,transcriber's ,note3 ,in ,memory of ,chris ,curnow 7#aicg-bjbc7 the ,project ,manager at ,distributed ,proofreaders who selected this book1 and more than #bbjj others1 to be preserved as free digital transcriptions 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,,kitecraft ,,and ,,kite ,,tournaments ,,by ,,charles ,m4 ,,miller ,,assistant ,,supervisor ,,of ,,manual ,,training ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,california ,illustration ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,,copyright1 ,,charles ,m4 ,,miller1 #aiad4 ,the ,north ,wind is my prancing steed1 ,the ,bridle is my kite2 ,i'll harness him1 ,i'll drive him1 ',till my kite's most out of sight4 ,m4 ,i saw you toss the kites on high1 ,and blow the birds about the sky1 ,and all about ,i heard you pass1 ,like ladies' skirts across the grass4 ,stevenson4 ,,introduction4 ,perhaps the one word that best expresses the trend of education at the present time is the word life-likeness4 ,the trend is toward more and more life-likeness in organization and methods4 ,the effort toward diversification which has resulted in putting manual training into courses of study1 in multiplying courses in high schools1 in providing ungraded and other special rooms in elementary schools1 in breaking grades up into groups for teaching and promotions1 in keeping playgrounds and shops open afternoons and ,saturdays1 in opening the school buildings evenings for social centers or socialized evening schools1--which has resulted in all these changes and others that might be mentioned1--is simply an effort to make the schools like life4 ,the theory behind this is that if a school is like life1 children will like school for the same reason that they like life1 and the theory is sound4 ,before these changes were introduced1 our public schools were a composite structure1 made up nearly altogether of two elements1 neither of which was in any degree life-like4 ,these two elements were the medieval monastery1 for order1 and the #aith century factory1 for process4 ,kite-making in connection with schools is in line with this trend toward life-likeness4 ,as the ideas and plans contained in this book have been worked out and carried into execution in the schools of ,los ,angeles by the author1 they have demonstrated a wonderful socializing power4 ,by recognizing kite-season in the schools and carrying the discussion of it into the shop and classrooms1 ending with a great kite-tournament each year1 not only have very many boys been reached who would not have responded to other influences1 but the whole community has been stirred to sympathetic interest in the schools4 ,this is the kind of influence which causes children to feel that school is life1 and therefore makes tremendously for wholesome education4 ,if the ideas and plans of the author can be carried out elsewhere as they have been in ,los ,angeles for several years1 they must prove a help to the cause of education4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,bettinger1 ,assistant ,superintendent of ,schools4 ,,preface4 ,when we started kite work in the ,los ,angeles ,city ,schools1 we little thought that so great an opportunity for awakening latent power in a certain class of boys was being initiated1 nor did we dream of any such kite tournaments as have been developed during the past six years4 ,starting with half a dozen plans1 sent out on mimeographed sheets to the various schools from time to time during the spring of #aijg1 the number of kinds and designs have increased to a hundred or more4 ,other cities desiring information regarding the work1 a reprint was published and has been in such demand that it was thought advisable to write a more comprehensive text on the subject4 ,many of the former designs have been included1 but none but what should be put in more permanent form1 and most of these have been redrawn for the new work4 ,the plans are not complete in every detail1 something being left for the boy to work out1 but there is enough in the suggestions so that by reasonable planning1 most of the forms can be made by the average boy and still something will be left for the expert4 ,the greatest number of kites will be made by fifth and sixth year boys1 but the spirit holds over into seventh and eighth for the larger and more complex forms1 and even into the high school with model aeroplanes1 etc4 ,it is the hope of the writer that this little book may be instrumental in giving our boys and girls suggestions for many happy hours in the construction and flying of kites1 and that it may also serve a good purpose to teacher and pupil in reaching a common ground1 and that it will help some mother in furnishing a good healthy pastime sport for boys who sometimes try the limit of one's patience for the lack of something to do4 ,it is a home construction work largely1 and it has succeeded oftimes much better than was anticipated1 for whole families have become interested in the development of ,,our boy's kite4 ,mother generally is interested first1 while father looks with disfavor on so much time being spent on a kite2 but before it flies1 father gets very enthusiastic1 suggests here and there1 and furnishes material for string1 etc41 with pleasure1 and they all go to the tournament to see ,jack win a first prize4 ,this is one case1 there are others4 ,i believe there is need for such books1 and this subject is without such a text1 therefore1 this little treatise4 ,,charles ,m4 ,,miller1 ,los ,angeles1 ,california4 ,november #e1 #aiab4 ,illustration3 ,,charles ,m4 ,,miller4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,introduction #e ,preface #g ,i4 ,general ,kite ,construction #aa ,,ii4 ,kite ,accessories #af ,,iii4 ,kinds of ,kites #bj ,,iv4 ,plain ,surface ,kites #bc ,v4 ,box-,kites #ci ,,vi4 ,combined ,kites #dh ,,vii4 ,decoration of ,kites #fa ,,viii4 ,messengers #fi ,,ix4 ,moving ,devices #ge ,x4 ,suspended ,figures and ,appliances #hb ,,xi4 ,balloons and ,parachutes #ib ,,xii4 ,reels #ig ,,xiii4 ,aeroplane ,models #ajc ,,xiv4 ,gliders #ajh ,,xv4 ,model ,aeroplanes #aab ,,xvi4 ,propellers1 ,motors1 ,gears1 and ,winding ,devices #aba ,,xvii4 ,tournaments #abg ,,xviii4 ,tournaments1 ,continued #acd ,,xix4 ,conclusion #adj ,,xx4 ,bibliography #adb ,,chapter ,i4 ,,general ,,kite ,,construction4 ,the kite is usually made of a framework of wood1 is lashed together with cord1 strung with cord according to design1 and finally is covered with paper2 but in each case some other material might be substituted4 ,the drawings in this book have the framework represented by full lines and the string by slant dotted lines4 ,the framework must be kept light and strong4 ,it is usually made of wood1 the pieces varying in number from two in the plain tailless1 to sixteen in a good box-kite1 and to a great many in a large tetrahedral kite4 ,the soft tough woods are better than the hard1 heavy woods4 ,spruce is considered the most satisfactory1 but yellow pine1 basswood1 and even white cedar will do4 ,for a three foot kite1 the ,california redwood shake is very satisfactory4 ,it is a kind of long shingle of uniform thickness thruout1 is six inches wide and three feet long4 ,the shake is split into strips about #g_/af0 or 0 wide1 and bends sufficiently for the bow4 ,some box factories will rip out spruce sticks in #be;c4 bundles for boys at about one penny each4 ,some good sizes are #c_/af0 0 #c'1 0 0 #d' and 0 0 #e'4 ,these should be straight grained and well seasoned4 ,sticks should be uniform in weight and bending qualities4 ,where sticks are to be centered1 careful measurements must be made1 then by balancing over a knife-blade the difference in weight can be detected and the heavy end reduced by whittling off some4 ,some try to find center by balancing1 but this is very inaccurate2 a string may be used for measuring4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,aluminum tubing is used1 especially for parts of model aeroplanes1 but it is not available in many places4 ,some make frames of paper1 but they are more for curiosity than utility4 ,for large frames bamboo is excellent1 but requires a different fastening of joints than sawn out material1 ,fig4 #a4 ,split bamboo is excellent for curved outlines and for light framework of butterflies and bird kites1 and for ,japanese1 ,korean and ,chinese kites4 ,wire can be used for frames of small kites4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,lashing4 ,when two sticks are to be fastened together1 instead of nailing with a small brad1 they should be lashed4 ,first wind diagonally around both sticks in both directions1 ,fig4 #b2 then wind between sticks around the other windings4 ,this draws all the cord up tight1 ,fig4 #c4 ,coat over with glue or shellac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,large box-kite frames with sawn out material should have the upright posts let into the long horizontal pieces a little1 ,fig4 #d4 ,if a brace is notched at the end to fit over another piece1 ,fig4 #e1 and is liable to split out1 it can be wound just back of the notch with thread1 ,fig4 #f1 and coated with shellac4 ,all windings should be neatly done without criss-cross windings as in ,fig4 #g4 ,which do you like best ,fig4 #f or ,fig4 #g8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,collapsible ,frames4 ,folding frames can be made for most kites4 ,large tailless kites have either a removable spine or bow1 the square box-kite has braces that spring into shallow notches1 and the triangular box and house kite combination can be rolled by having a removable cross-stick4 ,it is a great advantage to have folding kites4 ,stringing4 ,symmetry is so necessary in the making of a good kite1 that the stringing becomes an important factor2 for if two opposite sides are made unequal1 there will be more pressure on one side of center than the other1 the kite will be pulling off to one side or darting down and perhaps will refuse to fly at all4 ,a small hard twisted cotton cord is good for stringing as it does not stretch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #i1 #aj4 ,on kites where the string passes around the entire frame1 ,fig4 #h1 it is best to fasten at the end of one stick only1 as at a1 then pass in the notches of the ends of the other sticks at b1 c1 d1 and tie again at a4 ,we must assume that the horizontal stick in ,fig4 #h has been measured accurately for center as that is a part of the framing process4 ,the sticks can be notched with a knife1 ,fig4 #i1 or a saw-cut can be made in the end1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the latter is less liable to split out1 but the first is more convenient1 for every boy is likely to have a knife or can borrow one4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,after the string is secured around the entire figure1 adjustment between points is made4 ,if a tailless kite is being strung up1 the two upper portions are shifted until the right and left sides are equal4 ,the ends are then wound with another cord1 ,fig4 #aa1 to prevent slipping4 ,the two lower sides are then spaced and the lower end of the spine is secured in the same way4 ,some may think it a waste of time to measure the lower strings after the upper ones have been adjusted1 but very often there is quite a little difference1 due to a springing of the spine4 ,a six pointed star kite would have six1 instead of four spaces to even up4 ,some stringing is used for inside designs1 and some is used for strengthening frame4 ,covering4 ,probably more tissue paper is used in covering kites than any other material4 ,there are a number of kinds of tissue papers1 but the cheapest1 because it is the cheapest1 is used most4 ,these cheap tissue papers are now found in all shades and tints of colors4 ,the ,french tissues are more durable1 and as a rule1 more brilliant in color4 ,a kite covered with this paper can be used from time to time without being disabled4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,the ,chinese tissue paper is the strongest of all tissues in one direction1 and should be used so as to bring the length way of the paper in the direction of greatest strain4 ,this paper only comes in a cream color1 but is very satisfactory where strength and hand color work are desired4 ,in ,los ,angeles we get two sheets for five cents1 and the size is #bb0 #bc04 ,there are some wrapping papers that are pliable and strong enough to be used1 especially on box-kites1 but only a few of these are of much service on plain surface kites4 ,the tight covering on a box kite is an advantage4 ,some boys use a paper that is commonly known as a butter paper1 and others find orange wrapping paper serviceable4 ,of the cloth coverings1 cambric is the most popular4 ,the sizing is sufficient to keep the covering in shape during construction1 it is light in weight1 comes in variety of good colors and is cheap4 ,when cloth is used on plain surface kites1 care must be observed that the goods are not used on the bias1 as the unequal stretching would unbalance the poise of the kite4 ,silk is excellent1 but ----66 it isn't used much by boys4 ,most coverings are turned over the outer strings1 and are pasted or sewn down4 ,in representative figure kites1 the edge of the paper is sometimes left free1 while the string is made fast by extra strips of paper pasted fast over the string and to the back of the cover1 ,fig4 #ab1 thus leaving the edges to flutter in the breeze4 ,some large kites can be covered with paper1 if a network of string is used at the back to give support to the covering4 ,tailless1 and some other kites require loose coverings1 this looseness should be planned for in a systematic manner4 ,if the cover of a #c-;foot kite is placed on a table or the floor with the frame laid on top1 the edge of the cover may be cut one inch or one and one-half inches to the outside of the string4 ,instead of turning in this whole amount1 only turn in one-half inch of the outer edge4 ,this leaves plenty of looseness for bagging of cover1 and is regular4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,kite ,,accessories ,the ,bridle4 ,the kite is not supposed to be finished until the bridle 7or belly band7 is attached4 ,nearly all kites require a bridle1 a very few have the kite line tied directly to some one point of the framework4 ,the bridle is a very important part of the kite equipment1 as the kite is dependent on it for the proper distribution of pull by the kite line1 it also gives the inclination of the exposed surface to the breeze4 ,the inclination is varied slightly for various purposes1 such as high flying1 strong pulling1 steady flying1 etc4 ,to make the kite fly directly over head1 the kite line is attached above the normal point1 and to make it fly low1 the attachment should be below normal4 ,if the single line can be attached to the framework so as to give this inclination1 no bridle is needed but it is usually difficult to locate the right point4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,many kites need attachment of bridle in but two places1 while others require three1 some four1 and some are benefited by the use of many strings to the bridle1 but the last may be used for strengthening the framework of the kite more than for general poise4 ,the ,chinese say there should never be more than three strings to the bridle1 while the ,japanese use many4 ,the tailless kite may have the bridle attached at the bottom and top of the spine 7the vertical stick of the frame7 or the bottom and at the crossing of bow and spine4 ,in either case the bridle must be long enough so that when it is drawn over to the side of the kite1 the loop will just reach the outer points of the bow1 ,fig4 #ac2 ac should be the same length as ab1 and cd the same length as bd4 ,the normal point of attachment of kite line is at c1 the point that just reaches b or e when drawn to the side4 ,some bird kites have a similar bridle but much shorter between attachments4 ,more of the form kites have three and four strings to the bridle4 ,the three string bridle is usually two strings above and a longer one below1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,the four string bridle has two short uppers and two long lowers1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,for the poly string bridle1 see ,fig4 #af4 ,some have advocated an elastic bridle but the writer has never found it of any great advantage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,a double bridle with a kite line to each1 makes a dirigible kite possible1 which may be useful in a number of ways and which can give much amusement in kite antics that is not possible with a single kite line4 ,a double bridle is illustrated in ,fig4 #ag4 ,such a kite can be driven at will4 ,the kite becomes a sail and can be pulled to right and left1 in circles and various contortions1 out of the ordinary4 ,kite ,lines4 ,a three or four ply cotton wrapping string is used more than any other and is very satisfactory for three-foot kites and smaller4 ,the hard twisted cotton seine twine comes from six to over a hundred ply1 and is excellent for kite lines4 ,it is strong and does not burn the hands1 nor kink as much as hemp twine4 ,for high flying or racing work1 a light strong cord is necessary4 ,a small kite can carry up a great amount of silk or linen thread but one should have a reel and gloves to handle it4 ,shoemakers thread and upholstering twine are also used4 ,some think that waxing a string makes it stronger1 but by actual tests before and after waxing1 there was no appreciable difference in the amount of endurance of strain before breaking4 ,waxing does preserve the string and prevents fraying and untwisting4 ,when kites are put up in tandem1 the string need only be as strong for the first kite as is ordinarily used for one of its size1 but as other kites are added the size of the cord must be increased4 ,this grading of the string1 greatly reduces the total weight and cost of the kite line4 ,reels4 ,you can fish without a reel and you can fly a kite without one1 but the reel is a great convenience and an absolute necessity at times for both4 ,the reel in brief is a large spool with flanges on both ends1 a central axle fixed to the spool1 a frame for supporting the axle1 a guide for the string to prevent its running off the reel1 and a brake to prevent too rapid unwinding when letting out the string4 ,a reel can be made without a crank1 by having the axle supported at one end only1 and a knob handle fastened to the outer face of the reel for winding purposes4 ,for further directions1 see chapter on ,reels4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,tails4 ,a tail and other balancers are used to give poise to an otherwise unsteady kite4 ,when a kite is constructed in such a way as to present a broad flat surface to the breeze1 it will sway and dive and no matter how carefully you attach your bridle it cannot be supported in the air4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,for kites that represent irregular forms1 there must also be a special balancer4 ,the tail is usually resorted to in such cases4 ,the tail is more than a weight4 ,a foxy kite refuses to come to terms by the addition of a thread and lead or other weight4 ,the weight drops so quickly to its plumb line that the kite has not come to poise1 and makes another pitch in some other direction4 ,the value of the tail depends not so much on weight as on its pulling capacity while being drawn thru the air4 ,the tail1 usually consisting of a string with a number of pieces of paper folded and tied thereon1 ,fig4 #ah1 and with cloth streamers at the end for weight1 exerts considerable pull for long enough time to give steadiness to the kite4 ,a kite must have poise in the air just as we balance a board on the end of a finger--if the finger is not centrally located1 the board will fall to the left or right1 front or back2 so with the kite1 if the pressure of the air is not centrally located it will glide to left or right1 or pitch forward or tumble backwards4 ,the tail helps most in remedying the two latter troubles4 ,almost any light surface can be supported in the air by proper attachment of bridle and tail4 ,the ,japanese use two or more tails on their square kites consisting usually of long cotton ropes with large tassels on the end4 ,these look very beautiful trailing out in long graceful parallel lines4 ,another form of air resistance found serviceable1 is hollow cones or funnel shaped devices of light cardboard attached by cords to the kite in place of tails1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a ,chinese boy had a colored paper ball about #h0 in diameter attached by a string to one of the kites last year1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,another form is the intersected cardboard discs1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,other forms can be used4 ,christmas and other paper rope used for decoration purposes could be used to advantage for tails of kites4 ,they will catch the breeze and can be festooned into pretty designs but will need cord supports to give strength4 ,don't throw away a kite because it has to have a tail4 ,the tail is sometimes the most beautiful part4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,kites4 ,kites are so numerous in kinds and design nowadays that1 in order to get at any kind of intelligent discussion of them1 it will be necessary to segregate them into classes and varieties as the scientist does in his investigations of nature study4 ,there is the great big subject of constructive sport called kite making4 ,the name kite strikes joy to any live boy's heart and it does him good too4 ,but kite making is too big1 so we will try running some cross-roads thru1 thus dividing it into smaller groups4 ,a large number of kites can be classed together as having the same general make-up and we will call the first1 ,class ,a1 ,plain ,surface ,kites4 ,these kites have one general surface without any built out parts1 and can be subdivided into two divisions3 #a4 ,geometric and regular forms1 #b4 ,irregular and representative forms4 ,there are two divisions of the geometric and regular forms3 a4 ,tailless kites4 b4 ,kites with tails1 regular in form4 ,the two divisions of irregular forms are3 a4 ,set pieces of design4 b4 ,insect1 bird1 animal1 and man kites4 ,this brings the analysis for ,class ,a down to variety which will be discussed in succeeding chapters4 ,class ,b4 ,box-,kites1 has six subdivisions3 #a4 ,square4 #b4 ,rectangular4 #c4 ,triangular4 #d4 ,cylindrical4 #e4 ,hexagonal4 #f4 ,tetrahedral4 ,class ,c4 ,combined ,kites4 ,box-kites may have additions of plain surfaces1 or combinations of curved surfaces and plain ones1 giving shapes that represent hollow forms of fish1 animals1 etc4 #a4 ,straight extensions of plain surfaces4 #b4 ,hollow shapes representing animal and mechanical forms4 ,class ,d4 ,kites in ,series4 ,these are made up of combined kites also1 but the combinations are so different that they belong in a class by themselves4 #a4 ,compound kites4 #b4 ,kites in tandem4 a4 ,connected directly to one line4 b4 ,connected by individual lines of some length to one main line4 #c4 ,dragon ,kites4 ,the plain kites are the more numerous for several reasons4 ,they are more easily constructed1 take less time1 use less material1 fly in lighter breeze1 and are usually more stable in air4 ,the construction as a rule consists of two or three sticks as a framework with a covering stretched over it so as to form a simple plane that is exposed to the breeze4 ,of course1 there are tricks in making the plain kites1 but almost any of them can be made to fly by either warping the surface or attaching a tail4 ,box-kites require considerable time and are more difficult in construction4 ,they are a built up framework with cloth or strong paper coverings4 ,the frames must be kept light and strong1 and a process of trussing is necessary to accomplish this4 ,the covering seldom covers the whole framework but usually is made in bands4 ,the space enclosed by a band is called a cell4 ,most box-kites consist of a forward and rear cell1 that is a band is found at each end around the framework1 transversely to the length of the kite4 ,some of the most practical working kites are of the box-kite type4 ,by working kite1 ,i mean kites that are used for a purpose other than pleasure4 ,some box-kites have extended wings of plain surfaces to gain more lifting power1 or for poise1 and the application of these appendages serves to explain the combination of kinds that form this group4 ,in the group 8,kites in ,series0 we have kites of the same kind fastened rigidly together making one kite1 called a compound kite1 also kites fastened one after the other a few feet apart on one line and all started up at one time1 and still another set of similar kites in which a number of kites are put up on individual strings1 one at a time1 for perhaps #cjj feet1 and are then attached to the main kite line4 ,boys sometimes succeed in pulling up as high as forty kites on one line by this method4 ,another very interesting and beautiful series is the ,chinese dragon kite type4 ,in this a number of kites are harnessed together with about three cords running from head to tail4 ,these various groups will receive more explicit directions in separate chapters as we proceed4 ,so far in our analysis we have been dealing with kinds of kites as to construction4 ,there will be a number of chapters on various other features of kite work and accessories1 including1 ,kite ,decoration1 ,messengers1 etc4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese people have been making kites a great many years and have become very skilful workers and decorators4 ,their decorations seem to tend more toward the depicting of ugliness and fierceness instead of beauty and color harmony1 altho many of the color combinations are very effective4 ,the tendency toward fierceness can well be understood when we consider that it has a part in their religion1 it being supposed that such ugly monsters helped to drive away the evil spirits4 ,the large ,japanese square kite1 which is rectangular in shape instead of square1 usually has a big head with plenty of the whites of the eyes and teeth showing4 ,some very fine specimens have been exhibited at our 8,kite ,tournaments04 ,they expend quite freely in making up their kites1 use costly ornaments and considerable gilt and black4 ,the gilt is usually very good that is used4 ,while the orientals have shown us some stunning effects in decoration1 ,i believe that the future will show some results of color harmony and artistic spacing that will be much superior to theirs4 ,we are busy as yet trying to master the kite craft from the constructive and flying side1 but we are getting on1 even on the decorative side as well4 ,we are now ready to discuss variety in the next chapter4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,plain ,,surface ,,kites4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,the tailless continues to be the most popular of all the kites4 ,no matter how artistic1 how representative1 how curious1 or how mechanical the new kites may be1 the tailless is the first and last out every season4 ,it flies in a very light breeze1 and is so steady in the air4 ,there are several kinds of tailless1 but the two stick ,eddy ,kite seems to be the winner4 ,these kites are made from five inches to thirty feet in height4 ,this kite1 ,figs4 #h and #bb1 has two sticks of equal length1 the vertical stick is called the spine1 and should be straight1 while the bow is placed about one-fifth the distance down from the top of the spine4 ,this bow stick is bent backward by inserting a brace stick as shown by ,fig4 #bc4 ,the advantage of a removable brace stick will be recognized when a person tries to carry several kites to a field at one time4 ,if the brace stick is out1 the kites lie flat and do not injure each other1 so that twenty-five or more might be carried by one person1 but if the kite is bowed1 there may be great difficulty in carrying two or three4 ,most boys bow about three inches for a three-foot kite4 ,see ,chapter #a for the stringing of this kite4 ,the tailless kites are nearly all constructed so as to have a keel projecting out to the front4 ,in order that the keel may be of more service1 the covering is not stretched tight1 but is left loose4 ,perhaps an inch along each side would be allowed for bagging or pocketing4 ,see ,chapter ,i on covering4 ,if the covering is drawn tight1 the kite will dodge and will probably dive to destruction4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,now we can modify this type form of kite4 ,we can use two spines and two bows1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,in this kite the upper bow should be bent more than the lower1 and the bridle will be of more service if attached to the upper bow at two points about midway from spine to end of bow4 ,the covering should not be quite so loose on this kite as on ,fig4 #bb but should not be tight4 ,another variation is given in ,fig4 #be1 in which two spines are used and one bow4 ,sometimes the spines are crossed as shown in ,fig4 #bf1 the distance being much greater at the bottom than at the top between the ends of the spine sticks4 ,a modification of the last two is shown in ,fig4 #bg1 in which a built out keel is shown4 ,two small braces project from the bottom of each spine with a third stick connecting their meeting place with the center of the bow stick4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,still one other combination is a form that can be used as a foundation for many outline shapes4 ,it is shown in ,fig4 #bh1 and has two spines and two bows2 but where much modification is made1 a tail or other balancers must be used4 ,a kite with a broken bow is like a bird with a broken wing1 but if broken in the center it can be redeemed for service by the addition of a cross-stick1 as shown in ,fig4 #bi4 ,the broken part should be well lashed together4 ,a kite could be successfully planned in this way from the beginning4 ,it is possible to make a number of geometric or representative forms as tailless kites1 but representative forms as a rule need tails4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,the shield1 ,fig4 #cj1 is one of the tailless kites and the writer succeeded very well with a two bowed tailless in the shape of a six pointed star4 ,see ,fig4 #cb4 ,perhaps the largest group in real variation is that in which kites with tails or other forms of balances are found4 ,and first and foremost1 comes our grandfathers' old ,english bow kite1 ,fig4 #ah1 having a bow that curves upward1 but not backward1 over the end of a single spine4 ,tassels were added at each side of the kite at the termination of each end of the bow1 and a long tail of rolled papers tied to a string with a cloth hanging at the end was attached to the bottom of the spine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,the great class of star kites1 with varying numbers of points1 and the geometric1 hexagonal1 octagonal1 and other forms belong to this group4 ,a three string bridle is most satisfactory for most of these forms4 ,the two upper strings of bridle should be the same length but shorter than the lower string4 ,the latter should be attached at a central point at the bottom4 ,in case there is no stick to anchor to at the center of the bottom1 four strings may be necessary or two longer ones may be used at the bottom and one shorter one at the top4 ,however the bridle is attached1 the shorter strings are always at the top1 and the single string must be centrally located to right and left1 whether at the top or bottom1 and the double portions on equal distances to each side of center line4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,the bridle for a single spine and bow tailless is something attached at top and bottom of spine1 or at the intersection of bow and spine1 and at bottom of spine4 ,in either case the bridle should be long enough so that when stretched out to the side of the kite while attached at the two points named1 it will just reach out to the end of the bow2 and at this point the kite line is attached2 see ,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #cc shows a hexagonal kite4 ,the same framework could be covered as a star kite1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,there may be any number of points to a star kite1 but most boys make the six-pointed ones4 ,sometimes the points are arranged as in ,fig4 #ce1 and again as in ,fig4 #cc4 ,fig4 #cf shows a very interesting tail for smaller star kites4 ,fig4 #cg has another arrangement of stars for the tail4 ,fig4 #ch shows a pentagonal kite and its construction4 ,the bridle might be attached at one upper point and the two lower points4 ,fig4 #ci shows an addition to the six-pointed star1 in the shape of a crescent4 ,note that two sticks are longer1 extending across the crescent1 thus giving more rigidity to the surface4 ,the outline of the crescent was made of split bamboo4 ,in a similar manner1 a broad circle could be formed about ,fig4 #ch4 ,see #ch;a4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ch1 #ch;a1 #ci1 #dj4 ,star and hexagonal kites are not the only members of the regular shapes with tails4 ,the ,japanese square kite1 ,fig4 #dj1 which is usually rectangular in shape1 has a vertical spine1 two diagonal spines1 and several horizontal ribs that are lighter in weight than the spines4 ,the larger the kite1 the more horizontal ribs will be required4 ,by making removable spines the kites can be rolled up and the ,japanese have exhibited some very beautiful ones that have been imported4 ,some of these cost as high as #cj4jj or more4 ,the two long ropelike tails swinging in graceful1 parallel curves give a beautiful effect to the whole kite4 ,the bridle is usually attached at many places on this kite4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj;a4 ,regular forms of kites are many4 ,in ,fig4 #da the circle is of reed or split bamboo4 ,it would be well to fasten the bridle at four points4 ,fig4 #db needs no special explanation as the construction is similar to ,fig4 #da4 ,the balloon kite is another modification4 ,the ship kites1 ,figs4 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #de;a1 show the construction in the drawing4 ,a piece of pasteboard is used for the hull4 ,they make pretty kites4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #da1 #db4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de;a4 ,the irregular forms are more representative1 and to many1 more interesting1 because with patience and ingenuity almost any form can be made to float in the air4 ,soaring birds1 ,fig4 #df1 are attractive and their construction is unique4 ,split bamboo is mostly used for the framework4 ,the ,chinese boys take small strips of the ,chinese tissue paper to lash the pieces of frame together4 ,it is very light and if twisted while wet1 becomes tight and strong when dry4 ,the covering is also of ,chinese tissue and colored with a water color brush4 ,a group of about five of these kites is very interesting when soaring about on high4 ,a pleasing modification is an ingenious tail attachment that is hinged to the body so that the tail drops and is raised again by the breeze1 giving the appearance of fluttering when a little distance away4 ,fig4 #dg is a photograph of three that were flown at one time and were mistaken by many for real birds1 while ,fig4 #dh is a photograph of a pair with fluttering tails4 ,in each picture the back of one bird is shown4 ,in ,fig4 #dg the birds are flat but in ,fig4 #dh the bodies are rounded out1 giving a keel to the kite4 ,this is done by making a light framework of small split bamboo4 ,notice the little patches of paper on the back that hold the string1 allowing the edge of the covering to float and flutter as feathers4 ,the bridle attachment may be two strings1 as in ,fig4 #ac1 and may be three1 as in ,fig4 #ad4 ,a set piece is shown in ,fig4 #di1 with an ,american flag fluttering as a balancer4 ,this makes a very beautiful kite when enough time is put on it to make the bird stand out clear and real in appearance4 ,one boy cut papers and stuck on to a background for feathers and while he succeeded well it is not necessary and not as effective as a few good strokes with a water color brush4 ,butterflies offer a great variety in design and color1 the best results being obtained by pasting the striking colors over the general covering4 ,a more permanent kite can be made by using the ,chinese tissue with strong water colors1 and it is more a work of art4 ,a kite thirty inches across1 made of bamboo and ,chinese paper will last for years if it has good care4 ,butterfly kites have been made to fly without tails but nearly all need one4 ,two drawings are shown1 ,fig4 #ej shows the double tail of ribbon and button of cardboard at bottom4 ,the body is curved like the bird form1 ,fig4 #dh1 and the edge of the wing is scalloped but the waves are longer than for feathers4 ,a ,chinese boy made this and placed a small silk ,chinese flag on one side of the head and a like ,american flag on the other4 ,the antennae were pieces of small reed with silk balls that are sometimes used in ornamenting draperies and gowns4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #di1 #di;a1 #ej1 #ea4 ,animal ,forms4 ,the animals are not limited to bears1 but horses1 elephants1 etc41 can be outlined in kite forms4 ,fig4 #eb shows a standing bear with little bears swinging between ropes as balancers for the large bear4 ,the ropes in the kite may be strips of cambric4 ,small strips of wood should cross from one rope to the other back of the little bears which are made of medium thick cardboard4 ,the bridle can be attached from the bear's shoulders to the bottom of the spine stick4 ,the bridle is attached only to the large bear4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,a horse carrying a knight in armor1 or horses hitched to a chariot1 would take much planning but are within reach4 ,an elephant with splendid equipment of royal hangings would make a gorgeous appearance4 ,when difficult problems of this kind are attempted it should be by kite makers of experience as much adjusting will be necessary1 and plans for framework will be needed that will give rigidity and lightness4 ,some parts in a complex design will need stiffening with reed bent out and around from the framework4 ,sometimes a small outline may be effected by means of stiff paper and again a string may be stretched from some distant stick of the framework so as to carry the covering out to certain lines4 ,by careful planning some very complicated forms can be worked out4 ,in the mounted knight1 ,fig4 #ec1 the nose of the horse will be a straight stick1 but the upper line of neck and lower part of head will be bent reed1 and of good weight4 ,the raised knee and foot are reed1 while the under side of neck changes from the line of the breast by means of a string4 ,the back of the foreleg on the ground is of string1 while the extension of the stirrup might be of stiff paper4 ,much can be done with the brush4 ,for instance1 the dropping down of the rump to the tail would be curved1 let the outline run angular1 then with a heavy streak of color1 give form4 ,a little silver paper on the armor will spice it up wonderfully4 ,we might consider a mechanical model1 an electric coupe1 ,fig4 #ed4 ,the tires may be somewhat exaggerated and stationary1 while the inside spokes and hub could be in the form of a small windmill so as to turn around1 giving the effect of running4 ,in such case1 the fans should be so turned as to turn the wheels in the same direction4 ,by the use of a double bridle and two kite lines1 it would be possible to cause the auto to travel across the sky4 ,electric cars and locomotives might be similarly made and manipulated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,when reed or bamboo are to be bent for some very particular form1 it might be well to lay it out on a board with brads on each side1 leaving it to dry4 ,in this way a truer form may be secured4 ,bamboo can be bent into shape by a little heating over a flame4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ef1 #eg1 #eh4 ,the human kite has all the possibilities of caricature in it1 and there are some very funny attempts4 8,just ,boy10 ,fig4 #ee1 is a good one1 and 8,foxy ,grandpa0 is popular4 ,fig4 #ef is the 8,squared ,chinaman04 ,the 8,clown and ,donkey10 ,fig4 #eg1 is rather easy1 being a combination of three tailless kites4 ,the 8,dutch ,girl0 makes a good kite1 also 8,me ,happy10 ,fig4 #eh4 ,in these as in the previous sub-group1 much of the effect is dependent on skilful handling of brush1 after the kite has been constructed4 ,the flying depends much on the attachment of bridle and balancers4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,box-,,kites4 ,box-kites were a new invention a very few years ago4 ,people said1 8,no use trying to put a drygoods box up in the air10 and yet something very similar in shape has been successfully used for a number of practical purposes4 ,the box-kites usually require more breeze than the plain surface kites1 but are stronger pullers1 which means also heavier lifters than their lighter breeze cousins4 ,before entering the discussion of box-kites1 it will be well to understand some terms that are used quite generally by all kite enthusiasts4 ,fig4 #ei is a plain two-celled box-kite2 a1 is the length of the kite4 ,the framework consists of four sticks1 one at each corner1 and four braces1 two near each end of the kite1 placed diagonally across the inside of the kite from one corner stick to the other4 ,the covering consists of two bands passing on the outside of the four corner sticks1 one band at each end4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,figs4 #fj1 #fa4 ,,figs4 #fb1 #fc4 ,the band and space enclosed is called a cell of the kite4 ,so this kite has two cells4 ,the length of the cell is the same as the width of the kite and is represented by b2 the depth of the cell is the same as the height of the kite in its present position1 and is shown by letter e2 the breadth of the cell by letter d2 and the distance between cells1 c1 is called the vent4 ,nearly all box-kites require the vent1 and the vent is usually wider than the breadth of the cell4 ,usually the two cells1 the fore and aft1 are the same size1 but not necessarily so4 ,no one would be seen flying a box-kite with any kind of tail unless that had a purpose in carrying out the design4 ,the square box-kite1 ,fig4 #fj1 is square in cross-section1 is very serviceable for flying1 and is convenient for carrying4 ,it is usually made to fold up1 and the bridle is attached to one corner piece of the frame4 ,this kite flies diagonally in the air4 ,it is quite easy to attach the bridle to two corner sticks of the frame1 when it flies horizontally1 ,fig4 #fa4 ,lining cambric is good for covering and some bright color should be used2 but some prefer a good wrapping paper4 ,chinese tissue may be used if the kite is not too large4 ,the corner sticks stand diagonally in the corners of the kite so that the notches of the braces can fit over them1 see ,fig4 #fb4 ,the drawing represents the end of the kite1 with the corner sticks stretched apart4 ,fig4 #fc represents a part of one of the braces4 ,string and glue are used back of the notch to prevent splitting when the strain is put on them up in the air4 ,the braces are made just a little long so that they bow a little when in place1 and this stretches the cover tight4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #fd1 #fe1 #ff4 ,a word about getting the cover on the corner sticks may be in order4 ,the distance around the kite is determined1 and a band is made the right width and the right length to reach around when the braces are sprung to place4 ,stretch the band out like a rubber band1 ,fig4 #fd1 and put in two corner sticks at a and b that have previously been glued on one edge1 and allowed to partially dry until it is what is called tacky4 ,now the band at the other end should also be glued in place when the progress will show as in ,fig4 #fe4 ,remember the glue is only on the outer edge of the sticks4 ,now find and mark the exact center between the sticks glued in place and fold to these two lines1 and glue in the other two sticks in a similar manner4 ,the progress made will be as shown in ,fig4 #ff4 ,when the glue is thoroly dry1 the kite is ready for the braces and for flying4 ,the braces might be tied together where they cross each other4 ,a good size for the corner sticks is #c_/af0 0 #cf0 with bands #aj0 wide and #fd0 long1 plus #a0 additional for the hem4 ,this will give #af0 for each side4 ,enough will be needed additional in width so as to allow a 0 hem for each side4 ,each band then will require a strip of cloth or paper #aa0 wide and #fe0 long4 ,with paper bands the 0 should be folded over and a string should be glued inside to strengthen the edge4 ,the braces should be 0 0 #ba0 from the bottom of one notch to the bottom of the other1 see ,fig4 #fb4 ,rectangular ,kite4 ,the next is the rectangular kite1 as shown in ,fig4 #fg4 ,this is a splendid kite of its kind and should have specific measurements4 ,the two center pieces called the spines are 0 0 the corner and cross-pieces 0 04 ,the bands for cells are #ba0 wide by #ah01 with #a0 additional for the seam4 ,the edges should be hemmed as in previous kite4 ,the framework should be all thoroly wired in every direction as shown by drawing1 ,fig4 #fh4 ,little wire turnbuckles such as are sold by firms carrying model aeroplane supplies might be used1 and the stretch of the wires could be taken up from time to time4 ,a well made kite will last a long time if it has good care4 ,this particular construction is for large kites and they are not often made to fold1 altho it is possible to make them so4 ,out of the box-kite has grown the aeroplane4 ,some good sizes for kites are3 ,six-foot kite3--#f' long1 #f' wide1 #c' deep1 #a'i0 width of cell1 0 0 corner-pieces1 #b'f0 between cells1 0 0 spines4 ,nine-foot kite3--#i' long1 #i' wide1 #d' deep1 #b'f0 width of cell1 0 0 corner-pieces1 #d' between cells1 #a0 #a0 spines4 ,twelve-foot kite3--#ab' long1 #ab' wide1 #f' deep1 #c'f0 width of cell1 0 0 corner pieces1 #e' between cells1 #a0 #a0 spines4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,the two kites just described may be modified in a number of ways as follows3--,two square kites side by side will give ,fig4 #fi1 and three side by side ,fig4 #gj2 these might be increased in both directions until a kite like ,fig4 #ga might be evolved4 ,but there is no great gain and much hindrance in some of these complications4 ,if there is insufficient room between upper and lower surface1 not all of the surface is exposed and there is skin friction1 again if there is not space enough between the fore and back cells1 the front cuts off the air pressure to some extent on the back cells4 ,so ,fig4 #gb is not high enough1 while ,fig4 #gc has the fore and back cells too close together4 ,fig4 #gd is very unstable in the air4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi4 ,the triangular cross-section has the advantage of a bracing framework and is easy in combination4 ,the bridle is attached to one of the long sticks and the kite rides on a keel1 ,fig4 #ge4 ,three braces about the middle of each cell keep the corner sticks out to place4 ,these can be put in at the field1 thus allowing the kite to be rolled for transportation4 ,the triangular kite is sometimes lengthened so as to use three cells1 ,fig4 #gf1 and again two kites are placed side by side1 ,fig4 #gg1 and this may be increased by placing another below both1 as in ,fig4 #gh4 ,in the last combination we have a large kite to the outside and a smaller one to the inside which can be lengthened so as to give three cells in length1 ,fig4 #gi1 and many other combinations can be made4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,tetrahedral ,kite4 ,out of the triangular has grown the celebrated ,bell tetrahedral kites1 which can be increased in size beyond that of any other kite4 ,no attempt will be made to give an exhaustive description or full construction of these wonderful kites as ,dr4 ,bell has written a number of good articles on the subject for the ,scientific ,american and other magazines4 ,there have been some wonderful kites made on this principle of construction4 ,in simple kites of this construction we have a large tetrahedral frame composed of six sticks1 ,fig4 #hj4 ,owing to the bracing effect1 remarkably small material can be used4 ,for a kite four feet to an edge1 #c_/af0 sticks were ample4 ,all of the drawings given here represent the kite resting on its keel1 tho a kite left in that position would topple over unless supported in some way4 ,now we will divide this large tetrahedral horizontally by four sticks1 ,fig4 #ha1 and in ,fig4 #hb strings are run from the ends of the four horizontal sticks to the middle of the keel1 also to the middle of the upper ridge stick4 ,some use sticks in place of the strings1 but if the kite is not too large the strings are as good and in small kites better4 ,fig4 #hc shows a four-celled tetrahedral with the coverings on4 ,fig4 #hd shows a further division in which each cell of ,fig4 #hc is again divided into four cells1 making a #af-;celled kite4 ,the kite rides in the air tipped as shown in ,fig4 #he4 ,look up some of the articles given in the 8,bibliography of ,kites0 for further discussions of this type4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,the hexagonal kite is also an outgrowth of the triangular4 ,looking at the end of a hexagonal kite1 three brace sticks will be seen1 ,fig4 #hf1 which can be made removable1 thus allowing the kite and its covering to be rolled4 ,the kite will be more stable in the air if one side is down1 so the bridle will be attached to two of the long sticks1 and if it proves unmanageable1 at four points4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #hg1 #hh4 ,the circular cross-sectioned or barrel kite is more of a curiosity4 ,it has two cells1 and the frame is made up of four circles1 either of split bamboo1 reed1 or thin tough wood4 ,the circle should be shaped before further construction is attempted4 ,most of the strain will come on the circles so the ribs1 connecting the four circles1 may be quite light and slender4 ,there will be less danger of twisting out of shape if more than two ribs are used4 ,the ribs should be lashed to the rings with thread or twisted paper4 ,no braces are necessary in the small ones2 a long stick slanting thru the entire kite may be used in the larger ones1 see ,fig4 #hg1 with covering4 ,a pentagonal frame could be constructed with three braces1 ,fig4 #hh1 and should be flown in the position shown4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,combined ,,kites4 ,,combining ,,plain ,,surfaces ,,and ,,box ,,kites ,,together4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,straight ,extension of ,surfaces4 ,one of the most efficient and popular kites in the combined construction group is the two spined tailless1 called the house kite1 and the triangular box-kite1 as shown by ,fig4 #hi4 ,this is an easy kite to make and the proportions are easy to remember4 ,the simplest plan is shown in ,fig4 #ij4 ,three sticks of the same size are used2 say1 0 0 #d'4 ,the horizontal stick is lashed to the two vertical spines down one-third the distance from the top1 in this case #ah04 ,the two spines are also #ah0 apart1 which leaves the extension of the horizontal #ah0 to each side of spines4 ,now run a string around the outside of the framework1 and cover as in ,fig4 #ia4 ,the two cells are now built over the two spaces between the spines4 ,there need not be any braces for these cells1 but another stick of the same dimensions as the other three is used to keep the keel shaped portion in place when pulled out by the breeze4 ,the whole framework can be built rigid1 using two short braces about the middle of each cell out to the fourth stick or keel of kite2 the best way1 however1 is to make the horizontal stick removable and without the short braces so that the kite may be rolled up4 ,remember there are only four sticks in such a kite and they are all the same size4 ,this kite is sometimes called the 8,coyne ,kite10 again the 8,french ,war ,kite10 and is a steady flyer and a strong puller4 ,the bridle can be adjusted so as to give much or little inclination to the breeze4 ,for lazy1 easy gliding1 the kite would be adjusted as in ,fig4 #ib1 or with the lower horizontal shorter1 as in ,fig4 #ic4 ,the horizontals may be bowed forward and also backward4 ,we have had all sizes of this kite at the tournaments4 ,fig4 #id is about five inches tall1 while another was sixteen feet tall and required quite an army of boys to pull it up in the air4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic4 ,a similar combination can be made with the square box-kite on the diagonal with straight surfaces out to each side1 as shown in ,fig4 #ie4 ,besides the four vertical sticks1 there are four horizontal pieces of the so as to be nearer horizontal4 ,this kite can be modified by a lower horizontal two-thirds down of the same length as the upper horizontal1 as in same length and one short brace placed centrally in each cell to keep the fore and back sticks apart4 ,the short braces can be notched to slip into place and on being removed will let the kite down flat4 ,this kite will need to be more rigid than the one just described4 ,a hexagonal box-kite could be made with side wings by extending one of the braces at each end1 ,fig4 #if1 and the pentagonal form could be similarly modified4 ,fig4 #ig has a little different plan of extension that looks more like wings4 ,a triangular box-kite is used as the main structure to build on4 ,three long sticks are required with four short braces on each side1 eight in all1 with eight wing sticks1 four long and four shorter1 that are attached to an inner long stick of the box-like portion and extend across to the short brace of the opposite side4 ,when a pair of the extension sticks are fastened to place1 they are lashed together at their crossing point4 ,the slanting extensions are strongly built and add poise to the kite4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,the poise of a rectangular kite may be increased by the addition of slant extensions4 ,the extension pieces start from the lower corner pieces1 pass under the upper corner pieces1 lashing fast at both places1 ,fig4 #ih4 ,if a little variety in outline is desired1 split bamboo or reed could be used to make such forms as are desired2 even string connections can be made4 ,in making hollow form objects both patience and skill are necessary4 ,a form that is interesting but not representative of any real object is shown in ,fig4 #ii4 ,another is the arrow kite1 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,the flying bird kite should make a good problem for some ingenious chap4 ,the framework and stringing is shown in ,fig4 #aja4 ,the cross-section of the body of the bird is about the shape of a tailless kite4 ,the plan gives such good bracing construction that very light material may be used4 ,four feet would be a good length for this kite4 ,the soaring bird1 ,fig4 #ajb1 is quite similar in construction to the preceding kite4 ,the body is never square in cross-section4 ,a little bow is given to the tip ends of the wings4 ,the back line of the wing changes by means of an extra cord4 ,this kite is not as stable as 8,the flying ,bird40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,the 8flying fish10 ,fig4 #ajc1 needs vents1 as the whole body is a box-kite4 ,two views of the framework are given2 a center spine runs the entire length of the fish with two curves at the mouth4 ,the mouth is left open1 so string is used for the outline4 ,the original kite was very mechanically made4 ,it was beyond amateur work and showed that some skilled workman had assisted4 ,much can be done with the brush to make this a very interesting kite4 ,scales can be painted and the fins and tail lined up4 ,wherever vents are placed1 there should be a string for the edge of the paper to turn over1 or it will tear out4 ,the 8,clown and ,donkey10 ,fig4 #eg1 is the combination of three tailless kites1 and is what is known as a compound kite4 ,fig4 #ajd is another example of compounding4 ,fig4 #aje shows a star kite compounded together4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii4 ,kites in ,series4 ,a boy may put up a kite about five hundred feet1 and if it is a good flyer1 tie the kite line fast and put up another on perhaps three hundred feet of string4 ,if the second is also a steady flyer he can tie the end of that kite line to the first and let out perhaps three hundred feet more of the first line1 and again tie it fast4 ,another kite is added in the same manner as the second and so on4 ,the best flyers of the series should be placed as leaders4 ,boys have put up as high as forty kites in such a series1 and no one has any idea of the beauty of such a series1 when looking up from the standpoint of the flyer1 until he has actually seen such a combination4 ,some prefer to take a color scheme and use it for all the kites1 others prefer a great variety of colors1 and it is hard to tell which is the most pleasing4 ,tailless kites are used more than any other for such purposes4 ,fig4 #ajf shows the arrangement4 ,this is one of the best schemes for high flying4 ,the first kite should not be put out to the limit of its lifting power else when the rest of the string is lifted it will not mount up higher4 ,it should have considerable reserve when the second kite is attached4 ,for high flying1 the kites should be placed farther apart1 and the first part of the line should be light and strong and the thickness increased as needed for strength of the combined kites4 ,kites can be put up to a great height in this way4 ,this way of combining kites is called 8,kites in ,tandem40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,another way of flying kites in tandem is to fasten all kites directly to the one kite line1 the line passing thru each kite after the first4 ,this method however requires a helper for each kite and they are placed closer together4 ,at one of the ,los ,angeles ,tournaments1 two boys had a beautiful team of green and white kites arranged in the second series of tandem4 ,the kites were of the triangular box and house kite order1 ,fig4 #hi1 were six feet and nine feet tall1 and were nine in number4 ,there was insufficient breeze to fly them well1 but it was great sport for thirty or forty boys to run with the kite line4 ,they were strong enough to lift up a large man4 ,the heaviest pull that was registered was a little over two hundred pounds1 but in a good breeze they would have pulled over four hundred4 ,i would like to show you a picture of them1 but ,i failed to get one4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,in the second series of tandems1 while all kites are attached to the same line directly1 there is an individual bridle for each kite1 but in the third series we have a sort of harness that combines all kites together1 so that if one tips forward1 all tip forward1 and vice versa4 ,it will be seen that in ,figs4 #ajg and #ajh where a number of tailless kites are arranged in a regular series1 that there is a complete harness running from the larger kite as a head1 to the banner floating out at the rear4 ,four cords are attached1 one at the top1 another at the bottom1 and one at each side4 ,the distances between all points are the same1 so when the head tips forward1 the second kite has a similar inclination to the breeze1 and so on thruout the whole series4 ,the bridle is attached at the four points at the head1 so attached as to give a good flying inclination4 ,this series is called a 8,tailless ,dragon ,kite0 and flies well and makes a fine appearance in the air4 ,the tailless dragon can be made more ornamental and seem more connected1 by extending the spine above the kite as in the head1 a string with a feather edge of tissue paper being festooned from the top of one kite in the series to the next4 ,at the bottom of each kite some streamers of tissue paper would help in the same manner1 ,fig4 #aji4 ,the regular ,chinese centipede kite1 ,fig4 #aaj1 is not so difficult now that we have harnessed the tailless dragon4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,the ,chinese say there should never be more than three strings to bridle or harness2 this bridle has two strings to the head of the dragon1 and three strings to the harness4 ,the harness consists of the three strings running from one end of the kite to the other4 ,the ,chinese dragon kite usually1 if not always1 has circular disks for the body of the monster4 ,fig4 #aaa shows a beautiful kite hung on the wall for decorative purposes and shows the design on the individual sections1 while ,fig4 #aab shows the same kite held by boys on the lawn4 ,the lighter portion on the disk is green with gilt scales1 while the darker portion is scarlet4 ,the head is all colors1 with red mouth1 white teeth1 eyes that revolve with little mirrors thereon to flash the sunlight4 ,the framework for the head is shown in ,fig4 #aac4 ,while the framework for each circular disk1 ,fig4 #aad1 is just a band of bamboo1 with a light strip of bamboo to which the peacock feathers are attached as balancers1 the disks are covered with ,chinese paper and decorated4 ,the disks are #aj0 and the balancer sticks #cj04 ,the feathers are lashed to the balancer sticks4 ,the discs are #ab0 apart4 ,the last disc has streamers of ribbon or tissue paper4 ,this kite flies well and sways about like an immense brightly colored caterpillar up in the air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,the dragon kite1 ,fig4 #aae1 was very beautiful and flew high in the air4 ,the colors were pink and white4 ,instead of feathers for balancers1 tufts of tissue paper were used4 ,a special balancer was used for the whole kite in the form of a hollow ball4 ,small reed or bamboo was used for the skeleton1 and this was covered with tissue paper4 ,see it hanging below the kite's head in the picture4 ,the various sections are covered with different colored papers4 ,the heads differ1 but otherwise the kites are quite similar in construction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,decoration ,,of ,,kites4 ,kites may be decorated in three general ways4 ,piece work in covering2 overlaying1 called aplaca2 and brush work4 ,the decoration of kites presents some unique problems4 ,the great distances at which the decorations are to be seen force a study of the carrying qualities of colors4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,the star kite is probably the best for decoration1 as the spacing falls in easier relationships than some of the other forms4 ,in the kite shown in ,fig4 #aaf the covering is applied so as to give a decorative effect1 and it showed up splendidly in the air4 ,the colors did not stand out as well as might be expected1 however1 and while high in the air it was nearly overlooked by the judges4 ,when brought nearer it received the first prize4 ,another way of combining colors is to make one half one color and the other half another1 giving a light and shade effect to each point1 ,fig4 #aag4 ,fig4 #cg shows a pleasing arrangement of spaces4 ,the kite is first covered with the body color1 then the bandings are put on1 and lastly the spots4 ,a banding around the outside of the stars in the tail is effective and in keeping4 ,passe-partout is excellent for banding in some places4 ,the five-pointed star kite1 ,fig4 #ch1 is neat and artistic4 ,the framework is given to the left4 ,the ,six-pointed ,star1 ,fig4 #aah1 has interesting spaces and paths4 ,the wide paths running to the center are divided by passe-partout4 ,the discs at the points are in keeping with the large one at the center4 ,the main cover was in two tones of grey green4 ,the one spine and two bowed tailless kite gives good opportunity for decoration4 ,fig4 #aai is designed as a banner kite1 ,fig4 #abj a conventionalized bull pup1 and ,fig4 #aba a flower form4 ,the two stick tailless kite is not as easy to space well as some of the others1 yet a number of excellently decorated kites of this form have been exhibited4 ,fig4 #abb has a blue body and black paths with gilt over the black4 ,the gilt was put on by hand4 ,fig4 #abc is very similar in design but with light paths between dark4 ,fig4 #abd has a red1 white and blue combination with black paths and gilt stripes on the color spaces4 ,in ,fig4 #abe the radiating lines would be curved in the air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,the ,japanese square kite1 ,fig4 #abf1 is like a canvas1 ready for a grotesque figure1 a beautiful landscape1 or a conventional design1 and many of these have been very artistically decorated4 ,for box-kites with bands as a part of their construction1 the banding designs seem more consistent1 and so are used more4 ,see ,figs4 #abg-acc4 ,fish1 bird1 butterfly1 boy1 man1 and clown kites and all forms of representative kites require considerable brush work4 ,fig4 #acd is a beautiful brown kite all decorated with the brush4 ,the school building in the center was painted with water colors4 ,the fish kite1 ,fig4 #ace1 is all hand work4 ,fig4 #acf is the head for a dragon kite and should have considerable fierceness4 ,fig4 #acg has the decorative feature in carefully planned lettering which possesses a good space filling quality4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,some very satisfactory results are obtained by using good colors1 say blue and black1 relieved with gilt4 ,red and white makes a pleasing combination1 also red and black4 ,a circle divided into three parts presents a little problem in color harmony analysis4 ,there are three primary colors3 red1 yellow1 and blue4 ,we may use blue in a color scheme4 ,combining the other two colors1 red and yellow1 we get orange4 ,orange is called the complement of blue1 but orange is too strong1 and a better color harmony is formed by the addition of some of the third color1 the blue to the orange1 which will give a brown4 ,now brown and blue make a better color harmony than orange and blue4 ,so it runs1 two primary colors give a secondary1 but the colors are more pleasing when subdued with the third color or by the addition of grey or white4 ,red and olive will need dividing paths of some strong color1 black or white4 ,when gilt is used it must be edged with black or some very dark color or it loses its effectiveness4 ,while orange is too strong for combination with blue1 it is good with black4 ,when yellow is used with the purples it should be a modest yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,just as in landscape where the highlights are warm colors1 we seek a cool color for shadows1 and vice versa1 so with color combination we strike across the color circle and choose a warm and cool color for balance4 ,some of the analogous hues are very pleasing1 but unless quite a little variation of color is used1 the design soon loses out in the distance4 ,browns1 greens1 reds1 blues1 etc41 may be used in their individual color schemes1 but the throwing in of some opposite color has a spicing up effect that is helpful4 ,a dark brown1 medium brown1 a dull yellow1 and a light but not brilliant yellow1 give a good combination4 ,some color schemes that are very beautiful for rugs and interior decoration do not carry far enough to be used on a kite4 ,some very brilliant colors that might shock us close by1 are charming when far up in the air4 ,but this is not a treatise on color work1 and the subject is so great1 that we must leave it here4 ,sometimes striped effects are made with gummed papers similar to passe-partout4 ,the little mirrors mentioned are such as are used on gowns and draperies4 ,they are set in little rims of light brass and with a good allowance of paste may be stuck sufficiently well to any portion of the kite to hold during a tournament4 ,the mirrors might be found at ,chinese stores4 ,whirling devices1 to be treated in a following chapter1 may also be used for ornamentation4 ,tassels1 streamers1 and banners all serve a purpose of artistic makeup when properly used4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,messengers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,all are more or less familiar with the piece of paper with a hole in it that is slipped over the string of a kite high in the air4 ,the wind catches it and whirls it along1 until it finally reaches its destination1 the kite4 ,sometimes urgent business demands several communications to the kite1 so several pieces of paper are seen whirling at various distances from the boy1 making their way1 now slowly1 now faster1 overtaking1 falling behind and so on until they fulfill their mission4 ,such is the usual kite messenger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,a clever little messenger was described by ,nungent in ,st4 ,nicholas1 for ,october1 #aijj4 ,this has been modified and used at a number of kite tournaments4 ,it is in the form of a little yacht1 and has a beam on which is attached two pulleys under which the kite line runs1 a mast that carries the sail and that also extends downward thru the hull to carry a weight that holds the yacht upright4 ,the mast slants backward a little so as to brace against the pull of the sail4 ,the sail is held up by a string that is attached to an easy trip1 and when released the sail drops and the yacht returns down the kite line to the operator by gravity4 ,fig4 #ach shows a complete model with sail up as it appears on the up trip4 ,fig4 #aci shows the various parts3 the beam1 a1 is made of a light wood1 0 0 #ae01 portions are cut away to reduce weight2 the mast b1 is round1 0 in diameter at bottom1 tapering to a point at the top1 is #bi0 long1 #i0 below the beam and #bj0 above2 the mast is lashed to the side of the beam2 c and d are yard arms1 c being #af0 and d #ad0 long and both about 0 to #c_/af0 thru2 c is lashed above the beam1 and d is hung by a thread #ae0 higher up4 ,a thread is run from each end of both yard arms to the top of the metal loop supporting the back pulley wheel4 ,the threads are for the purpose of preventing twisting of the sail4 ,the sail is of some light soft material that is very pliable in the breeze4 ,some use silk1 others soft cotton1 and some paper4 ,i used a ,chinese tissue paper sail and found it very satisfactory2 it lasted several seasons4 ,the strong way of the paper should be put on up and down4 ,the sail is pasted or sewed to the yard arms4 ,the sail line is a piece of linen thread that is fastened to the middle of the upper yard arm1 passing thru a loop made of small wire1 u1 which is lashed to the mast1 see ,fig4 #adj4 ,the line then passes to the eye of the wire forming the trip on the side of the beam1 see ,fig4 #ada4 t is a small nail in the side of the beam a2 m is a long slim wire nail with an eye bent at the top and two bends at right angles about half way down4 ,a piece of small spring brass wire will do as well as the slim nail4 ,a small round wooden stick1 e1 not larger than 0 at the largest end and about #ad0 long lies loosely in the screw-eyes1 r and s1 under the beam4 ,the end of the hook that the sail line is fastened to passes down thru a small hole in the end of the small stick e4 ,a weight1 p1 is secured to the lower end of the mast to prevent overturning of the yacht1 and a piece of light cardboard is used for the hull4 ,the pulley wheels can be turned on a lathe or small metal ones1 especially aluminum can be used4 ,strips of tin make good frames for the wheels1 and are attached to both sides of the beams4 ,if wooden wheels are used1 care should be taken to see that the holes are in the center4 ,wire nails make good axles4 ,the kite line is liable to jump out the grooves of the wheels1 so small screw-eyes placed in the beam just in front and behind each wheel will keep the kite line in place4 ,it may be an advantage to press the eye together some so as to make an elongated hole1 ,fig4 #adb4 ,some care will be necessary to see that the screw-eyes are screwed in just the right distance so as to prevent the string from resting on the screw-eyes instead of the grooved wheels4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,illustration3 ,,tn3 ,image missing ,,fig4 #adc4 ,the ,release4 ,the sail is tripped by the stick1 e1 being pushed against an obstruction of cardboard fastened perhaps three hundred feet from the kite1 see ,fig4 #adc4 ,the reason for placing it away from the kite is that when the weight comes on the kite line1 the last part of the trip is very steep2 by placing the obstruction some distance from the kite this difficulty is largely overcome4 ,as a final warning1 the sail line should just be tight enough to hold the sail in place while going up and not tight enough to prevent easy tripping when e touches the obstruction disk4 ,some put on elastic bands to pull the sail down quickly when it is tripped4 ,the nearer the sail can float out straight behind on the return trip1 the less resistance there will be to the breeze4 ,some even go so far as to have a little rolling up device for the sail4 ,a thread should be attached to the beam and to the little rod e to prevent its falling out on the down trip4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese sometimes have little messengers that are released when a punk burns down so as to burn off a supporting thread4 ,this might be applied to parachutes too4 ,another good device but which is not self-propelling on the upward trip is the trolley car1 ,fig4 #add4 ,the car is pulled up the kite line to a trip1 when it is released and returns by gravity4 ,the pulley block is tied into the kite line1 ,fig4 #ade4 ,the line below the block passes thru the car under a little roller on the inside of the car at each end4 ,the car can be made up of any light material1 but need not be as light as self propelled devices1 the weight being an advantage on the downward run4 ,the line that pulls the car up passes around the grooved pulley1 thru the guides in the pulley block and one end goes to the car while the other goes to the operator4 ,a release is necessary1 and perhaps a little sharp blade like a safety razor blade will be as effective as any1 ,fig4 #adf4 ,in ,fig4 #adg another trip is shown in which a wire is bent1 as at a4 ,this wire passes up thru the upper portion of the roof at b1 and passes thru screw-eyes c and d2 d is bent forward4 ,the lower portion of the wire as represented is much longer than the upper1 and when it touches the pulley block is pushed back1 and the shorter portion is pushed back of screw-eye d1 which releases the small ring1 e1 to which the pulling line to the operator is attached1 and also sets free the car to run down the kite line4 ,this last is not a difficult attachment and seems a little more scientifically mechanical4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,there are other ways of effecting the release4 ,a good pulling kite is necessary1 as in the excitement of pulling up the car1 more strain is put on the kite than one would realize4 ,if a race is on1 a fishing reel would be an advantage4 ,this last messenger is not limited to the street car1 but the form might be a locomotive and train1 an automobile or an air ship4 ,the latter might have adjustable wings so as to be open to the breeze on the up trip and so be self propelling as in the yacht1 and by releasing that which holds the wings open1 they will close up1 and the messenger would be ready for the down trip4 ,in the messenger races1 it is necessary to measure the string4 ,at a tournament it is necessary to do this beforehand4 ,it is not necessary1 but more interesting1 to have all the contestants operating at the same time4 ,in case all cannot operate together1 each can be timed4 ,some very comical devices might be devised as messengers1 not so much for speed as for amusement4 ,certain motions might be developed that would add much to the entertainment of all4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,moving ,,devices4 ,most of the moving devices on kites are operated best by means of windmills4 ,the windmill can be placed back of the kite out of sight4 ,various movements can be devised such as opening and shutting of eyes and mouth and moving of ears4 ,feet and hands can be made to dangle without any device4 ,the windmill can also be used for decorative purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,windmills4 ,there are two general kinds of windmills4 ,those turning from left to right and vice versa1 and those turning fore and back4 ,the last named type is used for eyes that turn4 ,the eyes are set in little rims of some stiff material1 a thin piece of bamboo1 shaving1 or stiff cardboard4 ,holes are cut in the covering of the kite and these rims are pasted in so as to stand edgewise4 ,these rims prevent the interference of any obstruction to the revolving eyes4 ,the eye may be set in place by means of a wire running thru each side of the rim and thru the eye4 ,the eye has a smaller rim on which two half circles of paper are pasted1 see ,fig4 #adh4 ,a little paper wound into a little ball would be made by the ,chinese boys1 but a glass bead will answer to keep the eye away from the rim of the opening4 ,the two semicircles of paper are on the two halves of the eye4 ,in ,fig4 #adh1 a is on the upper half of the front side while the other semicircle1 b1 is on the lower half of the back4 ,sometimes little mirrors are pasted to the eyes1 as at m1 to reflect the light as they spin around1 which they certainly do1 if nicely set in their places4 ,some use considerable black on one half and white on the other1 giving a blinking effect4 ,this same kind of revolving disk is sometimes used on wires or cord to the outside of the kite1 see ,fig4 #acd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,the revolving device1 while not as familiar as our little windmills1 is more easily secured in position but it is not impossible and in fact is not a very difficult task to fasten the windmills4 ,the windmills can be made of stiff paper1 any stiff cover paper will do2 they spin well and are very light4 ,they are usually made of a square piece of paper which is cut on the diagonal nearly to the center1 ,fig4 #adi2 one of the points of each section is then brought a little past the center and a pin pushed thru1 ,fig4 #aej4 ,these little whirligigs can be attached with the pin to the framework of the kite at various places4 ,larger mills can be made of stiffer paper1 as bristol board1 but the larger sizes will need more anchorage4 ,the wheel will need an axle of wire and to secure it1 a paper1 perhaps several1 will need to be pasted to the wheel and on the wire to prevent its flopping over4 ,the wheels are made from a circular piece and are slitted from the circumference to near to the center and the sections are curved by drawing the paper over a pencil or similar object until the right curvature is obtained1 ,fig4 #aea4 ,all the sections of a wheel are curved the same way but where there are more than one1 part should turn to the right and the others to the left4 ,the framework supporting the axle should reach across the opening and there should be a strip on each side as shown in ,fig4 #aeb4 ,if the fans will not remain curved1 a wire can be run around the outer edge1 thus keeping the fans in place and at the proper angle4 ,other windmills are made with wooden axles that have little diagonal cuts to receive pieces of thin stiff cardboard as fans4 ,these can usually be purchased1 but they can also be made2 ,fig4 #aec has one fan removed4 ,make a small block and with small saw1 make little cuts on the diagonal and set the fans in with glue4 ,some make little windmills of aluminum1 which are similar to the ones made of light cardboard4 ,windmills can be applied in many ways2 for example1 they may represent wheels on an automobile kite1 ,fig4 #aed1 in which the tires are large and the windmill serves as the center of the wheel4 ,when turning around it cannot be seen that the tire is not turning4 ,another wheel is shown at a in which small slanting fans are attached4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,the most difficult part in making the auto kite is to keep it light and in poise4 ,it will readily be seen that the automobile is a triangular box-kite4 ,the hood of the engine should be open at both ends1 with string across to represent screen4 ,the hood instead of being a dead weight will have considerable lifting power1 being part of a barrel kite4 ,a framework is shown in ,fig4 #aee4 ,the top of the auto might be black or tan1 the body red1 black1 grey1 green or brown1 the tires light tan1 and the moving part of the wheels light yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #aed1 #aee4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #aef1 #aeg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,the steamboat kite1 ,figs4 #aef and #aeg1 is another application of the moving wheel but this construction is simpler and the attachment of wheel is better4 ,in this model a part of the wheel is shielded from the breeze1 so the uneven pressure causes it to revolve4 ,this is a very feasible and interesting problem4 ,fig4 #aeh shows a kite with a wagging head above it4 ,when we understand this device1 we should be able to plan many others4 ,the windmill is set in the open part of the kite4 ,two cross-sticks are used so it is quite easy to attach a vertical piece to the two for support of the aluminum wheel4 ,a little hub has a groove in it that a cord belt runs in1 and from that to another grooved wheel to the back of the kite1 ,fig4 #aei4 ,a lath nail cut off for a small crank pin1 j1 is located near the outer edge of this grooved wheel4 ,a vertical lever1 h1 with axis at i1 has an elongated hole at the lower end that works over the crank-pin and as k revolves1 the lever operates from side to side4 ,the hole must be long enough for the crank-pin to reach its highest and lowest point easily4 ,the elongated hole can be effected by extending a wire loop down from the end of the vertical lever to work on the crank-pin4 ,the wire should be lashed with linen thread to the vertical lever and coated over with glue4 ,an object can be used on the upper end1 such as a head1 a flag1 etc4 ,in the same manner1 hands and feet may be extended and withdrawn1 a turtle might be made to draw in head and feet and many other interesting operations1 but in all of these the machinery must work easily1 must not lop over against anything else and above all we must remember not to load down our kite with weight or overbalance it with undue leverage at any part of the kite4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,another way of attaching to windmill is to make the wire axle long enough to pass thru and at the back bend into a crank1 ,fig4 #afj4 ,the lever h would work direct on this crank as it does on the crank-pin in the device with the second grooved pulley1 k1 ,fig4 #aei4 ,to make the head go up and down1 use a round hole instead of the elongated ones in the vertical shaft4 ,a loop of wire1 ,fig4 #afa1 should hold the upper part of the vertical lever in place1 and in case of the head bobbing up and down1 the lever is not attached at i1 ,fig4 #aei1 but the loop1 ,fig4 #afa1 must not be omitted4 ,other ,devices4 ,but windmills are not the only means of operating moving parts of a kite4 ,an extra line to the ground will give opportunity to the kite flyer to open and shut eyes and mouth and move ears at will4 ,ears could be made to grow a foot and then be drawn back by light elastic bands4 ,the mouth might open and a red tongue run out1 or a pocket in the mouth might be turned inside out1 thus releasing a shower of bits of paper1 white1 colored1 gilt1 and silver4 ,let the imagination play for a time1 then set the inventive machinery of the brain to work and 8watch us grow40 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,suspended ,,figures ,,and ,,appliances4 ,these devices are usually suspended from the kite line4 ,it is necessary to have enough suspension cords attached to prevent twisting up with the main line4 ,most of the devices will float out and have some lifting power of their own1 but some will require a kite that can sustain some weight1 in some cases a pound or more4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,flags and ,banners4 ,one of the prettiest attachments is the ,american flag4 ,this can be attached in two ways3 first by means of a vertical stick of some weight1 ,fig4 #afb1 and second by using the horizontal stick1 as in ,fig4 #afc4 ,a pleasing trick is to have the flag folded 7do not wind on the stick7 and covered1 tied loosely with bow-knots that are easily untied1 and when the flag is well up1 the tripping string is pulled and the flag released4 ,the string of the bow-knot passes down the kite line thru little loops of wire attached to the main line to prevent the tripping string from getting twisted therein4 ,if two are operating1 one can stand at a little distance so as not to get the two strings twisted1 and thus avoid the wire loops4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg4 ,banners are used sometimes for schools1 sometimes for advertising and sometimes for just no particular purpose but the pleasure of doing it4 ,a few banners are shown3 ,fig4 #afd represents the ,grand ,avenue ,school1 ,fig4 #afe the ,hobart ,boulevard ,school1 ,fig4 #aff1 ,vermont ,avenue1 and ,fig4 #afg1 the ,tenth ,street ,school4 ,fig4 #afh shows how the banners are attached4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,the wireless has a great attraction for most boys4 ,some attach antennae to the kite1 others drop a number of wires from the kite line1 as in ,fig4 #afi4 ,a stick is suspended similar to a banner1 except that it requires only two suspension cords2 another stick hangs by the wires about ten feet below1 and below this the wires come together and a wire follows the kite line to the receiver and to the ground4 ,caution is here given against the use of a wire kite line4 ,one boy tried this and when the kite lowered in a lull of the breeze the wire crossed the trolley line and in the mix-up the boy became entangled in the line by attempting to get his kite up again1 and received quite a shock2 but there was no serious results4 ,his instrument and attachments were working splendidly4 ,the winding of the coil is a very good problem for any boy4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,photography4 ,some boys are interested in photography1 and the kite gives opportunity for taking bird's-eye views4 ,the kodak must rest on a framework and the tripping line be so attached as not to cause the instrument to swing when the shutter is snapped4 ,the tripping can be accommodated by means of the rear suspension cord1 ,fig4 #agj4 ,the shutter should trip very easily so as to cause as little swinging as possible4 ,an extension of the lever might be an advantage4 ,the two sticks of the framework should be halved together so as to bring the upper surfaces level4 ,a screw-eye placed in the cross-stick directly below the tripping lever holds the tripping string so that it draws on the camera in line with its own seating on the framework1 and causes the minimum amount of swaying4 ,figs4 #aga and #agb were taken on a kite line that was sent up from the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 building4 ,the speck of white shown on the roof near the ventilator is the operator4 ,figs4 #agc and #agd were taken by a twelve year old boy and while not as high as the first is a very good start4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,signaling4 ,signaling can be done by means of a red and white flag1 and the code used by the wig wag system1 or one similar can be used4 ,fig4 #age shows the rod on which the two signals are used4 ,screw-eyes would be better than pulley wheels as there would be no slipping out of the grooves1 and there would not be enough friction to be objectionable4 ,the cord operating the two signals should be continuous1 passing from the ground to one signal1 thru the screw-eye above1 then thru the other screw-eye to the second signal and from that back to the ground4 ,the distance from the signal to the screw-eye should be convenient for manipulation by the operator1 for while one flag is up the other is down1 and this distance corresponds to the pull and relaxation of the hands of the operator4 ,the signals can be red and white flags1 or a device like ,fig4 #agf1 in which a full surface of color would always be in view4 ,sometimes a flag flying directly toward or away from you is not a very large object to see4 ,this last device is made of two good sized cardboard disks1 each cut half way thru1 ,fig4 #agg1 and set at right angles to each other4 ,the red and white is placed there to help in location of the other signals1 as to up and would read1 red and light1 that is r is red or right1 while l is left or light4 ,so the same code operates for both4 ,the center black square down and right and left4 ,the code given is one that we have used somewhat1 but not many have mastered it as yet4 ,it can be used for night signalling1 as red and white or light1 would read r and l too4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #agf1 #agg4 ,we will illustrate with the letter b ,the code reads ,l ,r ,r ,l4 ,at night this would be flashed3 light1 then red1 red again1 then light4 ,on the kite signal we would run up the light signal1 then the red1 red again1 and then the light4 ,just so with the wig wag4 ,the wig wag flag would be waved to left then two to the right then one to the left and back again to center4 ,if we were spelling out ,b ,o ,y1 a little pause would be made after ,b had been signalled1 then left1 right1 or light1 red would be signalled1 and after a slight pause again1 the three reds or three waves of the wig wag flag to the right4 ,a little longer pause between words and then the next word would follow4 ,a ,,ll ,j ,,llrr ,s ,,lrl #b ,,llll ,b ,,lrrl ,k ,,lrlr ,t ,l #c ,,rrrl ,c ,,rlr ,l ,,llr ,u ,,rrl #d ,,lllr ,d ,,lll ,m ,,rllr ,v ,,rlll #e ,,rrll ,e ,,rl ,n ,,rr ,w ,,rrlr #f ,,llrr ,f ,,lllr ,o ,,lr ,x ,,lrll #g ,,rlll ,g ,,rrll ,p ,,rlrl ,y ,,rrr #h ,,lrrr ,h ,,rll ,q ,,rlrr ,z ,,llll #i ,,rllr ,i ,r ,r ,,lrr #a ,,rrrr #j ,,lr ,swings4 ,a swing can be attached to the kite line by six suspension cords1 ,fig4 #agh4 ,the boy in overalls is a pleasing figure1 ,fig4 #agi4 ,the framework is of light kite sticks and the figure is cut out of light cardboard1 but must be reinforced with light sticks across the body to prevent collapse4 ,a stick across back of the arms and two down the legs from this will be sufficient4 ,the sunbonnet baby is good1 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,the sunbonnet in white and the dress red with pink slippers is effective4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,the trapeze performer1 ,fig4 #aha1 must be placed edgewise in the swing1 and the lower stick must be made so it will revolve4 ,the grooved pulley is stationary on the lower rod and should have a good sized grove so as to accommodate two or three turns of the operating line1 which should run double to the ground4 ,it is well to have such lines fastened to a stick so that the hand may hold in the center between the two1 see ,fig4 #ahb4 ,by a twist of the wrist the ends of the stick can be forced to and fro which turns the rod that the performer is on1 forward or back4 ,this will suggest other forms of trapeze performers4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,color devices and optical illusions could also be arranged4 ,a color device like ,fig4 #ahc would be an interesting study on the ground1 and would be very interesting up a little way on the kite line4 ,each section1 as a1 is independent of the others1 and the sections should alternate as to directions1 the first going to the right1 the next to the left and so on4 ,it is as easy to make them go in one direction as the other4 ,a vertical wire reaches from top to bottom of the framework and beads should be placed between sections1 and to the outside at the top and bottom4 ,the colors of a are red1 yellow1 and blue1 but white could take the place of some color1 and black of another section4 ,as the sections are not likely to turn with the same rapidity1 there should be a constant change of combination of colors4 ,light forms that fill out with the breeze can be made of tissue paper and attached to the kite line4 ,ugly monsters with large mouths and highly colored bodies with heavy lines on them to outline scales are very striking4 ,it is necessary to have these open at both ends or they will be torn open1 also it is best to have a light framework about the head to keep that in shape2 the rest of the body will usually be taken care of4 ,long serpents and fish are good for the purpose4 ,if the grotesque does not appeal to one1 long and short streamers can be used in abundance4 ,a kite line decorated with pointed streamers of various colors would be very beautiful4 ,japanese lanterns might be festooned along the line1 and to reduce the weight1 the bottom could be removed4 ,if kite flying is indulged in at night1 fewer lanterns can be used1 and these lighted4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,balloons ,,and ,,parachutes4 ,balloons that really go up are always attractive but by thoughtful planning they can be made much more beautiful4 ,a nice white balloon against a blue sky is very pleasing1 but most boys like more color4 ,the hot air balloons are made of tissue paper1 and consist of an inverted bag with a light piece of reed at the bottom to keep the mouth open4 ,the most successful shape is shown by ,fig4 #ahd4 ,this need not be perfectly round on top1 but may be pointed1 as in ,fig4 #ahe4 ,if the balloon is too nearly round like a ball1 it is liable to turn over and allow the hot air to escape4 ,if the balloon is too long and slender vertically1 it would probably flounder around in the breeze too much4 ,there is not the variety possible in balloons that there is in kites1 as no ballast can be attached that is of much service4 ,in some shapes only a very little is necessary to keep them in an upright position1 in this case a little ballast will suffice1 and a number of shapes can be made with this addition4 ,the ballast should be suspended by strings from the reed at the bottom1 see ,fig4 #ahf4 ,the ballast may only be a piece of cardboard1 but in some cases that little is very necessary4 ,some of the boys try models of the dirigible1 but usually they get something too large for hot air manipulation4 ,the dirigible is more of a cigar-shaped balloon4 ,strings run down to a framework that carries the propeller1 which is a paper windmill in this case1 but it is very difficult to keep these representative parts light enough to be carried by the hot air medium4 ,in making a balloon like ,fig4 #ahd the covering is made in tapering sections4 ,the pattern given is for a five-foot balloon4 ,the width at the lower end of the section is five inches1 three feet farther up fifteen inches1 and it comes to a point at the top4 ,the edges of these sections form a long curve1 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,five feet would require just a little over two lengths of tissue paper4 ,there are seven sections in the balloon4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,,figs4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,,figs4 #aia1 #aib4 ,inflation4 ,two methods are used to fill the balloons4 ,a wire is stretched across the frame of the mouth of the balloon and another at right angles to it4 ,a ball of excelsior having been soaked in paraffin is attached at the crossing of the two4 ,the ball should be flattened into a disc about two inches in diameter and one inch in thickness4 ,holding the balloon up by the top the paraffin disc is lighted with a parlor match4 ,it burns and creates heat that collects in the upper part of the balloon4 ,when it is filled so that it lifts a little and wants to get away it is released carrying up the heat generator with it4 ,the paraffin ball continues to furnish hot air until it burns out4 ,a balloon so equipped will travel several blocks1 high up in the air4 ,the paraffin ball is also wound about with a very fine wire which is also used to attach the ball to the wires across the opening of the balloon4 ,it will be seen at once that a good sized opening is necessary and in this design1 the reed band is ten inches in diameter4 ,the other method of filling is by means of a stove pipe furnace or some similar device1 but in this case all the heating is done on the ground4 ,a hole is dug in the ground and the stovepipe is banked in as a chimney4 ,a fire is built in the hole and the hot air goes up thru the pipe to the balloon that is suspended over it4 ,if it was not for the stove pipe the blaze would ignite the walls of the balloon4 ,some quite large balloons have been sent up in this way4 ,a piece of tin or sheet iron is good to make a cover for the hole in the ground so as to prevent the dirt from falling in on the fire4 ,some use a little oil on the fire1 but there should not be too much else the blaze will reach up thru the pipe so far as to burn up the balloon4 ,it is well to have a cord above so as to hold the balloon up and if it is too high to hold with the hand1 a pole with a wire on the end of it that could be readily released might be used4 ,as the bag gets inflated it is best to remove the pole and hold to the bottom by the hands4 ,in pasting the pieces of paper together1 there should be about 0 laps4 ,care must be observed in the pasting that there are no detached places1 places where the paste does not stick well1 as the hot air will escape4 ,in the model given1 one section was blue1 two white1 one red1 and three white1 making seven in all4 ,sometimes the colors are worked in differently4 ,half of a section will be one color1 and the other half another1 and next to each will be placed some contrasting color4 ,still further breaking up can be done until quite a design is worked out4 ,it is possible to decorate a plain balloon with surface design1 but it must be bold and not over done4 ,an example or two may be helpful1 ,figs4 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,yellow and black1 black and red1 purple and white1 green and white1 and many other good combinations can be selected1 but two or three colors are better than many4 ,the best grade of tissue paper is very much superior to the cheap1 as the tendency of the cheap to split out is very unsatisfactory and there are thin porous spots4 ,the ,french tissues1 so called1 are the best1 and they come in many shades of good colors4 ,parachutes are other forms of balloon4 ,they do not ascend from the ground1 but are released up in the air and float downward4 ,sometimes a current of air will catch one and carry it far up and away4 ,they are made like an umbrella covering1 sometimes in sections and again in one piece1 ,figs4 #aia and #aib4 ,when made in sections1 they are very much like the upper one-third of a balloon4 ,they are made from the size of your hand to beauties that are eight feet across2 when made of brilliantly colored paper1 they are very interesting4 ,they have a weight suspended underneath to keep them upright in the descent4 ,parachutes are usually taken up on a kite line and are released well up in the air4 ,the usual method of shaking them off the line is not as good as a definite release by a tripping string from the ground4 ,if large ones are used1 one at a time is sufficient and is simple to release4 ,the parachute is tied with a bow-knot to the kite line with the extra string and as this string is pulled the knot comes untied and the parachute is released4 ,when smaller ones are used they can be tied in a series and the lowest down on the string or the highest can be released1 then the next1 and so on4 ,the same string can be used to tie on a long series4 ,no matter how small the parachute1 it must have its suspension strings and weight4 ,we have tried parachute showers that have only been a partial success1 thus far4 ,a bunch of these little parachutes each with its own string tied to the kite line1 have been released1 but in pulling them up they are so liable to get twisted up1 that when released they cling together4 ,if they could be carefully laid in some kind of an apron that would protect them from the breeze1 ,i am sure they might be tumbled out so as to separate without entanglement4 ,it is a very pretty sight to see a large bunch turned loose1 each spreading its tiny night cap to the air as it starts downward4 ,they should be of all colors1 and for this purpose the one piece models and one foot in diameter are best4 ,there is always a scramble for the souvenir parachutes when they are released4 ,if one had a rubber stamp outfit1 it would be interesting to print something on their cover4 ,thread would be used for the suspension cords and perhaps a shingle nail for the weight4 ,another method of release given elsewhere is sometimes used by the ,chinese and ,japanese1 is effected by using a lighted punk such as used to set off firecrackers2 when the punk burns down far enough1 it burns off a supporting thread1 thus releasing the object held4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,reels4 ,reels are very convenient for most kite flying and quite necessary for high flying where so much string must be let out and wound in again1 but an absolute necessity for events where racing is an important feature4 ,many devices have been used at our tournaments and some have been very clever4 ,a simple and effective reel can be rigged up in a kerosene box4 ,the box is long enough to allow a seat for the kite flyer1 a foot brake can be arranged1 and an all around satisfactory reel can be made at light expense4 ,fig4 #aic shows such a reel fully equipped4 ,a portion of the top is cut away so as to expose the spool of the reel1 it being necessary to see if the line is winding properly1 to see if it is nearly off1 and to watch for knots or entanglements4 ,a measuring device might also be attached1 similar to cyclometers used on bicycles4 ,the end of the box is partially cut away but not the full width of the box1 the portions remaining at the sides preventing the kite line from getting off the ends of the spools4 ,the portion remaining should be a little wider than the thickness of the flanges of the spool4 ,the axle will usually be a broomstick owing to the ease with which it may be obtained and being hardwood1 is very satisfactory4 ,a piece of pipe can be used but is hard to drill thru for the pins that hold spool and crank to axle1 also the holes that take pins on each side of box to prevent slipping endwise4 ,iron washers are used on the outside of box and between spool ends and inside of box4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #aid1 #aie1 #aif4 ,the crank is shown in the drawing and needs no special directions4 ,the pin holding the crank to the axle might be a small bolt with a nut1 which adds strength in the prevention of splitting of the end of the wood4 ,a good spool for the reel might be found at a hardware store4 ,chains come on well made spools that are excellent for reels4 ,these can be fastened to axle by slanting pins2 nails will answer if they are not left out too far thru the outside of the flanges of the spool2 also pins may be put down thru the drum part of the spool thru the axle4 ,in this case small holes would have to be drilled from opposite sides of the drum4 ,other drums can be made similar to ,fig4 #aid4 ,the axle is secured to two wooden disks and the center is built up of other pieces as in ,fig4 #aie1 or by wooden rods as in ,fig4 #aif4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,a brake is a great convenience when letting out string1 as the reel sometimes runs ahead of the kite and so entangles the string2 by a little pressure of the foot on the brake1 the unwinding ceases4 ,the brake should act directly on the edge of the flange of the spool4 ,the lever of the brake would pass thru the left side of the box1 not more than two inches up from the bottom1 ,fig4 #aig4 ,in case the spool is too short for the width of the box1 wooden blocks can be used to fill in the space1 but the opening in the end of the box that the kite line passes thru must be no wider than the distance between the flanges4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,another axle that has been mentioned is made of pipe4 ,the pipe can be one inch in diameter1 and must be drilled for the pins that fasten the spool to it4 ,a three-eighths or five-sixteenths hole can be drilled near the end of the pipe outside the box1 in which an iron rod is riveted with its outer end bent at a right angle4 ,the rod forms the crank of the reel4 ,if one has access to a heavy metal vise1 the axle and crank can be made of one piece1 ,fig4 #aih4 ,if one wishes the reel to run very easily1 a washer that fits the axle nicely can be fastened to the side of the box with two screws1 ,fig4 #aii4 ,the hole in the wood should be a little larger than the hole in the washer1 thus making the washer a bearing for the axle4 ,i have one that turns very freely this way4 ,the wires running down to pegs in the ground1 shown in ,fig4 #aic1 are for the purpose of anchoring the reel when the pull of the kite is on4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb4 ,thus far the box has been the real support1 but other frames can be made as well1 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,the brake is applied at the rear on this reel1 and is operated either by hand or foot4 ,the heavy wires are for anchoring purposes1 otherwise the construction may be the same as in ,fig4 #aic4 ,another way of securing the metal axle to the wooden spool is as follows3 ,drill two holes thru the pipe just far enough apart to allow spool to fit between4 ,the holes should be just large enough to allow a #af;d or #bj;d nail to go thru4 ,cut off the heads of the nails1 fit in holes with spool on axle1 and with good sized staples fasten pins 7nails7 to sides of spools1 see ,fig4 #bja4 ,for the crank1 a 0 hole can be drilled at the outer end of axle to receive a 0 rod bent at one end to form the handle4 ,the end of the crank that passes thru the axle might be threaded about #a0 so as to put a nut on each side1 see ,fig4 #bjb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,a ,large ,reel4 ,the two general plans given above are for comparatively small reels4 ,fig4 #bjc shows a reel that winds in over four feet at a turn4 ,it has but one bearing1 being attached to the standard by a large bolt for an axle4 ,it would be well to have a piece of pipe just large enough to allow the bolt to turn freely and just long enough to reach thru the wheel as a bushing1 for this is much more like a wheel4 ,the sides or flanges are made of two ply wood1 in one-half of the thickness the grain runs one way and the other half at right angles to it1 so that it prevents warping and is not liable to spit4 ,there is no real drum1 but small wooden rods1 or slim bolts1 hold the sides together1 also apart1 and are set about two inches in from the outside circumference4 ,in the drawing1 the wheel being #ah0 in diameter1 the bolts or rods are in a circle #ad0 in diameter4 ,the bolts or rods should be about eight in number4 ,if wood rods1 doweling1 are used1 they would be glued at both ends and no other posts would be necessary1 but with the bolts1 posts will be needed to prevent the sides from coming together4 ,four posts will be sufficient4 ,no crank is necessary on this reel as a handle can be fastened to the side of one of the large discs4 ,a brake can be attached underneath as in the last reel4 ,the axle must be made very rigid in the standard as it has to support all the pull of the reel4 ,this is a first class reel for fast work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,discs can be obtained at some box factories for seven and ten cents apiece for sizes #ae0 and #ai0 in diameter1 respectively4 ,they are made of two ply wood and make good reels4 ,a good way to get the holes opposite is to clamp the two discs together and bore all the holes thru both at the same time4 ,others make reels very much like our grandmothers' yarn reels4 ,two arms are halved together and short cross-pieces are attached to the ends1 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,for speed they are made with long arms and take up a good length of string at a single turn4 ,another way of building up a reel is shown in ,fig4 #bje4 ,a square block has fans nailed or screwed to each side4 ,the ends of the fans are shaped out to receive the kite line4 ,the end of the square center piece can be rounded so as to pass thru a round hole of the framework1 or a hole can be bored thru the square piece and a pipe or rod inserted as with the others4 ,for heavy work where large string pulling kites are used1 geared reels are practical4 ,fig4 #bjf shows a picture of a boy and his reel rigged up with a chain drive1 utilizing parts of a bicycle4 ,this was devised for speed1 but it needs flanges at the ends of the drum4 ,if one wished to put time enough on a reel1 he could rig one up out of parts of a bicycle that could be manipulated by the feet4 ,a coaster brake would let out the string and the winding in could be made as swift as any kite would stand4 ,the wheel used for the drum portion would need quite a little modification to prevent the string from jumping off4 ,as the usual frame would not admit of any widening1 some additional framework would also be necessary to make it stable enough4 ,if one is going to do much kite flying1 it pays to take time to make a good reel1 not the last one described necessarily1 as that is more for speed1 and is not as convenient as a number of others1 but a good simple reel is a great satisfaction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,aeroplane ,,models4 ,aeroplane ,models are small sized aeroplanes4 ,they may be divided into four classes3 ,a4 ,small models of large machines1 made for the purposes of construction4 ,b4 ,small models of large machines made for the purpose of flying as kites4 ,c4 ,gliders4 ,d4 ,self-propelling models4 ,it will be seen at a glance that this chapter should be expanded into a book by itself4 ,mr4 ,collins has written an excellent book1 8,the ,second ,book of ,model ,aeroplanes01 on the subject1 and ,i hope the readers of this book will look it up1 as it will be worth while4 ,in dealing with the subject in this chapter we can not go into it very deeply and not many plans can be given1 but we will try to touch here and there some of the important features of construction4 ,i have grouped the model aeroplanes into four divisions1 but before we proceed it will be well to notice the various classes of large machines4 ,there is the monoplane or one plane type2 the biplane or two planes1 one above the other2 and the multiplanes in which several planes are used4 ,the first two have survived1 and form the very large percentage of all that are attempted these days4 ,i should like to make clear that ,i do not recommend1 even discourage1 any attempt at gliders large enough to carry the maker1 and the aeroplane in which a motor engine is to be placed4 ,there is too much danger connected with them1 and our lives and limbs are too precious a gift to be trifled with in such unnecessary ventures4 ,the little models1 however1 are harmless and yet are very fascinating1 even when there is no thought of their embodiment in a large machine4 ,in group ,a1 where the worker seeks to imitate a large machine in miniature1 the joy of the undertaking lies in the processes involving very accurate work and nicety of finish4 ,there is a fascination for young people in the making of things in miniature4 ,the models made in group ,a are usually larger than in group ,d1 as the pieces of the framework need a little more material to work to advantage1 while in ,d1 the parts must be kept light4 ,weight is not so much of an item in group ,a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,the photograph of the ,curtis model1 ,fig4 #bjg1 has a clock spring works in it1 but it is of no service4 ,this is a very fine piece of work and has been admired by many4 ,outside of the clock works the model is all handmade4 ,little turn buckles for tightening the guy wires were made1 as well as the little metal attachments to which the ends of the guy wires are attached4 ,the silk covering was stretched and oiled on the frame4 ,an equally well made model is shown in ,fig4 #bjh4 ,in this monoplane all the curving of ribs and trussing of frame were very accurately done4 ,it will be recognized that this is a very excellent piece of work and the outlines of the planes are very beautiful and well proportioned4 ,the planes are supported at the outer ends by careful adjustment of wires above and below the wings4 ,notice the two little braces above the center of the framework to which the guy wires are attached4 ,turn-buckles are used on this model also4 ,the horizontal and vertical planes to the rear of the model1 but to the front in the picture1 were ideas original with the maker1 altho ,i have seen pictures similar to this since4 ,some make up these models in good shape for the purpose of using them as attractions in show windows4 ,merchants will sometimes give a rental for a good model4 ,very often when used as a display1 an electric motor is installed in them so as to run the propellers4 ,in group ,b1 the models are made to fly as kites4 ,it is possible to gain much knowledge about the motor driven models by patient study on the aeroplane kite4 ,the kite flying side will not help so much as the gliding4 ,when the aeroplane kite is well up1 if the string is allowed considerable slack1 the model will glide if well balanced and if the planes are tilted properly4 ,balance will be necessary both to right and left and fore and aft4 ,it is very interesting to get such a model pulled well up in the air and have a release that will cut the kite line4 ,the punk method is good1 only that we would like to have better control of just the time for cutting loose4 ,the punk has this advantage however that not knowing just when it will cut loose you are held in happy suspense1 just as you wait for a bite on your fish line4 ,another simple releasing device can be used3 hooks are placed on the kite at each point of attachment of the bridle1 and on the end of each string of the bridle is tied a small ring1 which is to be hooked on the hook of the kite4 ,the hooks must bend back and downward and must be stiff enough not to bend4 ,of course the kite line will have to be kept quite taut until time for release1 when1 if the line is slackened suddenly1 the rings drop off1 thus releasing the kite line4 ,if it glides well some interesting things will develop4 ,there will be swoops and glides1 and loop the loops and all sorts of gyrations before it reaches the ground4 ,if one is going to make a model just to fly in the air without the maneuvering1 but to look like an aeroplane in the air1 it should have the bridle placed so as to cause the kite to stay as near the horizontal as possible4 ,in order to do this1 the upper loop of the bridle should be shortened or the lower one lengthened as on a tailless or any other kite4 ,on the tailless kite one can shift the bridle so as to make the kite stay nearly over head1 in fact ,i have had them pass the zenith and dive over to the other side1 and that well up in the air4 ,a propeller that is turned by the breeze will help considerably in giving it a realistic touch4 ,fig4 #ii is very good for aeroplane kites4 ,the side wings can be extended and modified1 as in ,fig4 #bji1 or the cross-pieces can be bowed up1 as in ,fig4 #baj4 ,the bridle should be attached only in two places4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae4 ,a biplane is shown in ,fig4 #baa1 one with bowed cross-pieces in ,fig4 #bab1 and one with bent up tips on the upper plane in ,fig4 #bac4 ,the folded paper glider made by the children soars excellently2 try an aeroplane kite on that plan1 ,fig4 #bad4 ,another modification of ,fig4 #bad is the bird aeroplane kite1 ,fig4 #bae4 ,in this a plane is placed about half way from front to back4 ,the ends of the wings get their curve from the back stick1 a piece of heavy reed1 and the outline of the bird is also of reed4 ,by drawing the shape on a board the reed can be bent to the shape4 ,the reed should be wet and tacks should be driven at each side to keep the shape until dry4 ,this kite1 if well made1 should glide for a very long distance4 ,it would take too much space to go into details with each design1 but the drawings ,i think will be sufficient for most readers who may be planning these models1 especially where framework and finished kite are both given4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,gliders4 ,in group ,c is to be found the most profitable source of study for the self-propelling model aeroplane4 ,the glider has no motor and no propeller1 but is made on the plan of the motored model in the construction and adjustments4 ,the glider is usually made smaller at first1 increasing the size to the actual model later4 ,the glider is more useful for study1 if it is made heavier in comparison with the motored model4 ,the glider can be thrown by the hand as if it were a spear1 ,fig4 #baf1 or it can be thrown by a rubber cord1 ,fig4 #bag1 or by a springy stick1 ,fig4 #bah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,all experiments except those intended for adverse conditions1 should be made either indoors where there is no wind1 or away from buildings far enough to be out of reach of the whirls that are always present near buildings4 ,heavy paper can be used for planes in some of the experimenting1 and even much may be learned by the use of paper models thruout the whole construction1 but a little stiffening with small thin strips as reinforcement is better in most cases4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,for the model that is thrown like a spear from the hand1 wood is used for all parts4 ,the spine can be 0 0 #cj01 the fore plane 0 #b0 in widest part #h01 and the rear plane 0 #d0 in widest part #bj04 ,bevel off the under side of the front edge of both planes4 ,fasten the planes to the spine with rubber string1 rubber bands will do1 this will allow easy adjustment back and forth on the spine4 ,there are many experiments that can be tried with this model4 ,move the foreplane back1 try2 move back plane foreward1 try2 move foreplane foreward1 try1 and so on4 ,this model and all other models are just the opposite of teeter boards4 ,if too much pressure comes at one end1 up it goes1 if too much at the other1 up that end goes1 while the same thing applied to the teeter1 that end goes down4 ,it then seems clear at the start that we must have balance fore and aft1 as well as right and left1 with the kite we must balance right and left1 but if the up and down does not quite tally we can counteract by adjustment of the bridle1 but on gliders and model aeroplanes1 there are no bridles4 ,the little ship must go 8all by its lonely04 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,another adjustment is possible1 and probably will be necessary1 and that is tipping of the planes4 ,by the use of little wedges1 the front edges of the planes may be tilted up1 and by trial we can decide what we think the best angle1 which should not be great4 ,possibly 0 might be used under the front edge4 ,it will pay to spend much time in experimentation on these gliders1 and it should be carried on until long graceful glides are accomplished4 ,it will be discovered long before this1 that in a very large percentage of cases the arrangement of planes is reversed in model aeroplanes and the large machines4 ,the small planes are placed forward and are used largely as elevating surfaces4 ,a few models have the large plane forward4 ,it will also be noticed in looking over plans of model aeroplanes that a large majority are monoplanes1 while in the large machines there are more biplanes4 ,warping4 ,no warping of the planes is necessary in the glider that has been discussed1 but it is well in the lighter models to have some warping called camber1 in the larger planes especially4 ,another warping is from end to end of the plane1 that is1 the ends tip upward1 never downward4 ,sometimes models are made with the large plane warped from front to back1 and with the small plane bent upward on each side1 and again the large plane is sometimes bent in both directions as it is made4 ,the last is more easily done when wire frameworks are used in the self-propelling models4 ,in ,fig4 #bag the model is made lighter1 the spine being a heavy piece of reed with a hook bent on the end and the planes 0 or #a_/af0 veneer wood4 ,the sling shot device for throwing the glider is made of heavy spring wire1 and will require a strong metal vice to bend it in4 ,a forked stick can be used1 or one can be cut out with a turning saw4 ,fig4 #bah is quite similar to ,fig4 #bag in weight1 but a square spine 0 0 #ah0 with planes 0 or #a_/af0 #b0 #f04 #b0 in widest part and the other 0 or #a_/af0 #d0 #ab04 #d0 in widest part4 ,the force used to drive this glider is given thru a springy stick of some tough wood1 as oak or hickory4 ,the stick should be quite stiff so as to resist more pressure before its release4 ,a little block on the under side of the spine might have a little hole in the back to receive a small nail in the end of the bow stick used to throw the glider1 this will prevent the bow stick from slipping off in the throwing process4 ,one other glider should be mentioned1 and that is one with sheet metal planes1 ,fig4 #bai4 ,this has advantages and disadvantages4 ,when it strikes hard against some object1 the metal is liable to bend1 also if it is thrown violently1 and should strike someone on the face or hands it might cut4 ,the metal surfaces can be bent into any shape4 ,all corners should be rounded4 ,some of these gliders can be thrown long distances if properly adjusted4 ,after working awhile with gliders1 we can try model aeroplanes that are suited for the instalment of motors later4 ,everything must be made as light and strong as possible4 ,all kinds of ribbed surfaces1 keels1 and light wire braced frameworks1 are utilized4 ,everything that would be used in a self-propelling model1 except the propeller and motor4 ,make the planes movable so they may be balanced as to pressure1 by moving them back and forth1 flex more1 flex less1 tilt more1 tilt less1 until you get a good glider out of it1 then attach your motor and propeller4 ,some may think best to put motor and propeller on1 and do all the experimenting1 but it takes time to make a good propeller1 and the fewer jams it has the better1 so it is better to do some experimenting with the model before the propeller is added4 ,the motor will make practically no difference in the balance1 so there would be no advantage of putting it on for experiments in gliding4 ,we are now ready for some attempts on the self-propelling models4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,model ,,aeroplanes4 ,self-propelling air devices must be of the lightest possible weight and yet they must have strength4 ,there will be no attempt to give a great variety of model aeroplanes2 but a few can be discussed1 perhaps three or four4 ,the first is a little practice model that has been of great service to me1 both for study and for instruction to others4 ,it is small and will not fly far4 ,i can wind it up and turn it loose in a schoolroom4 ,it hits rather hard sometimes but nothing has happened to it beyond a broken propeller1 and the rubber bands that are used to tie the planes to the spine have been broken4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,in ,fig4 #bbj the model is shown in two views1 the plan and side elevation4 ,the planes are made of #a_/af0 birch veneer1 but other woods will do4 ,the small fore plane is bent at quite a sharp angle and was shaped as shown in ,fig4 #bba4 ,steam the plane thoroly over the teakettle and place it under pressure until dry and it will remain so bent4 ,the plane is also tilted up a little by means of a small wedge4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bba1 #bbb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,the spine is made of spruce and is 0 0 #ab04 ,the large plane has about 0 camber and is bent as shown in ,fig4 #bbb4 ,lay a strip as thick as the desired camber on a board that you can nail brads into4 ,steam the veneer for the plane and lay in the 0 strip in this case about one-third the distance back from the front edge1 bend down until the edge touches the board underneath the strip and drive brads in slanting so as to hold it down4 ,the brads can be bent down a little after they are driven in4 ,by using brads on both sides the veneer can be held down until dry4 ,the outline can be cut away before or after the bending4 ,the decoration of course is not essential1 but it is interesting to beautify it a little4 ,the anchor block for the propeller shaft is of wood 0 #a0 #a0 and is glued and nailed with brads to the rear end of the spine4 ,a piece of tin 0 wide is bent about the top of the anchor block1 f1 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,the hole in the wood should be larger than the propeller shaft while the hole in the tin should make a good fit4 ,in this way the bearing is on the tin instead of the wood1 and reduces the friction to a minimum4 ,after the tin is on1 the block should be wound with linen thread and coated with glue or shellac4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,the propeller shaft is made from a bicycle spoke1 ,fig4 #bbc2 two of these can be purchased for a nickel4 ,the long nut1 shown at b1 is cut with a metal saw in two places1 giving small nuts c and d2 c is used on the inside and d on the outside of the propeller4 ,the spoke is then cut off long enough to pass thru the propeller1 a glass bead as a washer1 and the anchor block1 with room for a good hook on the end for the attachment of the rubber motor4 ,the propeller will be discussed further in the next chapter2 the only thing to be mentioned here is the size of the blank from which it is made1 which is 0 #a0 #d04 ,another piece of the spoke is bent as in ,fig4 #bbd1 and is inserted in the fore end of the spine and bent still further into shape like ,fig4 #bbe4 ,this gives the other anchor hook for the rubber motor4 ,one other piece is the small keel shown in the side view4 ,a groove is made in the under side of the spine and the keel set in with glue4 ,i am using four rounds of #a_/af0 rubber string for the motor4 ,that makes eight strands4 ,six do very well4 ,this is a very useful little model but it will not fly over fifty feet1 or mine has not1 but the fact that it does not fly far1 gives you opportunity to study its start1 its landing1 and its flight4 ,the long distance models are out of observation range so soon that we miss the chance to diagnose their crazy symptoms1 if they have any1 and most of them have some4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,at the beginning of model aeroplane making1 everyone seemed to try to see how much surface could be exposed in the planes1 now the best models are those with as narrow planes as it is possible to use and still support the air craft4 ,the reason is obvious--there is so much skin friction on broad surfaces4 ,at the beginning1 many were inclined to scoff at the rubber band motor1 but since flights have been made considerably over a half mile1 with this same power1 it seems good enough for anybody4 ,most of the long distance flyers have long framework so as to accommodate long strands of rubber1 which allow much increase in the winding up of the motor4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,a ,good ,model4 ,a simple and effective model is shown in ,fig4 #bbf4 ,lay out a light framework1 as shown in ,fig4 #bbg4 ,it is the combination of a tailless kite and a triangular box-kite4 ,three long sticks1 a1 b1 c1 are used for the triangular portion and three cross-sticks1 d1 e1 f1 are for the wing supports4 ,a vertical post1 g1 about 0 0 #h0 is used in the center of the rear 7the wide part71 to stiffen the frame and give an anchorage for the propeller shaft4 ,four light braces1 h1 i1 j1 and k1 make it possible to use lighter material than one would suspect for the entire framework4 ,in a model #c' long1 a1 b1 and c1 need not be larger than #c_/af0 square1 but there must be no split or uneven places in a stick so small4 ,the braces 0 #c_/af0 would be plenty large4 ,the two upper pieces1 b1 c1 should be flattened on the inside of the front end so as to make them join together1 terminating in a point4 ,the lower spine1 a1 should be flattened on the upper side for the same reason4 ,all three should be glued and lashed together with linen thread4 ,a triangular block1 l1 should be placed about #d0 back from the front end with a strong cup-hook screwed in the side toward the rear1 on which the ring of the rubber motor is attached4 ,the block1 l1 must be well secured to the triangular framework with glue and thread4 ,the cross-piece1 d1 is #cj0 long and is bowed upward as is shown by ,fig4 #bbh4 ,piece e is #bd0 long1 #e0 in front of d1 and both are #c_/af0 04 0 #c_/af0 will be heavy enough for f1 and this should be bowed much more than d1 and e4 ,it will be necessary to steam this piece a little4 ,chinese rice tissue will be good for covering4 ,cover the underside of the two planes1 and the underside of the triangular framework which is similar to the hull of a boat1 and acts as a keel4 ,test out well as a glider4 ,put more and less curve to bows1 and experiment for poise of model4 ,a small piece of tin on each side of the support will give a good bearing for the propeller shaft4 ,the hole in the wood should be a trifle larger than the shaft4 ,string is run from both ends of d and e to the front end of the framework but is not attached to f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,when long models are made with single spine1 they need some simple wire supports to prevent springing up or down1 and from left to right4 ,fig4 #bbi is #d' long and the spine is only 0 0 at the small end 0 0 at the larger end4 ,a little #a_/af0 oak veneer cut in strips #c_/af0 wide would be very serviceable for the purpose of support in trussing the long spine4 ,it should stand #b0 above and below the spine1 and the same amount for the right and left brace1 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,the wires for these should extend about a foot on each side of these posts1 and be attached to the spine with little tin anchors1 as shown in ,fig4 #bcj1 a4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,the propeller shaft bearing is of metal and is lashed to the cross-piece1 called the base1 ,fig4 #bca4 ,it is not necessary to have two points of bearing for the shaft4 ,the metal is about #a_/af0 0 #a01 bent as in ,fig4 #bcb1 and lashed to the under side of the base4 ,the planes are similar to those in the next model4 #a0 #a0 #g0 propeller blanks are used4 ,try about fourteen strands of #a_/af0 string rubber for each motor1 seven rounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,my favorite model aeroplane is shown in ,fig4 #bcc4 ,it had made some very pretty flights when it took a notion to glide into a young man's bicycle as he was riding by4 ,well1 there was no improvement on the aeroplane when the chain and spokes of the bicycle were thru with it4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,the framework is light and is spread well at the rear4 ,the two spines are #c_/af0 0 #cc0 and they come together at the forward end1 the vertical section being 04 ,nine inches back from the front end is a cross-piece that is just under 0 in thickness1 0 wide and #b0 long4 ,the cross-piece is on the upper side of the spines1 and is fastened by a small 0 brad1 is lashed with thread and coated with glue or shellac4 ,the other cross-piece is #a0 forward from the rear end1 is of the same dimensions in cross-section as the forward piece1 but is #h0 long and is secured in the same manner as the other1 see ,fig4 #bcd4 ,the framework is further stiffened by two fine wires that run diagonally from the ends of one cross-piece to the ends of the other4 ,they are secured to the inside vertical face of the spines by means of small pieces of tin that have two small holes1 one at each end1 the one receives a 0 brad that is driven into the spine1 while the wire is attached to the other hole4 ,the little pieces of tin are about #c_/af0 0 and are lashed to the spine in addition to the fastening by the small brad4 ,this kind of fastening prevents slipping1 also the cutting into the wood1 either of which would destroy the efficiency of the wire4 ,in order to increase the tension of the wire1 a small turn-buckle is inserted1 ,fig4 #bce4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bci1 #bdj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,the bearings for the propeller shafts are lashed to the outside face of the rear end of each spine1 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,the bearing is a piece of brass #a_/af0 0 #a01 and is bent to a right angle at the middle4 ,a small hole is drilled for a brad into the side of the spine and the other hole is drilled to receive the propeller shaft1 which is #a_/af0 steel wire4 ,the shaft is bent into a hook after it passes thru the bearing4 ,to prevent the rubber of the motor from touching the steel wire1 which is injurious to the rubber1 a small rubber hose is slipped over the hook4 ,in this model1 the propellers are pieces of veneer steamed and pressed into the spiral shape4 ,the propeller shaft then is bent around the center of the propeller1 has two little washers between this and the bearing1 after which comes the covered hook1 see ,fig4 #bcg4 ,a piece of tin 0 wide and #a0 long is folded about the propeller before the shaft is bent around4 ,the shaft is soldered to the tin1 the tin being secured by two small brads and shellac4 ,a small tin rudder with a small fold in its upper portion may be slipped over the back cross-piece1 ,fig4 #bch4 ,the fore plane is made of very thin spruce1 shaped like ,fig4 #bci1 and is bent up almost like a butterfly's wings1 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,the wood is less than #a_/af0 thick4 ,a double hook as anchors for the double motors1 is bent and secured about the fore end of the framework4 ,the hooks are covered with the rubber hose1 the same as the propeller shaft1 ,fig4 #bda4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,the large plane is #d0 in the widest place and is #bj0 long4 ,it is the shape of ,fig4 #bdb in outline1 the straight side being to the rear4 ,the outline of the plane is a steel or brass spring wire #a_/af0 diameter and is spliced at the center of the long sides1 being soldered at this point4 ,the ends of the wire lap over an inch or more4 ,there are but two ribs which are #e0 from the outer ends4 ,the ribs have a slight curve upward1 most of it being near the free edge of the plane1 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,the ends of the ribs are bent at a right angle and are soldered to the outside framework of wire4 ,the cover of the plane is made of prepared silk and is made 0 larger all around than the size of the outline of the wire frame4 ,a 0 hem is then turned which gives strength to the edge4 ,the cover is now over cast with needle and thread to the framework1 stretching fairly tight4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,the framework of the large plane is not secured directly to the wooden framework of the model1 but is soldered to wire loops that in turn lie flat on top of the spines of the frame1 ,fig4 #bdb1 a1 a4 ,this gives opportunity to tie with string so as to try out the model4 ,if it is too far forward1 it can be slipped back and vice versa2 when the correct position is located1 it is permanently wired to the wooden framework4 ,the fore plane is attached by means of rubber string4 ,this is known as the ,mann monoplane1 and is a commercial product4 ,the propellers will be further discussed in the next chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,propellers1 ,,motors1 ,,gears1 ,,and ,,winding ,,devices4 ,there are four kinds of propellers3 #a4 ,propellers carved out of solid and laminated blocks4 #b4 ,metal propellers with curved or twisted surfaces4 #c4 ,built up propellers4 ,in this type a small block is used as a hub1 and the wood or metal fans are projected out from this4 ,the fans are attached on the diagonal4 #d4 ,propellers made of pressed wood veneer4 ,these are excellent1 but require more skill and more apparatus to make4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bdd-bea4 ,the carved out propeller is the one most generally used and is not only a good exercise in modeling with a knife1 but is a good serviceable kind4 ,there are a number of types of propellers1 named mostly by men who have designed them4 ,for simplicity in laying out and carving1 ,i like the ,langley type4 ,a rectangle is made of wood1 say 0 #a0 #f04 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,draw the diagonals1 as in ,fig4 #bde4 ,with a radius of 01 and center at the intersection of the diagonals1 draw a half-inch circle4 ,connect the diagonal lines and the circumference of the circle1 as in ,fig4 #bdf1 and cut down to the outline as it now appears4 ,the blank is now as shown in ,fig4 #bdg4 ,we will now take off two big slices1 not all in one cut1 but in several4 ,fig4 #bdh has the dotted lines showing the depth to be cut1 and ,fig4 #bdi shows these same parts cut away4 ,now cut away x and x until the blade is curved back to edges z and z4 ,the cut away portions will be as in ,fig4 #bej4 ,cut the opposite side the same way1 and cut away the back corners a little1 giving the result as shown in ,fig4 #bea4 ,sandpaper well and shellac4 ,drill hole carefully for the propeller shaft4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,the principal objection to the metal propeller is the bending that is liable to occur when the model lights1 unless there are lighting devices underneath1 and they all add weight4 ,the hub propellers may have metal or hardwood veneers for fans4 ,the hub may be round or square2 see ,figs4 #beb and #bec4 ,very good propellers may be made in this way4 ,extra curvature of the outer ends of the fans is possible1 ,fig4 #bed4 ,the veneer propeller must be steamed and pressed4 ,this is by far the most difficult to make4 ,the #a_/af0 hardwood veneer is the best4 ,the propeller is not reinforced to make up for the extra thickness of the carved propeller1 but is of uniform thickness thruout4 ,the veneer is first cut to shape in outline and then is steamed and twisted to shape4 ,fig4 #bee shows a pattern for a propeller blade4 ,the veneer should be steamed or soaked in hot water until the wood is very pliable and soft4 ,a form should be ready so as to get both wings with equal twist from the central portion4 ,i will suggest one1 others can be devised4 ,a clamp is necessary for the center1 which may be made as follows3 take a one-inch piece of wood about #a0 wide and any length4 ,set it up edgewise4 ,make a cut #a_/af0 deep and one inch long across the upper edge1 ,fig4 #bef1 and screw a small piece over top as a clamp4 ,after thoroly steaming the propeller blade until it is very pliable1 insert it into the clamp at the center and twist from the straight side1 one fan up1 the other down4 ,it is not easy to get the two sides just alike1 so ,i recommend the bending of one side at a time1 and when that is dry1 remove1 and reverse the ends1 being sure to keep the straight edge to the front1 or the same as before4 ,to be accurate1 there must be a guide block to bend to4 ,for a nine-inch propeller1 a block like ,fig4 #beg would be about right4 ,place guide in position1 press blank down to the oblique surface and secure there until dry4 ,repeat for the other end4 ,it will be seen that the guide block and clamp are both secured to a board for a base2 they may be secured to a table or bench-top4 ,a clamp might be devised also that would hold the propeller in a vertical position with guide blocks on either side of center so as to bend and secure both ends at the same time4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bee1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,another way to bend propellers is to clamp the center of the blank in a vertical position1 and with two clamps made by sawing into the ends of two pieces of wood1 ,fig4 #beh1 a cut wide enough to take the thickness of the blank1 and deep enough for the width1 bend one blade forward and the other back1 ,fig4 #bei4 ,the small clamps on the propeller blades should be placed at equal distances from the center1 and should be given an equal amount of twist4 ,the small clamps on the blades will not be forced over until they touch the base1 so blocks of equal size should be used as stops in the operation of twisting4 ,the clamps should be secured in the last position by means of cord to the base until the propeller is dry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,still another way to attain the twist in veneer propellers1 would be to have two blocks gouged out to the proper shape1 one just fitting in the other4 ,after the propeller is shaped in outline and steamed1 it is placed between the two blocks1 which are in turn clamped firmly together until propeller is dry4 ,motors4 ,quite a number of devices have been tried1 but the rubber string is by far the most efficient power yet discovered4 ,rubber has a great deal more power than an equal weight of steel in all ways that steel has been tried4 ,the power of the rubber motor is dependent on the unwinding of the strands of rubber after having been wound up4 ,the longer this unwinding may be delayed the further the little air craft may be propelled1 providing there is force enough expended at any time to give the necessary momentum to the propeller4 ,a long motor has more revolutions than a short one4 ,hence some advocate a long spined frame to the model aeroplane4 ,others prefer to cut the frame a little shorter and give great pitch to the propeller which demands more energy at a given time1 hence heavier strands1 or more strands of the smaller rubber string4 ,with the greater pitch propellers1 the model is propelled faster and so may cover as great or greater distance than one with a motor that gives more revolutions in unwinding1 but it is possible to revolve so fast as not to propel at all4 ,many use the #a_/af0 square rubber string1 others the 0 while many use ribbon rubber1 say #a_/cb0 to #a_/af0 thick by #c_/af04 0 and #e_/af0 wide4 ,for small models1 rubber bands can be looped together4 ,gears4 ,small1 light weight gears can be made or bought4 ,they are attached to propeller shafts and are geared back different pitches4 ,some one to two1 others one to three1 while some gears are one to one4 ,it might seem that one to one is added friction and no gain in winding1 but a hook is attached to each gear wheel which allows two rubber motors instead of one1 and allows longer unwinding4 ,if the rubber strands are divided they wind up many more turns than when combined in one bunch4 ,if eight strands are twisted together you cannot turn as many times as with four strands4 ,fig4 #bfj shows a one to one gear and its connections1 and ,fig4 #bfa a gear with a greater ratio4 ,a gear of one to one might be placed at the opposite end of the framework from the propeller1 thus extending the number of revolutions in that manner1 the second rope or motor extending back and below the first1 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,winding ,devices4 ,it is tiresome to wind up the rubber motors by hand1 so mechanical winding devices have been made4 ,a drill with a hook in the place of a drill-bit is quite satisfactory4 ,it is best to have a ring on the rubber motor where it is attached to the anchoring hook4 ,this ring can be hooked on the hook of the drill4 ,this winds but one at a time1 so they should be changed about in the winding process1 first on one and then on the other back and forth1 until tight enough4 ,a very good winder can be made of a revolving egg-beater4 ,the egg-beating part is cut off1 leaving two shafts instead of one4 ,if there is a hook on each1 both motors can be wound at once and as they should be wound in opposite directions1 the device works all right4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,tournaments4 ,all of the work of construction and flying of kites is interesting and profitable for development yet there is opportunity for furthering this interest by bringing about yearly tournaments for the exhibition of the many efforts in construction and design that are undertaken4 ,the tournaments have a further usefulness in the bringing of our schools together in a great outdoor social event4 ,the spirit of such an event is excellent and the day is a joyful one to the children and parents4 ,thousands attend these yearly gatherings4 ,the ,director4 ,it is necessary for a good tournament that some interested and competent person take general charge of the whole affair and not leave the planning and arranging to others4 ,helpers are necessary at the tournament1 but preparation should be directed by some one person4 ,in so doing1 we do not overlook the helpful cooperation of the principals at the various schools1 but seek to interest them as to possibilities of undertakings by their children4 ,instructions should be sent out from time to time as to new things to be constructed and three or four weeks before the tournament1 quite complete instructions regarding the different events that may be entered1 and rules pertaining to each should be posted in each school4 ,it is well to organize a little in the schools that are interested4 ,some boy may be recognized as a leader and a good kite maker4 ,he can round up the team1 get the boys interested and encourage them to enter events not yet taken so as to cover as many events as possible and fewer in the same4 ,the preparation for the tournament gives a great opportunity to the teachers and principals to get in touch with boys4 ,many boys have come to know their teachers with just such an introduction1 and it has been the means of starting a good many boys to work in the schoolrooms on their studies4 ,some boys seem to get out of gear with their schoolroom environment and need a little touch of play1 a tramp1 or some form of sport to get them back to their real school life4 ,this kind of undertaking is one of the great opportunities for the teacher to get near to the boys4 ,some teachers are enthusiastic enough to send out for a good sized bundle of sticks and have some one retail them out to the boys at cost4 ,the boys appreciate a little effort of this kind even if there is no prospect of a tournament4 ,a discussion of design in the drawing work will also be a practical departure from the regular work1 and will again arouse the lazy boy to do his best4 ,now if the teacher will take some interest in the making1 even if she doesn't know very much about it1 and especially in the flying of the kites1 she will be progressing1 and there are but few teachers who cannot learn a good deal about kite making and flying1 if they are willing to try4 ,the manual training teacher and the shop are very able assistants to the kite construction projects4 ,in some schools1 a week some time previous to the tournament is allowed for the special construction of kites in the shop4 ,the boys will waste valuable lumber if allowed to rip up thin boards1 so it will pay to encourage the buying of spruce sticks4 ,there is much adjustment in attaching string and covering1 and putting on of the bridle2 as much as possible of this should be reserved for home work1 but some might be done at school4 ,suitable ,location4 ,but the work at the school is not a tournament altho an important factor of it4 ,the director1 we will call the manager of the tournament1 must find a suitable location4 ,it must be open to the breeze1 free from wires1 accessible by street car service1 a little to one side so people will have to go a little out of their way to see it1 hoodlums don't usually care so much for beautiful things1 especially if it is some trouble to go to it1 and it should be large enough to accommodate a great many kites without getting into too close quarters4 ,kites are liable to dive around somewhat1 so if they are not too thick1 there is more chance to get the kite straightened up before getting entangled in other kite lines4 ,now that there are so many kinds of kites1 it is necessary to locate the kinds on the field4 ,the kites are divided into groups when the list of events is sent out1 and these groups are placed in different locations on the field4 ,we will suppose the following group is to be located4 ,group ,d4 ,measured ,events4 #bg4 ,highest ,flyer--,single4 #bh4 ,highest ,flyer--,tandem4 #bi4 ,highest flight in five minutes1 etc4 ,on the ground1 separated from the others1 would be a bulletin board that is fastened to a post and this is set in the ground4 ,the post is about nine feet long1 and the bulletin board is nailed to it1 the lower edge being about one foot down on the post4 ,if the post is set eighteen inches in the ground there would be six and a half feet up to the lower edge of bulletin4 ,the announcements can be printed with chalk4 ,they stand out and can be read across the field1 see ,fig4 #bfc4 ,the tournament is always on a ,saturday afternoon1 so the bulletins are set ,saturday morning4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,if there is no space fenced off for aeroplane model flying1 and for the races1 a few posts should be set and two wires about ,no4 #i run around an enclosure4 ,make it an enclosure1 for if you don't it will be impossible to keep the spectators back4 ,we tried a ,v-shaped fence1 but it was useless2 with an enclosure and two or three policemen about1 it is possible to keep the crowd out4 ,judges4 ,settle on your judges at least two weeks ahead of the tournament4 ,it will assist in arousing interest in the schools with which they are connected4 ,principals and manual training teachers should be available and serviceable4 ,it is not necessary to be a kite maker to be able to judge a kite4 ,about three judges to a group is good1 then if one fails to appear you still have two4 ,try to start at the appointed time and urge your judges to be there on time4 ,caution the pupils about putting their kites up before the time1 as they are so liable to accident if played with beforehand4 ,save a place of honor for your superintendents4 ,they may be asked to award prize badges1 or to select the prettiest kite in the air1 and the most ingenious device1 the best made model or the best invention2 not all of these but something of this kind4 ,don't forget to use them in some place4 ,get the promise of two1 three1 or four policemen1 a few days ahead4 ,the presence of a few good officers helps in curbing desires for destruction among a few4 ,kites are liable to accident1 so if you can have a kite hospital where the boys can get a little paper and paste1 string or stick1 it will sometimes heal quite a disappointment4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,illustration3 ,,record ,,sheet ,,for ,,group ,,ii4--,,kite ,,tournament4 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,an information bureau is a good feature4 ,have a bulletin showing its location4 ,the judges as well as the children and parents would be glad of some help of this kind4 ,official badges are given to the judges1 director1 superintendents of schools1 information and badges1 and helpers4 ,the badges are given out to the officers at the information bureau4 ,a small stand at some prominent location in the field would be of service for the giving of the prize badges to the winning contestants4 ,each winner receives a slip1 ,fig4 #bfd1 from one of the judges of his group1 giving his name1 school1 the first or second prize and event1 the judge keeping a duplicate record on a mimeographed sheet that is mounted on a piece of cardboard1 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,the pupil takes the slip to the awarding stand and hands it to the judges4 ,the judges turn in their records1 and the director fills out a small diploma of recognition1 ,fig4 #bff1 and sends it to the school from which the boy has entered4 ,it may be a girl2 we have had a number of winners among the girls4 ,these slips and record sheets for the judges will be some of the work for the director before the tournament4 ,each pupil who wins in any event receives an appropriate badge1 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,if it is convenient1 it is always well to have two transits give the actual heights of high flyers4 ,some simple ones might be made1 but there are often students who would like the opportunity to do some work of the kind for practice4 ,it is well to send out a printed list of the winners to all the schools after the tournament4 ,it might be written as follows #be4 ,highest ,flyer--,tandem4 ,first4 ,albert ,johnson1 #bd ,st4 ,school4 ,second4 ,victor ,wagoner1 ,washington ,st4 ,school4 ,in sending out notices before and after1 request the principals to place them in a conspicuous place for the boys to see4 ,the principal's office is not a good place1 for some will not go to the office to study them1 these boys may be just as interested but they don't care to have us know it4 ,if the material is where the boys can see it easily they sometimes get interested unawares to themselves4 ,all plans should be placed in an open place4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,tournaments1 ,,continued4 ,the newspapers are glad to publish notices and pictures1 and some will even print plans of work free4 ,they are very persistent in getting reports of the tournament1 so the judges should be careful in recording each event4 ,the reporters will be on the ground if they have knowledge of its whereabouts4 ,ice cream and sandwich wagons are liable to get in the way1 so it is best to restrict them to the margin of the crowd4 ,they should not be allowed to come inside any of the locations for the events4 ,all string that is to be used in races of any kind should be measured beforehand4 ,it is best for the director to take charge of the string until time for the event1 or until he can turn it over to the judges in charge of that group4 ,boys are liable to make a mistake in getting their string too short1 so it must be measured4 ,i place a couple of nails one hundred feet apart in the rail of the board fence1 the boys wind about that until they have the required length1 and by counting the string ,i can soon see if it is correct4 ,if the string is given back to the boy1 there is a temptation to take out some4 ,there is no disadvantage in letting out the string from a stick in the races1 if there is a reel to attach it to when it comes to the winding in4 ,announcements should be sent out a week ahead of the tournament that the string will be measured such and such afternoons1 perhaps two days before the tournament4 ,it is not best to leave it until just the day before1 as the director should be as free as possible from such work at such time in order to give full attention to rounding up of details that are sure to accumulate toward the last of the preparations4 ,quarter ,mile ,dash4 ,the race consists of the letting out and winding in of a kite on one quarter mile of string4 ,the boys set their reels ready for the best speed and they group themselves quite close together1 but far enough apart to prevent mix-ups1 and at the proper time are handed their string that has been measured and labeled which they attach to kite4 ,each boy in the race is allowed one helper and the kite may be held by the helper a hundred feet away1 ready to toss it in the air at the sign for starting4 ,when all is ready1 the one in charge of the group calls 8ready6 go60 ,the kites are tossed up and are given the string as fast as it will be taken4 ,the boy with a steady head will sometimes stop playing out and work his kite up a little to get more breeze4 ,if there is plenty of breeze1 they are fed all the string as fast as it is pulled out4 ,if a kite drops it may be worked up again1 but it must go to the end of the quarter mile and back4 ,a time keeper is placed by each contestant1 and officers are needed to keep back the onlookers4 ,as soon as all the string is out the boy slips the loop on the end of his string over a hook on the reel and winds in as fast as he can turn4 ,the kite mounts up in the air and is pulled with great violence toward the reel4 ,if a string breaks1 the time keeper stops the winding until the kite is again attached4 ,no allowance is made for mishaps4 ,the kite that is jerked down into the reel first is winner1 and the owner is usually a pretty warm boy4 ,the helper can take turns in winding4 ,other races should be similarly conducted4 ,we have had races in the construction of a tailless kite1 including the lashing and stringing of framework and covering1 attaching of bridle and the kite must fly4 ,in all pulling contests1 spring scales are used4 ,in the light weights1 the twenty-five pound scales are best1 but the fifty pound is more serviceable for all around purposes4 ,for very heavy pulling1 large ice scales might be borrowed for the day from some hardware man4 ,to measure the pull of a kite1 the string is looped about the hook of the spring and the record made4 ,several records are made of each kite over a period of about thirty minutes or so4 ,the judges going to and fro measuring this one and that4 ,the kite should be ascending to get the best register4 ,it is well in trial events to set the number of times that each aeroplane may be tried or tests of pulling permitted1 as some will tease for a continual performance4 ,the art supervisors and teachers are good as judges for the artistic events4 ,all kites are in the air most of the time1 so a general survey is made of the whole field4 ,it is well to have about five judges on this group4 ,less will do the work all right1 but it is well to draw many into the service4 ,if the director could be on horseback so as to be easily seen1 and also be able to get about easily1 it would help out considerably4 ,messengers from judges to director or information would be useful4 ,badges4 ,for badges1 we use a celluloid button1 with our own cut1 the ribbon attached has printing in black4 ,the officers get yellow1 the first prize1 blue1 the second1 red4 ,some years we have used different colored buttons1 this year the buttons were all yellow1 the ribbons1 yellow1 red1 and blue4 ,see the street car officials in order that they may plan accommodations for the day4 ,instructions are posted for the car men by the officials1 that consideration be given to the boys with their kites and in most cases the men have been very helpful in this respect4 ,of course large kites cannot be taken on the street car4 ,a great many are taken to the field in automobiles4 ,just before the tournament it is rather difficult to locate the boys making their kites1 as they work in secluded places1 but if you know of some that are making progress1 a photograph by the newspaper men will add considerable zest to the advertising side of preparations4 ,get your school officials enthusiastic first1 and get their cooperation in encouraging the undertaking1 for it is a great school social gathering and should be made worth while4 ,then boost for it4 ,demonstrate by making or flying a kite1 and the boys will take care of the rest4 ,a ,,sample ,,announcement4 ,,manual ,,training ,,office ,los ,angeles ,city ,schools ,,kites ,,and ,,aeroplane ,,models4 ,new ,year's ,greeting to the ,kite ,makers of ,los ,angeles3 ,the ,sixth ,annual ,kite ,tournament will be held ,april #bj1 #aiab1 at ,exposition ,park4 ,the spring vacation will be a good time to design1 construct1 and try out new ideas4 ,the model aeroplanes will have a much larger place than heretofore at the coming tournament4 ,a number of good plans of kites and model aeroplanes will be sent out during the coming season4 ,spruce sticks can be obtained again this year at #acce ,e4 #fth ,st4 at the ,southern ,california ,box ,co41 in #be;c bundles or more4 ,the ,goodyear ,rubber ,co41 ,no4 #cbd ,s4 ,broadway is carrying string rubber and will have one sixteenth and one eighth inch1 very good sizes4 ,models propelled by rubber bands should be from #bj0 to #cj0 across4 ,do not make the planes too wide1 much of the failure of models is due to this mistake4 ,two firms in the east are advertising small gasoline motors for model aeroplanes4 ,models to carry these motors should be from #f' to #h' or more4 ,models so equipped are operated by cords running to the ground4 ,one boy claims to have succeeded with a storage battery under his arm and an ,ajax motor in his model4 ,if we get our model well under control we should be able to carry the storage battery on a wheel as suggested two years ago4 ,no one has reported a success with the clockspring device4 ,a long coiled steel wire spring has more promising possibilities4 ,look for advertisements in 8,popular ,mechanics0 and other magazines1 for firms carrying parts such as gears1 rubber motors1 etc4 ,there will be a few events for commercially manufactured models1 but these are not to compete with home made4 ,the usual kite events will be about the same as during the past two years4 ,the quarter mile dash with the use of reels will be used2 also an eighth mile dash will be listed this year in which the string is to be wound in by hand4 ,the 8,scientific ,american0 of ,october #ad1 #aiaa1 has an article on 8,how to make a ,model ,aeroplane that will fly #gjj feet04 ,look it up4 ,ask at the libraries for ,mr4 ,collin's books on 8,model ,aeroplanes04 ,there is a second book out by this author that seems very good4 ,look out for ideas in the daily newspapers and at the ,dominguez meet4 ,principals please post4 ,respectfully1 ,,chas4 ,m4 ,,miller4 ,,manual ,,training ,,office ,april #ab1 #aiab4 ,sixth ,annual ,kite ,tournament at ,exposition ,park1 ,april #bj1 #aiab4 ,,time3--,no kites are to be put up before one o'clock1 and judging is to begin at #b p4 m4 ,,cars3--,georgia ,st41 ,university1 ,grand ,ave4 to ,figueroa ,junction1 ,vermont ,heights or ,inglewood on ,main to ,figueroa ,junction4 ,,places3--,bulletin boards will be used as usual--see information1 if you can't get located4 ,,rain3--,if the afternoon is stormy1 the tournament will be postponed two weeks4 ,,girls3--,all events are open to the girls4 ,,admission3--,no admission fee1 and friends invited4 ,,artistic ,,event3--,all kites will be judged for artistic effect no matter where located--must fly4 ,,balloons3--,boys must bring their own balloon equipment4 ,,sticks ,,for ,,frames3--,any wood1 except the hardwoods1 may be used for frames1 but spruce is best4 ,,intermediate ,,and ,,high ,,school ,,boys3--,all intermediate boys are eligible and all high school boys who have been in a grade school since last tournament1 may enter from such school4 ,look up some of your kite makers4 ,,kites3--,all should be encouraged to make and fly a kite1 even if not for a prize4 ,make it a kite flying day for your school4 ,,extra ,,parts3--,boys should bring along an extra stick and some paper in case of accident to kite4 ,,new ,,inventions3--,special new features will be recognized if they have real merit4 ,,prizes3--,ribbon badges and diplomas will be awarded as in former years4 ,,organize3--,distribute your efforts over many events4 ,,registration3--,send in registration to ,mr4 ,miller at ,grand ,ave4 ,school on ,friday4 ,give names of boys4 ,no one will be kept out for lack of registration4 ,,measuring3--,kite lines for quarter and one-eighth mile dashes and yacht race will be measured at ,grand ,ave4 ,school1 ,thursday and ,friday afternoons1 ,april #ahth and #aith4 ,come one--come all4 ,respectfully1 ,,chas4 ,m4 ,,miller4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,conclusion4 ,kite making and kite flying have been enjoyed for centuries in the orient and for a good many years in this country1 and will continue as a seasonal sport for perhaps all time4 ,it can be made more interesting and useful by a little cooperation on the part of the grown-ups4 ,it may be only expression of appreciation of the effort put forth by some otherwise idle fellow1 or it may be in the form of a request of teacher to pupil for a nice kite as a gift for a third party1 or it may be the arousing of school spirit for the best showing at a tournament1 it might be assistance rendered in planning a beautiful kite1 and it might be a great many other things that have not been mentioned4 ,kite making will not catch and make good every boy1 even with the best efforts of the best teachers1 but it will go farther than any other enticement toward bringing about good comradeship between teacher and scholar1 which is half the battle with uncertain temperaments in some boys4 ,we need to come shoulder to shoulder with the boys to help them most4 ,but the merits of kite making go farther than the social relationship1 it arouses the inventive spirit in the boy1 fills in many otherwise idle hours with good healthy sport that occupies the children out of doors4 ,it is not wasted time unless indulged in to too great excess1 but new developments bring about new studies of the kite problems that are as good for the boys as problems of other subjects like arithmetic and geometry for we must remember that boys have subject of study not found in text-books4 ,someone told me not long ago that 8no one could think an evil thought while looking up04 ,some one else has written1 8,if the outlook is not good1 try the uplook04 ,this latter has a greater significance than would be generally applied to boys flying kites1 but who knows what boys are really thinking about2 maybe we underestimate their abilities and inclinations4 ,our boys often need more persistency of effort1 and must be held to their jobs by much attention on the part of overseers4 ,most boys will stick to kite making against great discouragement and some will continue1 for long periods1 working patiently and carefully until they succeed4 ,the string is often a source of great annoyance1 it snarls up and some lads will cut out the hard knots1 but others will tackle the knotty problems and untangle them1 they will do the same with knotty problems in life later on4 ,it is patience that wins in many a tangled strife4 ,boys do not as a rule have as good feeling for color harmony1 or so the ladies think1 as the girls2 help the boys out a little on their color combinations on their kites4 ,it may be the first time the boy has had a problem of his own in color work4 ,perhaps the little aeroplane does not go very far1 it looks like a failure4 ,do you look on and pass on8 ,if the model goes at all by its own power1 that boy has made a something that has overcome the force of gravity to the extent of traveling transversely to its downward pull4 ,recognize it1 and encourage the boy4 ,there is a difference between flinging one so that it will travel for a short distance1 and releasing one that travels by its own power4 ,the former may be a deception4 ,give credit where credit is due4 ,the balloons have very little lifting power1 but the force of gravity has been overcome1 two gases of unequal density have been placed in juxtaposition and the lighter one goes up4 ,so we might go on with each of the subjects attempted in this book4 ,there has been great demand for the briefer treatise1 and ,i hope this little book may have met the expectancy of its readers more than half way4 ,remember it is not just the pretty kite soaring high in the sky2 remember there is a ,,boy at the other end of the kite line4 ,boost for him4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,bibliography ,,of ,,kites4 ,prepared by ,m4 ,charlotte ,casey1 ,los ,angeles ,public ,school ,library4 ,adams1 ,j4 ,h4 ,how to make kites and flying gigs4 ,woman's ,h4 ,c4 #ca3dd ,baden-,powell1 ,b4 ,f4 ,s4 ,kites1 their theory and practice4 ,j4 ,soc4 ,arts #df3cei ,baden-,powell1 ,b4 ,f4 ,s4 ,man lifting kites4 ,national #bf3did ,baden-,powell1 ,b4 ,f4 ,s4 ,war-kites4 ,mc,clure #ab3edc ,baldwin1 ,t4 ,w4 ,outlook tower of ,beinn ,bhreagle4 7,tetrahedral principle47 ,sci4 ,am4 #ig3bdb ,beard1 ,d4 ,c4 ,how to make tailless kites4 ,outing #dh3bed ,beard1 ,d4 ,c4 ,two tailless kites and how to make them4 ,outing #dh3bed-f ,beasley1 ,w4 ,l4 ,picturesque ,chinese kites4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hi3djh ,bell1 ,a4 ,g4 ,frost ,king1 a tetrahedral kite2 ill4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #fc3bfbfd-f ,bell1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hargrave box-kites and tetrahedral kites compared2 ill4 ,s4 ,am4 #fc3bfbfi-gd ,bell1 ,h4 ,h4 ,prof4 ,bell on construction of kites4 ,science1 n4 s4 #ah3bjd ,bell4 ,tetrahedral kites in wireless telegraphy2 ill4 ,sci4 ,am4 #id3cbd ,bell1 ,a4 ,g4 ,tetrahedral principle in kite structure4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #ee3bbidg-ej ,bell1 ,a4 ,g4 ,tetrahedral principles in kite structure4 ,nat4 ,geog4 ,mag4 #ad3bai ,bell1 ,a4 ,g4 ,bell's kite experiences4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hh3ccd ,briggs1 ,m4 ,n4 ,tailless kites1 how made4 ,outl4 #eh3ajbf ,claudy1 ,c4 ,h4 ,scientific kite flying4 ,st4 ,n4 #cd3ajfh-gb ,clayton1 ,h4 ,h4 ,alexander ,graham ,bell on kite construction4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #ee3bbige ,davis1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the kite as a life saver at sea4 ,engin4 ,m4 #g3bac ,dines1 ,w4 ,h4 ,kites in meteorological work4 ,nature #gd3ce-cf ,dines1 ,w4 ,h4 ,scientific kites--flying4 ,nature #fh3aeb ,eddy1 ,w4 ,a4 ,photographing from kites4 ,cent4 #cb3hf ,eddy1 ,w4 ,a4 ,science and kite-flying4 ,ind4 #eb3bccc-d ,eddy1 ,w4 ,a4 ,experience in gliding flight4 ,eng4 ,m4 #bf3c ,fergusson1 ,s4 ,f4 ,international kite ascensions2 ill4 ,sci4 ,am4 #i #ig3ig-h ,folding ,malay kite2 ill4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #fi3bdij ,frankenfield1 ,h4 ,c4 ,work of the ,united ,states ,weather ,bureau with kites4 ,nature #fc3aih 7,same in ,nat4 ,geog4 ,mag4 #aa3ee47 ,grovesnor1 ,g4 ,h4 ,tetrahedral kites of ,alexander ,graham ,bell4 ,pop4 ,sci4 #fd3aca-ea ,hatton1 ,j4 ,kites and pigeons4 ,london1 ,soc4 #ba3cib1 #ebi ,henderson1 ,c4 ,bell and his tetrahedral kites4 ,world ,to-day #ac3abgd-g ,hunter1 ,h4 ,c4 ,the modern kite and the government experiments4 ,outing #ci3dc ,investigation of the upper atmosphere by means of kites4 ,j4 ,soc4 ,arts #ej3heh ,blackw4 #agi3gdc ,liv4 ,age #bei3afi ,kite1 ,the4 ,ecl4 ,m4 #adg3agj ,cur4 ,lit4 #cb3fjg ,kite ,craft4 ,school ,arts ,book1 ,feb4 #aiaj4 ,kite excursions4 ,cur4 ,lit4 #cb3fjg ,kite flying at sea4 ,science1 n4 s4 #bj3hdh ,kite flying in the ,east4 ,cur4 ,lit4 #cj3dhc-c ,kite flying over the ,atlantic4 ,science1 n4 s4 #bc3heb ,kite flying over the ocean4 ,science1 n4 s4 #bb3hhb ,kites as used in ,meteorological observances4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hc3bbf ,kites1 ,cody's man-lifting4 ,science1 n4 s4 #bj3fd ,kites in life-saving operations4 ,sci4 ,am4 #if3bjg ,loomis1 ,c4 ,b4 ,kite craze4 ,cent4 #gd3cdf ,lorrimer1 ,c4 ,festival of the lantern kites4 ,overland1 n4 s4 #dh3bea ,mc,adie4 ,franklin's kite experience with modern apparatus4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ea3gci ,marvin1 ,c4 ,f4 ,kite as an instrument of meteorological research4 ,frank4 ,inst4 #adh3bda ,marvin1 ,c4 ,f4 ,kite meteograph construction and operation4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #di3bjaff-g ,miller1 ,c4 ,m4 ,construction and flying of kites4 ,manual training #aj3bjj ,miller1 ,c4 ,m4 ,kite ,craft4 ,school ,arts ,book1 ,feb41 #aiaj4 ,miller1 ,j4 ,s4 ,scientific kite-flying4 ,cent4 #cb3ff ,moffett1 ,c4 ,scientific kite-flying4 ,mc,clure #f3cgi ,mouillard1 ,l4 ,r4 ,gliding flight4 ,cosmopol4 #af3dei ,musical kites4 ,leis4 ,hour #cg3dgc ,new observation kites invented by ,s4 ,f4 ,cody4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #ee3bbhjd ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #eg3bcebd ,observation war-kites4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hh3dde ,results of ,international kite-flying contests4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hi3fc ,roberts1 ,a4 ,w4 ,kites4 ,h4 ,y4 ,p4 ,vol4 #d3dge ,roberts1 ,a4 ,w4 ,novelties in kites4 ,h4 ,y4 ,p4 #e3daa ,rotch1 ,a4 ,l4 ,kites in meteorological observations4 ,science1 n4 s4 #ad3dab ,rotch1 ,a4 ,l4 ,meteorological observations at sea with kites4 ,science1 n4 s4 #ad3hif ,rotch1 ,a4 ,l4 ,meteorological observations with kites at sea4 ,science1 n4 s4 #ah3aac ,rotch1 ,a4 ,l4 ,use of kites in meteorological observations4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #eb3bagah-bj ,rotch1 ,a4 ,l4 ,use of kites for meteorological observations1 at sea4 ,sci4 ,am4 #ia3dgi ,serviss1 ,g4 ,p4 ,kite principle in aerial navigation4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hh3dhd-e ,signaling with kites4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hc3bcb ,tetrahedral kites4 ,cur4 ,lit4 #cg3gj ,tindal1 ,m4 ,kite craze4 ,cur4 ,lit4 #cj3fgg-h ,traction by kites4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #ej3bjfia ,use of flexible bridles on kites4 ,sci4 ,am4 #hc3bac ,use of kites in observation4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #ee3bbhbc ,varney1 ,g4 ,j4 ,kite flying in #ahig4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo4 #ec3dh ,walsh1 ,g4 ,c4 ,kites in war and peace4 ,chaut4 #bi3ehb ,ward1 ,r4 ,d4 ,kite flying in ,scotland and the cyclone theory4 ,science1 n4 s4 #ah3aee ,ward1 ,r4 ,d4 ,meteorological results of kite work4 ,science1 n4 s4 #ba3dcc ,wise1 ,h4 ,d4 ,experiments with kites4 ,cent4 #cb3gh ,wixon1 ,h4 ,h4 ,principles of soaring flight4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #fj3bdijd ,woglom4 ,on scientific kite flying4 ,spec4 #gh3egf ,wright1 ,l4 ,how to make a gliding machine4 ,sci4 ,am4 ,s4 #fa3becec ,zehl1 ,e4 ,kite flying as a fine art4 ,world ,to-day #ac3ajaf ,,kites4 ,nugent1 ,m4 ,new games and amusements for young and old alike4 #gic3aaa ,rolch1 ,a4 ,l4 ,kites4 7,in his ,sounding the ocean of air1 p4 #aag-agd71 in #eea4e3ac ,walker1 ,f4 ,practical kites and aeroplanes--how to make and work them4 #ecc4f3aj ,woglom1 ,c4 ,t4 ,parakites3 a treatise on the making and flying of tailless kites #ecc4f3c ,beard1 ,d4 ,c4 ,american ,boy's ,handybook4 ,beard1 ,d4 ,c4 ,outdoor ,handybook4 ,,books for ,,boys ,especially ,helpful for the ,use of ,boys in their ,home ,shops ,,beginning ,,woodwork1 ,at ,home and in ,school4 ,by ,clinton ,s4 ,van,deusen4 ,a full and clear description in detail of the fundamental processes of elementary benchwork in wood4 ,this description is given thru directions for making a few simple1 useful articles1 suitable either for school or home problems4 ,the book contains more than one hundred sketches and ten working drawings4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,manual ,,training ,,toys1 for the ,boys' ,workshop4 ,by ,harris ,w4 ,moore4 ,this book contains a collection of working drawings illustrating forty-two projects1 overflowing with 8boy0 interest4 ,it is a popular boy's book that is truly educational4 ,the projects are all new in the manual training shop4 ,the text gives instructions for making each project and treats of tools and tool processes4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,the ,,construction and ,,flying of ,,kites4 ,by ,charles ,m4 ,miller4 ,a book of unusual interest to the boy4 ,it contains seven full-page plates of drawings of kites and fifteen figures--over forty kites shown4 ,details of construction are given and a kite tournament is described4 ,full of interesting suggestions4 ,price1 #bj cents4 ,,essentials of ,,woodworking4 ,by ,ira ,s4 ,griffith4 ,a textbook written especially for the use of grammar and high school students4 ,a clear and comprehensive treatment of woodworking tools1 materials1 and processes1 to supplement1 but not to take the place of the instruction given by the teacher4 ,the book does not contain a course of models2 it may be used with any course4 ,it is illustrated with photographs and numerous pen drawings4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,the 8,problems ,series0 of ,working ,drawings1 ,good for ,either ,home or ,school ,use ,,projects for ,,beginning ,,woodwork and ,,mechanical ,,drawing4 ,by ,ira ,s4 ,griffith4 ,a work book for the use of students in grammar grade classes4 ,it consists of working drawings and working directions4 ,the projects are such as have proven of exceptional service where woodworking and mechanical drawing are taught in a thoro1 systematic manner in the seventh and eighth grades4 ,the aim has been to provide successful rather than unique problems4 ,the fifty projects in the book have been selected and organized with the constant aim of securing the highest educational results4 ,the book is especially suited for use in connection with 8,essentials of ,woodworking0 by the same author4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,,problems in ,,woodworking4 ,by ,m4 ,w4 ,murray4 ,a convenient collection of good problems consisting of forty plates bound in board covers with brass fasteners4 ,each plate is a working drawing1 or problem in benchwork that has been successfully worked out by boys in one of the grades from seven to nine inclusive4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,,advanced ,,projects in ,,woodwork4 ,by ,ira ,s4 ,griffith4 ,this book is similar to 8,projects for ,beginning ,woodwork and ,mechanical ,drawing10 but is suited to high school needs4 ,it consists of fifty plates of problems and accompanying notes4 ,it is essentially a collection of problems in furniture making selected or designed with reference to school use4 ,on the plate with each working drawing is a good perspective sketch of the completed object4 ,in draftsmanship and refinement of design these problems are of superior quality4 ,it is in every respect an excellent collection4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,problems in ,,furniture ,,making4 ,by ,fred ,d4 ,crawshaw4 ,this book1 revised and enlarged1 consists of #dc full-page plates of working drawings suitable for use in grammar and high schools and #cf pages of text1 including chapters on design1 construction and finishes1 and notes on the problems4 ,each project is shown in its completed form by a perspective sketch4 ,loose leaf1 bound in board covers with brass fasteners4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,problems in ,,wood-,,turning4 ,by ,fred ,d4 ,crawshaw4 ,in the first place this is a book of problems--#be plates covering spindle1 face-plate1 and chuck turning4 ,in the second place it is a textbook on the science and art of wood-turning illustrated by fifty pen sketches4 ,it gives the mathematical basis for the cuts used in turning4 ,in the third place it is a helpful discussion of the principles of design as applied to objects turned in wood4 ,it is a clear1 practical and suggestive book on wood-turning4 ,price1 #hj cents4 ,,problems in ,,mechanical ,,drawing4 ,by ,charles ,a4 ,bennett4 ,with drawings made by ,fred ,d4 ,crawshaw4 ,this book consists of #hj plates and a few explanatory notes1 and is bound in board covers with brass fasteners4 ,its purpose is to furnish teachers of classes beginning mechanical drawing with a large number of simple1 practical problems4 ,these have been selected with reference to the formation of good habits in technique1 the interest of the pupils1 and the subjects generally included in a grammar and first-year high school course4 ,each problem given is unsolved and therefore in proper form to hand to the pupil for solution4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,some ,choice ,books for ,home or ,school ,libraries ,,handwork in ,,wood4 ,by ,william ,noyes4 ,a handbook for teachers and a textbook for normal school and college students4 ,a comprehensive and scholarly treatise1 covering logging1 sawmilling1 seasoning and measuring1 hand tools1 wood fastenings1 equipment and care of the shop1 the common joints1 types of wood structures1 principles of joinery1 and wood finishing4 #cjd ,illustrations--excellent pen drawings and many photographs4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,,wood and ,,forest4 ,by ,william ,noyes4 ,a companion volume to 8,handwork in ,wood10 by the same author4 ,especially adapted as a reference book for teachers of woodworking4 ,not too difficult for use as a textbook for normal school and college students4 ,treats of wood1 distribution of ,american forests1 life of the forest1 enemies of the forest1 destruction1 conservation and uses of the forest1 with a key to the common woods by ,filibert ,roth4 ,describes #fg principal species of wood with maps of the habitat1 leaf drawings1 life size photographs and microphotographs of sections4 ,contains a general bibliography of books and articles on wood and forest4 ,profusely illustrated with photographs from the ,united ,states forest service and with pen and ink drawings by ,anna ,gausmann ,noyes and photographs by the author4 #cji pages4 ,price1 #c4jj4 ,,design and ,,construction in ,,wood4 ,by ,william ,noyes4 ,a book full of charm and distinction and the first to give due consideration to the esthetic side of wood-working4 ,it is intended to give to beginners practice in designing simple projects in wood and an opportunity to acquire skill in handling tools4 ,the book illustrates a series of projects and gives suggestions for other similar projects together with information regarding tools and processes for making4 ,a pleasing volume abundantly and beautifully illustrated4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,transcriber's ,note3 ,words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text4 ,these have been left unchanged1 as were obsolete and alternative spellings4 ,misspelled words were corrected4 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,those in bold are surrounded by equal signs1 like this4 ,obvious printing errors1 such as partially printed letters and punctuation1 were corrected4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added4 ,duplicate words at line endings were removed4 ,figure #adc is missing in the original4 ,missing words in brackets added to text3 444 kite would be adjusted as in ,fig4 #ib1 444 444 ,a biplane is shown in ,fig4 #baa 444