej4 #aie ,i #adc4 #aif ,!opompus 9 ,a!naeus #adi d4 #aig ,i #aci #b4 #aih ,,vi #ia #g4 #aii ,,vii #bg #e4 #bjj ,trygaeus 9 ,ari/oph ,pax is a f>m] f ?is di/rict4 #bja ,,iii #gc1 ,,viii #dj #b4 #bjb ,,iii #hh #c4 #bjc ,,ii #fb #c4 #bjd opus cit *apt]s ,,iv1 ,,vii4 #bje ,= in/ance1 9 ,euboea & ,aeg9a4 #bjf ,,iii #ej4 ,h]odes1 ^: murd] 0 lat] ! occasion ( a spee* ( ,antiphon1 is ?\ght to h be5 "o ( ! cl]u*s4 #bjg ,arnold's note expla9s ! situation well1 & ,belo* p #hc agrees4 #bjh ,see ! inscription relative to ,brea1 ,g ,f ,hill ,s\rces ,,iii #cag4 #bji ,see ! h9t 9 ! spee* ( ,p]icles ,i #adc #d4 #baj ,t !re 0 normally mu* insecurity 9 ru/ic life 9 "s p>ts ( ,greece1 may be inf]r$ f ! dance-sc5e ( ! f>m] & ! robb]1 act$ by m5 f nor? c5tral ,greece 9 ,anabasis ,,vi #a #g1 #h4 ,daub5y's ,lectures pp #ag1 #ah4 #baa ,hell5ica ,,ii #a #a4 #bab ,hell5ica ,,vi #b #cg4 #bac ,ar ,pol ,,vii #f #h4 #bad ,anab ,,iii #b #bf4 #bae ,anab ,,vi #d #h4 #baf ,anab ,i #b #bg1 ,v #f #ac1 ,,vii #c #dh1 #h #ab-ai4 #bag ,anab ,,iv #a #ab1 #ac4 #bah ,anab ,v #c #d4 #bai ,anab ,,iv #h #d4 ,x does n appe> t ! man rejo9$ 8 native tribe4 #bbj ,anab ,,vii #g #ec4 #bba ,see ! prote/ ( ,callicratidas1 ,hell5 ,i #f #ad1 ) ,breit5ba*'s note4 #bbb ,anab ,,vii #a #cf1 #b #f1 #c #c4 #bbc ,memorab ,,ii #g4 #bbd ,memor ,i #b #eg1 ,,ii #g #d-aa1 #h4 #bbe ,memor ,,iii #ac #d4 #bbf ,memor ,i #a #af1 ,,iv #b #bb-ca4 #bbg ,memor ,i #e #b4 #bbh ,memor ,,iii #g #f1 #i #aa1 #ae4 #bbi ,econ #bj #bb foll4 #bcj ,econ #ab #c4 #bca ,econ #c #a-e1 #e #ae1 #af1 #ab #ai4 #bcb ,econ #g-i1 #ab-ad1 #ba4 #bcc ,econ #ac #i1 cf #i #e4 #bcd ,econ #ab-ae4 #bce ,econ #ad #h4 #bcf ,econ #ad #i4 #bcg ,econ #e #d1 #ad #b1 #bj passim4 #bch ,econ #e #f4 #bci ,econ #a #d1 #d #f4 #bdj cf ,memor ,,ii #g #g-aj4 #bda ,econ #aa #i1 #aj4 #bdb ,econ #bj passim4 #bdc ,econ #ba #aj4 #bdd ,econ #ba #ab4 #bde ,econ #ba #i4 #bdf ,memor ,,ii #h especially #c4 ,= ?is sugge/ion t a free man %\ld be /ew>d ( a ri* man's e/ate ,i c f9d no p>allel4 ,see ! *apt]s on ! ,roman agricultural writ]s4 ,! case ( ! %eph]d 9 ,juv5al ,i #ajg-h is n p>allel4 #bdg ,memor ,,ii #e #b4 ,see ,vect #d #bb = sugge/$ employm5t ( free citiz5s or ali5s4 #bdh ,vectigalia * #d passim4 #bdi ,cyrop ,,vii #e #fg1 ,,viii #c #cf-da4 #bej ,cyrop ,,iv #d #e-ab1 ,,vii #e #cf1 #gc4 #bea ,cyrop ,,viii #a #dc-d4 #beb ,cit$ f ,kock's edition #ahhj-h4 #bec ,m5&rea1 ed ,krte #aiaj1 ,teubn]4 #bed ,fragm5ts #ajj-bd4 ,f o!r plays1 #bid1 #chg4 #bee ,crat9us #ha1 ,ph]ecrates #bab4 #bef e4g4 ,antiphanes #bfe1 ,philemon #bbg1 ,m5&] #eha1 etc4 #beg ,philemon #ie4 #beh ,philemon #bac1 ,m5&] #fh1 #gaf1 ,hipp>*us #b4 #bei ,m5&] #ad1 ,posidippus #bc ) ,kock's note4 #bfj ,ph]ecrates #aj1 ,crates #ad4 #bfa ,nicophon #ac1 #ad4 #bfb ,a!naeus ,,vi pp #bfc1 #bfg e-#bgj a4 #bfc ,m5&rea pp #aei-fa 7fragm5ts ( 74 #bfd ,m5&rea pp #aeg1 #aei4 #bfe opus cit & ,m5&] #ig ,kock4 ,= connot+ simplicity cf #gid 4 #bff ,m5&rea p #aee1 #if ,kock4 #bfg ,m5&rea p #ae 7l9es #bf1 #dj74 #bfh ,m5&rea p #ac 7l9e #ab1 cf #aaa74 #bfi ,m5&rea p #e4 #bgj ,m5&rea p #be4 #bga ,kock ,,iii p #dgc 7adespota #cdg74 #bgb ,lucian1 ,timon #g1 #h4 ,kock adesp #adcd1 note4 #bgc ,m5&] #gie4 #bgd ,m5&] #fdb4 #bge ,m5&] #djh4 #bgf ,m5&] #fc1 ' 4 #bgg ,/obaeus flor ,,lvi #af pres]ves an utt]ance ( ,socrates on lab\r1 especially agricultural lab\r1 z ! basis ( wellbe+1 9 :i* he rem>ks t 4 #bgh ,ari/otle ,pol ,,ii #g #a4 #bgi ,ari/ ,pol ,,ii #f #ac1 #ab #aj4 #bhj ,ari/ ,pol ,,ii #g #f & ,newman's note4 #bha ,ari/ ,pol ,,ii #g1 #h4 #bhb ,9 ,?ucydides & ! hi/ory ( 8 age *apt]s ,,iii-,,vii4 #bhc ,politics ,,iii #ac #b4 #bhd ,see ,newman on ,ar ,pol ,,ii #g #g4 #bhe ,ar ,pol ,,ii #f #ac4 #bhf ,ar ,pol ,,ii #ab #aj4 #bhg ,ar ,pol ,,ii #g #c-g4 #bhh ,pol ,,ii #g passim4 #bhi ,pol ,,ii #g #ad1 #ae4 #bij ,pol ,,ii #h #b1 #c1 ) notes 9 ,newman4 #bia #8,artisan' is n q 4 ,all pr(essional "w is includ$4 #bib ,pol ,,ii #g #h1 #i4 ,! probable influ5ce ( ,sp>tan prec$5ts is po9t$ out 9 ,mr ,newman's note4 #bic ,see ! valuable discussion 9 ,grundy op cit *apt] ,,viii4 #bid ,cf ,isocr de pace #fi p #agc1 #abi-aca p #ahe4 #bie ,plato 0 evid5tly uneasy at ! gr[+ influ5ce ( metics1 to judge f ! jeal\s rule ( ,laws p #hej4 ,?is is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! view ( ,x5ophon4 #bif ,laws #fcj b1 cf #fig e4 #big ,see ,republic #efe a on ! indiff]5ce ( ! h&work+ 4 ,cf ,isocr de pace #eb p #agj4 #bih ,cf ,x5ophon hell ,,vii #e #bg on ! int5sifi$ aft] ,mant9ea1 #cfb ,,bc4 #bii ,ev5 ,isocrates1 :o hat$ ,sp>ta1 says ( x 1 ,hel5 #fc #bah1 & attributes ! m]its ( ! ,sp>tan gov]nm5t to imitation ( ,egypt1 ,busiris #ag p #bbe4 ,he notes ! moral *ange 9 ,sp>ta1 de pace #ie foll pp #agh-ahj4 #cjj ,republic p #dba e1 ,laws #icf c1 #gdd e4 #cja ,laws #gcf c1 cf ,rep #efe a1 b4 #cjb ,republic #dba d4 #cjc ,republ #daf d1 e1 #dag1 #dfd c1 #edc b4 #cjd ,republ #edj e-#eda a4 #cje ,republ #dfi-dga4 #cjf ,republ #die d1 #eij c1 #ebb b4 ,laws #gda4 #cjg ,republ #cgd c1 d4 #cjh ,republ #dcc-d4 #cji ,republ #dfh a4 #caj ,t ! speculations ( ,greek political writ]s 7 influ5c$ by ! traditions ( a primitive communism is ! view ( ,emil de ,laveleye ,primitive prop]ty * #aj4 #caa ,republ #dfc b4 #cab ,republ #cfi b-#cgc c4 #cac ,cf ,isocrates ,pana? #ahj p #bga4 #cad ,republ #edg b foll4 #cae ,republ #eej-b4 #caf ,laws #gef4 ,see ,rep #efe a ) ,adam's note4 #cag ,laws #ged4 #cah ,see ,politicus #bic-g1 ,grote's ,plato ,,iii pp #cji-aj4 #cai ,laws #gcg foll1 #ibb a-#ibd a1 call$ #iai d4 #cbj ,laws #gdd d1 e4 #cba ,laws #gde c-e4 #cbb ,laws #hdb c-e4 #cbc ,laws #gdb4 #cbd ,laws #gje4 #cbe ,ru/ic slaves1 ,laws #gfj e1 #gfc a4 #cbf ,laws #hcb d4 ,! artisans are n citiz5s1 #hdf d-#hdg b4 #cbg ,laws #hjf d4 #cbh ,laws #ggg c4 #cbi ,laws #ggg d-#ggh a1 cf #gic e4 #ccj ,laws #hch d4 #cca ,laws #hfe c1 d1 cf #icf c-e4 #ccb ,laws #gbj4 ,see ,rep #djf on m$ical treatm5t ( 4 #ccc ,case ( dome/ics1 ,republ #egh-i4 #ccd ,laws #ggf-g4 #cce ,laws #fij b4 #ccf ,politicus #bfb d4 #ccg ,politicus #bhi-ij1 ,republ #cga1 ,laws #gdb a4 #cch ,republ #dfg a1 ,laws #gbj a1 b4 #cci ,laws #gfb e4 #cdj ,laws #hbc4 #cda ,republ #cdd b4 #cdb ,republ #dce e-#dcf a1 ,laws #gdg c4 #cdc ,rep #dbc b1 #deb c1 #edd d1 ,laws #hdj e4 #cdd ,laws #hhf a1 #hhg e4 #cde ,x is n easy to rea* a firm op9ion on ?is matt]4 ,! inscrib$ records are ne>ly all ( a mu* lat] age4 ,b ev5 a m in=mal me?od ( manumission w\ld surely1 if common1 h left m cle>ly m>k$ traces 9 lit]ature4 ,see ,index1 ,manumission4 #cdf ,! problem ( ! worn-out plantation slave 0 mu* discuss$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 slav]y days4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! difficulties aris+ f emancipation 9 ,briti% ,guiana is giv5 9 ,j ,rodway's ,guiana 7#aiab7 pp #aad foll4 #cdg ,laws #iad-e1 & an allusion 9 ,republ #die e4 #cdh ,laws #iad a1 #icb d4 #cdi ,see ,lysias ,,xxii1 spee* aga9/ ! corn-deal]s4 #cej ,see = in/ance ,&ocides de r$itu #bj-a p #bb 7,cyprus71 ,isocrates ,trapeziticus #eg p #cgj 7,bosporus74 #cea ,isocr de bigis #ac p #cdi4 #ceb ,isocr ,panegyricus #bh p #df1 cf ,plato ,m5ex #bcg e4 #cec ,&oc de my/] #ib-c p #ab1 ,bckh-,frnkel ,/aat% ,i #cgb-g4 ,= private lett+ ( f>m-l&s see ,lysias ,,vii #d-aj pp #ajh-i 7"o t5ant 0 a fre$man71 ,isaeus ,,xi #db4 #ced ,isaeus ,,vi #ai-bb1 ,,viii #ce1 ,,xi #da-d4 #cee ,isocr ,areopagiticus #eb p #aej4 #cef ,lysias ,i #aa1 #ac1 p #ib4 #ceg ,antiphon fragm #ej ,blass4 #ceh ,isocr ,pana? #agi p #bgj4 #cei ,isocr ,philippus #dh-i pp #ia-b4 #cfj ,isocr de pace #aag-h p #ahc4 #cfa ,isocr ,paneg #cd-g pp #dg-h1 de pace #bd p #afd1 ,pana!n #ac1 #ad1 p #bce1 #dc-d p #bda1 etc4 #cfb ,isocr ,paneg #acb pp #fg-h4 #cfc ,isocr ,areopag #dd p #adh4 #cfd ,isocr de pace #ij p #agg1 ,areopag #ed-e pp #aej-a1 #hc p #aef4 #cfe ,isaeus ,,viii #db p #gc1 cf ,ari/ophanes ,nub #ga-b4 #cff ,&ocides de pace #ae p #be1 #cf p #bh4 #cfg ,isocr de pace #ib p #agg4 #cfh ,lysias ,,vii especially #d-aa pp #ajh-i4 #cfi ,lysias ,,vii #af p #aji4 #cgj ,see especially ! ,ar*idamus #h1 #bh1 #hg1 #hh1 #if1 #ig4 #cga ,isaeus fragm #c ,s*eibe4 #cgb ,isaeus ,,vi #cc 4 #cgc ,see ,isocrates ,plataicus #dh p #cjf 7( ,plataeans71 & ,isaeus ,v #ci ) ,wyse's note4 #cgd ,i %\ld m5tion t = simplicity sake ,i ref] to ! ,politics by ! books 9 ! old ord]4 ,also t ,i d n raise ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ! fir/ book ( ! s-call$ ,economics1 z ! po9t does n affect ! argum5t4 ,9 common ) all /ud5ts ( ! ,politics ,i am greatly indebt$ to ! edition ( ,mr ,w ,l ,newman4 #cge ,?is includes a population limit$ 9 numb] & ( appropriate qualities4 ,politics ,,vii #d1 & #h #g-i4 #cgf ,pol ,,vii #d #f4 #cgg ,see ! /ory ( ,peisi/ratus & ! peasant 9 c #af4 #cgh ,economics ,i #e #a1 #f #e1 ,pol ,i #g #e1 & see ! *apt] on ,x5ophon4 #cgi ,pol ,,vi #d #h-aj4 #chj ,we h a mod]n analogue 9 ! rec5t legislative measures 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia1 n to speak ( movem5ts ne>] home4 #cha ,see note on ,plato1 p #ge4 #chb cc #aa1 #ab4 #chc ,a mo/ int]e/+ treatm5t ( ?is topic is to be f\nd 9 ,bryce's ,s\? ,am]ica 7#aiab7 pp #ccj-a1 #ecc1 :]e we get x f ! mod]n po9t ( view1 "u repres5tative sy/ems4 #chd ,see ! g5]al rem>ks ,pol ,,iv #f #b1 ,,vi #d #a1 #b1 #ac1 #ad4 ,= hi/orical po9ts cc #af1 #bd4 #che ,pol ,,iii #ae #ac4 #chf ,pol ,,iv #d #ae1 #ah1 cf ,,vii #i4 #chg ,pol ,,vi #d #a1 #b1 #ac4 #chh ,pol ,,vi #d #aa4 #chi ,:e!r ! 7fav\rable to eug5ic pat]nity7 ( ,pol ,,vii #af #ab1 #ac1 may include ?is class1 is n cle>4 ,9 ,roman op9ion x c]ta9ly w\ld4 #cij ,pol ,,vii #f #h4 ,x5ophon 7see p #ec7 records cases ( seam5 a%ore & 9 /raits work+ = hire on f>ms4 #cia ,see ,s&ys on c #d4 #cib ,pol ,,ii #g #ab4 #cic ,pol ,,ii #g #g4 #cid ,sev]ely criticiz$ 9 ,pol ,,ii #f #ae1 ?\gh adopt$ by himself4 ,see bel[4 #cie ,see ,pol ,,vi #e #h-aj1 on ! measures t may be tak5 to secure la/+ 4 #cif ,cf ,,iv #ae #f1 etc4 #cig ,e ,b>k] ,! political ?\ght ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 #cih ,e?ics ,,ii #a #d4 #cii ,pol ,,vii #af4 #djj ,pol ,,vii #h1 #i1 etc4 #dja ,pol ,,vii #aj4 #djb ,?is adoption ( ! split l&-lots 7see above p #ia7 is p]haps expla9$ by ! fact t ! l&[n]s are n 1 s ! difficulty ( dual resid5ce does n arise4 #djc ,pol ,,iv #h #e1 #i #d1 etc4 #djd ,pol ,,ii #f #ag1 #i #ba-b1 ,,iv #i #g-i4 ,! same view is f\nd 9 ,isocrates4 #dje ,pol ,,vii #i #e4 #djf ,pol ,v #f #ab1 #ac4 #djg ,pol ,,vii #ad1 #ae1 ,,viii #d1 cf ,,ii #i #cd4 #djh ,economics ,i #e #c 4 ,cf ! say+ ab\t ! ass1 ,e?ics ,x #e #h4 #dji ,de9>*us ref]s 79 ,dem #fi p #ii7 to ,demo/h5es' own]%ip ( a h\se 9 ,peiraeus1 & goes on to d5\nce him z heap+ up money & n hold+ real prop]ty1 ?us escap+ taxation4 ,yet ! laws enjo9 t a man :o is a political lead] ought 4 ,?is wild abuse at lea/ is a sign ( exi/5t feel+s4 #daj ,we may at lea/ add slaves4 #daa ,pol ,,vii #d #f4 #dab ,ari/otle1 l mo/ ( ! philosoph]s at ,a!ns1 0 a metic4 ,see ,b]nays' ,phokion note #h1 9 :i* ! notable passage ,pol ,,vii #b #c-g is discuss$4 #dac ,! au?or ( ,rev5ues 774 #dad ,pol ,,ii #c #d1 #e #h4 #dae ,pol ,i #g4 #daf ,pol ,,vii #aj #ad1 ,econ ,i #e #e4 #dag ,b p]haps to "s ext5t by ! au?or ( ,econ ,i #f #i4 #dah ,see ,econ ,i #e #a1 #b1 #f #e4 #dai ,pol ,,ii #c #d1 #e #d4 #dbj ,he only once 7,,iii #e #b7 9 ! ,politics m5tions & once 9 ! ,rhetoric 7,,iii #h #a74 #dba ,too (t5 ass]t$ to ne$ ref]5ces4 ,b ,pol ,,iii #e #d-f is notable z po9t+ out t 7 g5]ally well-to-d1 b poor4 #dbb ,pol ,,vii #f #c-h4 #dbc ,pol ,i #h #c foll4 #dbd ,pol ,i #i4 #dbe ,pol ,i #aj1 #aa4 #dbf ,pol ,i #aa #a1 & ,mr ,newman's note4 #dbg ,pol ,i #aa #c-e4 #dbh ,rhetoric ,i #i #bg 1 & ,cope's note4 #dbi ,pol ,,vi #h #c1 ,,vii #f #a-e4 #dcj ,pol ,i #b #e1 #e #h1 #i1 cf ,e?ics ,,viii #aa #f4 #dca ,pol ,i #ac #ac1 cf ,,ii #e #bh4 #dcb ,pol ,i #e1 #f4 #dcc ,pol ,,vii #f #g1 #h4 #dcd ,pol ,,vii #ae #a-f1 ,,viii #d #a-e1 & a numb] ( passages 9 ! ,e?ics4 #dce ,inde$ 9 ,pol ,,vii #ae #b-c he practically says s4 #dcf ,pol ,,viii #c #g4 #dcg ,pol ,,viii #d4 #dch ,pol ,,ii #e #ai4 #dci ,pol ,,ii #aj #af4 #ddj ,pol ,,vi #b #c1 cf #d #bj1 & ,e?ics ,x #aj #ac4 #dda ,pol ,,vii #ab #c-f4 #ddb ,pol ,,vii #h #g4 #ddc ,,ii #f #f 79 8 criticism ( ,plato's ,laws74 #ddd ,rhet ,i #ab #be1 cf ,plato ,rep #efe 4 #dde ,rhet ,,ii #d #i1 cf ,euripides ,ore/es #iah-bj4 #ddf de mundo #f #d1 #g1 #ac4 #ddg ,ev5 aft] ! ru9 ( ,phocis & ! peace ( #cdf ,,bc ! old man wrote 9 ! same /ra94 ,b x 0 to ,philip1 9 :om he recognis$ ! real ma/] ( ,greece1 t he n[ appeal$4 #ddh ,ref]5ces are too num]\s to be giv5 "h4 ,a locus classicus is ,dem ,lept #cj-c pp #dff-g1 on ! case ( ,leucon ! rul] ( ,bosporus4 ,we he> also ( corn import$ f ,sicily & ,egypt1 & ev5 7,lycurg #bf p #aea7 f ,epirus to ,cor9?4 #ddi ,demo/h5es ,olyn? ,i #bg p #ag4 #dej 7,dem7 c ,polycl #e1 #f pp #abjg-h4 #dea ,a good case ( su* inve/m5t by gu>dians is ,dem ,nausim #g p #ihf4 #deb ,dem ,f ,leg #cad p #ddb1 4 #dec ,see cases 9 ,aes*9es ,tim>* #ig p #ac1 ,dem pro ,phorm #d1 #e p #ide4 ,! inh]itance ( ,demo/h5es himself includ$ no l&$ prop]ty1 c ,aphob ,i #i-aa p #haf4 #ded ,dem ,f ,leg #adf p #chf1 cf #aad p #cgf1 #bfe p #dbf1 de cor #da p #bci4 #dee ,dem c ,pha5ipp #e-g pp #ajdj-a4 #def ,aes*9es m5tions two 9 ! e/ate ( ,tim>*us4 #deg ,! lack ( 9 ,attica made timb]1 l :eat1 a lead+ article ( comm]ce1 & deal+ 9 x 0 a sign ( a weal?y capitali/4 ,cf ,dem ,f ,leg #aad p #cgf1 ,mid #afg p #efh4 #deh ,i suspect ?is is an exagg]ation4 #dei ,dem ,lacrit #ca-c p #icc4 #dfj ,dem ,&rot #fe p #fac1 repeat$ 9 ,timocr #agb p #gec4 #dfa ,dem ,ari/ocr #adf p #ffh4 #dfb ,dem c ,callicl passim4 #dfc 1 ,dem ,callicl #aa p #abgd4 #dfd ,dem ,nico/r passim4 #dfe ,dem ,nico/r #ba p #abec4 #dff ,dem ,panta5 #de p #igi4 #dfg ,dem ,eubulid #fe p #acai4 #dfh ,aes*9 ,tim>* #ii p #ad4 #dfi ,dem ,eu]g ,mnes #eb-c p #aaee4 #dgj ,twice1 #ec1 #gf4 #dga ,hyp]id 9 ,demo/h fragm col #bf4 #dgb ,dem c ,timo? #aa p #aahg4 #dgc ,dem de ,cor #ea-b p #bdb4 #dgd ,dem c ,timo? #ea p #aaii4 #dge ,ibid #eb4 #dgf ,( c\rse is (t5 loosely us$ z m]ely #8slave4' ,b "h ! anti!sis seems to ga9 po9t f /rict use4 #dgg ,i h n f\nd ?is "q di/9ctly /at$ any:]e4 ,beau*et ,droit priv ,,iv #bbb treats ! ( ?is passage z freem54 ,b 9 ,,ii #ddc he says t slaves hir$ f _! own]s 7 g5]ally designat$ 4 ,nor d ,i f9d ! po9t t\*$ 9 ,mei]-,s*mann-,lipsius 7edition #ahhc-g1 pp #hhi foll71 or any evid5ce t ! c\ld be address$ to o!rs ?an p>ties 9 a case4 ,wallon ,i #cbb foll also gives no help4 #dgh ,dem ,eubulid #fc p #acah4 #dgi ,hyp]ides pro ,eux51 fragm #af1 #ag1 col #ab1 #ac4 #dhj ,dem ,olyn? ,i #bg p #ag4 #dha ,dem ,c ,,pha5ipp #e-g pp #ajdj-a1 #ai-ba pp #ajdd-e4 #dhb 1 ,dem ,,de ,,cor #bfb p #cad4 #dhc ,dem ,eubulid #de p #acac1 speak+ ( an old woman4 #dhd ,aes*9 ,tim>* #bg p #d4 #dhe ,we h already se5 ! case ( olive-pick]s 9 ,ari/oph ,vesp #gab4 #dhf ,see ,dem ,mid #dh p #ecj1 etc4 #dhg ,aes*9 ,f ,leg #aef p #ei4 ,! passage ( ,dem ,f ,l to :i* he ref]s is n 9 our text1 = #aid-e pp #dja-b is diff]5t4 #dhh ,see ,plut ,aratus #ad1 #be1 #bg1 #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 ,philopoem5 #g1 #ae4 #dhi ,isocr paneg #ej p #ej4 #dij ,v #fd-e1 cf ,,xvii #i1 #aj4 #dia ,,xvi4 #dib ,,xvii4 #dic ,,xxii1 ,,xxv4 #did ,,xxv4 #die ,,xxv #a1 #ea4 #dif ,,xxv #bg1 cf ,,xxiv #acg4 #dig ,,xxv #hf-aeb4 #dih ,,xxv #dg-h4 #dii ,,vii #ae-f4 #ejj ,,iii #ce1 cf ,,xv #hj4 #eja ,x #i1 cf #a1 ,,xxi #c4 #ejb ,,xxiv #acf-g4 #ejc ,,xx #c1 #d4 #ejd ,,xvi #cd-e4 #eje ,,xxv #ef-i4 #ejf ,,xiv #eh-i1 cf #ac1 #ef1 :]e is a pr(essional soldi]4 #ejg ,*> ,,iv 7,,xiv ,jebb74 #ejh ,see ,plut>* de g>rulitate #ah4 #eji ,plut ,aratus #bd1 ,philopoem5 #h4 #eaj ,polyb ,,iv #fc4 #eaa ,,iv #ff4 #eab ,,iv #ge1 ,v #a1 #c1 #ai4 #eac ,x #db1 etc4 #ead ,,xviii #bj4 #eae ,,xvi #bd1 ,,xxi #f1 etc4 #eaf ,,xxi #cd1 #cf1 #dc1 #de4 #eag ,v #hi4 #eah ,,xxviii #b4 #eai ,v #hi1 cf ,,xxv #d1 ,,xxi #f4 #ebj ,?is topic is well treat$ by ,mahaffy ,greek ,life & ,?\ght *apt] ,i4 #eba ,! be/ treatm5t ( ?is matt] kn[n to me is 9 ,b]nays' ,phokion pp #gh-he4 ,see ,diodorus ,,xviii #ah1 ,plut>* ,phoc #bh4 #ebb ,accord+ to ,plut ,cleom5es #ah1 ,sp>ta 0 v helpless be=e t k+'s re=ms4 ,! ,aetolians 9 a raid c>ri$ (f #ejjjj slaves1 & an old ,sp>tan decl>$ t ?is 0 a relief4 #ebc ,freeman's ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t *apt] ,v4 #ebd ,,ii #fb4 #ebe ,see ,/rabo ,,viii #h #a p #chh1 & cf ,plut ,philopoem5 #ac4 #ebf ,polyb ,,iv #gc4 ,!ocritus _h spok5 ( 7,,xxii #aef74 ,keep+ horses 0 a m>k ( weal?4 #ebg ,!ocritus ,,xxii #aeg ' 4 ,polyb ,,ix #ag1 & ,,iv #c 7,mess5ia74 #ebh ,eubulus fragm #ab1 #cd1 #ci1 #ec1 #ff1 ,kock4 ,also o!r ref]5ces 9 ,a!naeus ,x pp #dag foll4 #ebi ,polyb ,,xx #f4 ,o!rwise ,mahaffy 9 ,gk ,life & ,?\ght *apt] ,,xiii4 #ecj ,,fhg ,,ii pp #bed-fd1 =m]ly attribut$ to ,dicae>*us4 ,cit$ by ,e ,mey] ,kle9e ,s*rift5 p #acg4 #eca ,,ii #fb4 #ecb ,,iv #ch4 #ecc ,,iv #gc1 #ge4 #ecd ,,xxiii #a #aa4 #ece ,9 ! fam\s case ( ! siege ( ,rhodes 9 #cje-d ,,bc 7,diodorus ,,xx #hd1 #ajj7 fre$om seems to h be5 a rew>d1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,a ,croiset4 #ecf ,,iv #bj1 #ba4 ,comp>e ,v]gil ,buc ,x #cb-c soli cant>e p]iti ,arcades1 ,,vii #d-e4 #ecg ,9 a fragm5t cit$ by ,a!naeus p #bgb a1 cf #bfd c4 ,9 ,hults*'s text ,polyb ,,xii #f4 #ech ,cit$ by ,diodorus ,,ii #ci1 & by ,arrian ,indica #aj #h1 #i4 #eci ,cald]9i la manomissione etc *apt] ,v4 #edj ,see table 9 ,collitz ,dialect9s*rift5 ,,ii pp #fce-db4 #eda 1 4 #edb ,9 #dcb acts ( manumission giv5 9 ,wes*] & ,f\c>t ,inscriptions de ,delphes #ahfc1 ,i c\ld n f9d "o case ( a ru/ic slave4 #edc ,ar ,pol ,,ii #c #d1 cf say+ ( ,diog5es 9 ,/ob flor ,,lxii #dg4 ,m5&] fragm #gfj ,k 4 #edd ,see above1 *apt] ,,xiii p #fd4 #ede ,s ,jove ,po5ulus #idd-e4 #edf ,cas9a #ig foll1 ,po5ulus #agj-a1 ,mo/ell>ia #a-hc4 #edg ,m]cator #fe foll4 #edh ,m]cator passim4 #edi ,tr9ummus #ejh-fa4 #eej ,vidul>ia #ca-b4 #eea ,vidul>ia #ba-ee1 text is fragm5t>y4 #eeb ,b n exclud+ x1 s9ce slaves 7 hir$4 #eec ,hautontimorum5os #fb-gd4 #eed ,hautont #ic-aag4 #eee ,hautont #adb-d4 #eef ,phormio #cfb-e1 cf ,adelphoe #idi4 #eeg ,hecyra #bbd-f4 #eeh ,adelphoe #de-f1 cf #ie1 #dja1 #eag-bj1 #hde-i4 #eei ,adelphoe #eda-b4 #efj ,collitz ,i ,no4 #cde1 ,ditt5b]g] #bch-i4 ,momms5's notes 9 ,h]mes ,,xvii4 #efa 4 #efb ,t ?is neglect 0 n a new ?+ seems %ewn by ! say+ ( ,alex&] t ! ,!ssalians des]v$ no consid]ation1 4 ,plut apoph? ,alex #bb4 #efc ,livy ,,xxxiv #ea #d-f4 #efd ,plut>* ,aratus #e-h4 #efe ,plut ,dion #bg1 #cg1 #dh4 #eff ,plut ,timoleon #bc1 #cf4 #efg ,plut ,aratus #i1 #ab1 #ad4 #efh ,plut ,philopoem5 #c1 #d4 #efi ,9 fact became an 4 #egj ,bevlk]ung d] ,grie*is*-,rmis*5 ,welt pp #aef-h4 #ega ,diodorus ,,xviii #gj #a4 #egb ,livy ,,xxxiv #ej1 ,plut ,flam99us #ac4 #egc ,polyb ,,xxxix #h #a-e4 #egd ,only 9 ,appian civ ,i #h #b4 ,! provision is ascrib$ by ,suet ,jul #db to ,julius ,caes>4 ,! two writ]s 7 contempor>y4 ,:5ce did ,appian get 8 /ory8 #ege ,case ( ,p]sia4 #egf ,cases ( ,messana1 ,syracuse1 etc4 #egg ,case ( ,c>?age4 #egh ,livy ,,ii #bc etc4 #egi ,ref]r$ to 9 ,iwan ,mll]'s ,h&bu* ,,iv ii #b1 ed #c pp #ecc foll1 article by ,h ,blmn]4 #ehj ,t ! h\sehold z a vigor\s unit outliv$ ! g5s is ,i ?9k cle>4 ,i guess t ?is 0 because production = ! supply ( life-ne$s 0 m closely correlat$ ) ! =m]4 ,lab\r 0 m easily divorc$ f ! clan-sy/em ?an prop]ty 04 #eha ,cic ,cato mai #ef1 ,liv ,,iii #bf1 ,dionys ,x #h1 #ag1 ,pl9 ,,nh ,,xviii #bj1 ,val] ,max ,,iv #g4 ,! discrepancies 9 ! v]sions d n conc]n u "h4 #ehb ,liv ,,iii #ac #h-aj1 ,dionys ,x #h4 #ehc ,liv ,,iii #bg #a4 #ehd ,liv ,x #cf #ag1 ,dionys ,,vi #c1 etc4 #ehe ,liv ,,ii #bb #e-g4 #ehf ,v>ro sat ,m5 fr #ei & title ( 8 satire ,m>cipor4 ,qu9tilian ,i #d #bf1 ,fe/us p #cjf ,l #beg ,m ,m>cipor ,oppii 9 title ( ,plaut ,/i*us4 ,sallu/ hi/ fr ,,iii #ii ,maur5bre*]4 ,inscriptions ,,cil ,i #ajgf1 #ajcd1 #achf1 ,dessau #ghbb-c4 ,= ,pl9y see bel[4 #ehg ,argum5t z 9 ,luke's gospel #ag #g-i4 #ehh ,cic ,cato mai #ee-f1 etc4 #ehi ,dionys ,,xix #ae4 #eij ,pres]v$ 9 a fragm5t ( ,dion ,cassius1 fr #dj #bg4 #eia ,columella ,i #d #b1 ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #bg-h1 cf ,val] ,max ,,iv #d #d4 #eib ,livy epit ,,xviii4 #eic ,val] ,max ,,iv #d #f4 ,! v]sion giv5 9 ,s5eca ad ,helv #ab #e is mu* ! same1 b ends *>act]i/ically fuitne tanti s]vum non hab]e1 ut colonus eius populus ,romanus esset8 ,"h colonus t5ant f>m]4 #eid col5dum loc>i4 #eie ,pl9 ,,nh ,,xviii #ci4 #eif ,polyb ,i #ca #d4 #eig ,cato #e #d 7( duties ( vilicus7 op]>ium m]c5n>ium politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die4 #eih ,h[ f> we c inf] ?is f ref]5ces to slaves su* z ,livy ,,xxiii #cb #ae 7#bae ,,bc71 ,,xxv #a #d 7#bac ,,bc71 ,,xxvi #ce #e 7#baj ,,bc71 is n q c]ta94 ,! ,lic9ian law to *eck ! grabb+ ( /ate doma9 l& c]ta9ly does n prove x1 = t l& 0 probably = ! mo/ "p pa/ure4 #eii ,liv ,,xxviii #aa #i4 #fjj ,weiss5born's note on ! passage4 #fja ,liv ,,xxii #eg #aa1 & index to ,livy "u volones4 #fjb ,liv ,,xxiii #di #a-d1 ,,xxiv #ah #aa1 ,,xxv #a #d1 #c #h-d #aa4 #fjc ,liv ,,xxi #fc #c1 #d1 ,cic ,,ii 9 ,v]r ,v #de4 #fjd ,liv ,,xxvi #cf4 #fje ,liv ,,xxix #af #a-c4 #fjf ,liv ,,xxxi #ac4 #fjg ,see ,rudorff gromatis*e ,in/itution5 pp #bhg-h4 #fjh ,liv ,,xxxiii #db #c4 #fji lex agr>ia1 l9e #ca1 9 ,bruns' fontes or ,wordswor?'s ,specim5s4 #faj ,appian civ ,i #g #e4 ,b ! acc\nt giv5 9 ?is passage ( ! spread ( latifundia & slave-gangs is too loose to be ( mu* value4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ass]tion t slave-bre$+ 0 already common & lucrative is n to be believ$4 ,appian 0 misl$ by ! exp]i5ce ( 8 own day4 ,see ,sallu/ ,iug #da #h int]ea p>5tes aut p>vi lib]i militum1 uti quisque pot5tiori conf9is erat1 s$ibus pellebantur4 #faa ,! urban artisans engag$ 9 ! s$5t>y trades d n conc]n u "h4 ,see ,weiss5born on ,liv ,,viii #bj #d opificum vulgus et sellul>ii4 #fab ,dionys ,,iii #ca1 ,,iv #i1 #ac1 etc4 #fac ,dionys ,,vi #gi1 a passage mu* col\r$ by lat] notions4 #fad ,liv ,,vii #d1 #e4 ,a slightly diff]5t & %ort] v]sion 9 ,cic de (f ,,iii #aab4 #fae ,cic pro ,sex ,roscio #df recognizes ?is famili>ity4 #faf ,sallu/ ,catil #d #a4 #fag ,cic pro ,sex ,roscio #ci-ea4 #fah ,cic pro ,sex ,roscio #ej-a4 #fai ,livy ,,vi #ab #e1 cf ,,vii #be #h4 #fbj ,dionys ,,xvii ,,xviii #d4 ,l ,po/umius ,megellus 0 consul #cje1 #bid1 #bia ,,bc4 ,! /ory relates to 8 ?ird consul%ip4 ,8 e>li] c>e] may be foll[$ 9 ,liv ,,ix #dd1 ,x #bf #ae1 #cb #a1 #cg1 #df #af4 #fba ,liv epit ,,xi4 #fbb ,see ! precept ( ,mago cit$ by ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #ce4 #fbc ,t is1 on ^? possess$ ( a c]ta9 m9imum ( prop]ty1 :i* 0 l[]$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,orig9ally reckon$ on l& only1 ?us reckon+ only ^? settl$ on f>ms 7adsidui74 ,see ,momms5 ,/aatsre*t index4 ,! rise 9 ! c5sus numb]s betwe5 #aca & #abe ,,bc is expla9$ by ,gre5idge ,hi/ory p #aej z due to ! increase ( adsidui ?r\gh effect ( ,grac*an legislation4 #fbd ,see ,gre5idge ,hi/ory pp #fj-a1 #dbd-e4 #fbe ,see ,cato's op9ion cit$ by ,cic de (f ,,ii #hi1 ,columella ,,vi praef #c-e1 ,pl9 ,,nh ,,xviii #bi1 #cj4 #fbf ,cic 9 ,catil ,,ii #ah4 #fbg ,cic 9 ,catil ,,ii #bj1 cf de lege agr ,,ii #gh fundos quorum subsidio famili>um magnitud9es su/5t>e poss9t4 #fbh familiis magnis4 #fbi ,livy ,,vi #ab #e1 cf ,,vii #be #h4 #fcj ,cairnes ,! ,slave ,p[] * ,,iii4 #ahfb1 second edn4 #ahfc4 #fca ,cic de republ ,,iii #af4 #fcb ,b see ! oratorical picture ( ! bad /ew>d1 ,cic ,,ii 9 ,v]rem ,,iii #aai4 ,t rem>kable passage /ill leaves my que/ions unansw]$1 = ! comp>ison ) ,v]res is sup]ficial & only s]ves a tempor>y purpose4 #fcc ,v>ro ,i #b #ag1 #ag #e1 #g4 #fcd ,cato #b #g1 cf ,m>tial ,,xi #gj4 #fce ,z ,cato #e #b says1 dom9us inpune ne ,s9at esse4 #fcf ,=e%ad[$ 9 ,x5ophon memor ,,ii #h4 #fcg ,comp>e ! case ( ! m]c5n>ius & ,regulus ref]r$ to above4 #fch ,columella ,i praef #c1 #ab1 #ac1 #bj1 ,,xii praef #h-aj4 #fci ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #da-c 7( e>li] times71 ,,xiv #dh-ej 7speculations71 ,,xviii #bgc-d4 #fdj ,m ,web] ,rmis*e ,agr>ges*i*te pp #bdb foll4 #fda ,sueton ,aug #cb1 ,tib #h1 cf ,s5eca ! eld] contr ,x #d #ah4 ,lat]1 ,sp>t ,hadr #ah4 ,9 law1 ,dige/ ,,xxxix #d #ab4 #fdb ,ev5 a valetud9>ium is provid$4 ,see ,columella ,,xi #a #ah1 ,,xii #a #f1 #c #g1 #h4 #fdc ,columella ,i #g4 #fdd ,web] op cit pp #bdd-e4 ,see ! *apt] on ,columella = ?is int]pretation4 ,x c h>dly be consid]$ c]ta91 b x is n vital to ! argum5t4 #fde ,v>ro ,i #ag #b1 cf ,colum ,i #c #ab4 #fdf ,v>ro ,i #ag #c-f4 #fdg ,plato ,laws #ggg d1 ,ari/ ,pol ,,vii #aj #ac1 ,ar ,oec ,i #e #f4 #fdh ,livy ,,xxxiii #cf #a4 #fdi ,livy ,,xxxix #bi #h1 #i1 cf #da #f4 #fej ,diodorus book ,,xxxiv1 & o!r au?orities enum]at$ 9 my ,roman ,republic #fhc4 #fea ,/rabo ,,xiv #a #ch p #fdf1 ,diodorus ,,xxxiv #b #bf4 #feb ,diodorus ,,xxxvi4 #fec ,accord+ to ,appian civ ,i #aaf #b he 0 at fir/ jo9$ by "s free ru/ics4 ,! same seems to h be5 ! case 9 ,sicily & ,asia4 #fed ,sallu/ ,catil #dd #e1 #f1 #ef #e4 #fee ,tacitus ann ,,iv #bg4 #fef ,tacitus ann ,,iii #ec-e4 #feg ,text edit$ by ,keil #ahie4 #feh ,plut>* ,cato maior #bg4 #fei ,jordan's edition ( 8 rema9s1 p #gg1 ,plut ,cat mai #bc4 #ffj ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #bi1 #cj1 & ,cic]o de (f ,,ii #hi1 ,columella ,,vi praef #c-e4 #ffa ,jordan op cit p #dc4 ,plut>* ,cat mai #d4 #ffb ,plut ,cat mai #c-e1 #bj-a4 #ffc ,cato agr #c #a1 ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #cb4 #ffd ,cato agr #d4 #ffe ,cato agr #ef-g4 #fff ,cato agr #af1 #acf-g1 #adf4 #ffg ,9 #adg ! emptor ( a season's lambs seems to be b\nd to provide a pa/or1 :o is held z a pl$ge to secure ! f9al settlem5t4 #ffh ,cato agr praef4 #ffi ,cato agr #aj #a1 #aa #a4 #fgj #b #g patrem familias v5dacem non emacem esse oportet4 #fga ,cato agr #a4 #fgb ,momms5 9 ,h]mes ,,xv p #djh4 #fgc praef #b1 #a #d4 ,accord+ to a speak] 9 ,s5eca controv ,,vii #f #ag ,cato's lat] wife 0 coloni sui filiam 444 +5uam4 ,plut ,cat mai #bd makes h] 1 t is daught] ( a cli5t4 ,!re seems to be no real contradiction4 ,! cli5s might be 8 patron's t5ant4 #fgd #b #g boves vetulos 444 s]vum s5em1 s]vum morbosum 444 v5dat4 ,cf ,plut ,cat mai #e1 ,m>tial ,,xi #gj1 ,juv5al ,x #bfh-gj4 ,9 ,t]5ce ,hautont #adb-d ! ,old ,man1 on tak+ to f>m+1 sells (f all 8 h\sehold slaves save su* z are able to pay = _! keep op]e ru/ico faciundo4 ,8 motive = giv+ up dome/ic com=t & tak+ to h>d manual lab\r on ! l& is to puni% himself4 ,s ibid #fe-gd he appe>s z neglect+ to keep 8 f>m-h&s at "w4 #fge ,plut ,cat mai #ba4 #fgf ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #ce4 #fgg ,polyb ,,xxxii #ac #aj1 #aa4 #fgh ,plut ,cat mai #ba1 #be1 #d4 #fgi ,jordan op cit p #dc4 #fhj ,cf ,pl9 epi/ ,,iii #ai #e4 #fha ,plut ,cat mai #ba1 #d4 #fhb ,plut ,cat mai #bj4 #fhc ,pl9y ev5 ref]s to 8 precepts z oracula4 #fhd ,cato agr #a #c op]>iorum copia siet4 #fhe ,cato agr #d op]as facilius locabis1 op]>ios facilius conduces4 #fhf ,cato agr #e1 #hc1 #adc4 #fhg ,cato agr #b #a4 #fhh ,cato agr #ac #a duo cu/odes lib]i 444 t]tius s]vus 444 etc4 #fhi ,ibid #ff ubi factores vectibus prem5t4 #fij ,ibid #fd #a4 #fia ,ibid #add4 #fib ,ibid #add-e4 #fic ,ibid #adf4 #fid ,ibid #adi #b4 #fie ,ibid #aej4 #fif ,ibid #ff-g4 #fig ,ibid #ef4 #fih ,ibid #aj #a1 #aa #a4 #fii ,x is to be not$ t bubulci are to be indulg5tly treat$1 9 ord] to enc\rage !m to t5d ! valu$ ox5 ) c>e4 #e #f4 #gjj ,ibid #ef comp$itis 444 ubi v9eam fod]e coep]9t4 ,cf ,columella ,i #i #d4 #gja ,ibid #ad4 #gjb ,ibid #af1 #ch4 #gjc ,ibid #acf4 ,9 #e #d ! politor appe>s z a hir$ wage-e>n]1 app>5tly paid by ! job4 ,9 ,v>ro ,,iii #b #e we f9d fundo 444 polito cultura4 ,see ,nonius p #ff ,m = politiones agrorum cultus dilig5tes4 ,gre5idge hi/ p #gi reg>ds ! politores z mtay] t5ants1 :y1 ,i d n "k4 #gjd ,ibid #g #b1 #ba #e4 #gje ,ibid #e1 especially #d op]>ium1 m]c5n>ium1 politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die4 ,?is is tak5 by ,wallon ,,ii pp #ajj1 #cde1 to mean t ^! hir$ m5 are to be paid (f at ! end ( _! /ipulat$ t]m4 ,keil ?9ks !y are to be dis*>geable at a day's notice4 eundem seems to imply t x 0 conv5i5t to *ange y\r hir$ m5 (t54 #gjf ,ibid #b #b1 & #d viam publicam muniri4 #gjg ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ,gre5idge's ,hi/ory ( ,rome des]ves special ref]5ce "h4 ,on pp #bff-g he well po9ts out t x 0 n ! ,grac*an aim to revive ! free lab\r] b ! peasant proprietor4 #gjh ,?is is kn[n f ! lex agr>ia ( :i* a l>ge "p is pres]v$4 ,see text 9 ,bruns' ,fontes or ,wordswor?'s ,specim5s4 ,translat$ & expla9$ 9 ,dr ,e ,g ,h>dy's ,six ,roman ,laws4 #gji ,p]haps "s inf]5ce may be drawn f ,sallu/ ,iug #gc #f plebes sic acc5sa uti opifices agre/esque omnes1 quorum res fidesque 9 manibus sitae erant1 relictis op]ibus frequ5t>5t ,m>ium 444 etc1 ?\gh ?is ref]s directly to political support1 n to ! recruit+ ( troops4 #gaj ,see ! important pap] by ,dr ,e ,g ,h>dy ,j\rn ,phil #aiac4 #gaa ,monum ,ancyr ,,iii #bb cap ,,xvi4 #gab ,v>ro ,,rr ,i #b #c1 #f4 ,i f9d s9ce writ+ ?is t ,hei/]b]gk ,ent/ehung des ,colonats p #eg treats ?is utt]ance1 rightly1 z rhetorical4 #gac ,see ,mr ,/orr-,be/'s translation1 ,introduction pp xxvii-xxx4 #gad ,,rr ,i #d #e4 ,surely 9 #di ,v>ro 0 9 ,spa94 #gae ,z 9 ,,rr ,,ii praef #f4 #gaf ,! wild hill-pa/ures are ref]r$ to by ,v>ro ,,rr ,,ii #a #af z /ill leas$ to publicani to :om ! scriptura or regi/ration fees _h to be paid4 ,i h giv5 fur!r ref]5ces 9 my ,roman ,republic #acea4 ,see ,m ,web] ,rmis*e ,agr>ges*i*te pp #ace foll4 #gag ,,rr ,i #ah4 #gah ,,rr ,i #ag4 #gai ,,rr ,i #f-af4 #gbj g5us vocale1 semivocale1 mutum4 #gba ,^! are specim5s only4 ,o!rs w\ld be hir$ freem51 asses1 & 7ne> a riv]7 b>ges4 #gbb ipsi sugge/s peasant own]s4 #gbc paup]culi cum sua prog5ie4 #gbd m]c5n>iis 444 conducticiis lib]orum op]is4 #gbe oba]>ios or oba]atos1 :o "w (f a debt by lab\r = a cr$itor4 #gbf de quibus univ]sis4 ,?is seems to ref] to all human work]s4 #gbg gravia loca4 ,cf ,i #ab #b4 #gbh op]>ios p>&os esse1 n conduc5dos1 = ^! are cle>ly slaves4 ,cf ,i #af #d4 #gbi ,! text "h is damag$4 ,i give ! app>5t mean+4 #gcj qui praes9t1 a v g5]al expression4 #gca ,t is1 ob$i5ce4 #gcb (f5siones dome/icas4 ,v>ro may h 9 m9d ! ,syrians 9 ! ,sicilian slave-w>s & ! ,?racians & ,gauls "u ,sp>tacus4 #gcc peculium4 #gcd ,"h also ! text is d\btful4 #gce ,,rr ,,ii #c #g 9 lege locationis fundi excipi solet ne colonus capra natum 9 fundo pascat4 #gcf ,,rr ,i #b #ag leges colonicas 444 etc4 #gcg ,caes> ,,bc ,i #cd1 #ef4 #gch s]vis lib]tis colonis suis4 #gci colonis pa/oribusque4 #gdj ,z a cr$itor on a debtor4 #gda ,,rr ,i #af #d itaque 9 hoc g5us coloni potius anniv]s>ios hab5t vic9os1 quibus imp]5t1 m$icos fullones fabros1 quam 9 villa suos habeant4 #gdb ,,rr ,,ii praef #e1 cf ,i #b #ac foll1 & ,columella ,,vi praef #a1 #b4 #gdc ,!y evid5tly own slaves1 ?\gh n special craftsm51 & are di/9ct f ! paup]culi ( ,i #ag #b4 #gdd ,,rr ,,ii praef #c1 #d4 #gde ,,rr ,,iii #af #aj1 #aa4 #gdf ,,rr ,,ii #aj #d1 #e4 #gdg ,,rr ,i #bb #a4 ,basket "w is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 sc5es ( c\ntry life4 ,cf ,v]g buc ,,ii #ga-b1 georg ,i #bff4 #gdh ,,rr ,,iii #c #d1 #ag #f4 #gdi ,cf ,cato #ef1 ,columella ,i #i #d4 #gej ,,rr ,i #ah #b1 #f4 #gea valetud9i tempe/ati in]tiae indilig5tiae4 #geb ,9 ,,rr ,,iii #b #e cum villa non sit s9e fundo magno et eo polito cultura ! ref]5ce is q g5]al4 #gec ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! words ( ,cic]o de republ ,v #e4 #ged ,z 9 8 op9ion ! y\ng] ,cato did4 #gee ,see pro ,mur5a #fb1 :]e disput&i causa is oppos$ to ita viv5di4 #gef ,see ,brutus #beg1 de orat ,i #hc1 #bfc1 ,,ii #dj1 de f9ibus ,v #eb1 ,tusc disp ,i #cd1 ,,iii #gg1 ,v #ajd4 ,! messores ^: ru/ic brogue is ref]r$ to 9 de orat ,,iii #df surely are free ,italians4 #geg ,f lack ( ! +5uae artes & lib]ales doctr9ae etc4 #geh de (fic ,i #aej inlib]ales autem et sordidi quae/us m]c5n>iorum omnium quorum op]ae non quorum artes emuntur3 e/ enim 9 illis ipsa m]ces auctoram5tum s]vitutis4 #gei ,! op]ae (t5 ref]r$ to4 #gfj ,! familiae publicanorum4 ,! publicani compla9$ l\dly :5 _! slave-/aff 0 9 dang] f ! viol5ce ( o!rs4 ,cf de imp]io ,pompei #af4 #gfa ,cf ! fam\s case ( ,clodius & ,milo4 #gfb ,cf pro ,rosc com #cb1 #di1 #ed1 pro ,tullio #ba4 #gfc ,= a discussion ( ^! see ,gre5idge 9 ! ,app5dix to ,! legal proc$ure ( ,cic]o's "t4 #gfd pro ,tullio #g-ab4 #gfe pro ,tullio #ad-bb4 #gff #ag mittit ad procuratorem litt]as et ad vilicum4 #gfg ,to conduct ( ?is k9d ,cic]o makes a g5]al ref]5ce 9 ,p>adoxa ,,vi #df expulsiones vic9orum 444 latroc9ia 9 agris4 #gfh pro ,caec9a #aj-ai4 #gfi pro ,caec9a #a 9 agro locisque des]tis4 #ggj pro ,v>5o fragm #e1 pro ,clu5tio #afa1 cf pro ,tullio #h4 #gga 9 toga c&ida fragm #aa alt] pecore omni v5dito et saltibus prope addictis pa/ores ret9et1 ex quibus ait se cum velit subito fugitivorum bellum excitaturum4 ,= ! fugitivi 9 ,sicily cf ,,ii 9 ,v]rem ,,ii #bg1 ,,iii #ff1 ,,iv #aab1 ,v passim1 & ! fam\s inscription ( ,popilius1 ,wilmanns #gig & ,wordswor? specim5s pp #bba1 #dge1 ,,cil ,i #eea1 ref]r+ to fir/ ,sicilian slave-w>4 #ggb ,brutus #he4 #ggc pro ,roscio ,am] #ci-ea4 #ggd pro ,caec9a #eh1 #fc4 #gge ,?us 9 pro ,clu5tio #afc a disreputable tool is m]c5n>ius ,oppianici4 #ggf de (ficiis ,i #aea quorum ord9i conv5iunt4 #ggg de (ficiis ,i #da4 #ggh ,,ii 9 ,v]rem ,i #adg1 ,,iv #gg4 #ggi ,?us ( orators1 ,brutus #big1 de orat ,i #hc1 #bfc1 cf ,,ii #dj4 ,also opifex 9 ,tusc disp ,v #cd4 #ghj de orat ,i #bdi si m&&um aliquid procuratori de agri cultura aut imp]&um vilico e/4 #gha pro ,tullio #ag mittit ad procuratorem litt]as et ad vilicum4 #ghb ,cic]o's own e/ate at ,arp9um seems to h be5 let 9 pra$iola to t5ants4 ,see ad ,att ,,xiii #i #b4 #ghc pro ,caec9a #ag1 #eg1 #id4 #ghd pro ,caec9a #eg1 cf #fc4 ,s 9 #eh ! ^w familia is %ewn n to be limit$ to slaves p]sonally own$ by ! litigant ref]r$ to4 #ghe ,,ii 9 ,v]rem ,,iii #ec-e1 & passim4 ,^! arationes paid decumae4 #ghf pro ,clu5tio #age1 #ahb4 #ghg de orat ,,ii #bhg4 #ghh de republ ,v #e1 :]e ! p]fect rul] is a sort ( bl5d ( disp5sator & vilicus4 #ghi pro ,plancio #fb4 #gij ,,ii 9 ,v]rem ,,iii #aai4 #gia pro ,rabirio #aj-ag4 #gib hanc condicionem 444 quam s]vi1 si lib]tatis spem propositam non hab]5t1 f]re nullo modo poss5t4 #gic ,philippic ,,viii #cb4 #gid ,cic ad fam ,,xvi #af #a eum indignum illa =tuna nobis amicum quam s]vum esse malui/i4 #gie pro ,roscio ,am] #abj hom9es pa5e op]>ios4 #gif ,,ii 9 ,v]rem ,,iii #bg4 #gig quid1 qui s+ulis iugis arant1 qui ab op]e ipsi non rec$unt 444 etc4 #gih ,! infam\s h5*man ( ,v]res4 #gii ,diodorus fragm ,,xxxiv #b #dh1 ,,xxxvi #e #f4 #hjj de lege agr ,,ii #hj-c4 #hja ,see ,belo* ,campani5 pp #cjd-f4 #hjb de lege agr ,,ii #hd agros des]tos a plebe atque a cultura hom9um lib]orum esse non oport]e4 #hjc g5us 444 optimorum et aratorum et militum 444 illi mis]i1 nati 9 illis agris et educati1 glaebis subig5dis ex]citati 444 etc4 #hjd de lege agr ,,ii #hh-i locus comport&is cond5disque fructibus1 ut aratores cultu agrorum defessi urbis domiciliis ut]5tur 444 receptaculum aratorum1 nund9as ru/icorum1 cellam atque horreum ,campani agri 444 etc4 #hje de lege agr ,,ii #hb de9de ad paucos opibus et copiis adflu5tis totum agrum ,campanum p]f]ri videbitis4 #hjf ,see above1 *ap ,,xxv p #ahc4 #hjg ,sallu/ ,cat #d #a4 #hjh ,sallu/ ,cat #cg #g iuv5tus1 quae 9 agris manuum m]c$e inopiam tol]av]at 444 etc4 #hji ,sallu/ ,iug #gc #f opifices agre/esque omnes1 quorum res fidesque 9 manibus sitae erant 444 etc4 #haj ,two notori\s in/ances are ,pompey & ,m ,brutus4 #haa ,horace ,odes ,,ii #ae1 ,,iii #f1 etc4 #hab ,horace ,odes ,,iv #e1 #ae1 etc4 #hac ,a picture =e/all$ by ,lucretius ,,iii #ajec-ge4 #had ,already illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,cato not$ above4 #hae ,see ,cic de legibus ,,iii #cj4 ,cf ,horace epodes ,,iv4 #haf ,see ,ro/[zew1 ,rm ,colonat1 = detail$ inquiry into ,ea/]n ph5om5a1 ,egyptian 9 p>ticul>4 ,= ! case ( ,*9a see ref]5ce to ,macg[an ,app5dix ,d #f4 ,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! sy/em 9 ,h9du/an 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 ) criticism ( its grave abuses1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,travels 9 ! ,mogul empire by ,franois ,b]ni]1 ed #b by ,v ,a ,smi?1 ,ox=d #aiad1 pages #bbf-ch4 ,i believe ! legal phrase is #8,em95t ,doma94' #hag ,9 ,gre5idge1 ,hi/ory pp #bib-c1 !re are "s good rem>ks on ! process4 #hah ,front9us grom ,i p #ce1 ,columella ,,iii #c #aa1 & ,hei/]b]gk's rem>ks cit$ bel[4 ,see ,index1 ,italian l& & taxation4 #hai ,tacitus ann ,,ii #ei seposuit ,aegyptum hi/ ,i #aa domi ret9]e4 ,?is ne$ n be tak5 to mean t he treat$ x /rictly z "p ( 8 private e/ate1 z ,momms5 ?\ght4 ,see on ! controv]sy a note ( ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r p #dgi4 #hbj ,see ,m ,web] ,agr>ges*i*te pp #bdc foll4 #hba ,! e/ates ( ,atticus 9 ,epirus are a lead+ case ( ?is4 ,horace epi/ ,i #ab ref]s to ^? ( ,agrippa 9 ,sicily4 ,su* cases h no?+ to d ) emigration ( work+ f>m]s1 9 :i* ,i d n believe4 ,surely ,gre5idge ,hi/ory p #bgj is "r 9 say+ t ! ,grac*an s*eme ( colonization 0 comm]cial r ?an agricultural4 ,also ! municipalities1 beside _! e/ates 9 ,italy1 held l&s 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,see ,tyrrell & ,purs] on ,cic ad fam ,,xiii #g & #aa4 ,9 g5]al1 ,s5eca epi/ #hg #g1 #hi #bj1 ,florus ,,ii #g #c4 #hbb ,we may p]haps c>ry ?is back into ! "t ( ! ,republic4 ,see ! ref]5ces to ! royal doma9s ( ,mac$on1 ,livy ,,xlv #ah #c1 & ) o!rs ,cic de lege agr ,,ii #ej4 #hbc ,see ! *apt] on ! ,african inscriptions4 #hbd ,= ! cases ( ,india & ,*9a see ref]5ces to ,sir ,a ,fras] & ,macg[an ,app5dix ,d #f4 #hbe ,tacitus ann ,,xiv #bg records ! failure ( ,n]o's colonization ( vet]ans s+ly 9 ,italy1 :o mo/ly return$ to ! sc5es ( _! s]vice4 ,he /rangely regrets ! ab&onm5t ( ! old plan ( settl+ !m 9 :ole legions4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t 9 ! lat] ,empire ! army 0 m & m recruit$ f ! b>b>ians4 #hbf ,! 1 assign$ 9 to soldi]s4 #hbg ,see ,h]odotus ,,ii #afe-g1 cf #ada1 ,/rabo ,,xv #a #dj 7p #gjd71 #cd 7p #gja71 #ed 7p #gaj71 cf ,diodorus ,,ii #dj-a1 ,arrian ,indica #aj #h1 #i4 ,! ref]5ces to slave-traffic 9 ! ,p]iplus m>is ,ery?raei d n really imply exi/5ce ( a slave-sy/em 9 ,india4 ,see ,rapson ,anci5t ,india p #ig4 ,mu* ( int]e/ 9 ,sir ,j ,d ,rees1 ,! real ,india1 on ! ,l&-sy/em etc4 ,9 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,india by ,v ,a ,smi? ! exi/5ce ( slav]y 9 ,india is ma9ta9$4 #hbh ,see ,dionysius ,,ii #bh1 cf #h1 #i4 #hbi ,! op]ae ref]r$ to 9 ! ,african inscriptions4 #hcj ,x is possible to see a beg9n+ ( ?is sy/em 9 ! t5ancy-on-%>es 7! colonia p>ti>ia7 :i* we f9d n only 9 ,italy b 9 ,africa z a recogniz$ plan4 #hca ,?is is ! view ( ,ro/[zew ,rm ,colonat p #cig4 #hcb ,hor ,sat ,,ii #g #bc1 ,epi/ ,,ii #a #aci-dj4 #hcc ,hor ,odes ,i #ab4 #hcd ,odes ,,ii #ae1 #ah1 ,sat ,,ii #f #f-ae4 #hce ,odes ,,iii #f4 #hcf ,odes ,,iii #e4 ,see above pp #aci-dj4 #hcg ,odes ,,iii #a r$emptor cum famulis4 #hch ,odes ,,ii #c1 ,epi/ ,,ii #b #agg-h4 #hci ,odes ,i #a1 ,,ii #af1 ,,iii #af4 #hdj ,odes ,i #a patrios 444 agros1 ,epode ,,ii #c pat]na rura bobus ex]cet suis4 #hda ,epode ,,iv #ac arat ,fal]ni mille fundi iug]a1 etc4 #hdb ,odes ,,iii #af quicquid arat impig] ,apulus4 #hdc ,epode ,,ii #ci foll4 #hdd ,a fact recogniz$ by ,horace himself 9 l9es #ad-af ( ,odes ,,iii #d1 & ,sat ,i #e l9es #gg foll4 #hde ,odes ,i #ce paup] 444 ruris colonus1 ,,ii #ad inopes coloni4 ,sat ,,ii #b #aae1 :]e ! fact ( expulsion 9 fav\r ( a milit>y p5sion] is judici\sly ignor$4 ,see bel[4 #hdf ,^! coloni ( c\rse own$ _! f>ms2 t is1 7 dom9i4 ,odes ,,iii #d l9es #cg-h1 ,sat ,,ii #f #ee-f4 #hdg ,odes ,i #a m]cator 444 indocilis paup]iem pati1 cf ,,iii #b4 #hdh ,s ,cic]o's e/ate at ,arp9um is spok5 ( ad ,att ,,xiii #i #b z pra$iola & 0 p]haps let 9 ! same way4 #hdi ,cf ,s5eca epi/ #dg #ad1 #hf #ad4 #hej ,! own]%ip ( ! slaves is ano!r matt]1 = 9 lett+ f>ms ! dom9us (t5 suppli$ ! slaves4 ,see ,index1 in/rum5tum4 #hea ,i f9d t ,mr ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,! dea? ( ,turnus p #aje1 also takes ?is view4 ,b he und]/&s pat] to imply t ! man br\ght up a family1 :i* ,i d n4 ,i agree t x gives ! idea ( head%ip ( a h\sehold4 #heb ,italis*e ,l&eskunde ,,ii p #fae4 #hec ,! description ( su* an agellus 9 ,pl9 epi/ ,i #bd illu/rates ! wants ( a lit]>y l&[n] excell5tly4 #hed ,tibullus ,,ii #a #ea agricola adsiduo 444 satiatus aratro4 #hee ,tibullus ,,ii #f #be-f4 #hef ,ovid fa/i ,i #bjg1 ,,iii #ggi-hb1 ,,iv #fic-d4 #heg ,ovid metam ,i #ace-f1 ,manilius ,i #gc-d4 #heh ,vitruvius ,,ii #a4 #hei ,i _c accept ,pr(4 ,ri*mond's view 7,inaugural lecture #aiai p #be7 ( ! ,georgics z #8conc]n$ ) e side ( husb&ry4' #hfj ,:e!r ,v]gil suff]$ two expulsions1 & :at is ! *ronological ord] ( eclogues ,i & ,,ix1 are que/ions t d n affect my inquiry4 #hfa ,pl9y epi/ ,,iii #aj #g4 #hfb ,a5 ,,vii #fda-hag1 ,,ix #fjc-ac4 #hfc e4g4 ,a5 ,,vi #fac4 #hfd ,ellis on ,catullus ,,xxiii #a4 #hfe ,see page #bag4 #hff ,sueton ,vespas ,i4 #hfg ,keightley includes ,mago1 :e!r rightly or n ,i am n sure4 ,con+ton's ,introduction treats ?is matt] fully4 #hfh ,! futility ( address+ ru/ic read]s 9 poli%$ lit]>y language 7dis]te7 is comm5t$ on by ,palladius #d? c5t ,,ad 9 8 op5+ s5t5ces4 ,he has be5 ?\ght to h 9 view ,columella1 :o by ! by is ,v]gil's great admir]4 ,i _c accept ! views ( ,daub5y 9 8 ,lectures pp #c-e4 ,x is possible t ! use ( fire 9 improv+ l& may be a bit ( ,v]gil's own advice1 b ,i d\bt x4 ,see ,daub5y pp #ia-d1 georg ,i #hd foll4 #hfi ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r p #dhh describ+ ! hopeless task ( ,augu/us 9 attempt+ ! moral & physical reg5]ation ( ,italy makes ! g5]al rem>k #8,nur an die hh]5 ,/nde1 nur an die ,elite1 konnte ,augu/us si* w5d54' ,?is is a true picture ( ! situation z a :ole4 ,to h to beg9 build+ at ! top 0 fatal4 #hgj ,mo/ cle>ly /at$ 9 ,columella ,i #g4 #hga ,= coloni ( ,cic]o's "t see ,,ii 9 ,v]r ,,iii #ee1 pro ,caec9a #id1 pro ,clu5t #age1 #ahb4 ,! ref]5ces 9 ,horace are giv5 bel[4 ,t lett+ to t5ants 0 practis$ ab\t #ajj ,,bc or e>li]1 appe>s c]ta9 f ! ref]5ce to ,sas]na's op9ion on ?is policy 9 ,columella ,i #g #d4 #hgb ,velleius ,,ii #hh1 & _m passages 9 ,s5eca & o!r au?ors4 #hgc ,dion ,cass ,,lii #bg-h4 #hgd ,comp>e ,suet ,aug #da = ! ,emp]or's actual policy4 ,x seems t ! influx ( specie captur$ at ,alex&ria s5t ! rate ( int]e/ d[n & ! price ( l& up4 #hge ,?is is admirably dealt ) 9 ,sell>'s ,virgil1 & ne$ n be reproduc$ "h4 #hgf ,mr ,t ,r ,glov]1 ,virgil p #ad1 rem9ds u t ! poet's fa!r is said to h done "s bus9ess 9 timb] at "o "t4 #hgg ,:5 ,cic]o de orat ,,iii #df cr$its messores ) a ru/ic brogue he c h>dly be ?9k+ ( =eign slaves4 #hgh ,z 9 ,lucan ,,vii #djb v9cto fossore4 #hgi ,v>ro ,,rr ,,ii #aj4 #hhj ,see ,v>ro ,,rr ,,ii #b #bj1 #e #ah1 #g #af1 ev5 = treatm5t ( hom9es #aj #aj4 ,writt5 books ( prescriptions 7 provid$4 #hha ,georg ,,iii #eae-cj4 #hhb tri/is sugge/s ! own]4 ,a slave 0 n likely to c>e4 #hhc ,9 ,sell>'s ,virgil *apt] ,,vi #e !re is an excell5t treatm5t ( ?is episode1 ) a discussion ( ,v's relation to ,lucretius & a mo/ apposite quotation f ,g ,s&4 #hhd ,v>ro ,,ii #e #d1 ,columella ,,vi praef #g1 ,pl9 ,,nh ,,viii #ahj4 #hhe ,! molle atque facetum attribut$ to ,v by ,horace is ,i ?9k rightly expla9$ by ,qu9tilian ,,vi #c #bj1 & am\nts to easy & fa/idi\s ta/e1 ( c\rse ! result ( c>eful revision1 8 practice ( :i* is atte/$ 9 ! ,suetonian biography4 #hhf ,s ,tibullus ,,ii #a #da-b4 #hhg ,cf ,cic de (f ,i #da1 #aej1 passages 9 :i* ! gr[? ( ! te*nical s5se is se54 #hhh ,see ! int]e/+ /ory ( ! bee-f>m 9 ,v>ro ,,rr ,,iii #af #aj1 #aa4 #hhi ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xix #ej-a4 #hij ,,ii #dab-c laudato +5tia rura1 exiguum colito4 ,n f\nd 9 surviv+ text ( ,cato4 #hia ,,ii #ecb4 #hib ,i #abe-h1 ,,ii #ccf-db4 #hic ,,ii #acf-gf4 #hid ,dionys ,hal ,i #cf-g1 ,/rabo ,,vi #d #a1 p #bhf1 ,v>ro ,,rr ,i #b #a-g4 #hie ,horace ,odes ,,iv #e1 #ae1 publi%$ ab\t #ad ,,bc4 ,s ,m>tial ,v #d decl>es t ,domitian has made ,rome pudica4 #hif ,sueton ,aug #cb 7cf ,tib #h71 & ! eld] ,s5eca contr ,x #d #ah4 ,ev5 9 ! second c5tury ,,ad1 ,sp>t ,hadr #ah #i erga/ula s]vorum et lib]orum tulit4 ,p]haps ! erga/ula 9 ,columella ,i #c #ab ref] to ! same practice4 #hig ,h ,blmn] 9 ,mll]'s ,h&bu* ,,iv #b #b p #edc says t ,v>ro does n ref] to ! ,kolonat als ,pa*t4 ,b t s5se seems cle>ly impli$ 9 ,i #b #ag1 ,,ii #c #d 9 lege locationis fundi4 ,9 ,i #af #d x surely includes t5ants1 ev5 if ! application is m g5]al4 ,9 ,,ii praef #e colonus is simply arator1 oppos$ to pa/or4 #hih ,columella ,i #g4 #hii ,pl9y epi/ ,,iii #ai1 ,,ix #cg4 #ijj ,?is rem9ds u ( ,v>ro's words1 speak+ 7,i #ag #b7 ( free work]s 444 cum ipsi colunt1 ut pl]ique paup]culi cum sua prog5ie4 #ija ,cf ,tibullus ,,ii #a #bc turbaque v]n>um saturi bona signa coloni4 #ijb ,see above1 p #baf4 #ijc ,hor epi/ ,i #ad #ci1 cf ,,ii #b #ahd-f4 #ijd ,hor ,sat ,i #c #ii foll1 :]e animalia seems to mean little m ?an hom9es4 #ije ,hor ,sat ,,ii #f #ee-f1 ,odes ,,iii #d #cg-dj4 #ijf ,! "o ref]5ce to ! assignations ,g ,,ii #aih only speaks ( ! mis=tune ( ,mantua1 n ( 8 own4 #ijg ,hor ,epi/ ,i #af #fi-gb4 #ijh ,hor ,sat ,i #a #bh1 #cb4 #iji ,= ! /ory ( ! 7fre$man's (f]+7 s5t ye>ly by ,maec5as to ,augu/us z a recognition ( 8 re/oration ( ,roman fre$om1 see ,g>d?aus5 ,augu/us ,,vii #g & notes4 #iaj ,monum ,ancyr ed ,momms51 ,i #af-i1 ,,iii #bb-h4 #iaa ,tacitus ann ,,xiv #ec4 #iab ,g>d?aus5 ,augu/us ,,vii #g1 pp #gfh-i4 ,he quotes ,s*ol ad ,juv5al ,v #c 7,maec5as7 ad quem sectio bonorum ,favoni p]t9u]at4 #iac ,v>ro ,,rr ,i #ag1 a notable *apt]4 #iad ,livy ,,vi #ab1 ,,vii #be4 #iae ,pl9 ,,nh ,,xxxvii #bja-c4 #iaf ,augu/us ,,vi #c1 p #edg4 #iag ,macrob ,sat ,i #aa #bb4 #iah ,dion ,cass ,,xlviii #f #c4 #iai ,! words ( ,donatus 7aft] ,suetonius7 9 8 life ( ,v]gil4 ,reiff]s*eid's ,suetonius p #ei4 #ibj ,keightley 7#ahdf7 says ! same4 #iba ,) mu* respect & regret1 ,i _c accept ! views ( ,pr( ,conway 9 8 inaugural lecture ( #aijc4 #ibb ,! abs5ce ( ref]5ce to ,cic]o has ( c\rse be5 not$4 ,b ?is 0 g5]al 9 ! ,augu/an age4 #ibc ,s5eca epi/ #hf #ae4 #ibd ,s5eca controv]siae ,,ii #a #bf4 #ibe ,s5eca exc]pt contr ,v #e #ibf ,comp>e ! ref]5ce to unruly s]vorum agm9a 9 ,calabria1 ,tac ann ,,xii #fe1 9 ! "t ( ,claudius4 #ibg ,s5eca exc]pt contr ,,vi #b4 #ibh ,s5eca contr ,,ii #a #e4 #ibi ,s5eca contr ,,vii #f #ah4 #icj ,s5eca contr ,x #d #ah solitud9es suas i/i beati +5uorum erga/ulis excolunt4 ,see above p #bcc & bel[ on ,columella p #bfc4 #ica ,s5eca contr ,,vii #f #ag1 cf ,plut ,cat mai #bd4 #icb ,val ,max ,,iv #d #f4 #icc ,val ,max ,,iv #c #e1 cf #d #g1 #h #a4 #icd ,val ,max ,,vii #e #b4 #ice ,pha$r ,,iv #e1 ,,ii #h4 #icf ,su* z ,polybius ! influ5tial fre$man ( ,claudius1 to :om ,s5eca address$ a consolatio4 #icg ,epi/ #gg #g is a notable passage4 #ich ,cf de b5ef ,,iii #bf4 #ici ,z by ! y\ng] ,pl9y paneg #db on ,trajan4 #idj de b5ef ,v #ah #b1 #ai #a1 ,,vii #d #d4 #ida de clem5t ,i #ah1 nat quae/ ,i #af #a4 #idb de b5ef ,,iii #bb #a1 cf ,a!naeus #bgf b4 #idc de b5ef ,v #ai #i1 epi/ #ab #c4 #idd de con/ant 7ad ,s]5um7 #e #a4 #ide epi/ #dg #ad4 #idf epi/ #ij #bg1 artificem vides vitae etc4 #idg epi/ #fe #f4 #idh epi/ #hh #ba4 ,! contra/ ( lib]alis & sordidus (t5 occurs4 #idi epi/ #ij #ae4 #iej epi/ #dd #c aquam traxit et rig&o horto locavit manus4 #iea epi/ #aad #bf quot millia colonorum ar5t fodiant 444 etc4 #ieb epi/ #abc #b non habet panem meus pi/or3 s$ habet vilicus1 s$ habet atri5sis1 s$ habet colonus4 atri5sis head ( dome/ics1 port] or butl]4 #iec de b5ef ,,vi #d #d colonum suum non t5et1 quamvis tabellis man5tibus1 qui segetem eius proculcavit1 qui succidit arbu/a1 non quia recepit quod pepig]at s$ quia ne recip]et effecit4 ,sic debitori suo cr$itor saepe damnatur1 ubi plus ex alia causa ab/ulit quam ex cr$iti petit4 #ied ,! pactum impli$ 9 pepig]at4 #iee de b5ef ,,vii #e #b1 #c1 conduxi domum a te2 9 hac aliquid tuum e/1 aliquid meum2 res tua e/1 usus rei tuae meus e/4 itaque nec fructus tanges colono tuo prohib5te1 quamvis 9 tua possessione nascantur 444 nec conductum meum1 quamquam sis dom9us1 intrabis1 nec s]vum tuum1 m]c5n>ium meum1 abduces 444 etc4 ,see ! *apt] on ! ,juri/s ( ! ,dige/4 #ief epi/ #ij #ci licet itaque nunc conetur rep>>e quod p]didit1 licet agros agris adiciat vic9um vel pretio pell5s vel iniuria1 licet 9 prov9ci>um spatium rura dilatet et possessionem vocet p] sua longam p]egr9ationem 444 etc4 ,= iniuria cf ,columella ,i #c #f1 #g4 ,! viol5t expulsion ( poor f>m]s by ! ri* is an old topic4 ,cf ,sallu/ ,iug #da #h1 ,appian civ ,i #g #e & see index4 #ieg epi/ #hg #g quia 9 omnibus prov9ciis arat 444 quia tantum suburbani agri possidet quantum invidiose 9 des]tis ,apuliae possid]et4 #ieh de ira ,,iii #bi #a4 #iei ,lucan ,,vii #chg-dci4 #ifj v9cto fossore coluntur ,hesp]iae vegetes4 #ifa ,i #aeh-hb4 #ifb longa sub ignotis ext5d]e rura colonis4 ,cf ,s5eca de vita beata #ag #b cur trans m>e possides8 cur plura quam no/i8 & ,petron #cg4 #ifc ,,vi #aeb o famuli turpes1 s]vum pecus4 #ifd ,calpurn ecl ,,iv #aah4 #ife ,petron #cg fundos habet qua milvi volant4 ,a prov]bial phrase1 cf ,p]sius ,,iv #bf dives arat 444 quantum non milvus ob]ret1 ,juv5al ,,ix #ee4 #iff ,petron #ec4 #ifg edicta a$ilium4 #ifh saltu>iorum te/am5ta4 ,!y 7 evid5tly slaves & c\ld only make wills by leave ( _! own]4 ,see ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #ab4 #ifi ,_m times ref]r$ to 9 ! book4 #igj ,i #c #h-ac4 #iga ,cf ,pl9 epi/ ,,iii #ai #b pul*ritudo iung5di1 & ,mayor's note4 ,petron #gg4 #igb ,i #c #f1 #g1 :]e he ev5 ref]s to a v disoblig+ neighb\r ( 8 own e/ate4 #igc ,i #a #bj long9qua ne dicam transm>9a rura 444 etc4 #igd ,i praef #ac-ae1 ,,xii praef #h-aj4 #ige ,i praef #ab4 #igf ,i #g passim4 #igg ,if we are to hold t opus "h ref]s only to "w on ! p>ticul> f>m hir$ by ! t5ant1 ,i presume x includes improvem5ts1 z 9 ,dige/ ,,xix #b #bd4 #igh remissionem pet]e non audet4 #igi felicissimum fundum esse qui colonos indig5as hab]et et tamquam 9 pat]na possessione natos iam inde a cunabulis longa famili>itate ret9]et4 #ihj urbanum colonum1 qui p] familiam mavult agrum quam p] se col]e4 #iha ru/icos et eosdem adsiduos colonos4 #ihb 9 8 regionibus quae gravitate caeli solique /]ilitate va/antur4 ,cf ,i #e #e1 gravibus1 & ,v>ro ,i #ag #b4 #ihc ,by ,h4 ,blmn] 9 ,mll]'s ,h&bu*4 ,s also ,gumm]us 9 ,klio #aijf pp #he-f4 #ihd dom9i praes5tia c>iturum4 #ihe ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #be1 ,,xix #b #bd1 #be4 #ihf ,m ,web] ,rm ,agr>ges*i*te p #bdd4 ,( c\rse opus is a g5]al t]m1 n te*nical z op]ae 7 lab\r units7 (t5 is4 ,see ,v9ograd(f ,gr[? ( ! ,manor note #id on p #aaj4 ,f ,horace epi/ ,i #a #ba opus deb5tibus ,i c get no help4 #ihg ,see bel[1 9 ! *apt] on ! ,african inscriptions4 #ihh ,caes> civ ,i #cd1 #ef4 #ihi ,wallon1 ,esclavage ,,ii #ii1 #ajj1 ref]s to ! long leas+ ( municipal e/ates1 held 9 virtual p]petuity s long z ! r5t 0 paid4 ,he cites ,gaius ,,iii #ade4 ,s too e/ates ( temples1 & lat] ( ! fiscus4 #iij ,wallon ,,ii #abj1 cf ,dige/ ,,xxxiii #g #ai1 an op9ion ( ,paulus4 ,x seems to be a sort ( mtay] sy/em4 ,see index4 #iia ,b su* z ! imbecilli cultores ( ,pl9 epi/ ,,iii #ai #f4 #iib ,see case ref]r$ to by ,paulus 9 ,dige/ ,,xxxi #hf4 #iic ,i praef #ab ex m]c5n>iis aliquem4 ,9 ,,ii #b #ab op]>um vilitas1 & ,,iv #f #c op]>um pa5uria1 ,,iii #ba #aj plures op]as quantocumque pretio conduc]e1 ! h&s hir$ may be slaves4 #iid ,( c\rse n necess>ily agricultural1 9 fact g5]ally n4 ,see my article 9 ,j\rnal ( ,roman ,/udies #aiah1 & ,index "u ,emigration4 #iie ,v diff]5t f ! small f>m]s ( old "t1 :o 7 own]s4 #iif ,see = in/ance ,dige/ ,,xxxiii #g #ah1 & #bj1 op9ions ( ,scaevola4 #iig ,i #h & ,,xi #a4 #iih ,i #h #a-c1 ,,xi #a #c1 #d1 #g4 #iii ,i #h #c1 #d1 :]e he says t a man :o le>ns h[ to d ?+s ab subiecto is n fitt$ opus exig]e4 ,,xi #a #i-ac is n inconsi/5t ) ?is1 b lays m /ress on ! necessity ( tra9+ ! vilicus4 #ajjj ,i #h #e contub]nalis muli]4 ,%e is to be vilica1 cf ,,xii #a #a1 #b4 ,apuleius met ,,viii #bb4 #ajja eidemque actori him 9 8 capacity ( actor4 ,cf ,,xi #a #ac1 #ai4 ,see ,index1 actor4 #ajjb ,i #h #f1 #g1 ,,xi #a #bb-c4 #ajjc nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam4 ,he is 9 a s5se colonus1 & h5ce 8 sph]e ( duty is call$ colonia 9 ,,xi #a #bc4 ,9 ,i #d #d1 #e ! value ( exp]im5ts is recogniz$4 #ajjd ,i #h #h1 ,,xi #a #bj-a4 #ajje ,i #h #i1 ,,xi #a #ba4 #ajjf ,i #h #aj animi1 quantum s]vile patitur +5ium1 virtutibus in/ructus4 #ajjg ,i #h #aj1 ,,xi #a #be4 #ajjh ,i #h #aa op]is exactio1 ut iu/a r$dantur1 ut vilicus semp] se repraes5tet1 ,,xi #a #be-f4 #ajji magi/ri s+ulorum (ficiorum1 ,,xi #a #bg4 #ajaj ,i #h #ab1 ,,xi #a #bc4 #ajaa ,i #h #ac1 ,,xi #a #bd4 #ajab ,i #h #ac-d1 ,,xi #a #bg-cj4 #ajac ,9 ,,xi #a #d foll ?is notion is1 ) citation ( ,x5ophon1 repudiat$1 & ! ne$ ( tra9+ a /ew>d emphasiz$4 #ajad ,9 ,,xi #a #d he cites a say+ ( ,cato1 male agitur cum dom9o quem vilicus docet4 #ajae ,i #h #ae4 #ajaf ,i #h #af ut erga/uli mancipia recognoscant 444 etc4 ,9 ,,xi #a #bb ?is appe>s z "p ( ! /ew>d's daily duty4 #ajag ,i #h #ag-h quanto et pluribus subiecti1 ut vilicis ut op]um magi/ris ut erga/ul>iis1 magis obnoxii p]peti5dis iniuriis1 et rursus saevitia atque av>itia laesi magis tim5di sunt4 #ajah an ex sua con/itutione iu/a p]cipiant4 sua ! scale all[$ by himself z dom9us4 #ajai ,i #h #ai4 #ajbj multum conf]t aug5do patrimonio4 #ajba ,i #i #a-f4 ,cf ,,xi #a #h1 #i4 #ajbb m$ia/9us4 #ajbc ,cf ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #h pr4 #ajbd v9eta plurimum p] alligatos excoluntur4 #ajbe ne confundantur op]a familiae1 sic ut omnes omnia exequantur4 #ajbf ,i #i #g1 #h4 #ajbg ,,vi #b #ae pecoris op]>ii 7! v ^w also us$ lab\r]71 #c #c ium5tis iu/a op]um r$d5tibus4 #ajbh ,,xi #a #ah m optimi pa/oris 444 idem quod ille dilig5s opilio4 #ajbi valetud9>ium ,,xi #a #ah1 ,,xii #a #f1 #c #g1 #h4 #ajcj ,,iv #c #a quosdam emacitas 9 arm5tis1 quosdam ex]cet 9 comp>&is mancipiis2 de tu5dis nulla cura tangit4 ,cf ,i #d #g4 #ajca ,,xii #c especially #a1 #h1 cf praef #i4 ,he ref]s to ,x5ophon4 #ajcb ,,viii #aa #b tamquam s]vitio lib]atae1 also #ab & #ae #g p>]e cunctantur 9 s]vitute4 #ajcc ,i #f #c v9ctis quam salub]rimum subt]raneum erga/ulum1 plurimis idque angu/is illu/ratum f5e/ris atque a t]ra sic editis ne manu cont+i poss9t4 ,cf ,,xi #a #bb4 #ajcd ,i #f #ai ru/icis balneis4 #ajce ,i #c #ab our l&-grabb]s scorn mod]ation & buy up f9es g5tium s va/ t !y _c ev5 ride r\nd !m s$ proculc&os pecudibus et va/&os f]is d]el9quunt1 aut occupatos nexu civium et erga/ulis t55t4 ,s*neid] expla9s nexu etc z civibus ob aes ali5um nexis4 ,surely at ?is date x _c be us$ 9 ! /rictly te*nical s5se4 ,see p #bfi4 #ajcf ,l ! oba]>ii or oba]ati ( ,v>ro ,i #ag #b4 ,see on t passage p #ahj4 #ajcg suppressio4 ,see ,index4 #ajch ,,viii #b #g anus s$ula may s]ve z cu/os vagantium4 #ajci ,,vi praef #d4 #ajdj ,i #h #e1 #g #g1 b 9 ,,xii #c #f = in/ance actores are n vilici4 ,s*neid]4 #ajda ,see ,cic de oratore ,i #bdi1 pro ,tullio #ag4 #ajdb ,i #f #bc4 #ajdc ,i #f #g procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas3 et is tam5 vilicum obs]vet ex vic9o4 ,cf ,pl9 epi/ ,,iii #ai #b4 #ajdd ,9 ,columella's "t4 ,at a lat] date ?is c\ld h>dly be said1 z ! position ( coloni became worse4 #ajde ,,iii #ac #ab1 #ac4 ,cf ,dig ,,xliii #bd #ae4 #ajdf ,a good in/ance 9 ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xiv #di1 #ej4 #ajdg ,,iii #ba #aj 7( hurry result+ f want ( =e?\ght7 cogitque plures op]as quantocumque pretio conduc]e4 #ajdh ,,iii #c #h4 #ajdi ,i praef #a1 #b1 ,,ii #a4 ,cf ,,iii #c #d ) ,v>ro ,i #dd #a4 #ajej ,i #c #i nec dubium qu9 mimis r$dat laxus ag] non recte cultus quam angu/us eximie1 ,,iv #c #f4 #ajea ,= milk-deliv]y see ,calpurnius ecl ,,iv #be-f et lac v5ale p] urbem non tacitus porta4 ,= *eese ,v]g ,g ,,iii #djb4 #ajeb ,,vi praef #c-e4 #ajec ,also bee-keep+4 #ajed ,,viii #aj #c1 #d4 #ajee quia nec p>vo conducuntur qui m&ant 444 etc4 #ajef ,,ii #i #ad1 #af4 #ajeg siligo1 ,,ii #f #b1 #i #ac4 #ajeh ,i #f #i-ag4 #ajei ,,ii #bj #f frum5ta1 si 9 annos reconduntur1 444 s9 prot9us usui de/9antur 444 etc4 #ajfj ,i #b #c4 #ajfa ,z ,plut>* ,c ,gracc #g says s4 #ajfb ,i #e #f1 #g4 #ajfc ,i #c #c1 #d4 #ajfd ,,ii #ac #g consummatio op]>um4 #ajfe ,,ii #ba #aj4 #ajff ,i praef #ab1 ,,xi #a #ab4 #ajfg ,i praef #ag 7( ! non-urban population 9 old times7 qui rura col]5t adm9i/r>5tve op]a colonorum4 ,! la/ ?ree words are n 9 "s ,,mss4 #ajfh ,i #d #d1 ,v]g ,g ,i #ea-c4 #ajfi ,s ! ,greeks (t5 ref] to ,hom] z ,! ,poet4 #ajgj v]issimo vati velut oraculo4 #ajga ,v]g ,g ,,iv #aaf foll4 #ajgb ,qu9til ,x #a #df-aca1 especially #he-f4 #ajgc ,see ,tacitus ,g]m #da on ! exceptionally fav\rable treatm5t ( ! ,h]munduri1 ) ,s*weitz]-,sidl]'s notes4 #ajgd ,s5eca ad ,helviam #g #g ref]s to ! colonies s5t out to ! prov9ces 9 e>li] times1 & is rhetorically exagg]at$4 #ajge ,cf ,niss5 ,italis*e ,l&eskunde vol ,,ii pp #abh-cj4 #ajgf ,a notable utt]ance on ?is topic is ,s5eca ad ,helviam #f #b1 #c4 ,see ,mayor's notes on ,juv5al ,,iii #eh foll4 #ajgg ,see ,tacitus ,g]m #bi = int]e/+ matt] be>+ on ^! po9ts4 #ajgh ,! num]\s ref]5ces ne$ n be giv5 "h4 ,!y c be f\nd 9 ,h4 ,s*ill]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,rmis*5 ,kais]zeit4 #ajgi ,s*ill] ,i #eae1 #ecd4 ,see ,hyg9us gromat ,i p #acc1 ,front9us ibid pp #ec-d1 & ! rescript ( ,domitian 9 ,gir>d1 textes "p ,i * #d #e4 ,suetonius ,dom #i4 #ajhj ,domitian also made ord9ances =bidd+ new v9ey>ds 9 ,italy & enjo9+ ! de/ruction ( ^? 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,b ^! 7 n c>ri$ out4 ,s*ill] ,i #ecc4 ,suet ,dom #g1 #ad1 ,/at silv ,,iv #c #aa-ab4 #ajha ,s*ill] ,i #edj4 #ajhb ,pl9 paneg #bf-h4 #ajhc ,s*ill] ,i #eff1 #fbc1 #fcj1 #fef4 #ajhd ,s*ill] ,i #eff4 #ajhe ,capitol9us ,m ,aurel ,,ii #g4 ,! text is 9 "s d\bt4 #ajhf ,s*ill] ,i #fea4 #ajhg ,s*ill] ,i #eff4 ,pl9 epi/ ,,vi #ai depicts ! situation fully4 ,! aim 0 to make !m feel ,italy _! patria4 ,see ! jeal\sy ( ri* ,prov9cials %ewn by s5ators1 ,tac ,ann ,,xi #bc4 #ajhh ,s*ill] ,i #fef4 #ajhi ,! rem>kable community ( ,lamasba is ref]r$ to bel[ 9 a note aft] *apt] ,,xxxvii4 #ajij ,! locus classicus on emigrant ,romans is ,cic pro ,fonteio #aa-ac1 :i* belongs to #fi ,,bc4 ,cf ,sallu/ ,iug #ba1 #bf1 #dg4 #ajia ,t is1 allottees ( l& di/ribut$ viritim4 #ajib ,inscription1 ,dessau #accd1 ,,cil ,,viii #aeded4 #ajic ,dessau #fgij4 #ajid ,victor de viris illu/ribus #gc #a1 cf #e4 #ajie ,cf ,appian civ ,i #bi #b4 #ajif ,bellum ,afr #cb1 #ce1 #ef1 ,dion ,cass ,,xliii #d #b4 #ajig ,= details ( 8 life see ,mayor on ,pl9y epp ,,iii #aa4 ,cf ,ritt] & ,prell] hi/ ,philos1 ,*ampagny ,les ,cs>s ,,iv #a #a4 #ajih ,pres]v$ by ,/obaeus flor ,,lvi #ah4 ,x is 9 ,greek1 ! classic language ( ,philosophy1 z ! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 etc4 #ajii 1 a means ( livelihood4 #aajj 4 #aaja 4 #aajb 4 #aajc 4 #aajd 4 #aaje ,^! are /ock in/ances ( happ9ess 9 ru/ic life4 ,= ref]5ces see notes 9 ,fraz]'s ,pausanias ,,viii #bd #ac1 ,x #bd #a4 #aajf 4 #aajg 4 #aajh ,he 0 9 comm& ( ! fleet at ,mis5um 9 #gi ,,ad :5 ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius took place4 ,he p]si/$ 9 approa*+ x1 & met 8 dea?4 ,! family belong$ to ! colony ( ,novum ,comum 9 ,transpadane ,gaul1 n[ "p ( ,italy4 #aaji ,,nh ,,xviii #a-e4 #aaaj ,,nh ,,xviii #g1 #ah1 #bj4 #aaaa ,,nh ,,xviii #ai1 #ba1 #cf4 #aaab ,,nh ,,xviii #ce4 #aaac ,,nh ,,xviii #bg-h4 #aaad ,,nh ,,xviii #cb4 #aaae ,,nh ,,xviii #ce4 #aaaf ,,nh ,,viii #ahj4 ,9 ,aelian v> hi/ ?is is record$ 7,v #ad7 z an old rule 9 ,attica4 #aaag ,,nh ,,xviii #cf4 #aaah ,,nh ,,xix #fj octo iug]um op]is pal>i iu/um e/ is a good in/ance4 ,?is v]b pal>e to dig %\ld be add$ to diction>ies4 #aaai ,,nh ,,xviii #cg-h4 #aabj agros 444 coem5do col5doque 9 gloriam4 #aaba ,s ,tib]ius 9 ,tac ann ,,iii #ed4 #aabb ,tac hi/ ,,iii #h ,aegyptus1 clau/ra annonae4 #aabc ,,nh ,,xviii #ae foll4 #aabd ibid #ag nec e latifundiis s+ulorum cont+ebat arc5tium vic9os4 #aabe ,,nh ,,xviii #bd4 #aabf ,,nh ,,xix #ej-a4 #aabg ,,nh ,,xviii #ab4 #aabh ,,nh ,,xviii #aa1 #bf4 #aabi ,,nh ,,xiv #di1 #ej4 #aacj ,,nh ,,xiv #dh4 #aaca ,su* z ! agricola /r5uus depict$ 9 ! lett] ( ,m>cus to ,fronto 7p #bi ,nab]71 :o has omnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem4 #aacb ,,nh ,,xviii #bgc-d4 ,ari/otle ,politics ,i #aa4 #aacc ,,nh ,,xviii #agd4 #aacd ,,nh ,,xviii #agh 444 transv]so monte4 #aace c]te s9e hoc animali montanae g5tes s>culis arant4 #aacf ,,nh ,,xxxiii #bf-g4 #aacg alit] apud antiquos s+uli ,m>cipores ,luciporesve dom9orum g5tiles omnem victum 9 promiscuo habebant4 #aach ,,nh ,,xviii #cf coli rura ab erga/ulis pessimum e/1 et quicquid agitur a desp]antibus4 #aaci ,,nh ,,xxxvii #bja-c4 #aadj pr9cipatum naturae opt9et 444 viris fem9is ducibus militibus s]vitiis 444 etc4 #aada s]vorum ex]citio4 #aadb ,,nh ,,xviii #aa4 #aadc ,,nh ,,viii #ahj tamquam colono suo int]empto4 #aadd ,,nh ,,xviii #afg coloni vice fung5s4 #aade ,,nh ,,xviii #ch praet]quam subole suo colono aut pasc5dis alioqui col5te dom9o aliquas messis collig]e non exp$it1 si computetur imp5dium op]ae4 #aadf ,9 ,,nh ,,xviii #abj he cites ,v]gil z giv+ a piece ( advice bas$ on ! usage ( ! ,po c\ntry4 ,pl9y z a ,transpadane may h be5 prejudic$ 9 ,v]gil's fav\r & possibly jeal\s ( ! ,spani% ,columella4 #aadg ,9 ,,nh ,,xviii #agj he cites ,v]g ,g ,i #ec1 call+ x oraculum illud1 b ) a textual slip4 #aadh ,,nh ,,xviii #gj4 #aadi ,! pass+ m5tion 9 ,annals ,,xvi #ac ( ! great mortality among ! s]vitia & +5ua plebes 9 ! plague ( #fe ,,ad is a good specim54 ,! two classes are (t5 ?us spok5 ( toge!r4 ,cf ,sueton ,claud #bb1 ,n]o #bb4 #aaej ,annals ,,iii #ed4 #aaea ,?is policy bore fruit 9 ! possibility ( =m+ res]ves 9 ! next p]iod4 ,see ,sp>t ,sev]us #h #e1 #bc #b4 #aaeb ,annals ,,iv #bg4 #aaec ,annals ,,iv #f infecunditati t]r>um4 #aaed ,annals ,,vi #af1 #ag4 ,caes>'s law is describ$ z de modo cr$5di possid5dique intra ,italiam4 ,nipp]dey holds t x _c be ! law ( ,,bc #di1 b mu/ be an unkn[n law1 n ( tempor>y effect4 ,see 8 note4 #aaee ,nipp]dey's re/oration ( ?is s5t5ce ) ! help ( ,suet ,tib #dh seems to me q c]ta94 #aaef si debitor populo 9 duplum pra$iis cavisset4 ,! prec$5t ( ,augu/us is m5tion$ 9 ,sueton ,aug #da4 #aaeg ,see ,cic]o 9 ,catil ,,ii #ah4 #aaeh ,see ! case ( ,sittius 9 ,cic pro ,sulla #ef-i4 ,su* f9ancial opportunities 7 evid5tly few 9 ! lat] ,empire4 #aaei trepidique patres 7neque enim quisquam tali culpa vacuus7 444 etc4 #aafj ,g]m #bf4 #aafa ,see ,s*weitz]-,sidl]'s notes1 & cf ! rem>ks ( ,caes> ,,bg ,,iv #a1 ,,vi #bb4 #aafb ,see ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #bei & ,con+ton's notes on ,v]g ,g ,i #ga-hc4 ,v>ro ,i #dd #c4 #aafc ,g]m #bd4 #aafd s]vos condicionis huius p] comm]cia tradunt1 ut se quoque pudore victoriae exsolvant4 #aafe ,g]m #be frum5ti modum dom9us aut pecoris aut ve/is ut colono iniungit1 et s]vus hact5us p>et4 ,! colonus "h is cle>ly a t5ant1 8 ,g]man analogue a s]f4 #aaff ,agricola #bh4 #aafg p] comm]cia v5umdatos et 9 no/ram usque ripam mutatione em5tium adductos4 #aafh ,,cil ,,viii #ahehg1 ,ephem epigr ,,vii #ghh1 :]e x is annotat$ by ,momms5 & o!rs4 #aafi ,m5tion$ 9 two r\tes ( ! ,it9]>ium ,anton9um4 #aagj ,cf ,gaius ,,ii #g1 #ba1 & bel[1 note on p #cea4 #aaga ,cf ,dige/ ,,viii #f #g1 ,,xliii #bj #b1 #e4 #aagb ,see ,m>qu>dt ,/vw #a1 index "u ,lamasba4 #aagc ,7 !y p]haps vet]ani8 ,t !re 7 a numb] ( ^! settl$ 9 ,africa is atte/$ by ,cod ,? ,,xi #a #bh 7#djj71 cf ,,xii #a #de 7#ceh74 #aagd ,writt5 #ig ,,ad1 "u ,n]va4 #aage de aquis #ge4 ,=m]ly ?is (f5ce 0 puni%$ by confiscat+ ! l& s wat]$1 ibid #ig4 #aagf de aquis #f4 #aagg de aquis #i4 #aagh de aquis #ajg-aj4 ,b accord+ to ,dige/ ,,xliii #bj #a 7,ulpian7 ! grant 0 sometimes n p]sonis b pra$iis1 & s p]petual4 #aagi de aquis #aje1 #aaf-h4 #aahj de aquis #abj1 #abd-h4 #aaha impot5tia possessorum4 #aahb holitores z 9 ,horace epi/ ,i #ah #cf4 ,lat] call$ hortulani z 9 ,apuleius metam ,,ix #ca-b1 #ci-db4 ,gir>d1 textes "p ,,iii * #d #a e1 gives an int]e/+ case ( a colonus hortorum olitoriorum betwe5 ,rome & ,o/ia1 belong+ to a collegium4 ,! man is probably a fre$man4 #aahc de aquis #aab-e4 #aahd de aquis #aa1 cf also #ib4 #aahe ,wilmanns exempla #bhdd-h4 #aahf ,h]mes ,,xix pp #cic-daf4 #aahg ,pl9 epi/ ,,vii #ah4 #aahh ,momms5 op cit p #daj4 ,see index "u in/rum5tum4 #aahi ,:e!r we h 9 ,columella a direct ref]5ce to ?is me?od is a "q ,i h discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on t au?or4 ,h[ev] answ]$1 x does n affect ! pres5t passage4 ,see ! *apt] on ! ,african inscriptions4 #aaij ,see ! case cit$ 9 ! *apt] on ,pl9y ! y\ng]4 #aaia ,by ,h ,blmn] 9 ,mll]'s ,h&bu* ed #c1 ,,iv ii #b p #edd4 #aaib ,momms5 op cit p #daf4 ,see ! *apt] on evid5ce f ! ,dige/4 #aaic ,momms5 op cit p #dab4 #aaid ,dige/ ,,xxxiii #g #bj non fide dom9ica s$ m]c$e4 ibid #ab qui quasi colonus 9 agro erat4 #aaie ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #bj pra$ia ut in/ructa sunt cum dotibus et reliquis colonorum et vilicorum et mancipiis et pecore omni legavit et peculiis et cum actore4 ,cf also ,,xl #g #dj4 #aaif ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #bj4 #aaig ,b t uxor 0 sometimes loosely us$ ( a slave's contub]nalis is true4 ,wallon ,,ii #bjg1 cf ,paulus ,s5t ,,iii #f #ch1 #dj1 ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #ab14 #aaih ,momms5 op cit p #dji4 #aaii ,columella ,i #i #d4 #abjj ,plut de defectu oraculorum #h4 #abja oratio ,,vii1 ,euboicus seu v5ator4 #abjb ,a contempor>y ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #ajj ,,ad4 #abjc ,i ?9k ,n]o is meant "h4 #abjd ,mahaffy1 ,silv] ,age p #cbi1 ?9ks ,c>y/os is meant1 ?\gh x might be ,*alcis4 #abje 4 ,?is passage seems op5ly to recognize ! ru9\s competition ( slave lab\r "u capitali/s1 :i* ! s+le artisan 0 unable to face4 ,! admission is s f> z ,i "k v r>e 9 anci5t writ]s4 ,t ,dion's m9d 0 greatly ex]cis$ on ! subject ( slav]y 9 g5]al1 is %ewn by ,orations ,x1 ,,xiv1 ,,xv1 & _m scatt]$ ref]5ces else:]e4 #abjf ,see ! *apt] on ,musonius4 #abjg ,z 9 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*'s *>m+ ,lectures on ,plut>* pp #aj1 #gg foll4 #abjh ,matt #ba #bh-cj4 ,i _c feel sure ( ?is g5]al inf]5ce4 #abji ,matt #ba #cc-da1 ,m> #ab #a-i1 ,luk #bj #i-af4 #abaj ,i ,cor #i #g-aj1 ,i ,tim #e #ah1 ,,ii ,tim #b #f4 #abaa ,luk #ab #af-i1 etc4 #abab 1 ,luk #ab #db-h1 #af #a-ab1 ,i ,cor #d #b4 #abac ,ari/otle ,econ #a #e #c 4 #abad ,james #e #d4 #abae ,rom #d #d4 #abaf ,matt #bj #a-af4 ,abp ,tr5*1 ,notes on ! ,p>ables1 has cle>$ away a mass ( p]v]se int]pretations4 #abag ,matt #f #ab1 ,luk #g #da1 #af #e4 #abah ,matt #be #ad-cj1 ,luk #ai #ab-bf4 #abai ,acts #a #ah1 #d #cd-g4 #abbj ,(t5 ref]r$ to4 ,see ,fri$lnd]'s index "u ,nom5tanus1 & cf ,,viii #fa1 ,,ix #ah1 #ig4 #abba ,i #ee1 ,x #dh4 #abbb ,,iii #dg etc4 ,cf ,,vii #ca1 ,,xii #gb4 #abbc ,,ii #aa nihil colonus vilicusque decoxit4 ,?is may imply t ! vilicus 0 a s]vus quasi colonus liable to a r5t & 9 arre>s4 ,see notes pp #bii1 #caa4 ,b ,i d n v5ture to draw ?is inf]5ce4 #abbd ,,vii #ca4 #abbe ,x #hg4 ,cf ,juv ,,iv #be-f1 ,dige/ ,,xxxii #ii1 ,,xxxiii #g #ab11 etc4 #abbf ,,xii #ei4 #abbg ,,iv #ff4 #abbh ,,vi #gc1 ,x #ib4 #abbi ,,ix #b haud sua des]tus rura sodalis arat4 #abcj ,,xii #eg4 #abca ,v #ce1 ,x #ad1 etc4 #abcb ,pl9 ,,nh ,,xviii #ce4 #abcc ,,ix #ce4 #abcd ,see ,juv ,,xiv #bfg-cjb on ! risks fac$ by speculators 9 sea-borne comm]ce4 #abce ,,iii #eh4 #abcf ,,iii #dg4 #abcg dona matrum #8pres5ts f _! mo!rs4' ,eggs1 ,i ?9k4 ,cf ,,vii #ca & ,juv ,,xi #gj-a4 ,! conjecture ova matrum 7,paley7 is good4 #abch ,! /ory ( ! ,usipian des]t]s :o f\nd _! way back into ,roman h&s by way ( ! slave-m>ket is a curi\s episode ( #hc ,,ad4 ,tac ,agr #bh4 ,see ! *apt] on ,tacitus4 #abci ,,vii #hj4 #abdj ,x #cj1 ( a *>m+ seaside villa at ,=miae4 o ianitores vilicique felices1 dom9is p>antur i/a1 s]viunt vobis4 ,9 ,dig ,,xxxiii #g #ae we he> ( muli] villae cu/os p]petua4 #abda ,! note ( ,momms51 ,h]mes ,,xix #dab1 deals ) ! case ( s]vi quasi coloni f>m+ p>cels ( l&1 recogniz$ 9 ! writ+s ( juri/s4 ,x seems t !y f>m$ ei!r at _! own risk or = own]'s acc\nt fide dom9ica4 ,9 ! =m] case !y c\ld h a t5ant's agreem5t l ! free coloni4 ,9 ! latt] !y 7 only vilici & !re=e "p ( ! in/rum5tum4 ,"h ,i ?9k we may see beg9n+s ( ! unfree colonate4 ,b ,momms5 does n t\* ! po9t ( manumission4 ,x seems to me t an agreem5t ) a slave mu/ at fir/ h be5 revocable at ! pleasure ( ! dom9us1 & its gr[? into a b9d+ lease 0 probably connect$ 9 _m in/ances ) manumission4 #abdb ,i #ee hoc petit1 esse sui nec magni ruris arator1 sordidaque 9 p>vis otia rebus amat4 ,& (t54 #abdc ,,vii #cf1 ,,xi #cd4 #abdd ,i #he1 ,x #he4 ,cf ,pl9y epi/ ,,viii #ag4 #abde ,x #fa1 ,,xi #dh4 ,! title de sepul*ro violato1 ,dig ,,xlvii #ab1 w illu/rate ?is4 #abdf ,! =m ,,hns 7h]$em non sequitur7 is common 9 sepul*ral inscriptions4 #abdg ,x #ib4 #abdh ,juv ,,xiv #afa-ga4 #abdi ,,xi #hf-i4 #abej ,,xiv #agi-ha4 #abea ,,xiv #aei-fc4 #abeb ,,ii #gc-d4 #abec ,,xiv #gj-b4 #abed ,,viii #bde foll4 ,= ! error 9 ?is tradition see ,madvig1 kle9e philologis*e ,s*rift5 ,no #aj4 #abee ,,iii #bbc-i4 #abef ,,vi #bhg-ie1 cf ,,xi #gg-aca4 #abeg ,,xvi #cb-d4 ,see ,h>dy on ,pl9 epi/ ,x #hf ,b1 ,%uckburgh on ,sueton ,aug #bg1 ,tac hi/ ,,iii #bd vos1 nisi v9citis1 pagani4 ,?is use is common 9 ! ,dige/4 #abeh ,,vi #a-ah1 ,,xv #adg-eh4 #abei ,x #cef-ff4 #abfj ,,vii #ahh-i1 ,,ix #ed-e1 etc4 #abfa ,,ix #ei-fb4 #abfb ,,vii #ahh-i1 case ( ,qu9tilian4 #abfc ,,xiv #hf-ie1 #adj foll1 #bgd-e4 ,cf ,x #bbe-f etc4 #abfd ,,xiv #adj-ee1 ,,xvi #cf-i4 ,cf ,s5eca epi/ #ij #ci4 #abfe ,,xi #aea foll4 #abff ,,vi #adi-eb1 ,,ix #ei-fb4 #abfg ,i #ajg-h4 #abfh ,x #cef4 #abfi ,,iii #bbc-i1 bid5tis amans4 #abgj ,m>t ,,xiv #di ex]cet melius v9ea fossa viros4 #abga ,see 8 use ( +5uus n fit = h>d "w1 ,,iii #df1 ,x #dg1 foll[+ ,ovid1 & cf ! l9es to a slave ,,ix #ib4 #abgb ,juv ,,xi #gg-ha4 #abgc ,see epi/ ,,iv #aj1 ,,vii #af1 #cb1 ,,viii #af4 #abgd ,cf ,m>tial ,i #aja1 ,,vi #bi4 #abge ,an important limitation1 on :i* see ,wallon ,,iii #ee4 #abgf ,,vii #aa1 #ad4 #abgg ,,vi #c4 #abgh ,,vi #ai4 #abgi si pa5itet te ,italicorum pra$iorum4 #abhj ,,iii #ai4 #abha sub eodem procuratore ac pa5e isdem actoribus hab]e4 ,! actores seem to be vilici1 "u ! new] "n4 procurator a mu* m important p]son4 ,see paneg #cf = ! two z grades 9 ! imp]ial private s]vice4 ,cf *apt] on ,columella p #bfd4 #abhb atri5sium1 topi>iorum1 fabrorum1 atque etiam v5atorii in/rum5ti4 #abhc s$ haec felicitas t]rae inbecillis cultoribus fatigatur4 ,no d\bt lack ( suffici5t capital is meant4 #abhd ,see ,dige/ ,,xx #b #d1 #g1 = pignora on f>ms4 #abhe reliqua colonorum4 #abhf sunt ergo in/ru5di eo pluris quod frugi mancipiis3 nam nec ipse usquam v9ctos habeo nec ibi quisquam4 ,i take in/ru5di z ref]r+ to agri j above4 ,! slaves are a normal "p ( in/rum5tum fundi4 #abhg hac pa5uria colonorum4 ,n ! t5ants' pov]ty4 ,cf ,,vii #cj #c4 #abhh sum quidem prope totus 9 pra$iis4 #abhi ,daub5y1 ,lectures p #adg1 reg>ds ?is great v>iation z normal 9 mod]n exp]i5ce1 & v9ey>ds z ! lea/ lucrative k9d ( husb&ry4 #abij ,,viii #ae1 ,,ix #bh1 ,,iv #f1 ,x #h #e4 #abia ,,ii #d #c4 #abib qu]ellae ru/icorum1 ,v #ad #h1 ,,vii #cj #c1 ,,ix #cf #f4 #abic remissiones1 ,,ix #cg #b1 ,x #h #e4 #abid ,z de ,c\langes rem>ks pp #ag-h1 ,pl9y does n propose to get rid ( !m1 b to keep !m z p>ti>y t5ants4 ,!y w\ld be 9 8 debt4 ,he uses ! expression a]is ali5i ,,ix #cg #b4 ,he w\ld h to f9d in/rum5tum = !m4 #abie ,,ix #bj #b4 #abif ,,ix #af4 #abig ,,ix #bj #b obrep]e urbanis qui nunc ru/icis praesunt4 #abih ,,ix #cg4 #abii necessitas loc&orum pra$iorum plures annos ord9atura4 #acjj priore lu/ro4 ,! lu/rum or qu9qu5nium 0 ! common t]m ( leases1 & recogniz$ 9 law books4 ,cf ,dige/ ,,xii #a #d1 ,,xix #b #bd1 etc4 #acja ut qui iam put5t se non sibi p>c]e4 #acjb si non nummo s$ p>tibus locem1 ac de9de ex meis aliquos op]is exactores cu/odes fructibus ponam4 ,8 new t5ants w\ld be coloni p>ti>ii4 #acjc ,,viii #b4 #acjd ,v #f #ab4 #acje ,,viii #ag4 #acjf ,,vi #be4 #acjg int]ceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium4 #acjh ,cf ,juv5al ,x #ai-bb4 #acji ,fronto1 :5 appo9t$ to gov]n ,asia1 "o ( ! mo/ peaceful ,prov9ces1 at once look$ out = a milit>y (fic] to deal ) latrones4 ,fronto p #afi ,nab]4 #acaj ,paul ,ephes #f #e foll1 ,coloss #c #bb foll1 ,i ,pet #b #ah foll4 #acaa ,x #bi1 #cj1 ) ,h>dy's notes4 #acab ,! fir/ ref]5ce to a practice t 0 common lat]4 #acac cum hab]5t condicionis suae consci5tiam4 #acad ,on ! o!r h& we he> ( free citiz5s try+ to %irk army s]vice e>li] ?an ?is4 ,cf ,sueton ,aug #bd1 ,tib #h4 #acae ,capitol9us ,m>cus #ba #f1 #g4 #acaf ,,vii #ah4 #acag actori publico mancipavi4 ,see *apt] on ! alim5ta ( ,trajan's "t4 ,ref]5ces to municipal b5efactions are v num]\s 9 ! ,dige/4 #acah ,z we h se5 above1 ! t5ant coloni employ$ slave lab\r4 ,:e!r !y work$ ) _! own h&s1 or conf9$ !mselves to direction1 probably v>i$ 9 v>i\s cases4 #acai ,sueton ,julius #bf1 #bh4 #acbj ,aug #ba sub lege 444 ne 9 vic9a regione s]vir5t neve intra tricesimum annum lib]>5tur4 ,see ,%uckburgh's note4 #acba ,aug #cb1 ,tib] #h4 #acbb ,aug #af4 #acbc ,aug #bd4 #acbd ,aug #db quod e>um frum5tationum fiducia cultura agrorum cess>et4 #acbe ,aug #da usum eius 7pecuniae7 gratuitum iis qui cav]e 9 duplum poss5t4 #acbf ,claud #be4 #acbg ,n]o #ca4 #acbh ,vesp #a4 #acbi mancipem op]>um quae ex ,umbria 9 ,sab9os ad culturam agrorum quotannis comme>e soleant4 #accj ,vesp #d ad mangonicos quae/us4 ,h5ce 8 nickname mulio1 = :i* z a sign ( indig5ce cf ,gellius ,,xv #d4 #acca ,domit #g1 #i4 ,see p #bgb4 #accb ,fronto p #add ,nab]1 cf ,s5eca epi/ #dd #c4 #accc ,sueton fragm p #bd ,reiff]s*eid1 ,gellius ,,iii #c4 #accd ,gellius ,v #c4 #acce ,gellius ,,ii #ah4 #accf ,madaura 0 9 ! ,numidian "p ( ! ,prov9ce1 ne> ! ,gaetulian bord]4 ,see ! ,apologia #bd4 ,oea1 ref]r$ to bel[1 0 9 ! ea/]n /rip1 on ! coa/4 #accg ,juv5al ,,vii #adh-i nutricula causidicorum ,africa4 #acch ,f ,nord5 ,apuleius von ,madaura und das ,rmis*e ,privatre*t 7,teubn] #aiab74 #acci ,metamorphoses ,,viii #bd4 ,see ,nord5's rem>ks pp #hc-d4 #acdj ,see = in/ance ,metam ,,iv #i1 ,,vi #ca1 ,,vii #d1 #i4 #acda ,metam ,,ix #ci-db4 #acdb ,x seems c]ta9 t ! conv5i5ce ( humble ru/ics 0 little reg>d$ by ! upp] classes4 ,ev5 ,m>cus ,aurelius 79 ,fronto p #ce ,nab]7 confesses to ! reckless scatt]+ ( a flock ( %eep & to hav+ be5 tak5 = a m\nt$ brig&4 #acdc ,metam ,,ix #ce-h4 ,?is is a case ( p]iculum mortis ab hom9is pot5tis crudelitate aut odio1 ref]r$ to ,dige/ ,,xxxix #f #c ,paulus z a risk l t ( w> or brig&age4 #acdd cuncta facile faci5s 9 civitate4 #acde ,nord5 pp #afa-c4 #acdf cum alioqu9 paup]es etiam lib]ali legum praesidio de insol5tia locupletium consuev]9t v9dic>i4 #acdg ,fi]ce dogs seem to h be5 a m>k$ feature ( c\ntry life4 ,see ,,viii #ag1 ,,ix #b4 #acdh hortulanus1 see ,,iv #c1 ,,ix #ca-b1 #ci-db4 #acdi ,see ,v #ag1 ,,vii #ae1 ,,viii #ag1 #bi1 #ca4 ,cf ,nord5 pp #hh-i4 #acej ,,ix #cb4 ,cf ! case ( small f>m]s 9 ,africa1 ,apol #ag1 #bc4 #acea ,see ,,iv #cj1 ,,viii #bf4 ,cf ,nord5 p #hi1 & pp #hd-e on metaphorical use ( ! legal t]m po/lim9ium1 :i* occurs also 9 ,rutilius de r$itu ,i #bad4 #aceb ,nord5 pp #bf-g4 #acec ,apologia #ag4 #aced an ipse mutu>ias op]as cum vic9is tuis cambies4 #acee ,because ( ! /rict rules ( ! laws pass$ to *eck manumission4 ,gaius ,i #db-g4 ,nord5 p #hf4 #acef ,apol #bc4 #aceg triduo ex>abas1 to m>k ! smallness ( ! agellus4 #aceh ,apol #ic4 #acei ,apol #dg ,,xv lib]i hom9es populus e/1 totidem s]vi familia1 totidem v9cti erga/ulum4 ,see ,nord5 p #hg4 erga/ulum ! inmates ( a lock-up1 reg>d$ z a body4 ,see quotations f ,columella p #bfc & ,pl9y p #bhe1 ,mayor on ,juv5al ,,xiv #bd1 & cf ,lucan ,,ii #ie4 ,s op]ae is us$ #8h&s4' #acfj viliconum1 ,apol #hg4 ,cf ,metam ,,viii #bb4 #acfa ,nord5 p #ha4 #acfb ,metam ,,ix #ab4 #acfc ,h]odian ,,ii #d #f4 #acfd 4 #acfe ,vopisc ,aurel #dh #b4 #acff ,vopisc ,probus #af #f4 #acfg ,trebell ,claud #i #d1 #e4 ,scy?icis is an em5dation4 s5ibus ,,mss4 #acfh familias captivas4 #acfi ,vopisc ,aurel #ci #g4 #acgj ,lamprid ,alex #ee #b1 #c1 cf ,trebell ,galli5 #i #e4 #acga ,vopisc ,probus #ah #a1 #b4 ,see ,zosimus ,i #ga & ,no ,v ( ! ,panegyrici cap #ah = o!r v]sions1 9 :i* ! raid]s are call$ ,franks4 #acgb ,ev5 ! extreme lic5se ( ! soldi]y1 9 depos+ & murd]+ _! own nom9ee1 occurs repeat$ly1 & 0 no d\bt "o ( ! *ief evils t prompt$ ! re=ms ( ,diocletian4 #acgc ,o ,seeck1 ,unt]gang d] antik5 ,welt book ,,ii * #f4 #acgd ,see index "u ! ^w4 #acge ,see *apt] on evid5ce ( ! ,dige/4 #acgf ,see *apt] on ! ,african inscriptions4 #acgg ,?is matt] is ably treat$ at l5g? by ,seeck op cit vol ,i pp #egh-hc4 ,t !y 7 di/9ct f coloni & s]vi is cle> f ! lat] con/itutions 9 ,cod ,!od ,v #ag1 #ah 7#i1 #aj71 ,,xii #ai1 & ,cod ,j ,,xi #dh #ac4 #acgh ,we %all f9d "s ref]5ce to !m lat] 9 ! ,codes4 #acgi ,h]odian ,,vii #d #c-f4 #achj 4 #acha 4 #achb 4 #achc 4 #achd ,capitol9us ,maxim9 #ac #d1 #ad #a4 #ache p] ru/icanam plebem de9de et quosdam milites int]emptus e/4 #achf ,front9 gromat p #ec4 #achg non exiguum populum plebeium4 #achh leg]e tironem ex vico4 #achi ,?is evid5ce has come to h& s9ce ,hei/]b]gk wrote 7#ahgf7 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,colonats4 #acij op cit pp #aaf-h4 #acia ,dion ,cass epit ,,lxxvi #aj4 ,= ?is /ory ,dion is a contempor>y witness4 #acib ,! special treatises on ^! docum5ts are fully m5tion$ 9 ,gir>d's ,textes de droit ,roma91 ed #d1 #aiac4 ,an essay on ! ,colons du saltus ,burunitanus 9 ,esme9's ,mlanges 7#ahhf7 is /ill ( great value4 #acic ,text 9 ,gir>d's ,textes de droit ,roma9 "p ,,iii *apt] #f4 #acid ,we seem to h ! names ( two =m] own]s1 ,v>ianus & ,mancia4 ,= ! ret5tion ( names ( =m] own]s see ,ditt5b]g] 9 ,ori5tis ,graeci inscriptiones selectae ,no #ffi note #ah4 ,ro/[zew ,ges* des ,rm colonates * #d rejects ?is view & makes ! lex ,manciana an imp]ial law4 #acie ,pl9y epi/ ,,iii #ai #g4 ,dige/ ,,xix #b #ai1 ,,xxxii #ia1 ,,xxxiii #g passim4 #acif ,dig ,,xix #b #c1 & ,monro's note4 #acig ,s ,cuq1 ,seeck1 ,s*ult51 rightly ,i ?9k4 ,b 9 practice ,i believe ! *ance seldom occurr$4 #acih ,text 9 ,gir>d1 "p ,i *apt] #d #aj4 #acii ,?is significant h9t seems to h be5 almo/ normal 9 su* petitions4 ,a good in/ance is ! petition ( ,scaptop>5e 7see index1 ,inscriptions74 #adjj ,x is p]haps wor? not+ t "u ,commodus ! transport ( corn f ,africa 0 specially provid$ = by ! creation ( a classis ,africana = t purpose4 ,see ,lamprid ,commodus #ag #g1 #h4 #adja ,de ,c\langes pp #aj foll deals ) ?is po9t at l5g?1 b ,i ?9k he pu%es 8 conclusions too f>4 #adjb ,cf ! ,aragu5i 7see index1 ,inscriptions7 4 #adjc ,dig ,i #ai #c is ( a lat] date1 b ref]s to a protective rescript ( ,anton9us ,pius4 ,cf ,,xlix #ad #dg1 ,l #f #f4 ,see ,s*ult5 9 ,h]mes ,,xli pp #aa-af4 #adjd ,,cil ,,viii #addbh4 #adje domum revertamur ubi lib]e mor>i possimus4 #adjf ,s5eca ad ,helviam #g #g ubicumque vicit ,romanus habitat4 #adjg ,text 9 ,gir>d1 "p ,,iii *apt] #f4 #adjh ,f comp>+ ! rema9s ( ! next inscription 7#e7 x appe>s t ! emp]or is ,hadrian4 #adji ,cf agrum rudem prov9cialem 9 ,hyg9us1 ,gromat ,i #bjc4 ,9 ! lat] empire we f9d legislation to promote su* cultivation4 ,see cod ,? ,v #aa #h 7#cfe ,,ad71 #ab 7#chh-cib71 #ad #cj 7#chf74 #adaj ,dig ,,xli #c #cc4 ,( c\rse ! dom9us c\ld possess p] colonum4 ,see ,buckl&1 ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples #ch p #gg4 #adaa quae v5ibunt a possessoribus4 #adab ,= aridi fructus cf ,dige/ ,,xlix #ad #ej4 #adac 9 cuius conductione agrum occupav]it4 #adad rationi 7bus fisci7 gives ! s5se4 ,b rationi simply may be correct1 cf ,dige/ ,,ii #ad #db1 etc4 #adae ,gir>d cites ,ro/[zew's op9ion t ! "r to occupy ab&on$ l& z well z old wa/es 0 an ext5sion ( ! lex ,manciana by ! lex ,hadriana4 #adaf ,see ,dig ,,xix #b #ae1 #bd1 #be1 #ea1 #ed4 #adag ,lat] legislation to prev5t ?is neglect ( poor] l&4 ,cod ,? ,v #ad #cd 7#cid ,,ad71 ,x #c #d 7#chc71 ,,xi #a #d 7#ccg71 etc4 #adah ,pr( ,buckl& writes to me t he believes ^! squatt]s 7 to be own]s1 n coloni1 own]s 9 ! only s5se possible 9 non-,italic soil1 pay+ tributum4 ,! words frui possid]e us$ to describe _! "r are ! te*nical words = prov9cial own]%ip4 ,cf ,gaius ,,ii #g4 #adai ,9 ,h]mes ,,xxix pp #bae1 #bbd4 #adbj ,gir>d1 "p ,,iii *apt] #f4 #adba lege ,manciana condicione saltus ,n]oniani vic9i nobis4 #adbb ,x is tempt+ to id5tify ^! ) ! six m5tion$ 9 ,nos 7#b7 & 7#d7 above4 #adbc ,= ! va/ ext5t ( imp]ial e/ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,africa1 see ,hirs*feld1 d] ,grundbesitz d] ,rmis*5 ,kais]1 9 8 ,kle9e ,s*rift54 #adbd ,de ,c\langes seems h>dly to recognize h[ small 0 ! am\nt ( op]ae1 a few days 9 ! ye>4 ,b 9 8 t5? *apt] he %ews h[ va/ly ! sy/em 0 ext5d$ 7s _m days a week7 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,age4 #adbe ,momms5 9 ,h]mes ,,xv pp #cia-f4 #adbf ,su* z ! lex coloniae ,g5etivae ,iuliae ( #dd ,,bc1 & ! leges ( ,salp5sa & ,malaca ( #ha-d ,,ad4 ,gir>d1 & ,bruns' ,fontes4 #adbg ,esme9 p #cji well ref]s to ! passages 9 ,la*mann's ,feldmess]1 ,front9us p #ec & ,siculus ,flaccus p #afd4 ,cf ,hirs*feld l4c4 p #eeh4 #adbh ,colum ,i #f #g1 #h4 #adbi ,colum ,i #g4 #adcj conductor & coloni are bo? b\nd by ! /atute = ! fundus or saltus4 ,9 !ory bo? are t5ants ( ! emp]or1 9 practice ! conductor has ! upp] h&1 z ,cuq po9ts out4 #adca ,comp>e ,dig ,,xix #b #ae ) #be4 #adcb quasi societatis iure4 ,( c\rse n a real socius4 ,see ,index1 colonia p>ti>ia1 & ,v9ograd(f1 ,gr[? ( ! ,manor note #ia on p #aji4 #adcc ,see ,dig ,i #ai #c1 an op9ion ( ,calli/ratus1 a juri/ ( ! "t ( ,sev]us4 ,t 9 "s s5se or o!r ! coloni 7 t5ants ( ! emp]or seems c]ta94 ,see ,,cil ,,viii #hdbe 7,p]t9ax71 #hdbf 7,c>acalla71 also #hgjb1 #hggg4 ,& ,esme9 pp #cac-e4 #adcd ,?is becomes an important subject ( legislation 9 ! ,!odosian code4 ,see ,cod ,? ,v #aa #h1 #ad #cj4 #adce ,see de ,c\langes pp #adj-d1 :]e ?is view is m /rongly express$4 #adcf ,die ,ent/ehung des ,colonats pp #gj foll1 cit+ especially ,front9us ,gromat ,i p #ce & ,columella ,,iii #c #aa4 #adcg ,?is is v ne>ly ! view ( ,wallon ,,iii #bfd #8le ,colonat l'orig9e ne fut pas un droit mais un fait4' ,ib #bff4 #adch ,i h made "s ref]5ce to x bel[ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,dige/4 #adci ,?is is fully treat$ by ,seeck1 bk ,,iii c #e4 #addj ,9 ! ,a9 el ,djemala inscription we h !m us$ indiff]5tly4 ,x is n cle> t ! usage 9 v>i\s prov9ces 0 id5tical4 ,see ,v9ograd(f ,gr[? ( ! ,manor pp #fi1 #gj4 #adda ,giv5 9 a long note1 vol ,i pp #egh-hc4 #addb ,m>cian 9 ,dig ,,xxx #aab4 ,cf ,l #ae #d 7,title de c5sibus7 si quis inquil9um vel colonum non fu]it pr(essus etc1 :]e ! m5tion ( colonum is suspect$ ( int]polation by ,seeck4 #addc ,dig ,,xxx #aab si quis inquil9os s9e pra$iis quibus adha]5t legav]it1 inutile e/ legatum 7,m>cian74 ,esme9 p #cac takes !m to be really slaves1 b ,i _c foll[ him4 #addd ,?is conclusion1 ,i am pleas$ to f9d1 _h be5 =e/all$ by ,esme9 p #cjg4 #adde ,le ,colonat ,roma9 pp #abe1 #acb4 #addf ,9 fact1 z we say1 edit$4 #addg ,( ?is ,title !re is a useful little edition by ! late ,c ,h ,monro4 #addh ,,xix #b #ae1 #be1 also #ae14 #addi ,,xix #b #ae14 #adej ,,xix #b #ae1 #bd1 #be1 #ea1 #ed4 #adea ,,xvii #b #df1 ,,xliv #g #cd1 ,,xlvii #b #fh4 #adeb ,,xix #b #ed1 ,,xx #f #ad1 etc4 #adec ,,xx #a #ba1 ,,xliii #cb1 #cc1 ,,xlvii #b #fb4 #aded ,,xix #b #i11 #bc1 #ea1 ,,xlv #a #hi4 #adee ,,xix #b #eb1 cf ,,xlix #ad #ej4 #adef ,,xix #b #be 7,gaius874 #adeg ,,ix #b #bg1 ,,xlvii #b #hc1 #aj #e4 ,comp>e also ,,xix #b #fj1 ,,xlvii #b #eb4 ,i _c deal ) ! difficult legal que/ions involv$ "h4 ,see ,buckl&'s ,elem5t>y pr9ciples #ace4 #adeh ,,xix #b #ae1 #bd1 #be1 ,,xxxiii #d #a4 #adei ,,vii #h #aj1 #aa4 ,hav+ no?+ to d ) ! fructus1 ! usu>y _c int]f]e ) ! colonus4 #adfj ,,xix #b #ed4 #adfa ,,xix #b #ac1 #ad4 ,! normal t]m ( a lease 0 #e ye>s 7lu/rum1 qu9qu5nium74 #adfb ,,xix #b #bd1 ,,xli #b #cj1 ,,xliii #af #bj4 ,s 9 law ( #bbd ,,ad1 cod ,iu/ ,,iv #fe #f4 #adfc ,,xii #b #bh4 #adfd ,,xix #b #be1 ,,xl #g #dj4 ,comp>e ! language ( ,,xxxiv #c #af ) #ah4 #adfe ,,xix #b #c1 #ed4 #adff ,,xix #b #ai1 ,,xxxii #ia1 #ic1 #aja1 ,,xxxiii #g passim1 esp #d4 ,= ! vilicus1 ,,xxxiii #g #ah1 #bj4 ,a woman c>etak]1 ibid #ae4 #adfg ,,xxxiii #g #bd4 #adfh ,,xix #b #ai1 #be4 #adfi ,,xxxiii #g #ah1 #bj1 ,,xlvii #b #bf4 ,i note t de ,c\langes p #ad holds t ! contract re/$ solely on ! basis ( a fix$ money r5t1 cit+ 7p #ab7 ,gaius ,,iii #adb1 ,dig ,,xix #b #b 7,gaius74 ,b ,i am n satisfi$ t cases ( r5t 9 k9d 7 n subject to legal rem$y4 ,see ,monro on ,dig ,,xix #b #ai1 & ,pl9y epi/ ,,ix #cg #c4 ,& ,v9ograd(f1 ,gr[? ( ! ,manor note #ia on p #aji4 #adgj ,see ,,xix #b #ae4 #adga ,,xiii #g #be1 ,,xxxi #hf4 #adgb ,,vii #a #da1 ,,xxvii #i #ac4 #adgc ,,vii #a #ac4 #adgd ,,vii #d #h1 #aj4 #adge ,,xxxii #ia1 ,l #af #aih4 ,cf ,juv5al ,i #ge1 ,suet ,aug #gb1 ,gaius #cg1 ,palladius ,i #h1 #aa1 #bd1 #cc4 #adgf ,,vii #a #ac1 ,,xii #b #bh1 ,,xix #b #be1 #bi1 ,,xlvii #b #bf1 #fb1 #g #i4 #adgg ,,xix #b #ee1 #fa4 #adgh ,,xliii #bd #ac4 #adgi ,,xxxix #c #d11 #e4 #adhj ,alt]native1 ,,xx #a #cb4 #adha ,a curi\s case is ! putt+ 9 an imag9>ius colonus ( c\rse at a high nom9al r5t 9 ord] to raise ! sell+ price ( a f>m4 ,,xix #a #di 7juri/ ( #d? c5t71 e>li] 9 ,fr ,vat #ac4 #adhb ,see ,,xxxii #da1 ,,xxxiv #d #ca4 #adhc ,,xxxiii #g #ah1 #bj1 ,,xl #g #dj4 #adhd ,,xx #c #af1 ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #h #bc4 #adhe s]vus actor1 8 rationes1 ,,xl #g #dj114 #adhf ,8 reliqua1 ,,xxxii #ia1 #ig4 #adhg ,,xxxiv #a #ah1 #c #ab1 ,,xl #g #dj passim4 #adhh ,,xxxii #da1 #ia1 ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #bj11 #bb4 ,^! ref] to legata1 9 :i* p>ticul> int5tion c\ld be express$1 cf ,,xxxii #ia4 #adhi ,,ix #b #bg11 ,,xix #b #cj4 #adij ,,xxi #a #cb1 ,,xxviii #e #ce1 ,,xxxii #fj1 #fh1 ,,xxxiii #g #bj4 #adia ,see above on ,m>tial pp #cjg-aj4 #adib ,,xxxii #ii1 ,,xxxiii #g passim1 esp #be4 ,buckl&1 ,slav]y p #f4 #adic ,alf5us ,v>us 9 ,dig ,,xv #c #af4 #adid ,h5ce ! frequ5t ref]5ces to peculia4 ,see ,,xxxiii #h de peculio legato1 :]e f #f1 #h1 x appe>s t 8 peculium might include l& & h\ses4 ,cf de ,c\langes pp #ee-f1 #ff-g1 #ace-f4 #adie ,,xxxii #ig etc4 #adif ,,xxxiii #g #ab etc4 #adig ,,vii #g #c 9 hom9is usu fructu op]ae sunt et ob op]as m]c$es 7,gaius71 ,,xii #f #ee4 #adih ,,vii #a #be1 #bf1 ,,xix #b #fj 7,labeo1 "t ( ,augu/us1 cit$ by ,javol5us74 #adii ,,xl #g #ad m]c$em ref]re pro op]is suis 7,alf5us71 cf ,,xlv #c #ah4 #aejj ,,xxxiii #g #ah1 #bj4 m]c$e or p5sionis c]ta quantitate z oppos$ to fide dom9ica4 #aeja ,,viii #f #bj1 ,,xliii #af #a1 #bd #c4 #aejb ,,xliii #bd #e4 #aejc ,,xli #a #dd4 #aejd ,,xlvii #ad1 cf ,,xlviii #ai #af1 ,,xlix #af #e4 #aeje ,9 ,,xix #b #be 7,gaius87 ! t5ant is held to blame = wilful damage done by a neighb\r ) :om he has a qu>rel4 #aejf ,,xviii #a #ce4 #aejg ,,xlvii #ba #b4 #aejh ,,xliii #af1 de vi et de vi armata4 #aeji ,,xli #c #cc etc4 #aeaj ,,xli #b #c11 #be1 etc4 #aeaa ,,viii #c de s]vitutibus pra$iorum ru/icorum4 ,specim5s ( inscrib$ notices ( s]vitudes1 ,gir>d textes "p ,,iii * #c #a4 #aeab ,,vii #a #bg1 ,,xix #b #ae 7,ulpian74 ,! abuse ( ! qu>t]+ ( troops 0 no new evil 9 ! ,prov9ces4 ,we he> ( x f ,cic]o4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,,ad we h ! notable petitions f ,scaptop>5e 9 ,?race 7#bch7 text 9 ,momms5 ges ,s*r ,,ii #agd-f1 & f ! ,aragu5i 9 ,asia ,m9or 7#bdd-g71 text 9 ,ditt5b]g] ,or ,graec inscr ,no #eai4 ,= ,italy 9 #e? c5tury see on ,symma*us4 #aeac ,,xix #b #i1 #ae4 #aead ,,xli #a #g1 etc4 #aeae ,,xi #d #a1 cf ,paulus s5t ,i #f a #e4 #aeaf ,dealt ) lat] 9 ! ,codes z a frequ5t evil4 ,= e>ly m$ieval laws on ! po9t see de ,c\langes p #aeb4 #aeag ,,xlvii #i #c1 #af1 ,paulus s5t ,v #c #d4 #aeah ,,xiii #d #c4 #aeai ,calli/ratus 9 ,l #aa #b1 quot+ ,plato rep #cga a-c4 #aebj ,,xlvii #aa #i4 #aeba ,,xlvii #aa #aj1 cf cod ,? ,,ix #cb #a1 cod ,j ,,ix #ch4 #aebb agri vectigales or 7z ! title calls !m by a lat] "n7 emphyteutic>ii4 ,,vi #c #a1 #b1 ,,xix #a #ac1 ,,xliii #i #a1 ,l #af #bai4 ,l>ge blocks 7 also hir$ by middlem5 7mancipes7 & sublet 9 p>cels to coloni1 ,,xix #b #ec4 #aebc ,,vi #c #a1 #c4 #aebd ,l #h #b4 #aebe subiectis aliorum nom9ibus4 #aebf ,,xxxix #d #aa1 auctoritate pr9cipali4 #aebg ,gaius ,,iii #ade concludes t ! contract 9 ^! leases is "o ( lett+ & hir+1 n ( pur*ase & sale4 ,t is1 x includes ev]y?+ save ! b>e dom9ium1 notably possessio1 &1 z ,pr( ,buckl& po9ts out to me1 cov5ants usual 9 su* cases c\ld be en=c$ by ! actio ex locato4 #aebh ,,xxxix #d #aa4 #aebi ,,xlix #ad #c4 #aecj pr9cipalibus rescriptis4 ,f ! text ,i inf] t ^! are lat] ?an ,hadrian4 #aeca ,,xxx #ci1 ,,xix #b #di4 #aecb ,,xlix #ad #dg 7,paulus74 #aecc ,,xliii #h #b 7,ulpian71 a v important passage4 #aecd ,papirius ,ju/us 9 ,l #a #ch1 mun]ibus fungi s9e damno fisci oport]e4 #aece ,calli/ratus 9 ,l #f #f1 ut idoniores pra$iis fiscalibus habeantur4 #aecf ,ref]5ces are endless4 ,mo/ significant is ,l #d #d 7,ulpian7 honores qui indicuntur4 #aecg ,title ,,xlix #ad de iure fisci4 #aech ,,ii #ad #db 7,pap9ian74 #aeci ,,xlix #ad #c4 #aedj ,,xlviii #bb #a1 cf ,,xlix #ad #dg1 #ej1 7,paulus74 #aeda ,t !y did sometimes suff] may be inf]r$ f ! case ( ! ,aragu5i 7p #cgd7 :o describe !mselves z & 7 inquil9i & coloni7 ( ! emp]or4 #aedb ,l #e #aj1 #aa1 etc4 #aedc ,see ,sp>tian ,hadrian #g #e1 ,capitol9us ,anton #ab #c1 ,sp>tian ,sev]us #ad #b4 #aedd ,de ,c\langes makes x 8 ma9 !sis t ! lat] colonate 0 a creation ( cu/om1 at l5g? recogniz$ by law4 ,my conclusions "h 7 rea*$ be=e read+ 8 f9e treatise4 #aede attributi or contributi4 ,see ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t ,,iii1 die attribuirt5 ,orte4 #aedf ,cf ,dig ,,xxxiii #b #bh indictiones tempor>iae ,paulus1 ,,xix #a #ac ,ulpian4 #aedg ,pl9y paneg #bi 7( imp]ial subjects7 nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vet]a tributa deficiunt4 #aedh ,h5ce cod ,!od has a title de sup]9dictionibus4 #aedi ,! ris+ ( ! ,bagaudae 9 ,gaul1 at lea/ p>tly due to agricultural di/ress1 _h be5 put d[n by ,maximian 9 #bhe-f4 ,see ,s*ill] ,,iii pp #abd-f4 #aeej ,x is true t ! colonus 0 gu>ante$ aga9/ di/urbance1 b ,i ?9k de ,c\langes pp #aad-g1 #abc makes too mu* ( ?is4 #aeea ,!re 7 9 ! latt] half ( ! ?ird c5tury "s signs ( ! com+ recon/ruction4 ,b !y came to no effect4 #aeeb ,cod ,? ,v #ag 7#i7 #a apud quemcumque colonus iuris ali5i fu]it inv5tus1 is non solum1 eundem orig9i suae re/ituat v]um sup] eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat 444 etc4 ,runaway coloni are to be *a9$ l slaves1 iuris ali5i ! control ( someone o!r ?an ! p]son h>b\r+ him4 ,! colonus is legally dep5d5t1 ?\gh nom9ally free4 #aeec ,see ,web]1 ,agr>ges*i*te pp #bef foll4 #aeed ,see ,seeck ,,ii #cbj foll1 #ccj foll4 #aeee ,cod ,j ,,xi #ei #a1 9 :i* ,con/ant9e1 f9d+ ! civitatum ord9es unequal to ?is burd51 ext5ds ! liability to o!r l&lords also4 #aeef ,see ,seeck ,,ii #bad foll1 #bbc1 #bdi1 ,,iv #hh4 #aeeg ,seeck ,,ii #bdi1 #bhd4 ,see ,cod ,? ,,xi #b #a-e 7dates #cfe-chi71 n 9 ,cod ,j4 #aeeh ,hei/]b]gk p #ei ) ref]5ces4 ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung pp #cjb-e4 #aeei ,! details ( ?is sy/em are fully discuss$ 9 ,seeck's great article1 die ,s*atzungsordnung ,diocletians1 9 ! ,zts*r fr social und ,wir?s*aftsges*i*te #ahif4 #aefj ,dige/ ,i #e #ag1 ,dion ,cass ,,lxxvii #i #e4 ,s*ill] ,ges*i*te ,i pp #gej-a ?9ks t milit>y motives _h mu* to d ) x1 z add+ to ! citiz5 troops4 ,:at is suppos$ to be a copy ( ! edict itself has be5 f\nd 9 a papyrus1 see ,gir>d1 textes "p ,i * #d #ab4 ,! text is 9 ! ,giess5 papyri ,no #dj4 ,x seems c]ta9 t ! l[e/ class ( p]egr9i 7! d$iticii7 7 n includ$ 9 ! grant4 #aefa ,see ,seeck ,,ii #cbc4 ,cf ,lactant mort p]s #bc #e1 ,victor ,caes #ci #ca4 #aefb ,?r\gh ! ius comm]cii4 #aefc ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung1 cit$ above4 #aefd ,a long title 9 cod ,? is devot$ to remissions1 ,,xi #bh1 consi/+ ( tempor>y laws4 ,& ^! deal *iefly ) ,italian & ,african ,prov9ces1 notably #g1 #ab1 ) ,campania4 ,!y date f #cie to #dcf4 #aefe ,9 ! panegyric 7,no ,,viii cap #aa7 on ,con/ant9e we h m5tion ( a r$uction ( #gjjj capita = relief ( a di/rict 9 ,gaul4 #aeff ,cod ,? ,,xi #a #ad4 ,cf4 ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung pp #cae-f4 #aefg ,comp>e ! conduct ( ! magi/rates ( ,antio* 9 ! evid5ce ( ,libanius cit$ bel[4 #aefh ,see = in/ance cod ,? ,,xiii #aj #a4 #aefi ,see bel[1 9 section on ,salvian4 #aegj ,see ,ammianus ,,xix #aa #c1 ,victor ,caes>es #ac #e1 #f4 ,a long title cod ,? ,,viii #e is devot$ to ! cursus1 conta9+ #ff laws f #cae to #djg1 & o!r ref]5ces ab\nd4 #aega ,cf cod ,? ,,xi #af #c 7#cbd71 #d 7#cbh74 #aegb ,cf ,cic ,,ii 9 ,v]r ,,iii #aij1 ,tac ,agr #ai4 ,cf cod ,? ,,xi #a #bb 7#chf71 ) ,godefroi's notes1 also #aa 7#cfe7 & #ba 7#che71 ,,xiv #d #d 7#cfg74 #aegc ,see ! title de navicul>iis1 cod ,? ,,xiii #e1 includ+ #ch laws4 #aegd ,cod ,? ,,xiv #ah de m5dicantibus non invalidis4 #aege ,if ,i rightly int]pret ,dig ,l #e #a 7,ulpian7 cases _h occurr$ e>li] ( m5 liable to (fice ev5 pret5d+ to be m]e coloni 9 ord] to evade liability 7ad colonos pra$iorum se tran/ul]unt4 ,see ,dirks5 "u transf]re74 #aegf ,v significant is ! law cod ,? ,,xvi #e #dh 7#daj7 by :i* ev5 h]etics are held to curial duty4 #aegg ,see ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung pp #cae-f1 ,de ,c\langes p #aai4 #aegh ,see ,web]1 ,agr>ges*i*te pp #bff-g4 #aegi ,cf cod ,? ,,xi #af passim4 #aehj ,a rule ( #cff1 or lat] accord+ to ,momms51 cod ,? ,,xi #a #ad1 cod ,j ,,xi #dh #d4 #aeha ,cf cod ,? ,,xiii #aj #c1 reta9$ 9 cod ,j ,,xi #dh #b1 pla9ly recogniz+ ?is4 #aehb ,see ! advantages ( ! colonate summ$ up 9 de ,c\langes p #add1 & cf ibid p #aci4 #aehc ,lactantius de mort p]s #g #c4 #aehd enormitate indictionum4 #aehe ,cf ,augu/9 de civ ,dei ,x #a coloni1 qui condicionem deb5t g5itali solo1 propt] agri culturam sub dom9io possessorum4 #aehf ,cf cod ,? ,v #ag 7#i7 #a1 #b 7#ccb71 etc4 #aehg ,cod ,? ,,xi #c #b4 #aehh ,! capitatio4 #aehi ,cod ,j ,,xi #dh #g4 #aeij ,s*atzungsordnung pp #cac-d4 #aeia ,ro/[zew ,ges*i*te des ,rm ,colonates pp #cha-ig traces ! ab&onm5t ( ! policy ( fav\r+ coloni1 & adoption ( reliance on great possessors1 z a result ( ! press+ difficulties ( ! collection ( rev5ue4 #aeib ,cod ,j ,,xi #ej #a 7,con/ant9e74 #aeic ,cod ,j ,,xi #ej #b4 #aeid ,cod ,? ,,xi #a #ab 7#cfe74 #aeie ,wallon1 ,esclavage ,,iii #bff1 #bhb4 #aeif ,= in/ance cod ,? ,,xi #aa 7date some:]e #cfh-cgc71 ,,iv #ac #b1 #c 7#cba74 ,also ,,xi #g-aj1 #af #aj1 etc4 #aeig ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung pp #bhe-cjh1 ) an acc\nt ( local v>iations4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,africa & ,egypt !re 0 no capitatio4 #aeih ,see cod ,? ,,vii #ac #g1 #h 7#cge1 #chj74 ,ev5 ! imp]ial e/ates made liable1 ibid #ab 7#cig74 ,dill p #aif4 ,9 #cgi ,!odosius _h to raise recruits f 1 ,libanius ,,xxiv #af4 #aeii ,cod ,? ,,vii #ah #aj1 cf ,,viii #b #c 7#chj74 ,see ,seeck ,,ii #dij-a4 #afjj ,cod ,? ,,viii #b #c4 ,by long use ! ^w _h become q (ficial4 ,cf inopes ac vagi 9 ,tac ann ,,iv #d1 etc4 #afja ,cod ,j ,,xii #cc #f4 #afjb ,de ,c\langes pp #afh-i po9ts out t 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,age we f9d +5ui coloni4 #afjc temon>ia functio4 ,see ,dirks5 "u temo4 ,cod ,? ,,xi #af #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 cf ,,vii #ac #g1 ,,vi #bf #ad4 #afjd ,wallon ,,iii #adi1 #dgf4 #afje ,cod ,? ,,vii #ac #g1 :]e occur ! words cum corpora po/ulantur oppos$ to aurum4 ,= ! money-commutation 7ada]atio7 (t5 accept$ f ! l&lords see ,momms5 ,ges ,s*r ,,vi p #bed ,das ,rm ,militrwes5 seit ,diocletian4 ,also ,ro/[zew 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,roman ,/udies vol ,,viii on ,synteleia tironon1 & ,wagn] on ,ammianus ,,xix #aa #g4 #afjf ,cf ,vegetius rei milit ,i #g1 ( ! disa/]s caus$ by slov5ly recruit+1 dum indicti possessoribus tirones p] gratiam aut dissimulationem probantium tales sociantur armis quales dom9i hab]e fa/idiunt4 #afjg ,cod ,? ,,iv #ac #b1 #c1 kept ) v>iants 9 cod ,j ,,iv #fa #e4 #afjh ,cod ,? ,,xi #h4 #afji ,cod ,? ,,xi #af #aj1 #ag #b-d4 #afaj ,= ! special position ( imp]ial s5ators see ,dill pp #abf1 #aff1 #aif1 #bah foll4 #afaa ,cod ,? ,,xi #aa1 kept ) "s omissions 9 cod ,j ,,xi #ee #b4 #afab ,cod ,? ,,xi #af #d1 cod ,j ,,xi #dh #a4 #afac ,seeck ,i1 *apt] on die ,ausrottung d] ,be/54 #afad ,pl9y ,,nh ,,xviii #bif4 ,palladius ,,vii #b4 #afae hoc comp5dio4 ,pall4 #afaf ,orat #ej4 ,i take ! date giv5 by ,fr/]4 #afag ,= su* prop]ties see cod ,? ,x #c4 #afah 4 #afai #cf 1 :i* ,i take to be indictiones4 #afbj ,9 cod ,? ! title ,,xi #bd is de patroc9iis vicorum1 & ! laws range f #cfj to #dae4 ,cod ,j ,,xi #ed %ews t ! evil 0 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 #dfh4 #afba ,orat #dg #h-aj4 ,zulueta 7see bel[7 po9ts out t ! protection giv5 by ! patrons 0 ex]t$ q z mu* by improp] influ5ce on judges z by use ( =ce4 #afbb #f 4 #afbc #aa 4 #afbd #ai-ba4 #afbe #bd 7 74 #afbf #ag1 #ah4 #afbg #cd4 #afbh #cf-h 444 etc4 #afbi ,cod ,? ,,xi #bd #b 7,val5s74 #afcj ,note t ! law ,cod ,? ,,xii #a #abh1 /]nly =bidd+ milit>es viri to int]f]e ) curiales or to use any viol5ce to lead+ m5 9 ! municipalities1 is dat$ #cib ,july #ca4 ,also t x is reta9$ 9 ,cod ,j ,x #cb #db4 ,zulueta de patroc9iis vicorum pp #ch-dj concludes t x is unc]ta9 to :at emp]or ,libanius is appeal+1 & places ! date 9 #chf-i ,,ad4 ,he f9ds ! ref]5ce 9 ,cod ,? ,v #ag #b 7,!odosius71 n 9 ,,xi #bd #b4 #afca ,! lead+ au?ority on ,symma*us is ,o ,seeck4 ,9 p>ticul> ! dat+ ( _m ( ! lett]s 9 8 great edition 7,,mgh1 ,b]l9 #ahhc7 is (t5 helpful4 #afcb ,see epi/ ,,ii #f1 #g1 #eb1 ,,iv #e 7#d71 #ah1 #ba1 ,,ix #ad1 #aad 7#abd71 ,x #b1 #ba1 relat #c #ae-ah1 #i #g1 #ah1 #ce1 #cg4 #afcc epi/ ,,iii #ee1 #hb1 ,,iv #ed1 #gd1 ,,vii #ch1 #fh1 relat #ah4 #afcd epi/ ,,ii #f1 ,,iii #ee1 #hb1 ,,ix #db1 ,,vii #fh1 relat #i1 #ah1 #cg4 #afce epi/ ,,vii #ff1 ,,ix #aj1 relat #ah4 #afcf epi/ ,,ii #ee1 ,,iv #fh4 #afcg epi/ ,,vi #ae 7#ad74 #afch epi/ ,,vi #ae 7#ad71 ,,vii #ah1 #fh4 ,seeck1 ,v #bhd1 #eee4 #afci epi/ ,i #e ut rus quod solebat al]e nunc alatur4 ,cf cod ,? ,,xi #a #d4 #afdj epi/ ,,vi #hb 7#ha74 #afda nihilque iam colonis sup]e/ facultatum quod aut rationi opituletur aut cultui4 #afdb epi/ ,,vii #ef cum sit colonus agrorum meorum atque illi debita magis quam prec>ia cura prae/etur4 #afdc epi/ ,,ix #f4 ,cf ,,ix #aa4 #afdd epi/ ,,ix #dg 7#ej74 #afde epi/ ,,ix #adj 7,x #ah74 #afdf epi/ ,,viii #b4 ,pl9 epi/ ,i #f1 ,v #f #df4 #afdg ,amm ,m>c ,,xxviii #d #ah ali5is laboribus v5aturi4 #afdh epi/ ,,ii #bb4 #afdi epi/ ,v #ah4 #afej epi/ ,,ii #eb4 ,cf ! cases contemplat$ 9 ,dig ,,xix #b #ac1 #ae4 #afea epi/ ,,vii #ch4 #afeb epi/ ,,ix #de 7#dh74 #afec epi/ ,,vi #aa4 #afed epi/ ,,ix #bg 7#cj74 #afee epi/ ,,vii #ff1 ,,ix #di 7#eb74 ,9 ! law ( #dad ,cod ,? ,,xvi #e #ed we h ^! conductores privatorum oppos$ to conductores domus no/rae 9 ,africa4 ,see above1 *apt] on ! ,african inscriptions4 #afef epi/ ,,vi #ab4 #afeg ,9 quality ! ,apulian :eat 0 ?\ght excell5t4 ,v>ro ,,rr ,i #b #f4 #afeh epi/ ,,ix #bi4 #afei epi/ ,,vii #abf res 444 non tam r$itu ampla quam c5su4 #affj epi/ ,,ix #aa s$ maior opitulatio ex tui arbitrii favore prov5iet1 cum causae eius etiam iu/itia non desit4 #affa epi/ ,,ix #cg 7#dj74 #affb ut p]spiciatur 9 discretione iudicium4 #affc epi/ ,,ix #dg 7#ej74 #affd epi/ ,,ix #aj4 #affe epi/ ,,vi #ei 7#eh71 #fe 7#fd74 #afff epi/ ,,iv #gd4 #affg epi/ ,,ii #g4 #affh quanto nobis odio prov9ci>um con/at illa securitas4 #affi relatio #dj4 #afgj quod nihil subsidii decreta dudum oppida conf]ebant4 ,?is seems to imply a previ\s grant to ,t>rac9a1 levi$ on o!r t[ns4 ,cf relat #cg decretae prov9ciae1 ref]r+ to supply ( ,rome4 #afga ,capuana legatio4 ,mean+ ,campanian1 ,i take x4 #afgb ,n]atius ,c]ealis1 praef annonae #cbh1 praef urbi #ceb-c1 consul #ceh4 ,godefroi's ,prosopographia1 ,wilmanns inscr #ajhe1 & cod ,? ,,xiv #bd4 ,! ord] is giv5 ?us1 eum frum5ti num]um1 quem ,c]ealis ex multis urbibus ,romano populo v9dic>at1 re/itui omnibus4 #afgc secretum4 #afgd ,,xvi #e #ad1 #ae4 #afge ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung p #cjf1 keeps ! ,,ms read+ capitulis "h4 ,see 8 rem>ks1 & = ! ^w capitulum cf cod ,? ,,xi #af #ae 7#chb7 capituli atque temonis necessitas1 ibid #ad capitul>iae sive 444 temon>iae functionis4 #afgf ,! title cod ,? ,,xi #bh is de indulg5tiis debitorum4 #afgg norat enim hoc facto se aliquid locupletibus additurum1 cum con/et ubique paup]es int] ipsa indictorum exordia solv]e univ]sa s9e laxam5to conpelli4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t 9 connexion ) ,salvian4 #afgh ,,xvii #c4 #afgi quicquid 9 capitatione deesset ex conquisitis se suppl]e4 conquisita are ! sums produc$ by a sup]9dictio rais+ ! am\nt to be levi$4 ,cf cod ,? ,,xi #a #cf1 & title ,,xi #f de sup]9dicto4 #afhj ,cf ,,xxx #e #f provisorum1 cod ,? ,,xii #a #afi tuae provisionis 444 increm5tis4 #afha indictionale augm5tum4 #afhb sollemnia 444 n$um increm5ta4 #afhc ,,xviii #a4 #afhd quorum patrimonia publicae clades augebant4 #afhe ,,xviii #b #b & ref]5ces 9 ,wagn]'s edition4 ,s*ill]1 ,kais]zeit ,,ii p #cac4 #afhf ,,xxix #e #aj-ac4 #afhg messes et condita ho/ium virtutis no/rorum horrea esse4 #afhh ,z :5 9 ,pannonia 7#cgc7 !y cross$ ! ,danube & occupatam circa messem agre/em adortae sunt plebem1 ,,xxix #f #f4 #afhi ,,xxix #e #ac 9 modum urbis ex/ruxit4 #afij ,,xxix #e #be muro circumdatum valido4 ,9 ,,xxx #aj #d we f9d ,muroc9cta z ! "n ( a villa & ,triturrita 9 ,rutilius de r$itu ,i #ebg1 #fae4 ,cf cases 9 ,caes>'s "t1 ,bell ,afr #i1 #dj1 #fe4 #afia ,,xxviii #f #h4 #afib ,,xxx #b #aj negotiis se ruralibus d$it4 #afic ,!re 0 mu* jeal\sy on ?is score1 & a p[]ful reaction1 z aft] ! dea? ( ,val5t9ian 9 #cge1 b ev5 !n ! =eign elem5t prevail$4 ,s*ill] ,,ii #chi4 #afid ,,xxxi #d #d1 #e4 #afie ex ultimis t]ris tot tiroc9ia4 ,cf ,,xix #aa #g4 #afif et pro milit>i supplem5to1 quod prov9ciatim annuum p5debatur1 !sauris acc$]et auri cumulus magnus4 ,i hope ,i am "r 9 ref]r+ ?is to ! temon>ia functio or obligation ( pay+ ! temo ! price ( a recruit4 ,cod ,? ,,xi #af #ad1 #ae4 #afig ,,xxxi #f #e4 #afih dudum a m]catoribus v5undati1 adiectis plurimis quos primo transgressu necati in$ia v9o exili vel panis fru/ris mutav]e vilissimis4 #afii ,,xxxi #aj #ag1 inv5tute valida no/ris tiroc9iis p]misc5da4 #agjj ,,xxviii #e #ae ( ,!odosius defeat+ ,alamanni1 pluribus caesis1 quoscumque cepit ad ,italiam iussu pr9cipis misit1 ubi f]tilibus pagis acceptis iam tribut>ii circumcolunt ,padum4 #cgj ,,ad4 ,cf ,,xxxi #i #d1 #cgg ,,ad1 & ,,xx #d #a1 #cfj ,,ad4 #agja ,= in/ance1 9 ,ruf9um ,i #bjj-e1 de bello ,gildon #aje-ab1 de ,,iv cos ,honor #dab-h4 #agjb 9 ,ruf9 ,i #chj-b4 #agjc 9 ,ruf9 ,i #ahi-ib4 #agjd metu5da colonis f]tilitas4 #agje 9 ,eutrop ,i #dja-i4 #agjf de bello ,gildon #di-gd4 #agjg ,see ,bury1 ,lat] ,roman empire ,i #ajh-i1 ,seeck1 ,unt]gang ,v #cgi-hj1 ,dill1 ,roman ,society p #bcc1 ,wallon1 ,esclavage ,,iii #bgf-g4 ,! affair is ref]r$ to 9 cod ,? ,x #aj #be 7,dec #djh74 #agjh de cos ,/ili*onis ,,ii #bjd-g4 #agji 9 ,eutrop ,,ii #aid-baj4 #agaj b5e rura ,gru?ungus excolet et c]to disponet sid]e vites4 #agaa quem det9et aequi gloria concessoque cupit vixisse colonus quam dom9us rapto4 #agab 9 ,eutrop ,i #djf ,teutonicus vom]4 #agac de bell ,go? #dej-fh4 #agad non iam dilectus mis]i nec falce p] agros deposita iaculum vibrans ignobile messor 444 s$ v]a inv5tus1 v]us ductor ade/ et vivida ,m>tis imago4 #agae ,cf ,vegetius rei milit ,i #g1 ( disa/]s 9 rec5t times1 dum longa pax militem incuriosius legit4 #agaf 9 ,eutrop ,,ii #cgj-e4 #agag de bell ,go? #cff-gb4 #agah epitoma rei milit>is ,i #c4 #agai rei milit ,i #e1 s5os p$es vel c]te qu9os et d5as uncias has n ad fall5 out be=e s5os84 ,9 a law ( #cfg1 cod ,? ,,vii #ac #c 9 qu9que p$ibus et septem unciis4 #agbj tunc4 ,:58 ,f ,i #bh x might be inf]r$ t he looks back to ! fir/ ,punic w>4 ,b ,i d n ?9k s4 #agba necdum enim civilis p>s flor5tiorem abdux]at iuv5tutem4 ,s ,i #g civilia sectantur (ficia4 #agbb ,! ass]tion t ,m>tius calor has n subsid$ 7,i #bh71 accept$ by ,seeck ,i #dac1 seems to me rhetorical bravado4 ,mu* m likely is ! view 7ib #dad7 t ! improv$ /&>d ( recruits 9 ! fif? c5tury 0 due to preval5ce ( b>b>ians4 #agbc ,seeck ,,ii #hh foll4 ,h5ce army s]vice 0 call$ militia armata4 #agbd mulom$ ,i #ef #aa-ac4 #agbe si saepius et cum mod]atione animalia s$eantur4 ,= s$]i cf #ce sub hone/o sessore1 ,sp>t ,hadr #bb #f1 cod ,? ,,ix #cj #c4 #agbf s]vorum impati5tia4 #agbg neque enim de damno dom9i cogitant1 quod eidem cont+]e gratulantur4 #agbh ,julian orat ,,vii p #bcb a-b4 #agbi ,above1 p #cic4 #agcj de mortibus p]secutorum #bb-c4 #agca ,= ! c5sus "u ! new sy/em1 fir/ 9 #big & !n e fif? ye>1 see ,seeck ,,ii pp #bfc foll4 ,x 0 only conc]n$ ) ! l& & taxation units liable to ! levy ( annona4 ,de ,c\langes pp #ge-he urges t ! sy/em already describ$ by ,ulpian 9 ,dig ,l #ae #c1 #d1 is mu* ! same1 & po9ts out t mona/ic records %ew x /ill surviv+ 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,age4 ,b practice1 r ?an pr9ciple1 is "h 9 "q4 #agcb hom9um capita4 ,9 mo/ prov9ces ! taxable unit 0 fix$ by tak+ acc\nt ( ! numb] ( able-bodi$ on ea* e/ate z well z ( ! acreage4 ,seeck ,,ii #bff foll1 also ,s*atzung pp #bhe-g4 #agcc ,! urban taxation 0 conduct$ 9 ea* t[n by ! local decemprimi1 ald]m51 & 0 q di/9ct4 #agcd adscribebantur quae non habebantur may mean #87 put on ! record z own+ :at !y did n own4' #agce pecuniae pro capitibus p5debantur4 ,! capita "h seem to h a d\ble s5se4 #agcf ,de ,c\langes pp #ge-f treats x sev]ely on ! score ( ,*ri/ian prejudice4 #agcg ,sulp ,sev dial ,,ii #c4 #agch ,= in/ance cod ,? ,,vii #a #ab1 ,,viii #e1 ,,xi #aj1 #aa4 #agci ,cod ,? ,,vii #bj #g4 #agdj ,sulp ,sev vita ,s ,m>t9i #b #e1 & cf cod ,? ,,vii #bb1 also #a #h4 ,see ! note ( ,seeck ,,ii #dij4 #agda ,?is view has be5 *all5g$ by ,dill1 pp #aah-i4 ,b cf ,sidonius epi/ ,v #ai1 ,,ix #f4 #agdb ,! e>li] "p ( book ,v ( ! de gub]natione ,dei1 especially #cd-ej4 ,! ris+ ( ! ,bagaudae 7#bhf7 9 ,gaul is dealt ) #bd foll4 ,see ,s*ill] ,,ii pp #abd-f4 #agdc d$iticios se divitum faciunt et quasi 9 ius eorum dicionemque trasc5dunt4 #agdd addicunt1 a te*nical law t]m4 #agde possesio 444 capitatio4 #agdf p]vasio attack1 encroa*m5t4 ,cf cod ,? ,,ii #d #e1 #f4 #agdg fundos maiorum expetunt et coloni divitum fiunt4 #agdh iugo se inquil9ae abiectionis addicunt4 ,see cod ,? ,v #ah 7#aj7 de inquil9is et colonis1 cod ,j ,,xi #dh #ac4 #agdi fiunt praeiudicio habitationis indig5ae4 ,t is1 by prescription !y acquire a new origo4 ,see cod ,? ,v #ag 7#i7 #a1 #b1 #ah 7#aj71 cod ,j ,,xi #fd #b1 #dh #af4 #agej extraneos et ali5os2 t is1 belong+ to someone else4 #agea et miramur si nos b>b>i capiunt1 cum fratres no/ros faciamus esse captivos8 #ageb ,i ?9k de ,c\langes is too sev]e on ! rhetoric ( ,salvian 7pp #ada-c74 ,aft] all1 ! ,codes d n give "o a fav\rable picture ( ! lat] colonate1 & ! ,empire did fall 9 ! ,we/4 #agec ,?is arrangem5t 0 especially frequ5t 9 ! ,ea/4 ,see on ,libanius pp #djj-a1 & cod ,? ,,xi #bd de patroc9iis vicorum1 cf cod ,j ,,xi #ed4 ,b s f> z individuals 7 conc]n$ x 0 widespread4 #aged ,seeck cites cod ,? ,,iii #a #b #ccg1 ,,xi #a #bf #cii1 #c #a-e #cai-cia1 & = ! legal tricks us$ to defeat ! rule ,,xi #c #c4 #agee de gub ,dei ,v #ah quae enim sunt non modo urbes s$ etiam municipia atque vici ubi non quot curiales fu]9t tot tyranni sunt8 #agef ,f adscrib]e1 to record ! liability ( ! "l1 8 coloni came to be call$ adscripticii4 ,web] ,agr>ges*i*te p #beh4 #ageg ,cod ,? ,,xi #a #bf #cii ref]s especially to ,gaul4 ,he is s]vus t]rae 9 fact1 z ,web] ,agr>ges*i*te p #beh rem>ks4 #ageh ,9 ,esme9's ,mlanges #ahhf !re is an excell5t essay on "s ( ! lett]s ( ,sidonius discuss$ "h1 =e/all+ a numb] ( my conclusions4 #agei ,see ,seeck ,,ii #age foll4 #agfj ,sidon epi/ ,i #aj4 #agfa ,see ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 p #agi4 #agfb ,see epi/ ,,ii #b1 #i1 #ad1 ,,iv #bd1 ,,viii #d4 #agfc epi/ ,,vii #ab #c4 #agfd quia sic hab5as ,galli>um mod]>]e ut possessor exhau/us tribut>io iugo relev>etur4 #agfe ,in/ances 9 epi/ ,,iii #a1 ,,vi #aj4 #agff epi/ ,,iii #e4 #agfg suffragio ve/ro4 #agfh epi/ ,,vi #aj4 #agfi dome/icis fidei1 already1 x seems1 a /]eotyp$ phrase4 ,see ,ducange4 #aggj debitum glaebae canonem4 #agga epi/ ,,vi #ab4 #aggb ,see ,dill1 book ,,iv * #c4 #aggc agg]es publici1 cf epi/ ,,ii #i #b1 ,,iv #bd #b4 ,x is an (ficial expression1 us$ by juri/s4 #aggd ,no d\bt "s 7 ca/les1 m or less def5sible4 ,! burgus ( ,leontius by ! ,g>onne 0 su*1 cf c>m ,,xxii #aba-e4 #agge epi/ ,i #f1 ,,vii #ae1 ,,viii #h4 #aggf epi/ ,,ii #ad4 #aggg epi/ ,,iv #i #a1 ,,vii #ad #aa4 lib]ti m5tion$ ,,vii #af4 ,see ,dill p #agh4 #aggh epi/ ,,viii #d #a4 #aggi epi/ ,,ii #b4 ,cf ,dill pp #afh-gb4 #aghj ,9 epi/ ,,iii #i is a curi\s case ( a f>m] :o own$ slaves & 9 8 slack simplicity let !m be entic$ away to ,brita94 #agha ,dill p #bbj1 cit+ epi/ ,,iv #bd4 ,see ,esme9 pp #cgg-hc = ! legal po9ts ( ! case4 #aghb c5tesima1 t is #a p] m5sem1 ,i suppose4 #aghc epi/ ,,ix #f4 ,see ,dill pp #agd-e4 #aghd epi/ ,v #ai4 #aghe sub condicione conc$o1 si /upratorem pro dom9o iam patronus orig9ali solvas inquil9atu4 #aghf mox cli5s factus e tribut>io plebeiam potius incipiat hab]e p]sonam quam colon>iam4 #aghg ,he calls 8 solution compositio seu satisfactio4 ,esme9 pp #cfd foll %ews t compositio 0 n[ a regul> expression = ! practice ( avoid+ ! /rict ,roman ,law1 "u b>b>ian & ecclesia/ical influ5ces4 #aghh ,see ,index1 inquil9i1 & de ,c\langes pp #fe1 #gd1 #he4 #aghi ,see de ,c\langes pp #ajj-a4 #agij ,see ?is "q fully discuss$ by ,esme9 pp #cgj-e4 ,also ! d\bts ( de ,c\langes pp #aja1 #ajd4 #agia ,= ?is po9t see ,seeck1 ,s*atzungsordnung pp #cad-e4 #agib ,cod ,? ,v #ah #aj si quis colonus orig9alis vel inquil9us 444 etc4 ,& bel[1 orig9>ius #dai4 ,cod ,j ,,xi #dh #ac inquil9os colonosve1 quorum quantum ad orig9em p]t9et v9dic&am indiscreta eademque pa5e videtur esse condicio1 licet sit discrim5 9 nom9e1 444 etc1 & #ad causam orig9is et proprietatis4 ,! limit+ ^w pa5e may ref] to diff]5ce 9 mode ( paym5t ( taxes4 ,^! laws1 reta9$ 9 cod ,j1 date f #djj4 #agic ,seeck j cit$4 ,web]1 ,agr>ges*i*te p #beg4 #agid ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r p #ahe takes ! words ( ,ari/otle ,pol ,i #b #e ' z prov+ t ev5 9 ,ar's "t ! small f>m] _h to d )\t a slave4 ,i ?9k !y prove t if he c\ld n af=d a slave he mu/ d ) an ox only4 ,= ! additional protection ( ! ox see ,index4 ,cf ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om pp #bdi-ea4 #agie ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*rift5 p #agi w only use ! ^w slaves ( a "p ( ^!1 b ! di/9ction does n matt] "h4 #agif ,see ,dig ,,xxxii #ii 7,paulus71 & ,,xxxiii #g passim1 especially #be4 #agig ,t religi\s scruple 0 oppos$ to keep+ memb]s ( ! same race-unit 9 slav]y is mo/ probable4 ,?is trans ,tib]im rule is kn[n f ,gellius ,,xx #a #dg1 ref]r+ to debt-slaves4 ,greeks h[ev]1 ev5 :5 abhorr+ ! enslavem5t ( ,greek by ,greek 9 pr9ciple1 did n discont9ue ! practice4 ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r p #bjb comp>es ! m$ieval scruple 9 ref]5ce to bro!r ,*ri/ians4 ,see also 8 rem>ks p #agg4 ,= ,hebrew law & cu/om see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica 7#aijc7 vol ,,iv & ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible 7#aijb7 vol ,,iv1 articles ,slav]y4 #agih ,diff]5t also f ! position ( a food-produc] class 9 a great t]ritorial /ate1 be+ bas$ on local conditions4 #agii ,illu/rat$ ) great cle>ness 9 ! provisions ( ! ,gortyn laws4 #ahjj ,v>ro ,,rr ,i #ag #b on oba]>ii or oba]ati4 #ahja ,! relative importance ( l& & ! means ( cultivation especially ox5 9 e>ly times1 ! p[] ?us ga9$ by *iefs grant+ cattle to t5ants1 & ! connexion ( ^! ph5om5a ) leg5ds ( debt-slav]y1 are in/ructively discuss$ 9 ,ma9e's ,e>ly hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 lecture ,,vi4 #ahjb ,mr ,g ,g ,c\lton k9dly rem9ds me ( an analogy obs]vable 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art4 ,x is progressive on simple l9es up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,!n x beg9s to ramify1 & diff]5ces ( ta/e become m acute4 ,h5ce an an>*y ( ta/e1 driv+ m5 to ye>n 7l ,rusk91 ,morris1 etc47 = ! old simplicity4 ,s ! peasant up to a po9t is useful & noble4 ,b fre% curr5ts ( civilization alt] 8 position4 ,!n m5 ye>n = ! old simplicity1 only defective ?r\gh be+ ess5tially simple4 #ahjc ,mr ,zimm]n1 ,! ,greek ,commonweal? pp #bfe foll1 has "s int]e/+ rem>ks on craftsm5 z wage-e>n]s1 & po9ts out _! pref]5ce = s]v+ ! /ate r ?an private employ]s4 ,! latt] plan w\ld h put !m almo/ 9 ! position ( slaves4 #ahjd ,:5 food 0 provid$1 we mu/ reckon x z "p ( 8 wage4 #ahje ,a va/ numb] ( ,greek records ( manumission ref] to su* cases4 #ahjf ,see ,francotte1 ,l',indu/rie dans la ,grce anci5ne book ,,ii *ap #e1 ,la concurr5ce s]vile4 ,i _c foll[ ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r pp #aih-bja4 ,& ! (t-cit$ passage ( ,timaeus 7,a!n ,,vi #bfd d71 :]e free ,phocians object to slaves tak+ _! employm5t1 ref]s solely to dome/ic & p]sonal att5dance4 #ahjg ,( ?is !re is abundant ,am]ican evid5ce f writ]s on ,slav]y4 ,! hir$ slave sometimes got a high] wage ?an ! hir$ freeman4 #ahjh ,see ,:itak]'s ,almanack1 & ! exposure ( an impud5t ag5cy = ! purpose 9 ! ,times #ae ,sept #aiad4 #ahji ,comp>e ,w5dell ,phillips #8,be=e ?is !re _h be5 among u scatt]$ & s+le abolitioni/s1 e>ne/ & able m52 sometimes1 l ,wy! ( ,virg9ia1 9 high places4 ,! ,quak]s & ,cov5ant]s _h nev] int]mitt$ _! te/imony aga9/ slav]y4 ,b ,g>rison 0 ! fir/ man to beg9 a movem5t design$ to annihilate slav]y4' ,spee* at ,g's fun]al #ahgi4 #ahaj ,pr( ,bury1 ,idea ( ,progress p #bge1 po9ts out t ,guizot not$ t ,*ri/ianity did n 9 its e>ly /ages aim at any improvem5t ( social conditions4 #ahaa ,! conclusions rea*$ 9 ?is p>agraph are 9 agreem5t ) ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r pp #aea-b1 #aee1 #bje1 #bji4 ,b he seems to put ! decl9e ( ! slave-gang sy/em r e>li] ?an ,i v5ture to d4 #ahab ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t a t5ant 0 naturally unwill+ to "w = a m>g9 ( pr(it n to be reta9$ by himself4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy to f9d means ( con/ra9+ him to d s4 #ahac coloni or quasi coloni1 cf ,dig ,,xv #c #af1 ,,xxxiii #h #bc1 or ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #ah1 #bj1 & num]\s o!r ref]5ces4 #ahad ,! compulsory t5ure ( municipal (fices is commonly cit$ z illu/rat+ ! pressure ev5 on m5 ( means4 ,x began 9 ! second c5tury4 ,see ,dig ,l #a #ch1 #b #a ,ulpian1 #d #ad ,calli/ratus cit+ ,hadrian1 & _m o!r passages4 ,notable is ,l #d #d honores qui indicuntur ,ulpian4 #ahae ,?is topic is ! subject ( ,*ur*ill ,bab+ton's ,hulsean diss]tation1 ,cambridge #ahdf4 ,i le>n t a pamphlet by ,bre*t1 ,sklav]ei und ,*ri/5tum1 takes a less fav\rable view1 b h n se5 x4 ,! survival ( ! colonate & its heavy burd5s 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,age are treat$ by de ,c\langes1 p>ticul>ly 9 connexion ) ! e/ates ( ! ,*ur*4 #ahaf ,! sl[ progress ( emancipation is ref]r$ to by ,e ,mey] ,kl ,s*r p #agh1 ( c\rse f a v diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,he m5tions t slav]y 0 n completely =bidd5 9 ,prussia till #aheg1 & is aga9/ its abolition 9 ,g]man colonies4 ,seeley 9 8 ,life ( ,/e9 po9ts out t ! armies ( ,fr$]ic ! ,great 7 ma9ly recruit$ f s]fs4 #ahag ,! ,turk & 8 ,rayahs furni%es a v /rik+ illu/ration4 #ahah ,e ,mey]1 ,kl ,s*r p #ahh4 #ahai ,s9ce writ+ ?is section ,i h f\nd 9 ,pr( ,bury's ,idea ( ,progress pp #bfi-gj a passage :i* seems to ju/ify ! objection "h rais$1 ?\gh x occurs 9 a diff]5t connexion4 #ahbj ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to ref] to ! great economic di/urbance caus$ by ! ,black ,dea? 9 f\rte5? c5tury ,engl&4 #ahba ,john ,sp>go1 ,bol%evism1 ! enemy ( political & indu/rial ,democracy4 ,london1 ,j ,murray #aiai4 ,i ?9k ,i may accept ! au?or's evid5ce on ! po9ts "h ref]r$ to1 confirm$ z x is by o!r obs]v]s4 ,see 8 rem>ks pp #fi1 #aef1 #bge1 #bgh1 9 p>ticul>4 ,t ! same %>p di/9ction betwe5 peasant & wage-e>n] is drawn by ! ,sociali/s 9 o!r c\ntries also1 & is to !m a /umbl+-block1 is cle>ly to be se5 9 ,k+ & ,okey's ,italy today4 ,see app5dix4 #ahbb ,a rem>kable article 9 ! ,times ( #aj ,may #aibj describes ! influ5ces t5d+ 9 ! opposite direction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly ! workman's prospect ( proprietor%ip4 #ahbc ,= ! survival ( ! colonate 9 ! ,we/ see de ,c\langes pp #ade-hf4 #ahbd ,see ,krumba*]'s hi/ory ( ,byzant9e ,lit]ature 9 ,iwan ,mll]'s ,h&bu*1 & ,od]'s article 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a4 #ahbe ,v>ro ,,rr ,i #ag #c1 #d4 #ahbf ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies #aiaj & #aiab4 ,!re ! views ( ,za*>i are discuss$4 #ahbg ,! tru? seems to be t s]fage _h nev] become s widespread 9 ! ,ea/ z 9 ! ,we/1 z ,mr ,b\*i]1 ,syria z a ,roman ,prov9ce p #aha1 po9ts out4 #ahbh ,vol ,,ii pp #dah-dba4 #ahbi ,sir ,w4 ,h]r+ham1 ,a ,physician 9 ,france1 pp #afg-h on ,peasantry z a /r5g? to ! ,/ate4 ,,indices ,:]e ! ref]5ce is less direct1 ! figure is giv5 9 brackets ,i ,,g5]al ,agriculture1 etc4 ,accommodation-lab\r1 mutual betwe5 neighb\rs1 #agj1 #ccc-d ,accommodation l&1 #aij-a ,aqu$ucts1 #bic-f asses1 #ajg1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #djj1 #dbb contempt =1 #ab1 #fi1 #ade-g1 #afj1 #ccd ,decay (1 g5]al1 #ccg1 #chc1 #chg1 #cic ,decay (1 9 ,greece1 #aa1 #if1 #ajd1 #abg1 #abi1 #acb1 #cjj foll4 ,decay (1 9 ,italy1 #aa1 #ad1 #adc-d1 #adg1 #aed foll41 #afc1 #agd1 #bji-aj1 #bej-a1 #bfe1 #bga-b1 #bha foll41 #bhh1 #bii1 #ceh1 #cfe1 #djd foll4 ,delegation ( managem5t1 #dcb-c gr[? ( di/a/e =1 #db1 #gi1 #hh1 #aai1 #abd1 #bea1 #bgh1 #cjb ,importance & recogniz$ value (1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #h-aa1 #hb1 #ada1 #bjj1 #bjd-f1 #bab1 #bbf1 #bhj1 #bhc1 #djj1 #dcg1 #ddd improv$ by k ( =eign c\ntries1 #agi1 #bea ,indu/rializ+ (1 #adf-g1 #aej-a1 #afh-i1 #bjc-d1 #dde1 #ddg1 #deb 9 ,peloponnesus1 #cj1 #di1 #ej1 #fi1 #hb1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb-c1 #abh-i 9 ! ,ea/1 #cjc-e ,l&$ peasantry n #8prolet>ian'1 #deg-h ,milit>y po9t ( view1 #c1 #h-aa1 #fd-e1 #gd-e1 #abb1 #abh1 #acb1 #acc1 #adg1 #aeb1 #afc1 #aff1 #agf1 #bac-d1 #bhc1 #cie-g1 #dch1 #ddj ,moral or civic po9t ( view1 #c1 #aa1 #ca1 #fd1 #gj1 #hc1 #if1 #ajg-h1 #abd1 #acc1 #ace foll41 #aff1 #bac1 #bgg foll41 #bha foll41 #cjb1 #dci-dj1 #dde1 #deh ne$ ( capital1 #dg1 #fg1 #hc1 #ajd1 #add1 #aed1 #agd1 #bjj-a1 #bjd1 #bbe1 #bej1 #bee1 #cbj1 #cde1 #cfe problem ( food-supply1 #c1 #i1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai1 #bi1 #cj1 #dg1 #dh1 #fb1 #ff1 #gg1 #ha1 #hg1 #ib1 #if1 #aah-i1 #acb1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bhc1 #bhh1 #cji1 #cbf1 #ccb1 #ccg1 #cci1 #cdg1 #ceg-h1 #cge1 #cgi1 #chb-d1 #chg-ih1 #djc1 #djf-h1 #daa-b1 #daf1 #dbg-h1 #dfj-a ,prop]ty & propriet>y rights1 #dcf ,punic1 #aea1 #afd1 #afh1 #agi1 #bjc-d1 #bhb1 #cec remun]ative or n1 #ad1 #da1 #hc1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aed-fj1 #aff1 #afi1 #agd1 #ahf1 #aic1 #bja1 #bje1 #beb-c1 #bfh1 #bgg1 #bhd1 #cjf1 #cjh-aj1 #cah1 #cbj-b1 #cea1 #cfe1 #djd-e ,b>b>ian & ,greek1 #bg1 #bh1 #ca-b1 #cd1 #ed-e1 #gh-i1 #aab1 #aac1 #afd ,b>b>ian lords & ,roman subjects1 #dbg ,b>b>ians & ! ,roman army1 #ad1 #baj1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #bib1 #cci1 #chb1 #chg1 #cig1 #dac-d1 #dag-h ,b>b>ians1 f]tility (1 #chb ,b>b>ians1 settlem5t (1 )9 ,roman ,empire1 #ccg-h1 #cdj1 #cfj1 #chd1 #dad-e1 #daf1 #dbf1 #dca ,bee-keep+1 #ahd1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bff1 #cji ,begg>s1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc1 #be1 #gb1 #bdc1 #cib ,book-keep+ on great e/ates1 #bdi-ej1 #beh-i1 #bfd1 #cce1 #cfh ,bucolic poetry1 #aae-f1 #bah-bj1 #bhj ,capitalism & employm5t ( lab\r1 #b1 #cf1 #dh1 #ee1 #eg-h1 #gj-a1 #ajg1 #aej1 #aea-b1 #aef foll41 #agc1 #bbj1 #bed1 #cjb1 #dda1 #ddc1 #ded-f ,capitalism1 gr[? (1 #ac1 #be1 #cc1 #cf1 #dg-h1 #di1 #eh1 #gj1 #gf1 #hc1 #ajf1 #abi1 #adb-d1 #bab1 #bhb1 #bhh foll41 #cad ,capitali/ influ5ce ho/ile to free peasantry1 #aea-b1 #bja1 #bab1 #big ,capitali/ pr(ite]s1 #djc cases1 qu]y1 hypo!tical81 #bfd1 #cjd-e ,ca/e & gild sy/em ( lat] ,roman ,empire1 #baj1 #bab1 #cgf-g1 #chc1 #chi-ia1 #cif1 #dje1 #dac1 #dbc1 #dea ,c5sus1 ! lat] ,imp]ial1 #chh1 #cij1 #dbj-b1 #dca ,c5tralization1 bureaucratic1 #cgi-hj1 #cha1 #chd ,c]eal crops1 #ai1 #dg-h1 #ha1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aah1 #aba1 #aed1 #agd1 #bdi1 #bec1 #bff-g1 #bhc-d1 #bia1 #cjc1 #cji1 #cej1 #ceb1 #cge1 #chh1 #djc1 #djf1 #dab1 #dbh-i1 #dfa1 #dfc ,*>coal1 #db1 #fd ,*>itable in/itutions1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bif1 #cbd ,*>ity1 private1 #djc ,*ri/ianity1 influ5ce (1 #daj-a1 #dbj1 #dbb-c1 #dbf-cb1 #dce1 #ddi foll4 ,citiz5 & ali51 #cb1 #cf1 #dg1 #dh1 #ff1 #if-g1 #cja1 #cad1 #cbi ,citiz5s z su* n produc]s1 #ajb ,citiz5s1 new1 incorporation (1 #abf-g1 #adi1 #aec1 #bga1 #bhh1 #chi1 #ddd ,citiz5%ip1 #hf1 #ib1 #id1 #ih1 #aac-d1 #abj1 #cja-b1 #chi1 #dca1 #ddd ,city & c\ntry1 #i1 #ac1 #bd1 #ca-b1 #dj1 #dc-d1 #dh1 #di1 #fc1 #hc1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajh-i1 #aae-f1 #abd-e1 #ade-f1 #aec1 #ahd1 #bjj1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bce-f1 #bea1 #bgh-i1 #cja-b1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #ccb1 #djj1 #dji1 #dbi ,city & ,/ate1 #chj ,cl]u*ies1 #ci1 #da-b1 #ea-b1 #ha1 #hc1 #aje-f1 #abj ,cli5ts 1 cli5tes1 #be1 #acd1 #aej1 #afg1 #bdc1 #cad1 #dca1 #dcc ,colonies1 #bf-g1 #ea1 #fg1 #gb1 #gf1 #hc1 #hg-h1 #aeb1 #agd1 #bjg1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bgc-e ,comm]ce & seaf>+1 #ai1 #bc1 #ci1 #aad1 #bae1 #bhh1 #bij1 #cji1 #cdg1 #cha1 #cia1 #djc1 #dab ,comm]ce re/rict$1 #gg1 #ib1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #adb1 #bij ,communi/ic s*emes & leg5ds1 #da1 #de1 #hi1 #ib1 #abj1 #bah1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bdh1 #dei ,confiscation & r$i/ribution1 #fg1 #gj1 #gb1 #hh1 #hi1 #abh1 #aee-f1 #agf-g1 #agh-i1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bbe1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdj ,cont9uity ( occupation1 importance (1 #bjg-h1 #beb-c1 #bee1 #cdd-e1 #cdg1 #cee-f1 #cgg1 #chc-d ,corn-deal]s1 #ha1 #djc ,corn trade 7,eux9e71 #ca1 #ci1 #ha1 #ajd-e ,cosmopolitanism1 #aac-d1 #ahg1 #bcb1 #bga1 #bhh ,c\ntry c>ts1 #ci1 #djj ,c\ntry h\ses1 #ea1 #hb1 #ajf1 #ajh-i1 #abd1 #aeg1 #afd1 #afe-f1 #bja1 #bbd1 #bce1 #bdf1 #caj1 #cab1 #cff1 #dbg-i ,c\ntry life idealiz$1 desire (1 #dc1 #aae1 #abd-e1 #bjj-a1 #bae1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bcj1 #bcd-f1 #bhj1 #cjb-c1 #dag1 #dbi ,craftsman z employ]1 #b1 #dh1 #ea1 #agb-c1 #che1 #dda1 #ddf ,crops1 deal]s 91 #aaa1 #aga1 #cbb1 #cge ,crops1 hang+1 sale (1 #aga1 #bfe1 #bhd1 #cbb ,crops1 v>iety 91 movem5t t[>ds1 #bjc1 #bff ,cultivation etc4 by contract1 #adj1 #aff1 #aga-c1 #ahj1 #ahf1 #bfd-e ,cultivation1 int5sive1 #bca1 #bfe1 #bia ,cultivation1 movem5ts to ext5d or ma9ta91 #abf-g1 #bjg-h1 #baa-b1 #bgb1 #cja1 #ccg-h1 #cdj1 #cdi-eb1 #ceg1 #chc1 #chg1 #cid ,damage1 responsibility =1 #cfc1 #cff1 #cgc-d ,debt1 pressure (1 #bb1 #be1 #acc-d1 #add1 #aee1 #bji1 #cba1 #dcj1 #dcf-g ,deva/ation ( f>ms 9 w>1 #ca1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc1 #hd1 #ajd1 #aah1 #acc1 #acf1 #aci1 #add1 #daj-a1 #dab ,diff]5tiation ( soldi] & f>m]1 #baj1 #chb1 #dag-h ,digg+1 #ce1 #df1 #aaf1 #agb1 #ahf1 #bfa1 #bhb1 #cag ,dogs1 #bc1 #cca1 #cgb ,doma9s1 imp]ial1 #bjg1 #bji1 #ccg1 #cdb-eh1 #cgg-h ,dome/ication ( animals1 #ae1 #cb1 #dcc-d ,dra9age1 #cff ,ea/ & ,we/1 #dji1 #dfj-d ,education1 #fh-i1 #gb-c1 #gf1 #aja ,emigration ( work+ f>m]s 7871 #bjg1 #bef1 #bgb1 #bgd-e1 #bic1 #cdh-i ,e/ates abroad1 #ci1 #ea-b1 #ha1 #hc-d1 #ajf1 #bjg1 #bad1 #bdh-i1 #bea1 #bha-b1 #bia1 #bih1 #cja1 #cji1 #cai1 #cda1 #cdh1 #cec-d1 #dje & b\nd>ies1 #ag1 #ajh1 #agd-e1 #aij1 #cca z #8,peculi>s'1 #ced1 #cgg1 #cib-c division (1 #bb1 #aij-a1 #bef ,great1 gr[? (1 9 ,italy1 #abf1 #adc-d1 #adg1 #aeb-c1 #aed1 #afe1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bef1 #bfc1 #bha-c1 #big1 #cad1 #ced ,l>ge & small1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #hh1 #ajf-g1 #aai1 #abe1 #abi1 #ach1 #ada-d1 #aff1 #ahb1 #aif1 #bja1 #bad1 #bha-d1 #bif-g1 #ccd ,lett+ to t5ants1 #ad1 #cf1 #ci1 #eb1 #hb-c1 #hd1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #abe1 #aeg-h1 #afj-a1 #afg1 #agg1 #ahc1 #aia1 #aid-e1 #aih1 #bja-b1 #bjh1 #baa1 #baf1 #bbd1 #bcc-e1 #bdf-g1 #beb-g1 #bfd1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #big-i1 #cjc1 #cjg-h1 #cbj-a1 #cbe1 #cee1 #ceh-i1 #cfb foll41 #cfg-h1 #cgf1 #cij1 #dcc1 #dej1 #dfc ,managem5t by own]1 #ac1 #eg-h1 #hb1 #ajf1 #adf1 #afg1 #agj-a1 #bbd1 #bej-a1 #bhd1 #cai1 #cbe ,managem5t by own]'s /ew>d1 #ac1 #cc1 #cf1 #ea1 #eg-fj1 #hh1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #abd1 #adj1 #aec1 #aeh-fj1 #afh1 #ahf1 #aid1 #bbd1 #bea-c1 #bef foll41 #big foll41 #cjd1 #cba1 #cbe1 #cce1 #cdc1 #cec1 #cfg-h1 #dfa ,mix$1 #hb1 #hc1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aee1 #afi1 #bja1 #caj ( collegia1 #bie reta9 names ( =m] own]s1 #cdc ,small1 pr(its on1 #afj1 #ahd1 #bcj1 #bhd1 #cjf ,suburban1 #aji1 #abh1 #afd1 #bdh1 #bid-e1 #cjf1 #cab ,eug5ics1 #gb-c1 #ij1 #ic ,evid5ce1 lack (1 f work+ f>m] or lab\r]1 #d1 #cgd1 #dbi-cj1 #ded ,exp]im5ts1 #beh ,fall[s & rotation ( crops1 #bia ,famili> details1 t5d5cy ( writ]s to omit1 #af1 #dd1 #acf1 #adj1 #bac-d1 #cgi ,f>m-equipm5t f\nd by l&lord1 #baf1 #bee1 #big-i1 #cbj-a1 #cdd-e1 #cfd-e1 #cfg ,f>m] & politics1 #aa1 #ab1 #cf1 #dj-d1 #di1 #gj1 #hi1 #ij1 #cjb ,f>m] z man ( sub/ance1 #ci-dj1 #da1 #df1 #ajd ,f>m]-h]oes1 ,roman1 #ace foll41 #ade-f1 #aig1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bha1 #cac1 #cbh1 #dae1 #dah1 #dde ,f>m] n a soldi]1 #gd1 #ih1 #aja1 #baj1 #cac1 #caf1 #cif-h1 #dag ,f>m] r a sell] ?an a buy]1 #db1 #afg1 #ahe ,f>m]s' capital mo/ly fix$1 #df1 #dg1 #ajd1 #aic ,f>m]s requir$ to be resid5t1 #bjd-e1 #bjh1 #big1 #chc-d ,f>m]s resid5t 9 ! city1 #cc1 #ea1 #hb ,f>m-h&s z o>sm51 #ij1 #ie1 #ahc ,f>m+1 fancy1 #aji1 #agi1 #bhb1 #cjh-aj ,f>m+1 high or sci5tific1 #ih-i1 #abb1 #agi1 #aha1 #bja1 #bhf ,f>m+ means unremitt+ att5tion & toil1 #bb1 #bc1 #aeb1 #aei-fj1 #aff1 #aig1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bea1 #cba1 #dea ,f>m slaves b>b>ians1 #fc1 #ib1 #id1 #abd1 #bib1 #cbe1 #ccg ,f>m t5ants & _! burd5s1 #ad1 #aca1 #aeg-h1 #ahc1 #aie1 #aig1 #bji1 #baa1 #bed1 #cgg-h1 #cig1 #dae ,figs1 #de1 #ha1 #ajh1 #bff1 #bhc1 #cjc1 #dfc ,f9ancial int]e/s1 p[] (1 #aeb ,f9ancial sy/em & motives ( lat] ,roman ,empire1 #baa-b1 #bbe1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #ced-e1 #cge-h1 #cha-c1 #chh foll41 #cid1 #dja1 #daj foll41 #dbg ,fires1 #bdi1 #cgd1 #dbh ,firewood1 #db1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aah1 #beb1 #cji1 #chh1 #djh ,flocks & h]ds 7graz+ & bre$+71 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bi1 #ha1 #hh1 #ij1 #aae-f1 #aba1 #aed1 #afe1 #aga1 #agd1 #agi1 #bff1 #bgh1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cji1 #cgb1 #chh1 #djf1 #dbi1 #ddh ,floods1 #ajh1 #cab1 #cbb1 #cgd ,fl[] g>d5s1 #ajh-i ,food1 import$1 #ci1 #dg1 #dh1 #fi1 #gg1 #ha1 #ajd1 #aai1 #aed1 #agd1 #ahd1 #bff1 #bhc1 #bhh1 #cji1 #cbf1 #cdg1 #ceh1 #djc1 #daf ,foods1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #be1 #de1 #acg1 #bhc1 #djc ,=tifi$ home/eads1 #dab-c1 #dbi ,free craftsm5 employ$ by f>m]1 #agb-c1 #ahd1 #dfb ,fre$m5 7,g]man71 #bib ,fre$m5 7,greek71 #hj1 #hb1 #he1 #abc ,fre$m5 7,roman71 #abg1 #afj1 #afh-i1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aib-c1 #aif-g1 #bja1 #bac1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bfd1 #bga1 #bhd1 #bhh1 #bij-a1 #cjj1 #cab1 #cad-e1 #cah1 #ccd1 #cgi1 #dbi ,fre$om1 its local value1 #ba1 #acg ,fruit-trees & or*>ds1 #ai1 #bj1 #be1 #abg-h1 #aci1 #agh1 #bcj1 #cdd1 #cej1 #dba ,goats1 #dg1 #hd1 #ahc ,gran>ies1 #ajg1 #aih1 #bdi1 #bfg1 #bhh1 #daa-b1 #dbi ,greeks enslave ,greeks1 #bg1 #ca1 #ee1 #gc1 #aab1 #dce ,h]dsm5 & %eph]ds1 etc41 #af-g1 #cc1 #ce1 #fc1 #hd1 #aji1 #aae-f1 #aed1 #afb1 #agi1 #bah-bj1 #cja1 #cjd1 #caj1 #cae1 #ddh ,highwaym5 & brig&s1 #aed1 #afj1 #agi1 #aia-b1 #bcc1 #cbc1 #cbi1 #cdb1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cib1 #dje ,home or ,manor ,f>m on e/ates1 #afa1 #bja1 #baf-g1 #bce1 #bdf1 #bed-f1 #beg1 #bih1 #cai1 #cdb1 #cec1 #cee ,horses1 #cc1 #eg-h1 #abj-a1 #dah-i ,hunt+1 fi%+1 bird-cat*+1 etc41 #ahe1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cai1 #dje ,imp]ial jeal\sy ( great private e/ates1 #bjg1 #cja1 #cec1 #chg1 #cib-c1 #cid-e ,imp]ial taxation1 cru%+ effect (1 #cja1 #cjc1 #ccf1 #ceg1 #cha-d1 #chg foll41 #cic1 #daj foll41 #dba-b1 #dbd1 #dbg ,improvem5t by fire1 #bbc ,int]nal maladies ( ,roman ,empire1 #dji foll41 #dac ,irrigation1 #af1 #bdf1 #bic ,italian agriculture1 pictures (1 discuss$1 #agh-i1 #ahb-c1 #bjj-a1 #bad-h1 #bce1 #bea-c1 #bhh1 #djd-f1 #dai ,italian agriculture1 protection (1 #aeg1 #bgb ,italian l& & taxation1 #bje1 #bab1 #bia1 #ceh1 #cfe1 #chh1 #djf ,italian l&1 enc\ragem5t to inve/ 91 #bgd1 #bhi1 #bia1 #big1 #cai ,italian slaves 9 ,italy1 #acg1 #adi1 #afj ,jeal\sy ( weal?1 #da1 #dd1 #ff1 #gj1 #gb1 #gf1 #hg1 #aji ,juri/s z ,m9i/]s1 #ccf ,l&1 etc4 z inve/m5t1 #ajf1 #add1 #aei1 #afe1 #afi1 #aij1 #bja1 #bbe1 #bhi foll41 #cai-bj1 #cfe-f1 #dje z security1 #adc1 #bhh-ij1 #bif1 #cbd1 #cbf-g1 #dcj b\ght by capitali/ speculators1 #dg1 #eg1 #ajf1 #adb-d1 #aec1 #aia1 #aii1 #bch1 #bhd1 #cec buy+ or sell+ (1 #bc1 #dg1 #eg1 #hd1 #hh1 #ajf1 #ajh-i1 #aai1 #ace-f1 #adc-d1 #aed1 #afg1 #age1 #aij-a1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bcd-e1 #bch-i1 #bea1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bhh foll41 #bie1 #cje1 #cae1 #cah-bj1 #dje1 #dbh grabb+ & monopoly1 #fg1 #hh1 #abj1 #adb-d1 #afe1 #agd1 #aij1 #bdh-i1 #bea1 #bhb1 #cac-d1 #dch hold+ peasantry & milit>y duty1 #aj1 #ad1 #db1 #hi1 #ij1 #acb-d1 #ach1 #ada-b1 #adh-i1 #aeb-c1 #age foll41 #aih1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bcj1 #cac1 #dah1 #dch1 #ddj hung]1 #h1 #eb1 #ed1 #hg1 #ajf1 #abh1 #acc1 #ace1 #ade1 #agd1 #dcg lots1 1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bf1 #ci1 #ea-b1 #fg1 #gf-g1 #hh-i1 #ia1 #id1 #abj1 #abh1 #acc1 #agd1 #agg1 #baj1 #dda lots1 sale (1 =bidd51 #hh1 #ia1 #age-f lots1 small 9 e>ly times1 #ace-f1 #bdc1 #bha-c1 #cac lots1 tradition ( primitive equality1 #ge1 #hi1 #ia mortgages on1 etc41 #be1 #hb1 #hh1 #ajf-g1 #aji1 #aee1 #bhh-ij1 #cbg1 #dcj neglect ( poor] soils1 #cea own]s1 l>ge1 & w>1 #ch1 #ci1 #da own+ & citiz5%ip1 #h1 #ad1 #be1 #ca1 #cb1 #cf1 #dd1 #eg1 #ff-g1 #gj1 #gg1 #hf1 #id1 #if1 #ig1 #aje-f1 #abg1 #ach1 #adh1 #aia1 #cac1 #dcg1 #ddj1 #ddd own+ & resid5ce1 #ea-b1 #id1 #ajf1 #ajh-i1 #abd-e1 #aec1 #afe-f1 #afh1 #bej-a1 #bef own+1 pre/ige (1 #ac1 #ad1 #ci1 #eh1 #ajf1 #aed-e1 #aeg1 #bja1 #bje1 #bce1 #big1 #ceh1 #cfe-f1 #dch foll4 prec>i\s t5ure (1 #bj1 #acd1 #afg pr\d capitali/s1 #ad1 #dg1 #aee1 #afi1 #bja1 #bce1 #bdi-ej1 #bhb-c1 #bij-a1 #cad1 #ccb1 #ceh public1 #fh1 #id1 #acd-e1 #adc1 #aed1 #afe1 #agd-e1 #agg1 #aie1 #aig-h "q ( improvem5ts1 #aff1 #agd1 #agf1 #bcc-d1 #beb1 #cja1 #cfe-g reg>d$ z prop]ty ( ! /ate1 #bjd1 #bgg1 #cjc1 #cgg r5t (1 9 money or k9d1 fix$ or by quota1 #bf1 #gg1 #beb1 #bib1 #big1 #cjc1 #cba1 #ccb1 #cdc-d1 #cdf-g1 #cef1 #cfe1 #cga1 #cgf1 #cid1 #dbh1 #dcc sy/ems1 =eign1 #bjd-e1 #baj-a1 #bia-b t5ure1 que/ions (1 #bcg-h1 #bgb1 #bhf ! classes conc]n$ ) x1 #dcb-c value dep5d5t on pres5ce ( lab\r1 #fj1 #hd1 #abb1 #adb1 #add1 #aed1 #agj1 #bja1 #bef1 #cai1 #cbj1 #chc1 #cic-e1 #cif v>i\s qualities1 importance (1 #be1 #cf1 #da-b1 #dg1 #fc-d1 #hb-c1 #ajh-i1 #aba1 #aci1 #ahj1 #ahf1 #bca1 #bci1 #bfg1 #cfe ,l&$ peasantry1 attempts to revive1 #agd-e1 #ahf1 #aih1 #bjj1 #baj1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bci1 #bea1 #bgc1 #cae1 #cea ,l&lord z tax-collector1 #cic-d c =ce t5ant to cultivate prop]ly1 #bec-d1 #cea1 #cfc1 #dcc di/ra9s on default+ t5ants1 #bih1 #cbj-a1 #cgh duty to 8 t5ant1 #djd duty to support 8 t5ant's int]e/s1 #djd encroa* on t5ants' rights1 #bdf-g1 #cic great1 & politics1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afe1 #bjg great1 z protectors1 #cib1 #cic1 #dbd great private1 & imp]ial policy1 #bha-b1 #cja1 #ceb-d1 #cff1 #chc1 #cib-c1 #cid-e mad f9ance (1 #aed-e1 #aeg1 #bhi rights (1 #cfc-d1 #cfg1 #cid selfi%ness (1 #bid-f1 #cge1 #dje1 #djg ! ent]pris+1 glorifi$1 #ab1 #eh1 #agh-i1 #bhd ! t[n-br$ man1 #ajh1 #bjj1 #bcd ,laws ,agr>ian ( #aaa ,b4,c41 #adc1 #age ,claudian1 #adb1 #afe1 #afi ,codes1 ,!odosian & ,ju/9ian4 ,see "u li/ ( passages cit$ ,dige/4 ,see "u li/ ( passages cit$ ,imp]ial by-laws1 #cdc foll41 #cdf1 #cdi1 #ceb1 #ced ,imp]ial rescripts & con/itutions1 #cdf-g1 #ceb1 #cfj-a1 #cgb1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #chf-g1 #dca ,julian 7( ,caes>71 #agg1 #bhh ,juri/s sep>ately cit$1 #bic1 #ccc1 #cea ,law appeal$ to1 #cbi1 #cca1 #djb ,law z evid5ce1 #aca1 #cfa-b1 #cii ,lic9ian1 #aca1 #ada1 #agd municipal *>t]s1 #ced ( ,gortyn1 #dcf on manumission1 #ccc ,sempronian 7( ,grac*i71 #age ,s]vilian 7( ,rullus71 #agg1 #aih ,twelve ,tables1 #bhc ,leases1 p]petual1 #cei1 #cgf ,leisure = citiz5s1 #gg-h1 #ic-d1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ahh1 #ded ,lime1 #agb1 #chh1 #djh ,limitation ( scope1 #f1 #acb ,lit]>y evid5ce1 nature & value (1 #e1 #f1 #cj1 #aca1 #acf foll41 #adb-d1 #ade-h1 #afj1 #ahg-h1 #aii-bja1 #bac-g1 #bah foll41 #bfg-i1 #bha1 #bhf-g1 #cjj foll41 #cjc foll41 #cje foll41 #cag foll41 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cii1 #djb1 #dji1 #dae1 #dag1 #dbj1 #dbb-c1 #dbf foll41 #ded ,loans by ! /ate to l&lords1 #bbe1 #bgc1 #cbf ,local conditions1 importance (1 #bee1 #bfg1 #bhb1 #cai-bj1 #cgb1 #chh ,local cu/om1 recognition (1 #cde1 #cfd-e1 #cfg ,local gov]nm5t1 que/ions (1 #cgi-hj ,luxury & extravagance1 #cha ,luxury1 its effect on f>m+1 #agi1 #bdf1 #bff1 #cjf1 #cjh-aj1 #cfe-f ,mal>i\s l&s1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bec1 #dfb ,manufacture ( articles on ! f>m1 #ahe1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bfb ,manufactures1 #ec1 #hc1 #cha1 #dda ,manur+1 #dd1 #agd1 #bff1 #bhd ,m>ket g>d5s1 #ahd1 #bca1 #bfe1 #bie-f1 #cjf1 #ccj1 #ccb ,m>kets1 urban1 #cjf1 #cjh-i ,ma/]'s eye1 importance (1 #eg-i1 #aaf1 #aff1 #agj-a1 #aid1 #bdc1 #bea1 #beb-c1 #bff1 #bhb ,metics1 #di1 #ga1 #hf1 #ig1 #ih ,migration1 p[] (1 ! m>k ( fre$om1 #chf1 #ddd1 #dea ,milit>y ,class control & plund] f>m]s1 #bf-h1 #fh1 #ia-b1 #id1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #dcf ,colonies & settlem5t ( dis*>g$ soldi]s on l&1 #aj1 #aa1 #bi1 #aee-f1 #agf-g1 #agi1 #baj1 #bad-e1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bea1 #bgd-e1 #bic ,gymna/ics & milit>y s]vice1 #ajj-a1 #abh1 #caf ,lic5se & outrages1 #ajd1 #afj1 #bai1 #cac1 #cae1 #ccj1 #cdb1 #cgd1 #cgh1 #dje1 #dbb-c ,m]c5>y soldi]s1 #aj1 #ej1 #ec-d1 #fd-e1 #ga1 #ie1 #ajc-d1 #aab-c1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abe1 #acb1 #bib1 #cci ,pr(essionalism1 gr[? (1 #ac1 #ed1 #fi1 #gd1 #ie1 #ajj1 #aec1 #agg1 #ahf1 #baj1 #cac1 #caf1 #dag ,s]vice unpopul> & evad$1 #da1 #ga1 #ajc1 #cbd1 #cbf ,sub/itutes1 #cbd1 #cif ,sy/ems1 #i-aa1 #bg1 #ig-h1 #aja1 #abb1 #abh1 #acb-c1 #ach-i1 #aeb-c1 #age-g1 #ahf1 #bji-aj1 #bbe1 #cbc-d1 #cci1 #cda1 #cif-g1 #djg1 #dac-d1 #dag1 #dbc1 #dch ,t5ure ( b>b>ian coloni/s1 #bgc1 #cci-dj1 #dae ,vet]ans1 retir$1 z local magnates1 #djj1 #djb ,milk & *eese1 #bfe1 #cji ,m9+ & qu>ry+1 #ea1 #ei1 #ajh1 #aib1 #ddc1 #ddf-g ,money-values1 difficulty 9 asc]ta9+1 #cge1 #chg-h ,moral causes ( ,imp]ial decl9e1 #dbc-f ,mules1 #bd1 #cc1 #djj1 #dbb ,municipal e/ates1 #bjg1 #bee1 #cei1 #cge-g1 #djj ,municipalities & b5efactors1 #bga1 #cbd1 #cha1 #djh ,municipalities z taxation-c5tres1 #chj-a1 #cij1 #cib1 #dja1 #djh1 #dba1 #dbe ,municipalities1 jeal\sy betwe51 #chj1 #dja #djh-i ,municipalities1 local s5ators & magi/rates (1 #bag1 #bic1 #cgf1 #cij1 #djj-a ,municipal jurisdictions1 #ced1 #chj1 #cii foll4 ,municipal (fices %irk$1 #cgg1 #cha1 #cib1 #dja1 #dbe ,music1 #ih1 #abc ,nationalization ( ali5s1 #dcg1 #ddd ,new ,hell5ism1 #aab-d1 #afd1 #bge-f ,(ficial fav\rs & corruption1 #ceg1 #chi-ia1 #djc-g1 #dji1 #daj-a1 #dac-d1 #dba-b1 #dbe ,old age1 /ate-relief 91 #hj ,olives & oil1 #ai1 #bd1 #db1 #df1 #dg-h1 #ha1 #hd1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aga-b1 #agd1 #bff1 #bhc-d1 #cjc1 #cej1 #ceb1 #djf1 #dbh1 #dfc ,ori5tal & o!r =eign influ5ces1 #f1 #g1 #bjd-h1 #baj-a1 #cad ,ori5tal ,greeks1 #aac1 #aec1 #bga1 #cgi ,ox51 #af1 #bb1 #bd1 #dd1 #dg1 #ii1 #agb1 #ahj1 #aig1 #bad1 #bbh-i1 #bca1 #bdc1 #bdi1 #bec1 #bfa1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #cca1 #cfd1 #cih1 #dcc-d1 #dch ,patrons ( villages1 #bab1 #djj-a1 #dbe ,paym5t 9 k9d1 n 9 debas$ curr5cy1 #baa1 #cei-fj1 #chd1 #chh ,peasant-f>m]1 h>d life (1 #be1 #ce-f1 #dg1 #hc1 #ij1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #cac1 #dah ,peasant-f>m]1 retirem5t (1 #bcg ,p5al s]vitude1 #cbf ,pigs1 #cgb1 #chh ,pit*-works1 #aib ,plantation sy/em1 #afb1 #afe1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bci1 #big1 #ddc ,pl\gh+1 #af1 #ai1 #bb-d1 #cc1 #aaf1 #ahe1 #bah1 #bfa1 #bgh1 #bhd1 #ccd ,police1 rural1 no regul> =ce1 #ahi1 #caa1 #cbc1 #cgb1 #ddh ,poor freem51 _! trials1 #fc1 #abe1 #aii1 #cjb ,populations1 =c$ transf] (1 #aac ,po/1 ,imp]ial cursus publicus1 #cgh1 #cia1 #cig ,p\ltry1 #bfb-c1 #cji ,pov]ty & discont5t1 #cc-d1 #ch1 #da1 #ff1 #gj1 #aii ,pov]ty1 dread (1 a /imulus1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #cf1 #de1 #df1 #dg-h ,pov]ty 9 ,greece1 #bi1 #ec1 #ed1 #cjb1 #cbi ,pov]ty no reproa*1 #bc1 #aaa1 #ace foll41 #cjb ,private prop]ty 9 l&1 gr[? (1 #adc-d1 #agd-e1 #bjc1 #bje1 #cac1 #dcf-h ,prop]ty1 private1 =bidd51 #gc1 #ge ,prov9cial l&1 t5ure (1 #bic1 #cjc1 #cea1 #ceh ,public op9ion1 no =ce (1 9 ,roman ,empire1 #ceg1 #chi ,reap+1 #af1 #bb-d1 #ajh-aj1 #ahj1 #bgh ,reap+ ma*9e1 #cih ,reclamation enc\rag$ by tempor>y exemption f r5t or taxes1 #ccg1 #cdd1 #cdi-ej ,religion1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc1 #dd-e1 #abj1 #agj1 #beh1 #bfj1 #cad1 #djd1 #dcd1 #ddd1 #ddh ,remission ( dues to relieve di/ress1 #cij-a ,r5t1 arre>s (1 #afa1 #bji1 #bef1 #bih1 #cbj-a1 #cfe1 #djd ,repetitions unavoidable1 #e ,repres5tative gov]nm5t unkn[n1 #ff1 #hi ,re/oration ( exiles1 effects (1 #aai1 #abb1 #abh ,ri* & poor1 #ij1 #id1 #aab1 #abj1 #abi1 #bje1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bie1 #cjb1 #cjf1 #cbi1 #cca-b1 #cia1 #djj1 #djc-d1 #daj1 #dbd-e ,rights ( way1 wat]c\rses1 etc41 #ajh1 #beh1 #bid-e1 #cgc ,roads1 #bfg1 #bie1 #cia1 #dbi ,roads1 public1 "w on1 #agc1 #cgh1 #cia ,roman ,empire a ma*9e1 #cha-b1 #chd1 #dbe1 #dbg1 #dea ,roman ,empire1 /agnation 91 #cih1 #dea ,roman p[] ( assimilation1 fail+1 #bgj-a1 #cch1 #cdj ,roman subjects pref] ,b>b>ian rule1 #dbc-d ,rural disputes & affrays1 #ahh-ia1 #cae1 #cgb-d1 #dje ,self-help1 duty (1 #bc ,%eep1 #aji1 #cji ,slav]y1 ,lab\r1 ,s]fdom1 etc4 ,abolitionism1 a mod]n movem5t1 #cd1 #hd1 #dde foll4 ,appr5tice%ip1 #gi ,competition ( slave lab\r ) free1 #dh1 #ei1 #ga1 #he1 #abd1 #aca1 #aeg1 #cjb1 #dda1 #ddc ,eunu*s1 #bh1 #caj ,h&icraftsm51 #af1 #ah1 #bc1 #be1 #bh1 #ce1 #fb1 #fh1 #gc1 #hh1 #add1 #ahd1 #aic1 #aii1 #bde1 #dcg-h1 #dda ,h&icraftsm51 free1 _! difficulties1 #cjb ,h>b\r+ runaways1 #cge1 #cid1 #djd ,hir$ lab\r]s n 1 #ab1 #ac ,it9]ant lab\r]s1 jobb+ gangs (1 #ad1 #aaj1 #agc1 #bbb1 #bef1 #cbg1 #ddc ,j\rneyman contra/$ ) indep5d5t craftsman1 #b1 #ce1 #dh1 #deb1 #dee ,lab\r1 attempts to entice x f neighb\rs1 #cid ,lab\r despis$1 #ai1 #bb1 #bh1 #ei1 #fd1 #gh1 #hj1 #he1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bde1 #bhg1 #cei1 #dch1 #ddj1 #ddb1 #ddd-e1 #deb ,lab\r1 division (1 #ab1 #ae1 #ii ,lab\r] goes ) ! l&1 #id1 #aca1 #baa1 #cai-bj1 #cfj-a1 #cfh1 #cic-e ,lab\r]1 /atus (1 (t5 unc]ta91 #c1 #cc1 #aaj-a1 #aag1 #abh1 #aic1 #bah-ba1 #bbb1 #bbg-h1 #bef1 #ddb-c ,lab\r = daily bread1 #ee-f1 #eh1 #fb1 #aaa1 #age1 #aii1 #bjd1 #cac1 #cbg1 #dda ,lab\r1 = self or = ano!r1 #ab-ae1 #be1 #add1 #adh1 #bii1 #cbg1 #cgj1 #cii1 #dcf1 #dch-dd1 #dde1 #deh ,lab\r glorifi$1 #bca1 #bgg-hj ,lab\r good = ! lab\r]1 #ef1 #eh1 #fd1 #bgg-hj1 #caf-g ,lab\r 9 dis*>ge ( debt1 #afa1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bfc1 #dcg ,lab\r n degrad+1 #af1 #ai1 #bc1 #fd1 #aaa1 #adi1 #bdf1 #bgg-i ,lab\r1 p]sonal1 ( work+ f>m]1 7see 71 #bc-d1 #be1 #cj1 #cf1 #dd1 #de1 #eh1 #hf1 #abc1 #abh1 #acf1 #adh-i1 #afe1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #aig1 #bjh1 #bac-d1 #baf1 #bbf1 #bcj-a1 #bcd1 #bdc1 #bee1 #bhc1 #cjd1 #cbe1 #ccb1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cec1 #cga1 #cie1 #dci foll41 #dfc ,lab\r "q fundam5tal1 #baa-b1 #bcg1 #bci-dj1 #bfh1 #bhg1 #cdd1 #cid foll41 #deh ,lab\r1 ru/ic1 z a puni%m5t1 #abd-e1 #ade-f1 #afg1 #bdh1 #ddd ,lab\r1 ru/ic1 z heal?y ex]cise1 #bcf1 #bgg-hj1 #caf-g1 #ddj ,lab\r-s]vices ( t5ants due )\t wage1 #afa1 #bja-b1 #bji1 #baa1 #bed1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfe1 #bih1 #cdb1 #cdd-f1 #cdh1 #cea1 #cec-d1 #cei1 #chc-d ,lat] s]f-colonate a result ( gradual *ange1 #baa-b1 #bed-f1 #beg1 #ccc1 #cef1 #cei1 #cfa1 #cgh foll41 #chf1 #cic-d1 #dbd-e1 #dcf1 #dej ,manual lab\r & direction1 #ab1 #ac1 #bj1 #bc-d1 #ce1 #eg-fj1 #abd-e1 #aeh1 #agf1 #aha1 #beh1 #bii1 #caf1 #cai1 #cga1 #cie1 #dde1 #dee1 #deh ,occasional lab\r1 #ae1 #ec1 #he1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aeg1 #afa1 #aff1 #ahj foll41 #ahf1 #bja1 #bed1 #bfe1 #cdb1 #cdd-e1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #cei1 #dcd1 #ddc1 #dee ,odd jobs1 port]age1 etc41 #df1 #cbg ,ov]se]s1 etc41 #ea1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #hh1 #ig1 #afe1 #aha1 #bfa1 #cba1 #djd1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #dfb ,quasi-slav]y ( free work]s1 #ii1 #add1 #ahh1 #dda foll4 ,self-disposal1 #dda1 #ddc-d1 #dea1 #dec1 #def ,s]fage & slav]y confus$1 #hd1 #hf1 #bib ,s]fage di/9ct f slav]y or ca/e-sy/em1 #bf-g1 #aca1 #cfj-a1 #dcf ,s]f-colonate fail+1 #dfj1 #dfc1 #dfd ,s]f-cultivators1 #bf-h1 #cj1 #cg1 #ej1 #fj1 #fi1 #ge1 #gg1 #hb1 #hd1 #hg1 #ib1 #abg1 #aca1 #bib1 #cfa1 #dca1 #dcf ,s]fdom is practically slav]y1 #dbe1 #dca ,s]f employ$ 9 w>1 #cg1 #ge1 #ie ,slave artisans & craftsm51 #ea1 #ee1 #eg1 #ahd1 #dda1 #ddf ,slave z fell[-man1 #cd1 #ef1 #fb1 #aac1 #bde1 #bfj1 #cbc1 #cbh1 #dde ,slave brig&s1 #aed1 #ahi-ib1 #cib1 #ddh ,slave-gangs1 n to be homog5e\s1 #gg1 #id1 #afb1 #aha-b ,slave-gangs1 special =em5 (1 #aeh1 #ahe1 #bfj ,slave insurrections1 #afb1 #age1 #agg1 #aha1 #aia1 #aih1 #ddh ,slave-lab\r always available1 #aeg1 #agd-e1 #bci1 #bhe-f1 #ddf1 #dee ,slave-lab\r1 excess (1 attempt to less51 #aca ,slave-lab\r1 specializ+ (1 on e/ates1 #bjc1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #dfa ,slave-lab\r untru/wor?y & wa/eful1 #ig1 #aaa1 #aeg1 #ahj foll41 #ahf1 #bec1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #cai1 #cee1 #cih1 #dag1 #dai1 #dde1 #dee ,slave n a p]son1 #dd1 #eg1 #gg1 #dja ,slave n enroll$ 9 army1 #age1 #ahf1 #cbc-d1 #cif ,slave philosoph]s1 #cbg ,slave-qualities1 #cd1 #ef1 #ahj-a1 #bei ,slav]y1 absolute p[] ( ma/]1 #ah1 #ef-g1 #aeh-i1 #afg1 #bdd1 #ddf ,slav]y & lab\r 9 g5]al1 #b1 #c1 #ae1 #af1 #cd1 #df1 #dh1 #gh1 #aaj-b1 #ace-h1 #afa1 #agj1 #ahj-b1 #ahf1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bcj-a1 #bci1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bii1 #cjd1 #caf1 #chc1 #che1 #cie1 #dbi1 #dcc-e1 #ddj foll41 #ddd-e1 #dee ,slav]y1 attempts to ju/ify1 #gi1 #dci ,slav]y1 dome/ic1 #h1 #bf1 #cj1 #ci1 #fa1 #hj1 #ig1 #aji1 #abc1 #abd1 #acg1 #bba1 #bca1 #bdd1 #bdi-ej1 #bhe1 #cji-aj1 #caa1 #cah1 #dbi1 #dca1 #dda-b1 #ddf ,slav]y f gambl+ debt1 #bia ,slav]y1 gr[? ( human] views on1 #fa-b1 #gi1 #afg1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bdb-c1 #bdd-e1 #bfj-a1 #bhe1 #caj-a1 #cag1 #cbc1 #cbf-h1 #dch1 #dde ,slav]y ignor$1 #bcg-dj ,slav]y1 indu/rial1 #h1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #hj1 #abc1 #acg1 #cce1 #dda ,slav]y1 its economic success or failure1 #aef foll41 #bhc1 #bhe1 #cbc1 #cgj1 #dcd1 #ddb1 #dde ,slav]y ju/ifi$1 #cd1 #gh-i1 #ajj1 #dci1 #ddb ,slav]y1 kidnapp+1 #bj1 #ec1 #ee1 #gi1 #abb1 #afj1 #bdc1 #bfc1 #cbc1 #cbf1 #cbi ,slav]y1 leg5ds ( none 9 e>ly times1 #ae1 #cj1 #fb1 #abc1 #dci1 #deb ,slav]y ( debtor to cr$itor1 #be1 #acd1 #bfc1 #bfi1 #dcf-g1 #dch1 #ddb ,slav]y1 orig9 (1 #ae1 #ag1 #gh1 #bcf-g1 #dcd1 #ddf ,slav]y orig9ally on small scale & dome/ic 9 "*1 #acg1 #adi1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bhe1 #dcd-e1 #ddf ,slav]y1 qu]y1 assum$1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #cj1 #cb1 #cg1 #dd1 #dh1 #fh1 #gd-e1 #hd1 #acf1 #bac-d1 #bbj1 #cjd1 #cfh1 #dde ,slav]y1 "q ( manumission1 #ba1 #ch1 #eh1 #fb1 #gi1 #hj1 #hd1 #ig1 #abb1 #abc-d1 #abi1 #adi1 #aeh1 #afh1 #ahb1 #aif1 #bah1 #bai1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bhh1 #caa-b1 #cah1 #cbf1 #ccc-d1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cga1 #dca1 #ddb-c1 #ddf-g ,slav]y recogniz$ z basis ( social & economic sy/em1 #de1 #ef1 #fj1 #gg-h1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ada-b1 #aib1 #bci1 #bef1 #bhe-f1 #caj ,slav]y1 ru/ic1 #h1 #i1 #bj1 #bc-d1 #be1 #cj1 #cg1 #ci1 #dd-e1 #df-g1 #ej-b1 #eg-i1 #fc-d1 #fh1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #hd1 #hg1 #ig1 #ajf-aaj1 #aaf-g1 #abb1 #abd1 #abi1 #ace-h1 #add foll41 #aea-d1 #aeh1 #afj-b1 #afe foll41 #agj foll41 #agd foll41 #ahj foll41 #ahd foll41 #bjc1 #bjh1 #bad1 #baf-g1 #bbb1 #bbg-cc1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bdb-c1 #beh-fc1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bii1 #caj-a1 #cae1 #cba1 #cbe1 #ccc-d1 #ccg1 #cdj1 #cda-b1 #cde1 #cec1 #cee1 #cfc-d1 #cfi1 #chg1 #cid1 #djd1 #dad1 #dbi1 #dce1 #ddc-d1 #dee1 #dfa-b1 #dfd ,slav]y1 second>y 7slaves ( slaves71 #ah1 #bei ,slav]y1 ! relation que/ion$1 #cc-e1 #ef1 #aac1 #bdd1 #cjb1 #cce1 #ddf ,slav]y unkn[n among ! gods1 #ce ,slav]y1 0 x ! basis ( #8classical' civilization81 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #dec1 #dee ,slaves acquire prop]ty1 see peculium1 #ch1 #eh1 #hj1 #afg-h1 #aha-b1 #bai1 #bej1 #bfc1 #cah1 #cfi1 #ddb ,slaves & freem5 "w side by side1 #dh1 #fc1 #ace-h1 #adj1 #adi1 #aga-c1 #ahj foll41 #ddd-e ,slaves z gladiators1 #afb1 #ahi1 #cbh ,slaves z in=m]s1 dang] f1 #hd1 #bdd1 #ccd ,slaves z o>sm51 #ec1 #ij1 #ie1 #abb1 #cbf ,slaves z prop]ty1 #ag1 #ah1 #ee1 #ef-g1 #gg1 #hb1 #abb1 #aee1 #afg1 #agb1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #bba1 #caa1 #cae1 #cfi-gj1 #ddb-c ,slaves z w>-booty1 #aj1 #ag1 #bg1 #cg1 #ec1 #ee1 #abj1 #abb1 #abi1 #acf1 #aec1 #agf1 #bcf-g1 #caj1 #cbe1 #ccg1 #chg ,slaves a worry to ma/]s1 #ig1 #abd1 #bhe ,slaves br\ght on ! /age1 #cd1 #fb1 #aac ,slaves1 c>e ( _! heal?1 #gg1 #afa1 #ahe1 #bfb1 #ddb1 #dfb ,slaves1 condition (1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #ef-g1 #caa1 #cbd1 #cgj-a ,slaves1 contractors' gangs (1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aff1 #bad ,slaves1 cruel puni%m5t (1 #aif1 #bdd1 #bdi1 #ddc ,slaves1 delib]ate bre$+ (1 #afa1 #afi1 #aha1 #bdi1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bfb1 #caa-b ,slaves employ$ 9 bus9ess & pr(essions1 #ig1 #aib1 #cje1 #ddf ,slaves employ$ 9 hunt+1 #dje ,slaves1 female1 #ag1 #ah1 #bd1 #de1 #eg1 #afh1 #aha1 #bba1 #bca1 #beg-h1 #bfj1 #bfb1 #cjg1 #cah1 #cfd1 #dca ,slaves1 food1 lodg+ & dress (1 #bj1 #bc-d1 #be1 #de1 #eg1 #aaf1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aga-b1 #aha1 #aic1 #beh1 #bfj1 #cji1 #dda ,slaves1 good heal? (1 #cag1 #ddj ,slaves1 home-born 1 v]nae1 #abi1 #afi1 #aha1 #bce1 #bfb1 #caa-b1 #dcj-a ,slaves let out = s]vice at a r5t1 #ch1 #ci1 #fa1 #fd1 #hj1 #aaj1 #aag1 #agj1 #aic1 #bdg1 #bef1 #cgj-a1 #ddb-c ,slaves liable = ma/]s' safety1 #bdd1 #cbc ,slaves1 loyalty (1 #ah1 #bj1 #cd1 #fa1 #bdj ,slaves1 ma/]s responsible = _! vices1 #ef-h1 #fa1 #gg1 #bde ,slaves1 moral qualities ne$$ 91 #ef-h1 #fa1 #gg1 #ig1 #aha-b1 #aif1 #bei-fa1 #cbc ,slaves1 names (1 #de1 #fc-d1 #acg1 #bac1 #bhe ,slaves n 1 #ab1 #ac1 #dci ,slaves ( publicani1 #aea1 #ahh1 #aib ,slaves1 old age (1 #hj1 #ig1 #aeh1 #afg1 #ahb1 #bfc1 #cbf1 #ddc1 #ddg ,slaves1 public1 #fh1 #hf1 #ia1 #djj1 #ddf ,slaves1 puni%m5t (1 int]rupt$ by w>1 #de ,slaves1 re/riction on sale (1 #cid ,slaves1 rew>ds (1 bett] ?an puni%m5ts1 #aha-b1 #ahe ,slaves1 runaway1 #ej-a1 #aeh1 #aib1 #cge1 #djd1 #dce1 #ddg ,slaves s]v+ 9 w>1 #aj1 #abb1 #abi1 #adb1 #afb1 #ahc1 #cbc-d1 #cif1 #djg ,slaves1 supply (1 r$uc$1 or rise 9 price (1 #da1 #aag1 #ada-b1 #afj-a1 #afb1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #baj1 #beg1 #bih1 #caj1 #cdj1 #cdd1 #cea1 #ced1 #cge1 #chg1 #dej ,slaves1 torture (1 #aaj1 #dba ,slaves1 tra9+ (1 #eg1 #afi1 #aha-b1 #beh1 #bfj ,slaves unruly1 #ch1 #gh1 #aha1 #bfj1 #caj ,slave-t5ant or mtay] a quasi-p>tn]1 #bih-i1 #dff ,slave-t5ants1 #beg1 #bii1 #cjg1 #cfg-h1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cic1 #djd1 #dej ,slave-trade1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #be1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg1 #fa1 #gi1 #hg1 #aab1 #abb1 #acg1 #aec-d1 #afi1 #agf1 #baj1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bef1 #bei1 #bia-b1 #caj1 #cbe-f1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #dad1 #dce1 #ddf ,unskill$ lab\r 7#8h&s'71 #ci1 #ii1 #agj1 #agb1 #ahj-a1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bbg1 #bfa1 #ddb foll4 ,wage-e>n+1 #c1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bi1 #cd1 #ce1 #dd1 #df1 #ec1 #eh-i1 #fa-d1 #gh-i1 #hh1 #aji-aj1 #aag1 #abe1 #adj1 #add-e1 #aej1 #aeg-h1 #afj1 #agj-c1 #age-f1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aic1 #aii1 #bjj-a1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bce1 #bef1 #bhg1 #cjd-e1 #cac1 #cbg1 #cdd1 #cei1 #cgj1 #che1 #dcd1 #dda foll41 #deb1 #def-i ,wage-lab\r = special "w1 #df1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abe1 #aeg1 #aga-c1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #bjb1 #bff ,wage1 legal "r to1 #cjd ,small cultivat+ own]s 9 ,roman ,empire1 #cda1 #cdf1 #cij ,small hold+s ( /ate t5ants1 #agg1 #aih ,small l&hold]s p]secut$ by big neighb\rs1 #add1 #bdb1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bhc1 #cae1 #ccj-a1 #cgb1 #dfg ,soldi]s z practical f>m]s1 #ahd1 #cdj ,soldi]s driv5 to f>m-"w1 #ec1 #ij1 #adg-h ,specialization 9 politics1 #fi1 #gb-e1 #ib-c1 #ih1 #ajb ,squatt]s on wa/e l&1 #bcj1 #bgb1 #cjj foll41 #ccg1 #cdi-eb1 #ceg1 #dbh ,/ate-contracts1 #hc1 #adb1 #aea-b1 #ahg1 #aib1 #cff1 #cgf ,/ate-pay = public duties1 #cd1 #ch1 #df1 #dg1 #hc1 #hg1 #hh1 #abj1 #dda ,/ew>d a slave1 #ei1 #ig1 #aaf1 #abd1 #adj1 #aec1 #aeh-i1 #aff1 #agj-a1 #ahf1 #aie-f1 #baf-g1 #bbd1 #bdb1 #beg-i1 #bfd1 #cfh1 #ddc ,/ew>d 7vilicus7 z t5ant ( a f>m1 #bii1 #cjg1 #cfg-h ,/ew>d direct+ free work]s or ov]see+ t5ants1 see procurator1 #agc1 #baf1 #bfd ,/ew>d1 ! int]e/ (1 #aec-d1 #aeh-i1 #aff1 #bed1 #ddc1 #ddg ,/oicism & ,/oics1 #ahg1 #aic1 #bdb1 #bdd-f1 #bge foll41 #caj1 #ddb1 #ddi ,tax-f>m+ sy/em sup]s$$1 #bjf ,t5ancies1 b5eficial1 #adc1 #cgf ,t5ancies1 l>ge1 n common1 #bih1 #cdc-d ,t5ancy a contract-relation regulat$ by law1 #bjh-i1 #bdf-g1 #beb-g1 #big-i1 #cba1 #cde1 #cfb foll41 #dcc ,t5ant1 claims (1 #cfc-d1 #cgd1 #dff ,t5ants f9d sureties1 #cde1 #cfc ,t5ants1 good1 h>d to f9d1 #bjh-i1 #beb-f1 #bih-i1 #cbj-a1 #cfg1 #cfi1 #dej ,t5ants-9-*ief z r5t & tax collectors1 #cdc1 #cee ,t5ants-9-*ief1 hold+ ( ! /ate ,middlem51 #aie1 #bjg-h1 #bji1 #baa-b1 #cdc-ec1 #cef1 #ceh-i ,t5ants-9-*ief oppress sub-t5ants1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #ced-g1 #cei1 #chd ,t5ants-9-*ief sublett+ to small f>m]s1 #aie1 #aig1 #bjh-i1 #baa-b1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cdc foll41 #cec1 #cee1 #cgf-g1 #dje ,t5ants1 int]e/ ( ,imp]ial gov]nm5t 9 _! welf>e1 #cid1 #cig-h1 #djj ,t5ant's prop]ty pl$g$ to l&lord1 #cfc1 #cfh ,t5ant1 ! t[n-br$ man1 #bed ,?re%+1 #af1 #bd1 #bgh ,tillage by ,mattock1 #bad1 #bhd1 #cac1 #caf ,tillage1 ! appliances (1 #ahj1 #aig1 #cjc ,timb]1 #ci1 #if1 #aah1 #bbg1 #cbj ,tombs on e/ates1 #da1 #aji1 #cab ,transport z an elem5t ( co/1 #cia ,transport by road or riv]1 #bfg1 #cbb ,upkeep1 importance (1 #bfb1 #cfe ,vet]9>y treatm5t1 #bbh1 #dah ,village communities1 #acd1 #bia1 #dcg-h #dfc ,v9es1 #ai1 #bd1 #dc1 #dg-h1 #ha1 #ajd1 #ajg-h1 #aaa1 #aba1 #aci1 #aeg1 #agb1 #agd1 #ahe-f1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bhc-d1 #cjc1 #cjh1 #cbj-b1 #ceb1 #djf1 #daf1 #dba1 #dbh1 #dfc ,volunt>y action1 its limits 9 anci5t _w1 #ddj-d ,w> & peace1 #fg1 #hi1 #ia1 #ie1 #ajj1 #ajb ,wayf>]s1 nuisance f1 #bfg ,wea!r-wisdom1 #ca-b ,w9e1 use (1 #ai1 #db1 #bhc1 #chh ,,ii ,,li/ ,,( ,,words ,,& ,,phrases ,a4 ,,greek 1 #aja 1 #fc1 #aag 1 #gi 1 #bj1 #ff 1 #ag1 #ef1 #fj1 #ach 1 #ci1 #aaj 1 #ajf 1 #gg 1 #ig 1 #dfc 1 #fa1 #fd1 #cgj 1 #hf1 #hi1 #ia1 #ih 1 #ajh consi/5t ) slave[n+1 #ac1 #bc1 #dj1 #dd1 #ej1 #eh-i1 #hd1 #hh1 #abc1 #acf-g1 #afe1 #bbe1 #cde1 #dci-dj & 1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #bc1 #bd1 #ce-f1 #db1 #di1 #ej1 #eh1 #fj1 #fb1 #fg1 #hb1 #id1 #ajb-c1 #ajg1 #abc1 #abh1 #aig1 #bgg1 #cjb1 #cga1 #dci foll41 #dei 1 #cjb 1 #gc-d1 #ia1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja 1 #ca 1 #djj 1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #cdg1 #cgh 1 #bg1 #cb1 #gf 1 #cf1 #cg 1 #dg1 #hh1 #ajf 1 a special class1 #bi1 #fh1 #gd1 #aja1 #bjd1 #cdg1 #cgh1 #cie1 #dja 1 1 etc41 #cc1 #cg1 #ci1 #hd1 #ij1 #aba1 #dde1 #dfb 1 #baj 1 #ajd 1 #djj 1 #hc 1 #ccg1 #cda1 #dja 1 #ig 1 #ah1 #ge 1 #fh 1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #bc 1 #bdj 1 #cd 1 #ag1 #gi1 #aaj 1 #abb 1 #bbe 1 #bbe 1 #eh 1 #ei1 #agb 1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #dfa 1 #af 1 #dfa-b 1 #ce1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abe1 #abh1 #cjd1 #dfa 1 #ai1 #bb-c 1 #aj1 #bc1 #aaf 1 #bb 1 #ajf 1 #ib1 #ajb 1 1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #ce1 #he1 #ih1 #aaj1 #add1 #adg 1 #abb 1 #baa 1 #ff1 #ie 1 #abb1 #bdj 1 #ajh 1 #ff 1 #dfc 1 #af1 #bc1 #cd1 #fd1 #ge1 #ie1 #aaj1 #cjd 1 #df1 #gh1 #he1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abe 1 #djb 1 #ajg 1 #cj1 #ci1 #fd1 #aaj1 #cda 1 1 #ag1 #ba1 #cj 1 #abi 1 #cjd 1 #dfa 1 #ajh1 #aaa 1 #aaa 1 #ajg 1 #abc 1 #cdg1 #cgh 1 #cg1 #aaf 1 #id 1 #aaj 1 #ce1 #aaf 1 #ff 1 #aaf 1 #ajh 1 #abb1 #cif 1 #aaa 1 #fh1 #ih 1 #ge1 #ie1 #cjd 1 #dg1 #hc 1 #bcg 1 #cd-e 1 #hf1 #ic 1 #ih 1 #dfc ,b4 ,,lat9 abigei1 #cgb actor1 #beh1 #bfc1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cai1 #cbd1 #cfg-h ada]atio1 #cif addic]e1 #dbd adscrib]e1 adscripticii1 #dbe adsidui1 #aj1 #aeb1 #bec adv5ae1 #dbe a$ific>e1 #bad agellus1 #bae-f1 #bai1 #bdc1 #cah1 #ccd1 #dbe agg]es publici1 #dbi agre/es1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bcj agricola1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bhd1 #cih1 #dde agri fiscales1 #cdg agri rudes1 #cdi agri vectigales1 #cgf alim5ta1 #bif foll41 #cbd alligati1 see comp$iti annon>iae regiones1 #chh annona urbis1 #chh1 #djb-c1 #dbg aqu>ii1 #bid ar>e1 arator1 #aie1 #aig-h1 #bad1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bdh1 #cjh1 #cab aridi fructus1 p>tes aridae1 #cej artes1 #ahh1 #aic artifex1 #bde as9>ius1 #agb1 #bbg atri5sis1 #bdf1 #bej1 #cai attributi1 #chj auctoritas pr9cipalis1 #cgf bubulcus1 #agb burgus1 #dbi calc>ius1 #agb canon1 #cej-a1 #cef1 #dbh capita1 #cie1 #dba capitatio1 #chf1 #cie1 #daa1 #dba1 #dbd1 #dca capitulum1 #daj capulator1 #agb casa1 #cab ca/ella1 #dac c5sitores1 #dba civilis p>s1 #dah classes1 decuriae1 #bfa col]e1 #ahd1 #bcj1 #bec1 #bfg1 #cfd coloni ,caes>is1 #bjh-i1 #bic81 #cdg1 #cee1 #ceg1 #cgg-h coloni indig5ae1 #beb1 #cdg1 #cif colonia p>ti>ia1 #baa1 #cba1 #ccb1 #cdc1 #cdg1 #cej1 #cef1 #dfc colonia1 place to :i* colonus belongs1 #beh colonia settlem5t1 (ficial s5se1 #acc1 #ada1 #aeb colonus z s]f-lab\r]1 #chc-d1 #cib1 #cid1 #dja1 #daf1 #dbd-e1 #dbi1 #dca colonus z sub-t5ant1 #aie1 #bji1 #cdc-eb1 #cee-f1 #cei1 #cgf-g colonus becom+ b\nd to ! soil1 #afa1 #bja1 #baj-b1 #beg1 #bgd1 #ccc1 #cdd-eb1 #cef1 #ceh-i1 #chc-d1 #chf-ii1 #djd1 #dae-f1 #dej colonus1 cultivator1 #acc1 #afg1 #ahc1 #aie1 #bae1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bdi1 #bfg1 #bhf1 #bic1 #cfd1 #dde colonus1 free b dep5d5t1 #afa1 #ahc1 #aie1 #bji1 #bed1 #bfd1 #cjg-h1 #cab1 #cdj1 #ceh-i1 #djd colonus imag9>ius1 #cfg colonus may sublet f>m1 #cfd colonus1 mean economic & social position (1 #aie1 #bce-f1 #bdc1 #bdf-g1 #bee1 #cjg-h1 #cfd colonus1 memb] ( a colonia1 #bic colonus orig9alis1 #dca colonus1 t5ant f>m] free 9 law & fact1 #aci1 #aeg-h1 #ahc-d1 #aid-e1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bae-f1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bcc-e1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #beb-e1 #bfg1 #bhf1 #bib1 #bie1 #cae1 #cbe1 #ccb1 #cfb-c1 #cfd1 #cff-g1 #cga-c colonus1 vet]an allottee1 #aee-f1 #bae1 #bbc1 #bdi1 #bic8 colonus1 yeoman f>m]1 #bcj comp$iti alligati v9cti1 #aff1 #agb1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bdh1 #beb1 #bfj-c1 #cjj1 #cbj1 #ccd-e compositio1 #dca conductor1 #bfd-e1 #cdc1 #cde-ea1 #cee-g1 #cei1 #cfd1 #cff1 #cgg1 #dje conductum1 #bdg conquisita1 #daa contub]nalis1 contub]nium1 #beh1 #cjj corpora1 #cif cultores1 free1 #ada1 #aih1 #cbj cura dom9i1 #beb curia1 curiales1 #cij1 #cib1 #dja-b1 #dbe cursus publicus1 #cgh1 #cia cu/odes1 #aga-b1 #caa1 #cba decem primi1 #dba decretae prov9ciae1 #djh decreta oppida1 #djh decuma1 1 #aie1 #aig1 #bjd d$iticii1 #chi1 #dbd disp5sator1 #aif divisio1 asc]ta9m5t ( %>es1 #cej dome/ici familia1 #ahe dome/ici fidei1 #dbh dom9ium1 #bdg1 #cgf1 #cic dom9us1 #aff1 #aga1 #ahd1 #bae-f1 #bai1 #bbi1 #bci1 #bdg1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bfd1 #bib1 #caa1 #cdc1 #cej1 #cef1 #cfc1 #cff1 #cfh1 #cig1 #daf1 #dai1 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#eg1 #id1 #aid2 #id1 #bbd2 pro ,clu5tio #afa1 #aia2 #afc1 #aic2 #age1 #ahb1 #aie1 #bbd2 pro ,fonteio #aa-ac1 #bgd2 pro ,mur5a #fb1 #ahg2 pro ,plancio1 #fb1 #aif2 pro ,rabirio 7p]d7 #aj-ag1 #aif2 pro ,roscio como$o #cb1 #di1 #ed1 #ahi2 pro ,sex ,roscio #ci-ea1 #adf-g1 #aic2 #abj1 #aig2 pro ,sulla #ef-i1 #bij2 pro ,tullio #g-ab1 #ba1 #ahi2 #ad-bb1 #aij2 #ag1 #aij1 #aid1 #bfd2 #h1 #aia2 pro ,v>5o fr #e1 #aia2 ,tusculan disputations ,i #cd1 #ahh2 ,,iii #gg1 #ahh2 ,v #ajd1 #ahh2 ,v #cd1 #aic ,claudian1 #dae-g ,codex ,ju/9ianus1 ,,iv #fe #f1 #cfd2 ,,iv #fa #e1 #cig2 ,,ix #ch1 #cge2 ,x #cb #db1 #djb2 ,,xi #dh #ac1 #cdj1 #dbd1 #dca2 ,,xi #ei #a1 #chg2 ,,xi #dh #b1 #d1 #cic2 ,,xi #dh #g1 #cid2 ,,xi #ej #a1 #b1 #cid2 ,,xi #ee #b1 #cig2 ,,xi #dh #a1 #cih2 ,,xi #ed1 #djj1 #dbe2 ,,xi #fd #b1 #dh #af1 #dbe2 ,,xii #cc #f1 #cif ,codex ,!odosianus1 ,,ii #d #e1 #f1 #dbd2 ,,iii #a #b1 #dbe2 ,,iv #ac #b1 #c1 #cie1 #cig2 ,v #ag1 #ah #i1 #aj ,go?(r1 #cdj2 ,v #aa #h1 #ab1 #ad #cj1 #cdi1 #ceg2 ,v #ad #cd1 #cea2 ,v #ag #i #a1 #b1 #chf1 #cic1 #dbe2 ,v #ag #b1 #djb2 ,v #ah #aj1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dca2 ,,vi #bf #ad1 #cif2 ,,vii #ac #g1 #h1 #ab1 #cie1 #cif2 ,,vii #ac #g1 #cif2 ,,vii #ah #aj1 #cif2 ,,vii #ac #c1 #dah2 ,,vii #a #ab1 #dbc2 ,,vii #bj #g1 #dbc2 ,,vii #bb1 #a #h1 #dbc2 ,,viii #e1 #cia1 #dbc2 ,,viii #b #c1 #cif2 ,,ix #cb #a1 #cge2 ,,ix #cj #c1 #dah2 ,x #c #d1 #cea2 ,x #c1 #djj2 ,x #aj #be1 #daf2 ,,xi #a #bh1 #bic2 ,,xi #a #d1 #cea1 #djd2 ,,xi #b #a-e1 #chh2 ,,xi #a #ad1 #cij1 #cic2 ,,xi #bh1 #cij1 #daj2 ,,xi #a #aa1 #ba1 #bb1 #cia2 ,,xi #af #c1 #d1 #cia1 #cih2 ,,xi #af1 #cic2 ,,xi #a #ab1 #cid2 ,,xi #c #b1 #cid2 ,,xi #g-aj1 #af #aj1 #cie2 ,,xi #aa1 #cie1 #cig2 ,,xi #h1 #cig2 ,,xi #af #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #cif1 #dad2 ,,xi #af #aj1 #ag #b-d1 #cig2 ,,xi #bd1 #djj1 #dbe2 ,,xi #bd #b1 #djb2 ,,xi #af #ae1 #daj2 ,,xi #a #cf1 #daa2 ,,xi #f1 #daa2 ,,xi #a #bf1 #c #a-e1 #dbe2 ,,xi #c #c1 #dbe2 ,,xi #a #bf1 #dbf2 ,,xii #a #de1 #bic2 ,,xii #ai1 #cdj2 ,,xii #a #abh1 #djb2 ,,xii #a #afi1 #daa2 ,,xiii #e1 #cia2 ,,xiii #aj #a1 #cia2 ,,xiii #aj #c1 #cic2 ,,xiv #d #d1 #cia2 ,,xiv #ah1 #cib2 ,,xiv #bd1 #djh2 ,,xvi #e #dh1 #cib2 ,,xvi #e #ed1 #dje ,columella1 ,i #d #b1 #aci2 ,i praef #c1 #ab1 #ac1 #bj1 #afj2 ,i #c #ab1 #afa1 #bcc2 ,i #g1 #afa1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #beb1 #cee2 ,i #i #d1 #agb1 #ahf1 #cjj2 ,i #c #f1 #g1 #bdh2 ,i praef #ab1 #ac-ae1 #bea1 #bef2 ,i #a #bj1 #bea2 ,i #c #f1 #g1 #h-ac1 #bea2 ,i #e #e1 #bec2 ,i #d #d1 #e1 #beh2 ,i #h1 #beh2 ,i #h #a-c1 #beh2 ,i #h #c1 #d1 #beh2 ,i #h #e1 #beh2 ,i #h #f1 #beh2 ,i #h #h1 #beh2 ,i #h #i1 #beh2 ,i #h #aj1 #bei2 ,i #h #aa1 #bei2 ,i #h #ab1 #bei2 ,i #h #ac1 #bei2 ,i #h #ac-d1 #bei2 ,i #h #ae1 #bfj2 ,i #h #af1 #bfj2 ,i #h #ag-h1 #bfj2 ,i #h #ai1 #bfj2 ,i #i #a-f1 #bfa2 ,i #i #g1 #h1 #bfa2 ,i #d #g1 #bfb2 ,i #f #c1 #bfb2 ,i #c #ab1 #bfc2 ,i #f #ai1 #bfc2 ,i #h #e1 #g #g1 #bfc2 ,i #f #g1 #bfd2 ,i #f #bc1 #bfd2 ,i praef #a1 #b1 #bfe2 ,i #c #i1 #bfe2 ,i praef #ab1 #bfg2 ,i praef #ag1 #bfg2 ,i #b #c1 #bfg2 ,i #c #c1 #d1 #bfg2 ,i #d #d1 #bfg2 ,i #e #f1 #g1 #bfg2 ,i #f #i-ag1 #bfg2 ,i #f #g1 #h1 #cee2 ,,ii #b #ab1 #bef2 ,,ii #a1 #bfe2 ,,ii #i #ad1 #af1 #bff2 ,,ii #f #b1 #i #ac1 #bfg2 ,,ii #ac #g1 #bfg2 ,,ii #bj #f1 #bfg2 ,,ii #ba #aj1 #bfg2 ,,iii #c #aa1 #bje1 #ceh2 ,,iii #ba #aj1 #bef1 #bfe2 ,,iii #ac #ab1 #ac1 #bfd2 ,,iii #c #d1 #bfe2 ,,iii #c #h1 #bfe2 ,,iv #f #c1 #bef2 ,,iv #c #a1 #bfb2 ,,iv #c #f1 #bfe2 ,,vi praef #c-e1 #aed1 #afe1 #bff2 ,,vi praef #a1 #b1 #ahd2 ,,vi praef #g1 #bbi2 ,,vi #b #ae1 #c #c1 #bfa2 ,,vi praef #d1 #bfc2 ,,viii #aa #b1 #ab1 #ae #g1 #bfb2 ,,viii #b #g1 #bfc2 ,,viii #aj #c1 #d1 #bff2 ,,xi #a #ah1 #afa1 #bfb2 ,,xi #a1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #c1 #d1 #g1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #i-ac1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #ac1 #ai1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #bj-a1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #ba1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #bb-c1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #bc1 #beh2 ,,xi #a #d foll1 #bei1 #bfj2 ,,xi #a #bc1 #bei2 ,,xi #a #bd1 #bei2 ,,xi #a #be-f1 #bei2 ,,xi #a #bg-cj1 #bei2 ,,xi #a #bb1 #bfj2 ,,xi #a #h1 #i1 #bfa2 ,,xi #a #bb1 #bfb2 ,,xi #a #ab1 #bfg2 ,,xii praef #h-aj1 #afj1 #bea2 ,,xii #a #f1 #c #g1 #h1 #afa2 ,,xii #a #a1 #b1 #beh2 ,,xii #a #f1 #c #g1 #h1 #bfb2 ,,xii #c1 praef #i1 #bfb2 ,,xii #c #f1 #bfc ,de9>*us1 p #ii1 #if ,demo/h5es 7cit$ by m>g9al pages7 ,&rotion #fac1 #ajg2 ,aphobus #haf1 #ajf2 ,ari/ocrates #ffh1 #ajh2 ,callicles #abgd etc1 #ajh2 ,cr[n #bci1 #ajf2 #bdb1 #aji2 #cad1 #aaa2 ,embassy #cgf1 #chf1 #dbf1 #ddb1 #ajf2 #cgf1 #ajg2 #dja-b1 #aab2 ,eubulides #acai1 #aji2 #acah1 #aaa2 #acac1 #aaa2 ,eu]gus & ,mnesibulus #aaee etc1 #aji2 ,= ,phormio #ide1 #ajf2 ,lacritus #icc1 #ajg2 ,lept9es #dff-g1 #ajd2 ,midias #efh1 #ajg2 #ecj etc1 #aab2 ,nausima*us #ihf1 #ajf2 ,nico/ratus #abec etc1 #ajh2 ,olyn?iacs #ag1 #ajd1 #aaa2 ,panta5etus #igi1 #ajh2 ,pha5ippus #ajdj-a1 #ajf1 #aaa2 #ajdd-e1 #aaa2 ,polycles #abjg-h1 #aje2 ,timo!us #aahg1 #aji2 #aaii etc1 #aaj ,dige/1 ,i #ai #c1 #cdg1 #ceg2 ,i #e #ag1 #chi2 ,,ii #ad #db1 #cej1 #cgh2 ,,vi #c #a1 #b1 #c1 #cgf2 ,,vii #h #aj1 #aa1 #cfc2 ,,vii #a #da1 #cfe2 ,,vii #a #ac1 #cff2 ,,vii #a #ac1 #cff2 ,,vii #d #h1 #aj1 #cff2 ,,vii #a #be1 #bf1 #cgj2 ,,vii #g #c1 #cgj2 ,,vii #a #bg1 #cgd2 ,,viii #f #g1 #bic2 ,,viii #f #bj1 #cga2 ,,viii #c1 #cgc2 ,,ix #b #bg1 #cfc2 ,,ix #b #bg11 #cfh2 ,,xi #d #a1 #cge2 ,,xii #a #d1 #cba2 ,,xii #b #bh1 #cfd1 #cff2 ,,xii #f #ee1 #cgj2 ,,xiii #g #be1 #cfe2 ,,xiii #d #c1 #cge2 ,,xv #c #af1 #cfh1 #dej2 ,,xvii #b #df1 #cfc2 ,,xviii #a #ce1 #cgb2 ,,xix #b #bd1 #beb2 ,,xix #b #bd1 #be1 #bed2 ,,xix #b #bd1 #cba2 ,,xix #b #c1 #cdd2 ,,xix #b #ai1 #cdd1 #cfd1 #cfe2 ,,xix #b #ae1 #bd1 #be1 #ea1 #ed1 #cea1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #ae1 #be1 #cef2 ,,xix #b #ae111 #be1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #ed1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #i11 #bc1 #ea1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #eb1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #ae1 #bd1 #be1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #ae11 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #be1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #fj1 #cfc2 ,,xix #b #bd1 #cfd2 ,,xix #b #ed1 #cfd2 ,,xix #b #ac1 #ad1 #cfd2 ,,xix #b #c1 #ed1 #cfd2 ,,xix #b #be1 #cfd2 ,,xix #b #ai1 #be1 #cfe2 ,,xix #b #ae1 #cfe2 ,,xix #b #b1 #cfe2 ,,xix #b #be1 #bi1 #cff2 ,,xix #b #ee1 #fa1 #cff2 ,,xix #a #di1 #cfg2 ,,xix #b #cj1 #cfh2 ,,xix #b #fj1 #cgj2 ,,xix #b #be1 #cgb2 ,,xix #b #i1 #ae1 #cgd2 ,,xix #b #ae1 #cgd2 ,,xix #a #ac1 #b #ec1 #cgf2 ,,xix #b #di1 #cgg2 ,,xix #a #ac1 #chb2 ,,xix #b #ac1 #ae1 #dje2 ,,xx #b #d1 #g1 #cbj2 ,,xx #a #ba1 #cfc2 ,,xx #f #ad1 #cfc2 ,,xx #a #cb1 #cfg2 ,,xxi #a #cb1 #cfh2 ,,xxvii #i #ac1 #cfe2 ,,xxviii #e #ce1 #cfh2 ,,xxx #aab1 #cfj2 ,,xxx #ci1 #cgg2 ,,xxxi #hf1 #bef1 #cfe2 ,,xxxii #a #ii1 #cjg1 #cfi1 #dce2 ,,xxxii #ia1 #cdd1 #cff2 ,,xxxii #ia1 #ic1 #aja1 #cfd2 ,,xxxii #da1 #cfg2 ,,xxxii #fj1 #fh1 #cfh2 ,,xxxii #da1 #ia11 #cfh2 ,,xxxii #ia1 #ig1 #cfh2 ,,xxxii #ig1 #cfi2 ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #bej2 ,,xxxiii #g #be1 #bed1 #cfi2 ,,xxxiii #g #ai1 #bee2 ,,xxxiii #g #ah1 #bj1 #beg1 #cfe1 #cfg1 #cga2 ,,xxxiii #g #h1 #bfa2 ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #bj11 #bii1 #cfi2 ,,xxxiii #g #ab11 #cjj2 ,,xxxiii #g #bj1 #cjj2 ,,xxxiii #g #ab11 #cjg1 #cfi2 ,,xxxiii #g #ae1 #caa2 ,,xxxiii #g1 #cdd2 ,,xxxiii #d #a1 #cfc2 ,,xxxiii #g #d1 #ae1 #ah1 #bj1 #cfd2 ,,xxxiii #g #bd1 #cfe2 ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #h #bc1 #cfh1 #dej2 ,,xxxiii #g #ab1 #bj11 #bb1 #cfh2 ,,xxxiii #g #bj1 #cfh2 ,,xxxiii #h #f1 #h1 #cfi2 ,,xxxiii #b #bh1 #chb2 ,,xxxiii #g #be1 #dce2 ,,xxxiv #c #af1 #ah1 #cfd2 ,,xxxiv #d #ca1 #cfg2 ,,xxxiv #a #ah1 #c #ab1 #cfh2 ,,xxxix #d #ab1 #afj2 ,,xxxix #f #c1 #ccj2 ,,xxxix #c #d11 #e1 #cff2 ,,xxxix #d #aa11 #cgf2 ,,xl #g #dj1 #bii1 #cfd2 ,,xl #g #dj1 #cfg2 ,,xl #g #dj111 #cfh2 ,,xl #g #ad1 #cga2 ,,xli #c #cc1 #cej1 #cgc2 ,,xli #b #cj1 #cfd2 ,,xli #a #dd1 #cgb2 ,,xli #b #c11 #be1 #cgc2 ,,xli #a #g1 #cgd2 ,,xliii #bd #ae1 #bfd2 ,,xliii #bj #b1 #e1 #bic2 ,,xliii #bj #a1 #bid2 ,,xliii #cb1 #cc1 #cfc2 ,,xliii #af #bj1 #cfd2 ,,xliii #bd #ac1 #cff2 ,,xliii #af #a1 #bd #c1 #cga2 ,,xliii #bd #e1 #cga2 ,,xliii #af1 #cgc2 ,,xliii #i #a1 #cgf2 ,,xliii #h #b1 #cgg2 ,,xliv #g #cd1 #cfc2 ,,xlv #a #hi1 #cfc2 ,,xlv #c #ah1 #cga2 ,,xlvii #ab1 #cab2 ,,xlvii #b #eb1 #fb1 #hc1 #aj #e1 #cfc2 ,,xlvii #b #fh1 #cfc2 ,,xlvii #b #bf1 #cfe1 #cfg2 ,,xlvii #b #bf1 #fb1 #g #i1 #cff2 ,,xlvii #ad1 #cgb2 ,,xlvii #ba #b1 #cgb2 ,,xlvii #i #c1 #af1 #cge2 ,,xlvii #aa #i1 #aj1 #cge2 ,,xlviii #ai #af1 #cgb2 ,,xlviii #bb #a1 #cgh2 ,,xlix #ad #dg1 #cdg1 #cgg2 ,,xlix #ad #ej1 #cej1 #cfc2 ,,xlix #af #e1 #cgb2 ,,xlix #ad #c1 #cgf2 ,,xlix #ad1 #cgh2 ,,xlix #ad #c1 #cgh2 ,,xlix #ad #dg1 #ej1 #cgh2 ,l #f #f1 #cdg1 #cgg2 ,l #ae #d1 #cfj2 ,l #af #aih1 #cff2 ,l #aa #b1 #cge2 ,l #h #b1 #cgf2 ,l #af #bai1 #cgf2 ,l #a #ch1 #cgg2 ,l #d #d1 #cgg1 #dea2 ,l #e #aj1 #aa1 #cgh2 ,l #e #a1 #cib2 ,l #ae #c1 #d1 #dbj2 ,l #a #ch1 #b #a1 #d #ad1 #dea ,diodorus1 ,i #bh1 #gc-d1 #bi2 ,,ii #ci1 #abc2 ,,ii #dj-a1 #baj2 ,v #ch #a1 #b2 ,,xviii #ah1 #abj2 ,,xviii #gj #a1 #abi2 ,,xx #hd1 #ajj1 #abb2 ,,xxxiv #b #bf1 #afb2 ,,xxxiv #b #dh1 #aih2 ,,xxxvi #afb2 ,,xxxvi #e #f1 #aih ,dion ,cassius1 ,fragm #dj #bg1 #aci2 ,,xliii #d #b1 #bge2 ,,xlviii #f #c1 #bdj2 ,,lii #bg-h1 #bbe2 ,,lxxvi #aj1 #cdb2 ,,lxxvii #i #e1 #chi ,dion ,*ryso/om1 orat ,,vii #cjj-c2 ,x #cjb2 ,,xiv #cjb2 ,,xv #ae1 #cjb ,dionysius1 ,rom ,ant ,i #cf-g1 #bcb2 ,,ii #bh1 cf #h1 #i1 #baj2 ,,iii #ca1 #add2 ,,iv #i1 #ac1 #add2 ,,vi #c1 #acf2 ,,vi #gi1 #add2 ,x #h1 #ag1 #ace2 ,,xvii ,,xviii #d1 #adg2 ,,xix #ae1 #ach ,euripides ,alce/is #b1 #f1 #ce2 ,cyclops #gf foll1 #bc-d1 #ce2 ,electra #cg-h1 #cge-f1 #cc2 #ce-i1 #gc-d1 #ge-f1 #gh-ha1 #bjc-d1 #beb1 #ce2 #cfj1 #cid1 #cf2 ,h]aclidae #fci1 #ghh-i1 #hij1 #cg2 ,h]c ,fur #acda-f1 #ce2 ,ore/es #iah-bj1 #cf1 #ajb2 ,pho5issae #dje1 #cc2 ,rhesus #gd-e1 #agf1 #cg2 ,suppl #hgj1 #cj2 #dbj-b1 #cf2 fragm5ts #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg ,fe/us1 p #cjf 7,l9dsay71 #acg ,florus1 ,,ii #g #c1 #bjg ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 7,,fhg71 #aba ,front9us1 de aquis passim1 #bid-f ,fronto 7,nab]71 p #bi1 #bhd2 #afi1 #cbc2 #add1 #cbg2 #ce1 #ccj ,gellius1 ,,ii #ah1 #cbg2 ,,iii #c1 #cbg2 ,v #c1 #cbg2 ,,xv #d1 #cbg2 ,,xx #a #dg1 #dce ,h]odian1 ,,ii #d #f1 #ccg2 ,,vii #d #c-f1 #cda ,h]odotus1 ,,ii #ada1 #afd-g1 #afh1 #bh1 #bi1 #baj2 ,,iv #gb1 #cj2 ,,iv #acg1 #cj2 ,,vi #acg1 #cj2 ,,vii #ajb1 #bi2 ,,viii #bf1 #aje-f1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,viii #fh1 #bh2 ,,viii #ea1 #bi2 ,,viii #acg1 #bi2 ,,viii #adb1 #cj2 ,,viii #d1 #da1 #dd1 #ajf1 #cj2 ,,ix #aa1 #ec1 #ee1 #bh ,hesiod1 ,works1 #bb-d ,hipponax1 #be ,hi/oria ,augu/a ,alex&] #ee #b1 #c1 #cch2 ,anton9us ,pius #ab #c1 #cgh2 ,aurelian #dh #b1 #ccg2 #ci #g1 #cch2 ,claudius 7,go?icus7 #i #d1 #e1 #ccg2 ,commodus #ag #g1 #h1 #cdg2 ,galli5us #i #e1 #cch2 ,hadrian #ah1 #afj1 #bcc2 #g #e1 #cgh2 #bb #f1 #dah2 ,m ,aurelius #aa #g1 #bgc2 #ba #f1 #g1 #cbd2 ,maxim9 #ac #d1 #ad #a1 #cda2 ,probus #af #f1 #ccg2 #ah #a1 #b1 #cch2 ,sev]us #ad #b1 #cgh ,hom]ic ,poems ,iliad #af-ag2 ,odyssey #ag-bb ,horace ,epi/les ,i #ab1 #bjg2 ,i #ad1 #bae2 ,i #g1 #bcd2 ,i #ae1 #de-f1 #bce2 ,i #ad1 #ci1 #bcf2 ,i #af1 #fi-gb1 #bcf2 ,i #a1 #ba1 #bed2 ,i #ah1 #cf1 #bie2 ,,ii #a1 #aci-dj1 #bac2 ,,ii #b1 #agg-h1 #bad2 ,,ii #b1 #ahd-f1 #bcf2 ,epodes ,,ii #c1 #bad2 ,,ii #ci foll1 #bad2 ,,ii #bcj2 ,,iv #bja1 #bcf2 ,,iv #ac1 #bad2 ,odes ,i #ab1 #bac2 ,i #a1 #bad2 ,i #ce1 #bad2 ,i #a1 #bae2 ,,ii #ae1 #bjj1 #bac2 ,,ii #ae1 #ah1 #bac2 ,,ii #c1 #bad2 ,,ii #ad1 #bad2 ,,ii #af1 #bad2 ,,iii #f1 #bjj1 #bac2 ,,iii #a1 #d1 #e1 #af1 #bad2 ,,iii #af1 #bad2 ,,iii #b1 #bae2 ,,iii #d1 #cg-h1 #bae1 #bcf2 ,,iii #ah1 #bbg2 ,,iv #e1 #ae1 #bjj1 #bcb2 ,satires ,i #e #gg foll1 #bad2 ,i #c1 #ii foll1 #bcf2 ,i #a1 #bh1 #cb1 #bcg2 ,,ii #f1 #f-ae1 #bac2 ,,ii #g1 #bc1 #bac2 ,,ii #b1 #aae1 #bad1 #bce2 ,,ii #f1 #ee-f1 #bae1 #bcf2 ,,ii #b1 #bcd2 ,,ii #f1 #bce2 ,,ii #g1 #aah1 #bce ,hybrias1 #be ,hyp]ides1 fragm #aji1 #aaa ,inscriptions ,,cil ,i #ajcd1 #ajgf1 #achf1 #acg2 ,i #eea1 #aia2 ,,viii #aeded1 #bge2 ,,viii #ahehg1 #bic2 ,,viii #addbh1 #cdh2 ,,viii #hdbe1 #hdbf1 #hgjb1 #hggg1 #ceg2 ,bruns fontes #adc1 #age2 ,collitz #abf2 ,dessau #ghbb-c1 #acg2 #accd1 #bge2 #fgij1 #bge2 ,ditt5b]g] #abf1 #cdc1 #cgd2 ,g5]al ref]5ce #cab2 ,gir>d1 ,textes ed #d1 #bgb1 #cdc1 #chi2 ,momms5 #cgd2 monum5tum ,ancyranum #agg1 #bcg2 ,wilmanns #aia1 #bif1 #djh2 ,wordswor?1 specim5s #adc1 #age1 #aia ,isaeus 7cit$ by spee*es & sections71 ,v #ci1 #he2 ,,vi #ai-bb1 #hb2 ,,vi #cc1 #hd2 ,,viii #db1 p #gc1 #dg1 #hc2 ,,viii #ce1 #hb2 ,,xi #da-d1 #hb2 fragm5t #hd ,isocrates 7cit$ by m>g9al pages 9 ,bait] & ,sauppe7 ,ar*idamus passim #hd2 ,areopagiticus #aej1 #hb2 #adh1 #hc2 #aej-a1 #aef1 #hc2 ,busiris #bbd-e1 #bi1 #gb2 de bigis #cdi1 #ha2 de pace #agc1 #ahe1 #gj2 #agj1 #ga2 #agh-hj1 #gb2 #ahc1 #hb2 #afd1 #hc2 #agg1 #hc1 #hd2 ,hel5 #bah1 #gb2 ,pana!naicus #bga1 #ge2 #bgj1 #hb2 #bce1 #bda1 #hc2 ,panegyricus1 #df1 #ha2 #dg-h1 #hc2 #fg-h1 #hc2 #ej1 #aac2 ,philippus #ia-b1 #hb2 ,plataicus #cjf1 #he2 ,trapeziticus #cgj1 #ha ,it9]>ies1 #bic ,julian1 orat ,,vii #dai ,juri/s 7sep>ately cit$7 ,gaius ,i #db-g1 #ccc2 ,,ii #g1 #ba1 #bic1 #cea2 ,,iii #ade1 #bee1 #cgf2 ,,iii #adb1 #cfe2 ,paulus s5t ,i #f a #e1 #cge2 ,,iii #f #ch1 #dj1 #cjj2 ,v #c #d1 #cge2 ,fragm5tum ,vaticanum #ac1 #cfg ,juv5al1 ,i #ajg-h1 #ei1 #cae2 ,i #ge1 #cff2 ,,ii #gc-d1 #cac2 ,,iii #eh foll1 #bga2 ,,iii #bbc-i1 #cac1 #caf2 ,,iv #be-f1 #cjg2 ,,vi #a-ah1 #cac2 ,,vi #bhg-ie1 #cac2 ,,vi #adi-eb1 #cae2 ,,vii #ahh-i1 #cad2 ,,vii #adh-i1 #cbh2 ,,viii #bde foll1 #cac2 ,,ix #ee1 #bdi2 ,,ix #ed-e1 #cad2 ,,ix #ei-fb1 #cad1 #cae2 ,x #bfh-gj1 #afg2 ,x #cef-ff1 #cad1 #caf2 ,x #bbe-f1 #cae2 ,x #ai-bb1 #cbc2 ,,xi #gj-a1 #cji2 ,,xi #hf-i1 #cac2 ,,xi #gg-aca1 #cac2 ,,xi #aea foll1 #cae2 ,,xi #gg-ha1 #cag2 ,,xiv #bfg-cjb1 #cji2 ,,xiv #afa-ga1 #cab2 ,,xiv #gj-b1 #cac2 ,,xiv #aei-fc1 #cac2 ,,xiv #agi-ha1 #cac2 ,,xiv #hf-ie1 #adj foll1 #bgd-e1 #cae2 ,,xiv #adj-ee1 #cae2 ,,xiv #bd1 #ccd2 ,,xv #adg-eh1 #cac2 ,,xvi #cb-d1 #cac2 ,,xvi #cf-i1 #cae ,lactantius1 de mort p]secutorum #bc #e1 #chi2 #g #c1 #cic2 #bb-c1 #dbj ,libanius1 ,,xxiv #af1 #cie2 ,,xlvii passim #djj-b2 ,l #cf1 #djj ,livy1 ,,ii #bc etc1 #acc2 ,,ii #bb #e-g1 #acg2 ,,iii #ac #h-aj1 #ace2 ,,iii #bf1 #ace2 ,,iii #bg #a1 #ace2 ,,vi #ab #e1 #adg1 #aef2 ,,vi #ab1 #bci2 ,,vii #d1 #e1 #ade2 ,,vii #be #h1 #adg1 #aef2 ,,vii #be1 #bci2 ,,viii #bj #d1 #add2 ,,ix #dd1 #adg2 ,x #d #i1 #bh2 ,x #cf #ag1 #acf2 ,x #bf #ae1 #cb #a1 #cg1 #df #af1 #adg2 ,,xi epit1 #adh2 ,,xviii epit1 #aci2 ,,xxi #fc #c1 #d1 #adb2 ,,xxii #eg #aa1 #adb2 ,,xxiii #cb #ae1 #ada2 ,,xxiii #di #a-d1 #adb2 ,,xxiv #ah #aa1 #adb2 ,,xxv #a #d1 #ada2 ,,xxv #a #d1 #c #h-d #aa1 #adb2 ,,xxvi #ce #e1 #ada2 ,,xxvi #cf1 #adb2 ,,xxviii #aa #i1 #ada2 ,,xxix #af #a-c1 #adc2 ,,xxxi #ac1 #adc2 ,,xxxiii #db #c1 #adc2 ,,xxxiii #cf #a1 #afb2 ,,xxxiv #ea #d-f1 #abg2 ,,xxxiv #ej1 #abi2 ,,xxxix #bi #h1 #i1 #da #f1 #afb2 ,,xlv #ah #c1 #bjg ,lucan1 ,i #aeh-hb1 #bdh2 ,,ii #ie1 #ccd2 ,,vi #aeb1 #bdi2 ,,vii #djb1 #bbg2 ,,vii #chg-dci1 #bdh ,lucian1 ,timon #g1 #h1 #fd ,lucretius1 ,,iii #ajec-ge1 #bja ,lycurgus1 p #aea1 #ajd ,lysias1 ,or ,,xxii #ha2 p #ib1 #hb2 pp #ajh-i1 #hb1 #hd ,macrobius1 7sat7 ,i #aa #bb1 #bdj ,m>tial1 ,i #ee1 #cjf1 #cab2 ,i #he1 #cab2 ,i #aja1 #cah2 ,,ii #aa1 #cjg2 ,,iii #dg1 #cjf1 #cji2 ,,iii #eh1 #cji2 ,,iii #df1 #cag2 ,,iv #ff1 #cjg2 ,v #d1 #bcb2 ,v #ce1 #cji2 ,,vi #gc1 #cjh2 ,,vi #bi1 #cah2 ,,vii #ca1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cji2 ,,vii #hj1 #caj2 ,,vii #cf1 #cab2 ,,viii #fa1 #cjf2 ,,ix #ah1 #ig1 #cjf2 ,,ix #b1 #cjh2 ,,ix #ce1 #cji2 ,,ix #ib1 #cag2 ,x #dh1 #cjf1 #cab2 ,x #hg1 #cjg2 ,x #ib1 #cjh2 ,x #ad1 #cji2 ,x #cj1 #caa2 ,x #fa1 #cab2 ,x #he1 #cab2 ,x #ib1 #cab2 ,x #dg1 #cag2 ,,xi #gj1 #aeh1 #afg2 ,,xi #cd1 #cab2 ,,xi #dh1 #cab2 ,,xii #gb1 #cjf2 ,,xii #ei1 #cjg2 ,,xii #eg1 #cjh2 ,,xiv #di1 #cag ,m5&]1 #fc-d1 #abd ,musonius 79 ,/obaeus71 #bgg ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s ,matt #ba #bh-cj1 #cjc2 #ba #cc-da1 #cjc2 #bj #a-af1 #cjd2 #f #ab1 #cje2 #be #ad-cj1 #cje2 ,m> #ab #a-i1 #cjc2 ,luk #bj #i-af1 #cjc2 #ab #af-i1 #cjd2 #ab #db-h1 #cjd2 #af #a-ab1 #cjd2 #g #da1 #af #e1 #cje2 #ai #ab-bf1 #cje2 ,acts #a #ah1 #d #cd-g1 #cje2 ,rom #d #d1 #cjd2 ,i ,cor #i #g-aj1 #cjc2 #d #b1 #cjd2 ,ephes #f #e foll1 #cbc2 ,coloss #c #bb foll1 #cbc2 ,i ,tim #e #ah1 #cjc2 ,,ii ,tim #b #f1 #cjc2 ,i ,pet #b #ah foll1 #cbc2 ,james #e #d1 #cjd ,nonius1 p #ff ,mll]1 #agc ,! #8,old ,olig>*'1 #a #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ch2 #a #ag1 #ai1 #ci2 #b #ad1 #ci ,ovid fa/i ,i #bjg1 ,,iii #ggi-hb1 ,,iv #fic-d1 #bah2 metam ,i #ace-f1 #bah ,palladius1 ,i #h1 #aa1 #bd1 #cc1 #cff2 ,,vii #b1 #cih ,panegyrici ,lat9i1 ,v #ah1 #cch2 ,,viii #aa1 #cij ,pausanias1 ,,viii #bd #ac1 ,x #bd #a1 #bgh ,p]sius1 ,,iv #bf1 #bdi ,petronius1 #cg1 #ec1 #bdi2 #gg1 #bea ,pha$rus1 ,,iv #e1 ,,ii #h1 #bdc ,phocylides1 #be ,plato 7cit$ by m>g9al pages7 ,laws #fcj b1 #ga2 #fig e1 #ga2 #hej1 #ga2 #gcf c1 #gb2 #icf c1 #gb2 #gdd e1 #gb1 #gf2 #gda1 #gc2 #gcg foll1 #gf2 #ged1 #gf2 #gef1 #gf2 #iai d1 #gf2 #ibb a-#ibd a1 #gf2 #gje1 #gg2 #gbj1 #gg1 #gi2 #gdb1 #gg1 #gh2 #gde c-e1 #gg2 #gfj e1 #gg2 #gfc a1 #gg2 #ggg c1 #gg2 #ggg d-#ggh a1 #gg2 #gic e1 #gg2 #hjf d1 #gg2 #hcb d1 #gg2 #hch d1 #gg2 #hdb c-e1 #gg2 #hdf d-#hdg b1 #gg2 #hfe c1 d1 #gg2 #icf c-e1 #gg2 #fij b1 #gh2 #ggf-g1 #gh2 #gdg c1 #gi2 #gfb e1 #gi2 #hbc1 #gi2 #hdj e1 #gi2 #hhf a1 #gi2 #hhg e1 #gi2 #iad-e1 #hj2 #icb d1 #hj2 #ggg d1 #afb2 ,m5ex5us #bcg e1 #ha2 ,politicus #bic-g1 #gf2 #bfb d1 #gh2 #bhi-ij1 #gh2 ,republic #efe a1 b1 #ga1 #gb1 #gf1 #ajb2 #dba e1 #gb2 #daf d1 e1 #gc2 #dag1 #gc2 #dba d1 #gc2 #dfd c1 #gc2 #dfi-ga1 #gc2 #die d1 #gc2 #ebb b1 #gc2 #edj e-#eda a1 #gc2 #edc b1 #gc2 #eij c1 #gc2 #cgd c1 d1 #gd2 #dcc-d1 #gd2 #dfh a1 #gd2 #cfi b-#cgc c1 #ge2 #dfc b1 #ge2 #edg b foll1 #gf2 #eej-b1 #gf2 #djf1 #gg2 #cga1 #gh1 #cge2 #egh-i1 #gh2 #cdd b1 #gi2 #dbc b1 #dce e-#dcf a1 #gi2 #edd d1 #gi2 #deb c1 #gi2 #dfg a1 #gi2 #die e1 #hj2 ,timaeus #bd1 #bi ,plautus ,cas9a #ig foll1 #abd2 ,m]cator #fe foll1 #abd2 passim1 #abd2 ,mo/ell>ia #a-hc1 #abd2 ,po5ulus #agj-a1 #abd2 #idd-e1 #abd2 ,/i*us1 title1 #acg2 ,tr9ummus #ejh-fa1 #abe2 ,vidul>ia #ba-ee1 #abe2 #ca-b1 #abe ,pl9y 7eld]7 nat hi/ ,,viii #ahj1 #bbi1 #bhb1 #bhf2 ,,xiv #dh-ej1 #afj1 #bfe1 #bhd2 ,,xviii #bj1 #ace2 ,,xviii #bg-h1 #aci1 #bhb2 ,,xviii #ci1 #adj2 ,,xviii #ce1 #aea1 #afh1 #bha1 #bhb1 #cji2 ,,xviii #bi1 #cj1 #aed1 #afe2 ,,xviii #da-c1 #afj2 ,,xviii #bgc-d1 #afj1 #bhd2 ,,xviii #cb1 #aff1 #bhb2 ,,xviii #a-e1 #bha2 ,,xviii #g1 #ah1 #bj1 #bha2 ,,xviii #ai1 #ba1 #cf1 #bha2 ,,xviii #cg-h1 #bhb2 ,,xviii #aa1 #bf1 #bhc1 #bhf2 ,,xviii #ab1 #bhc2 ,,xviii #ae foll1 #ag1 #bhc2 ,,xviii #bd1 #bhc2 ,,xviii #agd1 #bhd2 ,,xviii #agh1 #bhd2 ,,xviii #cf1 #bhe2 ,,xviii #ch1 #bhf2 ,,xviii #abj1 #bhf2 ,,xviii #afg1 #bhf2 ,,xviii #agj1 #bhf2 ,,xviii #gj1 #bhg2 ,,xviii #bei1 #bia2 ,,xviii #bif1 #cih2 ,,xix #ej-a1 #bca1 #bhc2 ,,xix #fj1 #bhb2 ,,xxxiii #bf-g1 #bhe2 ,,xxxvii #bja-c1 #bci1 #bhe ,pl9y 7y\ng]7 epi/les ,i #bd1 #bag2 ,i #f1 #dje2 ,,ii #d #c1 #cbj2 ,,iii #ai #e1 #afi2 ,,iii #ai #g1 #bbj2 ,,iii #ai1 #bcc1 #cai2 ,,iii #ai #b1 #bea1 #bfd2 ,,iii #ai #f1 #bee2 ,,iii #aa1 #bgf2 ,,iii #ai #g1 #cdd2 ,,iv #aj1 #cah2 ,,iv #f1 #cbj2 ,v #ad #h1 #cbj2 ,v #f #ab1 #cbb2 ,v #f #df #dje2 ,,vi #ai1 #bgd1 #cai2 ,,vi #c1 #cah2 ,,vi #be1 #cbb2 ,,vii #ah1 #bif1 #cbd2 ,,vii #aa1 #ad1 #cah2 ,,vii #af1 #cb1 #cah2 ,,vii #cj #c1 #cbj2 ,,viii #ag1 #cab2 ,,viii #af1 #cah2 ,,viii #ae1 #cbj2 ,,viii #b1 #cbb2 ,,viii #ag1 #cbb2 ,,ix #cg1 #bcc1 #cai2 ,,ix #bh1 #cbj2 ,,ix #cf #f1 #cbj2 ,,ix #cg #b1 #cbj1 #cba2 ,,ix #af1 #cba2 ,,ix #bj #b1 #cba2 ,,ix #cg1 #cba2 ,,ix #cg #c1 #cfe2 ,x #h #e1 #cbj1 #cba2 ,x #bi1 #cj1 #cbd2 ,x #hf ,b1 #cac2 ,panegyricus #db1 #bdd2 #bf-h1 #bgc2 #cf1 #cai2 #bi1 #chb ,plut>* apoph!gmata #abg2 ,aratus #ad1 #be1 #bg1 #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 #aab2 #bd1 #aag2 #e-h1 #abh2 #i1 #ab1 #ad1 #abh2 ,cato maior #bg1 #afd2 #bc1 #afd2 #d1 #afe1 #afi2 #c-e1 #bj-a1 #afe2 #bd1 #afg1 #bdc2 #e1 #afg2 #ba1 #afh1 #afi2 #be1 #afi2 #bj1 #afi2 ,c ,grac*us #g1 #bfg2 ,cleom5es #ah1 #abj2 de defectu oraculorum #h1 #cjj2 de g>rulitate #ah1 #aag2 ,dion #bg1 #cg1 #dh1 #abh2 ,flam99us #ac1 #abi2 ,philopoem5 #g1 #ae1 #aab2 #h1 #aag2 #ac1 #abj2 #c1 #d1 #abh2 ,phocion #bh1 #abj2 ,timoleon #bc1 #cf1 #abh ,polybius1 ,i #ca #d1 #adj2 ,,ii #fb1 #abj1 #abb2 ,,iv #fc1 #aah2 ,,iv #ff1 #aah2 ,,iv #ge1 #aah1 #abb2 ,,iv #gc1 #abj1 #abb2 ,,iv #c1 #aba2 ,,iv #bj1 #ba1 #abb2 ,,iv #ch1 #abb2 ,v #a1 #c1 #ai1 #aah2 ,v #hi1 #aah2 ,,ix #ag1 #aba2 ,x #db1 #aah2 ,,xii #f1 #abc2 ,,xvi #bd1 #aah2 ,,xviii #bj1 #aah2 ,,xx #f1 #aba2 ,,xxi #f1 #aah2 ,,xxi #cd1 #cf1 #dc1 #de1 #aah2 ,,xxiii #a #aa1 #abb2 ,,xxv #d1 #aah2 ,,xxviii #b1 #aah2 ,,xxxii #ac #aj1 #aa1 #afi2 ,,xxxix #h #a-e1 #abi ,qu9tilian1 ,i #d #bf1 #acg2 ,,vi #c #bj1 #bbi2 ,x #a #df-aca1 #bfh ,rutilius1 de r$itu ,i #bad1 #ccb2 ,i #ebg1 #fae1 #dab ,sallu/ ,catil #d #a1 #ab1 #adf1 #aii2 #dd #e1 #f1 #ef #e1 #afb2 #cg #g1 #aii2 ,iug #da #h1 #add1 #bdh2 #gc #f1 #age1 #aii2 #ba1 #bf1 #dg1 #bgd2 hi/ fragm #acg ,salvian1 de gub]natione ,dei ,v #cd-ej1 #dbd2 ,v #ah1 #dbe ,s*olia1 #bch ,s5eca 7eld]71 controv]s ,,ii #a #e1 #bf1 #bdb2 ,v #e1 #bdb2 ,,vi #b1 #bdb2 ,,vii #f #ag1 #afg1 #bdc2 ,,vii #f #ah1 #bdb2 ,x #d #ah1 #afj1 #bcb1 #bdc ,s5eca 7y\ng]7 ad ,helviam #ab #e1 #aci2 #g #g1 #bgj1 #cdi2 #f #b1 #c1 #bga2 de b5eficiis ,,iii #bb #a1 #bde2 ,,iii #bf1 #bdd2 ,v #ah #b1 #ai #a1 #bdd2 ,v #ai #i1 #bde2 ,,vi #d #d1 #bdf2 ,,vii #d #d1 #bdd2 ,,vii #e #b1 #c1 #bdg2 de clem5tia ,i #ah1 #bdd2 de con/antia #e #a1 #bde2 de ira ,,iii #bi #a1 #bdh2 de vita beata #ag #b1 #bdi2 ,epi/les #hg #g1 #hi #bj1 #bjg1 #bdh2 #dg #ad1 #hf #ad1 #baf2 #hf #ae1 #bda2 #gg #g1 #bdd2 #ab #c1 #bde2 #dg #ad1 #bde2 #fe #f1 #bde2 #hh #ba1 #bde2 #ij #bg1 #bde2 #ij #ae1 #bdf2 #dd #c1 #bdf1 #cbg2 #aad #bf1 #bdf2 #abc #b1 #bdf2 #ij #ci1 #bdh1 #cae2 nat quae/ ,i #af #a1 #bdd ,sidonius ,apoll9>is epi/ ,i #f1 #dbi2 ,i #aj1 #dbg2 ,,ii #b1 #i1 #ad1 #dbg1 #dbi2 ,,ii #i #b1 #dbi2 ,,ii #ad1 #dbi2 ,,iii #a1 #e1 #dbh2 ,,iii #i1 #dbi2 ,,iv #bd1 #dbg1 #dbi1 #dcj2 ,,iv #i #a1 #dbi2 ,,iv #bd #b1 #dbi2 ,v #ai1 #dbc1 #dcj2 ,,vi #aj1 #ab1 #dbh2 ,,vii #ab #c1 #dbg2 ,,vii #ad #aa1 #af1 #dbi2 ,,vii #ae1 #dbi2 ,,viii #d1 #dbg1 #dbi2 ,,viii #h1 #dbi2 ,,viii #d #a1 #dbi2 ,,ix #f1 #dbc1 #dcj2 c>m ,,xxii #aba-e1 #dbi ,solon1 #bd-e ,sophocles ,antig #cch-dj1 #cc2 ,,ot #gfc-d1 #ajbi1 #cc2 ,tra* #ca-c1 #eb-c1 #fa-c1 #cc2 fragm5ts #cc ,/atius1 silvae ,,iv #c1 #b1 #bgb ,/rabo1 ,,vi #d #a1 p #bhf1 #bcb2 ,,viii #h #a1 p #chh1 #abj2 ,,xii #c #dj1 p #efb1 #b2 ,,xiv #a #ch1 p #fdf1 #afb2 ,,xv #a #dj1 p #gjd1 #cd1 p #gja1 #ed1 p #gaj1 #baj ,suetonius ,aug #cb1 ,tib #h1 #afj1 #bcb1 #cbd1 #cbf2 ,aug #da1 #bbe1 #bhi1 #cbf2 ,aug #bg1 #cac2 ,aug #af1 #ba1 #bd1 #db1 #cbf2 ,aug #gb1 #cff2 ,claud #bb1 #bhg2 ,claud #be1 #cbf2 ,domit #g1 #i1 #ad1 #bgb1 #cbg2 ,gaius #cg1 #cff2 ,iul #db1 #aca2 ,iul #bf1 #bh1 #cbe2 ,n]o #bb1 #bhg2 ,n]o #ca1 #cbf2 ,reliquiae 7,reiff]s*eid71 #bdj1 #cbg2 ,tib #dh1 #bhi2 ,vespas #a1 #bbb1 #cbf2 ,vespas #d1 #cbg ,sulpicius ,sev]us dial ,,ii #c1 #dbb2 vita ,s ,m>t9i #b #e1 #dbc ,symma*us epi/les ,i #e1 #djd2 ,,ii #f1 #g1 #eb1 #ee1 #djc2 ,,ii #bb1 #eb1 #dje2 ,,ii #g1 #djg2 ,,iii #ee1 #hb1 #djc2 ,,iv #e #d1 #ah1 #ba1 #ed1 #fh1 #gd1 #djc2 ,,iv #gd1 #djg2 ,v #ah1 #dje2 ,,vi #ae #ad1 #djc2 ,,vi #hb #ha1 #djd2 ,,vi #aa1 #dje2 ,,vi #ab1 #djf2 ,,vi #ei1 #eh1 #fe1 #fd1 #djg2 ,,vii #ah1 #ch1 #ff1 #fh1 #djc2 ,,vii #ef1 #djd2 ,,vii #ch1 #ff1 #dje2 ,,vii #abf1 #djf2 ,,viii #b1 #dje2 ,,ix #aj1 #ad1 #db1 #aad #abd1 #djc2 ,,ix #aa1 #djd1 #djf2 ,,ix #dg #ej1 #djd1 #djg2 ,,ix #adj1 ,x #ah1 #djd2 ,,ix #bg #cj1 #de #dh1 #di #eb1 #dje2 ,,ix #bi1 #cg #dj1 #djf2 ,,ix #aj1 #djg2 ,x #b1 #ba1 #djc2 ,x #f1 #djd1 #djf2 relationes #c #ae-ah1 #i #g1 #ah1 #ce1 #cg1 #djc2 #i1 #ah1 #cg1 #djc2 #ah1 #djc2 #dj1 #cg1 #djh ,tacitus ,agricola #bh1 #bib1 #caj2 #ai1 #cia2 annals ,,ii #ei1 #bjf2 ,,iii #ec-e1 #afc1 #bhc1 #bhh2 ,,iv #bg1 #afb1 #bhh2 ,,iv #f1 #bhh2 ,,iv #d1 #cif2 ,,vi #af1 #ag1 #bhh2 ,,xi #bc1 #bgd2 ,,xii #fe1 #bdb2 ,,xiv #bg1 #baj2 ,,xiv #ec1 #bch2 ,,xvi #ac1 #bhg2 ,g]mania #da1 #bgj2 #bi1 #bga2 #bf1 #bia2 #bd1 #bia2 #be1 #bib2 hi/ories ,i #aa1 #bjf2 ,,iii #h1 #bhc2 ,,iii #bd1 #cac ,t]5ce ,adelphoe #de-f1 #ie1 #dja1 #eag-bj1 #eda-b1 #hde-i1 #idi1 #abe2 ,hautontimorum5os #fb-gd1 #abe1 #afg2 #ic-aag1 #abe2 #adb-d1 #abe1 #afg2 ,hecyra #bbd-f1 #abe2 ,phormio #cfb-e1 #abe ,!ocritus1 #aaf-ba ,!ophra/us1 ,*> ,,iv 7,,xiv71 #aag ,?ucydides1 #di-eb ,tibullus1 ,,ii #a #ea1 #f #be-f1 #bah2 ,,ii #a #da-b1 #bbi2 ,,ii #a #bc1 #bce ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,,iv #g1 #ace2 ,,iv #d #d1 #f1 #aci1 #bdc2 ,,iv #c #e1 #d #g1 #h #a1 #bdc2 ,,vii #e #b1 #ad1 #bdc ,v>ro de l+ua ,lat9a ,,vii #aje1 #bfi2 de re ru/ica ,i #b #ag1 #ag #e1 #g1 #aeh1 #ahc2 ,i #ag #b1 #afa1 #ahd1 #bcc1 #bec1 #bfc1 #dcg2 ,i #ag #c-f1 #afb1 #dfa2 ,i #b #c1 #f1 #agh1 #djf2 ,i #d #e1 #agh2 ,i #f-af1 #ahj2 ,i #ag1 #ahj1 #bci2 ,i #ab #b1 #ahj2 ,i #af #d1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #bcc2 ,i #ah1 #ahj2 ,i #b #ac foll1 #ahd2 ,i #bb #a1 #ahe2 ,i #ah #b1 #f1 #ahf2 ,i #b #a-g1 #bcb2 ,i #b #ag1 #bcc2 ,i #dd #a1 #bfe2 ,i #dd #c1 #bia2 ,,ii praef #f1 #agh2 ,,ii #a #af1 #agi2 ,,ii #c #g1 #ahc2 ,,ii praef #e1 #ahd1 #bcc2 ,,ii praef #c1 #d1 #ahd2 ,,ii #aj #d1 #e1 #ahe2 ,,ii #b #bj1 #e #ah1 #g #af1 #aj #aj1 #bbh2 ,,ii #c #d1 #bcc2 ,,ii #e #d1 #bbi2 ,,iii #b #e1 #agc1 #ahf2 ,,iii #af #aj1 #aa1 #ahd1 #bcj2 ,,iii #c #d1 #ag #f1 #ahe2 saturae #acg ,vegetius epit rei milit ,i #c1 ,,ii1 #dag2 ,i #g1 #cig1 #dag1 #dah2 ,i #e1 #dah2 ,i #bh1 #dah2 mulom$ ,i #ef #aa-ac1 #dah2 ,i #ef #ce1 #dah ,velleius1 ,,ii #h1 #bbe ,v]gil ,a5eid passim #bbj-a2 ,,iii #cbg1 #bbi2 ,,vi #fac1 #bbj2 ,,vii #fda-hag1 #bbj2 ,,vii #cca-b1 #bcj2 ,,viii #djh-ab1 #bba2 ,,ix #fjc-ac1 #bbj2 ,,xii #ebj1 #bag1 #bba2 ,bucolics ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,ix1 ,x1 passim1 #bai2 ,i #dj1 #bbi2 ,,ii #ga-b1 #ahe2 ,,iii #aja1 #bbh2 ,,vii #d-e1 #abb2 ,x #cb-c1 #abb2 ,georgics ,i #bff1 #ahe2 ,i #da1 #bba1 #bcj2 ,i #hd foll1 #bbc2 ,i ad f91 #bbf2 ,i #bfa1 #bbg2 ,i #bgb-c1 #bbg2 ,i #caf-g1 #bbg2 ,i #did1 #bbg2 ,i #bia-cjb1 #bcj2 ,i #ejg1 #bcj2 ,i #cjj1 #bcj2 ,i #abe-h1 #bcb2 ,i #ea-c1 #bfg1 #bhf2 ,i #ga-hc1 #bia2 ,,ii #deh-gd1 #bbb2 ,,ii ad f91 #bbf2 ,,ii #bjg1 #bbg2 ,,ii #bfd1 #bbg2 ,,ii #daj1 #bbg2 ,,ii #eac1 #bbg2 ,,ii #ebi1 #bbh2 ,,ii #ebi-ca1 #bbh2 ,,ii #djf1 #bcj2 ,,ii #dcc1 #bcj2 ,,ii #dei1 #bcj2 ,,ii #dab-c1 #bca2 ,,ii #acf-gf1 #bcb2 ,,ii #ccf-db1 #bcb2 ,,ii #ecb1 #bcb2 ,,ii #aih1 #bcf2 ,,iii #djb1 #bbg1 #bfe2 ,,iii #dbj1 #bbh2 ,,iii #dee1 #bbh2 ,,iii #eae-cj1 #bbh2 ,,iii #edi1 #bbh2 ,,iii #afg-h1 #bbi2 ,,iii #da1 #bch2 ,,iv #bgh1 #bbh2 ,,iv #abe-df1 #bcj2 ,,iv #aah1 #adg-h1 #bca2 ,,iv #aaf foll1 #bfh2 ,moretum #bca ,victor ,caes>es #ci #ca1 #chi2 #ac #e1 #f1 #cia2 de viris illu/ribus #gc #a1 #e1 #bge ,vitruvius1 ,,ii #a1 #bah ,x5ophon anab ,i #b #bg1 #ee2 ,,iii #b #bf1 #ed2 ,,iv #a #ab-ad1 #aj2 ,,iv #a #ab1 #ac1 #ee2 ,,iv #h #d1 #ee2 ,v #c #d1 #ee2 ,v #f #ac1 #ee2 ,,vi #a #g1 #h1 #ec2 ,,vi #d #h1 #ed2 ,,vii #a #cf1 #ee2 ,,vii #b #f1 #ee2 ,,vii #c #c1 #ee2 ,,vii #c #dh1 #ee2 ,,vii #g #ec1 #ee2 ,,vii #h #ab-ai1 #ee2 ,cyrop ,,iv #d #e-ab1 #fj2 ,,vii #e #cf1 #gc1 #fj2 ,,vii #e #fg1 #fj2 ,,viii #a #dc-d1 #fj2 ,,viii #c #cf-da1 #fj2 economicus #c #a-e1 #eg2 #e #ae1 #af1 #eg2 #i #e1 #eg2 #ab #c1 #eg2 #ab #ai1 #eg2 #ac #i1 #eg2 #bj #bb foll1 #eg2 #g-i1 #ab-ad1 #ba1 #eg1 #eh2 #a #d1 #eh2 #d #f1 #eh2 #e #d1 #eh2 #e #f1 #eh2 #aa #i1 #aj1 #eh2 #ad #h1 #i1 #eh2 #bj passim1 #eh2 #ba #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ei2 hell5 ,i #f #ad1 #ee2 ,,ii #a #a1 #ec2 ,,vi #b #cg1 #ec2 ,,vii #e #bg1 #ga2 memor ,i #a #af1 #ef2 ,i #b #eg1 #ef2 ,i #e #b1 #ef2 ,,ii #g1 #h1 #ee1 #ef2 ,,ii #g #g-aj1 #eh2 ,,ii #e #b1 #ei2 ,,ii #h1 #ei1 #aei2 ,,iii #g #f1 #ef2 ,,iii #i #aa1 #ae1 #ef2 ,,iii #ac #d1 #ef2 ,,iv #b #bb-ca1 #ef2 res publ ,a? see ! #8old olig>*'2 vectigalia #ig2 #d #bb1 #ei2 #d passim1 #fj ,zosimus1 ,i #ga1 #cch ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,au?orities ,adam ,j1 #gf ,a%burn]1 #dfb-d ,aug-,l>ib ,m1 #che ,b>k] ,e1 #ic ,beau*et1 #aaj ,belo* ,j1 #di1 #eb1 #abi1 #aih ,b]nays ,j1 #ig1 #abj ,b]ni] 7ed ,v ,a ,smi?71 #bjd ,blmn] ,h1 #acd1 #bcc1 #bec1 #bii ,bckh-,frnkel1 #hb ,b\*i]1 #dfc ,bruns ,c ,g1 #adc1 #age1 #ced ,bryce1 ,"l1 #hi ,buckl& ,w ,w1 #cej-a1 #cfc1 #cfi1 #cgf ,bury ,j ,b1 #daf1 #dej1 #def1 #dfd ,cairnes ,j ,e1 #aef ,cald]9i ,a1 #abc-d ,*ampagny1 ,comte de1 #bgf ,cl]c ,m1 #be ,collitz ,h1 #abc1 #abf ,con+ton ,j1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bia ,conway ,r ,s1 #bda ,cope ,e ,m1 #ce1 #ii ,corn=d ,f ,m1 #di ,c\langes ,f de1 #cba1 #cdg1 #ced1 #ceh1 #cfa1 #cfe1 #cfi1 #cge1 #cgi1 #chc1 #cib-c1 #cif1 #dbj-a1 #dbe1 #dca1 #dea1 #dfj ,c\lton ,g ,g1 #dch1 #dff ,croiset ,a1 #abb ,cuq ,e1 #cde1 #cef ,d>e/e1 ,hauss\lli]1 ,? ,re9a*1 #bg ,daub5y ,c1 #ec1 #bbc1 #cbj ,dill ,s1 #cie1 #cig1 #daf1 #dbc1 #dbg-h1 #dbi-cj ,dirks5 ,h ,e1 #cib1 #cif ,ditt5b]g] ,w1 #abf1 #cdc1 #cgd ,ducange ,c ,d1 #dbh ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 #dce ,esme9 ,a1 #cdb1 #ced1 #ceg1 #cfj-a1 #dbf1 #dcj-a ,f[l] ,w ,w1 #bag ,francotte ,h1 #dh1 #dda ,fraz] ,j ,g1 #bgh ,freeman ,e ,a1 #abj ,fri$lnd] ,l1 #cjf ,g>d?aus5 ,v1 #bcg-i ,gir>d ,p ,f1 #bgb1 #bie1 #cdb-c1 #cdf1 #cdi-ea1 #ced1 #cgc1 #chi ,glov] ,t ,r1 #bbg ,godefroi 7,go?(r$us71 #cia1 #djh ,gre5idge ,a ,h ,j1 #aeb-c1 #agc1 #age1 #ahi1 #bje1 #bjg ,grote ,g1 #gf ,grundy ,g ,b1 #dh1 #ea1 #ff1 #fi ,h>dy ,e ,g1 #age1 #agg1 #cac1 #cbd ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 #dce ,hei/]b]gk ,b1 #agh1 #bje1 #cdb1 #ceh-i1 #chh ,hill ,g ,f1 #eb ,hirs*feld ,o1 #cec-d ,jebb ,r ,c1 #cc ,johnson ,clifton1 #dfg ,jordan ,h1 #afd-e1 #afi ,kal9ka ,e1 #cg1 #ch ,keightley1 #bbc1 #bda ,k+ ,bolton & ,okey ,t1 #ac1 #deg1 #dfe ,krumba*]1 #dfj ,laveleye ,e de1 #ge ,l9=? ,j ,m1 #bd1 #be ,macdonell ,a1 #dfe ,macg[an ,j1 #bjd ,madvig ,j ,n1 #cac ,mahaffy ,j ,p1 #aai1 #aba1 #cja ,ma9e ,h ,j ,s1 #dcc1 #dch ,m>qu>dt1 #bic ,mayor ,j ,e ,b1 #bea1 #bga1 #bgf ,mei]-,s*mann-,lipsius1 #aaj ,mey] ,edu>d1 #g1 #aba1 #bjf1 #bbc1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dce1 #dda1 #dej1 #dea1 #ded ,momms5 ,?1 #abf1 #aeb1 #afg1 #bjf1 #bcg-h1 #bic1 #bif-cjj1 #ced1 #cgd1 #chj1 #cic1 #cif ,monro ,c ,h1 #cdd1 #cfb1 #cfe ,newbig9 ,m ,l1 #dfg ,newman ,w ,l1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #he1 #ih ,nipp]dey ,k1 #bhi ,niss5 ,h1 #bag1 #bga ,nord5 ,f1 #cbh-ce ,pelham ,h ,f1 #che ,phillips ,w5dell1 #ddi ,pr5d]ga/1 #agg ,pro!ro ,r ,e1 #dff ,rapson ,e ,j1 #baj ,rees ,sir ,j ,d1 #baj ,reid ,j ,s1 #bgd ,ri*mond1 #bah ,ritt] ,h & ,prell] ,l1 #bgf ,rodway ,j1 #hj ,ro/[zew ,m ,t1 #f1 #bjd1 #bab1 #cdc1 #cej1 #cid1 #cif ,rudorff ,a1 #adc ,s&ys ,j ,e1 #aa1 #ia ,s*ill] ,h1 #bgb-d1 #chc1 #chi1 #dab1 #dbd ,s*neid] ,j ,g1 #bfc ,s*ult5 ,a1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cea ,s*weitz]-,sidl] ,h1 #bgj1 #bia ,seeck ,o 7ed ( ,symma*us71 #djb ,seeck ,o 7,hi/ory71 #cci1 #cdj1 #cde1 #cdh1 #cfj1 #chf-ih1 #djc1 #daf1 #dbj-a1 #dbc1 #dbe-f ,seeck ,o 7,s*atzungsordnung71 #chh1 #cij1 #cib1 #cid-e1 #daj1 #dba1 #dca ,seeley ,j ,r1 #deb ,sell> ,w ,y1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcb ,%uckburgh ,e ,s1 #cac1 #cbf ,smi? ,v ,a1 #baj ,sp>go ,j1 #deg ,/e9 ,h1 #cj ,/orr-,be/ ,ll1 #agh ,! ,times1 #ddd1 #deh ,tr5* ,ar*bi%op1 #cjc-d ,tyrrell & ,purs]1 #bjg ,v9ograd(f ,p1 #bed1 #cef1 #cfj1 #cfe ,wagn] ,j ,a1 #cif1 #dab ,wallon ,h1 #aaj1 #aca1 #agc1 #bee1 #cjj1 #cei1 #cie-f1 #daf ,web] ,m1 #afj1 #afa1 #agi1 #bjg1 #bed1 #cib1 #dbf1 #dcb ,wes*] & ,f\c>t1 #abc ,:itak]'s ,almanack1 #ddd ,wilk9s ,a ,s1 #baf ,wordswor? ,j1 #adc1 #age1 #aia ,wyse ,w1 #he ,zimm]n ,a ,e1 #ch1 #dda ,zulueta1 #dja-b ,v ,,c\ntries1 ,,places ,,& ,,peoples ,a*aia1 #ej1 #aag-h1 #abj-a1 #abi1 #cji ,aeg9a1 #eb ,aetolia1 #aj1 #aag1 #abb1 #abf ,africa1 #bjg1 #bdf1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bic1 #cji1 #cbh1 #ccc-d1 #cda-b1 #cec1 #ceh1 #cgb1 #cgg1 #chc1 #chh1 #cij1 #cia1 #cie1 #djc1 #djg1 #dac1 #daf1 #dbf1 #ddg ,alex&ria1 #aac-d1 #aah1 #bbe1 #cji ,antio*1 #cij1 #cii foll ,apollonia1 #abf ,apulia1 #afb1 #afe1 #bad1 #bdh1 #djf ,aqu9um1 #cje ,arabia1 #cge ,aragu5i1 #cdg1 #cgd ,arcadia1 #i1 #bi1 #ej1 #aag1 #aba-c ,argos1 #bf1 #bi1 #ej ,arim9um1 #dje ,arm5ia1 #ee ,asia1 #afb1 #ahj1 #cbc ,asia ,m9or1 #ed1 #aad ,a!ns & ,attica1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca-b1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg-i1 #dj-g1 #di-ea1 #fc-d1 #gj-a1 #gf1 #ha-d1 #hf1 #hh1 #if1 #aje-aa1 #aad1 #aaf-g1 #abj1 #bhb1 #cjb ,bagaudae1 #chc1 #dbd ,baiae1 #cji ,ba/>nae1 #cch-i ,bi?ynia1 #cbd ,boeotia & ,!bes1 #i1 #bb1 #ga1 #aja1 #ajc-d1 #aba ,brita91 #bib1 #cbe1 #dab1 #dbf1 #dbi ,brundisium1 #afb ,bruttium1 #aib ,byzantium1 #ee1 #abb1 #chh ,campania1 #agg1 #aih1 #cij1 #djd1 #djf ,capua1 #aih1 #djh ,c>?age1 #aah1 #abf1 #acb1 #aea1 #afd1 #bjd1 #cec1 #ceh ,cephall5ia1 #aah ,*9a1 #bjd1 #bji ,*ios1 #ea1 #ec ,cisalp9e1 ,po c\ntry1 #ad1 #aeb1 #afc1 #bbj1 #bbh1 #bdj1 #bhf1 #bif ,con/ant9ople1 #chh1 #djc1 #djh1 #daf1 #dfj-a ,corcyra1 #ea1 #ec1 #abf1 #agh ,cor9?1 #bh1 #ca1 #ec1 #ff1 #gj1 #hf1 #aah ,cremona1 #ada1 #aeb ,crete1 #i1 #bf-g1 #aja ,dacia1 #cch ,delphi1 #abc ,demetrias1 #aac ,egypt1 #bj1 #bh-i1 #gb1 #ahj1 #bjd1 #bjf-h1 #baj1 #bhc1 #cji1 #ceh1 #cge1 #chh1 #cia1 #cie1 #djc1 #djg1 #daf1 #dfj-b ,elis1 #ej1 #aah1 #abj ,epidamnus1 #abf ,epirus1 #aha1 #bjg1 #cji1 #daf ,etruria1 #ad1 #bg-h1 #acd1 #aef1 #afb1 #afe1 #aij-a1 #bbj1 #ccg1 #dce ,euboea1 #eb1 #cjj foll ,eux9e1 #ec-e ,=miae1 #caa ,franks1 #cch1 #dab1 #dbd1 #dbf ,gaul1 #cbe1 #chc1 #cij1 #cih-i1 #daj foll1 #daf1 #dbc foll1 #dbf-ca ,gepidae1 #cch ,g]many & ,g]mans1 #bgj-a1 #bgc1 #bhh1 #bia-b1 #chg1 #daj1 #dab1 #dad1 #daf ,go?s1 #ccg1 #dac-d1 #daf1 #dbd1 #dbf-g1 #dbh ,greece1 ,roman1 #cjj foll1 #cbi-cc ,gru?ungi1 #cch1 #daf ,h]aclea ,pontica1 #bi1 #dcf ,huns1 #daf1 #dbd1 #dbg ,illyria1 #abf ,illyricum1 #ahj1 #daf ,india1 #bg1 #bjd1 #bji-aj ,ionia1 #be ,isauria1 #ccg ,italy & ! ,prov9ces1 #afc1 #bjc-e1 #bcb1 #bej1 #bga1 #bhc1 #bhh1 #cjh-i1 #cbc1 #cfe1 #chj-b1 #djg ,italy becomes ,prov9cial1 #bgb1 #bhh1 #cfe1 #chh1 #djc1 #djf ,italy1 survival ( peasantry 9 upl& p>ts1 #ad1 #afc1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bci1 #bhd-e1 #big1 #cbg ,lamasba1 #bgd1 #bic ,l>isa1 #abf-g ,lemnos1 ,imbros1 ,scyros1 #hd ,lesbos1 #eb ,ligures ,baebiani1 #bif ,lucania1 #ad1 #afe1 #bbj ,lugudunum1 #dbf-g1 #dbi ,lysima*eia1 #aac ,mac$on1 #aj1 #bi1 #hj-a1 #aja1 #ajc-e1 #aag-h1 #aba-b1 #abf1 #acb1 #bjg ,mac$onia1 #djc ,madaura1 #cbh ,mantua1 #bcf ,massalia1 #ahc ,mauretania1 #dje1 #dab ,m$iolanum1 #chh ,megalopolis1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb1 #abi ,meg>a1 #ej-a1 #ff1 #hb ,mess5ia1 #aba ,miletus1 #ff ,moesia1 #cch ,n>bo1 #dbi ,novum ,comum1 #bha1 #cbb1 #cbd ,oea1 #cbh ,o/ia1 #cji1 #dje ,patrae1 #cji ,peiraeus1 #ch1 #df1 #gi1 #hh1 #ij1 #if1 #ajj ,p]sia1 #bg-h1 #ed1 #fj-a1 #ff1 #ga1 #hj1 #hc1 #ajc1 #acb1 #cch ,pho5icians1 #bj1 #dce ,pic5um1 #bhb ,plac5tia1 #ada1 #aeb1 #bif ,pra5e/e1 #djd ,puteoli1 #cji1 #djf1 #djh ,rh9el&1 #dab-c ,rhodes1 #aad1 #aah1 #abb ,roman expansion 9 ,italy1 #acc-d1 #aeb ,roman hi/ory1 c\rse (1 #aj1 #aa1 #bjj1 #bjc foll1 #baa-b1 #bcb1 #bcg-h1 #bdd1 #bgj foll1 #bhg foll1 #cjh-i1 #cac1 #cbc1 #ccf foll1 #cgi foll1 #chf foll1 #dae1 #dbf-g1 #ddh-ea1 #dfj-d ,rome z political c5tre1 #ac1 #acc1 #aec1 #afh1 #bej1 #djb-c ,sab9e c\ntry1 #bae-g1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #cbg ,samnium1 #ace1 #bif1 #dje ,samos1 #aje ,samo?race1 #hb ,s>d9ia1 #abf1 #djc ,saxons1 #dab ,scaptop>5e1 #cdf1 #cgd ,scy?ia1 #cj1 #cb ,sicily1 #aac-d1 #abf1 #afb1 #age1 #aha1 #aie-h1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bdf1 #dje1 #ddg ,sicyon1 #abh ,slavs1 #dfd ,s\!rn ,italy1 #aij1 #chh ,spa91 #bda1 #bdd1 #bej1 #bgj1 #bhe1 #cje1 #cbc1 #cbh1 #djc1 #dbf ,sp>ta & ,laconia1 #i1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #ch1 #fh-gj1 #ga-b1 #ge1 #hb1 #hf1 #ie1 #ajj1 #ajc-d1 #aah1 #abj1 #dcf ,syracuse1 #bf-g1 #fg1 #ga1 #hh1 #aad1 #aah1 #abh1 #acb1 #bjd1 #dcf ,t>rac9a1 #djf1 #djh ,!ssaly1 #i1 #bf-g1 #hc1 #hf1 #aja1 #aaf1 #abf-g1 #dcf ,?race1 #ea1 #ee1 #aje1 #dad ,?racian ,*]sonese1 #hd1 #aje ,tibur1 #bid1 #djd ,tusculum1 #bid ,umbria1 #cbg ,v&als1 #cch1 #dbd ,v>ia1 #bae-g ,veleia1 #bif ,volat]rae1 #aia ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,peace1 ,i4,a41 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press