,,the ,,ceramic ,,art ,,of ,,great ,,britain ,,from ,,pre-,,historic ,,times ,,down ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,day ,,being ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain ,,works ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,and ,,of ,,their ,,productions ,,of ,,every ,,class ,,by ,,llewellynn ,,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,local ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,antiquaries ,,of ,,london2 ,,hon4 ,,and ,,actual ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,russian ,,imperial ,,arch,,ological ,,commission1 ,,and ,,statistical ,,committee1 ,,pskov2 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,arch,,ological ,,institute ,,of ,,great ,,britain ,,and ,,ireland2 ,,associate ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,arch,,ological ,,association2 ,,hon4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,essex ,,arch,,ological ,,society ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,manx ,,society1 ,,etc42 ,,cor4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,historical ,,society1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,nearly ,,two ,,thousand ,,engravings ,,in ,,two ,,volumes4--,,ii4 ,,london ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 #bf1 ,,ivy ,,lane ,,paternoster ,,row #ahgh ,all rights reserved4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,city ,,road4 ,,contents ,,of ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,potteries of the ,tyne1 ,tees1 and ,wear--,newcastle-on-,tyne--,warburton ,pottery--,newcastle ,pottery or ,forth ,banks ,pottery--,stepney ,bank ,pottery--,ouseburn ,bridge ,pottery--,ouseburn ,ford ,pottery--,ouseburn ,potteries--,low ,pottery--,south ,shore ,pottery--,phnix ,pottery--,st4 ,peter's ,pottery--,gateshead--,carr's ,hill ,pottery--,st4 ,anthony's ,pottery--,sherriff ,hill ,pottery--,tyne ,main ,pottery--,north ,shields--,low ,light ,pottery--,south ,shields--,tyne or ,shields ,pottery--,north ,hylton--,south ,hylton or ,ford--,southwick ,pottery--,wear ,pottery--,high ,southwick ,pottery--,deptford ,pottery--,monkwearmouth--,sheepfold ,pottery--,sunderland ,pottery and the ,garrison ,pottery--,seaham ,harbour--,newbottle--,bishop ,auckland--,new ,moor ,pottery--,stockton-on-,tees--,stafford ,pottery--,north ,shore ,pottery--,middlesborough-on-,tees--,wol viston ,pottery--,coxhoe ,pottery--,alnwick #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,liverpool ,pottery--,shaw's ,delft ,ware--,shaw's ,brow--,zachariah ,barnes--,sadler and ,green--,transfer ,printing--,wedgwood's ,printed ,ware--,drinkwater's ,works--,spencer's ,pottery--,richard ,chaffers--,reid and ,co4's ,works--,the ,penningtons--,patrick's ,hill ,works--,the ,flint ,pottery--,herculaneum ,works--,warrington ,pottery and ,china--,runcorn--,prescot--,st4 ,helen's--,seacombe #ah ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,derby--,cock-pit ,hill--,mayer--,heath--,derby ,china--,andrew ,planche--,duesbury and ,heath--,william ,duesbury--,purchase of the ,chelsea ,works--,weekly ,bills--,show ,rooms in ,london--,sales by ,candle--,changes in ,proprietorship--,bloor--,locker--,steve nson ,co4--,hancock--,painters and ,modellers--,spengler--,coffee--,askew-- ,billingsley--,pinxton-- ,nantgarw--,swansea--,other ,artists employed at ,derby--,cocker and ,whitaker's ,china ,works1 c41 c4 #ef ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,chesterfield--,caskon--,heathcote--,bra mpton--,posset ,pots--,puzzle ,jugs--,welshpool and ,payne ,potteries--,the ,pottery--,walton ,pottery--,wheatbridge ,pottery--,alma1 ,barker1 and ,london ,potteries--,whittington--,bromley--,jew itt--,newbold--,eckington --,belper--,codnor ,park--,denby--,bournes ,pottery--,shipley-- ,alfreton--,langley ,mills--,ilkeston--,pinxton--,pinxton ,china--,china ,tokens--,wirksworth--,dale ,abbey--,repton--,encaustic ,tiles--,tile ,kilns1 ,london--,tickenhall--,kings ,newton--,burton-on-,trent--,swadlincote ,potteries--,church ,gresley ,potteries--,gresley ,common--,woodville--,hartshorne1 c4--,wooden ,box--,rawdon ,works--,pool ,works--,coleorton--c41 c4 #aae ,,chapter ,v4 ,stoke-upon-,trent--,josiah ,spode--,copeland and ,garrett--,copeland and ,sons--,mintons--,hollins--,trent ,pottery2 ,jones--,albert ,street ,works--,copeland ,street ,works--,glebe ,street and ,wharf ,street ,works--,copeland ,street--,bridge ,works--,london ,road2 ,goss--,kirkham--,campbell ,brick and ,tile ,company--,harrison and ,wedgwood--,bankes--,hugh ,booth--,ephraim ,booth--,wolf--,bird--,adams and ,son--,h4 and ,r4 ,daniel--,boyle--,reade--,lowndes and ,hall #afg ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,burslem--,early ,potters--,earthenware ,gravestones--,toft--,talor--,sans--,tur nor--,shawe--,mitchell-- ,cartwright--,rich--,wood--,wood ,caldwell--,churchyard ,works-- ,bell ,works--,red ,lion ,works--,big ,house--,ivy ,house--,lakin ,poole--,waterloo ,works--,boote ,co4--,washington ,works--,nile ,street ,works--,newport ,pottery--,dale ,hall--,stubbs--,bates--,walker ,co4--,mayer ,co4--,dale ,hall ,pottery--,rogers--,edwards ,son--,dale ,hall ,tile ,company--,albert ,street ,works--,mersey ,pottery--,steel--,maddock ,son--,new ,wharf ,pottery--,over ,house ,works--,swan ,bank ,pottery--,hill ,top ,pottery--,hill ,pottery ,china ,works--,crown ,works--,scotia ,works--,queen ,street ,works--,hill ,works--,ralph ,wood--,sylvester ,pottery--,high ,street ,pottery--,sneyd ,pottery--,hadderidge ,pottery--,navigation ,works--,sytch ,pottery--,kiln ,croft ,works--,albert ,pottery--,waterloo ,works--,central ,pottery--,longport--,davenports--,terra ,cotta--,brownhills--,wood--,littler--,m arsh and ,heywood--,brownhills ,pottery ,company--,cobridge--,cobridge ,works1 ,brownfields--,clews--,furnivals--,bates ,bennett--,abbey ,pottery--,villa ,pottery--,cockson ,seddon--,alcock ,co4--,elder ,road ,works--,warburton--,daniel1 c4 #bcf ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,hanley and ,shelton--,miles--,phillips--,astbury--, baddeley-- ,edwards--,voyez--,palmer--,neale--,wils on--,new ,hall ,works--,hollins--,keeling--,turner--,wa rburton--,clowes--,bagnall--,new ,hall ,company--,richard ,champion--,glass--,twyford--,mare--,twe mlow--,old ,hall ,works--,meigh--,broad ,street ,works--,mason--,ashworth--,cauldon ,place--,ridgways--,browne-,westhead ,co4--,trent ,pottery--,keeling--,booth ,co4--,stafford ,street ,works--,church ,works--,waterloo ,works--,kensington ,works--,burton ,place ,works--,clarence ,street ,works--,nelson ,place--,phnix and ,bell ,works--,bedford ,works--,mayer ,street--,cannon ,street ,works--,brewery ,street--,percy ,street ,works--,taylor1 ,tunnicliffe ,co4--,biller ,co4--,albion ,works--,eastwood ,vale--,eastwood ,works--,dental ,manufacturing ,company--,trent ,pottery--,james ,dudson--,victoria ,works--,charles ,street ,works--,high ,street--,eagle ,works--,brook ,street ,works--,cannon ,street--,william ,stubbs--,norfolk ,street ,works--,broad ,street--,albert ,works--,ranelagh ,works--,swan ,works--,mayer ,street ,works--,brook ,street ,works--,dresden ,works--,bath ,street ,works--,waterloo ,works--,new ,street ,pottery--,castle ,field ,pottery--,henry ,venables #bih ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,etruria--,josiah ,wedgwood--,the ,wedgwood ,family--,indenture of ,apprenticeship--,ridge ,house ,estate--,etruria ,works founded--,thomas ,bentley--,flaxman--,catalogues of ,goods--,jasper and other ,wares--,portland ,vase--,monument to ,josiah ,wedgwood--,marks--,various productions of the ,works--,m4 ,lessore #cde ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,longton--,sutherland ,road ,works--,market ,street ,works--,high ,street ,works--,park ,works--,sheridan ,works--,commerce ,street ,works--,crown ,works--,stafford ,street ,works--,peel ,pottery--,king ,street ,works--,chancery ,lane ,works--,st4 ,mary's ,works--,commerce ,street--,new ,town ,pottery--,borough ,pottery--,high ,street--,new ,street--,prince of ,wales ,pottery--,high ,street ,works--,alma ,works--,market ,street--,victoria ,works--,stafford ,street--,russell ,street--,mount ,pleasant ,works--,high ,street--,british ,anchor ,works--,royal ,porcelain ,works--,stafford ,street--,st4 ,gregory's ,pottery--,gold ,street ,works--,wellington ,works--,st4 ,martin's ,lane--,heathcote ,works--,green ,dock ,works--,chadwick ,street--,baddeley--,waterloo ,works--,heathcote ,road ,pottery--,sutherland ,potteries--,church ,street--,cornhill ,works--,sutherland ,works--,st4 ,james's ,place--,daisy ,bank--,park ,hall ,street--,viaduct ,works--,beech1 ,king ,street--,anchor ,pottery--,dresden ,works--,palissy ,works--,fenton1 ,minerva ,works--,victoria ,works--,fenton ,potteries--,fenton ,pottery--,foley--,old ,foley ,pottery--,anchor ,works--,fenton ,potteries--,lane ,delph ,pottery--,grosvenor ,works--,park ,works--,foley ,pottery--,foley ,potteries--,foley ,china ,works--,king ,street ,works--,heath--,bacchus--,meir--,harris on--,martin--,miles ,mason--,whieldon--,wedgwood ,harrison--,turner--,garner--,edwards--, johnson--,phillips-- ,bridgwood--,greatbach--,greenwood--,hea thcote1 c4 #chf ,,chapter ,x4 ,tunstall--,early ,potters--,enoch ,booth--,child--,winter--,unicorn and ,pinnox ,works--,greenfield ,works--,newfield ,works--,george ,street ,pottery--,phnix ,works--,sandyford--,lion ,works--,victoria ,works--,swan ,bank ,works--,church ,bank ,works--,well ,street ,works--,old ,works--,black ,bank--,high ,street ,works--,woodland ,pottery--,greengate ,pottery--,sandyford ,works--,tunstall ,works--,highgate ,pottery--,clay ,hill ,pottery--,royal ,albert ,works--,soho ,works--,marshall ,co4--,walton--,stevenson--,birch--,east wood--,shorthose ,co4--,heath ,son--,newcastle-under-,lyme--,tobacco-p ipes--,charles ,riggs--,garden ,edgings--,thomas ,wood--,terra ,cotta ,works--,armitage--,lichfield--,penkhull 1 c4 #dbc ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,swansea--,cambrian ,pottery--,dillwyn's ,etruscan ,ware--,swansea ,china--,glamorgan ,pottery--,rickard's ,pottery--,landore ,pottery--,llanelly--,south ,wales ,pottery--,ynisymudw--,terra ,cotta ,works--,nantgarw--,billingsley--,nantga rw ,china--,brown and ,stoneware ,potteries--,cardigan--,cardigan ,potteries--,hereford--,lugwardine ,tile ,works--,torquay--,terra ,cotta ,works--,alderholt--,smethwick--,reading --,coley ,avenue ,works--,wakefield ,moor--,houghton's ,table of ,clays--,ditchling ,pottery1 c4--,amblecote--,leicester--,spinney ,hill ,works--,wednesbury--,winchester--,ayles ford--,exeter--,lincoln #dce ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,irish ,ceramics--,early ,pottery of ,ireland--,the ,cairns--,the ,crannogs--,medival ,pottery of ,ireland--,dublin--,delamain--,stringfel low--,grants by ,irish ,parliament--,donovan--,delft ,ware--,brown ,ware ,manufactories--,belfast--,leathes and ,smith--,delft ,ware--,coates' ,pottery--,china ,works--,florence ,court ,pottery--,coal ,island ,pottery--,youghal ,pottery--,captain ,beauclerc's ,terra ,cotta--,larne ,pottery ,works--,castle ,espie ,pottery--,belleek ,china and ,earthenware ,works1 c4 #dei ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,early ,pottery of ,scotland--,cinerary ,urns--,medival ,pottery--,glasgow--,delft ,ware--,verreville ,pottery--,garnkirk ,works--,gartcosh ,works--,heathfield ,pottery--,glasgow ,pottery--,north ,british ,pottery--,saracen ,pottery--,port ,dundas ,pottery ,company--,hyde ,park ,potteries--,britannia ,pottery--,annfield ,pottery--,bridgeton ,pottery--,barrowfield ,pottery--,coatbridge--,glenboig ,star ,works--,glenboig ,fire-,clay ,works--,cardowan and ,heathfield ,works--,paisley--,ferguslie ,works--,shortroods and ,caledonia ,works--,paisley ,earthenware ,works--,crown ,works--,grangemouth--,fire-brick ,works--,greenock--,clyde ,pottery--,dumbarton--,rutherglen--,cale donia ,pottery--,portobello--,midlothian ,potteries--,portobello ,pottery--,kirkcaldy--,sinclairtown ,pottery--,kirkcaldy ,pottery--,gallatown ,pottery--,boness--,boness ,pottery--,prestonpans ,pottery--,alloa--,alloa ,pottery--,the ,hebrides #dii ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,a ,list of ,patents relating to ,ceramics from #afbf to #ahgg #ebd ,,ceramic ,,art ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,potteries of the ,tyne1 ,tees1 and ,wear--,newcastle-on-,tyne--,warburton ,pottery--,newcastle ,pottery or ,forth ,banks ,pottery--,stepney ,bank ,pottery--,ouseburn ,bridge ,pottery--,ouseburn ,ford ,pottery--,ouseburn ,potteries--,low ,pottery--,south ,shore ,pottery--,phnix ,pottery--,st4 ,peter's ,pottery--,gateshead--,carr's ,hill ,pottery--,st4 ,anthony's ,pottery--,sherriff ,hill ,pottery--,tyne ,main ,pottery--,north ,shields--,low ,light ,pottery--,south ,shields--,tyne or ,shields ,pottery--,north ,hylton--,south ,hylton or ,ford--,southwick ,pottery--,wear ,pottery--,high ,southwick ,pottery--,deptford ,pottery--,monkwearmouth--,sheepfold ,pottery--,sunderland ,pottery and the ,garrison ,pottery--,seaham ,harbour--,newbottle--,bishop ,auckland--,new ,moor ,pottery--,stockton-on-,tees--,stafford ,pottery--,north ,shore ,pottery--,middlesborough-on-,tees--,wol viston ,pottery--,coxhoe ,pottery--,alnwick4 ,the following brief account of the earthenware works of ,newcastle-upon-,tyne and its district1 drawn up for the ,british ,association1 in #ahfc1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,maling1 one of the manufacturers1 may serve as an introduction to this chapter4 8,the manufacture of white earthenware was introduced into this district by ,mr4 ,warburton1 at ,carr's ,hill ,pottery1 near ,gateshead1 about #agcj or #agdj4 ,those works were very successfully carried on for seventy years1 when they gradually declined1 and in #ahag were closed4 ,a small portion of the building is still used as a brown ware pottery4 ,the next manufactory was built by ,mr4 ,byers1 at ,newbottle1 in the county of ,durham1 about #agee1 where brown and white earthenware still continues to be made4 ,in #agfb1 ,messrs4 ,christopher ,thompson and ,john ,maling erected works at ,north ,hilton1 in the county of ,durham2 their successor1 ,mr4 ,robert ,maling1 in #ahag transferred his operations to the ,tyne1 where his descendants still continue the manufacture4 ,st4 ,anthony's1 ,stepney ,bank1 and ,ouseburn ,old ,potteries were commenced about the year #aghj or #agij4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,scott ,co4 and ,messrs4 ,samuel ,moore ,co4 erected potteries at ,southwick1 near ,sunderland1 the former in the year #aghi1 the latter in #ahjc4 ,the pottery carried on by ,messrs4 ,john ,dawson ,co41 at ,south ,hylton1 was built by them in #ahjj4 ,the works of ,messrs4 ,john ,carr ,sons1 at ,north1 ,shields1 were erected in #ahad4 ,messrs4 ,thomas ,fell ,co4 built ,st4 ,peter's ,pottery in #ahag4 ,the establishment of ,messrs4 ,skinner ,co41 ,stockton-on-,tees1 dates from #ahbd4 ,there are now about twenty-five potteries in this district1 of which1 on the ,tyne1 six manufacture white and printed wares1 four white1 printed1 and brown wares1 and three brown ware only1 employing #a1bjj people1 and manufacturing yearly about #ab1jjj tons of white clay and #c1jjj tons of brown clay1 and consuming in the process of manufacture about #cd1jjj tons of coals4 ,on the ,wear there are two potteries manufacturing white and printed wares1 two white1 printed1 and brown wares1 and two brown ware only1 employing about #ejj people1 manufacturing yearly about #d1jjj tons of white clay1 #a1ejj tons of brown clay1 and consuming in the manufacture about #ad1jjj tons of coals4 ,on the ,tees there are four potteries manufacturing white and printed wares1 employing #ejj people1 manufacturing #e1jjj tons of white clay and consuming #ac1jjj tons of coals4 ,two potteries at ,norton manufacture brown wares2 the particulars of their operations the author has not been able to obtain4 ,the potteries in this district1 being situated upon navigable rivers1 have great advantages over their inland competitors1 ,staffordshire and ,yorkshire4 ,the expenses on clay from sea freight and inland carriage average #acs4 per ton to ,staffordshire1 and #es4 per ton to this district2 and in flints the advantage is still greater1 in ,staffordshire the average being #ais4 per ton against #ds4 #f;d4 per ton here4 ,coals1 although a little dearer here per ton1 are so much superior in quality that #hj tons of ,newcastle coals are equal to #ajj tons of ,yorkshire or ,staffordshire coals4 ,about #aheh ,messrs4 ,skinner ,co41 of ,stockton-on-,tees1 first applied ,needham ,kite's patent filtering press for expelling the surplus water from the slip1 which had formerly been done by evaporation4 ,this is a much cleaner and better process than the old system1 and is now adopted by thirty or forty potteries in ,england and ,scotland4 ,with the exception of three potteries in this district and at ,glasgow1 machinery has been very little applied to the manufacture of earthenware1 and even at these works not nearly to the extent to which it is capable of being profitably adopted4 ,one manufactory on the ,tyne1 ,ford ,pottery1 having the best machinery1 supplies at least #hj per cent4 of the jars used by confectioners for marmalade and jam1 c41 in ,england and ,scotland4 ,the description of goods manufactured in this district is that used by the middle and working classes1 no first class goods being made here4 ,the principal markets1 in addition to the local trade1 are the ,danish1 ,norwegian1 ,german1 ,mediterranean1 and ,london1 for exportation to the colonies4 ,the trade to the ,united ,states being so very small from here1 the ,american war has affected this district less than any other40 ,the potteries of the ,tyne are3-- ,,newcastle-,,upon-,,tyne4 ,warburton ,pottery was established about #agcj2 its site was on ,pandon ,dean1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,coarse ware was1 ,i believe1 its only product4 ,it was removed between #agdj and #agej to ,carr's ,hill1 ,gateshead 7which see74 99 99 99 99 99 ,newcastle ,pottery1 or ,forth ,banks ,pottery1 commenced operations about #ahjj1 by ,messrs4 ,addison and ,falconer4 ,some years after it passed into the occupation of ,messrs4 ,redhead1 ,wilson1 and ,co41 then ,messrs4 ,wallace and ,co41 who now make only brown ware1 but formerly manufactured white and printed ware also4 ,,stepney ,,bank4 ,the ,stepney ,bank ,pottery was established about #aghj or #agij1 for the production of the common earthenware4 ,in #ahja it was occupied by ,messrs4 ,head and ,dalton2 in #ahaf by ,messrs4 ,dryden1 ,coxon1 and ,basket2 in #ahbb by ,messrs4 ,davies1 ,coxon1 and ,wilson2 in #ahcc by ,messrs4 ,dalton and ,burn1 who were succeeded by ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,turnbull1 by whom the character of the ware was considerably improved4 ,about #ahgb the works passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,wood1 who produces both white and brown ware4 ,,ouseburn4 ,ouseburn ,bridge ,pottery was commenced in #ahag1 by ,mr4 ,robert ,maling 7see ,north ,hylton ,pottery71 who manufactured white and printed ware chiefly for the ,dutch market4 ,he was succeeded1 in #ahec1 by his son1 ,c4 ,t4 ,maling1 who in #ahei built ,ford ,pottery1 and discontinued his old works4 ,they were re-opened under the name of the ,albion ,pottery1 by ,bell ,brothers1 about #ahfc2 next by ,atkinson and ,galloway1 and lastly by ,mr4 ,w4 ,morris1 and were finally closed in #ahgb4 ,ford ,pottery4--,this pottery was built in #ahei by ,mr4 ,christopher ,t4 ,maling1 son of ,mr4 ,robert ,maling1 who1 in #ahag1 had removed the ,hylton pottery#a to ,newcastle4 ,the works were erected for the purpose of manufacturing by machinery the various goods produced by ,mr4 ,maling1 the main bulk of which are marmalade1 jam1 and extract-of-beef pots4 ,these are of a very fine and compact white body1 with an excellent glaze made from borax without any lead2 and it is said that at least #ie per cent4 of these pots used by wholesale manufacturers in ,great ,britain are made at this establishment4 ,the pots being entirely made by machinery are necessarily much more uniform in size and weight and thickness than those produced by any other process1 and these1 as well as the excellence of body and glaze1 are advantages which have been appreciated4 ,the mark used is simply the name or ,,maling impressed in the clay1 image ,,malingwith1 sometimes1 the initial of the house for whom they are made1 as for 8,keiller10 and so on4image ,,maling and ,k 99 99 99 99 99 ,ouseburn ,pottery was built about the same date as ,stepney ,bank ,pottery1 by ,mr4 ,yellowley1 who was succeeded by ,messrs4 ,t4 and ,j4 ,thompson1 then by ,mr4 ,i4 ,maling2 it was finally closed about #ahfd4 ,white1 printed1 and brown ware were its productions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another 8,ouseburn ,pottery0 was established1 at the latter end of last or the early part of the present century1 by ,mr4 ,ralph ,charlton1 who carried on the business on a small scale for the manufacture of brown ware4 ,on his death he was succeeded by his son1 ,john ,charlton1 who after a few years gave up the business1 and was succeeded by ,mr4 ,george ,gray who1 or his predecessor1 enlarged the kilns1 c4 ,mr4 ,gray was succeeded in the business by ,messrs4 ,morrow and ,parker1 from whose hands it passed into those of ,mr4 ,rogers1 who erected another kiln and otherwise extended the buildings4 ,it was next worked by ,mr4 ,william ,blakey1 who held it until #ahfj1 when it passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,robert ,martin and ,co41 who still continue the business4 ,the goods made are brown ware1 and brown ware lined with white1 in all the usual classes of domestic vessels4 ,another 8,ouseburn ,pottery10 established some years ago1 passed in #ahfj into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,hedley ,walker4 ,its productions are plain and ornamented flower-pots1 chimney-pots1 and horticultural vessels of various kinds1 as well as the lead-pots and lead-dishes which are so extensively used in the lead works of the district4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,low ,pottery1 identical with the ,ouseburn ,pottery1 now discontinued1 was carried on by ,messrs4 ,thompson ,brothers1 for the manufacture of white and ,sunderland wares4 99 99 99 99 99 ,south ,shore ,pottery4--,now discontinued4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,phnix ,pottery was built by ,john ,dryden and ,co41 about #ahba1 for the manufacture of brown ware4 ,white and printed ware were made afterwards4 ,about #ahdd1 it passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,isaac ,bell and ,co4 for a short time2 it was afterwards purchased and carried on by ,messrs4 ,carr and ,patton 7who at same time had ,north ,shields ,pottery72 it was then carried on by ,mr4 ,john ,patton2 next by ,messrs4 ,cook ,brothers1 who discontinued manufacturing earthenware in #ahfj1 and converted the premises into a ,chemical ,factory4 ,mr4 ,john ,charlton had also a small manufactory in the ,ouseburn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,peter's ,pottery was established in #ahag by ,messrs4 ,thomas ,fell and ,thomas ,bell under the style of 8,thomas ,fell ,co410 by whom it was carried on until #ahfi1 when it became a limited liability company under the same title2 the shareholders being the descendants of the original proprietors4 ,the productions are still1 as they have always been1 the ordinary classes of common earthenware1 in white1 printed1 and sponged varieties4 ,the mark was formerly an anchor with the letter ,f anchor 7for 8,fell07 on one side1 and the workman's mark or number on the other1 impressed in the body of the ware4 ,later on this mark was discontinued1 and the name ,,fell substituted4 ,under the company only printed ware is marked1 and that bears the name ,,fell ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,anthony's ,pottery4--,this is one of the oldest potteries for fine ware on the ,tyne1 being established about #aghj1 but nothing is known as to its earlier history4 ,in #ahjc or #ahjd it passed into the hands of a ,mr4 ,sewell1 in whose family it has continued to the present day1 under the styles of 8,sewell ,donkin10 and 8,sewell ,co40 ,the following particulars were furnished to me by the aged manager of the works1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,t4 ,stevenson3-- 8,i cannot go back to say when first begun as a ,small ,white and ,common ,brown ,ware ,works1 but about #ahjc or #ahjd it was taken by the ,sewells1 and gradually extended by them for ,home trade until #ahad or #ahae1 when a considerable addition was made to manufacture entirely for exportation1 chiefly ,c4,c4 or ,cream ,coloured1 ,painted1 and ,blue ,printed1 and when ,i came to the ,works in #ahai1 the description of ware then produced say about five ,gloss ,ovens and two or three ,enamel ,kilns per week1 say ,c4,c4 and best ,cream ,colour to imitate ,wedgwood's ,table ,ware then made in considerable quantities for ,holland and other ,continental markets1 all kinds of ,biscuit ,painted1 ,printed very dark engraved patterns1 also ,stamping with ,glue1 and ,printing on the ,glaze from ,wood ,engravings1 also with ,glue1 ,i believe the first that was done in this way1 ,gold and ,silver lustre1 c4 ,so it has been continued up to the present period by the ,sewell family2 but latterly not doing so much business1 owing to a change of partnership1 and is at present in the market for sale since the death of ,mr4 ,henry ,sewell1 the natural son of the late ,joseph ,sewell1 who was the ,potter for nearly sixty years1 and was a noble specimen of a good master and the old ,english gentleman40 ,the fact of printing on pottery from wood engravings1 being practised at these works1 is highly interesting1 as ,i have been enabled to ascertain that engravings by ,bewick were thus brought into use2 specimens are1 however1 very rare4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology are examples of ,st4 ,anthony's ware2 they bear the marks-- ,,sewell ,,sewell ,,donkin ,,sewells ,,donkin ,,sewells ,,co4 ,,gateshead4 ,the ,carr's ,hill ,pottery was the first manufactory for white ware in the ,north of ,england4 ,painted1 enamelled1 and brown ware was also made4 ,it was established about #agej1 by a ,mr4 ,warburton1 who removed to this place from ,newcastle 7see ,warburton ,pottery71 and was successfully carried on by him and his successors until #ahag1 when it was closed4 ,a part of the premises was afterwards carried on by ,messrs4 ,kendall and ,walker1 and later still by ,messrs4 ,isaac ,fell and ,co4 ,,sherriff ,,hill4 ,sherriff ,hill ,pottery4--,these works are carried on by ,mr4 ,george ,patterson1 as the successor of the firm of ,jackson and ,patterson4 ,his chief productions are white ware1 which are supplied largely to the ,norwegian ,markets4 ,messrs4 ,lewins and ,parsons are also stated to have had a pottery here for the manufacture of the common kinds of earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tyne ,main ,pottery1 on the opposite side of the river to ,st4 ,peter's1 was built by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,davies and ,co41 in the year #ahcc1 and carried on by them1 manufacturing white1 printed1 and lustre ware1 chiefly for the ,norwegian market4 ,it was closed in #ahea4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,wilson1 the managing partner1 then commenced manufacturing at ,seaham ,harbour4 ,there was also a pottery at ,heworth ,shore1 carried on by ,patterson1 ,fordy1 and ,co4 ,it was closed about #ahce4 ,there was also a pottery at ,jarrow for a few years1 which manufactured brown ware only4 ,,north ,,shields4 ,the 8,low ,light ,pottery0 was established in #ahad1 by ,mr4 ,nicholas ,bird1 and afterwards passed from him1 in or about #ahbi1 to ,messrs4 ,cornfoot1 ,colville1 and ,co4 ,the firm was afterwards changed to ,cornfoot1 ,patton1 and ,co41 and on the withdrawal of ,mr4 ,cornfoot1 and the addition of ,mr4 ,john ,carr1 the style was changed to that of 8,carr and ,patten40 ,next the firm was 8,john ,carr and ,co410 and when the concern became the property of the first of these partners1 the late ,mr4 ,john ,carr1 he and his sons carried it on under the style of 8,john ,carr and ,sons40 ,it is still continued by the same family under that style4 ,originally brown and black wares of the usual common kinds were made1 in addition to the ordinary earthenware1 but in #ahef these were discontinued1 and the ordinary white earthenware in cream coloured1 printed1 painted1 and lustred varieties substituted2 these are the only productions of the firm4 ,these goods are exported principally to the ,mediterranean ports and to ,alexandria1 for transport to ,cairo1 and by the ,red ,sea to ,bombay1 c4 ,it is for these markets that the goods are mainly manufactured4 ,in brown ware1 common mugs1 butter-jars1 pancheons1 milk-pans1 c41 were produced2 and in black ware1 ,egyptian black and smeared tea-pots1 cream ewers1 and other articles were produced4 ,the mark1 which1 however1 has been but seldom used1 is a stag's head4 ,,south ,,shields4 ,the ,tyne or ,shields ,pottery was established about #ahcj1 by a ,mr4 ,robertson1 from whom1 about #ahde1 it passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,armstrong2 by whom the works were considerably enlarged4 ,in #ahga the concern was purchased by ,messrs4 ,isaac ,fell and ,george ,shields ,young1 by whom it is still carried on under the style of 8,isaac ,fell and ,co40 ,the goods manufactured are 8,sunderland0 and 8brown0 wares1 of which large quantities are shipped for the ,continent1 as well as supplied to the ,london1 ,scottish1 and other home markets4 ,the goods are1 as usual1 made from the common brick clay1 and after drying are lined inside with white slip2 and they are glazed with lead glaze4 ,the 8,tyne ,pottery0 is1 with the exception of the works of ,messrs4 ,harwood1 at ,stockton-on-,tees1 the largest in the district for this kind of pottery4 ,the ,potteries of the ,wear are3-- ,,north ,,hylton4 ,a pottery was established here in #agfb1 by ,messrs4 ,christopher ,thompson and ,john ,maling1 for the manufacture of the ordinary brown and white earthenware for the home trade1 and also for ,france3 the first printed ware made in the ,north of ,england was manufactured here4 ,the works were also celebrated for their enamel and lustre wares4 ,in #ahag their successor1 ,mr4 ,robert ,maling1 removed his works from ,hylton to the neighbourhood of ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 where he manufactured principally for the ,dutch markets4 ,they were afterwards carried on by ,dixon1 ,austin1 ,phillips1 and ,co41 who at the same time carried on the ,sunderland ,pottery 7which see74 ,in the ,mayer ,museum is an excellent example of this lustre ware4 ,it is a large jug1 of creamy-white earthenware1 very light1 ornamented with purple lustre in wavy lines1 c4 ,on one side of the jug is an engraved and coloured view of the iron bridge over the river ,wear1 and underneath it 7engraved and transferred from the same plate7 in three small ovals1 with borders1 c41 are the inscriptions3--8,a ,south-,east ,view of the ,iron ,bridge over the ,wear1 near ,sunderland4 ,foundation-stone laid by ,r4 ,burdon1 ,esq41 ,september #bdth1 #agie4 ,opened1 ,august #ith1 #agif4 ,nil ,desperandum4 ,auspice ,deo40 8,cast ,iron1 #bad tons2 ,wrought do41 #dj40 8,height1 #ajj feet2 ,span1 #bef40 8,j4 ,,phillips1 ,,hylton ,,pottery40 ,on the other side of the jug is another engraving1 having in its centre a tree1 on one side of which1 in the distance1 is a ship1 and on the other a public-house4 ,in the foreground of the ship side of the tree is a sailor2 and on the other a woman with hat and feathers1 an umbrella1 and a little dog4 ,underneath are the words--8,jack on a ,cruise4 #8,avast there6 ,back your maintopsail4'0 ,in front of the jug1 beneath the spout1 in an oval1 occurs the verse3-- 8,,rest ,,in ,,heaven4 8,there is an hour of peaceful rest ,to mourning wanderers given2 ,there's a tear for souls distrest1 ,a balm for every wounded breast-- ',tis found above in ,heaven40 ,in my own collection is another example of this white ware with purple 8lustre-splash0 ornament4 ,on one side is an engraving1 in an oval1 of the same bridge2 and around the oval the inscription--8,a ,west ,view of the ,cast ,iron ,bridge over the ,river ,wear2 built by ,r4 ,burdon1 ,esq4 ,span1 #bcf feet2 height1 #ajj feet4 ,begun1 #bd ,sept41 #agie4 ,opened1 #i ,aug41 #agif40 ,on the other side1 a ship in full sail4 ,another example is a punch-bowl4 ,like the others1 it is decorated with purple lustre1 and with views1 ships1 and verses in transfer-printing4 ,on the bottom1 inside1 is a similar view of the ,wear bridge to the one just described1 in an oval1 with the same inscription4 ,the inside is divided into three compartments1 in one of which is a ship in full sail1 with the words-- 8,may ,peace and ,plenty ,on our nation smile1 ,and ,trade and ,commerce ,bless the ,british ,isle40 in another1 in a border of flowers1 surmounted by a small ship1 is this verse3-- 8,glide on1 my bark1 the summer's tide ,is gently flowing by thy side2 ,around thy prow the waters bright1 ,in circling rounds of broken light1 ,are glittering as if ocean gave ,her countless gems to deck the wave40 and on the third1 is a similar border3-- 8,,the ,,sailor',s ,,tear4 8,he leap'd into the boat1 ,as it lay upon the strand1 ,but1 oh6 his heart was far away ,with friends upon the land2 ,he thought of those he lov'd the best1 ,a wife and infant dear2 ,and feeling fill'd the sailor's breast1 ,the sailor's eye--a tear40 ,on the outside1 are also three engravings4 ,the first is a ship in full sail2 the next a border of flowers with a small 8world0 at top1 with the verse3-- 8,this is a good world to live in1 ,to lend1 or to spend1 or to give in1 ,but to beg or to borrow1 ,or to get a man's own1 ,it is such a world ,as never was known40 and the third has a border of flowers and the verse3-- 8,the loss of gold is great1 ,the loss of health is more4 ,but losing ,christ is such a loss ,as no man can restore40 ,,south ,,hylton ,,or ,,ford ,,pottery4 ,the works of ,messrs4 ,john ,dawson ,co4 were erected by them in #ahjj1 and were carried on by the firm until #ahfd1 when1 on the death of the last of the family1 ,mr4 ,charles ,dawson1 they were closed and converted into bottle houses2 these were destroyed by fire4 ,the flint mill was taken by ,mr4 ,ball1 of the ,deptford ,pottery1 who grinds large quantities of flint for both home consumption and export4 ,the mark was simply the name 8,,dawson0 impressed in the ware4 ,a part of the premises were1 several years afterwards1 used as a brown ware manufactory1 and later still by ,messrs4 ,isaac ,fell and ,co4 ,,southwick4 ,the ,southwick ,pottery was built in #aghh1 by ,mr4 ,anthony ,scott1 who had1 previously to that time1 carried on a small potwork at ,newbottle1 and it is still the property of one of his descendants1 ,mr4 ,anthony ,scott1 and is carried on by that family1 under the style of 8,scott ,brothers and ,co40 ,at these works1 which are among the most successful in the district1 and where especial care is taken as to quality of the productions1 the usual classes of white1 coloured and brown earthenware are produced4 ,in these works upwards of #aej 8hands0 are employed4 ,the goods are made for foreign markets1 the greater part being exported to ,denmark and ,germany4 ,messrs4 ,scott ,brothers and ,co41 of these works1 stand--and deservedly so--high in the scale of manufacturers1 and their goods1 whether of the finer or of the commoner classes1 are in good repute1 and are well calculated for an extensive home trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,wear ,pottery1 founded by ,messrs4 ,brunton ,co41 in #ahjc1 and soon after carried on by ,messrs4 ,samuel ,moore ,co41 passed1 about #ahfa1 into the hands of its present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,robert ,thomas ,wilkinson1 by whom it is carried on under the style of 8,samuel ,moore ,co40 ,the goods manufactured are the ordinary descriptions of white1 sponged1 and printed earthenware1 and also brown ware1 for the ,english1 ,german1 and ,danish markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,high ,southwick ,pottery1 for ,sunderland ware1 is carried on by ,mr4 ,thomas ,snowball4 99 99 99 99 99 ,deptford ,pottery4--,these works were established at ,diamond ,hall1 in #aheg1 by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ball for the manufacture of flower-pots1 in which he effected many important improvements1 one of the principal of which is the 8making them hollow footed1 or with concave bottoms1 with apertures for drainage and air1 and kept free from the attacks of worms4 ,this gives them a superiority over most1 and has gained an extensive patronage40 ,in #ahfc the manufacture of 8,sunderland ,ware0--glazed brown earthenware lined with white--was introduced1 and is carried on very largely for the ,london and ,scottish markets4 ,at these works1 too1 suspenders1 highly decorated1 and other flower vases1 seed-boxes1 c41 are extensively made4 ,machinery has lately been introduced which very much facilitates the manufacture of the ware4 ,,monkwearmouth4 ,the ,sheepfold ,pottery1 for ,sunderland ware1 is carried on by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,rickaby ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,sunderland ,pottery or the ,garrison ,pottery1 also established by ,mr4 ,phillips1 and carried on by ,dixon1 ,austin1 ,phillips1 and ,co41 produced white and ,queen's ware1 in all the usual variety of articles4 ,sponged1 printed1 painted1 and lustred earthenware were also produced4 ,the works are now discontinued4 ,the marks were ,,phillips ,,co4 ,phillips ,co4 ,,phillips ,,co4 ,,sunderland1 #ahac ,,phillips ,,co4 ,,sunderland ,,pottery4 ,in the ,mayer collection is a well-painted quart mug1 with allegorical group of the arts1 with the name 8,w4 ,,dixon1 #ahaa10 pencilled on the bottom4 ,among other examples in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum are a printed coloured and lustred jug1 bearing on one side the common view of the bridge over the ,wear1 and on the other the ,farmers' ,arms1 while in front are the words--8,forget me not10 within a wreath4 ,it bears the name ,,dixon ,,austin ,,co41 ,,sunderland4 ,figures were also produced1 and marked examples may be seen in the same museum4 ,the name occurs in various ways beyond those just given4 ,thus1 among others1 are 8,w4 ,dixon10 8,dixon ,co410 8,dixon ,co41 ,sunderland ,pottery10 ,,dixon ,,austin ,,co ,sunderland ,pottery ,,dixon ,,co ,sunderland ,pottery ,,dixon ,,co ,,sunderland ,,seaham ,,harbour4 ,a manufactory was built here about the year #ahcf for the manufacture of brown ware by ,captain ,plowright1 of ,lynn1 and in #ahch it was altered into a white and printed ware manufactory1 by a number of workmen from ,messrs4 ,dawson and ,co41 of ,hylton2 it was closed about the year #ahda1 and re-opened in #ahea1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,wilson1 and finally closed in #aheb4 ,,newbottle4 ,these works were founded about #agee1 by ,mr4 ,byers1 and he manufactured both brown and white wares4 ,they passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,anthony ,scott1 who carried them on until #aghh 7see 8,southwick074 ,they are now discontinued4 ,a pottery for the manufacture of common brown ware1 and flower-pots1 c41 was also carried on by ,messrs4 ,broderick1 but is now discontinued4 ,,bishop ,,auckland4 ,new ,moor ,pottery1 at ,evenwood1 carried on by ,mr4 ,george ,snowdon for the manufacture of brown ware4 ,the potteries of the ,tees are3-- ,,stockton-,,on-,,tees4 ,stafford ,pottery4--,several earthenware manufactories have been carried on at this place1 and1 at the present day1 there are four pot-works in operation1 at each of which a considerable number of hands are employed4 ,the largest1 called the 8,stafford ,pottery10 at ,south ,stockton1 or ,thornaby1 was established1 in #ahbe1 by ,mr4 ,william ,smith1 a builder of ,stockton1 for the manufacture of the ordinary brown ware4 ,determining shortly afterwards to add the general earthenware to its productions1 he visited ,staffordshire1 and engaged and ultimately took into partnership ,mr4 ,john ,whalley1 a ,staffordshire potter of considerable skill1 to carry on the work4 ,the firm commenced1 under the style of 8,william ,smith ,co40 in ,january1 #ahbf4 ,in #ahbi1 in order further to extend the concern and increase its capital1 a partnership was entered into with ,messrs4 ,william and ,george ,skinner1 sons of ,mr4 ,skinner1 banker1 of ,stockton1 and continued for some years1 when ,mr4 ,george ,skinner having purchased the interest of his brother1 and of ,mr4 ,william ,smith1 changed the name of the firm to that of 8,george ,skinner ,co40 ,by ,mr4 ,george ,skinner and ,mr4 ,whalley it was carried on for some years1 when the latter retired1 and the management devolved on ,mr4 ,ambrose ,walker1 who1 shortly after the death of ,mr4 ,skinner in ,april1 #ahgj1 succeeded to the business1 and still carries it on in connection with the executors of ,mr4 ,skinner under the style of 8,skinner and ,walker40 ,mr4 ,walker is a native of ,hanley1 and in #ahcg1 when a boy1 came to ,stockton with his father1 who at that time entered the service of ,messrs4 ,smith ,co4 ,in #ahdc he became junior clerk1 and was instructed in the art of potting by ,mr4 ,whalley1 who subsequently transferred to him his valuable receipts4 ,it is worthy of remark that at these works for many years past1 no thrower is employed2 this important branch of the art being entirely superseded by machinery1 for the application of which to potting the firm has acquired a high reputation4 ,the goods manufactured were principally 8,queen's ware20 a fine white earthenware2 and a fine brown ware1 which were shipped in large quantities for ,belgium1 ,holland1 and some parts of ,germany4 ,i am also informed that the firm at one time established a branch pottery at ,genappes1 near ,mons1 in ,belgium1 sending workmen from ,stockton2 and that the manufactory there was carried on under the style1 of 8,capperman ,co40 ,one mark is-- ,w4 ,s4 ,,co4 ,,queen',s ,,ware4 ,,stockton4 impressed in the body4 ,other examples have simply the words ,,stockton4 or ,s4 ,w4 ,,queen',s ,,ware4 ,,stockton4 or the same1 without the initials impressed upon them4 ,in #ahdh the firm consisted of ,william ,smith1 ,john ,whalley1 ,george ,skinner1 and ,henry ,cowap1 and in that year an injunction was granted restraining them from using1 as they had illegally done1 the name of 8,,wedgwood ,,co40 or 8,,wedgewood10 stamped or otherwise marked on goods produced by them4 ,the following is the official notification of this matter1 which ,i here reprint from my 8,life of ,wedgwood30 8,vice-,chancellor of ,england's ,court1 8,lincoln's ,inn1 #hth ,august1 #ahdh4 8,,in ,,chancery4 8,wedgwood and others against ,smith and others4 8,,mr4 ,,bethell on behalf of the ,plaintiffs1 ,francis ,wedgwood and ,robert ,brown 7who carry on the business of ,potters1 at ,etruria1 in the ,staffordshire ,potteries1 under the ,firm of #8,josiah ,wedgwood and ,sons'71 moved for an ,injunction against the defendants1 ,william ,smith1 ,john ,whalley1 ,george ,skinner1 and ,henry ,cowap 7who also carry on the business of ,potters1 at ,stockton1 in the ,county of ,durham1 under the firm of #8,william ,smith and ,company'71 to restrain them and every of them1 their ,agents1 ,workmen1 or ,servants1 from stamping1 or engraving1 or marking1 or in any way putting or placing on the ,ware manufactured by them1 the ,defendants1 the name #8,wedgwood' or #8,wedgewood1' and from in any manner imitating or counterfeiting such name on the ,ware manufactured by the ,defendants since the month of ,december1 #ahdf1 or hereafter to be manufactured by the ,defendants1 with the name #8,wedgwood' or #8,wedgewood1' stamped1 engraved1 or otherwise marked or placed thereon4 ,m#8r4 ,bethell stated that the trade mark #8,wedgwood' had been used by the family of the ,wedgwoods for centuries2 he would not1 however1 go further into the matter at present1 because ,mr4 ,parker appeared for the ,defendants1 and it might become necessary--with whom1 and himself1 it had been arranged by consent on ,mr4 ,parker's application on behalf of the ,defendants1 for time to answer the ,plaintiffs' ,affidavits--that the ,motion should stand over until the ,second ,seal in ,michaelmas ,term next2 and that in the meantime the ,defendants should be restrained as above stated2 except that for the words1 #8since the month of ,december1 #ahdf1' the words1 #8since the month of ,july1 #ahdg1' should be substituted4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,parker said he appeared for the ,defendants1 and consented without prejudice2 and on his application for time to answer the ,plaintiff's ,affidavits1 the ,court made an order accordingly4 8,on the #ith day of ,november1 being the ,second ,seal in ,michaelmas term1 #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,younge1 as counsel for the above-named ,plaintiffs1 moved for1 and obtained1 a perpetual ,injunction against the ,defendants in the ,terms of ,mr4 ,bethell's ,motion1 substituting for the words1 #8since the month of ,december1 #ahdf1' the words1 #8since the month of ,july1 #ahgd2' the ,defendants consenting to pay to the ,plaintiffs their costs4 8,solicitor for the ,plaintiffs1 8,,samuel ,,king1 8,furnival's ,inn1 ,middlesex40 ,in #ahde1 ,messrs4 ,george ,skinner and ,john ,whalley took out a patent for 8certain improvements in the manufacture of earthenware pastes and vitreous bodies1 and also a new composition and material for the same1 with certain new modes of combination thereof1 which improvements1 compositions1 and combinations are applicable to the manufacture of earthenware pastes1 vitreous bodies1 slabs1 tiles1 and pavement1 and various other useful and ornamental purposes1 and is especially adapted for grave indicators1 hydrant indicators1 etc41 as it is impervious to all weather and unaffected by change of atmosphere40 ,this consists in 8combining chalk or carbonate of lime in union with silica1 flint1 or silex40 ,in the specification seven compositions are given1 five of which are for ware and the other two for glaze4 ,the compositions for ware are various 8combinations of the above substances1 and they contain besides1 some or all of the following substances1 namely1 ,cornwall stone1 china clay1 ball clay1 felspar1 helspar1 or sulphate of barytes40 ,the wares may be tinted with the oxides generally used4 ,nos4 #a and #b compositions do not require glazing2 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 and #e can be glazed with glazes which either do or do not contain lead4 ,in this patent two glazes without lead are claimed4 ,one of these is made of felspar and chalk1 and the other of chalk1 silica1 flint1 or silex1 ,cornwall stone1 china clay1 ball clay1 and felspar1 mixed in certain proportions4 ,,north ,,shore ,,pottery4 ,the 8,north ,shore ,pottery0 was established about #ahdj1 by ,mr4 ,james ,smith1 afterwards of ,danby ,grange1 near ,yarm1 in ,yorkshire1 and was carried on by his nephew1 ,mr4 ,william ,smith1 ,jun4 7son of the ,william ,smith to whom ,i have alluded as the founder of the 8,stafford ,pottery071 under the style of 8,william ,smith1 ,jun41 and ,co40 ,subsequently to this the business was carried on successively under the styles of 8,g4 ,f4 ,smith and ,co40 and 8,g4 and ,w4 ,smith40 ,a few years ago the senior partner1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,smith1 retired from the concern1 and since then it has been continued solely by ,mr4 ,william ,smith1 son of the founder and still present owner of the works4 ,the classes of goods made at this pottery were both in white and cream-coloured wares1 and some of the examples of the first productions are of excellent quality4 ,the markets for which1 principally1 the 8,north ,shore ,pottery0 goods were and are made1 are1 besides the home trade--which is principally confined to ,london and the ,south of ,england--,holland1 ,germany1 and ,denmark4 ,large quantities of wares are also exported to ,constantinople1 and other ,mediterranean markets4 ,the goods now made are the usual classes of white earthenware1 and printed and coloured goods1 in dinner1 teas1 toilet1 and other services2 bread1 cheese1 and other trays of good design2 mugs1 jugs1 basins1 and all the usual varieties of domestic vessels4 ,in quality they equal the ordinary classes of ,staffordshire ware1 and many of the printed patterns 7notably1 perhaps1 the 8,danby07 are of a superior kind4 ,the 8sponge patterns0 for foreign markets are extensively used1 and green-glazed ware in flower-pots1 c41 are also made4 ,the impressed mark at the present time is ,w4 ,s4 ,stockton4 ,the printed marks1 besides an ornamental border and the name of the pattern1 bear simply the initials ,w4 ,s4 ,other potteries are ,mr4 ,ainsworth's1 at ,north ,stockton1 for white and printed wares2 ,mr4 ,thomas ,harwood 8,the ,norton ,pottery10 at ,norton1 for ,sunderland and yellow wares2 and ,messrs4 ,harwood ,brothers1 8,clarence ,pottery10 for ,sunderland ware4 ,,middlesborough-,,on-,,tees4 ,the ,middlesborough ,pottery was established in #ahca2 the first oven being fired in ,april of that year1 and the first order shipped to ,gibraltar in ,september4 ,they were the first public works established in ,middlesborough4 ,from #ahca to #ahdd the firm traded under the style of 8,the ,middlesborough ,pottery ,company10 and from that year until #aheb as 8,the ,middlesborough ,earthenware ,company40 ,from #aheb to the present time the firm has traded under the name of the proprietors as 8,messrs4 ,isaac ,wilson ,co40 ,the works1 with wharf1 occupy an area of about #i1gjb square yards4 ,at the first commencement of the works the proprietors directed their attention to the production of the better classes of ordinary earthenware for the continental trade1 and in the same year in which the works were started1 their present extensive warehouse at ,roding's ,mart1 ,hamburg1 was established4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary 8opaque china10 cream-coloured ware1 and lustre enamelled ware in dinner1 tea1 and toilet services1 and all the general classes of domestic vessels1 enamelled flower pots1 bread trays1 c4 ,some of these are of very good quality1 and the printed services are equal to the more ordinary ,staffordshire goods4 ,the principal impressed marks1 used are the following-- ,the printed marks indicating the pattern have1 in addition to the name of the pattern 78,convolvulus10 8,trent10 8,nunthorpe10 c47 the initials of the firm1 as 8,m4 ,p4 ,co40 for 8,middlesborough ,pottery ,company10 and 8,i4 ,w4 ,co40 for 8,isaac ,wilson ,co40 99 99 99 99 99 ,wolviston ,pottery1 now discontinued1 formerly produced yellow ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,coxhoe ,pottery1 also discontinued1 produced ,sunderland ware4 ,,alnwick4 ,there were formerly pot-works here2 but no trace of them is now left1 save the name of the street1 8,potter ,gate10 where they existed4 ,the former name of this street was1 in #aefg1 8,barresdale ,street10 but potters having there located themselves1 it became gradually changed4 ,another old street in this town now known as 8,clayport10 was formerly called 8,clay-peth10 peth being a provincialism for a steep road1 and clay the nature of the soil2 probably it was this clay that the ,alnwick potters turned to good account4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,liverpool ,pottery--,shaw's ,delft ,ware--,shaw's ,brow--,zachariah ,barnes--,sadler and ,green--,transfer ,printing--,wedgwood's ,printed ,ware--,drinkwater's ,works--,spencer's ,pottery--,richard ,chaffers--,reid and ,co4's ,works--,the ,penningtons--,patrick's ,hill ,works--,the ,flint ,pottery--,herculaneum ,works--,warrington ,pottery and ,china--,runcorn--,prescot--,st4 ,helen's--,seacombe4 ,,liverpool4 ,it would1 perhaps1 scarcely be expected that in such a busy1 bustling1 and gigantic place of enterprise and commercial activity as ,liverpool--in the midst of shipping of every description1 and surrounded by the most enormous and busy undertakings of one kind or other--we should successfully look for the full and perfect accomplishment of so quiet1 so unostentatious1 so peaceful1 and so delicate an art as that of the potter4 ,but thus it is2 and ,liverpool1 which counts its docks by tens1 its wharves and stores by hundreds1 its shipping by thousands1 and its wealth by millions--which can boast its half-million inhabitants1 its overground and under-ground railways1 and every appliance which skill and enterprise can give or trade and commerce possibly require--which has undertaken the accomplishment of some of the most wonderful and gigantic schemes the world ever knew1 and has carried them out in that spirit of commendable and boundless energy that invariably characterises all its actions--has not been behindhand with its more inland and more modest neighbours in the manufacture of delicate porcelain1 and of pottery of the most fragile nature4 ,it is more than probable that in medival times the coarse ware of the period--the pitchers1 porringers1 dishes1 c4--was made on the banks of the ,mersey4 ,the first mention of pottery1 however1 occurs in #afgd1 when the following items appear in the list of town dues3-- 8,for every cart-load of muggs 7shipped7 into foreign ports1 #f;d4 ,for every cart-load of muggs along the coasts1 #d;d4 ,for every crate of cupps or pipes into foreign ports1 #b;d4 ,for every crate of cupps or pipes along the coast1 #a;d40 ,illustration3 ,a ,,west ,,prospect ,,of ,,great ,,crosby #agaf ,fig4 #a4 ,shaw's ,delft ,ware ,works4--,the earliest potwork of which there is any reliable information1 appears to have been that of ,alderman ,shaw1 situated at ,shaw's ,brow1 which afterwards became a complete nest of pot-works belonging to different individuals4 ,at these works was most probably made the earliest known dated example of ,liverpool delft ware4 ,this is a large oblong-square plaque1 unique in its size and decoration1 which is preserved in the ,mayer museum1 and is shown on ,fig4 #a4 ,it is of fine delft ware1 flat in surface1 and measures #b feet #g inches in length1 by #a foot #h inches in depth1 and is nearly three quarters of an inch in thickness4 ,the body is composed of the ordinary buff-coloured clay1 smeared1 like what are usually called 8,dutch tiles10 on the face with a fine white clay1 on which the design is drawn in blue1 and then glazed4 ,the plaque represents the village of ,great ,crosby as seen from the river ,mersey1 and bears the name and date1 8,a ,,west ,,prospect ,,of ,,great ,,crosby1 #agaf10 on a ribbon at the top4 ,in the foreground is the river ,mersey1 with ships and brigs1 and a sloop and a schooner4 ,the large ship in the centre of the picture has a boat attached to her stern1 and another boat containing two men is seen rowing towards her1 while on the water around them are a number of gulls and other sea-birds4 ,on the sandy banks of the river are several figures1 consisting of a woman with a basket on her arm1 apparently looking across the river2 another woman1 also with a basket on her arm1 walking with a long stick2 a man also walking with a stick2 a gentleman on horseback2 and a man driving an ass before him4 ,beyond these figures rise the sandbanks1 covered with long grass and heather1 in which is a rabbit warren4 ,the warren keeper's house is shown1 as are also numbers of rabbits4 ,beyond this again1 in the open space1 are a number of figures3 men are seen galloping on horseback2 women are carrying baskets2 men are walking about1 some with dogs1 others without2 and the intermediate space is pretty well studded with cattle1 rabbits1 and birds2 a milkmaid milking one of the cows4 ,behind this1 again1 the ground is divided by hedgerows into fields1 in which are cattle1 people walking to and fro1 and a milkmaid carrying a milkpail on her head4 ,in the background is the town of ,great ,crosby1 including the school-house and numerous other buildings1 with long rows of trees1 palings1 gates1 and other objects incidental to the scene4 ,to the left of the spectator is ,crosby windmill1 still standing2 and those who are best acquainted with the aspect of the place1 as seen from the river at the present day1 say that little alteration has taken place in the village2 that this view1 taken a hundred and fifty years ago1 might well pass for one just executed4 ,illustration3 ,concordia ,parua ,res ,crescunt ,,this ,,seat ,,was ,,erected ,,by ,,john ,,harrison ,,and ,,henry ,,harrison ,,of ,,leverpoole #agbb ,fig4 #b4 ,another plaque1 ,fig4 #b1 is of a few years later date1 #agbb4 ,it is affixed to the wall over one of the seats of old ,crosby ,church1 and bears the arms of the ,merchant ,taylors' ,company1 viz41 argent1 a royal tent between two parliament robes1 gules1 lined ermine2 on a chief azure1 a lion of ,england2 crest1 a ,holy ,lamb in glory1 proper2 supporters1 two camels1 or2 motto1 8,concordia parv res crescunt40 ,below is the inscription--8,,this ,,seat ,,was ,,erected ,,by ,,john ,,harrison ,,and ,,henry ,,harrison1 ,,of ,,leverpoole1 #agbb40 ,this plaque measures sixteen inches on each side1 and is nearly an inch and a half in thickness4 ,it is of precisely the same kind of ware as the view of ,crosby1 and was doubtless the production of the same establishment4 ,john and ,henry ,harrison are said to have been natives of ,crosby1 the grammar school of which village they erected and endowed1 after having made large fortunes as merchants in ,london1 the trust being held by the ,company of ,merchant ,taylors4 ,mr4 ,mayer mentions that another of these curious plaques1 or slabs1 was attached to the front of a house at ,newton-cum-,larten4 ,it was circular1 and bore the arms of ,johnson and ,anton impaled1 with the date #agec4 ,the ,mr4 ,johnson whose armorial bearings it represents1 was afterwards ,mayor of ,liverpool1 and formed ,st4 ,james's ,walk4 ,he married ,miss ,anton1 an heiress1 and built the house where the slab was affixed1 and which is believed to have been made and presented to him for that purpose by his brother alderman1 ,mr4 ,shaw1 the potter4 ,another dated example is a mug in the ,mayer museum shown on the accompanying engraving4 ,it is decorated with borders in blue and black1 and bears on its front the initials and date ,p ,i ,r #agbh ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,there were1 it appears1 two potters1 at least1 of the name of ,shaw--,samuel ,shaw1 who died in ,october1 #agge1 and ,thomas ,shaw1 who1 ,i believe1 was his son4 ,the works were1 as ,i have stated1 at a place which1 from that circumstance1 took the name of ,shaw's ,brow1 a rising piece of ground on the east side of the rivulet that ran at the bottom of ,dale ,street4 ,here the early pot-works were established1 and here in after years they increased1 until the whole 8,brow0 became one mass of potter's banks1 with houses for the workmen on both sides of the street2 and so numerous were they that1 according to the census taken in #agij1 there were as many as #gd houses1 occupied by #cgd persons1 the whole of whom were connected with the potteries4 ,at these works1 ,richard ,chaffers1 to whom credit is due for the advances he made in the manufacture of porcelain1 was apprenticed to ,shaw1 and on the ,brow he established his own manufactory4 ,in #aged the following very interesting little notice of these pot-works occurs in 8,the ,liverpool ,memorandum ,book30-- 8,the chief manufactures carried on here are blue and white earthenware1 which at present almost vie with ,china4 ,large quantities are exported for the colonies abroad40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,of about this period are some examples in the ,mayer museum4 ,fig4 #d is a magnificent punch-bowl1 measuring #ag inches in diameter1 and of proportionate depth4 ,it is of the ordinary ,delft ware2 its decorations painted in blue4 ,at the bottom of the bowl1 inside1 is a fine painting of a three-masted ship1 in full sail1 with streamer flying at the mast-head1 the ,union ,jack at the jib1 and a lion for a figure-head4 ,this bowl was 8made for ,captain ,metcalfe1 who commanded the ,golden ,lion1 which was the first vessel that sailed out of ,liverpool on the whale fishery and ,greenland trade1 and was presented to him on his return from his second voyage1 by his employers1 who were a company composed of the principal merchants of ,liverpool1 in the year #agec40 ,the size of the bowl1 and the excellence of its decorations and workmanship1 show to what perfection ,shaw had arrived in this manufacture4 ,among other articles besides mugs and punch-bowls1 were char-pots2 these1 like the rest1 are of ,delft ware1 and usually decorated with fishes around their outsides4 ,one 7,fig4 #e7 bears the initials ,i4 ,b4 ,figs4 #f and #g are two mugs1 of the same body and glaze as the plaques already described4 ,the larger one1 a quart mug1 is ornamented with flowers1 painted in blue1 green1 and black1 and bears the initials and date ,t4 ,f4 #ageg1 the initials being those of ,thomas ,fazackerley1 to whom it was presented by its maker1 a workman at ,shaw's pottery4 ,in #ageh1 ,mr4 ,fazackerley having married1 his friend made the smaller of the two mugs1 a pint one1 on which he placed the initials of the lady1 ,catherine ,fazackerley1 and the date ,c4 ,f4 #ageh within an oval on its front4 ,this mug is decorated with flowers1 painted in green1 yellow1 and blue4 ,fig4 #h is one of a pair of cows1 #d inches in height2 the upper half of each lifts off4 ,they are excellently modelled1 and painted in flowers1 evidently by the same artist as the ,fazackerley mugs1 in yellow1 blue1 and green4 ,fragments of figures were1 ,i believe1 found in excavating on the site of ,shaw's pottery4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #f and #g4 ,another dated example of about this period is a fine ,delft ware bowl1 on the outside of which are painted birds1 butterflies1 and flowers1 and on the inside a man-of-war1 painted in blue and colours1 with the inscription1 8,success to the ,monmouth1 #agfj40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #i to #ab4 ,a most interesting matter in connection with the ,delft ware works at ,shaw's ,brow is the fact of a number of broken vessels being discovered on its site during excavations for building the ,liverpool ,free ,library and ,museum1 in #aheg4 ,on that occasion an old slip-vat was found containing clay1 which might probably have been prepared as early as #afhj4 ,the clay was of the common coarse kind1 the same as the general body of ,delft ware4 ,of this clay so discovered ,mr4 ,mayer had a vase thrown and fired4 ,some of the ,delft cups1 c41 exhumed are shown on ,figs4 #i to #ad4 ,these are all of a pinkish white2 one only having a pattern painted in blue4 ,another example of ,delft ware 7,fig4 #ae71 said to be of ,liverpool make1 in ,mr4 ,mayer's collection1 is one of a pair of flower vases1 of good design1 with heads at the sides1 and elaborately painted in blue4 ,it is marked on the bottom-- ,w ,d ,a in blue4 ,another example 7,fig4 #af71 said to be of ,liverpool make1 is the puzzle jug1 and bears the very appropriate motto1 painted in blue-- 8,here1 ,gentlemen1 come try yr skill1 ,i'll hold a wager1 if you will1 ,that you ,don't ,drink this liqr all ,without you spill or lett some ,fall40 ,zachariah ,barnes4--another maker of ,delft ware in ,liverpool--was a native of ,warrington1 and brother to ,dr4 ,barnes1 of ,manchester4 ,he was born in #agdc1 and having learned the 8art1 mystery1 and occupation0 of throwing1 c41 commenced business as a potter in the old ,haymarket1 at the left-hand side in going to ,byrom ,street4 ,he is said to have first made ,china1 but afterwards turned his attention to ,delft ware1 and soon became proficient in the art4 ,the principal varieties of goods made by him were jars and pots for druggists2 large dishes1 octagonal plates and dishes for dinner services2 8,dutch tiles20 labels for liquors2 potted-fish pots1 c41 c4 ,of the druggist's jars1 of which he made considerable quantities1 it is said that the labelling in his time underwent no less than three changes from alterations in the pharmacopia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,the large round dishes made by ,barnes were chiefly sent into ,wales1 where the simple habits of their forefathers remained unchanged among the people long after their alteration in ,england2 and the master of the house and his guest dipped their spoons into the mess and helped themselves from the dish placed in the middle of the table4 ,quantities of this ware were sent to the great border fairs1 held at ,chester1 whither the inhabitants of the more remote and inaccessible parts of the mountain districts of ,wales assembled to buy their stores for the year4 ,the quality of this ware was very coarse1 without flint1 with the usual ,delft-like thick tin glaze4 ,but ,barnes's principal forte lay in the manufacture of square tiles1 then much in vogue4 ,when these tiles were required to be printed1 that part of the work was done by ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green4 ,so large was the sale of this article1 that ,mr4 ,barnes has been heard to say he made a profit of #cjj per annum by his tiles alone1 he having a monopoly of the trade4 ,he also made large quantities of pots for potting char1 which were sent to the lakes4 ,the ovens were fired with turf brought from the bogs at ,kirkley1 and on the night of firing1 the men were always allowed potatoes to roast at the kiln fires1 and a certain quantity of ale to drink4 ,illustration3 ,,wormwood ,fig4 #ag4 ,the labels for different kinds of liquors1 to which ,i have just alluded as being largely made by ,barnes1 were of various sizes1 but generally of one uniform shape2 the one engraved 7,fig4 #ag7 being five a and half inches long4 ,examples in the ,mayer ,museum are respectively lettered for ,rum1 ,cyder1 ,tent1 ,brandy1 ,lisbon1 ,peppermint1 ,wormwood1 ,aniseed1 ,geneva1 ,claret1 ,spruce1 ,perry1 ,orange1 ,burgundy1 ,port1 ,raisin1 and other liquors4 ,they are of the usual common clay in body1 faced with fine white slip and glazed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,the tiles made by ,zachariah ,barnes were usually five inches square1 and about a quarter of an inch in thickness1 and were used for lining fire-places1 forming chimney-pieces1 and other domestic purposes4 ,originally1 the tiles were painted in the ordinary ,delft style1 with patterns of various kinds--flowers1 landscapes1 ships1 groups1 c4--usually in blue1 but sometimes in colours4 ,a plaque of ,liverpool ,delft1 painted in two or three colours 7in the possession of ,mr4 ,benson ,rathbone71 is shown on ,fig4 #ah2 it represents a bird in a cage1 the perspective of which is more curious than accurate4 ,sadler and ,green4--,the tiles to which ,i have alluded bring me to a very interesting part of the subject of this chapter4 ,i mean the introduction of printing on earthenware1 an invention which has been attributed to1 and claimed by1 several places1 and which will yet require further research to entirely determine4 ,at ,worcester it is believed the invention was applied in the year #agef1 and it is an undoubted fact that the art was practised there in the following year1 a dated example of the year #ageg being1 happily1 in existence4#b ,at ,caughley transfer-printing was1 as ,i have already shown1 practised at about the same period4 ,at ,battersea1 printing on enamels was1 it would seem1 carried on at about the same date1 or probably somewhat earlier4 ,at ,liverpool it is certain that the art was known at an earlier period than can with safety be ascribed to ,worcester4 ,a fine and exquisitely sharp specimen of transfer-printing on enamel1 dated #agef1 is in ,mr4 ,mayer's possession4 ,it is curious that these two earliest dated exemplars of these two candidates for the honour of the invention of printing on enamels and earthenware1 ,liverpool and ,worcester1 should be portraits of the same individual--,frederick the ,great of ,prussia4 ,but so it is4 ,the ,worcester example is a mug1 bearing the royal portrait with trophies1 c41 and the date #ageg2 the ,liverpool one an oval enamel 7and a much finer work of art71 with the name1 8,j4 ,,saddler1 ,liverpl4 ,enaml40 ,the art is said to have been invented by this ,john ,sadler1 of ,liverpool1 in #ageb4 ,in ,moss's 8,liverpool ,guide10 published in #agij1 it is stated3--8,copper-plate printing upon china and earthenware originated here in #ageb1 and remained some time a secret with the inventors1 ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green1 the latter of whom still continues the business in ,harrington ,street4 ,it appeared unaccountable how uneven surfaces could receive impressions from copper-plates4 ,it could not1 however1 long remain undiscovered that the impression from the plate is first taken upon paper1 and thence communicated to the ware after it is glazed4 ,the manner in which this continues to be done here remains still unrivalled in perfection40 ,john ,sadler1 the inventor of this important art1 was the son of ,adam ,sadler1 a favourite soldier of the great ,duke of ,marlborough1 and was out with that general in the war in the ,low ,countries4 ,while there1 he lodged in the house of a printer1 and thus obtained an insight into the art of printing4 ,on returning to ,england1 on the accession of ,george ,i41 he left the army in disgust and retired to ,ulverstone1 where he married a ,miss ,bibby1 who numbered among her acquaintance the daughters of the ,earl of ,sefton4 ,through the influence of these ladies he removed to ,melling1 and afterwards leased a house at ,aintree4 ,in this lease he is styled 8,adam ,sadler1 of ,melling1 gentleman40 ,the taste he had acquired in the ,low ,countries abiding with him1 he shortly afterwards1 however1 removed to the ,new ,market1 ,liverpool1 where he printed a great number of books--among which1 being himself an excellent musician1 one called 8,the ,muses' ,delight0 was with him an especial favourite4 ,his son1 ,john ,sadler1 having learned the art of engraving1 on the termination of his apprenticeship bought a house from his father1 in ,harrington ,street1 for the nominal sum of five shillings1 and in that house1 in #agdh1 commenced business on his own account4 ,here he married a ,miss ,elizabeth ,parker1 daughter of ,mr4 ,parker1 watchmaker1 of ,seel ,street1 and soon afterwards became engaged in litigation4 ,having got together a good business1 his fellow townsmen became jealous of his success1 and the corporation attempted to remove him as not being a freeman of ,liverpool1 and therefore having no right to keep a shop within its boundaries4 ,disregarding the order of removal1 the corporation commenced an action against him1 which he successfully defended1 and showed that the authorities possessed no power of ejection4 ,this decision was one of great importance to the trading community1 and opened the door to numberless people who commenced business in the town4 ,mr4 ,john ,sadler was1 according to ,mr4 ,mayer1 the first person who applied the art of printing to the ornamentation of pottery1 and the story of his discovery is thus told3--,sadler had been in the habit of giving waste and spoiled impressions from his engraved plates to little children1 and these they frequently stuck upon pieces of broken pot from the pot-works at ,shaw's ,brow1 for their own amusement1 and for building dolls' houses4 ,this circumstance gave him the idea of ornamenting pottery with printed pictures1 and1 keeping the idea secret1 he experimentalised until he had nearly succeeded1 when he mentioned the circumstance to ,guy ,green1 who had then recently succeeded ,mr4 ,adam ,sadler in his business4 ,guy ,green was a poor boy1 but spent what halfpence he could get in buying ballads at the shop of ,adam ,sadler4 ,sadler liking the lad1 who was intelligent beyond his age or his companions1 took him into his service and encouraged him in all that was honourable4 ,john ,sadler having1 as ,i have said1 mentioned his discovery to ,guy ,green1 the two 8laid their heads together10 conducted joint experiments1 and having ultimately succeeded1 at length entered into partnership4 ,this done1 they determined to apply to the king for a patent2 which1 however1 under the advice of friends1 was not done4 ,the art was first of all turned to good account in the decoration of tiles--8,dutch tiles10 as they are usually called--and the following highly interesting documents relating to them1 which are in the possession of ,mr4 ,mayer1 and to whom the antiquarian world is indebted for first making them public1 will be read with interest3-- 8,i1 ,john ,sadler1 of ,liverpoole1 in the county of ,lancaster1 printer1 and ,guy ,green1 of ,liverpoole1 aforesaid1 printer1 severally maketh oath that on ,tuesday1 the #bgth day of ,july instant1 they1 these deponents1 without the aid or assistance of any other person or persons1 did within the space of six hours1 to wit1 between the hours of nine in the morning and three in the afternoon of the same day1 print upwards of twelve hundred ,earthenware tiles of different patterns1 at ,liverpoole aforesaid1 and which1 as these deponents have heard and believe1 were more in number and better and neater than one hundred skilful pot-painters could have painted in the like space of time1 in the common and usual way of painting with a pencil2 and these deponents say that they have been upwards of seven years in finding out the method of printing tiles1 and in making tryals and experiments for that purpose1 which they have now through great pains and expence brought to perfection4 8,,john ,,sadler41 8,,guy ,,green4 8,taken and sworn at ,liverpoole1 in the county of ,lancaster1 the second day of ,august1 one thousand seven hundred and fifty-six1 before ,william ,statham1 a ,master ,extraordinary in ,chancery40 8,we1 ,alderman ,thomas ,shaw and ,samuel ,gilbody1 both of ,liverpoole1 in the county of ,lancaster1 clay potters1 whose names are hereunto subscribed1 do hereby humbly certifye that we are well assured that ,john ,sadler and ,guy ,green did1 at ,liverpoole aforesaid1 on ,tuesday1 the #bgth day of ,july last past1 within the space of six hours1 print upwards of #a1bjj earthenware tiles of different colours and patterns1 which is upon a moderate computation more than #ajj good workmen could have done of the same patterns in the same space of time by the usual painting with the pencil4 ,that we have since burnt the above tiles1 and that they are considerably neater than any we have seen pencilled1 and may be sold at little more than half the price4 ,we are also assured the said ,john ,sadler and ,guy ,green have been several years in bringing the art of printing on earthenware to perfection1 and we never heard it was done by any other person or persons but themselves4 ,we are also assured that as the ,dutch 7who import large quantities of tiles into ,england1 ,ireland1 c47 may by this improvement be considerably undersold1 it cannot fail to be of great advantage to the nation1 and to the town of ,liverpoole in particular1 where the earthenware manufacture is more extensively carried on than in any other town in the kingdom2 and for which reasons we hope and do not doubt the above persons will be indulged in their request for a patent1 to secure to them the profits that may arise from the above useful and advantageous improvement4 8,,thomas ,,shaw1 8,,samuel ,,gilbody40 8,liverpoole1 ,august #acth1 #agef4 8,,sir1 8,john ,sadler1 the bearer1 and ,guy ,green1 both of this town1 have invented a method of printing potters' earthenware tyles for chimneys with surprising expedition4 ,we have seen several of their printed tyles1 and are of opinion that they are superior to any done by the pencil1 and that this invention will be highly advantageous to the kingdom in generall1 and to the town of ,liverpoole in particular4 8,in consequence of which1 and for the encouragement of so useful and ingenious an improvement1 we desire the favour of your interest in procuring for them his ,majesty's letters patent4 8,,ellis ,,cuncliffe1 8,,spencer ,,steers1 8,,charles ,,goore4 8,addressed to ,charles ,pole1 ,esq41 in ,london40 ,in the ,mayer museum are found1 among other invaluable treasures1 some enamels on copper bearing impressions from copper-plates transferred to them1 and having the name of 8,j4 ,sadler1 ,liverpl1 ,enaml10 and other examples of enamels and of earthenware with the names of 8,sadler1 ,sculp410 or of 8,green40 ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green appear to have done a very profitable and excellent business in the printing on pottery4 ,the process was soon found to be as applicable to services and other descriptions of goods as to tiles2 and these two enterprising men produced many fine examples of their art1 some of which1 bearing their names as engravers or enamellers1 are still in existence4 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 always alive to everything which could tend to improve or render more commercial the productions of his manufactory1 although at first opposed to the introduction of this invention1 as being1 in his opinion1 an unsatisfactory and unprofitable substitute for painting1 eventually determined to adopt the new style of ornamentation1 and arranged with the inventors to decorate such of his ,queen's ware as it would be applicable to1 by their process4 ,the work was a troublesome one1 and in the then state of the roads--for it must be remembered that this was before the time even of canals in the district1 much less of railroads--the communication between ,burslem and ,liverpool was one of great difficulty4 ,wedgwood1 however1 overcame it1 and having made the plain body at his works in ,staffordshire1 packed it in waggons and carts1 and even in the panniers of pack-horses1 and sent it to ,liverpool1 where it was printed by ,sadler and ,green1 and returned to him by the same kind of conveyance4 ,the works of ,sadler and ,green were in ,harrington ,street1 at the back of ,lord ,street1 ,liverpool1 and here they not only carried on their engraving and transfer-printing for other potters1 but made their own wares1 and carried on an extensive business4 ,it was here that they printed ware for ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,of this connection of ,wedgwood with the ,liverpool works1 ,mr4 ,mayer thus writes3-- 8,about this time ,josiah ,wedgwood was making a complete revolution in the art of pottery2 and four years after ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green's invention was announced to the world1 ,wedgwood brought out his celebrated ,queen's ware4 ,dr4 ,gagerly seizing upon the new style of ornamentation invented in ,liverpool1 he immediately made arrangements with the proprietors for decorating his hitherto cream-coloured ,queen's ware by their process2 and accordingly ,i find him making the plain body at ,burslem1 and sending it in that state to ,liverpool by waggon1 where it was printed1 and again returned to him by the same conveyance1 except in the case of those orders that must go by sea1 fit for the market4 ,this he continued to do until near the time of his death1 when we find by invoices in my possession that ware was sent to ,liverpool and printed by ,mr4 ,guy ,green as late as #agid4 ,a little before this time1 his manufactory at ,etruria having been made complete in all other branches of the art1 and the manufacture at ,liverpool being much decayed1 he engaged many of the hands formerly employed there3 amongst the indentures is the name of ,john ,pennington1 son of ,james ,pennington1 manufacturer of china1 dated #aghd1 to be taught the art of engraving in aquatint1 and thus he was enabled to execute the printing on his own premises in ,staffordshire1 thereby saving the expense of transport to and fro4 ,in proof that ,mr4 ,wedgwood did this1 ,i may quote a few passages from letters to his partner1 ,mr4 ,bentley1 in ,london4 ,he says3-- 8#8#aggf4--,we wrote to ,mr4 ,green in consequence of your letter1 acquainting that a foreign gentleman wanted a series of ware printed with different landskips1 but that he would not confirm the order without knowing how many different designs of landskips we could put upon them4' 8,mr4 ,green's answer is3-- 8#8,the patterns for landskips are for every dish a different landskip view1 c42 about #cj different designs for table1 soup1 and dessert plates1 and a great variety for various purposes of tureens1 sauce boats1 c4' 8#8#agfh4--,the cards 7address7 ,i intend to have engraved in ,liverpool1 c4' 8#8#agfi4--,one crate of printed tea-ware4' 8,on the other hand ,i find letters from ,mr4 ,green to ,mr4 ,wedgwood3-- 8#8#aggf4--,your ,mr4 ,haywood desires the invoice of a box of pattern tiles sent some time ago4 ,as ,i did not intend to make any charge for them1 ,i have no account of the contents4 ,the prices ,i sell them for to the shops are as follows3--,for black printed tile1 #es4 per dozen2 green vase tile1 #ds4 ditto2 green ground1 #ds4 ditto2 half tiles for borders1 #bs4 #i;d4 ditto2 rose or spotted tiles1 #cs4 #f;d4 ditto1 c4' 8#8#aghc4--;,i have put the tile plate to be engraved as soon as ,i received your order for doing it2 but by the neglect of the engraver it is not yet finished1 but expect it will be completed tomorrow4' 8#8#aghc4--,our enamel kiln being down prevented us sending the goods forward as usual4' 8#8#aghc4--,the plate with cypher was done here4 ,i think it would be best to print the cypher in black1 as ,i am much afraid the brown purple that the pattern was done in would not stand an up and down heat1 as it would change in being long in heating4' 8#8#aghc4--;,for printing a table and tea-service of #bej pieces 7,d4 ,g47 for ,david ,garrick1 #h #fs4 #a;d4 8#8#aghc4--,twenty-five dozen half-tiles printing and colouring1 #a #es4' 8,the last invoice ,i find from ,mr4 ,green is dated 8#8#agic4--;,i am sorry ,i cannot make out the invoice you request of goods forwarded you1 ,april #d1 for want of having received your charge of them to me4 ,only directions for printing these came enclosed in the package4' 8#8#agih4--,to printing two fruit baskets1 #as4' 8,this last item1 of course1 does not imply that ,mr4 ,wedgwood had the chief of his work done here1 but no doubt the articles were required to match some service previously sold1 of which ,mr4 ,green had possession of the copper plates4 ,in the following year ,mr4 ,green retired from business to enjoy the fruits of his long and successful labours4 ,the following memorandum1 in the handwriting of ,mr4 ,sadler 7from ,mr4 ,sadler's receipt-book in my possession1 date #aggf71 will give an idea of the extent of their business3-- 8,j4 ,sadler and ,g4 ,green would be willing to take a young man about #ah into partnership for a third of their concern1 in the printing and enamelling china1 earthenware1 tile1 c41 business1 on the following conditions3--#ast1 ,that he advances his #bjj for the third part of the engravings and other materials necessary for the business 7,n4,b4--,the engravings alone have cost above #hjj74 #bnd4 ,that he should give his labour and attendance for twelve months without any share of the profits1 in consideration of being instructed completely in the business4 #crd4 ,after the expiration of twelve months1 the stock in ware should be valued as low as is common in such cases1 and he should immediately enter as a partner into the profits of the whole concern throughout1 either paying the value for his third share of such stock1 or paying interest for it till it is cleared off4 ,the value of the stock is uncertain1 being sometimes #bjj more than other time2 but reckon it at the least may be about #fjj4 ,the sole reason of taking a partner is1 ,j4 ,sadler not choosing to confine himself to business as much as heretofore40 ,specimens of these early printed goods1 bearing ,wedgwood's mark1 are rare4 ,the curious teapot 7,fig4 #ai7 will serve as an example4 ,it bears on one side a well-engraved and sharply printed representation of the quaint subject of the mill to grind old people young again--the kind of curious machine which one recollects in our boyish days were taken about from fair to fair by strolling mountebanks--and on the other an oval border of foliage1 containing the ballad belonging to the subject1 called 8,the ,miller's ,maid grinding ,old ,men ,young again40 ,it begins-- 8,come1 old1 decrepid1 lame1 or blind1 ,into my mill to take a grind40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,the teapot is marked ,,wedgwood4 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,beard1 of ,manchester1 is a fine dinner service of the printed 8,queen's ware10 and other pieces of interest4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is an example of this printing1 the design on one side of which is a group at tea--a lady pouring out tea for a gentleman1 and on the opposite side the verse3-- 8,kindly take this gift of mine1 ,the gift and giver ,i hope is thine2 ,and tho' the value is but small1 ,a loving ,heart is worth it all40 ,examples of ,liverpool made pottery1 printed by ,sadler and ,green1 are also of uncommon occurrence4 ,in the ,mayer ,museum the best1 and indeed only series worthy the name in existence1 is to be found1 and to these wares ,i direct the attention of all who are interested in the subject4 ,of ,,tiles printed by ,john ,sadler and ,guy ,green1 many examples are in existence--a large number1 some bearing their names1 being in ,mr4 ,mayer's ,museum4 ,of these ,i also possess examples1 and others again are found in other collections4 ,they are remarkable for the sharpness of the engraving1 the wonderful clearness and beauty of the transfers 7the ink used being evidently far superior to that usually used at the present day71 and excellence of the glazes4 ,they are printed either in black1 green1 red1 or purple1 and the devices are extremely varied4 ,it is interesting to add1 that the same copper-plates which were used for decorating these ,delft ware tiles were used also for ornamenting mugs1 jugs1 c41 of finer earthenware4 ,adam ,sadler died on the #gth of ,october1 #aghh1 aged eighty-three1 and his son1 ,john ,sadler1 the #ajth of ,december1 #aghi1 aged sixty-nine1 and they were buried at ,sefton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,drinkwater4--,another ,delft ware pottery was situated at the bottom of ,duke ,street1 in a small street which1 from that establishment1 took the name which it still retains1 of 8,pot-,house ,lane40 ,these works were conducted by ,mr4 ,george ,drinkwater 7who was born in the neighbourhood of ,preston71 brother to ,mr4 ,james ,drinkwater1 who1 in the navy1 acquired considerable riches and honour1 and was ancestor of ,sir ,john ,drinkwater4 ,the works were not1 however1 of very long continuance1 and except they can be authenticated by evidence of descent1 c41 the productions cannot be distinguished from those of the other potteries of the time4 ,in the ,mayer museum are some authenticated specimens of ,drinkwater's make1 among which a large plate1 twenty-three inches in diameter1 is the most interesting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,spencer4--,another potwork of a similar kind was established by a ,mr4 ,thomas ,spencer1 at the bottom of ,richmond ,row4 ,these works were1 however1 carried on only for a few years1 when ,mr4 ,spencer removed to the 8,moss ,pottery10 near ,prescot1 where he continued to make coarse red ware for common use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chaffers4--,one of the most noted men connected with the ceramic art in ,liverpool was ,richard ,chaffers1 who made great advances in that art1 and to whom his native town owed the introduction of the manufacture of china4 ,he was the son of a shipwright of considerable eminence and means2 was born in ,mersey ,street1 ,liverpool1 in the year #agca1 one year only after the birth of ,josiah ,wedgwood2 and was apprenticed to ,mr4 ,alderman ,shaw1 the ,delft ware potter1 of whom ,i have already spoken4 ,about #ageb he commenced business on his own account1 for which purpose he took1 or erected1 some small works on the north side1 and nearly at the bottom of ,shaw's ,brow1 where he began making the ordinary kind of ,delft ware of the period1 the same as he had learned to manufacture during his apprenticeship4 ,these productions he1 as well as the other makers in ,liverpool1 in great measure exported to what were then our ,american colonies1 now the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,in the manufacture of this ordinary blue and white ware--the staple of the trade as it then existed--,chaffers continued for some years actively employed4 ,from the ,delft ware ,chaffers passed on to the manufacture of fine white earthenware1 and produced an excellent body1 and an almost faultless glaze4 ,the rapid strides which ,wedgwood was making in the art served as a strong incentive to ,richard ,chaffers1 and he determined to go on improving until his productions should equal those of his great rival4 ,in this1 of course1 he did not succeed1 but he did succeed in making the pottery of ,liverpool better than that of most localities4 ,a dated1 though not very early1 example of ,chaffers's make is fortunately in the ,mayer museum and is here engraved 7,fig4 #bj74 ,it is1 ,mr4 ,mayer says1 8a pepper-box of the hour-glass shape10 painted in blue on a white ground1 with a chequered border at top and bottom1 and the name1 ,illustration3 ,richard ,chaffers #agfi ,fig4 #ba4 round the waist4 8,so well known was the ware of ,mr4 ,chaffers in the ,american colonies10 continues ,mr4 ,mayer1 8that it was a common saying of a person that was angry1 that #8,he's as hot as ,dick's pepper-box1' alluding to those made by ,mr4 ,chaffers1 who exported a very large portion of his manufacture to the then ,english colonies40 ,but here ,i think he is decidedly in error4 ,the example is1 no doubt1 a pounce-box or pounce-pot of the ordinary and not at all uncommon form1 and was made and painted with his name and date so prominently1 for use on his own desk4 ,this pounce-box remained in the family of its maker until it was presented to ,mr4 ,mayer by the grandson of ,richard ,chaffers1 ,mr4 ,john ,rosson4 ,in #aged or #agee ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 as ,i have already shown in my account of those works1 discovered the 8moor stone1 or growan stone1 and growan clay0--two important materials in the manufacture of china--in ,cornwall1 and in #agfh he took out his patent for the manufacture of porcelain from those materials4 ,chaffers having determined upon prosecuting researches into the nature of china ware1 and of endeavouring to produce it at ,liverpool1 entered into a series of experiments1 but finding that the 8soap-stone0 was essential for his purpose1 and that the district where it was found was held by lease for its production1 so as to keep the monopoly of its use to ,cookworthy and those whom he might supply with it1 he determined to try and seek the stone in a fresh locality4 ,about this time a ,mr4 ,podmore1 who had for some years been employed by ,josiah ,wedgwood1 and who was a good practical potter1 and a man of sound judgment1 left ,wedgwood's employment1 intending to emigrate to ,america1 and establish himself as a potter in that country4 ,to this end he went to ,liverpool1 intending thence to embark for the colony4 ,on reaching ,liverpool1 he called upon ,mr4 ,chaffers1 who was then the leading man in the trade at that place1 and the result of their meeting was1 that ,mr4 ,chaffers finding ,podmore to be a man of 8so much intelligence and practical knowledge1 induced him1 by a most liberal offer1 to forego his ,american project1 and enter into his service40 ,this ,podmore entirely confirmed the views of his new master as to the importance of getting a supply of the ,cornish materials1 and the two practical men together soon effected improvements in the then manufacture of earthenware1 and laid their plans for future operations4 ,of the manner in which ,chaffers set about his search1 and the successful results at which he arrived1 ,mr4 ,mayer gives the following graphic account3-- 8,mr4 ,chaffers's object now was to come into the field with ,staffordshire pari materi1 if ,i may be allowed that play upon words4 ,he therefore determined to set out for ,cornwall upon the forlorn hope of discovering a vein of soap-rock4 ,the operations would be most expensive and laborious1 somewhat akin to the process of boring for coal in our country4 ,but where was he to begin8 ,on whose estate1 was it to be found8 ,what description of men was he to employ8 ,he was1 however1 in the prime of manhood1 of untiring energy1 of fine address1 and1 what was then necessary1 an excellent horseman4 ,he obtained letters of introduction from the ,earl of ,derby1 ,lord ,strange1 his eldest son1 and other men of consequence in our county1 to some of the leading landowners in ,cornwall1 then attending their duties in ,parliament4 ,in those days there were no mail-coaches and railways to aid the weary traveller4 ,a stout horse was the only means of conveyance for a man of the higher class4 ,imagine ,mr4 ,chaffers1 having taken leave of his wife1 and his numerous family and friends1 mounted with a pair of saddle-bags under him1 containing a supply of linen1 c41 a thousand guineas1--the first instalment to pay the wages of the miners1--a brace of pistols in his holsters1 pursuing his journey to ,london4 ,he had made considerable progress in practical geology1 though the science was then but little cultivated4 ,having1 during his stay in ,london1 obtained permission to bore for soap-rock from more than one of the principal proprietors of mountain land he judged most likely to yield it1 he proceeded to ,cornwall and commenced operations4 ,his first efforts were not successful4 ,he moved to another quarter with no better result2 in a word1 he expended large sums of money without finding the wished-for vein4 ,somewhat disheartened but not subdued1 he determined to return home1 where his presence was much wanted4 ,he did not1 however1 intend to abandon1 but only suspend1 his operations4 ,he accordingly assembled all the miners in his employ1 and announced to them1 to their great regret1 his determination4 ,previously to his departure1 he scrupulously paid every man his wages4 ,one of them was missing3 he was told the man in question was gone up the mountain to try another place4 ,he then left that man's wages in the hands of the #8captain of the gang1' and1 mounting his horse with a heavy heart1 took leave of the men1 to whom his animated and conciliatory manners had greatly endeared him4 ,the road to the nearest town1 the name of which ,i never could learn1 was precipitous and rugged4 ,a traveller on horseback made so little progress1 that a mountaineer on foot1 by taking a short cut over the rocky crags1 could easily come within earshot of him4 ,after journeying for some time1 he thought he heard a faint cry in the distance2 he dismounted1 and1 ascending a hill1 plainly saw the signal of discovery flying from a lofty peak4 ,it appeared that the man who had separated from his fellow-miners1 and pursued his researches alone1 had discovered a vein1 and finding ,mr4 ,chaffers had left them1 he hoisted the preconcerted signal1 and pursued him across the mountain with the pleasing intelligence1 shouting at times to attract the somewhat dispirited traveller's attention4 ,mr4 ,chaffers immediately returned1 took the whole gang into permanent employment1 and obtained an ample supply of the long-sought-for clay1 which was conveyed to the nearest port1 and shipped thence to ,liverpool4 ,on its arrival the vessel entered with its precious freight into the ,old ,dock1 dressed in colours1 amidst the cheers of the assembled spectators4 ,during his absence1 ,mr4 ,chaffers had regularly corresponded with his wife1 but on his arrival in ,london on his return home1 the continued fatigue he had endured1 together with anxiety of mind1 brought on a dangerous fever1 under which he laboured for several weeks4 ,he was unknown at the inn where he stayed2 but the landlord1 seeing that his guest--a very handsome man--had the dress and demeanour of a gentleman1 called in an eminent physician1 who sedulously and skilfully attended his patient4 ,the doctor examined his saddle-bags1 and having ascertained his name and address from the letters and papers therein1 communicated to his anxious wife all the particulars of his illness1 and concluded with the consoling intelligence that #8he could that day pronounce him out of danger4' ,as soon as he could travel1 he delighted his family and friends with his presence in ,liverpool4 ,no sooner had ,mr4 ,chaffers arrived at home1 than he set to work with his new materials1 and soon produced articles that gained him much reputation1 as was frankly acknowledged by the great ,wedgwood1 to whom ,mr4 ,chaffers presented a tea-set of his china ware1 and who1 on looking at one of the cups1 admiring the body and examining the colours used in decoration1 exclaimed1 #8,this puts an end to the battle6 ,mr4 ,chaffers beats us all in his colours and with his knowledge2 he can make colours for two guineas which ,i cannot produce so good for five6'0 ,william ,cookworthy discovered the ,cornish stone about the year #aged or #agee1 and ,richard ,chaffers must soon afterwards have prosecuted his researches in the same direction1 for in ,december1 #agef1 we find him making his 8porcelain or china ware0 in considerable quantities1 both for home sale and for exportation4 ,this is shown by the evidence of ,williamson's ,liverpool ,advertiser and ,mercantile ,register for the #ajth of ,december1 #agef1 in which the following advertisement1 discovered by ,mr4 ,mayer1 occurs3-- 8,chaffers and ,co41 ,china ,manufactory4--,the porcelain or china ware made by ,messrs4 ,richard ,chaffers ,co41 is sold nowhere in the town1 but at the manufactory on ,shaw's ,brow4 ,considerable abatement for exportation1 and to all wholesale dealers4 ,n4,b4--,all the ware is proved with boiling water before it is exposed for sale40 ,liverpool may therefore boast of producing its china in #agef1 if not in #agee1 which is an early date in the annals of ,english porcelain manufacture4 ,not only1 however1 in this year did ,richard ,chaffers and ,co4 make china-ware1 but another firm1 that of ,william ,reid and ,co41 held at the same time1 as ,i shall presently show1 the 8,liverpool ,china ,manufactory10 where they produced blue and white ware in considerable quantities4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,of the 8china ware0 made by ,richard ,chaffers some excellent examples are in the ,mayer collection4 ,they are unmarked1 but remained in the possession of the family until they passed from ,chaffers's descendant to ,mr4 ,mayer4 ,one of these is the cup 7,fig4 #bb47 ,it is1 of course1 of 8hard paste10 and is of remarkably compact and excellent texture4 ,it is painted1 after the ,indian style1 with figure and landscape of good and rich colours1 and is faultless in manipulation and in its glaze4 ,examples of ,chaffers's china are of exceeding rarity1 but in the ,mayer collection is a fine jug1 bearing in front a portrait of ,frederick the ,great1 with trophies of war on either side4 ,this jug has the peculiarity of being painted inside as well as out4 ,at the bottom1 inside1 is the ,prussian ,eagle in a border2 in the spout is a trophy1 and all around the inside of the vessel roses and other flowers are spangled about4 ,chaffers carried on his works for some years1 making both earthenware and china--the former largely1 the latter but to a limited extent--but was suddenly cut off in the midst of his usefulness1 and at an early age4 ,it appears that ,podmore1 his foreman1 being seized with a malignant fever1 and beyond hope of recovery1 sent a message to ,chaffers1 expressing 8his wish to see his dear master once more before their final separation40 ,with this request ,mr4 ,chaffers1 who was a man of full and sanguine habit1 most kindly but unfortunately complied1 and at once visited the sufferer4 ,the consequence was he took the fever1 and soon afterwards died1 and master and servant were interred near to each other in ,st4 ,nicholas's churchyard4 8,this unfortunate event1 by taking away both master and principal assistant1 put an end to the prosecution of the trade1 and was the commencement of the breaking up of that branch of the art which ,mr4 ,chaffers had mainly brought to such a high state of perfection4 ,a great number of the potters ultimately emigrated to ,america1 whilst many of the best hands transferred themselves to the service of ,mr4 ,wedgwood1 or were hired by other ,staffordshire manufacturers40 99 99 99 99 99 ,reid ,co4--,about the year #agec or #aged1 ,i believe1 works were established in ,liverpool by a ,mr4 ,william ,reid1 who afterwards took a partner and conducted his business under the style of ,reid ,co4 ,these works1 in #agef1 were called 8the ,liverpool ,china ,manufactory40 ,in that year ,messrs4 ,reid ,co4 opened a warehouse in ,castle ,street1 as is shown by the following announcement in ,williamson's ,liverpool ,advertiser of ,november #ai1 #agef3-- 8,liverpool ,china ,manufactory4--,messrs4 ,reid ,co41 proprietors of the ,china ,manufactory1 have opened their warehouse in ,castle ,street1 and sell all kinds of blue and white china ware1 not inferior to any make in ,england1 both wholesale and retail4 ,samples sent to any gentlemen or ladies in the country who will pay carriage4 ,good allowance for shopkeepers and exporters40 ,in #ageh1 ,messrs4 ,reid ,co4 removed their warehouse to the top of ,castle ,hey1 where1 having largely increased their business1 they occupied much more extensive premises4 ,in the same year they were found advertising for apprentices for the painters in the china manufactory4 ,in #agfj1 again1 the works appear to have considerably increased1 and 8several apprentices for the china work0 were advertised for1 as well as 8a sober1 careful man1 who understands sorting and packing of ware and merchants' accounts40 ,messrs4 ,reid ,co4 continued in business many years1 and produced1 besides their 8china ware10 a considerable quantity of the ordinary blue and white earthenware1 most of which was exported4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pennington4--,another of the principal manufacturers of ,liverpool pottery was ,seth ,pennington1 of whose works1 as well as those of his two brothers1 a few words may well be here introduced4 ,of the ,penningtons1 three brothers were potters1 and each had separate works4 ,their names were ,james1 ,john1 and ,seth1 and they were sons of ,john ,pennington1 a maltster1 by his wife1 formerly a ,mrs4 ,johnson1 of ,everton4 ,james ,pennington1 the eldest1 had his works on ,copperas ,hill1 but produced only the commoner varieties of ware1 and being dissipated1 and having done his youngest brother a serious injury by divulging a secret in the mixing of colour1 he removed to ,worcester1 where he obtained employment1 and where1 at a later period1 one of his sons painted a fine dinner service for the ,duke of ,york4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,part of ,pennington's ,works4 ,john ,pennington1 the second son1 had his pot-works at ,upper ,islington1 which he carried on for some time4 ,ultimately he sold the concern to a ,mr4 ,wolf1 8who being a scientific man1 made great improvements in the ware1 but ultimately finding it did not answer1 as the ,staffordshire potters were making such rapid strides towards monopolising the whole trade1 he gave up the manufacture1 and the works were closed1 never to be resumed40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bd and #be4 ,seth ,pennington1 the youngest of the three brothers1 it appears1 had his pot-works in that nest of potters1 ,shaw's ,brow4 ,his factories were very large1 extending as far as ,clayton ,street1 and were conducted with much spirit4 ,at these works1 ,seth ,pennington1 besides the ordinary classes of earthenware then in use1 and which he produced in large quantities both for home consumption and for exportation1 made a remarkably fine kind of ware that successfully competed1 for vases and beakers1 with the oriental1 both in its colour1 its glaze1 and its decoration4 ,he also produced many remarkably large and fine punch-bowls both in ,delft ware1 in fine earthenware1 and1 latterly1 in china4 ,the largest size bowl ,i have met with was made by ,pennington1 at these works1 and is here shown4 ,this fine bowl1 which is #bj inches in diameter and #i inches in height1 is painted in blue on the usual white ground4 ,outside it is decorated with a landscape with two bridges in the foreground1 on which men are standing to fish1 trees1 houses1 church1 c41 c4 ,inside the upper part of the bowl is decorated with a series of six trophies1 composed of flags1 swords1 cannons1 drums1 trumpets1 spears1 c41 divided from each other by different kinds of shot1 viz41 chain1 crescent1 arrow or triangle shell with fusee burning1 cross or bar1 and grape4 ,in the centre1 and filling up the inside of the bowl1 with the exception of the border1 is a group of ships and boats on the water1 with the inscription beneath it-- ,success to the ,africa ,trade1 ,george ,dickinson4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bf to #cj4 ,this bowl was painted probably about the year #agfj-gj by ,john ,robinson1 who was apprenticed1 and afterwards employed1 at ,pennington's works4 ,robinson subsequently removed into ,staffordshire1 and ultimately presented the bowl to the ,potteries ,mechanics' ,institution at ,hanley1 where it is now carefully preserved along with his note--8,john ,robinson1 a pot painter1 served his time at ,pennington's1 in ,shaw's ,brow1 and there painted this punch-bowl40 ,several other bowls of ,pennington's make are in the ,mayer collection4 ,of these1 two of the finest are dated4 ,one bears on its outside a design of trees1 birds1 and butterflies1 painted in yellow and green1 and on its inside a ship in full sail1 with the words1 8,success to the ,monmouth1 #agfj40 ,the other has on the outside a soldier and a sailor1 one of whom is seated on the stock of an anchor1 and holding in one hand a sword1 and in the other a punch-bowl2 and the other sitting1 ,bacchus-like1 astride a barrel4 ,between them is a chest1 bearing the words 8,spanish gold20 while inside the bowl is a painting of a ship in full sail1 with the words1 8#aggi4 ,success to the ,isabella40 ,of the fine earthenware vases and beakers illustrations are given on ,figs4 #bf to #cj4 ,they form part of a set of chimney ornaments1 purchased by ,mr4 ,mayer from the only and aged daughter of ,seth ,pennington1 by whom they had been treasured as examples of her father's manufacture4 ,in the making of blue colour1 ,pennington succeeded in beating all his competitors1 and it is said that a ,staffordshire manufacturer offered him a thousand guineas for his recipe4 ,this he refused1 8as it was a source of great profit to him1 being kept so secret that none ever mixed the colours but himself40 ,his brother ,james1 however1 whom ,i have spoken of as being a dissipated man1 persuaded him to tell him his secret1 and soon afterwards1 in one of his drunken bouts1 told it to a pot-companion1 who at once sold it to the ,staffordshire house1 and thus did ,pennington a grievous injury4 ,seth ,pennington took into partnership a ,mr4 ,port1 but the connection was not of long duration4 ,having turned his attention to the manufacture of china1 he produced some excellent services and other pieces in that material4 ,in china#c he also produced punch-bowls1 as well as services4 ,pennington is said to have used the following marks-- ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ca and #cb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,christian4--,philip ,christian was another of the famous ,liverpool potters1 and had his works also on ,shaw's ,brow1 but higher up than those of ,pennington4 ,they were on the site of what is now known as ,islington ,terrace4 ,his house was at the corner of ,christian ,street1 which was called after his name4 ,at these works he produced octagonal and other shaped plates of tortoiseshell ware1 as well as bowls and other pieces of the same material4 ,he also made the ordinary earthenware of the time4 ,here1 later on1 he manufactured china#d to a considerable extent1 and1 after the death of ,richard ,chaffers1 is said to have become the leading potter in the place4 ,mr4 ,christian is said to have produced in china ware some remarkably good dinner1 tea1 and coffee services1 as well as a number of vases and other ornaments4 ,it is1 however1 impossible at present to authenticate his productions1 so similar are they to those of other makers of the same time and place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,patrick's ,hill ,pot-house4--,in #agfj the firm of ,thomas ,deare ,co4 took the old ,delft ware pottery at ,patrick's ,hill1 known as the 8,patrick's ,hill ,pot-house10 where they manufactured 8all sorts of the best blue and white earthenware40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,flint ,pot ,works4--,about the same time a ,mr4 ,okell carried on 8,the ,flint ,pot ,works10 which were situated at the upper end of ,park ,lane1 near the ,pitch ,house4 ,here he made blue and white earthenware1 and afterwards the more fashionable cream-coloured ware4 ,mr4 ,okell died in #aggc-gd1 and the works were then taken by ,messrs4 ,rigg and ,peacock1 who immediately advertised their intention of 8making all kinds of cream-coloured earthenware1 c40 ,mr4 ,rigg was1 ,i have reason to believe1 from ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 and a descendant of the celebrated ,charles ,rigg1 the pipe-maker of that town4 ,in the same year there was also a pot-house1 called the 8,mould ,works10 carried on by ,messrs4 ,woods ,co41 near the infirmary1 but where nothing of a finer description than jars1 sugar-moulds 7for sugar refiners71 crucibles1 chimney-pots1 melting-pots1 black mugs1 and the like1 were made4 ,in #agfa ,liverpool was the scene of a strongly contested election between three rival candidates1 viz41 ,sir ,william ,meredith1 ,bart41 ,sir ,ellis ,cuncliffe1 ,bart41 and ,charles ,pole1 ,esq41 and the election was carried by the potters1 one hundred and two of whom gave plumpers for ,sir ,william4 ,this is proved by the poll and squib book1 which was published by ,john ,sadler1 and ,i allude to the circumstance for the purpose of introducing an engraving of one of the drinking-mugs made specially for the occasion by the 8jolly potters0 of ,liverpool4 ,this mug is of common white earthen ware1 and has a rude border1 with the words1 ,ser ,william a ,plumper1 scratched in1 in blue1 in the soft clay before firing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,in connection with this election1 a song written especially for the potters1 and no doubt sung while this very mug was filled with strong ale1 and passed round from mouth to mouth1 is worth reprinting3-- ,,the ,,potter',s ,,song4 ,to the tune of 8,ye mortals whom fancy10 c4 ,,addressed ,,to ,,the ,,plumping ,,potters4 ,ye true-hearted fellows1 free plumpers and men1 ,independent in ,britain1 how great is your claim6 ,not power without candour can soothe with a smile1 ,or forms of vain grandeur e'en fancy beguile4 ,,chorus4 ,and thus sings the parent of liberty's cause1 ,if my son you would be1 ,if my son you would be1 ,like ,britons undaunted1 like ,britons be free4 ,tranquillity1 heightened by friendship's supply1 ,degraded may censure1 with malice stalk by6 ,auspiciously reigning1 those plumpers1 they say1 ,unluckily carry the spoils of each day4 ,and thus1 c4 ,regardless of great ones1 we live uncontrolled1 ,we're potters and plumpers1 we're not to be sold4 ,no purchase but merit can cheapen such souls1 ,thus circled in friendship1 we live by our bowls4 ,and thus1 c4 ,regained1 now preserve the true blessing of choice1 ,and strike at the wretch that would blast a free voice2 ,thus rich in possession of what is our own1 ,sir ,william's our member1 ,squire ,charley may moan4 ,and thus1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,herculaneum ,pottery4 ,the ,,herculaneum ,,pottery1--the largest earthenware manufactory ever established in ,liverpool1--was founded in the year #agif1 on the site of some old copper works on the south shore of the river ,mersey at ,toxteth ,park4 ,the pottery had originally been established about the year #agic-d1 by ,richard ,abbey1 who took into partnership a ,scotchman named ,graham4 ,richard ,abbey was born at ,aintree1 and was apprenticed to ,john ,sadler1 in ,harrington ,street1 as an engraver1 where he produced many very effective groups for mugs1 jugs1 tiles1 c4 ,of these1 one of his best productions was the well-known group of the 8,farmer's ,arms40 ,after leaving ,sadler's employment1 ,abbey removed to ,glasgow1 where he was an engraver at the pot-works1 and afterwards served in a similar capacity in ,france1 before he began business in ,liverpool4 ,messrs4 ,abbey and ,graham were successful in their factory at ,toxteth ,park1 but ,abbey growing tired of the business1 they sold it to ,messrs4 ,worthington1 ,humble1 and ,holland1 and he retired to his native village1 where he died in #ahja1 8at the age of eighty-one1 after breaking a blood-vessel whilst singing in ,melling ,church1 where1 being a good musician1 he used to lead the choir on a ,sunday4 ,he was buried at ,walton40 ,in the ,mayer museum is a teapot of cream-coloured ware1 with black printing1 of ,richard ,abbey's making4 ,on one side is 8,the ,farmer's ,arms10 with supporters quarterly3 viz41 #ast1 a sheaf of corn2 #bnd1 two scythes in saltier1 across them in fess two flails1 knitted together by a sickle2 #crd1 a hay rake and hay fork in saltier1 with a three-pronged fork1 prongs upwards1 in pale2 #dth1 a riddle and a bushel measure2 crest1 a plough2 supporters1 a dairymaid with a churn1 and a mower with a scythe2 motto1 8,in ,god is our trust40 ,on the other side is the appropriate verse2-- ,may the mighty and great ,roll in splendour and state2 ,i envy them not1 ,i declare it2 ,i eat my own ,lamb1 ,my ,chicken and ,ham1 ,i shear my own sheep1 and ,i wear it4 ,i have ,lawns1 ,i have ,bowers1 ,i have ,fruits1 ,i have ,flowers1 ,the ,lark is my morning alarmer2 ,so you jolly ,dogs now1 ,here's 8,god bless the ,plow10 ,long ,life and content to the ,farmer4 ,on taking to these works1 ,messrs4 ,worthington1 ,humble1 and ,holland engaged as their foreman and manager1 ,mr4 ,ralph ,mansfield1 of ,burslem4 ,this person served them for some years1 and afterwards commenced a small pottery on his own account at ,bevington ,bush1 where he made only the commoner kinds of earthenware4 ,these works ceased at his death4 ,besides ,mansfield the foreman1 the new ,company engaged about forty 8hands10 men1 women1 and children1 in ,staffordshire1 and brought them to ,liverpool to work in different branches of their art4 ,as ,wedgwood had chosen to call his new colony 8,etruria10 the enterprising company determined on christening their colony 8,herculaneum10 which name they at once adopted1 and stamped it on their wares4 ,the buildings acquired from ,richard ,abbey were considerably enlarged1 the arrangements remodelled1 new ovens and workshops erected1 houses for the workmen built1 and then workpeople were brought from ,staffordshire4 ,the story of the removal of this band of artisans is thus pleasantly told by my friend ,mr4 ,mayer3 8,after enlarging and remodelling the works1 and the little group of emigrants1 who were chiefly from ,staffordshire1 being ready to start1 their employers gave them a dinner at the ,legs of ,man public-house at ,burslem1 to which a few of their friends were invited4 ,there they spent the parting night in jollity and mirth2 and at a late hour1 in conformity with an old ,mercian custom1 still prevalent in some parts of ,staffordshire1 the parting cup was called for1 and each pledged the other to a loving remembrance when absent1 and a safe journey and a hearty goodwill4 ,next morning at an early hour they started on their journey1 headed by a band of music1 and flags bearing appropriate inscriptions1 amongst which was one1 #8,success to the ,jolly ,potters1' a motto still met with on the signs of the public-houses in the ,staffordshire pot districts4 ,when reaching the ,grand ,trunk ,canal1 which runs near to the town of ,burslem1 after bidding farewell to all their relatives and friends1 they got into the boats prepared for them1 and were towed away amid the shouts of hundreds of spectators4 ,now1 however1 came the time for thought4 ,they had left their old homes1 the hearths of their forefathers1 and were going to a strange place4 ,still the hopes of bettering themselves were strongest in their thoughts1 and they arrived in ,runcorn in good spirits1 having amused themselves in various ways during their canal passage1 by singing their peculiar local songs1 which1 as #8craft' songs1 perhaps stand unrivalled in any employment for richness of material1 elegance of thought1 and expression of passion and sentiment1 and it is to be regretted that many of them are daily becoming lost4 ,amongst other amusements was one that created much merriment--drawing lots for the houses they were to live in1 which had been built for them by their employers2 and as they had not seen them1 nor knew anything about them1 the only preference to be striven for was whether it should be ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 8,at ,runcorn they stayed all night1 as the weather was bad and the river very rough1 after one of those storm-days frequent in the ,mersey1 when the waters are lashed by the wind into such fury1 that few boats dare venture out1 and many who had never seen salt water before1 were afraid to trust themselves upon it in a flat4 ,next morning1 ,november #aa1 #agif1 the wind had subsided4 ,they embarked on board the flat1 and at once1 with a fair wind1 got into the middle of the ,mersey1 where it becomes more like an inland sea surrounded by lofty mountain ranges4 ,this much surprised the voyagers1 alike by its picturesque beauty and the vast extent of water4 ,they had a pleasant voyage down the river1 and arriving at their destination1 were met on their landing by a band of music1 and marched into the works amidst the cheers of a large crowd of people1 who had assembled to greet them4 ,thus commenced the peopling of the little colony called ,herculaneum1 where a few years ago1 on visiting the old nurse of my father1 who had accompanied her son there1 ,i heard the same peculiar dialect of language as is spoken in their mother district in ,staffordshire1 which to those not brought up in that locality1 is almost unintelligible40 ,from this it will be seen that the little colony was peopled in the middle of ,november1 #agif4 ,the works were opened on the #hth of ,december1 on which occasion an entertainment was given to the workpeople1 as will be seen from the following interesting paragraph from ,gore's ,general ,advertiser of ,december #acth1 #agif3-- 8,on ,saturday last1 the new pottery 7formerly the copper works7#e near this town was opened1 and a plentiful entertainment given by ,mr4 ,worthington1 the proprietor1 to upwards of sixty persons employed in the manufactory1 who were preceded by a military band1 from the works along the docks and through ,castle ,street4 ,two colours were displayed on the occasion1 one representing a distant view of the manufactory4 ,we have the pleasure to say1 that these works are very likely to succeed1 from their extent and situation1 and will be of infinite advantage to the merchants of ,liverpool40 ,the first productions of the ,herculaneum works were confined to blue-printed ware1 in which dinner1 toilet1 tea1 and coffee services1 punch-bowls1 mugs1 and jugs1 were the principal articles made2 and cream-coloured ware1 which was then so fashionable4 ,at a later date1 terra-cotta vases and other articles were produced1 as were also biscuit vases1 figures1 c4 ,of the cream-coloured ware1 or ,queen's ware1 the examples which have come under my notice are of remarkably fine quality1 and are as well and carefully potted as those of any other manufactory1 scarcely even excepting ,wedgwood's own4 ,in colour they are of a somewhat darker shade than ,wedgwood's and ,mayer's1 and not of so yellow a cast as the ,leeds ware4 ,the collector will find some good examples of this ware in the ,mayer ,museum at ,liverpool1 which will serve for comparison with other makes4 ,the ,herculaneum works also produced some remarkably good jugs with bas-relief figures1 foliage1 c1 of extremely fine and hard body4 ,these pieces1 which rival ,turner's celebrated jugs1 are marked with the name ,,herculaneum in small capitals1 impressed4 ,in terra-cotta1 vases of good design1 as well as other pieces1 were produced4 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,beard is a remarkably fine pair of covered vases1 with boldly-modelled heads of satyrs for handles1 and festoons on the sides4 ,the vases are black1 and the heads and festoons gilt4 ,this fine pair is marked ,,herculaneum4 ,in ,mr4 ,rathbone's collection is a wine cooler of vine leaves and grapes1 of similar design1 and of the same reddish colour as some of ,wedgwood's terra-cotta coolers4 ,it is marked ,,herculaneum1 impressed on the bottom4 ,in ,blue ,printing the ,herculaneum ,works produced many remarkably good patterns1 and the earthenware bearing those patterns was of a fine hard and compact body1 of excellent glaze1 and the potting remarkably good and skilful4 ,some services had open-work basket rims1 of similar design to those produced by ,davenport4 ,one service bore views of the principal towns in ,england1 the names of which were printed in blue on the bottoms of each piece1 which mostly bear the impressed mark of ,,herculaneum in large capitals4 ,batt printing was also practised4 ,illustration3 ,,cambridge ,fig4 #ce4 ,in #ahjj the manufactory was considerably increased1 and again in #ahjf it received many additions4 ,at this time1 in order to augment the working capital1 the number of proprietors was increased4 ,early in the present century china was made at these works1 and continued to be produced1 though not to a large extent1 to the time of the close of the works4 ,of the china produced several examples may be seen in the ,mayer museum4 ,in #ahbb it was ordered by proprietors at a meeting held in that year1 that 8to give publicity and identity to the china and earthenware manufactured by the ,herculaneum ,pottery ,company1 the words #8,herculaneum ,pottery' be stamped or marked on some conspicuous part of all china and earthenware made and manufactured at the manufactory40 ,in #ahcc the company was dissolved1 and the property sold for #be1jjj to ,mr4 ,ambrose ,lace1 who leased the premises to ,thomas ,case and ,james ,mort1 who are said to have carried on the business for about three years only4 ,by these gentlemen1 it is said1 the mark of the 8,liver0 was introduced4 ,about #ahcf the firm of ,case1 ,mort ,co4 was succeeded by that of ,mort and ,simpson1 who continued the manufactory until its close in #ahda4 ,during the time the works were carried on by ,case1 ,mort ,co41 a fine dinner-service1 of which a portion is in ,mr4 ,mayer's museum1 was made for the corporation of ,liverpool4 ,it was blue-printed1 and had on each piece the arms of ,liverpool carefully engraved1 and emblazoned4 ,in the same collection is part of another service of somewhat similar description1 but with the earlier mark of ,,herculaneum impressed4 ,the marks used at the ,herculaneum ,works at different periods appear to have been the word ,,herculaneum ,,herculaneum impressed in large capitals4 ,the same in small capitals1 also impressed4 ,these have generally a number attached1 which1 of course1 is simply the mark of the workman or of the pattern4 ,the same name also occasionally occurs in blue printing4 ,a crown1 with the word ,herculaneum in a curve1 above it1 impressed4 ,a crown within a garter1 bearing the word ,herculaneum2 impressed4 7,figs4 #cf and #cg47 ,the words in capitals1 impressed1 ,,herculaneum ,,pottery4 ,illustration3 ,,herculaneum ,fig4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,,herculaneum ,fig4 #cg4 ,the crest of the borough of ,liverpool1 a bird called the ,liver1 or ,lever1 with wings expanded1 and bearing its beak a sprig of the plant liverwort4 ,of this mark of the crest three varieties are shown on ,figs4 #ch to #dj2 they are all impressed in the ware4 ,an anchor1 with and without the word ,,liverpool in a curve1 above it 7,fig4 #da71 impressed4 ,another1 and more imposing looking mark1 has the name of the pattern 78,,pekin ,,palm10 for instance7 within a wreath of foliage1 surmounted with the crest of ,liverpool1 on an heraldic wreath4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ch to #dj4 ,illustration3 ,,liverpool4 ,fig4 #da4 ,among the men of eminence who have been connected with the potteries of ,liverpool1 besides those named1 were ,william ,roscoe1 the eminent ,art-critic and biographer2 ,peter ,pever ,burdett1 the engraver1 who also worked for ,wedgwood1 and who introduced the process of transferring aquatints to pottery and porcelain2 ,paul ,sandby1 who assisted other manufactories2 and other artists of note4 ,it may also be well to say a word or two on those pieces which more than others are considered to be 8,liverpool pottery10 and which1 indeed1 ,i believe are thought by many collectors to be the only kind ever made there4 ,i allude to the mugs1 plates1 c41 of cream-coloured ware which are decorated with ships or with flags of different merchants1 and signals4 ,these were principally made at the works of ,guy ,green1 in ,harrington ,street1 of whom ,i have already spoken4 ,some pieces have the engraving of the lighthouse and flags1 with the name1 8,an east view of ,liverpool ,light ,house and ,signals on ,bidston ,hill1 #aghh40 ,the flags are all numbered1 and beneath are references1 with the owner's names1 to forty-three different flags4 ,another piece with the same date has forty-four flags and owners' names1 showing the addition of a new merchant in that year4 ,others again1 without date1 show fifty and seventy-five flags1 and are therefore interesting as showing the rapid extension of the port4 ,these pieces are very sharply engraved and printed in black1 and the flags on some of the pieces are coloured4 ,,warrington4#f ,this pottery was one of but short duration1 but during the time it was in operation some very good ware was produced4 ,the works were commenced about #agig or #agih1 by ,messrs4 ,james and ,fletcher ,bolton1 who were brothers1 and members of the ,society of ,friends4 ,these gentlemen got their idea of starting an earthenware manufactory at ,warrington from the fact that the great bulk of the raw materials from ,cornwall1 c41 used in the ,staffordshire manufactories for the finer kinds of wares1 was brought by sea to ,liverpool1 where it was unshipped and sent on again by boats on the ,trent and ,mersey ,canal1 and thus passed within a short distance of ,warrington4 ,messrs4 ,bolton1 with this knowledge1 and with the further fact before them that the ,liverpool potters drove a very successful trade1 very shrewdly argued that if the ,staffordshire manufacturers could make money1 with the longer freightage from ,ellesmere1 they1 at ,warrington1 with the shorter freightage1 might hope for equal success4 ,soon after the establishment of the works they associated themselves with ,mr4 ,joseph ,ellis1 of ,hanley1 in ,staffordshire1 who was practically conversant with every branch of the manufacture4 ,joseph ,ellis was born in #agfj1 and was apprenticed to ,wedgwood1 as a turner4 ,he is said to have been very clever and ingenious1 of careful and sober habits1 and of a plodding disposition4 ,he married a daughter of ,ralph and ,ellen ,simpson1 of ,hanley1 a family then considered to be in very fair circumstances1 from whom he derived considerable pecuniary help1 which1 together with his own thrifty habits1 soon placed him in comfortable circumstances4 ,mr4 ,ellis became superintendent of the ,tabernacle ,independent ,chapel ,sunday-school1 now said to be the oldest place of worship of that denomination left in the ,potteries4 ,as his family began to increase1 he disposed of his property in the potteries1 joined ,messrs4 ,bolton at ,warrington1 and became the managing partner of the firm4 ,he is said to have directed his special attention in all his spare time to the discovery of new colours1 glazes1 and bodies1 and to have been very successful in jasper and enamelled ware4 ,to the manager of some adjoining glass-works he also gave many useful recipes for colours4 ,mr4 ,ellis's manuscript recipes for different glazes and colours required in the manufacture are still preserved in the hands of his descendants1 and show him to have been a man of considerable practical knowledge and skill4 ,a number of potters were engaged at ,hanley and the other pottery towns1 and they1 with their wives and children1 forming quite a little colony1 and their household goods1 tools1 and everything requisite for their use and for the trade they were engaged in1 were brought by canal to ,warrington1 where kilns1 sheds1 and other buildings were erected4 ,here they commenced operations4 ,the goods made at these works were intended principally for the ,american markets1 and a good trade was soon established4 ,the works continued to flourish until #ahjg1 8when the embargo which was laid by the ,americans upon all articles of ,british manufacture1 and the subsequent war between ,great ,britain and ,america1 in #ahab1 caused the failure1 by bankruptcy1 of the firm40 ,in #ahjb1 ,mr4 ,ellis appears to have fallen into a weak state1 and his share in the concern was given up on condition of an annuity being granted to himself and his widow and children1 so long as the pot-works were carried on4 ,with the failure of the works of course this arrangement ceased4 ,he died at ,warrington1 and was buried in the old dissenting burial-ground at ,hill ,cliff1 near that town4 ,the potters1 with their wives and families1 their household goods and tools1 and all their other belongings1 on the failure of the firm1 returned to ,staffordshire in the same manner as they arrived4 ,during their stay at ,warrington1 they are described as having held little or no communication with the townspeople2 marrying only and solely amongst themselves2 preserving their own manners1 customs1 and amusements2 and1 beyond purchasing at shop or market the necessaries of life1 keeping quite aloof from 8the natives10 with a pertinacity so remarkable as still to be the subject of occasional remark4 ,the expressions1 8as proud as th' potters60 and 8as close as th' potters60 are still to be heard1 and serve to perpetuate the remembrance of the class-feeling which existed4 ,they dwelt in 8,pottery ,row1 ,bank ,quay10 on the bank of the river ,mersey1 and this name is the only local record which ,warrington now possesses of this little colony of industrious workpeople4 ,the factory itself has been successively converted into lime-kilns and an iron ship-building yard1 and is now used as a chemical works4 ,of the productions of the works ,dr4 ,kendrick has got together a number of examples1 which he has deposited in the ,warrington museum4 ,the wares produced were an ordinary quality of white ware2 blue and white printed goods1 and common painted goods2 as well as an inferior description of black-jasper ware1 and both gold and silver lustre4 ,besides these1 a china ware is said to have been made to some extent1 but of this1 although the matter is generally believed1 there is1 perhaps1 some little doubt4 ,among the examples in the ,museum is a black teapot of somewhat curious character4 ,it is of a hard1 but somewhat inferior black ware1 and is ornamented with raised borders and groups of figures--some of the borders1 the figures1 and the swan knob of the lid1 being surface-painted in yellow1 red1 c4 ,the lid is attached by a hinge4 ,another curious piece is a 8tobacco-jar1 comprising within itself a drinking mug and a candlestick10 and also a small upright jar1 capable of holding exactly half-an-ounce of tea1--the quantity1 we are told1 which was served out to each visitor to the tea-gardens of that day4 ,the china ware attributed to these works is somewhat curious4 ,it is of a kind of creamy colour1 and of inferior quality1 and is ornamented with raised borders1 c1 and with groups of figures in blue4 ,in general appearance it is more like earthenware than porcelain4 ,among the examples1 stated by ,dr4 ,kendrick to have been made at ,warrington1 is a lantern of ,delft ware1 ornamented with flowers in blue4 ,there are1 however1 grave doubts as to this having been made in this locality4 ,no mark is known4 ,this distinction is believed to have been omitted in consequence of the jealous dislike of the ,americans of that day to anything emanating from the mother country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,warrington ,pottery4--,these works1 in a locality where older ones had long existed1 were established in #ahej in ,dallman ,lane1 by the late ,mr4 ,john ,welsby1 who manufactured stoneware1 ,rockingham and black tea-pots1 coarse red ware1 terra cotta chimney tops 7the construction of the 8,dallman ,chimney ,pot0 being very effectual for preventing smoky chimneys71 ornamental garden vases1 flower-pots1 pancheons1 c4 ,on his death1 in #ahfc1 the works passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,thomas ,grace1 who1 in #ahga1 removed them to their present site1 on the ,winwick ,road4 ,mr4 ,grace's productions consist of plain black ware of various descriptions1 chimney tops1 and plain and fancy garden vases1 flower-pots1 c41 which he supplies largely to the home markets4 ,most of the goods are made from clays found on the spot1 and those of ,arpley ,moor1 a mile or two distant from the works4 ,,sutton4 ,at ,sutton1 near ,warrington1 where some potteries for the manufacture of the commoner descriptions of wares are still worked1 ,dr4 ,kendrick is of opinion pottery was made in medival times4 ,his opinion is founded on the fact of a fragment of a vessel in form of a mounted knight 7of somewhat the same character as those already described in last volume7 being said to be made of ,sutton fire-clay4 ,the fragment was found in ,winwick ,churchyard1 and is preserved in ,warrington ,museum2 fragments of similar ware are frequently dug up in the district4 ,,runcorn4 ,old ,quay ,pottery4--,these works were carried on in #ahfi by ,mr4 ,john ,cliff who1 in that year1 removed from the ,imperial ,pottery1 ,lambeth1 to this place1 where he manufactures largely chemical stoneware and other goods4 ,mr4 ,cliff has taken out patents for an improved kiln1 and for wheels for throwers1 and lathes for turners1 which have the reputation of being the most effective1 simple1 and valuable of any in existence4 ,,prescot4 ,the ,moss ,pottery4--,mr4 ,thomas ,spencer1 who last century established pot works at the bottom of ,richmond ,row1 ,liverpool 7see ,page #cc7 for the production of ,delft ware1 removed them to ,prescot1 where he founded the 8,moss ,pottery10 and made coarse brown ware from the native clays of the district4 ,at his death the works passed into the hands of his son1 who1 in turn1 was succeeded by his son1 the present owner of the place1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,spencer4 ,white stone ware was afterwards manufactured to a large extent1 but of late years the operations have been principally confined to sanitary ware1 one of the most notable features of which are the socket drain pipes1 for which ,mr4 ,spencer holds a patent1 dated ,april #ajth1 #ahdh4 ,sugar moulds for sugar refiners were at one time a staple production of the ,moss ,pottery1 but these have been superseded by the iron moulds now in general use4 ,mr4 ,spencer1 too1 has taken out a patent 7in #ahfa7 8for improvements in apparatus for the manufacture of articles of earthenware1 and of other plastic materials0 by which saggars for burning earthenware in glass cisterns1 crucibles1 etc41 are made by direct action of steam pressure4 ,the principal goods produced are vitrified and glazed earthenware2 sanitary and chemical wares2 garden1 sea-kale and other pots2 black ware articles2 filters2 stoneware bottles1 jars1 pans1 barrels1 foot warmers1 and other useful domestic articles4 ,,st4 ,,helen',s4 ,messrs4 ,case1 ,mort ,co41 of the ,herculaneum ,works at ,liverpool1 had1 at one time1 a manufactory at ,st4 ,helen's1 where goods of common quality were produced4 ,messrs4 ,doulton1 of the ,lambeth ,pottery1 have also established a branch manufactory here for drain pipes1 sanitary ware1 c4 ,,seacombe4 ,mr4 ,goodwin1 a potter of ,lane ,end1 in ,staffordshire1 in #ahea1 established a pottery at ,seacombe1 on the opposite shore of the ,mersey from ,liverpool4 ,he brought his workmen from ,staffordshire1 and fired his first oven in ,june1 #aheb4 ,of this pottery1 now closed1 ,mr4 ,mayer thus wrote in #ahee3 8,the ware manufactured here at present consists principally of earthenware and stoneware1 chiefly of blue and colour printed ware1 and1 lately1 parian has been made of a good quality4 ,here has been introduced one of the throwing tables for making hollow ware1 cups1 bowls1 c41 by machinery1 with the aid of which four boys who are quite unacquainted with the art can1 in a day or two's practice1 produce as much work as by the old process of hand throwing could formerly be made by five men in the same space of time4 ,the success of the undertaking may be considered fairly established1 and a very large and increasing trade is now carried on with the east and west coast of ,south ,america1 ,turkey1 ,california1 and ,india4 ,so admirably arranged are the buildings on this work that all the different parts work together4 ,the ware after being fired is carried direct from the ovens into the bisque warehouse which adjoins them1 and on the other side the coal is conveyed along a railway and deposited close to the mouths of the kilns4 ,the whole may be looked upon as a model for all future buildings and arrangements for pot works4 ,indeed1 so perfect is it that it has been visited by several manufacturers from ,france and ,germany1 who1 by permission of ,mr4 ,goodwin1 have taken plans of it as a guide for new works to be erected in those countries40 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,derby--,cock-pit ,hill--,mayer--,heath--,derby ,china--,andrew ,planch--,duesbury and ,heath--,william ,duesbury--,purchase of the ,chelsea ,works--,weekly ,bills--,show ,rooms in ,london--,sales by ,candle--,changes in ,proprietorship--,bloor--,locker--,steve nson ,co4--,hancock--,painters and ,modellers--,spengler--,coffee--,askew --,billingsley--,pinxton--,nantgarw --,swansea--,other ,artists employed at ,derby--,cocker and ,whitaker's ,china ,works1 c41 c4 ,,derby4 ,cock-pit ,hill4--,there is nothing yet known as to the time when these works were first established4 ,it is certain that at a tolerably early period coarse brown ware was made here1 of much the same general character as that made at ,tickenhall and by the ,tofts1 but researches have as yet failed to bring to light any particulars regarding them4 ,there is a positive certainty that the ,mayer or ,mier family were potters in ,derby for more than one generation4 ,a ,john ,mier--an ancestor probably of the ,mayers or ,meers1 of ,staffordshire--was a pot-maker in #agba4 ,some vessels bearing his name are extant4 ,one of these1 a posset-pot1 bears the words ,,iohn ,,mier ,,made ,,this ,,cup #agba4 ,another has been described as 8a three-handled pot that holds about two gallons1 which is said to have been made at these pot works40 ,it is of coarse brown ware1 glazed1 and bears the words3-- 8,drink be merry and mary ,god ,bles creae ,george ,queen ann ,john ,mier made this cup #agjh40 ,another1 a large pitcher in my own possession1 traditionally said to have been made in ,derby1 bears the initials ,i ,s between the date #agbj 7,fig4 #db71 and below the ,i ,s the letters ,d ,f1 about which it is perhaps scarcely worth hazarding a conjecture4 ,it is #af inches in height1 and is of dark brown glazed ware4 ,the name best known in connection with these works is that of ,heath1 and they were carried on by this family for a considerable number of years4 ,how1 or when1 the works came into the hands of the ,heaths1 remains to be discovered4 ,in #aggb1 in some very curious and unique ,,ms4 8,lists of ,gent41 c41 in ,derby1 #aggb10 in my own possession1 occurs in one1 under 8,cock-pitt ,hill10 8,mayer ,mr444444 pott merchant10 and in another1 8,cock-pitt ,hill10 8,mr4 ,mayer444444 pott merchant40 ,in the same list1 dealers are put down as keeping a 8pott shop10 while ,mayer is returned as a 8pott merchant40 ,in this same list 8,john ,heath0 is entered as an 8,alderman20 and 8,mr4 ,chris4 ,heath0 as a 8,comon ,council ,man40 ,illustration3 ,i ,s #b ,,df ,fig4 #db4 ,on the #ast of ,january1 #agef1 a draft of an agreement was drawn up 8between ,john ,heath1 of ,derby1 in the ,county of ,derby1 gentleman2 ,andrew ,planche1 of ye same place1 china maker2 and ,wm4 ,duesberry1 of ,longton1 in ye ,county of ,stafford1 enameller10 by which they became 8co-partners together as well in ye art of making ,english china as also in buying and selling of all sorts of wares belonging to ye art of making china0 for ten years1 with power on ,heath's part to extend for another ten years4 ,in this agreement1 the original ,,ms4 of which is in my own possession1 ,heath 7who1 it will be seen1 is described as a 8gentleman10 while the others are respectively described by their trades of 8china maker0 and 8enameller07 agrees to pay in #a1jjj to the concern1 as his share 8as stock10 8to be used and employ'd in common between them for ye carrying on ye said art of making china wares10#g for which he was to receive one-third of the profits till the principal sum of #a1jjj be paid back4 ,one of the clauses in this agreement is as follows3--8,also it is agreed between ye sd parties to these ,presents that ye sd ,copartners shall not at any time hereafter use or follow ye ,trade aforesaid or any other ,trade whatsoever during ye sd ,term to their private ,benefit and advantage40 ,from this it would seem that ,john ,heath could not at that time be carrying on the ,cock-pit ,hill ,works4 ,there is nothing to show that this deed was ever legally executed1 and two years later--in #ageh--;,i find him named as one of the proprietors of the ,cock-pit ,hill ,works1 along with two partners1 8,william ,butts1 gentleman10 and 8,thomas ,rivett1 ,esquire0--,butts1 ,i presume1 being the practical man of the concern4 ,the document in which this appears is in my own possession1 and is a commitment of a man named ,john ,lovegrove1 one of the workmen 8at their pottery in the said ,borough of ,derby10 for running away from his said service4 ,the commitment is as follows3-- 8,,borough ,,of ,,derby4 8,to the constables of the said borough of ,derby and to each and every of them and also to the ,keeper of the ,house of ,correction for the said borough4 8,,whereas ,information and complaint hath been made before me ,samuel ,crompton ,esquire ,mayor and one of his ,majesties ,justices of the peace for the said ,borough by ,william ,butts of the said ,borough ,gent upon his oath that ,john ,lovegrove was on the ,thirteenth day of ,january last duly hired as a ,labourer and ,servant to the said ,william ,butts and to ,thomas ,rivett ,esquire and ,john ,heath ,gent for one year then next ensuing to work at their ,pottery in the said ,borough of ,derby and that the said ,john ,lovegrove hath departed and run away from his said service1 his said year not being expired1 ,and ,whereas in pursuance of the ,statute in that case made and provided1 ,i have had the said ,william ,butts and ,john ,lovegrove before me and have duly examined the ,proofs and allegations of both the said parties touching the matter of the said ,complaint and upon due consideration had thereof have adjudged and determined and do hereby adjudge and determine the said ,complaint to be true4 ,these are therefore to ,command you the said constables and each and every of you forthwith to convey the said ,john ,lovegrove to the said ,house of ,correction for the said ,borough of ,derby and to ,deliver him to the ,keeper thereof together with this warrant4 ,and ,i do hereby ,command you the said ,keeper to receive the said ,john ,lovegrove into your ,custody in the said ,house of ,correction there to remain and be corrected and held to hard ,labour for the space of from the ,date hereof and for your so doing this shall be your sufficient ,warrent ,given under my ,hand and seal the 40 ,it will be seen that this commitment is not dated1 but ,i am enabled to fix it with certainty to #ageh4 ,samuel ,crompton was ,mayor of ,derby in #ageh1 #agfg1 #aggg 7to complete the year of office of ,robert ,hope1 deceased71 #aghb1 and #aghh1 and ,high ,sheriff of the ,county in #agfh1 while holding office as ,mayor4 ,there is nothing in the commitment to show to which of these years of ,crompton's ,mayoralty it can be assigned1 but as ,thomas ,rivett1 one of the partners named in it1 died in #agfc1 it leaves no doubt that #ageh is the correct date4 ,this ,thomas ,rivett1 one of the partners1 was ,mayor of ,derby in #agae and #agfa1 and ,high ,sheriff of the ,county in #ageg4 ,in #agdg he was elected ,member of ,parliament for the ,borough of ,derby in room of ,john ,stanhope1 deceased1 and served till #aged4 ,he died in #agfc1 and was buried in ,all ,saints' ,church4 ,john ,heath was ,mayor in #agfc and #aggb1 and his son1 ,christopher ,heath1 was ,mayor in #aggd4 ,the works were situated on ,cock-pit ,hill1 at the commencement of ,siddal's ,lane4 ,the site is still known as the 8,pot ,yard40 ,it is distinctly marked on some of the old maps of ,derby1 and appears to have stood immediately opposite the 8,cock-pit0 itself--an octagonal building1 with a spire-roof terminated with a vane4 ,buildings existed on this spot as early as #afaj1 and at that time probably were employed for the making of the rough ware of the period4 ,in the last century they seem to have formed three sides of a quadrangle1 and to have been of considerable extent4 ,in #aggb it is thus spoken of in 8,a ,short ,tour in the ,midland ,counties20 after speaking of the china works1 the writer says3--8,here is also a pottery1 and ,i was showed an imitation of the ,queen's ware1 but it does not come up to the original1 the produce of ,staffordshire40 ,in #aghj1 in consequence of the failure of the ,heaths 7who were bankers and men of property1 besides one of them being at one time the partner of ,duesbury1 and1 later1 the owners of these pot works71 the ,cock-pit ,hill ,pottery sold off its stock of goods4 ,the following is one of the announcements of this sale4-- 8,,to ,,the ,,merchants1 ,,traders1 ,,and ,,dealers ,,in ,,earthenware4 8,to be ,sold without ,reserve 7and considerably under the usual wholesale prices7 at the ,derby ,pot ,manufactory a large quantity of ,earthenware1 being the whole stock in trade of that great and extensive ,factory commonly known by the name of the ,derby ,pot ,works1 consisting of an assortment of ,enamelled1 and ,blue and ,white useful ,china1 a large quantity of ,enamelled ,creamware and plain ,cream ,tea-table-ware1 a great quantity of ,white ,stone and ,brown ware4 8,n4,b4--,the aforesaid ,earthenware1 c41 will be opened for sale on the #dth and #fth of ,april and continued every ,tuesday and ,thursday until the whole is disposed of2 on which days 7but no other in the week7 a proper person will attend the sale4 ,the ,earthenware will be sold in different lots1 and is well worth the notice of ,pot ,carriers in and about the neighbourhood of ,coleorton ,moor4 ,no less a quantity than two horse loads will be sold to any one person40 ,in the same year1 #aghj1 a sale of 8a large quantity of earthern and china ware from the ,pot ,works on ,cock-pit ,hill1 in ,derby1 being the stock-in-trade of ,messrs4 ,john and ,christopher ,heath1 of ,derby1 bankrupts10 was advertised to take place by auction at the ,king's ,head ,inn1 ,derby4 ,the works were carried on for a year or two by the assignees of ,messrs4 ,heath1 but in #aghb 8a lease of the ,pot ,works situate on ,cock-pit ,hill1 in ,derby1 twelve years after which have yet to come1 and unexpired1 at ,lady ,day next1 at the yearly rent of #f1 and the lessee has a right by the lease to take away the buildings 7except only leaving a fence-wall71 and except a barn that was built on the premises before the lease was granted10 was advertised for sale by auction1 along with other property1 by the ,heaths1 8at the house of ,mr4 ,george ,wallis 7being the ,new ,inn1 in ,derby71 on ,tuesday1 #abth ,march40 ,the lease1 however1 does not seem to have found a purchaser1 for in the ,derby ,mercury of ,march1 #aghe1 another sale is announced 8in ,messrs4 ,heath's bankruptcy10 in lots1 of 8the materials of some buildings at the late ,pot ,works on ,cock-pit ,hill1 in ,derby1 consisting of brick1 tile1 and timber2 also some old iron1 old lead1 ,hopton stone1 a quantity of deal boards1 and some lumber40 ,although these works were very extensive1 and produced a large quantity of goods of various kinds during the ,heaths' time1 but few specimens can1 unfortunately1 be correctly appropriated4 ,this1 of course1 is owing to the fact that no mark was used by the owners of the works1 and therefore1 doubtless1 scores of examples pass as 8early ,staffordshire10 and as the productions of other places4 ,three or four well-authenticated pieces1 however1 may be named4 ,the first is a jug in my own possession4 ,it is of the 8imitation of the ,queen's ware10 alluded to in a previous page1 and bears on one side1 within a border of foliage1 the quaint and characteristic drinking inscription1 8,one ,pot more and then1 why what then1 why another ,pot40 ,on the other side and front1 within one continuous border1 is a blacksmith busy at his forge1 working the immense bellows with his left hand1 and holding the iron in the fire with his right2 while in front is a youth standing by the anvil waiting1 as a 8striker02 tools and other things lying about2 and the inscription1 8,thos4 ,burton1 ,winster1 #aggh40 ,this jug was made at the ,cock-pit ,hill ,works1 for ,mr4 ,thomas ,burton1 a blacksmith1 of ,winster1 whose name it bears1 and who is represented at his forge1 and from his family passed into my own hands4 ,it is engraved1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,another excellent example belonged to my friend1 the late ,mr4 ,lucas4 ,it is a teapot1 of the same kind of ware1 and bears on one side the words1 8,harper for ever fow play and now fair dealing0--probably in commemoration of the contested election of #agfh1 when ,sir ,henry ,harpur was defeated by ,godfrey ,clarke1 ,esq4 ,,derby ,,china4 ,it is no little thing to say of ,derby that the town in which the silk manufacture of ,england first took its rise--for here the first silk-mill ever built in this kingdom was erected by ,john ,lombe2 in which the cotton trade made its first gigantic stride--for here ,arkwright and ,strutt completed their invention for spinning1 and within a few miles erected the first cotton-mill in ,england2 in which the hosiery trade was first brought to perfection--for here ,strutt invented his famed 8,derby ,ribbed ,stocking ,machine10 and carried on his manufacture of those articles2 and in which many other branches of manufacture have also had their rise--should likewise have been one of the few places1 and one of the first1 in which the manufacture of porcelain was matured1 and in which the biscuit was first invented4 ,but so it is1 and it is no little for ,derby to be proud of1 that these branches of industry1 which are among the most important in the kingdom1 should have had their birth1 and in their infancy been carefully nurtured1 within its boundaries4 ,the stories of ,lombe and his silk1 ,arkwright and ,strutt and their cotton1 and ,jedediah ,strutt and his stockings1 have been often told1 and will bear telling again and again2 but that of ,duesbury and his china has never been fully told1 and it was only by the most laborious research that ,i was enabled1 in #ahfb1 to tell it1 and to show to what an extent the manufacture1 under the care of three generations of one family1 was carried4 ,that information ,i now1 after many years of patient research1 considerably amplify4 ,alas6 that so important1 so beautiful a branch of ,art should ever have been allowed to decay in the town by which it has so long been fostered4 ,one of the earliest printed notices of the ,derby ,china ,works occurs in a scarce old book1 8,a ,short ,tour in the ,midland ,counties of ,england performed in the summer of #aggb1 together with an account of a similar excursion undertaken ,september1 #aggd40 ,it is as follows3-- 8,the manufacture of porcelain employs1 in all1 near a hundred men and boys2 several of the painters earn a guinea and a half per week4 ,mr4 ,duesbury 7who has also bought the manufactory at ,chelsea7 is every day bringing the art nearer to that perfection at which it has arrived in other countries4 ,derby porcelain is at present by no means contemptible3 figures and other ornaments are among their most capital articles4 ,here is also a pottery1 and ,i was showed an imitation of the ,queen's ware1 but it does not come up to the original1 the produce of ,staffordshire40 ,in the 8,poll ,book0 of #agge1 when ,christopher ,heath was ,mayor of ,derby1 the following names occur3-- ,bakewell1 ,thomas1 ,derby1 ,pot-man4 ,dewsberry1 ,william1 ,derby1 ,china-man4 ,hill1 ,joseph1 ,derby1 ,china-man4 ,needham1 ,henry1 ,derby1 ,pipe-maker4 ,simpson1 ,moses1 ,derby1 ,potter4 ,strong1 ,benjamin1 ,derby1 ,pipe-maker4 ,wood1 ,william1 ,london1 ,china-man4 ,withers1 ,robert1 ,rotherham1 ,potter4 ,mosley1 ,thomas1 ,derby1 ,potter4 ,bray1 who wrote his 8,tour0 in the year #aggg1 says1 speaking of ,derby3-- 8,the china manufactory is not less worthy of notice4 ,under the care of ,mr4 ,duesberry it does honour to this country4 ,indefatigable in his attention1 he has brought the gold and blue to a degree of beauty never before obtained in ,england1 and the drawing and coloring of the flowers are truly elegant4 ,about one hundred this number is in his second edition corrected to seventy hands are employed in it1 and happily many1 very young1 are enabled to earn a livelihood in the business40 ,dr4 ,johnson visited the ,derby ,china ,works in #aggg1 and the following is ,boswell's note on the visit3-- 8,when we arrived at ,derby ,dr4 ,butter accompanied us to see the manufactory of ,china there4 ,i admired the ingenuity and delicate art with which a man fashioned clay into a cup1 a saucer1 or a teapot1 while a boy turned round a wheel to give the mass rotundity4 ,i thought this as excellent in its species of power as making good verses in its species4 ,yet ,i had no respect for this potter4 ,neither1 indeed1 has a man of any extent of thinking for a mere verse-maker1 in whose numbers1 however perfect1 there is no poetry1 no mind4 ,the china was beautiful2 but ,dr4 ,johnson justly observed it was too dear2 for that he could have vessels of silver of the same size1 as cheap as what were here made of porcelain40 ,pilkington1 in his 8,view of the ,present ,state of ,derbyshire10 published in #aghi1 says3-- 8,about forty years ago the manufacture of porcelain was begun by the late ,mr4 ,duesbury4 ,this ingenious artist brought it to such perfection as1 in some respects1 to equal the best foreign china4 ,the ornamental part of the business was at first almost solely attended to4 ,but the foreign demand being much interrupted by the last war1 the proprietor turned his thoughts to the manufacture of useful porcelain4 ,at this work a very rich and elegant dessert service1 consisting of one hundred and twenty pieces1 was lately made for ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince of ,wales4 ,the number of hands at present employed by ,mr4 ,duesbury is seventy-two1 and the manufacture is in a flourishing state40 ,william ,hutton1 the historian of his native town and of ,birmingham1 who wrote his 8,history of ,derby0 in #agia1 says3-- 8,porcelain began about the year #agej4 ,there is only one manufactory1 which employs about seventy people4 ,the clay is not of equal fineness with the foreign1 but the workmanship exceeds it4 ,the arts of drawing and engraving have much improved within these last thirty years4 ,the improvements of the porcelain have kept pace with these4 ,they adhere to nature in their designs1 to which the ,chinese have not attained4 ,a dessert service of one hundred and twenty pieces was recently fabricated here for the ,prince of ,wales4 ,the spot upon which this elegant building stands1 which is internally replete with taste and utility1 was once the freehold of my family4 ,it cost #ce1 but the purchaser1 my grandfather's brother1 being unable to raise more than #bh1 mortgaged it for #g4 ,infirmity1 age1 and poverty1 obliged him to neglect the interest1 when1 in #agdc1 it fell into the hands of my father as heir-at-law1 who1 being neither able nor anxious to redeem it1 conveyed away his right to the mortgagee for a guinea40 ,and again1 in his ,,ms4 8,history of the ,hutton ,family10 #agii1h he says1 speaking of ,john ,hutton3-- 8,he was the man who purchased the house east of ,st4 ,mary's ,bridge1 now the ,china ,works1 for #ce1 but being master of only #bh1 mortgaged the premises to ,mr4 ,crompton1 a banker1 for the other seven4 ,he becoming old and poor1 and inheriting the supineness of the ,hutton family1 suffered the trifling interest to remain unpaid till the mortgagee seized the premises4 ,the freehold in #agdc fell into the hands of my father1 as heir-at-law1 who assigned over his interest to ,mr4 ,crompton for a guinea40 ,the manufactory was situated on the ,nottingham ,road1 near ,st4 ,mary's ,bridge1 in a locality then named ,suthrick1 or ,southwark4 ,on its site1 in #ahde-f1 the ,roman ,catholic nunnery of ,st4 ,marie1 designed by ,pugin1 was erected1 but this has now1 like the ,china ,works1 become 8a thing of the past0--the nunnery having been purchased by the ,midland ,railway ,company1 and taken down in #ahfc4 ,hutton's remark as to this site being his patrimony1 is very curious1 and adds an increased interest to the locality4 ,the very premises he speaks of were those first occupied for the making of porcelain1 and1 curiously enough1 they were opposite to ,lombe's silk-mill1 from which they were divided by the road and the broad expanse of water of the ,river ,derwent4 ,it is generally believed that in #agej1 perhaps a little earlier1 the manufacture of china first sprang into existence in ,derby--about a year or so before the works at ,worcester were established2 and there is a tradition that the first maker was a ,frenchman1 who lived in a small house in ,lodge ,lane1 and who modelled and made small articles in china1 principally animals--cats1 dogs1 lambs1 sheep1 c4--which he fired in a pipe-maker's oven in the neighbourhood1 belonging to a man named ,woodward4 ,there were1 at this time1 as ,i have shown1 some pot works on ,cock-pit ,hill1 which afterwards belonged to ,alderman ,heath1 a banker2 and the productions of this ,french refugee1 or rather son of a ,french refugee1 having attracted notice1 an arrangement was made between him and ,heath and ,duesbury1 by which the manufacture of porcelain was to be carried on jointly4 ,this man's name1 to whom ,i take it belongs the absolute honour of commencing the ,derby ,china ,works1 was ,andrew ,planch2 and ,i am enabled to arrive at this conclusion by means of a draft of a deed now in my possession1 by which a partnership for ten years was entered into by the three already named4 ,in this arrangement ,i apprehend ,planch found the knowledge of mixing bodies and glazes1 ,heath the money 7#a1jjj71 and ,duesbury the will1 ability1 and skill to carry out the scheme4 ,these articles of agreement are as follows3-- 8,,articles ,,of ,,agreement between ,john ,heath of ,derby in the ,county of ,derby ,gentleman1 ,andrew ,planche of ye same ,place ,china ,maker ,wm ,duesberry of ,longton in ye ,county of ,stafford ,enamellor4 ,made and enter'd into the #ast of ,jany #agef4 8,,first ,,it ,,is ,,agreed by ye said ,john ,heath ,andrew ,planche ,wm ,duesberry to be ,copartners together as well in ye ,art of making ,english ,china as also in buying and selling of all sorts of ,wares belonging to ye ,art of making ,china wch said ,copartnership is to continue between them from the ,date of these ,presents for during ye ,term of ,ten years from thence then fully to be compleated ended ,and to that end ,he ye said ,john ,heath hath ye day of ye date of these ,presents deliver'd in as a ,stock ye sum of ,one ,thousand ,pounds to be used employ'd in ,common between them for ye carrying on ye sd ,art of making ,china ,wares ,and that one third share of ,profits arising therefrom ,it is mutually agreed between all ye sd parties shall be receiv'd by paid to ye said ,john ,heath till ye said ,prinl ,sum of #ajjj be paid in ,,also it is agreed between ye sd parties to these ,presents that ye sd ,copartners shall not at any time hereafter use or follow ye ,trade aforesaid or any other ,trade whatsoever during ye sd ,term to their private ,benefit and advantage4 ,and also that ye sd ,copartners shall during ye said ,term pay and discharge equally and proportionably between them all expenses they shall be at in managing ye ,art and ,trade aforesaid,f#a3 period8 ,and also that all ,gain or ,profit that shall arise from ye ,art ,trade aforesaid during ye said ,term shall be divided between them ye sd ,copartners ,share and ,share alike ,and likewise that all such ,losses as shall happen by bad ,debts ,ill ,commodities or otherwise shall be borne equally between them ,,and it is further agreed by ye sd ,parties that there shall be kept during ye sd ,term ,just ,true ,books of ,accounts to wch sd ,books any of ye sd ,copartners shall have free access without ,interruption of ye other ,,and it is further agreed that at any time hereafter at ye request of ye said ,john ,heath ,new ,articles shall be made an additional ,term of years not less than ,ten shall be added with such alterations and additions as may be found necessary ,,and that ye said ,copartners shall from time to time communicate to each other every ,secret of ye said ,art ,,and that ye said ,john ,heath shall have it in his power to appoint any other ,person to ,act for him if he should chuse so to do wch ,person shall be as fully impowered to ,act with regard to all ,covenants herein contained as ye sd ,john ,heath himself4 ,,witness ,,our ,,hands the ,day ,year above written40 ,these articles are not signed1 and as in no instance which has come under my notice the name of ,planch again appears--and as ,i can only trace the firm as that of 8,duesbury and ,heath0--,i fear one is driven to the inference that the usual fate of clever men awaited ,andrew ,planch1 and that when his knowledge was fully imparted1 he was1 from some cause or other1 discarded by those who had taken him in hand4 ,at all events1 this is the only instance in which his name appears in any of the papers connected with the works which ,i have examined4 ,of ,planch1 however1 whom ,i was the first to discover and note in #ahfb1 but who1 despite all ,i had written1 was spoken of by ,mr4 ,a4 ,wallis1 eight years later1 as 8an apocryphal ,french refugee10#i ,i am enabled to give some additional particulars4 ,andrew ,planch was one of the five sons of ,paul ,planch1 a ,french refugee1 by his first wife1 ,marie ,anne ,fournier1 also a refugee1 whom he married in #agbc4 ,andrew was born on the #adth1 and baptized on the #bdth1 of ,march1 #agbg-h1 and his youngest brother was ,jacques ,planch 7born in #agcd71 who married his cousin 7the only daughter of ,antoine ,planch by his wife ,mary1 daughter of ,herr ,abraham ,thomas and his wife ,catherine71 and was father of my old and valued friend1 ,j4 ,r4 ,planch1 ,f4,s4,a41 the well-known dramatist and antiquary4 ,this fact ,i brought to his knowledge in #ahfb1 and again when he was writing his interesting 8,recollections10 in which he has embodied some of the information ,i supplied him with4 ,through the re-marriage of their father1 the two boys1 ,andrew and ,jacques1 had early to shift for themselves2 the latter made his way to ,geneva1 where he learned the business of watch-making1 and the former1 ,i believe1 went into ,saxony1 and there learned the art of making porcelain at ,dresden4 ,how he came to ,derby is at present a mystery1 but he was there at all events as early as1 if not earlier than1 #agea4 ,this is proved1 as ,i shall presently show1 by the birth of one of his sons4 ,in #agea he would be #bc years of age1 and was living in the parish of ,st4 ,alkmund1 in ,derby4 ,the following entries are extracted from the parish register of ,st4 ,alkmund's3-- #agea4 ,sept4 #ba4 ,baptized ,paul ,edmund1 the son of ,andrew ,planch and ,sarah his wife4 #aged4 #ab ,oct4 ,bap4 ,james1 the son of ,andrew ,planch and ,sarah his wife4 #aged4 ,dec4 #aj4 ,buried ,james1 the son of ,andrew ,planch and ,sarah his wife4 #agef4 ,march #d4 ,bap4 ,james1 the bastard son of ,andrew ,planch and ,margaret ,burroughs4 #agef4 ,july #c4 ,bap4 ,william1 the son of ,andrew ,planch and ,sarah his wife4 ,that ,andrew ,planch was not very strict in his morals is revealed by these extracts1 which show that in #agef he had two sons baptised within four months of each other1 the first by a young woman named ,margaret ,burroughs1 and the second by his wife4 ,this was the year1 #agef1 in which the articles of agreement were drawn up4 ,what became of ,planch after he left ,derby is not known4 ,he appears to have been a very erratic individual1 and his whereabouts uncertain4 ,he was living at ,bath at the ripe age of #gf1 in #ahjd1 and died there soon afterwards4 ,at all events1 ,i have proof that he was in ,derby eight years--how much longer ,i know not--and ,i have also1 as will be seen1 indisputable proof that ,william ,duesbury had no connection with ,derby till #agee-f1 the date of the deed ,i have printed above4 ,when ,duesbury1 whether in conjunction with ,planch and ,heath or not1 commenced business1 it appears to have been in the small premises which had not long before been relinquished for a guinea by the father of ,william ,hutton2 and in them was thus commenced1 in a very small way1 that manufacture of porcelain which afterwards grew to so immense an extent4 ,in the year #agef the draft of agreement was drawn up1 and the ware made at the manufactory must soon have found a ready sale1 for in the course of a very few years ,mr4 ,duesbury was carrying on a good trade1 had a ,london house for the sale of his productions1 and became a thriving and well-to-do man4 ,william ,duesbury was of ,longton ,hall1 in the county of ,stafford1 and was the son of ,william ,duesbury1 currier1 of ,cannock1 in the same county1 who in #agee1 as is evidenced by the original deed in my possession1 made over to him his household furniture1 leather1 implements of trade1 and other effects1 on condition that he should find him 8during the term of his natural life1 good and sufficient meat1 drink1 washing1 and lodging1 wearing apparel1 and all other necessaries whatsoever40 ,the following is a verbatim copy of this curious deed1 from the original4 ,it is fully stamped1 signed1 and attested1 and runs as follows3-- 8,,this ,,indenture made the ,twenty-seventh day of ,september in the twenty-ninth ,year of the reign of ,king ,george the second over ,great ,britain and so forth and in the ,year of our ,lord ,one ,thousand ,seven ,hundred and fifty-five ,,between ,william ,duesbury of ,cannock in the ,county of ,stafford ,currier of the one part and ,william ,duesbury of ,longton ,hall in the ,parish of ,stoke-upon-,trent in the said ,county of ,stafford ,son of the said ,william ,duesbury of the other part ,,witnesseth that for and in ,consideration of the natural ,love and affection which he the said ,william ,duesbury hath and beareth to the said ,william ,duesbury the younger ,and of the ,covenant or ,agreement hereinafter contained on the part and behalf of the said ,william ,duesbury the younger to be done and performed and of the ,sum of ,five ,shillings of lawful ,british ,money to the said ,william ,duesbury in hand paid by the said ,william ,duesbury the younger at or before the execution of these presents the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged ,he the said ,william ,duesbury ,hath given granted bargained and sold and by these presents ,,doth give grant bargain and sell unto the said ,william ,duesbury the younger ,all and singular the ,household ,goods ,leather ,implements of ,trade and all other the goods ,chattles and ,personal ,estate of him the said ,william ,duesbury situate and being at ,cannock aforesaid or elsewhere in the said ,county of ,stafford and every of them and every part thereof ,and all the ,estate right title ,interest property claim and demand whatsoever both in ,law and ,equity of the said ,william ,duesbury of in or unto the same every or any part thereof ,,to ,,have ,,and ,,to ,,hold take retain and enjoy the said ,household ,goods ,leather ,implements of ,trade and every of them ,and all other the goods ,chattles and personal ,estate above given granted bargained and sold or mentioned and intended so to be with their appurtenances unto the said ,william ,duesbury the younger his ,extors4 admors4 assigns from henceforth absolutely and for ever to his and their own ,use and benefit ,and the said ,william ,duesbury for himself his ,extors4 admors4 doth covenant promise and grant to and with the said ,william ,duesbury the younger his ,extors4 admors4 assigns that he the said ,william ,duesbury his ,extors4 admors or some of them ,all and singular the said ,goods ,chattles and personal ,estate above given granted bargained and sold or mentioned intended so to be to the said ,william ,duesbury the younger his ,extors4 admors4 against all ,men shall and will warrant for ever defend ,and the said ,william ,duesbury hath put the said ,william ,duesbury the younger into possion4 of all singular the said ,goods and ,chattles by delivering him one ,pewter ,plate in the name of all and singular the said ,goods and ,chattles at the execution of these presents ,,and ,,this ,,indenture ,,further ,,witnesseth ,and the said ,william ,duesbury the younger in ,consideration of the ,premises for himself his ,heirs ,extors4 admors4 doth covenant promise grant and agree to and with the said ,william ,duesbury his ,extors4 admors4 ,that he the said ,william ,duesbury the younger his ,heirs ,extors4 and admors4 or some of them shall and will from time to time and at all times hereafter find and provide for the said ,william ,duesbury during the term of his natural ,life good sufficient meat drink washing and ,lodging wearing apparel and all other necessaries whatsoever at the proper ,costs and ,charges of him the said ,william ,duesbury the younger his ,heirs ,extors4 ,admors4 or assigns ,,in ,,witness whereof the said ,parties to these presents have hereunto set their ,hands and ,seals the day year first above written4 ,sealed and delivered ,,william ,,duesbury4circle in the presence of ,,mary ,,knight4 ,,jo3 ,,knight4 ,,william ,,duesbury4circle ,i next find ,william ,duesbury1 the enameller1 of ,longton1 entering into partnership with ,heath and ,planch on the first ,january in the year following his executing this deed for the maintenance of his father2 and entries in the family ,bible prove that at this time he removed to ,derby1 to carry on his newly-acquired business 8in ye art of making ,english china1 as also in buying and selling of all sorts of wares belonging to ye art of making china40 ,the partnership deed bearing date the first of ,january1 #agef1 shows that the negotiations must have been made in the previous year1 #agee1 and as the deed of gift from his father is dated ,september #bgth of that year1 it is evident that the one was consequent on the other1 and that the arrangement with his father was the result of his determination to come to ,derby4 ,the father lived until #agfh1 and died and was buried in ,derby4 ,in the parish register is the entry1 8#agfh4 ,buried1 ,mr4 ,duesbrie1 ,march #ag40 ,william ,duesbury was born on the #gth of ,september1 #agbe1 and married ,sarah ,james1 of ,shrewsbury 7who was born on the #abth of ,august1 #agbd74 ,in #agee he was residing at ,longton1 as an enameller on china ware1 c41 and in #agef removed to ,derby to carry on the porcelain works there4 ,by his wife ,sarah1 who died on the #adth of ,september1 #aghj1 and was buried at ,st4 ,alkmund's ,church1 ,derby1 he had several children4 ,these were1 so far as ,i have been able to ascertain1 ,william1 born in ,london in #ageb1 and died there in infancy2 ,anne1 born at ,longton1 ,oct4 #c1 #aged1 who became the wife of ,richard ,egan1 linendraper1 of ,london1 and afterwards china1 earthenware1 and glass dealer1 of ,bath2 ,mary1 born in ,london1 in #agec1 but baptised at ,st4 ,alkmund's1 ,derby1 who died in infancy2 another ,mary1 born at ,derby1 ,nov41 #agef1 and died in #aghc2 ,sarah1 born in #ageh1 and died an infant2 another ,sarah1 born in #agei1 and buried in #agfg2 ,dorothea1 born in #agfa1 who married the ,rev4 ,john ,chawner1 of ,church ,broughton1 in #aghf2 ,william1 born in #agfc1 who succeeded his father2 and ,james1 born in #agfe1 who1 after an erratic and evidently misunderstood and unfortunate life1 died in obscurity4 ,mr4 ,duesbury himself1 after a long and useful life1 in the course of which he not only established the ,derby ,china ,works1 but became the purchaser of those of ,chelsea1 ,bow1 ,vauxhall1 and ,kentish ,town1 died at ,derby1 and was buried at ,st4 ,alkmund's ,church1 in that town1 on the #bnd of ,november1 #aghf4 ,william ,duesbury1 son and successor of the last named1 was born at ,derby1 and baptised at ,st4 ,alkmund's ,church there1 ,march #a1 #agfc4 ,on the #dth of ,january1 #aghg1 he married ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,william ,edwards1 ,esq41 solicitor1 of ,derby1 the lady having three days before completed her twentieth year4 ,by her he had issue three sons--,william1 who succeeded him2 ,nathaniel1 who died in #ahji1 aged #ai2 and ,frederick1 who became an eminent physician in ,london--and two daughters1 viz41 ,sarah1 who remained unmarried1 and died in #ahge2 and ,anne ,elizabeth1 who became the wife of ,francis ,jessop1 ,esq41 solicitor1 of ,derby4 ,so far it has been necessary to summarise this bit of family genealogy1 but the remainder will form a part of the thread of the history of the works4 ,the manufacture of china under the first ,william ,duesbury must have rapidly risen into eminence1 for in #agfc1 in an account of 8goods sent to ,london10 no less than forty-two large boxes appear at one time to have been despatched to the metropolis1 and the proceeds1 ,i presume1 of the sale of a part of them1 on the #bnd of ,may1 in that year1 amounted to no less a sum than #fff #ags4 #f;d4 ,it is very interesting1 at this early period of the art1 to be enabled to say of what varieties of goods the consignment to ,london consisted1 and ,i therefore give the list of contents of some of the boxes entire1 and also a few items from others4 ,i do this the more readily because it has been recently said by the writer to whom ,i have already alluded1 8,we doubt very much whether the higher sorts of fine porcelain 7figures1 vases1 c47 were made upon the ,nottingham ,road until the purchase of the ,chelsea ,works in #agfi and the commencement of what is called the ,chelsea-,derby period1 which lasted until #aghe or #aghf40 ,box ,no4 #da contained-- #h ,large ,flower ,jarrs1 at #bas4 #c ,large ,ink ,stands1 at #dbs4 #a ,small ditto1 at #bds4 #d ,large ,britanias1 at #cfs4 #f ,second-sized ,huzzars1 at #abs4 #d ,large ,pidgeons1 at #gs4 #ab ,small ,rabbets1 at #bs4 #ab ,chickens1 at #bs4 #af ,small ,baskets1 at #bs4 #f;d4 ,box ,no4 #ca-- #d ,large ,quarters1 at #djs4 #d ,shakespeares1 at #dbs4 #f ,miltons1 at #dbs4 #bd ,bucks1 on ,pedestals1 at #bs4 #f;d4 ,box ,no4 #bi-- #d ,large ,quarters1 at #djs4 #b ,jupiters1 at #fhs4 #b ,junos4 #e ,ledas1 at #cfs4 #a ,europa1 at #cfs4 #b ,bird-catchers1 at #ajs4 #f;d4 #ab ,sixth-sized ,solid ,baskets4 #ah ,second-sized ,boys1 at #as4 #f;d4 ,box ,no4#aa-- #bd ,enammelled1 round1 fourth-size1 open-worked ,baskets4 #ab ,blue ditto4 #ab ,open-worked ,spectacle ,baskets4 #i ,second-size ,sage-leaf boats4 ,there were also1 of various sizes1 blue fluted boats1 ,mosaic boats1 sage-leaf boats1 potting pots1 caudle cups1 blue strawberry pots1 fig-leaf sauce boats1 octagon fruit plates1 vine-leaf plates1 coffee cups1 flower vases1 standing sheep1 feeding sheep1 cats1 sunflower blows1 pedestals1 honeycomb jars1 coffee pots1 blue guglets and basins to ditto2 butter tubs1 ,chelsea jars1 tea pots1 honeycomb pots1 figures of ,mars and ,minerva1 sets of the ,elements1 ,spanish shepherds1 ,neptune1 the ,muses1 bucks1 tumblers1 roses1 ,jupiter1 ,diana1 boys1 garland shepherd1 ,spaniards1 ,chelsea-pattern candlesticks1 ,dresden ditto1 jars and beakers1 polyanthus pots1 c41 c4 ,it is worthy of note that at this time1 although much within the ten years stipulated for the partnership1 the name of ,william ,duesbury alone usually occurs4 ,it is true that in some instances 8,duesbury and ,co410 and 8,duesbury and ,heath10 are met with1 but these are the exception4 ,the works at ,derby continued now rapidly to extend1 and fresh articles and subjects were being continually added to those already made4 ,the best available talent was got together1 apprentices were taken to the modelling1 the painting1 the making or 8repairing0 of china1 and other parts of the manufacture1 and it was soon found advisable to have a regular warehouse in ,london4 ,the mark used in the earliest days of the works is not certain1 but ,i believe1 and ,i have reason for that belief1 that it was simply the letter ,d1 which1 would stand either for 8,duesbury0 or for 8,derby20 probably in gold4 ,the figures and groups1 too1 were numbered and registered for reproduction4 ,on the #agth of ,august1 #agfi1 ,mr4 ,duesbury arranged for the purchase of the ,chelsea ,china ,works1 their purchase being completed on the #eth of ,february1 #aggj1 when a payment of #djj1 in part of the purchase-money1 was made by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 who thus1 as the proprietor of the ,derby and the ,chelsea ,works1 became the largest manufacturer in the kingdom4#aj ,the history of the ,chelsea ,works has already been fully given in the first volume of this work1 and therefore it is only necessary here to say1 that in #ahfb1 in my paper on the ,derby ,china ,works1 in the ,art ,journal1 ,i was for the first time enabled to state the fact that ,mr4 ,duesbury purchased 8the ,chelsea ,porcelain ,manufactory1 and its appurtenances and lease thereof10 on the #eth of ,february1 #aggj1 and that it was covenanted to be assigned over to him on or before the #hth of that month2 the date of the arrangement to purchase being ,august #agth1 #agfi4 ,for some few years1 then1 ,mr4 ,duesbury carried on both establishments1 and subsequently removed the models and some of the workmen to ,derby1 where also he removed such of the models1 c41 from ,bow1 which had likewise come into his possession4 ,the purchase of the ,chelsea ,works soon entailed upon him the commencement of some heavy law proceedings which lasted many years4 ,the cause of these proceedings was the attempt at recovery of a quantity of goods claimed by ,duesbury as a part of his purchase1 being goods made by ,spremont1 and of his material1 but which were afterwards sold1 it was said1 wrongfully1 by ,francis ,thomas1 to a person named ,burnsall4 ,the action was commenced in #aggj1 and in #agga ,mr4 ,spremont1 the old proprietor of the ,chelsea ,works1 died4 ,the proceedings1 however1 continued for several years4 ,during the time ,mr4 ,duesbury carried on the ,chelsea ,works1 from ,february #aggj to #aggc1 the 8weekly bills0 are now in my possession1 and are particularly interesting as showing the nature of the articles then made1 and the names of the painters and others employed1 and the amount of wages they earned4 ,the following examples will be read with interest4 ,the first ,i give is quite one of the early ones--of the same month in which the works were delivered over to ,duesbury3-- #aggj4 ,a ,weekly ,bill at ,chelsea from the #bd of ,march to the #ca4 s4 d4 ,barton1 #f days att #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,boyer1 #f days att #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j #c dozen of ,seals of the ,lambs1 made overtime #j #c #f #c dozen of ,lyons1 ditto #j #c #f ,roberts1 #f days att #bs4 #f;d4 #j #ae #j ,piggot1 #f days att #as4 #i;d4 #j #aj #f ,ditto1 ,taking ,care of the ,horse on ,sunday #j #a #f ,inglefield1 #f days at #as4 #h;d4 #j #aj #j ------------ #d #f #j ,work done this ,week at ,chelsea-- #f ,large ,ornement ,pedistols for the ,grand ,popore4 #e ,large ,popore ,perfume ,pots to ,ditto4 #a ,square ,perfume ,pot ,deckarated with heads of the #d seasons4 ,roberts1 ,making ,cases hall the week4 ,piggot1 ,working the hors in the ,mill1 and fettling of rims4 ,inglefield1 ,pounding of the glass1 and cutting of wood4 ,recd4 of ,mr4 ,duesbury in full of all ,demands for self and the a ,bove4 ,,richd4 ,,barton4 #aggj4 ,a ,weekly ,bill at ,chelsea from ,decr4 #a to the #h4 s4 d4 ,boarman1#aa #f days att #es #c;d4 #a #aa #f ,wolliams1 #f days att #ds4 #f;d4 #a #g #j ,jenks1 #f days att #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,boyer1 #f days att #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,barton1 #f days att #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,roberts1 #c days att #bs4 #f;d4 #j #g #f ,piggott1 #f days att #as4 #i;d4 #j #aj #f ,ditto1 ,sunday1 taking care of the ,horse #j #a #f ,inglefield1 #f days att #as4 #h;d4 #j #aj #j ,overtime by ,barton and ,boyer1 #aj ,globe ,cover ,jarrs #j #aj #j #gb ,seals painted in ,mottords#ab by ,boarman and ,wolliams #j #g #f #db ,seals1 painted by ,jinks at #b;d4 each1 figures #j #g #j ,a ,letter from ,darby #j #j #e #b ,tons of fine clay ,shipping to ,darby #b #g #j ,and #a ,ton to ,chelsea of ,corse #j #ag #j ,a ,letter to ,darby #j #j #a ,tax's of the ,factory #b #j #c ,turpentine for the ,painters #j #j #f ,peaper for the ,use of the factory #j #j #d ------------- #ad #a #a ,deduct for #b ,tun ,clay#ac #b #g #j ------------- #aa #ad #a ,rec4 of ,mr4 ,duesbury in full of all demands for ,self and the a ,bove4 ,exd4 and ,ent4 ,,richd4 ,,barton4 ,amongst other interesting entries from week to week in the bills1 ,i have chosen a few examples to illustrate the kind of work then carried on in this factory4 s4 d4 ,paid for the ,plaister ,mould from ,darby1 the #i of ,august #j #j #f ,paid for a box from ,darby #j #j #f ,overwork by ,barton and ,boyer1 #b ,junquill ,beakers #j #d #j ,and #a ,vincent ,pattern ,perfume ,pot #j #a #f ,seals painted by ,jinks1 #cc ,lambs #a;d4 #j #d #a #cc ,covers ,painted ,overtime by ,jinks at #a;d4 each #j #d #a ,cord#ad for the ,kilns #a #ag #d ,overtime by ,boyer and ,barton1 #e ,sweet ,meat ,basons at #as4 each #j #e #j ----#d hart shaped ,perfume ,pots with handles1 at #as4 #c;d4 each #j #e #j #a ,cupid ,forgin ,harts at #as4 #c;d4 #j #a #c ,overtime1 ,painting by ,jinks #b dozen of ,tom titts at #a;d4 each #j #c #j ,seals made overtime #c dozen ,chineas ,men with a ,bird #j #c #f #c dozen ,cupids as a ,backus #j #c #f #bd ,strawberry ,compotiers made with the ,darby clay4 #a dozen and #f ,cupid ,booted and ,spurd #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,harts on a ,cushin #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,cupid as a ,doctor #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,turks a ,smokin #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,shepherds ,shearing of ,sheep #j #a #i #ab ,tooth ,picks with ,head of ,turk and ,companions1 painted with emblematick ,mottoes1 ditto at #as4 #f;d4 #j #ah #j ,examples of this kind#ae could be multiplied to any extent1 but to bring the extracts a little later down in date1 ,i shall content myself by giving the 8weekly bill at ,chelsea from ,june #ai to the #bf1 #aggc10 to show that the same hands1 with the addition of a modeller named ,gauron1 were still employed3-- s4 d4 ,gauron1 #e days at #hs4 #i;d4 #b #aj #c ,boreman1 #e days at #es4 #c;d4 #a #g #g ,woolams1 #e days at #ds4 #f;d4 #a #d #i ,jenks1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,snowden1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,boyer1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,barton1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,roberts1 #f days at #bs4 #f;d4 #a #ae #j ,painting1 overwork1 ,smelling ,bottles of boys catching ,squirrel at #as4 #c;d4 #j #b #f #b ,ditto1 with a ,bird's ,nest at #as4 each #j #b #j #a ,ditto1 ,piping with a ,dog at #as4 #j #a #j #a ,ditto1 ,double ,dove #j #a #j ,mottoing #fj ,seals at #a;d4 each #j #f #c ,modling ,clay #j #j #f ,a ,parsel #j #j #b ,a ,letter #j #j #a ------------ #aj #ae #a ,recd4 of ,mr4 ,duesbury in full of all demands for ,self and the a ,bove4 ,,richd4 ,,barton4 ,before ,mr4 ,duesbury purchased the ,chelsea works the mark of that manufactory was an anchor1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 and to this ,mr4 ,duesbury added the letter ,d2 and the mark now known as distinguishing the 8,derby ,chelsea0 ware was thus--generally in gold4 ,examples of this period are of comparative rarity1 and are eagerly sought after by collectors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,in #aggb1 in the very curious ,,ms4 8,lists of ,gent41 c41 in ,derby1 #aggb10 in my own possession 7a list prepared for official purposes over elections71 are the following entries under 8,southwark10 as that part of ,derby was called4 ,in one3-- ,duesbury1 ,mr4 ,wm ,china ,manufacturer4 ,steer1 ,mr4 ,john ,at to ,china ,manufactory4 ,wood1 ,mr4 ,wm ,do4 and in the other list3-- ,mr4 ,duesbury ,china ,manufacturer4 ,mr4 ,wm ,wood ,clerk to ,do4 ,mr4 ,john ,steer ,do4 ,in ,june1 #aggc1 ,mr4 ,duesbury took the lease of premises 7late the ,castle ,tavern7 in ,bedford ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 for a warehouse for his ,derby and ,chelsea ware1 and here1 with this ,william ,wood as his agent 7afterwards succeeded by ,j4 ,lygo71 he exhibited and kept a large stock of his manufactures1 and carried on1 in conjunction with his two works1 a very thriving and lucrative trade4 ,here he issued a 8,list of the principal additions made this year to the new invented ,groups1 ,jars1 ,vases1 ,urns1 ,beakers1 ,cups1 ,chalices1 41 of ,mr4 ,duesbury's ,derby and ,chelsea ,manufactory of ,porcelaines1 ,biscuits1 and ,china ,ware1 both ,ornamental and ,useful40 ,this 8list0 is printed in small quarto4 ,among the articles enumerated1 one hundred and twenty-three in number1 the following will be sufficient to show their beautiful and elaborate nature1 and the amount of labour and artistic skill which they exhibited3-- 8#a4 ,their present majesties1 the king and queen1 and royal family1 in three grouped pieces of biscuit4 ,the centre piece represents the king in a ,vandyke dress1 on a blue and gold basement1 supported by four lions leaning on an altar richly ornamented in blue and gold1 with hanging trophies of the polite arts and sciences4 ,the crown1 munde1 and sceptre reposing on a cushion1 of crimson1 embroidered1 fringed1 and tapelled in gold4 #ad inches4 8#db4 ,a large beaker1 sky-blue ground spotted in white2 two dolphins1 lion footed1 standing on white goats' heads1 form the two anses in crimson and white edged with gold1 the mouth of the beaker and the top of the vase are furrowed with twisted crenures in white and gold2 the zone of the top is adorned with golden lions1 turned toward white and gold marks2 the rim of the cup part is foliated and crenulated friese1 white and gold1 with detached patera1 the pediment striped with gold in alternate triangles1 the foot covered with gilt leaves2 the pedestal in white and gold has four white sphinxes for angular supporters1 over which runs a gold festoon fixed to the surbase2 the whole1 with the pedestals1 #bj inches4 8#aje4 ,a white gallon cask1 with gold edged hoops1 adorned with four trophies of music emblems of love1 in chiaro-oscuro1 surmounted by a young coloured ,bacchus1 sitting on the bung tasting a grape1 of which he holds a basket full between his legs1 and a cup in his left hand1 the barrel is made to turn round on a pivot fixed in an ormolu pediment1 a satyr's mask holds an ormolu cock in his mouth1 which opens and shuts by a spring4 #ah inches40 ,the works at ,chelsea were not finally discontinued until the year #aghd1 when they were destroyed by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 the kilns and every part of the work pulled down1 and what was available sent down to ,derby4 ,the removal of the kilns1 and the work of demolition1 was entrusted to ,robert ,boyer1 the painter1 c41 the old and faithful servant whose name appears in the 8weekly bills0 above given2 and when his work was done he removed to ,derby at twenty-five shillings per week in place of a guinea1 with house rent free1 and fire as heretofore4#af ,it is also worthy of remark that ,mr4 ,duesbury purchased the ,bow business1 and owned the pottery at ,pedlar's ,acre1 at ,lambeth1 the rents of which he assigned in #agha4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,periodical sales of stock were held in ,london by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and judging by the catalogues of 8,sales by ,auction0 by ,messrs4 ,christie and ,ansell1 of ,pall ,mall1 and 8,sales by ,candle10 by ,mr4 ,hunter1 the articles sent up for the purpose were excellent examples of the manufacture1 and just such as were likely to be sought after by the traders--the 8chinamen0 of ,london4 ,the descriptions of the goods were of much the same character as in the 8list0 referred to1 with this addition1 that in the late catalogues the price 7the trade price possibly7 was attached to each article4 ,i have by me the priced catalogues of several years' sales1 and it is highly interesting to examine them1 and to see the prices the different articles realised at the sales4 ,they give1 perhaps1 one of the best insights into the porcelain trade of that period of anything ,i have seen4 ,a few items1 taken at random1 from some of these catalogues1 will be useful to the collector4 ,the 8,catalogue of an elegant and extensive assortment of ,derby and ,chelsea ,porcelaine0 for sale on ,may #ajth1 #agha1 and four following days1 has a long and full title-page1 and occupies thirty-two octavo pages4 ,the company were invited to this sale by cards1 of which the following is a copy3-- 8,at ,messrs ,christie and ,ansell's great ,room1 next ,cumberland ,house1 ,pall ,mall1 will be sold by ,auction on ,tuesday next1 the #gth of ,may #aghb1 and the ,four following ,days1 an elegant and extensive ,assortment of the ,,derby and ,,chelsea ,,porcelain1 consisting of ,,table and ,,desert ,,services1 ,,tea and ,,coffee ,,equipages1 ,,biscuit ,,ornaments1 c41 c4 8,to be viewed on ,saturday the #dth of ,may1 and till the ,sale 7,sunday excepted71 which will begin each ,day at #ab o'clock4 8,n4,b4--,mr4 ,duesbury flatters himself the ,produce of his ,manufactory this ,year will be found far superior to any ,thing he has ever yet exhibited1 and therefore humbly hopes he shall experience the wonted generous ,countenance of the ,nobility1 and his ,friends in general1 whose ,patronage 7with the highest ,sense of ,gratitude7 he will be ever studious to deserve40 ,the following are a few of the lots offered4 ,it was a five days' sale1 and there were #ebi lots in all4 ,the figures ,i have placed in brackets1 thus are the prices the lots realised at this sale3-- ,a complete set of tea china1 waved1 shank'd1 enamel'd with a border of green flowers and gold edge1 #da pieces4 #c #cs4 ,six ,french-shape chocolate-cups and saucers1 enamel'd with festoons of green husks and pink and gold border4 #ahs4 ,one small-size group representing ,music1 in biscuit4 #bas4 ,one pair of element-groups representing ,air and ,water1 and #d standing seasons1 in ditto 7biscuit74 #a #ahs4 ,an elegant ,etruscan-shape vase1 enamel'd in compartments with a figure of ,shenston1 and fine blue ground striped with gold4 ,one set of five beautiful vases1 enamel'd in compartments with landscapes and figures1 richly finished with green and gold4 ,a beautiful dejune1 enamel'd in compartments with ,cupids and striped with gold4 ,a beautiful large group of figures of the three ,virtues1 in biscuit4 #cjs4 ,a beautiful desert-service1 enamel'd with coloured flowers and fine blue and gold leafage border1 consisting of #bd plates1 #b large oblong compotiers1 #a ditto with a foot1 #b heart-shape1 #d round1 and #d square ditto1 #a pair cream-bowls1 covers1 stand1 and spoons4 ,one beautiful vase1 enamel'd in compartments with a landscape on one side and ,romeo and ,juliet on the other1 richly finished with chas'd and burnish'd gold4 ,one pair of ewer-shape vases1 enamel'd in compartments with figures and richly gilt4 ,an elegant inkstand1 fine blue and gold4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,one group of ,jason and ,medea before ,diana4 ,one set of 7three7 vases1 beautifully painted in compartments with jett figures1 and richly finished with chas'd and burnish'd gold4 #g4 ,one pair of ,etruscan-shape vases1 enamel'd with trophies and figures richly gilt4 ,a beautiful dejune1 enamel'd with vases1 c41 rich1 finished with fine blue and gold4 #fcs4 ,six caudle cups1 covers and stands1 peacock pattern1 white and gold4 #bes4 ,a superb and elegant pair of caudle cups1 covers and stands1 enamel'd in compartments with figures and striped with gold4 ,one pair of small foxes1 in biscuit4 #ajs4 ,a figure of ,time and a set of the ,seasons1 enamel'd4 #ces4 ,one small group representing ,music1 #a pair ,sportsman and ,companion1 #d small groups1 and #d small flower vases1 in biscuit4 #b #fs4 ,one pair of ,dragon candlesticks1 green and gold4 ,a beautiful three-quart punch-bowl1 enamel'd with flowers and rich blue and gold border #ags4 ,one superb and elegant vase with therms1 beautifully enamel'd with figures1 the ,three ,graces on one side and a landscape on the other1 in compartments1 enriched with chased and burnished gold1 and #b ewer-shape vases to match1 figure of ,virtue on one side and ,prudence on the other4 ,one pair of basket-work antique-handled vases1 enamel'd with figures1 ,pomona and ,prudence on one side and a landscape on the other1 in compartments1 gilt to match4 ,one beautiful large group of two ,virgins awaking ,cupid1 in biscuit4 #dbs4 ,one ditto to match of two ,bacchants dressing ,pan with a garland of flowers4 ,one pair of beautiful groups representing ,poetry and ,music1 in biscuit4 ,one set of figures1 the four quarters and four small groups1 in biscuit4 #cjs4 ,one large punch-bowl1 enamel'd with festoons of coloured flowers and gold edge4 #abs4 ,one large perfume-vase1 beautifully painted in figures in compartments representing ,eneas meeting ,venus before he enters ,carthage1 richly gilt4 ,one pair of large beakers to match1 enamel'd in compartments with figures1 on one side ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 and on the other ,venus and ,adonis1 richly gilt4 ,a very rich and beautiful compleat desert service1 enamel'd with different vases1 festoons of green husks1 and fine blue and gold1 consisting of #bd plates1 #b large oblong compotiers1 #a ditto with a foot1 #d round1 #b heart-shape1 #d oval1 #d oblong ditto1 and a pair of cream-bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 #bb #as4 ,four pierced desert flower-vases1 #a pair fitting figures1 and #d shooting ,cupids1 in biscuit4 ,one pair of fox-hunters' cups4 ,a very beautiful ,seve-pattern compleat desert service1 enamel'd with roses1 fine mosaic border1 richly finished with chased and burnish'd gold1 consisting of #bd plates1 #c oblong compotiers1 #b heart-shape1 #d round1 #d square1 #d small oblong ditto1 and a pair cream-bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 #be #ds4 ,one pair of sitting religious figures1 in biscuit4 #is4 ,one pair ,satyr-head drinking-mugs1 enamell'd and gilt4 #hs4 ,one beautiful figure of ,shakespear1 in biscuit1 and fine blue and gold pedestal4 #bas4 ,one pair large rummers1 enamel'd with festoons of coloured flowers1 and gilt4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,two large leaves1 #d small ditto1 and one round fruit-dish4 #acs4 ,one group of #c boys playing at hazard1 and one ditto of a galanter show1 in biscuit4 ,six ,egg-spoons1 #f artichoke-cups1 and #f asparagus-servers1 enamel'd1 fine blue and white4 #is4 ,one sett of #c vases1 enamel'd with birds and gilt4 ,one large-size group representing ,poetry and ,music1 in biscuit4 #bbs4 ,one pair of large gardeners1 #b pair of muses1 and #d small flower-vases in ditto4 ,an elegant stand for different cheeses and butter1 enamel'd with vazes and fine mazarine blue and gold 7rivetted74 #bas4 #a sett of #e elegant jars1 enamel'd in compartments with groups of natural flowers and fine blue and gold4 ,a beautiful large group of #c graces and #b cupids1 supposed to be crowning her ,majesty with garland of flowers1 in biscuit4 ,one pair of element groups1 #a pair of large fruit and flower figures1 and one pair figures representing earth and water1 in ditto4 #dbs4 ,a neat chimney-piece embellished with composition ornaments4 ,six beautiful coffee or chocolate cups and saucers1 enamel'd with ,cupids1 fine blue ring and gilt4 ,a very rich and beautiful desert-service1 enamel'd with roses and fine mazarine blue and gold border1 consisting of #bd plates1 #b large oblong compotiers1 #a ditto with a foot1 #b heart-shape1 #d oval1 #d octagon1 and #d shell-shape ditto1 and a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 #bh #gs4 ,one beautiful group of #b ,virgins awaking ,cupid1 and a ditto of #b bacchants dressing ,pan with a garland of flowers1 in biscuit4 #c #ahs4 ,one superb and elegant vase with therms1 beautifully enamel'd with figures of wisdom and ,vigilance on one side1 and a landscape on the other in compartments1 and richly ornamented with fine blue and gold1 #b ewer-shape vases to match1 figure of ,virtue on one side and fortitude on the other1 with landscape and fine blue and gold4 ,one pair of elegant tripods richly ornamented with fine blue and gold4 ,one pair of beautiful antique lamps4 ,one beautiful vase1 enamel'd in compartments1 with a figure of rhetoric and a landscape enrich'd with gold stripes4 ,two ,neptune-head drinking-mugs4 ,one figure of ,andromache weeping over the ashes of ,hector1 and one pair of ,madona groups1 in biscuit4 ,a large dove-house ornamented with natural flowers and richly gilt4 ,one large oval-shape vase and two egg-shape1 enamel'd with ,cupids gathering the vintage1 richly finished with burnished gold4 ,one pair of elegant figures1 ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #a pair sportsman and companion1 and #a pair harlequin and columbine1 in biscuit4 #cgs4 ,one group of #d ,cupids1 in biscuit4 #ags4 ,four pierced flower vases1 #b pair gardeners1 and #a pair small dancing groups in ditto4 #cds4 ,a superb and elegant large vase with therms1 beautifully enamel'd with figures of the three ,graces on one side and a landscape on the other1 #a pair of ewer-shape vases to match1 figure of ,virtue and ,history on one side and landscapes on the other1 in compartments1 enrich'd with chased and burnished gold4 ,one pair of ,egg-shape vases to match1 enamel'd with figures of ,prudence and ,rhetoric4 ,four small desert flower-vases1 in biscuit4 #is4 ,a beautiful group of #d ,cupids1 #b pair of small music figures1 #a pair ,french shepherds1 and #d small vases1 in biscuit4 #b #cs4 ,one pair large dancing groups1 in biscuit4 #bds4 ,a pair of uncommonly large octagon jars 7near #b feet high7 decorated with natural flowers and finely enamel'd with figures1 landscapes1 c41 richly ornamented with chased and burnish'd gold1 the figures represent a votaress of ,bacchus and ,innocence washing her hands at an altar4 ,six breakfast basons and saucers1 enamel'd with green festoons and gold edges4 ,one pair of large perfume-vases1 enamel'd with flowers1 ornamented with dogs1 rabbits1 c41 and gilt4 ,an elegant ,seve-pattern complete desert-service1 enamel'd with roses and rich mosaic and gold border1 consisting of #c dozen plates1 #b large oblong compotiers1 #d round1 #b heart-shape1 #d large square1 #d small oblong1 and one large ditto with a foot for the center1 and a pair of cream-bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 #cj #is4 ,one pair groups1 the arts and sciences1 and a pair large gardeners1 in biscuit4 #cjs4 ,one superb and elegant large vase with therms1 enamel'd in compartments with figures1 the three ,graces1 enrich'd with chas'd burnish'd and gold4 #h #hs4 ,one pair of beautiful oval jars to match1 the figures represent ,apollo and ,agrippina lamenting over the ashes of ,germanicus4 #f #fs4 ,one of pair small enamel'd foxes4 #ajs4 ,a pair of hares' heads1 enamel'd1 after nature4 #ajs4 ,three elegant vases1 enamel'd with rose-coloured figures from ,ovid1 and enriched with gold4 #i #ais4 #f;d4 ,one pair large dogs1 enamel'd4 ,a desert-service1 enamel'd with roses1 festoons of green husks1 and pink and gold border1 consisting of #bd plates1 #c large oblong compotiers1 #d round1 #b heart-shape1 and #d small oblong ditto1 and a pair of cream-bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 #ac #bs4 #f;d4 ,six elegant ice cream cups1 enamel'd with festoons of red husks1 and fine blue and gold4 ,two pair of large boys riding on dolphin and fawn1 in biscuit4 ,one of these sale catalogues1 at the risk of occupying much space1 ,i here reprint entire1 because ,i conceive nothing could more completely show the character of the goods1 ornamental as well as useful1 which at that time were the staple productions of the ,derby works4 ,it cannot1 ,i opine1 but be of immense use to collectors in assisting them to correctly appropriate and date their examples4 ,the catalogue which ,i now reprint 7one of several years in my possession7 is of folio size1 and occupies twelve pages4 ,the selling prices are printed in the catalogue2 the prices realised at the sale1 however1 were not1 on the average1 more than one-half the printed ones4 ,the proceeds of the whole sale was #bgf #ds4 ,it is of the year #aghe4 ,the title-page is as follows3-- 8,four ,months ,promp4----,,china1 for ,,sale1 by the ,,candle1 at ,mr4 ,,william ,,duesbury',s ,warehouse1 in ,bedford-,street1 ,covent-,garden1 ,on ,wednesday the #ith1 and ,thursday the #ajth of ,march1 #aghe1 at ,six of the ,clock in the ,afternoon1 ,a very good ,,assortment of ,derby ,figures and ,candlesticks1 compleat ,tea and ,desert ,services1 ,caudle and ,chocolate ,cups1 c4 of the newest and best ,patterns4 ,to be viewed on ,monday and ,tuesday1 and #8till the ,time of ,sale4 ,to be ,sold by ,,auction by ,,william ,,hunter1 ,sworn ,broker1 ,no4 #ei1 ,new ,bond-,street4--,printed by ,joseph ,good1 ,stationer1 c41 ,no4 #gi1 ,fleet ,street40 ,at the back of the title are the conditions1 thus3-- 8,bedford-,street1 ,covent-,garden1 ,march #i1 #aghe4--;,,conditions ,,of ,,the ,,sale4--,i4 ,the ,goods are all to be taken away without any ,allowance at the ,buyer's ,expence1 on or before the #adth day of ,march1 #aghe1 and paid for on delivery4--,,ii4 ,buyer's ,notes1 approved of by the proprietor1 will be taken payable four ,months after date4--,,iii4 ,the ,proprietor will allow a discount of #b per ,cent4 to those who chuse to pay ready money4--,,iv4 ,such goods as shall not be taken away as aforesaid1 the ,proprietor shall be at liberty to re-sell without further notice1 either by public sale or private contract2 and all losses attending such re-sale shall be made good by the respective ,buyer or ,buyers at this ,sale4--,v4 ,if any dispute shall arise between any ,bidders concerning any lot1 such lot to be put up again4--,,vi4 ,the ,buyer to pay ,six-pence per lot deposit1 in order to bind the bargain1 which is not returnable40 ,then follows3-- ,a ,,catalogue1 c4 ,,lot4 s4 d4 #a ,a ,tythe pig group1 #a pair of large gardeners1 #a pair of ,jupiter and ,juno1 #a pair of ,harlequin and ,columbine1 and #b pair of basket boys #c #aa #j #b ,a set of #c jars1 decorated with natural flowers1 and gilt #c ,five dozen of small boys #d ,a pair of large singers1 #a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 #a pair of less ditto1 #a pair of sporting figures1 and #ab boys #c #ag #j #e ,a compleat set of tea china1 double shape1 enameled with roses1 festoons of green husks1 and purple and gold border1 #dj pieces #e #e #j #f ,two ,cupid groups1 #a pair of large ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #a pair of pheasant figures1 and #ab boys #e #ad #j #g ,six double shape caudle cups and stands1 enameled with ,dresden flowers1 and gilt #h ,a pair of figures ,shakspeare and ,milton #c #c #j #i ,two second size ,dianas1 #a pair of piping shepherds1 #a pair of large gardeners1 #a pair of sporting figures1 and #a pair of ,mars and ,venus #d #ae #j #aj ,two breakfast sets1 enameled fine blue and white1 #ae pieces each #c #e #j #aa ,a figure of ,andromache1 #a pair of figures ,diana and ,apollo1 #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther1 and #b pair of small singers #f #a #f #ab ,a very elegant compleat set of tea china1 ,devonshire shape1 enameled with roses1 and richly finished with fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #aj #aj #j #ac ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 #a pair of haymakers1 #a pair of ,mars and ,minerva1 and #b basket boys #d #ae #j #ad ,a pair of ,madona groups1 and #b pair of sitting fruit and flower figures #c #f #j #ae ,twelve very elegant cups and saucers1 slop bason1 cream ewer1 and #d plates #f #ac #j #af ,a large pastoral group1 and #a pair of groups ,poetry and ,music #e #ae #f #ag ,five dozen of small boys #ah ,a beautiful breakfast set1 fluted1 enameled fine blue and gold1 #ah pieces #c #ah #j #ai ,a pair of grotesque ,punches1 #a pair of sitting figures1 #a set of standing seasons1 and #a pair of gardeners #c #ae #j #bj ,two groups of the four seasons1 #b pair of fruit and flower figures #d #ah #j #ba ,a compleat set of tea china1 plain shape1 enameled1 fine blue and gold border1 the ,prince of ,wales's pattern1 #da pieces #h #h #j #bb ,a breakfast set handled cups1 small waved flute1 #ah pieces #b #j #j #bc ,twelve ,french shape cups and saucers1 ditto #b #b #j #bd ,a pair of figures ,diana and ,apollo1 and #a set of small elements #d #aj #j #be ,a set of large antique seasons1 #a pair of large singers1 #a pair of pipe and guitar figures1 and #b pair of basket boys #d #a #j #bf ,a compleat set of tea china1 white and gold1 #da pieces #bg ,six very elegant caudle cups covers and stands1 enameled with flowers and fine blue and gold #f #j #j #bh ,a group of ,poetry1 #a pair of ,mars and ,venus candlesticks1 #a pair of piping shepherds1 and #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #d #ab #j #bi ,a pair of large pipe and guitar candlesticks1 #a pair of garland shepherds1 and #a pair of large pipe and guitar figures #d #j #j #cj ,a figure of ,falstaff1 a figure of ,neptune1 #a pair of large gardeners1 and #b figures of ,prudence #e #d #j #ca ,a very capital compleat set of tea china1 fluted1 richly enameled with fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #ad #ad #j #cb ,a compleat set of tea china1 waved shanked1 enameled with roses1 festoon of red husks1 and green and gold border1 #da pieces #cc ,a group of ,jason and ,medea before ,diana1 and #a pair of groups1 ,poetry and ,music #e #e #j #cd ,a figure of ,diana1 two pair of pheasant figures1 #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther1 #c pair of small music figures1 and #d busts #e #e #j #ce ,six half-pint basons and stands1 slop bason1 sugar box1 cream ewer1 and #b plates1 enameled fine blue and white #b #f #j #cf ,a beautiful compleat desert service1 enameled with roses1 and fine blue and gold borders1 consisting of #bd plates1 #ac comporteers1 #a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons #bf #e #j #cg ,a figure of ,justice1 #a set of small elements1 #a pair of ,cupids1 and #ab boys #d #h #j #ch ,a group of ,jason and ,medea before ,diana1 #a pair of pipe and guitar candlesticks1 and #b pair of haymakers #d #ag #j #ci ,a pair of figures ,shakspeare and ,milton1 and a figure of ,mr4 ,garrick #d #ad #f #dj ,an elegant compleat set of tea china1 new shape1 white and gold1 #da pieces #h #h #j #da ,a figure of ,andromache1 #a pair of ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #a pair of pipe and guitar figures1 and #a pair of fruit and flower #d #ae #j #db ,a pair of ,madona groups1 a pair of large gardeners1 and #a pair of sitting figures #d #h #j #dc ,a very elegant bason and ewer1 richly ornamented with fine blue and gold #b #aj #j #dd ,a compleat set of tea china1 ,devonshire shape1 enameled with roses1 festoons of red husks1 and green and gold borders1 #da pieces #e #e #j #de ,a pair of pipe and guitar candlesticks1 one pair of ,mars and ,venus figures1 #a pair of pipe and tabor1 #a pair of sporting figures1 and #a pair of small pipe and guitar #d #i #j #df ,a pair of ,mars and ,venus candlesticks1 #b pair of sacrifice figures1 #f ,cupids1 and #ab small boys #d #j #j #dg ,a group of ,poetry1 and #a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty #d #g #j #dh ,a beautiful dejune1 enameled fine blue and gold #c #ac #f #di ,a compleat set of tea china1 waved shanked1 enameled with festoons of coloured flowers1 and green and gold border1 #da pieces #f #f #j #ej ,a figure of ,falstaff1 #a pair of grotesque ,punches1 #a set of ,seasons1 and #a pair of ,cupids riding on goat and panther #d #aa #j #ea ,two ,cupid groups1 #b pair of large music figures1 #d seasons1 and #d busts #e #h #j #eb ,a large figure of ,britannia1 #a figure of ,justice1 and #a figure of ,falstaff #d #ai #j #ec ,a very elegant breakfast set of plain shanked1 enameled fine blue and gold1 #ah pieces #d #i #j #ed ,a ditto #d #i #j #ee ,a tythe pig group1 #a set of standing seasons1 #a pair of ,mars and ,minerva1 #a pair of large gardeners1 and #ab small boys #d #c #j #ef ,a pair of ,madona groups1 #b pair of sacrifice figures1 #a small group1 and #c pair of small music figures #e #c #j #eg ,a compleat set of tea china1 new embossed1 enameled with a fine blue and gold border 7the ,queen's pattern7 #da pieces #f #f #j #eh ,six caudle cups1 covers and stands1 ditto #c #ab #j #ei ,a pair of large groups #d #d #j #fj ,a pair of groups1 ,poetry and ,music1 and #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #d #g #j #fa ,two figures of ,diana1 #a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 and #b pair of music figures #d #ac #j #fb ,a very elegant compleat set of tea china1 fluted1 richly ornamented with fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #ad #ad #j #fc ,a figure of ,falstaff1 #b pair of ,cupids1 #a set of standing seasons1 and #ab small boys #c #ae #j #fd ,a compleat desert service1 enameled fine old japan pattern1 consisting of #bd plates1 #ac comporteers1 and #a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons #bj #j #j #fe ,a large pastoral group1 #b figures of ,diana1 and #a pair of large singers #e #e #j #ff ,a pair of groups1 ,poetry and ,music1 and #a pair of large pipe and guitar figures #d #d #j #fg ,a very elegant set of tea china handled cups1 white and gold1 #da pieces #h #ah #f #fh ,a group of the ,virtues1 and #a ditto of the quarters #d #d #j #fi ,five dozen of small boys #gj ,a compleat set of tea china1 fluted1 enameled fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #ga ,a set of small elements1 #b pair of large gardeners1 #a pair of sporting figures1 and #c pair of basket boys #e #c #j #gb ,two sets of breakfast sets1 small waved flute1 enameled fine blue and white1 #ag pieces each #c #ai #j #gc ,a compleat set of tea china1 waved shanked1 white and gold1 #da pieces #gd ,a pair of spring candlesticks1 #a pair of boys ditto1 #a pair of haymakers1 #a pair of ,mars and ,venus figures1 #a pair of small singers1 and #b pair of buck and doe #d #aj #j #ge ,six ,devonshire shape caudle cups1 covers1 and stands1 enameled fine green and gold #c #ab #j #gf ,two figures of ,neptune1 #c pair of large fruit and flower figures1 #f squarrels1 and #ab boys #e #af #j #gg ,a set of #c vauses1 enameled with flowers1 and green and gold #gh ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 and #a pair of large pipe and guitar candlesticks #d #ab #j #gi ,a very elegant compleat set of tea china1 peacock pattern1 enameled fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #aa #aa #j #hj ,a tythe pig group1 #a pair of ,jupiter and ,juno1 #b pair of ,harlequin and ,columbine1 #a set of standing seasons1 and #ab small boys #d #aa #j #ha ,a pair of groups1 ,poetry and ,music1 and #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #d #g #j #hb ,a breakfast set of bell-shape cups with handles1 enameled fine blue and gold1 #ah pieces #c #ac #j #hc ,a ditto #c #ac #j #hd ,a set of elements1 #a pair of singers1 and #a pair of ,mars and ,venus figures #e #h #j #he ,a pair of figures ,shakspeare and ,milton #c #c #j #hf ,a compleat set of tea china1 white and gold1 #da pieces #hg ,a group of #b ,baccants1 #a figure of ,andromache1 and #a figure of ,neptune #d #ad #j #hh ,a figure of ,diana1 #b pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 #a set of grotesque seasons1 #a pair of ,jupiter and ,juno1 and #ab boys #d #h #j #hi ,a pair of ,madona groups1 #a set of quarters1 and #b pair of basket boys #d #d #j #ij ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 and a pair of pipe and guitar chandeliers #d #ah #j #ia ,a figure of ,falstaff1 #a set of small elements1 #b ,cupids and #b pair of sporting figures #d #ad #j #ib ,five dozen of small boys #ic ,a group of #c virgins distressing ,cupid1 and #b ,cupid groups #e #af #j #id ,a figure of ,diana1 #a pair of haymakers1 #b pair of small gardeners1 #e desert gardeners1 #d busts1 and #ab boys #c #d #j #ie ,a tythe pig group1 #a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 #a pair of ,harlequins1 and #c pair of basket boys #c #b #j #if ,a group of ,poetry1 #b pair of small elements1 and #a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures #d #aa #j #ig ,a figure of ,justice1 #a pair of piping shepherds1 #a set of standing seasons1 and #a pair of grotesque figures #d #ab #j #ih ,a pair of large groups #d #d #j #ii ,a pair of ,madona groups1 #b pair of sitting fruit and flower figures1 and #c pair of small music figures #d #g #j #ajj ,a pair of figures ,diana and ,apollo1 #b pair of large gardeners1 and #a pair of sitting figures #d #ad #j #aja ,a set of large ,french seasons #ajb ,a pair of pipe and guitar candlesticks1 #a pair of spring ditto1 and a set of standing seasons #c #c #j #ajc sculapius and ,hygia1 #a pair of sacrifice figures1 #d pair of small ,turks1 #b pair of salutation figures1 #b basket boys1 #ac birds1 #b dogs1 and #d boys #ajd ,a group of ,poetry1 #b pair of sporting figures1 and #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #d #b #j #aje ,a pair of large ice-pails1 white and gold #e #e #j #ajf ,a group of ,jason and ,medea1 #a pair of large singers1 #a pair of ,mars and ,minerva1 and #b pair of basket boys #e #a #j #ajg ,a compleat set of tea china1 white and gold1 #da pieces #ajh ,a group of ,poetry1 #h antique seasons1 #a pair of sitting figures1 #a pair of music figures1 and #ab boys #d #ad #j #aji ,four elegant broth basons1 covers1 and stands1 enameled fine blue and gold pearl border #c #j #j #aaj ,a pair of ,madona groups1 #a pair of ,jupiter and ,juno1 and a set of sitting seasons #d #a #j #aaa ,twenty-two sundry small figures #aab ,a beautiful bason and ewer1 and #b punch jugs1 with covers1 enameled fine blue and gold #c #ah #j #aac ,a large pastoral group1 #d antique seasons1 and a pair of large gardeners #aad ,a pair of groups ,poetry and ,music1 and a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #d #g #j #aae ,a breakfast set1 small flute1 enameled with a fine blue and gold pearl border1 #ah ,pieces #d #c #j #aaf ,a compleat set of tea china1 new embossed1 enameled with a fine blue and gold border1 #da pieces #f #f #j #aag ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 a pair of ,cupids1 and #b pair of sitting pipe and guitar #d #ac #j #aah ,five dozen of small boys #aai ,a compleat desert service1 enameled1 fine old ,japan pattern1 consisting of #bd plates1 #ac comporteers1 and #a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons #bf #e #j #abj ,a figure of ,falstaff1 #b pair of ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 and #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #e #ah #j #aba ,twelve new shape cups and saucers1 #a slop bason1 sugar-box1 cream ewer1 and plate1 enameled with fine blue springs1 and narrow blue border #b #j #j #abb ,a very elegant compleat set of tea china handled cups1 richly enameled with fine blue and gold scrole border1 #da pieces #ab #ab #j #abc ,a group of the virtues1 #a pair of large ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #a pair of haymakers1 and #a pair of sitting figures #e #c #j #abd ,a tythe pig group1 a set of standing seasons1 a pair of ,cupids1 a pair of gardeners1 and #c pair of basket boys #d #b #j #abe ,twelve chocolate cups and saucers1 enameled with festoons of green husks1 and pink and gold border #c #ah #j #abf ,a beautiful dejune1 enameled1 with vauses1 c4 and fine blue and gold #d #d #j #abg ,a pair of figures ,shakspeare and ,milton1 and a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures #d #d #j #abh ,a figure of ,falstaff1 and a set of elements #d #e #j #abi ,two breakfast sets1 enameled fine blue and white #d #f #j #acj ,a pair of pipe and guitar candlesticks1 and a pair of spring ditto #b #c #j #aca ,six elegant caudle cups1 covers1 and stands1 enameled fine blue and gold #acb ,two breakfast sets1 enameled fine blue and white1 #ah pieces each #d #f #j #acc ,two ,cupid groups1 a pair of singers1 and a pair of boys riding on goat and panther #d #aa #j #acd ,a figure of ,falstaff1 #d small elements1 and #b pair of ,jupiter and ,juno #d #ac #j #ace ,a beautiful compleat set of tea china1 enameled with festoons of gold husks1 and fine blue and gold border 7,prince of ,wales's pattern7 #aj #aj #j #acf ,a pair of large groups #e #ae #j #acg ,a pair of figures ,shakspeare and ,milton #c #b #j #ach ,six elegant caudle cups1 covers1 and stands1 enameled fine blue and gold #aci ,a breakfast set1 enameled with blue and gold springs1 and blue and gold border1 #ah pieces #c #ac #j #adj ,a pair of large pipe and guitar candlesticks1 and a set of small ,french seasons #c #ah #j #ada ,a tythe pig group1 #a pair of large gardeners1 #b pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 and #c pair of basket boys #c #ad #j #adb ,a compleat set of tea china1 white and gold #adc ,a season group1 #a pair of ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 and #c odd figures #add ,a pair of large ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #a pair of boys riding on goat and panther1 #a pair of large fruit and flower figures1 #c pair of small ditto1 and #a pair of basket boys #d #af #j #ade ,a compleat set of tea china1 peacock pattern1 enameled green and gold1 #da pieces #h #h #j #adf ,four caudle cups1 covers1 and stands1 enameled with roses1 festoons1 and purple and gold border #b #h #j #adg ,two large pastoral groups #d #d #j #adh ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 and #a pair of grotesque ,punches #c #ag #j #adi ,five dozen of small boys #aej ,a elegant compleat set of tea china1 white and gold1 #da pieces #aea ,a group of ,jason and ,medea before ,diana1 #a pair of large singers1 #a pair of large gardeners1 and #a pair of sporting figures #d #ac #j #aeb ,a large pastoral group1 and #a pair of pipe and guitar candlesticks #c #ag #f #aec ,a beautiful compleat desert service1 enameled with roses and fine blue and gold borders1 consisting of #bd plates1 #ac comporteers1 and #a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons #bf #e #j #aed ,a figure of ,andromache1 a pair of antique seasons1 a pair of ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 a pair of sacrifice figures1 and a pair of fruit and flower #d #ac #j #aee ,a compleat set of tea china1 white and gold1 #da pieces #aef ,five dozen of small boys #aeg ,a large group of three virgins1 a pair of large seasons1 and #b pair of music figures #aeh ,six chocolate cups and saucers1 enameled with fine blue and gold borders1 and #f ditto1 enameled with ,dresden flowers and gold edge #c #f #j #aei ,four basons1 covers1 and stands1 enameled with red husks1 and fine blue and gold border #c #c #j #afj ,a group of ,baccants1 and #b pair of large elements #e #ad #j #afa ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 and #b pair of sporting figures #d #d #j #afb ,a compleat desert service1 enameled fine old blue and gold ,japan pattern1 consisting of #bd plates1 #ac comporteers1 and a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons #ah #ah #j #afc ,a pair of ,mars and ,venus candlesticks1 #b pair of haymakers1 and #a set of quarters #d #f #j #afd ,a very elegant compleat set of tea china1 enameled with roses1 and fine blue and gold border1 #da pieces #h #h #j #afe ,twelve breakfast basons and stands1 slop bason1 sugar box1 and #ab bread and butter plates1 white and gold #d #aj #j #aff ,a tythe pig group1 #b pair of small singers1 #b pair of sporting figures1 and #c pair of basket boys #c #af #j #afg ,a group of three virgins1 a pair of large seasons1 and a pair of ,bacchus and ,ariadne #e #ae #f #afh ,a compleate set of tea china1 enameled fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #afi ,a group of the quarters1 #a pair of large elements1 and #f antique seasons #d #ah #j #agj ,a pair of ,madona groups1 and #b pair of ,mars and ,minerva #c #ah #j #aga ,a compleat set of tea china1 white and gold dontel edge1 #da pieces #d #d #j #agb ,a ,cupid group1 a pair of season groups1 and #b pair of small ,bacchus and ,ariadne #e #j #j #agc ,five dozen of small boys #agd ,a very elegant compleat set of tea china1 fluted1 richly enameled with fine blue and gold1 #da pieces #ad #ad #j #age ,a pair of pipe and guitar chandeliers1 #a pair of garland shepherds1 and #a pair of ,french shepherds #d #b #j #agf ,a pair of ,welch taylors1 #b pair of sporting figures1 #b pair of small gardeners1 and #a set of sitting seasons #d #h #j #agg ,a compleat desert service1 enameled with groups of flowers1 and fine blue and gold vini border1 consisting of #bd plates1 #ac comporteers1 and #a pair of cream-bowls and stands #be #j #j #agh ,a pair of figures ,andromache and ,plenty1 #a pair of fruit flower figures1 and #a pair of sacrifice figures #d #b #j #agi ,a figure of ,diana1 #a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 #b pair of ,harlequin and ,columbine1 and #b pair of basket boys #c #ai #j #ahj ,an elegant compleat set of tea china1 #da pieces #aha ,a group of the #d seasons1 #a set of ,french seasons1 #b antique seasons1 and #f small ,turks #ahb ,a ,cupid group1 #a pair of ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 #f antique seasons1 and #ab boys #ahc ,a set of #e large vauses1 enameled compartments1 with figures1 and richly gilt #ahd ,a group of poetry1 and #a pair of large figures #c #f #j #ahe ,a pair of groups ,poetry and ,music1 and #d odd figures #ahf ,five dozen of small boys #ahg ,a tythe pig group1 #a set of standing seasons1 #a pair of sitting figures1 and #b pair of small gardeners #c #aa #j #ahh ,a pair of boy candlesticks1 #b pair of large gardeners1 #a pair of sitting pipe and guitar figures1 and #b pair of small fruit and flower #c #ah #j #ahi ,sundries #aij ,ditto #aia ,ditto #aib ,ditto #aic ,ditto #aid ,ditto #aie ,ditto #aif ,ditto #aig ,ditto #aih ,ditto ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dg to #ej4--;,from the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,a few months before ,mr4 ,duesbury's death--which1 as ,i have stated1 took place in ,november1 #aghf--;he took his son ,william into partnership1 and the business was carried on under the style of 8,messrs4 ,william ,duesbury and ,son40 ,it thus appears upon the title-pages of the sale catalogue of #bbnd ,september in that year1 but is altered back to 8,mr4 ,william ,duesbury0 alone in that for #bast ,december following4 ,for some years before the death of his father the younger ,mr4 ,william ,duesbury had devoted himself untiringly to the advancement of the works4 ,no man could have been more highly respected1 both by his workmen and by all who knew or had dealings with him at home and abroad1 than was this second ,william ,duesbury1 and under his care the works continued to grow in importance with an astonishing rapidity1 and soon became by far the most prosperous and most successful in the kingdom4 ,the connection which had previously been formed with the principal families1 from royalty downwards1 spread and increased1 and among the hundreds of names of purchasers on the sale sheets and other papers1 ,i come across1 at random1 those of the ,king1 the ,queen1 the ,prince of ,wales 7afterwards ,george ,,iv471 who was a large customer for dessert1 tea1 coffee1 and other services2 the ,duchess of ,devonshire1 ,william ,pitt1 ,sir ,hugh ,pallisser1 the ,margravine of ,anspach1 the ,duke of ,northumberland1 ,lord ,howe1 and indeed almost every title then in the peerage4 ,besides this1 several ladies of distinction painted groups of flowers and other pictures on porcelain1 supplied to them for the purpose by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 who afterwards fired and finished them for their own special use4 ,of these ladies1 ,lady ,margaret ,fordyce1 ,lady ,plymouth1 and ,lady ,aubrey executed some beautiful drawings1 which probably may still remain in their families4 ,lord ,lonsdale also had twenty-four plates painted with landscapes in ,cumberland1 from his own sketches1 and many other noblemen and gentlemen did the same2 many sets of china being painted with views of different parts of the estates of those for whom they were manufactured4 ,bronze figures of horses--probably originally belonging to the famous ,duke of ,newcastle1 whose work on ,horsemanship is the finest ever produced--were lent to ,mr4 ,duesbury from ,welbeck ,abbey2 and ,lady ,spencer also sent some choice moulds for working from4 ,altogether the ,derby works1 during the latter part of the first ,mr4 ,duesbury's time1 and during the life of his son1 were1 as ,i have said1 the most successful1 the best conducted1 and the most fashionable establishment of the kind in the kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--8,king's vase10 ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,constant application to business1 and the wear and tear of the brain from incessant anxieties1 about #agie made such fearful inroads on the health of ,mr4 ,duesbury1 that he was induced by his friends to take into partnership a ,mr4 ,michael ,kean1 a very clever miniature painter1 an ,irishman by birth1 who brought his talents to bear on the works1 and by his skill in designing and drawing added much to the beauty of the articles manufactured4 ,his connection however1 seems to have been a source of still greater anxiety to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 whose mind gradually gave way under his load of care4 ,in #agif ,mr4 ,duesbury died1 and after a time ,mr4 ,kean 7who had for a time the management of the business for the widow and her young family7 married the widow1 but not long after1 from reasons into which it is needless to enter1 as they do not affect the narrative1 withdrew hastily from the concern1 and the works were then continued for1 and afterwards by1 the third ,william ,duesbury4 ,mrs4 ,duesbury1 by her second marriage 7with ,michael ,kean7 had a family of five children4 ,she died in #ahbi1 after having passed a not altogether happy life4 ,this third ,william ,duesbury 7grandson of the founder of the works7 was the eldest son of ,william ,duesbury by his wife1 ,elizabeth ,edwards4 ,he was born in #aghg1 and on the #bfth ,september1 #ahjh1 married ,annabella1 daughter of ,william ,e4 ,sheffield1 ,esq41 of the ,polygon1 ,somers ,town1 ,london1 and for a time the concern was carried on under the firm of 8,duesbury and ,sheffield40 ,in #ahae1 ,mr4 ,duesbury leased the premises to ,mr4 ,robert ,bloor1 who had been a clerk to his father1 and had carried on the business during ,mr4 ,duesbury's minority1 and the entire concern ultimately passed into his hands1 and was carried on by him for the first few years with much judgment and skill4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,before ,mr4 ,bloor's time it had been the constant plan of the ,duesburys--so worthily tenacious were they of their reputation1 and of keeping up the high and unblemished character of their works--to allow none but perfect goods to leave their premises1 and no matter how costly the article1 or how trivial the fault 7frequently so trivial as to be only perceptible to the most practised eye71 all goods which were not perfect were stowed away in rooms in the factory1 and had accumulated to an enormous extent4 ,when ,mr4 ,bloor took the concern1 this stock of seconds goods became an almost exhaustless mine of wealth to him4 ,having to pay the purchase money by instalments1 he found the easiest method of doing so was to finish up these goods1 take them to different large towns1 and there sell them by auction1 and also to have sales at the manufactory2 one of these sales1 in #ahbb1 continued twenty-five days4 ,by this means ,mr4 ,bloor amassed large sums of money1 as the 8,derby china0 found ready and liberal purchasers wherever it was thus offered4 ,this system1 however1 though it had a temporary good1 produced a lasting evil4 ,the temptation to produce large quantities of goods specially for auction sale was so great as not to be withstood1 and as by this means they were disposed of 8with all their imperfections thick upon them10 less care was devoted to their manufacture1 and the decline of the works1 principally from this cause1 commenced4 ,mr4 ,robert ,bloor was assisted in his works by his brother ,joseph1 by whom the 8mixing0 was mainly done1 and from #ahbh1 when ,mr4 ,robert ,bloor's health began to fail1 they were carried on for him by a manager named ,thomason4 ,the two brothers died within a short time of each other4 ,robert1 who had lost his mind for many years before his decease1 died in #ahde1 and ,joseph the year following4 ,the works then passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,thomas ,clarke1 who had married a grand-daughter of ,robert ,bloor's1 who discontinued them1 and sold most of the models1 c41 to the ,staffordshire manufacturers--the greater bulk going into the hands of ,mr4 ,boyle1 a manufacturer1 of ,fenton1 who was son of ,mr4 ,john ,boyle1 and for a short time before his death a partner with the ,wedgwoods4 ,the final dissolution of the old works took place in #ahdh1 when a number of the workmen naturally migrated into ,staffordshire and ,worcestershire4 ,at this time1 however1 several of the old hands--actuated by the laudable desire of securing the continuance of a business which for a century had been so successfully carried on1 and of continuing it as one of the trades of their native town--clubbed together 7to use a characteristic expression71 and commenced business on their own account4 ,they each and all threw into the common stock what knowledge1 experience1 money1 and tools1 c1 they possessed1 took premises in ,king ,street 7on the site of old ,st4 ,helen's ,nunnery71 and under the name of 8,locker and ,co40 commenced making 8,derby china10 and adopted1 very properly1 a distinctive mark1 which shows this epoch in the works4 ,it is a somewhat curious circumstance1 that on the site of the old china works the modern ,roman ,catholic nunnery of ,s4 ,marie was erected2 while on the site of the old nunnery of ,st4 ,helen1 the present china works are now carried on4 ,great difficulties were encountered by this band of workmen1 but their zeal and determination overcame them4 ,mr4 ,locker 7who was a native of ,blackfordby1 and had been clerk and warehouseman at the old works in the latter part of their existence7 died in #ahei1 and the works were next conducted under the style of 8,stevenson and ,co410 and 8,stevenson1 ,sharp1 and ,co410 till the death of ,mr4 ,stevenson1 when the style was changed to that of 8,hancock and ,co410 and the works are now continued by ,mr4 ,sampson ,hancock1 and bid fair1 if not to rival the early glory and success of the works1 at least to do credit to the town of ,derby1 in which they are situated4 ,some of the productions are highly creditable to the taste and skill of the men1 and show that 8ye art of making ,english china10 imparted to ,william ,duesbury in #agef1 is not forgotten1 but remains with his successors to the present day4 ,one of the last large services made by ,bloor was a magnificent dessert made for her present ,majesty1 and some large additions to that set1 and pieces for replacing1 have been from time to time made by the present owners of the works1 which are still therefore as fully entitled to the name of 8,royal0 works as any of their predecessors4 ,the marks used by these later firms will be found engraved on page #ic2 ,i give them to complete the chronological series4 ,the name of ,courtney1 which appears on one of these marks1 was ,bloor's agent4 ,having now gone through the ,,history of the works1 it only remains to speak of the artists employed1 and of one branch of the manufacture1 that of 8,biscuit10 which requires more than a passing notice4 ,this material was a discovery of1 and quite peculiar to1 the ,derby ,works1 and the secret of its composition is still preserved4 ,to it the beautiful material ,parian thus owes its origin4 ,one of the ,derby workmen having engaged himself to ,mr4 ,copeland1 was trying experiments to recover the secret of the biscuit composition1 when instead of it he produced accidentally that which has been named 8,parian10 and in which all the exquisitely beautiful figures and groups that characterise their1 and other equally admirable1 productions have since1 with modifications and improvements1 been worked4 ,it is pleasant thus to know1 that although the art of making ,derby biscuit figures has been discontinued1 the ,parian has sprung from it1 and was first produced by a ,derby man4 ,nothing could exceed the sharpness and beauty of the biscuit figures as produced in the best days of the ,derby ,works1 and some examples1 for delicacy and fineness of modelling1 and for sharpness of touch1 have never1 in any ceramic material1 been surpassed1 or scarcely equalled4 ,transfer printing on china appears to have been introduced at ,derby in #agfd--some years before even ,wedgwood printed his own ware1 but while he was in the habit of sending it off to ,liverpool to be printed by ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green4 ,the process1 however1 did not obtain much favour at ,derby1 and ,mr4 ,duesbury evidently found it better1 and more satisfactory1 to adhere to hand-work in all his goods4 ,the person who introduced the process1 and whom he engaged to carry it on1 was ,richard ,holdship1 of ,worcester1 who1 by deed1 covenanted for the sum of #ajj paid down1 and a yearly sum of #cj so long as the works continued on his process1 to impart in writing to ,messrs4 ,duesbury and ,heath his secret process for making china according to proofs already made by him at the ,derby ,works2 to supply them with all sufficient quantities of soapy rock at fair prices2 and to print all the china or porcelain ware which might have occasion to be printed4 ,the engagement with ,holdship lasted1 at all events1 many years1 but during that time the printing evidently was not much followed1 as in his letters to his employers he is constantly complaining of having no work for his presses1 and in having no goods made according to his process4 ,he had an assistant named ,william ,underwood1 and in one of his letters he values his press at ten guineas in cash1 and his copper-plates at a large amount1 while he says 8for his process for ,printing ,enamell and ,blew1 he hath been offered several ,hundred ,pounds40 ,his stock of enamel colours1 #aea lbs4 in weight1 he offers to sell for #ce4 ,it is needless to write more in this place of ,holdship's connection with ,derby1 as ,i have already given more full particulars in the first volume1 page #bcb4 ,at one time ,john ,lodge1 the eminent engraver1 engraved some plates for printing at ,derby4 ,the following is his bill for some engraving done in #agga3-- ,mr4 ,,deusberry ,dr4 to ,,john ,,lodge1 s4 d4 ,engraving a ,plate of ,chinese ,figures #j #aj #f ,copper to do4 #j #b #f ,to ,engraving ,eight ,borders #j #af #j ,copper to do4 #j #a #aa ,to ,engraving two ,plates for ,cups and ,saucer #a #a #j ,copper #j #d #e ,to ,engraving two ,plates for ,cup and ,saucer #a #a #j ,copper to do4 #j #b #d ,to ,engraving two ,plates for ,small ,china #a #d #j ,copper to do4 #j #e #aj ---------- #e #i #f ,sept4 #bh1 #agga4 ,recd4 the ,contents in full of all demands1 ,,john ,,lodge4 ,fruit dishes1 and other articles were at one time made with open-work reticulated rims or sides2 a raised 8,dresden0 flower being placed on each of the outer sections in much the same manner as was characteristic of one period of ,worcester work4 ,these were made both in blue and white1 and in enamel2 they are somewhat scarce4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,in #aghi ,mr4 ,duesbury endeavoured to introduce batt-printing into his manufactory1 and for that purpose prevailed on his former assistant1 ,j4 ,hancock1 then in ,staffordshire1 to inquire into and describe to him the process4 ,i must not omit to say that earthen ware1 called the 8,cream ,ware10 very closely resembling ,wedgwood's celebrated 8,queen's ,ware10 was made at ,derby for a short time1 and was of great beauty4 ,specimens of this ware are of great rarity4 ,in #agij ,mr4 ,duesbury invented a machine for exhibiting the contraction of earthen bodies when in the fire2 this he had constructed by ,spooner and ,son4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ef to #eh4 ,the marks used at the ,derby ,china ,works may be thus briefly summarised4 ,the simple writing letter ,d is said to have been the first mark used by ,william ,duesbury4 ,the ,d1 which stands either as the initial of ,derby or of ,duesbury1 conjoined with the anchor of ,chelsea anchor symbol is the distinctive mark of the ,chelsea-,derby period--the period when ,william ,duesbury1 who had purchased the ,chelsea works1 carried on both the manufactories1 and1 later1 produced goods at ,derby from the ,chelsea moulds4 ,two or three varieties of this mark1 according to the taste or whim of the workmen1 occur 7see ,figs4 #ef1 #eg1 and #eh74 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ei to #fa4 ,two other marks1 the one a ,d surmounted by a crown1 and the other an anchor1 similarly surmounted1 are said to have denoted respectively the articles made at this period at ,derby and at ,chelsea 7,figs4 #ei to #fc74 ,now and then the first of these is met with in connection with the anchor 7,fig4 #fc74 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fb to #fg4 ,the most usual mark is that of the letter ,d1 with crossed swords1 dots1 and crown1 of which several varieties occur4 ,sometimes the initial is the writing letter ,d1 and sometimes a ,roman capital ,d1 and the crown also varies according to the caprice of the painter4 ,figs4 #fd to #fg show some of the varieties4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a variety of this1 in which a ,d and a ,k are conjoined1 denotes the period when the works1 in their later days1 were carried on by ,duesbury and ,kean4 ,it was1 however1 only very sparsely used4 ,for some years1 at all events up to about #ahbe or #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,bloor continued to use the old mark of the ,duesburys--the crown1 cross daggers with dots1 and ,d beneath--but about that period discontinued it1 and adopted instead a mark with his own name 7,fig4 #fh74 ,it is well to note1 that down to the discontinuance of the old mark1 it had invariably been done with the pencil1 by hand1 but that those adopted by ,mr4 ,bloor were printed ones4 ,the first printed mark ,i believe to be ,fig4 #fi1 and somewhat later the same was used1 but slightly larger in size 7,fig4 #ga74 ,other marks are shown on the engravings4 ,figs4 #gd and #ge have an old ,english ,illustration3 ,d surmounted by a crown2 another 7,fig4 #gf7 a crown1 with a riband bearing the word ,,derby in ,roman capitals beneath it4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fi to #gc4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gd to #gh4 ,other marks1 said to have been for one purpose or other--of course as imitations--used at ,derby1 are the following3-- ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gi to #hd4 ,in my own possession is a design1 in pencil1 by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 by his own hand1 for a mark1 which ,i engrave on ,fig4 #hd1 although ,i believe it was never adopted4 ,at all events ,i have failed in discovering a single specimen so marked4 ,mrs4 ,palliser1 however1 engraves a mark as occurring on a cup and saucer1 which somewhat assimilates to it4 ,she also gives1 from a specimen in her own possession1 the word ,derby in writing letters4 ,this1 she states1 occurs 8in black on a biscuit statuette20 but ,i fear the mark has been added at a later date4 ,another mark1 which has been described to me1 but of which ,i have not seen an example1 is very similar to ,fig4 #hd1 but has the cross daggers and crown added1 with the encircling words 8,,duesbury1 ,,derby10 ,fig4 #he4 ,it may be well1 en passant1 to notice a mark which appears on one of the copper-plates of the ,caughley works 7see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bgc74 ,it is an anchor over the word 8,derby40 ,as the initials ,,rh conjoined also appear along with the anchor and word 8,worcester10 and may mean either ,r4 ,hancock or ,richard ,holdship1 the probability is they belong to the latter 7who was connected with the ,derby works71 and that the anchor was adopted in allusion to his name1 hold ship--a very clever and ingenious device4 ,another variety belonging to ,mr4 ,robinson differs slightly from these4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hd to #hi4 ,on some services1 notably on the royal service1 mentioned on page #hh1 ,mr4 ,bloor had his name painted in full-- ,illustration3 ,messrs4 ,robert ,bloor ,co41 #cd1 ,old ,bond ,street1 on the back of plates1 c4 ,the 8,co40 in this instance was ,mr4 ,thomas ,courteney1 the ,london agent1 through whom the order was procured4 ,his place of business was #cd1 ,old ,bond ,street1 and many of the goods afterwards made for him bore the accompanying mark1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,messrs4 ,locker ,co41 at the modern ,king ,street works1 used the mark1 ,fig4 #ib1 and their successors1 ,stevenson1 ,sharp1 and ,co41 the next one4 ,the next firm1 ,stevenson and ,hancock1 used1 in accordance with my suggestion1 and a sketch ,i made for them1 in #ahfb1 the old ,derby mark of the crown1 crossed daggers1 dots1 and letter ,illustration3 ,d1 with the initials of the firm ,s4 ,h4 7for ,stevenson and ,hancock72 this is still continued by the present sole proprietor1 ,sampson ,hancock--the letters ,s4 ,h4 being1 fortunately1 his own initials4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ia to #id4 ,of the artists employed at the ,derby ,china ,works1 the principal modellers appear to have been ,spengler1 ,stephan1 ,coffee1 ,complin1 ,hartenberg1 ,duvivier1 ,webber1 and ,dear1 and many others1 including ,bacon the sculptor1 were employed in ,london1 and the models sent down to the works4 ,of the painters1 the principal ones were ,bowman1 who was originally of ,chelsea1 afterwards of ,derby1 and then again of ,london1 and who was one of the best flower and landscape painters of his day2 ,billingsley1 who received instruction from ,bowman1 and whose flower pieces have certainly never been surpassed1 or even equalled2 ,hill1 a famous painter of landscapes1 who delighted in sylvan scenery2 ,brewer1 also an excellent landscape and figure painter1 and whose wife1 ,bernice ,brewer1 was also a painter2 ,pegg1 who surpassed in faithful copying of nature1 in single branches and flowers1 and in autumnal borders2 ,samuel ,keys1 a clever ornamentalist1 who ended his days in the employ of ,mintons2 ,steel1 who excelled all others in painting fruit2 ,john ,keys1 a flower painter2 ,cotton and ,askew1 two highly-gifted painters of figures2 ,webster1 ,withers1 ,hancock 7two1 uncle and nephew71 ,bancroft and others as flower painters2 ,lowton1 clever at hunting and sporting subjects2 and ,robertson1 at landscapes4#ag ,but besides these1 there were many other really clever artists employed4 ,it is pleasant1 too1 to know1 that 8,wright1 of ,derby10 the celebrated portrait painter1 the contemporary and fellow pupil with ,reynolds1 lent his powerful aid on some occasions1#ah in supplying drawings and giving advice1 as did also ,de ,boeuff1 ,bartolozzi1 ,sanby1 ,glover1 and many others of eminence2 and it is also interesting to add1 that one of the ,wedgwood family1 ,jonathan ,wedgwood1 was at one time employed at ,derby4 ,the draft of agreement between himself and ,william ,duesbury1 dated #aggb1 is in my own possession1 and by it he binds himself for three years to work at 8the arts of repairing or throwing china or porcelaine ware10 for the sum of fourteen shillings per week4 ,a few brief notes upon some of the artists of the ,derby works will doubtless be of service to collectors2 ,i therefore dot down the following memoranda3-- ,j4 ,j4 ,,spengler1 a ,frenchman1 had been occasionally employed in ,london by ,mr4 ,duesbury to model figures for him1 and in #agij1 on the recommendation of ,mr4 ,vulliamy1 entered into an agreement to come to ,derby4 ,mr4 ,wallis1 in his not very reliable account of the ,derby ,china ,works1 to which ,i have before referred1 says ,spengler 8was brought to ,derby from ,london by ,mr4 ,kean10 but this is an error4 ,he was in ,derby years before ,mr4 ,kean had any connection with the works4 ,the original agreements1 dated ,july #ac and ,september #aeth1 #agij1 are in my own possession 7as are also a number of original letters1 accounts1 and other documents connected with him71 and is as follows3-- 8,a ,,copy4 8,a ,memorandum4 ,london1 ,july #ac1 #agij4 8,that the ,bearer1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,spengler1 has agreed to come down to the ,manufactory at ,derby1 to work as ,modeller1 c1 and to receive for the first month after the rate of three ,guineas per week1 and his expenses paid down by the ,coach4 ,his hours of work is to be from ,seven o'clock in the morning till the rest of the ,people in the ,manufactory give ,over work in the ,evening4 ,it is further agreed on1 that after the expiration of the first ,month1 if the parties like each other and they agree for a fixed time to come1 ,the bearer1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,spengler1 is then only to receive after the rate of two pounds ten shillings per week from the first day he began to work in the manufactory4 8,witness3 7,signed7 8,for ,mr4 ,w4 ,duesbury4 8,b4 ,vulliamy4 8,j4 ,spengler4 8,j4 ,lygo40 ,he accordingly came to ,derby and a more full agreement was drawn up in ,september4 ,on the #aeth of that month he drew up and signed a memorandum to the effect that as he knew nothing either of the laws or language of ,england1 he was to go to ,london to cause to be examined the agreement made between himself and 8,monsieur ,duesbury ,maitre de la fabrique de ,porcelaine a ,derbey10 and should it be found right1 to return at once to ,derby and sign and execute it2 ,mr4 ,duesbury agreeing to pay the expenses of the journey and half the loss of time at the rate fixed in the agreement4 ,this memorandum1 which is well written1 but in wretched ,french1 is signed by 8,j4 ,spengler0 and by 8,mr4 ,duesbury0 thus3-- 8,sep4 #aeth1 '#ij4 ,as far as ,i can understand the ,french ,language1 ,i conceive the above to be right4 ,wm ,duesbury40 ,spengler first went down to ,derby in the beginning of ,august1 #agij1 soon after the date of the agreement of ,july #acth 7having just previously modelled a 8,figure of ,astronomy1 in ,london10 for which ,mr4 ,duesbury paid him ten guineas1 and for extra time expended over it at ,derby1 in finishing1 an additional two and a half guineas71 and his first pieces of work were 8,figure with a ,vase 7,morning710 and its companion1 a 8,figure with a ,vase 7,noon710 for each of which he was paid seven guineas2 and the 8,three ,graces10 for the time expended on which he was paid six guineas4#ai ,before long1 unpleasantness arose through ,spengler's inattention to work1 breach of contracts1 and getting into debt1 and in #agib he left ,derby surreptitiously4 ,proceedings were taken by ,mr4 ,duesbury2 his goods 7the inventory of which1 dated ,march #ahth1 is before me7 were sold2 and he was captured at ,ramsgate1 and placed in the ,king's ,bench ,prison4 ,the result of law proceedings was that ,spengler entered into a fresh agreement with ,mr4 ,duesbury 7,i have the draft7 by which he covenanted 8,not to lose more time in any one week than half a day1 sickness excepted1 under the penalty of paying after the rate of #gs4 per day to ,mr4 ,d41 ,mr4 ,s4 to continue to serve ,mr4 ,d4 to the best of his skill 7without working for any other person7 until he shall have paid ,mr4 ,d4 the ballance due to him1 and all lawful expences2 ,mr4 ,d4 receiving two-thirds of his earnings1 ,spengler to have liberty to attend any number of hours 7that the manufactory is open for others7 over and above those work'd by himself and the rest of the other hands for overtime1 and to receive in the same proportion for such time as for the regular day's time10 and so on4 ,he was1 evidently1 for the purpose of carrying out the agreement1 bailed out of the ,king's ,bench by a friend1 whose letters ,i possess1 but by ,november of the same year had again left his employment4#bj ,spengler was then again in the ,king's ,bench1 from which1 on the #cast of ,january1 after other correspondence1 he wrote a very pathetic letter 7in ,french1 as all his letters are7 to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and ultimately it appears that an arrangement was come to for him to work in ,london4 ,in #agid1 fresh arrangements were again in progress 7,spengler1 who was living at ,chelsea1 in the meantime having continued to work for ,mr4 ,duesbury71 and much correspondence took place2 the result being that in ,february1 #agie1 ,spengler returned to ,derby1 under a fresh agreement1 which1 as it contains much valuable information as to figures and groups1 and prices for modelling them1 ,i give entire3-- 8,heads of an ,agreement to be enterd into between ,wm4 ,duesbury of ,derby in the ,county of ,derby ,j4 ,j4 ,spengler1 ,modeller1 ,viz43-- 8,j4 ,j4 ,s4 to serve ,wm4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 or ,asss4 in his ,manufactory at ,derby for so long as ,w4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 or ,asss4 shall have occasion for the assistance of ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 ,asss4 reserving to themselves the power of ,terminating this ,agreement by giving ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 #a ,month's notice at any time4 ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 to have the like power of ,terminating it at any time by giving #a ,ms4 notice unless he shall not be able in that time to complete any ,set of work he may have undertaken in which case ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 to stop with ,w4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 or ,asss4 till such work is so finishd if required by ,w4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 or ,asss4 8,w4 ,d4 having been a great looser by ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 under a former ,agreement1 it is now agreed that ,w4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 or ,asss4 shall have the liberty to pay ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 for his ,work either by the day at four shillings pr day of #aj hours 7to be the same hours which other ,workmen work for a day from time to time in the ,porcn4 ,manufactory at ,derby7 or by the piece as aftermentiond at their option when any piece of ,work shall be finished4 8,the prizes for each ,male or ,female ,human ,figure to be ,modeld by ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 from any sketch either on paper or in ,clay c4 as highly finished as the ,russian ,shepherd ,group--,palemon ,lavinia ,group--,blind ,beggar ,daughter ,do4 modeld for ,w4 ,d4 by ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 some time since to be s4 d4 ,if #d ,inches high not exceding #e ,in4 #f #f #e #f #h #j #f #g #aa #f #g #h #ac #f #h #i #af #j #i #aj #ah #f #aj #aa #a #a #j #aa #ab #a #d #j #ab #ac #a #h #j #ac #ad #a #ac #j #ad #ae #af and so on in proportion4 #ag #ah ,intermediate ,sizes in proportion4 8,j4 ,j4 ,s4 to go to ,derby at his own expence to begin work in #bh ,days after his signing this ,engagement4 ,in the mean time ,mr4 ,lygo to pay him from the ,time he signs this ,agreemt4 #e_/- pr4 ,week to be repaid by ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 by ,weekly ,stoppages of ,eight ,shillings4 8,j4 ,j4 ,s4 in all other particulars to work at be subject to the same rules1 orders1 regulations as the rest of the ,workmen of the ,manufactory at ,derby4 8,all ,sketches to be made whether in ,clay or on paper1 c41 under the direction of ,mr4 ,d4 his ,exs4 ,adms4 or ,asss4 by the day without limitation of time4 ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 to do the best he can in this particular to dispatch business4 8,j4 ,j4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 agree hereby to execute regular articles of agreements conformable to the above specified heads so soon as the same can conveniently be prepared1 under the ,penelty of ,one ,hundred ,pounds4 ,signd this #ajth day of ,jany #agie4 8,,spengler 8,witness--,,joseph ,,lygo40 8,modeler4 ,in a letter dated ,february #c1 #agie1 it is said 8,spangler will set off for ,derby tomorrow1 he intends walking as it will not be so expensive and he may as well be walking to ,derby as stay here doing nothing40 ,how long he remained in ,derby after this ,i have not ascertained but as ,mr4 ,duesbury died the following year1 and things went very awkwardly1 it is probable he did not long remain4 ,,pierre ,,stephan1 another ,frenchman1 was for some years a modeller and china maker at ,derby1 and produced many lovely groups and single figures4 ,he removed to ,jackfield1 where he commenced a small pot-works1 producing not only earthenware1 but encaustic tiles4 ,his son1 ,mr4 ,peter ,stephan1 is1 at the time ,i write1 a skilled modeller at the ,coalport ,china ,works4 7,see page #cje1 vol4 ,i47 ,by articles of agreement entered into on the #agth ,september1 #aggj1 8between ,peter ,stephane of ,derby in the ,county of ,derby1 ,modeler and ,china or ,porcelaine ,repairer of the one part and ,william ,duesbury of the same place ,china or ,porcelain ,manufacturer of the other part0 he binds himself for three years 8to employ himself in the art of ,modelling and ,repairing ,china or ,porcelaine ,ware0 at #b #abs4 #f;d4 per week4 ,the agreement is signed 8,pierre ,stephan0 and 8,william ,duesbury10 and is attested by 8,constantine ,smith10 8,friederick ,decuber10 and 8,thos4 ,morgan1 ,junr40--names which will be found noticed elsewhere4 ,in #agie ,stephan was at ,shelton1 and while there continued to model for and send moulds to ,mr4 ,duesbury4 ,,fidele ,,duvivier1 a ,frenchman1 entered into an engagement with the elder ,mr4 ,duesbury in #agfi4 ,the agreement 7duly signed by both ,duesbury and ,duvivier1 and attested by 8,john ,bosher0 and 8,s4 ,horrocks107 is dated #cast ,october1 #agfi1 and is 8between ,fidelle ,duvivier of the borough of ,derby ,china or ,porcelain ,painter10 and 8,william ,duesbury of the same place ,china or ,porcelain ,manufacturer10 and covenants that the former shall1 for four years from that date1 8diligently and faithfully according to the best and utmost of his skill and knowledge1 exercise and employ himself in the ,art of ,painting ,china or ,porcelain ,ware10 for the weekly wages of #bds42 ,mr4 ,duesbury agreeing1 at the end of that time1 to give him an additional five guineas 8in case he shall merit the same40 ,he became the principal flower painter at the ,derby ,works1 and his style was much followed by the later painters4 ,duvivier remained some years at ,derby1 and then left1 being afterwards employed at ,wedgwood's and various other places4 ,in #agij1 being then employed at the ,new ,hall ,works 7which see71 he wrote the following letter to the then ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and in consequence1 ,i believe1 he returned for a time to ,derby3--8,hanley green1 the #a novebr #agij1 ,mr4 ,dousbery1 ,sir1--take the liberty ,adressing you with a few lines1 as mine ,engegement in the new ,hal ,porcelaine manufatory is ,expierd1 and the propriotors do not intend to do much more in the fine line of ,painting1 therefor think of ,settling in new ,castle under lime being engag'd to teech ,drowing in the ,boarding ,school at that place1 one ,school ,i have at ,stone1 so as to have only three days to ,spare in the week for ,painting1 wich time ,could wish to be employ'd by you preferable to eany other fabricque1 because you like and understand good work1 as am inform'd1 my painting now to watt ,i did for your father is quit diferent but without flatering my ,self1 ,hope to give you ,satisfaction1 in ,case you ,schould like to inploy me1 ,sir1--your anser will much oblige your ,humble ,servant1 ,,duvivier ,p4,s4 the conveyance would be much in fevoir for to ,send the ware to and from as ther is a waggon ,every week from darby to new ,castle0 ,,william ,j4 ,,coffee1 a modeller1 who 8made his mark0 at ,derby1 was the son of ,william ,coffee1 who worked either at ,hempel's or ,triquet's pottery at ,chelsea1 and afterwards entered into domestic service in a gentleman's family4 ,coffee was1 ,i believe1 brought up to some branch of the business with his father at these ,chelsea works1 and was afterwards employed at ,coade's ,lambeth ,pottery4#ba ,he first came down to ,derby1 ,i believe1 about the year #agia1 and agreements were entered into between him and ,mr4 ,duesbury4 ,i believe he at first came as a kiln-man4 ,he does not1 as a modeller1 seem to have made much head-way at first1 and even in #agid the ,london agent wrote1 8,i do not much admire ,mr4 ,coffee's modelling from what ,i have yet seen4 ,the figure ,no4 #cei is one of the most stupid looking things ,i ever saw1 and the figure of ,apollo in group ,no4 #cgi is very vulgar about the bosom1 for sure never such bubbys was seen and so much exposed--the design is pretty enough40 ,soon after this a fresh agreement was entered into as to prices to be paid for figures according to size by the piece1 or at day's wages2 ,mr4 ,duesbury covenanting to have the option of paying him after the rate of #cs4 #f;d4 per day for each day of #aj hours that he works at the manufactory1 8or at the rate of #gs4 for any single human figure of #f inches high1 whether standing or in any other action1 which if standing would be #f inches high2 and that all figures shall be roughed out naked in correct proportions before draped20 three pence for every half inch additional in height being paid1 and so on4 ,on the #cjth of ,january1 #agie1 a fresh agreement was entered into3--8,memorandum--,whereas ,heads of an ,agreement between ,wm4 ,coffee and ,wm4 ,duesbury were ,executed by ,w4 ,c4 and ,w4 ,d4 wherein #f ,months notice was agreed upon between them when either wished to close the ,agreement--,it is hereby agreed between ,w4 ,d4 and ,w4 ,c4 that the said ,agreement shall be cancell'd1 and this ,agreement stand in its place viz--,w4 ,c4 shall ,modell for ,w4 ,d4 untill the #fth of ,july next at the prizes which shall be paid by ,w4 ,d4 to the ,modeller he has now engaged to come down who is to have #ds4 pr4 day for such work as he shall do by the day and various prizes by the piece in proportion to their value when he works by the piece in lieu of by the day--,,nb--,this ,agreement is not to be construed to imploy that ,w4 ,d4 has agreed to raise ,w4 ,c4's wages by the day above #cs4 #f;d4 when he shall chuse to imploy ,w4 ,c4 by the day in preferance to his working by the piece--,signed this #cjth of ,jany4 #agie4 ,,nb--,w4 ,c4 remarks1 that he would wish to know before he begins any piece of work whether the said work is to be ,executed by him by the day or by the piece1 ,w4 ,d4 certifies by this proviso that such was always his intention--,w4 ,,coffee1 ,w4 ,,duesbury1 ,witness1 ,charles ,king40 ,in the same year ,coffee left ,derby1 and engaged himself with ,sir ,nigel ,gresley1 ,bart41 and ,mr4 ,adderley1 at their china works at ,burton-on-,trent1#bb and immediately wrote as follows to ,mr4 ,duesbury3--8,burton on ,trent ,j #d #agie1 ,sir1--,my being your ,debtor makes it my ,duty to inform you immediately of my arrival here and likewise of my engagement with ,sir ,nigel ,gresley and ,mr ,adderley lest you should suppose that ,i had forgot the ,obligation ,i lie under to you--but am extremely sorry to understand that you meant to injure me respecting my ,business as that would totally deprive my honest intention of paying you1 the mode of which ,i shall be happy to submit to your own satisfaction when ,i wait on you1 ,i intend as soon as possible4--,i am sir your h servant1 ,w4 ,,coffee40 ,to this ,mr4 ,duesbury returned a manly letter1 denying the imputation1 asking for the name of ,coffee's informant1 and assuring him that he has only to make the mode of repayment quite convenient to himself4 ,in the same year the father of ,coffee thus wrote3--8,london ,sepr #ith #agie1 ,sir1--,my ,son since ,he left you has been at ,work near your ,manufactory for ,sir ,nigel ,gresley which ,he says ,he inform'd you of at the time--having finished all there was to do there ,he is now return'd to ,london and out of ,employ4 ,as ,i was very sorry for his leaving you and severely reflected on ,him for it--,he now assures me that ,he shou'd be extremely happy to serve you again--for a constancy if you thought proper under an ,article for a ,term of ,years--at the lower rate of #ah or #ag ,shillings pr week--,he gave ,sir ,nigel the greatest satisaction both in ,his behaviour and in ,his ,business--as a proof of which ,sir ,nigel has offer'd to give ,him the best of ,characters at any time it shou'd be requir'd of ,him--therefore ,sir you cou'd be satisfied in that respect at any time you pleas'd--hoping whatever may have happen'd at any time disagreeable your goodness will forget--,your condescention in favouring me with an ,answer directly will much oblige ,sir ,your most humble ,servant ,,william ,,coffee ,p4,s4 ,he is wiling to repair or do what work you think proper4 ,i will attend ,mr ,ligo hopeing your kind ,answer40 ,the result was that ,coffee returned to ,derby2 worked at the china factory as of old2 and afterwards commenced business on his own account in ,derby4 ,here he produced terra-cotta figures of considerable merit and in tolerable variety4 ,of these1 a wolf1 a lion1 a dog1 and others are strikingly good4 ,he stamped his productions with his name1 8,w4 ,,coffee1 ,,derby10 and occasionally the number1 or the date4 ,he also gave lessons in modelling1 and turned his attention to oil-painting and sculpture4 ,his statue of sculapius1 on the roof of the ,infirmary at ,derby1 was his principal work4 ,it was executed in or about #ahaj4 ,,richard ,,askew was employed at the ,chelsea works when taken to by ,duesbury1 and came from there to ,derby in #aggb4 ,his name occurs regularly in the 8weekly bills0 at ,chelsea where he received #ds4 #b;d4 a-day wages4 ,the following is an account for extra work done by him3-- s4 d4 #b ,perfume pots in figuars #a #af #j #b ,row wagons in figuars #a #aj #j ---------- #c #f #j ,recid4 #b #bs4 ---------- ,april the #cj1 #agga4 ,,richard ,,askew4 ,,robert ,,askew1 his son1 was employed at ,derby in #aggb1 and in that year1 along with ,john ,laurence1 absconded from his employment1 and was advertised three different times in the ,birmingham newspapers4 ,in #agid ,askew1 8enamel painter of ,birmingham10 was living in ,birmingham 7at #h1 ,friday ,street71 and on the #bnd of ,august an agreement was drawn up1 by which he bound himself 8to work by the piece in lieu of the day1 and at prizes mentioned in the ajoining list20 the subjects to be executed in the best manner in his power1 and not agreeable to the coffee cans already executed1 viz41 ,duke of ,york1 ,king and ,queen of ,france1 and ,spinning ,wheel1 c41 but in quality and effect equal to the ,cupids on two flower pots by ,james ,banford having ,r4 ,askew's name written upon them 7to prevent a mistake in alluding to them7 in ink1 subscribed this day in presence of ,mr4 ,c4 ,king4 ,the list of prices by the piece1 attached to the draft of the agreement1 is of great interest1 but too long to insert4 ,the coffee cans here named were some then recently painted by ,askew1 and as the bill for them contains many curious items and much valuable information on the ,art-productions of that day1 ,i give it entire4 ,this bill1 and many others which are still extant1 show that ,askew was the principal figure-painter employed at the ,derby ,china ,works4 ,it is headed1 8,mr4 ,wilm4 ,duesbury1 ,deptur to ,richd4 ,askew1 ,july #agid40 8a coffe can1 with the king of france1 one days work #j #e #c a coffe can1 with the ,queen of france1 one day #j #e #c a coffe can1 with a woman spining1 one ,day #j #e #c a coffe can1 with the head of the ,duke of york1 one day #j #e #c #b coffe cans1 with cupeds1 tow ,days a half #j #ac #a a cadle cup1 with a woman child1 tow days #j #aj #f a cadle cup1 with a begar-,girl child1 tow days #j #aj #f a coffe can1 a woman holding flowers siting1 a day half #j #g #aj a flower ,pot1 with a woman child1 tow days #j #aj #f a cadle cup1 with a woman a ,lion1 tow days #j #aj #f #b coffe cans1 figuors of fath hope1 to days a half #j #ac #a a cadle cup1 with the fourting-teller1 three and a half days #j #ah #d a coffe can1 with the head of the ,prince of ,wails1 tow days #j #aj #f a coffe can1 with a ,girl bird1 one ,day a half #j #g #aj #b coffee cans1 with cupids1 tow ,days and a half #j #ac #a a cadle cup1 with a woman siting at ,woark1 tow days #j #aj #f a cadle cup1 with ,doatage and beauty1 three days #j #ae #i a cadle cup1 with ,age and youth1 three ,days #j #ae #i #b coffe cans1 with cupieds1 tow ,days and a half #j #ac #a a coffe can1 with a man woman offiring to ,cuped1 #c days a half #j #ah #d a coffe can1 with cupied chiding ,venus1 #c days a half #j #ah #d #b cadle cups1 first scount lasson of love1 ,eaght ,days #b #b #j a ,plate1 with a head1 half a ,day #j #b #g a cup scarcer1 with landsceps1 one ,day #j #e #c a coffe can1 with a ,girl a ,rabbet1 tow ,days #j #aj #f a coffe can1 with bebe ,eagle1 tow ,days #j #aj #f #b coffe cans1 with the ,prince of ,wails ,dutches of york1 #d days #a #a #j a coffe can1 with maid of ,corinth1 four ,days #a #a #j a coffe can1 with love sleeps1 four ,days #a #a #j a coffe can1 with sapho cuped1 #c ,days a half #j #ah #d a coffe can1 with a offering to cuped1 #c ,days a half #j #ah #d for ,drawings1 tow ,days a half #j #ac #a a cup sacer1 in brown1 half a day #j #b #g a coffe can1 in brown1 half a ,day #j #b #g a ,plate1 with ,plamon lavinea1 #c ,days #j #ae #i #b coffe cans1 with single figuars1 tow ,days #j #aj #f a ,plate1 with a cupied ,emblems1 tow ,days half #j #ac #a #ab ,tea cups1 in brown figuars1 three ,days a half #j #ah #d a ,plate1 with a cupied only1 a ,day a half #j #g #aj #h coffe cans1 single figuars1 ,eight ,days #b #b #j #b coffe cans1 with figuars1 ,day a half ,each #a #aa #f #d coffe cans1 with the four ,elements1 #d ,days ,each #d #d #j to three weekes ,drawing of cupieds #d #ad #f #d coffe cans1 with figuars1 a ,day half ,each #a #c #g #d coffe cans1 with figuars1 a ,day half ,each #a #aj #f a coffe can1 with the ,duke o york1 tow ,days #j #aj #f a ,pair1 with figuars1 #e ,days #a #f #c #b chamber ,pots1 with cupieds in the inside1 #d days #a #a #j a coffe can1 with the ,prince of ,wails #j #aj #f to ,drawing of cupieds1 #e ,days #a #f #c a stand1 with cupieds1 in ,rose couler1 ,day half #j #g #aj a cram ,pot1 in ,do1 half a ,day #j #b #g a cram ,pot1 with figuar in brown1 half a ,day #j #b #g #d coffe cans1 with dancing figuars1 #e ,days #a #f #c #d coffe cans1 with the ,elements1 #d ,days #d #d #j a cadle cup1 with a woman children a brakefarst1 #c ,days half #j #ah #d a cadle cup in ,do1 at supper1 #c ,days a half #j #ah #d a stand1 a tay ,pot1 #b coffe cans1 a sugar ,bason and cram ,pot1 work warry heily neatly finishd by ,pertickler ,desier1 #e weekes #g #ag #f #e cups1 in landskips1 #b ,days #j #aj #f ------------ #fa #j #d ------------ the subjects on the stad1 #c womans cupied tyde to a tree4 on the coffe cans1 to woman offereng to ,pan to woman awaking of cupied4 on the ,tea ,pot1 maid of ,corinth love sleeps4 on the sugar-,bason1 ,euphorsnay cuped4 on the crame ,pot1 a flying cupied4 ,dilevered ,october the #c1 #agie4 s4 d4 #a4 #b coffe cans1 with the ,king ,queen of france #j #aj #j #b4 #a ,do1 with the duke of yorke #j #e #j #c4 #a ,do1 with the spining weele #j #c #j #d4 #b ,do1 with ,cupets #j #aj #j #e4 #a cadle cup1 with a woman child #j #g #j #f4 #a ,do1 with ,begar ,girl child #j #g #j #g4 #a coffe cup1 with a woman siting #j #e #j #h4 a flower ,pot1 with a woman cupet #j #i #j #i4 a ,cadle cup1 with ,hosea a ,leon #j #g #j #aj4 #b coffe cans1 with hope fath #j #aj #j #aa4 a cadle cupe1 with the fortin teller #j #ad #j #ab4 a coffe can1 with a head of the ,prince of ,wales #j #g #f #ac4 a coffe can1 with a ,girl bird #j #e #j #ad4 a cadle cup1 with a woman siting at work #j #g #j #ae4 a cadle cup1 with doatage beauty #j #ab #j #af4 ,do1 with age and youth #j #ab #j #ag4 #b coffe cans1 with cupets #j #aj #j #ah4 #b cadle cups1 first secont leson of love #a #h #j #ai4 #b coffe cans1 with venus and cupet sacrafise to love #a #aj #j #bj4 a ,plate1 with hand #j #b #j #ba4 a cup saucer1 with ,landsceps #j #f #j #bb4 #b coffe cans1 hebe the child rabbet #j #ah #j #bc4 #b coffe cans1 with heads of the ,prince of ,wales ,dss of ,york #j #ae #j #bd4 a coffe can1 with the maid of corneth #j #ae #j #be4 a coffe can1 with love slepes #j #ae #j #bf4 a coffe can1 with sappho to ,phaon #j #ae #j #bg4 a coffe can1 with offering to cupet #j #ae #j #bh4 for ,drawings #j #ab #j ,deliverd4 ,november the #bf1 #id4 ------------ ,,richard ,,askew4 #ae #aa #f ------------ ,,william ,,billingsley1 whose name is more intimately mixed up with the history of porcelain than most of his contemporaries1 was a china painter of unusual excellence1 and a practical maker as well4 ,like many another man of genius1 he was1 however1 unstable and erratic in his movements2 but to this very quality we are indebted for the establishment of more than one eminent manufactory4 ,to him and his practical skill is due the establishment of china-works at ,pinxton1 at ,mansfield1 at ,nantgarw1 and at ,swansea1 and to some extent the improvement of the ware at ,coalport and at ,worcester1 as well as much of the high class of decoration at the old ,derby ,works2 and he has thus 8left his mark0 on the history of ,ceramic ,art4 ,billingsley was a man of great genius1 of extraordinary talent1 of extreme ability as an artist1 and of skill as a practical potter2 but wanting stability1 he became but a living illustration of the adage which says 8a rolling stone gathers no moss40 ,he settled only for a very short time anywhere before he again moved2 but wherever he did remain1 if only for a short time1 he left the impress of his name and the most indisputable evidence of his skill behind him4 ,william ,billingsley was the eldest son of ,william and ,mary ,billingsley1 of the parish of ,st4 ,alkmund1 ,derby4 ,he was baptized in that church on the #abth of ,october1 #ageh4 ,the following is the entry of his birth3--8#ageh1 ,oct4 #ab1 ,baptized1 ,william1 the son of--,billingsley and--his wife40 ,other entries in the register show that the names of his parents were 8,william0 and 8,mary40 ,his father died in ,march1 #aggj1 when he was only twelve years of age4#bc ,four years afterwards1 on the #bfth of ,september1 #aggd1 when sixteen years of age1 he was bound apprentice to ,william ,duesbury4 ,in the indenture he is described as 8,william ,billingsley1 son of ,mary ,billingsley1 of ,derby1 in the county of ,derby10 and he is bound apprentice for five years to 8,william ,duesbury1 of ,derby aforesaid1 ,china or ,porcelain ,maker10 to 8learn the ,art of ,painting upon ,china or ,porcelain ,ware40 ,he was to receive as wages five shillings per week for the whole time of his servitude2 not an advancing scale year by year as was usual4 ,the indenture is signed by 8,william ,billingsley10 8,mary ,billingsley10 and 8,wm4 ,duesbury10 in the presence of 8,wm4 ,clarke40 ,to ,mr4 ,duesbury he served the full time of his apprenticeship1 during which time he received considerable instruction as a painter1 from ,zachariah ,boreman1#bd one of the best artists of the old ,chelsea ,works1 who had removed with those works to ,derby4 ,on the #dth of ,november1 #aghj1 ,william ,billingsley1 then just over twenty-two years of age1 married1 at ,st4 ,alkmund's ,church1 ,derby1 ,sarah ,rigley1 of that parish1 by whom he had several children1 three of whom were baptised at ,st4 ,alkmund's ,church4 ,on the expiration of his apprenticeship1 ,william ,billingsley continued in the service of ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and by his extreme skill as a flower-painter became the best artist in that line of decoration4 ,in #aghe1 ,mr4 ,duesbury died2 and the business was carried on by his son1 with whom ,billingsley and other artists remained for some years4 ,soon after this time some correspondence having taken place between ,mr4 ,duesbury and ,mr4 ,coke concerning the properties of a bed of clay at ,pinxton1 in ,derbyshire1 which it was considered would be useful for the manufacture of china1 trials were made1 which ultimately resulted in ,billingsley making an arrangement with ,mr4 ,coke for the establishment of a manufactory at that place 7see ,pinxton74 ,billingsley's name frequently occurs in papers and memoranda relating to the ,derby ,china ,works in my possession1 and certain patterns and designs in the old pattern-books of the works are distinguished as 8,billingsley's flowers40 ,as it is highly interesting to know what artists and other principal 8hands0 were employed at the same time as1 and worked along with1 ,william ,billingsley1 ,i give the following copy of a document relating to the keeping of the men employed on one part of the works from entering any other part3--8,derby ,china ,manufactory1 #bcrd ,nov41 #aghg4 ,if any person in ,future1 either within the working ,hours or at any other time1 is seen or discover'd in the ,rooms1 ,kilns1 ,apartments1 or other ,premises of the other 7not having any proper ,business relative to his particular ,occupation there7 he will positively be fined the sum of five ,shillings4 ,the ,fines 7if any are incur'd7 to be put into the ,box of ,donations at pay time1 on the ,saturday after the detection4 8,j4 ,duesbury4 ,boreman4 ,smith4 ,billingsley4 ,stables4 ,jno4 ,yates4 ,wm4 do4 ,longdon4 ,tayler4 ,blood4 ,cooper4 ,butler4 ,soar4 ,dickinson4 ,kay4 ,fogg4 ,webster4 ,clarke4 ,barton4 ,mason4 ,m4 do4 ,atkins4 ,wedgwood4 ,ash4 ,morledge4 ,watthews4 ,lawrence4 ,whitaker4 ,porter4 ,t4 ,moore4 ,shipley4 ,b4 ,orme4 -----#bf ,wells4 ,keen4 ,parish4 ,spooner4 ,son4 ,wardle4 ,rogers4 ,musgrove4 ,morrell4 ,robins4 ,horsley4 ,green4 ,lovegrove4 ,whitiall4 ,g4 ,holmes4 ,hill4 ,farnsworth4 ,whitaker4 ,laurance4 ,atkins4 ,morledge4 ,wedgwood4 ,ash4 ,wathews4 ,ball4 ,thos4 ,soare4#bg ,jos4 ,stables4 ,wm4 ,cooper4 ,jno4 ,yates4 ,wm4 ,billingsley4 ,jno4 ,blood4 ,wm4 ,yates4 ,wm4 ,longdon4 ,wm4 ,taylor4 ,jno4 ,buttler4 ,wm4 ,smith4 ,z4 ,boreman40 ,again1 in #aghh3-- 8,in ,november last notice was given that persons of one branch of the manufactory were not to go into the premises of the other1 unless they had real business there relative to theire particular occupation1 notwithstanding which the practice is still by some ,individuals continued4 ,notice is therefore hereby finally given1 that if any person in future 7having received this ,notice7 shall intrude themselves contrary to this injunction they will positively be fined #e shillings4 8,sept4 #bdth1 #hh4 8,boreman4 ,billingsley4 ,jno4 ,yates4 ,wm4 do4 ,taylor4 ,smith4 ,borton4 ,t4 ,rogers4 ,t4 ,simes4 ,webster4 ,soare4 ,stables4 ,cooper4 ,josph4 ,doe4 ,longdon4 ,blood4 ,buttler4 ,key4 ,fogg4 ,clarke4 ,dickinson4 ,m4 ,mason4 ,shirley1 ,arthr40 ,the following is also an interesting document1 signed by ,billingsley along with other artists3--8,from the many injuries done to the trade by employing ,women in ,painting of ,china1 c41 ,particularly not being employ'd in ,london in any ,painting or ,gilding ,shop whatsoever1 we hope you will not withstand ,granting us the favour of their not being employ'd here4 8,edwd4 ,withers4 ,samuel ,keys4 ,jno4 ,brown4 ,wm4 ,cooper4 ,wm4 ,longdon4 ,wm4 ,yates4 ,thos4 ,rogers4 ,benj4 ,brocklesby4 ,jos4 ,stables4 ,billingsley4 ,soare4 ,jno4 ,yates4 ,wm4 ,taylor40 ,in this matter of opposition to the employment of women ,billingsley seems1 later on1 to have relented1 as will be seen by the following very nice letter from ,bernice ,banford1 one of the female painters employed1 and wife of one of the men3--8,sir1 ,i hope you will excuse me for takeing the liberty to trouble you again1 as my motive for writeing is to ,return you thanks for the ,favour you was pleased to confer in allowing me some work4 ,i have only painted #d ,dozen and #c plates1 at #c;d4 each1 which ,i believe is ,charged ,right1 but know not whether ,i am so happy to merit your approbation in the ,performance4 ,mr4 ,john ,duesbury would have sent me more work1 but ,mr4 ,banford ,declin'd it till your return1 as all the men 7,mr4 ,bilinsley and ,mr4 ,complin ,excepted7 treated him in a very unbecoming manner1 and even threaten'd him if the work was continu'd to me1 which would at this time be of the greatest service to my ,family1 and should be very happy to contribute to its support4 ,pardon me1 ,sir1 if ,i presume to say ,i am certain one word from you would ease their ,doubts and effectually silence them4 ,i am1 ,sir1 with the greatest ,respect1 your ,obliged1 ,humble ,servt41 ,,bernice ,,banford4--,march ye #c40 ,billingsley appears to have been paid from about #a #ajs4 to #b per week at the ,derby ,china ,works1 and several of his accounts and receipts are in my possession4 ,in one of these 7,september #bcrd1 #agic71 the balance due to him being #cd #gs4 #b;d41 he asks for 8a draft on ,london for #cj at twenty-one days' date10 on account1 as usual1 and acknowledges to having 8lost some little time1 which in some degree differs from our agreement1 but it has been a matter of necessity1 not choice20 and states that as he shall 8in the course of a fortnight quit the public business10--he at this time1 as ,i gather1 being landlord of a public-house 7the 8,nottingham ,arms0 in ,bridgegate1 ,derby7--he shall be able to make up the time so lost4 ,again1 receipts in #agic-d-e1 show that he was still at that time in ,mr4 ,duesbury's employ in ,derby4 ,it may be well1 before proceeding further1 to say that1 from a curious draft of an order to the painters employed at the ,derby ,china ,works1 in my own possession1 ,william ,billingsley's number which he was supposed from that time 7not long before he left7 to mark on such pieces as he painted was #g4 ,the document is so curious1 and will be so interesting to collectors1 that ,i give it entire4 ,it is as follows1 and is in the second ,william ,duesbury's own handwriting3-- 8,every ,painter to mark underneath each ,article he may finish1 the number corresponding to his name1 and any other mark which may be required1 in such manner as he may be directed 7viz473-- ,thos4 ,soar #a ,jos4 ,stables #b ,wm4 ,cooper #c ,wm4 ,yates #d ,jno4 ,yates #e #f ,william ,billingsley #g ,wm4 ,longdon #h ,wm4 ,smith #i ,jno4 ,blood #aj ,wm4 ,taylor 7except on blue and white7 #aa ,jno4 ,duesbury #ab ,jos4 ,dodd #ac ,the ,painter in fine blue1 and in laying grounds to use for his mark the like colours4 ,ditto1 in other colours ,orange-red4 ,ditto1 in ,gold ,purple4 8,on omission of the above ,injunctions1 for the first ,offence 7after this public notice71 the person so offending shall forfeit to the ,box which contains donations for the ,manufactory at large1 one-fourth of the value of the ,article or ,articles found to be deficient in marking2 for the second1 one-half of the value2 and for the third1 the whole of the value1 and discharged the ,manufactory4 ,and if any ,painter is found working at any hour contrary to those already appointed for ,business1 without ,permission or ,orders1 such person shall1 for the first offence forfeit to the ,box #f;d42 for the second1 #as42 for the third1 #bs41 and so on1 doubling each time40 ,in #agie ,billingsley determined upon bringing his connection with the ,derby ,china ,works to an end1 and for that purpose gave notice to his employer1 ,mr4 ,duesbury4 ,knowing how ill he could be spared from the decorative part of the manufactory1 his employer endeavoured to retain his services1 and1 not unnaturally1 put various obstacles in the way of his leaving ,billingsley2 however seems to have determined on the removal1 and much to his credit that that removal should be an honourable one4 ,the following letter shows his determination3-- 8,,sir1--,from the circumstance that occurr'd when ,i was last in ,conversation with you1 ,i am induc'd to take this mode of informing you of my opinion on the subject then in question4 ,my opinion is1 that ,i have fulfill'd the warning#bh ,i gave 7my reasons in support of which it is not necessary to advance at this time74 ,but as ,i am inform'd that you believe ,i have some further time to work for you before the ,warning is fulfill'd--namely1 to make up the time ,i lost in the six months ,i was under warning1 and as it is my wish to leave no ground for dissatisfaction1 ,i take this opportunity of informing you that ,i am willing to come and ,work that time according to that opinion of the case4 ,if the foregoing is according to your opinion and desire1 your being so kind as to send me advise to that effect at any time in the course of a week1 and likewise the time ,i have to work according to the rule and opinion above stated1 ,i will attend your works accordingly4 ,if ,i do not hear from you in the course of the time above stated1 ,i must then conclude that you are satisfy'd1 and the information that ,i have receiv'd is without foundation4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your ,humble ,serv41 ,,wm4 ,,billingsley4--,derby1 ,oct4 #ad1 #agif40 ,shortly before this time ,mr4 ,joseph ,lygo1 the ,london agent and manager of the business of the ,derby ,china ,works1 wrote to his employer1 ,mr4 ,duesbury3--8,i hope you will be able to make a bargain with ,mr4 ,billingsley for him to continue with you1 for it will be a great loss to lose such a hand1 and not only that1 but his going into another factory will put them in the way of doing flowers in the same way1 which they are at present entirely ignorant of40 ,despite all this1 ,billingsley left the ,derby ,china ,works1 where he had been apprenticed1 and in which he had worked for twenty-two years1 and in #agif commenced1 for or with ,mr4 ,coke1 a small manufactory at ,pinxton1 near ,alfreton4 ,here his practical skill stood him in good service1 and the experiments he had long tried in china bodies were brought to bear satisfactory results4 ,he succeeded in producing a granular body 7the fracture having much the appearance of fine loaf-sugar71 very soft1 but of extreme beauty4 ,here ,billingsley remained for about four years only1 removing in #ahjj to ,,mansfield1 where he started a small concern1 which he continued for about three or four years longer4 ,having once become unsettled by his removal from ,derby1 ,billingsley does not appear ever afterwards to have rested long in any one place4 ,in #ahjd he is stated to have commenced1 or joined1 some small china works at ,,torksey in ,lincolnshire2 and a few years later he appears to have started a china manufactory at ,,wirksworth in ,derbyshire--no doubt being in part actuated in locating himself there through the fact of the existence of a beautiful white clay being found in connection with the lead mines at ,brassington and other places in its neighbourhood4 ,in #ahaa ,billingsley removed to ,worcester1 where he engaged himself with ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr1 of the ,worcester ,china ,works4 ,here1 as in some of his other migrations1 he was accompanied by his son-in-law1 ,george ,walker1 the husband of his daughter ,sarah4 ,of the engagement of these two at ,,worcester1 ,mr4 ,binns says3 8,in #ahaa1 ,billingsley1 the ,derby artist1 came to ,worcester4 ,as a clever flower-painter1 he was no doubt an acquisition1 but that does not appear to have been the object of his visit4 ,billingsley knew something of making porcelain1 and was possessed of a receipt which there is no doubt he valued very highly4 ,from ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr's letter to ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 it would appear that he had endeavoured to introduce this special body at ,worcester1 but we do not think he was allowed to interfere to any extent in the manufacturing department4 ,walker1 ,billingsley's companion and son-in-law1 introduced a more important invention to the ,worcester ,works in the reverberating enamel kiln4 ,these kilns had been in use in ,london and at ,derby1 but were now for the first time built at ,worcester4 ,up to this time iron muffles were used1 but from their arrangement requiring a preparatory kiln or muffle1 after the same manner as the annealing oven of a glass-house1 they were most objectionable1 the ware having to be removed from one to the other whilst very hot4 ,previous to this iron muffle1 a more original muffle still was used4 ,the description given to us quite accords with the engraving in ,biancourt1 with the exception of the arrangement of the fire4 ,in the old ,worcester kilns the space between the bricks and the iron case was filled with small pieces of charcoal1 and when the iron cover was finally placed1 it was also covered with charcoal2 the fire was then applied to the centre of the cover1 and gradually extended all over and down the sides until it got to the bottom2 the object of this arrangement was to get an equal heat all over1 which would not have been the case had the bottom been heated first4 ,the method of building these new enamel kilns was kept as a great secret1 ,walker always working by night4 ,he built them both for ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr and ,messrs4 ,chamberlain40 ,after remaining two years only at ,worcester1 in #ahac ,billingsley and ,walker 7the former under a name he had for cogent reasons assumed--that of ,beeley1 this name being a contraction of his own ,billingsley1 or ,b'ley1 otherwise ,beeley7 left that place and went to ,,nantgarw1 a small1 out-of-the-way village in ,glamorganshire1 near ,pontypridd1 where they established themselves and commenced making china4 ,from here they sent up a specimen of their ware to ,government1#bi to show their special body1 and to seek ,government aid2 and the ,board of ,trade1 through ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 requested ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 of the ,swansea pot-works1 to visit ,nantgarw and report on the quality of the ware4 ,this visit of ,mr4 ,dillwyn's resulted in his entering into an arrangement with ,billingsley and ,walker to transfer themselves and their works to ,,swansea1 where he built a small manufactory for them1 closely adjoining his other works4 ,not long after this ,mr4 ,dillwyn received a notice from ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr1 of ,worcester1 informing him that ,billingsley and ,walker 8had clandestinely left their service10 and warning him not to employ them4 ,this occurred1 ,i believe1 in about two years from the time of founding the ,swansea ,china ,works1 and on ,mr4 ,dillwyn being assured by ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr that china with the granulated body could not be made to be commercially successful1 he gave up the manufacture1 and dismissed ,billingsley and ,walker1 who then at once returned to ,nantgarw1 where they resumed their manufacture of china1 and produced many beautiful services and pieces1 which now fetch remarkably high prices4 ,the productions of this small manufactory having found their way into some of the best ,london dealers' hands1 ,mr4 ,rose1 of the ,coalport ,china ,works1 feeling that the ,nantgarw trade1 if allowed to continue1 would seriously affect his business1 went over to ,nantgarw1 and after some negotiation1 made a permanent engagement with ,billingsley and ,walker1 and bought up from them at once their stock1 their moulds1 and their receipt for the body1 and removed them and all their belongings 7as he did also those of ,swansea7 to ,,coalport4 ,thus the manufacture of ,nantgarw porcelain1 just as it was approaching perfection and becoming known1 was1 unfortunately1 at once and for ever closed4 ,william ,billingsley remained at ,coalport#cj--living in a small cottage a short distance on the ,shiffnal ,road--for the rest of his days1 which1 however1 were but few in number4 ,in #ahbg or #ahbh 7,i am uncertain which71 this remarkable man--one of the most remarkable in the whole line of ,english potters1 and one to whose artistic genius the exquisite decorations of some of the ,derby and of the ,worcester productions are indebted1 and to whose practical skill and life-long energies so many important factories owed their origin--passed away in complete obscurity and in much greater poverty than his talents deserved4 ,george ,walker1 after the death of ,william ,billingsley1 removed with his family to ,america1 where he founded and built a manufactory in ,new ,troy1 which he called 8,temperance ,hill ,pottery10 at which he and his family were1 ,i am enabled to add from reliable information1 working to great advantage a few years ago1 and where1 ,i believe1 they still continue4 ,,jonathan ,,wedgwood1 8of the ,borough of ,derby1 ,china or ,porcelain ,repairer or ,thrower10 was employed for some time at the ,derby ,works4 ,on the #bnd of ,december1 #aggb1 articles of agreement#ca were drawn up between him and ,william ,duesbury1 by which he was to serve ,mr4 ,duesbury for three years 8in the ,arts of ,repairing or ,throwing ,china or ,porcelain ,ware10 at the weekly wages of fourteen shillings 8for every whole week0 he 8shall work according to the usual hours of ,repairing at the said ,wm ,duesbury's ,manufactory in ,derby aforesaid40 ,in the contested election of #aggf1 a ,john ,wedgwood1 son of ,william ,wedgwood1 of ,st4 ,peter's ,parish1 ,derby1 claimed1 through apprenticeship1 to be admitted and vote as a freeman1 and before the ,committee of the ,house of ,commons1 was accordingly admitted4 ,by the registers of ,st4 ,alkmund's1 ,derby1 it appears that a ,jonathan ,wedgwood was married on the #abth ,november1 #aghe--thirteen years after the date of this agreement--to ,mary ,stenson2 and that three years before this time1 #bbnd ,sept4 #aghb1 an ,amy ,wedgwood was married to ,abijah ,tyrrell1 both of that parish4 ,the probability is that the ,jonathan ,wedgwood whose agreement ,i have quoted was born at ,ellenborough in #agce2 that he migrated to ,burslem 7where one of his children was born in #ageg71 and afterwards to ,derby2 and the ,jonathan and ,amy1 whose marriages are noted1 were his son and daughter4 ,his name appears as one of the workmen in #aghg4 ,other artists1 c41 were as follows3-- ,,john ,,ash1 a thrower and presser in #agid4 ,,joseph ,,bancroft1 who belonged to the old ,derbyshire family of ,bancroft1 of ,swarkestone and elsewhere1 was apprenticed at the ,derby ,works1 and became a proficient in painting flowers1 birds1 insects1 and shells4 ,he did not remain long after the expiration of his apprenticeship1 but worked for ,copelands and others1 and lastly for ,minton's1 in whose employ he died4 ,,james ,,banford1 of ,london1 a clever painter1 was employed from #agij till #agie4 ,he removed from ,london to ,derby in the middle of #agij1 his wife1 ,bernice ,banford1 and family following him in ,august of that year4 ,he appears1 from penitent letters1 to have been1 like many of the other hands1 addicted to drinking1 and to have been of improvident habits4 ,in one of his letters 7,feb4 #a1 #agid7 he says1 8,i cannot help informing you that ,i have been dissatisfied some time at the difference of wages between ,mr4 ,boreman and self4 ,i am not conceited of my work1 but every man knows what he is capable of doing1 and in any line of painting china except landscapes1 ,i have the advantage of ,mr4 ,b4 ,cannot help observing that in the landscape line1 when there is anything minute or requires neatness1 my optic nerves are to be strained for #ahs4 pr week less1 and tim'd to ten hours each day at the manufactory40 ,,bernice ,,banford1 wife of ,james ,banford1 china painter1 was also employed as a painter1 but at her own house or lodgings4 ,she had a somewhat unsteady husband and a family to look after1 and seems to have been a great help to them4 ,here is her first letter1 asking for work1 showing that she had been employed at ,wedgwood's works in ,london2 and another letter by her1 when objection was taken to her being so employed1 is given on page #ajc4 8,s,,ir1 ,i beg pardon for addressing you on a ,subject which nesessety oblidge's me to which is to ,solicit the favour of a little work in the painting way at home1 ,i was brought up to the business at ,mr4 ,wedgwoods manufactory in ,london1 and flatter my ,self ,i should be able to do the ,slightest paterns on ,china4 ,i would ,sir very willinly ,contribute any thing towards the ,suport of my family1 and to assist my ,husband to pay ,some ,debts which we owe in ,derby1 which if ,i ,should be so happy to obtain ,such a favour ,i ,doubt not but we ,should be soon able to ,effect and do better for our ,family than at present4 if ,sir you would please to take it into ,consideration by ,permiting me a little work1 you would for ,ever oblidge1 ,sir your ,hume ,sert1 ,,bernice ,,banford40 ,w4 ,,barker1 formerly of ,london1 was employed between six and seven years at the ,derby ,works1 and left them in ,march1 #agie4 ,,richard ,,barton1 the manager at ,chelsea 7it is he who makes out all the 8weekly bills0 and receives and pays7 was a modeller4 ,in #aggc 8,barton1 modling #b small antiquit vauses1 #a #as40 ,,john ,,blood was an apprentice at the ,derby works1 and became a clever painter4 ,,robert ,,blore1 a late apprentice at the ,derby works1 afterwards for a time produced on his own account small figures1 vases1 c41 at a small place in ,bridge ,gate2 he removed into ,staffordshire4 ,,zachariah ,,boreman1 one of the old ,chelsea painters1 employed by ,spremont1 and afterwards by ,duesbury1 and came down to ,derby on the closing of those works1 was for some time employed4 ,in #aghd he left ,derby and returned to ,london2 but about #agid fresh articles of agreement were entered into1 and a supplemental agreement drawn up same day covenanted that 8wherever three shillings and sixpence per day occurs in the aforesaid agreement1 the words #8seven shillings' shall be inserted in ,z ,boreman's agreement1 when regularly executed on stamps40 ,he was to employ himself in painting1 and in improving the enamel colours1 c4 ,he is said to have died in ,london in #ahaj4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,bowman1 of ,goswell ,street1 ,london1 was engaged by articles of agreement1 dated ,may #fth1 #agic1 to come down to ,derby1 and agreed to be there in three weeks from the #abth of that month4 ,a week afterwards1 however1 he begged to have the agreement cancelled1 as he had had 8a beneficial offer in ,london1 in the engraving branch10 at #cjs4 a week4 ,,george ,,bradbury1 son of ,william ,bradbury1 of ,little ,chester1 ,labourer1 was bound apprentice on the #ajth of ,march1 #agfe1 for seven years1 to 8,william ,duesbury of ,derby aforesaid 7altered by the pen to 8in the said county07 ,china or ,porcelain ,maker10 8to learn the ,art of ,repairing ,china or ,porcelain ,ware40 7,the indenture is printed on a skin of parchment2 the name 8,william ,duesbury1 of ,derby1 ,china or ,porcelain 10 being printed with the rest1 and a blank left for writing in 8maker10 8painter10 or the like47 ,,thomas ,,brentnall1 a flower-painter4 ,,john ,,brewer1 an artist of repute in ,london1 who had previously1 as early as #aghb1 been employed by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 was engaged by him in #agie1 and removed with his family to ,derby4 ,he was engaged to paint figures1 animals1 landscapes1 and flowers by the piece1 a schedule of prices being drawn up for that purpose2 and to be assured that he should not have less than a guinea and a half a week for the first year1 and two guineas afterwards4 ,until his engagement with ,mr4 ,duesbury he had not painted on china1 and therefore had to make himself acquainted with the art after his arrival4 ,brewer later on gave lessons in drawing in ,derby1 and in #ahaa held an exhibition of his drawings3-- 8,mr4 ,brewer most respectfully informs the ,nobility1 ,gentry1 ,clergy1 and others in ,derby and its vicinity1 that he has arranged for their inspection his ,specimens of ,water-colour ,paintings as an ,exhibition1 consisting of more than two hundred different ,subjects1 many of them quite new1 and the whole designed and painted by himself1 which he hopes during the interval of time not given to the festival will afford an agreeable change of amusement4 ,may be viewed from #h in the morning until dark at his house near ,st4 ,mary's ,bridge1 ,bridge ,gate1 ,derby4 ,admittance--,ladies and ,gentlemen #as41 ,children half price4 ,mr4 ,brewer's pupils free1 also purchasers of ,drawings40 ,finished from ,april #bith4 #b ,coffee cans and stands1 ,shipping ,n #a #f ,plates of plants #b #d ,comports of ,landscapes #c #f ,comports of plants #d #b ,comports of plants #e #b ,coffee ,cans ,moonlight and fire #f #b ,coffee ,cans and stands ,birds #g #b ,tea pots ,landscapes from ,gilpin #h #a ,dejune of ,birds #i #bj ,plates of ,rose border #aj #a ,cream jug of ,birds #aa #a ,sugar bason ,do4 #ab #b ,cabinet cups #ast and #b;d ,lesson of ,love #ac #ab ,coffee cups of ,landscapes #ad #ab ,plates of ,landscapes #ae #c ,comports ,do4 #af #a ,tea pot of ,birds #ag -- #hc ,pieces to ,septbr4 #hth4 ,in hand4 #b ,comports of plants4 #d ,plates of do4 #d ,coffee ,cans of flowers4 #a ,dejune of ,ships4 #a ,comport of ,landscape1 finished4 #a ,cream jug ,birds #a ,tea pot ,do4 #ab ,saucers ,landscapes4 #b ,cans shipping4 #a ,cream jug ,do4 #a ,sugar ,bason ,do4 -- #cj ,sept4 #hth4 ,,jno4 ,,brewer4 ,,robert ,,brewer is stated to have been a brother to ,john ,brewer4 ,he was a pupil of ,paul ,sanby4 ,on leaving the ,derby works he commenced practising as a drawing master1 and died in #aheg4 ,,benjamin ,,brocklesby1 son of ,john ,brocklesby1 of ,derby1 labourer1 was apprenticed1 for seven years1 on the #afth of ,september1 #aghc1 to learn 8the ,art or ,business of ,painting ,porcelain or ,china ,ware40 ,on the #bdth of ,august1 #aghg 7,mr4 ,duesbury1 to whom he had been apprenticed1 having died on the #cjth ,october1 #aghf7 he absconded1 and on the #acth ,january1 #aghi1 a warrant was issued for his apprehension1 and endorsed to be executed in ,middlesex and ,westminster4 ,,george ,,broughton1 a painter4 ,,thomas ,,broughton1 painter1 #aggf4 ,,joseph ,,bullock1 son of ,joseph ,bullock1 of the borough of ,derby1 ,framework ,knitter1 was bound apprentice on the #bcrd ,september1 #agfe1 by the same printed indentures 8to learn the ,art of ,painting upon ,china or ,porcelain ware40 ,,sebastian ,,clais1 a ,frenchman1 was employed as a painter about #aggb-i4 ,,james ,,clarke1 a painter and gilder1 was apprenticed1 and for nearly #cj years remained1 at the works4 ,,william ,,cleavey was also an apprentice1 and became a flower-painter4 ,,george ,,cocker1 born in ,derby in #agid1 was apprenticed at the ,derby ,works about #ahjh1 as a figure maker1 and continued to work there till #ahag1 when he removed to ,coalport1 where he is said to have been much employed in making raised flowers4 ,he next1 in connection with two partners1 also workmen1 commenced a small manufactory at ,jackfield1 which1 however1 was closed in a few months4 ,he then got employment at the ,worcester works1 and in #ahba returned to ,derby and again worked at the ,derby ,china ,works till #ahbf4 ,in that year he left1 and in partnership with another of the 8hands10 ,thomas ,whitaker1 commenced a china manufactory in ,friar ,gate1 ,derby1 under the style of 8,cocker and ,whitaker40 ,the following is the announcement of the opening of these works3-- 8,,derby4--,,new ,,china ,,works1 ,for the ,manufacture of ,porcelain ,figures1 ,ornaments1 c4--,,messrs4 ,,cocker and ,,whitaker beg most respectfully to inform the nobility1 gentry1 and the public1 that they have commenced the above business in ,,friar ,,gate1 ,,derby1 where they manufacture1 and have now ready for inspection1 and sale1 a numerous assortment of ,goods in ,biscuit and ,enamel1 such as they hope will be found not inferior to anything of the kind at present produced in this kingdom4 8,messrs4 ,c4 and ,w4 have also a variety of ,,tea and ,,dessert ,,services of modern and approved patterns2 and by arrangements already made1 and a strict attention to the orders with which they may be favoured1 they hope to obtain the honor of that patronage they now venture to solicit1 and which it will ever be their most earnest endeavour to merit4 8,n4,b4--,ladies or ,gentlemen may have ,figures1 ,ornaments1 c4 executed from models or drawings of their own4 8,friar ,gate1 ,derby1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahbf40 ,their place of business was at the bottom of ,friar ,gate1 near ,st4 ,werburgh's church2 ,cocker living on the opposite side of the street1 a little higher up1 where he erected a kiln and all the necessary appliances4 ,the business1 however1 did not answer well2 the partnership with ,whitaker was terminated2 and in #ahdj ,cocker removed with his family to ,london4 ,here1 in ,chenies ,street1 ,tottenham ,court ,road1 he carried on his business of china figure making1 and had a small shop in ,regent's ,quadrant for their sale4 ,this again not answering1 he1 in #ahec1 obtained an engagement with ,messrs4 ,minton and removed to ,stoke-upon-,trent1 where he died1 at the age of #gd1 in #ahfh1 ,his figures and busts1 of which he produced a goodly variety1 were of small size1 and were produced both in biscuit and painted4 ,they were very clever and meritorious4 ,he also made1 rather extensively1 as they met a ready sale1 small baskets of beautifully-formed raised flowers2 and brooches and other trinkets in the same way4 ,in these he was assisted by his sons1 daughters1 and nephew4 ,groups of animals were also produced4 ,,george ,,complin was one of the most noted painters at the works1 many of his landscapes being of high character4 ,he must have been an old man in #agid1 for in one of his letters 7,sept4 #ah7 of that year he says1 8,i think my hair admits of more respect40 ,in the same letter he speaks of his employment1 8the variety ,i do1 and the variableness of the work40 ,,william ,,cooper was a clever flower painter1 #aggj-gf4 ,,william ,,cooper1 son of ,sarah ,cooper1 of ,derby1 was apprenticed for seven years on the #ast of ,january1 #aggg1 to learn the 8,art of ,painting upon ,china or ,porcelain ,ware40 ,his father also1 ,i believe1 had been employed at the works about #aggj1 to his death1 in #aggf4 ,,william ,,corden1 born at ,ashbourne1 #bhth ,nov4 #agig1 and was apprenticed to the ,derby ,china ,works in #ahaa4 ,he remained some time after the conclusion of his apprenticeship1 and then commenced as a miniature and portrait painter4 ,in #ahbi he was employed in painting portraits at ,windsor ,castle1 and from that time continued to receive royal commissions4 ,in #ahdc he was employed to paint by the ,queen1 and in the following year was sent by the ,prince ,consort to the ,castle of ,rosenau1 in ,coburg1 to copy family portraits for him4 ,he died at ,nottingham1 #ahth ,june #ahfg4 ,a workman named ,corden was also connected with the ,liverpool pot-works4 ,,william ,,cotton1 a painter of landscapes and rural scenes1 in the early part of this century4 ,,william ,,cresswell1 a flower-painter4 ,j4 ,,deare was a modeller of considerable note1 in ,london1 and was employed by ,duesbury to model various groups and figures in #aghd4 ,,william ,,dexter1 a fruit1 flower1 and bird painter2 became a noted enamel painter and draughtsman4 ,he died in #ahfj1 and his wife--,mrs4 ,dexter--was the celebrated costume lecturer on 8,bloomerism40 ,,richard ,,dodson1 a clever painter of birds1 was the son of ,william ,dodson1 one of the late foremen4 ,,william ,,dixon1 a painter of humorous figure subjects4 ,,john ,,duesbury1 overlooker and private timekeeper4 ,,elin was a painter and gilder from #aghf to #agie4 ,j4 ,,farnsworth was an apprentice1 and remained when out of his time4 ,he died in #ahbb4 ,,john ,,frost1 son of ,william ,frost1 of ,nottingham1 was bound apprentice to ,edward ,phillips1 8,china or ,porcelain ,painter10 on the #afth of ,april1 for seven years1 8to learn the art of ,painting upon ,porcelain ware10 and on the #beth of ,february in the following year 7#agga7 he was transferred1 by fresh indenture1 to ,mr4 ,duesbury4 ,,william ,,gadsby1 of ,little ,chester1 mould maker1 bound himself by agreement1 dated ,september #b1 #aggb1 for four years 78in the ,art of ,making ,molds071 at ten shillings per week2 ,mr4 ,duesbury1 in addition1 agreeing 8to give ,william ,gadsby a ,waggon ,load of ,coals at the end of every year40 ,,william ,,hall1 a flower-painter4 ,,john ,,hancock1 son of ,george ,hancock1 of ,derby1 was bound apprentice for seven years1 on the #bith of ,september1 #agfi1 8to learn the ,art of ,painting upon ,china or ,porcelain or ,china ,ware20 to receive #as4 #f;d4 a week for the first year1 #bs4 for the second1 #bs4 #f;d4 for the third1 #cs4 for the fourth1 #ds4 for the fifth1 #es4 for the sixth1 and #fs4 for the seventh year4 ,he became a very clever and successful flower painter4 ,from ,derby he is said to have gone to ,swansea for a time1 and from thence to have removed into ,staffordshire4 ,in #aghf-g1 he was settled at ,hanley1 where he seems to have remained many years1 and occasionally supplied ,mr4 ,duesbury with enamel colours4 ,he had a brother 7probably ,george ,hancock7 working for ,mr4 ,duesbury in #agij4 ,to him is due the invention of gold1 silver1 and steel lustre1 which1 according to his own account1 written when at the age of #hi1 he first put in practice at ,spode's manufactory4 ,after working at many places--,spode's1 ,turner's1 and others--,hancock1 about #ahaf1 was engaged by ,messrs4 ,wedgwood as colour-maker and manager of one of the departments of their works4 ,he died in #ahdg1 in the #ijth year of his age4 ,some receipts of his and of ,aaron ,hancock are given in ,shaw's ,chemistry4 ,his five sons were all brought up to their father's business4 ,j4 ,,hancock1 jun4 ,there appears to have been a second ,j4 ,hancock1 who was an apprentice and who absconded4 ,he is described as 8#e ft4 #e inches high2 dark brown long hair2 between #ah and #ai years of age2 had on a dark blue coat with yellow metal buttons 7rather too short for him71 velvet breeches1 and either a striped velvet waistcoat1 or red and white washing waistcoat40 ,,george ,,hancock1 second son of ,john ,hancock1 removed to ,derby in #ahai1 and became a painter at the ,derby works2 and in #ahbj his elder brother1 ,john1 also was there engaged as a colour maker and painter4 ,he died in #ahdj4 ,george ,hancock is said for a time to have been employed by ,billingsley at ,pinxton and at ,mansfield4 ,in #ahce he removed to ,burton-on-,trent1 having been engaged by ,mr4 ,edwards for those works4 ,after many changes he died in #ahej4 ,these two were uncles of ,mr4 ,sampson ,hancock1 the proprietor of the present ,derby ,china works1 whose father was ,james ,hancock4 ,william ,hancock1 a son of the younger ,john1 was one of the last apprentices at the ,derby works1 and is now one of the most successful designers in the potteries4 ,,william ,,hand1 a handler and presser4 ,,francois ,,hardenburg 7lodged with a ,mrs4 ,johnson71 as he spelled it himself1 or ,heartenburg1 as it was spelled by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 was a modeller in ,derby in #aghh and #aghi2 having previously been employed at ,caughley4 ,on the #hth of ,december in the latter year1 he was dismissed through repeated 8idleness and ignorance40 8,brosley1 ,february #afth1 #aghi4 ,hond ,sir1 ,i take the ,libberty of wrightng to you not knowing aney other ,name to truble in what ,i ham going to aske ,i am a pirson in bunisness was a frend and trusted ,frances ,hartinbirg4 ,when at ,mr4 ,turners ,manufactory it was not in ,his power to pay me before he ,left1 but ,promised to returne some as soon as he got worke as it is more than ,i ,can afford to loose ,shall ,esteeme it as a great favor if you will be so good as to give leafe for one of your ,servants to answer this to let me know if he is there or not as he is not so gratfull to answer aney letter ,that is sent to him4 ,and ham ,sir your ,most ,obed4 and ,humbe4 ,sarvt41 ,,ann ,,oakes4 ,p4,s4 plest to ,direct for ,me at the ,tirkes armes1 near ,jacfield in ,brosley1 ,shropshire40 ,he afterwards resided in ,london4 ,,john ,,haslem1 a very late painter of flowers1 figures1 and animals4 ,,john ,,henson1 one of the last apprentices1 became a partner with ,mr4 ,hancock1 in the present works in ,king ,street2 he died in #ahgc4 ,,hickey1--8,a ,monsr ,monsr ,hickey1 pres l',hotel d',angleterre a ,bruxelles10--entered into negotiations with ,mr4 ,duesbury in #agib2 the correspondence having gone on since #aghi4 ,he was 8a native of ,ireland10 8a man of reputation10 and a clever painter1 and 8the first china burner in the world1 who understands the whole from the beginning to the end2 if he 7,mr4 ,duesbury7 would establish a ,saxon manufactory10 c4 ,,hill1 a native of ,warwickshire 7commonly known by the soubriquets of 8,jockey ,hill10 and 8,the ,flying ,painter10 through his partiality for horses and horse-racing71 a landscape and flower painter of considerable note4 ,after leaving ,derby he settled in ,london as a buyer and seller of old ,government stores1 and died there about #ahbg4 ,,james ,,hill1 one of the latest apprentices1 became a clever flower-painter4 ,at the close of the works he became one of the partners at the ,king ,street works1 and died in #ahed4 ,,holland1 a flower painter4 ,,william ,,holmes1 a modeller of small animals4 ,,william ,,horsley1 kiln man or labourer1 and private timekeeper1 #agid4 ,,david ,,keen1 ,,joseph ,,hall1 8,fire-men10 all bound themselves by agreement ,,jacob ,,spooner1 for three years each1 on the #bnd ,september1 ,,robert ,,woodward1 #aggb1 to employ 8themselves in glazing and ,,thomas ,,wardle1 burning of ,porcelain1 or in such other branch ,,samuel ,,weaver1 of the business0 as ,mr4 ,duesbury might think ,,william ,,whitehall1 proper to employ them in1 at six shillings ,,john ,,butler1 per week each4 ,,willam ,,yates1 ,,samuel ,,key1 son of ,thomas ,key1 of ,derby1 who let out horses for hire1 was1 in #aghe1 apprenticed to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and died in #ahej1 in his #hjth year4 ,he was a painter of considerable skill1 especially in the fashionable ,dresden style4 ,after leaving ,derby1 he worked for ,minton's at ,stoke-upon-,trent4 ,he drew up a ,,ms4 account of the old ,derby ,china ,works1 from memory1 in #ahcg1 of which he seems to have made two or three copies2 one of these is in my own possession4 ,three of his sons1 ,john1 a flower-painter2 ,edward1 a modeller2 and ,samuel1 also a modeller2 were apprenticed at the works4 ,the latter became a famous modeller1 and his statuettes of theatrical celebrities and others were of a high order and became popular4 ,he removed into ,staffordshire4 ,,john ,,key1 son of ,samuel ,key1 also an apprentice1 was a clever painter of flowers1 and afterwards a teacher of drawing1 but died young4 ,his brother ,samuel is a clever modeller4 ,,joseph ,,lakin was employed in #aghi4 ,,john ,,lawrence1 8repairer10 was one of the earlier hands1 and in #aggb he1 along with ,robert ,askew the younger1 absconded while under articles of agreement1 and was advertised in the ,birmingham papers4 ,on ,april #aa1 #agij1 he wrote1 8,i now am in employ for ,mr4 ,turner1 the ,salop china manufactory40 ,this was after he left ,derby4 ,in ,july of the same year1 dating from 8,broasley1 ,july #ab1 #agij10 he desires letters to be addressed to him 8at the ,china ,works1 near ,bridgnorth1 ,shropshire40 ,,stephen ,,lawrence was a clever moulder of ornamental ware4 ,,cuthbert ,,lawton1 or ,,lowton1 was a painter of figures and general subjects1 including hunting scenes1 which are said to have been his forte4 ,,leonard ,,lead1 of ,belper1 8wood collier10 executed articles of agreement on the #bjth ,may1 #agij1 by which he bound himself to 8burn1 manufacture1 and convert into charcoal in a good and workmanlike manner1 all the cord wood which he the said ,william ,duesbury shall have occasion to have converted into charcoal20 not to work for any one else when he has any in hand for him2 and to be paid #g;d4 a quarter for every quarter of charcoal so made4 ,in this he continued till #agie1 when ,mr4 ,duesbury finally gave up the use of charcoal4 ,in a letter of ,lead's he says that 8for generations back1 both of father's side and mother's1 have followed the above-mentioned business0 of 8coaling and cording line0--i4e41 charcoal burning4 ,a son of his1 of the same name1 was1 ,i believe1 apprenticed at the works as a flower-painter4 ,,william ,,longdon1 sen41 was a china painter of considerable note at the ,derby ,works4 ,,william ,,longdon1 jun41 son of ,william ,longdon1 sen41 china painter1 became an apprentice to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 ,july #eth1 #agij1 8for painting or embellishing porcelain or earthenware40 ,in an order in bastardy in #agii1 he is described as a 8china-painter40 ,,john ,,lovegrove 7the same as named on page #eh in my notice of the ,cock-pit ,hill ,works71 ,,edmund ,,hopkinson1 and ,,joseph ,,kirkland1 gilders4 ,,william ,,lovegrove entered into an agreement to work for ,duesbury4 ,,daniel ,,lucas1 a landscape and general painter1 died in #ahfg4 ,his sons1 ,john1 ,william1 and ,daniel1 were all apprenticed at the ,derby works4 ,,maclachlan1 a painter of landscapes4 ,,thomas ,,mason1 of ,derby1 8,china or ,porcelain repairer10 bound himself by an agreement1 dated ,september #b1 #aggb1 for four years to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 at one guinea per week2 ,mr4 ,duesbury1 by an additional clause1 promising 8to make ,thomas ,mason a present of five guineas at the end of each year over and above what is specified in the articles 7according to his service740 ,later on a ,thomas ,mason was a timekeeper4 ,m4 ,,mason was an apprentice to ,mr4 ,duesbury as a painter4 ,he left ,derby and engaged himself to ,mr4 ,barr of ,worcester1 in ,october1 #agib4 ,,george ,,mellor1 whose forte was painting flowers and insects1 was an apprentice but left and went to ,pinxton4 ,after that he was employed at ,coalport1 and then in ,staffordshire1 but returned to the ,derby works4 ,he died in #ahfa4 ,his son1 ,george ,mellor 7now of ,london71 was also a painter and gilder1 as likewise was his daughter ,sarah4 ,,william ,,moore1 ,,edward ,,belfield1 ,,john ,,morledge1 ,,thomas ,,trundell1 and ,,joseph ,,shipley1 were throwers in #aggd-f4 ,,john ,,morlidge1 son of ,william ,morlidge1 of ,derby1 hatter1 was apprenticed for seven years1 on the #bast ,august1 #aggg1 8to learn the ,art of ,repairing of ,china or ,porcelain ,ware40 ,,mullins1 a figure and landscape painter1 was engaged for one year certain to come down from ,london in #agie1 to paint in enamel on porcelain by the piece1 at a fixed scale of charges1 on which for the first month he was to have #bj per cent41 and the second month #aj per cent4 additional4 ,the prices1 in the original list in my possession1 are very curious4 ,,john ,,musgrove1 kiln man and labourer about #agif4 ,,william ,,pegg1 a ,quaker1 was a remarkable man in more ways than one4 ,he was a tolerably clever painter1 but of a very erratic and changeable character1 and a religious enthusiast2 indeed1 judging from his writings1 there can be but little doubt that he was not in all things perfectly sane4 ,he wrote a singular account of himself1 8,traits in the singular life of that persecuted man1 for his obedience to the ,truth1 ,wm ,pegg1 who joined the ,society of the ,people called ,quakers in the year #ahjj10 in which he traced his descent from ,abraham1 8who is said to be the ,father of the ,faithful10 because his family were of the seed of ,esau1 red2 and that on his mother's side he was descended from ,ishmael1 because she 7his mother7 and 8all her kin are swarthy and marked with a brown freckle40 ,william ,pegg was the son of ,thomas ,pegg1 of ,etwall1 near ,derby1 who was a gardener at ,etwall ,hall1 and a member of the parish choir1 where he played the hautboy2 from here he removed to ,whitmore1 in the ,staffordshire pottery district4 ,william ,pegg was born in #agge1 and two years afterwards his father removed to ,shelton1 where1 at the age of ten1 ,william ,pegg was sent to work at a pottery4 ,at fourteen he was put to learn the painting on china and earthenware1 and when of age removed to ,derby1 and engaged himself at the china works till he was twenty-three1 when he gave it up1 and took to the stocking frame1 at which he worked at one place or other for twelve years4 ,he then1 in #ahab1 returned to his old occupation1 8making drawings and pictures and painting china10 till #ahbj1 when he again gave it up1 and commenced a small shop4 ,he married ,anne ,hendley of ,derby in #ahad1 and died in #ahea4 ,pegg was a clever painter of flowers1 and his productions had the merit of being1 in almost every instance1 painted from nature4 ,,thomas ,,pegg1 a brother of ,william ,pegg1 was one of the gilders for many years4 ,,william ,,pegg1 of a different family1 was an apprentice at the works in the beginning at the present century1 but left1 and became a clever designer for calico printers4 ,,robert ,,pennington1 painter1 #agge4 ,,edward ,,phillips1 of ,derby1 8,china or ,porcelain ,painter10 by agreement entered into ,september #b1 #aggb1 bound himself as a china painter1 at twenty-five shillings per week4 ,he afterwards1 ,i believe1 removed into ,staffordshire1 where he carried on business on his own account4 ,,john ,,porter1 son of ,elizabeth ,porter1 of ,spoondon1 widow1 was apprenticed for seven years1 on the #gth of ,april1 #aggg1 8to learn the ,art of ,painting upon ,china or ,porcelain ,ware40 ,,henry ,l4 ,,pratt1 a landscape painter1 was apprenticed at the ,derby works1 and afterwards1 employed in ,staffordshire4 ,he became a clever artist in oil1 and died in #ahgc4 ,e4 ,,prince1 a landscape painter4 ,,richard ,,roberts1 one of the ,chelsea workmen1 under ,duesbury at ,chelsea1 was a soldier and pensioner at ,chelsea ,hospital1 and was allowed occasional furlough to paint at ,derby4 ,mr4 ,duesbury endeavoured to procure his discharge1 so that he might remain with him4 ,here is one of the orders regarding him3 8,by ,order of ,sir ,george ,howard1 ,k4,b41 ,general of ,his ,majesty's ,forces1 and ,governor of the ,royal ,hospital at ,chelsea4 ,permit the ,bearer1 ,richard ,roberts1 a pensioner in the above-said ,hospital to pass from hence to ,darby in ,darbyshire1 for the space of ,two ,months from the ,date hereof1 and then to return to the above-said ,hospital4 ,he behaving as becomeith4 ,given under my hand this first ,day of ,decr4 #agha4 8,l4 ,,grant1 ,adjt40 ,,george ,,robertson1 a landscape painter1 died in #ahce4 ,,robinson1 a landscape painter4 ,,john ,,rockley1 labourer2 agreement for three years1 from #agie and forward1 at #is4 per week to be employed in the kilns1 or in any other manner4 ,,thomas ,,rodgers was employed1 at all events1 from #aggh in which year his wages were raised a shilling per week4 ,he received this addition for three years 7#g #afs47 in ,january1 #aghb1 after that1 till #agic1 he received an addition of #cs4 a week4 ,,thomas ,,rogers1 timekeeper and labourer1 #aghj-ie4 ,,jonathan ,,rose1 a painter1 came from ,london to ,derby in #aghj1 and was employed some time4 ,,james ,,rowse1 a late flower-painter4 ,now employed at the ,king ,street ,works4 ,,sartine was a modeller in ,london1 employed by ,duesbury in #agij1 on the recommendation of ,vulliamy1 to model figures4 ,,charles ,,sheen1 a clever thrower and presser1 formerly of ,worcester1 and in #agia1 at the ,new ,hall works at ,shelton1 was engaged for ,derby4 ,,thomas ,,simes 7or ,,sims7 was an apprentice1 from the age of #aa to #ba1 to ,mr4 ,duesbury2 in #agib he absconded1 and a warrant was issued for his apprehension1 and endorsed for the county of ,stafford4 ,,mundy ,,simpson1 a gilder and general painter4 ,,william ,,slater1 born at ,south ,normanton1 was an apprentice at the ,pinxton works1 but came to ,derby in #ahac4 ,he was a good general painter4 ,he died in ,staffordshire in #ahfg4 ,two of his sons1 ,william and ,joseph1 were apprenticed at the ,derby works4 ,they and their sons rank among the best painters in the ,staffordshire potteries4 ,,constantine ,,smith1 of ,derby1 in the county of ,derby1 preparer of colours and porcelain painter and enameller1 was one of the best 8hands0 at the ,derby works4 ,on the #bhth of ,october1 #aggc1 his son ,william ,smith was bound apprentice to him4 ,,william ,,smith1 who had on the #bhth ,october1 #aggc1 been bound apprentice to his father1 ,constantine ,smith1 to learn 8the art of preparing colours1 and ,painting and ,enameling ,porcelain10 agreed with ,mr4 ,duesbury1 to whom he had 8finished his time10 and been since employed1 in #agij1 to employ himself 8in preparing enamel colours1 painting china1 or otherwise at the discretion of ,mr4 ,duesbury40 ,up to this time he had been receiving a guinea a week1 but on the signing of this fresh agreement ,duesbury was to pay him #aj down1 and to raise his wages to #bes4 ,,joseph ,,smith was a landscape painter2 he had #gs4 a dozen for painting teas ,no4 #aae in #agib4 ,,william ,,smith1 son of ,hannah ,smith1 of ,derby1 agreed 8to make colours for painting on china or porcelain ware10 and by covenant entered into on the #bcrd of ,november1 #aggh1 agreed as follows3--8,i do hereby promise to pay to my mother1 ,hannah ,smith1 weekly1 and every week1 out of the wages ,i may get under ,messrs ,duesbury ,co41 the sum of eighteen shillings1 to commence from this date and expire the #bhth ,october1 #aghj4 ,witness my hand1 this #bc;d ,novr #aggh4--,w4 ,,smith40 ,,thomas ,,soare was an apprentice to ,duesbury1 and afterwards employed by him4 ,he was son of ---- ,soare1 of ,little ,chester1 and was a clever gilder and arabesque painter4 ,after leaving the ,china ,works1 ,thomas ,soare commenced1 in #ahaj1 a small business on his own account4 ,the following is his advertisement1 copied from the 8,derby ,mercury0 of ,april #eth1 #ahaj3--8;,enamelled ,china4--,thomas ,soare1 with the greatest respect1 begs to inform the ,nobility1 ,gentry1 and ,public at large that he enamels ,dessert1 ,breakfast1 and ,tea ,services with ,arms1 ,crests1 ,cyphers1 c41 in the most elegant manner and on the most reasonable terms4 ,his long experience in the ,derby ,porcelain ,manufactory encourages him to look with confidence for support1 which it will be his study to deserve and his pride to acknowledge4 ,n4,b4--,ladies instructed to ,paint china at their own apartments1 on reasonable terms4 ,navigation ,row1 near ,st4 ,mary's ,bridge1 ,derby40 ,,thomas ,,southall1 8son of ,humphrey ,southall1 of the ,borough of ,derby1 ,pincher10 was apprenticed on the #beth of ,december 7,christmas ,day7 #aggb1 for seven years 8to learn the ,art of ,painting upon ,china or ,porcelain ,ware40 ,j4 ,,stables1 a clever gilder1 was employed for very many years4 ,,john ,,stanesby1 a flower painter in the latter days of the works4 ,,thomas ,,steele1 one of the later and more celebrated painters of flowers and fruit1 in the latter of which he excelled4 ,he died in #ahej1 in his #gith year4 ,three of his sons1 ,edwin1 ,horatio1 and ,thomas1 were apprenticed at the works4 ,,martin ,,stephens1 then of ,duke ,street1 ,st4 ,james's1 ,london1 signed articles of agreement in #agid4 ,,francis ,,stone1 a skilled workman1 was employed at all events from #aggj to #aggb1 and probably much longer4 ,,joseph and ,,thomas ,,tatlow were late apprentices and became clever painters4 ,,taylor1 at first a blue painter1 afterwards became a clever arabesque and ,indian pattern painter4 ,he painted the centres of a service of plates for ,mr4 ,digby in #aghd4 ,,james ,,turner1 a late flower-painter4 ,s4 or ,j4 ,,vidal1 a painter1 who1 in ,august1 #agic till ,may1 #agie1 was living at 8,no4 #a1 ,grosvenor ,row1 near the ,bun-house1 ,chelsea10 arranged1 in the latter year1 to leave ,london for ,derby 8for six months every year1 from ,june to ,january40 ,in #agic1 he had sent specimens of his flower-painting to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and in doing so said1 8,as ,i have not painted anything on china in this country1 ,i am for that reason induced to show what ,i am capable of doing in that line1 being perfectly master of the employment and direction of employing the colors1 having painted for about eleven years in the ,porcelaine line10 c4 ,,john ,,wardle1 8china painter0 in #ahjj 7so described in an affiliation order74 ,,wathews1 a thrower and presser1 was employed in #aghg-ij4 ,,william ,,watson1 a general painter4 ,h4 ,,webber1 a noted modeller1 was employed in ,london by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and afterwards1 in #agie1 removed to ,derby2 the terms of his engagement being shown in a letter from which the following is an extract3--8,london1 ,wedy1 ,july #ae1 #ie4 ,no #d1 ,lisson ,grove1 near ,lisson ,green4 8,,dear ,,sir1--,when ,i had the pleasure of seeing you in ,town1 ,i understood 7or rather misunderstood7 you was about to depart for the ,lakes2 not for ,derby3 ,therefore ,i had no intention of writing to you 'till ,i shou'd have heard of your return home2--,but a call from ,mr ,lygo has set me right on that head1 and ,i lose no time to perform my promise2 which ,i think was1 that as soon as ,i cou'd make up my mind on the matters spoken of1 to communicate it to you4 ,permit me then ,sir briefly to say1 that the terms you propose--namely #ajj pr4 ,anm4 ,i accept2 with the allowance of a months vacation in the year without deduction4 ,but ,i find many obstacles arise which ,i am sorry for--the detail of which ,i will not trouble you with2 but only beg leave to point out one of them1--which is--how to get a tenant for the house ,i live in1 and what relates to it4 ,however1 ,i have requested the favor of ,mr4 ,lygo to speak of it to any friend he may suppose wou'd wish such a thing1 and have also spoken to other acquaintances and friends2 and you may rest assur'd ,sir1 that as soon as ,i can get rid of this ,stumbling-block 7which is indeed the principal71 ,i shall not fail to use the utmost diligence in doing away every other in hope to realize the pleasure ,i anticipate of paying my respects to you at ,derby4 ,i am ,sir1 with ,deference and ,regard1 ,your ,most obedt and very ,humble ,servant1 ,h4 ,,webber40 ,,moses ,,webster1 a flower-painter1 was an apprentice1 and afterwards employed at the works4 ,he was afterwards a teacher of drawing1 and died in #ahgj4 ,,john ,,wells1 a labourer1 to be employed in any part of the manufacture of china2 fresh articles of agreement dated #agid4 ,,william ,,wheeldon 7whose mother was a sister of the wife of ,william ,billingsley71 was a clever flower painter4 ,,john ,,whitaker1 one of the workmen1 in partnership with ,mr4 ,cocker1 began in ,february1 #ahbf1 a china manufactory in ,friargate1 ,derby1 but he failed in the same year4 ,his son1 ,john ,whitaker1 began to work at the ,derby ,china ,works in #ahah1 when only eleven years old1 and in #ahba 7,feb4 #bcrd7 was bound apprentice to ,mr4 ,blore4 ,in #ahca he became overlooker1 and so continued until the close of the works4 ,later on he was employed at ,minton's and other places4 ,he died in #ahgd4 ,,richard ,,whitaker1 a thrower and presser1 employed in the ornamental department1 in which he was very clever1 from about #agfi till #aghf1 when he died4 ,,william ,,wingfield1 apprenticed at the works1 was a clever modeller1 but died young4 ,,john ,,winrow1 son of ,john ,winrow1 of ,duffield1 ,innholder1 was apprenticed1 by the same printed indentures1 for seven years1 on the #fth of ,june1 #agff1 8to learn the ,art of ,painting on ,china or ,porcelain ware40 ,,edward ,,withers1 8of ,london1 porcelain or china painter10 entered into an agreement with ,mr4 ,duesbury1 on the #hth of ,may1 #aghi1 engaging himself for three years from the #bgth of ,september in that year 8as a painter on porcelain0 at the rate of #cs4 #f;d4 per day4 ,it is said that he had previously been employed at ,derby1 and from thence removed into ,staffordshire1 where he worked as a china painter2 then to ,birmingham1 where he worked as a painter of japanned tea-trays4 ,he is stated to have died in ,bridge ,gate1 ,derby4 ,a ,william ,withers1 potter1 residing in #aggh at ,rotherham1 was in that year a voter at ,derby4 ,,william ,,yates1 a gilder4 ,,john ,,yates1 general and flower painter and gilder1 apprenticed to1 and afterwards employed by ,duesbury about #aggb4 ,he is said to have excelled in hunting subjects and flowers4 ,in #ahgf1 while this chapter is passing through the press1 new ,china ,works1 on a large scale1 are about to be established on the ,osmaston ,road1 ,derby1 by ,mr4 ,edward ,phillips1 one of the proprietors of the ,royal ,porcelain ,works at ,worcester2 there is therefore at last the pleasant prospect of one of the old staple trades of the town1 that of porcelain1 being brought back in all its integrity1 and carried on with vigour and enlightenment4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,chesterfield--,caskon--,heathcote--,bra mpton--,posset ,pots--,puzzle ,jugs--,welshpool and ,payne ,potteries--,the ,pottery--,walton ,pottery--,wheatbridge ,pottery--,alma1 ,barker1 and ,london ,potteries--,whittington--,bromley--,jew itt--,newbold--,eckington--,belper --,codnor ,park--,denby--,bournes ,pottery--,shipley--,alfreton--,langley ,mills--,ilkeston--,pinxton--,pinxton ,china--,china ,tokens--,wirksworth--,dale ,abbey--,repton--,encaustic ,tiles--,tile ,kilns1 ,london--,tickenhall--,kings ,newton--,burton-on-,trent--,swadlincote ,potteries--,church ,gresley ,potteries--,gresley ,common--,woodville--,hartshorne1 c4--,wooden ,box--,rawdon ,works--,pool ,works--,coleorton--c41 c4 ,,chesterfield4 ,the earliest potter in ,chesterfield of whom there is any record is ,william ,caskon1 or ,kaskon1 who died #hth ,henry ,,viii4 7#aeag71 and the next is ,ralph ,heathcote1 who was both a potter1 brazier1 and bell-founder4 ,this ,ralph ,heathcote1 who had married ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,john ,tomson 7or ,tomason1 as it is variously spelled71 brazier1 of ,chesterfield1 became by will of his father-in-law 7will dated ,october #a1 #adif7 executor4 ,tomson lived in ,saltergate1 in a house previously held by ,william ,forneday and ,margaret his wife1 which was surrendered to him in #adhc4 ,this house was afterwards1 in #aeja1 released to 8,ralph ,heathcote1 of ,chesterfield1 ,potter40 ,this is evidenced by two deeds1 one by ,thomas ,moore1 of ,cuttethorpe1 releasing the messuage in ,saltergate to 8,ralph ,hethcote1 of ,chesterfield1 ,potter02 and the other from ,thomas ,moore1 of ,cuttethorp1 and ,james ,moore1 of ,syrley ,grange1 8to ,ralph ,hethecote1 of ,chesterfield1 ,potter10 a bond for #bj to secure peaceable possession of the messuage in the ,saltergate1 ,chesterfield1 late in the occupation of ,john ,tomson1 deceased1 and ,w4 ,forneby1 deceased40 ,it is evident1 from a deed of #hth ,henry ,,viii4 7#aeag71 that ,ralph ,heathcote took to the trade and goods of ,william ,caskon1 potter1 of ,chesterfield1 in that year4 ,the deed is a receipt from 8,isabel ,kaskon1 ye daughter of ,william ,caskon1 of ,chesterfield1 ,potter1 lately deceased10 to 8,rauff ,hethcote1 of ye same place1 brasier1 for her child's part of the goodes and money of the said ,william ,caskon40 ,in #aeeg-h ,robert ,parker1 of ,chesterfield1 gent41 and ,mary1 his wife1 son and heir of ,george ,parker1 deceased1 of the one part1 and ,rauf ,heathcott1 of ,chesterfield1 potter1 of the other part1 released a tenement in ,saltergate1 and lands at ,tapton ,lane4 ,the manufacture of pottery continued uninterruptedly from ,heathcote's time downwards1 although the names of the potters are not always to be found4 ,in a scarce little book1 entitled 8,a ,short ,tour in the ,midland ,counties of ,england performed in the ,summer of #aggb10 the following interesting notice of ,chesterfield occurs3-- 8,chesterfield is a large town2 but1 as ,i passed through1 ,i saw nothing uncommon but the ugly church2 it is old and built of bad stone1 but rendered most disgusting by its wooden spire 7covered with lead7 being so much warped that ,i discovered its crookedness at three miles distance4 ,in the town is a manufacture of pots4 ,at ,asher and many villages in the neighbourhood camomile is much cultivated40 ,pilkington1 who wrote in #aghi1 says1 speaking of the manufactures of ,chesterfield3-- 8,nor should it be omitted1 that a large quantity of coarse earthenware is manufactured here4 ,in this business three potteries are worked1 which afford employment to about sixty hands40 ,sir ,richard ,phillips1 who wrote his 8,tour0 in #ahbh1 says1 speaking of ,chesterfield3-- 8,there are some potteries in this neighbourhood which employ about #bjj persons1 at wages of from #ajs4 to #acs4 per week1 and for better workmen1 from #ahs4 to #bes4 ,the description of manufacture is exclusively brown ware1 except in one instance1 which includes black also4 ,the number of potteries is ten1 and the larger part is for home consumption1 though a small proportion is sent to the ,dutch market40 ,,brampton4 ,the manufacture of brown ware at ,brampton has probably been established a couple of centuries4 ,in the early part of the present century there were here six earthenware manufactories1 which were carried on by the following persons3--,mrs4 ,blake 7this now forms part of the works of ,mr4 ,matthew ,knowles72 ,mr4 ,william ,briddon 7now continued by his son72 ,mr4 ,luke ,knowles 7now forming part of ,mr4 ,matthew ,knowles' works72 ,mr4 ,thomas ,oldfield 7now continued by his nephew1 ,mr4 ,john ,oldfield72 ,mr4 ,john ,wright 7now discontinued2 it stood on what is now the site of the present rectory of ,st4 ,thomas's ,church72 and that of ,edward ,wright and ,son 7still carried on by the family74 ,at the present time there are eight manufactories1 which will be separately spoken of presently4 ,at these1 brown ware of a remarkably hard and durable quality1 and stoneware of the most impervious character1 are made in great perfection and in immense quantities4 ,the clays principally used are 8,stone ,edge10 or 8,lidd clay10 found at ,east ,moor1 or ,wadshelf1 about three miles away1 and 8,brampton clay10 found in the immediate neighbourhood4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ie and #if4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ig and #ih4 ,at ,brampton1 8posset pots0 have1 for some centuries1 been1 and still continue to be1 made4 ,of these some notice is already given in vol4 i41 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh1 and #dah4 ,the two here engraved 7,figs4 #ie and #if7 show their general form2 the one is dated #agej and the other #ahai4 ,i have myself examples as late as #ahgd4 ,usually the name of the parties for whom they are made are incised in same manner as the pattern4 ,another marked feature of ,brampton1 or 8,chesterfield ,ware10 has for a long period been the 8puzzle jugs0 there made4 ,these1 which are still produced on the old models1 as well as in more modern applications of the principle1 are made in a variety of shapes and of various sizes4 ,in some the perforations in the neck and rim are more elaborate and intricate than in others1 and some have three1 five1 or seven spouts4 ,commonly1 as in ,fig4 #ig1 they are ornamented with figures or other designs in relief1 but sometimes are plain4 ,another usual class of design is that which includes jugs1 mugs1 and other vessels whose handles 7,fig4 #ih7 are formed of more or less cleverly modelled greyhounds4 ,some of the larger of these mugs have two1 others three1 and others four1 handles thus formed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,welshpool and ,payne ,potteries4--,these works1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,matthew ,knowles and ,son1 are among the largest in ,brampton4 ,they embrace the old works carried on last century by ,mr4 ,blake1 and afterwards by his widow1 and those of ,mr4 ,luke ,knowles1 with considerable additions4 ,they came into the hands of ,mr4 ,matthew ,knowles about #ahdj1 and were by him considerably enlarged4 ,recently he has been joined in partnership by his son1 under the style of 8,matthew ,knowles ,son10 and the works were again in #ahge very much extended4 ,at these works all the general descriptions of brown and stone ware goods are produced2 but an immense number of articles are made for the ,australian1 ,russian1 ,african1 and ,jamaica markets1 as well as for the home trade4 ,among the articles produced in large quantities at these works are stoneware spirit-bottles1 and spirit kegs and barrels1 which are much esteemed for their hardness and durability and their fine quality2 ginger-beer bottles1 both in stone ware and brown ware2 jam jars1 for wholesale preserve manufacturers 7such as ,grey1 ,dennett ,co41 and others71 in gallon and half-gallon sizes1 in brown ware glazed inside1 forming one of the staple productions of ,mr4 ,knowles1 and of which1 with one exception1 he is the only maker in the district2 stew and sauce pots2 fruit and other jars2 flat dishes2 turtle and beef pots2 bowls and collanders2 tobacco-jars1 highly ornamented2 8,punch0 jugs of striking design1 8hunting0 jugs1 8game0 jugs1 and other jugs designed and modelled with great taste2 puzzle-jugs2 posset-pots2 candlesticks of classical design and good execution2 bread-baskets2 toast-racks2 tea-kettles2 flower-pots and vases2 foot and carriage warmers2 grotesque tobacco-pipes1 and a large variety of other goods1 besides the usual domestic vessels1 are made at these works1 and are as good as the common nature of the material will admit4 ,the filters made by ,mr4 ,knowles1 of which he produces a large number1 are of excellent construction1 and of good design4 ,they are among the best produced1 and being in the fine deep rich colour of the 8,chesterfield ware10 are very effective1 and perhaps more pleasing in appearance than many others in the 8,bristol ware10 c4 ,in china clay ware also a large variety of articles of remarkably good quality are made4 ,it may be well to add that at these works the clay is prepared by steam4 ,it is 8blunged10 and then passed through a fine sieve1 driven at considerable speed on a large flat iron boiler1 heated by steam1 where it is boiled to a proper stiffness4 ,it is then passed through a pug-mill1 and is ready for use4 ,mr4 ,knowles's are the only works in ,brampton where this process is adopted4 99 99 99 99 99 8,the ,pottery40--,these works were established1 in #ahaj1 by 8,messrs4 ,oldfield1 ,madin1 ,wright1 ,hewitt ,co410 by whom they were carried on4 ,after various changes and retirements1 ,mr4 ,john ,oldfield became1 in #ahch1 sole proprietor of the works1 and under his name they continue at the present time4 ,the works have from time to time been considerably extended2 they are now nearly the largest in the district1 and employ a large number of hands4 ,the goods manufactured are the usual descriptions known as 8,new ,brampton0 or 8,chesterfield ware10 or1 as more frequently falsely called in the ,london and other markets1 8,nottingham ware10--a remarkably hard1 compact1 and durable salt-glazed brown ware2 and stoneware1 which is dipped in different 8slips40 ,in 8brown ware10 the principal goods produced are dishes and bowls of various kinds2 turtle1 beef1 butter1 ,dutch1 stew1 sauce1 and other pots2 bottles and jars of all shapes and sizes1 and for all uses2 pitchers and jugs in endless variety2 churns3 milk-pans and pancheons2 nappies and porringers2 tea and coffee-pots2 ,welsh trays2 carriage and feet-warmers2 hare-pans and dog-troughs2 spirit and wine-barrels and kegs2 figured flower-pots and stands2 scent jars2 8hunting10 8cottage10 8tulip10 and other figured jugs and mugs2 moulds for puddings1 blanc-mange1 jellies1 c41 of great beauty and of excellent and even artistic design1 and many other articles4 ,in 8antique ware10 ,mr4 ,oldfield makes remarkably effective and well-designed hunting1 game1 cottage1 tulip1 and other jugs2 figured ,stilton-cheese stands2 fruit-dishes and trays2 tea and coffee-pots2 tobacco-pots1 some of which1 with goblet and candlestick1 are very striking2 watch-stands2 8,toby ,fill-pot0 jugs2 small figures of stags1 dogs1 c42 grotesque and twisted pipes2 puzzle-jugs1 c4 ,in stoneware many articles are also produced1 the great bulk being bottles and spirit kegs of various kinds and of every size1 from one pint up to ten or more gallons in capacity2 and sanitary goods4 ,filters also form a staple branch of the manufacture1 and these are filted up on an exceedingly good principle1 with vegetable charcoal1 sand1 c41 on the premises1 and are supplied in large quantities both at home and for exportation4 ,the manufacture of filters was here commenced in #ahbf4 ,the clays used and the processes observed in the manufacture may be briefly alluded to as follows3-- ,five kinds of clay are here used1 viz41 ,barclay1 which is procured from ,stanedge1 near ,wingerworth4 ,this clay is used to make the arches which are technically called 8,bars10 and two of them form nearly a semicircle that spans from side to side of the ovens and whereon the pots are placed4 ,setting-clay is a clay that is found on the peat-moss1 near ,stanedge1 and is quite of a sandy nature3 it acquires the name from its being rolled by the hands into 8nobs0 and placed upon the 8,bars0 to 8set0 the pots upon2 unless this was used1 the pots would have to be broken to get them off the 8,bars40 ,the ,lidd-clay 7what is commonly called ,fire-clay7 is used in the lower parts of the 8,ovens0 or 8,kilns10 because of its being stronger to resist the fire2 this clay is procured from ,loads1 near ,holymoorside1 about two miles from ,brampton4 ,the next clay is the ,brampton-clay which is burnt in the upper portion of the 8,ovens10 because it will not stand the amount of fire that the ,lidd-clay will1 although it is of a much closer body1 and1 when glazed1 will resist the action of any acids4 ,mixed-clay is burnt in the middle portion of the 8,ovens20 it is1 as its name implies1 a mixture of the ,brampton and ,lidd-clay1 of each about equal portions to suit the fire or heat in that portion of the ovens4 ,at these works spirit bottles of a similar character to the one engraved on ,fig4 #aje were made4 ,one was a representation of ,lord ,brougham1 with the words1 8,the true ,spirit of ,reform40 ,among the marks used by this firm are-- ,,established #ahbf ,j4 ,,oldfield ,,co4 ,,chesterfield ,,water ,,filter ,,manufacturers1 ,,wholesale ,,and ,,retail ,,and ,,for ,,exportation4 ,,oldfield ,,co ,,makers ,,oldfield ,,co4 ,,chesterfield4 ,j4 ,,oldfield4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ii to #ajb4 ,the ,walton ,pottery was built by ,william ,briddon1 the grandfather of the present proprietor1 in #agij1 and at his death was continued by his son1 ,william ,briddon4 ,this gentleman died in #ahdh1 and was succeeded by his son1 ,william ,briddon1 the present proprietor4 ,it has consequently1 from the first to the present moment1 been carried on by three generations of ,william ,briddons4 ,the goods made are brown ware and stoneware in all their varieties4 ,in these are produced stew1 souse1 turtle1 beef1 and butter pots2 jugs of every variety2 preserve and pickle jars2 pancheons1 bowls1 and cullenders2 porringers and patty-pans2 bottles of every conceivable size and shape2 filters2 spirit-barrels and kegs2 foot-bottles and carriage-warmers2 tea and coffee-pots2 twisted and grotesque pipes1 and many other articles4 ,in quality they are much the same as those of other ,brampton manufactories4 ,wheatbridge ,pottery4--,these works have been in the family of their present proprietor for three generations4 ,they are now carried on by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,walton ,wright1 the widow of the late proprietor4 ,the staple trade of the manufactory is general brown ware for the ,dutch markets4 ,the ,alma ,pottery was commenced by its present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,lowe1 and his then partners1 about #aheb4 ,after a few years ,mr4 ,lowe's two partners withdrew from the concern1 and it has continued in his hands solely to the present time4 ,the goods produced are the same general kinds1 both of wares and articles1 as the other ,brampton potteries4 ,in brown ware and in stoneware ,mr4 ,lowe produces filters1 bottles of every kind and size1 jugs and mugs1 jars of various descriptions1 and all the articles usually produced in these wares1 and of the same general quality as those of other works in the district4 99 99 99 99 99 ,barker ,pottery1 belonging to ,mr4 ,henry ,briddon4 ,here all the usual articles in brown ware are made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,pottery of ,mr4 ,william ,briddon1 ,jun41 produces the usual kinds of wares1 and most of the articles1 of the district4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,pottery1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,f4 ,lipscombe ,co41 of ,london1 was established by them for the purpose of manufacturing their filters4 ,,whittington4 ,at ,whittington1 pot works have existed from an early date1 and are still continued4 ,at these much good ware and many specialities of design1 c41 were produced2 it is only necessary to premise that the goods are commonly known by the general term of 8,chesterfield ware0 or 8,nottingham ware0--it being a fact that ,london houses still sell1 and persist in calling1 the products of these ,derbyshire works by the latter name4 ,the ,whittington ,potteries#cb are of very old establishment1 having been in existence since about the middle or latter end of the seventeenth century1 if not longer4 ,here the ordinary brown ware of the period was manufactured2 the ware being of extreme hardness and closeness of texture1 and having a rich warm reddish-brown colour4 ,about the year #ahjj1 and for some years later1 the works1 which were near the race-course1 were held by ,mr4 ,william ,bromley1 who1 in addition to the ordinary brown ware1 made also a white1 or cream-coloured1 earthenware of fine quality4 ,in this fine body he manufactured dinner1 tea1 and other services1 principally decorated1 in the prevailing manner1 with transfer-printing in blue4 ,he also practised batt-printing for some of his goods4 ,mr4 ,bromley also made some experiments in1 and succeeded in producing1 a very good china ware1 but he did not prosecute this branch of manufacture to any extent4 ,at that time1 when ,mr4 ,bromley was making the fine earthenware1 and was experimenting on porcelain bodies1 my late father1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,jewitt1 then a young man1 was residing at ,brampton1 and was in habits of close intimacy with him4 ,my father being a man of scientific1 as well as of high literary attainments1 and being1 moreover1 a good artist1 took considerable interest in his friend ,mr4 ,bromley's manufacture1 and at his own house at ,brampton entered with spirit into a series of experiments in enamelling and enamel-printing1 and in other processes for decorating the wares4 ,for this purpose he caused to be erected in his own house two enamel kilns1 one of which he had constructed on the ordinary simple principle of heating1 and the other on the spiral principle4 ,he also fitted up1 for the purpose of these private experiments1 a small printing-room1 and here1 being1 as ,i have said1 a good artist1 he tried various processes for transferring aquatints and etchings 7which he etched and prepared himself7 by the batt-process1 both on to the biscuit and on to the white glazed ware4 ,by this process he produced many remarkably successful transfers2 but1 like the boy who dug up the seeds in his garden day by day1 to see if they were sprouting1 and so killed them1 he was always so impatient to see the result of his experiments that he did not wait for the fire in the kilns to die out1 but opened the doors1 and so frequently spoiled all the pieces4 ,sufficient1 however1 remained each time to show that he was right in his experiments1 and that his trials were all that could be desired4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,besides transfer-printing1 he tried some interesting experiments in surface-painting on the biscuit4 ,only one example of this ware is known to exist1 and this fortunately is now in my own possession4 ,it is here engraved 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,it bears a view of 7,i believe7 ,renishaw ,hall1 and part of the park1 with deer1 c4 ,the body is extremely light1 and the painting highly artistic4 ,it is simply surface-painted on the biscuit4 ,it is a small flower-pot1 or 8bow-pot10 and saucer1 and is only #c inches in height4 ,these experiments are highly interesting in connection with the ,whittington and ,brampton potteries4 ,they were very successful1 and showed that had my father devoted his time and his talents to the process1 great results would have been achieved4 ,as it was1 he prosecuted his inquiries as an amateur only1 and from a simple love of the art1 and his name1 until ,i made it known in the ,art-,journal a few years ago1 has never been publicly associated with the fictile history of the country4 ,i felt that it was due to the memory of one of the most talented of men1 and the best of parents1 that ,i should place his name on record in connection with an art in which1 for a short time1 in midst of a busy literary life1#cc he took such a lively interest4 ,mr4 ,bromley continued the works for some years1 when they changed hands4 ,he was a man of great ability and of much spirit1 and did more to further the standard of excellence of the works in his district than any of his contemporaries4 ,he had three sons1 ,rev4 ,samuel ,bromley1 who was a poet of no ordinary stamp1 and was a ,baptist missionary to ,jamaica and other countries2 ,joseph ,bromley1 who entered the army2 and the ,rev4 ,james ,bromley1 whose name is well known in connection with the ,wesleyan persuasion4 ,the works afterwards belonged to ,messrs4 ,robert ,bainbrigge ,co4 ,the pot-works at ,whittington1 in the early part of the present century1 were carried on by ,mr4 ,william ,johnson and ,mr4 ,aaron ,madin4 ,at the present time there are two manufactories at this place2 viz4 those of ,mr4 ,samuel ,lancaster1 successor to ,mr4 ,madin1 and ,mr4 ,james ,pearson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stone ,bottle ,works4--,these works1 at ,whittington ,moor1 were established in #ahah by ,mr4 ,aaron ,madin1 and they are now carried on in his name by his son-in-law1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,lancaster4 ,the goods produced are in stoneware1 brown ware1 and coarse black ware4 ,the stoneware is made of fire-clay1 found underneath the ,tupton coal-measures at ,brampton and elsewhere1 and glazed with the usual compound of flint1 ,paris white1 ,cornwall stone1 barytes1 and ground glass4 ,it is of good quality1 and very hard and durable4 ,the ground ware is1 as is usual in the district1 salt-glazed2 and the black ware1 which is made of the common brick-clay1 is glazed chiefly with lead-ore4 ,the goods produced are the usual domestic and other articles made in the neighbourhood1 and their quality is equal to most others4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whittington ,pottery4--,at these works1 belonging to ,mr4 ,james ,pearson1 the usual classes of goods1 as made at the other potteries of the district1 are produced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whittington ,moor ,pottery4--,mr4 ,s4 ,lancaster 7late ,a4 ,madin7 has a manufactory of coarse pancheon ware at this place2 the body1 as usual1 coarse red outside1 and lined with a black glaze inside4 ,,newbold4 ,there is a manufactory of coarse brown ware--pancheons1 bread-pans1 stein-pots1 c41--carried on by ,mr4 ,w4 ,sharratt at this place4 ,the productions are of much the same character as those of ,whittington ,moor1 ,tickenhall1 c4 ,,eckington4 ,pilkington in #aghi says1 8,a manufacture of sickles is carried on4 ,there are also two potteries in the town40 ,,belper4 ,about the middle or towards the latter part of last century1 a small manufactory of common coarse brown ware existed here1 and about #ahjj ,mr4 ,william ,bourne took to the works carried on by ,messrs4 ,blood1 ,webster1 and ,simpson1 at ,belper ,pottery4 ,mr4 ,william ,bourne1 sen41 was1 it appears1 very much engaged in the business of the then new canal4 ,letters of his1 and of his son1 ,william ,bourne1 jun41 in which reference is made to his connection with the canal1 and show business transactions between them and ,mr4 ,duesbury of the ,derby ,china ,works1 are in my own possession4 ,mr4 ,bourne carried on the manufacture of salt-glazed blacking1 ink1 ginger-beer1 and spirit bottles4 ,the ordinary brown ware1 produced from a less vitreous clay1 found on the spot1 consisted of bowls1 pans1 pancheons1 dishes1 pitchers1 and all the commoner varieties of domestic vessels1 and these were of excellent and durable quality4 ,the stoneware bottles1 c41 were made from a finer and more tenacious bed of clay1 at ,denby1 a few miles distant4 ,the finer1 or figured wares1 were made from clay procured from ,staffordshire4 ,by ,mr4 ,bourne all these descriptions of goods were made1 but he principally confined himself to the manufacture of stoneware bottles of various kinds4 ,a good antique-shaped hunting jug1 and other similar articles1 with figures in relief1 was also extensively made4 ,in #ahab1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,bourne 7son of ,william ,bourne7 took to the ,denby ,pottery 7which see7 then carried on by ,mr4 ,jger1 and the two works were carried on simultaneously until #ahcd1 when the ,belper ,pottery was finally closed1 the workpeople1 plant1 and business being removed to ,denby1 and incorporated with those works1 and the premises converted into cottages4 ,from that time no pottery has been made at ,belper4 ,the site of the works was at ,belper-,gutter1 and 8,pot-,house ,lane10 the name of one of the streets1 perpetuates the manufacture4 ,illustration3 ,,belpher ,,denby ,,bournes ,,potteries ,,derbyshire ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illustration3 ,,william1 ,,iv1th's ,,reform ,,cordial4 ,figs4 #aje and #ajf4 ,the mark used while these works were carried on in conjunction with those at ,denby was this2 and it may be well to remark that a series of political bottles1 bearing representations of various ,reform leaders1 were made4 ,on these the head of the individual--the ,king1 ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 ,earl ,grey1 or whomsoever was intended--formed the neck of the bottle1 and the arms and bust the shoulder2 political references1 and the name of the political leader1 were impressed on the clay4 ,one of these1 which represents the ,king 7,william ,,iv47 is engraved on ,fig4 #aje4 ,it bears in front the words 8,,william ,,iv4',s ,,reform ,,cordial10--the 8cordial0 being the brandy or other spirit it was intended to contain4 ,another is a representation1 in smaller form1 of ,lord ,john ,russell 7afterwards ,earl ,russell72 it bears1 in front1 the name 8,,lord ,,john ,,russell10 and on a scroll which he holds in his hand are inscribed the words1 8,,the ,,true ,,spirit ,,of ,,reform40 ,at the back is the mark ,fig4 #ajd4 ,at these works too1 ,i believe1 quaintly designed inkstands1 of which ,fig4 #ajf is an example1 were made4 ,the projecting lower jaw formed the well for the ink1 while holes on the shoulders served for places to put the pens in when not in use4 ,they were made of the ordinary vitrified stoneware4 ,in #ahbg a coarse-ware pottery was carried on here by ,mr4 ,heapey4 ,,codnor ,,park4 ,the pottery at ,codnor ,park was built in the year #ahbj1 by the world-renowned ,butterley ,iron ,company1 the owners of the famed iron works of ,butterley and ,codnor ,park4 ,at this time the ,butterley works were under the management of the late ,mr4 ,william ,jessop1 son of one of the partners1 and afterwards senior partner of the firm4 ,some years before this time the ,company had constructed a large cast-iron bridge for the ,nabob of ,oude1 and on its despatch a brother of ,mr4 ,william ,jessop accompanied it to ,india to superintend its erection1 taking with him several workmen1 among whom was an engine-fitter named ,william ,burton4 ,from some cause or other the bridge was not erected by the ,nabob1 and after remaining several years in ,india1 the parties returned to ,england4 ,on their return1 this ,william ,burton was induced to commence the pottery1 and having engaged a skilled workman from the ,brampton ,potteries1 near ,chesterfield1 he commenced operations in #ahba4 ,the pottery was situated near the ,codnor ,park ,iron ,works1 from which it took its name1 and pretty close to the ,butterley ,canal1 and was successfully carried on for several years4 ,sir ,richard ,phillips1 in his 8,tour10 in #ahbh1 thus notes the pottery3-- 8,over near ,codnor ,castle1 ,i viewed a rough and ill-built manufactory1 where they turn and bake those opaque bottles used for ginger-beer1 soda-water1 liquid blacking1 c4 ,about #ej women and children finish #ajj gross per day1 and they sell the pints at #ae;d4 and #af;d4 per doz41 and all pints at #bs41 and quarts at #cs4 #f;d4 ,they are made of the clay of the vicinity1 and the agent for selling them is ,kemp1 in ,milk ,street1 ,london4 ,they are harder and less liable to burst than glass bottles40 ,in #ahcb1 ,mr4 ,burton having got into pecuniary difficulties1 the works were closed4 ,after remaining unworked for many months1 the concern was1 in #ahcc1 taken by ,mr4 ,joseph ,bourne1 of the ,denby ,pottery4 ,they gave employment to about sixty persons4 ,the ,codnor ,park ,works were carried on by ,mr4 ,bourne until #ahfa1 when they were finally closed1 and the workmen1 plant1 c4 were transferred to the ,denby ,works1 where additional work-rooms had been erected for their accommodation4 ,the clay was of a similar kind to that used at ,denby1 but owing to a larger impregnation of iron the ware produced therefrom was not equal in appearance to that made at ,denby1 though the bottles were highly vitreous1 and had an extensive sale4 ,this clay was obtained at ,cupet ,green1 in the immediate neighbourhood1 and the coal from ,birchwood ,colliery4 7,the hard coal is the only kind adapted for burning in the salt-glazed kilns47 ,london was the chief market1 the crates being forwarded by canal4 ,the classes of goods produced at ,codnor ,park were all the usual classes of household vessels1 and also stoneware bottles of various kinds1 and of all sizes up to six gallons1 and pans1 bowls1 jugs1 pitchers1 and other articles4 ,besides these1 however1 a remarkably fine1 compact1 light1 and delicate buff-coloured terra-cotta was produced4 ,in this were made butter-coolers1 vases of various kinds1 flower-baskets and pots1 ewers1 spill-cases1 and numberless other articles4 ,many of these were of excellent design1 and beautifully decorated with foliage and other ornaments in relief4 ,puzzle-jugs1 c4 were also made of this material1 and surface-painted with a peculiar mottled effect4 ,the mark during ,mr4 ,burton's time was his name and 8,codnor ,park10 or simply the name 8,wm4 ,burton10 impressed on the clay4 ,the manufacture of ordinary household earthenware was discontinued when ,mr4 ,bourne took to the concern1 his operations being confined to the manufacture of bottles4 ,for some of this information ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,humphrey ,goodwin 7through ,mr4 ,bourne of ,codnor ,park71 who was connected with the works from their opening in #ahba until their close4 ,,denby4 ,the 8,denby ,pottery0 is situated in the parish of ,denby1 seven miles from ,derby and two from ,ripley1--a village memorable as being the birthplace of ,flamstead1 the astronomer1--in the midst of the rich ironstone and coal-fields of ,derbyshire1 the former of which are said to have been regularly worked from the time of the ,romans4#cd ,the works were commenced in #ahji by a ,mr4 ,jger1 on the estate of ,w4 ,drury ,lowe1 ,esq41 where1 some time before1 a valuable and extensive bed of clay had been found to exist4 ,this clay1 previous to the establishment of the ,denby ,works1 was used at the ,belper ,pottery1 for the manufacture of stoneware ink1 blacking1 and other bottles4 ,the ,denby clay was also supplied to the ,derby ,china ,works1 in considerable quantities1 where it was used for saggers1 and for a few other articles which were produced4 ,in #ahab1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,bourne1 son of ,william ,bourne1 of the ,belper ,pottery1 succeeded ,mr4 ,jger1 and the ,belper and ,denby works were carried on simultaneously until #ahcd1 when the ,belper ,works were discontinued1 and the plant and workpeople removed to ,denby4 ,the works were at this time much increased1 and gradually extended their operations4 ,in #ahcc1 the ,codnor ,park ,works 7which see7 passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,bourne1 and were carried on by him1 along with those of ,denby1 until #ahfa1 when they were closed1 and the workpeople1 plant1 c41 as in the case of the ,belper ,works1 removed to ,denby4 ,considerable additions were made for this increase of workpeople1 and the manufactory was much extended4 ,in #ahde1 ,mr4 ,bourne also became possessed of the ,shipley ,pottery 7which see71 and in #ahef removed those works to ,denby4 ,with the ,denby ,pottery are therefore incorporated those of ,belper1 ,codnor ,park1 and ,shipley4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,bourne having taken his son1 ,joseph ,harvey ,bourne1 into partnership1 the business was carried on under the style of ,joseph ,bourne and ,son1 and has so continued until the present day4 ,joseph ,bourne died in #ahfj1 and his son in #ahfi1 and the works are still carried on1 under the old trading style1 by the family4 ,in #ahea a medal was awarded to ,mr4 ,bourne for his stone bottles4 ,in addition to the extensions required from time to time at ,denby to provide for these continual augmentations arising from the closing of the smaller works1 the business has so extended as to necessitate considerable additions and improvements4 ,excellent machinery has been applied to the blunging and other processes1 and instead of the old process of getting rid of the water from the slip by evaporation1 the clay is obtained therefrom by the patented process invented by ,messrs4 ,needham and ,kite1 ,vauxhall1 ,london1 ten of their presses being employed1 turning out at least #be tons per day of workable clay4 ,the class of ware produced has not varied to any extent1 though an advance in shape and quality is evident from a comparison with some of the earlier specimens extant4 ,the great bulk of the stoneware produced by ,messrs4 ,bourne and ,son is the kind known as the salt-glazed stoneware1 which1 on account of its peculiar vitreous and non-absorbent qualities1 is in great demand not only in the home market1 but in all parts of the world4 ,about the year #ahcf a considerable change was made in the size and form of the salt-glazed kilns1 and for these improvements ,mr4 ,joseph ,bourne obtained a patent4 ,the old kilns were only half the height of the present ones1 and had each five chimneys4 ,to these1 what may be called an upper storey has been added1 and1 while the lower half is fired by mouths opening into the kiln and the flame passing perpendicularly up the kiln1 the upper portion is fed by fires passing out of the kiln by means of flues at the side1 and the modern kilns have only one chimney1 thus securing a better consumption of smoke and lessening the objectionable results which would follow from such a dense volume of smoke proceeding from a low chimney4 ,since this patent was taken out an additional improvement has been made by the erection on the top of each kiln of a separate small oven1 in which biscuit or terra-cotta fancy articles can be burnt1 these being simply burnt by the heat passing up the chimney and from the top of the kiln1 but no flame or salt-glaze reaching the goods4 ,much thought and care as well as considerable expense have been expended during the last twenty years to perfect the manufacture of telegraph insulators1 and the very large business transactions in this department proves that the enterprise of the firm has not been fruitless4 ,messrs4 ,bourne and ,son have for many years possessed the exclusive right to manufacture ,mr4 ,varley's ,patent ,double ,v4 ,insulators1 and since the transfer of the telegraphs to the ,government1 the firm have executed immense quantities for that department of the public service4 ,a demand having recently arisen for white-glazed ink and other bottles1 additional appliances have been provided on the most approved and modern principles1 which have enabled the firm to produce a class of ware of this description unrivalled alike for its excellence and appearance4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ajg to #aji4 ,the main productions of the works are as follows3-- ,in bottles1 which are the staple production1 almost every variety are manufactured in large quantities both in the patented vitreous stone1 and white glazed1 varieties of ink-bottles of every shape and size are made by thousands weekly1 as are also ale1 porter1 ginger-beer1 blacking1 fruit1 and every other kind of bottles4 ,spirit and other liquor bottles1 with handles1 up to a very large size1 are also made4 ,feet-warmers1 carriage-warmers1 and medical appliances1 with or without patent screw stoppers2 spittoons1 tobacco-jars1 churns1 mortars and pestles1 pipkins1 bird fountains1 inkstands1 feeding-bottles1 candlesticks1 pork-pie moulds1 and every variety of domestic vessels1 are made4 ,druggists' shop-jars1 snuff-jars1 spirit-barrels1 pudding-moulds1 c41 many of them highly ornamented1 are also made4 ,the filters are of excellent construction1 and good form1 and are made to purify from #e to #cj gallons per day each4 8,hunting ,jugs0--a name by which a certain class of jugs with raised ornaments consisting of hunting subjects1 sometimes a stag1 at others a fox1 chased by horsemen and dogs2 and with other relief subjects of trees1 bee-hives1 windmills1 and men seated smoking or drinking1 c41 are called--are made here to a great extent1 and of the hardest and most durable quality1 and with an excellent glaze4 ,some of these are made with greyhound handles of very clever and effective design1 of the class shown on ,fig4 #ih4 ,upright jugs1 or canettes1 of the same general character1 are also made1 as are also plain jugs4 ,jars1 too1 are a staple branch of the ,denby manufacture1 and for preserves1 pickles1 jellies1 marmalades1 c41 are considered to be of the best quality4 ,they are made of the most approved shapes1 and of every variety of size1 covered and uncovered2 one great advantage of this make being the great width of the mouth1 ensuring cleanliness1 and preventing the waste that occurs with an overhanging shoulder4 ,the same remark holds good with regard to the stew-pots4 ,in terra-cotta1 which is of a remarkably light and fine quality1 and of a warm buff colour1 many elegant articles are made4 ,these are flower vases of various designs1 lotus vases1 garden and other vases1 wine-coolers1 water-bottles1 ewers with snake handles1 flower-stands1 ,stilton-cheese stands and trays1 fern stands1 fonts1 ,indian scent jars1 butter coolers1 mignionette boxes1 and many other articles of artistic excellence4 ,the marks used by the ,denby ,pottery are as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,,vitreous ,,stone ,,bottle ,,bourne ,,son ,,patentees1 ,,denby ,,pottery ,,near ,,derby4 ,,belper ,,denby ,,bournes1 ,,pottery ,,derbyshire4 ,j4 ,,bourne ,,son4 ,,patentees ,,denby ,,potteries ,,near ,,derby4 ,j4 ,,bourne ,,son4 ,,patentee ,s ,,denby ,,pottery ,,near ,,derby4 ,figs4 #aaj to #aac4 ,but besides these1 which1 by the way1 are only used upon some of the goods1 the great bulk being made without any mark at all1 there are others which it is not necessary to particularise4 ,,shipley4 ,these works were commenced about #ahbe on the estate of ,edward ,miller ,mundy1 ,esq41 of ,shipley ,hall1 by whom the buildings were erected1 in consequence of the discovery of valuable beds of clay4 ,they were first carried on by some working potters from the ,staffordshire district1 and the ordinary classes of goods in 8cane0 or 8yellow0 ware were produced1 as were also ,rockingham ware tea-pots and other articles4 ,these were made to a considerable extent1 and of good quality1 but the works did not answer4 ,they were next taken by a ,mr4 ,waite1 a blacking manufacturer1 from ,london1 who commenced making stoneware bottles for his own blacking1 and other articles of general use4 ,eventually1 in #ahde1 the works passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,bourne1 of the ,denby pottery1 and were carried on by him4 ,the clay at ,shipley was of two kinds--one was obtained from the hard seam coal after the coal was worked1 at a depth of #bej yards4 ,this was of a beautiful and extremely fine quality1 but was of itself difficult to work owing to a want of tenacity4 ,it was found1 however1 that by using in equal proportions this clay and another known as the ,waterloo seam1 which was about #ajj yards from the surface1 an excellent body was produced4 ,at this period the coal mines on the estate furnished saline and chalybeate waters1 which were much in repute2 and bottles1 specially designed for these waters1 were made in large quantities at these works4 ,some of these bottles are still preserved1 and are of excellent material4 ,they bear impressed on the side a garter ribbon1 on which are the words ,in me suprema ,salus1 enclosing the name ,,shipley ,,saline ,,water in three lines4 ,in #ahef the ,shipley pottery was closed2 the workmen1 plant1 c41 being removed to1 and incorporated with1 the ,denby pottery4 ,,alfreton4 ,during the last1 and the early part of the present century1 brown ware of common quality1 and red-ware pancheons1 c41 were made at ,alfreton1 but have long been discontinued4 ,pilkington1 who wrote in #aghi1 says1 8,there are also here six malt offices1 and two potteries of the brown earthen ware40 ,the site of the last of these pot sheds1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,rowbottom1 was purchased1 in #ahde1 by the ,gas ,company1 for their works1 and during the progress of building1 c41 only the commonest brown ware was seen4 ,,crich4 ,somewhat extensive pot works existed here1 on ,morewood ,moor1 in the middle and latter part of last century1 or probably much earlier4 ,in #agfc they belonged to a ,mr4 ,thomas ,dodd1 who in that year became bankrupt4 ,the estates were somewhat extensive1 and their sale--land and houses1 c4--covered three days4 ,the sale was 8at the house of ,mr4 ,jonathan ,kendall1 known by the sign of the ,peacock1 near ,alfreton1 in ,derbyshire40 ,the following is a copy of the description of the lots in which the pot works occur3-- ,lot #a4 ,a large commodious ,dwelling ,house1 called ,crich ,pot ,house1 standing in ,wheatcroft1 within the said parish of ,crich1 together with the ,garden1 walled round1 and planted with ,wall ,fruit1 and a ,summer ,house within2 and all the ,outhouses1 ,barns1 ,stables1 ,cowhouses1 ,workrooms1 ,pot furnace1 ,warehouses and other ,edifices therto belonging4 ,and also those six several closes or parcels of enclosed land lying and being in ,wheatcroft aforesaid1 therto adjoining and belonging1 containing by estimation about #ch acres1 and being tythe free and paying a chief rent of ,two pence halfpenny per ann4 ,and also the ,potter's ,clay upon all the commons or waste grounds within the ,manor of ,lea 7within which ,manor the before mentioned premises lie71 all which are now in the occupation of ,mr4 ,thomas ,wheldon1 or his assigns4 ,lot #b4 ,a ,leasehold estate for the reversion of a term of #ii years1 which commenced at ,lady ,day1 #agdd1 of one acre of ,land to be fenced out of the ,south-east corner of a certain ,close in ,wheatcroft aforesaid1 commonly called ,agnes1 otherwise ,annis ,bottom1 under the yearly rent of one pound4 ,upon which said acre of ,land there is now built and standing a good new ,pot ,house1 with ,workrooms1 ,pot furnace1 ,warehouses1 and all other ,edifices and ,apartments necessary for a ,pottery1 now also in the possession of the said ,mr4 ,wheldon4 ,lot #c4 ,a ,close 7being formerly three ,closes7 in ,plaistow1 within the parish of ,crich aforesaid1 containing about #h acres1 being tythe free1 together with a ,windmill1 ,kiln for drying ,corn1 and ,blacksmith's ,shop1 standing thereupon1 being only separated from the fold-yard of the aforesaid house1 called ,crich ,pot-house1 by a narrow ,lane 7called ,dark ,lane7 which said ,close pays a ,chief rent of #f per ann41 and is now in the holding of the said ,mr4 ,wheldon4 ,lot #d4 ,a ,dwelling ,house with a ,barn and ,cowhouse1 and two ,closes of ,land adjoining1 tythe free1 in ,plaistow aforesaid1 containing about five acres1 paying only a ,chief rent of #d;d4 per ann41 and now in the occupation of ,john ,bacon and ,mr4 ,thomas ,wheldon4 ,lot #e4 ,a ,messuage1 ,house1 ,barn1 and ,stable1 ,two ,cowhouses1 and other ,edifices in ,wheatcroft aforesaid1 and also a large ,orchard1 planted with ,fruit ,trees1 and six several ,closes therto belonging1 tythe free1 containing about #ah acres1 formerly in the holding of ,william ,street1 deceased1 paying a ,chief rent of ,two pence halfpenny per ann41 and subject to an annuity of ,twenty shillings a year1 payable thereout to the ,vicar of ,crich1 for the time being4 ,n4,b4--,there's a large quantity of ,potter's ,clay in this ,farm4 8,the ,potters' ,clay ,delph10 or 8,delph of ,pot ,clay10 is also stated to go through two other of the lots4 ,mr4 ,robinson1 who has searched into matters regarding the ,crich ,pottery1 gives me the following particulars4 ,they were situated near the 8,pot-,house ,farm10 as the place is still called4 ,the buildings still remain and are known as the 8,pot-,house ,hillocks40 ,after the bankruptcy of ,thomas ,dodd1 the works were carried on by ,george ,bacon1 and at his death passed into the hands of his son1 ,edward ,bacon1 who gave up the earthenware manufacture and converted the place into a brickyard2 this also he closed about #ahaj4 ,of the ware made here1 which appears to have been brown ware1 like that of ,brampton1 nothing reliable is known4 ,a posset-pot1 formerly belonging to the landlord of the ,horse and ,groom1 a public-house a mile off1 is said to be an undoubted example2 it bears the names of the then landlord and his wife--8,john and ,mary ,wood1 #agid40 ,a spill-board weight1 bearing on one side the date #agfj1 with initials1 and on the other the initials ,g ,b 7supposed to be ,george ,bacon7 and a fleur-de-lis1 is also supposed to have been made here4 ,,langley ,,mills4 ,langley ,mill ,pottery4--,this pottery was established by its present owner1 ,mr4 ,james ,calvert1 in #ahfe1 and was the first established in the neighbourhood4 ,the productions are vitrified stoneware of similar character and quality to that of ,messrs4 ,bourne at ,denby4 ,in this ware a large trade is done in ginger-beer1 ink1 beer1 and other bottles1 and all the usual domestic vessels--jars1 pitchers1 hot-water bottles1 foot-warmers1 jugs1 mugs1 c4--are produced from clay found in the neighbourhood4 ,the works are extensive and well arranged1 consisting of three kilns for brown ware and one for ,bristol ware4 ,,ilkeston4 ,the 8,ilkeston ,potteries0 were established by the late ,mr4 ,george ,evans in #ahjg1 and were carried on by him until his decease1 in #ahcb1 when he was succeeded by his son1 ,mr4 ,richard ,evans1 the present sole proprietor of the concern4 ,at first1 and during the lifetime of ,mr4 ,george ,evans1 ,derbyshire stone bottles alone were made1 and these are still manufactured to a large extent4 ,by the present proprietor the buildings have been considerably increased1 and a general pottery added for the production of useful articles in stoneware and ornamental terra-cotta goods4 ,the present productions of the works are in stoneware bottles1 jars1 pans1 c41 of all sizes and of every usual form2 filters of an improved construction2 carriage1 foot1 and other warmers2 sanitary pipes1 and ware of every kind1 c41 c42 and in terra-cotta1 vases1 pedestals1 flower and tree boxes and pots1 garden-edgings1 chimney-tops1 c41 of various designs1 and all the more usual productions of fire-clay goods4 ,,pinxton4 ,the village of ,pinxton 7a large parish in ,east ,derbyshire1 close on the borders of ,nottinghamshire7 is principally inhabited by colliers and other 8hardy sons of toil10 who work in the ironstone mines and at the furnaces of the neighbourhood4 ,the manor belongs to the family of ,coke1 the same family as the ,cokes of ,trusley and the ,cokes of ,melbourne1 and to one of this family1 ,john ,coke1 ,esq41 the establishment of the china works is owing4 ,mr4 ,john ,coke was the youngest brother of ,d',ewes ,coke1 ,esq41 the lord of the manor2 the second brother being ,sir ,william ,coke1 ,judge of the ,supreme ,court1 ,ceylon1 who died at ,trincomalee1 in ,ceylon4 ,the present head of the family is ,lieut4-,col4 ,e4 ,t4 ,coke1 of ,debdale4 ,mr4 ,john ,coke1 who was born in #agge1 passed several of the early years of his life at ,dresden1 and there1 doubtless1 acquired that love for porcelain ware which induced him to commence the manufactory at ,pinxton on his return to this country4 ,having an idea that some clays found on the family estates near ,pinxton might be made available for the manufacture of china ware1 ,mr4 ,coke entered into correspondence with ,mr4 ,duesbury1 of the ,derby ,china ,works1 and sent him samples of his clays for trial and experiment4 ,whatever encouragement or otherwise he received from ,mr4 ,duesbury--and ,i have reason to believe that encouragement was not given--the result of his own convictions and his own trials1 c41 determined ,mr4 ,coke on starting the works1 and he ultimately made an engagement with ,william ,billingsley1 of the ,derby ,china ,works 7which see1 page #ajb72 and having built a somewhat large and very conveniently arranged factory1 commenced the manufacture of china ware in #agif4 ,william ,billingsley was the son of ,william and ,mary ,billingsley1 of the parish of ,st4 ,alkmund1 ,derby4 ,in #aggd he was apprenticed by his widowed mother to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 the proprietor of the ,derby ,china ,manufactory1 for five years1 8to learn the art of painting upon china or porcelain ware10 as ,i have already shown in my notice of ,billingsley on page #aja1 ante4 ,in #agif he left the ,derby ,china ,works1 where he had been employed for the long period of twenty-two years1 and removed to ,pinxton1 occupying1 with his wife1 his wife's mother1 and two daughters1 a part of the factory built by ,mr4 ,coke4 ,here ,billingsley succeeded in producing that beautiful granular body which he afterwards perfected at ,nantgarw and at ,swansea2 and here1 too1 stimulated by ,mr4 ,coke's good taste1 he introduced faultless forms in his services and a high style of excellence in decoration4 ,he brought with him several experienced workmen and artists from the ,derby ,works1 and took into the factory1 and instructed1 several young people of ,pinxton and its neighbourhood4 ,his own time was thus so fully occupied with the management of the works1 with the arrangement of the concern1 and with the 8overlooking0 of the persons employed1 that1 unfortunately1 his own skill and his own splendid colouring of roses and other flowers were lost to the manufacture2 and thus we do not find that the expressed fear of his late ,derby employers that 8his going into another factory will put them in the way of doing flowers in the same way1 which they are at present entirely ignorant of10 was sustained4 ,in fact1 while employed by ,mr4 ,duesbury1 ,billingsley was in every way master of the art he had been taught2 and he had acquired a peculiar method--entirely peculiar to himself--of painting roses which1 with his free and truly artistic grouping and harmonious arrangement of colours1 made his pieces so much sought after1 that orders were constantly sent in for objects 8painted with ,billingsley's flowers40 ,at this period of course his whole time was devoted to painting1 and his heart was in his work4 ,after leaving his employer1 his attention was naturally1 in the new sphere in which he found himself at ,pinxton1 almost wholly given to the practical instead of the ,art portion of the establishment1 and thus none1 or scarcely any1 of the known examples of ,pinxton china bear evidence of being his handiwork4 ,indeed1 it is not too much to say that1 from the time when he closed his connection with the ,derby ,works1 his ,art-skill declined1 but his manufacturing skill became more and more apparent4 ,the works at ,pinxton were built by the side of the canal1 and the workshops formed three sides of a square4 ,these are still in existence at the present day1 and are shown in the accompanying vignette1 from a sketch made for the purpose4 ,they are now converted into cottages1 and are occupied by colliers and others4 ,the kilns1 c41 have entirely disappeared4 ,the place and cottages are still called 8,china ,square10 or 8,factory ,square40 ,through some misunderstanding or other1 the arrangement between ,messrs4 ,coke and ,billingsley was not of long duration1 and in a very few years--probably about #ahjj or #ahjb--;,billingsley left the place and removed to ,mansfield1 where1 it is said1 he for some time occupied himself in decorating and finishing china ware which he bought in the white state in ,staffordshire4 ,he afterwards1 as ,i have already shown1 removed to ,torksey1 ,worcester1 ,nantgarw1 ,swansea1 and ,coalport1 and died about #ahbg or #ahbh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,mr4 ,coke married in #ahjf and settled at ,debdale ,hall1 where he died in #ahda1 in his sixty-sixth year1 leaving his estates to ,lieut4-,col4 ,coke1 their present possessor4 ,at ,debdale are preserved1 with religious care1 some of the finest examples ever made at ,pinxton4 ,these pieces were brought there by the founder of the works1 ,mr4 ,john ,coke just spoken of1 and have remained there ever since4 ,they consist of large semicircular spill-stands1 mugs1 c41 beautifully painted with views1 one of which1 a view of the family seat of ,brookhill ,hall1 is remarkably fine4 ,some of the stands are grounded in the ,dresden canary colour1 and the whole are very choice and unique examples of ,pinxton porcelain4 ,the group of china here engraved is a selection of pieces made during ,billingsley's time at ,pinxton4 ,the pieces are all remarkable for the beauty of the body and of the glaze1 and some of them are also noticeable for the excellence of the gilding4 ,the coffee-pot in the centre is one of a set bearing1 in oval borders1 views of different places either in ,derbyshire or elsewhere4 ,these landscapes are excellently painted1 of a peculiar brownish effect which pervades the whole colouring1 by ,james ,hadfield1 who was the best landscape painter at the works4 ,the views on the pieces which have come under my notice are of local and other places3 for instance1 ,pinxton ,church1 ,darley ,hall1 ,hartington ,bridge1 ,ashwood ,dale1 ,buxton1 ,wingerworth ,hall1 ,tong ,castle1 ,saltram1 ,menai ,straits1 ,wanstead ,church1 ,frog ,hall1 ,caerphilly ,castle1 c4 ,the teapot and stand are of elegant shape1 unusually narrow and carefully gilt2 the stand is of peculiar form4 ,the cup and saucer have the 8,derby sprig0 7,tournay sprig71 as it is frequently called4 ,the coffee-mug and flower-pot tell their own tale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,after the close of ,billingsley's connection with the ,pinxton ,works they were carried on by ,mr4 ,coke with the assistance of a ,mr4 ,banks4 ,afterwards ,mr4 ,coke took ,mr4 ,john ,cutts to manage the concern1 and he became a partner in the works4 ,in the later part of the time the manufactory was carried on by ,cutts alone4 ,at the close of the ,pinxton ,works1 which took place about #ahah1 ,mr4 ,cutts removed into ,staffordshire--fixing himself at ,lane ,end--where he commenced business2 at first buying ware in the white and finishing it for sale4 ,in #ahaa1 ,davies says1 8,there is a considerable porcelain manufactory at ,pinxton1 which finds employment for several hands40 ,after ,billingsley's removal from ,pinxton the character of the ware underwent a change4 ,the granular body of which ,i have spoken as produced1 and afterwards brought to such perfection1 by him1 was his own secret1 and he zealously kept it4 ,on leaving ,pinxton this secret1 naturally1 went with him1 and1 of course1 the goods produced after that time were of a different and much inferior body4 ,the later ware approached pretty closely the ordinary china body of the time1 and had a slightly bluish tint in the glaze4 ,the decoration was also1 as a rule1 not equal to what it had been in the earlier days of the factory4 ,among the workmen brought from ,derby along with ,billingsley1 were ,thomas ,moore1 a clever thrower2 ,ash1 also a clever thrower and turner1 and many others of repute4 ,among the painters1 c41 were ,james ,hadfield1 a good landscape painter2 ,edward ,rowland1 a landscape painter2 ,morrell1 who painted landscapes and flowers2 ,richard ,robins1 from ,london2 ,william ,alvey1 and others1 including ,slater and ,marriott4 ,alvey left ,pinxton about #ahjc1 and became master of ,edingley ,school1 near ,southwell1 where he died in #ahfg1 aged about eighty-three4 ,he had a numerous family1 some of whom re-settled at ,pinxton4 ,alvey was held in high respect at ,edingley1 and was possessed of remarkable natural gifts2 he was an excellent musician1 a clever draughtsman and colourist1 a first-rate mathematician1 a splendid penman1 a very fair land-surveyor1 and a poet of no mean order4 ,he was fond of drawing and painting to the last4 ,no especial mark was used at the ,pinxton ,works4 ,the number of the pattern was occasionally given1 and sometimes a workman's mark was added2 and although other marks were used1 none seem to have been adopted as distinctive of the works4 ,a writing letter ,p and a ,roman capital letter ,p have both been noticed as occurring on isolated specimens4 ,a tea service1 named to me by ,capt4 ,g4 ,talbot ,coke1 bears1 however1 inside the lid of the teapot1 the word ,pinxton1 written in gold letters4 ,the service is of a beautifully clear white china1 with broad edges of burnished gold2 a handsome arabesque border of red1 blue1 and gold ornamenting each piece4 ,one peculiarity connected with the ,pinxton ,china ,works remains to be noticed3 it is the issuing of china tokens1 i4e41 tokens representing different values of money1 made of china1 and payable as money among the workpeople and others1 including shopkeepers4 ,these were issued in a time of difficulty1 so that they were only temporary conveniences1 and thus they possess great interest4 ,they were of two distinct kinds4 ,the general form was a circular disc of white china1 thicker in the middle than at the edges--in fact1 exactly of the form of a common magnifying glass--and bore on the obverse a figure of #e in the centre1 and the words1 8,let the ,bearer have in goods five shillings10 in four lines across4 ,on the reverse a similar figure #e and the words1 8which place to account with ,john ,coke1 ,pinxton4 ,decr4 #bdth1 #ahja10 in five lines across4 ,the writing is in blue1 and the tokens are well glazed4 ,they were issued of various values1 as #ajs41 #gs4 #f;d41 #es41 #cs4 #f;d41 #as4 #f;d41 and #as4 respectively4 ,the one here engraved belongs to ,w4 ,s4 ,coke1 ,esq41 of ,brookhill1 and ,i am indebted for it to his nephew ,capt4 ,j4 ,talbot ,coke4 ,others bore1 as shown on the next engraving1 simply the figure of value1 gilt or painted on an oval disc4 ,these tokens were used as promissory notes1 and when returned to the works by their holders their value in money was given for them1 and they were broken up and destroyed4 ,they were payable in and around ,pinxton1 on one side as far as ,sutton1 but their payment did not extend to ,mansfield4 ,they were called 8,mr4 ,coke's coin10 or 8,chain money0 7china money71 in the provincialism of the locality4#ce ,illustration3 ,let the ,bearer have #e in goods five shillings which place to account with #e ,john ,coke ,pinxton ,decr #bdth #ahja4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,illustration3 #gs4 #es4 ,figs4 #aag #aah4 ,it is pleasant to see how the memory of the old china works at ,pinxton is cherished by its inhabitants of the present day1 among whom some of the people who worked there are still1 at a ripe old age1 living4 ,one of these1 in her eighty-fifth year1 who began to work at the factory when but a child of some eleven years of age 7at that time named ,elizabeth ,smith71 and became ultimately the chief burnisher of the works1 was1 when ,i saw her a few years back1 in full possession of all her faculties1 and delighted in describing1 with marvellous accuracy1 all the processes employed4 ,to her wonderful memory1 and to that of others1 as well as to documents and long personal research1 ,i owe the information which ,i1 in #ahfh1 for the first time1 gave in the ,art-,journal1 and now repeat1 in regard to this interesting manufactory4 ,,wirksworth4 ,wirksworth is much more intimately mixed up with the history of the ,ceramic ,art than is usually imagined1 and yet but little is known of the works which were there carried on1 or of their productions4 ,dugdale1 in #agii1 says1 8,about forty years ago1 a manufacture of porcelain was attempted1 but it proved unsuccessful4444 ,it was in the ,holland ,manor ,house that the unsuccessful manufacture of porcelain was attempted20 and ,davis1 in #ahaa1 repeats the same thing3 8,in the ,holland ,manor ,house the manufacture of porcelain was attempted1 about forty years ago1 but proving unsuccessful1 it was relinquished40 ,holland ,house1 where this manufacture was carried on1 was the ,manor ,house of the manor of ,holland1 otherwise ,richmonds1 which was given by ,thomas1 ,earl of ,lancaster1 to ,sir ,robert ,holland1 in which family it remained until the attainder of ,henry ,holland1 ,duke of ,exeter1 in #adfa2 it afterwards belonged to ,margaret1 ,countess of ,richmond and ,derby1 and was subsequently granted by the ,crown to ,ralph ,gell4 ,in #agde1 ,philip ,gell leased the manor to 8,robert ,atkinson and ,francis ,parry1 of ,lincoln's ,inn1 gentlemen10 and to 8,andrew ,wilkinson1 of ,boroughbridge1 com4 ,york1 ,esq41 and ,thomas ,wilkinson1 ,esq41 brother of the said ,andrew ,wilkinson40 ,in #aggg it was 8leased by ,philip ,gell1 ,esq41 of ,hopton1 to ,richard ,arkwright1 of ,cromford1 cotton merchant40 ,in this latter lease 7dated #fth ,november1 #aggg71 the china works are thus named3 8,all those several messuages1 tenements1 or dwelling-houses1 and all other buildings1 warehouses1 workshops1 and appurtenances1 situate1 standing1 and being in ,wirksworth1 in the said county of ,derby1 heretofore used for the making and manufacturing of ,china ,ware1 and now in the tenure or occupation of the said ,philip ,gell1 his assignee or assigns1 tenant or under-tenants40 ,so that at that time the first china works had probably ceased to be in operation4 ,in #agic1 by deed dated #ast ,november1 ,richard ,arkwright1 ,esq41 assigned the remainder of the lease to ,charles ,hurt1 ,esq41 of ,wirksworth1 in the following words3 8,all those several messuages1 tenements1 or dwelling-houses1 and all other the buildings1 warehouses1 workshops1 and appurtenances1 situate1 standing1 and being in ,wirksworth1 heretofore used for ye making and manufacturing of china1 but now for picking cotton40 ,my late friend1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,n4 ,ince1 to whom ,wirksworth is indebted for much patient research into its early history1 thus wrote to me regarding the china works1 having at my request turned his attention to the matter3--8,i much regret that ,i did not extract from the original deed of co-partnership1 which ,i once had in my hands1 at least its date1 parties1 and the like4 ,my opinion is that it was begun about the middle of last century1 and did not continue more than a few years4 ,i know the ,hurts of ,alderwasley1 ,gells of the ,gatehouse and ,hopton1 ,sir ,thomas ,burdett of ,foremark1 and many others were partners--nearly the same who were partners in the ,english and ,welsh ,mineral ,company1 of whose concerns were many papers in a bundle in my grandfather and father's office1 labelled #8,tissington v4 ,burdett and others2' and amongst them1 ,mr4 ,julius ,csar ,robiglio1 of ,hopton1 gentleman1 who was said to have been present at a duel in ,italy1 in which the then ,philip ,gell of ,hopton slew his antagonist and fled to ,england with ,mr4 ,csar ,robiglio1 who1 ,i have heard my mother say1 was a most gentlemanlike man4 ,he died at ,hopton1 and was buried at ,wirksworth or ,carsington4 ,the premises called #8,china ,house ,yard' were afterwards the property of the late ,charles ,hurt1 ,esq41 senr4 ,his son1 ,charles ,hurt1 junr41 died in #ahcd1 on whose death it was sold to the late ,mr4 ,john ,wilson1 maltster2 whose son1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,wilson1 wine merchant1 is the present owner40 ,mr4 ,wilson1 who has examined his title deeds specially for me1 tells me they contain no information as to the china works4 ,some years ago1 during excavations which were being made1 portions of saggers and of china were found2 some of these are in my own possession4 ,it is said that after leaving ,pinxton and other places1 ,billingsley attempted to establish china works here2 being probably led to do so by the fact of felspar being abundant in the neighbourhood4 ,of this1 however1 there is no proof4 ,earthenware is also said at one time to have been made here2 but of this1 also1 there is no proof4 ,,dale ,,abbey4 ,encaustic paving tiles were made here1 within the grounds of the abbey1 in the fourteenth century4 ,the remains of the kiln in which they were fired were discovered some years back1 and in and around it were several tiles and fragments of tiles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illustration3 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,medi,,val ,,paving ,,tiles ,,made ,,at ,,repton4 ,,repton4 ,encaustic tiles were made here in the fourteenth century1 and the kiln in which they were fired1 and a vast number of unfinished tiles and fragments of tiles1 were discovered in #ahff4 ,the site of the tile works was within the old abbey walls1 and was accidentally brought to light by the boys of ,repton ,school1 who were busying themselves in levelling a piece of land for their cricket ground4 ,during their work they came upon patches of a stiff red clay with fragments of tiles2 and1 presently afterwards1 found some regular layers of them1 face downwards4 ,next they came upon masses of brickwork1 which1 upon careful clearing1 turned out to be a kiln for the firing of the tiles4 ,of this1 and of the tiles found within and around it1 ,i made careful measurements and drawings1 and some of these are shown on the accompanying engravings4#cf ,the kiln1 ,fig4 #aai1 consisted of two series of arches 7each series consisting of six arches alternating with the same number of openings7 over what may be termed two vaults1 each #g feet #f inches long1 by #b feet #f inches wide1 and about #a foot #aj inches in height4 ,the arches were formed of chamfered bricks or tiles1 those composing the actual arch measuring #g inches in breadth at the square1 or upper end2 #b inches in breadth at the lower end2 #g inches in length2 #d inches in length on the square sides2 #c on the chamfer2 #a inches in thickness at the upper end3 and three quarters of an inch in thickness at the lower end4 ,the basement1 four inches in thickness1 was formed of bricks or tiles4 ,upon this were built up1 at distances of #d inches apart1 the chamfered bricks from which the arches sprung1 these being placed broadends together and so forming an hexagon4 ,between these the remainder of the wall1 to a level with the top of the arches1 was formed of encaustic tiles1 which being #d inches square exactly fill up the width4 ,these encaustic tiles1 some hundreds in number1 were of various patterns1 but evidently unfinished1 being quite soft and pliable4 ,the floor of the vault was paved with tiles1 and at the entrance was a stone wall on either side1 and against the wall-pier was placed the curious relief tile1 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,the tiles and fragments of tiles exhibit some examples different in form1 as well as in material and in design1 from any others which have come under my notice4 ,one of these1 on ,fig4 #aba 7repeated so as to form the complete pattern in a lozenge71 is of very light stone-coloured clay4 ,the foliated pattern is in very high and bold relief1 and the whole face of the tile is covered with a rich green glaze4 ,it measures #aj inches on its angles1 and #ad inches from point to point on its base1 and it is #a inches thick4 ,fig4 #abj is of the same material and general character2 the pattern in high relief1 and the face covered with green glaze4 ,it measures #h inches by #f1 and is #a inches thick4 ,another green glazed tile1 also with the pattern in relief1 is shown on ,fig4 #abc4 ,its design1 which is extremely elegant1 consists of the crowned initial of the blessed ,virgin1 7,illustration3 ,m 17 each limb of the letter ,m terminating in a crowned letter ,a and foliage4 ,this1 ,i take it1 simply means 8,ave1 ,maria40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #abb and #abc4 ,illustration3 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,medi,,val ,,paving ,,tiles ,,made ,,at ,,repton4 ,illustration3 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,medi,,val ,,paving ,,tiles ,,found ,,at ,,wirksworth4 ,of the ordinary class of red and yellow tiles1 a very large variety of patterns was found4 ,these consisted of single1 four1 nine1 and sixteen tile patterns of great beauty1 and1 in many cases1 unusual intricacy2 border tiles of strikingly beautiful design2 heraldic tiles representing the armorial bearings of many local families of note1 as well as those of the monarch1 c42 alphabet tiles1 bearing the entire alphabet in ,lombardic capitals2 and grotesque1 astronomical1 and other devices4 ,some of these are represented on plates ,i4 and ,,ii41 and it is worthy of remark1 as showing the extent to which this manufacture was carried by the monks at ,repton1 that tiles still existing in1 or exhumed on the sites of1 many of the old churches and religious houses of this and the adjoining counties1 are identical with those discovered in this kiln1 and are therefore proved to be of ,repton make4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #abd and #abe4 ,another description 7to which the same remark will also apply7 of tiles found in this kiln is very peculiar4 ,on these1 the pattern1 in sharp and tolerably fine lines1 is simply indented1 or incised1 into the soft clay1 and not filled in with 8slip40 ,these1 which for convenience ,i will call 8incised tiles10 are of dark blue or black colour4 ,some of these patterns will be found in ,figs4 #abd and #abe4 ,another very singular unique tile of this class is given of its full size on ,fig4 #abb4 ,it bears a head within a wreath1 and is covered with green glaze4 ,another curious and unique tile1 in which the simple device of four saltires within a square has been literally cut into the clay1 not impressed1 was also found4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #abf to #abh4 ,having described the ,repton kiln it will be well in the present chapter to give some few particulars of other remains of a like kind4 ,in #ahcc1 my late friend1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,eginton1 discovered a tile kiln on land formerly belonging to the ,priory of ,great ,malvern4 ,it consisted of two semicircular arches1 strongly built1 separated from each other by a thick and massive wall or pier4 ,the length of the kiln was #ce feet1 and the width of the openings #b feet #c inches4 ,in each of the archways was a flooring of stone1 about two feet from the ground1 composed of three slabs in width2 the centre one serving as a key-stone to the others1 but more especially1 in my opinion1 so arranged as to allow the fumes of the charcoal to have proper access to the chamber where the tiles were placed4 ,the place for the fire was on the ground1 beneath this elevated flooring1 and the earth from long action of the heat had become of extreme hardness1 and had all the appearance of a thick pavement of limestone4 ,there was no aperture for smoke1 so that the process was literally that of the 8smother kiln40 ,the arches were double1 the outer being constructed of tiles1 the inner of bricks1 which from long action of the fire had become completely vitrified4 ,the flooring on which the tiles were placed for burning was two inches in thickness1 and at the time of the discovery a number of the tiles were found lying in their places as they did when the fire smouldered away beneath them four centuries before4 ,the kiln was placed seven feet under ground--most probably to prevent injury to the structure from expansion by heat--and was firmly backed and bedded in with blocks of ,malvern ragstone4 ,the tiles found were identical with some of those now remaining in ,great and ,little ,malvern churches4 ,another kiln was discovered in #ahcg1 at ,st4 ,mary ,witton1 near ,droitwich4 ,it consisted of arched chambers similar to those at ,malvern1 and separated from each other in like manner by a strong intermediate central wall or pier4 ,the arches were #b feet #b inches in height1 #b feet #d inches in width1 and of several feet in length1 and were partly composed of tiles1 partly of brick1 and highly vitrified with the heat4 ,in them1 as at ,malvern1 a considerable quantity of charcoal was found4 ,other remains of kilns have been discovered in ,wiltshire1 in ,sussex1 and in ,staffordshire1 and in the latter county the family name of ,telwright1 or ,tilewright1 doubtless taking its origin from makers of tiles1 is one of great antiquity4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,tile ,kiln ,discovered near ,farringdon ,road1 ,london4 ,another remarkably interesting kiln was discovered in ,london in the course of excavations in forming the ,metropolitan ,railway1 close to the ,farringdon ,street ,station4 ,the kiln1 which rests upon the natural bed of clay of the locality1 was found about fourteen feet below the surface level of ,turnmill ,street1 or the natural bank of the ,fleet ,river4 ,over it was an immense accumulation of rubbish1 doubtless caused by the ,great ,fire of ,london4 ,an account of this kiln has been drawn up by my friend ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,price1 to whom ,i am indebted for the view of the kiln engraved on ,fig4 #abi4 ,it was about #af feet long and #aj feet wide1 and consisted of three parallel arches1 which averaged #b feet wide by #a foot high1 separated from each other by a pier of about #a foot in width4 ,these arches constituted the furnaces1 and supported a level floor1 which was pierced1 at equal distances1 with a series of openings each #b feet long by #e inches wide4 ,through these the heat would rise from below for firing the tiles4 ,on the spaces between the apertures the tiles were probably placed for burning4 ,there were thirty of these openings remaining1 though in some instances the intervening spaces had fallen away4 ,the entire structure is composed of plain tiles1 similar to those used for roofing purposes4 ,,little ,,chester4 ,a manufactory of coarse brown ware formerly existed at ,little ,chester near ,derby4 ,fragments of various fictile vessels of much the same character as the ,tickenhall dishes1 and also of the same kind as the ,chesterfield brown ware1 have from time to time been found1 as well as remains of a potter's kiln4 ,nothing1 however1 is known regarding it4 ,,tickenhall4 ,a pottery existed at this place1 as early1 at all events1 as the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth2 probably much earlier4 ,this is incontestably proved by remains which have from time to time been exhumed on the spot4 ,there can1 therefore1 be no doubt that pottery has for more than three centuries been uninterruptedly made at this place4 ,in #afej1 ,philip ,kinder1 in his collections towards a ,history of ,derbyshire1 preserved in the ,bodleian ,library1 thus wrote3--8,numa ,pompilius here might have learn't his #8,straine of ,frugalities'6 ,here are your best ,fictilias made you2 earthern vessels1 potts1 and pancions1 at ,tycknall1 and carried all ,east ,england through40 ,this is the earliest mention of ,tickenhall pottery ,i have met with4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #acj and #aca4 ,pilkington 7#aghi7 says3--8,formerly a very large quantity of earthen ware was manufactured at this place2 but lately the business has very much declined4 ,it is said1 that1 since the land in the neighbourhood has been enclosed1 it has been difficult to meet with proper clay40 ,the ordinary coarse domestic vessels--8potts and pancions0 as they are called by ,kinder--were made1 but beyond these there were many highly-decorated ones1 with human heads for handles1 c42 some fragments of these are in the possession of ,sir ,john ,harpur ,crewe1 ,bart41 of ,calke ,abbey1 to whom ,tickenhall belongs4 ,the ware was coarse1 but very hard1 the colour a dull brown1 nearly black1 in some instances with a yellow slip4 ,sometimes1 however1 it was of the ordinary red colour4 ,a medival pitcher1 or jug1 in my own possession1 which was dug up here in the course of draining operations on the site of the old works1 has the body of deep red clay1 very hard and compact1 and its upper part is covered with a dark glaze2 it has been much blistered in firing4 ,in ,sir ,john ,crewe's possession is a pilgrim's bottle1 found here1 of the ordinary shape4 ,it is shown on ,fig4 #acj4 ,he has also portions of two others1 the most perfect fragment being nearly black1 and the other of a reddish brown colour4 ,of these several other fragments have been found4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,two apparently well-authenticated examples of bowls1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,w4 ,bemrose1 jun41 and formerly belonging to ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,briggs1 are shown on ,figs4 #aca and #acb4 ,they are of the ordinary class of earthenware 7like those of the ,tofts1 ,taylors1 c471 of a dark brown or chocolate colour1 well glazed1 and ornamented with a white slip4 ,the larger one bears a very rude representation of a fox-hunt--a fox and three dogs1 and a tree4 ,the smaller one bears a somewhat gracefully thrown lily1 and other ornaments4 ,another example1 in my own collection1 is the candlestick engraved on ,fig4 #ach4 ,it is of precisely the same kind of ware1 with white slip ornaments4 ,the decoration of the base will be seen to bear a strong resemblance to the outer ornament of the large bowl4 ,perhaps among the most interesting of existing examples are the fragments engraved on ,figs4 #acc to #acf4 ,these are in the possession of ,sir ,john ,crewe1 ,bart41 and are undoubtedly authentic1 having been dug up on the spot4 ,they are heads formed of a buff clay and 8touched0 with a darker slip4 ,figs4 #acc and #acf show the front and back of the principal of these fragments4 ,the head-dress and ruff indicate the period to be at all events about the reign of ,mary or ,elizabeth4 ,fig4 #acd bears the plaited cap of the same period4 ,they are all engraved of the full size4 ,it will be seen on reference to ,figs4 #acg and #aci that1 in general character1 these heads bear a marked resemblance to some which were found in #ahed on the site of a medival potwork on the ,north ,cliff at ,scarborough4 ,another vessel there found is engraved in vol4 i41 ,fig4 #bii4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #acc to #acf4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #acg to #aci4 ,,kings ,,newton4 ,at this pleasant little village 7so celebrated for its hall1 now in ruins1 where ,charles ,i4 passed a night1 and as being the place from which the family of ,hardinge1 now represented by 8,baron ,hardinge1 of ,kings ,newton10 takes its origin7 one of the finest assemblages of examples of ,anglo-,saxon ,ceramic ,art has been brought to light1#cg and here1 in recent times1 pottery of a good quality and excellent character has been made4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon urns#ch were1 there can be no possible doubt1 made from the same bed of clay from which the modern specimens have been produced1 but it seems not to have been worked in intermediate times4 ,about #aheb ,mr4 ,henry ,orton 7brother to ,james ,orton1 author of 8,the ,three ,palaces10 8,excelsior10 c41 and himself a writer of no mean repute under the nom de plume of 8,philo071 then of the ,chauntry ,house1 ,kings ,newton1 considering the bed of clay at this place well adapted for useful and ornamental purposes1 erected workshops1 sheds1 and kilns1 and commenced the manufacture of garden-vases1 chimney-tops1 flower-boxes and pots1 brackets1 and a large variety of other articles4 ,these he produced both in their natural colour and surface-painted and gilded1 and many of them were of excellent design4 ,from one of the beds of clay a fine red terra-cotta was produced1 and from another a fine buff colour was made4 ,mr4 ,orton was so impressed with the importance of these beds for ceramic purposes1 that he caused a number of domestic and ornamental articles to be made in the ,staffordshire potteries from ,kings ,newton clay1 and the results were highly satisfactory4 ,circumstances1 however1 occurred which prevented his plans being matured1 and after a large expenditure of time and money on his part they were abandoned4 ,the place is now carried on as a steam brick yard1 and the clay is of so good and tenacious a quality that the maker stamps the name of ,,kings ,,newton on each brick produced4 ,of the articles made from this clay 7which1 being very few1 are now of the utmost rarity71 ,i possess examples4 ,one of these is a butter-cooler1 with perforated cover and twisted handles1 formed of red unglazed clay of remarkably fine and compact character4 ,another is a pressed jug1 with groups of relief flowers1 in a chocolate-coloured clay2 partly lined with white slip inside1 and glazed in its natural colour4 ,the other examples are a terra-cotta flower-vase and stand of fine light buff-coloured clay1 and a two-handled goblet or drinking-cup1 silver lustred1 and of excellent quality4 ,this is made of the brown1 or chocolate1 clay4 ,the probability is that some day these clays may be turned to better account than that of making bricks for railway tunnels4 ,,burton-,,upon-,,trent4 ,in #agid a manufactory was established in the neighbourhood of ,burton-on-,trent by ,sir ,nigel ,gresley1 ,bart41 of ,drakelow1 and ,c4 ,b4 ,adderley1 ,esq41 of ,hams ,hall 7ancestor of the present statesman1 the ,right ,honourable ,c4 ,adderley1 ,m4,p471 who died in #ahbf4 ,in ,june1 #agie1 ,william ,coffee1 one of the modellers at the ,derby china works1 was engaged for these works4 ,on page #ih ,i have given a copy of a letter relating to this engagement2 and another letter1 also in my possession1 dated 8,burton on ,trent1 ,june #dth1 #agie10 says1 8,sir1--,my being your debtor makes it my duty to inform you immediately of my arrival here1 and likewise of my engagement with ,sir ,nigel ,gresley1 and ,mr4 ,adderley1 lest you should suppose ,i had forgot the obligation ,i lie under to you10 etc4 ,the works were1 ,i have ascertained1 situated 8within fifty yards of ,gresley ,hall1 near the village and castle of ,gresley1 in the county of ,derby10 with also a place in ,burton itself4 ,from some cause or other the project did not answer the expectations of ,sir4 ,n4 ,gresley and ,mr4 ,adderley1 and about the year #ahjj the works passed from them into the hands of ,mr4 ,william ,nadin1 the father of ,mr4 ,joseph ,nadin of ,arthurlie1 ,burton-on-,trent4 ,mr4 ,nadin only carried on the manufactory for four or five years1 when1 it having proved a failure1 he discontinued it1 and was succeeded by ,mr4 ,burton1 of ,linton1 ,derbyshire1 who continued the works for a few years and then closed them4 ,during ,mr4 ,nadin's time the usual classes of ordinary ,staffordshire wares were made1 as also was china4 ,in the latter1 one great speciality was boots1 shoes1 and slippers1 which were extensively produced1 and variously ornamented4 ,his now aged son1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,nadin1 wrote me1 in reference to these1 8,my father made a large number of china boots and shoes1 and ,i well remember when about six years old1 walking up to my ankles into a pond of water in a pair of these boots 7,wellington in shape740 ,he also tells me that when his father 8had these works1 he received an order for a magnificent dinner-service--the price was fixed at #gjj--;for ,queen ,charlotte1 through ,colonel ,desbrow1 her ,chamberlain1 but he was never able to execute it1 as the china always came out of the ovens cracked and crazed1 though he employed the very best men he could obtain40 ,the ,duke of ,kent is said to have paid the works a visit1 accompanied by ,colonel ,desbrow4 ,no examples of the productions of these are1 so far as my inquiries go1 now known to be in existence4 ,about #ahcb ,mr4 ,william ,edwards1 a solicitor1 of ,derby 7brother-in-law of the second ,mr4 ,william ,duesbury of the ,derby china works71 in conjunction with a ,mr4 ,tunnicliffe1 commenced an earthenware 7yellow ware7 manufactory at the ,hay1 ,burton-on-,trent4 ,later on the manufacture of china or 8artificial marble0 was commenced2 workmen having been brought from the ,potteries and from ,derby4 ,the works1 which were in ,high ,street1 only continued in operation for a very few years1 and the productions were not marked4 ,mr4 ,edwards1 in his ornamental ware1 confined himself mainly to the production of figures1 but they were1 both commercially and artistically1 complete failures4 8,mr4 ,edwards's artificial marble gods and goddesses1 made at the ,burton-on-,trent works1 came out of the oven with their limbs twisted into every conceivable form40 ,on ,mr4 ,edwards's failure the works were closed1 and he removed to ,butt ,house1 near ,woodville1 at that time known as ,wooden ,box4 ,mr4 ,edwards employed some really good workmen1 amongst whom was a clever modeller named ,wornell1 who1 besides1 was an excellent stuffer of birds4 ,some good examples of ,wornell's work are in the possession of ,mr4 ,abram ,bass1 by whom much of this information has kindly been supplied to me4 ,,swadlincote4 ,swadlincote ,potteries4--,the works of ,messrs4 ,sharpe1 ,brothers1 and ,co4 were established1 and erected1 by the late ,mr4 ,thomas ,sharpe1 in #ahba1 and were carried on by him1 alone1 as 8,thomas ,sharpe0 until #ahch1 in which year he died4 ,they were then continued by his brothers under the style of 8,sharpe1 ,brothers1 and ,co410 under which firm they are still carried on2 the sole proprietor being the last surviving brother1 ,mr4 ,edmund ,sharpe4 ,the productions of the firm are the same as those of the general district1 viz41 the 8,derbyshire ,ironstone ,cane 7or ,yellow7 ,ware0 7a name by which this ware has for upwards of a century been known1 and which is the speciality of the district72 buff drab ware1 fire-proof ware1 ,rockingham ware1 mottled ware1 and black lustre ware4 ,in 8,derbyshire ,ironstone0 plain and pressed jugs and mugs2 bowls of various kinds2 ewers and basins1 tea-pots1 cups1 and jars of various kinds2 beef1 jelly1 bread1 stew1 and other pans2 and every description of household vessels are made1 as they are also in the buff drab ware4 ,in the ,rockingham1 mottled1 and black lustre wares1 tea and coffee pots in endless variety of patterns1 8,bohemian10 8,american10 8,rebecca10 8,shakspere10 8,fuchsia10 8,ivy10 8,chinese10 8,cottage10 8,mandarin10 8,royal ,flute10 8,gipsy10 c41 c42 pressed and plain jugs and mugs of good designs2 and many other useful articles are made4 ,blue printed goods are also produced4 ,among many ornamental specialities of these works may be named the 8,toby ,fill-pot0 jugs1 which are made in both coloured and ,rockingham ware1 on much the same model as the older jugs of that name2 one is shown on ,fig4 #adj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,sanitary earthenware is a great speciality of these works1 and is produced in cane-colour1 white1 and blue printed varieties1 as well as1 occasionally1 of a highly decorative character4 ,in these1 plug-basins1 closet-basins with ,sharpe's ,patent ,direct ,action1 requiring no fans1 but acting on the principle of a hollow rim with graduated perforations2 traps1 cabinet wash-hand stands of excellent and convenient construction1 and other articles1 are extensively made4 ,besides the ,home trade1 ,messrs4 ,sharpe export in large quantities to ,canada1 the ,united ,states1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,south ,africa1 ,new ,zealand1 ,india1 ,australia1 ,africa1 the ,sandwich ,islands1 ,germany1 ,holland1 ,russia1 ,prussia1 ,hungary1 c4 ,the mark used by ,mr4 ,thomas ,sharpe was simply the name ,,thomas ,,sharpe1 or ,t4 ,,sharpe1 impressed in the ware4 ,that of the present firm is the monogram ,s4 ,b4 and ,co4 within a wreath of oak and ivy1 and the words ,,sharpe',s ,,patent1 as here engraved4 ,illustration3 ,,sharpes ,,patent ,,sb ,fig4 #ada4 99 99 99 99 99 ,swadlincote ,pottery4--,these works were established in #agij by the late ,mr4 ,john ,hunt1 of ,swadlincote1 and were1 after his death1 continued by ,mr4 ,thomas ,woodward1 whose son1 ,mr4 ,james ,woodward1 is their present proprietor4 ,they were at first small1 but being the first of the kind in the place soon got into repute1 and fire bricks were constantly being fetched by cart to ,leicester1 ,derby1 ,wirksworth1 c4 ,fire bricks1 fire clay1 for ,sheffield steel works crucibles1 and iron furnaces1 were the sole productions till #ahei1 when the manufacture of sewage pipes1 terra-cotta chimney-pots1 vases1 c41 was added1 and since then marble1 white1 and cane-coloured sanitary earthenware has been introduced1 and is largely made4 ,in this department lavatory and closet fittings of every variety are produced4 ,some of the constructions are peculiar to these works1 and are--especially the patent 8,wash-out0 arrangement1--in high repute4 ,majolica and ,rockingham ware are also largely made4 ,the mark adopted by ,mr4 ,woodward is 8the anchor1 with a portion of cable twisted round it1 forming a monogram of ,j4 ,w410 as engraved on ,fig4 #adb4 ,illustration3 ,,trade ,,mark ,fig4 #adb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,swadlincote ,mills4--,established by ,moses ,cartwright about #ahcg1 but now carried on by ,mr4 ,edward ,grice1 who produces all the usual sanitary and terra-cotta goods of the district4 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,pottery4--,this pottery was established by ,messrs4 ,robinson and ,rowley in #ahae1 and has been successively worked since their time by ,mr4 ,robinson alone1 ,mr4 ,james ,staley1 and ,messrs4 ,staley ,brothers4 ,from these last the works passed in #ahge to ,messrs4 ,mason and ,adcock1 the present proprietors4 ,they produce1 extensively1 all the usual descriptions of ,derbyshire cane ware1 yellow ironstone1 and buff1 ,rockingham1 and mottled wares4 ,no mark is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,old ,midway ,pottery4--,established many years ago by a ,mr4 ,granger1 these works passed from him to ,mr4 ,richard ,staley1 sen41 and they are now carried on by ,messrs4 ,richard ,staley1 ,john ,staley1 and ,john ,brookes1 under the style of 8,richard ,staley and ,sons40 ,the operations of the firm are confined to ,derbyshire fire-proof cane ware1 ,rockingham ware1 and buff ware2 and in these they produce all the usual domestic and other articles4 ,the mark is the name1 with the word 8,fireproof0 added upon dishes1 c4 ,,church ,,gresley4 ,church ,gresley ,pottery4--,these works were originally built about the year #agij1 by a ,mr4 ,leedham1 for the purpose of manufacturing coarse ware wash-pans4 ,about #ahaf ,mr4 ,w4 ,bourne bought the works1 enlarged them1 and commenced the manufacture of ,derbyshire ironstone cane ware1 which has been made here ever since4 ,since ,mr4 ,bourne's time the works have been carried on successively by ,mr4 ,edwards 7see ,burton-on-,trent71 ,messrs4 ,shaw and ,harrison1 and ,mr4 ,henry ,wileman1 at whose decease in #ahfd they were taken by ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,green1 the present proprietor4 ,cane-coloured ironstone1 ,rockingham1 mottled1 black lustre1 buff1 and other wares are made2 and at an adjoining manufactory1 built by ,mr4 ,green in #ahga1 ordinary earthenware1 painted1 lined1 sponged1 and cream colour1 and other wares are made in all the usual services and domestic articles4 ,mr4 ,green has taken out patents for a process of moulding earthenware1 and for a bat-making machine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,commonside ,pottery4--,these works are of old establishment4 ,at first the commonest description of earthenware was made1 and afterwards ,mr4 ,edward ,grice carried them on for the manufacture of sanitary goods and chimney-pots4 ,from him they passed1 in #ahgc1 into the hands of ,messrs4 ,mason1 ,gough1 and ,till4 ,in #ahgd ,mr4 ,mason left the firm1 and the style since then has been 8,till and ,gough40 ,yellow1 ,rockingham1 and buff wares are made of the usual quality1 and in the same general variety of articles1 as in the other ,derbyshire potteries4 ,no mark is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,commonside ,works4--,mr4 ,edward ,grice1 who1 after leaving the above1 established these works in #ahfg1 manufactures sanitary and terra-cotta goods of various kinds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hill ,top ,works4--,these were established in #ahaj1 by ,mr4 ,john ,cooper1 who was afterwards joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,massey1 and afterwards by ,mr4 ,banks1 the firms being successively 8,john ,cooper10 8,cooper and ,massey10 and 8,cooper and ,banks40 ,they next belonged to ,mr4 ,henry ,ansell4 ,the sole proprietor now is ,mr4 ,nehemiah ,banks4 ,the wares produced are the ordinary 8,derbyshire ,ironstone ,cane ,ware10 buff ware1 ,rockingham ware1 and black lustre ware4 ,in these all the usual household articles are produced in large quantities for home and foreign markets4 ,horticultural ware is also largely made2 the garden1 sea-kale1 and other pots1 and seed-pans1 c41 being of superior quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hillside ,works4--,these are devoted to the manufacture of fire-clay goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,other manufactories in the district are ,mr4 ,r4 ,quinton's brown ware and stone-bottle works2 ,mr4 ,e4 ,jones's pancheon and flower-pot works1 and the works of ,mr4 ,w4 ,cotterell4 ,about #ahdf1 ,mr ,william ,edwards1 formerly of ,derby1 and later of ,burton-on-,trent1 commenced a yellow-ware manufactory at ,ashby ,holes1 ,gresley ,common1 which he carried on for a few years4 7,see ,burton-on-,trent47 ,,woodville1 ,,or ,,wooden ,,box1 ,,hartshorne1 ,,gresley1 ,c4 ,woodville1 the modern and more euphonious name given to the village of 8,wooden ,box10 is five and a half miles from ,burton-on-,trent4 ,the original name arose from an old wooden 8box10 or hut1 which formerly stood on the site of the present toll-house1 where a man used to sit to collect toll1 but which was afterwards burned down4 ,the original 8box10 it may be added1 was an old port-wine butt1 from ,drakelow ,hall1 and in this the collector1 ,diogenes-like1 spent his days4 ,in #ahjj only two houses existed here1 the 8,butt ,house10 belonging to the then ,earl ,ferrars and the residence of his son ,lord ,tamworth1 and a farmhouse4 ,on this farm some valuable beds of clay were found to exist1 and a ,mr4 ,peake1 from the ,staffordshire pottery district1 established a small manufactory on the spot4 ,from this manufactory the trade of the district has entirely taken its rise1 and it is now noted for extensive manufactories of ,derbyshire ironstone ware2 cane-coloured1 ,rockingham1 black1 buff1 and brown wares2 sanitary goods1 terra-cotta1 c4 ,its inhabitants are principally potters and colliers1 and it has risen to the importance of being a parish of itself--part of the parish of ,hartshorne1 in ,derbyshire1 and of ,ashby-de-la-,zouch1 in ,leicestershire1 being taken for the purpose--the main1 or ,high1 street separating those two counties4 ,near ,woodville is the modern hamlet of ,albert village1 and it has a branch-line on the ,midland ,railway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hartshorne ,potteries were established in #ahah by ,mr4 ,joseph ,thompson1 the father of the present proprietors1 ,richard and ,willoughby ,thompson1 who now trade under the style of 8,thompson ,brothers40 ,the goods made by this firm are ,derbyshire ironstone-ware1 brown stoneware1 cane ironstone ware1 buff stoneware1 yellow ironstone ware 7enamelled white inside71 and black and ,rockingham wares1 and terra-cotta goods4 ,sanitary and drain-pipes1 flooring and other tiles1 fire-bricks and building bricks1 c41 are also produced4 ,the former mark of this pottery was-- ,j ,,thompson or ,,joseph ,,thompson ,,wooden ,,box ,,pottery ,,derbyshire 99 99 99 99 99 ,hartshorne ,pottery4--,these works were established about #agij by ,james ,onions1 who was succeeded by ,luke ,copeland4 ,the works were next carried on by ,messrs4 ,read1 ,malkin and ,co41 and afterwards by ,read and ,malkin only1 and next by ,g4 ,s4 ,read alone1 who continued proprietor for thirty or forty years4 ,mr4 ,read died in ,january1 #ahfj1 and in ,march of the same year the concern passed into the hands of its present owner1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,rowley4 ,the goods produced are 8,derbyshire ,ironstone0 or cane-coloured ware1 ,rockingham ware1 ,mottled ware1 ,buff ware1 and ,black ,lustre ware of the usual quality and character4 ,in these1 bowls of various kinds1 jugs of all descriptions1 jars1 dishes1 tea and coffee-pots1 mugs1 and almost every article for domestic use1 are extensively made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,woodville ,tile ,works4--,at these works1 established by ,messrs4 ,barry and ,co41 sanitary goods and geometric and other tiles are made4 ,the tiles are 8encaustic1 mosaic1 geometrical1 and white-glazed tiles for baths1 c410 of average quality4 ,in terra-cotta1 vases1 chimney-tops1 and other ornamental goods are produced1 as are also fire-backs for stoves1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,woodville ,pottery4--,this manufactory was established in #ahcc 7in which year it was built7 by ,messrs4 ,thomas ,hall and ,william ,davenport1 both of whom are now deceased4 ,in #aheh the works passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,thomas ,betteridge and ,thomas ,nadin4 ,in #ahfc ,mr4 ,nadin retired from the concern1 which1 from that time to the present1 has been carried on solely by ,mr4 ,thomas ,betteridge4 ,the goods produced are the usual classes of ,derbyshire cane-coloured ironstone1 ,rockingham1 mottled1 and buff wares of the district4 ,in these all the ordinary articles--jugs1 tea and coffee-pots1 dishes and bowls1 jars1 and other domestic vessels--are made in considerable quantities4 ,the quality is that of the entire district4 99 99 99 99 99 ,albion ,works4--,the ,albion ,fire ,clay ,works1 established by the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,hosea ,tugby ,co41 produce all the usual fire-clay goods1 bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,the firm have patented a 8continuous direct action kiln40 99 99 99 99 99 ,woodville ,potteries4--,these works were established about #ahaj by the late ,mr4 ,watts1 who was joined in partnership by his relative1 ,mr4 ,cash1 and it has remained in the same family to the present day4 ,the present proprietors are ,mr4 ,william ,cash and his son ,mr4 ,thomas ,cash1 who still trade under the style of 8,watts and ,cash40 ,the productions of this pottery are the ,derbyshire 8ironstone0 or 8yellow0 ware1 buff-coloured ware1 ,rockingham ware1 c41 of the ordinary qualities1 in which all the usual varieties of domestic vessels1 services1 c41 are largely manufactured1 principally for the ,american and other foreign markets4 ,the local clay from which these goods are produced 8is peculiar to this district1 and is not found precisely the same anywhere else20 it was not brought into use for ceramic purposes until the establishment of these works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rawdon ,pottery was built by the fourth ,marquess of ,hastings1 on whose estate it was situate1 and was first worked by ,john ,hall1 who was succeeded1 on his failure1 by ,john ,brunt1 who carried it on until his death4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,brunt1 who1 however1 did not succeed in the business1 and in #ahfa the works passed into the hands of the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,dooley1 and ,co4 ,the goods produced are the usual varieties of articles in 8,derbyshire ,ironstone10 or cane-coloured ware1 ,rockingham ware1 buff ware1 and cream-coloured ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,pool ,works0 for terra-cotta fire-bricks and sanitary tubes1 at ,woodville1 near ,burton-on-,trent1 were established about the year #ahcj1 by the late ,mr4 ,joseph ,walker ,bourne1 yellow earthenware manufacturer1 of ,church ,gresley1 who purchased the property of the late ,sir ,roger ,gresley1 ,bart41 of ,drakelow ,hall1 ,derbyshire1 and established the works for the manufacture1 on a small scale1 of fire-bricks for his earthenware manufactory4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,bourne1 in #ahdj1 the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,edward ,ensor1 then of ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorsetshire1 purchased the business1 and the year following sent his second son1 ,henry ,loader ,ensor1 at the age of fourteen years1 to learn1 and eventually manage1 the business4 ,at that time the works consisted of a #d-;horse power condensing engine to grind and prepare the fire-clay2 two small hovels or sheds1 and two small brick-kilns1 covering an extent of #d1jjj yards1 the whole make not exceeding #bj1jjj bricks per week1 and only seven men and six boys being employed4 ,the market for the bricks was the local earthenware manufactories and collieries1 and a few towns in the immediate neighbourhood2 the bricks being carted to the ,ashby and ,burton ,canals4 ,about that time1 the clay being found suitable for making crucibles for steel refiners at ,sheffield1 their manufacture was introduced into that market1 and has gradually grown into a very important branch of the trade of the district4 ,in #ahde ,mr4 ,ensor1 senr41 came to live in his present residence1 ,gresley ,cottage1 and took the active management of the business4 ,in #ahdf the ,midland ,railway opened the line from ,burton to ,leicester1 with branches to ,woodville and ,swadlincote1 thus opening up a means of cheaper transit for the valuable productions of the neighbourhood4 ,from this time the different manufactories and collieries greatly increased1 and other branches of the trade were started1 such as salt-glazed sanitary pipes and terra-cotta chimney-tops1 c4 ,about #ahej ,mr4 ,ensor purchased the ,pool property from ,mr4 ,mammatt1 and soon after this his eldest son1 ,edward1 having returned from ,south ,africa1 took part in the management of the business4 ,in #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,ensor having seen the ,hoffman ,patent ,brick ,kiln at ,wakefield1 and being struck with the saving of fuel effected in burning common bricks1 purchased the right of the sole use of the patent in this district1 and erected kilns1 drying-sheds1 c41 intending to burn all his goods by this system1 but found it essential to introduce many improvements and alterations1 as the ,hoffman system1 although well adapted for common red bricks 7which require little heat71 was not adapted to fire-brick and terra-cotta1 which requires very great heat4 ,mr4 ,ensor succeeded in inventing a process by which he retained the heat so effectively that #c cwt4 of small coal more successfully burnt #a1jjj bricks than #bj cwt4 of good rough coal did in the most approved old-fashioned kilns4 ,at this time1 i4e4 in #ahfe1 the works consisted of four high-pressure engines for grinding and preparing the clay for the different branches of the manufactory4 ,the machinery for grinding the fire-clay was two pairs of iron rollers and pug mill2 that for the terra-cotta clay was different1 and consisted of edge runners of great weight revolving in an iron pan1 to reduce the clay into a fine powder before passing through sieves and the pug mill4 ,at this time ,carr's 8,patent ,disintegrator10 for mixing and reducing manures1 c41 was seen by ,mr4 ,ensor1 to whom it occurred it might be adapted to this process1 and he erected one1 adding to it many improvements1 and eventually so constructed it that it is now the most valuable clay reducer ever used4 ,the machine is circular1 made of iron1 and consists of four rows of bars1 each running in opposite directions at the speed of #djj revolutions per minute2 the clay being put in the centre1 is forced out through the bars1 thus reducing it into the finest powder1 and pulverising from #ej to #aej tons in a day of #aj hours1 according to the texture of the clay4 ,about #ahfh1 through an itinerant firebrand causing a strike amongst the colliers of the district1 and thus almost stopping the different trades of the district through want of coal1 and its consequent high price1 experiments were tried by ,edward ,ensor1 jun41 who ultimately patented 8a process for an improved system of burning all kinds of earthenware1 salt-glazed1 sanitary1 and terra-cotta goods1 fire1 blue1 and common bricks1 tiles1 c41 lime1 and other commodities40 ,a kiln on this principle was erected1 and has been a perfect success1 and is still in use at these works for burning salt-glazed sanitary goods1 and at several other manufactories for bricks1 in each case effecting a saving of #ge per cent4 in fuel and in labour4 ,the works at the present time occupy an area of #dj1jjj yards1 and employ about #bij persons4 ,another patent adopted at these works is the 8,patent ,wire ,rope ,tramway0 for conveying any material any distance up to one mile over hilly or broken ground2 which has been so improved as to be made to drain the pits of water by pumping1 hoisting the clay out of the pits from a depth of about #bj yards to the surface1 and conveying it to the machinery for making up into bricks1 and to the railway for conveyance to the different steel-melting districts4 ,the fire-bricks made here are sent to every quarter of the globe1 being largely used by ,government on colonial military stations in the erection of cooking-ranges1 ovens1 and boilers2 and for sugar refineries in ,china and the ,east1 as well as for glass1 earthenware1 gas1 iron and steel works in our own country4 ,fire-place backs are also extensively made4 ,the salt-glazed sanitary goods are of excellent and durable quality1 and1 being highly vitrified in the body1 are capable of withstanding the action of the acids in sewage1 c4 ,in terra-cotta1 the only art-branch carried on at the ,pool ,works1 vases1 tazzas1 pedestals1 brackets1 trusses1 and ornamental bricks are produced1 many of which are of very good design2 the colour is a light stone4 ,the beds of clay on this property are as follows3--,the principal1 or fire-clay1 found at a depth of from #aj to #cj yards1 is a bed of about #f feet in thickness1 8and is proved to be equal to any bed in the kingdom40 ,there are also valuable beds of clay for terra-cotta and salt-glazed ware1 both above and below the fire-clay3 these consist of1 first1 common marl1 generally blue in colour1 from #b to #d yards in thickness 7this is intermixed with small ironstones1 round and oval in form72 then a thin bed of clunch2 next a thin vein of coal or smut1 about a foot in thickness1 but of little value2 then another bed of marl1 from #c to #e feet1 with small pieces of ironstone intermixed1 generally kidney-shaped2 then the fire-clay1 #f feet2 next #a foot of smut or coal2 then a bed of clay called 8bottle clay10 good for brown earthenware1 of similar character to the ,chesterfield and ,denby ware1 but used by the firm for pipes1 from #f to #i feet in thickness2 then a very hard light-coloured clay1 full of silica1 which is used for terra-cotta1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,woodville4--,messrs4 ,barry ,co4 manufacture all the usual varieties of glazed stoneware sewerage and drain-pipes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wooden ,box ,pottery4--,this manufactory was established by ,mr4 ,thomas ,hallam in #ahag4 ,since his time it has been successively worked by ,mr4 ,robinson1 ,messrs4 ,harrison and ,cash1 ,messrs4 ,hallam ,co41 and ,messrs4 ,watts and ,cash4 ,its present proprietor is ,mr4 ,thomas ,nadin1 who manufactures ironstone1 cane1 buff1 and ,rockingham wares of the usual kinds and qualities as the other ,derbyshire manufactories4 ,no mark is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mount ,pleasant ,works4--,in #ahdg the late ,mr4 ,john ,knowles1 of ,matlock1 established these works for the manufacture of bricks1 tiles1 fire-clay goods1 and terra cotta4 ,these he continued till his death in #ahfi1 when they were carried on by ,mrs4 ,knowles1 his widow1 till #ahga2 since that time they have been continued by the trustees of ,mrs4 ,knowles1 under the style of 8,john ,knowles ,co40 ,besides all the usual classes of bricks1 tiles1 stove-backs1 garden edgings1 salt-glazed sanitary and drain-pipes1 c41 some highly ornate chimney-tops1 and garden vases of good design are made4 ,the firm are also proprietors of crucible and cement fire clays4 99 99 99 99 99 ,coleorton ,pottery4--,established in #ahce by ,messrs4 ,wilson1 ,lount1 and ,proudman4 ,on the retiring of the latter partners1 the works were carried on by ,mr4 ,thomas ,wilson alone1 and so continue4 ,the productions are yellow1 buff or cane1 and ,rockingham wares1 in which all the usual domestic articles are made4 ,the ware is of more than average excellence in quality4 ,the 8buff0 is made of a mixture of ,devonshire china clay and the local clay found close by the works1 from which the yellow ware is made2 it is found about nine yards below the surface1 underlying a seam of coal4 ,the ,london and other home markets are supplied4 ,no mark is used4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,stoke-upon-,trent--,josiah ,spode--,copeland and ,garratt--,copeland and ,sons--,mintons--,hollins--,trent ,pottery2 ,jones--,albert ,street ,works--,copeland ,street ,works--,glebe ,street and ,wharf ,street ,works--,copeland ,street--,bridge ,works--,london ,road2 ,goss--,kirkham--,campbell ,brick and ,tile ,company--,harrison and ,wedgwood--,bankes--,hugh ,booth--,ephraim ,booth--,wolf--,bird--,adams and ,son--,h4 and ,r4 ,daniel--,boyle--,reade--,lowndes and ,hall4 ,the large and commercially important1 as well as thickly populated district1 known as the 8,staffordshire ,potteries10 or more commonly called simply 8,the ,potteries10 comprises a number of towns known as the 8,pottery ,towns10 and other places adjoining them4 ,these are ,burslem1 ,hanley1 ,shelton1 ,tunstall1 ,stoke-upon-,trent1 ,longton1 ,etruria1 ,cobridge1 ,fenton1 ,longport1 and ,dresden4 ,of these1 ,stoke-upon-,trent1 although far from being the oldest1 or largest1 or busiest1 is the great railway centre1 and head of the electoral district2 the parliamentary district of ,stoke-upon-,trent 7which returns two members to ,parliament7 comprising these towns just named1 with a few other out-lying places4 ,some of these towns are corporate1 and ,newcastle-under-,lyme is both a corporate and parliamentary borough4 ,it is estimated that in this pottery district considerably over thirty thousand persons are employed in1 or dependent on1 the staple trade of the place1 that of china and earthenware manufacture4 ,,stoke-,,upon-,,trent4 ,spode4--,copeland4--,the first notice of the name of ,spode that ,i have met with in connection with potting is an entry of the 8hiring0 of ,josiah ,spode by ,thomas ,whieldon1 in #agdi4 ,this ,i was the first to make public from the original book of ,whieldon's accounts in my possession4 ,it is as follows3-- #agdi4 s4 d4 ,april #i4 ,hired ,siah ,spoade1 to give him from this time to ,martelmas next #bs4 #c;d41 or #bs4 #f;d4 if he ,deserves it4 #b;d year #j #b #i #c;d year #j #c #c ,pd4 full earnest #j #a #j ,this entry is of considerable historical interest1 as being the first hiring of ,josiah ,spode1 who1 being born in #agcc1 would at that time be sixteen years of age1 and was the founder of the family which subsequently rose to such eminence in the art4 ,the 8hiring0 being for three years1 and at wages ranging from #bs4 #c;d4 to #cs4 #c;d4 per week1 while other men at the same time were being paid from #es4 #c;d4 to #gs4 per week1 would appear to have been a kind of apprenticeship1 or1 at all events1 a 8finishing touch0 to the learning of the trade4 ,from ,april till ,martinmas1 which is the great time for all hirings in the pottery trade1 the payment was to be at #bs4 #c;d4 per week1 8or #bs4 #f;d4 if he deserves it10 with the prospect of a rise of sixpence per week in successive years4 ,he appears to have fully worked out his time1 and to have been found deserving4 ,two other entries in the same book1 showing successive hirings1 after the expiration of the first term of three years1 are as follows3-- #ageb4 s4 d4 ,feby4 #bb4 ,hired ,josiah ,spoad for next ,martlemas1 per week #j #g #j ,i am to give him earn4 #j #e #j ,pd4 in ,part4 #j #a #j ,pd4 do4 #j #d #j #aged4 ,feby4 #be4 ,hired ,siah ,spode1 per week4 #j #g #f ,earnest4 #a #aa #f ,pd4 in part4 #j #af #j ,thus in #ageb he got #gs4 a week1 and an earnest of #es42 and in the following year he was raised to #gs4 #f;d4 per week1 with the unusually high earnest of #a #aas4 #f;d4 ,at this time he must have been married1 for in the same year1 #aged1 it appears the second ,josiah ,spode was born4 ,but little is known of the early life of this second ,josiah ,spode2 the probability1 however1 is that his father1 after leaving ,whieldon's service1 commenced a small manufactory on his own account1 and that he learned the business with him4 ,about #aggj1 ,spode 7the son at that time being about sixteen years old7 is stated to have taken the works at ,stoke1 previously carried on by ,messrs4 ,turner1 or ,turner and ,banks4 ,he is said also to have introduced1 about #aghd1 transfer printing into ,stoke4 ,previous to this time ,mr4 ,william ,copeland1 of ,london 7a native of ,stoke71 who travelled in the tea trade1 made the acquaintance of ,mr4 ,spode and offered to undertake a commission to sell his tea ware and other goods to his customers4 ,the enterprise was very successful1 and a warehouse was taken in ,fore ,street1 ,cripplegate1 ,london1 for the general sale of ,spode's goods4 ,trade increasing rapidly1 ,mr4 ,copeland1 who became a partner with ,mr4 ,spode1 afterwards1 in #aggi1 purchased the property1 #cg1 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 and1 at the back1 in ,portugal ,street1 opened an immense depot for the sale of pottery goods1 in the place where stood the theatre 7originally built by ,d',avenant in #affb1 and rebuilt by ,rich in #agad71 famous as being the house in which ,garrick first appeared2 the original ,joe ,miller flashed out his witticisms2 and where the ,recruiting ,officer1 the ,beggars' ,opera1 c41 were first produced4 ,this establishment was managed by ,mr4 ,copeland2 the manufactory being conducted entirely by ,mr4 ,spode4 ,mr4 ,spode's son1 who was ultimately taken into partnership with his father1 was for a time in the ,london house1 but on the death of the latter1 in #agig1 he returned to ,stoke1 and devoted himself to the manufactory4 ,in #ahjj ,mr4 ,spode commenced making porcelain in addition to earthenware1 and was the first to introduce felspar into its composition4 ,in #ahje he introduced an opaque porcelain1 known as 8ironstone china10 which he manufactured to a very large extent1 and exported in immense quantities to ,france and other countries4 ,in #ahjf ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales visited the works1 and ,mr4 ,spode was appointed potter to him4 ,the porcelain1 the ironstone china1 and the ordinary earthenware manufactured at this time were of the very highest character1 both in body1 in glaze1 and in decoration2 indeed1 in all three of these respects they rank with the best of the period4 ,the first partnership was ,spode and ,copeland1#ci and next1 ,spode1 ,son1 and ,copeland4 ,after the death of the elder ,spode it again became ,spode and ,copeland1 and next1 on the son of the latter1 who was afterwards alderman1 being taken into partnership1 ,spode1 ,copeland1 and ,son1 and was so carried on until the elder ,mr4 ,copeland's death1 in #ahbf4 ,in #ahbg the second ,mr4 ,spode died1 and was succeeded by his son1 the third ,josiah ,spode1 who1 however1 only survived his father two years1 and died in #ahbi4 ,until #ahcc the business was carried on by the executors of the third ,josiah ,spode1 of ,hawksyard 7his only son1 also named ,josiah1 being a minor71 and ,mr4 ,alderman ,copeland4 ,in that year the entire concern was purchased by ,mr4 ,alderman ,william ,taylor ,copeland1 who shortly afterwards took into partnership his principal traveller and town correspondent1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,garrett4 ,the firm then became 8,copeland and ,garrett10 and was so continued until #ahdg1 when a dissolution took place4 ,from that time till #ahfg the style of the firm remained simply 8,w4 ,t4 ,copeland1 late ,spode40 ,in that year ,mr4 ,copeland took his four sons into partnership1 and from that time to the present the firm has continued under the name of 8,w4 ,t4 ,copeland and ,sons40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ade to #adi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,mr4 ,alderman ,copeland was ,lord ,mayor of ,london in #ahce-f4 ,he sat as member of ,parliament for ,coleraine from #ahbh till #ahcb1 and for ,stoke-upon-,trent from #ahcg till #aheb4 ,losing his seat in that year1 ,mr4 ,copeland was re-elected in #aheg and sat till #ahfe1 when he retired from the representation4 ,he was the grandson of ,mr4 ,william ,copeland1 yeoman1 of the ,holly ,bush1 in the parish of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 and son of the partner of the first ,mr4 ,spode4 ,the will of ,mr4 ,william ,copeland1 of ,holly ,bush1 was dated ,november #ajth1 #agge1 and proved ,december #bhth1 #aghf4 ,a daughter named ,hannah1 mentioned in that document1 became the wife of the late ,mr4 ,william ,astbury1 of the family whose name is intimately mixed up with the history of the pottery of the district4 ,mr4 ,alderman ,copeland died in #ahfh4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aea to #aee4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aef to #aei4--,messrs4 ,copeland's ,productions4 ,of the productions of the present firm it is manifestly impossible to give even a brief resum2 the bare enumeration of the different articles in porcelain and earthenware would occupy many closely printed pages4 ,it will only be possible to note1 here and there1 one of their art-productions4 ,for services1 both breakfast1 dinner1 dessert1 tea1 and toilet1 the firm ranks among the very highest in order1 and these are produced both in china and in earthenware1 and every variety of ornamentation2 in the former from the simple gold or coloured lines and borders1 and in the latter from the commonest sponged patterns1 to the most profuse and lavish relief and painting4 ,one of their highest efforts1 and deservedly so1 in the way of services1 is the dessert service made especially for ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales1 in #ahff1 which is one of the greatest triumphs of ceramic art yet achieved4 ,the service consists of #aih pieces1 comprising a centre1 eight compotiers1 two cream-bowls1 two ice-pails1 twelve sweetmeat compotiers1 seventy-two cups and saucers1 and fifty plates4 ,the commission was given shortly before the ,prince's marriage1 and hence1 as all the decorations are floral1 the orange blossom was allowed to become a prominent object in each group2 and it would be impossible to conceive flowers more exquisitely painted than they are2 they were painted by ,mr4 ,hrten and others4 ,the centre piece is a double assiette monte1 the principal compartment being supported by seated figures representing the four quarters of the globe1 and each bearing an appropriate symbol4 ,these were the work of ,joseph ,durham1 ,r4,a41 and are miniature reproductions of those which support the statue of 8,albert the ,good10 in the ,royal ,horticultural ,society's ,gardens4 ,the four raised fruit-dishes are elevated upon groups of three figures each1 typical of the twelve months of the year1 admirably modelled by ,mr4 ,f4 ,miller4 ,the four smaller ones1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,halse1 equally well typify the elements1 earth1 air1 fire1 and water4 ,the plates1 as well as the pieces ,i have named1 are of the purest porcelain1 and are exquisitely and elaborately perforated4 ,they are divided into panels of fruit and flowers1 surrounded by ribbons and festoons in raised and chased gold1 and in the centre of each is the monogram of the ,prince and ,princess of ,wales4 ,there are no two pieces alike1 although all harmonize well together4 ,three pieces of this beautiful royal service1 the centre1 one of the compotiers1 and a cream-bowl1 are engraved1 ,figs4 #aej1 #aef1 and #aei1 and will show better than any description can the high class of art-workmanship which they exhibit4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #afj to #afc4--,messrs4 ,copeland's ,vases4 ,one of the greatest improvements in ordinary earthenware which has been effected by this eminent firm1 who have always exercised a laudable desire to keep pace with1 or to be leaders of1 the improved ,art-taste of the age1 is the production of what they appropriately term an 8,ivory-tinted body40 ,in this kind of ware they produce table1 dessert1 and toilet services of every conceivable design1 and of various degrees of decoration4 ,in the dinner and dessert services the delicate1 soft1 warm tone of the ivory tint is peculiarly grateful to the eye1 and has a charming effect when 8set0 out on the white linen cloth4 ,the tone of colour which ,messrs4 ,copeland have succeeded in producing has all the softness of the finest examples of old ,wedgwood cream-coloured ware1 but without its somewhat harsh yellowness4 ,nothing could be less grating to the eye of taste than this soft tint1 and doubtless in many homes of taste the warm 8ivory body0 will take the place of the cold white of the general classes of earthenware4 ,it only remains to say that in that peculiar body every variety of pattern1 from the rich old ,spode with its ,eastern brilliant combinations of gold and rich patches of colour1 down to the most ordinary painted borders1 are made4 ,one service which has particularly struck us as beyond average in excellence is the 8,stork40 ,those examples in which the pattern is in relief1 and heightened in gold1 are peculiarly rich and good4 ,the shape of the tureens and vegetable-dishes are of great elegance and beauty4 ,the ivory body is one of the greatest achievements of the period4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #afd and #afe4 ,in porcelain1 vases1 tazzas1 bottles1 and other articles of every conceivable form1 and decorated in an endless variety of ways both in painting1 in alto-relievo figures and flowers1 and in massive jewelling1 gilding1 and enamelling1 are produced1 and are of the most costly and elegant character4 ,services1 both of the most sumptuous and severely simple character1 are also produced in every style of art1 and on every scale of cost4 ,and here it becomes necessary to say a word as to some of the achievements in colour of this firm4 ,of these1 a new turquoise 7which ,messrs4 ,copeland have christened 8,cerulean blue07 is the richest and fullest produced1 and is remarkable for its brilliant intensity2 the ,sardinian green is also very good1 and the vermilion finer and more rich than has at any time1 or in any place1 so far as my experience goes1 been produced4 ,this is especially apparent upon a ,japanese dessert plate1 where the decorations are upon pure enamel1 requiring a very high degree of heat1 and where the colours come out more brilliantly than on any other examples ,i have seen4 ,on this plate1 which is a chef-d'uvre of ,messrs4 ,copelands' art1 the border is purely ,japanese1 and the centre essentially ,english1 but all equally perfect and equally beautiful2 it is1 in fact1 an original and brilliant conception1 true to the spirit and principles of ,japanese design1 but in no respect a copy of any of the productions of the artists of that nation4 ,the birds are exquisitely painted by ,weaver1 one of the best painters of this class1 and the remainder by artists of equal celebrity in their several walks of decoration4 ,the 8,satsuma ware0 produced by ,messrs4 ,copeland is of the most exquisite beauty1 and of rare excellence both in the matchless quality of the body1 the peculiarly waxy and very lovely surface of the glaze1 the pure taste which characterises its decoration1 and admirable manipulation apparent in each piece4 ,in this ware1 as in others produced by the firm1 it is a literal truism to say 8perfection can no farther go60 ,vases and other decorative articles are produced in this ,satsuma ware1 and take rank with the finest productions of any age or any country4 ,messrs4 ,copeland and ,son are large producers of plain1 and painted1 and enamelled tiles for internal decoration1 and these1 from the excellence they have attained in the 8body10 and the skill displayed in design and in ornamentation1 have become a speciality of the firm4 ,they are produced in endless variety1 and for every purpose1 but one of the most striking and attractive novelties in this kind of mural decoration1 is that of a continuous design for a whole room1 as first attempted by them for ,mr4 ,macfarlane4 ,of this speciality1 ,i gave the following notice in the ,art ,journal for ,december1 #ahge3-- 8,one of the most pleasing1 and1 at the same time1 novel and effective1 adaptations of fictile art to internal mural decoration yet attempted1 has just been successfully accomplished by ,messrs4 ,copeland and ,sons1 of ,stoke-upon-,trent4 ,to this1 having been favoured with a private view of the decorations1 we desire to draw attention4 ,the lining of entire rooms with wall-tiles is1 of course1 no new thing1 but has been repeatedly done1 and in a variety of styles1 by different firms and at different periods2 but it has been left to ,messrs4 ,copeland to strike out an entirely new idea in the mode of treatment4 ,mr4 ,macfarlane1 whose ,art-productions in metal we have often commended in the pages of the ,art ,journal1 has recently erected in ,glasgow a magnificent mansion1 which1 as might be expected from a man of such extensive knowledge and such pure taste1 will enshrine many works of high-class examples in various walks of ,art4 ,in several of the apartments of this mansion--the billiard and bathrooms1 for instance--,mr4 ,macfarlane desired to introduce some new feature which should1 if possible1 inaugurate what might with propriety be called a nineteenth-century style of decoration4 ,he therefore wisely consulted ,messrs4 ,copeland1 who1 acting on his idea1 prepared a series of designs which1 while adhering faithfully to the classic laws of ,art1 were1 both in subject and in treatment1 strictly characteristic of the present day4 ,the general design is a terra-cotta dado of full ,indian red tone of colour1 walls of pale celadon tint1 and a frieze painted in monochrome1 in continuous subjects apposite to the uses of the various rooms1 which are thus covered with tiles1 in one grand design1 from floor to ceiling4 ,the walls between the dado and frieze are covered1 as just stated1 with celadon tiles placed diagonally1 with the joints made just sufficiently apparent to give a geometrical break to the surface1 and so remove what otherwise might be a sameness in appearance2 while those of the frieze 7which are of a pale yellow-ground colour1 well adapted for throwing out the figures1 and which1 when the room is lit up1 disappears1 and gives the effect of a luminous sky to the pictures7 are placed horizontally1 and their edges fitted with such mathematical precision and nicety that their joints are invisible4 ,the whole of the tiles have a dead1 or purely fresco surface1 and are most perfect for the purpose for which they are intended2 and from their peculiar hardness and other characteristics--the result of much anxious thought and experiment--are perfectly impervious to the action of damp1 and cannot fail to be permanent4 8,the frieze 7three feet in height7 of the billiard-room represents1 in four separate groupings on the four sides of the apartment1 the sports of the ,british race2 one side being devoted to #8,health1' in which youthful games conducing to that essential1 from infancy1 with its doll and other playthings1 to boyhood and youthhood1 with hoop1 cricket1 skating1 curling1 snowballing1 and so on2 another to #8,strength1' with its central allegorical figure and groups representing pole-leaping1 shot-throwing1 wrestling1 football1 hockey1 boxing1 c42 a third to #8,courage1' a central allegorical figure supported by genii1 the one proclaiming1 and the other crowning1 deeds of heroism in the army1 in saving lives from shipwreck1 fire1 and other casualties1 and the wild sports of our ,eastern empire and ,north ,american colonies2 and the fourth to #8,fortitude1' in which the central group surrounding the allegorical figure is composed of lifelike portraits of such men as ,livingstone1 ,burton1 ,mc,clintock1 ,layard1 and others2 the remaining portions showing athletes contesting in a foot-race1 and crews in a boat-race4 ,the friezes of this room1 painted in monochrome1 are the work of ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,abraham 7son of the ,art-director of the works71 who recently won the ,art-,union prize1 and is a gold medallist1 and ,mr4 ,besche1 a skilful artist1 whose works are in high repute4 ,the frieze of the heating-room of the ,turkish baths1 which is lined in a precisely similar style to the other1 is entirely composed of tropical plants and flowers1 arranged in a masterly and effective manner1 and painted1 even to the most minute detail1 with consummate skill and with true artistic feeling4 ,this frieze1 which is painted in sepia with its fullest and best effect1 is entirely the work of ,mr4 ,hrten1 and is a worthy example of his pencil both in arrangement and in treatment4 ,the whole of the plants represented are1 without an exception1 studies from nature1 sketched and arranged for this special purpose from the plants themselves in the magnificent conservatories of the ,duke of ,devonshire at ,chatsworth2 and they are in each individual instance reproduced with pre-,raphaelite accuracy and precision4 8,the friezes are masterpieces of ,art as well as of manipulative skill4 ,they reflect the highest credit on ,messrs4 ,copeland and their ,art-director1 ,mr4 ,abraham1 by whom they have been produced1 and who have thus inaugurated a new1 and what we pronounce to be a successful style1 of internal decoration--one that is sure to be followed in many a mansion and home of taste in our country and abroad4 ,mr4 ,macfarlane will have reason to be proud of his acquisition1 and has the satisfaction of feeling1 that with the aid of ,messrs4 ,copeland and their skilled staff of artists1 he has originated a novel feature in ,art-decoration1 and carried it to an enviably successful issue4 ,messrs4 ,copeland are renowned for the excellence of their work and for the true artistic feeling and skill which characterise everything that passes from their hands1 and their present productions will1 if that be possible1 add to their celebrity40 ,tiles for flower-boxes1 lily-pans1 garden-seats1 slabs for chimney-pieces1 table-tops1 fire-places1 c41 and for every other purpose1 as well as door-plates1 are also largely produced and highly decorated4 ,in ,parian--the next best material to marble--statuary and busts1 as well as other objects1 are extensively made4 ,this is another speciality of the firm1 and one the discovery of which belongs to them4 ,it is1 in fact1 the development of the old and ever-famous ,derby biscuit ware1#dj rendered finer and more commercially1 as well as artistically1 available by the careful attention of the ,messrs4 ,copeland4 ,it was introduced by them about #ahdf1 and is said to have been then made at the suggestion of ,gibson the sculptor2 from that time to the present it has been extensively manufactured by every house--by ,copeland's1 perhaps1 more extensively than any other4 ,among the more recent of their finest works in ,parian1 are the 8,infancy of ,jupiter10 8,lady ,godiva10 8,nora ,creina10 the 8,flute-player10 the 8,reading ,girl10 busts of 8,a ,mother0 and of 8,love10 all by ,monti2 8,young ,england0 and 8,young ,england's ,sister10 a very charming pair by ,halse2 a 8,shepherd ,boy10 8,spring10 and 8,summer10 by ,l4 ,a4 ,malampre2 and 8,master ,tom0 and 8,on the ,sea-,shore10 by ,joseph ,durham1 ,r4,a4 ,among their other special works1 ,foley's 8,ino and ,bacchus10 ,durham's 8,chastity0 and 8,santa ,filomena10 ,monti's 8,night0 and 8,morning10 and a score or two others1 are brilliant examples4 ,besides figures1 groups1 and busts1 a large number of other beautiful objects of various kinds are produced in ,parian4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aff to #afh4--;,copeland's ,parian ,figures4 ,the more ordinary classes of goods for general use and consumption are all of good quality1 whether produced in the ordinary earthenware1 the stoneware1 or any other kind of body1 and in all these classes ,messrs4 ,copeland are very large producers4 ,their 8crown ware0 has so good a body as to stand the heat of the hard kiln1 and thus to take the richest tints of crimson1 c4 ,the ship fittings--the ,atlantic washtop slab especially--are considered to be among the best produced4 ,it ought also to be added1 that ,messrs4 ,copeland were the first to introduce those elegant and most convenient novelties1 8,gordon ,trays10 which they produce in a variety of forms4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afi and #agj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,the principal artists employed are ,hrten1 who has attained1 and deservedly so1 the distinction of being one of the best flower-painters in ,europe2 ,weaver1 whose birds are equal to those of any other painter2 ,besche1 a figure and general painter of great power and excellence2 and ,abraham1 ,junior 7a gold medallist71 a figure painter of much promise4 ,besides these1 a number of other talented artists are employed1 and the staff of enamellers1 ground-layers1 and gilders1 includes some of the best obtainable in each department4 ,in these works1 too1 female talent has been highly cultivated1 many of the productions of the paintresses evidencing pure feeling and cultivated taste4 ,the whole is under the control of ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,abraham1 as ,art-director of the establishment4 ,mr4 ,abraham1 who was formerly at ,coalport with ,mr4 ,rose1 was a student of ,antwerp and ,paris1 and is a successful follower of the school of ,etty4 ,the softness of touch1 the purity and delicacy of feeling1 and the sunny mellowness of tone1 as well as the chasteness of design and correctness of drawing1 produced on the best pieces of his productions1 show him to be a thorough artist1 and place him high above most others in this difficult art1 while his intimate knowledge of all the phases and intricacies of ,art1 and of all the processes of the manufacture1 render him peculiarly fitted for the post to which he has been called4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,the marks successively used by this firm in its various changes are as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,,spode ,sometimes impressed in the body1 and at others pencilled on the glaze2 also ,,spode in larger capital letters4 ,illustration3 ,,spode ,felspar ,porcelain ,also impressed1 or painted1 or printed on the ware4 ,illustration3 ,,spode ,stone-,china or ,,spode ,stone-,china ,fig4 #age and #agf4 ,printed in blue on the bottom of the goods of that description4 ,these1 with immaterial variations in detail1 were all printed on the ware4 ,illustration3 ,,spode ,spodes ,,new ,,fayence ,spode's ,imperial ,spode ,filspar ,porcelain ,figs4 #agg to #ahj4 ,,spode1 ,,son ,,copeland or ,,spode ,,copeland1 both impressed and printed4 ,illustration3 ,,copeland ,,garrett ,,late ,,spode ,,copeland ,,garrett ,,lade ,,spode ,,new ,,fayence ,,copeland ,,garrett ,,new ,,blanche ,,copeland ,,and ,,garrett ,,copeland ,,garrett ,figs4 #aha to #ahf4 ,illustration3 ,c ,g with the name of the pattern4 ,,copeland ,,garrett ,,late ,,spode ,,the ,,tiber ,,copeland ,,garrett ,,new ,,japan ,,stone ,,copeland ,,garrett ,,new ,,fayence ,figs4 #ahg to #aij4 ,all the above printed on the ware4 ,illustration3 ,,copeland ,,late ,,spode4 ,copeland ,late ,spode ,,copeland late ,,spode4 ,,copeland ,,late ,,spode ,,copeland ,,copeland ,,copeland ,,patent ,,jasper ,,copeland ,,copeland ,,stone ,,china ,,wt4 ,,copeland ,,sons ,,copeland ,,copeland ,,copeland ,b ,figs4 #aia to #bjc4 ,the following are the dates when some of the most celebrated printed patterns were first introduced3--8,castle10 #ahjf2 8,roman10 #ahaa2 8,turk10 #ahac2 8,milkmaid10 8,dagger-border10 8,tower10 8,peacock10 and 8,new ,temple10 #ahad2 8,new ,nankin10 8,new ,japan10 and 8,india10 #ahae2 8,italian0 and 8,woodman10 #ahaf2 8,blossom0 and 8,pale ,broseley10 #ahag2 8,waterloo0 and 8,arcade10 #ahah2 8,lucano0 and 8,ship10 #ahai2 8,panel ,japan10 8,geranium10 and 8,oriental10 #ahbj2 8,font0 and 8,marble10 #ahba2 8,bud and ,flower10 8,sun10 8,bonpot10 and 8,union10 #ahbb2 8,double ,bonpot10 8,blue ,border10 and 8,filigree10 #ahbc2 8,image0 and 8,persian10 #ahbd2 8,etruscan0 and 8,bamboo10 #ahbe2 8,blue ,imperial0 and 8,union ,wreath10 #ahbf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,,minton ,,co4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,minton1 the founder of these works1 was born in ,wyle ,cop1 ,shrewsbury1 in #agfe1 and received his education at the ,shrewsbury ,grammar ,school4 ,he had an only brother1 ,arthur ,minton1 and a sister1 ,elizabeth4 ,on leaving school1 ,thomas ,minton was apprenticed to an engraver 7probably ,hancock71 at the ,caughley ,china ,works1 at ,broseley1 one of his fellow-apprentices 7also a ,salopian7 being ,richard ,hicks1 who became founder of the firm of ,hicks1 ,meigh1 and ,johnson4 ,on the expiration of his apprenticeship1 ,thomas ,minton continued to be employed for a time at the ,caughley ,china ,works under ,mr4 ,turner1 and then removed to ,london1 where he engraved some patterns for ,josiah ,spode1 whose ,london warehouse was at that time in ,portugal ,street4 ,from ,london1 having married1 he removed into ,staffordshire1 in #aghh or #aghi1 where the rapidly increasing demand for blue printed earthenware gave promise of a good opening for so skilful a draughtsman and engraver as he had become4 ,on removing into ,staffordshire1 he set up as a master-engraver1 at ,stoke-upon-,trent1 his residence and engraving shop being one of a block of buildings then called ,bridge ,houses1 so called from being close to ,trent ,bridge1 which houses had been erected by ,thomas ,whieldon1 the first partner of ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,here he became very successful1 one of his chief employers being ,josiah ,spode1 for whom he engraved a tea-ware pattern called the 8,buffalo10 which continued in demand for many years2 the 8,broseley10 so called from being first produced at the ,caughley ,works1 ,broseley1 by ,mr4 ,turner1 and which1 like the 8,willow ,pattern10 remains a favourite stock pattern to the present day2 the famous 8,willow20 and many others4 ,in the latter he was assisted by ,mr4 ,henry ,doncaster of ,penkhull2 the original plate from which this pattern was thus engraved passed from ,mr4 ,doncaster into the hands of ,mr4 ,wildblood1 engraver1 of ,burslem1 and from him into the possession of ,minton ,co41 where it appropriately remains1 as do also some drawings and other interesting relics4 ,mr4 ,minton had two apprentices1 one of whom1 ,greatbatch 7father of the eminent artist ,william ,greatbatch1 engraver of the 8,waterloo ,banquet071 became chief engraver1 and manager of that department at ,messrs4 ,spode and ,copeland's4 ,in #agic1 having determined to commence the manufacture of earthenware1 ,mr4 ,minton purchased a plot of land1 the site of the present manufactory1 of ,mr4 ,john ,ward ,hassals1 and commenced building on a very small scale4 ,the following account of the early progress of the works has been kindly written for me by ,mr4 ,stringer3-- 8,to start with1 there was one #8,bisque1' and one #8,glost' oven1 with slip house1 for preparing the clay1 and only such other buildings and appliances as were necessary to make good working commencement4 ,mr4 ,minton formed an engagement with the brothers ,poulson1 who owned the works opposite to the land he had purchased1 known as the #8,stone ,works1'#da and who were potters on a small scale1 and1 as was then the practice1 had houses on the works1 now converted into potters' workshops4 ,they belonged to an ancient family which had been located at ,boothen for several centuries4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,poulson was the practical potter1 and his brother ,samuel was modeller1 mould maker1 and useful man of all work4 ,it was not until ,may1 #agif1 that ,mr4 ,minton's works were in operation4 ,considering the magnitude of the present operations of the firm1 which has recently adopted the globe for its trade mark1 it may not be uninteresting to quote from an old cash-book1 which has been fortunately preserved1 an item or two to show from what a very humble beginning great results have arisen4 ,we find the amount paid the first week1 which appears to have been a sort of broken week 7perhaps there had been some merry-making to celebrate the opening72-- #agif4 s4 d4 ,may #ba4 ,by paid wages1 coals1 c41 this week #ab #ai #e #bh4 #bi #a #b ,june #d4 #cb #i #g ,sept4 #ag4 ,joseph ,poulson #ah weeks' wages1 to this day inclusive #ah #ah #j 8,the average weekly amount under the above head of wages1 c41 was within a trifle of #ej1 but still showing real progress4 8,the first item on the contrary side is-- #agif4 s4 d4 ,may #bc ,june #c4 ,to received for goods sold1 ready money #cc #aj #aj ,this would be for goods sold to the pot-sellers who hawked their wares about the country2 and we find #eif #ajs4 #b;d4 was received under this head during the remaining months of the first year4 ,the next year's transactions showed a satisfactory advance in every respect1 as did every subsequent year2 and amongst the circumstances favouring ,mr4 ,minton's prosperity may be named--first1 that aided by ,mr4 ,poulson's experience as a potter1 and his own good taste as an engraver and designer1 he produced a quality and style of ware that commanded a ready market2 and in his brother1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,minton1 who had established himself in the trade in the metropolis1 a ready and devoted agent to extend the trade2 so much so that the business done by him in #ahjj amounted to nearly #b1jjj4 ,he was also fortunate in having the acquaintance of ,mr4 ,william ,pownall1 a merchant of ,liverpool1 who aided him with capital to extend his operations1 and who was1 for a few years1 a sleeping partner in the business4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,poulson was in a short time after the opening of the works admitted as a partner1 and the firm traded as #8,minton and ,poulson' for a short time1 and then the style was altered to #8,minton1 ,poulson1 and ,pownall4' ,mr4 ,poulson remained a partner until his death in #ahjh2 and it would seem that up to this period1 china or soft porcelain was made at the stone-works1 but was abandoned as unprofitable until ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton's experiments in after years were fully successful40 ,on the failure of the eminent firm of ,john and ,william ,turner1 of ,lane ,end1 the first named entered the service of ,thomas ,minton1 and became1 in fact1 the practical potter of the firm after the death of ,poulson4 ,he effected great improvements in the bodies and glazes1 and in the general character of the productions of the works4 ,soon after ,mr4 ,minton had commenced business1 a scheme having been set on foot for monopolising the sale of ,cornish clay1 he and his partners purchased an estate of eighty-four acres on ,hendra ,common for a comparatively trifling sum1 and also certain rights and a leasehold interest in ,treloar ,common1 where there was abundance of china clay and stone1 as also other valuable minerals4 ,having secured the property1 ,mr4 ,minton took steps to associate with him the leading manufacturers to work the mines4 ,in this he appears to have been successful1 and the first meeting of 8the ,hendra ,company0 was held at the ,swan ,inn1#db ,hanley1 on the #hth of ,january1 #ahjj1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,byerley in the chair1 who represented the firm of ,josiah ,wedgwood and ,byerley2 ,hollins1 ,warburton ,co41 by ,mr4 ,john ,hollins and ,mr4 ,john ,daniel2 ,mr4 ,william ,adams1 in person2 and ,minton1 ,poulson1 and ,pownall1 by ,mr4 ,minton and ,mr4 ,poulson4 ,these manufacturers composed the whole of the ,company1 and they agreed to purchase a part of ,minton1 ,poulson1 and ,pownall's property4 ,mr4 ,john ,brindley1 of ,longport1 was appointed agent to the ,company4 ,the minutes of the meetings are brief in the extreme1 and there is no recital as to the objects of the ,company1 but there are a few particulars which may interest the present race of manufacturers as contrasting their present improved position1 as regards the supply of material1 with what it was in those days4 ,july #bd1 #ahjj1 stone was ordered to be sold at #ejs4 per ton at ,etruria wharf1 and #dbs4 at ,runcorn2 fifteen tons were a boat-load4 ,a vessel1 called the ,venus1 brought to ,runcorn ninety-nine tons1 and the freight was #gb #gs4 #i;d4 ,china clay was #f per ton at ,polemear4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bje to #baj4--,messrs4 ,minton's ,productions4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #baa to #bad4--,messrs4 ,minton's ,productions4 ,it would seem that ,mr4 ,minton had visited ,cornwall several times--the first time in #agih1 and we are afforded an insight into the difficulty and expense of travelling at that period1 by the fact that the cost of each journey was nearly thirty pounds4 ,it seems that ,mr4 ,minton must have got the mines into something like working order during these visits1 as an immediate supply of clay and stone was available at the time the ,company was formed1 and there is proof of this in the following document3-- 8,i1 ,john ,varcoe1 farmer1 resident in ,treloar1 of the parish of ,st4 ,denis1 in the county of ,cornwall1 have this day agreed with ,thomas ,minton1 of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 in the county of ,stafford1 to let to the said ,thomas ,minton all my right of lower tin bounds in ,trelavour ,common1 for the purpose of the water for washing china clay1 so long that ,thomas ,minton1 or his representatives1 may carry on the clayworks in ,lord ,arundel's lands1 or in ,hendra ,common--but not to hinder any streaming--with privilege of making pools for the use of the works1 at the yearly rent of one pound and eleven shillings and sixpence1 to commence at ,michael4 next4 ,as witness our hands the #bfth day of ,july1 one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine4 8,,john ,,varcoe4 ,,thomas ,,minton4 8,signed in the presence of ,,charles ,,bagnall4 ,,james ,,kent40 ,difficulties of all kinds sprung up4 ,sometimes the water-courses were obstructed2 robbery of all kinds was going on2 and there were also the exacting demands of lords of the manor to battle with and satisfy4 ,bad roads1 imperfect machinery and methods of getting the minerals1 were other stubborn facts tending to abate 8the pleasures of landlordism40 ,the property was within three miles of ,st4 ,austel1 but ,charlestown was then the port of shipment1 and the cost of transit thither in waggons over the wretched roads was #hs4 per ton2 cost of raising1 working1 and casking1 #a #aes42 and other expenses1 raised the value free on board there to #d #aes4 ,freight from ,charlestown to ,liverpool #abs41 dues #bs4 #f;d41 canal freight to the ,potteries1 #aas4 #f;d41 and making a moderate allowance for capital invested1 the clay could not be delivered at less than #f #aes4 per ton4#dc ,as a trading concern the ,hendra ,company was not a profitable one2 but it afforded the proprietors for twenty years a supply of good and pure material1 and checked any attempt at monopoly4 ,the clay mines were abandoned1 but as there were good tin lodes on the property1 and other minerals1 the investment proved not a bad one4 ,from the first establishment of the ,pottery works at ,stoke1 their success was unbroken1 and not only were great advances made in processes of manufacture1 but they were so much enlarged1 that at the time of ,mr4 ,minton's death in #ahcf1 they were among the most important in the district4 ,mr4 ,minton married1 on ,january #ast1 #aghi1 ,miss ,sarah ,webb1 of ,bruton ,street1 ,london1 and by her had a family of four sons1 two of whom were the ,rev4 ,thomas ,webb ,minton and ,herbert ,minton1 and six daughters4 ,after his marriage1 his mother-in-law1 ,mrs4 ,webb1 resided with them1 and was a valuable acquisition to him in his business2 keeping his books and accounts1 and being1 in fact1 the financial manager of the concern4 ,she received and paid all money1 and superintended the entire office arrangements1 thus leaving ,mr4 ,minton at liberty to devote his entire time to the manufactory and to the engraving4 ,mrs4 ,minton1 also1 so far as the cares of her home and family would permit1 took her share in the business4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton1 the second son1 was born at the house erected at the works1 at ,stoke-upon-,trent1 in ,march1 #agib1 and when old enough1 was1 with his brother and sister1 sent to a dame-school kept by ,miss ,cheadle1 at the only house1 beyond what is now the ,queen's ,inn1 at that time existing on the ,liverpool ,road1 the remainder being fields and gardens4 ,at that time the ,mintons had removed from the house at the ,works to one on ,talbot ,bank 7now ,hill ,street1 corner of ,commerce ,street74 ,later on1 ,herbert ,minton 7as was also his brother7 was sent to ,audlem ,grammar ,school1 under the ,rev4 ,nicholas ,breakspear1 where he remained until nearly fourteen1 when he was placed in his father's manufactory4 ,in #ahjh1 when only sixteen1 he had attained such proficiency in the business that he became traveller and salesman1 and represented the house both in ,london and the provinces2 and this he continued till more pressing engagements necessitated his more general attendance at the works4 8,he was ever at the works1 before any one else in the morning1 and frequently at five o'clock4 ,in the depth of winter1 or however inclement the weather1 at all seasons of the year1 nothing hindered his early commencement of the duties of the day4 ,lucifer-matches were unknown in those days1 and he1 therefore1 usually brought a tinder-box in his pocket--the old flint and steel affair4 ,he thus procured a light and made himself a fire4 ,then he would proceed to examine the stock in the warehouses1 that he might be enabled to order what was necessary to replenish it1 and thus keep the printers and others constantly at work4 ,he also devoted a certain portion of his time to the mixing-room1 in order to keep up the supply of bodies1 glazes1 c4 ,then he would proceed to the counting-house1 where ,i10 says ,mr4 ,stringer1 8was an assistant-cashier under his special superintendence4 ,to convey an idea of his peculiar nicety and accuracy in this department of his labours1 ,i may relate the fact that1 on a certain ,saturday evening1 after examining my cash account1 ,mr4 ,herbert told me that ,i was one halfpenny short in my balance4 ,he was aware of my usual accuracy1 and was surprised even at this trifling mistake4 ,i opened my cash-box for further examination1 when1 to my good fortune1 ,i discovered the missing halfpenny within it standing on its edge4 ,this rectified the supposed mistake1 and afforded us both a hearty laugh40 ,in #ahag1 ,thomas and ,herbert ,minton were admitted into partnership with their father1 the firm being 8,thomas ,minton and ,sons40 ,in #ahba1 the elder brother1 ,thomas ,webb ,minton1 quitted the works1 for the purpose of studying for the ,church1 and he was ordained in #ahbe1 taking his first curacy at ,chesterfield1 and afterwards at ,st4 ,cuthberts1 ,darlington1 and other places4 ,he died in #ahgj1 at ,darlington1 where he was incumbent of the ,church of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,in #ahbh the partnership was dissolved1 although ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton continued to devote his energies to the development of the concern4 ,on his father's death1 in #ahcf1 he again took up the business1 and shortly afterwards took into partnership ,mr4 ,john ,boyle1 under the style of 8,minton and ,boyle40 ,in #ahda1 ,mr4 ,boyle withdrew from the firm1 and1 about #ahdb1 became a partner with ,mr4 ,wedgwood2 and in #ahde1 ,mr4 ,michael ,hollins1 nephew to ,mrs4 ,minton1 joined the firm under the style of 8,herbert ,minton and ,co40 ,in #ahdi a nephew of ,mr4 ,minton's1 ,mr4 ,colin ,minton ,campbell1 now ,m4,p4 for ,north ,staffordshire1 joined the firm under the same style4 ,in #aheh1 ,herbert ,minton died1 and ,messrs4 ,hollins and ,campbell continued the manufactory4 ,the present head of the firm is ,mr4 ,colin ,minton ,campbell1 ,m4,p42 the trading style being simply 8,mintons40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,up to #agih1 white1 cream-coloured1 and blue printed wares only were made at these works4 ,in that year1 semi-transparent porcelain was made1 and continued until #ahaa1 when it was abandoned1 and earthenware only again produced4 ,in #ahba it was again produced1 and soon afterwards china was commenced and has been a staple branch to the present day4 ,in #ahbe some of the more skilled workmen from the ,derby works found employment with ,mr4 ,minton1 and brought their skill to bear on his productions4 8,among these were ,steele1 ,bancroft1 and ,hancock1 as painters in fruit and flowers40 ,in #ahcf ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton1 as will be shown1 first conceived the idea of making encaustic paving tiles4 ,mr4 ,john ,simpson held the position of principal enamel painter of figures and the highest class decorations1 from about #ahcg to #ahdg1 when he removed to ,london to take charge of the porcelain painting at ,marlborough ,house4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,bourne1 of ,norton-in-the-,moors1 ,staffordshire1 who had been apprenticed to ,messrs4 ,wood and ,caldwell1 to learn the art of enamel-painting1 and who had attained by his industry and talents a high reputation1 entered the service of ,mr4 ,minton1 in #ahbh1 as chief designer and artist1 and continued to render the firm occasional services until #ahfj1 when the infirmities of increasing years necessitated his retirement4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,in #ahdi ,m4 ,arnoux1 son of a celebrated manufacturer of hard porcelain at ,toulouse1 visited ,stoke1 bringing with him an introduction from ,mr4 ,evans1 of ,birmingham2 when it was arranged that ,m4 ,arnoux should superintend and carry out the patent which1 in #ahci1 ,mr4 ,minton1 in conjunction with ,dr4 ,wilton ,george ,turner1 had taken out4 ,this was for 8an improved porcelain10 8made from ,kaolin or ,cornish clay1 made into cream and passed through sieves2 ,dorsetshire or similar clay treated in like manner2 and pure feldspar1 all in certain proportions and mixed with great care40 ,in this1 the bisque was produced by submitting it to a less heat than usual before glazing1 and then1 when dipped1 subjecting it 8to a greater degree of heat than is usual for the mere purpose of glazing1 and effecting the glazing at the same time40 ,the glazes were also of peculiar composition4 ,beyond various experiments1 this was not carried out until #ahdi1 when this hard paste porcelain for chemical purposes was brought to such perfection1 that it was pronounced to be better than that of ,meissen or ,berlin4 ,there was1 however1 so much risk in firing this ware1 in consequence of the difficulty of procuring a sagger capable of withstanding the necessary heat1 that the manufacture was abandoned1 and ,m4 ,arnoux turned his attention to the artistic decoration of the ordinary manufacture1 and to his continual zeal and ability1 combined with the enterprise which has always distinguished the firm1 ,england is indebted for the highest honours in this branch of their national industries4 ,m4 ,emile ,jeannest was engaged as sculptor1 and in #ahed he left and took an appointment with ,messrs4 ,elkington1 in whose service he died4 ,m4 ,carrier de ,belleuse succeeded ,m4 ,jeannest1 and remained some years1 when he returned to ,paris1 and attained so high an eminence as a sculptor that he has been placed on the ,commission for the ,svres ,manufactory4 ,he was succeeded by ,m4 ,prott1 who1 after having executed some of the stone statues now adorning the ,india ,office1 returned to ,france4 ,previous to this1 ,parian was1 about #ahdb1 introduced1 and formed a staple branch of ,messrs4 ,minton's productions4 ,in #ahea ,herbert ,minton and ,augustus ,john ,hoffstaedt took out a patent for 8improvements in the manufacture40 ,in the same year ,herbert ,minton and ,james ,nasmyth took out a patent for 8certain improvements in machinery40 ,in the same year1 #ahea1 the 8,great ,exhibition0 was held1 and resulted in an award of great merit to this firm1 an honour which each successive exhibition1 whether ,english or foreign1 has augmented4 ,in #ahej ,majolica was added to the other art-productions of this manufactory1 and in this it still stands pre-eminent4 ,no firm has surpassed them in the sharpness of details2 the purity of colours2 the excellence of glaze1 or the artistic character of these goods1 which comprise every description of both useful and ornamental articles4 ,in #ahea ,della ,robbia and ,palissy ware were also here commenced4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bag to #bbj4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bba to #bbc4--,minton's productions4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bbd to #bbi4--,minton's productions4 ,the history of the manufacture of encaustic and other tiles by ,minton1 ,hollins ,co4 is the history of the entire modern trade in these useful and beautiful articles4 ,in #ahbh ,herbert ,minton first turned his attention to the subject1 but was prevented by circumstances from fully developing his plans4 ,in #ahcj ,mr4 ,samuel ,wright1 of ,shelton1 took out a patent for 8a manufacture of ornamental tiles40 ,this1 in ,january #ahdd1 he supplemented by another patent for the 8manufacture of ornamental bricks and quarries for floor pavements and other purposes40 ,mr4 ,wright's experiments were highly satisfactory1 but from various causes1 although he executed several orders1 they were not commercially successful4 ,becoming weary of his almost resultless experiments1 he sold his moulds and patent rights to ,mr4 ,minton1 who agreed to pay him a royalty of #aj per cent4 on all the tiles sold4 ,mr4 ,minton commenced the manufacture in a single room next to the present throwing-house at the earthenware works1 and only three men were at first employed4 ,he was much aided in his task by the late ,mr4 ,george ,leason1 a practical potter1 who had been brought up under him4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bcj to #bcc4 8,mr4 ,george ,berks10 says ,mr4 ,stringer1 to whom ,i am indebted for the following notes1 8who was a man of good general attainments1 did what modelling was required4 ,one of the earliest improvements effected by ,mr4 ,minton was the substitution of brass moulds for the plaster ones used by ,mr4 ,wright1 which enabled the maker to beat up the clay so as to give a sharper edge to the tile4 ,before that alteration the edges had to be cut after they were taken from the plaster mould4 ,a decided advantage was thus gained2 but innumerable other difficulties had to be encountered1 chiefly arising from the irregular contraction of the clays4 ,sometimes the inlaid parts would at a slight tap at the back of the tile fall out1 or the tiles would become stained in the firing2 and in short all sorts of ill luck and misadventures were the weekly result4 ,the tiles were at first fired in a small oven at the china works which would hold about #gjj tiles1 and he and his fellow labourers used regularly to go there to witness the drawing of the oven4 ,time after time they found nearly the whole contents spoilt in one way or other1 and they were carted away to form part of the foundations on which many of our pottery streets now stand4 ,if it so happened that #ajj out of the #gjj proved fairly good1 the fact was a source of encouragement to all concerned4 ,repeated failures were1 however1 only followed by further experiments4 ,mr4 ,minton was ever confident that skill and perseverance would in the end prove a success2 but surely never was any man's patience or pocket more sorely or severely tried4 ,occasionally a few orders were satisfactorily executed1 but they were on a comparatively small scale4 ,in ,april1 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,minton sent to ,mr4 ,josiah ,booker1 of ,liverpool1 a plan for tiling his hall1 and this gentleman adopted ,mr4 ,minton's suggestions2 and it would seem gave the order with the view of forming an opinion of the tiles for the purpose of exportation2 little imagining the difficulties that had to be got over before they could be successfully introduced at home4 ,the prices quoted to ,mr4 ,booker were #aes4 per square yard1 and #f;d4 per tile of #f inches square for the border1 being about one-half the prices ,mr4 ,wright had charged them4 ,in #ahcg1 a hall pavement was laid in the mansion of ,sir ,john ,p4 ,orde1 ,bart41 at ,kilmoray1 ,loch-,gilp-,head1 ,n4,b4 ,it should be remarked that1 at this time1 the only colours made use of were buff1 red1 and chocolate4 ,in ,november1 #ahcf1 after the death of his father1 ,mr4 ,john ,boyle joined ,mr4 ,minton as partner1 and so continued until ,december1 #ahda4 ,this gentleman had a keen eye to the profitable working of the manufactures1 and often cast uneasy glances at the corner near the throwing-house1 and at length began to urge that that department ought to be abandoned4 ,it was on one of these occasions that ,mr4 ,minton uttered the well-known words1 8,say no more on the subject1 ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,i will make these tiles if they cost me a guinea each60 ,we do not hear that any other remonstrance followed this rebuke4 ,the late ,harriette1 ,duchess of ,sutherland1 was one of the early patrons of the tile manufacture2 and1 indeed1 the ,staffordshire potteries generally are much indebted to her ,grace for the great encouragement she ever gave1 and the interest she ever took in every improvement calculated to elevate the character of our manufactures1 and advance the prosperity of the district4 ,her example and influence amongst the nobility afforded much encouragement to the ,british potter1 and tended greatly to the attainment of that success in the art which has been so marked of late years4 ,the tiles were extensively introduced at ,trentham ,hall1 and some of the finest of the early specimens are to be found there4 ,the first work of great importance that was undertaken was the floor of the ,temple ,church1 ,london4 ,lewis ,n4 ,cottingham1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 made an examination of the ,chapter ,house1 ,westminster1 in ,january1 #ahda1 in order to procure suitable examples for the tiles proposed to be used in the restoration of the ,temple ,church4 ,on the removal of portions of the boarded floor the pavement was found to be in a very perfect state1 few tiles being broken1 and the colours in many parts as brilliant as when laid down4 ,mr4 ,minton undertook to reproduce the various designs composing this ancient pavement4 ,it was a work of great labour and difficulty2 but was accomplished to the satisfaction of the architect1 and all others interested in the work4 ,the charge made was merely nominal1 taking into account the great expenditure necessarily involved at a time when so many difficulties still attended the manufacture4 ,mr4 ,minton was a diligent collector of old tiles1 and friends amongst the nobility1 gentry1 and clergy1 in all parts of the country1 ministered to his taste1 and sent him either examples or sketches of such as they met with in their travels2 nothing pleased him better than to receive choice specimens and to superintend their reproduction4 ,the late ,mr4 ,welby ,pugin furnished ,mr4 ,minton with many tile drawings1 some of which he had designed during his many night journeys to ,staffordshire1 whilst engaged in the extensive works for ,lord ,shrewsbury1 at ,alton ,towers and ,cheadle ,church40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bcd to #bci4--,minton's productions4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bdj to #bdc4 ,in ,june1 #ahdj1 ,mr4 ,richard ,prosser took out a patent for making a variety of articles from clay in a powdered state1 viz41 buttons1 tesser1 floor tiles1 glazed tiles1 c41 by pressure2 by preference using screw presses of different powers for articles containing up to and including fifty square inches of surface in each piece2 articles of larger surface1 and of course requiring a greater pressure1 being made by hydraulic press1 the pumps of which were worked by steam4 ,patents were taken for ,england1 ,france1 and ,america4 ,that for ,france lapsed in consequence of a condition of the ,french patent law requiring the process being worked in that country within six months of its date2 the political condition of ,france at that time1 in the opinion of the patentee1 not being safe for the investment of capital4 ,of this patent and its application1 the following notes1 drawn up for me by ,mr4 ,john ,turley1 are of especial interest4 8,the ,english patent was very early introduced to the firm of ,minton and ,boyle1 of ,stoke-on-,trent4 ,mr4 ,minton took a lively interest in it1 but not so ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,mr4 ,prosser sold the half part of the ,english patent to ,mr4 ,minton4 ,arrangements were made for the prompt commencement of making glazed tiles1 tesser1 and buttons1 at ,messrs4 ,minton and ,boyle's works4 ,two work-rooms were given up to ,mr4 ,john ,turley1 engineer1 who at first placed six button presses in one1 and a large tile-press in the other1 and commenced making white glazed tiles 7#f in47 and buttons in these works in ,august1 #ahdj4 ,prior to this time1 white glazed or ,dutch tiles 7#f in47 could be bought in the ,london market for less money than paid to the journeyman potter for making this article at ,stoke4 ,the demand for white glazed tiles was soon very great1 and has subsequently become a staple article of manufacture in most potting districts by this process4 ,buttons1 tiles1 and tesser continued their progress in numbers manufactured until #ahdc1 when1 on ,march #hth1 the process of making tesser was exhibited by ,mr4 ,turley at the ,society of ,arts1 ,london--,lecture by ,cowper2 ,paper read by ,blashfield--and #bij boxes of buttons1 three dozen in each1 given away at the doors4 ,march #aath1 #ahdc1 the same press and process was exhibited by ,mr4 ,turley at the ,marquess of ,northampton's soire1 as ,president of the ,british ,association--a brilliant gathering1 at which were present ,prince ,albert1 the ,duke of ,wellington1 ,sir ,robert ,peel1 a number of bishops1 and about thirty foreign princes4 ,the late ,prince ,consort took so much interest in the process1 that ,mr4 ,prosser and ,mr4 ,minton decided that a description of the process and a drawing of the press as then seen at work should be prepared forthwith1 and presented to his ,highness1 which was done1 and presented on the #aeth of ,march1 #ahdc4 ,this paper1 with copy of drawing of the press1 was reproduced in ,dr4 ,ure's #8,dictionary of ,arts and ,manufactures1' edited by ,robert ,hunt4 ,after this introduction to the ,society of ,arts and the ,british ,association1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,blashfield1 ,digby ,wyatt1 and ,owen ,jones1 by their designs and favourable influences1 brought the geometrical floor tile with its many colours1 in combination with the encaustic floor tile1 into extensive use in the rebuilding of churches1 noblemen's mansions1 and other public buildings4 8,in ,august1 #ahdj1 he commenced making buttons and tesser with six presses1 and continued progressing until ,december1 #ahda1 when twenty-five presses were at work2 ,september #e1 #ahdb1 sixty-two presses at work2 and at ,march1 #ahdd1 ninety presses at work1 with ninety women and one hundred and eighty girls4 ,the girls working half-days and at school half-days--one girl being required to place on setters for firing the produce of one press4 ,the first six months of #ahdd the firm received orders for #bg1abc great gross1 and sold #bb1eai great gross4 ,infringements were now rife in various directions4 ,most of them were stopped on receipt of notice4 ,two were costly suits3 one1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,prosser 7who held the ,american ,patent7 versus ,mr4 ,henry ,van ,wart1 as an ,american merchant1 for sending into the ,states buttons made in ,england irrespective of the ,american patentee2 the other suit was for infringement in making--,r4 ,prosser and ,h4 ,minton versus ,chamberlain and ,lilly4 ,this trial ended ,august #bb1 #ahde1 at ,bristol1 and its issue was1 that ,chamberlain and ,lilly should work under license4 ,february #c1 #ahde1 an arrangement was made between ,minton and ,prosser and ,mr4 ,h4 ,van ,wart to close the ,american suit4 ,the course for the sale was again clear for buttons1 and progress was made in the manufacture and sale thereof for a few years1 when an abrupt termination took place from the unfavourable surroundings and the inability of the patentees to agree as to the future manufacture4 ,in #ahde were made #cc1ibh great gross4 #ahdf #ej1dic #ahdg #bf1ghd #ahdh #a1bhi when button-making ceased at ,stoke40 ,in ,august1 #ahde1 ,mr4 ,michael ,daintry ,hollins joined ,mr4 ,minton in the general manufacturing business2 and the tile department formed a separate concern1 under the style of ,minton1 ,hollins1 ,co4 ,mr4 ,hollins was a nephew of ,mr4 ,minton's deceased wife 7who was ,miss ,hollins1 of ,shelton17 and had been educated for the medical profession4 ,in #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,barlow ,wright1 son of the original patentee1 was admitted to a share in the business of the tile works1 under the style of ,minton1 ,hollins1 and ,wright4 ,the patent of ,mr4 ,wright was for fourteen years1 and was renewed for seven years in #ahdd4 ,at that period the works continued to be conducted at a loss1 and but a small amount of business was done4 ,it may be safely asserted that during the entire existence of the patent1 so far from profit being the result1 ,mr4 ,minton had sacrificed many thousands of pounds to perfect the manufacture2 to say nothing of the extraordinary liberality of his gifts of tiles4 ,in other hands the manufacture might have proved a pecuniary success at an earlier period2 but ,mr4 ,minton was lavish in his expenditure in adopting every mechanical or other improvement--hydraulic presses under ,prosser's patent1 ,napier's steam hammer1 c4--that promised further success4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bdd to #bdf4 ,minton's ,vases4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bdg and #bdh4--,minton's ,majolica4 ,previous to the year #ahdh1 the only process of printing which had succeeded for the decoration of pottery1 was the one from engraved copper-plates4 ,in this process all the lines that form the picture are cut into the metal1 and these lines were filled in by the printer with the required colour1 which had previously been mixed with boiled oil4 ,the impression was then taken on tissue paper1 at the ordinary copper-plate printing press1 and from the paper transferred to the ware4 ,in that style the picture or ornament was formed by a succession of lines1 so that it was almost impossible to produce an even layer of colour1 so desirable in flat-surface ornamentation4 ,in #ahdh1 ,messrs4 ,collins and ,reynolds1 who had for some years carried on in ,london the business of decorative and picture printers1 submitted to ,mr4 ,minton some trials they had made of transferring to pottery impressions taken on paper from the flat surface of metal or stone1 instead of from the engraved lines2 and by that process broad and flat layers of colour could be produced1 and several colours transferred at the same time to the ware4 ,these first-trials were made with ordinary pigments2 and1 therefore1 only served to show the power of transferring the impression from the paper to the ware4 ,mr4 ,minton perceived at once that the process would1 in all probability1 prove of advantage1 and supplied the proper enamelling colours for further experiments4 ,it was now found1 however1 that these colours were much more difficult of management than the ordinary pigments4 ,this arose from their being mixed with so large a proportion of glass1 which necessitated the use of stronger oils to carry the colour2 and this again caused the colour1 when of sufficient strength1 to blister in the kiln4 ,mr4 ,minton was not1 however1 discouraged2 and1 believing that the difficulties would ultimately be overcome1 he joined the experimenters in taking out a patent for the process4 ,the patent is dated the #adth ,march1 #ahdh1 and is entitled 8for improvements in ornamenting china1 earthenware1 and glass40 ,the difficulties so early encountered were very long in being overcome2 months1 and even years1 of disappointment and loss followed1 and it was only after innumerable trials had shown what particular oils and of what strength were required for different colours1 that the obstacles were finally surmounted1 and the process established as an additional and improved means of mechanical decoration4 ,the process was applied to the decoration of earthenware and china generally1 both useful and ornamental2 but has proved to be more successful with flat surfaces4 ,it was at an early period applied to ornamenting glazed tiles1 and quickly supplanted the old and more expensive method of ground-laying4 ,mr4 ,pugin was the earliest patron of these tiles1 and introduced them into the new palace of ,westminster2 the walls of the smoke-room of the ,house of ,commons being the first instance of their use4 ,numerous specimens were shown at the ,exhibition of #ahea1 and again at ,paris in #ahee1 on which occasion the inventor and manager 7,mr4 ,alfred ,reynolds7 obtained a first-class certificate4 ,and here it should be remarked that ,messrs4 ,minton took every opportunity of bringing before the ,jury the merits of those in their employ1 whom they considered deserving of distinction for the service they had rendered to them4 ,there is now a very extensive trade done in these tiles1 which are very beautiful and every variety of design4 ,they are applied to wall decoration generally1 also to hearths1 the sides of fire-places1 the making of flower boxes1 and to a variety of other useful and ornamental purposes4 ,in this improvement both beauty and cheapness are combined4 ,to speak of the merits of these1 even briefly1 would occupy a chapter2 it is sufficient to say that they are of every possible variety of design--floral1 geometrical1 mythological1 historical1 and otherwise1--and that the combinations of colours and the arrangement of the patterns give them a brilliancy all their own4 ,later on the partnership with ,mr4 ,hollins terminated1 and that gentleman continued the manufacture of encaustic and other tiles4 7,see page #bac47 ,of the variety of productions of ,minton's works in former1 and at the present times1 it is impossible to speak in detail4 ,so varied1 so distinct1 and so extensive are they in material1 in body1 in style1 in decoration1 and in uses1 that anything like a detailed account becomes impossible4 ,in stoneware1 all the ordinary articles--jugs1 mugs1 bottles1 c4--are extensively produced2 many of the designs of the pressed jugs being marked by pure taste and simplicity of design4 ,in ordinary earthenware1 dinner1 tea1 breakfast1 toilet1 and other services1 and all the usual articles1 are made in great variety1 from the ordinary white and blue printed wares1 up to richly enamelled and gilt patterns4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bdi and #bej4 ,one of the processes successfully adopted by ,minton's is that of pte-sur-pte1 a process in which the artist1 instead of using colour1 employs liquid clay1 in which he paints1 or rather 8lays on0 his design2 the whole being afterwards glazed4 ,in this process ,m4 ,marc ,solon1 formerly of ,svres1 is particularly successful1 and the trays1 plaques1 c41 produced by him are characterised by pure but severe taste1 and masterly treatment4 ,his monogram1 the combined letters ,m and ,s1 distinguish his best works4 ,in imitation of bronze ,messrs4 ,minton have succeeded far beyond anything before attained1 in producing not only a perfect colour1 but a thoroughly metallic appearance2 their drinking cups and other articles in bronzed porcelain are well designed and of high character4 ,the ,persian ware also is of the highest class both in point of correct adaptation of ,persian designs and in manipulative treatment4 ,the pierced or perforated articles are marvels of lightness and of skill4 ,these1 which are among the most difficult tasks for the potter1 are1 as emanating from ,minton's1 perfect in every minute detail2 they are gems for any cabinet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,in china1 besides all the usual services--dinner1 tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 djeuner1 toilet1 trinket1 etc4--an endless variety of fancy and ornamental goods are produced4 ,notably among these are vases1 ewers1 tazz1 and other articles of extreme beauty1 and of every style of decoration4 ,a marked feature in these is the embossed gilding of borders1 c4 by a process patented by the firm4 ,in ,parian1 the statuary1 busts1 groups1 vases1 ewers1 and other articles1 equal those of almost any manufactory2 while in majolica1 della ,robia1 and other goods1 the productions of this firm stand pre-eminent4 ,the engravings1 ,figs4 #bje to #bfd1 give a fair idea of the marvellous beauty and variety of ,minton's goods4 ,whatever emanates from their factory1 indeed1 may safely be pronounced to be perfect and unsurpassed1 both in design1 in manipulation1 in body1 in glaze1 and in colouring4 ,messrs4 ,minton rank among the foremost houses throughout the world in those specialities of manufacture to which they have devoted their unbroken attention4 ,the richness and elaborate character of some of the designs1 and the faultlessly artistic treatment of others1 are shown on the examples ,i have selected for illustration4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #beb to #bed4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bee to #beh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bei4--,minton's ,productions4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bfj to #bfd4--,minton's ,productions4 ,the marks used by ,messrs4 ,minton from time to time are the name 8,,minton0 impressed on the body of the ware2 the names 8,,minton10 8,,minton ,,boyle10 8,,minton ,,co410 etc41 printed on the surface2 and an imitation of the ,svres double ,l1 with the initial ,m added4 ,this latter mark1 of which two examples are given on ,figs4 #bee and #bef1 is pencilled in blue on the ware2 it occurs on fine porcelain tea services1 richly painted and gilt1 and of remarkably good1 and sometimes very elaborate1 design4 ,sometimes also the letter ,m alone 7,fig4 #bba7 occurs4 ,of late years1 too1 an ermine spot 7,fig4 #bbb7 in gold or colours has occasionally been used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,the name ,,minton impressed1 or 8stamped10 in the body of the ware1 was not used until #ahfa1 so that this will be a guide to possessors in appropriating examples4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bff to #bgj4 ,sometimes the words 8,,felspar ,,china10 8,,new ,,stone0 or 8,,semi ,,china0 occur4 ,other marks used by ,messrs4 ,minton are shown on ,figs4 #bff to #bgj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hollins4--,the history of the famous works of ,messrs4 ,minton1 ,hollins1 ,co41 and of the rise and development of their manufacture of encaustic1 enamelled1 majolica1 and other tiles1 has already been given on pages #aie to #bjf1 and therefore need not be repeated4 ,in #ahfh1 as there stated1 the partnership ceased1 and from that time the manufacture of tiles passed into the hands of1 and has been continued solely by1 ,mr4 ,michael ,daintry ,hollins1 under the old style of 8,minton1 ,hollins1 ,co40 ,the productions of the works1 as of old1 consist of unglazed encaustic1 and tesselated1 or rather1 geometrical1 tiles for pavements2 glazed encaustic tiles for fire hearths2 majolica and enamelled tiles for grate cheeks1 flower-boxes1 wall-linings1 c42 and plain and painted tiles for various species of decoration4 ,these are all made from the same moulds1 and of precisely the same excellent quality both in body and decoration as under the old firm2 the business is1 indeed1 in every respect the same as before the dissolution4 ,the engravings1 ,figs4 #bga to #bhb1 show some of the designs of ,minton1 ,hollins1 ,co41 and are of the highest style of art4 ,the unglazed and the glazed encaustic tiles for pavements are made of the hardest and most durable materials that have yet been discovered--far beyond those of many other makers--and the workmanship as well as the designs are of a superior order4 ,they are made in the simple red and buff patterns of medival times1 as well as in various combinations of colours2 among these are black1 white1 buff1 chocolate1 salmon1 green1 blue1 red1 grey1 yellow1 c41 and these are varied in their combinations to an almost endless variety4 ,in majolica tiles1 for flower-boxes1 many effective and appropriate designs are made2 these are of bold relief and richly coloured4 ,among the patterns are tulips and other flowers in high relief1 painted true to nature1 and of remarkable richness4 ,earthenware tiles1 printed or painted1 not in relief1 are also largely produced for the same purpose4 ,for wall decoration1 fire-place cheeks and linings1 and other purposes1 the variety of tiles produced by the firm is very extensive1 and embraces almost every class of design4 ,in these are some with the patterns 7notably the lily7 all in very high relief1 and the colouring of the richest and most effective character4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bga to #bgf4--,minton1 ,hollins ,co4's ,tiles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--,minton1 ,hollins ,co4's ,tiles1 ,philadelphia ,exhibition4 ,others have their patterns painted by hand on the flat surface1 by skilled artists2 and others1 again1 are transfer-printed1 or a combination of printing and painting4 ,some form a more or less rich diaper1 and others are separate or continuous patterns1 while others again form borders of more than usual elegance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,among special patterns may be named a series of masterly designs of ,morning1 ,noon1 ,evening1 and ,night1 represented by well-conceived figures in blue on a black ground2 a series of emblematic designs of the ,seasons1 printed in chocolate or other monochrome on the white or buff surface2 and a series of allegorical1 mythological1 and fabulous subjects1 each treated in the same admirable manner4 ,the body of some is of fine white earthenware1 very hard and durable1 and others are buff1 grey1 or cream-coloured1 and in each of these bodies the tiles are produced of many patterns and of every degree of finish4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bgi to #bha4--,minton1 ,hollins ,co4's ,tiles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--,mosaic and ,alabaster ,reredos by ,minton1 ,hollins ,co41 ,philadelphia ,exhibition4 ,the geometric or tesselated pavements are of every conceivable variety2 the tiles composing them being made of different forms and of all shades of colour1 but all produced with the utmost mechanical nicety so as to 8fit0 in ever-changing variety4 ,a notable feature in the tiles of this firm is the richness1 the clearness1 and the purity of the colours and the excellence of the glaze2 these features1 added to faultless quality of body1 to high-class artistic treatment of patterns1 and to excellence of mechanical workmanship1 place them high in estimation4 ,messrs4 ,hollins were very extensive exhibitors at the ,philadelphia ,exhibition1 #ahgf1 and their productions excited great interest and admiration4 ,one of their main attractions was a lovely chimney-piece composed of tiles exquisitely painted with humming birds1 c41 and over it a lovely painting of a mother and her children executed with perfect artistic taste and feeling on thirty tiles2 this great achievement in ceramics is shown on ,fig4 #bgg4 ,another notable exhibit was a reredos in mosaic 7,fig4 #bhb71 and in mosaic also was a fine head of ,washington4 ,the rest of their exhibits consisted of every possible variety of tiles1 and all of equal excellence4 ,the marks used are 8,,minton ,,hollins ,,co4 ,,patent ,,tile ,,works1 ,,stoke ,,on ,,trent02 8,,minton ,,co4 ,patent1 ,,stoke ,,on ,,trent02 8,,minton ,,hollins ,,co4 ,,stoke ,,on ,,trent02 8,m4 ,h4 ,co410 c41 at the back of the tiles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,trent ,pottery4--,these works were established in #ahfa by ,mr4 ,george ,jones1 the head of the present firm of 8,george ,jones and ,sons40 ,messrs4 ,jones manufacture all the ordinary description of ordinary earthenware2 from the gaily-decorated articles required in ,africa and in ,south ,america1 and the spotless white granite for the ,united ,states1 to stoneware1 and printed1 enamelled1 and gilt wares1 for home use and for the ,colonies4 ,the firm also make a large and striking variety of articles in majolica1 in which they successfully vie with most houses in the trade4 ,in this they make both useful and ornamental articles1 most of which are of a high order of art1 being well modelled1 carefully finished1 and of a quality that will bear comparison with most others4 ,some of the productions exhibited at ,paris in #ahfg 7when they obtained a medal71 at ,london in #ahga1 and at ,vienna in #ahgc1 are shown by ,figs4 #bhc to #cjf4 ,the imitation ,palissy ware is highly successful4 ,in vases1 candelabra1 centre and side pieces1 flower shells1 and numberless other articles1 ,messrs4 ,jones have produced many striking and good designs4 ,some of these are shown on the engravings2 others1 especially an aquatic centre-piece of four heights1 in ,cupids1 shells1 dolphins1 and coral2 a flower-pot1 in which the magnolia forms the basis of ornamentation2 and an ewer abundantly decorated with lizards1 snakes1 c41 are bold1 good1 and highly effective in design4 ,the mark used by ,messrs4 ,jones is simply the monogram composed of the initials ,g ,j joined together4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bhc to #bhf4--,trent ,pottery ,majolica4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bhg to #cjf4--,trent ,pottery ,majolica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,albert ,works1 and ,copeland ,street ,works4--7,poole1 ,stanway1 ,wood47--,the business of this firm was established in #ahei in the ,albert ,works1 ,liverpool ,road1 by ,messrs4 ,george ,turner1 ,joseph ,emery ,hassall1 and ,william ,bromley1 as a ,parian manufactory only4 ,in #ahfc1 the present much larger works were built4 ,in #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,bromley retired from the concern1 and in #ahfc ,mr4 ,thomas ,peake joined it1 and the firm continued as 8,turner1 ,hassall1 ,peake0 until #ahga1 when the latter withdrew1 and was succeeded by ,mr4 ,poole1 when the style became 8,turner1 ,hassall1 and ,poole40 ,in #ahgc ,mr4 ,hassall retired1 and was succeeded by ,mr4 ,stanway1 and the firm then became 8,turner1 ,poole1 and ,stanway40 ,later on ,mr4 ,turner also retired from the firm1 and ,mr4 ,josiah ,wood1 having entered into partnership with the remaining partners1 the style was altered to its present form of 8,poole1 ,stanway1 and ,wood40 ,at first ,parian only was made1 but after a time the decoration of china 7bought in the white7 was added4 ,after this had been done for about ten years the manufacture of china was commenced1 and is now a large and profitable branch of the business4 ,the present productions of these works are ,parian1 principally statuary1 of the higher quality in body1 in colour1 and in workmanship2 china1 in which tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 trinket1 and other services1 vases1 figures1 groups1 c41 are made in every style of decoration1 and of excellent quality2 majolica1 in all the usual varieties of articles2 and terra cotta1 in which they produce water-jugs1 fern-stands1 tobacco-jars1 filters1 candlesticks1 flower-vases1 tea-pots1 c4 ,the speciality of the works is1 however1 in ,parian1 and in this they rank very1 and deservedly1 high2 in this the novelty was introduced by ,mr4 ,turner of decorating the ,parian body with majolica colours4 ,by this means a greater clearness and brilliancy as well as softness of colour is attained1 8crazing0 is avoided1 and a more pleasing effect and finish gained4 ,the operations of the firm are not confined to the home markets1 but a considerable trade is done with foreign ports4 ,the terra cotta goods are produced in red and cane colour1 and richly enamelled4 ,the body is remarkably fine and even1 and very hard1 compact1 and durable4 ,in statuary ,parian1 a large variety of groups1 single figures1 animals1 and ornamental pieces are produced4 ,the groups and figures1 both after the antique and original designs by celebrated modellers1 are of a high degree of excellence4 ,notably among these is a very charming pair1 8,night0 and 8,morning10 by ,carrier4 ,busts1 too1 are produced very extensively1 and of various sizes1 both copied from classic models and of modern celebrities4 ,in centre-pieces1 compotiers1 c41 ,messrs4 ,poole1 ,stanway1 ,wood are particularly successful4 ,a set of four1 with juvenile figures representing the ,seasons1 are peculiarly graceful and elegant1 the open-work dishes of these and others being of admirable design and faultless finish2 as is also another in which the stem is surrounded by three cleverly modelled ,cupids4 ,the tinting of these is pleasing and artistic2 the creamy richness of the body 7of course unglazed7 giving a peculiar softness to the flesh1 while the drapery and accessories1 being delicately coloured and glazed1 impart a finish to the designs that is very charming4 ,a centre-piece with a pedestal rising from three gracefully modelled female figures1 and supporting an exquisite open-work dish1 is of peculiar elegance2 the angles of the tripod base are formed of boldly modelled sea-horses1 whose curled tails rise gracefully up and support three smaller dishes4 ,a very successful and powerfully conceived design is a comport in which the base is formed of three young ,tritons1 who1 surrounding an elegant lyre standard1 alternate with the same number of shells2 above them rises the open-work bowl4 ,it is interesting to add that one of the partners of this firm1 ,mr4 ,josiah ,wood1 is a worthy descendant of a long line of potters2 his grandfather1 ,aaron ,wood1 himself a famous potter1 was the son of ,aaron ,wood 7who was apprenticed to ,dr4 ,thomas ,wedgwood71 and the brother of the celebrated ,enoch ,wood1 of whom notices are given in other parts of this volume4 ,mr4 ,stanway1 another of the partners1 is the son of ,william ,stanway1 whose fifty years' connection with the ,wedgwoods ,i have spoken of in my 8,life of ,wedgwood0 and alluded to in another part of this volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,glebe ,street ,works1 and ,wharf ,street ,works4--,these two manufactories belong to ,messrs4 ,robinson and ,leadbeater1 and are entirely confined to the production of ,parian goods1 of which they are among the largest and most extensive producers1 both for the home markets and for exportation4 ,the ,glebe ,street ,works were commenced in #ahej1 by a clever ,italian figure-modeller named ,giovanni ,meli1 who produced clever groups and single figures1 till #ahfe1 when he sold the entire business1 with its plant1 moulds1 and machinery1 to ,messrs4 ,robinson and ,leadbeater1 and returned to ,italy with the full intention of there commencing a terra cotta manufactory4 ,this he relinquished1 after a short trial1 mainly through the lack of a suitable native clay or marl for the making of his saggers4 ,giovanni ,meli then went to ,chicago1 where he succeeded in his wishes1 and established a manufactory of the kind he had attempted in ,italy1 and there he continues to the present time4 ,the ,wharf ,street ,works were commenced in #aheh by ,mr4 ,leveson ,hill1 after whose death1 which occurred shortly afterwards1 they were carried on by his executors until #ahgj1 when they were sold to ,messrs4 ,robinson and ,leadbeater1 who thus became proprietors of both concerns4 ,by them the works have been considerably enlarged1 and as their business operations are rapidly extending1 they bid fair to rank among the largest in the district4 ,the operations of the firm are entirely confined to ,parian1 and in this they produce statuary groups and figures in large variety2 statuettes and busts1 both classical1 portrait1 and imaginative2 vases of endless form1 variety1 and size2 centre-pieces and comports of elegant design2 flower-stands2 brackets and pedestals2 bouquet-holders trinket-caskets2 cream-ewers2 jugs1 and a considerable variety of fancy articles4 ,by giving their constant and undivided attention to this one branch of ceramic art 7,parian71 ,messrs4 ,robinson and ,leadbeater have succeeded in so improving it both in fineness and purity of body and in tone of colour1 as to render their productions of far higher than average merit4 ,they have studied excellence of body1 originality of design1 and cleverness of workmanship1 as before that of marketable cheapness1 and in this they have done wisely4 ,in material1 they rank with the best productions of many competing firms1 while in fineness of surface and careful manipulation they are scarcely excelled4 ,among the designs produced by this firm are many of more than average merit1 and they are issued1 in some instances1 of large size4--8,clytie10 a clever reproduction1 is a bust of about twenty-two inches in height1 whilst several others 7,gladstone1 ,disraeli1 ,cobden1 ,tennyson1 ,dickens1 and other modern celebrities7 are of various heights4 ,among their principal groups are 8,innocence ,protected10 8,penelope10 8,the ,power of ,love10 8,cupid ,betrayed10 8,cupid ,captive10 8,golden ,age10 8,rock of ,ages10 8,guardian ,angel10 8,the ,immaculate ,conception10 8,christ and ,st4 ,john10 and 8,virgin and ,child20 and in single figures are many well designed and faultlessly produced4 ,these are all good1 and the same remark will apply to the remainder of the figures and busts4 ,the centre-pieces1 comports1 and flower-holders1 are characterized by the same good taste in design and the same excellence in finish2 their variety is great1 and many of them have a freshness and originality in conception that is very encouraging4 ,messrs4 ,robinson and ,leadbeater are very successful in their original portrait busts1 many of which they have produced1 both for private purposes and for sale4 ,among the latter1 the busts of ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,charles ,sumner1 and ,governor ,andrew1 have had a very extensive sale in the ,united ,states1 to which market1 indeed1 the greater part of their general statuary and other goods is sent4 ,an excellent portrait statuette of ,queen ,victoria may also be reckoned among their successful productions4 ,in addition to the ,states and the home markets1 the firm export largely to ,canada1 the ,colonies1 and ,germany4 ,they use no mark4 99 99 99 99 99 ,copeland ,street4--,messrs4 ,billington ,co4 manufacture the commonest descriptions of china in all the usual services4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bridge ,works4--,formerly worked by ,messrs4 ,davenport ,co41 ,w4 ,adams ,co41 ,minton1 ,hollins ,co41 ,jones ,co41 and ,grose ,son1 this manufactory is now carried on by ,hancock ,whittingham for the production of the usual useful classes of earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,walker ,carter4--,the manufactory now carried on by this firm belonged formerly to ,wolf1 and next to his son-in-law ,hamilton1 and later was worked by ,z4 ,boyle ,co41 ,w4 ,adams ,co41 and ,minton1 ,hollins ,co4 ,the present firm manufacture the ordinary classes of earthenware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cjg to #cbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london ,road 7and ,eastwood ,vale74--,the works of ,mr4 ,william ,henry ,goss were commenced in #aheh for the production of ,parian1 ivory-porcelain1 terra cotta1 c41 and their progress from that time as pure art-productions has been very marked4 ,the most famous of the specialities of ,mr4 ,goss's manufacture are porcelain floral jewellery and dress ornaments1 in which brooches1 hair-pins1 scent-diffusers1 crosses1 and other beautiful articles are made2 jewelled porcelain1 in which vases1 scent-bottles1 tazz and other ornaments are produced2 and vessels to be filled with perfumes1 including illuminated scent-vases1 pomade-boxes1 rice-powder jars1 pastil and scented ribbon burners1 c41 these latter being made largely for the great ,paris and ,london perfumehouses4 ,the process of modelling jewelled porcelain1 just alluded to1 which is of extreme richness and beauty1 is the invention of ,mr4 ,goss1 who1 many years ago observing that the enamel jewels on the old ,svres porcelain frequently dropped1 or were rubbed1 off1 turned his attention to the subject4 ,the process adopted at ,svres was as follows3 a gold foil was stamped into circles1 ovals1 and other required forms for the reception of the enamels1 which were then pencilled on1 and fired before applying them to the article they were intended to decorate4 ,after being vitrified into imitations of uncut rubies1 emeralds1 c41 they were stuck on to the surface of the porcelain with a flux1 and again fired4 ,the adhesion was by this process often incomplete1 and thus it frequently occurred that part of the design became rubbed away4 ,the process invented by ,mr4 ,goss for this mosaic jewellery1 is1 to indent the designs for the intended jewelled decoration in the dry or moist clay before baking1 and in these to insert the jewels1 which are all previously cut1 and thus attain an increased brilliancy4 ,being inserted into the hollow or recess prepared for them1 they are made secure4 ,the process is an extremely delicate but very ingenious and beautiful one1 and the effect produced is richer and finer than is attained by any other processes4 ,real pearls are often also introduced by ,mr4 ,goss with good effect4 ,for this and other purposes ,mr4 ,goss has taken out a patent 8for improvements in manufacturing articles of jewellery1 dress ornaments1 dress fastenings1 smoke-shades for lamps and gas-burners1 and the handles of cups and other vessels of ceramic materials0--an invention peculiarly applicable to the 8manufacture of brooches1 earrings1 the heads of scarf-pins1 hair-pins1 and shawl-pins1 the trinkets called charms1 bracelets1 necklaces1 stud and ring fittings10 and a vast number of other articles4 ,the floral brooches1 crosses1 c41 are of great beauty1 and in delicacy of modelling remind one of the famous ,bristol and ,derby floral plaques4 ,some are produced in pure white bisqu1 others are tinted in the natural colours of the flowers represented1 and others are in ivory-porcelain prepared by a patented process4 ,in ,parian1 for which ,mr4 ,goss ranks deservedly high1 busts1 statuary1 vases1 tazzas1 scent-jars1 bread-platters1 and many other ornamental goods1 are made4 ,notably among these are admirable busts of ,charles ,swain and of myself1 the author of this work2 this forms the frontispiece to the first volume4 ,this fine work of ,art was modelled expressly for the purpose in #ahge1 and is pronounced by those capable of judging to be a fine and highly successful example of ,ceramic ,art4 ,these are modelled by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gallimore1 under the personal and artistic supervision of ,mr4 ,goss4 ,they1 as are all the busts which emanate from this combined source1 are of the highest style of ,art in point of pose and poetic treatment1 and of the most careful character in manipulative workmanship4 ,as portrait-busts they rank far above the average1 and are1 indeed1 perfect reproductions of the living originals4 ,it is not often that this can be said of portrait-busts1 but it has been a particular study of ,mr4 ,goss1 and of his coadjutor1 ,mr4 ,gallimore1 and they have succeeded admirably4#dd ,of ,mr4 ,gallimore it may be well to say a word or two4 ,he at one time was engaged as a modeller at the ,belleek ,works in ,ireland1 and while there1 by the bursting of a gun1 lost his right arm4 ,his modelling has1 therefore1 ever since then1 been entirely done by his left hand1 and1 strange as it may seem1 is far better than when he had both4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cbd to #ccj4 ,one of ,mr4 ,goss's specialities is ivory porcelain1 and this he produces of the full soft mellow tone which characterizes the finest ivory1 while1 from the nature of the body he has by constant experiments and study succeeded in producing1 it is far more lasting and durable1 and capable of more decoration1 than the ivory itself4 ,it possesses all the delicate beauty of the ivory1 with1 as just stated1 more durability1 and1 unlike it1 is unchangeable4 ,in this material one of ,mr4 ,goss's most successful productions is a pierced scent-bottle of the pilgrim-bottle or puzzle-jug form4 ,its centre is double pierced in a very elaborate pattern1 and judiciously heightened with lines of gold4 ,in terra cotta1 which is of peculiarly fine quality and rich colour1 water-bottles and all the usual articles are made1 a speciality being the fern-leaves with which they are decorated4 ,all kinds of enamel colours and lustres are made at these works4 ,the name ,w4 ,h4 ,,goss is sometimes stamped in the ware1 and on the other higher class goods the crest1 a falcon rising1 ducally gorged1 is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london ,road4--,in #ahef a field on the ,london ,road was found to contain a valuable mine of red clay1 and a manufactory of floor1 roof1 and ridge tiles1 c41 was commenced4 ,this property was purchased by ,mr4 ,w4 ,kirkham1 who still continues the works4 ,in #ahfb ,mr4 ,kirkham built a manufactory for the production of ,parian1 terra cotta1 and general earthenware for the home and foreign markets4 ,to this he has more recently added the making of door-furniture1 brass-founders' fittings1 knobs1 mortars and pestles1 chemists' goods1 stoneware1 c42 a patent is also worked for the production of porcelain bottle-stoppers1 feeding-bottles1 c4 ,the terra cotta goods1 comprising water-bottles1 ornamental flower-pots and stands1 table-jugs1 spill-cases1 tobacco-jars1 and an infinite variety of other articles1 are of a high degree of excellence1 both in body1 in form1 in colour1 and in style of ornamentation4 ,in colour it is of a deep1 rich1 full red1 and is remarkably close1 compact1 hard1 and durable in texture4 ,the ornamentation consists of embossed borders of more than average relief2 printed groups of ,etruscan figures1 borders1 groups of flowers1 c42 rich enamelling in various colours2 and dead and burnished gilding4 ,some of the fern decorations are graceful1 natural1 and elegant2 and those with the ,etruscan figures and the enamelled borders are in pure taste4 ,the table-jugs are of excellent form1 many being good examples of severe ,art1 and their decorations are faultless4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,campbell ,brick and ,tile ,company4--,the company to whom this manufactory belongs was formed in #ahge for the purpose of carrying on the business of ,mr4 ,robert ,minton ,taylor1 who had till that time conducted it at ,fenton4 ,a new manufactory was1 in #ahgf1 erected at ,stoke1 when the ,fenton business was transferred to it4 ,in addition to this1 new buildings and machinery have been erected for the production of all kinds of bricks1 roofing and other building tiles1 c4 ,the works were established at ,fenton1 as just stated1 by ,mr4 ,robert ,minton ,taylor--nephew to the late ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton1 and until the past few years a partner in the firm of ,minton1 ,hollins ,co4--in #ahfh1 on a dissolution1 consequent on effluxion of time1 of the old firm4 ,the productions of these works1 as were those at ,fenton1 are encaustic1 mosaic1 geometrical1 and majolica tiles1 and in these every variety of design1 from the purely ornate to the severe classic1 are made4 ,the encaustic tiles are produced not only in the usually simple red and buff colours1 but also in various combinations of buff1 red1 blue1 green1 yellow1 white1 black1 brown1 grey1 and every shade of compound colour4 ,the designs are very effective and pure1 and are the result of considerable study on the part of the artists employed in their preparation4 ,the geometric tiles are of every conceivable form and of great variety in colour2 they are prepared with mathematical nicety1 and produce remarkably rich and effective pavements4 ,one of the specialities of these works are majolica and coloured tiles4 ,these are of the highest possible class of beauty and excellence1 and the richness of the colours and their harmonious combinations cannot be surpassed3 they are perfect works of ,art1 and are a great and marked advance upon any which have preceded them4 ,some have the ornament in relief--sometimes approaching even to alto-relievo--and exquisitely modelled3 the ornament consisting of arabesques1 foliage1 flowers1 birds1 c41 in endless variety4 ,in reproduction of natural objects1 as the hawthorn1 the bramble1 the violet1 the primrose1 the anemone1 the lily1 and the lilac1 ,mr4 ,minton ,taylor is particularly happy3 the effect is strikingly beautiful4 ,the tiles1 of course1 are adapted for wall decorations of churches1 c41 for ceilings1 grate-cheeks1 lining of fire-places1 flower-boxes1 friezes1 inlaying in cabinet work1 c41 but not for floors4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cca to #cch4--;,campbell ,co4's ,tiles4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cci and #cdj4--;,campbell ,co4's ,tiles4 ,among the other features of these works are the tesselated pavements1 which are careful reproductions of examples of the ,romano-,british period4 ,in these the antique character is well preserved1 the designs copied with scrupulous accuracy1 the colours kept strictly to the originals1 and the effect of the rich guilloches admirably preserved4 ,tile hearths1 too1 are a speciality of ,mr4 ,minton ,taylor's1 and these are produced in great variety and of extreme beauty3 they are among the most successful adaptations of ceramic decorative ,art to domestic purposes4 ,the principal designs are by ,e4 ,welby ,pugin1 ,john ,gibbs1 ,j4 ,seddon1 ,dr4 ,dresser1 and others4 ,the mark used by ,mr4 ,minton ,taylor while at ,fenton was the name 8,,robert ,,minton ,,taylor1 ,,tile ,,works1 ,,fenton1 ,,near ,,stoke-,,on-,,trent10 arranged in various ways1 and impressed or raised on the back2 or the initials ,r ,m ,t,f ,t ,w used in the same way4 ,that of the present firm 7the proprietor of which is ,colin ,minton ,campbell1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 and the manager1 ,mr4 ,robert ,minton ,taylor7 is a compass ,w,n,s,e encircled by the words 8,,campbell ,,brick ,,tile ,,co41 ,,stoke-,,upon-,,trent40 99 99 99 99 99 ,harrison and ,wedgwood4--,john ,harrison1 of ,newcastle1 and afterwards of ,cliff ,bank1 ,stoke1 a man possessed of some means1 but little taste1 entered into partnership with ,josiah ,wedgwood on the latter first commencing business4 ,he was not a practical potter1 but was taken into partnership by ,wedgwood for the advance of capital4 ,they carried on the business at what was ,mr4 ,aldersea's pottery1 at the top of ,stoke1 opposite the works of ,hugh ,booth4 ,here1 besides agate and other knife-hafts1 they made the ordinary kinds of wares then in demand1 both 8scratched0 and blue4 ,in #aged they entered into partnership with ,thomas ,whieldon1 and later on the works were1 ,i believe1 bought and pulled down by ,josiah ,spode4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bankes4--,mr4 ,r4 ,bankes and ,mr4 ,john ,turner1 in #agef1 made white stoneware on what1 later1 formed a part of ,josiah ,spode's premises4 ,in #agfb ,mr4 ,turner removed to ,lane ,end1 and about #aghj discovered a valuable vein of clay at ,green ,dock2 this he turned to profitable and artistic use in the making of his fine and celebrated cane-coloured and other wares4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aldersea4--,john and ,thomas ,aldersea were makers of tortoiseshell1 clouded1 and other wares4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hugh ,booth1 of ,cliff ,bank1 was one of the leading manufacturers of the district4 ,his productions were common cream-coloured1 mottled1 and1 ,i believe1 lustre-wares4 ,he died unmarried in ,june1 #aghi1 aged #eg1 and was succeeded by his brother1 ,ephraim4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ephraim ,booth 7an alderman of ,plymouth71 who took into partnership his two sons ,hugh and ,joseph1 and carried on the business under the firm of 8,ephraim ,booth and ,sons40 ,the eldest of these sons1 ,hugh ,booth1 married ,ann1 daughter of ,thomas ,lovatt1 ,esq41 and died in #ahca4 ,this firm was somewhat extensive1 and produced blue printed and other wares4 ,the heading of their bills in #agib was 8,ephm ,booth ,sons1 ,potters to ,his ,royal ,highness the ,duke of ,clarence and ,st4 ,andrew's1 in the ,kingdom of ,great ,britain1 ,earl of ,munster1 in the ,kingdom of ,ireland40 8,stoke1 ,staffordshire40 ,at that time 7#agib7 some of their productions were 8barrel-shape0 and other jugs1 8ewers and basons10 8cups and saucers1 bell-shape handled10 8coffees and saucers1 fluted10 all 8printed ,dresden pattern20 8tureens and ladles1 green edge1 cream-coloured glaze20 sallads1 baking dishes1 fish-drainers1 oyster-shells1 pickle leaves1 egg-cups1 peppers1 mustards1 scollop shells1 sauce tureens1 all stands either 8green edge10 8blue edge10 or 8blue and green20 tea-pots1 milks1 bread and butter plates1 c41 8narrow flute1 printed ,dresden pattern10 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wolfe4--,mr4 ,thomas ,wolfe was a very successful manufacturer1 the latter part of last century4 ,he died in #ahah1 and was1 ,i believe1 succeeded by his son-in-law1 ,mr4 ,robert ,hamilton1 and afterwards by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,adams and ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bird4--,daniel ,bird1 the 8flint potter10 as he was called1 at ,cliff ,bank 7afterwards ,mayers71 made agate-ware knife-hafts and buttons1 and the usual earthenware of the period4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the manufacturers at ,stoke in #ahbi1 were1 according to ,shaw1 ,spode2 ,minton2 ,h4 and ,r4 ,daniel1 who here made only porcelain1 their earthenware works being at ,shelton2 ,adams1 in one part of whose works the first steam-engine for grinding flints is said to have been erected2 ,zachary ,boyle ,son1 near the churchyard1 who made both china and earthenware2 ,thomas ,mayer 7,cliff ,bank71 formerly ,daniel ,bird's1 who was called the 8flint potter10 through his having ascertained the exact proportions of flints and clays required 8to prevent cracking in the oven02 and ,ward and ,forrester4 ,in #ahdc1 there were ,spode and ,copelands2 ,messrs4 ,mintons2 ,messrs4 ,william ,adams and ,co41 who at one time or other had five separate manufactories1 three of which had formerly been ,mr4 ,wolfe's1 the fourth the ,bridge ,works1 and the fifth ,hugh ,booth's2 ,messrs4 ,henry and ,richard ,daniel2 ,mr4 ,zachary ,boyle2 ,messrs4 ,samuel and ,george ,reade2 and ,messrs4 ,lowndes and ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cda and #cdb4--;,campbell ,co4's ,tiles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdd4--;,campbell ,co4's ,tiles4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,burslem--,early ,potters--,earthenware ,gravestones--,toft--,talor--,sans --,turnor--,shawe--,mitchell--,cartwrigh t--,rich--,wood--,wood ,caldwell --,churchyard ,works--,bell ,works--,red ,lion ,works--,big ,house--,ivy ,house--,lakin ,poole--,waterloo ,works1 ,boote ,co4--,washington ,works--,nile ,street ,works--,newport ,pottery--,dale ,hall--,stubbs--,bates1 ,walker ,co4--,mayer ,co4--,dale ,hall ,pottery--,rogers--,edwards ,son--,dale ,hall ,tile ,co4--,albert ,street ,works--,mersey ,pottery--,steel --,maddock ,son--,new ,wharf ,pottery--,over ,house ,works--,swan ,bank ,pottery--,hill ,top ,pottery--,hill ,pottery ,china ,works--,crown ,works--,scotia ,works--,queen ,street ,works--,hill ,works--,ralph ,wood--,sylvester ,pottery--,high ,street ,pottery--,sneyd ,pottery--,hadderidge ,pottery--,navigation ,works--,sytch ,pottery--,kilncroft ,works--,albert ,pottery--,waterloo ,works--,central ,pottery--,longport--,davenports--,terra ,cotta--,brownhills--,wood--,littler--,m arsh and ,heywood--,brownhills ,pottery ,company--,cobridge--,cobridge ,works1 ,brownfields--,clews--,furnivals--,bates ,bennet--,abbey ,pottery--,villa ,pottery--,cockson ,seddon--,allcock ,co4--,elder ,road ,works--,warburton--,daniel1 c4 ,,burslem4 ,plot1 writing in #afhf1 says1 8the greatest pottery they have in this county is carried on at ,burslem1 near ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 where for making their different sorts of pots they have as many different sorts of clay1 which they dig round about the towne1 all within halfe a mile's distance1 the best being found nearest the coale10 c4#de ,the town has earned for itself the name of 8mother of the potteries40 ,in the early part of the eighteenth century1 the potters in ,burslem appear to have been as follows3-- ,thos4 ,wedgwood 7#b74 ,john and ,samuel ,cartlich4 ,robt4 ,daniel4 ,thos41 ,isaac1 and ,rcd4 ,malkin4 ,dr4 ,thos4 ,wedgwood4 ,wm41 ,rcd41 and ,jhn47#c7 ,simpson4 ,thos4 ,cartwright4 ,john ,wedgwood4 ,robt4 ,bucknall4 ,isaac ,wood4 ,richard ,wedgwood4 ,thos4 ,taylor4 ,wm4 ,harrison4 ,john and ,robt4 ,adams4 ,moses ,marsh4 ,aaron ,shaw4 ,thos4 ,mitchell4 ,j4 ,warburton4 ,j4 ,bagnall4 ,aaron ,wedgwood ,h4 787 ,marsh4 ,moses ,shaw4 ,isaac ,ball4 ,saml4 ,edge4 ,thos4 ,lockett4 ,j4 ,tunstall4 ,moses ,steel4 ,hugh ,mayer4 ,j4 ,stevenson4 ,h4 ,beech4 ,ralph ,daniel4 ,in #agej the potters--i4e4 owners of pot-works--appear to have been-- ,moses ,copeland4 ,john ,marsh4 ,ralph ,allen4 ,moses ,marsh 7two74 ,aaron ,shaw4 ,john ,daniell4 ,richd4 ,parrott4 ,thos4 ,cartlich 7,olding74 ,e4 ,astbury4 ,saml4 ,malkin4 ,john ,adams4 ,ralph ,adams4 ,wm4 ,lockett4 ,robt4 ,daniell4 ,thos4 ,steel4 ,samuel ,cartlich4 ,maria ,locker4 ,john ,heath4 ,richd4 ,onions4 ,aaron ,clowes4 ,ephraim ,booth4 ,john ,taylor4 ,thos4 ,taylor4 ,joseph ,simpson 7two74 ,clark ,malkin4 ,thos4 ,mitchell4 ,john ,mitchell4 ,josiah ,simpson4 ,taylor 7two74 ,william ,burn4 ,j4 ,ball4 ,aaron ,cartlich4 ,timothy ,lockett4 c4 ,a century later1 in #ahdc1 according to ,ward1 the potters then at work were ,enoch ,wood and ,sons2 ,samuel ,alcock ,co41 who occupied their pot-works at the ,hill ,top2 ,machin and ,potts 7formerly ,machin and ,baggaley71 at the ,waterloo ,works2 ,mellor1 ,venables ,co41 ,hole ,house2 ,thomas ,godwin1 ,burslem ,wharf2 ,john ,wedg,wood1 ,hadderidge2 ,barker1 ,sutton1 and ,till1 ,liverpool ,road2 ,peter ,hopkin1 ,market ,place2 ,william ,pointon1 ,green ,head2 ,samuel ,mayer ,co41 ,waterloo ,road2 ,joseph ,hawley1 ,waterloo ,road2 ,maddock ,seddon1 ,newcastle ,street2 ,james ,vernon ,co41 ,high ,street2 ,james and ,thomas ,edwards1 ,kiln ,croft2 ,cork and ,condliffe1 ,queen ,street2 ,nehemiah ,massey1 ,bournes ,bank2 ,ann ,holland1 ,hill ,top2 ,daniel ,edge1 ,waterloo ,road2 ,jones and ,bell1 ,bell ,works2 and those not then occupied were the ,churchyard ,works 7late ,j4 and ,j4 ,jackson71 the ,big ,house ,works 7formerly ,thos4 ,wedgwood71 the ,hamill ,street ,works 7formerly ,cartlidge and ,beech71 the ,knowl ,works 7formerly ,breezes71 and the ,navigation ,works1 late ,john ,waltons4 ,many of the names in the earliest of these lists will be recognised as those of successful potters even of our own day4 ,burslem1 long the centre of the pot-making district1 was the place where the ,wedgwoods had their various works1 and where ,josiah ,wedgwood was born4 ,it has1 therefore1 always been1 as it is now1 a place of considerable importance in connection with the history of the ceramic art of our country4 ,it is manifestly impossible1 nor would it be desirable1 to enumerate all the firms from that time forward4 ,the following are some of the more noted houses1 exclusive of the ,wedgwoods1 to whom a separate chapter will be devoted4 ,shaw1 in #ahbi1 mentions that besides the various manufactories held by ,enoch ,wood and ,sons1 there were about twenty-six other pot-works1 the principal of which were ,machin ,co41 ,t4 and ,b4 ,godwin1 ,t4 ,heath1 ,j4 ,cormie1 ,j4 ,hall ,sons1 and ,john ,riley ,marsh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cde to #cdg4 ,thom,as3 ,p,ain #agah ,w3,m #agcg ,r3,m #agcg ,a very interesting matter relating to the history of pottery in this locality is the number of coarse earthenware gravestones which may be noticed in the churchyards at ,burslem1 ,wolstanton1 and elsewhere4 ,they are formed of the common dark brown marl1 or sagger clay1 and the inscriptions are generally deeply incised1 or pressed in4 ,in some instances1 however1 they are laid on in white slip1 and in others the incised letters are filled in with white clay4 ,they are fired in the usual manner4 ,the earliest1 as regards date1 which ,i noticed on my cursory examination of the two churchyards just mentioned1 is at ,wolstanton1 and bears the inscription1 8,thom,as ,p,ain #agah40 7,fig4 #cde74 ,in the same churchyard are other earthenware memorials of various dates1 the latest of which is #ahbh1 viz41 8,william ,heath departed this life #ad ,february1 #ahbh aged #f weeks40 ,among others of which ,i made notes in the same churchyard are-- 8,here ,lyeth the ,body of ,john ,binns who ,departed this ,life ,november the #d #agea ,aged #da years40 8,here lieth the body of ,samuel ,willshaw died th #bj #agee aged #aa 802 at the top are the remains of cherubs' wings4 8,here ,lyeth the ,body of ,thos4 ,son of ,william and ,mary ,rowley of ,red ,street who ,died ,november the #ag in the year #agfg in the #g year of ,his age40 8,here ,lieth the ,body of ,mary ,meller who departed this ,life ,january the #fth #agej aged #aj4 ,short was my time ,grate was my pane ,weep not for me ,great is my gaine40 8,here lieth the ,body of ,esther ,vernon aged #ea #agde02 8,here ,lyeth the ,bodey of ,thomas ,coleough aged #gj #agcg02 and so on4 ,the other engravings are from ,burslem churchyard--the same ground in which some of the older of the ,wedgwoods are buried1 and adjoining which ,thomas ,wedgwood's 8,churchyard ,works0 stood when ,josiah ,wedgwood was an apprentice there1 and still exist4 ,they are early 7#agcg7 and good specimens of these interesting memorials4 ,another bears the simple inscription1 8,elesbeth ,malkin ,aged #if3 #agde40 ,many others of various dates occur4 99 99 99 99 99 ,toft4--,the name of ,toft is intimately connected with pottery1 both in ,staffordshire and ,derbyshire4 ,the names of ,thomas ,toft and ,ralph ,toft occur on large coarse earthenware dishes of the middle of the seventeenth century 7see vol4 i4 pages #aja to #ajd71 some of which are dated4 ,the material of the body of ,toft's dishes platters1 and other domestic articles1 is a coarse1 reddish1 or buff-coloured clay--a common fire-brick clay--and the patterns are laid on in yellow1 white1 or other coloured slip1 and then thickly glazed over with a lead glaze4 ,i have reason to believe that some of the ,tofts were potters at ,tickenhall 7which see1 page #aeb74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdh4 ,,thomastoft ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cdi to #cfb4--;,examples of early ,staffordshire ,wares1 ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,talor4--,apparently contemporary with the ,tofts1 or at all events producing precisely the same kind of dishes1 c41 was ,william ,talor1 one of whose productions is in the ,bateman collection4 ,he was probably of ,staffordshire1 and most likely of the same family as the ,taylors1 potters of ,burslem1 in the beginning of last century4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sans4--,another contemporary of the ,tofts was ,william ,sans1 whom ,shaw states to have used manganese and pulverised galena in his processes4 ,the name ,thomas ,sans also occurs on an example4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turnor4--,turnor is a name so long and so intimately connected with potting and ,staffordshire1 that it is fair to presume ,ralph ,turnor1 whose name ,,ralph ,,turnor#afha occurs on a tyg of the same general character as ,toft's dishes1 belongs to that county4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shawe4--,ralph ,shawe1 of ,burslem1 8earth potter10 in #agcc took out a patent for improvements in earthenware 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aaj74 ,in #agcf he commenced an action for infringement of his patent right1 against ,john ,mitchell1 an extensive potter of the same town1 but was defeated 7p4 #aaa74 ,he removed with his family into ,france1 where he carried on his trade1 but his family1 about #agej1 returned to ,burslem4 ,about #agaj ,aaron ,shaw was a maker of stone and dipped wares in ,burslem1 with a house adjoining his works2 and ,moses ,shaw 7surely two brothers1 ,aaron and ,moses67 made stone and freckled goods at the same place1 with a house in the middle of the town4 99 99 99 99 99 ,john ,mitchell4--,in #agcf1 this potter having succeeded in producing ware very similar to that of ,ralph ,shawe1 an action was commenced against him by ,shawe for infringing his patent4 ,this was tried at ,stafford1 but the defendant1 being fully supported by his pottery neighbours1 gained the verdict1 the judge concluding with the memorable words1 8,go home1 potters1 and make whatever kind of pots you like40 ,aaron ,wood was at one time employed by ,mitchell1 whose principal productions were white stoneware and salt-glazed ware4 ,in #agdc an agreement was entered into between ,aaron ,wood1 of ,burslem1 8earth-potter10 and ,john ,mitchell1 of the same town1 8earth potter10 by which the former bound himself to the latter for seven years at #gs4 a week1 and #ajs4 #f;d4 on each #aath ,november4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cartwright4--,the name ,,cartwright is stated by ,shaw to occur on some butter-pots1 along with the date #afdj4 ,this maker1 ,cartwright1 at his death1 in #afeh1 gave twenty pounds yearly to the poor of ,burslem for ever4 ,burslem1 which1 as ,i have already shown1 was famed for its butter-pots 7in #afgj these were ordered to be made to contain not less than #ad lbs41 and to be of hard quality71 was to some extent known as the 8butter-pot manufactory40 99 99 99 99 99 ,rich4--,shaw 7#ahbi7 describes a crouch-ware dish1 bearing the name ,w4 ,,rich1 #agjb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wood4--,ralph ,wood1 of ,burslem1 was a potter in the first half of last century4 ,he was probably brother of ,aaron ,wood1 and son of ,ralph ,wood1 miller1 of ,burslem4 ,specimens of his ware1 which is of the same general character as ,whieldon's1 bear the mark ,ra4 ,wood,burslem and others ,r4 ,,wood1 or 8,ra4 ,wood40 ,aaron ,wood1 son of 8,ralph ,wood1 of ,burslem1 in the county of ,stafford1 miller10 was apprenticed in #agca1 to 8,dr4 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 of ,burslem1 potter20 the indentures being dated the #bcrd ,august in that year4#df ,when out of his time ,wood continued with the same master1 ,dr4 ,wedgwood1 for five years1 at five shillings per week4 ,afterwards he worked principally at making moulds for the then very fashionable embossed ware1 erroneously known as 8,elizabethan ware0 7at which he was remarkably clever71 for ,thomas ,whieldon and others4 ,he next engaged1 as already stated1 in #agdc1 with ,john ,mitchell1 of ,burslem1 a rival of ,dr4 ,thos4 ,wedgwood1 to work solely for him for seven years1 at seven shillings a week1 and half-a-guinea every #aath ,november4 ,about #agej he began business for himself in making salt-glazed white stoneware or crouch-ware4 ,dying about #aghj1 he was succeeded by his youngest son ,enoch ,wood1 8the ,father of ,pottery0 as he is sometimes called4 ,enoch ,wood was a good practical potter1 and a modeller of no little skill for the period4 ,in #agha he produced a bust of ,john ,wesley 7who used to stay at his house when in the ,potteries1 and sat to him for the purpose7 which became very popular4 ,he was at one time joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,james ,caldwell1 under the style of 8,wood and ,caldwell0 7which see74 ,in the early part of this century ,mr4 ,wood formed1 at considerable labour1 a collection of pottery1 which1 after his death1 was dispersed2 some of his specimens are in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 and others in the ,dresden ,museum4 ,the firm in #agib was carried on as 8,enoch ,wood ,co410 and later on1 after he took his son into partnership1 8,enoch ,wood ,sons40 ,the marks1 so far as ,i am aware1 used by ,enoch ,wood are ,e4 ,,wood1 or ,,enoch ,,wood1 or ,,enoch ,,wood ,,co41 and later on1 ,,enoch ,,wood ,,sons impressed in the body of the ware4 ,the firm was succeeded by ,messrs4 ,pinder1 ,bourne1 and ,hope4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cfc to #cfe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wood and ,caldwell4--,this firm 7,enoch ,wood and ,james ,caldwell7 produced earthenware of very superior character1 both in ordinary articles and services of various kinds4 ,some of their tea-pots were of admirable design and excellent workmanship4 ,busts and small statuettes were also extensively made1 as were highly ornamented candlesticks4 ,good examples are found in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum4 ,the usual marks1 impressed1 are ,,wood ,,caldwell or ,,wood ,,caldwell4 ,,burslem ,staffordshire ,mr4 ,caldwell1 who1 ,i believe1 was a 8sleeping-partner10 was one of the executors under the will of ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,he married a daughter of ,thomas ,stamford 7half brother to ,mary ,stamford1 wife of ,thomas ,bentley1 the partner of ,wedgwood71 and by her was father of the late gifted and popular authoress of 8,emilia ,wyndham10 c41 ,mrs4 ,marsh-,caldwell1 of ,linley ,wood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cff4--,the ,churchyard ,works1 ,burslem4 ,the ,churchyard ,works4--,the ,churchyard ,works1 at the house adjoining which ,josiah ,wedgwood was born1 and where he was apprenticed to his brother ,thomas1 form the north-east boundary of the 8churchyard0 of the old church at ,burslem4 ,since that time they have naturally been much altered and enlarged1 but the site is the same1 and some of the buildings now there are what stood and were used in his day4 ,the house in which he was born1 taken down many years ago1 stood near where the present slip-house stands1 but its site has since been occupied by fresh buildings4 ,new hovels and other buildings have1 of late years1 been added to the establishment1 which is now a very complete and commodious manufactory4 ,these works1 for several generations1 belonged to the ,wedgwoods1 and are described in #afih as belonging to ,thomas ,wedgwood1 8of the ,churchyard ,house10 to whom they appear to have passed on his father's death1 who was also a potter4 ,his son ,thomas1 eldest brother of ,josiah1 inherited this property on his father's death in #agci1 and three years later1 on his marriage with ,isabel ,beech1 by marriage settlement dated #abth of ,october1 #agdb 7in which he is described as ,thomas ,wedgwood1 of the ,over ,house1 ,burslem1 ,potter71 8the messuage1 with the appurtenances situate and adjoining the churchyard1 ,burslem1 and all outhouses1 work houses1 c41 then in the occupation of the said ,thomas ,wedgwood1 or his under tenants10 were settled upon the children of this marriage4 ,on the death of ,thomas ,wedgwood1 in #aggb1 this and other property descended to his son ,thomas1 of the ,over ,house1 subject to portions to his younger children1 under the settlement of #agdb4 ,the works were for some time carried on1 along with the 8,bell ,works0 and 8,ivy ,house ,works10 by ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,on his removal to ,etruria1 they were occupied by his second cousin1 ,joseph ,wedgwood 7brother of ,aaron1 and nephew of the ,aaron ,wedgwood who was partner with ,william ,littler in the first manufacture of porcelain in the district71 who lived at the house now the ,mitre ,hotel1 near the works4 ,this ,joseph ,wedgwood1 who made jasper and other fine bodies under the direction of and for ,josiah1 occupied the works until the time of their sale to ,mr4 ,green1 when he removed to ,basford ,bank4 ,about #aghj 8the ,churchyard premises were sold to ,josiah ,wedgwood1 then of ,etruria1 who in #aghg conveyed them to his brother ,john1 also of ,etruria1 who in #agie sold them to ,thomas ,green1 at which time two newly-erected houses near the potwork were included in the sale40 ,mr4 ,green manufactured earthenware at these works1 and for some time resided at the house near the works1 now known as the ,mitre ,hotel1 which had been built by one of the ,wedgwood family4 ,the property remained in ,thomas ,green's hands until his bankruptcy in #ahaa1 when it appears to have been purchased by a manufacturer named ,joynson1 from whom it passed1 some years later on1 to ,mr4 ,mosely4 ,while in his hands1 the potwork was held by various tenants1 and until about #aheh was let off in small holdings to different potters4 ,about that period ,mr4 ,bridgwood1 of ,tunstall1 became the tenant of the premises as a general earthenware manufacturer1 and was soon afterwards joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,edward ,clarke1 whose large practical experience tended much to increase the reputation of the works4 ,this firm1 having taken a lease of the premises1 remodelled many of the buildings1 and erected others1 and greatly improved the whole place by bringing to bear many improvements in body unknown and unthought of by their predecessors4 ,after ,mr4 ,bridgwood's decease1 which took place in #ahfd1 these works1 and the large establishment at ,tunstall1 were carried on by the surviving partner1 ,mr4 ,clarke1 until after a time he ceased working them1 when they passed into other hands as his tenants4 ,the manufactory was afterwards again carried on by ,mr4 ,clarke in partnership with ,mr4 ,josiah ,wood 7a descendant of ,aaron ,wood71 who is referred to under the head of ,poole1 ,stanway1 and ,wood1 under the style of ,wood and ,clarke4 ,the productions of the ,churchyard ,works1 while carried on by ,mr4 ,clarke1 were opaque porcelain of the finest and hardest quality 7known as 8white granite071 for the ,american market1 and ordinary earthenware of the finest quality in the usual services2 many of the services1 c41 being embossed in excellently designed patterns1 and others artistically painted and gilt4 ,one of the notable features was artists' goods 7palettes1 tiles1 slabs1 saucers1 c471 and door furniture1 both black1 white1 and highly gilt and decorated4 ,the impressed mark was 8,bridgwood and ,clarke10 and the printed mark a royal arms1 with the words 8,porcelain ,opaque1 ,b ,c1 ,burslem40 ,in #ahgd1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,withinshaw entered upon the ,churchyard ,works1 and since then has greatly improved them1 and raised their productions to a high order of merit4 ,his productions consist of dinner1 tea1 toilet1 and other services2 vases1 jugs1 tea-pots1 kettles1 and jug stands2 trinket and fancy articles2 candlesticks1 and all the usual varieties of useful and ornamental goods1 both plain1 printed1 painted1 enamelled1 and gilt4 ,in toilet designs ,mr4 ,withinshaw is particularly successful1 many of the designs being novel in character1 striking in conception1 and beautiful in point of manipulative decoration4 ,notably among these is a service in which the head of the elephant is utilised in a very pleasing manner to form the handle of the ewer2 the head itself forming the top of the handle1 and the trunk the part for grasping4 ,this is1 in some of the services1 produced in mass gold1 with a rich and striking1 but at the same time simple and elegant1 effect4 ,other designs of this firm are of equal excellence4 ,in vases1 ,mr4 ,withinshaw produces some admirable designs1 the outlines of which are faultless1 and the decoration well and judiciously managed4 ,the quality of the ware is far above the average1 and gives the productions a high standing among those of the locality4 ,in jet ware1 all the usual articles--tea-pots1 kettles1 jugs1 spill cases1 c4--are made1 and in endless variety of style2 all being equally good in body1 in glaze1 and in decoration4 ,another speciality of these works is now1 as in former days1 door furniture4 ,the plates are remarkable for their evenness and flatness of surface1 and for the taste displayed in the patterns which adorn them2 they are made both in white and in black1 and of every possible style of decoration4 ,umbrella1 walking-stick1 kettle1 machine1 and every other kind of handles1 as well as other china articles used by cabinet brassfitters1 are made4 ,the mark1 impressed in the body of the ware1 is ,w4 ,e4 ,,withinshaw4 ,on the dinner ware the name of the pattern is given on printed marks1 with the initials ,w4 ,e4 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,bell ,works4--,the ,bell ,works1 of which1 as they appeared in #ahfe1 ,i give an engraving1 ,fig4 #cfg1 was1 at the time when the great ,josiah ,wedgwood entered on its occupancy1 the property of ,mr4 ,john ,bourne1 an army contractor1 in the neighbouring town of ,newcastle4 ,from him the property1 about the year #agga1 passed to his grandson1 ,mr4 ,john ,adams1 of ,cobridge1 and in #ahdg the estate again passed by will into the hands of the late ,mr4 ,isaac ,hitchen1 of ,alsager4 ,the pot-works were occupied by ,josiah ,wedgwood1 as tenant to ,mr4 ,john ,bourne1 until his removal to ,etruria4 ,the next tenant was1 ,i believe1 ,mr4 ,william ,bourne1 an earthenware manufacturer1 who held them for some years1 and was tenant in #ahji4 ,mr4 ,bourne afterwards entered into partnership with a potter named ,cormie1 and the works were carried on under the style of 8,bourne and ,cormie40 ,in #ahcf1 the works having then remained for some time unoccupied1 were divided1 a portion being taken by ,messrs4 ,beech and ,jones as an earthenware manufactory1 another portion taken away for the building of the present ,independent ,chapel1 which was erected on its site in the following year2 and other parts were let off to various holders for different purposes apart from the pot trade4 ,in #ahci1 the partnership between ,messrs4 ,beech and ,jones was dissolved1 the former gentleman alone continuing to occupy the same portion of the premises1 in which he produced china and earthenware figures4 ,in #ahdf ,mr4 ,beech1 having increased his business1 became tenant of the whole of the remaining premises1 with the exception of that part occupied by ,mr4 ,dean's printing-office1 c41 and in #ahec took into partnership ,mr4 ,brock1 which firm1 however1 only lasted a couple of years4 ,in #ahee1 ,mr4 ,brock went out of the concern1 and from that date ,mr4 ,william ,beech carried on the manufactory until his death1 which took place in #ahfd4 ,it was next carried on by ,messrs4 ,beech and ,podmore2 but in #ahgf a part of the premises was purchased by the ,board of ,health for the purpose of building a covered market on the site1 and the remainder was bought by ,mr4 ,george ,beardmore of ,rode ,heath and taken down2 thus these historically interesting works have been brought to a close4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfg4--,the ,bell ,works1 ,burslem4 ,at these 8,bell ,works0 ,josiah ,wedgwood turned his attention more especially to the production of the fine and delicate descriptions of earthenware which soon earned for him the proud distinction of 8,queen's ,potter40 ,the ,bell ,works were situated at the corner of ,brick ,house ,street and ,queen ,street1 very near to the new ,wedgwood ,institution1 but in the time of ,josiah ,wedgwood1 ,brick ,house ,street was not formed1 but was a part of the ground belonging to the manufactory1 and was1 indeed1 waste land1 covered with 8shard rucks10 and other unmistakable evidence of the potter's art4 ,queen ,street then1 too1 was little better than a lane1 but was dignified with the name of ,queen ,street1 through ,wedgwood being there appointed ,queen's potter1 and there making his celebrated ,queen's ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,red ,lion ,works4--,these were carried on by ,dr4 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 and took their name from their contiguity to the ,red ,lion ,inn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,big ,house4--,the pottery adjoining this house1 at the corner of ,wedgwood ,street and the ,market ,place1 passing down ,swan ,square1 belonged to ,thomas and ,john ,wedgwood2 the works have long ceased to be used1 and are converted into builder's premises4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,ivy ,house and works1 so called from the fact of the house being covered with ivy1 was situated where the butchers' shambles now stand1 the old buildings having been purchased by the market commissioners1 and taken down for the erection of the present market in #ahce4 ,these premises belonged to ,thomas and ,john ,wedgwood1 of the 8,big ,house10 to whom ,josiah became tenant1 covenanting by written agreement to pay for the house and the potwork attached to it the yearly rent of ten pounds4 ,the 8,ivy ,house0 and works were situated nearly in the centre of ,burslem1 at the corner of what was then known as ,shoe ,lane1 or ,shore ,lane1 now called ,wedgwood ,street1 which at that time was a narrow way1 only wide enough for a single cart to pass along1 and as rough and uneven as well could be4 ,the visitor to ,burslem who desires to know exactly the site of this historically interesting house1 should stroll up to the fine modern-built shambles1 or 8butchery0 as it is sometimes called1 and while he stands at the corner facing down ,swan ,square1 he may rest assured that he is standing on what was the little enclosed garden in front of ,wedgwood's house2 that the outer wall of the building at his back goes diagonally across the house from corner to corner1 one half being under the shambles and the other where the street now is2 that the site of one of the kilns is just beneath the centre of the shambles2 and that another kiln was about the middle of the present street at his back2 the surrounding workshops being partly where the street now is and partly where the building at present stands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfh4--,the ,ivy ,house1 ,burslem4 ,the 8,ivy ,house0 might originally have been roofed with thatch or mud1 like the other buildings of the district1 but it was afterwards tiled1 as shown in the engraving4 ,in front was a small garden enclosed with a low wall1 and a brick pathway led from the gate to the doorway4 ,the front faced the open space called the 8,green ,bank10 and adjoining was a low1 half-timbered1 thickly-thatched building1 afterwards known as the 8,turk's ,head10 and beyond this again was the maypole1 on 8,maypole ,bank10 on the site now occupied by the ,town ,hall4 ,at the opposite side of the house from the ,turk's ,head was a gateway leading into the yard of the works1 which made up one side of ,shoe ,lane1 the pot-works of ,john and ,thomas ,wedgwood1 with which they were connected1 being on the opposite side of the lane4 ,these works and house have the reputation of being the first roofed with tiles in the district--the usual roofing being thatch1 or oftener still1 mud4 ,at the ,ivy ,house ,josiah ,wedgwood carried on the manufacture of his ornamental goods1 his more ordinary ware1 ,i believe1 being produced at the ,churchyard4 ,at the ,ivy ,house works he produced many things far in advance of his day1 and to the ,ivy ,house itself he brought home his bride1 and there lived happily with her for several years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lakin and ,poole4--,messrs4 ,lakin and ,poole were in business in ,burslem1 and doing a very extensive trade1 at the latter end of the last century4 ,their billhead in ,october1 #agib1 was simply 8,burslem1 ,staffordshire1 ,bought of ,lakin ,poole10 and in the front of the heading was a garter and star1 surrounding a vase1 on which was 8,manufacturers of ,staffordshire ,earthenware4 ,table ,services ,enamelled or ,painted with ,arms1 c41 c40 ,on the garter 8,burnished gold got up as in ,london40#dg ,in #agic 7,july7 a new billhead was used--8,burslem1 ,staffordshire1 ,bought of ,lakin and ,poole4 ,blue ,painted ,table ,services1 c41 and ,coloured in all its various ,branches40 ,at the front is a standing figure of ,commerce1 with an anchor1 against which is an oval tablet with 8,table ,services ,enamelled with ,arms1 ,crests1 ,cyphers1 c41 c410 to which the figure is pointing4 ,in many of the billheads ,i have seen the word 8,painted0 is altered to 8,printed0 with a pen1 and the word 8,ware0 is written between 7over7 8coloured0 and 8in40 ,this heading was used till the early part of #agid4dh ,in ,december1 #agid1 they used a written billhead4 ,on the #adth of ,february1 #agie1 it is announced in a letter that 8,mr4 ,thomas ,shrigley#di has joined us in our manufactory of ,earthenware1 and that for the future the business will be carried on under the firm of ,poole1 ,lakin and ,shrigley40 ,in ,may1 #agie1 the billhead 7written7 is 8,burslem1 ,bought of ,lakin1 ,poole ,shrigley10 the managing man being ,r4 ,b4 ,swift4 ,this firm continued until the end of #agie1 but in ,january1 #agif1 another change took place1 the firm now being simply 8,poole and ,shrigley0--,mr4 ,lakin either having died or withdrawn4 ,the billheads were still written4 ,t4 ,kempe was managing man in ,february1 #agif4 ,the last account ,i have is up to ,february1 #agif4 ,during this period 7#agib to #agif7 the goods manufactured by them1 as appears in these invoices1 are as follows3--cream-colour1 blue-printed1 fawn-colour1 black1 stone1 and other wares2 8oval concave dishes of various sizes1 flatt plates1 soups1 twifflers1 muffins1 tureen compots1 sauce ditto1 boats and stands1 root dishes1 cover dishes1 sallads1 bakers1 dessert services of various patterns1 ewers and basins1 cups and saucers1 bowls1 cream-jugs1 tea-pots1 chocolates1 flower-horns1 flower-pots1 jugs1 sugar-boxes1 double-handled coffee cups1 salad dishes1 sauce boats1 gravy pots1 candlesticks1 baskets and stands1 black tea-pots1 mugs1 figures in great variety1 mortars1 cheese toasters1 raddish dishes1 paste pots1 tripe pots1 ,mocoa tumblers1 candlestick vases1 bow pots1 hand vases1 ,french pies1 ,english pies1 stone jugs with and without figures1 fawn-coloured porter mugs1 blue printed dishes and other articles1 egg-cups1 custards and covers10 c4 ,the products of this manufactory were of very superior character both as regards the quality of the various bodies1 and the modelling1 painting1 and artistic decoration of the articles4 ,the blackware1 in imitation of ,wedgwood's basalts1 is remarkably good1 and many of the figures and services are of good character4 ,the mark of the firm was usually simply the words ,,lakin ,,poole impressed in the body of the ware4 ,on one or two examples the name ,,lakin only occurs1 and on others ,r4 ,,poole4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,lakin1 presumably the potter named above1 his widow1 in #ahbd1 published a book of his recipes1 of which the following is a note3-- 8,potting1 ,enamelling1 and ,glass ,staining4--,the valuable ,receipts of the late ,mr4 ,thomas ,lakin1 with proper and necessary directions for their preparation and use in the manufacture of ,porcelain ,earthenware1 and ,iron ,stone ,china1 together with the most recent and valuable improvements in the advanced art of ,glass ,staining and ,painting4 ,leeds3 ,printed for ,mrs4 ,lakin1 by ,edward ,baines4 #ahbd40 ,such was its title4 ,the ,preface1 which is very explanatory1 is as follows3--8,the progressive improvements in the manufacture of ,porcelain and ,earthenware1 during the last thirty years1 have raised this art to an eminence which it never reached before in the ,british ,empire2 and1 perhaps1 in no department of art has scientific research and experiment been so productive of wealth and fame as in this1 and it is no undue encomium on the industry of the manufacturer to state1 that the consumption at home and the demands from abroad have kept pace with the improvements which have increased both4 ,the important station which this art holds amongst our manufactures renders every attempt at improvement worthy of consideration and attention4 ,it has been said1 the man who causes one ear of corn to grow where one never grew before1 deserves the thanks of his country2 but what does that man merit who1 by indefatigable industry1 contributes materially to the advancement of the interests of his country1 in the improvement of its manufactures8 ,it was in this class that the late ,,mr4 ,,thomas ,,lakin held a situation much above mediocrity1 for1 in ,staffordshire1 it is well known that few men have contributed more to the improvement of an art so useful and so much admired4 ,the following work is the result of upwards of thirty years of labour1 study1 and repeated experiment1 and no pains have been spared in arranging the various ,receipts in such a chain of connection as to render them easy of comprehension to an intelligent operator4 ,the ,subscribers may rest assured1 that the whole of the following ,receipts may be individually depended upon as genuine1 each having been repeatedly tried in the course of the author's long experience4 ,mr4 ,lakin had also extensive practice in the admired art of ,staining and ,painting ,glass2 several windows of exquisite workmanship were executed by him during the time he was engaged with ,john ,davenport1 ,esq41 for some of the first noblemen in the kingdom4 ,the ,receipts1 together with the method of using them1 are therefore laid down from actual experiment1 and it is hoped will be found extremely valuable4 ,in presenting the following work to the subscribers1 ,mrs4 ,lakin is anxious to express her gratitude for the liberal encouragement she has met with1 and for the highly gratifying tribute they have paid to the abilities of her departed husband2 but to the kindness of those gentlemen who had before purchased some of the ,receipts at a price far beyond the whole charge of this work1 and yet have become subscribers1 she feels herself particularly indebted4 ,mrs4 ,l4 respectfully solicits of the subscribers not to permit persons who are not purchasers to copy any of the ,receipts1 as it might not only injure her as proprietor of the copyright1 but also other subscribers2 on her part she pledges herself not to publish the work1 nor permit the work to be published1 at a lower price than that at which it is now offered to the subscribers40 ,the work extends to #hf pages1 and contains #acf processes connected with potting1 enamels1 and glass-staining4 ,the receipts are evidently the compilation of a greatly experienced and very intelligent potter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,potteries4--,these works were carried on in the latter part of last century by ,walter ,daniel1 who was succeeded by ,messrs4 ,timothy and ,john ,lockett2 the manufacture at that time being principally salt-glazed ware4 ,about #ahji the premises were purchased by ,joseph ,machin and ,jacob ,baggaley1 and carried on by them for the making of china and ordinary earthenware4 ,in #ahca ,mr4 ,machin died and was succeeded by his son ,mr4 ,william ,machin and partners4 ,the works next passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,richard ,daniel1 and next to ,mr4 ,thomas ,edwards4 ,in #ahej they were purchased by ,messrs4 ,t4 and ,r4 ,boote1 who still occupy and work them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cgb to #cgd4 ,in #ahdc ,messrs4 ,boote took out a patent for 8,certain improvements in pottery and mosaic work40 ,these consist in producing 8coloured designs on grounds of different colours1 as black on white or white on black4 ,first1 the designs are made from a mould1 as in figuring1 and laid on the moulds for making the ware2 the ground colour is then put on4 ,second1 the design1 cut in paper1 parchment1 c41 is laid in the moulds and the halves fastened together1 the colour to form the ground is poured in1 after which the paper1 c41 are removed and other colour poured in to fill its place4 ,third1 producing different coloured raised surfaces4 ,the figures in low relief in the inside of the moulds are filled with a composition1 the halves of the moulds fastened together1 and the slip poured in to form a thin coating1 which was then supplemented with an inner lining of a cheaper material to form a substratum1 thus producing mosaic and other elaborate designs4 ,in this process the excess of liquid is withdrawn when the necessary thickness is attained4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cge4 ,in #aheg ,messrs ,thomas ,latham ,boote and ,richard ,boote took out a patent for 8,improvements in the manufacture of ornamental pottery1 and articles made from clay and other like plastic materials40 8,a thin piece of metal or other suitable substance1 which forms the outline of the design1 is fixed on the flattened clay intended to form the article then being made4 ,the hollow parts are then filled up with the coloured clay or clays which are to form the design4 ,the piece of metal is next removed1 and the flattened clay with the design upon it is put in the mould to form the article4 ,in some cases that part of the mould which is to correspond to the groundwork of the article to be manufactured is made to rise by springs or other means1 suitable coloured clay is put into the hollow parts of the mould thus formed1 and the clay to form the body is put in and the whole is pressed20 or the parts of the mould corresponding to the ornaments may be raised and the ground part filled in4 ,we give three examples produced by one of those processes1 ,figs4 #cfi to #cga4 ,the effect in many instances was very pleasing1 and gave the appearance of relief1 without1 however1 the pattern being at all raised4 ,parian was also formerly largely produced and of considerable excellence1 both in vases1 jugs1 figures1 both single and in groups1 and other objects4 ,one of the most effective groups is that of 8,repentance1 ,faith1 and ,resignation10 modelled by ,mr4 ,gillard4 7,fig4 #cge47 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cgf and #cgg4 ,among the ,parian vases formerly produced at the ,waterloo ,works were some the body of which was buff and the raised flowers in white2 thus producing a very pleasing and softened effect4 ,all these decorative classes of goods have been discontinued by ,messrs4 ,boote1 who now confine themselves to the production of the ordinary white graniteware for the ,american markets1 and encaustic and other glazed and unglazed pavement tiles4 ,for these latter the firm are patentees of a process for inlaying encaustic tiles with clay dust--a process which is also adopted for the manufacture of dishes and other articles in earthenware in what this firm called 8,royal ,patent ,ironstone10 and by which1 by means of one press alone1 as many as #ajj dozen plates or small dishes1 could be made in a day4 ,the encaustic and other tiles made by that firm consist of encaustic1 geometrical1 and majolica tiles of great variety in pattern and of very effective combinations of colours4 ,the marks used by ,messrs4 ,boote are1 on their white granite ware1 the impressed initials ,t ,r ,b42 and the following1 printed in black1 viz4-- ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,patent ,,ironstone ,t ,r ,,boote ,fig4 #cgh4 and another bearing the crest1 a greyhound1 couchant1 collared and slipped1 between two laurel wreaths1 and the words-- ,t ,r ,,boote ,,royal ,,premium ,,ironstone and above the words ,,trade ,,mark4 ,on the tiles1 the name in raised letters1 ,t ,r ,,boote appears4 ,,burselm ,the ,jurors' ,report of #ahfb says3 8,the tiles exhibited by this firm are deserving of high commendation2 the designs are well selected2 the equality of surface evidences great efficiency4 ,messrs4 ,t4 and ,r4 ,boote claim some originality in their process1 to which this perfection is not only attributable1 but obtained at a much less cost40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,washington ,works4--,the business now carried on at this manufactory originated experimentally in ,king ,street1 ,burslem1 where the late ,mr4 ,william ,s4 ,kennedy1 about the year #ahch1 commenced the production of palettes and other requisites for artists' use4 ,shortly afterwards1 removing to a pottery in ,bourne's ,bank1 he there added to his business the manufacture of door furniture1 letters for signs1 c4 ,with perseverance1 ,mr4 ,kennedy combated the difficulties which these novel articles presented2 and while in conjunction with ,mr4 ,william ,maddock1 who remained with the firm for thirty-five years1 he was successful in effecting great improvements in the various processes4 ,about #ahdg1 the manufacture was removed to its present locality1 and has from time to time been enlarged4 ,the marks ,w4 ,s4 ,,kennedy and ,j4 ,,macintyre have been very rarely used4 ,in #aheb ,mr4 ,kennedy was joined in partnership by his brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,james ,macintyre1 who shortly afterwards became sole proprietor of the works4 ,in #ahfc1 ,mr4 ,macintyre patented methods of producing oval1 reeded1 octagon1 and other forms1 by the lathe2 and he was ever alert to devise and apply improvements in mechanism1 c4 ,he succeeded in the production of a rich cream-coloured body1 which1 under the name of 8,ivory ,china10 has held a high reputation1 and will always be honourably associated with the 8,washington0 ,works4 ,in #ahfg ,mr4 ,macintyre produced backs for hair-brushes1 hand-mirrors1 c41 which were patented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,hicks1 and in numerous other instances1 especially for ,france1 the 8body0 has been used as an ivory substitute4 ,so far as can be ascertained1 the successful application to door furniture of the earlier invention of the beautiful black1 which is produced by dipping the brownish red bisque in a rich cobalt glaze1 also originated at these works4 ,this 8jet10 produced in great perfection1 has been applied in plain1 and also with richly gilt and enamelled ornamentation1 not only to door furniture1 but more recently to inkstands and similar goods4 ,mr4 ,macintyre1 who was a man of public spirit and great enterprise1 was much beloved by his workpeople1 and the annual festive gatherings in which he1 his family and friends1 met his employs1 obtained a well-merited celebrity4 ,he died in ,december1 #ahfh1 having a few years previously taken into partnership his confidential manager1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,hulme1 and his son-in-law1 ,mr4 ,william ,woodall4 ,by these two gentlemen the business is still carried on under the old title of 8,james ,macintyre and ,co40 99 99 99 99 99 ,nile ,street ,works4--,these works were built upon the site of an early pottery2 this is evidenced by numbers of early fragments of pitchers1 8porringers10 and other salt-glazed domestic vessels 8of red and yellow clay marbled together10 being found during alterations of the premises in late years4 ,messrs4 ,j4 and ,r4 ,riley removed from here to the ,hill ,works1 and were1 ,i believe1 succeeded by ,mr4 ,james ,cormie1 uncle of the late ,mr4 ,thomas ,pinder 7who at one time was a partner in the firm of ,mellor1 ,venables1 and ,co471 and great-uncle of the present sole proprietor of the works1 ,mr4 ,shadford ,pinder1 who trades under the style of 8,pinder1 ,bourne1 and ,co40 ,china was at one time made here1 but the productions have latterly been confined to printed1 enamelled1 and gilt earthenware1 in which all the usual services are made2 stoneware for telegraphic purposes2 fine red ware for useful and ornamental goods2 jet ware in a variety of articles2 and sanitary goods4 ,these they export largely both to the colonial and foreign markets4 ,messrs4 ,pinder1 ,bourne1 and ,co4's ornamental goods1 notably their 8red ware10 or terra cotta1 is of fine1 hard1 and durable quality1 and much taste is evinced in some of the designs of its decoration4 ,the vases1 spill-cases1 and other articles in this body1 richly enamelled and gilt in arabesque and other patterns1 are remarkably good4 ,the jet ware is also of good quality4 ,among their specialities in this ware1 and in fine earthenware1 are flower vases1 and jardinires2 some of the latter being skilfully painted in birds1 flowers1 c4 ,messrs4 ,pinder1 ,bourne1 and ,co4 have patented improvements in ovens and in steam printing presses2 but this latter1 having excited the hostility of the workmen at the time of the riots in #ahdb1 was abandoned4 ,the firm received medals at the ,london and ,paris ,exhibitions of #ahea1 #ahee1 and #ahfg4 ,the marks used are a circular garter1 bearing the name of the pattern and the initials 8,p4 ,b4 ,co40 surmounted by a crown and encompassed with a wreath of laurel2 and a triangular figure1 with the words 8,pinder1 ,bourne ,co41 ,nile ,st41 ,burslem40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,newport ,pottery4--,these works were established at the close of last century by ,mr4 ,walter ,daniel1 and about #ahaj passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,davenport4 ,the manufacture was afterwards carried on by ,messrs4 ,cork and ,edge1 and is now continued by ,messrs4 ,edge1 ,malkin1 ,co41 a firm which1 with various alterations in partnership1 dates back to the beginning of the present century4 ,messrs4 ,cork and ,edge1 in their ordinary earthenware1 introduced many years ago a process of inlaying the patterns in the ground body1 but of different colours4 ,these were intended for the cheapest markets1 but were produced in good taste4 ,three of these designs1 two tea-pots and a ewer1 shown at the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1 are engraved on ,figs4 #cha to #chc4 ,the productions of the firm at the present time are dinner ware2 jet1 enamelled1 lustre1 and other fancy goods2 and all the ordinary wares for the home and foreign markets4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cha to #chc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,newport ,works4--,established in #ahff by ,malkin1 ,edge1 ,co4 for the manufacture of encaustic and other tiles4 ,the tiles are made from dust 7by the process of ,messrs4 ,boulton and ,worthington71 by which process the various colours are fixed in the tile1 immediately and without pressure1 in the following manner4 8,on a level block of iron1 surrounded by an outer casing which is movable1 is placed a sheet of brass with the pattern cut out of the same1 and into the different spaces are put the various coloured clays1 in dust1 required4 ,a raised counterpart of the design is then gently pressed upon these dusts1 and the brass sheet1 or plate1 is removed4 ,the outer casing before referred to is then raised according to the thickness required1 and the space is filled up with dust to form the body of the tile4 ,a screw1 worked by a wheel1 is then lowered upon the outer casing and block1 which forces the out-casing back again to its former position around the level block1 as far as the dust will allow4 ,the tile is then taken out of the outer casing1 and is completely finished1 with the exception of being fired4 ,this screw pressure produces in a few moments a remarkably solid substance40 ,messrs4 ,malkin1 ,edge1 ,co4 produce an extensive variety of patterns1 both in encaustic1 wall1 and other tiles4 ,the designs are good and effective1 and the colours rich1 clear1 and well defined4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #chd and #che4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #chf and #chg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dale ,hall4--,the extensive works at ,dale ,hall 7or ,dale ,hole1 as it used to be written71 founded in #agij1 originally belonged to ,mr ,joseph ,stubbs1 a very successful manufacturer1 who1 having retired from business1 died in #ahcf4 ,he was succeeded by ,messrs4 ,thomas1 ,john1 and ,joshua ,mayer1 who afterwards traded 8as ,mayer ,brothers and ,elliot10 and from them1 successively through the firms of 8,liddle1 ,elliot1 ,co410 and 8,bates1 ,elliot ,co410 to the present owners and occupiers1 ,messrs4 ,bates1 ,walker1 and ,co42 ,mr4 ,elliot having retired1 and ,mr4 ,walker1 stepson to ,mr4 ,bates1 being taken into partnership4 ,by the earlier firms1 ordinary earthenware was produced1 but under ,messrs4 ,mayer1 who came from ,stoke to ,dale ,hall1#ej rapid strides were made in art manufactures1 and many important improvements effected4 ,they were exceedingly clever potters1 especially ,mr4 ,jos4 ,mayer1 who died prematurely through excessive study and application to his art4 ,they introduced many important improvements in the manufacture and decoration1 especially in the beautiful polychromatic bisque printing which is continued by their successors and other firms4 ,besides ordinary earthenware1 this firm produced stoneware of a highly vitreous quality2 ,parian of an improved body2 a fine caneware1 in which some remarkably good jugs 7notably the 8oak0 pattern7 were made2 and other wares4 ,in the stoneware1 besides many well-modelled jugs and other articles1 they made tea-urns1 which they were the first to introduce1 of excellent design and admirable finish4 ,two of these1 made in #ahea 7,figs4 #chd and #che7 ,i here engrave4 ,the peculiar body of the stoneware of which they were made was capable of withstanding the variations of temperature to which vessels of this kind1 usually formed of metal1 are liable4 ,these were not made to any extent by ,messrs4 ,mayer1 but are now being reproduced by ,messrs4 ,bates1 ,walker1 ,co4 with great success2 they are highly ornate in appearance1 and will doubtless come much into use4 ,messrs4 ,mayer also produced some admirable designs in vases1 decorated with a profusion of exquisitely modelled raised flowers4 ,two of these are shown on ,figs4 #chf and #chg1 and a jug in the following figure4 ,the dinner plates1 dishes1 c41 of ,messrs4 ,mayer1 were characterized by an excellent 8fit0 in nesting1 by lightness of body1 and by neatness of finish in decoration4 ,in #ahea they received a medal for their exhibits1 and again in the ,new ,york ,exhibition of #ahec and the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahee medals were awarded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chh4 ,the present firm of ,bates1 ,walker1 ,co41 produce perhaps a larger variety of manufactured articles than any other one house in the trade4 ,in earthenware1 dinner1 tea1 toilet1 and other services1 and every variety of article of use and of ornament1 are made2 and the other wares are ironstone1 opaque porcelain1 jet1 stone1 c4 ,in tableware1 whether in dinner1 breakfast1 or tea-services1 every variety of style1 from the plain white1 ordinary printed1 and flown1 to the most elaborately enamelled1 painted1 and gilt patterns made ,the jugs1 too1 are a speciality2 of these there are an immense variety of excellent shapes1 and of strikingly beautiful decoration4 ,the same remark will apply to the toilet services1 which are1 as a rule1 characterized by good form and artistic decoration2 of these1 the 8,mistletoe0 pattern is one of the most simply elegant yet produced4 ,among other articles in earthenware1 the richly ornamented spirit barrels form a distinct feature4 ,in stoneware1 of which ,i have spoken1 well designed and sharply executed pressed patterns1 in jugs1 tea-pots1 and other articles1 are made in great variety4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #chi and #cij4 ,in terra cotta1 ,messrs4 ,bates1 ,walker1 and ,co4 produce statuary groups1 figures1 and busts of remarkably good design and of artistic finish4 ,the body is of a somewhat similar character to that of the ,watcombe ware1 but the process is different4 ,the ,watcombe 8is fired in the enamel kiln or in an oven not subjected to greater heat1 while this is fired in the biscuit oven2 the one is so soft that it may be cut with a knife1 while the other is quite vitreous and hard40 ,in this material--a clay found near the works--the firm produce a large variety of subjects1 and a selection of these formed a notable feature in the ,philadelphia ,exhibition of #ahgf4 ,among the subjects are 8,peace0 and 8,war10 and 8,time unveiling ,truth10 by ,grispie2 8,the ,fighting ,gladiator10 8,the ,bath10 8,the ,young ,apollo10 and other subjects from the antique2 8,flora10 8,pomona10 8,washington10 and other pieces by ,beattie2 ,flaxman's 8,wine0 and 8,water0 vases2 the 8,crowning of ,esther10 8,the ,lorelei ,syren10 8,the ,seasons10 8,the ,elements10 c4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cia to #cig4 ,another speciality of the firm is what they have named their 8,turner ,jasper ,ware40 ,this consists of a terra-cotta body1 with a slip of various colours--green1 blue1 chocolate1 buff1 c4--decorated with bas-reliefs1 many of which are ,flaxman's designs1 as used by ,turner at his famous works of last century4 ,of a large number of these old ,turner moulds1 ,messrs4 ,bates1 ,walker1 and ,co4 are the fortunate possessors1 and they are reproducing them in a variety of ways and with good effect1 although their body wants the fineness1 hardness1 and compact character of the old ,turner ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cih and #cii4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #djj to #djc4 ,among other goods produced by ,dale ,hall are artists' palettes1 slabs1 tiles1 mullers1 c42 photographic articles 7trays1 baths1 troughs1 stands1 funnels1 and every other requisite72 chemical and druggists' goods 7mortars and pestles1 leech-jars1 covered jars1 evaporating pans1 inhalers1 pill tiles1 and every other article72 scent bottles and vases2 toilet and other boxes2 sign-board letters2 door furniture2 ironmongers' fittings2 and fancy articles of various kinds4 ,garden and ornamental flower-pots1 garden-seats1 suspenders1 fern and other stands1 c41 are also made4 ,in sanitary ware1 ,messrs4 ,bates1 ,walker1 ,co4 rank very high1 and produce every known article and of faultless excellence in quality4 ,they are patentees of an improved 8wedge commode pan10 the principle of which is shown in ,fig4 #cih2 its advantage in the sick chamber or travelling carriage being very apparent4 ,another and very important patent taken out by the firm1 is for self-locking and self-adjusting covers for jugs1 tea-pots1 c4 ,the principle1 which is one of the most simple1 but at the same time most successful yet adopted for preventing the falling off of the lid in the act of pouring1 is shown in ,figs4 #djj to #djc4 ,one of the great specialities of the firm is the process by which printing in two to five colours is successfully transferred on to the ware while in biscuit state1 and is1 therefore1 under the glaze4 ,by this process1 the invention of ,messrs4 ,mayer ,brothers1 vases1 dinner and other services1 and other articles1 are decorated in thoroughly good taste2 and1 through there being no touching whatever by the pencil1 as the entire pattern is transferred at one operation from the coloured print1 they are produced at a comparatively moderate cost4 ,the effect is soft and delicate1 and is capable of considerable development4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dje4 ,the marks of ,messrs4 ,mayer were ,t4 ,j ,j ,,mayer2 ,,mayer ,,bros1 c4 ,those of the present firm are ,,bates1 ,,walker ,,co4 ,,patentees1 on an oval ribbon1 with date1 c41 of registration inside2 and a nude figure kneeling and holding an ewer in front of him1 on a tablet with the date #agij4 ,this is introduced in a variety of ways1 with the initials ,b4 ,w4 ,,co41 and the name of the pattern1 c4 ,the markets supplied are both home and foreign4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dale ,hall ,pottery4--,the extensive works of ,messrs4 ,james ,edwards and ,son are the oldest existing works in ,dale ,hall4 ,they belonged to ,messrs4 ,john and ,george ,rogers 7brothers7 till #ahae1 when the latter died1 and ,mr4 ,spencer ,rogers having joined his father1 the business was carried on under the style of ,john ,rogers and ,son4 ,in #ahaf ,mr4 ,john ,rogers died1 leaving #a1jjj to the ,north ,staffordshire ,infirmary1 and other charitable bequests4 ,he had erected a handsome residence1 8,the ,watlands10 near ,wolstanton4 ,the firm continued as ,john ,rogers and ,son until #ahdb1 when the manufactory was purchased by the late ,mr4 ,james ,edwards1 formerly of the firm of ,james and ,thomas ,edwards of the ,kiln-,croft ,works4 ,messrs4 ,rogers produced tableware of a higher and better quality than most of their contemporaries1 and were especially famed for their light blue 8,broseley0 or 8,willow0 pattern services4 ,the mark used by them appears to have been simply the name ,,rogers impressed in or printed on the ware2 sometimes with the addition of the sign of ,mars or ,iron ,illustration3 ,,rogers ,mr4 ,james ,edwards was entirely a self-made man1 and was one of those bright examples of indomitable perseverance1 unflinching rectitude1 steadiness of purpose1 and genuine benevolence1 which crop up every now and then among our most successful manufacturers4 ,commencing simply as a thrower at ,messrs4 ,rogers1 he became a manager at ,philips's of ,longport1 and at ,john ,alcock's of ,cobridge1 then commenced business in partnership with ,john ,maddock1 and afterwards1 in partnership with his brother ,thomas ,edwards1 carried on business in ,sylvester ,square1 ,burslem1 and next in partnership with ,mr4 ,john ,maddock1 in the same town4 ,in #ahdb he purchased the manufactory of ,messrs4 ,rogers and ,son1 where he commenced entirely on his own account4 ,by him the manufactory was considerably enlarged and extended2 a flint-mill erected2 new machinery of the most approved construction 7including steam jiggers1 lathes1 jollies1 throwing-wheels1 and ,needham and ,kite's patent pressing machines for preparing clay by filtration7 put up1 patent stoves and pug-mills erected1 and the whole place so increased as to be enabled to produce fully six times the amount of ware it was capable of doing when he first entered upon it4 ,by these improvements much of the heavy drudgery of labour both to children and adults was saved4 ,in these works1 too1 the whole of the rooms containing the machinery are heated by steam1 and kept at one uniform temperature4 ,to ,mr4 ,edwards the white graniteware1 which has now become so important a feature in the ,pottery district1 mainly owes its excellence2 that made by him being considered to be all that could be desired by our transatlantic brethren1 and to be the standard of perfection to which the aims of other houses were directed4 ,in #ahea a medal was awarded to ,mr4 ,edwards1 and an additional certificate of merit1 for beauty of form and excellence of goods exhibited4 ,at the ,new ,york ,exhibition they also received honourable mention1 and in #ahfe a prize medal was awarded for electrical1 chemical1 galvanic1 and photographic apparatus in both ironstone and earthenware4 ,mr4 ,edwards1 who had taken his son ,mr4 ,richard ,edwards into partnership1 retired from the concern in #ahfa1 and died1 full of honours1 as a magistrate and otherwise1 in ,january1 #ahfg1--one of his last acts of thoughtful benevolence being that of 7only a few days before his death7 sending to a number of his old workpeople at the manufactory cheques varying in amount from #bj to #ajj each1 according to each one's length of service4 ,the works are now carried on by ,mr4 ,richard ,edwards under the style of 8,james ,edwards and ,son40 ,the productions consist of white graniteware for the ,american and steamship trade2 ordinary earthenware for the home trade1 in which all the usual services1 c41 are made2 ,indian ironstone goods2 and electrical1 chemical1 galvanic1 and photographic appliances4 ,these are all of the highest quality1 and are much in repute4 ,in 8stone china10 which is of good firm semi-transparent quality1 many excellent patterns are made4 ,among these are the 8bishop10 8barley10 8medival10 8rope10 8tulip10 8scroll10 and others4 ,the marks used by the firm1 ,june1 #ahdb1 are as follows4 ,the royal arms above the name ,,stone ,,china ,,james ,,edwards ,,son ,,dale ,,hall ,the same1 with the addition1 beneath1 of the trade mark1 a dolphin entwined round an anchor4 ,the initials ,j ,e ,s in writing letters1 surrounded by a circular garter bearing the words ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,the name ,j ,,edwards ,,son surrounded by an oval garter bearing ,,dale ,,hall the words ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,and ,dalehall surrounded by a similar oval garter bearing the name ,,james ,,edwards ,,son4 ,an impressed mark of ,,edwards is also used4 ,d ,h 99 99 99 99 99 ,dale ,hall ,brick and ,tile ,company4--,these works belong to the ,brownhills ,pottery ,company 7see page #bhh1 pcst47 and produce all the usual classes of plain and ornamental goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dale ,hall ,tile ,works4--,these ,tile ,works are carried on by ,mr4 ,james ,p4 ,basford1 whose grandfather1 above half a century ago1 worked the same field of clay4 ,his productions are all the usual classes of plain and ornamental tiles1 bricks1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,albert ,street ,works4--,these works were established by ,mr4 ,john ,hawthorne in #ahed1 who continued them until #ahfi1 when they were taken by ,messrs4 ,wiltshaw1 ,wood1 ,co41 and are now carried on by ,william ,wood ,co42 they were among the earliest in this branch of trade4 ,the goods made are door plates1 lock furniture1 c41 both in white1 black1 gilt1 and painted2 drawer1 shutter1 and other knobs in oak1 white1 black1 c42 bedstead vases2 caster bowls2 umbrella1 walking-stick1 sewing-machine1 closet1 and other handles2 inkstands1 bottles1 and wells2 highly decorated jam-pots and biscuit-jars for the table2 match-pots2 teapot and urn stands of various degrees of decoration1 painted1 gilt1 and enamelled2 and every description of china used by brass-founders1 tin-plate workers1 japanners1 c4 ,most of these articles are of good quality in body1 and excellent glaze and finish1 and the colours--white1 black1 ivory1 oak1 brown1 turquoise1 green1 and blue--in which they are produced are clear and effective4 ,the only mark used is ,w ,w ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mersey ,pottery4--,established in #ahej by its present owner1 ,mr4 ,anthony ,shaw4 ,goods specially adapted for the various ,american markets are made3 the specialities being white graniteware and cream-coloured wares for the ,united ,states2 the same with the addition of printed1 lustred1 and painted goods for ,south ,america1 and printed for the colonies4 ,in #ahee ,mr4 ,shaw was awarded a medal at the ,paris ,exhibition4 ,the mark used is the royal arms1 with ribbon bearing the words ,,stone ,,china1 and beneath1 ,,warranted ,,anthony ,,shaw ,,burslem ,the works were rebuilt on a very extensive scale in #ahff1 and are looked upon as a model manufactory1 in which are brought to bear all the latest improvements in the art of pottery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,steel4--,a manufacturer named ,moses ,steel had a potwork in ,burslem in #agae1 and made the ordinary clouded ware of the period4 ,another potter of the same name1 probably his descendant1 carried on business in the latter part of the same century2 he produced a fine earthenware and an imitation jasperware4 ,the works are still standing by ,queen ,street1 and are known as 8,bournes ,bank40 99 99 99 99 99 ,john ,maddock and ,son manufacture white graniteware for the ,american markets to a large extent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,wharf ,pottery--7,hollinshed and ,kirkham1 late ,j4 ,daniel ,co47--,printed ware of the kinds required for the home1 ,russian1 ,italian1 and ,french markets1 and all the usual kinds of painted and ,paris white wares suitable for the ,african1 ,australian1 and ,american trades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,overhouse ,works--,wedgwood ,place4--,the old works1 now1 alas6 taken down1 were possessed of no ordinary degree of interest1 from the fact of the 8,overhouse10 the residence which closely adjoins them1 having been the property and residence of ,thomas ,wedgwood1 the eldest brother of ,josiah ,wedgwood 7to whom ,josiah was bound apprentice71 and having been in the possession of the ,wedgwood family for some generations4 ,the old works were situated at the back and side of the 8,overhouse10 with entrance in ,wedgwood ,place1 where that street joins ,scotia ,road4 ,a doorway1 over which was a tablet1 now no longer in existence1 connected the works with the house4 ,this historically interesting but now lost relic is represented by ,fig4 #djg4 ,the ,overhouse works were occupied1 early in the present century by ,messrs4 ,goodfellow and ,bathwell1 who were succeeded in turn by ,mr4 ,edward ,challinor in #ahai1 and later by ,mr4 ,pointon4 ,in #ahef they passed to ,messrs4 ,morgan1 ,williams1 ,co41 and afterwards to ,morgan1 ,wood1 ,co41 from whom1 in #ahfa1 they passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,allman1 ,broughton1 ,co41 and next to ,messrs4 ,robinson1 ,kirkham1 ,co4 ,in #ahfi the old works were entirely taken down and a new and extensive manufactory erected with all the latest improvements of machinery and appliances2 the jiggers all being driven by steam power1 and the drying stoves heated by exhaust steam4 ,the rebuilding is commemorated in ornamental scroll stonework over the entrance3 8,edward ,challinor commenced business here ,a4,d4 #ahai1 and rebuilt the premises ,a4,d4 #ahfi40 ,the new manufactory was opened in #ahgj by ,mr4 ,ralph ,hammersley1 who removed here from the ,church ,bank ,pottery at ,tunstall1 and who had previously been engaged for twenty years or more with ,mr4 ,challinor4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary description of earthenware in services of various kinds and in the usual classes of useful articles1 which1 besides a good home trade1 are shipped in large quantities to the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,sweden4 ,stoneware jugs are also produced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,swan ,bank ,pottery4--,these works have passed successively through the hands of ,thomas ,edwards2 ,messrs4 ,pinder1 ,bourne1 ,co42 ,messrs4 ,beech and ,hancock 7now of ,tunstall72 and ,messrs4 ,hancock1 ,whittingham1 and ,hancock 7now of ,stoke74 ,in #ahgc they came into the hands of the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,tundley1 ,rhodes1 and ,procter4 ,the goods produced are1 and have been1 printed1 enamelled1 and gilt earthenware1 of the useful classes in all the usual services1 c41 for the home1 ,russian1 and ,south ,american markets4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #djh and #dji4 ,the ,hill ,top ,pottery1 or ,hill ,pottery4--,these works1 formerly belonging to ,ralph ,wood were for many years carried on by ,messrs4 ,samuel ,alcock ,co41 by whom they were in #ahci rebuilt and enlarged2 their rearranged manufactory comprising the works of ,mr4 ,riley 7formerly ,john ,taylors71 ,john ,robinson and ,sons1 and ,william ,taylors1 which were all taken down for the purpose4 ,the productions of ,messrs4 ,samuel ,alcock ,co4 were1 both in china and the finer descriptions of earthenware1 of the highest quality1 both in body and in decoration4 ,one of their specialities was their semi-porcelain1 which was of fine and durable quality4 ,the marks1 ,,alcock ,,and ,,co41 ,,hill ,,pottery1 ,,burslem1 or ,s4 ,,alcock ,,co41 either printed along with the name of the pattern or some device1 or impressed in the ware4 ,in #ahfj the works and general estate were purchased by ,sir ,james ,duke and ,nephews1 and continued by them till #ahfe1 when they sold the estate to ,mr4 ,thomas ,ford1 who1 in the ensuing year1 #ahff1 sold it to the ,earthenware and ,porcelain ,company1 by whom 7under the management of ,mr4 ,r4 ,daniel1 once a noted china manufacturer at ,stoke1 ,hanley1 and ,burslem7 it was carried on under the style of the 8,hill ,pottery ,company1 ,limited1 late ,s4 ,alcock ,co40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #daj to #dad4 ,the productions of ,sir ,james ,duke and ,nephews 7,messrs4 ,j4 and ,c4 ,hill7 were of a high order of excellence1 in ordinary earthenware services1 ranging from plain white and cream-coloured to the most superb styles of decoration2 in china1 which was of remarkably good quality2 and in ,etruscan wares4 ,in the latter1 some of the best forms of ancient ,etruscan vases were cleverly reproduced1 and the decoration1 both in spirit and in style1 artistically rendered4 ,some of the productions of this firm1 who received well-merited distinctions at the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 are shown by ,figs4 #djh to #dbh4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dae to #dag4 ,the operations of the 8,hill ,pottery ,company0 were of short duration1 for in the next year1 #ahfg1 it was put in liquidation and sold up1 when the property again came into the hands of ,mr4 ,ford4 ,in the same year the works were divided1 the china department being taken by ,messrs4 ,alcock and ,diggory1 and the earthenware part by 8,messrs4 ,burgess ,leigh 7late ,s4 ,alcock ,co4710 by whom it is still carried on under the style of 8,burgess1 ,leigh1 ,co40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dah to #dbc4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dbd to #dbh4 ,messrs4 ,burgess1 ,leigh1 ,co4 manufacture largely the commoner and ordinary1 as well as the higher and more artistic classes of earthenware goods1 both for the home and foreign markets1 and their productions rank high in point of excellence of body1 manipulative skill1 and good taste displayed in decoration4 ,the firm produce all the usual services1 and useful as well as many highly ornamental articles4 ,the mark used by the firm is a beehive on a stand1 with bees1 with a rose-bush on either side1 and a ribbon bearing the name of the pattern 78,kensington10 for instance17 beneath1 and under this the initials of the firm1 8,b4 ,l4 ,,co40 ,many of these patterns are registered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hill ,pottery ,china ,works1 on the division of the manufactory as already stated1 in #ahfg1 were carried on by ,messrs4 ,alcock1 ,diggory1 ,co4 ,in #ahgj1 the firm was altered into that of ,bodley and ,diggory1 but in the following year1 ,mr4 ,diggory having retired1 the manufactory was continued by ,mr4 ,edward ,f4 ,bodley4 ,in #ahgd1 the style was again changed to ,bodley and ,son1 and in #ahge to that by which it is at present carried on1 viz41 ,edwin ,j4 ,d4 ,bodley4 ,the productions formerly embraced china1 earthenware1 and ,parian1 but are now entirely confined to china4 ,a speciality of ,mr4 ,bodley's productions is that of pans and vases for chandeliers and lamps4 ,these are made of various forms1 and more or less highly decorated2 they form an important branch of manufacture4 ,services of all the usual kinds1 more or less elaborately decorated1 are also made4 ,the markets supplied are the home and the ,south ,australian1 ,new ,zealand1 and ,colonial4 ,the mark used by ,messrs4 ,s4 ,alcock and ,co4 at these works was a beehive2 and that of ,sir ,james ,duke and ,nephews the dexter hand denoting a baronet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crown ,works4--,established about #ahfg by ,messrs4 ,lea1 ,smith1 and ,boulton1 these works were next occupied by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,withinshawe 7see 8,churchyard ,works10 page #bdd1 vol4 ii471 and then by the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,gaskell1 ,son1 and ,co4 ,the productions have always been china door furniture and similar goods 7and these are now made of remarkably good quality1 and in many cases of artistic design1 by the present firm71 finger-plates1 knobs1 scutcheons for doors1 roses1 caster bowls1 and other fittings2 scale plates and weights2 stands and bases for lamps2 an infinite variety of articles for fittings of many kinds--white1 coloured1 black1 enamelled1 gilt1 c41 c42 while the imitations of marbles1 malachites1 and other stones are remarkably clever and good4 ,another speciality of these works is umbrella1 parasol1 and walking-stick knobs1 many of which1 whether in imitation ivory or in dead black1 evince great taste in design and skill in execution4 ,messrs4 ,gaskell and ,son have taken out patents for the manufacture of caster bowls on an improved method1 and another for improvement in turning4 99 99 99 99 99 ,scotia ,works4--,this manufactory was originally the parish workhouse of ,burslem1 and was calculated to accommodate three hundred inmates4 ,on the establishment of unions1 under the ,poor-,law ,act1 when the new union workhouse was erected1 this building was occupied as barracks1 and so continued for some years4 ,it was then converted into a manufactory by ,mr4 ,james ,vernon in #aheg1 and he1 in #ahfb1 was succeeded by the present firm of 8,edward ,f4 ,bodley ,co40 ,at these works the usual descriptions of earthenware1 printed1 enamelled1 and gilt1 and 8ironstone china10 for steamship and hotel use1 are made4 ,the bodies and glazes1 which have been considerably improved by the manager1 ,mr4 ,edward ,beardmore1 of ,rode ,heath1 are1 through his attention and skill1 of a very high quality4 ,the mark is the ,staffordshire knot1 with the words ,,scotia ,,works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,queen ,street ,works4--,messrs4 ,tinsley and ,bourne entered on these works in #ahgd4 ,they were formerly occupied by ,mr4 ,j4 ,edge and others4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hill ,works1 on the opposite side of the road to the 8,hill ,pottery0 already described1 are of old foundation1 and were1 ,i am informed1 worked by ,enoch ,wood 7see page #bgc72 ,mr4 ,wood here growing1 it is said1 considerable quantities of 8,siberian crabs10 which trees he planted in successive terraces4 ,the works were also1 ,i believe1 at one time carried on by ,ralph ,wood1 a member of the same family4 ,he was a master potter in ,burslem in #aghg1 and a very interesting relic connected with him is now in the hands of ,mr4 ,thos4 ,f4 ,wood1 of this present firm of ,wood ,baggaley4 ,it is an iron tobacco box1 bearing1 engraved on its lid1 the words1 8,ralph ,wood1 ,potter1 ,burslem1 ,staffordshire1 #aghg40 ,this box was given by this ,ralph ,wood1 whose name appears upon it1 to the grandfather of its present owner4 ,about #agfh1 ,john ,robinson1 who before that time was with ,sadler and ,green1 of ,liverpool1 left their employ to commence here the making of enamelled ware4 ,in the ,mayer ,museum is a teapot made by him1 and painted by ,letitia ,marsh 7afterwards ,mrs4 ,brood71 who worked for him4 ,it is of 8squeezed ware10 and was given to ,mr4 ,mayer by ,dr4 ,simeon ,shaw4 ,after ,wood's time the works were carried on by ,mr4 ,taylor1 and next by ,messrs4 ,john ,richard ,riley 7who removed to them from the ,nile ,street works71 by whom they were rebuilt1 in #ahad1 and who produced china and earthenware and ,egyptian black ware4 ,they next passed to ,messrs4 ,alcock ,keeling2 and1 on the retirement of the latter1 to ,messrs4 ,samuel ,alcock ,co41 who1 having rebuilt and enlarged the 8,hill ,pottery10 removed there as already detailed4 ,about #ahea1 ,messrs4 ,barker ,son took the 8,hill ,works0 for goods for the home and foreign markets4 ,on their failure they were1 in #ahfj1 succeeded by ,messrs4 ,morgan1 ,wood1 ,co41 which firm was afterwards altered to ,messrs4 ,wood ,baggaley1 the present occupiers4 ,the goods made by ,messrs4 ,wood ,baggaley are generally confined to the home market2 they produce printed and decorated goods in dinner1 toilet1 tea1 and breakfast services1 and green glazed dessert ware1 which1 to some extent1 they export4 ,the mark used by the firm is a bee1 with wings expanded2 beneath which is a ribbon1 with the initials1 ,m ,w ,,co1 or ,w ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sylvester ,pottery1 ,nile ,street1 belonging to ,charles ,g4 ,barker1 produces the ordinary white granite ware for the ,united ,states1 ,canadian1 and other foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street ,pottery4--,this manufactory1 usually known as 8,union ,bank10 through its having been for some time worked by the ,potters' ,trades' ,union1 belonged at one time to a family named ,marsh2 and was also carried on by ,messrs4 ,whittingham1 ,ford1 ,co41 from whom it passed into the hands of the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,buckley1 ,wood1 ,co4 ,the goods produced are ordinary earthenware for the common home trade1 and the mark used is simply the initials ,b ,w ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sneyd ,pottery1 ,albert ,street4--,these works were formerly carried on for the production of ordinary earthenware1 by ,messrs4 ,bennett4 ,about #ahfg they came into the hands of ,williams1 ,oakes1 ,co41 and in #ahgf the firm was altered to ,oakes1 ,clare1 ,chadwick1 who produce in ,rockingham1 jet1 majolica1 and common earthenware1 the ordinary classes of articles4 ,they also make chest of drawers feet in large numbers1 of various designs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hadderidge ,pottery4--,these works1 carried on by ,mr4 ,thomas ,heath1 and afterwards1 successively1 by ,mr4 ,john ,wedgwood1 ,mr4 ,phillips1 and ,messrs4 ,w4 ,g4 ,harding1 came into the hands of the firm of ,heath ,blackhurst in ,november1 #ahei1 by whom they are still continued4 ,the productions are a middle-class quality of earthenware1 both plain and decorated1 for the home trade4 ,in this class all the usual table1 toilet1 tea1 and other services1 and a variety of other articles1 are made4 ,the mark is a garter1 encircling the initials ,h ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,navigation ,road4--,the works of ,mr4 ,edward ,corn1 erected some time back on what was a timber yard1 and now carried on by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,corn1 are exclusively devoted to the production of white graniteware for the ,united ,states and other foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bleak ,hill ,works4--,messrs4 ,beech ,podmore1 of the ,bell ,works 7which see71 entered upon this manufactory in #ahgf4 ,the works formerly belonged to ,messrs4 ,moore ,brothers1 who produced the white graniteware for the ,american ,markets1 then successively to ,m4 ,isaacs and ,son1 ,beech and ,podmore1 and ,podmore alone4 ,the goods now produced1 besides tea and other services1 are the ordinary marketable china and ,parian chimney ornaments and toys1 which are produced in large quantities both for home sale and for exportation to the ,united ,states1 the ,east ,indies1 the ,netherlands1 and ,australia4 ,in ,parian and 8ivory body10 besides flower-vases and other small ornaments1 some tolerably large groups have been produced2 the 8ivory body0 possesses great softness in appearance1 and is capable of being made largely available for ornamental purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sytch ,pottery4--,of very old foundation1 this was1 many years ago worked by ,messrs4 ,keeling4 ,the 8,sytch ,pottery0 passed successively into the hands of ,mr4 ,r4 ,hall and ,messrs4 ,j4 ,hall ,sons4 ,about #ahcb1 ,messrs4 ,barker1 ,sutton1 ,till took to the works2 but at subsequent periods1 ,mr4 ,barker and ,mr4 ,sutton withdrew from the partnership2 and from #ahej it remained in the hands of ,mr4 ,thomas ,till1 who has been joined in partnership with his sons1 and the firm is now 8,thomas ,till ,sons40 ,the wares usually produced have been good middle-class earthenware2 but the present proprietors have greatly improved the ware1 and added other branches to their manufacture4 ,besides earthenware of the usual average quality--in which services and innumerable useful articles are made by them--,messrs4 ,till produce coloured bodies of various kinds 7cane1 sage1 drab1 and lilac72 stoneware of a hard and durable kind for jugs1 c42 jet glazed ware2 terra cotta2 enamelled ware2 and various coloured lustres4 ,these are principally intended for the home trade4 ,at the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahee the firm received a certificate of merit4 ,the mark used is the name of the firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kiln ,croft ,works4--,these works are of old establishment4 ,in or about #ahjj they were carried on by a ,mr4 ,handley1 and in #ahbe1 by ,messrs4 ,james and ,thomas ,edwards1 who were succeeded by ,messrs4 ,willett ,marsh4 ,they were then continued by ,mr4 ,marsh alone1 and next by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,r4 ,boote1 who were succeeded by the present owner1 ,mr4 ,henry ,burgess4 ,the goods produced are the usual quality of white graniteware1 in services and various articles1 for the ,united ,states and ,canadian markets4 ,the mark is the ,royal ,arms1 with the name or initials of the firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,albert ,pottery was built in #ahfj1 by ,mr4 ,william ,smith1 of ,tunstall2 on whose failure in #ahfb it was taken by ,messrs4 ,dix ,tundley1 of ,silverdale1 for the production of foreign-trade goods4 ,in #ahfd the works were purchased by the late ,mr4 ,charles ,hobson 7who had originally been apprenticed to ,mr4 ,williamson1 the predecessor of the ,davenports1 at ,longport71 and successfully carried on by him until his death1 in #ahge4 ,mr4 ,hobson was then succeeded by his two sons1 ,george and ,john ,hobson1 by whom they are continued4 ,by ,mr4 ,hobson the works were considerably enlarged4 ,new biscuit ovens were added1 and flint and colour mills1 steam slip-house1 pug mills1 and sagger makers' mill1 built4 ,the productions of the firm are now confined to the home trade1 and consist of the usual services and other articles1 in ordinary earthenware1 both white1 printed1 lined1 enamelled1 and gilt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,works4--,these works were established about #ahdf by ,mr4 ,james ,vernon2 then continued under the style of ,james ,vernon ,son2 and are now carried on by the son1 ,mr4 ,james ,vernon1 jun41 for the manufacture of ordinary earthenware for the ,south ,american and ,italian markets4 ,on this same site a manufactory was at one time carried on by ,mr4 ,jonathan ,leak1 a clever potter1 who after some strange vicissitudes went to ,sydney1 where1 after a time1 discovering a valuable bed of clay1 he established the first pottery in ,australia4 ,he married a niece of ,enoch ,wood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,central ,pottery4--,these old-established works1 the property of ,mr4 ,alcock1 of ,bradwell ,lodge1 and carried on by his son1 ,mr4 ,richard ,alcock1 were formerly worked by ,messrs4 ,hopkin ,vernon1 next by ,messrs4 ,hulme ,booth1 next by ,thomas ,hulme1 and then by ,messrs4 ,burgess ,leigh1 who were succeeded by ,mr4 ,richard ,alcock1 by whom they have been considerably enlarged1 rebuilt1 and remodelled4 ,earthenware for the home markets was formerly made1 but the operations are now confined to white graniteware for the ,united ,states4 ,other manufacturers in ,burslem have been1 ,joseph ,machin ,co42 ,thomas ,heath 7probably of the same family as the ,heaths formerly of the ,cock-pit ,hill ,pottery1 ,derby72 ,john ,hall ,sons2 ,j4 ,r4 ,marsh2 ,t4 ,b4 ,godwin2 ,j4 ,cormie2 ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,dale ,hall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,longport4--7,davenport ,co47 ,the famous works of ,messrs4 ,davenport ,son date back more than a hundred years1 the centenary of their establishment having taken place in #ahgc4 ,in #aggc a manufactory was erected at ,longport by ,john ,brindley 7brother of the celebrated ,james ,brindley1 the engineer1 both of whom were natives of ,tunstead1 in ,derbyshire71 who also built for himself a handsome residence near at hand4 ,this house was purchased in #ahdc for a parsonage for ,st4 ,paul's1 ,burslem1 and was again1 in #aheh1 sold to ,mr4 ,w4 ,davenport4 ,shortly after #aggc ,mr4 ,edward ,bourne built another manufactory1 and this was followed by a third1 erected by ,mr4 ,robert ,williamson1 who in #agge married ,anne 7ne ,henshall71 widow of ,james ,brindley1 the engineer4 ,in #agic the first-named manufactories passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,davenport1 who greatly extended their operations4 ,in #agig ,mr4 ,john ,davenport added to his other operations 8the chemical preparation of litharge and white lead for the use of potters10 which1 however1 was afterwards discontinued4 ,in #ahja the business of glass-making was added and is still carried on4 ,in #ahjc ,mr4 ,davenport1 supported by his neighbours at ,longport1 offered to raise1 clothe1 and equip1 free of expense to ,government1 except arms1 a volunteer corps of #ejj men1 and his offer was accepted1 the number being limited by ,government to four companies of #hj rank and file each4 ,mr4 ,davenport became ,major of this force1 and raised it to a high state of discipline4 ,in connection with this it may be well to note that one of ,mr4 ,davenport's workmen at that time1 and a member of his volunteer corps1 was ,william ,clowes1 a nephew of ,aaron ,wedgwood1 to whom he had been apprenticed4 ,this ,william ,clowes was a co-founder with ,hugh ,bourne of the now wide-spread sect of ,primitive ,methodists4 ,about #ahcj ,mr4 ,davenport retired from active business1 and chiefly resided at ,westwood ,hall1 near ,leek1 where he died in #ahdh4 ,the business was then carried on by the second son1 ,mr4 ,henry ,davenport 7who died in #ahce71 and the youngest son1 ,mr4 ,william ,davenport4 ,mr4 ,henry ,davenport purchased the manufactory of ,mr4 ,robert ,williamson1 and also his residence2 these he enlarged and improved and added to his other works4 ,in #ahcb ,mr4 ,john ,davenport was elected ,m4,p4 for the borough of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 being one of the first two members for that newly enfranchised borough4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,henry ,davenport the manufactories were carried on by his youngest brother1 ,mr4 ,william ,davenport1 under the style of 8,w4 ,davenport ,co40 ,this gentleman died in #ahfi1 and the entire business is now carried on by his only son1 ,mr4 ,henry ,davenport1 who fully sustains the high character of the works and of their varied productions4 ,king ,george ,,iv41 while ,prince of ,wales1 in #ahjf visited ,messrs4 ,davenport's works in company with his brother1 ,king ,william ,,iv41 at that time ,duke of ,clarence4 ,on the accession of ,william ,,iv4 to the throne his ,majesty gave the order to this firm to manufacture for him a superb service1 to be used at his coronation banquet4 ,this ,royal ,service was completed in a very satisfactory manner1 and was the subject of high commendation from the king and his noble guests on that occasion4 ,on this service the crown was first used by the firm4 ,in the earlier years of the ,longport manufactory1 earthenware alone was produced1 but no pieces of ,brindley's make are known4 ,mr4 ,davenport at first confined his operations to the manufacture of white1 cream-coloured1 and blue-printed wares1 and these were of good substantial quality2 his blue-printed plates with open-work rim of the same general character as those of the ,herculaneum ,works at ,liverpool1 are to be seen in most collections4 ,later on china was commenced1 and at the present time this forms an equally extensive branch of the business with the earthenware4 ,in both these1 all the usual services and miscellaneous articles are produced1 from the plain to the most elaborately decorated1 both for the home1 the continental1 and the ,brazilian markets2 warehouses having been many years ago established by ,mr4 ,davenport1 ,m4,p41 at ,hamburg and at ,lubeck4 ,the china produced by ,messrs4 ,davenport at the present time is of remarkably fine and good quality1 both in body1 in glaze1 and in make1 and in all these particulars ranks among the best produced in the district4 ,their tea and dessert ware is of extreme excellence1 and many of the patterns are unsurpassed for richness of colouring and gilding by any other house4 ,among these specialities1 their adaptations of the fine old ,indian patterns1 and such designs as gave so important a character to the productions of the old ,derby works in their palmiest days1 are especially good4 ,the deep blues1 the rich gradations of red1 and the other colours employed1 are in some of the patterns laid on with a lavish richness1 and being combined with the most elaborate and delicate as well as massive gilding1 produce intricate patterns of great beauty and of sumptuous appearance when 8set out40 ,some of the cups 7notably those with sunk panels1 and others which are bowl-shaped and supported upon gilt feet7 are of elegant form1 and are as faultless in manipulation as they are in decoration4 ,in blue and white1 whether in pencilled1 ordinary transfer printing1 or 8flown0 patterns1 ,messrs4 ,davenport are highly successful2 and the blues they introduce have all the delicacy and purity of the best ,oriental4 ,the same remark as to purity and cleanness of tone will apply to their ground colours--the celadon and the rose du ,barry--in both of which they produce charming but simple services1 as they do also in white2 in the latter the 8potting0 of some--approaching closely to egg-shell--is remarkably delicate and clever4 ,another striking speciality of design in ,messrs4 ,davenport's china is the clever and artistic way in which they have adapted the old ,willow pattern to the modern requirements of djeuner services and menu holders4 ,the forms of the various pieces composing the service are of quaint and striking elegance1 and1 being heightened by massively gilt handles1 and by strictly appropriate gilding of borders1 rims1 feet and raised ornaments1 an effect is produced which is surpassingly 8taking40 ,the djeuner of which ,i have thus briefly spoken is one of the most successful adaptations of the ,willow pattern yet achieved4 ,in 8stone china10 ,messrs4 ,davenport's dinner and dessert services1 as well as jugs and other articles1 are of faultless quality1 and the styles of decoration1 especially those which are adaptations--not servile imitations--of old ,indian patterns1 are remarkably good and effective4 ,in some of these the spirit of the foreign artist has been so thoroughly caught1 that1 to the casual observer1 they might well pass for genuine foreign pieces4 ,the services in ordinary earthenware are extremely varied in pattern1 in amount of decoration1 and in variety of shapes2 they are of good quality4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dbi to #dca4 ,the marks used by ,messrs4 ,davenport have been various1 but almost in every instance the anchor has been the distinguishing characteristic2 it is the trade mark of the firm4 ,the crown was first used by them1 on the ,royal ,service for ,william ,,iv41 and is now generally used on porcelain services4 ,figs4 #dbi to #dcf are impressed marks4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dcb to #dcf4 ,the printed marks are1 a circular garter1 bearing the words ,,davenport ,,longport ,,staffordshire1 surrounding an anchor and the words 8,stone ,china0 in script4 ,another is a shield1 with the words #cj ,,canning ,,place ,,liverpool #hb ,,fleet ,,street ,,london encircled by a garter bearing the words ,,davenport ,,longport ,,stafford,,re and surmounted by the crest1 an anchor on an heraldic wreath4 ,another has a circular garter1 bearing the words ,,davenports ,,co4 surrounding the address1 #hb1 ,,fleet ,,street ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,longport ,terra ,cotta4--,at the #ahea ,exhibition ,mr4 ,w4 ,marsh1 7modeller at ,davenports'7 of ,longport1 exhibited a very successful example of terra cotta produced by him4 ,it was a wine-cooler of bold and good design4 ,it is engraved on ,fig4 #dad4 ,in the early part of this century ,messrs4 ,samuel ,marsh ,co4 were manufacturers at ,brownhills4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brownhills4--,about #aghb ,mr4 ,john ,wood 7son of ,ralph ,wood1 of ,brownhills1 and ,mary ,wedgwood7 built a manufactory1 with house adjoining1 on property originally belonging to the ,burslem and ,wedgwood families1 which he had purchased of ,thomas ,lovatt4 ,here he carried on the potting business until his death in #agig1 when he was succeeded by his son1 ,mr4 ,john ,wood1 who continued it until #ahcj1 when he took down the manufactory1 enlarged the house1 and extended the grounds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,littler4--,william ,littler1 of ,brownhills1 whose father had carried on a business as potter there1 was the first man in ,staffordshire who attempted the making of china ware4 8,he commenced business about #agde when he attained his majority1 and a few years afterwards removed the seat of his manufacture to ,longton ,hall1 where he prosecuted his experiments with very good success1 as regarded the beauty and delicacy of his china1 but with disastrous results to himself1 for he soon sacrificed his patrimony in the speculation1 and was obliged to abandon it4 ,the specimens we have seen of ,mr4 ,littler's china exhibit great lightness and beauty1 and would certainly have won their way in after times4 ,mr4 ,littler had the merit of first making use of the fluid glaze which ,mr4 ,enoch ,booth afterwards improved upon40--7,ward47 ,littler's pot-works have long disappeared4 ,some specimens of ,littler's porcelain are preserved in private collections1 and one or two are in the ,hanley ,museum2 to one of these is attached the following note in ,enoch ,wood's handwriting3 8,this was given to ,enoch ,wood by ,william ,fletcher1 in ,january1 #ahji40 99 99 99 99 99 ,marsh and ,haywood4--,this firm formerly carried on business here as manufacturers of general earthenware1 as did also ,mr4 ,john ,wood1 at ,highgate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brownhills ,works4--,these works 7formerly ,marsh and ,haywoods7 were for many years carried on by ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,bowers1 who attained a fair reputation for china goods1 and gained a medal at the ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,subsequently he commenced the manufacture of earthenware1 which he continued until his death1 when he was succeeded by his son1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,f4 ,bowers4 ,on his failure in #ahga the manufactory was purchased by ,mr4 ,james ,eardley1 of ,alsager1 and it is now carried on by his son and sons-in-law1 ,messrs4 ,alfred ,j4 ,eardley1 ,edwin ,meir1 ,william ,h4 ,bratt1 ,robert ,h4 ,parker1 and ,george ,hammersley1 under the style of 8,the ,brownhills ,pottery ,co420 considerable alterations and extensions have been made in the buildings4 ,the goods produced by the ,company are of the usual useful classes of table1 tea1 toilet1 and other requisites1 in fine earthenware1 stoneware1 buff1 turquoise1 and cream-coloured ware2 and in decorations of the fine earthenware services improvements have been effected by which the printing of enamel upon the glaze1 and lining on the bisque1 are effected4 ,the last is produced at considerable less cost than enamel lines1 and while making a tolerably near approach in point of colour1 is more durable1 because protected by the glaze4 ,the body and glaze are of good quality1 and the decorations1 whether printed or painted1 are of good average character4 ,in dinner services some of their more recent patterns1 are the 8,premier10 8,pagoda10 and 8,dragon10 which are produced both printed and enamelled2 their most successful shapes are the 8,bulrush10 8,laurel10 and 8,boston40 ,in toilet ware their 8,greek0 shape1 is remarkably good1 and is made in various degrees of decoration4 ,in stone ware1 some excellent designs in tea-pots1 jugs1 c41 are produced1 as are also jugs and other useful articles in cream ware2 the adaptations of ,japanese ornamentation in the former are highly successful4 ,in jet ware1 which is of good quality1 tea-pots1 jugs1 and other articles are made1 and some of those are highly decorated in enamel and gold2 the firm also have a process of printing in yellow upon the glaze of their jet goods1 which produces a cheap and somewhat effective class of decoration4 ,another speciality is a rich full deep-red terra cotta1 highly glazed1 and elaborately decorated in a variety of effective patterns in enamel and gold2 in this1 toilet services of good design and novel appearance are largely made4 ,in ornamental goods the ,company produce vases of various forms 7notably among which are the 8,hindoo10 8,milan10 8,pekin10 and other designs72 scent jars1 flower tubes1 and stands1 and other articles4 ,the productions are of a good useful quality1 decorated in a more than ordinarily artistic style2 many of the designs 7notably the 8,briony0 pattern toilet services1 8,lorne0 tea-pots1 c47 are good1 and the colours faultless4 ,the marks used1 besides the name of the pattern1 8,minerva10 8,link10 8,laurel10 c41 bear the initials ,b4 ,p4 ,,co41 with ribbon1 c41 printed on the ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,bridge ,works1 ,longport4--,this manufactory1 spoken of on page #bhc as one of those carried on by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,davenport and ,son1 in #ahgg passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,edward ,clarke1 formerly of the ,church ,yard ,works at ,burslem1 and of the ,phnix ,works at ,tunstall 7both of which see71 who removed thither from the last-named place4 ,in that year ,mr4 ,clarke took into partnership ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,emery1 the inventor of the process of crayon drawing and painting on the bisque surface1 referred to on page #bie4 ,mr4 ,clarke1 whose productions both at ,burslem and at ,tunstall are spoken of in other parts of this volume1 produces the finest1 hardest1 and most durable earthenware in 8white granite0 for the ,american markets1 where it takes and maintains the highest rank4 ,he also produces all the usual services in various styles of decoration1 for the home trade4 ,the mark used by the new firm is the name 8,,edward ,,clarke ,,co40 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,road ,works1 established in #ahbj 7on the site of a very old pottery 8on ,bournes ,bank10 afterwards worked by ,william ,harrison7 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,hughes 7grandfather1 of the present owner71 and carried on by him and his successors1 ,stephen ,hughes ,co41 till about #ahef1 since which time they have been continued solely by the present ,mr4 ,thomas ,hughes1 by whom the whole place has been enlarged1 improved1 and modernised4 ,the manufactory is now considered to be one of the best arranged in the town4 ,the goods produced are all the usual articles in the hard durable 8granite0 or so-called 8ironstone china0 for the ,american markets2 they are of good quality1 and are produced both light and heavy to meet various requirements4 ,goods are also1 to some extent1 produced for the home trade4 ,the mark1 stamped on the ware1 is ,,thomas ,,hughes ,,ironstone ,,china 99 99 99 99 99 ,cobridge ,works4--,the manufactory of ,messrs4 ,w4 ,brownfield ,son was erected in #ahjh1 and from that time for a few years was worked by ,messrs4 ,bucknall ,stevenson1 and afterwards by ,mr4 ,a4 ,stevenson alone4 ,in #ahai the works were closed1 and afterwards passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,james ,clews1 who continued them until #ahbi1 when they were again closed4 ,his mark was a crown and his name1 thus-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dch4 ,,clews ,warranted ,staffordshire ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dci4 ,in #ahcf the premises were opened by ,messrs4 ,robinson1 ,wood1 ,brownfield1 and after ,mr4 ,robinson's death1 in the same year1 were continued by ,wood ,brownfield4 ,in #ahej ,mr4 ,wood retired1 and the business was continued solely by ,mr4 ,brownfield 7who died in #ahgc7 until #ahga1 when he was joined in partnership by his eldest son1 ,mr4 ,william ,etches ,brownfield1 and from that time to the present the firm has been carried on under the style of 8,w4 ,brownfield ,son40 ,the goods produced during the earlier period of the works were the ordinary white1 blue printed1 and sponged varieties of earthenware4 ,from #ahej1 when the works became the sole property of ,mr4 ,brownfield1 rapid strides were made in the improvement of the wares1 and under the present firm they have become equal to any others produced4 ,in earthenware1 which1 both in body and glaze1 is of more than average quality1 ,messrs4 ,brownfield ,son produce white1 printed1 enamelled1 and gilt wares1 from the simplest to the more elaborate and costly patterns1 in table1 toilet1 and dessert services1 and all the usual articles for household use4 ,many of the printed patterns are well designed1 and in the better classes of goods the enamelling and gilding are very effective4 ,some of the most successful are imitations of the grand old patterns adopted by ,mason on his ironstone china4 ,the stoneware jugs produced are a speciality of this firm1 and take a foremost rank2 in quality of body they are remarkably good2 while in form1 in modelling1 and in decoration they are of equal excellence4 ,the group ,fig4 #dci represents some examples from the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 where the firm1 as well as at ,paris in #ahfg1 received a medal4 ,tea services1 tea-kettles1 tea-pots1 flower-pots1 vases1 jardinire1 trinket services1 and other goods1 are also produced in earthenware in every style of decoration4 ,notably among these is a remarkably well-designed and elegant strawberry tray1 formed of shells and strawberry leaves1 with a seated ,cupid in the centre at the back2 it is particularly artistic1 both in composition1 in execution1 and in colouring4 ,in #ahga the manufacture of china was added to that of earthenware 7new buildings being specially erected for the purpose71 and the productions in this department have made rapid strides towards perfection4 ,in china1 dinner1 tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 and other services1 jugs1 and a variety of useful articles1 as well as vases and other fancy goods1 are produced4 ,messrs4 ,b4 ,s4 have1 in this branch1 produced some novel and very effective designs in dessert services1 centre-pieces1 fern and flower-stands1 c41 and some of their vases are of the highest style of excellence4 ,notably among these is a pair of magnificent vases1 exquisitely painted1 with ,etty-like subjects of 8,morning and ,mid-day40 ,these are among the highest achievements of modern ,art4 ,among the minor pieces is an oviform vase representing the hatching of the egg4 ,the body of the vase is true to nature in colour--that of a sea-bird's egg2 the handles are formed of the heads1 and the bird's legs and feet form the stand4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddj4 ,the mark of the firm upon the printed goods was formerly ,w ,b1 ,w ,b1 or ,w ,b ,s1 in addition to the name of the pattern4 ,the present mark on both earthenware and porcelain is-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dda4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddb4 ,the impressed marks are the ,staffordshire knot 7,fig4 #ddb71 enclosing the initials ,w ,b2 and the name ,,brownfield4 ,the firm does a large home trade1 as well as an export one to ,denmark1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,holland1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,united ,states and other parts of ,america1 ,canada1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,india1 and other countries4 ,the manufactory is very extensive2 upwards of five hundred persons being employed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ddc to #ddf4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ddg to #dec4 ,t4 ,furnival ,sons4--,this firm 7who occupy two old manufactories1 viz41 those formerly belonging to ,adams and to ,blackwell7 has been established about thirty years1 and ranks high as manufacturers of white granite and vitrified ironstone1 and decorated toilet wares1 for the ,united ,states and ,canadian markets1 to which they ship large quantities of goods1 as they do also printed goods to the continental markets4 ,for the home trade ,messrs4 ,furnival ,sons produce1 in their beautiful 8patent ironstone10 dinner and other services of various qualities in point of decoration4 ,among their more recent 8specialities0 are dinner services1 c1 of rich ,italian design 7made for ,pellatt ,wood71 plain white1 with a china-like surface and glaze2 the ornamentation1 which is indented1 is produced from an embossed mould1 the lines being as fine and delicate as if cut in by the graver1 so as to have the appearance of chasing2 and the lines being filled with glaze the surface is still even4 ,other noted patterns are the 8,dresden ,flute0 and 8,lemon ,knob0 services4 ,in crested services for the home markets a large and satisfactory trade is done4 ,another noticeable feature is the happy combination in services of transfer printing1 hand painting1 enamelling and gilding2 some of the services1 those decorated with grasses and insects especially1 are of high artistic order1 and show how advantageously the two processes can be combined4 ,our engraving shows a group of articles produced at that manufactory1 which are remarkable for their elegant forms and for the simple beauty of their decorations4 ,another engraving exhibits a remarkably elegant flower-pot and stand1 with relief figures and other decorations4 ,but these are not a tithe of the beautiful articles produced by ,messrs4 ,furnival4 ,among the more successful of their productions are the 8,swan0 and 8,nautilus0 toilet services1 which are of great beauty4 ,the body of the former ewer is oviform1 with bulrush decorations in relief2 the neck1 mouth1 and handle make a well-formed swan4 ,these are produced in white1 heightened with gold1 and enamelled in colours4 ,the 8,nautilus0 pattern has the mouth of the ewer formed of a nautilus shell and the handle of coral1 while the decorations are sea-weeds1 true to nature1 both in modelling and in colour4 ,the mark of the firm is simply ,,furnival impressed in the ware4 ,in connection with these works ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,emery1 the then cashier to the firm1 introduced1 a few years ago1 a method of crayon drawing and painting on the bisqu surface of earthenware and china4 ,this beautiful process1 which is especially applicable to tiles for fire-places1 c41 but is also admirably adapted for the decoration of ordinary articles1 has become much in repute1 and exquisite drawings have been made in it by some of the first artists of the time1 as well as by lady and other amateurs4 ,the bisqu articles1 and prepared crayons and colours1 were supplied by ,mr4 ,emery1 who afterwards became a partner with ,mr4 ,e4 ,clarke at ,longport4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bates ,bennet 7formerly ,john ,robert ,godwin71 are manufacturers of general earthenware of ordinary quality1 the principal productions being what is called 8,imperial measure ware0 for the home markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,abbey ,pottery4--7,h4 ,meakin1 late ,edward ,pearson47--,these works were1 it is said1 established in #agjc4 ,white granite ware1 for the ,american markets only1 has of late years been produced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,villa ,pottery4--,this manufactory for general earthenware was carried on at the beginning of the present century1 by ,mr4 ,warburton4 ,from about #ahce it was carried on by ,messrs4 ,jones ,walley till #ahej1 from which time1 until #ahfe1 ,mr4 ,edward ,walley continued it4 ,in the latter year it passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,wood1 ,son1 ,co41 its present proprietors1 who confine themselves to the production of plain white granite ware for the ,american and other foreign markets4 ,the mark is the ,royal ,arms and name of the firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cobridge ,works4--,established in #ahcf by ,messrs4 ,wingfield ,harding ,charles ,cockson1 under the firm of ,harding ,cockson1 who produced ordinary china goods4 ,in #ahef1 on the death of ,mr4 ,harding1 the business was continued1 until #ahfa1 by his sons1 ,w4 ,m4 and ,j4 ,b4 ,harding1 in partnership with ,mr4 ,cockson2 and from #ahfb to #ahfe by ,mr4 ,charles ,cockson alone1 during the whole of which time china was produced4 ,in #ahff ,elijah and ,david ,chetwynd became partners1 the firm being then ,cockson ,chetwynd4 ,in #ahgc ,mr4 ,cockson died1 and the business was continued by his widow under the same style till #ahgf1 when the former retired1 and it again changed to ,cockson ,seddon4 ,in #ahff the making of china was discontinued and the manufacture of white granite ware1 for the ,american trade1 substituted4 ,the mark is the ,royal ,arms and the name 8,,imperial ,,ironstone ,,china1 ,,cockson ,,chetwynd10 or 8,,cockson ,,seddon40 99 99 99 99 99 ,cobridge ,works4--,messrs4 ,henry ,alcock ,co41 at these extensive works1 which were formerly carried on by ,john ,alcock1 manufacture white granite ware exclusively for the ,american markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,elder ,road ,works4--,this pottery has been worked by ,messrs4 ,meakin ,co4 since #ahfe1 and is capable of turning out about #b1ejj crates of ware annually4 ,the productions are entirely confined to the white granite ware for the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,warburton4--,pot works were established here by ,john ,warburton very early in the last century2 after his death they were continued by his widow1 ,ann ,warburton4 ,they are stated to have made white stoneware for ,holland and the ,continent1 and to have ultimately brought over some workmen from ,delft4 ,jacob ,warburton1 the son1 succeeded to the business1 and died in #ahbf1 at the ripe age of eighty-four4 ,his son1 ,peter ,warburton1 was one of the partners of the ,new ,hall ,china ,works 7which see72 to him is said by ,shaw to belong the credit of printing in gold1 and to his mother that of first using soda4 ,in #ahaj1 ,peter ,warburton took out a patent for 8a new method of decorating china1 porcelain1 earthenware1 and glass1 with native1 pure or adulterated1 gold1 silver1 platina1 or other metals1 fluxed or lowered with lead or any other substance1 which invention or new method leaves the metals after being burned in their metallic state40 99 99 99 99 99 ,daniel4--,ralph ,daniel1 a potter at ,cobridge1 employed in the early part of last century some workmen from ,delft1 and1 to keep their process secret1 started works at ,bagnall for them4 ,about #agdc he introduced the use of plaster of ,paris moulds1 such as he found were being used in ,france4 ,the potters at ,cobridge in #ahdc were ,wood and ,brownfield1 ,john and ,george ,alcock1 ,francis ,dillon1 ,elijah ,jones1 ,stephen ,hughes and ,co41 ,benjamin ,endon ,godwin1 ,john ,mayer ,godwin and ,james ,godwin1 ,john and ,robert ,godwin1 ,george and ,ralph ,leigh1 and ,coxon1 ,harding1 and ,co4 ,potteries also1 early in last century1 existed at ,holden ,lane1 at ,milton1 and at ,sneyd ,green4 ,other potters at one time or other at ,cobridge are ,n4 ,dillon1 ,r4 ,stevenson1 ,mansfield ,hackney1 and ,rathbone1 ,hill ,co4 ,other manufacturers are ,w4 ,e4 ,cartledge1 ,bournes ,bank2 ,w4 ,holdcroft2 ,hope and ,carter2 ,thos4 ,hughes2 ,maddock ,co41 formerly ,maddock and ,gater2 ,c4 ,meakin2 ,oulsnam and ,son2 ,pope and ,co42 and ,wade and ,colclough4 ,in #aggj 7,feb4 #dth71 the following ,staffordshire potters signed an agreement as to prices3--,john ,platt1 ,john ,lowe1 ,john ,taylor1 ,john ,cobb1 ,robt4 ,bucknall1 ,john ,daniel1 ,thos4 ,daniel1 junr41 ,richd4 ,adams1 7,dr47 ,saml4 ,chatterley1 ,thos4 ,lowe1 ,john ,allen1 ,wm4 ,parrott1 ,jacob ,warburton1 ,warburton and ,stone1 ,jos4 ,smith1 ,joshua ,heath1 ,john ,bourn1 ,jos4 ,stephens1 ,wm4 ,smith1 ,jos4 ,simpson1 ,john ,weatherby1 ,j4 and ,rd4 ,mare1 ,nicholas ,poole1 ,john ,yates1 ,chas4 ,hassells1 ,ann ,warburton and ,son 7,t4 ,warburton71 ,wm4 ,meir4 ,other potters were ,chas4 and ,ephraim ,chatterley1 ,w4 ,mellor1 and ,whithead4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,hanley and ,shelton--,miles--,phillips--,astbury--, baddeley--,edwards --,voyez--,palmer--,neale--,wilson--,new ,hall ,works--,hollins--,keeling --,turner--,warburton--,clowes--,bagnall --,new ,hall ,company--,richard ,champion--,glass--,twyford--,mare--,twe mlow--,old ,hall ,works--,meigh--,broad ,street ,works--,mason--,ashworth--,cauldon ,place--,ridgways--,browne-,westhead ,co4--,trent ,pottery--,keeling--,booth ,co4--,stafford ,street ,works--,church ,works--,waterloo ,works--,kensington ,works--,burton ,place ,works--,clarence ,street ,works--,nelson ,place--,phnix and ,bell ,works----,bedford ,works--,mayer ,street--,cannon ,street ,works--,brewery ,street--,percy ,street ,works--,taylor1 ,tunnicliffe ,co4--,biller ,co4--,albion ,works--,eastwood ,vale--,eastwood ,works--,dental ,manufacturing ,company--,trent ,pottery--,james ,dudson--,victoria ,works--,charles ,street ,works--,high ,street--,eagle ,works--,brook ,street ,works--,cannon ,street--,william ,stubbs--,norfolk ,street ,works--,broad ,street--,albert ,works--,ranelagh ,works--,swan ,works--,mayer ,street ,works--,brook ,street ,works--,dresden ,works--,bath ,street ,works--,waterloo ,works--,new ,street ,pottery--,castle ,field ,pottery--,henry ,venables4 ,miles4--,in #afhe ,thomas ,miles1 of ,shelton1 was a maker of white stoneware1 of much the same kind as that imported from ,germany and ,holland4 ,he is stated to have used the ,shelton clay1 such as had been used by pipe-makers1 worked with other clays from ,baddeley ,edge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phillips4--,occasionally pieces are met with bearing the name of this potter1 who was of ,shelton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,astbury4--,having already1 in the first volume1 spoken of the manner in which one of the family of ,astbury discovered the use of calcined flint1 and how the secret of the brothers ,elers was surreptitiously obtained1 it is not necessary to recapitulate it here4 ,the ,astburys were a very old and important family1 as connected with the potteries1 and one of them1 ,samuel ,astbury1 was uncle to ,josiah ,wedgwood 7having married his father's sister1 ,elizabeth ,wedgwood71 and in #agdd was one of the witnesses to the deed of his apprenticeship4 ,the discoverer of the use of flint1 it appears more than probable1 was ,john ,astbury1 whose gravestone is in ,stoke churchyard4 ,the inscription on the stone is1 8,here lieth the body of ,john ,astbury1 the ,elder1 of ,shelton1 ,potter1 who departed this life ,march #crd1 #agdc1 aged #ee years40 ,the use of flint was discovered about #agbj1 when he was about thirty-two years old1 and the brothers ,elers had previously left the district1 about #agaj4 ,john ,astbury had a son ,joshua1 of the ,foley1 who died #aghj1 as recorded on the same stone4 ,other sons were ,thomas and ,samuel4 8,john ,astbury1 the elder10 as recorded on his tombstone1 lost a daughter ,margaret1 aged six1 in #agbh1 and he had afterwards a second daughter of the same name1 who married ,robert ,garner1 potter1 and was the mother of ,robert ,garner 7father of ,robert ,garner1 ,esq41 of ,stoke71 an eminent potter of ,lane ,end 7which see74 ,twyford1 who shares the credit of having wormed out the secrets of the ,elers1 was a fellow workman1 and afterwards a partner of ,astbury1 and was1 either himself or by his descendants1 connected with the family4 99 99 99 99 99 ,baddeley4--,another of the old potteries of this place was carried on in #agej by ,r4 ,j4 ,baddeley1 who1 at a somewhat later date1 were famous for their blue ware4 ,an interesting reference to these works will be found at page #acg1 vol4 i41 in connection with a workman named ,doe4 ,in #agid ,ralph ,baddeley was in business in ,shelton1 and in #agif the firm was 8,john ,edward ,baddeley1 ,shelton10 as appears by their billheads of that date4 ,the premises were afterwards used by ,hicks1 ,meigh1 ,co4 7see ,broad ,street ,works74 ,of another potter of this name1 ,william ,baddeley1 a notice will be found on a later page4 99 99 99 99 99 ,edwards4--,warner ,edwards had1 last century1 works in ,albion ,street1 where he not only manufactured various kinds of ware1 but made enamel colours for other houses4 ,he died in #agec1 and the premises were afterwards occupied by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ridgway4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,daniel1 an eminent potter1 was his apprentice4 ,during his last illness ,warner ,edwards handed his book of recipes to this ,thomas ,daniel1 who was father of ,spode's clever enameller1 ,henry ,daniel1 who afterwards1 in conjunction with his son ,richard1 was a successful manufacturer at ,stoke and ,hanley4 ,it is worthy of remark that ,edwards was a maker of enamel colours full twenty years before ,wedgwood took out his patent for them in #agfi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,voyez4--,this clever workman1 a modeller1 was employed by ,wedgwood about #agfh1 and 8off and on0 afterwards1 but was a dishonourable and erratic character4 ,he produced many clever imitations of ,wedgwood and ,bentley's wares1 and is said to have even stamped them with their name1 which he forged1 and sold the goods as their work4 ,occasionally his name1 ,j4 ,,voyez1 is found impressed in the body of the ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,palmer4--,john ,palmer1 of ,bagnall1 about #afhj1 was a salt-glaze potter1 and was the one to whom the discovery of the use of salt was first told 7see vol4 i41 page #id74 ,his son or grandson1 ,henry ,palmer1 was also a potter at ,hanley 7at the ,church ,works1 in ,high ,street1 which he probably built71 and was a successful imitator of ,wedgwood's productions4 ,his ,egyptian black1 or basalt ware1 and his jasper ware1 are of great excellence and beauty and very closely resemble those of ,wedgwood4 ,he was noted for his piracy of these goods1 and surreptitiously obtained ,wedgwood's new designs as they came out4 ,his piracy was1 however1 after a time1 carried too far1 and an injunction was served upon him to restrain his making ,etruscan painted vases in contravention of ,wedgwood's patent4 ,this ended in a compromise3 ,palmer purchasing a share in the patent right4 ,intaglios and seals were also1 about #aggb-c1 closely copied by ,palmer1 much to the annoyance and loss of ,wedgwood and ,bentley4 ,in #aggh ,mr4 ,palmer failed4 ,neale1 who is said to have been a partner with ,palmer so far as his ,london business was concerned1 having arranged matters1 the business at ,hanley was carried on under the style of 8,neale ,palmer0 and 8,neale ,co40 ,the mark of ,mr4 ,palmer was in the same style as that of ,wedgwood and ,bentley--a circle with the name in raised letters 7,fig4 #dee74 ,some examples bear the name1 stamped1 8,h4 ,palmer1 ,hanley1 ,staffordshire40 ,palmer and ,neale are said to have married two sisters1 the daughters of ,thomas ,heath1 of ,lane ,delph2 and ,mr4 ,pratt1 of ,fenton1 a third daughter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,neale4--,neale1 the successor of ,palmer1 continued the business at ,hanley1 and produced many remarkably good and artistic articles in basalt1 in jasper1 and in other wares1 and became1 if possible1 even a more close and clever imitator of ,wedgwood's wares than his predecessor had been4 ,in #aghj he appears to have had two partners1 and to have carried on the business under the style of 8,neale1 ,maidment1 and ,bailey10 and1 later1 as 8,neale ,bailey0 and 8,neale and ,wilson40 ,usually1 however1 the firm was simply 8,neale ,co40 ,neale's productions are much esteemed for the excellence of the body1 the cleverness of design1 and the sharpness of their execution4 ,his cream-coloured earthenware1 too1 is of very good and fine quality4 ,he was succeeded1 ,i believe1 by his partner ,wilson4 ,the marks used by ,neale1 so far as ,i have met with them1 are 8,neale ,co410 sometimes in large and at others in small sized letters1 impressed in the ware2 ,,neale ,,co4 in italic capital letters1 also impressed2 ,,neale ,,co4 in ,roman capital letters1 also impressed2 and 8,neale ,wilson40 ,another mark was1 like ,palmer's1 adopted1 in form1 from ,wedgwood ,bentley4 ,it is a circle1 bearing the name in raised letters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #def4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deg4 ,wilson4--,robert ,wilson1 the successor to the firm of ,neale ,wilson1 continued the manufactory1 but devoted himself mainly to cream-coloured earthenware1 more or less decorated4 ,his name is occasionally met with simply as ,,wilson impressed in the body of the ware1 and occasionally in connection with a crown and the distinctive mark ,c 7,fig4 #deg74 ,robert ,wilson was for a long time sole manager to ,neales2 and he1 and the still more celebrated potter1 ,elijah ,mayer1 whose works and residence were just opposite the ,church ,works1 married two sisters of the name of ,mayer1 but of different families4 ,after the retirement or death of ,wilson his brother ,david carried on the works 7#ahjb74 ,it was afterwards ,d4 ,wilson ,sons2 then ,assignees of ,wilson2 then ,phillips ,bagster4 ,the ,phillips of this firm was ,jacob1 brother to ,jonathan ,phillips1 of ,oxford ,street1 ,london1 and uncle to the present ,messrs4 ,phillips of ,oxford ,street4 ,the firm was then ,bagster alone for a while1 after which the manufactory and house adjoining1 where ,bagster had resided1 came into the market and were purchased by ,joseph ,mayer1 son and successor of ,elijah ,mayer1 whose works and residence1 as ,i said before1 were immediately opposite the road4 ,the ,church ,works were then 7#ahca7 rented by ,william ,ridgway ,co41 ,mr4 ,ridgway being ,joseph ,mayer's cousin2 and ,i should here mention that ,job ,ridgway1 the father of ,william and ,john ,ridgway1 had married the sister of ,elijah ,mayer1 ,joseph's father4 ,joseph ,mayer had in his employ a clever modeller named ,leonard ,james ,abington1 who was also a fair chemist1 and so much in favour with his employer that the latter placed him in partnership with ,william ,ridgway1 and he was the #8,co4' ,it was shortly after this 7about #ahcc7 that ,joseph ,mayer ceased potting1 and let his works to ,william ,ridgway ,co4 in addition to the ,church ,works4 ,he1 however1 retained some warehouses and stabling offices adjoining his residence1 and had these crammed with some of the best of his stock1 ,egyptian black1 cane1 chocolate1 brown1 and ,queen's ware1 some of the latter elaborately perforated and painted--an indescribable jumble of most beautiful pottery1--and there it remained locked up until his death in #ahfj4 ,to return to the ,church ,works3 the next addition to the firm1 as soon as he was old enough to enter it1 was ,william ,ridgway's son1 ,edward ,john1 the title of the firm being changed to ,william ,ridgway1 ,son ,co4 ,in course of time ,william ,ridgway retiring1 the two manufactories were carried on by his son1 ,edward ,john ,ridgway1 and ,l4 ,j4 ,abington1 and it was styled ,ridgway ,abington4 ,it was ultimately ,edward ,john ,ridgway alone1 and is now ,powell ,bishop1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ridgway having built large works in ,bedford ,road called the ,bedford ,works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,new ,hall ,works are historically interesting as being the first in which porcelain was successfully made in ,staffordshire1 and to them1 therefore1 must be ascribed the introduction of that art into 8the ,potteries10 since become so famous and so extensive4 ,in my account of the ,bristol china works#ea ,i have shown how ,richard ,champion's patent 7who had purchased the patent right of ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth17 was sold to a company of ,staffordshire potters4 ,this transfer of rights took place in or about the year #aggg4 ,the company consisted of six persons1 viz41 ,samuel ,hollins1 of ,shelton1 ,anthony ,keeling1 of ,tunstall1 ,john ,turner1 of ,lane ,end1 ,jacob ,warburton1 of ,hot ,lane1 ,william ,clowes1 of ,port ,hill1 and ,charles ,bagnall1 of ,shelton4 ,of these six persons the following are brief notices3-- ,samuel ,hollins1 a maker of the fine red-ware tea-pots1 c41 from the clay at ,bradwell1 previously worked by the brothers ,elers1 was of ,shelton1 and was the son of ,mr4 ,hollins1 of the ,upper ,green1 ,hanley4 ,he was an excellent practical potter1 and made many improvements in his art4 ,he was afterwards one of the partners of the ,new ,hall ,china ,works1 and his successors in the manufactory were his sons1 ,messrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,hollins4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anthony ,keeling1 of ,tunstall1 was son-in-law of the celebrated potter1 ,enoch ,booth1 having married his daughter ,ann4 ,keeling succeeded ,enoch ,booth in his business1 which he carried on successfully for many years4 ,he erected a large house near the works1 but in #ahaj1 retired on a small independence to ,liverpool1 where he died a few years afterwards4 ,he was the principal support of a small sect calling themselves 8,sandemanians10 who had their place of worship in his works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,john ,turner1 first of ,stoke1 and then of ,lane ,end1 father of ,messrs4 ,john and ,william ,turner1 was one of the most clever and successful potters ,staffordshire ever produced1 but one about whom little has been written4 ,many of his productions in black and in jasper1 c41 are quite equal to those of ,wedgwood1 and1 indeed1 are often mistaken for the work of that great man4 ,mr4 ,turner's cream ware1 too1 as well as his stone ware1 of which his jugs are best known to collectors1 rank high in excellence both of design and manipulation4 ,in #agfb ,mr4 ,turner commenced manufacturing at ,lane ,end1 and made many improvements in the art1 and by the discovery of a vein of fine clay at ,green ,dock was enabled successfully to compete not only with other potters1 but with ,wedgwood himself4 ,mr4 ,turner is stated to have been deputed1 with ,wedgwood1 by the ,staffordshire potters1 to oppose the extension of the patent to ,champion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jacob ,warburton1 of ,hot1 or ,holt ,lane1 a man highly respected by every class1 and who lived until the year #ahbf1 was born in #agdj1 and passed his long and useful life as a potter1 in which art he rose to considerable eminence in his early years in connection with his father and brothers1 and later on his own account1 and1 in partnership with others1 in the ,new ,hall ,works4 ,he was the 8last member of the old school of potters1 the early friend and contemporary of the #8father of the ,potteries1' ,josiah ,wedgwood1 with whom he was for many years in the habit of confidential intercourse and friendship4 ,numerous are the benefits which the public derived from the united exertions of the talents and abilities of these two venerated characters1 on every point connected with the local interest and prosperity of the ,staffordshire ,potteries40 ,besides being one of the most clever and energetic potters1 8he was a good scholar1 and a man of pure taste2 he had read extensively1 and his memory was tenacious in a very extraordinary degree4 ,he was equally distinguished for his moral and convivial habits of mind1 for the soundness of his intellect and the goodness of his heart4 ,he spoke fluently the ,french1 ,dutch1 and ,german languages1 and was learning the ,italian up to the very period of his death40 ,he retained his activity of body and mind to the last1 and1 though eighty-six years of age1 set out the day preceding his death to walk to ,cobridge4 ,he died while a friend was reading to him4 ,mr4 ,warburton1 who was a ,roman ,catholic1 was twice married4 ,for some years before his decease he had retired from business1 and died at his residence1 ,ford ,green1 in the parish of ,norton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,william ,clowes1 of ,port ,hill1 was1 it is said1 only a sleeping partner in the concern4 99 99 99 99 99 ,charles ,bagnall1 of ,shelton1 who had previously been with ,joshua ,heath1 was a potter of considerable experience1 in the middle of last century4 ,he was probably a son of the potter of the same name1 who was a maker of butter-pots in ,burslem in #agaj-ae4 ,he became one of the partners in the ,new ,hall ,works a century ago4 ,the family has been connected with ,staffordshire for many generations4 ,the company1 being thus formed1 purchased the patent right from ,richard ,champion1 who removed into ,staffordshire to superintend the establishing of the new works in that county4 ,the first operations of the company were conducted at the works of one of the partners1 ,anthony ,keeling1 at ,tunstall1 the pottery formerly belonging1 as just stated1 to his father-in-law1 ,enoch ,booth4 ,tunstall at this period was a mere small street1 or rather roadway1 with only a few houses--probably not more than a score--scattered about it and the lanes leading to ,chatterley and ,red ,street4 ,to this spot1 the forerunner of the present large and important town1 ,cookworthy's patent was brought1 and here1 with the experienced potters who had become its purchasers1 and under the management of ,champion1 who had produced such exquisite specimens of art at ,bristol1 and who had been induced1 as a part of the arrangement1 to superintend the manufacture1 the first pieces of china made in ,staffordshire1 with the exception of the trial pieces of ,littler1 were produced4 ,to accommodate the new branch of manufacture at ,keeling's pot-works some alterations of course became necessary1 and thus it was some little time before the partners had the satisfaction of seeing anything produced under the patent-right which they had purchased4 ,among the partners1 too1 some disagreements arose1 which ended in ,john ,turner and ,anthony ,keeling withdrawing from the concern1 and about #aghj ,keeling is said to have removed to ,london4 ,this withdrawal and disagreement caused the remaining partners to remove their work from ,keeling's premises1 and they took a house in ,shelton1 known as 8,shelton ,hall10 afterwards the 8,new ,hall10 in contradistinction to the 8,old ,hall10 celebrated as being the birthplace of ,elijah ,fenton1 the poet4 ,at this time ,shelton ,hall1 which had been purchased in #aggc of ,alice ,dalton1 widow1 7who had inherited it from her brother1 ,edward ,burslem ,sundell17 by ,humphrey ,palmer1 was occupied by his son1 ,thomas ,palmer1 as a pot-works4 ,in #aggg1 ,humphrey ,palmer1 intending a second marriage with ,hannah ,ashwin1 of ,stratford-on-,avon1 gave a rent-charge of #cj on the ,hall and pot-works1 and a life interest in the rest of the estate1 as a dower to that lady1 reserving the right for his son1 ,thomas ,palmer1 the potter1 to get clay and marl from any part of the estate for his own use4 ,in #aghi1 ,humphrey ,palmer and his wife being both dead1 the estate passed to their infant and only child1 ,mary ,palmer1 of whose successor's executors1 after some uninteresting changes1 it was1 as will be seen1 ultimately purchased by the china manufacturers4 ,at this time the works had been considerably increased1 and they grew gradually larger1 till1 in #ahjb1 they are described as three messuages1 three pot-works1 one garden1 fifty acres of land1 thirty acres of meadow1 and forty acres of pasture1 c4 ,about the time of the withdrawal of ,keeling and ,turner from the partnership1 and the removal of the works from ,tunstall to ,shelton1 ,richard ,champion left4 ,fairly settled at ,new ,hall1 the company took for their manager ,mr4 ,john ,daniel1 who afterwards became a partner in the concern4 ,the firm1 as at first formed at ,shelton1 consisted of ,messrs4 ,hollins1 ,warburton1 ,clowes1 and ,bagnall1 but was afterwards carried on by ,hollins1 ,warburton1 ,clowes1 and ,daniel4 ,a considerable quantity of china was produced under the patent1 but the most extensive and profitable branch of the ,new ,hall business was the making and vending of the glaze called 8composition10 made of materials to whose use the company had the exclusive right4 ,this 8composition10 made from the ingredients given in the specification printed in my account of the ,bristol works1 was supplied by the ,new ,hall firm to the potters of the neighbourhood1 and even sent to other localities1 to a large extent and at a highly remunerative price4 ,the ware made at this period was precisely similar in body and glaze to that of ,bristol1 to which1 from the fact of some of the same artists being employed1 it bears also a marked resemblance in ornamentation4 ,in #agif the patent1 which had been enjoyed successively by ,cookworthy1 ,champion1 and the ,staffordshire company1 for a period of twenty-eight years1 expired2 but the company continued to make the hard paste china1 and to supply 8composition0 7many potters finding it more convenient still to purchase instead of making that essential7 to other manufacturers4 ,in #ahaj1 the firm--then consisting of four partners1 viz41 ,samuel ,hollins1 of ,shelton1 ,peter ,warburton 7son of ,jacob ,warburton71 of ,cobridge1 ,john ,daniel1 of ,hanley1 and ,william ,clowes1 of ,port ,hill--became the purchasers of the ,new ,hall estate for the sum of #f1hjj4 ,in #ahac ,peter ,warburton died1 leaving his share in the works to his father 7,jacob ,warburton7 and ,john ,daniel1 as trustees under his will4 ,in #ahba1 ,john ,daniel died1 and two years afterwards ,samuel ,clowes died also4 ,john ,daniel1 ,i presume1 was a son of ,ralph ,daniel1 to whom the potters were indebted for discovering the system of making moulds in plaster of ,paris instead of in brass1 as previously done4 ,mr4 ,daniel is said to have visited the potteries and porcelain manufactories in ,france1 and brought back with him a mould of cast plaster of ,paris1 which he showed and introduced to the ,english makers4 ,the potters1 however1 knew so little of the process by which the mould was produced1 that they got blocks of the gypsum of ,derbyshire and cut their moulds in them1 until it was explained that the gypsum must be first burnt and ground1 and then cast4 ,this circumstance is so graphically described in the 8,burslem ,dialogue10 given by ,ward1 that ,i transcribe the few following lines for my readers' amusement3 8,telwright4--,that wur a queer trick1 wur it no'1 o' ,rafy ,dennil's8 8,leigh4--,dun yo' meeon th' cause o' his gooin' to ,france1 or es ha he geet int' th' work hisn theer1 an seed'n aw ha they did'n wi ther ware8 8,telwright4--,oi meeon him foindin' aat i' whot wey they mayd'n ther mewds 7moulds74 8,leigh4--,that wur a fawse trick1 for sartin1 an o' gret yewse to th' treyde4 ,bu' wot a blunder th' mesters here mayd'n1 when he sent 'em word abaat it6 8,telwright4--,haa dust meeon1 ,rafy8 ,oi am no' properly insens't on't4 8,leigh4--,whoy1 yo' seyn as haa they geet'n th' plaster-ston' fro' ,darbyshur aw reet2 bu' then1 i'stid o' fust groindin' it an' bakin' into dust loike fleawr1 an usin' th' dust wi wayter for t' cast on th' moddills1 as they cawn 'em1 th' mesters had th' raw ston' cut i shapes1 an' tryd'n for t' mak things oof 'em2 bu' they cudna4 ,then at last he sent 'em full word haa to dew it40 ,hard paste porcelain continued to be made at ,new ,hall until about the year #ahaj or #ahab1 when the bone paste1 which had been gradually making its way in the district1 finally superseded it1 and the company continued their works on the newer system4 ,in #ahbe the entire stock of the concern1 which had for a short time been carried on for the firm by a person named ,tittensor1 was sold off1 and the manufacture of china of any description entirely ceased at ,new ,hall4 ,the works1 after having been closed for a short time1 were next opened as an earthenware manufactory by ,mr4 ,william ,ratcliffe1 who for a few years continued to make the commoner description of white and printed earthenware for ordinary home consumption4 ,they next passed1 in #ahdb1 into the hands of ,messrs4 ,w4 ,hackwood ,son1 who removed from their works near ,joiner ,square 7now called the 8,eastwood ,pottery07 for that purpose2 and seven years later1 ,mr4 ,hackwood senior having died1 they were continued by the son1 ,thomas ,hackwood4 ,the goods were the ordinary descriptions of earthenware1 principally for ,continental markets1 and bore the name of ,,hackwood impressed4 ,in #ahef1 they passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,cockson ,harding1 who continued to manufacture the same descriptions of goods1 using for a mark ,c ,h1 ,,late ,,hackwood1 impressed on the bottom4 ,in #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,cockson having retired from the concern1 the works were carried on by the remaining partners1 ,messrs4 ,w4 and ,j4 ,harding 7,brothers71 who did an extensive trade with ,holland and ,italy4 ,besides the cream-coloured and printed wares for foreign trade1 druggists' fittings formed a staple branch4 ,black1 ,egyptian1 ,rockingham1 and tinted wares too were made4 ,in #ahgb ,messrs4 ,harding gave up the business1 when ,mr4 ,john ,aynsley1 china manufacturer1 of ,longton1 purchased the back portion of the works and let it to its present occupiers1 ,messrs4 ,thomas ,booth ,sons4 ,the entire front of the ,new ,hall ,works was purchased by ,mr4 ,henry ,hall1 metal mounter of jugs1 tea-pots1 c41 so that the manufactory became divided into two distinct properties4 ,the portion occupied by ,messrs4 ,booth having been burnt down has been rebuilt4 ,the productions of ,messrs4 ,booth ,sons are the usual classes of ordinary earthenware in printed1 painted1 enamelled and gilt services2 stone ware of good quality1 in which a large variety of jugs and tea-pots are made2 and jasper ware1 in various ornamental articles4 ,among their shapes of toilet ware are the 8,eldon10 8,globe10 8,alexandra10 and 8,cottage20 and among their specialities in other goods are a self-closing hot-water jug1 and a molasses jug1 which are considered very successful4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deh4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dei and #dfj4 ,specimens of the hard paste of the ,new ,hall ,works are rare4 ,they are almost entirely without mark2 but sometimes there is an incised letter ,n as here shown4 ,fig4 #dfj exhibits a beautifully painted teapot4 ,on one side is a group of children playing at blind man's buff4 ,they are dressed in the characteristic costume of the latter part of last century1 but what renders the group peculiarly interesting is that in the background is a view of a pot-works1 with kiln1 which may probably have been a representation of the works when this interesting piece was made4 ,on the opposite side of this teapot is an equally well painted group of a boy riding on a dog1 and on the lid are also two little figure vignettes4 ,this piece was made for1 and belonged to1 one of the partners1 ,charles ,bagnall1 from whose family it passed more than half a century ago1 by marriage1 to a ,mr4 ,sutton1 from whose own octogenarian hands it passed into my own4 ,it was painted by ,duvivier1 a ,french artist of celebrity1 who1 as well as ,bone1 was employed at these works4 ,fig4 #dei is a cup and a saucer of excellent form and twisted fluting4 ,fig4 #dfb is a jug1 carefully painted with birds1 and bearing in front the initials ,s4 ,d4 ,this jug was made at ,new ,hall for ,sampson ,daniel1 a cousin of ,john ,daniel1 one of the partners1 and is still in possession of his grandson1 ,mr4 ,daniel1 of ,hanley4 ,the coffee cup and saucer 7,fig4 #dfd7 is a good and characteristic specimen2 and ,fig4 #dfc is one piece of a dessert service1 belonging to ,mr4 ,gray1 which was made for ,mr4 ,daniel1 one of the partners4 ,the porcelain made at ,new ,hall principally consisted of tea1 dinner1 and dessert services1 of various designs2 but figures and busts1 as well as vases1 were also1 to some extent produced there4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfa4 ,the later productions of the ,new ,hall ,china ,works1 the soft paste1 are also scarce1 especially the marked pieces4 ,the body is of good colour1 and clear1 and the decorations1 especially the flowered examples1 are remarkable for the brightness of their colours4 ,the only mark used--and this was not1 it appears1 adopted until after #ahbj--;is the one here shown4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dfb to #dfd4 ,batt printing was practised at ,new ,hall1 and some remarkably good examples have come under my notice4 ,in #ahaj1 ,peter ,warburton1 on behalf of the company of which he was a partner1 is said to have taken out a patent 8for printing landscapes and other designs from copper plates1 in gold and platinum1 upon porcelain and pottery40 ,the company was also among the first to adopt the improvements in printing on ware made by ,william ,brookes in the beginning of the present century4 99 99 99 99 99 ,glass4--,joseph ,glass was a potter in ,hanley1 in the middle of the seventeenth century1 and his works are stated to have been still carried on by him or his son1 ,joseph ,glass1 in the beginning of the eighteenth4 8,joseph ,glass 444 clowdy1 and a sort of dishes1 painted with different coloured slips1 and sold at #cs4 and #cs4 #f;d4 per dozen40 ,a tyg bearing his name1 ,,ioseph ,,glass ,s ,v ,h ,g ,x1 painted round the body is in the ,staniforth collection4 ,later on the works were carried on by ,john ,glass1 and from him passed to ,samuel ,keeling ,co41 then to ,meakin ,brothers1 and lastly to ,taylor ,brothers4 ,the works were situated in ,market ,street1 and have of late years been pulled down4 ,this ,samuel ,keeling was great nephew to the patentee1 ,james ,keeling1 mentioned on another page1 who was an important manufacturer towards the close of the last century4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,keeling1 one of the patriarchs of the potteries1 resided in partial retirement at ,rocester4 ,his firm1 ,messrs4 ,keeling ,adams1 hold three mills at ,hanley for grinding potters' materials4 ,one of them1 the ,eastwood ,mill1 consists of two old erections combined2 one portion was a pottery worked by ,william ,baddeley2 another1 the place erected by ,william ,baddeley's brother ,james for a silk mill4 ,they also work the ,botteslow ,mill and the ,albion ,mill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,twyford4--,twyford1 the potter1 already named1 8commenced business near ,shelton ,old ,hall1 the seat of ,elijah ,fenton's family2 and the only known specimen of his manufacture10 says ,shaw1 8is a jug made for ,t4 ,fenton1 ,esq410 then in the possession of his descendant4 ,mr4 ,twyford and his children and grandchildren continued as potters1 and are now represented by ,mr4 ,thomas ,twyford1 of the ,bath ,street ,works4 ,in #ahbi the manufactories named by ,shaw were ,e4 ,mayer ,son2 ,job ,meigh ,son 7,old ,hall72 ,dimmock ,co42 ,toft ,may2 ,j4 ,keeling2 ,w4 ,hackwood2 ,t4 ,taylor2 ,j4 ,glass2 ,j4 ,w4 ,ridgway2 ,hicks1 ,meigh1 ,johnson2 ,h4 ,daniel ,sons2 ,j4 ,yates2 and ,hollins1 ,warburton1 ,daniel1 ,co4 7,new ,hall74 99 99 99 99 99 ,mare or ,maer1 or ,mayer4--,in the early part of the last century ,hugh ,mare and ,john ,mare were potters at ,hanley1 and produced black and mottled wares4 ,later on were 8,elijah ,mayer0 or 8,e4 ,mayer10 then 8,elijah ,mayer ,son10 and next 8,joseph ,mayer40 ,other potters in the early part of last century were ,william ,simpson1 ,richard ,marsh1 ,moses ,sandford1 and ,john ,ellis4 ,several of these and later potters will be named in the course of the notices of existing manufactories4 ,the potteries in ,hanley and ,shelton enumerated by ,ward in #ahdc are the ,old ,hall1 the ,new ,hall1 ,cauldon ,place1 ,william ,ridgway and partners 7six manufactories71 ,thomas ,dimmock ,co4 7three manufactories--formerly ,james ,whitehead1 ,j4 and ,w4 ,handley1 ,edmund ,john ,birch1 and ,christopher ,whitehead72 ,samuel ,keeling ,co41 formerly ,john ,glass2 ,william ,hackwood2 ,samuel and ,john ,burton1 formerly ,james ,keeling2 ,samuel ,mayer1 formerly ,sarah ,brown's2 ,thomas ,furnival1 junior1 ,co41 formerly ,reuben ,johnson's2 ,george ,lomas1 formerly ,barlow and ,hammersley's2 ,joseph ,clementson1 formerly ,elijah ,jones's 7who was a potter about #agfj72 ,yates ,may1 formerly ,john and ,william ,yates1 successors to their father2 ,william ,dudson1 formerly ,william ,rivers ,co42 ,william ,white1 formerly ,poulson's2 ,henry ,mills1 then newly erected1 and other smaller factories4 ,edward ,phillips was also a manufacturer1 and used his name in full1 8,edward ,phillips1 ,shelton1 ,staffordshire10 on his goods4 ,other names are ,j4 ,sneyd1 ,toft ,may1 and ,t4 ,taylor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,john ,twemlow was in business in #agig4 ,an invoice in my possession is curious as showing some of the goods he made4 ,these are 8,e ,black ,teapots1 capt41 festd4 and figd40 7,egyptian black tea-pots1 capped1 festooned1 and figured72 8ditto upright1 festd4 and figd402 8,oval ,e ,black ,teapots20 ditto 8prest leaf10 8scollop top1 festd4 and figd4 and banded02 8ditto1 prest leaf and festd4 and figd4 and banded a'tip20 8ditto creams0 to match2 8ditto fluted20 8ditto coffee pots20 octagon tea-pots1 with scollop top1 and creams to match2 oval plain tea-pots 7all1 so far1 are in ,egyptian black72 8blue and enamelled handled cups and saucers1 ,london size1 sprig and border and vine pattern20 8bowls to match40 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dfe to #dfh4--ahea--;,exhibits of ,mr4 ,meigh1 ,old ,hall ,works4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgj4 ,old ,hall ,works4--,the 8,old ,hall ,works0 are among the most interesting historically of any in the district1 being built on the site of1 or quite closely adjoining to1 the 8,old ,hall0 or ,manor ,house of the ,colclough family1 who formerly held the lordship of ,hanley1 from about the time of ,edward ,,iii4 until about a century and a half ago1 when it passed into the family of ,bagnall4 ,the 8,old ,hall0 or 8,manor ,house0 has long since disappeared4 ,the present works were built about the year #aggj1 by ,mr4 ,job ,meigh1 on what1 ,i believe1 was for a time previously a salt-glazed white stoneware pottery1 carried on by a ,mr4 ,whitehead4 ,from #aggj until #ahfa the works were uninterruptedly carried on by ,mr4 ,job ,meigh1 his son1 and his grandson 7,mr4 ,charles ,meigh71 successively4 ,in #ahfa ,mr4 ,charles ,meigh transferred the business to a limited liability company1 called 8,the ,old ,hall ,earthenware ,company10 by whom it is still carried on4 ,the productions of the works include every variety of earthenware1 from the most highly decorated to the ordinary blue printed and plain white wares1 stone ware1 jet ware1 and parian4 ,in earthenware all the usual dinner1 tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 toilet1 and other services1 and all other articles are made4 ,in these the body is of the finest quality1 hard and of remarkable durability1 and the glaze is hard1 clear1 and faultless4 ,many of the patterns of dinner services are of great beauty and elegance4 ,especially among these are the 8,nonpareil10 the 8,verona10 and the 8,koh-i-noor0 shapes1 which last is one of the most simply elegant yet produced4 ,the form of the covered dishes is chaste and remarkably effective4 ,they stand upon well-modelled feet1 and the handles are formed of folds of ribbon held together by jewelled rings4 ,this pattern is produced in various styles of decoration1 one of the most pleasing of which is the convolvulus1 exquisitely coloured after nature2 the gilding is rich and substantial4 ,among the patterns produced by the staff of artists here employed are many others of surpassing beauty2 the excellence of the painting1 the gilding1 the jewelling1 and the enamelling1 being very apparent in all1 and the combination of printing and hand painting carried to great perfection4 ,the transfer printing at the ,old ,hall ,works is more carefully done1 and the colours are clearer and brighter1 than at most manufactories4 ,dessert services are made in every style of decoration2 the richer and more costly varieties being equal to any produced by other firms1 both in quality of body1 in shape1 in pattern1 and in artistic treatment4 ,toilet services form a very extensive branch of the productions1 and in these the firm is very successful4 ,among the more popular shapes are the 8,buckle10 8,richmond10 8,perth10 8,exeter10 and 8,medival10 and these are produced in every possible style of decoration whether in printing1 painting1 enamelling1 and gilding4 ,in stone ware1 jugs of good and faultless form1 and many other articles are produced4 ,in black ware1 water-bottles1 elegant little table tea-kettles1 spill cases1 vases1 and other articles are made1 and are effectively decorated with dead and burnished gilding1 enamelling1 c4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dga to #dgc4--ahea4 ,exhibits of ,messrs4 ,meigh1 ,old ,hall ,works4 ,in ,parian1 vases1 groups1 busts1 figures1 and other ornamental articles are produced2 the body is of good quality1 and the modelling and finish of faultless excellence4 ,the marks of these works are the following3 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dgd to #dgh4 ,in #ahea medals were awarded to ,mr4 ,c4 ,meigh1 of these works1 who has also received medals from the ,society of ,arts4 ,figs4 #dfe to #dfh are stoneware jugs1 one of which bears a young bacchanal imbibing the juice of the grape1 and ,fig4 #dgj a candlestick adapted from a celebrated wine cup1 the work of ,cellini4 ,figs4 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgc exhibit three admirable pieces1 a clock case1 a vase1 and a drinking cup or tankard1 all in statuary porcelain and of the finest possible style of art4 ,the works are very extensive1 including mills for grinding all descriptions of materials used in the manufacture of pottery1 and are capable of supplying a large demand4 ,the markets principally supplied are the home1 ,french1 ,german1 ,indian1 ,american1 ,australian1 and colonial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,broad ,street ,works4--,these works are interesting as being the place where the celebrated 8,mason's ,patent ,ironstone ,china10 as well as the 8,ironstone ,china0 of the old firm of ,hicks1 ,meigh1 and ,johnson1 in addition to most varieties of useful earthenware1 are made4 ,mr4 ,charles ,james ,mason1 the inventor of this famous 8,mason's ,ironstone ,china10 was a potter of great taste and skill at ,lane ,delph 7now ,middle ,fenton71 and in #ahac took out a patent for his process4 ,the manufacture was at that time carried on under the styles of 8,g4 ,m4 and ,c4 ,j4 ,mason0 and 8,c4 ,j4 ,mason ,co40 ,the partners were ,charles ,james ,mason and his brother ,george ,miles ,mason 7father of ,mason the artist7 who in #ahcb unsuccessfully contested the then new district borough of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 his successful competitors being ,josiah ,wedgwood and ,john ,davenport1 both1 like himself1 manufacturers in the district4 ,after a time ,mr4 ,g4 ,mason retired from the concern1 and it was then continued by the patentee alone4 ,the concern1 however1 for want of capital and from other causes1 gradually dwindled down1 until at length1 in #ahea1 ,mr4 ,francis ,morley purchased the patent1 the moulds1 copper-plates 7on which an immense amount of money had been expended71 and entire business1 from ,mr4 ,mason1 and removed the whole to his manufactory4 ,mr4 ,morley1 who married a daughter of ,mr4 ,w4 ,ridgway1 and was a partner in the firm of ,morley1 ,wear ,co41 succeeded to the old-established concern of ,hicks1 ,meigh1 ,johnson1 which he carried on for a time under the style of 8,ridgway ,co40 ,afterwards ,mr4 ,morley continued the business as ,f4 ,morley ,co4 ,this manufactory was one of the oldest in the ,potteries4 ,it was in existence in the early part of the last century 7probably established about #agbj71 and afterwards belonged to ,john ,baddeley 7in #agej ,r4 and ,j4 ,baddeley71 an eminent potter1 who died in #aggb4 ,here1 it is said1 printing in oil was first practised4 ,messrs4 ,hicks1 ,meigh1 ,johnson were among the most successful of the manufacturers in the district1 and produced1 among other wares1 a remarkably good quality of ironstone china4 ,besides this1 they were large manufacturers of earthenware of the ordinary and finer kinds1 and of china4 ,they and ,mason were the only makers of ironstone china2 and when ,mr4 ,morley1 who purchased their business1 became also the owner of ,mason's process and of his moulds1 plates1 c41 he became the only manufacturer of ironstone ware4 ,having united the two manufactories1 he removed ,mason's concern to his own works1 where he entered with spirit into the manufacture1 and soon established a lucrative business in 8,mason's wares40 ,in #ahef a first-class medal for this ware was awarded at the ,french ,exhibition4 ,mr4 ,morley retired from trade in #ahei1 having sold the entire business1 moulds1 copper-plates1 c41 to the present owners1 ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,l4 ,ashworth and ,taylor ,ashworth 7brothers71 who continue1 to the fullest extent1 the manufacture of the 8,patent ,ironstone ,china10 which they and their predecessor named the 8,real ,ironstone ,china0 7of which patented articles they are the only makers7 on their marks1 and produce all ,mason's best patterns in services1 vases1 c41 made from his original models4 ,they also manufacture ,meigh's ironstone1 from his old moulds1 c4 ,this manufacture has been very largely developed by ,mr4 ,taylor ,ashworth 7who studied the processes under ,mr4 ,morley1 and is the resident acting partner71 to whom the art is indebted for many improvements4 ,this gentleman1 who married the grand-daughter of ,mr4 ,meigh1 obtained by that alliance a vast deal of valuable information about the working of the stoneware2 and it is a somewhat singular and pleasant circumstance to record1 that after a lapse of half a century1 or more1 the manufacture may1 through that marriage1 be said again to be brought into the old family4 ,messrs4 ,ashworth1 besides these great features of their trade1 make table1 toilet1 dessert1 and other services1 and ornamental goods of the best quality1 in every description of general earthenware4 ,these they produce in immense quantities1 both for home and foreign markets1 about one-third of the whole being exported4 ,the ordinary classes are principally exported to ,russia1 ,india1 c41 and the more rich and costly to ,havanna1 ,spain1 and other countries4 ,sanitary wares are also produced1 as well as insulators for our own and for foreign governments4 ,the 8,ironstone ,china10 from its extreme hardness and durability 7for it is not easy to break even a plate7 is specially adapted1 in its simpler styles of decoration1 for services used by large steamship companies1 hotels1 clubs1 colleges1 and other places where hard usage has to be undergone2 while in its more elaborate and rich styles--and it is capable of the very highest degree of finish--it is eminently fitted for families of the higher ranks4 ,no climate affects this ware4 ,the usual style of decoration for dinner services is imitation of ,oriental patterns--,japanese and ,indian flowers1 c4--and the colours and gilding are rich in the extreme4 ,in vases and jugs the handles are usually dragons and other grotesque animals4 ,the ,indian vases are of perfect form1 of exquisite design1 rich in their colours1 and massive in gilding4 ,they are priceless ,art-treasures1 and examples of ,ashworth's make deserve to be in every 8home of taste40 ,the marks used by ,mason were principally the following3 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dgi to #dhc4 ,,mason',s ,,patent ,,ironstone ,,china ,,mason',s ,,patent ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,,mason',s ,,patent ,,ironstone ,,china ,,ashworths4 ,,mason',s ,,patent ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,,patent,,ironstone,,china ,figs4 #dgi to #dha are printed1 usually in blue1 on the bottoms of the pieces1 and ,figs4 #dhb and #dhc1 impressed in the body of the ware4 ,after the patent passed out of ,mason's hands into those of ,morley and ,co41 the mark was changed on more than one occasion4 ,the principal one was ,,real ,,ironstone ,,china impressed in the ware1 and the royal arms1 with supporters1 crest1 motto1 c41 above the words ,,ironstone ,,china1 printed on the bottom of the goods4 ,the marks used by ,messrs4 ,ashworth are1 a circular garter1 bearing the words 8,real ,ironstone ,china10 and enclosing the royal arms and the name 8,g4 ,l4 ,ashworth ,bros1 ,hanley20 ,mason's mark 7,fig4 #dhh7 with the addition of the word ,,ashworth ,,real ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,,ashworths2 a crown1 with the words ,,ashworth ,,bro,s4 above1 and a ribbon bearing the words ,,real ,,ironstone ,,china beneath it2 and the royal arms1 with supporters1 crest1 motto1 c41 and the words1 ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,mason at one time produced what he called ,bandana or ,sandana ware4 ,in this jugs and other articles were made1 and were of a peculiarly striking and rich character in printing4 ,the designs were complicated ,indian foliage and grotesque animals1 printed in red and black on a buff or other ground4 ,the name ,i presume to have been taken from the famous ,bandana handkerchief patterns4 ,the mark1 on a jug in my own possession1 is a circular garter bearing the words1 8,mason's ,bandana ,ware1 #ahea10 and enclosing the words 8,patentee of the ,patent ,ironstone ,china10 the whole surmounted by a crown4 ,i have an impression of a similar mark1 which for some purpose has evidently been altered to ,sandana1 and the date to #ahja4 ,as ,mason's patent was only granted in #ahac the alteration of this mark is very palpable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cauldon ,place4--,these works were founded about #agid1 and the present manufactory built in #ahjb1 by ,mr4 ,job ,ridgway1 father of ,john and ,william ,ridgway1 the eminent potters2 and were carried on by him and his sons until his death in #ahad1 under the style of 8,ridgway ,sons40 ,the business was then continued by his two sons for some years1 when a dissolution of partnership took place1 the elder1 ,john ,ridgway1 continuing the ,cauldon ,place ,works1 and the younger1 ,william ,ridgway1 removing to a new manufactory which he had erected4 ,mr4 ,john ,ridgway continued1 with various changes of partners1 under the firm of 8,john ,ridgway ,co410 until #ahee1 when the ,cauldon ,place business passed into the hands of the present firm of 8,t4 ,c4 ,brown-,westhead1 ,moore1 ,co402 ,mr4 ,ridgway continuing his connection with it until #aheh1 when he finally retired4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,moore had for many years previously been a valuable assistant of ,mr4 ,ridgway4 ,he died in #ahff1 and his brother1 ,mr4 ,james ,moore1 succeeded to the management of the potting department1 and was admitted into partnership in #ahge2 in that management he is assisted by his nephew1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,t4 ,moore1 son of ,mr4 ,w4 ,moore4 ,by the present firm the premises have been considerably enlarged1 and another manufactory1 8,the ,royal ,victoria ,works10 has been added1 and this business1 which formerly was confined to the home and ,american markets1 extended to all foreign ports4 ,mr4 ,ridgway1 who was 8,potter to the ,queen10 was awarded in #ahea a ,prize ,medal for the excellent quality of his ware1 the jurors in their report stating that the firm was one of the most important in the ,staffordshire ,potteries4 ,in #ahfb the present proprietors also received a similar distinction4 ,the productions of this manufactory are1 and have uniformly been1 the useful varieties of china and earthenware1 of elegant forms1 where applicable1 and of various styles of decoration4 ,table1 tea1 breakfast1 and toilet services in fine earthenware1 printed or otherwise decorated1 and in china1 in endless variety of forms and patterns1 are produced in immense quantities4 ,the firm has also introduced improvements in druggists' and perfumery goods1 anti-corrosive tops1 c4 ,parian is also1 to a small extent1 produced4 ,a great feature of the manufactory is sanitary ware1 which is of the highest quality and reputation1 and is made up in a variety of ways for cabinet fittings1 plug-basins1 lavatories1 drinking-fountains1 c4 ,in some of the largest articles1 such as the 8,toilettes ,victoria10 which were used by the ,imperial family and elsewhere in ,paris1 they have accomplished results which have never before been attained or attempted as to magnitude and finish of goods4 ,in #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,william ,ridgway1 younger son of ,job ,ridgway1 held1 with his partners--composing three or four distinct firms of which he was head--six different manufactories in ,hanley and ,shelton4 ,these were1 #ast1 a china manufactory in ,hanley1 formerly worked by ,george1 and afterwards by ,thomas1 ,taylor2 #bnd1 the earthenware works late belonging to ,elijah ,mayer ,son2 #crd1 the pot-works formerly worked by ,robert ,wilson and next by ,philips ,bagster1 where ordinary earthenware and high-class chemical goods were made2 #dth1 the pot-works previously belonging to ,toft ,may2 #eth1 the 8,bell ,bank0 works1 in ,shelton1 formerly ,george ,ridgway's2 and #fth1 the old manufactory formerly belonging to ,john ,baddeley 7where printing with oil is said to have been first introduced7 and next to ,hicks1 ,meigh1 ,johnson4 ,the goods produced at ,cauldon ,place embrace almost every description of ceramics4 ,in earthenware all the usual table and toilet services1 and useful and ornamental articles of every class are made4 ,the quality is peculiarly good1 hard1 compact1 and durable1 and the patterns chaste and effective4 ,they are produced in white and in every variety of printed1 flown1 enamelled1 painted1 and gilt patterns4 ,in china1 which in body and glaze is of the highest quality and of peculiar durability1 an immense variety of services and articles are produced1 and all are equally good in point of artistic decoration2 the ground colours1 whether rose du ,barry or otherwise1 of a remarkable purity and evenness1 and the gilding1 both dead and burnished1 of unusual solidity4 ,the same remarks apply with equal force to the dessert ware1 some of the patterns of which are of surpassing loveliness and give evidence of the highest and most successful cultivation of decorative art4 ,one special design has an outer rim1 so to speak--for the plate itself is perfect without it--formed of loops of ribbon standing out clear from the beaded edge of the plate4 ,this simple but graceful arrangement imparts a lightness and elegance to the service which are quite refreshing4 ,another has the rim formed of rays of pellets with a pleasing and novel effect2 the tripod stands of the comports being1 like the plates1 exquisitely modelled and richly painted and gilt4 ,other patterns1 notably one with a rich maroon ground and white bead edge1 are1 besides being exquisitely painted and gilt1 enriched with jewelling4 ,vases of pure and severe taste in form1 and displaying great skill and judgment in decoration1 are also produced1 as are likewise jugs of faultless excellence4 ,among other elegant articles ,messrs4 ,brown-,westhead1 ,moore ,co41 have a sandwich-box of white china2 it is of wicker or basket work1 with a fern leaf laid across the lid1 on which rests the butterfly which forms the handle4 ,at each corner hangs a piece of stem bent into a ring and tied into form with a ribbon4 ,this ribbon and the butterfly being tinted in azure with enamel1 and all the rest of pure white1 give a purity and simplicity to this design that are very gratifying to the eye4 ,equal with this is an elegant basket1 also in white china1 which forms an attractive addition to table decoration4 ,in services a novel idea has been introduced by this firm4 ,the handle is formed of a double cord1 doubled and passed through a loop1 and either tied around the rim or formed into four knots as feet4 ,the design is simple1 but one of the prettiest and most striking yet introduced4 ,a rose du ,barry cup and saucer1 with the cord and knots in white heightened with gold1 and on embossed gold lines1 is peculiarly elegant4 ,another admirable contrivance1 which has been patented by ,toft1 and is produced at the works1 is a self-acting lid or cover for hot-water jugs1 c4 ,by this contrivance1 the lid is hung on a pivot or axle1 which fits into a notch on each side the mouth of the vessel1 so that1 being lightly hung1 it opens whenever the jug is sloped for pouring1 and closes again when held or set down in an upright position4 ,it is1 without exception1 the best and most effective plan yet brought out1 and one that cannot be superseded4 ,in #ahgf-g ,messrs4 ,browne-,westhead1 ,moore ,co4 manufactured for the ,prince of ,wales a splendid and costly china dessert service1 decorated with finely painted hunting subjects1 no two pieces being alike4 ,they also made for the ,imperial family of ,russia1 richly decorated dinner1 tea1 dessert1 and breakfast services1 all of which orders were obtained in competition with the ,svres1 ,dresden1 and other ,continental manufactories2 and also services for the ,emperor of ,morocco1 including punch bowls of extraordinary largeness4 ,in addition to this it is interesting to record that they also made for ,h4,r4,h4 the ,duchess of ,edinburgh a series of toilette services from designs drawn by herself4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dhd to #dia4--,productions of the ,cauldon ,place ,works4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dib to #dii--,philadelphia ,exhibits of the ,cauldon ,place ,works4 ,in #ahbe ,messrs4 ,john and ,william ,ridgway took out a patent for 8an improved cock1 tap1 or valve1 for draining off liquors30 in #ahdj1 ,john ,ridgway took out another for 8certain improvements in the moulds used in the manufacture of earthenware1 porcelain1 and other similar substances1 whereby such moulds are rendered more durable0 by having a face of 8pitcher20 in the same year1 in conjunction with ,george ,wall1 for 8certain improvements in the manufacture of china and earthenware1 and in the apparatus or machinery applicable thereto20 in the same year again1 the same two1 for 8certain improvements in the mode of preparing bats of earthenware and porcelain clay1 and of forming or shaping them into articles of earthenware and porcelain1 and in the machinery or apparatus applicable thereto20 in #ahdg1 ,john ,ridgway1 for 8certain improvements in the manufacture of paste boxes1 and other similar articles in china or earthenware1 or other plastic materials02 and in #aheb for 8certain improvements in the method or process of ornamenting or decorating articles of glass1 china1 earthenware1 and other ceramic manufactures40 ,these are1 applying 8the art of electrotype or electro-metallurgy0 for the above purpose1 applied as 8described1 or by any other suitable process2 provided always that the surface of the non-conducting body is so prepared that the metal deposited thereon shall become alloyed or combined therewith40 ,the invention1 however1 is said to consist 8in the application of certain novel and peculiar media10 8whereby such surface may be caused to combine with gold1 silver1 copper10 c4 ,before coating with the metals1 the vessels are covered thinly with some varnish1 dried1 and immersed1 first in a solution 8of phosphorus reduced by bisulphuret of carbon10 then in nitrate of silver1 and set aside to dry4 ,instead of this1 8phosphoric vapour0 or 8a solution of phosphorus in sulphuric ether0 may be employed2 but the method preferred is brushing them over with 8an impalpable powder of carburet of iron and sulphate of copper0 in certain proportions2 afterwards the vessels are 8corroded by means of the fumes of hydrofluoric acid40 ,it may be added1 that in the application of photography to the decoration of porcelain this firm has achieved a perfect success so far as the art is concerned1 and has produced some splendid specimens1 which show how completely and how thoroughly they are artists as well as manipulators4 ,this feature1 although not one1 unfortunately1 at present made to much extent commercially available1 is one which cannot but attract attention1 along with the sanitary and other classes of goods1 to this establishment4 ,the marks used by the ,cauldon ,place ,works1 so far as ,i am aware1 are the following3 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ejj to #ejb4 ,a shield1 quarterly1 #a and #d gules1 #b or1 #c azure1 over all on a bend argent ,b-,w4 ,m4 ,co42 the shield surmounted by a crown1 and surrounded by a garter with the name of the pattern4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ejc and #ejd4 ,medals have been awarded at the ,exhibitions of ,london1 #ahea1 #ahfb1 ,paris #ahee1 ,lyons #ahgb1 and ,vienna #ahgc2 at the latter1 two medals1 one for excellence of earthenware and china and the other for sanitary goods1 were awarded4 ,the firm were large contributors to the ,philadelphia ,exhibition of #ahgf2 some of their exhibits are shown in ,figs4 #dhd to #dii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,trent ,pottery4--,these works1 in ,joiner ,square1 were built by ,messrs4 ,stanway1 ,horne1 and ,adams1 the present proprietors1 in #ahei1 and they have been carried on without change since that time4 ,the works were established for the production of ornamental goods in parian1 and useful goods of an improved design in stoneware and ordinary earthenware1 and these have continued to extend themselves year by year4 ,the great speciality is their cheap ornamental parian1 in which jugs of various kinds1 vases1 figures1 groups1 busts1 and a large number of other articles are made2 of these they are large makers1 not less than #dfj1jjj pieces of these alone being made and disposed of during one year4 ,notably1 among the designs for jugs and cream ewers1 are the ,indian corn1 pine-apple1 shell1 and dolphin patterns2 the first of these is of peculiar elegance4 ,vases and other chimney ornaments are produced of excellent design and of various sizes4 ,of late years1 classical statuettes1 groups1 busts1 c41 in ,parian1 have been made1 and are a prominent feature of the works2 they are well and cleverly modelled1 and the quality of the body is remarkably good4 ,a group of 8,commerce10 seated1 is one of the most effective4 ,the great and laudable aim of the 8,trent ,works0 has been the production of good average designs in ,parian at a cheap rate1 so as to place them within the reach of all2 in this they have eminently succeeded4 ,stone ware1 lustre ware1 and terra cotta1 are also produced1 and of late the manufacture of pearl china has been added4 ,the markets supplied are the home1 ,united ,states1 the ,continent1 etc4 ,no mark is used4 8,the members of this firm1 namely1 ,mr4 ,john ,stanway1 ,mrs4 ,thomas ,horne 7,mr4 ,stanway's sister71 and ,mr4 ,thomas ,adams10 writes my good friend ,mr4 ,goss1 8are all natives of ,etruria1 where their grandfathers were the valued servants of the great ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,mr4 ,stanway's father was the ,william ,stanway mentioned by ,mr4 ,jewitt in his #8,life of ,josiah ,wedgwood1' as one of the #8,etruria ,jubilee ,group of ,francis ,wedgwood1 ,esq41 and nine workmen1 whose average term of servitude is fifty-four and a half years1 ,november1 #ahei2' and ,mr4 ,jewitt further remarks3 #8,it is interesting to note that in the person of one of these men1 ,william ,stanway1 an absolute link with the great ,josiah is kept up4 ,this man began to work at ,etruria the very year of ,josiah ,wedgwood's death 7#agie71 and has remained there ever since--a period of sixty-nine years4' ,two others of the nine workmen of the ,jubilee ,group--,william ,adams and ,john ,adams--were uncles to ,mr4 ,thomas ,adams of the above firm4 ,mr4 ,john ,stanway has distinct recollections of his grandfather1 ,john ,stanway the elder1 who for many years served the first ,josiah1 and died in the service of the second4 ,his occupation at the works was that of 8slipmaker0 or claymaker1 a position of great trust at that time1 when not only the newly-invented proportions but the very materials used in the composition of the clays were important secrets4 ,it is curious to reflect that the ingredients of all the famous jasper and other wares which the great ,wedgwood produced1 and which are now numbered among the treasures of kings and emperors1 were blended and made into clay by this ,john ,stanway the elder4 ,being proved a faithful servant1 he was greatly valued and favoured by his employer1 spending a portion of his time in personally waiting upon ,wedgwood at ,etruria ,hall1 whence he used to carry valuable parcels and letters to the ,three ,tuns ,inn at ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 which was in those days the stage coach house4 ,after the death of ,wedgwood1 ,john ,stanway retained the same share of the confidence and favour of the second ,josiah1 both at the manufactory and at the ,hall4 ,at that time the country where ,etruria now stands1 and for miles around1 was an uncultivated waste1 and ,mr4 ,stanway remembers to have accompanied his grandfather many times when he trudged along the road from ,etruria ,hall to ,newcastle1 with his parcels on his back1 and his dog ,driver and his cat ,molley following him all the way1 a distance of about two miles4 ,in these journeys it appeared to be distinctly understood between the two animals that ,driver was ,molley's protector1 and the confidence of the latter was always justified in the moment of danger4 ,in those days old ,stoke ,church 7since removed7 was the only church for miles around1 and the ,wedgwoods had their freehold pew there1 which they regularly used until the second ,josiah bought the ,maer estate1 near ,whitmore1 and removed to it from ,etruria ,hall4 #8,then1' relates ,mr4 ,john ,stanway the younger1 #8,mr4 ,wedgwood desired my grandfather--who was a good ,christian and a regular attendant at church--to make use of that pew ever after4 ,and the good old man never missed attendance there on the ,sabbath while he had strength to walk4 ,and because the distance was too great to allow him to go home to dinner and return in time for afternoon service1 he used to take his dinner with him in the morning1 and stay and eat it in the church or schoolroom1 or1 when the weather was fine enough1 in the churchyard4 ,and ,mr4 ,wedgwood was not ashamed to be represented in that family pew by my grandfather1 altho' the old man used to sound his way up the aisle in wooden clogs1 which it was the custom of all workpeople to wear in those days in those parts4 ,but although ,mr4 ,wedgwood was content to be represented by his faithful servant in wooden clogs1 there was an old lady1 who sat in the pew behind ,wedgwood's1 who seems to have objected2 and so one week she managed to have taken down the partition between her pew and ,wedgwood's1 and made the whole into one square pew for herself4 ,then my grandfather meekly took his place on the free benches1 until1 some time after this1 ,mr4 ,wedgwood happened to say to him one day at the works1 #8,well1 how come you on at church1 ,jack8' ,and my grandfather replied1 #8,well mester1 th' owd lady i' the pew behind has made it all into a square un'1 an' turned me out4 ,but ,i'm right enow on the free bench4' #8,ha6' said ,mr4 ,wedgwood4 #8,i'll see to that1 ,jack4' ,and he did see to it1 and undid the old lady's improvements1 restoring his pew as before4 ,ever after that my grandfather enjoyed his sitting without further interference1 and continued every ,sunday to sound his way up the aisle in his wooden clogs1 with his dinner in his pocket1 until at last1 at a good age1 he was taken ill4 ,mr4 ,wedgwood went to see him immediately1 and sent his own physician to attend him2 but after a few day's illness he died4'0 99 99 99 99 99 ,keeling4--,james ,keeling1 in #agif1 patented improvements in decorative and glazing processes1 and1 in conjunction with ,valentine ,close1 some improvements in ovens1 kilns1 and processes of firing4 ,his ware was of remarkably good quality1 and some of the services were decorated with series of scenes and views4 99 99 99 99 99 ,booth ,co4--,these potters were makers of a red ware--a kind of terra cotta--in which they produced various articles more or less ornamented with medallions1 wreaths1 or other decorations1 in relief2 sometimes of the same colour as the body1 and at others in black4 ,the mark was the name1 address1 and date1 within a border-- ,,published ,,by ,,gr4 ,,booth ,,co41 ,,hanley1 ,,staffordshire1 ,,may #bi1 #ahei4 ,an example occurs in the ,liverpool ,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stafford ,street ,works4--,this manufactory was originally occupied by ,messrs4 ,reuben ,johnson ,co41 who produced the ordinary classes of earthenware and stoneware4 ,from them it passed to ,messrs4 ,thomas ,furnival1 jun4 ,co41 and 8,furnival ,clark10 by whom it was continued until #ahea1 when it was taken by the present firm1 which at that time was ,livesley1 ,powell1 ,co4 ,in #ahfe ,mr4 ,livesley went out of the concern1 when the firm changed its name to 8,powell ,bishop10 by which it continues to the present time4 ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop own two other manufactories1 the 8,church ,works0 for white granite1 and the 8,waterloo ,works0 for china 7both of which see71 but the ,stafford ,street ,works are their principal ones1 or head-quarters4 ,at these works earthenware alone is produced1 but this is of the finest quality and in every style of decoration1 both for the home1 ,french1 ,australian 7principally ,adelaide and ,sydney71 and other markets4 ,the body is extremely hard1 compact1 and durable1 and whether in pure white or of a creamy tint is clear in colour1 and the glaze of faultless quality4 ,the decoration of the dinner services1 which is a speciality of these works1 ranges from the plain white and printed goods up to the most elaborately and gorgeously enamelled1 painted1 gilt1 and jewelled varieties1 and in each of these stages the decorations1 whether simple or complicated1 are characterized by the purest taste and the most artistic feeling4 ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop are the sole workers of1 and possess the exclusive right to and in1 a patented process of printing in gold and colours1 originally purchased by their firm from some ,austrians1 by whom it was invented4 ,this important process has been vastly improved by the present firm and brought to bear in a variety of ways upon their manufactures4 ,by this invention a background of dead gold is produced of surpassing beauty and loveliness1 and of such solidity and evenness as is perfectly impossible to be obtained by hand-gilding even by the most skilled artist4 ,in this1 ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop have produced services of a novel and faultlessly beautiful character1 the designs of which are taken from1 and are of equal gracefulness1 richness1 and beauty with1 medival ,,ms4 illuminations4 ,in toilet services a number of effective and well-conceived designs are produced in every style in transfer printing1 lustred1 enamelled1 painted1 and gilt varieties1 and the shapes of the ewers are1 in some instances1 of unusually good designs4 ,jugs are another speciality of this firm1 and they are produced in almost endless variety2 many of the arabesque patterns are of great richness and beauty1 and are characterized by graceful finish in the enamelling4 ,the same remark will apply to the table flower-pots1 which are all that can be desired in form1 pattern1 and arrangement of colours4 ,tea and dessert services in great variety are also made in the finest earthenware1 and of considerable variety in design4 ,a speciality in tea ware is a charming little teapot1 modelled from the one used by the poet ,addison4 ,it is of the form at that time so fashionable1 and made in so many styles by ,lakin and ,poole1 ,adams1 and others of the famous old potters4 ,the reproducing of this shape was a wise thought of ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop1 and the way in which it is issued--excellently enamelled and richly gilt--is in every way satisfactory4 ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop have recently reproduced in all its softness and delicacy of tint1 and evenness of surface1 the famous old ivory or cream-coloured ware of ,josiah ,wedgwood1 and known as 8,queen's ,ware40 ,in this1 dinner1 tea1 dessert1 and toilet services of the newest shapes and designs are made1 and are among the most marked successes of the time4 ,in this ivory ware1 ornamental goods--vases1 beakers1 c4--of a more or less highly decorated character are also successfully produced4 ,the firm received medals from the ,london ,international ,exhibition in #ahfb2 from the ,amsterdam ,exhibition of #ahfi2 and from the ,paris ,maritime ,exhibition of #ahge2 8le ,diplme d'excellence0 and a certificate at the #ahga ,exhibition4 ,they were also large exhibitors at the ,philadelphia ,exhibition of #ahgf4 ,the marks used by the firm have been simply the words ,illustration3 ,,best ,p ,b impressed in the ware2 and the initials ,p ,b1 in addition to the name of the pattern1 printed on the surface4 ,the trade mark lately adopted by the firm is the ,caduceus1 surmounted by the letters ,p4 ,b42 this is now impressed on the body or printed on the surface of all their best goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,church ,works1 in ,high ,street 7for the history of which see page #cja1 8,wilson07 are old established1 and passed from ,mr4 ,ridgway1 to their present owners1 ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop4 ,the previous proprietors produced the usual classes of earthenware4 ,the present firm confine their operations at these works to 8white granite0 ware for the ,united ,states and ,canadian markets1 which they produce of excellent quality and in every variety of style1 both plain1 embossed1 and otherwise decorated4 7,see 8,stafford ,street407 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,works4--,these works were recently erected close to their large mill on the canal side near ,nelson ,place for the manufacture of china1 by ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop1 in place of one formerly occupied by them but removed for town improvements4 ,at this manufactory china of the finest quality is made in the white2 the whole of the decoration being accomplished at their principal works in ,stafford ,street 7which see74 ,in china the firm produces all the usual services and miscellaneous articles1 in every variety of decoration4 ,in dessert services ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop rank deservedly high1 not only for the faultless quality of the body and glaze and for the beauty of their designs1 but for the perfect artistic feeling and the exquisite finish which characterize their best productions2 in these1 and in tea services--to which1 the above remarks with equal force apply--they have1 in some instances1 introduced with excellent effect a species of decoration which may be said to give the appearance to the various articles of being inlaid with ormolu4 ,the effect1 in connection with admirable grounds and delicately beautiful paintings1 is rich and pleasing4 ,messrs4 ,powell ,bishop also introduce with great success their patent process of printing in gold and colours 7see page #cbi7 upon dessert and tea services2 the effect upon the fine china body is very pleasing--the colours softened and subdued1 and the gilding remarkable for its fulness1 brilliance1 and precision4 ,in tea and breakfast and djeuner services they have introduced many of the most chaste and elegant patterns produced by any house1 and they take rank among the very highest and best in quality1 and exhibit the highest phases of manipulative and artistic skill4 ,the same remarks will apply to the table jugs--some of which have for a ground the rich deep ,derby or ,svres blue--the candlesticks1 and the rest of the articles produced by this celebrated firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kensington ,works1 established by ,messrs4 ,wilkinson ,rickuss1 who were succeeded by ,wilkinson and ,sons1 and next by ,messrs4 ,bailey ,bevington4 ,mr4 ,bailey having retired1 the works are now carried on by ,mr4 ,john ,bevington1 who produces ordinary earthenware1 ornamental china1 ,parian1 and stone ware2 the great speciality being imitation ,dresden1 for home1 ,united ,states1 and ,australian markets4 ,a monster vase1 the work of ,rickuss ,wilkinson1 exhibited #ahfb1 is preserved in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,burton ,place ,works4--,formerly carried on by ,mr4 ,s4 ,bevington2 this manufactory is now continued by his sons1 ,messrs4 ,james ,thomas ,bevington1 who have held them since #ahfb4 ,the operations are entirely confined to china1 in which all the usual useful and ornamental classes of goods are made for the home markets4 ,formerly1 ,parian statuettes and majolica goods were made1 but these are discontinued4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clarence ,street ,works4--,mr4 ,ambrose ,bevington produces china and earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nelson ,place1 commenced in #ahej by its present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,john ,bamford4 ,these works produce ordinary stone ware and ,parian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phnix and ,bell ,works1 ,broad ,street4--,these manufactories are both worked by ,messrs4 ,clementson ,brothers1 who make largely the white granite and common painted ware for ,america and ,canada4 ,for the latter market they also produce some good decorated ware4 ,the back part of the ,phnix ,works was originally part of ,john and ,edward ,baddeley's1 ,broad ,street ,works 7now ,ashworth ,brothers71 which it adjoins4 ,in #ahcb the present business was started by ,reed ,clementson1 but ,joseph ,clementson shortly after became sole proprietor1 and in #ahde enlarged the works to their present proportions1 with the exception of a large mill adjoining1 which his sons1 the present proprietors1 have completed4 ,in #ahef ,mr4 ,joseph ,clementson purchased the ,bell ,works on the other side of the road1 opposite the ,phnix1 formerly ,william ,ridgway's4 ,in #ahfg he retired from business1 leaving it to his four sons1 the present members of the firm4 ,he died in #ahga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bedford ,works1 ,bedford ,road4--,these extensive works were built by ,edward ,john ,ridgway1 son of ,william ,ridgway1 in ,november1 #ahff1 and to them he removed from the ,church ,works1 ,high ,street1 where he had1 until then1 carried on business in partnership with ,mr4 ,abington4 ,in #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ridgway took his sons into partnership1 and the concern was carried on as ,e4 ,j4 ,ridgway ,son4 ,in #ahgb1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ridgway retired from the business1 leaving it to his two sons1 ,messrs4 ,john1 and ,edward ,ackroyd ,ridgway1 who were joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,joseph ,sparks1 and continue the business under the title of ,ridgway1 ,sparks1 ,ridgway4 ,their productions include all classes of fine useful earthenware1 jet1 stone1 terra cotta1 and jasper1 of very superior bodies and decoration1 for the home1 ,american1 and ,continental markets4 ,one of the great specialities of the firm is their jet ware1 highly decorated in raised enamel 8after the ,limoges ware40 ,in these a remarkable richness1 beauty1 and delicacy are obtained1 and the designs1 as well as the treatment of the foliage and figures1 are artistic and well considered for effect4 ,the jet ware thus decorated and highly gilt is of the very finest quality and of the highest degree of excellence in design and manipulative treatment2 in this the ,bedford ,works are pre-eminent4 ,another speciality is relief decoration on various stoneware bodies1 and these are faultless in their taste and excellent in their workmanship4 ,the jasper 7in which both tone of colour of the body and the beauty of detail in the groups and foliage and borders of the relief decoration in white1 remind one forcibly of the later productions of the ,wedgwood's7 tea-pots and other articles are produced and rank high as achievements of ,ceramic ,art4 ,mosaic or inlaid decoration is also successfully carried out by the firm1 and their ordinary stoneware jugs and other articles are remarkable for purity of design1 the high relief of their ornament1 the hardness and compactness of their body1 and the beauty of their workmanship4 ,the mark used by the firm on their white goods is the ,staffordshire knot1 enclosing the letters ,r4 ,s4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,s ,r ,r 99 99 99 99 99 ,mayer ,street ,works4--,mr4 ,samuel ,lear has erected a small china works on part of the site of the old manufactory1 which includes as warerooms and offices the residence of the ,mayers4 ,mr4 ,lear produces common domestic china1 and1 in addition1 decorates in the ordinary way all kinds of earthenware made by other manufacturers2 a speciality being spirit-kegs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mayer ,street4--,mrs4 ,massey carries on a small earthenware works on part of the site of the same old works just mentioned1 including the stables and coach and cart-houses of the ,mayers4 ,her productions are of the commoner classes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cannon ,street4--,these works1 dating back to the beginning of the present century1 were for many years carried on by ,mr4 ,thos4 ,ford1 who here commenced business4 ,mr4 ,ford has since built a larger manufactory in the same street4 ,the manufactory is now carried on by ,mr4 ,edward ,steele1 who produces earthenware of the more ordinary qualities1 stoneware of good useful character1 majolica1 and ,parian4 ,in stoneware all the usual useful classes of goods are made1 and many of the designs and workmanship are of good character4 ,in majolica both useful and ornamental goods are made1 and consist of jugs1 tea-pots1 brackets1 flower vases1 dessert services with figure centre-pieces1 comports1 etc42 the designs in many instances are artistic1 and the quality1 both of the body and colouring1 of more than average excellence4 ,parian statuary is one of the specialities of the firm and is very extensively made2 some hundreds of different single figures1 groups1 busts1 and animals1 besides numbers of ornamental articles1 being issued4 ,the quality is superior to many for the ,american markets1 and the modelling of the figures is artistic and clear4 ,many of them are of large size1 and are produced with remarkable skill4 ,mr4 ,steele uses no mark4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brewery ,street4--,robert ,cook makes ordinary ,parian goods in large quantities1 principally for shipment to ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,percy ,street4--,william ,machin makes ordinary earthenware and common coloured figures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,taylor1 ,tunnicliffe ,co41 who used to manufacture in ,broad ,street very excellent door furniture and other fittings for ,birmingham houses1 have recently built more commodious works at ,eastwood ,vale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,biller ,co4 make good door furniture and other fittings for metal workers at ,eastwood ,vale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,albion ,works1 ,stafford ,street4--,john ,dimmock ,co4 are very large producers of earthenware of superior quality and finish4 ,the firm is very old established4 ,the firm of ,thomas ,dimmock ,co41 at the time when ,ward's ,history was published1 held three manufactories1 viz41 one 8in ,hanley1 adjoining the ,new ,market house1 formerly ,james ,whitehead's1 afterwards ,j4 ,w4 ,handley's2 another on the upper end of ,shelton1 formerly of ,edmund ,john ,birch1 afterwards of ,christopher ,whitehead2 and an enamelling and gilding establishment adjoining the ,king's ,head at ,shelton40 99 99 99 99 99 ,eastwood ,vale4--,w4 ,h4 ,goss 7see 8,london ,road1 ,stoke-upon-,trent074 99 99 99 99 99 ,eastwood ,works4--,formerly carried on by ,mr4 ,thomas ,twyford1 and afterwards by ,e4 ,hampton ,son1 these works passed1 in #ahfd1 into the hands of the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,george ,howson4 ,the productions are entirely confined to sanitary ware1 made of the ordinary ,staffordshire fire-clay1 washed inside with a white slip2 sometimes blue printed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dental ,manufacturing ,company1 ,limited1 ,broad ,street4--,this manufactory was established by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,crapper1 in #ahef1 and by him carried on and gradually developed until ,june1 #ahgc1 when it was purchased from him by this ,company1 ,mr4 ,crapper remaining the managing director4 ,the ,company have other manufactories and depts at #be1 ,broad ,street1 ,golden ,square1 ,london1 and in ,grosvenor ,street1 ,oxford ,road1 ,manchester4 ,it is one of the largest porcelain tooth producing manufactories yet established4 ,the dento-ceramic art is1 naturally1 of recent origin1 but it has already almost reached perfection2 the artificial teeth so closely resembling the natural1 that the false are undistinguishable from the real4 ,in durability nature is by this manufacture excelled2 since the porcelain tooth lasts much longer than bone or ivory4 ,surprising1 however1 as we find the exact imitation of nature1 it is1 perhaps1 still more surprising to learn that it is only obtained by a variety of at least #ajj different shades and tints of colour1 and of about #a1jjj different shapes and sizes of teeth4 ,being a new branch of ,ceramic ,art ,i have no hesitation in giving fuller details than usual4 ,they are furnished by my friend ,mr4 ,goss4 8,the material of which the teeth are composed1 although differing in the proportions of its ceramic ingredients from any other porcelain body1 is yet strictly porcelain4 ,it is a vitreous1 translucent body1 consisting of silica1 alumina1 and potass1 with the alumina in smaller and the potass in larger proportions than in any other porcelain body4 ,feldspar is the chief constituent1 to which some silica1 in the form of quartz1 is added1 and1 in some instances1 a small proportion of china clay4 ,the colouring materials are the oxides of titanium1 uranium1 cobalt1 manganese1 platinum1 and gold4 ,from these bases the company obtains1 as before said1 about one hundred tints and shades1 ranging from the delicate blue-white--the poetic 8pearl0--to the dark tobacco stain4 ,we have seen an ,american account of the matter1 however1 in which a palette of thirty-nine times #fd1jjj varieties or gradations of colour is claimed from the same bases for dental selection1 and the different shapes and sizes of teeth are estimated at #aj1jjj instead of the #a1jjj which the ,company claims in its modesty4 8,the materials being finely ground together1 the teeth are either cast or pressed in metal moulds1 the inner surface of the moulds being oiled1 as is usual when metal moulds are used in potting1 to prevent the adhesion of the clay or slip4 ,it will surprise most potters to learn of ceramic articles being made1 or cast1 from #8slip' in metal moulds2 but this is successfully done at the company's works1 the moulds being warmed to facilitate evaporation and the #8setting' of the material1 which is sooner effected in this body than in any other porcelain1 on account of the small proportion of alumina in its composition4 ,in those teeth which are furnished with platinum pins the latter are fitted into small holes in the mould before the casting1 and the end of the pin1 which is inserted into the tooth1 being headed1 the firing secures it inextractably in its place4 ,the machine which cuts up and #8heads' the platinum wire is a marvellous little creature4 ,a correspondent of an ,american paper writing of it says1 #8,here is a spitefully busy little machine1 too busy with one particular process to tell us what it is doing1 and yet we discover that it is eating platinum wire and spitting out tiny pins at the rate of six hundred a minute4 ,each comes out with a solid head like that of a brass pin1 with rough indentations in the other end1 so as to be firmly held in the plastic body of the tooth until fierce heat makes the union indissoluble4 ,the strength1 infusibility1 and incorruptibility of platinum make it the close companion of mechanical dentistry4' ,the teeth being removed from the moulds and sufficiently dried1 are seamed and otherwise finished off by young ladies with very delicate handling4 ,they are then placed on fire-clay trays and baked in a furnace until they are properly vitrified and have attained the necessary polish from surfacial fusion4 8,the ,white ,house1 where the ,company's manufacturing operations are carried on1 and on which stands the residence of the managing director1 has some old potting associations and history4 ,it was many years ago the residence of ,mr4 ,richard ,hicks1 of the firm of ,hicks1 ,meigh1 and ,johnson1 from whose executor 7,mr4 ,charles ,meigh7 ,mr4 ,crapper purchased the property1 and still retains it1 letting to the ,company the ,porcelain ,tooth ,works4 ,hanging on the wall of the ,company's office is a printed quotation from ,josiah ,wedgwood3--#8,all works of taste must bear a price in proportion to the skill1 taste1 time1 expense1 and risk attending their invention and manufacture4 ,those things called dear are1 when justly estimated1 the cheapest2 they are attended with much less profit to the artist than those which everybody calls cheap4 ,beautiful forms and compositions are not made by chance1 nor can they ever1 in any material1 be made at small expense4 ,a competition for cheapness1 and not for excellence of workmanship1 is the most frequent and certain cause of the rapid decay and entire destruction of arts and manufactures4' ,this quotation1 beautifully and ornamentally lithographed1 has emanated from ,philadelphia1 and nearly every dentist in the ,united ,states has a copy of it displayed in his operating room4 ,not only do our ,american cousins generally highly appreciate the productions and the career of the great ,josiah1 but the dental community especially1 although they do not claim to be potters1 proudly claim to be his followers in ceramic art and science40 99 99 99 99 99 ,trent ,pottery1 ,eastwood4--,this manufactory1 situated by the side of the ,north ,staffordshire ,canal1 at ,eastwood1 was established in #ahfg by ,messrs4 ,livesley ,davis1 and on the retirement of ,mr4 ,livesley the style was changed to ,j4 ,h4 ,j4 ,davis 7brothers74 ,in #ahge ,mr4 ,j4 ,davis retired1 and since then the concern has been carried on by its present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,davis1 alone4 ,until latterly the productions were confined to white granite ware for the ,united ,states1 but ,mr4 ,davis now manufactures to a large extent dinner1 toilet1 and tea services1 and other articles1 both for the home and foreign markets4 ,he is also an extensive maker of sanitary wares1 lavatories1 plug-basins1 hoppers1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,james ,dudson1 ,hope ,street ,works1 established in #ahjj4 ,in #ahce ,mr4 ,james ,dudson entered upon the works1 and they are still carried on by him4 ,at one time he manufactured ornamental china figures1 vases1 and services4 ,his finest productions are white and coloured 7drab1 blue1 sage1 c47 stoneware jugs1 tea and coffee pots1 sugar-boxes1 c42 metal-mounted goods2 flower-pots1 candlesticks1 c4 ,among the registered designs for jugs1 which have been modelled by the best artists1 are the 8,fern10 8,argyle10 8,barley10 8,vine-border10 8,pine-apple10 and 8,wheatsheaf0 patterns1 which are produced in a variety of colours4 ,in tea-pots the 8,damascus10 8,fern10 and 8,argyle0 patterns are among the most popular4 ,in mosaic ware ,mr4 ,dudson makes a variety of articles in white1 drab1 blue1 and other bodies inlaid with a variety of colours4 ,in these are tea and coffee pots1 sugar bowls1 jugs1 c41 of different shapes1 the 8,tanhart0 and 8,cambridge0 being among the most successful4 ,these goods are produced in large quantities4 ,mr4 ,dudson1 who received 8honourable mention0 in the ,exhibitions of #ahea and #ahfb1 supplies both home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eje to #ejh4 ,victoria ,works1 ,st4 ,james ,street4--,the productions of ,messrs4 ,adams ,bromley1 until #ahgc carried on as ,john ,adams ,co41 are majolica and jasper wares of high class1 both in quality and in design1 and have given them an honourable name among the manufacturers of the district4 ,parian portrait busts 7among which were those of the ,poet ,laureate1 ,lord ,derby1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone7 were formerly produced1 and are remarkable for their truthfulness and artistic treatment4 ,in jasper1 besides vases and candlesticks1 tea and other services1 tea and coffee-pots1 table-kettles1 fruit bowls1 jugs1 and a variety of other decorative and useful articles1 cameos and medallions1 after ,wedgwood1 for inlaying and other ornamental purposes1 are made to a large extent and of satisfactory quality4 ,the jasper is in quality and in general character of ornamentation1 as well as in colour1 a very close imitation of the more modern ,wedgwood ware1 and the shapes of many of the articles evince good taste in design4 ,in majolica1 bread-trays1 cheese-trays1 candlesticks1 flower-pots1 vases1 garden-seats1 jardinires1 figures1 and a very large variety of useful and ornamental goods are produced4 ,the quality of the majolica is far above the average1 and many of the designs are artistic2 the workmanship in all cases is skilful and good4 ,some of these productions1 exhibited in #ahga1 are shown on ,figs4 #eac to #eaf4 ,since that period ,messrs4 ,adams ,bromley have made rapid strides in the art1 and have introduced many good patterns4 ,notably among these are a large flower-vase1 some four feet in height1 with a well-modelled ,cupid supporting the bowl2 a masterly flower-vase on mask feet1 and surrounded by a wreath of oak-leaves2 another large vase in which the handles are formed of ,cupids2 water-lily1 and other well-conceived dessert pieces1 c4 ,green glazed dessert ware is also extensively made4 ,the mark is the names ,,adams ,,co41 or ,,adams ,,bromley1 or ,a4 ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,stone ,,china4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,pankhurst ,co4 ,fig4 #eji4 ,charles ,street ,works4--,this manufactory1 now carried on by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,pankhurst ,co41 is one of the oldest in ,hanley4 ,about a hundred years ago it was owned and worked by ,william ,mellor1 to whose family the property still belongs4 ,mr4 ,mellor made the ,egyptian black ware for the ,dutch markets1 as did his successors ,messrs4 ,toft ,keeling1 who also produced other varieties of earthenware4 ,it was next carried on by ,messrs4 ,toft ,may1 and then by ,robert ,may alone1 for the manufacture of the same goods for the ,dutch markets4 ,mr4 ,may was succeeded by ,mr4 ,william ,ridgway1 who changed the manufacture to that of goods for the ,american markets4 ,upon his failure the works were taken by the present firm of ,j4 ,w4 ,pankhurst ,co4 ,the goods produced by this firm are confined to white granite for the ,american markets4 ,in this material1 dinner1 tea1 and toilet services1 and all the usual useful articles are largely produced1 and are of high quality both in body and glaze4 ,the mark used by the firm is the royal arms and name1 printed in black1 on the ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street4--,the works carried on by ,messrs4 ,gelson ,brothers until a dissolution of partnership in #ahgf1 and now continued by ,messrs4 ,thomas ,gelson ,co41 form a part of those founded in the latter part of last century by ,elijah ,mayer1 who about #ahbj took his son into partnership under the style of 8,elijah ,mayer ,son40 ,it was afterwards 8,joseph ,mayer0 and 8,joseph ,mayer ,co40 ,in #ahfg1 the premises were purchased by ,messrs4 ,gelson ,brothers4 ,elijah ,mayer was a potter of considerable eminence1 and produced an extensive variety of goods4 ,his ,egyptian black1 or basalt1 ware1 was1 in quality of body1 nearly equal to that of ,wedgwood1 and the ornamentation sharp and well defined2 in this he produced tea-pots1 cream ewers1 bowls1 and other articles4 ,in cream-coloured ware1 services and all the usual useful articles were made1 and were of unusually good style and quality2 for these and his 8brown-line0 patterns he was noted4 ,his cane-coloured1 or drab1 unglazed goods were another of his famous productions2 specimens of these are not often obtainable4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is a vase of this description1 with festoons of raised flowers4 ,elijah ,mayer produced a service commemorative of ,nelson's ,trafalgar and ,nile victories1 which became very popular4 ,his mark was 8,e4 ,mayer0 impressed in the ware1 and afterwards 8,e4 ,mayer ,son40 ,of the later firm some examples with the name ,joseph ,mayer ,co4 are preserved in the ,hanley1 ,liverpool ,museum4 ,the following note upon these works has been supplied to me by ,mr4 ,goss3-- 8,a walled lane ran through the premises owing to a right of way across the property which had been acquired1 to the annoyance of the ,mayers1 by a ,mr4 ,smith1 whose property lay beyond the manufactory1 going from ,high ,street4 ,the division to the right hand included the residence of the ,mayers1 warehouses1 offices1 and stabling1 c4 ,about #ahcc ,mr4 ,joseph ,mayer suddenly ceased potting1 filled his warehouses1 offices1 stabling1 and part of his house with his most valuable stock1 and locked it up until his death4 ,he let the other part of his works1 that now ,messrs4 ,gelson's1 to his cousin1 ,william ,ridgway1 as beforesaid4 ,after ,mr4 ,joseph ,mayer's death in #ahfj the residence was converted into a works for mounting jugs and tea-pots1 carried on by ,thomas ,booth4 ,it is now part of the china manufactory1 of ,mr4 ,samuel ,lear4 ,besides ,mr4 ,lear's china works there is a small earthenware works on the old site carried on by ,mrs4 ,massey2 this includes the ,mayers' stabling and coach-houses4 ,there are also numerous cottage residences erected in the other spaces40 ,messrs4 ,gelson ,co4 formerly produced the usual white granite ware for the ,american market4 ,this has been now abandoned1 and they confine themselves to the production of the highest classes of useful goods for the home trade4 ,in this they make dinner1 tea1 breakfast1 toilet1 and other services in every variety of printed1 enamelled1 and gilt patterns4 ,one of their specialities is the successful imitation of the old ,dresden style1 which is produced with marked success in a dinner service4 ,this has all the character1 in general appearance1 of the antique1 and is a very satisfactory reproduction of a good old pattern4 ,another happy decorative idea is the introduction of ,anglo-,saxon and early ,irish interlaced ornaments in bands encircling mouth ewers and other articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,eagle ,works4--,this business1 commenced at ,longton in #ahde1 was removed to ,hanley in #ahdh by ,mr4 ,james ,meakin4 ,in #aheb he retired1 and was succeeded by two of his sons1 ,james and ,george ,meakin4 ,in #ahei1 the business having considerably increased1 the ,eagle ,works were erected1 and in #ahfh were very considerably enlarged4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,meakin have also branch works at ,cobridge and ,burslem1 and are large producers of ordinary earthenware4 ,all the usual classes of useful1 plain1 and embossed white earthenware are produced and shipped to the ,united ,states and most foreign ports2 the speciality of the works being white granite ware of ordinary quality1 in imitation of ,french china4 ,the mark is ,j4 ,g4 ,,meakin1 stamped in the ware1 and printed in black4 ,illustration3 ,,ironstone ,,china4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,meakin4 ,fig4 #eaj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brook ,street ,works4--,these works were established by ,ralph ,salt1 and he and his survivors1 ,richard ,booth and ,messrs4 ,williams ,willet1 manufactured painted china toys4 ,in #ahfj the works passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,william ,taylor1 who commenced making white granite and common coloured and painted ware4 ,these latter have been discontinued1 and the productions are now confined exclusively to white granite ware for the ,united ,states and ,canadian markets1 of both qualities--the bluish tinted for the provinces1 and the purer white for the city trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cannon ,street4--,charles ,ford 7formerly ,thomas and ,charles ,ford7 manufactures the better class of china in tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 and table services for the home markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,william ,stubbs1 ,eastwood ,pottery1 manufactures china and earthenware services of the commoner kinds1 lustres1 stone ware jugs1 black tea-pots1 c41 and the smaller and commoner classes of china toys and ornaments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,norfolk ,street ,works1 ,cauldon ,place4--,these works were established by their present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,g4 ,scrivener and ,thomas ,bourne 7trading under the style of 8,r4 ,g4 ,scrivener ,co4071 in #ahgj1 and are situate about midway between ,stoke and ,hanley4 ,their productions are china tea1 breakfast1 dessert services1 and fancy articles1 and earthenware toilet and other services of a more than average degree of artistic decoration4 ,they export considerably to the colonies and also supply the home markets4 ,the mark is simply the initials ,illustration3 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,co4 impressed1 but even this is only used on some classes of goods2 the registered designs have a printed mark1 with the name of the pattern and initials of the firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,broad ,street4--,the small works occupied by ,mr4 ,ash1 as a ,parian and majolica manufactory1 are of old establishment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,albert ,works1 ,victoria ,place4--,these works were erected in #ahge by ,mr4 ,j4 ,buckley1 who in ,december of that year removed to them from the ,vine ,street ,works1 which he had occupied from #ahfa4 ,mr4 ,buckley commenced business in ,hanley as a sanitary ware potter in #ahcf4 ,his productions are all the usual varieties of sanitary goods 7pans1 traps1 tables1 c471 ship and other fittings1 toilet ware1 handles for various purposes1 plumbers' fittings1 spirit casks1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ranelagh ,works4--,established in #ahdf by ,mr4 ,stephenson1 these works were next occupied by ,mr4 ,james ,oldham1 next by ,oldham ,co41 then by ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,hinde1 and next ,hollinshed ,staner4 ,the productions are the commoner classes of earthenware and stone ware1 in which all the usual services and general articles are made4 ,no mark is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,swan ,works1 ,elm ,street1 established in #ahce by ,samuel ,bevington as ,parian works1 and afterwards carried on by his son1 ,john ,bevington1 passed in #ahff into the hands of ,messrs4 ,w4 ,l4 ,evans ,co41 and in #ahga to ,neale1 ,harrison ,co41 who gave up the manufacturing and confined themselves to decoration only2 they were succeeded by ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,simpson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mayer ,street ,works1 established in #ahfd1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,hodgkinson1 for the manufacture of mosaic stone ware1 ,parian1 and pearl-white granite wares4 ,in #ahga ,mr4 ,hodgkinson was succeeded by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,cartledge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brook ,street ,works4--,messrs4 ,worthington ,son produce earthenware and stoneware1 both for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dresden ,works1 ,tinkersclough4--,in #ahdc ,edward ,raby produced at these works china ornaments with raised or 8,dresden0 flowers1 hence the name4 ,from #aheb until #ahfd they were carried on by ,messrs4 ,john ,worthington and ,william ,harrop2 from that time till #ahgc1 by ,thomas ,worthington and ,william ,harrop2 and from that time to the present by ,william ,harrop alone4 ,the productions are the cheaper classes of ,parian goods1 and fancy jugs in stone ware and ordinary earthenware1 of good middle-class quality1 all of which are supplied both to the home and ,american markets4 ,no mark is used4 ,the works are situated at what is called 8,tinkersclough10--a place whose name is said to be 8derived from the fact of its being frequented in the olden times as a place of rendezvous by ,gipsies and travelling tinkers40 99 99 99 99 99 ,bath ,street ,works4--,these works were established in #ahdi by the late ,mr4 ,thomas ,twyford 7father of the present proprietor71 who was a lineal descendant of the famous old seventeenth century potter1 ,twyford1 who with ,astbury wormed out the secret of the ,elers1 as detailed in vol4 i4 page #aja4 ,the operations of the firm are confined to sanitary and plumbers' ware1 and wine and spirit show barrels4 ,in the former of these departments1 ,messrs4 ,twyford1 as well as being among the oldest1 are the largest producers in the locality1 and their wares rank high for form1 workmanship1 and quality4 ,the principal goods produced are plug-basins1 drinking-fountains of excellent design1 closet and bath fittings1 cabinet stands1 c4 ,these are made in every variety of shape1 and of the most approved construction4 ,the barrels1 as usual1 are more or less painted and gilt4 ,the mark of the firm is the ,staffordshire knot enclosing the letters ,t ,t 7,thomas ,twyford71 with ,h 7,hanley7 beneath4 ,besides the home trade1 ,messrs4 ,twyford export very largely to ,america1 ,australia1 ,russia1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,spain1 and other countries4 ,the same firm has a manufactory at ,buckland for the manufacture of cane and white sanitary ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,works1 ,nelson ,place4--,these are old-established works1 and have1 with others1 been occupied by ,mr4 ,w4 ,stubbs1 ,thomas ,booth and ,son1 ,holmes and ,plant1 and their present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,pugh and ,glover4 ,the ordinary classes of earthenware in toilet and other services1 painted1 enamelled1 and grounded2 stoneware jugs1 tea-pots1 c42 and other wares1 are largely made1 and of all the usual classes of decoration1 both for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,street ,pottery4--,these works were established in #ahgc by the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,edward ,banks and ,thomas ,thorley4 ,their productions are majolica1 terra cotta1 jet1 and stone wares1 and these they produce for both home and foreign markets4 ,in terra cotta1 water-bottles of porous body1 unglazed1 of elegant forms and of a more or less highly decorated character1 with stoppers and stands2 alcorazzas2 water goblets2 ,malaga jars2 tobacco jars1 c1 are made in great variety4 ,these porous goods are of three distinct kinds1 a clear full red1 a buff1 and a purplish white4 ,they are printed1 painted1 enamelled1 and gilt in encircling borders1 wreaths1 c42 in groups of flowers and ferns2 or in ,japanese figure subjects1 and are of excellent shape and workmanship4 ,in majolica1 cheese stands1 bread trays1 dessert services1 jugs1 egg-holders1 jardinires1 flower-pots1 tea-pots1 ladies' work-baskets1 water-bottles1 and an infinite variety of ornamental articles are made4 ,many of these are of a high degree of merit in design1 and their production is faultlessly good4 ,notably among the dessert services in majolica is one with a rich chocolate-coloured ground1 which throws out1 with a strikingly beautiful and rich effect1 a naturally arranged group of ivy1 ferns1 and anemones1 which are slightly embossed1 and are coloured true to nature2 this is surrounded by an embossed 8key0 border and white enamel edge1 and the handles are in keeping with the ornamentation4 ,another striking design in majolica is a jug4 ,the ground of this is chocolate1 and upon it are panels of rope in buff1 enclosing thistle-leaves in green4 ,the whole design1 including the twisted rope handle1 is novel and pleasing4 ,besides these1 green glaze dessert services1 and a large variety of other articles1 both useful and ornamental1 are made4 ,the firm use no mark4 99 99 99 99 99 ,castle ,field ,pottery4--,these works were formerly carried on by ,mr4 ,ball for the manufacture of ornamental bricks4 ,mr4 ,ball 8distinguished himself as the first to bring out hollow and glazed bricks1 and these he made for ,prince ,albert's ,model ,cottages4 ,they were from his works at ,poole1 in ,dorsetshire1 and matured here at ,etruria40 ,in #ahfj ,messrs4 ,davenport ,banks established themselves at these works1 and commenced the manufacture of fancy goods of various kinds1 which they successfully carried on until #ahgc1 when ,mr4 ,banks retired1 and was succeeded by ,mr4 ,beck1--the firm now being 8,davenport1 ,beck ,co40 ,the principal productions of the ,castle ,field ,works are fancy antique goods1 in which numberless articles are made2 majolica in all its varieties2 porous goods2 terra-cotta water-bottles1 c42 jet ware2 and the ordinary classes in which dinner1 tea1 dessert1 toilet1 trinket1 and other services are made1 both for home and foreign markets4 ,the mark used is a castle1 and the letters 8,d4 ,b4 ,,co4 ,,etruria0 within an oval garter1 bearing the words ,,trade ,,mark4 99 99 99 99 99 ,henry ,venables1 ,etruria ,road1 established #ahfj1 manufactured ,etruscan-red porous goods1 black basalt ware1 jet glazed ware1 and blue and other coloured jaspers4 ,in these he produced a large variety of vases1 as well as other ornamental and useful goods4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,etruria--,josiah ,wedgwood--,the ,wedgwood ,family--,indenture of ,apprenticeship--,ridge ,house ,estate--,etruria ,works founded--,thomas ,bentley--,flaxman--,catalogues of ,goods--,jasper and other ,wares--,portland ,vase--,monument to ,josiah ,wedgwood--,marks--,various ,productions of the ,works--,m4 ,lessore4 ,having already1 some years ago1 written a work devoted to the life of ,josiah ,wedgwood--a history of the family to which he belonged1 of the works founded by him1 and of his various productions#eb--;it will not be necessary to enter at any very great length into the subject in this chapter4 ,josiah ,wedgwood was born at ,burslem in ,july1 #agcj1 and was baptized on the #abth of that month1 the entry in the parish register being as follows3--8#agcj4 ,josiah1 son of ,thomas and ,mary ,wedgwood1 bapd4 ,july #abth40 ,he was the youngest1 the thirteenth1 child of ,thomas ,wedgwood 7eldest son of ,thomas ,wedgwood and his wife1 ,mary ,leigh1 of the ,churchyard ,house and ,works1 ,burslem71 by his wife1 ,mary ,stringer4 ,this ,thomas ,wedgwood was born in #afhf-g1 and his family consisted of seven sons and six daughters4 ,the daughters were1 ,i believe1 ,maria1 born in #agaa2 ,anne1 born in #agab2 ,mary1 born in #agad2 ,margaret1 born in #agbj2 ,catherine1 born in #agbf2 and ,jane1 born in #agbh3 while the sons were ,thomas1 of the ,churchyard and ,overhouse1 born in #agaf2 ,samuel1 in #agah2 ,john1 in #agba2 ,aaron1 in #agbb2 ,abner1 in #agbc2 ,richard1 in #agbe2 and ,josiah1 in #agcj4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eag to #ebc4--,wedgwood's ,jasper ,ware4 ,the ,wedgwoods were an ancient family of ,staffordshire1 being originally1 ,i believe1 of ,wedgwood in ,wolstanton1 where a ,thomas de ,weggewood 8was frankpledge1 or headborough1 of the hamlet of ,weggewood0 in #acgj2 and a century later ,john ,wedgwood1 a descendant1 then of ,blackwood or ,dunwood1 married ,mary ,shawe1 the heiress of ,harracles4 ,the ,wedgwoods of ,burslem1 who belonged to this family1 had1 for many generations before the birth of ,josiah1 been potters there1 and indeed a considerable portion of the place passed into the hands of one of them1 ,gilbert ,wedgwood1 by marriage with ,margaret ,burslem1 heiress of the ,de ,burslems1 the original owners of the place1 about the year #afab4 ,the issue of this marriage was1 it appears1 six sons and two daughters3 ,joseph1 who died without issue2 ,burslem1 whose line became extinct in the third descent2 ,thomas1 who married ,margaret ,shaw 7who survived him1 and afterwards married ,francis ,fynney71 and had a family of seven sons and nine daughters1 and was the ancestor of the families known as the 8,overhouse ,wedgwoods0 and the 8,church ,wedgwoods10 of which latter ,josiah was a member2 ,william2 ,moses2 and ,aaron1 who was ancestor of the family known as the 8,big ,house ,wedgwoods20 ,mary1 married to ,broad2 and ,sarah1 married to ,daniell4 ,the eldest son of ,thomas and ,margaret1 to whom ,i have alluded1 was ,john1 who appears to have been born in #afed and to have died in #agje4 ,he had by his wife1 ,alice1 a daughter1 ,catherine1 who married her cousin1 ,richard ,wedgwood1 potter1 of the 8,overhouse0 branch1 and had by him ,john1 an only child1 who died a minor4 ,this lady1 who survived her husband1 married1 secondly1 ,thomas ,bourne1 and thirdly1 ,rowland ,egerton1 and died a widow in #agef4 ,the second son of ,thomas and ,margaret1 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 was born in #affj1 and married1 in #afhd1 ,mary ,leigh4 ,he resided1 and had his pot-works close to the churchyard at ,burslem1 where they still exist4 ,by his wife1 ,mary ,leigh1 he had a family of four sons and five daughters4 ,the sons were ,thomas 7father of ,josiah71 ,john1 ,abner1 who died young1 ,aaron1 and ,daniel2 and the daughters1 ,catherine1 married to her relative1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 jun42 ,alice1 married to ,thomas ,moore2 ,elizabeth1 married to ,samuel ,astbury2 ,margaret1 married to ,moses ,marsh2 and ,mary1 married to ,richard ,clifton4 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 who succeeded his father at the ,churchyard ,works1 died in #agci1 when his youngest and most famous son1 ,josiah1 was hardly nine years old 7and by his will the sum of twenty pounds1 to be paid him on attaining the age of twenty1 was left71 and was in turn succeeded by his eldest son1 ,thomas1 in the business4 ,this ,thomas ,wedgwood married1 in #agdb1 ,isabel ,beech1 and in his marriage settlement is described as 8of the ,over ,house1 ,burslem1 potter10 and probably both these and the ,churchyard ,works were carried on by him4 ,to this ,thomas ,wedgwood his eldest brother1 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 was bound apprentice on the #aath of ,november1 #agdd4 ,the original indenture of apprenticeship 7which1 with a vast number of other documents1 wills1 c41 ,i had the pleasure to be the first to make public in the ,life of ,wedgwood71 preserved in the ,museum at ,hanley1 is as follows3-- 8,this ,indenture1 made the ,eleventh day of ,november1 in the ,seventeenth year of the ,reign of our ,soveraign ,lord1 ,george the ,second1 by the grace of ,god1 ,king of great ,brittain1 and so forth1 and in the year of our ,lord one ,thousand ,seven ,hundred forty and four1 ,between ,josiah ,wedgwood1 son of ,mary ,wedgwood1 of the ,churchyard1 in the ,county of ,stafford1 of the one part1 and ,thomas ,wedgwood1 of the ,churchyard1 in the ,county of ,stafford1 ,potter1 of the other part1 ,wittnesseth that the said ,josiah ,wedgwood1 of his own free ,will and ,consent to1 and with the ,consent and ,direction of his said ,mother1 ,hath put and doth hereby ,bind himselfe ,apprentice unto the said ,thomas ,wedgwood1 to ,learn his ,art1 ,mistery1 ,occupation1 or ,imployment of ,throwing and ,handleing1 which he the said ,thomas ,wedgwood now useth1 and with him as an ,apprentice to ,dwell1 ,continue1 and ,serve from the day of the ,date hereof1 unto the full end and term of five years from thence next ,ensuing1 and fully to be ,compleat and ,ended2 ,during which said ,term1 the said ,apprentice his said ,master well and faithfully shall serve1 his secrits keep1 his ,lawfull ,commands ,every were gladly do2 ,hurt to his said ,master he shall not do1 nor willfully suffer to be done by others1 but the same to his ,power shall let1 or forthwith give notice thereof to his said ,master2 the goods of his said ,master he shall not imbezil or waste1 nor them ,lend1 without his ,consent1 to any2 at ,cards1 ,dice1 or any other unlawfull ,games he shall not ,play2 ,taverns or ,ale ,houses he shall not haunt or frequent2 ,fornication he shall not ,commit1 ,matrimony he shall not ,contract2 from the ,service of his said ,master he shall not at any time depart or absent himselfe without his said ,master's ,leave3 but in all things as a good and faithful ,apprentice ,shall and ,will ,demean and behave himselfe towards his said ,master and all his1 ,during the said ,term1 and the ,said ,master his ,apprentice the said ,art of ,throwing and ,handleing which he now useth1 with all things thereunto1 shall and will ,teach and ,instruct1 or ,cause to be well and ,sufficiently ,taught and ,instructed after the best way and manner he can1 and shall and will also find and allow unto the ,said ,apprentice ,meat1 ,drink1 ,washing and ,lodging1 and ,apparell of all kinds1 both ,linen and ,woolen1 and all other ,necessaries1 both in ,sickness and in ,health1 meet and ,convenient for such an ,apprentice ,during the ,term aforesaid1 and for the true performance of all and ,every the said ,covenants and ,agreements either of the ,said ,parties ,bindeth himselfe unto ,each other by these presents1 in ,witness wereof they have ,interchangeably ,set their hands and ,seals the ,day and year before mentioned4 ,,josiah ,,wedgwood4 ,,mary ,,wedgwood4 ,,thos4 ,,wedgwood40 ,sealed and ,delivered in the ,presence of ,,samuel ,,astbury4 ,,abner ,,wedgwood4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebd4--;,fac-simile of ,signatures to ,wedgwood's ,indentures4 ,facsimiles of the autograph signatures of ,josiah ,wedgwood2 of his mother1 ,mary ,wedgwood2 his brother1 ,thomas1 to whom he was bound2 his uncle1 ,samuel ,astbury 7husband to ,elizabeth ,wedgwood1 his father's sister72 and his brother or uncle1 ,abner ,wedgwood1 are given in ,fig4 #ebd4 ,the indenture is endorsed 8,josiah ,wedgwood to ,thos4 ,wedgwood4 ,indenture for #e years4 ,november #aath1 #agdd40 ,of the ,churchyard ,works a view is given on page #bdd4 ,in #agdi ,josiah ,wedgwood's apprenticeship expired1 but he probably remained for some time in the employ of his brother4 ,he next went to ,stoke1 where he lodged with a mercer1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,mayer1 and commenced making imitation agate and other knife-handles1 and in #ageb entered into partnership with ,john ,harrison for the manufacture of the same kind of goods 7see page #bcb74 ,two years later both ,wedgwood and ,harrison entered into partnership for a term of five years with ,thomas ,whieldon1 at ,fenton ,low1 as already spoken of under the head of those works 7which see74 ,at the expiration of the five years1 namely1 in #agei1 ,josiah ,wedgwood returned to ,burslem and commenced business on his own account2 first1 there is reason to believe1 at the 8,churchyard0 ,works1 and next at the ,ivy 8,house0 7,fig4 #cfh71 which he rented from his relatives of the 8,big ,house40 ,next1 he entered upon another manufactory1 the 8,bell ,bank10 or 8,bell ,works0 7,fig4 #cfg71 as it became called1 and thus carried on their pot-works at the same time4 ,here he produced his famous 8,queen's ware10 which earned for him the appointment of 8,queen's potter10 which was thus brought about4 ,in #agfb1 on the occasion of the accouchement of ,queen ,charlotte1 ,wedgwood1 having by that time perfected the body and glaze of his fine cream-coloured ware1 presented to her ,majesty a caudle and breakfast service of his manufacture1 which was graciously received4 ,this service1 which was of course made of the finest and best cream-coloured quality which could be produced1 was painted in the highest style of the day by the first artists of the works1 ,thomas ,daniell and ,daniel ,steele4 ,the ground of this service1 which was prepared with all the skill the art would then admit of1 was yellow1 with raised sprigs of jessamine and other flowers1 coloured after nature4 ,the ,queen received this tribute of an infant art1 and was so pleased with it that she at once expressed a wish to have a complete table service of the same material4 ,wedgwood submitted patterns for the several pieces1 8which were approved1 with the exception of the plate1 which was the common barleycorn pattern1 then making by all the salt-glaze manufacturers4 ,her ,majesty objected to the roughness--the #8barleycorn-work' as it is called--and therefore this part was made plain2 on the edge was left only the bands1 marking the compartments2 and being approved by her ,majesty1 the pattern was called #8,queen's pattern4'0 ,the ware was at once named by ,wedgwood 8,queen's ware10 and he received the ,queen's commands to call himself 8,potter to ,her ,majesty40 ,on the service being completed the ,king gave ,wedgwood his immediate patronage by ordering a similar service for himself1 but without the bands or ribs4 ,this alteration in pattern was 8effected to the entire satisfaction of his ,majesty10 and some little alterations being made in the forms of some of the other pieces1 it was called the 8,royal pattern40 ,the patronage thus given was of incalculable benefit to ,wedgwood1 to the district around him1 and indeed to the whole kingdom1 for it opened up a source of wealth to thousands of people1 and was the means of extending commerce to a marvellous extent4 ,orders for the new kind of ware flowed in upon him in a regular and constantly increasing stream1 and at prices which were then considered liberal or even high4 ,it is recorded that at this period he received at the rate of fifteen shillings per dozen for table plates1 and for other pieces a proportionate price4 ,the tide of fortune which thus had set in upon him was immensely increased by his subsequent inventions1 and ultimately swept him from his small manufactories at ,burslem to the colony he established a few miles off at ,etruria4 ,the other most usual form of plate in his ,queen's ware was the 8,bath0 or 8,trencher10 from its resemblance to the wooden platter or trencher1 and this was succeeded by the concave rim1 and other varieties4 ,wedgwood did not patent his inventions and improvements1 and thus every manufacturer was stimulated1 and a host of ,queen's or cream-ware makers soon1 sprang up4 ,when he 8discovered the art of making ,queen's ware10 wrote ,wedgwood himself1 8which employs ten times more people than all the china works in the kingdom1 he did not ask for a patent for this important discovery4 ,a patent would greatly have limited its public utility4 ,instead of one hundred manufactories of ,queen's ware there would have been one2 and instead of an exportation to all quarters of the world1 a few pretty things would have been made for the amusement of the people of fashion in ,england40 ,some of his ,queen's ware ,wedgwood had decorated with transfer printing by ,sadler and ,green of ,liverpool1 as already noted under that head4 ,this is alluded to in the 8,burslem ,dialogue30-- 8,l4--,oi'd summat t' doo t' get dahn t' ,l'rpool wi' eawr caart1 at th' teyme as oi fust tayd ,mester #8,siah ,wedgut's wheit ware for t' be printed theer4 ,yu known as he ther wur noo black printin' on ware dun i' ,boslem i' thoos deys4 8,t4--,oi remember 't varry weel4 ,oi s'pose as ',siah wur abaht th' same age as thiseln1 ,rafy1 wur he no'8 8,l4--,ya1 oi rek'n he wur tew year yunker til me4 8,t4--,when he started i' bizness fust1 he made spewnes1 knife hondles1 an' smaw crocks1 at th' ,ivy hahs1 close to where we're nah sittin'4 8,l4--,aye1 oi weel remember th' toyme2 an' arter that he flitted to th' ,bell ,workhus1 wheer he put up th' bell-coney for t' ring th' men to ther work isted o' blowin' em together wi' a hurn4 ',twur a pity he e'er left ,boslum1 for he wur th' cob o' th' ,wedguts40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ebe and #ebf4--;,flaxman's ,medallions of ,josiah ,wedgwood and his ,wife4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ebg to #ecc4--,wedgwood's ,basaltes or ,egyptian ,black ,ware4 ,on the #beth of ,january1 #agfd1 ,josiah ,wedgwood married1 at ,astbury1 in ,cheshire1 his distant relative--his seventh cousin--,sarah ,wedgwood1 daughter1 and eventually heiress1 of ,richard ,wedgwood1 ,esq41 of ,smallwood1 in that county1 and also heiress to her brother ,john4 ,by this marriage ,josiah ,wedgwood ultimately became possessed of a fortune of some twenty thousand pounds4 ,after his marriage he still resided at the 8,ivy ,house20 and1 having failed in his proposal to purchase the 8,big ,house0 when his relatives retired from business1 he set about the founding of an entirely new manufactory4 ,his 8,big ,house0 relations were the brothers ,thomas and ,john ,wedgwood1 sons of ,aaron ,wedgwood1 by his wife ,mary ,hollins4 ,this ,aaron was son of ,aaron1 sixth son of ,gilbert1 from whom ,josiah and the various ,burslem branches of the family were descended1 and he and his wife1 ,mary ,hollins1 were both buried in the same grave on the same day1 #bdth of ,april1 #agdc4 ,he1 as well as his son and his grandsons1 ,thomas and ,john1 were lead-glaze potters4 ,about #agdj1 it is said1 these two 8commenced the manufacture of white stoneware upon their own account2 but although very industrious and ingenious workmen 7one of them being well skilled in burning or firing the ware1 and the other an excellent thrower71 they were unsuccessful for a long time1 and had actually determined to abandon any further attempt to make the white stoneware1 when an accidental circumstance encouraged them to proceed4 ,the water with which they prepared the clay1 it seems1 became highly saturated with salt1 owing to the shard ruck or rubbish from their ovens being placed immediately above their water pool1 and which rubbish contained much salt4 ,the rain passing through the shard ruck1 dissolved the salt1 and carried it into the pool1 whence it got into the body of the ware1 and1 in conjunction with the flint and clay1 together with the lime which generally adheres to flint stones1 formed a fusible body that arrived at a state of vitrification with a lower degree of heat than was requisite to prepare this body for the salt glaze4 ,this discovery induced them to make other and more extended trials1 and in these they succeeded beyond expectation4 ,the ,wedgwoods followed up their success with unremitting diligence2 and shortly afterwards built a new and commodious manufactory1 where they had a supply of good water4 ,this was near the ,windmill1 invented and erected by the celebrated ,brindley for reducing flint-stones to a fine powder by grinding them in water1 and thereby preventing the pernicious effects upon the health of the men employed in preparing the flint according to the old method1 by pounding it by hand in a dry state in a mortar4 ,the fine dust of the flint getting into the lungs produced coughs and consumptions1 which frequently proved fatal4 ,this building1 censured at the time as having been upon too extensive a scale1 was the first earthenware manufactory in the ,potteries not covered with thatch4 ,in #agej they erected an excellent and substantial dwelling-house adjoining their manufactory1 which so far exceeded the other houses in the ,potteries in point of size and elegance1 that it then was1 and now is1 distinguished by the appellation of the #8,big ,house2' and in the year #agfc these gentlemen retired from business in the possession of an ample fortune1 the just and honourable reward of their industry and integrity40 ,having taken into partnership his relative1 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 8who had been some years a faithful and industrious foreman in the manufactory10 in the ,queen's ware department1 ,wedgwood became more at liberty to prosecute his experiments4 ,this ,thomas married ,elizabeth ,taylor1 of the ,hill1 ,burslem1 by whom he had issue ,ralph 7the head of the firm of 8,wedgwood ,co410 of the ,hill ,works1 afterwards of ,ferrybridge2 inventor of the 8,penna-polygraph10 the 8,manifold ,writer10 c42 author of the 8,book of ,remembrance10 developer of his father's invention of the ,electric ,telegraph1 the 8,fulguri-polygraph0 as he called it2 and a man of undoubted scientific attainments72 ,john ,taylor ,wedgwood1 the eminent line-engraver2 ,samuel2 ,thomas2 ,aaron2 and ,abner4 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 the partner of ,josiah1 a man of great acquirements1 of high scientific attainments1 and of intense business qualifications1 died in #aghh4 ,illustration3 ,agate and ,porphyry ,wares4 ,queen's ,ware made at the ,bell ,works4 ,queen's ,ware ,centre4 ,crabstock ,red-ware ,teapot4 ,figs4 #ecd to #eci4--,wedgwood's ,productions4 ,in #agff ,wedgwood produced his 8basaltes0 of 8,egyptian10 fine black ware1 which became so famous1 and this was followed by his 8,jasper10 8,white-stone10 8,cane-coloured10 8,mortar10 and other wares4 ,his various wares were thus described by himself3-- 8#a4 ,a terra-cotta2 resembling porphyry1 granite1 ,egyptian1 pebble1 and other beautiful stones of the silicious or crystalline order4 8#b4 ,basaltes or black ware2 a black porcelain biscuit of nearly the same properties with the natural stone2 striking fire with steel1 receiving a high polish1 serving as a touchstone for metals1 resisting all the acids1 and bearing without injury a strong fire3 stronger1 indeed1 than the basaltes itself4 8#c4 ,white porcelain biscuit1 of a smooth1 wax-like surface1 of the same properties with the preceding1 except in what depends upon colour4 8#d4 ,jasper2 a white porcelain biscuit of exquisite beauty and delicacy1 possessing the general properties of the basaltes1 together with the singular one of receiving through its whole substance1 from the admixture of metallic calces with the other materials1 the same colours which those calces communicate to glass or enamels in fusion2 a property which no other porcelain or earthenware body of ancient or modern composition has been found to possess4 ,this renders it peculiarly fit for making cameos1 portraits1 and all subjects in bas-relief1 as the ground may be of any particular colour1 while the raised figures are of a pure white4 8#e4 ,bamboo1 or cane-coloured biscuit porcelain1 of the same nature as ,no4 #c4 8#f4 ,a porcelain biscuit1 remarkable for great hardness1 little inferior to that of agate4 ,this property1 together with its resistance to the strongest acids and corrosives1 and its impenetrability by every known liquid1 adapts it for mortars and many different kinds of chemical vessels4 8,these six distinct species1 with the ,queen's ware already mentioned1 expanded by the industry and ingenuity of the different manufacturers into an infinity of forms for ornament and use1 variously painted and embellished1 constitute nearly the whole of the present fine ,english earthenwares and porcelain which are now become the source of a very extensive trade1 and which1 considered as an object of national art1 industry1 and commerce1 may be ranked amongst the most important manufactures of the kingdom40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edj4--;,etruria ,works4 ,in #agff ,josiah ,wedgwood purchased the ,ridge ,house ,estate1 in the township of ,shelton1 which he afterwards named 8,etruria40 ,on this estate1 in the succeeding year1 he commenced the building of what he called the 8,black ,works10 i4e4 the works intended for the production of his basaltes or black ware1 and soon afterwards 7in #agfh7 took into partnership1 in the ornamental department1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,bentley1 of the firm of ,bentley ,boardman of ,liverpool1 who were his agents in that town4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eda and #edb4--,medallion and ,autograph of ,thomas ,bentley4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #edc and #edd4--;,first ,vases made at ,etruria4 ,thomas ,bentley1 who was the son of ,thomas ,bentley of ,scropton1 in ,derbyshire1 was born there on the #ast of ,january1 #agcj1 and was brought up at ,manchester4 ,from thence he removed to ,liverpool1 where1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,boardman1 he commenced business as ,manchester warehouseman1 they living together in ,paradise ,street4#ec ,on joining ,wedgwood1 ,thomas ,bentley of course left ,liverpool1 and devoted himself to the business in ,london4 ,in #agfi the ,etruria works were opened1 and on the #acth of ,june in that year its first productions were thrown--,thomas ,bentley turning the wheel1 while the 8great0 ,josiah ,wedgwood himself 8threw0 the pieces4 ,these were three vases of ,etruscan form1 and they afterwards passed through all the processes of the potter's art1 and were painted in ,etruscan style1 with suitable inscriptions4 ,these historical and priceless vases are in the possession of ,mr4 ,francis ,wedgwood1 of ,barlaston4 ,two of these are shown above 7,figs4 #edc1 #edd71 engraved from careful drawings made by myself from the vases at ,barlaston4 ,they bear the words ,,june ,,xiii ,,mdcclxix ,one of the first ,day's ,productions at ,etruria in ,staffordshire by ,wedgwood and ,bentley ,artes ,etruri renascunter ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ede and #edf4--;,flaxman's ,bas-reliefs in ,jasper ,ware4 ,each of these vases is labelled in ,wedgwood's own handwriting1 8,part of ,plate #abi1 vol4 i41 of ,hamilton's ,antiq4 ,hercules and his ,companions in the ,garden of the ,hesperides10 showing both the subject and where obtained4 ,in #aggj ,wedgwood and ,bentley established works at ,chelsea for the decoration of these 8encaustic vases0 and for other purposes4 ,of the names of some of the painters at that time 7,october1 #aggj7 employed in this ,chelsea establishment ,i am enabled to give evidence in the following document in my own possession3-- ,on ,on ,cash paid at ,chelsea for ,wages4 ,j4 ,w4's ,w4 ,b4's ,acct4 ,acct4 #aggj4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,oct4 #f4 ,john ,lawrence1 #f days4 #j #e #c #j #e #c ,timothy ,roberts1 #f days4 #j #ab #j #e4 ,james ,bakewell1 #f days4 #j #af #j ,thos4 ,blomeley's ,bill4 #a #j #e ,thos4 ,hutchings1 #f days4 #a #f #j ,william ,roberts1 #d days4 #j #d #d ,nathl4 ,cooper1 #f days4 #j #af #j ,william ,shuter's ,bill4 #j #h #j ,thomas ,simcock1 #f days4 #j #af #j ,ralph ,willcocks1 #f days4 ,mrs4 ditto #f days4 ,john ,winstanley1 #f days4 #j #ac #j #f4 ,thomas ,barrett1 #e days4 #j #g #j ,thomas ,green1 #f days4 ,miss ,edwards1 #f days4 ,miss ,parkes1 #f days4 ,mr4 ,rhodes4 ,ditto for ,joe4 ,ditto for ,will4 ,ditto for ,unwin4 ,the partnership of ,wedgwood and ,bentley had reference only to the ornamented1 not to the useful ware2 and in this account1 although the workmen were employed on both branches1 the wages were divided into headings3--8,on ,j4 ,w4's ,acct40 7distinguished as ,josiah ,wedgwood's account71 and 8,on ,w4 ,b4's ,acct40 7,wedgwood and ,bentley's account74 ,thus1 ,john ,lawrence1 for the week ending ,october #fth1 is paid for six days' ,work1 at #as4 #i;d4 a day1 of which #es4 #c;d4 is charged to 8,j4 ,w410 and the other #es4 #c;d4 to 8,w4 ,b40 ,the ,chelsea painting establishment continued for some time1 and down nearly to the close of last century painting and enamelling were done for the firm in ,london4 ,in #aggb ,bentley 7who1 in #aged1 had married ,hannah ,oates of ,sheffield1 who did not live long7 married1 at ,all ,saints' ,church1 ,derby1 his second wife1 ,mary ,stamford1 of that town4 ,in the year following1 the partners issued their first catalogue of goods1 which was entitled-- 8,a ,catalogue of ,cameos1 ,intaglios1 ,medals1 and ,bas-reliefs1 with a general account of ,vases and other ornaments after the antique2 made by ,wedgwood and ,bentley1 and sold at their rooms in ,great ,newport ,street1 ,london4 8#8,quoniam et sic gentes nobilitantur4' ,,plin4 lib4 xxxv41 ,de ,vasis fictilibus4 8,london3 printed in the year ,,mdcclxxiii41 and sold by ,cadel1 in the ,strand2 ,robson1 ,new ,bond ,street2 and ,parker1 printseller1 ,cornhill40 ,it is of much smaller size than the later editions1 and contains sixty pages1 inclusive of introduction1 c4 ,the following quotation1 from the introductory portion1 will enable collectors to arrive at a correct idea of the dates of the production of the various wares3-- 8,the proprietors of this manufactory have been encouraged by the generous attention of the nobility and connoisseurs to their first essays to give it all the extent and improvement they were able1 and with constant application and great expense they have now produced a considerable variety of ornaments in different kinds1 the merit of which they humbly submit to the judgment of those who are best skilled in these subjects4 8,the variety of new articles which many of their respectable friends have not seen1 and multitudes of persons of curiosity and taste in the works of ,art have never heard of1 render some account or catalogue of them desirable1 and even necessary3 but many of the articles1 and especially the vases1 being of such a nature as not to admit of satisfactory and clear descriptions1 several parts of this catalogue can only give a slight and general enumeration of the classes1 without descending to particulars4 8,we shall1 however1 hope to make the general enumeration sufficiently intelligible1 and descend to particulars where the nature of the subjects admits of it4 8,to give an idea of the nature and variety of the productions of our ornamental works1 it will be necessary to point out and describe the various compositions of which the forms1 c41 are made1 and to distinguish and arrange the several productions in suitable classes4 8,the compositions1 or bodies1 of which the ornamental pieces are made1 may be divided into the following branches3-- 8,i4 ,a composition of terra cotta1 resembling porphyry1 lapis lazuli1 jasper1 and other beautiful stones1 of the vitrescent or crystalline class4 8,,ii4 ,a fine black porcelain1 having nearly the same properties as the basaltes1 resisting the attacks of acids1 being a touchstone to copper1 silver1 and gold1 and equal in hardness to agate or porphyry4 8,,iii4 ,a fine white biscuit ware1 or terra cotta1 polished and unpolished40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edg4--,medallion1 ,white on ,black4 ,thus1 in #aggc1 it is evident there were only three kinds of ware made by ,wedgwood1 viz41 8terra cotta resembling porphyry1 lapis lazuli1 jasper1 and other beautiful stones1 of the vitrescent or crystalline class10 such as the imitation porphyry1 marble1 and other vases1 were composed of2 the 8fine black porcelain1 or basaltes10 so largely used for vases1 figures1 medallions1 and other ornamental purposes1 as well as for tea-pots1 c42 and the 8white biscuit ware1 or terra cotta10 used both in combination with other materials in the production of vases1 medallions1 and other decorative pieces1 and separately for the manufacture of stands and other ornamental goods4 ,the combination of these two latter bodies will be called to mind by collectors1 perhaps1 more easily with regard to medallions than otherwise4 ,in these the oval of the plaque was frequently made of the black ware1 and the bust of the white terra cotta 7,fig4 #ehj74 ,in the next year 7#aggd7 a fourth variety was added1 thus described in the catalogue of that date3-- 8,,iv4 ,a fine white terra cotta1 of great beauty and delicacy1 proper for cameos1 portraits1 and bas-reliefs40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edh4--;,jasper ,plaque4 ,this was the first appearance of what afterwards became the most beautiful of all ,wedgwood's productions--the 8,jasper ware40 ,it will be perceived that at this date 7#aggd7 it was simply spoken of as a 8fine white terra-cotta10 and that it remained for later years to produce it with its splendid blue and other coloured grounds1 with raised white figures and ornaments4 ,in #aghg this variety1 which then had attained its highest perfection1 is described at greater length as-- 8,,iv4 ,,jasper--a white porcelain bisqu of exquisite beauty and delicacy1 possessing the general properties of the basaltes1 together with that of receiving colours through its whole substance1 in a manner which no other body1 ancient or modern1 has been known to do4 ,this renders it peculiarly fit for cameos1 portraits1 and all subjects in bas-relief1 as the group may be made of any colour throughout1 without paint or enamel1 and the raised figures of a pure white40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #edi to #efb4--,wedgwood's ,jasper ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efc4--8,peace preventing ,mars from bursting the door of ,janus's ,temple40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efd4--8,mercury uniting the hands of ,england and ,france40 ,bas-reliefs in ,jasper by ,flaxman2 charged in his bills4 ,of the productions in this ware ,wedgwood wrote3--8,as these are my latest1 ,i hope they will be found to be my most approved1 works4 ,verbal descriptions could give but an imperfect idea of the delicacy of the materials1 the execution of the artist1 or the general effect1 and ,i must therefore beg leave to refer those who wish for information in these respects to a view of the articles themselves4 ,in #agge a reissue of the ,english catalogue1 consequent on the change of the ,london warehouse from ,great ,newport ,street to ,greek ,street1 ,soho1 made its appearance4 ,at the end is an addition of six pages1 containing an engraving and explanation of ,wedgwood's newly-invented inkstands and eye-cups4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efe4--;,jasper ,djuner4 ,in #agge1 on the occasion of ,richard ,champion applying to ,parliament for an extension of the term of patent-right in ,cookworthy's invention of porcelain 7as detailed in my first volume71 8,josiah ,wedgwood1 in behalf of himself and the manufacturers of earthenware in ,staffordshire10 gave the scheme his most determined1 but happily not successful1 opposition4 ,the printed papers connected with this matter are of the highest interest and importance1 but having already been printed in extenso in my 8,life of ,wedgwood10 ,i refrain from again introducing them4 ,it is also needless to recapitulate the particulars regarding numerous editions1 ,english and foreign1 of the catalogue4 ,in #aghj 7,november #bfth7 ,thomas ,bentley died at his residence at ,turnham ,green1 ,london1 and was buried at ,chiswick on the #bnd of ,december1 where a tablet is erected to his memory4 ,about this time1 and probably previously as well as later1 ,flaxman the sculptor was much employed by ,wedgwood1 and his designs and models gave a tone and a character to the productions which raised them to an immeasurable height4 ,i was so fortunate as to be able to print1 for the first time1 in #ahfd1 some of the original bills for work done by ,flaxman for ,wedgwood1 in which many well-known portrait groups1 c41 are named4 ,from these ,i give a few items for the purpose of reference3-- s4 d4 8,a portrait of ,mr4 ,herschell #b #b #j ,a ,dr4 ,buchan #b #b #j ,a portrait of ,c4 ,jenkinson1 #b #b #j ,a ,govr4 ,hastings ,esq4 #c #c #j ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,meerman's portraits #e #e #j ,moulding a bust of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,siddons #a #aa #f ,a model in wax of ,capt4 ,cook #b #b #j ,a ,dr4 ,johnson #b #b #j ,a figure of a ,fool for ,chess #a #e #j ,a drawing of ,chess ,men #f #f #j ,a model of the ,king of ,sweden #b #b #j ,a model of ,peace preventing ,mars from bursting the ,door of ,janus's ,temple #ae #ae #j ,a bas-relief in wax of ,veturia and ,volumnia entreating ,coriolanus #i #i #j ,a model of ,mercury uniting the hands of ,england and ,france #ac #ac #j ,a bas-relief of ,hercules in the ,hesperian ,garden #bc #j #j ,a model of the ,queen of ,portugal #c #c #j ,a bas-relief of ,boys in wax #aa #j #f0 and so on4 ,besides these he charges for drawings of crests and coats of arms2 drawing bas-relief vases1 c41 at a guinea a day2 outlines for lamp and stand2 drawings of chimney-pieces2 patterns for borders for plates1 c4 ,many of ,flaxman's originals are still in ,messrs4 ,wedgwood's hands1 and the moulds are still used by them for their lovely productions2 others1 notably a series of exquisite models in wax1 are in the possession of ,sir ,d4 ,c4 ,marjoribanks4 ,of some of those named ,i give engravings4 ,in #aghb ,wedgwood was elected ,f4,r4,s41 and communicated to that learned body his invention of 8a thermometer for measuring the higher degrees of heat1 from a red-heat up to the strongest that vessels made of clay can support20 in the following year his observations on 8,derbyshire ,black ,wadd20 and afterwards other observations on thermometers1 c4 ,in #aghe he invented his famous 8,jasper ,dip10 which has continued in use ever since4 ,in that year he wrote 8,the new jasper1 white within1 will be the only sort made in future2 but as the workmanship is nearly double1 the price must be raised4 ,i think it must be about #bj per cent4 ,nov4 #ba1 #aghg40 ,thus1 till #aghe1 the 8jasper0 body was the same throughout2 from ,nov41 #aghe to #aheh1 it was 8dipped10 remaining white inside2 and in the latter year the 8solid jasper0 body was re-introduced1 and continues to some extent to be made4 ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,meerman4 ,,mrs4 ,,siddons4 ,,king ,,of ,,sweden4 ,,the ,,queen ,,of ,,portugal4 ,,mr4 ,,meerman4 ,,herschell4 ,,dr4 ,,buchan4 ,c4 ,,jenkinson4 ,figs4 #eff to #egc4--,wedgwood ,medallion ,wares4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egd4--;,group from the ,portland ,vase4 ,in #aghf the then recently deceased ,duchess of ,portland's magnificent collection of antiquities and objects of virtu were sold by auction1 and among other articles of matchless interest was the ,barberini or ,portland ,vase4 ,this vase ,wedgwood determined to possess1 and having bid up to about a thousand pounds against the ,duke of ,portland1 his grace1 on learning why it was wanted1 very kindly offered1 if he would forego bidding and permit him to purchase1 he would place it in ,wedgwood's hands to copy as he thought proper4 ,it was therefore knocked down to the ,duke for #a1jbi1 and handed to ,wedgwood by him2 this 8inestimable jewel10 as he called it1 remained in his hands more than twelve months4 ,of this vase ,wedgwood produced fifty copies1 which were subscribed for at fifty guineas each1 but it is said that even this sum1 #b1ejj1 fell far short of the outlay incurred in making them4 ,one of the first fifty is in the possession of ,mr4 ,francis ,wedgwood 7where it will remain1 it is hoped1 with the first-thrown vases1 as heirlooms72 another is in the possession of the ,duke of ,sutherland1 at ,trentham2 a third belongs to ,sir ,d4 ,c4 ,marjoribanks2 a fourth is in the ,mayer ,museum2 and others are at different collections4 ,the body used for this vase was black jasper1 and the figures1 in their proper tone1 were worked up and cut by the seal and gem engraver to the utmost possible degree of sharpness and finish4 ,the original moulds are still in existence1 and from them ,messrs4 ,wedgwood still produce their famed ,portland vases1 both with a black1 and with deep1 or light1 blue ground4#ed ,in #aghf ,wedgwood was elected a ,fellow of the ,society of ,antiquaries1 and in the following year the sixth edition of his ,catalogue contained for the first time the addition of the 8,bamboo0 and 8,mortar0 bodies3-- 8,v4--,bamboo1 or cane-coloured bisqu porcelain1 of the same nature as ,no4 #c4 8,,vi4--,a porcelain bisqu of extreme hardness1 little inferior to that of agate4 ,this property1 together with its resistance to the strongest acids and corrosives1 and its impenetrability by every known species of liquids1 adapts it happily for mortars and different kinds of chemical vessels40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ege4 ,in #aghh ,thomas ,wedgwood1 ,josiah ,wedgwood's partner in the 8useful ware10 died4 ,in the following year the medallion 7,fig4 #ege7 supposed to be made of clay brought from ,new ,south ,wales1 was executed4 ,in #agij the fifty copies of the ,portland vase were issued1 and the same year ,wedgwood published his 8,dissertation0 upon it4 ,the same year he took into partnership his three sons1 ,john1 ,josiah1 and ,thomas ,wedgwood1 and his nephew1 ,thomas ,byerley 7the son of his sister1 ,margaret ,wedgwood1 by her husband1 who was a descendant of the ,byerleys1 of ,byerley ,hall1 in ,yorkshire71 the style of the firm being 8,josiah ,wedgwood1 ,sons1 ,byerley40 ,in #agic ,mr4 ,john ,wedgwood retired from the concern1 and the style was then altered to 8,josiah ,wedgwood1 ,son1 ,byerley40 ,in the following year1 #agid1 ,josiah ,wedgwood was seized with his last illness1 and on the #crd of ,january1 #agie1 he died1 and was1 on the #fth1 buried in the churchyard at ,stoke-upon-,trent 78,burials in #agie1 ,jany4 #fth1 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 of ,etruria071 where his tomb still remains1 and a tablet erected to his memory in the chancel 7,fig4 #ehh74 ,it bears a remarkably fine bust of ,wedgwood1 by ,flaxman1 an ewer and a ,portland vase1 and the following inscription3 ,sacred to the ,memory of ,,josiah ,,wedgwood1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,and ,s4,a41 ,of ,etruria1 in this ,county1 ,born in ,august1 #agcj1 died ,january #crd1 #agie1 ,who converted a rude and inconsiderable manufacture into an elegant art ,and an important part of national ,commerce4 ,by these services to his country he acquired an ample fortune1 ,which he blamelessly and reasonably enjoyed1 ,and generously dispensed for the reward of merit and the relief of misfortune4 ,his mind was inventive and original1 yet perfectly sober and well regulated2 ,his character was decisive and commanding1 without rashness or arrogance2 ,his probity was inflexible1 his kindness unwearied2 ,his manners simple and dignified1 and the cheerfulness of his temper was the natural reward of ,the activity of his pure and useful life4 ,he was most loved by those who knew him best1 ,and he has left indelible impressions of affection and veneration on the minds of ,his family1 who have erected this monument to his memory4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #egf to #ehj4--,wedgwood's ,wares4 ,illustration3 ,,see ,,inscription ,,page #cfi4 ,fig4 #eha4--,monument to ,josiah ,wedgwood in ,stoke-upon-,trent ,church4 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 whose wife survived him1 had a family of children4 ,these were1 ,susannah1 baptized at ,burslem1 on the #bnd of ,january1 #agfe1 married ,dr4 ,robert ,darwin1 of ,shrewsbury1 son of the celebrated ,dr4 ,erasmus ,darwin1 of ,derby 7and half-brother to ,sir ,francis ,darwin1 ,m4,d41 of ,breadsall ,priory1 and ,sydnope1 ,darley ,dale17 by his first wife1 ,mary ,howard1 of ,lichfield1 and was the mother1 along with other sons and daughters1 of ,charles ,darwin1 the naturalist1 author of the 8,origin of ,species10 c4 ,john1 baptized at ,burslem1 ,april #bnd1 #agff1 resided at ,seabridge1 and married ,louisa ,jane1 daughter of ,mr4 ,allen1 of ,criselly1 ,pembrokeshire1 and by her had four sons and three daughters 7viz41 the ,rev4 ,john ,allen ,wedgwood2 ,lieut4-,col4 ,thomas ,josiah ,wedgwood1 who married ,anne ,maria1 daughter of ,admiral ,sir ,c4 ,tyler2 ,charles1 who died without issue2 the ,rev4 ,robert ,wedgwood1 who married ,frances1 daughter of the ,rev4 ,offley ,crewe2 ,sarah ,elizabeth2 ,caroline ,louisa ,jane2 and ,jessie1 who married her cousin1 ,henry ,allen ,wedgwood74 ,richard1 born in #agfg1 and died in #aghb4 ,josiah1 one of the founders of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 first member of parliament for the borough of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 of ,maer ,hall1 who married ,elizabeth ,allen1 of ,criselly1 ,pembrokeshire1 and by her had four sons and five daughters1 viz41 ,josiah 7the third of that name71 who married his cousin1 ,caroline ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,dr4 ,darwin1 of ,shrewsbury1 and had issue ,henry ,allen ,wedgwood1 barrister-at-law1 who married his cousin ,jessie1 daughter of ,john ,wedgwood1 of ,seabridge2 ,francis ,wedgwood1 of ,etruria and ,barlaston1 the late head of the ,etruria firm1 who married ,frances1 daughter of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mosley1 of ,rolleston ,rectory1 and has issue three sons1 ,godfrey1 ,clement1 and ,lawrence1 the present members of the firm1 and four daughters2 ,hensleigh1 barrister-at-law1 of ,london1 who married ,elizabeth1 daughter of the ,right ,hon4 ,sir ,james ,mackintosh1 the historian1 and has issue ,sarah ,elizabeth2 ,mary1 who died unmarried2 ,charlotte1 married to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,langton1 of ,hartfield2 ,frances1 who died unmarried2 and ,emma1 who married her cousin1 ,charles ,darwin1 ,f4,r4,s41 author of the 8,origin of ,species10 c4 ,thomas1 who died without issue2 and ,catherine1 ,sarah1 and ,mary ,anne4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehb4--,medallion of ,thomas ,byerley4 ,for a time after ,josiah ,wedgwood's death1 the management of the business devolved mainly on ,mr4 ,byerley1 whose experience1 and skill were of great value4 ,in #ahjj the partners were1 however1 the brothers ,josiah and ,john ,wedgwood1 and ,thomas ,byerley1 which arrangement continued until the death of the latter in #ahaj4 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 who suffered constant ill-health1 took no part in the management of the business1 and died in #ahje1 at ,gunville1 ,dorsetshire4 ,he was a man of considerable scientific attainments4 ,during his father's lifetime he prosecuted his studies with his aid and that of ,alexander ,chisholm1 and made such progress in his researches into the properties of light1 c41 that in #agib he communicated to the ,royal ,society an account of his 8,experiments and ,observations on the ,production of ,light from different bodies by ,heat and by ,attraction40 ,his continued experiments and researches resulted in the discovery of the process of photography1 and in #ahjb1 in conjunction with ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 he made those discoveries known by a paper printed in the 8,journal of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain10 under the title of 8,an ,account of a ,method of ,copying ,paintings upon ,glass1 and of making ,profiles by the ,agency of ,light upon ,nitrate of ,silver2 with observations by ,h4 ,davy40 ,this is the first recorded attempt at fixing the images of the camera-obscura 7which ,wedgwood appears to have used from a youth7 by the chemical influence of light4 ,on the death of ,mr4 ,byerley1 the business was carried on by the second ,josiah ,wedgwood alone1 until ,martinmas1 #ahbc1 when he took his eldest son ,josiah 7the third of that name7 into partnership1 the firm being carried on under the style of 8,josiah ,wedgwood ,son40 ,four years afterwards1 at ,martinmas1 #ahbg1 another son1 ,francis1 having been taken into partnership1 the style was altered to that of 8,josiah ,wedgwood ,sons40 ,in ,november1 #ahda1 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 senior1 of ,maer ,hall1 retired from the business1 and it was carried on by his sons until the following ,april1 when ,josiah ,wedgwood1 junior1 also retired4 ,the style of the firm1 however1 continued to be1 as it is to the present day1 8,josiah ,wedgwood ,sons40 ,the manufacture of china1 which had never been attempted by the first ,josiah1 was commenced at ,etruria about #ahjh or #ahji1 in the time of ,mr4 ,byerley1 who considered that it would be an advantageous addition to the works2 but was only carried on for probably nine or ten years1 and then finally discontinued4 ,the china was of extremely good quality1 both in texture of body1 in colour1 in glaze1 and in decoration4 ,it was not made to any great extent1 and is now very scarce4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 the ,mayer ,museum1 and other collections1 are excellent and characteristic specimens4 ,the mark on the china is the simple name ,,wedgwood1 in small capital letters1 printed on the bottom in red or blue4 8,stone china0 was also at one time1 to some little extent1 made at ,etruria1 examples of which are now rare4 ,it ceased to be made about the year #ahbe4 ,in #ahae1 on the #aeth of ,january1 ,mrs4 ,wedgwood1 widow of the great ,josiah1 died at ,parkfield1 in the eighty-first year of her age2 she was buried at ,stoke-upon-,trent1 near her husband1 where a ,gothic memorial tablet bears the following inscription3 ,sacred to the memory of ,,sarah ,widow of ,,josiah ,,wedgwood1 of ,etruria4 ,born ,august the #ahth1 #agcd4 ,died ,january the #aeth1 #ahae4 ,the productions of the firm at this time--and indeed through each successive change in the proprietary down to the present time--were1 as they had been in the time of the first ,josiah1 divided between the 8useful0 and the 8ornamented40 ,the 8useful0 consisting of services of every kind in fine earthenware1 and in all the varieties of bodies hitherto introduced1 to which additional patterns were constantly added2 and the 8ornamented0 comprising all the immense variety of exquisite articles which had been made by the great founder of the works1 with additional vases1 medallions1 and other pieces4 ,in #ahdc1 on the #bcrd of ,august1 ,mr4 ,john ,boyle became a partner in the firm2 but his connection was only of short duration1 and sixteen months afterwards1 on the #dth of ,january1 #ahde1 he died4 ,on the #bnd of ,march1 #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,robert ,brown1 of ,cliff ,ville1 became a partner with the ,messrs4 ,wedgwood2 but1 dying on the #bfth of ,may1 #ahei1 ,mr4 ,francis ,wedgwood was again left sole proprietor of the works4 ,in ,november of the same year he was joined in partnership by his son1 ,mr4 ,godfrey ,wedgwood1 in #ahfc by his second son1 ,mr4 ,clement ,wedgwood1 and in #ahfh by his third son1 ,mr4 ,lawrence ,wedgwood1 and 7,mr4 ,francis ,wedgwood having retired in #ahgj7 the works are still carried on by them under the old style of 8,josiah ,wedgwood ,sons40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ehc to #ehh4--,perseus and ,andromeda ,vase by ,lessore2 ,vase by ,lessore2 ,jasper ,beads2 and three ,vases4 ,the ,,marks used by the ,wedgwoods have been in all cases1 except during the partnership of ,thomas ,bentley1 on that particular branch of the manufacture in which he had an interest1 the simple name of ,,wedgwood4 ,in some instances the name is impressed in large capitals-- ,,wedgwood4 ,in others1 it appears in small capital letters-- ,,wedgwood4 ,and in others1 though not so commonly1 in the ordinary type-- ,wedgwood4 ,on a few pieces the name occurs thus3 ,,wedgwood ,,etruria4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehi4 ,on the ornamental goods 7vases1 medallions1 c47 in which ,thomas ,bentley had an interest1 the general mark was circular 7,fig4 #ehi71 with the letters raised1 not sunk4 ,another was ,,wedgwood ,,bentley1 and another ,wedgwood ,bentley2 both being impressed4 ,with regard to these marks of 8,wedgwood ,bentley0 it may be well to remark that all pieces bearing these names must have been made in the twelve years between #agfh and #aghj4 ,besides these marks1 a variety of smaller ones--letters1 flowers1 figures1 and numbers1 both impressed and in colours1 are to be seen on the different varieties of wares4 ,these are simply workmen's marks1 or marks denoting period1 c41 and1 being private marks1 concern only1 and are of interest only1 to the proprietors themselves4 ,the classes of goods manufactured by the ,messrs4 ,wedgwood at the present day are much as they were in the times of the great ,josiah4 ,the same block moulds are used2 the same principles are acted upon and carried out2 the same mixture of bodies and glazes1 with certain modifications1 are in daily use2 the same varieties of goods are manufactured2 and consequently1 many of his vases1 medallions1 services1 and other goods1 are reproduced at the present time4 ,and although the ornamental goods now produced have not quite that charm of super-excellence about them which those made in the days of the first ,josiah possess1 ,messrs4 ,wedgwood's jasper and other ornamental goods now stand as far in advance of their competitors of the present day as those of the great ,josiah did in advance of those of his own time2 they are simply unsurpassable both in design and execution4 ,it must be remembered that in the days of the first ,josiah ,wedgwood there was little competition in other branches of the potter's art1 and the great care1 skill1 and labour he bestowed upon his purely ornamental pieces was1 there can be no doubt1 amply repaid in the high prices he could obtain for them4 ,this is not so now2 for at the present day ,art productions of attractive and showy character are so extensively made and so readily purchased at a low rate that the quiet1 unobtrusive1 but truly lovely bas-reliefs originated by ,wedgwood only command a limited sale1 and even then at such prices as will not admit of the same scrupulous attention being paid to their production as in the earlier days4 ,that the present firm can produce work equal in excellence and beauty to that of their gifted ancestor is amply evidenced by a ,portland vase1 which in #ahgg they made--regardless of trouble or cost--in exact imitation1 both in colour and material1 of the first fifty4 ,this was polished and cut by a lapidary1 and forms a priceless treasure of ,art1 and one that will bear the closest comparison with the great ,josiah's greatest work4 ,the firm still produce 8jasper10 8basaltes10 8red10 8cream-coloured10 and indeed all the other wares for which the works in the olden times were so famous4 ,the jasper goods are still1 as they have ever been since the first production of that marvellous body1 their principal feature--the great speciality of their works4 ,in this1 since the days of ,turner1 although they have had many imitators1 they have never even been approached1 and their goods still maintain their old and high reputation4 ,all the famous works of the olden time--from the ,portland vase down through all the chaste and truly beautiful varieties of vases1 plaques1 medallions1 services1 c4--are still made in all their beauty1 with the addition of many new and ever-varying designs and combinations4 ,in jasper1 of which some excellent examples are given in the engravings1 ,messrs4 ,wedgwood have of late years produced some remarkably large and costly works4 ,notably among these may be named the magnificent table decoration1 shown in ,london a few years back1 and purchased by ,sir ,dudley ,coutts ,marjoribanks from ,messrs4 ,phillips ,pearce4 ,it was designed by ,mr4 ,pearce1 and considered to be a faultless chef-d'uvre of fictile ,art4 ,the jasper is produced in dark and in light blue of various shades 7with1 of course1 the raised figures and ornaments in white71 in sage-green1 in pink1 and other tints4 ,it is also produced both in 8solid jasper0--that is1 the solid coloured body throughout--and in 8jasper dip10 which is the white jasper body with the colour laid on the surface4 ,the 8solid jasper0 was re-introduced in #ahef4 ,the manufacture of majolica was commenced at ,etruria in #ahfj1 and is an important branch of the manufacture4 ,with regard to majolica it is necessary to state that the true ,italian majolica1 as well as ,minton's reproductions of that famous ware1 were made with a coarse cane-coloured body and decorated with opaque enamel colours2 but that ,messrs4 ,wedgwood were the first to use a white body and transparent coloured glazes4 ,by this process much greater brilliancy of effect is produced than by the use of enamel colours4 ,in 8malachite10 8mottled10 8agate10 and other wares1 dessert1 toilet1 and trinket services1 and a variety of both useful and ornamental articles1 are made--ranging from the large-sized garden seat and the gigantic vase down to the small and delicately-formed ladies' ring stand4 ,in the 8mottled0 ware a marvellously rich and striking effect is produced by the combination of brilliant colours1 while in the 8malachite0 the beautiful green and darker wavings of the stone are well imitated4 8,parian0 was made by the ,messrs4 ,wedgwood at ,etruria about #ahdh or #ahdi1 and was of good quality4 ,in this both busts and figures were produced1 mainly of classical subjects1 and the best modellers1 ,wyon1 ,beattie1 and others1 were employed in their production4 ,another variety of ornamental work is the 8inlaid0 ware1 in which a variety of articles are made4 ,the effect of this style of ornamentation is much the same as the wood 8,tunbridge ware40 ,it is striking in its novelty1 and pleasing in its simplicity4 ,this 8inlaid ware0 is made by the same process as the famous 8,henri ,deux wares20 an impress from a metal runner being filled up with a different coloured clay1 and afterwards turned or scraped level on the surface4 ,in this ware a magnificent and highly appropriate chess-table has been produced by ,messrs4 ,wedgwood to use with the celebrated ,flaxman chess-men4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eij to #eih4--,messrs4 ,wedgwood's ,productions4 ,lessore's ,europa ,plateau1 and other ,wares4 8,cream-coloured0 ware1 the veritable 8,queen's ware0 of the olden time1 is still extensively made by ,messrs4 ,wedgwood4 ,of a delicate creamy whiteness in colour1 light and pleasant to the touch1 true and close-fitting in the 8potting10 and covered with a faultless glaze1 this ware still 8holds its own10 and maintains its wonted supremacy4 ,in it1 services and every variety of useful articles are made2 and it is pleasant to add that the pieces are still made in the old moulds used in the great ,josiah's time1 with only such modifications as fit them for more modern notions4 ,for instance1 the 8turin0 modelled by ,flaxman1 and charged for in his bill1 which ,i have printed1 is still made1 with only the addition of newly-designed handles1 and hundreds of others of the 8ancient forms0 are still in the same way preserved and produced4 ,in the 8pearl0 body1 which is of great hardness and durability and of a pure pearly whiteness1 services and useful goods are manufactured1 in plain white1 printed1 and decorated varieties4 8,rockingham ware10 of a very superior quality and of a good colour1 is made largely at ,etruria in tea-pots1 coffee-pots1 services 7the cups white inside71 and other articles4 ,the 8porous ware0 used for water-bottles1 butter-coolers1 c41 is also made at the present time2 and the 8mortar ware0 is still made1 and keeps foremost rank in the market4 ,in the 8red ware0--a rich colour and fine body--services and a large number of other articles are produced1 and are frequently ornamented with raised figures1 c41 in black1 with good and striking effect4 ,blue printing was introduced at ,etruria at an early date1 and has1 with black1 c41 been continued to the present day4 ,under the third ,josiah ,wedgwood1 from #ahbj forward1 this process was brought to intense perfection4 ,by making a special glaze for it--the result of much deep thought and careful experimenting--he succeeded in giving a rich1 soft1 almost flowing look to the colour1 which gave it a beauty and a richness that could not otherwise be attained4 ,this effect was afterwards imitated1 but not so successfully1 by means of what is technically called a 8flow0--that is by introducing a little volatilising salt in the saggar in which the ware is placed and fired4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eii4 ,messrs4 ,wedgwood employ a large number of clever modellers1 painters1 gilders1 and others1 and many of the most skilled of workmen in every department4 ,the present firm is quite alive to the necessity of keeping up to the full standard of excellence which the works have attained1 and are making rapid strides in new branches of decoration4 ,in order to give renewed life and greater variety to their bas-relief goods in jasper1 c41 they have engaged ,mr4 ,charles ,toft1 who was the principal figure modeller under ,mr4 ,wilms at ,elkington's1 who1 at the time ,i write1 is busily engaged in bringing to perfection various works intended for display at the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahgh4 ,in place of the lamented ,mr4 ,lessore the firm have engaged ,mr4 ,thomas ,allen1 for many years known as the principal figure-painter at ,minton's1 and some of whose paintings on vases will also form a feature of the same ,exhibition4 ,his work1 it may be added1 is mainly on the bisque1 in colours1 which gain great brilliancy and a much heightened effect by being glazed and fired in the oven at a high temperature4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fjj to #fji4--,painted by ,lessore4 ,the firm have of late introduced a process by which photographs of original drawings1 in colours1 are produced on ware by the same method as the autotype process4 ,this forms a notable feature of progress in scientific decoration1 and it is only meet that as photography itself was the undoubted discovery of a ,wedgwood1 its development as an aid to ceramic decoration should be left to his successors at the present day4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #faj4--;,ewer modelled by ,protat1 painted by ,lessore4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #faa to #fah4--,messrs4 ,wedgwood's ,productions4 ,lessore's ,wares4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fai4 ,the principal painter at ,etruria for many years was the late gifted ,m4 ,emile ,lessore1 an artist of more than ,european reputation1 who takes rank above all others in that exquisite style for which he was so famous4 ,as ,m4 ,lessore 7whom ,i had the privilege of knowing1 and who pressed me more than once to visit him at ,marlotte7 and his works are so closely identified with ,etruria1 a few words on his career cannot but be interesting4 ,he was born in #ahje1 his father being a notary1 for which profession the son was at first intended4 ,giving up the law for ,art1 he entered for a short time the studio of ,ingres4 ,when twenty-six years old ,lessore exhibited his first picture 78,le ,frre ,malade07 in the ,salon at ,paris4 ,this was in #ahca1 and from that time until #ahej he continued to exhibit both oil and water-colour pictures1 which were always eagerly sought for and purchased at high prices4 ,in #ahea ,lessore was induced1 through offers made to him by the ,svres china manufactory1 to turn his attention to china painting4 ,he attempted to introduce a more artistic feeling at ,svres1 and succeeded notably2 a pair of large vases decorated by him1 which were exhibited in ,paris in #ahec1 were purchased by the ,emperor of ,russia for a thousand guineas4 ,the originality of ,lessore's work caused a division amongst the artists at ,svres1 and the partisans of the two camps were so virulently wearisome in their disputes that he eventually abandoned ,svres and came to ,england1 where he arrived in #aheh1 and was employed for a short time by ,mintons1 but ultimately joined ,messrs4 ,wedgwood1 who thoroughly appreciated his talents and his loyal sympathetic character4 ,the most remarkable of his works were shown in the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahfg1 and at ,vienna in #ahgc1 and medals were awarded to him in all countries4 ,the climate of ,england1 especially ,staffordshire1 not suiting him he returned to ,france1 living at ,marlotte1 near ,fontainebleau1 where he still continued his connection with the ,wedgwoods1 painting pieces and sending them to be fired at ,etruria4 ,there is little doubt ,emile ,lessore was one of the first artists in ,england to revolutionise the decoration of pottery1 and some of his pieces are undoubtedly more artistic than is usually produced in faience2 the drawing1 without being laboured1 is true to nature2 the colouring1 as a rule1 is subdued and delicate1 but the master hand is apparent in every touch4 ,during the siege of ,paris many of ,lessore's finest works were concealed by him in the cellars of his cottage1 and afterwards preserved by ,messrs4 ,wedgwood4 ,he was the first to employ the freedom of the artist's brush to the decoration of pottery1 which previously to his time had been painted with the finish and stippled perfection of the miniature painter1 but without the imagination and freshness of an artist's sketch4 ,m4 ,lessore died in the spring of #ahgf1 and soon afterwards his remaining works were sold by ,messrs4 ,wedgwood to ,mr4 ,mortlock1 by whom they were exhibited in ,london and disposed of4 ,the markets to which ,messrs4 ,wedgwood's goods are sent are more widely spread than perhaps will be conceived by the uninitiated1 and it is not too much to say that1 besides the home trade1 which is very extensive1 the 8,wedgwood ware0 of the present day is dispatched1 as it used to be1 to every quarter of the globe4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,longton--,sutherland ,road ,works--,market ,street ,works--,high ,street ,works--,park ,works--,sheridan ,works--,commerce ,street ,works--,crown ,works--,stafford ,street ,works--,peel ,pottery--,king ,street ,works--,chancery ,lane ,works--,st4 ,mary's ,works--,commerce ,street--,new ,town ,pottery--,borough ,pottery--,high ,street--,new ,street--,prince of ,wales ,pottery--,high ,street ,works--,alma ,works--,market ,street--,victoria ,works--,stafford ,street--,russell ,street--,mount ,pleasant ,works--,high ,street--,british ,anchor ,works--,royal ,porcelain ,works--,stafford ,street--,st4 ,gregory's ,pottery--,gold ,street ,works--,wellington ,works--,st4 ,martin's ,lane--,heathcote ,works--,green ,dock ,works--,chadwick ,street--,baddeley--,waterloo ,works--,heathcote ,road ,pottery--,sutherland ,potteries--,church ,street--,cornhill ,works--,sutherland ,works--,st4 ,james's ,place--,daisy ,bank--,park ,hall ,street--,viaduct ,works--,beech1 ,king ,street--,anchor ,pottery--,dresden ,works--,palissy ,works--,fenton1 ,minerva ,works--,victoria ,works--,fenton ,potteries--,fenton ,pottery--,foley--,old ,foley ,pottery--,anchor ,works--,fenton ,potteries--,lane ,delph ,pottery--,grosvenor ,works--,park ,works--,foley ,pottery--,foley ,potteries--,foley ,china ,works--,king ,street ,works--,heath--,bacchus--,meir--,harris on--,martin--,miles ,mason--,whieldon--,wedgwood ,harrison--,turner--,garner--,edwards --,johnson--,phillips--,bridgwood--,grea tbach--,greenwood-- ,heathcote1 c4 ,sutherland ,road ,works4--,these works were commenced in #ahfb by ,messrs4 ,adams1 ,scrivener1 ,co4 ,mr4 ,scrivener having a few years afterwards retired from the business1 ,mr4 ,adams was joined by ,mr4 ,titus ,hammersley1 and the concern was carried on by them under the style of 8,harvey ,adams ,co40 until the death of ,mr4 ,hammersley in #ahge1 when he was succeeded by his son ,mr4 ,george ,harris ,hammersley2 the style of the firm remaining as before4 ,the productions of the firm comprise china1 semi-china1 and fine stoneware4 ,in earthenware--toilet and all the usual table services and numberless useful articles of the best designs and highest finish are made4 ,in stoneware--jugs1 tea-pots1 and other articles are produced2 in these many excellent shapes and designs have been introduced4 ,in china--tea1 breakfast1 dinner1 dessert1 trinket1 toilet1 and other services2 jugs of various kinds2 vases1 and an endless variety of ornamental and highly decorated goods1 are made4 ,the quality of the china is remarkably fine and good1 and the glaze of more than average excellence4 ,the decorations are remarkable for purity of conception1 for admirable arrangement1 for manipulative skill1 and for the thorough and perfect artistic feeling which pervades each design4 ,in tea and breakfast services many novel1 but at the same time chastely beautiful designs1 have been introduced by this firm1 who have also the credit of being the first to make and introduce 8moustache cups0--an invention that has become so popular as to be adopted by many other firms4 ,these services are made by ,messrs4 ,harvey ,adams ,co4 in every style1 from the simple white and gold 7one variety of which1 with a beaded edge1 is peculiarly simple and pretty7 to the most richly1 even gorgeously painted1 gilt1 enamelled1 and jewelled varieties2 in each of these their productions take rank with those of any other house4 ,in some services1 both tea and dessert1 what may be called an ormolu decoration has been introduced with as good effect by this firm as by any other4 ,it gives a richness and a solidity to the patterns which could not otherwise be easily obtained4 ,the jewelling--especially the pearl borders--is admirably executed1 and with marked effect4 ,two important features in the productions of these works--which1 from first being confined to the medium quality of common china1 have gradually progressed to the present time1 when they rank among the highest and best in the district--are1 the introduction of silver both as a ground and as a heightening1 and of embossed leaf decoration of a peculiar and artistic character4 ,in like manner with gold1 the silver is introduced both dead and burnished1 and forms a pleasing and marvellously rich combination with gold and colour4 ,it is introduced on tea services in bands upon wreaths of flowers1 and other decorations are painted with marked effect4 ,one of the finest and most chastely beautiful of the ceramic productions of this or any other age or country is an open-work plate in which solid silver forms the ground for the centre4 ,on this silver ground is painted1 with all the skill that art is capable of1 a group of flowers as true to nature as if pencilled by nature herself2 the richness and delicacy of the colouring are 8thrown up0 and a finer and more exquisitely beautiful effect produced by this ground than could by any other means have been effected4 ,the open-work rim1 with its interlaced ribbon1 and the whole of the subordinate decorations1 are in excellent keeping and harmony with the central group4 ,in leaf-decoration ,messrs4 ,harvey ,adams ,co4 have1 with good taste1 introduced 8shamrock0 tea and breakfast sets1 which have become deservedly popular2 embossed foliage dessert services2 and fern and foliage tea and dessert services and vases1 and other ornamental articles1 all of which they have very wisely registered4 ,these services consist of upwards of fifty arranged groups of leaves of trees and arrangements of ferns in relief1 the whole of which have been modelled from specimens obtained from the gardens of his ,grace the ,duke of ,sutherland1 at ,trentham ,hall4 ,these are painted both in the spring1 summer1 and autumnal tints1 with such scrupulous nicety1 and so true to nature1 that it is next to impossible to fancy it is not the leaf itself that lies on the plate4 ,the firm have more recently extended embossed relief by the introduction of the primrose on tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services4 ,the leaves and flowers of the primrose are in relief1 and are beautifully painted and tinted from nature2 they are also finished in various styles1 but always in strict accordance with the simplicity of the original design4 ,messrs4 ,harvey ,adams ,co4 have also entered very largely into the work of ornamental flowering in relief la ,dresden1 and have brought out a number of good shapes in vases1 jardinires1 and other articles1 with flowers and plants modelled on the ware1 and painted true to nature4 ,in this and in other departments of the art-manufactory they secured the services of several well-known artists2 among them ,mr4 ,henry ,mitchell1 medallist of the ,paris and ,vienna ,exhibitions1 celebrated as an animal1 landscape1 and figure painter1 and whose works are remarkable for their finish1 their modelling1 and their delicacy of treatment1 and whose greys and flesh tints are of peculiar purity and beauty2 ,mr4 ,swan1 and ,mr4 ,longmore--the former a clever flower painter1 and the latter highly skilled in his artistic treatment of birds4 ,the firm has recently brought out in great variety a series of designs of the ,chinese1 ,japanese1 and ,persian style1 consisting of figure and floral decoration1 and have adapted them to tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 and ornamental goods--the cobalt blue1 introduced largely in these patterns1 being of a specially pure and rich colour2 and while many of these are for the general buyer1 a very large number are of a high class character4 ,in these ,mr4 ,slater1 the art manager1 has happily realised the full force of the special characteristics of this ancient style of art1 and produced admirable works4 ,some of his plaques1 which are admirably drawn and exquisitely coloured1 evince much force1 and show that he has thoroughly studied the works of these countries1 and is acquainted with the peculiarities of their gems of art4 ,the general art director of the works 7which employ nearly seventy artists1 gilders1 c47 is ,mr4 ,harvey ,adams1 to whose pure taste and artistic judgment their high state of excellence is to be attributed2 the principal modeller being ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,clowes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fbj and #fba4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fbb and #fbc4 ,market ,street ,works4--,these are said to be the oldest works in ,longton--the first there established--and to be contemporaneous with those of ,wedgwood at ,etruria4 ,they were originally carried on by ,cyples1 afterwards by ,cyples ,barker1 who were succeeded by ,mr4 ,thomas ,barlow4 ,for many years ,egyptian black and other tinted bodies only were made1 but these were of a fine and very superior character4 ,lustre wares were also produced1 and some of these were marked with a large letter ,b impressed in the body4 ,later on china for foreign markets was produced of good average quality1 both in body and glaze4 ,within the past few years the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,barlow1 has successfully turned his attention to the production of the more costly classes of decorated goods for the home markets1 and in these he now vies in excellency of body and glaze1 and in purity and beauty of design and decoration1 with most other houses in the trade4 ,in #ahga ,mr4 ,barlow exhibited some of his productions1 which attracted much attention4 ,some of these are engraved on ,figs4 #fcb to #fdc1 and consist of a selection of cups1 saucers1 and dessert-plates of remarkably chaste and elegant design4 ,the productions of these works consist of tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 and djeuner services1 and a number of ornamental articles1 in every style of decoration4 ,the whole evidences a purity of taste1 a delicacy of finish1 a chasteness of form1 and a harmony of colouring1 in the highest degree creditable to the proprietor4 ,many of ,mr4 ,barlow's designs and patterns are original and worthy of high commendation4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,barlow produces earthenware in all the usual varieties at ,coronation ,works in ,commerce ,street4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street ,works4--,this manufactory1 formerly belonging to the ,bridgwoods1 and next to ,cyples ,ball1 has1 since #ahdb1 been carried on by ,messrs4 ,adams ,cooper4 ,formerly ,egyptian black1 brown1 and lustre wares1 as well as china1 were made1 but china is now its exclusive product2 it is made both for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,park ,works1 ,high ,street4--,messrs4 ,charles ,allerton ,sons here manufacture both earthenware and china in the usual varieties1 as well as gold and silver lustre wares1 both for home markets and export4 ,the works were established in #ahca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fbd to #fca4--;,barlow's ,tea ,services4 ,sheridan ,works4--,built in #aheh by the late ,mr4 ,john ,sheridan1 the works passed1 in #ahff1 into the hands of ,messrs4 ,george ,edwards ,co41 and are now carried on by ,mr4 ,edwards alone4 ,about #ahdj the business of the present proprietor was commenced in ,market ,street1 ,longton1 on premises partly now occupied by ,lloyd's ,bank1 by ,messrs4 ,thomas ,cope and ,james ,edwards1 and after the death of the former1 was continued by the late ,mr4 ,edwards1 who died in #ahgc at the age of seventy-nine2 the present proprietor being his youngest son4 ,the productions are china tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services1 both plain white and in every style of decoration1 both for the home and foreign markets4 ,among the specialities are small cans and saucers richly and elaborately decorated in gold and colours1 in 8,japan work10 for ,morocco1 ,gibraltar1 and the ,turkish markets1 and tea-sets1 tea-jars1 kettles1 c41 decorated in an immense variety of patterns1 in imitation of ancient ,japanese examples1 for the ,dutch trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,commerce ,street4--,messrs4 ,h4 ,aynsley ,co4 manufacture all the usual varieties of lustre1 ,egyptian black1 drab1 turquoise1 and painted wares1 as well as stoneware mortars1 c4 ,the works were originally carried on by ,wooley1 and afterwards by ,robinson ,chetham4 ,after remaining for half a century in the family of ,chetham they passed a few years ago into the hands of their present proprietors4 ,china of superior character is made at ,mr4 ,john ,aynsley's manufactory in the ,sutherland ,road4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crown ,works4--,messrs4 ,collingwood ,greatbach manufacture china services1 c41 of the commoner classes4 ,the works were formerly carried on by ,anderson ,bellamy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crown ,works1 ,stafford ,street4--,mr4 ,john ,tams manufactures the usual classes of earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stafford ,street ,works4--,these works1 amongst the oldest in ,longton1 were built1 in #agii1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,charles ,harvey1 and carried on by them for some years1 and were succeeded by ,messrs4 ,hulme ,hawley1 from whom they repassed into the hands of the former family1 being carried on by ,messrs4 ,charles ,w4 ,k4 ,harvey1 sons of ,mr4 ,charles ,harvey of the original firm4 ,in #ahda these gentlemen worked three manufactories in ,longton4 ,in #ahec ,messrs4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k4 ,harvey were succeeded by the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,holland ,green1 by whom the premises have been considerably extended4 ,by the first two firms common and useful earthenware was made1 and these were continued by ,c4 ,w4 ,k4 ,harvey1 who added china to the productions1 and also1 to a large extent1 gold lustre ware4 ,later on these were discontinued1 and the firm devoted themselves to printed goods and white granite ware1 chiefly for the ,north ,american markets4 ,these were continued solely by the present firm1 until #ahfb1 when ,messrs4 ,holland ,green turned their attention to the ,south ,american markets1 which they now largely supply4 ,they established1 a house abroad1 and succeeded in introducing a superior class--similar to those for the home trade1 consisting of printed and enamelled services1 c4 ,this supply of an improved class of patterns has produced an increased demand1 and one that must ultimately have a marked effect on the ,american trade4 ,messrs4 ,h4 ,g4 also supply the home and ,continental markets with all the usual varieties of printed1 enamelled1 and gilt dinner1 tea1 and toilet services1 c4 ,the quality of the body is good1 and the enamelling1 gilding1 and other decorations1 excellent4 ,many of the patterns are rich and elegant1 and all are carefully finished4 ,notably among these are their new registered 8bracelet0 pattern1 and a remarkably elegant form for covered dishes4 ,the gilding is of high character4 ,they also make sanitary ware4 ,the works1 as they have now been reconstructed1 are built on the most modern principles1 and fitted with machinery for turning jiggers and wheels1 and also for preparing the clay4 ,the mark is the name of the pattern or body1 the royal arms1 and the name or initials of the firm4 ,illustration3 ,,ironstone4 ,,holland ,,green4 ,,regina ,h4 ,g4 ,figs4 #fcb and #fcc4 ,the toilet services produced by this firm are of superior quality2 the ground colours1 rose-du-barry1 ,brunswick green1 c41 of great clearness and beauty1 and the gilding rich and elaborate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,peel ,pottery4--,these works1 originally belonging to ,mr4 ,stirrup1 passed successively into the hands of ,messrs4 ,bell1 ,deakin1 ,procter2 ,mr4 ,deakin2 ,messrs4 ,webb ,walters2 and ,messrs4 ,webb ,co4 ,from the last named they passed into the hands of the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,john ,green4 ,the first three firms originally produced common classes of earthenware4 ,china was added by ,messrs4 ,webb ,walters1 and is now alone made4 ,mr4 ,green produces china of more than average excellence in body and of various styles of decoration1 chiefly for the home trade2 a fair proportion1 however1 being exported4 ,many are richly gilt1 and the floral and other decorations carefully painted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,king ,street and ,market ,street4--,at these works1 which have been established half a century1 ,mr4 ,john ,lockett manufactures all the usual varieties of earthenware1 china1 stoneware1 lustre1 ,egyptian black1 drab1 and other wares1 both for the home and export markets4 ,in #ahfb he produced some special examples for the exhibition of that year2 these are shown in the accompanying group4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fcd to #fci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chancery ,lane4--,messrs4 ,taylor1 ,hudson1 ,middleton here produce all the ordinary varieties of china ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street4--,established about #ahdj1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,cooper1 these works were afterwards carried on by ,keeling1 ,walker1 ,cooper1 and ,keeling ,walker1 the latter of whom1 ,mr4 ,john ,walker1 is now the sole proprietor4 ,he manufactures the ordinary classes of earthenware1 gold and silver lustre1 figures1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,mary's ,works1 ,mount ,pleasant4--,this manufactory was carried on from #ahcj till #aheb by ,messrs4 ,moore ,hamilton1 and so continued until #ahei1 when ,mr4 ,samuel ,moore became sole owner4 ,in #ahfb he built the present manufactory1 and in #ahgj was succeeded by his two sons1 ,bernard and ,samuel ,moore1 who from that time have carried on the business under the style of 8,moore ,brothers40 ,the productions have1 from the first1 been china of a good marketable quality1 in which all the usual breakfast1 tea1 dinner1 dessert1 djeuner1 and other services1 more or less decorated1 are made2 but in addition to this1 attention has been given with marked success to the development of the strictly ornamental departments4 ,a camel teapot--the ,arab tying on the bale forming an excellent handle1 and the neck and head of the camel an admirable spout--is a well-conceived design1 and is powerfully and cleverly modelled4 ,for table decoration1 the firm produces many good designs4 ,notably among these is a group of three well-modelled ,cupids 7two of whom are carrying the third71 the upper one of which bears a turquoise shell1 massively gilt inside4 ,it is of very artistic design1 and is well executed4 ,the ,persian turquoise glaze made by the firm is remarkably clear and brilliant in colour and not surpassed by other houses4 ,in enamelling1 ,messrs4 ,moore ,brothers have made much progress1 some of their designs in cloissonn enamelling being highly effective1 both in form of vessel and in arrangement of colour4 ,notably among these are 8pilgrims' bottles10 the rich and massive gilding of which throws out and relieves the enamelling in a very marked and effective manner4 ,in china1 and also in majolica1 ,japanese reproductions are made2 in these the well-known ,chinese ruby glaze has been cleverly imitated2 it is rich and full in colour4 ,a turquoise majolica jardinire1 the design being water-lilies1 is well designed4 ,mirror frames of large size are also a speciality of these works4 ,messrs4 ,moore ,brothers' operations are principally confined to the home markets1 a large proportion of their goods bearing the name of the dealers1 8,t4 ,goode ,co41 ,london40 ,the mark of the makers is either the name 8,,moore0 or 8,moore10 impressed on the body of the ware2 8,moore10 incised2 or 8,,moore ,,bros410 painted on the surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,commerce ,street4--,the works1 now carried on by ,mr4 ,thomas ,walters 7late ,walters ,hulse71 were1 he informs me1 established by ,messrs4 ,riddle ,lightfoot4 ,the productions are china of ordinary quality for both home and export markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,town ,pottery4--,erected in #ahde by ,mr4 ,j4 ,meakin1 who continued it until #ahej1 when it passed to ,messrs4 ,stanley ,lambert1 who in #ahee were succeeded by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,procter ,co41 who produced common earthenware in the usual cream colour1 printed1 painted1 and lustred varieties2 the mark was a crown upon a ribbon1 bearing the word ,,warranted2 over the crown ,,staffordshire1 and beneath the ribbon ,p for ,procter4 ,in #ahgf the works passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,dale1 ,page1 ,goodwin1 of the ,church ,street ,works1 and are carried on by them4 ,the ,church ,street ,works were established in the latter half of last century1 and in #aghj were carried on by ,mr4 ,john ,forrester1 who was succeeded1 in #agie1 by ,messrs4 ,hilditch ,sons1 who in their productions followed closely in the wake of ,josiah ,spode and ,thomas ,minton2 at which time most of the processes here were carried out by female hands4 ,in #ahcj the firm changed to that of 8,hilditch ,hopwood10 who1 at the ,exhibition of #ahea1 sent up some notable examples of their productions1 one of which was a dessert service decorated in the ,renaissance style in gold1 with landscape and figure vignettes1 mainly illustrative of ,scott's 8,marmion20 and they also exhibited some very successful imitations of ,indian china1 prepared by them from designs by ,mr4 ,shorter1 of ,london4 ,the tea services exhibited at the same time were remarkable for their excellent body1 the design and execution of the painted decoration1 the high class of the ground colours1 and the massiveness of the gilding4 ,one example1 with raised antique foliage in gold on the fine old 8,derby blue0 ground1 was especially good2 while the painting of others1 with small landscapes in medallions1 and wreaths of flowers1 was far beyond average merit4 ,in #aheh1 on the death of ,mr4 ,william ,hopwood1 the works were continued by the trustees till ,may1 #ahfg1 when the business1 stock1 and plant1 including the moulds1 copper-plates1 c41 were sold to the present firm of ,dale1 ,page1 ,co41 who1 as just stated1 in #ahgf removed to the larger premises called ,new ,town ,works4 ,the productions of the firm consist of all the usual services in china1 and are of a better class than those of many other houses4 ,in tea and breakfast services the firm is particularly successful in designs where leaves1 accurately copied from nature1 are carelessly thrown on grounds of various tints2 the green ground1 with geranium leaves1 being especially pleasing4 ,others with wreaths of roses on the same ground1 and others again closely diapered with burnished gold1 are among their more successful patterns4 ,others of their productions are dessert services with fruit1 flowers1 and landscapes1 and with richly designed festoons1 borders1 and gilding2 dinner services2 richly gilt and enamelled jet ware1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,borough ,pottery4--,these extensive works were established in #ahfi by ,messrs4 ,cartwright ,edwards4 ,they are very extensive1 and are built as a 8model factory0 of the present day4 ,the ovens are built on the down-draught system2 the smoke is conveyed to large chimneys 7one #ej yards1 and the other #bf yards1 high71 and the enamel and other kilns all work in the same chimneys4 ,the clay is prepared by machinery--both the blunging1 sifting1 and other processes--and the water is taken out by pressure 7a process now generally adopted71 so that fuel is entirely dispensed with except at the engine4 ,all the throwing-wheels and jiggers are turned by steam power1 and the workshops are fitted with steam drying stoves1 so that no fires whatever are used in drying the goods4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary classes of earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street4--,messrs4 ,thomas ,birks ,co4 manufacture china1 earthenware1 and gold and silver lustre of the more ordinary qualities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,street4--,messrs4 ,cooper1 ,till1 ,co4 produce both earthenware and china goods of the more ordinary qualities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,prince of ,wales ,pottery4--,these works1 in ,sutherland ,road1 were established by ,mr4 ,benjamin ,shirley1 of ,bangor1 in ,wales1 on the day of the marriage of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales1 ,march #ajth1 #ahfc1 and were in honour of that event named the 8,prince of ,wales' ,works40 ,they were carried on for a time by ,benjamin ,shirley and ,walter ,freeman1 under the style of 8,shirley ,freeman10 late of the ,sheridan ,works1 and on the death of the former1 in #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,titus ,hammersley became a partner with ,mr4 ,freeman4 ,in #ahff ,edward ,asbury joined the firm1 which was carried on as 8,hammersley1 ,freeman1 ,co40 ,in #ahgj ,mr4 ,freeman retired from the concern1 and the style at that time was 8,hammersley ,asbury40 ,since the death of ,mr4 ,hammersley1 in #ahge1 the works have been continued by ,mr4 ,asbury alone1 under the style of 8,edward ,asbury ,co40 ,the goods produced are china tea1 coffee1 dessert1 and trinket services--a special feature1 however1 being articles bearing local views in colours1 for sale at watering-places--principally for the home markets1 but goods are also shipped to ,australia and the ,united ,states4 ,the mark used is the ,prince of ,wales' feathers with the letters ,h4 ,a4 in a garter1 or ,a4 ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street ,works4--,mr4 ,walter ,freeman1 just spoken of as a proprietor successively of the 8,sheridan0 and of the 8,prince of ,wales0 ,works1 withdrew from the latter in #ahgj and entered on this manufactory1 and in these he competes successfully with many of the other houses4 ,mr4 ,freeman's productions are confined to china1 in which he produces all the usual tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services in great variety of style2 trinket sets for toilet1 and other articles1 both enamelled1 painted1 printed1 and otherwise decorated3 these are made for the home1 ,american1 and ,australian markets4 ,the quality of the ware and the style of decoration are higher than the average4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,market ,works1 ,market ,street4--,these are among the oldest works in ,longton4 ,half a century or more ago they were occupied by ,messrs4 ,martin ,cope for the manufacture of lustre ware and china4 ,they were succeeded by ,abel ,booth1 and after other changes the manufactory came into the hands of ,messrs4 ,glover1 ,colclough1 ,townsend1 who were extensively engaged for the ,eastern markets4 ,from this firm the works passed to ,messrs4 ,skelson ,plant1 and from them to the late ,mr4 ,george ,copestake1 sen41 and from him to ,messrs4 ,radford ,co4 ,the productions are china tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services1 c41 chiefly for the home trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,alma ,works1 ,high ,street4--,messrs4 ,copestake ,allen produce here the ordinary services1 c41 in china4 99 99 99 99 99 ,market ,street4--,messrs4 ,knight ,rowley produce all the usual classes of china goods in tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services1 c41 for the home and foreign markets4 ,many of their shapes and patterns are of great beauty1 and the quality of the body is good2 notably among their shapes for tea services the 8,napier0 is remarkable for its neatness and simplicity2 it is a great advance on the usual white and gold services4 ,it was here that the late ,mr4 ,sampson ,bridgwood made his first start1 and after noble struggles against adversity laid the foundation of his ultimate splendid success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,victoria ,works4--,built by the late ,mr4 ,ralph ,shaw about #ahbh1 these works still remain the property of his executors4 ,about #ahec they were taken by ,mr4 ,joseph ,finney1 who still carries on the business4 ,for the first fifteen years of ,mr4 ,shaw's working1 earthenware was manufactured1 but it was then converted into china works and has so continued to the present time4 ,the goods produced are the usual classes of tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services1 and fancy goods of fair average quality in body and decoration for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stafford ,street4--,mr4 ,james ,dawson occupies these works and produces ordinary earthenware of the usual classes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,russell ,street4--,mr4 ,william ,edwards manufactures ordinary earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mount ,pleasant ,works4--,hallam1 ,johnson1 ,co41 late ,wood ,co41 manufacture ordinary qualities of china4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street4--,messrs4 ,richard ,hodson ,co41 china services of the ordinary quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,british ,anchor ,works1 ,anchor ,road4--,at these works1 occupied by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,hudden1 earthenware only is made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,royal ,porcelain ,works1 ,forrester ,street1 ,anchor ,road 7,messrs4 ,robinson ,chapman74--,these works have been built as a 8model factory40 ,all the throwing-wheels and jiggers are turned by steam power1 and many other operations1 which under the old system were done by manual labour1 are here carried on by the aid of steam4 ,china of a superior quality and style of decoration is produced at these works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stafford ,street4--,messrs4 ,hudson ,son produce ordinary china services4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,gregory's ,pottery4--,these works1 in ,high ,street1 were established in #agid by ,mr4 ,g4 ,barnes1 and were successively held by him and his partner ,mr4 ,wood 7under the style of ,barnes ,wood71 by ,messrs4 ,wood ,blood1 ,mr4 ,chesworth2 ,messrs4 ,beardmore ,birks1 and ,mr4 ,g4 ,townsend1 from whom they passed in #ahfd to ,messrs4 ,tams ,lowe2 they now belong to ,mr4 ,william ,lowe alone4 ,the goods produced comprise all the usual varieties of articles in useful ordinary earthenware1 and in china of an average quality4 ,in the former1 dinner1 tea1 toilet1 and other services1 c41 are made in white1 sponged1 printed1 ground-laid1 and gilt varieties2 in the latter only the ordinary common classes are made1 principally for the home trade4 ,the quality of the body is firm and good1 and the mosaic jugs and tea-pots1 mounted and otherwise1 are well formed and decorated4 ,in these and in the reeded turquoise tea-pots1 c41 the ground colours are clear and even4 ,the usual mark in the common willow pattern is a garter1 with the words ,,staffordshire ,,improved1 enclosing the name of the pattern and the ,staffordshire knot2 the ribbon is surmounted by a crown1 and beneath are the initials of the firm1 ,t4 ,l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gold ,street ,works1 near ,stafford ,street 7,barker ,brothers74--,this is one of the oldest manufactories in ,longton1 and it is historically interesting from the fact of gold lustre having been here first discovered and applied to decorative purposes4 ,the earthenware here made is of the ordinary medium quality1 both for home and for foreign markets1 including the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,western ,africa1 ,australia1 ,south ,america1 ,turkey1 c4 ,it consists of cream-coloured1 white1 fancy-sponged1 painted and printed1 enamelled and other descriptions1 in toilet1 dinner1 breakfast and tea services1 and other articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wellington ,works4--,these works1 in ,stafford ,street1 were established in #ahfb by ,messrs4 ,g4 ,l4 ,robinson ,w4 ,cooper1 the latter retiring after a few years in favour of ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,robinson1 when the firm became ,robinson ,son4 ,in #ahga ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,robinson retired in favour of his son ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,robinson1 who became a partner1 and the firm now is 8,robinson1 ,repton1 ,robinson40 ,the class of china manufactured is of the best finished kind1 and is suited1 in style and decoration1 both for the principal home and foreign markets4 ,the goods principally produced are tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 and other services2 toilet trinket-ware1 vases1 centre-pieces1 c41 and a large variety of ornamental china goblets1 fruit and other baskets1 open-work 7or pierced7 comports1 moustache cups of the same construction as those already spoken of1 and the general varieties of articles which are made in this material4 ,the body of ,messrs4 ,robinson's china is of good pure quality1 and the decoration artistic and clever4 ,some of the tea services are peculiarly chaste in design and rich in colouring2 and the gilding1 enamelling1 and painting are good4 ,the jewelling and embossing of some of the services1 and the happy combinations of colours in others1 combined with careful artistic treatment1 show how thoroughly the designing as well as the manufacturing departments are 8managed0 by this enterprising firm4 ,messrs4 ,robinson ,co4 at ,the ,foley1 also produce china of the usual classes1 both for home and export trades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane4 7,taylor1 ,hudson1 ,middleton47--,at these works1 which have been established about forty years1 a general assortment of plain and decorated china1 in all the various services1 is made both for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,heathcote ,works4--,established in #ahed by ,messrs4 ,william ,brammall and ,john ,dent1 from whom it passed to ,william ,brammall1 then to ,messrs4 ,edwin ,brammall and ,t4 ,s4 ,repton1 and is now carried on by ,w4 ,h4 ,derbyshire ,co4 ,the works are in ,heathcote ,road4 ,the manufactures consist of china tea1 breakfast1 and other services1 and all the usual useful articles in that material suitable for the home trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,green ,dock ,works4--,messrs4 ,cooper1 ,till1 ,co4 7formerly ,hampson ,brothers7 manufacture improved stoneware1 ordinary earthenwares1 and lustres1 for the home1 ,american1 ,australian1 and other markets4 ,established in #ahdf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chadwick ,street4--,messrs4 ,frederick ,jones ,co4 manufacture earthenware of the more ordinary class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street4--,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,johnson produces all the usual services1 c4 in the commoner classes of china4 99 99 99 99 99 ,baddeley4--,about #agbj ,william ,baddeley 7an old name in the district7 commenced making brown ware at ,eastwood1 ,hanley4 ,about #agdj1 having invented an 8engine-lathe10 he began to make 8turned articles in cane and brown ware4 ,he was succeeded in the pottery by his son1 ,william ,baddeley2 his other son1 ,john ,baddeley1 taking the business of the lathe making1 by which he acquired a competency1 and died in #ahda1 aged eighty-five40 ,this second ,william ,baddeley made many improvements in the ware1 and attempted1 both by an imitation of body of his vitreous wares1 and by his mark1 to palm off some of his goods as ,wedgwood's4 ,his mark was the word ,,eastwood impressed on the ware1 but he contrived always to have the ,,east indistinct and the ,,wood clear 7,,eastwood71 thus hoping to catch the unwary by the latter syllable4 ,he died at an advanced age1 and the works at ,eastwood having been sold1 his son1 ,william ,baddeley1 commenced in ,queen ,street1 ,hanley1 for the manufacture of terra-cotta articles1 and a large trade was carried on in earthenware knobs for tin and japanned tea and coffee-pots4 ,he also made fancy pipes1 japanned terra cotta1 and other goods4 ,he also1 at the ,market ,lane ,works1 8was the first to make telegraph insulators in iron moulds with screw and lever pressure40 ,the works were in #ahdf removed to ,longton 7,wharf ,street71 and here the manufacture of imitation stag1 buck1 and buffalo-horn1 and bone handles for knives1 forks1 c41 for the ,sheffield trade1 was first introduced4 ,in this branch 8a very good trade was done1 but the working handlers of ,sheffield refused to work them up1 and threats were sent to several masters1 that if they did not give up the terra-cotta knife-handle trade1 their works would be blown up40 ,the masters1 thus intimidated1 gave up the use of these handles1 and on ,mr4 ,baddeley visiting ,sheffield1 an attack was made on his life1 and letters sent to him on his return threatening that if he did not give up making the handles1 he and his works 8would be done for40 ,the manufacture was then discontinued4 ,mr4 ,baddeley 8invented the thimble placing rack1 now so extensively used2 this he sold to ,elias ,leak1 of ,longton1 who1 in #ahef1 took out a patent for the invention40 ,mr4 ,baddeley1 who died in #ahfd1 held the ,st4 ,martin's ,lane ,works1 and his widow now carries on business in ,commerce ,street4 ,their son1 ,william ,baddeley1 commenced manufacturing in the ,normacott ,road1 in #ahfb4 ,his productions were rustic terra-cotta articles for floral1 horticultural1 useful1 and decorative purposes2 the principal articles being fern-stands1 vases1 flower-stands1 hyacinth-pots1 flower-pots1 garden-seats1 flower-baskets1 mignonette-boxes1 crocus-pots1 globe-stands1 brackets1 inkstands1 c4 ,the designs were all taken from nature1 and appropriate to the intended use of the vessel4 ,his imitations of bark1 c41 and of various woods and plants1 were remarkably good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,waterloo ,works1 ,stafford ,street4 7,brough ,blackhurst74--,built in #ahae1 the year of the ,battle of ,waterloo1 and in honour of that event named the 8,waterloo0 ,works4 ,the date #ahae occurs on one of the ovens4 ,the manufactory formerly belonged to ,messrs4 ,ratkin ,booth1 who were so justly celebrated for their gold and silver lustre wares4 ,at these works1 which are large and commodious1 are produced the ordinary classes of earthenware suitable both for the home and for foreign markets1 enamelled and gilt services1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,heathcote ,road ,pottery4--,messrs ,i4 and ,h4 ,procter removed here in #ahgf from the ,new ,town ,pottery4 ,the productions are common earthenware in the usual cream colour1 printed1 painted1 and lustred varieties4 ,the mark is a crown upon a ribbon1 bearing the words ,,warranted2 over a crown is ,,staffordshire1 and beneath the ribbon ,p for ,procter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sutherland ,pottery1 ,daisy ,bank4--,established in #ahgj by ,mr4 ,joseph ,holdcroft1 their present proprietor1 for the manufacture of majolica1 ,parian1 and silver lustre ware for the home1 continental1 ,south ,american1 and ,australian markets4 ,mr4 ,holdcroft1 who for eighteen years was in the employment of ,minton ,co41 commenced business in another manufactory in ,longton1 which he left on the erection of his present pottery4 ,his majolica productions are of a high class1 both in design1 in quality1 and in workmanship2 a 8,wren ,vase10 with well-modelled birds and flowers1 is a speciality of his works4 ,his mark is his initials symbol impressed in the ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,church ,street4--,these works1 for the production of ,parian1 jasper1 and majolica ware1 belonging to ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,robinson1 were pulled down in #ahgf for town improvements1 ,mr4 ,robinson erecting new works in ,sutherland ,road4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cornhill ,works4--,messrs4 ,poole ,unwin entered on these works1 which had previously been carried on as general earthenware works by others1 in #ahga4 ,the productions are middle-class earthenware2 stoneware jugs1 c41 chiefly intended for the home market4 ,gold and silver lustres of the ordinary kind1 and rustic majolica1 were also at one time made4 ,the initials of the firm are symbol impressed in the body of the ware4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,sutherland ,works1 ,barker ,street4--,established by the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,sampson ,smith1 for the production of china1 tea1 and other services1 silver and gold lustre1 and china figures and ornaments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sutherland ,pottery1 ,normacott ,road4--,these works were established by their present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,skelson ,plant1 who were previously of the ,new ,market ,works1 ,chancery ,lane1 ,longton1 and the ,heathcote ,road ,pottery4 ,they are also proprietors of the ,heathcote ,road ,pottery4 ,these latter were established by ,mr4 ,thomas ,beardmore1 and much enlarged by ,messrs4 ,stubbs ,bridgwood1 before they came into the hands of ,skelson ,plant4 ,at these works china is made in all the usual useful services4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,james's ,place4--,the ,st4 ,james's works were established by ,william ,bradshaw1 and afterwards occupied by ,john ,gerard1 ,jesse ,cope ,co41 and ,baggaley ,ball4 ,in #ahca they were taken by ,robert ,gallimore1 who about #ahdj was joined in partnership by ,george ,shubotham4 ,in #ahdb ,mr4 ,gallimore retired from the concern1 and the business was then continued by ,george ,shubotham and ,william ,webberley1 under the style of 8,shubotham ,webberley40 ,in #ahdg ,mr4 ,shubotham died1 and the works are now carried on by ,mr4 ,webberley alone4 ,in #aheh this gentleman purchased the premises1 and soon afterwards pulled down the old buildings and erected the present commodious 8four-oven0 manufactory4 ,originally lustre ware only was produced1 but china was added by ,mr4 ,gallimore4 ,in #ahdd lustre was entirely abandoned1 and since that time china alone has been made4 ,this is produced in all the usual services both for the home1 ,dutch1 and ,australian markets4 ,no mark is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,daisy ,bank4--,these are among the most historically interesting works in this immediate locality4 ,they were built in the latter part of last century by a ,mr4 ,hughes1 and passed successively through the firms of ,drury1 ,ray1 ,tideswell1 and ,ray ,wynne1 to ,charles ,james ,mason ,co41 who succeeded the latter firm4 ,it was in these works that ,mr4 ,mason produced his ever famous 8,ironstone china10 the firm at that time being 8,george ,miles ,mason and ,charles ,james ,mason10 and subsequently 8,c4 ,j4 ,mason0 only4 ,the patent taken out by ,c4 ,j4 ,mason in #ahac was for 8a process for the improvement of the manufacture of ,english porcelain20 the process1 according to the specification1 consisting 8in using scoria or slag of ironstone pounded and ground in water1 in certain proportions1 with flint1 ,cornwall stone1 and clay1 and blue oxide of cobalt20 doubtless1 however1 this was not correct so far as the first ingredients are concerned4 ,it should also be added that the name 8,ironstone0 was simply a combination of 8iron0 and 8stone10 used to denote the extreme hardness of the body1 as combining the strength of both4 ,from various causes the manufactory1 after some years1 became a commercial failure1 though a great artistic and manipulative success2 in #ahea the patent right1 moulds1 copper-plates1 c4 were sold to ,mr4 ,morley2 and in #ahec the lease of the premises was sold to ,messrs4 ,hulse1 ,nixon1 and ,adderley4 7,for an account of ,mason's ironstone china1 c4 see pages #cae1 #djg1 and #djh47 ,the freehold of the premises was afterwards purchased from ,john ,edward ,heathcote1 ,esq41 by ,hulse1 ,nixon1 and ,adderley4 ,in #ahfi ,mr4 ,nixon died1 and the firm was changed to 8,hulse and ,adderley10 and so continued until #ahgd1 when 7,mr4 ,hulse having died in the preceding year7 it was altered to that of 8,william ,a4 ,adderley10 who was the surviving partner1 and is now the sole proprietor of the place4 ,since ,mason's time the premises have been very considerably enlarged and improved4 ,the productions are china and earthenware for the home1 ,canadian1 ,west ,indian1 ,south ,american1 ,australian1 ,new ,zealand1 and continental markets1 the operations being conducted on a large scale4 ,no distinctive mark is used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,park ,hall ,street4--,messrs4 ,daniel ,sutherland ,sons entered on these works in #ahfc1 and they are now carried on by the sons under the same style4 ,the productions are majolica and ,parian of various qualities4 ,in the former1 jugs of an infinite variety of shapes and patterns2 vases1 tripods1 and flower-holders2 ,stilton cheese1 butter1 and sardine stands and boxes2 bread1 cheese1 and fruit dishes2 water-bottles2 tea and coffee-pots2 kettles2 flower-pots2 brackets1 and scent-jars1 taper-stands1 candlesticks1 and other articles are largely made4 ,in ,parian1 the firm produces groups1 figures1 busts1 c41 in considerable variety1 as well as all the usual lesser articles1 jugs1 brooches1 crosses1 and trinkets4 ,stoneware jugs1 tea-pots1 c41 are also made4 ,the mark of the firm was formerly ,s ,s1 but none is now used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,viaduct ,works1 ,caroline ,street4--,established about #ahcf4 ,this manufactory1 in #ahfc1 passed into the hands of ,cooper1 ,nixon1 ,co41 and next to ,cooper and ,dethick4 ,they produce plain and printed earthenware of the ordinary kinds1 and drab and other coloured bodies1 both for the home and foreign markets4 ,the mark is the initials of the firm1 ,c ,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,high ,street and ,sutherland ,road4--,messrs4 ,james ,beech ,co41 the present proprietors1 opened those works about #ahdf4 ,they produce all the usual tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services in china of a more than ordinary quality1 and in various styles of decoration4 ,they are also grinders of flint and stone for the trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,king ,street4--,these works were established in #ahge1 being opened on ,march #beth of that year1 by their present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,bridgett1 ,bates1 ,beech4 ,they manufacture china only1 but in this are produced all the usual services in every variety of style4 ,no mark is used1 but the productions are both for the home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anchor ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,sampson ,bridgwood1 ,sons1 who are extensive manufacturers1 first carried on business in the ,market ,street ,works1 and next for many years at a manufactory in ,stafford ,street1 originally occupied by ,g4 ,forrester1 which was purchased by the late commissioners of ,longton1 and pulled down for the erection of the present market buildings4 ,they then removed to their present works1 the 8,anchor ,pottery10 where they produce both china and earthenware4 ,in china all the usual tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services are made1 partly for the home1 but principally for the ,united ,states and ,canadian markets4 ,in earthenware they produce largely the white granite for the ,united ,states1 ,australian1 and ,canadian trade1 and they also produce for the home market4 ,one of their specialities is what is technically called 8,parisian granite0 7stamped as 8,limoges071 which is of fine hard durable body and excellent glaze4 ,in this ware1 tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 dinner1 and toilet services are largely produced2 many are of excellent design4 ,the marks used are1 on china1 an impressed stamp of the name 8,s4 ,,bridgwood ,,son40 ,the ,parisian granite bears the impressed stamp1 an oval1 with the word 8,,limoges10 and in the centre ,p4 ,g4 7for ,parisian granite74 ,it also bears the printed mark of an elaborate shield of arms with mantling1 sceptres1 c41 and the words 8,,porcelaine ,,opaque10 8,,bridgwood ,,son40 99 99 99 99 99 ,dresden ,works1 ,normacott ,road1 established by ,mr4 ,john ,proctor4--,these works1 after being worked successively by ,messrs4 ,glover ,colclough1 and ,messrs4 ,goodwin ,bullock1 came into the hands of the present firm of ,mason1 ,holt1 ,co41 in #aheh1 since which time they have been much enlarged4 ,all the usual tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 and other services1 in china of excellent commercial quality1 are made1 both for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dresden ,works1 ,stafford ,street4--,these works were established by ,mr4 ,john ,ferneyhough1 and in #aheh passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,shelley ,hartshorne1 who were succeeded by ,messrs4 ,adams ,scrivener1 who in turn were again succeeded by1 in #ahff1 ,john ,ferneyhough1 who manufactures all the usual varieties of services1 c4 in china of good quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,palissy ,works1 ,chancery ,lane4--,these works were erected in #ahfb1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,grove1 for the purpose of decorating1 not manufacturing1 china ware4 ,in #ahfg he retired1 and was succeeded by his son1 ,mr4 ,fredk4 ,wedgwood ,grove1 and his partner1 ,mr4 ,john ,stark1 who continued them for decorating purposes alone until #ahfg1 when they commenced manufacturing1 having increased the premises for the purpose1 and erected the necessary kilns and machinery4 ,they manufacture earthenware only4 ,in this all the usual dinner1 dessert1 toilet1 and other services and domestic articles are produced1 and of all degrees of decoration1 from plain and printed up to enamelled and gilt varieties4 ,some of their more beautiful patterns are the 8,hindoo10 8,arabesque10 and 8,shell10 and these are made in a variety of styles of more or less richness in detail4 ,spirit and wine show-barrels or casks are also specialities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,minerva ,works1 ,fenton4--,in #ahab these works were held by ,charles ,james ,mason ,co41 the producers of the famous 8,patent ,ironstone ,china0 7which see71 and from them passed to ,messrs4 ,pratt ,co41 who were succeeded by ,mr4 ,gerard 7or ,jerrad7 and ,mr4 ,richard ,hassall4 ,about #ahcc or #ahcd ,mr4 ,hassall was joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,thomas ,green 7son of ,mr4 ,thomas ,green1 of the ,churchyard ,works at ,burslem71 of ,bank ,house1 ,fenton1 who produced the common classes of china4 ,shortly afterwards1 ,mr4 ,hassall retired1 and ,mr4 ,green was joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,w4 ,richards1 of ,great ,fenton1 and the business was continued by 8,green ,richards10 until #ahdg1 when the latter withdrew4 ,the business was then continued by ,mr4 ,thomas ,green alone1 until his decease in #ahei2 from that date to the present time it has been carried on by his widow1 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,green1 under the trading style of 8,m4 ,green ,co40 under the careful management of her sons4 ,the china made by the earlier firms was of the commonest kind of blue figured1 white and gold1 and lustre wares4 ,during the partnership of ,mr4 ,richards1 a variety of ornaments1 small ewers and basins1 toy mugs and jugs1 c41 were extensively made2 this trade was1 however1 checked by the introduction of a similar1 but cheaper1 class of goods from ,france4 ,this had a good effect on the firm1 for it induced attention to be turned to a better class of productions2 and this again was more decisively done in #ahea1 when goods of a highly creditable character were made4 ,the present productions of ,messrs4 ,m4 ,green ,co4 are china tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 trinket1 and other services2 toy sets2 jugs1 mugs1 feeders1 wheel-barrow1 and spade salts2 and a large variety of other articles1 both for home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,victoria ,works1 for many years carried on by ,mr4 ,s4 ,ginders1 are now held by ,mr4 ,james ,reeves1 who produces the more ordinary qualities of earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fenton ,potteries4--,the goods produced are of the commoner class of printed1 sponged1 and pearl-white granite wares suitable for ,british ,north ,american1 ,united ,states1 ,west ,indian1 ,african1 and ,indian markets4 ,none are produced for the home trade4 ,the works are carried on by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,baker ,co41 who were awarded a medal at the ,paris ,exhibition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fenton ,pottery4--,this was established in #ahbe1 by ,messrs4 ,c4 ,j4 ,g4 ,m4 ,mason1 for the manufacture of their famous 8,ironstone ,china0 ware 7which see74 8,the works of ,c4 ,j4 ,mason ,co410 says ,ward1 in #ahdc1 8standing obliquely to two turnpike-roads1 and on the line of the ,canal ,company's railway1 present an extensive front of four stories in height1 inscribed in large letters #8,patent ,ironstone ,china ,manufactory4' ,for this article of trade1 which ,messrs4 ,g4 ,c4 ,j4 ,mason introduced some years ago1 they obtained extensive public favour1 and an almost exclusive sale1 on account of its resemblance to porcelain1 and its very superior hardness and durability40 ,messrs4 ,mason were succeeded by ,mr4 ,samuel ,boyle1 from whom the works passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,challinor1 formerly ,e4 ,challinor ,co4 of ,sandyford and ,tunstall1 who still carry them on4 ,the goods produced are white granite1 printed1 sponged1 and common earthenware1 for the ,american1 ,australian1 and other foreign and colonial markets4 ,in these1 tea1 coffee1 breakfast1 dinner1 toilet1 and other services1 and all the usual useful articles1 are largely produced4 ,the white granite1 or ironstone china1 is of good1 hard1 sound1 and durable quality2 some of their most successful embossed patterns being the ,ceres or ,wheat1 the ,garland1 and the ,vine-leaf patterns4 ,in jugs1 ,messrs4 ,challinor produce the ,ceres or ,wheat1 ,paris1 ,garland1 ,barberry1 ,lily1 ,missouri1 ,florence1 ,versailles1 ,lotus or ,cora1 and other shapes1 both plain and embossed4 ,the earthenware is of the ordinary common quality1 specially designed and well adapted for the various markets to which it is sent4 ,the marks are the ,staffordshire knot symbol impressed in the ware-- ,illustration3 ,e ,c ,,challinor ,,fenton ,e ,c ,,challinor ,,ironstone ,,china ,e ,c ,,challinor within an ornamental border1 surmounted by the royal arms1 c41 also impressed in the ware2 and the following printed on the surface3--the royal arms with crown1 supporters1 motto1 c41 and1 beneath1 a ribbon with ,,ironstone ,,china1 ,e ,c ,,challinor ,,fenton2 the name of the pattern1 as 8,australia10 8,gothic10 8,portland10 c4 within various borders1 c41 and the name ,e ,c ,,challinor1 or ,e ,c ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,old ,foley ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,moore ,co41 late ,samuel ,bridgwood1 produce white granite ware1 of the ordinary character1 for the ,american markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anchor ,works1 ,market ,street4--,these works were carried on for some years by ,t4 and ,j4 ,carey1 until about #ahde1 when they came into the possession of ,mr4 ,ashwell1 who occupied them for about thirteen years4 ,they were afterwards carried on by ,mr4 ,w4 ,green1 from whom they passed to ,copestake ,brothers1 and are now occupied by ,mr4 ,george ,copestake1 who produces china of the usual varieties for both the home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fenton ,potteries4--,these works appear to have been in the hands of the present firm1 ,messrs4 ,pratt1 ever since the commencement of this century4 ,the style of the firm is 8,f4 ,r4 ,pratt ,co410 and they produce all the ordinary classes of earthenware goods in services1 and the usual useful and ornamental articles4 ,they are large makers of 8druggists' sundries10 as that particular branch of trade is described1 for which they are in high repute4 ,messrs4 ,pratt also produce a variety of articles in a peculiarly compact1 vitreous terra cotta2 the colour is a good1 full1 rich red1 and the enamel ornamentation is usually artistically arranged4 ,another speciality of this firm is under-glaze colour-printing1 for which1 and their ,etruscan ware1 they received a medal at the #ahea ,exhibition4 ,a silver medal was also awarded to them by the ,society of ,arts for a pair of the largest ,etruscan-style vases up to that time produced2 they were exhibited in #ahea1 and were purchased by the ,prince ,consort4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lane ,delph ,pottery 7,john ,pratt ,co474--,these works have been in the hands of the present firm for above half a century4 ,the goods produced are earthenware of the ordinary class1 chiefly for foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,grosvenor ,works1 ,foley ,place4--,the works were established about #ahej by ,messrs4 ,till1 ,bourne1 ,browne1 and since their time the successive changes in the proprietorship have been ,bourne ,browne2 ,charles ,browne1 alone2 ,jackson ,browne2 and ,jackson ,gosling1 by whom they are now carried on1 and who do a large home and foreign trade4 ,the manufactures are confined to china1 in which tea1 breakfast1 and dessert services are produced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,park ,works1 ,market ,street4--,mr4 ,ralph ,malkin1 doubtless a descendant of the old pottery family of ,malkin1 manufactures here the ordinary classes of earthenware goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,foley ,pottery4--,this is one of the oldest works in the district4 ,it was originally occupied by ,samuel ,spode1 who lived in a large house adjoining1 which was pulled down some years ago4 ,it was afterwards occupied by ,christopher ,bourne4 ,it has been in the possession of the present occupiers 7,messrs4 ,w4 ,hawley ,co47 since #ahdb4 ,the productions are earthenware of the ordinary kind both for home and export markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,foley ,potteries4--,these potteries take their name from the ,foley family1 who own property in the neighbourhood4 ,they were built by ,mr4 ,john ,smith1 of ,fenton ,hall1 about #ahbj1 the first firm by whom they were worked being ,messrs4 ,elkin1 ,knight1 ,bridgwood 7who made the better classes of 8,willow pattern10 8,broseley pattern10 and other blue printed services74 ,on the retirement of the latter the style was changed to ,knight ,elkin1 and1 subsequently1 on the retirement of ,mr4 ,elkin1 the works were carried on by ,mr4 ,john ,king ,knight alone1 till #ahec1 when he was joined in partnership by the late ,mr4 ,henry ,wileman1 wholesale china dealer1 of ,london1 the style being ,knight ,wileman4 ,on the retirement of ,mr4 ,knight1 in #ahef1 ,mr4 ,wileman carried on the works alone until his death1 in #ahfd1 when his two sons succeeded him as ,j4 ,c4 ,wileman4 ,in #ahff the partnership was dissolved1 and from that time till the present the business has belonged to ,mr4 ,james ,f4 ,wileman1 the present proprietor4 ,the goods produced are the usual granite ware1 printed wares1 lustres1 ,egyptian and shining black1 and cream-coloured wares4 ,all of these of the ordinary classes for household use1 and the great bulk of the trade are export to the ,states1 ,panama1 ,australia1 ,south ,africa1 ,ceylon1 ,java1 and ,india4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,foley ,china ,works were built in #ahfj by the late ,mr4 ,henry ,wileman1 the owner of the ,foley ,potteries4 ,at his death1 in #ahfd1 they were continued by his sons1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,c4 ,wileman1 till #ahfg1 when the partnership was dissolved1 the latter 7,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,wileman7 continuing the china1 and the former the earthenware works4 ,in #ahgj ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,wileman retired1 and his brother then became proprietor of both manufactories1 and shortly afterwards took into partnership ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,shelley1 the firm being styled ,wileman ,co4 ,the china produced is of the ordinary useful class for household purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,king ,street ,works4--,these works were established in the latter part of last century by ,mr4 ,shelley1 who was succeeded by ,mr4 ,marsh1 from whom they passed to ,messrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,carey4 ,the productions of these firms were the ordinary ,rockingham ware and common classes of earthenware2 ,messrs4 ,carey also occupying two other manufactories at ,longton4 ,they were next held by a company1 and about #ahej passed into the hands of the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,john ,edwards4 ,the goods now produced are semi-porcelain and white granite for the ,american markets4 ,until #ahef ,mr4 ,edwards produced china in addition1 but this has since then been discontinued4 ,mr4 ,edwards is patentee of a process for making thimble pins2 and he also1 in #ahei1 took out a patent for 8improvements in stacking or holding biscuit1 earthen1 china1 and glossed ware for firing0 by means of 8a ring frame or holder1 with a rim or flange projecting inwardly1 so as to occupy the whole or part of the centre of the ring40 99 99 99 99 99 ,heath4--,thomas ,heath was a potter in ,lane ,delph in #agaj1 and produced a good hard grey-coloured ware4 ,his three daughters married three potters1 ,palmer and ,neale1 of ,hanley1 and ,pratt of ,fenton4 ,heath was an enterprising potter1 and was successful in making the coated or delft ware1 same as made by ,astbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bacchus4--,thomas ,bacchus1 who1 according to ,shaw1 married first a widow named ,astbury1 manufactured cream-coloured and blue painted ware2 his second wife being a skilled painter1 his late productions were of a more superior character4 99 99 99 99 99 ,william ,meir had pot works at ,fenton in the middle of last century1 which he rented from ,whieldon1 as the following entry in his book shows3 8,mr4 ,wm4 ,meir1 of ,fenton ,low1 for a house and pottworks #c small closes1 ,march #be1 #agej1 a year's ,rent due--#ad--aj--j40 ,whieldon at that time owned much land about ,fenton1 and ,fenton ,hall seems also to have belonged to him4 ,this he let to ,ralph ,woolf1 at a yearly rental of #d2 the 8,new ,house in ,lower ,lane0 being at the same time let to ,thos4 ,woolf for #b #bs4 a year4 ,fenton ,hall was afterwards1 in #agej1 let at the same rent to ,wm4 ,marsh and ,wm4 ,kent2 it was afterwards divided4 99 99 99 99 99 ,harrison4--,george ,harrison was an earthenware manufacturer in the latter part of last century4 ,his productions1 according to an invoice of ,august #bj1 #agic1 consisted of 8large and less tureens10 8sauce tureens10 8root dishes10 8sallad bowls10 and 8tureen ladles10 blue edged2 and cream-coloured 8ewers40 99 99 99 99 99 ,martin4--,anne ,martin 7,i presume1 widow of ,s4 ,martin71 was a manufacturer at ,lane ,delph in #agic4 ,her productions1 as appears from invoices of hers of that year in my possession1 were 8variegated jugs0 of different sizes1 8blue-gray mugs and jugs10 8hand-basins10 different sizes1 8egg cups10 8pattie pans10 8cups and saucers10 7these were #aj;d4 a dozen67 8sauce boats10 8bottles10 8bowls10 8cowlerd toys10 8hand bowls10 8dipd bosed jugs10 8sallad bowls10 8flower pots10 8stoole pans10 8blue painted mugs and jugs10 8pickel jars10 8table services10 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miles ,mason was a manufacturer in the latter part of last century4 ,an invoice of his of #agig enumerates blue dessert ware sets1 each consisting of 8#a centre piece1 #d shells1 #b hearts1 #b cucum4 tureens1 dishes stands1 and #bd desert plates20 8melon shapes10 8squares10 oval and round baking dishes1 oval and square salad dishes1 8,nankeen spitting pots10 basins and egg cups4 ,miles ,mason was the father of ,george ,miles ,mason1 ,charles ,james ,mason1 of 8,ironstone china0 celebrity 7see page #djh71 and ,william ,mason4 ,the family of ,mason was originally of ,westmoreland1 where they were tenants of ,sir ,michael ,freeman1 of ,rydal ,hall4 ,one of the sons went to ,london and established a shop for the sale of ,east ,india china4 ,he afterwards1 ,i am informed1 opened a manufactory at ,liverpool4 ,he then bought land at ,fenton from the ,bagnall family1 on which he erected the works now occupied by ,mrs4 ,green1 and called the 8,minerva ,works10 at ,fenton4 ,afterwards he and his brother built the 8,fenton ,pottery0 7which see71 and after some reverses removed from it to a much smaller and less pretentious manufactory1 the 8,daisy ,bank ,works0 7which also see74 ,miles ,mason's marks were-- ,illustration3 symbol ,,miles ,,mason4 ,miles ,mason4 ,m4 ,mason4 ,m4 ,,mason4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whieldon4--,thomas ,whieldon1 whose name is more intimately mixed up with the early development of the potter's art than that of almost any other man1 was a manufacturer at ,little ,fenton in the middle of last century4 ,spode1 ,astbury1 ,garner1 ,greatbach1 ,heath1 ,edge1 ,marsh1 and many others1 were his apprentices or employs1 and ,josiah ,wedgwood1 when quite a young man1 and ,harrison1 were his partners1 while his mottled and other wares were of high character4 ,in #agdj ,whieldon's works consisted of a small range of low thatched buildings4 8,his early productions were knife-hafts for the ,sheffield cutlers1 and snuff-boxes for the ,birmingham hardwaremen to finish with hoops1 hinges1 and springs1 which himself usually carried in a basket to the tradesmen1 and1 being much like agate1 they were greatly in request4 ,he also made toys and chimney ornaments1 coloured in either the clay state or biscuit by zaffre1 manganese1 copper1 c41 and glazed with black1 red1 or white lead4 ,he also made black glazed tea and coffee-pots1 tortoiseshell and melon table plates 7with ornamented edge and six scollops1 as in the specimens kept by ,andrew ,boon1 of the ,honeywall1 ,stoke71 and other useful articles4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood made models and moulds of these articles2 also pickle leaves1 crab-stock handles1 and cabbage-leave spouts for tea and coffee-pots1 which utensils1 with candlesticks1 chocolate-cups1 and tea-ware1 were much improved1 and his connections extended subsequently1 when ,mr4 ,j4 ,wedgwood became ,whieldon's managing partner4 ,he was a shrewd and careful person4 ,to prevent his productions being imitated in quality or shape1 he always buried the broken articles1 and a few months ago we witnessed the unexpected exposure of some of these1 by some miners attempting to get marl in the road at ,little ,fenton4 ,the fortune he acquired by his industry enabled him to erect a very elegant mansion near ,stoke1 where he long enjoyed1 in the bosom of his family1 the fruits of his early economy4 ,he was also sheriff of the county in the twenty-sixth year of the late reign4 ,the benevolence of his disposition1 and his integrity1 are honourable traits of character1 far superior to the boast of ancestry without personal merit4 ,mr4 ,whieldon lived1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,john ,ward1 in a large house near the lower part of ,fenton1 called ,whieldon's ,grove2 the line of railway passes through the grounds1 and a part of the house is used by the railway company as a store4 ,he died in #agih at a very old age1 and in #ahbh his relict was interred beside him in ,stoke churchyard4 ,in #agdi1 ,thomas ,whieldon built an addition to his works1 and the account of the 8,expenses of the new end ,seller of the ,over ,work-house0 are in my own possession4 ,from this period downwards for some years the dates and terms of 8hirings0 of workpeople1 8setting0 of houses and land to different tenants1 and many other matters of interest1 are all entered in his own handwriting in a pocket account-book belonging to ,whieldon1 now in my own possession4 ,from this book ,i extract the following entries of 8hirings10 for the purpose of showing the small amount of wages paid in those days as compared with the present1 and the curious and amusing bargains which were made between master and workman as to 8earnest money0 and gifts of 8old cloaths10 c4 ,the entries relating to ,josiah ,spode and ,robert ,gardner ,i have already given in another part of this volume3-- #agdi4 s4 d4 ,jany4 #bg4 ,hired ,jno4 ,austin for placeing white1 c41 pr4 week #j #e #f ,pd4 his whole earnest #j #c #j ,feby4 #ad4 ,then hired ,thos4 ,dutton #j #f #f ,pd4 #a pr4 ,stockins #j #c #f ,earnest for vineing#ee #j #ae #j #a pr4 ,stockins #j #b #f ,pd4 in part #j #a #j ,pd4 do4 in #g yds4 cloth #j #h #i #af4 ,hired ,wm4 ,keeling for handling #j #f #j ,pd4 his whole earnest #j #a #j #bj4 ,hired ,wm4 ,cope for handleing vineing cast ware1 for #j #g #j ,pd4 his whole earnest #j #aj #f ,march #h4 ,then hired ,jno4 ,barker for ye huvel1 #j #e #f ,pd4 earnest in part #j #a #j ,pd4 it to pay more #j #a #j #bd4 ,hired 444 ,low for making ,slip #j #e #c ,pd4 him in part of his earnest #j #b #f ,to pay more #j #b #f #bf4 ,then hired ,george ,bagnall1 for fireing for this year1 for #j #e #c ,full earnest1 #es4 ,pd4 in part1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,hired for #agej #j #e #f ,june #b4 ,hired ,jos4 ,astbury #j #a #f ,pd4 earnest #j #j #f #agea4 ,april #f4 ,hired ,thos4 ,astbury #j #f #j ,till ,michaelmas1 pd4 earnest #j #a #j ,oct4 #bf4 ,then hired ,cupit #j #b #c ,pd4 earnest #j #j #f ,i am to give him a old pr4 of stockings or something4 #ageb4 ,hired ,george ,bagley for #b years4 #ast year #j #c #f #bnd year #j #d #j ,to give him a pair of shoes each year4 #agec4 ,june #ba4 ,hired ,wm4 ,marsh for #c years4 ,he is to have #ajs4 #f;d4 earnest each year and #gs4 per week4 ,i am to give an old coat or something about #es4 value4 ,aug4 #bi4 ,hired ,westaby's #c children1 per week #j #d #j ,pd4 earnest #j #j #f ,hired ,john ,everal1 per week #j #d #f ,pd4 earnest1 #b pr4 ,stockings #j #d #j #a shilling in cash #j #a #j ,to have a handkerchief4 #agdi4 ,june #b4 ,hired a boy of ,ann ,blowrs for ,treading ye lathe1 per week #j #b #j ,pd4 earnest #j #j #f #agea4 s4 d4 ,jany4 #aa4 ,then hired ,elijah ,simpson for ,turning1 he is to have pr week #j #h #j ,whole earnest #b #b #j ,pd4 in part #a #b #j ,then hired ,saml4 ,jackson for ,throwing ,sagers and fireing pr4 week #j #h #j ,whole earnest #b #b #j ,pd4 in part #a #b #j ,pd4 more #a #a #j ,feby4 #i4 ,hired ,jno4 ,edge1 for per week #j #f #j ,he is to have earnest #j #e #j a new pr4 stockins #j #b #j ,pd4 in part #j #a #j ,hired his son ,saml for #j #a #c ,april #f4 ,hired ,wm4 ,kent1 per week #j #g #f ,to give for earnest #j #ab #j ,pd4 in part #j #a #f ,to give a new ,shirt at #af;d4 per yard4 ,hired ,ann ,blowrs ,girl ,boy ,girl #j #j #i ,boy1 ,joseph #j #b #j ,to give earnest1 ,testament4 ,the names of workpeople occurring in these hirings are3-- ,jno4 ,austin1 ,wm4 ,lawton1 ,robt4 ,gardner1 ,george ,bagnall1 ,siah ,spoade1 ,jos4 ,matthewson1 ,jno4 ,everel1 ,wm4 ,sale1 ,wm4 ,ward1 ,thos4 ,halam1 ,daniel ,greatbach1 ,richd4 ,bell1 ,wm4 ,marsh1 ,jno4 ,marsh1 ,jno4 ,barker1 ,henry ,averills1 ,two lads1 ,thos4 ,barlow1 ,thos4 ,astbury1 ,sanders1 ,two lads1 ---- ,cupit1 ,uria ,sutton1 ,benj4 ,burrows1 ,thos4 ,dutton1 ,thos4 ,mee1 ,jno4 ,kent1 ,wm4 ,kent1 ,bet4 ,blower1 ,ann ,blowers1 ,boy and ,girl1 ,james ,blower1 ,john ,blower1 ,ned ,blower1 ,wm4 ,reeves1 ,old ,thos4 ,mee1 ,wm4 ,keeling1 ,wm4 ,fox1 ,john ,lowe1 ,jos4 ,astbury1 ,thos4 ,steen1 ,elijah ,simpson1 ,john ,knight1 ,thos4 ,bagley1 ,george ,bagley1 ---- ,booth1 ,westaby1 ,jno4 ,edge1 ,senr41 ,wm4 ,cope1 ,jos4 ,botham1 ,james ,leigh1 ,saml4 ,jackson ,thos4 ,hallins1 ,jno4 ,edge1 ,wm4 ,kent1 ,wm4 ,amery1 ,boy4 ,that ,whieldon was a man of large property is evident from the entries of 8settings0 of lands and houses1 in the same book1 but this is not pertinent to my subject of the goods manufactured during the same period4 ,one or two entries give interesting particulars2 thus3-- ,to send ,mrs4 ,,davison4 #f pt4 mugs1 white1 #b;d4 #a flat candlestick1 ,tor4#ef ,mr4 ,,thos4 ,,fletcher1 ,dr4 s4 d4 ,to #a doz4 ,plates1 ,tor4#ef #j #h #j #b do4 plate #j #b #f #b #b dishes #j #b #j #a do4 painted #j #b #j #a do4 ,cream ,colr4 #j #a #h #e pails #j #b #f ,mr4 ,,davison4 #a pail #j #j #f ,to make for ,mr4 ,,green 7of ,hovingham1 near ,heylsham1 ,norfolk74 #d ,tor4#ef ,teapots1 all ,toys2 #d ,coffee ,pots2 #d ,slop bowls2 #d ,ewers2 #d ,sugar boxes1 china make2 #d ,mustard pots1 high2 #h ,salts1 high feet2 #ab #b ,dishes1 ,tor4#ef2 #e doz4 pails2 #b doz4 piggins2 #f doz4 large plates2 #d doz4 round ditto2 #h doz4 a size less2 #g of ym round with ,ribd4 edge2 #a do4 ,sqr42 #c doz4 ,bread butter plates1 ,ribd42 #c qt4 ,coffee ,pots2 #f pints2 #d #bnd size dishes2 #b larger4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fdj to #fdd4 ,the goods manufactured by ,whieldon1 both before1 during1 and after his partnership with ,wedgwood1 were of good quality and excellent form4 ,they are now very scarce1 and are highly and deservedly prized by collectors4 ,two 8tortoiseshell plates10 a small 8cauliflower jug10 a marbled1 or 8combed-pattern0 plate1 and an imitation agate knife-haft1 are shown by ,figs4 #fdj to #fdd4 ,in #aged ,wedgwood and ,harrison entered into partnership with ,thomas ,whieldon4 ,the partnership with ,harrison1 however1 continued but for a short period1 and in #ageb he went out of the concern1 ,wedgwood and ,whieldon continuing in partnership five years1 and carrying on their trade at ,whieldon's works at ,fenton ,low4 ,in #aged ,wedgwood here produced his famous green glaze1 which helped much to extend the fame of the manufactory4 ,in #agei the partnership expired2 ,wedgwood returned to ,burslem1 and ,whieldon continued the business alone4 ,he acquired a large fortune1 in #aghf was high sheriff of the county1 and in #agih died at an advanced age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turner4--,messrs4 ,william and ,john ,turner1 whose manufactory was in the ,high ,street1 have often been referred to in this work4 ,they were among the best and most successful potters of the end of last and early part of the present century4 ,about #agef ,mr4 ,john ,turner and ,mr4 ,banks made white stone ware at ,stoke1 but in #agfb ,turner removed to ,lane ,end1 8where he manufactured every kind of pottery then in demand1 and also introduced some other kinds not previously known40 ,about #aghj he discovered a valuable vein of fine clay at ,green ,dock1 from which he 8obtained all his supplies for manufacturing his beautiful and excellent stone ware pottery of a cane colour1 which he formed into very beautiful jugs1 with ornamental designs1 and the most tasteful articles of domestic use40 ,turner produced 8a shining blue glazed pottery similar to that of the ,japanese porcelain10 as well as making many other improvements in the art4 ,he died in #aghf1 and was succeeded by his sons ,william and ,john ,turner1 who became1 as just said1 among the best potters of the day--equalling in many respects ,josiah ,wedgwood himself4 ,in jasper ware1 in ,egyptian black1 and other finer wares1 there is little choice between ,turner and ,wedgwood1 although the composition of the two bodies was not the same1 and had been obtained by different processes4 ,in #ahjj ,messrs4 ,turner took out a patent for a new method of manufacturing porcelain and earthenware by the introduction of 8,rafferness ,mine ,rock1 ,little ,mine ,rock1 and ,new ,rock40 ,the works were closed about #ahjc4 ,the mark used by the ,turners was simply the name ,,turner1 impressed on the jasper and other fine bodies2 on their blue-bordered and printed wares sometimes they used the ,prince of ,wales's feathers1 with the name ,turner beneath4 ,illustration3 ,,turner4 ,fig4 #fde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,garner4--,robert ,garner1 or ,gardner1 son of ,robert ,gardner1 was an apprentice with ,thomas ,whieldon1 and afterwards employed by him1 at the same period as his fellow workman1 ,josiah ,spode1 was employed4 ,the following entry is in ,whieldon's own handwriting1 in my possession3 s4 d4 8#agdi4 ,feb4 #bh4 ,then hired ,robt4 ,gardner1 per week #j #f #f ,earnest #j #aj #f ,pd4 him toward it #j #a #j ,i am to make his earnest about #es4 more in something4 #agea4 ,feby4 #bb4 ,agreed with ,robt4 ,gardner for his son for next year1 pr4 week #j #g #j ,i am to give him earnest #a #a #j ,paid it4 #aged4 ,novr4 #aa4 ,hired old ,robt4 ,gardnr pd4 earnest #a #a #j ,march #af4 ,pd4 ,robt4 ,gardner1 senr41 earnest for this year #a #a #j #ageg4 ,may #cj4 ,pd4 earnest for this year #a #a #j0 ,gardner was also a tenant of ,whieldon's1 as shown by the following entry3-- 8#ageb4 ,may #aa4 ,let ,robt4 ,gardner a house at ,fenton ,hall ,bank1 pr4 year #b #b #j0 ,this he continued to hold for some years1 as receipts for rent show4 ,robert ,gardner1 who was hired from his father in #agea1 married ,margaret ,astbury1 daughter of ,astbury1 the well-known potter1 and at one time was in partnership with one of her brothers at the ,foley4 ,he built a large house1 then known as the ,foley ,house1 but latterly as the ,bank ,house4 ,by his wife ,margaret ,astbury1 ,mr4 ,garner was the father of ,robert ,garner1 potter1 of ,lane ,end1 some of whose accounts of #agig are in my possession4 ,he married a ,miss ,middlemore1 daughter and co-heiress of the ,middlemores of ,edgbaston and ,studley1 by whom1 with other issue1 he had a son1 the present ,robert ,garner1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 surgeon1 of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 the author of the 8,natural ,history of the ,county of ,stafford10 and other works1 and one of the most talented and enlightened of the worthies of the pottery district4 ,about #agej1 it is said1 the elder ,robert ,garner1 in conjunction with ,messrs4 ,barker1 8commenced the manufactory of ,shining ,black and ,white ,stone ,ware1 salt glaze1 at the ,row ,houses1 near the ,foley1 ,fenton1 and where afterwards they made tolerable cream colour4 ,they realised a good property here1 and ,mr4 ,r4 ,garner rented a manufactory and the best mansion of the time in ,lane ,end1 near the old turnpike gate40 ,robert ,garner1 of ,lane ,end1 was a potter in a large way of business1 and excellent in ,queen's or cream-coloured ware4 ,some examples of his make are preserved in the ,stoke ,museum4 ,a sister of his married ,mr4 ,banks1 formerly one of the principal potters of ,stoke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,edwards4--,william ,edwards1 a potter at ,lane ,delph in #agej1 made a very superior kind of earthenware4 ,one of his productions1 described by ,shaw1 was a plate with basket-work rim1 the centre part divided into compartments of embossed work1 and decorated with various devices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,johnson4--,thomas and ,joseph ,johnson made white stone1 ,crouch1 and other wares4 ,their manufactory was afterwards held by ,mayer and ,newbold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phillips4--,about #agfj1 a son of ,mr4 ,phillips1 of ,lane ,delph1 commenced making white stone and other wares at ,green ,dock1 ,longton1 and afterwards produced cream-coloured ware of good quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sampson ,bridgwood4--,his manufactory was erected in #agef by ,roger ,wood1 of the ,ash1 and occupied by a ,mr4 ,ford1 for stone and brown wares4 99 99 99 99 99 ,greatbach4--,robert ,greatbach was bound apprentice with ,thomas ,whieldon4 ,he afterwards carried on business at ,fenton1 where he produced a number of good and useful patterns in various wares4 ,thomas ,radford was associated with him in this business1 and his engravings were very popular4 ,one of the best examples is a mug bearing 8,the ,world in ,planisphere10 on which occurs the name 8engraved by ,radford20 it is very sharply and clearly engraved1 and bears1 on an heraldic wreath1 the initials 8,e4 ,t40 ,another celebrated production was the subject of the 8,prodigal ,son0 on tea-pots1 c4 ,greatbach was afterwards engaged by ,wedgwood1 and was a successful modeller4 99 99 99 99 99 ,greenwood4--,a potter named ,greenwood was in ,fenton1 in ,staffordshire1 about #aggj-hj4 ,other potters in ,fenton were ,thomas ,heath1 ,bourne1 ,baker ,bourne1 ,thos4 ,bacchus4 ,other potters about #agfj were ,phillips1 ,matthews1 ,moses ,simpson1 ,john ,adams1 ,john ,prince1 and ,william ,hilditch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,heathcote ,co4--,the ,heathcotes were potters in ,staffordshire1 ,i believe1 at the close of last and in the early part of the present century4 ,the wares produced were good quality blue printed1 painted1 and gilt services1 and ornamental goods4 ,the mark was the ,prince of ,wales's feathers with the name ,c4 ,,heathcote ,,co4 above1 and on a ribbon beneath the name of the pattern1 as ,,cambria1 c4 ,some good examples are in the ,mayer ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,matthews4--,william ,matthews1 of ,lane ,delph1 was a maker of tortoiseshell and clouded pottery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,myatt4--8,at the southern extremity of ,foley10 says ,shaw in #ahbi1 8are the house and factory of the late ,mr4 ,myatt1 one of the first persons who received the ,wesleyan and ,methodist preachers1 and in whose parlour the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,wesley stood1 while from the window he preached to a vast congregation1 when last he passed through ,staffordshire only a few months prior to his decease40 ,he produced ordinary white and printed earthenware and red ware4 ,his mark was his name1 impressed3 ,,myatt4 ,,myatt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,williamson4--,hugh ,williamson was a potter in the latter part of last century1 and principally made the ordinary blue printed ware4 ,a plate or tray with blue flowers and border is in the ,mayer collection1 and is labelled as 8,made at ,hugh ,williamson's4 ,it was transferred by ,mrs4 ,hancock1 seventy-eight years of age1 when she was an apprentice40 99 99 99 99 99 ,harley4--,thomas ,harley1 a manufacturer at 8,lane ,end10 produced some good earthenware services1 jugs1 and other articles4 ,he sometimes marked with his name in full in writing letters1 ,t4 ,harley1 ,laneend1 and at other times ,,harley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plant4--,benjamin ,plant was a potter here at the close of last century4 ,his name sometimes occurs as below4 ,b4 ,plant1 ,lane ,end4 ,benjamin ,plant1 ,lane ,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bailey ,batkin4--,this firm 7see ,batkin ,booth1 page #djc7 made a fine quality of lustre ware--a brown clay with lustre wash all over outside1 and often inside4 ,in the ,mayer collection is a service of it1 and one large piece with 8,,bailey ,,batkin1 ,,sole ,,patentees10 running round a central band4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mayer ,newbold4--,this firm produced excellent goods in the early part of the present century4 ,one of their marks was--,mayr ,newbd1 and another ,mayer ,newbold in full4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it will be interesting to add that at ,longton ,hall ,william ,littler1 of ,brownhills1 at one time resided1 and there1 according to ,shaw1 8continued his experiments in the manufacture of porcelain until his success surpassed all the expectations of his contemporaries2 but there not being much demand for this kind of ware he sacrificed his estate at ,brownhills1 near ,burslem1 and then discontinued manufacturing porcelain4 ,his chief workman was not only a good practical potter1 but a tolerable modeller1 ,dr4 ,mills1 who subsequently died at ,shelton at a very advanced age40 ,littler's removal to ,longton ,hall is said to have been 8about #agfe40 ,littler is said afterwards to have been manager of ,baddeley ,fletcher's works at ,shelton4 ,ten years previously ,william ,duesbury1 the founder of the ,derby ,china ,works1 was also of ,longton ,hall4 ,in a deed of that year1 which ,i have given in extenso on page #ff1 he is described as 8,william ,duesbury1 of ,longton ,hall1 in the parish of ,stoke-upon-,trent10 and in another deed as 8,wm4 ,duesbury1 of ,longton1 in ye ,county of ,stafford1 ,enamellor0 7see under 8,derby10 ante74 ,,chapter ,x4 ,tunstall--,early ,potters--,enoch ,booth--,child--,winter--,unicorn and ,pinnox ,works--,greenfield ,works--,newfield ,works--,george ,street ,pottery--,phnix ,works--,sandyford--,lion ,works--,victoria ,works--,swan ,bank ,works--,church ,bank ,works--,well ,street ,works--,old ,works--,black ,bank--,high ,street ,works--,woodland ,pottery--,greengate ,pottery--,sandyford ,works--,tunstall ,works--,highgate ,pottery--,clay ,hill ,pottery--,royal ,albert ,works--,soho ,works--,marshall ,co4--,walton--,stevenson--,birch--,east wood--,shorthose ,co4--,heath ,son--,newcastle-under-,lyme--,tobacco-p ipes--,charles ,riggs--,garden ,edgings--,thomas ,wood--,terra-cotta ,works--,armitage--,lichfield--,penkhull 1 c4 c4 ,the ,tunstall potters enumerated by ,shaw in #ahbi are3 ,john ,mear1 ,t4 ,goodfellow1 ,ralph ,hall1 ,s4 ,j4 ,rathbone1 ,j4 ,boden1 ,bourne1 ,nixon ,co41 ,breeze ,co41 and ,burrows ,co4 ,ward in #ahdb enumerates seventeen manufactories at ,tunstall2 these were as under4 ,china and earthenware1 three1 viz43 ,hancock ,wright1 ,bill ,proctor1 and ,rathbone ,brummitt4 ,earthenware only1 twelve1 viz43 ,wood ,challinor1 ,thos4 ,goodfellow1 ,john ,meir ,son1 ,joseph ,heath ,co41 ,hall ,holland1 ,wm4 ,adams1 ,jun41 ,co4 7,greenfield71 ,podmore1 ,walker ,co4 7two manufactories71 ,james ,beech 7two71 ,thos4 ,bowley1 and ,mayer ,mawdesley4 ,china toys and black ware1 two1 viz43 ,michael ,tunnicliffe and ,john ,harrison4 ,mr4 ,abraham ,lowndes was also a manufacturer here4 ,messrs4 ,james ,beech ,abraham ,lowndes had a manufactory here in #ahbi4 ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the common coarse brown ware of the period was made at ,golden ,hill1 near ,tunstall1 and later on the ordinary 8brown chequered and ,porto ,bello wares were made40 ,in the beginning of this century there was a small establishment for the manufacture of cream colour and porcelain1 but it is now 7says ,shaw in #ahbi7 discontinued1 and the building is converted into dwelling-houses4 ,at ,green ,lane1 ,golden ,hill1 coarse black and brown ware was formerly made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,enoch ,booth4--,this potter established a manufactory at ,cliff ,bank1 ,tunstall1 and about #agej commenced making cream-coloured ware of a superior kind1 8which was coated with a glaze of lead ore and ground flint40 ,he married ,ann1 one of the daughters of ,thomas ,child1 of ,tunstall1 on a part of whose property he settled and commenced his works4 ,by this marriage he had1 with other issue1 a daughter ,ann1 who married ,anthony ,keeling1 by whom he was succeeded in business4 ,the works were afterwards carried on by ,mr4 ,t4 ,goodfellow4 ,keeling about #agic built a large residence adjoining his works1 and in #ahaj retired from business2 he died at ,liverpool in #ahff 7see ,phnix ,works74 99 99 99 99 99 ,child4--,about #agfc ,mr4 ,smith ,child established a pottery here1 which was afterwards carried on by ,mr4 ,clive4 ,it was subsequently occupied by ,messrs4 ,joseph ,heath ,co41 ,mr4 ,anthony ,shaw1 and the ,messrs4 ,adams4 ,some examples are known which bear the impressed name ,,child 7see ,newfield ,works74 99 99 99 99 99 ,winter4--8,early in the present century10 says ,shaw1 8,captain ,winter having boasted that the articles of his manufacture at ,tunstall were the only true porcelain made in ,staffordshire1 experienced no little chagrin on ascertaining that his ware would fuse at a heat much below that usually required10 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unicorn ,pottery and ,pinnox ,works4--,these large and important manufactories1 situated in ,amicable ,street and ,great ,woodland ,street1 for the production of general earthenware1 early in the present century were occupied by ,mr4 ,e4 ,challinor1 who was succeeded in #ahbe by ,messrs4 ,g4 ,podmore ,walker ,co41 who also occupied the ,swan ,bank ,pottery4 ,that firm was succeeded by the present proprietors1 8,messrs4 ,e4 ,wedgwood ,co410 the head of the firm being ,enoch ,wedgwood1 ,esq41 of ,port ,hill1 ,j4,p4 for the county of ,stafford1 whose elder son1 ,edmund ,m4 ,wedgwood1 is also a partner4 ,the works are of large extent1 and give employment to six or seven hundred persons2 they occupy an area of about an acre of ground1 and are among the most substantially built and best arranged in the pottery district4 ,the goods produced are the higher classes of earthenware4 ,in these1 dinner1 tea1 breakfast1 dessert1 toilet and other services1 and all the usual miscellaneous articles1 are made to a very considerable extent1 both for the home1 colonial1 continental1 and ,american markets1 to which considerable quantities are regularly exported4 ,the quality of the 8,imperial ,ironstone ,china0--the staple production of the firm--is of remarkable excellence1 both in body and in glaze1 and the decorations are characterized by pure taste1 artistic feeling1 and precision of execution2 they consist of an endless variety of admirable patterns1 printed in various colours1 wholly or partially hand-painted1 enamelled1 and gilt4 ,the great and laudable aim of the present firm has been and is to produce the best1 most artistic1 and most pleasingly effective designs1 and to adapt them to ordinary purposes1 so that they may become the every-day surroundings of the artisan as well as of the educated man of taste4 ,thus they associate durability of quality in body and a perfect glaze with purity of outline in form1 chasteness of decoration1 and clearness and harmony of colour--adapting their designs and styles of decoration to the national tastes of the people in the various climes to which the goods are sent4 ,one of the most successful of their ordinary printed designs is the pattern known as 8,asiatic ,pheasants10 which has become so popular as to be considered one of the standard patterns of this country and the colonies4 ,other equally effective designs have also been introduced by ,mr4 ,wedgwood with great success4 ,in the higher classes of decoration--painting1 jewelling1 and gilding--the productions of this firm also rank deservedly high1 and they are particularly successful in services bearing monograms and armorial decorations4 ,besides the usual classes of useful and ornamental earthenware in services1 c41 ,e4 ,wedgwood ,co4 produce beautiful specimens of inlaid decorations for hall stairs1 and elaborately carved furniture1 which may hereafter be in general repute4 ,they have not made a public display of their distinct manufacture1 except at the ,paris ,exhibition1 where they were awarded a medal for the excellence of their earthenware4 ,the marks used by the firm are the following1 impressed in the body of the ware3 ,illustration3 ,,stone ,,china ,,wedgwood ,,co ,fig4 #fdg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,greenfield ,works 7,william ,thomas ,adams74--,this business was originally established at ,stoke by the grandfather of the present owner1 ,william ,adams1 who then carried on the business in his own name until #ahbi1 when the firm was changed to ,wm4 ,adams ,sons2 the second ,william ,adams being head of the firm4 ,in #ahcd the business was considerably enlarged1 and the present works at ,greenfield1 ,tunstall1 opened4 ,in #ahec a dissolution of the firm took place1 and the ,greenfield works were carried on by ,william ,adams 7the second7 until #ahfe1 when he retired in favour of his sons1 ,william and ,thomas ,adams1 the present owners of the manufactory4 ,the trade of this large and important manufactory is entirely confined to foreign markets1 the principal trade being done with the ,brazils1 ,cuba1 ,central ,america1 ,java1 ,manilla1 ,singapore1 the ,united ,states1 c41 the first six of which are the special trade of this firm4 ,the quality of the earthenware is the best of its class1 and is noted in the markets for which it is specially prepared for its durability1 its 8pleasant handling10 and the richness and variety of its coloured and sponged patterns1 the bright fancy character of which is much admired in the out markets of the world which have been named4 ,the goods produced are tea1 toilet1 and table services1 besides a variety of other articles2 and these are all the best of their class1 both in body1 in form1 and in decoration4 ,white granite 7or ironstone china7 of an excellent quality is also made for the ,american and other markets1 some of the raised patterns--as1 for instance1 the 8,dover0--being remarkably good1 and the forms of the pieces--side-dishes with covers1 c4--being faultless4 ,transfer printing is much used1 and is by this firm judiciously combined with 8sponged0 patterns with good effect4 ,william ,adams was an apprentice to ,josiah ,wedgwood1 and was a great favourite with him4 ,he commenced business for himself at ,tunstall1 and there produced some fine works of art in jasper and other wares4 ,he died quite in the beginning of the present century1 and was1 ,i have heard1 succeeded in the ,tunstall business by his son ,benjamin ,adams4 ,occasionally the name ,,adams1 or ,w4 ,,adams ,,son1 is met with4 8,about #ahjj10 according to ,shaw1 8,mr4 ,benjamin ,adams1 of ,tunstall1 was successful in the manufacture of jasper0 in imitation of1 though not equal to1 that of ,wedgwood4 ,newfield ,works4--,these were occupied in #aheg by the father of the members of the firm whose works have just been spoken of1 and are now carried on by ,mr4 ,william ,adams4 ,the goods are of a similar excellent character and are produced for the same markets1 with the addition of ,australia and ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,an extensive business is done with the ,united ,states1 especially in ,philadelphia and ,baltimore 7see ,child74 99 99 99 99 99 ,george ,street ,pottery1 established #ahfb4--;,at these works ,mr4 ,w4 ,holdcroft 7formerly ,holdcroft ,wood7 manufactures all kinds of earthenware dinner1 toilet1 tea1 and other services1 and the usual varieties of useful articles4 ,jugs are produced in immense quantities and of great variety1 both in form and in styles of ornamentation1 as is also every variety of goods4 ,even in the commoner classes a better style of decoration is observable in the productions of this manufactory than in many others4 ,the styles of ornamentation are hand painting1 transfer printing1 ground colours1 lustre-glazes1 c4 ,the markets produced for are both home and foreign1 and the general classes of goods are what may be called generally commercial4 ,connected with these works is the highly interesting fact that ,mr4 ,holdcroft was the first to introduce the down-draught system of firing into the potteries1 which has effected a great saving in fuel and a freedom from smoke4 ,mr4 ,wood was great-nephew of one of the most celebrated men of the district--the late ,enoch ,wood--and is now a partner in the firm of ,poole1 ,stanway1 ,wood1 of ,stoke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phnix ,works4--,these works were built in the last century by ,anthony ,keeling1 one of the eminent potters of the district in the 8olden days10 and of whom a notice has already been given 7page #dbd74 ,he married ,ann ,booth1 daughter of the celebrated ,enoch ,booth1 to whose business he succeeded4 ,at the commencement of the present century he was the principal manufacturer in ,tunstall1 but was unsuccessful and retired on a small independence in #ahaj4 ,he was succeeded by ,mr4 ,thomas ,goodfellow1 who made considerable additions to the establishment4 ,they afterwards passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,bridgwood1 by whom 7being1 later on1 joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,edward ,clarke7 they were carried on under the style of 8,bridgwood ,clarke40 ,mr4 ,bridgwood dying in #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,clarke1 whose large practical experience had added much to the already extensive transactions of the establishment1 became sole proprietor1 and carried on the concern until #ahgg1 when he removed to the ,new ,bridge ,works at ,longport1 which see4 ,mr4 ,clarke produced 8white granite0 7porcelain opaque7 in immense quantities and of the very best quality1 for the ,american markets1 where it successfully competed with 8,french porcelain20 artists' palettes1 tiles1 slabs1 saucers1 c41 were also made in large quantities1 and possessing all the requirements of hardness1 evenness1 and durability of glaze1 are much esteemed4 ,finger plates and door furniture of every variety1 both in black in white and in ivory coloured body1 and plain or variously decorated1 were also produced in large quantities4 ,in ivory body1 in white1 and in brown1 ,mr4 ,clarke manufactured1 very largely1 castor bowls1 which are used on legs of tables1 chairs1 sofas1 c41 and on other varieties of furniture which require constant moving4 ,mr4 ,clarke also for many years carried on the 8,churchyard ,works0 at ,burslem1 of which a lengthy notice is given on page #bdd4 ,the marks used were ,,edward ,,clarke1 impressed on the body of the ware1 and the royal arms1 with supporters1 garter1 motto1 c41 above a flowing ribbon on which are the words 8,,edward ,,clarke1 ,,porcelain ,,opaque10 and1 beneath1 ,,tunstall 7see ,enoch ,booth74 99 99 99 99 99 ,lion ,works1 ,sandyford4--,these works were commenced for goods for the home trade by ,james ,beech in #ahch1 and afterwards passed into the hands of ,thomas ,walker1 who made ,south ,american goods1 and next1 in #ahef1 to ,broughton ,mayer1 whose productions were for the ,united ,states4 ,in #ahfb the present firm1 8,ford ,challinor10 became proprietors1 and have continued the manufacture of general earthenware for the home and foreign markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,victoria ,works4--,established and built by ,mr4 ,john ,tomkinson in #aheh1 and carried on by him and ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,turner under the style of 8,turner ,tomkinson0 until #ahgc1 when ,mr4 ,tomkinson retired4 ,the business is now carried on by ,mr4 ,turner and his sons1 under the style of 8,g4 ,w4 ,turner ,sons40 ,the goods produced are the ordinary printed and enamelled earthenware in dinner1 toilet and other services1 c41 for the home and colonial markets4 ,the mark used is simply the initials of the firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,swan ,bank ,works4--,this is one of the oldest manufactories in ,tunstall4 ,in the beginning of the present century it belonged to and was worked by ,mr4 ,ralph ,hall1 and is still the property of his descendants1 his sole executor being ,mr4 ,frederick ,j4 ,bowers1 by whom 7as successor to his father1 ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,bowers7 the ,brownhills ,pottery was carried on until that concern was formed into a company 7see page #bhh74 ,mr4 ,ralph ,hall was succeeded in the manufactory by ,messrs4 ,podmore ,walker ,co41 by whom it was carried on until about #ahfb1 when it passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,beech ,hancock1 by whom it was much improved1 and from them to its present occupier1 ,james ,beech4 ,the productions of the firm are the ordinary classes of earthenware and stoneware for the home trade4 ,in these wares dinner1 tea1 toilet1 and all the usual services are largely produced in every variety of style and of various degrees of ornamentation1 both in 8sponged10 printed1 painted1 enamelled1 gilt and lustred styles4 ,stoneware jugs and other articles are also largely made and are of excellent quality1 as are also black ware and other jardinires flower vases1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,church ,bank ,works4--,the ,church ,bank ,works were built in #ahdb by ,mr4 ,robert ,beswick 7of ,chell1 the present owner71 by whom they were carried on till #ahfj1 and afterwards successively by the firms of ,beech ,hancock1 ,eardley ,hammersley1 and ,ralph ,hammersley alone4 ,in #ahgj the manufactory passed into the hands of its present occupiers1 ,messrs4 ,thomas ,booth ,son4 ,the firm commenced business in #ahfd at the ,knowles ,works1 ,burslem1 under the style of ,evans ,booth1 which in #ahfh was altered to ,thomas ,booth ,co4 ,in #ahgb the style was changed to its present form of ,thomas ,booth ,son4 ,the productions are earthenware of medium quality in which all the usual services and other domestic articles are produced for the home and colonial markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,well ,street ,pottery1 called also the ,old ,works4--,these works--of old foundation--are carried on by ,mr4 ,stephen ,clive under the style of ,stephen ,clive ,co41 whose productions are the ordinary middle classes of earthenware goods for the home and foreign markets4 ,the firm was formerly ,clive ,lloyd1 and after ,mr4 ,lloyd retired became ,stephen ,clive ,co4 8,about #ahjb ,mr4 ,william ,brookes1 engraver1 then of ,tunstall1 afterwards of ,burslem1 suggested to ,mr4 ,j4 ,clive a new method of ornamenting by blue-printing4 ,the border of the plate was engraved from a beautiful strip of border for paper-hangings of rooms1 and many of the manufacturers approved of the alteration4 ,the ,new ,hall ,company instantly adopted it for some of their tea-services40 99 99 99 99 99 ,black ,bank and ,high ,street ,works4--,these works are carried on by ,mr4 ,ralph ,hammersley2 the latter for the production of ordinary earthenware1 and the former for common jet1 red1 and ,rockingham ware articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,woodland ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,hollinshed ,kirkham1 formerly ,edmund ,t4 ,wood1 is situated in ,woodland ,street4 ,earthenware for the home and foreign markets is produced in all the usual varieties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,greengate ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,henry ,meir ,son manufacture earthenware in all the usual services of the more ordinary classes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sandyford ,works4--,ordinary earthenware is here made by ,mr4 ,jabez ,blackhurst4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tunstall ,works4--,messrs4 ,blackhurst ,dunning commenced these works in #aheg for the manufacture of ordinary earthenware for the home and ,south ,american markets4 ,in #ahfg ,mr4 ,dunning died1 and since then the business was carried on by ,mr4 ,richard ,blackhurst alone2 he died in #ahgg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,highgate ,pottery4--,established by ,george ,hood1 who purchased the land from ,mr4 ,randle-,wilkinson in #ahca1 and built the manufactory4 ,the works were purchased by ,mr4 ,william ,emberton in ,july1 #ahdf1 and carried on by him until his death in #ahfg1 since which time they have been carried on by his two sons1 ,thomas ,isaac ,emberton and ,james ,emberton1 the present owners4 ,the goods manufactured are all the usual varieties of earthenware for the home markets1 and the firm are also large producers of special goods for ,ceylon1 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 and other ,indian markets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clay ,hill ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,thomas ,elsmore ,son manufacture ordinary earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,royal ,albert ,works4--,mr4 ,albert ,meakin produces the ordinary classes of earthenware goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,soho ,works4--,mr4 ,george ,guest here manufactures common earthenware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdh4 ,marshall ,co4--,this firm were manufacturers in the early part of this century1 but their locality is unknown to me with certainty4 ,the mark1 ,fig4 #fdh1 occurs in the ,mayer ,museum4 ,it is impressed on the bottom of a shell-piece1 a part of a dessert service1 painted in pink waves with gilt edge4 ,it is a very good design1 and in painting and gilding excellent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,walton4--,the name ,,walton in a scroll1 and also 8,walton0 alone1 occur impressed in the ware of common earthenware statuettes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stevenson4--,there were more than one firm of potters named ,stevenson in ,staffordshire4 ,some were of ,cobridge4 ,one potter of that name used a vesica-shaped mark bearing a three-masted ship with the name ,stevenson above it impressed in the ware4 ,another used the mark of a crown within a circle1 bearing the words ,a4 ,,stevenson1 ,,warranted1 ,,staffordshire1 impressed in the ware4 ,another mark was simply the name ,,stevenson1 also impressed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,birch4--,mr4 ,birch produced ,egyptian black ware articles of good quality4 ,his mark was the name ,,birch1 impressed in the ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,eastwood4--,red ware1 cane-coloured ware1 with raised foliage1 flowers1 figures1 c41 and black ware tea-pots1 were made by ,eastwood1 and bear his name impressed in the body of the ware1 ,,eastwood or ,eastwood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shorthose ,co4--,i have met with the marks of ,,shorthose ,,co41 ,,shorthose1 ,shorthose ,co41 ,shorthose1 on a variety of wares1 including ordinary cream-coloured services1 white and printed goods1 and ,egyptian black and other articles4 ,my late friend1 ,mr4 ,bagshawe1 owned some good examples2 he considered the works to have closed about #ahbj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,heath ,son4--,the two impressed marks here engraved1 ,figs4 #fdi and #fej1 are supposed to be those of ,messrs4 ,heath ,son4 ,they occur on well-decorated earthenware services of average quality4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fdi and #fej4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fea and #feb4 ,,newcastle-,,under-,,lyme4 ,charles ,riggs's ,tobacco-pipes4--,two hundred years ago1 when ,plot wrote1 there was a famous manufactory of tobacco-pipes at this place4 ,the maker was ,charles ,riggs1 and he made 8very good pipes of three sorts of clay40 ,plot says 7#afgf71 8,as for ,tobacco-pipe clays they are found all over the county1 near ,wrottesley ,house1 and ,stile ,cop1 in ,cannock ,wood1 whereof they make pipes at ,armitage and ,lichfield1 both which1 though they are greyish clays1 yet burn very white4 ,there is ,tobacco-pipe clay also found at ,darlaston1 near ,wednesbury2 but of late disused1 because of better and cheaper found in ,monway-field1 betwixt ,wednesbury and ,willingsworth1 which is of a whitish colour1 and makes excellent pipes1 as doth also another of the same colour dug near the ,salt ,water poole in ,pensnet ,chase1 about a mile and a half south of ,dudley4 ,and ,charles ,riggs1 of ,newcastle1 makes very good pipes of three sorts of clay--a white and blew--which he has from between ,shelton and ,hanley ,green1 whereof the blew clay burns the whitest1 but not so full as the white1 i4e41 it shrinks more2 but the best sort he has is from ,grubbers ,ash1 being whitish mixt with yellow4 ,it is a short britle sort of clay1 but burns full and white2 yet he sometimes mixes it with the blew before mentioned40 ,with reference to this ,charles ,riggs1 pipe maker1 of ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 it is interesting to add that nearly a hundred pipes1 each bearing1 as a heel or other mark1 the initials ,c ,r in various forms--found at ,newcastle and other localities in the district--have come under my notice1 and are1 there can be but little doubt1 examples of his workmanship4 ,they are interesting too as showing the transition in the lifetime of one maker from the flat heel to the pointed spur4 ,two of these are engraved on page #dcb 7,figs4 #fea1 #feb74 ,the first has a stamp on the heel bearing the initials ,c ,r between two crescents1 one above1 the other below4 ,the second1 being a pipe with pointed spur1 has the stamp on the front of the bowl so as to face the smoker2 it bears the same mark of initials ,c ,r 7,charles ,riggs87 and crescents4 ,another mark of ,riggs was simply the initials ,c ,r as shown on the same group4 ,,newcastle-,,under-,,lyme4 ,thomas ,wood's ,garden ,edgings4--,tiles for garden edgings were in ,plot's time made at ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 and must have had extensive sale1 as the gardens of the better kind were in those days always laid out in 8,knots0 of more or less elaborate design4 ,plot1 speaking of this branch of manufacture1 says3 8,also at ,newcastle-under-,lyme the ,tiles burnt in a ,kill1 the usual way1 being found not to last1 one ,mr4 ,thomas ,wood1 of the same ,towne1 first contrived to burn them 7which we may look upon as an art relating to fire7 in a ,potter's ,oven1 wherein he made them so good and lasting1 that notwithstanding they have been put to the hardship of dividing the parts of ,garden ,knots1 to endure not only the perpetual moisture of the earth1 but frost1 snow1 and all sorts of weather2 yet they few of them decay1 scarce #e tiles in #ejj having failed in #bj yeares time2 so that now he has been followed by all the countrey thereabout40 99 99 99 99 99 ,newcastle ,pottery4--,this manufactory was established by ,messrs4 ,harrison ,baker in #ahff1 for the production of red ware1 ebony or jet ware1 and terra cotta1 as well as ordinary horticultural goods4 ,in red and jet wares the usual useful and ornamental classes of articles are made1 and are of average quality4 ,rockingham ware is also somewhat largely made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,keys and ,mountford4--,in the ,exhibition of #ahea ,messrs4 ,keys and ,mountford exhibited1 and received honourable mention for parian statuettes4 ,,armitage4 ,in #afgf1 when ,plot wrote1 there was a manufactory of pipes at this place4 ,they were made from the native greyish clay of the district1 which burned very white4 ,,lichfield4 ,the manufactory of pipes from the native clays of ,cannock ,wood and other places in the county1 which1 though naturally grey1 burned very white1 is mentioned by ,plot in #afgf4 ,,penkhull4 ,in #afjj1 it is stated by ,shaw1 there 8were three manufactories for coarse brown pottery0 at ,penkhull1 8one of which belonged to ,mr4 ,thomas ,doody1 whose descendants now reside at ,tunstall40 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,swansea--,cambrian ,pottery--,dillwyn's ,etruscan ,ware--,swansea ,china--,glamorgan ,pottery--,richard's ,pottery--,landore ,pottery--,llanelly--,south ,wales ,pottery--,ynisymudw--,terra ,cotta ,works--,nantgarw--,billingsley--,nantga rw ,china--,brown and ,stoneware ,potteries--,cardigan--,cardigan ,potteries--,hereford--,lugwardine ,tile ,works--,torquay--,terra ,cotta ,works--,alderholt--,smethwick--,reading --,coley ,avenue ,works--,wakefield ,moor--,houghton's ,table of ,clays--,ditchling ,pottery1 c4--,amblecote--,leicester--,spinney ,hill ,works--,wednesbury--,winchester--,aylsf ord--,exeter--,lincoln4 ,,swansea4 ,cambrian ,pottery4--,a small manufactory of earthenware appears to have existed at ,swansea in the middle of last century1 at which time the works had come into the hands of1 and belonged to1 a ,mr4 ,coles1 who afterwards took into partnership a ,mr4 ,george ,haynes4 ,the buildings were originally copper-works1 and were converted into a pottery4 ,in ,february1 #aghc1 the works were offered for sale1 as will be seen by the following highly interesting advertisement1 which ,i now1 for the first time1 reprint4 ,it shows the importance and extent of the works at that time4 8,,pottery ,,and ,,mills4 8,to be ,,sold1 ,a very capital ,,set of ,,works1 well calculated for the ,,pottery1 ,,glass1 or any other ,business1 wherein well constructed ,cones are necessary4 8,these ,works have been built within these few ,years1 and have been employed in a very extensive ,pottery and ,earthenware ,manufacture4 ,they are situated at ,swansea1 in ,glamorganshire 7the most flourishing ,port in that ,part of this ,island71 and have every ,convenience for carrying on the present or any other similar ,business4 ,coals of a most excellent ,quality are brought into the ,works for less than #es4 per ,ton2 ,teignmouth ,clay for #abs4 per ,ton2 and ,flints for #bjs4 per ,ton2 and may be landed at the ,door of the ,works1 from ,vessels of #cjj ,tons4 8,the ,country being full of excellent ,coals1 and there being several considerable ,manufactures of ,copper1 ,lead1 ,tin1 c4 on the ,river1 the ,port of ,swansea is resorted to by great ,numbers of ,ships from the ,west of ,england1 ,ireland1 ,holland1 ,france1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,sweden1 and ,norway1 by which ,means advantageous ,connexions are already formed and may be easily extended4 ,the ,country is very populous1 ,provisions in great plenty1 and ,labour very cheap4 8,there are two excellent ,water ,mills included in the ,premises1 for grinding the ,flints1 one of which is more than sufficient for the ,works2 the other may be very advantageously altered to a ,grist-,mill1 not being above a ,quarter of a ,mile from ,swansea2 and at present the ,inhabitants of that populous ,town are under the ,necessity of sending their ,corn above three ,miles to be ground4 8,the ,purchaser may be accommodated with a very good ,dwelling-,house1 ,gardens1 ,stable1 and some ,pasture ,ground1 close to the ,works4 8,the present ,proprietor accidentally became possessed of the ,works1 and is settled in a very different ,way of ,business1 at a #ajj ,miles distance2 which is the ,reason of the ,premises being disposed of4 8,further ,particulars may be had by applying to ,mr4 ,john ,miers1 ,merchant1 in ,london2 ,messrs4 ,j4 and ,w4 ,cave1 ,merchants1 in ,bristol2 ,mr4 ,edward ,coles1 on the ,premises2 or ,mr4 ,john ,coles1 at the ,iron ,warehouse1 ,glocester40 ,later on1 probably after the sale1 ,mr4 ,haynes became sole proprietor1 and by him and his partners1 under the firm of 8,haynes ,co410 the works were much enlarged1 and were by them styled the 8,cambrian ,pottery40 ,in the year #ahjj1 when ,donovan wrote his excursions in ,south ,wales and ,monmouthshire1 the works1 then carried on by ,g4 ,haynes ,co41 of which he gives an extended account1 were considered to be extensive1 and to be producing wares of a superior class2 the buildings being said to be arranged on the same plan as those of ,josiah ,wedgwood1 at ,etruria4 ,in #ahjb ,mr4 ,haynes sold his works1 moulds1 models1 stock1 c41 to ,mr4 ,lewis ,weston ,dillwyn1 and by him the buildings were very greatly enlarged1 and the business considerably extended4 ,at first1 only the ordinary descriptions of common earthenware were made at these works2 but the manufacture was gradually improved by ,mr4 ,haynes1 who produced a fine white earthenware1 a cream-coloured ware1 an 8opaque china10 and other varieties1 as well as a very passable kind of biscuit ware4 ,this 8opaque china10 a fine1 hard1 compact1 and beautiful body1 is doubtless the 8porcelain0 ware spoken of by ,donovan1 on which so much unnecessary stress was laid by a recent writer in attempting to prove that veritable porcelain was made at ,swansea before the time when ,mr4 ,dillwyn commenced it2 the same writer forgetting to notice that in the same paragraph in which ,donovan speaks of the ,swansea 8porcelain0 he speaks also of it and other wares bidding fair some day to vie with 8,sieve pottery40 ,in #agij1 one of the 8throwers0 was ,charles ,stevens1 who had been an apprentice 7at the same time as ,william ,taylor7 at the ,worcester ,china ,works4 ,in that year he applied to be employed at the ,derby ,china ,works1 sending as his address 8,the ,pot ,work1 ,swansea10 and next 8at ,mr4 ,bothwell's1 engraver1 in the ,strand1 ,swansea40 ,in the body of the ,swansea wares1 8the ,north ,devon or ,bideford clays seem to have been early employed2 as also the ,dorset or ,poole clays1 the last still continuing to be used4 ,cornish ,kaolin and ,china stone likewise formed a portion of the porcelain body40 ,upon the works passing into the hands of ,mr4 ,lewis ,weston ,dillwyn1 in #ahjb1 the opaque china was much improved1 and the decorations assumed a much more artistic character4 ,mr4 ,lewis ,weston ,dillwyn1 who was a ,fellow of the ,linnan ,society1 was the author of 8,a ,synopsis of ,british ,conferv1 ,coloured from ,nature1 with ,descriptions20 8,a ,description of ,recent ,shells20 and 8,catalogue of the more rare ,plants found in the neighbourhood of ,dover20 and1 in conjunction with ,dawson ,turner1 of 8,the ,botanist's ,guide through ,england and ,wales40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fec4 ,the principal painter employed for the decoration of this ware appears to have been a ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,young1 an artist of great ability1 who was particularly skilful in painting flowers1 but more especially natural history subjects--birds1 butterflies and other insects1 and shells4 ,these he drew from nature1 and was remarkably truthful and free in his delineations4 ,pieces decorated with his painting are now of rare occurrence1 especially those with his name signed upon them4 ,when it does appear1 it is1 so far as my knowledge goes1 either ,young pinxit1 or ,young f4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology are some interesting examples of this 8opaque china10 or 8opaque porcelain40 ,the decorations consisted--we are told by ,donovan--in #ahjj1 of 8emblematical designs1 landscapes1 fruit1 flowers1 heraldic figures1 or any other species of ornamental devices10 so that several artists must at that time have been employed4 ,mr4 ,young1 of whom ,i have just spoken1 had been for some time previously employed by ,mr4 ,dillwyn in illustrating his works on ,natural ,history2 and having been instructed in the use of enamel colours1 he proved a great acquisition to the manufactory4 ,he afterwards became one of the proprietors of the ,nantgarw ,china ,works1 as ,i shall show in my account of that manufactory4 ,in #ahad ,mr4 ,dillwyn received a communication from ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 that a specimen of china had been submitted to ,government from ,nantgarw1 and he was requested to examine and report on those works4 ,this matter is thus spoken of by ,mr4 ,dillwyn himself3 8,my friend ,sir ,joseph ,banks informed me that two persons1 named ,walker and ,beeley1#eg had sent to ,government1 from a small manufactory at ,nantgarw 7ten or twelve miles north of ,cardiff71 a specimen of beautiful china1 with a petition for their patronage2 and that1 as one of the ,board of ,trade1 he requested me to examine and report upon the manufactory4 ,upon witnessing the firing of a kiln at ,nantgarw1 ,i found much reason for considering that the body used was too nearly allied to glass to bear the necessary heat1 and observed that nine-tenths of the articles were either shivered1 or more or less injured in shape1 by the firing4 ,the parties1 however1 succeeded in making me believe that the defects in their porcelain arose entirely from imperfections in their small trial-kiln2 and ,i agreed with them for a removal to the ,cambrian ,pottery1 at which two new kilns1 under their direction1 were prepared4 ,while endeavouring to strengthen and improve this beautiful body1 ,i was surprised at receiving a notice from ,messrs4 ,flight ,barr1 of ,worcester1 charging the parties calling themselves ,walker and ,beeley with having clandestinely left an engagement at their works1 and forbidding me to employ them40 ,in #ahad1 then1 ,william ,billingsley and ,george ,walker commenced for ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 at the ,cambrian ,pottery1 ,swansea1 the manufacture of china1 of the same body and glaze as that they had produced at ,nantgarw4 ,for this purpose some new buildings1 kilns1 c41 were erected1 and the utmost secrecy was observed4 ,the new buildings for the manufacture of china were erected on a place previously a bathing-place4 ,mr4 ,dillwyn--or rather ,billingsley and ,walker for him--succeeded in producing a beautiful china2 but the loss of time in building and altering the kilns1 c41 and the losses and disappointments attending numerous experiments and trials1 prevented it being made to more than a limited extent4 ,soon after the receipt of ,messrs4 ,flight ,barr's letter1 ,mr4 ,dillwyn dismissed ,billingsley and ,walker 7who returned to ,nantgarw71 and continued the manufacture of china1 but of a somewhat different body4 ,about #ahag the manufacture was laid aside by ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 and for a time carried on by ,mr4 ,bevington4 ,in #ahbc1 the moulds1 c41 were purchased by ,mr4 ,rose1 of the ,coalport ,works1 and removed to that place2 and since that time no china has been made at ,swansea4 ,the ,cambrian ,pottery passed successively from ,mr4 ,lewis ,weston ,dillwyn 7who afterwards became1 from #ahcb till #ahce1 ,member of ,parliament for ,glamorganshire7 to ,mr4 ,bevington1 who1 ,i am informed1 was at one time manager of the works1 and who subsequently took a partner1 and carried them on under the style of 8,bevington ,roby10 and 8,bevington1 ,roby1 ,co410 and so back again1 ultimately to ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 and thence to his son1 ,mr4 ,lewis ,llewellyn ,dillwyn1 ,m4,p4 for ,swansea4 ,under this gentleman's management the works were carried on with much spirit and consequent success4 ,in #ahdj negotiations were entered upon between ,mr4 ,dillwyn and the ,messrs4 ,brameld of the 8,rockingham ,works0 7which see7 for the letting of the 8,glamorgan ,pottery0 to the latter firm for the purpose of manufacturing china ware4 ,the following letter in my own possession is too interesting to omit3-- 8,,burrows ,,lodge1 ,,swansea4 8,june #a1 #ahdj4 8,,gentlemen1--,i am altogether unacquainted with the ,china manufacture and should therefore decline any partnership in one4 ,i have1 however1 no doubt that ,china may be manufactured very profitably in ,swansea1 and should rejoice to see a manufacture established here4 ,i am also convinced that a ,china and ,earthenware factory might very materially assist each other in many ways4 ,on these accounts ,i have made an arrangement1 at some inconvenience to myself1 by which ,i shall be enabled to let you the ,glamorgan ,pottery1 which ,i should think was in every way well calculated for a ,china work4 ,i am ready also to let the premises to you on lower terms than ,i should have expected from any other party4 8,the terms ,i would let them upon to you would be #cjj per annum1 with a stipulation on your part that nothing but ,china of the best transparent body should be manufactured upon them4 8,should you think this offer worth your consideration1 if one of your ,firm will come down1 ,i shall be happy to shew him everything in my power4 8,i remain1 ,gentlemen1 8,yours very truly1 8,l4 ,l4 ,,dillwyn40 8,messrs4 ,brameld ,co4 ,near ,rotherham40 ,the letter is addressed to ,messrs4 ,brameld1 and a pencilled note by ,mr4 ,brameld says1 8,too high1 unless a good mill with it40 ,the negotiations fell through1 and thus ,swansea was deprived of a good chance of becoming an important centre of porcelain manufacture4 ,about #ahdh or #ahej ,mr4 ,dillwyn introduced a new branch of manufacture--that of an imitation of ,etruscan vases1 c4 ,this ware1 which was called 8,dillwyn's ,etruscan ,ware10 was a fine rich red body4 ,on this was printed1 in black outline1 ,etruscan figures1 borders1 c41 and the general surface was then painted over and up to the outlines with a fine black1 leaving the figures of the original red of the body4 ,the effect was extremely good1 and some remarkably fine examples1 although but few pieces were made1 are still preserved4 ,the accompanying engraving exhibits an example formerly in my own collection4 ,it is of extremely elegant form1 and the pattern1 both border and figures1 is in remarkably good taste4 ,the mark is the one shown below4 ,it is printed in black on the bottom of the vase4 ,the forms were all taken either from vases in the ,british ,museum1 or from ,sir ,william ,hamilton's 8,antiquits ,etrusques1 ,grecques1 et ,romaines40 ,but very little was produced1 as it was not a ware1 unfortunately1 to command a ready sale4 ,it was made from clay found in the neighbourhood1 which1 when not too highly fired1 burns to a good red colour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fee4 ,in #aheb ,mr4 ,lewis ,llewellyn ,dillwyn retired from the concern1 and it then passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,evans1 who carried it on1 under the firm of 8,evans1 ,glasson1 ,evans10 until #ahei1 when1 for a time1 the style was altered to 8,evans ,co410 and1 subsequently1 to 8,d4 ,j4 ,evans ,co40 7son of the ,mr4 ,evans just alluded to71 by whom it is at the present time carried on4 ,the manufacture consisted of the ordinary classes of white1 blue and white1 and agate earthenware2 the markets being principally ,wales1 ,ireland1 ,west of ,england1 and ,chili4 ,no trade-mark is used4 ,about the end of #ahfi earthenware was rather suddenly discontinued being made at the ,cambrian ,pottery1 and the bulk of the workpeople discharged1 a portion only being retained till the ware made was printed and finished by passing through the kilns4 ,the site of the ,cambrian ,pottery1 adjacent to the ,swansea ,canal and the ,north ,dock1 having become more valuable for other commercial purposes than for a pottery1 an arrangement was made by ,mr4 ,dillwyn with ,messrs4 ,d4 ,j4 ,evans ,co4 to surrender the short unexpired term of their lease1 so that as soon as the stock and plant could be cleared off1 the buildings might be taken down or converted to other uses4 ,the whole site was let to ,messrs4 ,cory1 ,yeo1 ,co41 who held an adjoining wharf1 and about ,june1 #ahgj1 they commenced clearing space for erecting their new ,patent ,fuel ,works1 and cutting a branch from the canal across the site to near the ,north ,dock4 ,the 8,patent ,fuel ,works0 was quickly erected 7in part from the old pottery materials at hand71 about the centre of the site1 the kilns1 workshops1 and warehouses taken down 7except one or two buildings and sheds on the west side1 converted71 so that scarcely a vestige of what was properly called the working part of the ,cambrian pottery now remains4 ,at the close of the works the copper-plates were sold to the ,south ,wales ,pottery1 ,llanelly4 ,among the artists at one time or other employed at ,swansea1 besides ,young1 of whom ,i have already spoken1 it may be interesting to note the following3 ,pardoe1 who was an excellent flower-painter 7afterwards of the ,nantgarw ,works72 ,baxter1 a clever figure painter1 who came to these works from ,worcester1 to which place he afterwards returned2#eh ,bevington1 a flower-painter1 also from ,worcester2 ,reed1 a modeller of considerable repute2 ,hood1 also a clever modeller2 ,jenny1 a tracer in gold2 ,morris1 a fruit-painter2 ,colclough1 who was much admired as a painter of birds2 ,evans1 who was a talented flower-painter2 and ,beddoes1 who was the best heraldic painter2 to these1 of course1 must be added ,billingsley1 who was the best flower-painter of the day1 or since4 ,the principal marks used at these works appear to have been the following3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fef4 ,this occurs on a beautiful dark mottled blue oviform earthenware vase 7formerly in the collection of ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall71 having on one side an exquisitely painted group of passion-flowers1 roses1 c4 ,the mark is painted on the bottom1 and is1 ,i believe1 unique4 ,in ,mr4 ,hall's collection1 besides this splendid example of 8,cambrian0 ware1 were an oviform vase and cover1 having a yellow ground1 with blue borders and handles1 and brown scrolls at top2 a flower vase on a tripod stand1 blue ground with a white border1 painted with acanthus scroll1 and on the cover a bouquet of flowers in relief2 a pair of cup-shaped vases1 with blue ground1 black borders1 and white classical figures at the top2 and a lamp1 the handle in form of a female holding a pitcher1 the lamp resting on a pedestal and triangular foot4 ,another mark occasionally met with has the words 8,cambrian ,pottery0 in writing letters1 and another has the same words but in capital letters4 ,cambrian ,pottery4 ,,cambrian ,,pottery4 ,on the porcelain made by ,billingsley and ,walker for ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 the mark appears to have simply been the name ,,swansea printed in red2 or1 as on the subsequent make of china1 the name sometimes occurs simply impressed1 ,,swansea4 ,,swansea1 or ,,swansea1 or ,swansea4 ,sometimes the name ,,dillwyn ,co4 appears impressed in the body of the ware1 at other times with the addition of a trident1 8which10 ,mr4 ,dillwyn says1 8denotes a supposed improvement which was not ultimately found to answer40 ,it is thus-- ,illustration or ,illustration3 ,,swansea ,another mark1 which ,i here engrave1 has two tridents in saltire and the name ,swansea1 thus-- ,illustration3 ,,swansea ,other marks which ,i have met with1 or have notes of1 are-- ,,dillwyn ,,company ,,dillwyn ,,co4 ,illustration ,,cambrian ,,pottery4 ,,opaque ,,china1 ,,haynes1 ,,dillwyn ,,co4 ,,swansea4 ,,cambrian ,,pottery4 ,,swansea4 ,the ,glamorgan ,pottery1 already alluded to1 was situated to the west of the 8,cambrian ,pottery10 on the opposite side of the road leading to the ,north ,dock ,bridge4 ,in extent it was about two-thirds of the ,cambrian1 and produced similar wares4 ,it was discontinued some years ago1 the kilns taken down1 and part of the building converted into iron warehouses4 ,it was1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,holland1 built about the year #ahaf1 by a ,mr4 ,baker1 who was soon after joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,bevan and ,mr4 ,herwain1 and the business carried on under the style of 8,baker1 ,bevan1 ,herwain10 until #ahci1 when it seems to have been purchased by ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 who1 in the following year1 as ,i have shown1 offered it to ,messrs4 ,brameld1 of the ,rockingham ,china ,works1 for the purpose of carrying on the porcelain manufacture there4 ,mr4 ,baker also1 at one time1 held another small pottery for a finer kind of earthenware1 near the river ,tawe1 in another part of ,swansea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rickard4--,in ,swansea1 too1 is also a small potwork belonging to ,mr4 ,rickard or ,ricketts1 who produces only the commonest kinds of black and ,rockingham ware tea-pots1 jugs1 c41 and hardware jugs of mixed local clay and ,dorset clay 7principally for the home markets71 ornamental flower-pots1 garden vases1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,landore ,pottery4--,about #ahdh ,mr4 ,john ,forbes ,calland1 of ,swansea district1 built a pottery1 conveniently situated1 on the ,swansea ,canal1 and near the river ,tawe at ,landore1 about a mile from ,swansea4 ,this was worked for a few years by ,mr4 ,calland1 who produced printed and common earthenware from white clays1 in dinner1 tea1 and toilet ware1 for the home trade under the style and mark of ,j4 ,k4 ,,calland ,,co41 and ,,calland ,,landore ,,pottery4 ,,swansea4 ,not being commercially successful1 ,mr4 ,calland discontinued the manufacture about #ahef1 when the whole of the copper-plates then in use were transferred to the ,south ,wales ,pottery at ,llanelly4 ,the ,landore ,pottery has since been converted into a smelting-works1 and is now used for smelting copper ores4 ,,llanelly4 ,south ,wales ,pottery4--,these works1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,holland ,guest1 are now the only blue and white earthenware manufactory in the principality4 ,they were established in #ahci by ,william ,chambers ,jun41 ,esq41 of ,llanelly ,house1 ,llanelly1 who carried on the manufacture of earthenware for home and foreign markets1 with different managers1 up to the end of #ahed4 ,the general classes of goods manufactured were for the home trade1 and included white or cream colour1 edged1 dipt1 painted1 and printed wares4 ,other descriptions of goods1 viz41 coloured bodies1 figured1 enamelled1 and parian1 were tried and worked for a time1 but soon discontinued4 ,it was also intended1 a few years after starting the pottery1 to commence the making of china1 and a kiln was built specially for that purpose1 but the idea was then abandoned1 and porcelain has never been made at these works4 ,for some two or three years1 about #ahej1 a large quantity of white granite1 printed1 and flown printed ware1 was made for the ,united ,states market1 the crates being sent per vessel from ,llanelly to ,liverpool for transshipment4 ,during the first few years after the commencement of these works the principal trade was by coasting vessels carrying coals to ports in ,england and ,ireland1 and by carts and waggons inland4 ,when the ,south ,wales ,railway 7now ,great ,western1 ,south ,wales section7 was opened to ,swansea1 crates of earthenware for forwarding were frequently sent there by road1 twelve miles1 till the continuation of the railway past ,llanelly was opened4 ,at the end of #ahed the business of the ,south ,wales ,pottery was transferred to ,messrs4 ,coombs and ,holland1 who were then connected in the management1 and they carried on the works till ,may1 #aheh1 when there was a dissolution of partnership1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,holland continued the business alone till ,november1 #ahfi1 when he was joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,d4 ,guest1 under the firm of ,holland ,guest4 ,the trade after #ahed was chiefly local or ,south ,wales1 with the ,west of ,england districts and ,south of ,ireland for seven or eight years1 when there was a partial discontinuance of travelling1 and introduction of orders for foreign markets1 as for ,south ,america1 ,brazil1 ,chili1 ,east ,indies1 ,france1 and the ,mediterranean1 so that the working became about half for foreign markets4 ,the goods produced consist of a variety of table1 tea1 and toilet services1 and other ordinary articles in printed and flown printed earthenware of average quality1 and the usual classes of white1 cream-coloured1 sponged and painted wares4 ,it is interesting to add that the copper-plates formerly in use at the other earthenware potteries in ,south ,wales--now discontinued working1 viz41 the ,landore1 the ,ynisymudw1 and the ,cambrian ,pottery1 ,swansea--were purchased for the ,south ,wales ,pottery1 and selections of patterns made from these 7as well as more modern styles7 have been introduced in patterns and shapes4 ,mr4 ,holland was an exhibitor at the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb4 ,,ynisymudw4 ,terra ,cotta ,works4--,this manufactory1 now devoted to terra cotta goods1 fire bricks1 and sanitary pipes1 was formerly an earthenware pottery1 where ordinary blue printed ware was manufactured4 ,it is situate in the ,swansea ,valley1 about ten miles from ,swansea on the ,brecon road1 is on the ,swansea ,canal 7which extends seven miles higher up the valley71 and about two miles from ,pontardawe station1 on the ,midland ,railway ,swansea ,vale section4 ,it was commenced as a fire brick works 7there having been a small common brick works there previously7 in #ahdj by ,mr4 ,william ,williams and his brother1 ,mr4 ,michael ,martyn ,williams1 of ,swansea1 who then took a long lease of the premises1 and soon afterwards introduced1 in addition1 the manufacture of the now famed 8,south ,wales ,dinas ,bricks0 from the ,cribbath stone1 obtained near the top of the ,swansea ,canal4 ,these bricks are still made there1 and the 8,ynisymudw dinas0 are equal to the best 8dinas0 or silica bricks made4 ,terra cotta work was also introduced1 and made in buff of good quality1 with some success4 ,about #ahej ,mr4 ,william ,williams and his brother decided to add the manufacture of earthenware1 in table1 tea1 toilet1 and other services1 c41 in common white1 painted and printed wares1 for home or local trade1 and foreign shipment 7chiefly worked for ,south ,america1 crates sent to ,liverpool per steamer from ,swansea72 and this was continued till about #ahei1 when the blue-and-white earthenware branch was discontinued 7the copper-plates being purchased for the ,south ,wales ,pottery1 ,llanelly71 and the works transferred to another brother1 ,mr4 ,charles ,williams1 and in course of a year or so it was disposed of to ,messrs4 ,griffith ,lewis and ,john ,morgan1 of ,pontardawe1 who carried it on under the style of the 8,ynisymudw ,brick ,company10 8,ynisymudw ,pottery ,company10 and 8,lewis ,morgan10 at various periods during eleven years1 in the early part of which the manufacture of ,rockingham tea-pots1 c41 glazed stoneware bottles and similar goods1 was for a time carried on4 ,from the first1 arrangements had been made for the extension of the manufacture of salt glazed sanitary pipes1 using the three old pottery glost kilns for this purpose1 and the manufacture of these1 together with fire bricks and terra cotta goods1 was continued till the end of #ahgj1 when the works and business were transferred to ,mr4 ,william ,thomas ,holland1 of the ,south ,wales ,pottery1 ,llanelly1 by whom they have been continued4 ,in #ahga ,mr4 ,holland exhibited specimens of his fire bricks1 glazed pipes1 and terra cotta manufacture at ,south ,kensington4 ,the premises consist of ten kilns1 with ample space for extensions1 and the works are situate in a beautiful part of the ,swansea ,valley1 on the river ,tawe1 with a tributary stream1 the ,cwm ,du1 running through the premises1 giving a supply of good water4 ,probably the manufacture of white earthenware will ere long be revived at ,ynisymudw as an addition to the present manufactures4 ,,nantgarw4 ,these short-lived works1 whose history is so mixed up with those of ,swansea1 ,derby1 ,coalport1 ,pinxton1 and other places1 were commenced on a very small scale1 in #ahac1 by ,william ,billingsley1#ei the famous flower-painter of ,derby1 and his son-in-law1 ,george ,walker2 the former at that time passing under the assumed name of ,beeley1 which was simply a contraction of his own name ,b'ley or ,billingsley4 ,shortly afterwards1 having applied to the ,board of ,trade for patronage and1 of course1 ,government aid1 ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 of the 8,cambrian ,pottery10 at ,swansea1 went over to examine and report upon the ware2 and this examination resulted in his entering into an engagement with ,billingsley and ,walker1 by which they1 with their recipe1 their moulds and other appliances1 removed to ,swansea4 ,in about two years this engagement was brought to a close1 and ,billingsley and ,walker returned to ,nantgarw1 where they again commenced the manufacture of china of the same excellent and peculiar kind for which they had become so famous4 ,the proprietors appear to have met with liberal friends to assist them in their undertaking4 ,the ,hon4 ,william ,booth ,grey1 of ,duffryn1 is said to have subscribed #a1jjj towards the undertaking1 and other gentlemen almost equally liberal sums4 ,the whole of the money subscribed1 understood to have been about #h1jjj1 is said to have been expended in little more than two years4 ,this in great measure appears to have been caused by experiments and trials and alterations in buildings1 c41 and by the immense waste in 8seconds0 goods1 or 8wasters10 which were invariably broken up1 instead of1 as now at most works1 being disposed of at a cheaper rate4 ,that ,billingsley and ,walker1 with ,mr4 ,young1 who appears to have come from ,swansea to join them1 as also ,mr4 ,pardoe1 from the same works1 who was formerly of ,staffordshire 7with ,mr4 ,turner71 and afterwards of ,bristol1 and who was a clever painter1 were the proprietors of the renewed works1 seems evident1 and they were carried on with considerable success4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #feg4--,nantgarw ,works4 ,the productions of ,nantgarw were1 as far as beauty of body and of decoration1 as well as form1 are concerned1 a complete success1 and the works gradually1 but surely1 made their way in public estimation4 ,the ,london houses--especially it is said ,mr4 ,mortlock's--found it to their advantage to support the manufactory1 and there was thus no difficulty in finding a good and profitable market4 ,a service was made and presented to the ,prince of ,wales 7afterwards ,king ,george ,,iv472 8the pattern was a green vase1 with a single rose on every piece1 and every rose different40 ,this beautiful service was painted1 ,i believe1 partly by ,billingsley and partly by ,pardoe4 ,it helped very materially to make the works fashionable1 and it is said that they were visited by numbers of the nobility and gentry1 8as many as forty gentlemen's carriages having been known to be there in one day40 ,a considerable quantity of the ,nantgarw ware was sold in the white to ,mortlock1 who had it painted in ,london1 and fired at the enamel kiln of ,messrs4 ,robins ,randall of ,spa ,fields4 ,webster1 one of the painters of the ,derby ,china ,works1 thus decorated a deal of this ware in ,london4 ,the trade which was thus beginning to prosper being felt to be likely to some considerable extent to affect that of the ,coalport ,works1 ,mr4 ,rose 7of those works7 entered into an arrangement with ,billingsley and ,walker by which he bought up their concern1 made a permanent engagement with them1 and at once removed them and their moulds1 and everything else to ,coalport4 ,the manufacture of china was1 therefore1 closed at ,nantgarw4 ,in #ahbc ,mr4 ,pardoe died4 ,mr4 ,young removed1 ,i am informed1 to ,droitwich1 where he carried on a salt-work4 ,billingsley and ,walker1 as ,i have already stated1 removed to ,coalport1 where ,billingsley died in #ahbg or #ahbh4 ,walker ultimately sailed for ,america1 where he established a pottery1 still1 ,i believe1 in operation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #feh4 ,in #ahbc the greater portion of the china works were pulled down1 the dwelling-house and some other portions alone remaining4 ,in #ahcb1 ,mr4 ,william ,henry ,pardoe1 of ,bristol 7who was a china painter of great skill71 a good practical potter of great experience in the art which had1 through ,richard ,champion and his successors1 made his city famous1 entered upon the premises1 and commenced there a red-ware pottery1 in connection with an extensive tobacco-pipe manufactory4 ,to this he afterwards added ,rockingham ware and stoneware departments1 in each of which he produced goods of excellent quality4 ,mr4 ,pardoe died in #ahfg1 and the ,nantgarw works--those works around which such a halo of interest exists--are still carried on by his widow and her family4 ,the goods now produced are red or brown earthenware1 made from clay found in the neighbourhood--many of the pitchers being of purely medival form--stoneware bottles of every kind1 jugs1 butter-pots1 cheese and bread pans1 foot and carriage warmers1 snuff-jars1 hunting jugs and mugs1 tobacco-jars1 jugs1 c41 and other goods2 tobacco-pipes1 which experienced smokers declare to be at least equal to those from ,broseley1 garden-pots1 pancheons1 c41 are also made4 ,the only marks used at ,nantgarw which can be considered to be marks of the works are the following1 impressed in the the body of the china3 ,,nant-,,garw ,g4 ,w4 the ,g4 ,w4 being the initials of ,george ,walker1 the son-in-law and partner of ,billingsley2 and the single word ,,nant-,,garw in red colour4#fj ,another mark1 supposed to belong to these works is this3 symbol2 with the number of the pattern as 8,no40 added4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fei4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffj4 ,the goods produced were tea1 dinner1 and dessert services1 vases1 match-pots1 cabinet cups1 pen and wafer trays1 inkstands1 and a large variety of other articles4 ,one of the most interesting relics of these works which has come under my notice is the cup here engraved1 which was formerly in my own collection4 ,it has been painted with what is technically known as the 8,chantilly pattern10 in blue1 and then has been used as a trial piece for colours and glazes4 ,it bears in different parts of its surface various washes of colour1 with marks and contractions to show the mixture1 which have been submitted to the action of the enamel kiln4 ,in my own collection are also some other highly interesting examples1 including an oval tray1 painted with flowers1 a plate1 8,chantilly0 pattern saucers1 and some interesting fragments and relics of the old works4 ,in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum the collector will find some good examples for comparison1 as he will also in some private collections4 ,some remarkably fine examples of ,nantgarw china are in the possession of ,sir ,ivor ,bertie ,guest1 ,bart41 and others are in various collections4 ,the village of ,nantgarw is situated in the parish of ,eglw y ,sillan1 in ,glamorganshire2 it is eight miles from ,cardiff1 and one mile from the 8,taffs ,well0 ,station1 on the ,taff ,valley ,railway2 and the ,rhymney ,valley ,railway is also equally near4 ,the works shown in the engraving are picturesquely situated by the side of the ,glamorganshire ,canal1 on the road to ,caerphilly1 from whose glorious old ruined castle they are only a few miles distant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brown and ,stoneware ,potteries4--,the other works 7besides ,nantgarw7 in ,glamorganshire and ,monmouthshire are those of ,messrs4 ,henry ,james1 ,joseph ,rogers1 ,evan ,davies1 ,george ,sherrin1 and ,thomas ,moore4 ,at these only common1 coarse brownware pitchers and other domestic vessels are made4 ,,cardigan4 ,the ,cardigan ,potteries4--,these pottery works were established in #ahge by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,miles and ,mr4 ,william ,woodward1 and were at first intended simply for the production of common coarse red earthenware goods for domestic and horticultural purposes4 ,the clay of this district having been found to be of a superior character and capable of being turned to good account for better classes of goods1 the firm turned their attention to its development1 and have succeeded in producing not only articles of an artistic character1 but architectural decorations of more than average excellence4 ,the productions of ,messrs4 ,woodward and ,co4 are vases1 jugs1 flower stands1 and other ornamental articles1 and these are decorated and glazed in a manner peculiarly their own1 and which gives to them a distinctive character over those of other manufactories4 ,in some1 quaint and well-designed patterns are impressed in the clay1 and the whole being surface coloured and highly glazed have a rich and peculiar appearance4 ,the firm trade under the names of 8,the ,cardigan ,potteries10 8,woodward and ,co410 and their works are called the 8,patent ,brick1 ,tile1 and ,pottery ,works0 and 8,cardigan ,potteries40 ,the goods are principally for the ,welsh coast and for ,england1 but the trade is rapidly developing itself1 and by the addition of other branches1 especially in blue clay goods1 will become an important feature in ,welsh manufactures4 ,glazed and unglazed bricks and tiles1 coloured tiles for interior mural decoration1 and paving tiles of various kinds1 form also a staple branch of trade of the ,cardigan ,works4 ,the marks used by the firm are the words 8,,cardigan ,,potteries0 and 8,,woodward ,,and ,,co410 impressed in the ware1 and a design of a brick bearing the words ,,woodward ,,and ,,co41 ,,cardigan4 ,,hereford4 ,lugwardine ,works4--,these encaustic tile works1 situated at ,withington1 four miles from ,hereford1 were established in #ahfa by ,mr4 ,william ,godwin1 and are of considerable extent4 ,in encaustic tiles ,mr4 ,godwin has paid particular attention to the reproduction of medival patterns in all their entirety1 both as to fac-simile of form and ornament1 and antique appearance of surface1 and in these essentials to artistic effect has succeeded admirably4 ,many of his tiles are exact reproductions1 not old designs modernised1 and this it is that gives to floors laid by him that peculiar charm which they undoubtedly possess4 ,in addition to actual copies of old tiles1 ,mr4 ,godwin has produced a large variety of new designs1 in which the patterns are characterized by pure medival feeling and by excellent workmanship4 ,the tiles are of extremely hard and durable quality1 and the colours clear1 distinct1 and good4 ,mr4 ,godwin's name impressed on the back of the tile is his mark4 ,,torquay4 ,terra-,cotta ,works4--,the ,terra-,cotta ,works at ,hele ,cross1 ,torquay1 were established in ,october1 #ahge1 by ,dr4 ,gillow1 who that year discovered the bed of clay1 and are worked by a ,limited ,liability ,company1 with that clever and energetic gentleman as chairman and general director4 ,the clay is of remarkably fine1 tenacious1 and durable quality1 and is capable of working to the very highest degree of perfection4 ,its colour is a rich full red1 and its surface almost metallic in its hardness and fine texture2 it is almost identical in quality and beauty of tone to that at ,watcombe1 to whose productions those of ,torquay bear a marked resemblance4 ,dr4 ,gillow has1 very wisely1 directed his efforts entirely in an ,art direction1 with a determination to produce only works of a high class of excellence1 whether the designs or objects be simple or elaborate1 low priced or costly1 useful or strictly ornamental4 ,architectural terra-cotta is not made or intended to be made1 but only ,art productions of an ornamental character4 ,to this end a staff of forty or more experienced workmen has been got together1 and skilled modellers1 enamellers1 and decorators engaged from other seats of manufacture4 ,the company started with the aim of producing works of a high standard of excellence1 and thus expressed their intention3 8,they 7the ,company7 believe that they have at ,hele ,cross the best deposit of clay yet discovered1 and their one aim and object is to improve the artistic standard by persevering energy2 one year's existence has given grounds for hope and encouragement2 much has been done1 but much more remains to be done4 ,they trust to improve year by year until they place terra-cotta in its old proud position as a favoured branch of ,ceramic ,art1 and until ,devonshire productions stand unrivalled throughout ,europe40 ,the success which has so far attended ,dr4 ,gillow's efforts is very marked1 and shows that they have been directed in a right way and in a commendable spirit4 ,illustration3 ,,torquay ,,terra ,,cotta ,co4 ,,limited4 ,figs4 #ffa and #ffb4 ,the productions of the ,torquay ,terra-,cotta ,company are statuettes1 single figures and groups1 busts1 groups of animals1 birds1 c42 vases1 ewers1 bottles1 jugs1 and tazz2 butter-coolers1 spill cases1 and other domestic appliances2 plaques of various sizes2 candlesticks1 toilet-trays1 water-bottles1 tobacco vases1 c4 ,many of the productions are painted and enamelled in good taste1 and the ornamentation1 whether in colour or gilding1 is characterized by clever workmanship and judicious arrangement4 ,many designs of vases1 plaques1 c41 are original and in good taste4 ,the company supply not only the home but foreign markets1 and have received high recognition1 with medals from the ,royal ,cornwall ,polytechnic ,society and from the ,turners' ,company4 ,the marks used by the firm are an oval garter bearing the words ,,torquay ,,terra-,,cotta ,,co41 and in the centre ,,limited1 printed on the ware2 the name ,,torquay impressed in the clay2 the words within a single oval line2 and the monogram1 ,fig4 #feb1 which is a combination of the letters ,t ,t ,c1 for 8,torquay ,terra ,cotta40 ,,alderholt4 ,at this place1 in ,hampshire1 potteries for common coarse ware for domestic purposes exist4 ,the bed of clay is the same as that in the ,new ,forest worked in early ages1 as described in the first volume4 ,,smethwick4 ,tile ,works4--,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,camm commenced the business of ,art decoration of tiles in #ahff1 in ,brewery ,street1 and later on new buildings were erected in ,high ,street4 ,having been joined in partnership by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 and ,h4 ,c4 ,camm1 the business was carried on under the style of 8,camm ,brothers0--the general management of the business being divided into three departments1 each under the special management of one of the partners1 the first-named taking the designing department1 the second the painting1 and the third the glazing4 ,by this excellent arrangement the whole processes from beginning to end are carried on under the eye of the entire firm1 and thus excellence in each is insured4 ,messrs4 ,camm ,brothers do not manufacture the tiles themselves1 but purchase them in their unglazed state and then decorate and glaze them4 ,their designs are extremely varied1 and the whole being hand-painted they are adapted to the tastes and requirements of their customers and designed in strict accordance with the style of building they are intended to adorn4 ,the figure subjects1 whether allegorical1 historical1 or otherwise1 the productions of this firm1 are of the highest order2 the drawing bold1 firm1 masterly1 and effective1 and the colouring rich1 full1 and harmonious4 ,some other larger works1 notably historical plaques of two or three feet in length and proportionate depth1 are grand in conception1 and form historical pictures of considerable value4 ,the firm also produce appropriate tile-decorations for furniture1 cheeks of fire-places1 hearths1 linings of bath and other rooms1 friezes1 memorial figures and other designs for churches and for every purpose where they can be made available1 and these are characterized by the same good taste that is shown in their stained glass4 ,the mark is simply the name 8,,camm ,,brothers1 ,,smethwick40 ,,reading4 ,coley ,avenue ,works4--,these works were established in #ahfa by ,messrs4 ,collier ,son1 and are continued under the style of 8,s4 ,e4 ,collier40 ,brown terra-cotta1 glazed and unglazed brown ware1 and roofing and other tiles are the products of these works4 ,,wakefield ,,moor4 8,potters ,pale ,yellow ,clay of ,wakefield ,moor10 is mentioned in a list of clays1 by ,houghton1 in #afic4 ,as the list contains valuable particulars ,i give it entire4 ,in the same work is a vast deal of curious information on tobacco-pipe clay and the making of pipes1 brick and tile-making1 etc4 ,the list is as follows3 8,a ,,table ,,of ,,clays4 ,pure1 that is1 such as is soft like butter to the teeth1 and has little or no greetiness in it4 ,greasy1 to be reckoned amongst the medicinal earth1 or terr sigillat4 #a4 ,fullers earth4 ,at ,brickhill in ,northamptonshire4 yellowish ,at 444 under the ,yorkshire woolds4 brown about ,halifax4 white in ,derbyshire lead mines4 #b4 ,boli ,in ,cleveland4 ,at ,linton upon ,wharfe4 #c4 ,pale yellow1 in the marlepit at ,ripley4 #d4 ,cow shot clay1 or the soap scale lying in coal mines4 #e4 ,a dark blue clay or marl at ,tolthrop4 ,harsh and dusty when dry4 #f4 ,creta properly so called1 or the milk-white clay of the isle of ,wight4 #g4 ,the potter's pale yellow clay of ,wakefield moor4 #h4 ,the blue clay of ,bullinbrooke pottery in ,lincolnshire4 #i4 ,a blue clay in ,bugthorp beck1 in which the astroites are found4 #aj4 ,yellow clay in the seams of the red sand rock at ,bilbro4 #aa4 ,fine red clay in sand rock1 at ,bilbro4 at ,rippon4 #ab4 ,a soft chalky blue clay at ,buttercrain4 #ac4 ,a soft chalky red clay ,stony when dry4 #ad4 ,a red stone clay ,in the banks of ,whitcar beck1 near ,leppington3 and at #ae4 ,a blue stone clay ,housam in the ,milscar4 #af4 ,clunch1 a white stone clay in ,cambridgeshire4 ,mixt with round sand or pebble4 #ag4 ,the yellow loam of ,skipwith moor1 ,yorkshire4 #ah4 ,a red sandy clay in the right hand bank of the road beyond ,collingham1 near the lime kilns going to ---- #ai4 ,a red sandy clay in the red sand rock near ,rippon4 ,with flat or thin sand1 guttering with ,mica4 #bj4 ,crouch white clay ,derbyshire1 of which the glass pots are made at ,nottingham4 #ba4 ,grey or bluish tobacco-pipe clay at ,halifax4 #bb4 ,a red clay in the red sand rock at ,rotherham40 ,,ditchling4 ,at ,ditchling1 in ,sussex1 pot-works are said to have existed for 8several hundred years40 ,be this as it may1 some old pot-works for the coarsest brown ware1 and bricks and tiles1 were bought in #ahgj by ,messrs4 ,h4 ,johnson ,co41 in the belief that from the superior quality of the native red clay they would be able to produce architectural terra-cotta of a more than ordinarily durable quality4 ,by them the ,ditchling ,works were much extended1 and they have succeeded in making terra-cotta1 both useful and ornamental1 of an excellent bright red colour1 and a fine hard1 durable1 and almost metallic surface4 ,in this1 with careful workmanship1 they manufacture well-designed terminals1 ridge crestings1 crosses1 panels1 mouldings and all the usual varieties of architectural pottery1 as well as moulded bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,among public buildings where the ,ditchling terra-cotta has been successfully used is the ,st4 ,james's ,hall1 ,piccadilly1 and the firm have received medals from the ,london ,international ,exhibition and the ,philadelphia ,exhibition4 ,in #ahge ,messrs4 ,h4 ,johnson ,co4 opened extensive works on the same vein of clay at ,keymer ,junction4 ,they are the largest works in ,sussex4 ,,amblecote4 ,a pottery at this place is mentioned by ,plot in #afhf4 ,,leicester4 ,spinney ,hill ,works4--,at these works1 belonging to ,mr4 ,fielding ,moore1 garden vases1 flower baskets1 rustic ornaments1 fountains1 pedestals1 flower-pots1 and all the usual variety of terra-cotta goods are made2 as are also similar articles in ordinary red and other clays4 ,,wednesbury4 ,a potwork existed here in the seventeenth century4 ,plot1 who wrote in #afhf1 says 8of these 7i4e4 clays from ,horsley ,heath1 c47 they make divers sorts of vessels at ,wednesbury1 which they paint with slip1 made of a reddish sort of earth gotten at ,tipton40 ,,winchester4 ,a famous manufactory of tobacco-pipes existed here in the seventeenth century4 ,ben ,jonson notes that they were the best made in his day4 ,,aylesford4 ,terra-cotta ,works were established here about #ahej1 by ,mr4 ,edward ,betts1 who discovered a valuable bed of plastic clay on his estate in the neighbourhood4 ,at the ,exhibition of #ahea ,mr4 ,betts exhibited a terra-cotta vase 7,fig4 #ffc7 made at ,aylesford from this native clay1 from a design furnished by ,mr4 ,john ,thomas1 the architect4 ,,exeter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffc4 ,that tobacco-pipes were made in ,exeter in #afed is curiously proved by the following case of supposed witchcraft3--8#ab ,august1 #afed4 ,one ,diana ,crosse1 a widow1 suspected of being a witch1 was ordered by the judge of ,assize to be committed for trial at the city sessions4 ,mr4 ,edward ,trible1 a tobacco-pipe maker1 one of the victims of the witch's arts1 deposed that ,mrs4 ,crosse on one occasion came to his house for fire1 which was delivered to her1 but for the space of one month afterwards he could not make or work his tobacco-pipes to his satisfaction--they were altogether either over or under burnt4 ,the witch1 too1 cast her evil eye upon a boy in his employ1 and #8affirmed' that he should never be well1 and thereupon the boy #8grew into a distracted condition1 and was much consumed and pyned away in body4'0 ,,lincoln4 ,a very interesting discovery of potter's moulds1 for heads for impressing on earthenware1 was made a few years back in the parish of ,st4 ,mary-le-,wigford1 ,lincoln4 ,the discovery consisted1 according to the last edition of ,marryat 7edited by my friend ,mrs4 ,pallisser7 where the relics are described and carefully engraved1 of the remains of a potter's kiln with numerous fragments of glazed pottery1 among which was one piece bearing the head impressed from one of these moulds4 ,one of them1 engraved in ,marryat's highly interesting volume1 represents a male head1 probably that of ,edward ,,iii41 both beard and hair curled at side as on the coins of that monarch and the first and second ,edwards1 and the other the head of a lady1 probably ,queen ,philippa1 with the characteristic square-topped reticulated head-dress4 ,these moulds are in the ,trollope collection4 ,a potter's mould of a head1 of the ,romano-,british period1 found by myself at ,headington1 is in my possession1 and is engraved in ,vol4 ,i41 ,figs4 #aff1 #afg4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,irish ,ceramics--,early ,pottery of ,ireland--,the ,cairns--,the ,crannogs--,medival ,pottery of ,ireland--,dublin--,delamain--,stringfel low--,grants by ,irish ,parliament--,donovan--,delft ,ware--,brown ,ware ,manufactories--,belfast--,leathes and ,smith--,delft ,ware--,coates' ,pottery--,china ,works--,florence ,court ,pottery--,coal ,island ,pottery--,youghall ,pottery--,captain ,beauclerc's ,terra ,cotta--,larne ,pottery ,works--,castle ,elspie ,pottery--,belleek ,china and ,earthenware ,works1 c4 ,the early pottery of ,ireland1 although bearing a general resemblance in many of its characteristics to that of ,england and other nations1 nevertheless differs from all others in some of its features1 both of form and decoration4 ,as in other countries1 the great bulk of examples of early fictile art that remain to us in ,ireland1 and upon which we have to found our knowledge1 are the cinerary urns--the clay vessels in which1 when cremation was in vogue1 the ashes and burnt bones of the dead were placed for burial in cairns or otherwise--and food and drinking-vessels found 7when inhumation was observed7 in the grave-mounds of the people4 ,but1 in addition to this1 the 8crannogs10 or lake dwellings of the ,irish people1 afford a vast fund of information upon the form and decoration of the domestic vessels in use in former ages4 ,in the first volume of this work ,i have written much upon early fictile art1 and in other works have treated so fully upon the contents of the barrows#fa of early ages1 that it is not needful to pursue the subject here4 ,i may1 however1 with special reference to ,irish examples1 quote the words of my late friend1 ,sir ,william ,wilde--one of the most painstaking authorities upon ,irish antiquities-and then pass on to a consideration of some of the examples that remain to us4 8,irish cinerary urns have10 ,sir ,william says1 8been found under three circumstances3 in small cists1 placed without any ostensible mark1 at least at the present day1 beneath the surface of the soil1 each just sufficiently large to hold one or two vessels4 ,the chamber is sometimes occupied with the urn and its contents alone2 in other cases1 it also contains charcoal and portions of burned bone2 and1 in some instances1 the flooring-stones have become vitrified upon the upper surface1 thus leading us to believe that the funeral pyre was lighted over the grave after it was formed2 of this1 the charcoal and the vitrification of the stones afford presumptive proof4 ,these small chambers are sometimes found near the surface1 or on the periphery of the larger tumuli that usually cover cromlechs or surround extensive sepulchral chambers1 and appear to be of a much more recent date than the original structure of the tumulus in which they are placed4 ,such minor interments may have been those of the family or descendants of the persons originally interred beneath2 or the place--strong in the odour of sanctity--may have been resorted to as a burial-ground long subsequent to its original foundation1 from that feeling of veneration which instinctively consecrates the resting-place of the dead4 ,these urns are also found imbedded in the earth1 in which case they are generally aggregated in cemeteries upon the sides of hills48 ,as in ,england1 so in ,ireland1 interments both by cremation and inhumation#fb were made1 and1 with the latter1 vessels of clay of various forms were placed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffd4--;,from ,altegarron1 near ,belfast4#fc ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffe4--;,from ,ballon ,hill1 ,co4 ,carlow4 ,the material of the early ,irish urns is simply coarse clay1 but this varies in different localities4 ,with some sand has evidently been more or less mixed with the clay1 while 8in those which show a higher degree of culture in the makers10 as ,sir ,william ,wilde says1 8sand and small fragments of stone1 possibly broken for the purpose1 were mixed through the plastic mass1 and also rubbed 7perhaps to assist in drying1 as well as in giving them stability7 upon the inner surface1 especially near the bottom4 ,a micaceous clay here appears to answer the same end2 but in some of the very fine specimens minute particles of quartz and felspar may be observed coating the interior1 which1 from the sharpness of their fracture1 would appear to have been broken specially for the purpose4 ,these fragments of sand or stone may also be seen in the fracture1 but are never observed upon the outer surface4 ,in colour the ,irish urns differ considerably upon the outer and inner surfaces4 ,the latter is almost invariably blackish or dark brown1 the result of partial torrification1 and perhaps from the heated bones and charcoal placed within them1 either when soft or after they had been sun-baked4#fd ,the colouring generally passes through four-fifths of the mass4 ,the outer surface is either a light red1 grey1 or brown4 ,the first is most usual1 and appears to be the result of the atmosphere1 which was1 however1 excluded from the interior by the mass of the contents of the urn4 ,the colour of the exterior usually passes for some distance within the lip4 ,the drab or clay-coloured urns bear but little mark of fire1 either within or without4 ,the brown belongs only to the thinnest and hardest description of pottery4 ,assuming that the majority of the mortuary urns 7except those for very distinguished persons7 were constructed at the grave1 the artist was indebted to the clay at hand in the locality for the materials with which he worked1 and hence the great variety in the composition of our cinerary urns40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fff4--;,from ,cairn ,thierna1 ,co4 ,cork4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffg4--;,from ,ballydoolough4 ,the ornamentation upon the earliest ,irish pottery1 both cinerary urns and otherwise1 is extremely varied1 both in character and in mode of arrangement4 ,sometimes simply a number of dots1 or punctures1 pretty nearly cover the surface2 at others1 these punctures are intermixed in regular patterns with other ornaments4 ,sometimes again they exhibit ridges or raised bands more or less decorated1 and at others the usual herringbone or zigzag patterns produced by incised or impressed lines are the most prominent feature4 ,again1 in some examples1 patterns produced by pressing a twisted thong into the pliant clay are met with1 while incised or impressed circular1 semicircular1 and other lines ornament others4 8,many of these lines have a pectinated appearance1 as if indicated with a traverser1 or a rowel-like instrument1 such as that used by pastry-cooks0 at the present day1 and sometimes the ornament is produced by simple scratches4 ,other urns are one mass of ornament1 rich in appearance and varied in character2 and others have what may not inaptly be called flat circular medallions on their sides4 ,others1 again1 present a series of 8slashes0 with intervening impressed ornaments4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffh4--;,from ,trillick ,barr4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 as pointed out by ,sir ,w4 ,wilde1 that no examples1 so far as his knowledge went1 occurred on which 8any trace of the spire1 which characterizes the decorations of some of the very oldest sepulchral monuments in ,ireland10 is to be found2 but a peculiar form of ornamentation1 made by straight lines1 is identical with that on some carved stones at the entrance to the most remarkable of these edifices--that of ,new ,grange4 ,fig4 #ffh is a remarkably elegant urn found in a cairn at ,trillick ,barr1 ,tyrone4 ,in general form it is slightly contracted towards the mouth1 and has two raised encircling bands1 and an extended rim at the base4 ,the lower part of the body is decorated with vertical lines1 the spaces between being here and there filled in with impressed ornaments2 and the portions between the encircling bands are also filled in with diagonal lines of indentations4 ,these also are continued round the rim at the mouth1 while the raised bands bear a double engrailed pattern4 ,fig4 #ffi1 five inches in height1 was found at ,ballybit1 ,lisnevagh1 county ,carlow4 ,like the last1 it contracts slightly towards the mouth4 ,it has three encircling raised bands1 with intervening indented ones1 around its centre1 and these are richly ornamented4 ,the upper portion of the vase bears a border of curved lines--a large species of engrailing--incised1 and the lower portion similarly produced lines forming herringbone and 8crossed0 patterns2 around the rim and the upper rib it is elaborately ornamented with impressed points4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffi4--;,from ,ballybit1 ,co4 ,carlow4 ,fig4 #fgj is of a totally different character1 both in form and ornamentation4 ,it was found in a cist1 on the lands of ,mackrackens1 in the parish of ,leckpatrick1 county ,tyrone1 and is five inches in height4 8,at its greatest circumference1 it is surrounded by a narrow1 circular groove much of the same character as some ,celtic urns found in ,derbyshire1 and this groove is1 as it were1 clasped by five small pierced knobs1 equidistant from each other4 ,from their shape1 and closeness to the vessel10 continues ,mr4 ,geoghegan1 8,i cannot think they were intended for handles4 ,there are no indentations or marks to lead us to suppose they were designed for that purpose4 ,it appears to me their use was to retain in the groove a strong cord which twined round the urn4 ,from this strong cord three strings could be attached1 meeting in a knot1 for the purpose of carrying or conveying the urn from the scene of cremation to the cist in which it was finally to be placed1 or from the place where it was made40 ,it bears a strong resemblance in outline to the wooden vessel1 ,fig4 #ffg4 ,in the museum of the ,royal ,irish ,academy urns of this same general form are preserved1 as are also examples of almost every known variety4 ,figs4 #fga to #fge are from that ,museum1 and tell their own tale1 both as to peculiarity of outline and richness of decoration4 ,an immolation urn1 found within a larger vessel at ,mayhora1 near ,castlecomer1 of much the same form as ,fig4 #fga1 has been described by my friend ,mr4 ,graves in the ,archological ,journal2 the lower part is elegantly ribbed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgj4--;,from ,mackrackens1 ,co4 ,tyrone4 ,fig4 #fhg1 from the 8,giant's ,grave10 on the ,loughrey demesne1 in county ,tyrone1 is of globular form1 five inches in height1 and decorated with vertical lines of indentations and encircling lines incised in the clay4 ,between the encircling lines at the top1 as well as those at the bottom1 are rows of square indentations2 and inside the mouth is also ornamented4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fga to #fge4--;,from the ,museum of the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,urns of a different character of ornamentation were discovered some years ago at ,ballon ,hill1 between ,fenagh and ,tullow1 county ,carlow4 ,among these was one1 more than fifteen inches in height1 about fourteen inches in width at the mouth1 and of 8flower-pot0 form1 very similar to some ,english examples4 ,it had two raised encircling ribs1 and the upper part was ornamented with a chevron or zigzag pattern produced by impressed twisted thongs4 ,another was of bowl form with raised bands1 and every part elaborately ornamented1 the upper and lower parts bearing saltires alternating with incised lines2 it was of much the same general form as the one engraved on ,fig4 #fhg4 ,another1 of more flowing form1 whose outline took a graceful jar-like curve1 gradually swelling outward from the contraction below the mouth and tapering down to the foot1 was ornamented with impressed thongs and incised lines4 ,others were found which partook of the same general shapes as other examples here engraved1 and were more or less ornamented with encircling lines1 zigzag and other patterns1 and impressed points1 curves1 c42 one or two had raised knobs4 ,one of the richest of 8immolation urns10 about two and three-quarter inches in height 7and filled with small burnt bones when found71 of the ,irish series1 also brought to light in this interment1 is engraved on ,fig4 #ffe4 ,another remarkable urn 7,fig4 #fff71 found at ,cairn ,thierna1 county ,cork 7engraved in the ,archological ,journal71 has its outline totally different from others1 and is elaborately and delicately ornamented over almost its entire surface4 ,fig4 #ffd carefully represents an urn found some years back at a place called ,yellow ,jack's ,cairn1 in the townland of ,altegarron1 on the slopes of ,divis ,mountain1 near ,belfast4 ,it was five inches in height1 and six in diameter at the mouth4 ,the whole surface was richly decorated with incised and impressed lines1 and other ornamentation2 these are sufficiently well shown in the engraving1 and therefore need no description4 ,occasionally covers made of the same clay as the urns themselves1 and ornamented in a similar manner1 have been found4 ,one remarkable example discovered at ,danes ,fort had a perfect cover1 or lid1 with a handle at the top4 ,some of the most curious and certainly most interesting urns which have come under my notice1 were found at ,drumnakilly1 near ,omagh1 county ,tyrone1 in #ahgb-c1 and have been described and figured by ,mr4 ,wakeman4 ,the first of these1 ,fig4 #fgf1 #c feet #f inches in circumference at the mouth1 and of proportionate height1 is elaborately ornamented with incised lines1 8exactly of that class which we find upon the golden ornaments and other antiquities of pre-historic times preserved in our museums20 its outline bears a graceful curve from the mouth1 swelling out in the middle1 and gradually tapering down to the foot4 ,around the upper part is a series of perpendicular broad indentations with herringbone pattern between2 next follow a number of encircling lines1 scoriated between2 and the middle part of the urn is ornamented with zigzag and other lines4 ,another of pretty much the same general form 7,fig4 #fgi7 but devoid of ornament1 contained within it an immolation urn 7,fig4 #fhj74 ,another 7,fig4 #fhb7 is unique in its ornamentation2 8its neck and lip1 though exquisitely proportioned1 are devoid of ornament1 while the body of the vessel is encircled by a network pattern executed in bold relief2 the substance of this pattern is different from1 and finer in quality than1 that of which the rest of the urn was composed4 ,it is evident upon even a slight examination that this raised ornament was added after the formation and fire-hardening of the vessel1 from portions of which it is easily detached40 ,it contained a smaller urn1 both being as usual filled with burned bones4 ,fig4 #fgg1 #c feet #i inches in circumference at the neck1 has an overlapping rim with a remarkably elegant outline4 ,figs4 #fha1 #fhc1 #fhe1 of much the same form as ,fig4 #fhb1 have incised lines round the neck1 the body of the latter being covered with a reticulated ornament4 ,figs4 #fha and #fhc are of the same general form1 but extremely rich in ornamentation4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fgf to #fhj4--;,from ,drumnakilly1 ,co4 ,tyrone4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fha to #fhf4--;,from ,drumnakilly1 ,co4 ,tyrone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhg4--;,from the ,giant's ,grave1 ,loughrey ,demesne4 ,two unusually fine urns have been brought to my notice by ,miss ,stokes1 of ,carrig ,breac1 near ,dunamase1 and are1 ,i believe1 now in the ,r4 ,i4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,the larger of the two1 which is of the same general form as the ,altegarron urn1 ,fig4 #ffd1 but rather more contracted in the upper part1 has two raised encircling rims around its widest part2 between these the urn is ornamented with a series of diagonal lines of impressed squares4 ,round the upper part is a line of curves or undulations1 between elaborate diagonal indented lines as before4 ,the lower part of the urn has around its upper and lower edges a row of undulations1 and around its centre an encircling border of rude lozenge formed indentations2 the whole of the rest of the surface being covered with vertical lines of square indentations1 same as already described2 these are of the same class as those shown in ,figs4 #gjf and #gah4 ,the other urn in general form of outline resembles the one from ,ballon ,hill 7,fig4 #ffe72 it is richly decorated with encircling bands of herringbone lines1 and three borders1 one on its neck and two on the lower part of chevron ornament4 ,the pottery found in the ,crannogs presents many peculiarities of pattern4 ,the vessels are considered by ,mr4 ,wakeman1 to whom the antiquarian world is indebted1 in many cases1 for their discovery1 to be the remains of what have been used for cooking purposes4 ,they are mostly vessels1 sometimes of very large size1 wide at the mouth1 contracted in the neck1 and gradually1 with easy flow of line1 tapering downwards on the sides4 ,mostly they appear to have had handles at the top1 which take a gradual curve from the rim down to their junction with the tapering body4 ,they are more or less decorated with punctured1 incised1 impressed1 or other simple ornaments4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhh4 ,the general form of these crannog vessels will be best understood on reference to the accompanying engraving1 which is a restored example from fragments found in a crannog in ,drumgay ,lake1 near ,enniskillen1 and carefully described by ,mr4 ,wakeman in the ,journal of the ,royal ,historical and ,archological ,association of ,ireland4 ,the lake wherein this crannog was discovered--the 8,loch of ,drumgay0--is a picturesque sheet of water1 nearly midway between ,enniskillen and the village of ,bellinamallard1 in the county of ,fermanagh4 ,the examination of these lake dwellings yielded many highly interesting and important results1 and brought to light several fragments of pottery1 and many other objects of antiquity4 ,some of the patterns of fictile ornamentation are shown on the ,figs4 #fia to #gjd1 which are drawn of one half their real size4 ,one pattern is a simple chevron2 another a punched right-line ornament1 very characteristic of this primitive ware2 another has a series of incisions1 giving the rim somewhat the effect of a cable moulding2 and another is reticulated1 or has what may be described as a series of saltires1 all round the rim4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhi4 ,some other excellent examples were yielded by the examination1 by ,mr4 ,wakeman1 of a crannog in ,ballydoolough#fe--;a loch of about twenty-four acres in extent1 a few miles from ,enniskillen1 not far from the old road to ,tempo4 ,the 8lake dwelling0 where these fragments were found1 is said to be 8one of the most instructive yet discovered in ,ireland40 ,in it1 8among other instructive remains1 were found a very large number of fragments of pottery1 along with quantities of bones of bos longifrons1 cervus elephas1 sus scrofa1 equus asinus1 and other animals1 including the goat1 which gave good testimony to their being portions of cooking vessels40 ,a restoration of one of these 8crocks0 is given on the accompanying engraving1 ,fig4 #fhi1 and its pattern is shown of a larger size on ,fig4 #gah4 8,it measures three feet two inches round the mouth1 and is tastefully ornamented on the rim and sides4 ,the decoration1 which was impressed upon the soft clay before the vessel was burnt1 is extremely like that which appears upon silver bracelets preserved in the ,museum of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 and also found amongst the ,cuerdale hoard40 ,its colour is drab1 or light yellowish red1 and it is of close texture4 ,the pattern is impressed or indented1 and from its chevron character is undoubtedly early4 ,several varieties of this pattern occurred4 ,the next examples exhibit simply a series of zigzag incisions of precisely the same character as is found on ,celtic cinerary urns4 ,indeed the decoration of many of these domestic 787 vessels is exactly identical with that of some of the finest sepulchral urns found in that country4 8,it may be said further1 that in the numerous designs found upon the crannog vessels there is not one that is suggestive of the work of ,christian times in ,ireland2 on the contrary1 the greater portion--chevrons and circular depressions--are expressive of pagan ideas of ornamental art4 ,the log-house at ,ballydoolough is almost precisely of the same size and of the same style of construction as the celebrated dwelling described by ,captain ,mudge in the #8,archologia1' in which was found a stone hatchet40 ,these crannog vessels must not1 therefore1 be assigned to a later period than pagan times4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fij4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fia to #gjd4 ,some other examples from this crannog are of extreme interest4 ,the 8fragment1 ,fig4 #gai1 bears upon its ear10 says ,mr4 ,wakeman1 8two figures somewhat like a ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross1 but which here1 ,i apprehend1 need not be regarded as a ,christian symbol4 ,such figures have been found in ,ireland1 inscribed on rocks1 and upon the walls of natural or partly artificial caverns1 and even within the inclosure of pagan tumuli1 as at ,dowth1 accompanied in several instances by #8scorings' at present unintelligible40 ,many appear in the cave of ,lochnacloyduff 7the loch of the dark trench1 or mound7 and in the 8lettered caves0 and the cliffs of ,knockmore4 ,these vessels are 8of a dingy brown colour1 and their #8scorings' are deeply impressed in what was a paste of unusually gritty matter4 ,it may not be out of place to state here1 once for all1 that between the crannog pottery and the vases found in cairns1 and usually styled sepulchral1 there is apparently no difference in style of manufacture4 ,strange to say1 both classes exhibit the action of fire more strongly upon the interior than upon the external sides or base4 ,their colouring upon the whole is generally similar1 varying from a dull red to a dark brown1 nearly black2 and in no instance1 as far as my observation carries1 has glazing been practised40 7,wakeman47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gje4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gjf to #gae4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gaf to #gba4 ,in another remarkably interesting lake dwelling in ,lough ,eyes1 not far from ,lisbellaw1 in the same county of ,fermanagh1 a variety of patterns of crocks1 along with bones of animals1 including the 8remains of bos longifrons1 or ancient ,celtic short-horned ox1 of the red-deer1 ass1 sheep1 goat1 and pig10 were found4 ,these were of the same general form as those already described1 and they were more or less ornamented with indented patterns1 sometimes arranged simply in lines and sometimes in chevron or zigzag designs4 ,it is worthy of special note too1 that several flat discs of the same material as the crocks were found with them2 these were doubtless covers or lids2 one of these is shown on ,fig4 #gjc4 ,a very unusual and clever 8provision for the escape of steam during the process of boiling1 or cooking1 is observable in several of these earthen pots4 ,it consists of a small circular hole in the neck or upper side of the vessel1 just below the point where the lid would be supported or caught20 the lid of course resting on the narrower part of the neck4 ,doubtless the contraction of the neck would be formed for this special purpose4 ,the perforation is shown on the fragments engraved1 ,figs4 #fib and #gaf4 ,figs4 #gab and #gbj show1 very carefully1 two examples of ornamentation on pottery from this crannog2 the one with incisions only1 the other with both incisions and impressed ornaments1 the dotted pattern being almost identical with some found in the lake habitations of ,switzerland4 ,the other woodcuts give very clear representations of other patterns found at ,lough ,eyes4 ,one of these1 ,fig4 #gjf1 has both the impressed herringbone and rim patterns2 ,fig4 #gjj is simply 8notched0 on its edge2 ,fig4 #gja has a series of incisions or 8thumb-nail0 indentations2 ,figs4 #fia and #fii have the zigzag pattern2 and ,fig4 #fid a series of lozenge-formed indentations4 ,figs4 #gae and #gag are among the most pronounced examples of herringbone or zigzag patterns which these lake dwellings have produced1 and they are1 as the engravings show1 exact counterparts1 in appearance1 character1 and style1 with that which forms so marked a characteristic of ,celtic sepulchral urns of one kind or other4 ,during medival times the pottery of ,ireland was much of the same coarse kind as described under 8,england0 in the first volume2 but little1 however1 is known concerning either its localities of manufacture or its general characteristics4 ,wood 7both platters and noggins7 and pewter appear to have been in much more general use for domestic purposes than earthenware1 and the manufacture of the latter was consequently very small4 ,later on1 manufactories of a finer kind of ware were established in ,belfast1 ,dublin1 and other places2 of these but very meagre particulars are known4 ,,dublin4 ,delamain4--,a manufactory of delft-ware existed here in the ,strand1 in the early and middle part of last century4 ,before #agec the manufactory had passed into the hands of ,captain ,henry ,delamain1 who1 as stated by himself1 8when the delft manufactory in this city ,dublin failed10 8being convinced that it might be carried on greatly to the advantage of this nation1 took said manufactory into his hands1 built workhouses and kilns1 erected a mill to grind flint and metals10 and so forth4 ,in that year he appears to have had as a confidential manager ,mr4 ,william ,stringfellow1 who probably had either been the previous owner of the manufactory or one of the 8most knowing persons0 of those works4 ,in the year referred to ,capt4 ,delamain petitioned the ,irish ,house of ,commons for assistance in carrying out his undertaking4 ,his case was thus stated3 8,a4,d4 #agfa4 #ast ,november4 ,geo4 ,,ii4#ff 8,a ,petition of ,,henry ,,delamain the ,younger1 of the ,city of ,dublin1 ,gentleman1 ,setting forth3--that when the ,delft ,manufactory in this ,city failed1 the petitioner being convinced that it might be carried on greatly to the advantage of this ,nation1 took said ,manufactory into his hands1 built ,workhouses and ,kilns1 erected a mill to grind flint and ,metals1 and discharged debts affecting the old ,manufactory1 and also supported the most knowing persons that were employed at the old ,manufactory1 while his new one was building1 to prevent their leaving the ,kingdom2 and purchased the ,art of ,printing ,earthen ,ware with as much ,beauty1 ,strong ,impression1 and ,dispatch as it can be done on paper4 ,that the ,petitioner lived above #bj years abroad1 where he acquired a knowledge in the ,manufactures of ,delft and ,earthen ,ware and having taken a ,circuit thro' this ,kingdom found that every ,province therein is furnished with proper ,materials for making thereof4 ,that the ,petitioner after many repeated experiments has discovered the secrets of ,glazing ,delft ,ware with ,coals1 and ,painting and ,glazing ,flint ,ware4 ,that the petitioner employs upwards of #dj families in his ,manufactory1 and proposes taking a number of ,charter ,school ,boys apprentice1 by which means he will be able to supply ,new ,manufactories with ,artists2 and the petitioner is willing not only to communicate all the secrets of his business to any one setting them up1 but also to assist them in the construction of their kilns1 c4 ,that the petitioner laid ,specimens of the ,wares made by him before the ,dublin ,society1 who were of opinion that they were as good1 and some of them better than any imported into ,ireland2 and found on ,experiments made1 that they stood boiling water without breaking or ,cracking2 and as it can be made near #bj per cent4 cheaper than it can be imported1 he apprehends a great benefit will arise1 not only by preventing large sums from going out of the ,kingdom for said ,manufactures1 but also by exporting it to ,foreign ,markets1 and praying aid to enable him to carry on the said ,manufactory1 was presented to the ,house and read4 8,ordered to be reported on by ,sir ,arthur ,gore and a ,committee40 8,sir ,a4 ,gore reported that the ,committee considered the ,allegations proved1 and that the ,petitioner deserved encouragement4#fg 8,referred to ,committee of ,supply40 8,resolved1 ,that it is the opinion of this ,committee that a sum of #ajjj be given to ,,henry ,,delamain the ,younger1 ,manufacturer of ,earthen ,ware1 for his encouragement1 and to enable him more effectually to carry on the said ,manufacture40#fh ,in the same year1 #agec1 ,delamain having discovered a way to use coal instead of wood in the manufacture of earthenware1 applied to the ,english ,parliament for compensation for making his invention public4 ,from the ,journal of the ,house it appears his petition1 wherein he is described as 8,henry ,delamain1 gentleman10 was read on the #bast of ,january1 #aged1 and referred to a ,committee1 where1 however1 the whole matter seems to have ended4 ,in it he says that 8he has discovered a method of firing kilns of a particular construction10 8which perfectly burn and glaze all sorts of white ware with coal in less time and in larger quantities than the method now practised by burning of wood1 and at one-third of the expense40 ,in a not very honourable letter1 printed by ,owen1 ,delamain speaks of his intention of applying to 8the ,parliament of ,england for a reward for having burnt and glazed delft-ware with coals10 instead of wood or turf4 ,in this letter ,delamain writes to ,stringfellow that he has seen the ,liverpool potters and told them of the success of his plan1 and he desires him to write how well he has succeeded with the coal2 he says1 even 8suppose it has happened quite the reverse1 do you write what ,i desire you1 for your own advantage as well as my credit2 for ,i have set them all on fire to burn their ware with coals1 and have come to this agreement with them1 that you are to come over to build their kilns1 for which they will pay you handsomely40 ,and again he says1 8by all means answer to them by return of post all you can say in its favour1 and more if necessary40 ,the letter is addressed1 8to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,stringfellow1 at the ,delft ,manufactory1 on the ,strand1 ,dublin10 and dated #aith of ,december1 #agec4 ,another letter1 addressed to his wife1 8,mrs4 ,mary ,delamain1 at the ,india ,warehouse1 ,abbey ,street1 ,dublin10 by ,capt4 ,delamain1 is to the same effect1 and runs as follows3-- 8,to ,mrs4 ,mary ,delamain1 at the ,india ,warehouse1 ,abbey ,street1 ,dublin4 ,tuesday1 ,liverpool ,jany4 #ahth1 #agec4 8,my ,dr ,poll1 8,inclos'd ,i send you a letter to ,mr4 ,stringfellow the purport of it is to desire him by all means to answer some letters that will be wrote to him this night from ,liverpoole to know how our large kiln has turned out2 send for him on the rect of this and right or wrong beg of him to write it was burnt twice before ,i left ,ireland and once since1 and that it succeeds so well that not a bit of ware was smoked and that it ,glazes the ,ware better than ,turf and ,wood makes it harder1 less subject to peel1 and that about two ,tun or #b and a half of coals will burn it off1 give him this letter for fear he sd forget writing them all the above particulars1 let him write the night he receives mine1 for as soon as his letter arrives at ,liverpoole the ,mayor ,corporation and all the ,potters will joyne in a petition for me to parliament they will give ,mr4 ,stringfellow a handsome some of money to build them kilns4 ,i go to ,london this day and shall call in my way at ,worster to see the fine new ,china ,manufactory40 ,to ,delamain1 doubtless1 belonged the credit of introducing the use of coal in the manufacture of earthenware1 and he deserved the recognition he sought1 but did not succeed in obtaining1 for his invention from the ,english ,parliament4 ,in #agee ,capt4 ,delamain received from the ,dublin ,society a grant or 8bounty0 of #a1ajj1 which he expended in furthering his manufacture4 ,capt4 ,delamain died on the #ajth of ,january1 #ageg1 and his death is thus curiously recorded in the ,belfast ,news ,letter of that period4 8,dublin1 ,january #aeth30 8,monday last1 died1 universally lamented by all true lovers of their country1 ,captain ,henry ,delamain1 formerly in the ,duke of ,saxe-,gotha's service1 ,master of the ,irish ,delft ,ware ,manufactory1 who1 by the expense of a large fortune and unwearied application1 brought that ware to such perfection as totally to prevent the enemies of our country1 the ,french1 from draining large sums yearly from this country for ,burgundy and ,roan ware4 ,mary ,delamain1 his widow1 carries on said manufactory and hopes for the continuance of the friendship of the nobility1 gentry1 and whole kingdom40 ,on the #ith of ,november1 #agei1 ,mrs4 ,delamain1 his widow1 petitioned the ,irish ,house of ,commons for further assistance to enable her to carry on and extend the business1 but nothing seems to have been done for her4 ,mrs4 ,delamain1 who survived her husband three years1 died in ,march1 #agfj1 her death being recorded in the ,dublin ,public ,gazetteer of that date3 8,tuesday last died ,mrs4 ,mary ,delamain1 widow of the late ,captain ,henry ,delamain1 who was the first that brought the earthenware manufacture to perfection in this kingdom2 and since his decease his said widow 7endowed with all the virtues of a good ,christian1 tender parent1 and sincere friend17 continued it with such advantage to the purchasers as to prevent the further importation of foreign wares10 c4 ,in #agfc the executors of ,mrs4 ,delamain petitioned the ,irish ,house of ,commons for a further grant4 ,the petition contains many interesting particulars1 and is as follows3-- 8,a4,d4 #agfa4 #fth ,november4 ,geo4 ,,iii4 8,a ,petition of ,,samuel ,,wilkinson and ,william ,delamain1 ,esqres4 ,executors of ,mary ,delamain1 late of the ,city of ,dublin1 ,earthen-,ware ,manufacturer1 was presented to the ,house and read1 ,setting forth1 ,that the late ,henry ,delamain erected a ,manufactory for ,making of ,earthen-,ware in which he discovered the ,art of burning with ,coal instead of ,wood1 and brought it to such ,perfection as not only to excel any thing of the kind ever attempted in this ,kingdom before1 but to equal the best ,foreign ,ware imported3 in which he expended his entire ,fortune to the amount of #f1jjj1 and upwards1 as appeared to a ,committee of the late ,parliament who were appointed to take his ,petition into consideration4 8,that in the ,session #agec1 the ,house of ,commons did grant him #a1jjj as an encouragement for carrying on said ,manufacture1 and the ,dublin ,society upon ,inspection had1 and ,satisfaction received of his having expended said ,bounty in the ,improvement of said ,manufacture1 did in the year #agee confer a further ,bounty on him of #a1ajj1 which sum was also expended with the best ,economy1 in improving said ,manufacture4 ,that on the ,decease of said ,,henry ,,delamain1 his late ,,widow1 ,,mary ,,delamain1 carried on said ,manufacture with ,great ,success1 and declined troubling ,parliament in ,session #ageg1 assured that the ,manufacture would support itself3 but finding that the export of the ,ware to ,foreign ,markets was prevented by the continuance of the ,war1 she1 the said ,,mary1 ,petitioned in the ,session of #agei1 praying the further ,sanction of ,parliament1 and ,proved the ,allegations of her ,petition2 but in that ,session no money was granted to ,private ,petitions4 8,that the ,petitioners1 since the ,decease of said ,,mary ,,delamain1 have carried on the same ,manufacture1 for the advantage of the orphans of the said ,,henry and ,,mary1 in particular1 and of the ,nation in ,general1 with so much success as to prevent the ,import of ,foreign ,ware1 which ,annually carried out of this ,country above #aj1jjj to ,france1 and have supplied ,dealers in every principal ,seaport of this ,kingdom4 ,that ,petitioners by commencing on a ,small ,stock are disabled of purchasing ,coal and other ,materials in the proper ,season requisite for carrying on the ,work1 and lowering the price of the ,ware1 or employing between #b and #cjj of the poor ,natives which the ,apparatus is equal to2 and on a ,peace1 of exporting to ,foreign ,markets about #bj1jjj worth every year1 over and above the ,home ,consumption2 and therefore praying the ,house to take their ,case into ,consideration1 and to grant such assistance and relief as shall seem meet4 8,referred to a ,committee40#fi ,a similar petition appears to have been presented by the same parties on #ith ,nov41 #agfc1 and was referred to a ,committee1 but no votes in either case seem to have been taken4 ,,dublin4 ,donovan4--,whether ,mr4 ,donovan1 of ,poolbeg ,street1 on the ,quay1 ,dublin1 was a manufacturer or not is uncertain1 but ,i believe not4 ,he purchased both ,english and ,continental wares in the white and decorated them in his own place4 ,he amassed a large fortune and purchased estates in ,sussex4 ,in his business he was usually known in ,dublin as 8,the ,emperor of ,china40 8,about #agij he had a glass manufactory at ,ringsend1 near ,dublin1 and he employed a painter to decorate pottery1 and placed all sorts of fancy and imitation marks on china and earthenware40 ,his name sometimes occurs as ,,donovan only1 and at others as ,donovan or ,,donovan ,dublin ,,dublin4 ,illustration3 ,dublin4 ,fig4 #gbb4 ,a mark on ,delft ware which has come under my notice is a crowned harp with the word ,dublin4 ,it is quite uncertain to whose make this is to be ascribed4 ,two or three brownware manufactories also existed during last century at ,dublin1 and produced all the usual commoner kinds of coarse domestic vessels4 ,,belfast4 ,leathes and ,smith4--,a pottery was established here in the middle of the seventeenth century by ,captain ,leathes and ,mr4 ,smith4 ,it is thus alluded to by ,william ,sacheverell1 some time ,governor of the ,isle of ,man 7a descendant of the ,sacheverells of ,morley1 in ,derbyshire71 who in #afhh made a voyage to ,i-,columb-,kill1 which he printed in his 8,survey of the ,isle of ,man40 ,he left ,liverpool on the #bcrd of ,june1 #afhh1 on his way to ,i-,columb-,kill1 and as 8it blew very hard for a whole week0 he 8took the opportunity of visiting ,carrick ,fergus and ,bellfast10 and stayed in the latter two nights1 being thither invited by 8the ,earl of ,dunagall1 whither he was going with the ,earl of ,orrery and the ,lord ,dungannon40 8,bellfast10 he says1 8is the second town in ,ireland1 well built1 full of people1 and of great trade4 ,the quantities of butter and of beef which it sends into foreign parts are almost incredible2 ,i have seen the barrels piled up in the very streets4 ,the new pottery is a pretty curiosity1 set up by ,mr4 ,smith1 the present sovereign1 and his predecessor1 ,captain ,leathes1 a man of great ingenuity20 and1 again1 8,captain ,leathes1 who was chief magistrate of ,belfast1 and reputed a man of great integrity40 ,the pottery is also spoken of at a later date1 #agjh1 by ,dr4 ,molyneux1 in his ,,ms4 tour to the ,giant's ,causeway4 8,here10 at ,belfast1 he says1 8we saw a very good manufacture of earthenware1 which comes nearest to delft of any made in ,ireland1 and really is not much short of it4 ,it is very clear and pretty1 and universally used in the north2 and1 ,i think1 not so much owing to any peculiar happiness in the clay1 but rather to the manner of beating and mixing it up40 ,the works were continued for very many years1 and produced much useful ware of good quality4 ,illustration3 ,m ,h 99 ,r #agbd ,the curious example of ,belfast pottery engraved on ,fig4 #gbc is highly interesting as bearing the name of ,belfast and the date #agbd4 ,it is a 8choppine10 or lady's high-heeled shoe1 and is in ,delft ware4 ,it is six inches in length and the heel is two inches in height1 and is decorated in blue and white1 the flowers and foliage being blue on a white and white on a blue ground4 ,on the sole are the initials ,m ,h ,r1 ,m being the surname and ,h and ,r the ,christian names of husband and wife1 with the name and date in writing 8,belfast1 #agbd10 as shown on the engraving4 ,these are painted under the glaze in blue4 ,for the notice of this interesting example1 in the possession of a lady in ,belfast1 to whose grandmother it formerly belonged1 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,benn1 the historian of that town4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,coates' ,pottery4--,on an old map of ,belfast1 published in #agia1 a building marked as 8,coates' ,pottery0 occurs4 ,this1 it is recorded by ,mr4 ,pinkerton1 was 8set up by ,mr4 ,victor ,coates1 at ,lagan village1 long before he established the well-known foundry at the same place4 ,red ware and a coarse kind of delft were made40 99 99 99 99 99 ,china ,works4--,on the same map of ,belfast1 engraved in #agia1 just referred to1 occurs a building marked 8,china ,manufactory10 close by 8,coates' ,pottery10 8,the partners in this ,belfast china manufactory10 says ,mr4 ,pinkerton1 8were ,thomas ,gregg1 ,samuel ,stephenson1 and ,john ,ashmore4 ,that they carried on the manufacture of china there for some years is certain2 for on ,january #bi1 #agic1 the ,earl of ,hillsborough presented a petition from them to the ,irish ,house of ,commons4 ,the original petition may be seen in the ,journals of the ,house4 ,in it the petitioners state that1 recognising the great advantages arising from a manufacture of ,queen's ,ware1 and other fine kinds of ware such as are made in ,staffordshire1 they united themselves into a company for producing such wares in ,ireland1 and by their exertions had carried this manufacture to a greater perfection in the ,county of ,down1 near ,belfast1 than was ever known in this kingdom2 that they had been at great expenses in erecting buildings1 and importing machinery1 and in bringing workmen from foreign places2 that the difference in the prices of coal between ,belfast and ,staffordshire had greatly exceeded their expectations1 and they now prayed for pecuniary aid4 ,a committee1 consisting of the ,earl of ,hillsborough1 ,mr4 ,johnson1 and others1 was immediately appointed by the ,house to report on the petition2 and on the #bnd of ,february they reported that the petitioners had fully proved their allegations4 ,the report was then ordered to be laid on the table2 but it does not appear that anything was done further in the matter4 ,,florence ,,court1 ,,county ,,fermanagh4 ,there is a manufactory at this place where common red ware is made4 ,the products are chiefly flower-pots and the coarser kinds of domestic vessels4 ,,coal ,,island1 ,,dungannon4 ,at this manufactory only the coarser kinds of fire-clay and terra-cotta goods--chimney-pots1 flower-pots1 vases1 c41 are produced4 ,,youghal4 ,there was a manufactory of brown ware1 for pitchers and common goods1 at this place4 ,it was of old foundation4 ,,larne4 ,larne ,pottery4--,pottery works were1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,patterson1 built close to the small sea-port of ,larne1 county of ,antrim1 by ,james ,agnew1 ,esq41 the proprietor of the estate1 and were worked under the management of his agent1 ,mr4 ,walker1 from about #ahej to #ahee1 and afterwards for two or three years by the ,greenock ,pottery ,company1 since which time the works have been closed4 ,the buildings still remain1 but lie vacant4 ,the goods produced were white and printed earthenware1 cane ware1 ,rockingham tea-pots1 and brown pans1 crocks1 and dairy and kitchen utensils of various kinds4 ,some of the latter named were made from local clays1 and were very good of their kind4 ,their rubbish heaps are on the borders of ,larne ,lough1 and the beach is strewed with fragments of pottery1 the little triangular supports1 saggars1 c4 ,,castle ,,espie ,,pottery4 ,at ,castle ,espie1 near ,comber1 county of ,down1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,minland1 ,j4,p41 some years ago1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,patterson1 established brick and tile works4 ,common pottery is now manufactured there from the local red clay4 ,the brown glazed ware consists of dairy vessels1 tea-pots1 flower vases1 and other plain household articles4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gbd and #gbe4 ,captain ,beauclerc1 at the exhibition of #ahea1 exhibited two terra-cotta vases1 his own modelling1 made in ,ireland1 of ,irish material4 ,they were engraved in the 8,art ,journal ,illustrated ,catalogue10 page #beg1 and are here reproduced1 ,figs4 #gbd and #gbe4 ,the productions were in two tints2 the body of each vase being of a deep red1 and the figures of a lighter and much yellower clay4 ,,belleek4 ,the village of ,belleek1 county ,fermanagh1 ,ireland1 is situated on the banks of the river ,erne1 near the borders of ,donegal and ,fermanagh and on the outskirts of the ,donegal highlands4 ,it has a station on the ,enniskillen and ,bundoran line2 which line communicates with ,dublin1 ,belfast1 and the various other lines of the kingdom4 ,belleek is within three miles of ,ballyshannon2 six of ,bundoran2 four of ,lough ,melvin1 renowned for its salmon and trout fishery1 and especially famous for the ,gillaroo trout4 ,it is also within short distances of ,pettigo1 ,garrison1 ,devenish ,island1 with its monastic ruins and a perfect round tower1 the beautiful park and grounds of ,castle ,caldwell1 and many other objects of attraction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gbf4--,the ,belleek ,china ,works4 ,the manufactory1 a view of which is given on ,fig4 #gbf1 stands on a small island in a bend of the river ,erne4 ,near the bridge is a large water-wheel1 over #ajj-;horse power1 which gives motion to grinding-pans1 lathes1 turning-plates1 and all the varied and skilfully designed apparatus of the works4 8,in the interior1 the factory bears all the appearance of business and bustle4 ,enormous grinding-pans1 in which the raw material is prepared for the hands of the artisan1 rumble and roar1 driven by the irresistible and constant power of the large water-wheel2 the furnaces of the great ovens1 in which the moulded clay is baked1 roar by the draught caused by their great height2 while in the workshops the lathes and turning plates whiz noiselessly round1 as the soft1 putty-like clay is being deftly moulded by the skilled workman into many beautiful designs40 ,the works at ,belleek were established in #ahfc by the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,david ,mc,birney and ,robert ,williams ,armstrong4 ,before the establishment of the works1 trials were made with the felspar of the ,irish locality with ordinary ,cornish china clay1 at the ,royal ,porcelain ,works at ,worcester4 ,the results were so satisfactory that ,mr4 ,armstrong1 who at that time was architect to the proprietor1 laid the project for forming a manufactory at ,belleek before his friend1 ,mr4 ,david ,mc,birney of ,dublin1 a gentleman well known for his energy in aiding any movement to advance the prosperity of ,ireland1 and he embarked with him in the attempt to produce first-class ceramic goods in ,ireland4 ,the firm1 composed of these two gentlemen1 trade under the style of 8,d4 ,,mcbirney ,,co40 ,there are now employed at the ,works about two hundred 8hands10 among whom are several skilled artists2 the ,art director being the founder and proprietor1 ,mr4 ,armstrong4 ,the chief peculiarities of the ornamental goods produced at ,belleek are1 its lightness of body1 its rich1 delicate1 cream-like1 or ivory tint1 and the glittering iridescence of its glaze4 8,although the principal productions hitherto have been formed of this white ware--which either resembles the finest biscuit 7of ,buen ,retiro or ,dresden71 or almost the ivory of the hippopotamus1 or shines with a lustre like that of nacre--local clays have been found which yield jet1 red1 and cane-coloured wares4 ,facsimiles of sea shells1 and of branches of coral1 which might well be supposed to be natural1 are among the principal features4 ,the iridescent effect produced is somewhat similar to that of the ruby lustre of the famous ,gubbio ,majolica2 that ,italian enamelled ware which commands such fabulous prices1 and of which an unrivalled collection is to be seen at the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,lustres were introduced many years ago for ,english pottery by ,hancock1 by ,gardner1 and by ,stennys2 and in the booths of our country fairs1 rude inartistic forms1 glowing with a gold or a silver lustre1 are often to be seen4 ,the effect of a good lustre may be compared to that of 8shot silk10 or to the changing hues that adorn the neck of a black or dark blue pigeon1 or the crested pride of a drake4 ,oil of turpentine1 flour of sulphur1 gold solution1 and tin solution1 constitute the gold glaze1 the purple hue being due to the tin4 ,platinum1 and spirits of tar enter1 with oxide of zinc1 into the composition of the silver lustre4 ,but neither of these glazes1 any more than the ,italian enamel of which the secret was lost so long ago as the sixteenth century1 can compare with the beauty of the ,belleek ware1 an idea of which can only be given by recalling the beautiful hues of a highly-polished mother-of-pearl shell4 ,we can convey no idea of it by engravings2 and it seems equally difficult to do so by written description4 ,we may apply to it the common-place expression3 #8,it must be seen to be admired2' and certainly it must be examined to be estimated4 ,we can1 however1 with some degree of accuracy1 represent some of the forms produced by this manufactory40#gj ,fig4 #gbg is the grounds-basin of a tea-service1 made for the ,queen 7,her ,majesty being one of the early patrons of the ,belleek ,pottery71 and presented by her to the present ,empress of ,germany4 ,the basis of the design is the echinus or sea-urchin1 which abounds on the coast of ,donegal1 and has1 both the native and rarer foreign species1 been utilised by the firm in many of their productions4 ,in this instance it forms the bowl1 and the supports are branches of coral4 ,illustration3 ,fig #gbg4--;,grounds-,basin3 for the ,queen's ,service4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gbh4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gbi to #gca4 ,besides the 8,royal0 services--breakfast1 dessert1 and tea--made for her ,majesty1 other services have been made for ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales1 and others of the royal family4 ,from the ,prince of ,wales's services the engravings1 ,figs4 #gcb to #gce are selected4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcb4--;,ice-,pail3 for the ,prince of ,wales4 ,fig4 #gcb is the ice-pail4 ,the base is formed of three exquisitely modelled mermaids1 in ,parian1 who support the shell-formed base of the vase1 around which a group of ,tritons and dolphins in high relief are sporting in the water1 with an effective background of aquatic plants4 ,a wreath of coral surrounds the rim4 ,the effect of the charming contrast between the dead and the iridescent surfaces is heightened by gilding the conches of the revellers4 ,the cover or lid is as it were the boiling surging sea1 from which three sea-horses have partially risen1 and in the centre a ,triton1 riding on a dolphin1 forms the handle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcc4--;,compotier3 for the ,prince of ,wales4 ,fig4 #gcc is a compotier1 whose base represents the surface of the sea1 upon which float three cardium shells4 ,from between these spring up three small sea-horses1 not1 indeed1 the hippocampi of the naturalist1 but those of the mythologist1 the figures which1 in antique gems and in ,italian paintings1 are intended to serve as the artistic embodiment of the roll and the dash of the breaker4 ,a trumpet-shell forms the central column1 which1 in its turn1 supports the shell that serves as a fruit-dish4 ,the tall centre-piece 7,fig4 #gcd7 is designed on a more ambitious scale4 ,a triton or merman is blowing a conch2 a mermaid is wringing and dressing her redundant locks2 and a sea-horse dashes through the spray4 ,between these figures1 which thus divide the base into three compartments1 are placed three shells of the species hippopus maculata1 which form convenient receptacles for bonbons1 candied fruit1 or other smaller delicacies of the dessert-table4 ,a trumpet-shell is again selected to form the main stem1 which is surrounded with aquatic plants2 and three paludina shells are so introduced as to form suitable vases for sprays of flowers4 ,the shell-dish1 with its beautiful markings and projections1 again forms the cap of the tazza4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcd4--;,centre-piece3 for the ,prince of ,wales4 ,the low compotier 7,fig4 #gce7 are modelled en suite2 the idea of the entire service being that of the combination of natural objects1 selected for their appropriate shape1 and for their beauty of form or of sculpture1 with imaginary forms4 ,the shells which are modelled for the dishes are supported by conventional dolphins4 ,the tazza vase and pedestal 7,fig4 #gcf71 on which hangs a wreath of flowers1 dependent from rams' heads1 is a fine specimen of ,irish art4 ,our next engraving 7,fig4 #gcg7 is a flower-stand composed of shells supported by dolphins1 and is so iridescent as to have almost an unearthly appearance of liquid beauty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gce4--,low ,compotier3 for the ,prince of ,wales4 8,the reproduction of natural forms by ,ceramic ,art10 says the ,art ,journal1 8is not by any means a novelty4 ,we are familiar with the fish1 the reptiles1 and the crustacea of ,bernard ,palissy1 with the relieved and coloured foliage of ,luca and of ,andrea della ,robbia4 ,in ,england we have seen the shells reproduced by the artists of the ,plymouth china1 and the delicate leaves and flowers of the old ,derby ware4 ,the designer of much of the ,belleek ware has the merit1 so far as we are aware1 of being the first artist who has had recourse to the large sub-kingdom of the radiata for his types4 ,the animals that constitute this vast natural group are1 for the most part1 characterized by a star-shaped or wheel-shaped symmetry2 and present a nearer approach to the verticillate structure of plants1 than to the bilateral balance of free locomotive animals4 ,for1 at all events a portion of their existence1 indeed1 most of the radiata are fixed to the earth4 ,the five-fold radiation1 which is most common among dicotyledonous plants1 is the usual division assumed by these zoophytic creatures4 ,from the globular shape of the commonest echinus1 or sea-urchin1 through the flattened and depressed form of others of the family1 the transition is regular and gradual1 to the well-known five-fingered star-fish1 and to those wonderfully branched and foliated forms which shatter themselves into a thousand fragments when they are brought up by the dredge from deep water and exposed for a moment to the air4 ,under the name of frutti di mare1 these sea-eggs1 covered as they are with innumerable pink and white spines1 form a favourite portion of the diet of the southern ,italians4 ,when the spines1 by which the creature moves1 are stripped off1 the projections and depressions of the testa1 or shell1 are often marked by great beauty of pattern2 and it would have been hardly possible to bring into the service of plastic art a more appropriate group of natural models4 ,again1 in the fantastic and graceful forms of the mermaid1 the nereid1 the dolphin1 and the sea-horse1 the ,belleek art-designer has attained great excellence of ideality2 the graceful modelling is set off1 with the happiest effect1 by the contrast between the dead1 ,parian-like surface of the unglazed china1 and the sparkling iridescence of the ivory-glazed ground40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcf4--;,flower ,tazza and ,pedestal4 ,the productions of the ,belleek works comprise all the usual services--dinner1 breakfast1 tea1 dessert1 and toilet--in large variety of patterns and of various styles of decoration1 and in addition to these a vast variety of ornamental goods are produced4 ,figures and groups of figures1 animals1 c41 are also made1 and are characterized by excellent modelling and judicious colouring--the peculiar ,belleek glaze imparting to them a beauty all their own4 ,boudoir candlesticks and other choice examples of art also evidence considerable skill on the part of the artists in the modelling of the flowers and foliage and in the arrangement of the wreaths4 ,among the choicest examples of actual manipulative skill produced by any manufactory are some cabinet cups and saucers1 the extreme delicacy of which far surpasses the ordinary 8egg-shell0 china4 ,the cup itself is the echinus1 and the saucer is also tastefully modelled from the same2 the body is so thin1 and worked to such a degree of nicety1 as to be of little more than the thickness of common writing paper4 ,this delicate body1 either plain1 or tinted and gilt and then glazed with the iridescent glaze so characteristic of the ,belleek ware1 is unique in its appearance and matchless in its extreme delicacy4 ,of the same filmy body cardium and other shells are also produced1 and are exquisitely tinted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcg4--;,boudoir ,flower ,shells4 ,besides the speciality of these works 7the 8,belleek ,china07 ,messrs4 ,mc,birney and ,armstrong manufacture to a large extent white granite ware services of every variety1 and of excellent quality both in body1 in glaze1 and in printed1 painted1 enamelled1 and gilt decorations4 ,many of the patterns are of more than average excellence1 and in every respect the ,irish earthenware equals the ordinary commercial classes of ,staffordshire wares4 ,the dinner-ware is especially serviceable1 being a true felspathic body1 semi-vitrified1 and hence ranking next to the true porcelain2 smooth and admirably potted4 ,the simple ornamentation to which it has been subjected is pure in style and ,art1 while the article competes as to price with inferior ware in the markets of ,england and ,america4 ,indeed the trade with ,america is already large1 and is regularly increasing4 ,parian and ordinary white china1 as well as ivory body1 are also largely made in a vast variety of styles4 ,not only in these home essentials is its place established2 ,belleek furnishes largely the 8porcelain insulators0 7containing #gj per cent4 local felspar7 used for telegraph poles1 and these have been pronounced by 8authorities0 the best4 ,in pestles and mortars the factory has considerable trade1 and of the minor articles of patch-boxes1 c41 there is enormous produce4 ,for supremacy in these objects it is indebted to the purity of the clay and felspar1 producing a clear brilliant white1 and singular 8compactness10 resulting in remarkable hardness and durability4 ,in sanitary ware1 cabinet-stands1 plug-basins1 and other articles1 form a staple part of the trade of these works4 ,the marks used by the ,belleek ,company are the following3 ,illustration3 ,,belleek ,,co4 ,,fermanagh4 ,figs4 #gch and #gci4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,early ,pottery of ,scotland--,cinerary ,urns--,medival ,pottery--,glasgow--,delft ,ware--,verreville ,pottery--,garnkirk ,works--,gartcosh ,works--,heathfield ,pottery--,glasgow ,pottery--,north ,british ,pottery--,saracen ,pottery--,port ,dundas ,pottery ,company--,hyde ,park ,potteries--,britannia ,pottery--,annfield ,pottery--,bridgeton ,pottery--,barrowfield ,pottery--,coatbridge--,glenboig ,star ,works--,glenboig ,fire-,clay ,works--,cardowan and ,heathfield ,works--,paisley--,ferguslie ,works--,shortroods and ,caledonia ,works--,paisley ,earthenware ,works--,crown ,works--,grangemouth--,fire-brick ,works--,greenock--,clyde ,pottery--,dumbarton--,rutherglen--,cale donia ,pottery--,portobello--,midlothian ,potteries--,portobello ,pottery--,kirkcaldy--,sinclairtown ,pottery--,kirkcaldy ,pottery--,gallatown ,pottery--,boness--,boness ,pottery--,prestonpans ,pottery--,alloa--,alloa ,pottery--,the ,hebrides4 ,,scotland4 ,the early pottery of ,scotland appears1 as a general rule1 to bear a close analogy to that of ,england both in form1 in intention of use1 and in ornamentation4 ,the cinerary urns1 the food and other vessels1 and the immolation urns1 all bear a marked resemblance to those of the sister country1 and lead one to the inference that the same feelings1 habits1 and customs obtained in the one nation as the other4 ,a cinerary urn found on the ,hill of ,tuack is of identical shape and pattern of ornament with the one engraved on ,fig4 #ae of ,vol4 ,i41 while others bear an equally strong resemblance to others already engraved4 ,to ,professor ,wilson the antiquarian world is indebted for much valuable information concerning the early pottery of ,scotland1 and to his important and standard work1 the 8,pre-,historic ,annals of ,scotland10#ga it owes most of the knowledge it possesses of this1 and other important branches of national history4 8,it is altogether impossible10 says the learned ,professor1 8within the limited amount of accurately observed facts with which the ,scottish archologist has to deal1 to picture and classify into distinct periods the pottery found in the ancient tumuli and cairns4 ,many of the fictilia are so devoid of art as to furnish no other sign of advancement in their constructors from the most primitive state of barbarism1 than such as is indicated by the piety which provided a funeral pyre for their dead1 and even so rude a vase1 wherein their ashes might be inurned4444 ,the rudimentary form of the true cinerary urn is that of the common flower-pot1 still retained as the easiest and simplest into which the plastic clay can be modelled4444 ,from this simple shape was gradually developed the varying forms both of sepulchral and domestic pottery found deposited with the dead2 inurning the sacred ashes and the costly tributes of affectionate reverence1 or placed in the grave with offerings of food and drink designed to sustain the deceased on his final journey to the world of spirits40 ,fig4 #gdj is of this form and is almost identical with the ,english example ,fig4 #ae1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,it is from the ,hill of ,tuack1 near ,kintore1 in ,aberdeenshire1 and was found in the usual inverted position close to one of the monoliths of the stone circle at the place4 ,another of the same form1 ,fig4 #gda1 ornamented with impressed dots and incised herringbone pattern1 was dug up in #ahee on the farm of ,belhelvie1 in ,fifeshire4 ,it was #d feet #f inches in circumference at the mouth1 and when perfect must have been about #b feet in height4 ,when found it was1 as is commonly the case1 inverted1 as shown in the engraving1 and was imperfect4 ,another fine example is engraved on ,fig4 #gdb4 ,it measures thirteen and a half inches in height1 and was dug up at the ,ha' ,hill of ,montblairy1 in ,banffshire4 ,it bears a marked resemblance to many ,english examples1 both in general form and in ornamentation2 it bears encircling lines of herringbone or zigzag ornament4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gdj4--;,from the ,hill of ,tuack1 near ,kintore4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gda4--;,from ,belhelvie1 ,fifeshire4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gdb4--;,from the ,ha' ,hill1 ,montblairy4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gdc to #gde4--;,from ,banchory1 and ,arthur's ,seat1 ,edinburgh4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gdf and #gdg4--;,from ,memsie and ,rathbo4 ,figs4 #gdc to #gde are of different form1 the two larger being probably food vessels1 and the latter an 8immolation urn40 ,the first two were found in a cist on a farm at ,banchory1 in ,kincardineshire1 along with an interment by inhumation1 and the latter at ,arthur's ,seat1 in ,edinburgh4 ,in the next engravings1 ,figs4 #gdf and #gdg1 the larger vessel was found in a tumulus at ,memsie1 in ,aberdeenshire1 and the smaller at ,rathbo1 near ,edinburgh4 ,figs4 #gdh to #gej are three interesting vessels from ,lesmurdie1 in ,banffshire1 now in the ,museum of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland4 ,the largest is eight inches in height1 and the smallest five inches4 ,fig4 #gea was found in one of a group of cists1 under a large cairn1 at ,sheal ,loch1 in the parish of ,borthwick1 near ,edinburgh4 ,it is made of fine baked clay1 burned to an unusually hard and durable consistency1 and measures four and a half inches in height by about six and a half in diameter4 ,five perforated projections are disposed at nearly equal distances around it1 and the interior of the vessel bears evident marks of fire4 ,fig4 #geb is from the ,montrose ,museum and was found in that burgh some years back4 ,the other three1 ,figs4 #gec to #gee1 are 8immolation urns10 as ,i have before termed them1 which are respectively from ,old ,penrith1 from ,dunbar1 and from ,ronaldshay in ,orkney4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gdh to #gej4--;,from ,lesmurdie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gea4--;,from ,sheal ,loch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #geb4--;,from ,montrose4 ,during ,scoto-,roman times1 pottery1 there can be no reasonable doubt1 was made in ,scotland1 and many examples that have been brought to light are evidently native manufacture2 there are1 however1 no marked peculiarities belonging to them4 ,of a later period1 8the last pagan period in ,scotland10 according to ,professor ,wilson1 some remarkable glazed urns were found1 one at ,east ,langton1 the other in ,aberdeenshire4 ,they were found in stone cists by the sides of skeletons1 and were 8of rough grey ware1 ornamented externally with parallel grooves running round them1 and internally covered with a green glaze40 ,they appear originally to have had 8two projecting ears opposite each other1 which fitted into corresponding double ones attached to a lid1 by which the vessel1 when found1 was closely covered2 and the whole of the projections were perforated to admit a pin which completed the fastening40 7,see ,figs4 #geg1 #geh47 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gec to #gee4--;,from ,dunbar1 ,old ,penrith1 and ,ronaldshay4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gef4--;,from ,penicuik4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #geg4--;,from ,east ,langton4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #geh4--;,from ,aberdeenshire4 ,as of the primitive so of the medival pottery of ,scotland2 it differs but little from that of ,england1 and indeed1 except in a few instances1 cannot be distinguished from it4 ,pitchers of the usual form1 perforated jugs1 bowls1 dishes and platters--all were pretty nearly identical with those of ,english make1 and but few seats of manufacture existed4 ,the wares were of the commonest and coarsest kind4 ,as in ,ireland wood was more generally used than anything else for such utensils4 ,of medival pottery ,figs4 #gef to #gei are characteristic examples4 ,the first of these is a pitcher found in #agib1 filled with coins of ,alexander ,,ii4 of ,scotland and ,edward ,i4 and ,edward ,,ii4 of ,england1 near ,penicuick ,house1 where it is preserved4 ,it measures three and three-quarter inches in height1 and is perforated at tolerably uniform distances4 ,it is of coarse unglazed earthenware4 ,fig4 #gei is a medival pitcher found near ,north ,berwick ,abbey1 in ,east ,lothian2 it bears a marked resemblance to some engraved in ,vol4 ,i4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gei4 ,that china was attempted to be made in ,scotland in the middle of last century is evident from the following paragraph from the ,london ,chronicle of #agee3 8,yesterday four persons1 well-skilled in the making of ,british china1 were engaged for ,scotland1 where a new porcelain manufacture is going to be established1 in the manner of that now carried on at ,chelsea1 ,stratford1 and ,bow40 ,but nothing is known as to the locality of the proposed works4 ,,glasgow4 ,the first pottery established in ,glasgow was1 it would appear1 founded in #agdi as a delft-ware works4 ,it was situated near the ,broomielaw1 in a lane which was called the 8,delft-field ,lane40 8,delft-field ,lane0 is a very suggestive name1 and of course took its origin from the pot-works4 ,the name was1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,cochran1 8changed to #8,james ,watt ,street' in later years4 ,the celebrated inventor of the steam-engine lived in this lane1 and it was in one of the rooms of the pottery that he was in the habit of working at his invention1 and it is said1 perfected it4 ,the ware manufactured at this pottery was delft ware1 and was a close imitation of the old grey ,dutch ware of that name2 but about the year #aggj the proprietors began to make #8,queen's ware1' or white ware4 ,they also began to make both plain and ornamented china1 of such excellent quality that they received the compliment of being appointed potters to the ,prince of ,wales4 ,how long this pottery lasted ,i have not been able to ascertain1 but it was working in full perfection in the beginning of the present century4 ,the next pottery which was built in ,glasgow was about the year #ahja1 when the 8,caledonian ,pottery10 on the banks of the ,monkland ,canal1 was erected4 ,this is the oldest pottery now working in ,glasgow1 for although ,verreville was built more than twenty years before it1 yet earthenware was not made there till the year #ahbj40 99 99 99 99 99 ,verreville ,pottery4--,in #aggg1 as the name implies1 the ,verreville ,works were built for a glass-house1 by a ,mr4 ,cookson1 of ,newcastle1 and a ,mr4 ,colquhoun1 of ,glasgow4 ,in #ahjf they were sold to the ,dumbarton ,glass ,work ,company1 who immediately resold them to ,mr4 ,john ,geddes1 with this stipulation1 that he was not to manufacture crown or bottle glass4 ,mr4 ,geddes carried on the manufacture of flint glass until #ahbj1 when he commenced making earthenware as well as glass4 ,in #ahce the works passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,robert ,alexander ,kidston1 who four years afterwards added the manufacture of china to that of glass and earthenware4 8,he began10 ,i am told by ,mr4 ,cochran1 8by bringing skilled workmen and artists from the principal seats of china manufacture4 ,figures1 porcelain basket work and flowers1 were produced by workmen who had acquired their skill in the old and celebrated porcelain works of ,derby1 while ,coalport and several of the most famous ,staffordshire china works supplied a general staff of potters1 together with gilders1 and flower and landscape painters4 ,mr4 ,kidston carried on the business for several years and produced a beautiful porcelain1 and upon his retiring from the business in #ahdf was succeeded by the late ,mr4 ,robert ,cochran1 who carried on the works with great vigour and success4 ,in #ahef he ceased the manufacture of china1 and devoted the whole of the works to the manufacture of earthenware4 ,mr4 ,cochran devoted great attention and spared no expense in promoting the introduction of labour-saving machinery4 ,he also made great improvements in the kilns or ovens in which the earthenware is fired1 by which he reduced the quantity of coal used to nearly one-half4 ,it was applied successfully in his own works of ,verreville and ,britannia1 but was not adopted by other manufacturers4 ,this improvement was patented in #aheb1 and it is only now that the same principle1 with some slight alterations1 has been patented and is likely to be generally adopted by potters4 ,mr4 ,cochran died in #ahfi1 and was succeeded in the ,verreville ,pottery by his son1 also named ,robert ,cochran1 by whom the works are still carried on4 ,the goods manufactured are principally for the home trade1 and consist of white1 sponged1 printed1 and enamelled ware4 ,no marks have ever been used except the initials of the proprietors stamped on the ware40 ,verreville it is said was the first work in ,scotland where china was manufactured4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gfj to #gfb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gfc4 ,garnkirk ,works4--,these works were established about half a century ago by ,messrs4 ,sprott1 by whom--and later by ,mr4 ,mark ,sprott--they were carried on4 ,they are now continued by the trustees of the late ,mr4 ,mark ,sprott 7,messrs4 ,sprott1 ,gillespie1 and ,cameron71 under the style of the 8,garnkirk ,fire ,clay ,company40 ,the goods produced at these works are the ordinary classes of fire-clay and terra-cotta articles1 including ornamental chimney shafts and smoke-valves of good design and excellent mechanical construction2 sanitary pipes and other appliances2 architectural enrichments2 garden edgings and balustrades of more than average beauty in design1 of which examples are given in ,figs4 #gfj to #gfb2 garden vases of great variety in design and of different sizes2 fountains1 notably an example of five tiers1 supported by figures of dolphins and cranes1 with basin twenty-four feet in height and sixteen feet across1 erected in the public park at ,aberdeen2 busts1 statuary1 both single figures and groups1 including ,baily's lovely conception of 8,eve at the ,fountain10 8,gleaner10 8,minerva10 8,bacchus10 8,atlas10 c42 pedestals1 brackets1 and every other variety of ornamental goods1 as well as fire-clay1 bricks1 blocks1 c4 ,the markets principally supplied are the home1 and those of ,france1 ,germany1 ,russia1 and the ,east and ,west ,indies4 ,the mark used is simply the word ,garnkirk impressed in the clay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,gartcosh ,works were established by ,mr4 ,james ,binnie1 in #ahfc1 and have since then been considerably extended4 ,the produce of these works is terra-cotta vases1 tazzas1 pedestals1 fountains1 c41 of remarkably good design and of fine and durable quality2 ornamental and plain garden edgings2 gothic1 clustered1 and other chimney tops2 ridge1 flooring1 and roofing tiles2 cattle1 horse1 and dog troughs2 copings2 sewage and sanitary pipes of every description2 glazed and unglazed fire bricks1 furnace blocks1 and all other goods for fire-resisting purposes4 ,the clay is found about fifty fathoms below the surface1 at ,gartcosh2 the strata being from eighteen to twenty-five feet in thickness4 ,it is found underlying large beds of sandstone in what is called the limestone series1 which lies between the upper and lower coal series of this district4 ,the following is the analysis3 silicic acid or silica1 #fjif2 alumina1 #cgjj2 peroxide of iron1 #aaf2 lime1 #jfd2 magnesia1 #jbd2 total1 #ajj4jj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,heathfield ,pottery4--,at these works ,messrs4 ,ferguson1 ,miller1 ,co4 produced some admirable vases in terra cotta1 which were shown at the #ahea ,exhibition1 and are here engraved4 ,one of these 7,fig4 #gfd7 was a vase of large size and excellent modelling2 it bore a frieze of figures typical of the great gathering in #ahea4 ,fig4 #gfe shows1 among its other ornaments1 a nuptial procession1 designed in the style of the antique2 these figures were modelled with great accuracy1 and are arranged in an artistic manner4 ,the works passed in #ahfb into the hands of ,messrs4 ,young 7which see72 the moulds1 c41 including those of these vases1 became the property of the ,garnkirk ,company4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gfd and #gfe4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gff to #gfi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ggj4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gga to #gha4--,messrs4 ,bell and ,co4's #ahea ,exhibits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,glasgow ,pottery4--,these works were established in #ahdb1 by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,p4 ,bell ,co41 in ,stafford ,street1 ,glasgow1 for the manufacture of white and printed earthenware1 and soon rose to the first rank among the potteries of ,scotland4 ,particular attention was from the first paid not only to the excellence of body of the ware1 but to improvement in form and in style of decoration4 ,in these particulars they were eminently successful1 and in #ahea received honourable mention at the ,great ,exhibition4 ,later on the manufacture of china was commenced1 and later still the fine white and pearl granite wares1 and white and decorated sanitary wares4 ,the works are of great extent1 and produce all the usual varieties of goods in dinner1 breakfast1 tea1 toilet1 dessert1 and other services1 as well as all the usual classes of articles1 and in every variety of style1 from the plain white or cream colour to the most richly enamelled and gilt patterns4 ,the earthenware services are of more than average excellence of quality1 and the china1 both body and glaze1 of superior class4 ,some of the dessert plates issued by ,messrs4 ,bell1 with hand-painted groups of flowers and perforated or open-work rims1 are equal to most ,english makes2 while some of the tea services are of tall classic form and of excellent taste in colour and decoration4 ,in parian ,messrs4 ,bell ,co4 produce some admirable vases with figures in relief1 and other ornamental goods2 the quality is far above the average4 ,the old marks used by the ,glasgow ,pottery are the following3 ,fig4 #ghb1 an eagle holding a roll1 on which is inscribed the name of the pattern1 and1 underneath1 the initials of the firm1 ,j4 ,m4 ,p4 ,b4 ,co42 ,fig4 #ghc1 the ,warwick vase and the name1 ,j4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,bell ,co4 ,the later marks are 7,fig4 #ghd71 a garter bearing the initials of the firm1 ,j4 ,m4 ,p4 ,b4 ,co41 surrounding the trade mark of a bell2 the name of the pattern below4 ,these are all printed on the ware1 while another1 impressed in the body1 is a bell with the initials ,j4 ,b4 7,fig4 #ghe74 ,another is a bell only 7,fig4 #ghf74 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ghb to #ghf4 ,some of ,messrs4 ,bell ,co4's exhibits are shown in the engravings ,figs4 #gff to #gha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,north ,british ,pottery4--,these works on ,dobbies ,loan1 produce the ordinary qualities of earthenware goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,saracen ,pottery4--,the ,saracen ,pottery was established in #ahge by ,messrs4 ,bayley1 ,murray1 and ,brammer1 at ,possilpark4 ,the firm manufacture ,rockingham1 cane-coloured1 ,egyptian black1 jet1 and mazarene blue wares on an extensive scale1 mostly1 in tea-pots1 jugs1 and other useful domestic articles1 both for the home and foreign markets4 ,the mark used is the initials of the firm and name of the works ,b ,m ,co ,,saracen ,,pottery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,port ,dundas ,pottery ,company4--,these works were established for the manufacture of stoneware articles about the year #ahai4 ,in the earlier years of its existence there were several changes in the proprietorship1 but for the last thirty years it has remained in the hands of1 and been carried on by1 ,mr4 ,james ,miller4 ,the works1 from a somewhat small beginning1 have attained considerable proportions4 ,in #ahef they contained three salt-glaze ovens1 in which were manufactured chemical vessels and apparatus of various kinds1 spirit bottles1 jars1 c42 and about this time many of the towns in the ,north of ,scotland1 finding the desirability of having a good water supply introduced1 had recourse to high-pressure stoneware water-pipes for that purpose1 which were manufactured in large quantities at these works4 ,several towns and many country mansion houses at the present time have their water supply conducted through miles of the ,port ,dundas pipes4 ,in the same year a new glaze was introduced1 giving to the ware a cream-coloured appearance1 much purer and cleaner for many purposes than the old brown salt glaze1 and with this a great demand sprang up for stoneware beer bottles for warm climates1 and the works consequently have been greatly enlarged to meet the increased demand4 ,by far the greatest portion of ware made in ,port ,dundas is thrown on the potter's wheel1 the motive power for which was supplied1 until #ahff1 by girls1 who turned a large driving wheel communicating with a pulley under the workman's wheelhead by a rope4 ,the proprietor in that year endeavoured to introduce steam power for this purpose1 but so strong was the opposition of the throwers that the machines and accompanying shafting1 c41 lay aside for three years unused4 ,they were then erected in a distant part of the works1 and apprentices all but forced to work on them4 ,these1 however1 had not been long fitted up when the workmen1 seeing the immense advantages to be derived from their use1 gladly availed themselves of the offer of the proprietor to substitute steam machinery for hand-power throughout the whole factory1 the immediate result of which was to raise the piece-work earnings of the workmen from #cj to #di per cent42 they had one attendant less to pay1 a part of whose wages the workman kept to himself1 while a proportion of it was paid to the ,company for the use of the steam-power and up-keep of the machinery4 ,the speed of the wheel requiring to be varied according to the different operations performed upon it1 is now under the complete control of the workman's foot1 and not as formerly at the will1 or according to the strength of1 the assistant wheel-turner4 ,in this way a complete revolution was quietly effected in the stoneware potting of ,scotland1 and the incentive having been given1 orders came from many potteries in ,england to the ,scotch machine maker for similar steam machines4 ,with the introduction of the cream-coloured stoneware glaze the ovens had to undergo extensive alterations1 the old salt-glaze cupboard kilns giving place to much larger sagger ovens1 in which the ware is now burned4 ,the improvement in the appearance of the ware having brought it into much greater demand1 the works rapidly extended1 until at the present time1 in the ,port ,dundas ,pottery with its branch work1 the ,crown ,pottery1 there are fifteen ovens in regular operation4 ,the wares produced are beer1 ink1 and spirit bottles2 preserve1 acid1 butter1 and druggist's jars2 chemical vessels and apparatus1 and every kind of article made in stoneware1 water filters1 ,rockingham and cane ware4 ,all the goods made are stamped with the name of the firm in an oval stamp4 ,the home markets are supplied with all descriptions of general ware1 immense quantities of preserve jars1 c4 ,export bottlers in ,glasgow1 ,edinburgh1 and ,liverpool1 are supplied with stone bottles4 ,water filters1 ,rockingham1 and cane ware are regularly shipped to the colonies and the continent of ,europe4 ,two years ago a process of printing on the unfired stoneware body was perfected and patented by this firm1 eminently suitable for consumer's labels1 trade marks1 c41 no extra firing in the shape of muffle or hardening-in kiln being required4 ,the ,company exhibited their manufactures at the ,chilian ,exhibition held in ,santiago in #ahge1 and there received the first prize gold medal for the general excellence of their wares4 ,the clay from which this stoneware is made is obtained only from the ,devonshire mines1 is very free from iron1 and burns a light buff colour4 ,somewhere about #aj1jjj tons are annually used in ,glasgow1 nearly the whole of which is brought by sea from the port of ,teignmouth to the ,clyde4 ,very little preparation and no mixing with other ingredients is required before passing into the hands of the workman2 after being milled it is ready to be fashioned into all kinds of articles4 ,it is also singular in this respect that the articles are glazed before being burned2 and by one process of firing to a very high pitch of heat--higher than that to which any other kind of pottery ware is subjected--a hard1 vitreous1 and very sonorous ware is produced1 glazed inside and out with a transparent glaze1 which allows the buff colour of the clay to be seen1 and which is quite proof against the action of both alkalies and acids1 rendering vessels made by this ware highly suitable for storing and transporting acids and other chemicals4 ,for many years ,london and ,bristol were the chief seats of the stoneware trade1 and workmen had to be obtained from the south to carry on business in ,scotland2 but apprentices were speedily trained in ,glasgow to supply all wants1 and in turn to feed largely the southern potteries4 ,at present there is more pure stoneware manufactured in ,glasgow than anywhere else1 so that it has really become the seat of the stoneware pottery of the kingdom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hyde ,park ,potteries4--,this manufactory was established about #ahcg by ,mr4 ,john ,mc,adam4 ,his productions are ordinary stoneware bottles1 jars1 spirit casks1 feet and carriage warmers1 pans of various kinds1 and all the ordinary classes of stoneware goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,britannia ,pottery4--,these large works at ,st4 ,rollox1 ,glasgow1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,cochran ,co41 produce all the usual varieties of ordinary earthenware goods in granite and cream-coloured ware for ,south ,america2 and printed1 enamelled1 painted1 and gilt wares for the home markets4 ,the works were established in #ahee1 by ,mr4 ,robert ,cochran1 the senior partner of the ,verreville ,pottery ,company 7which see71 and the present partners are ,mr4 ,alexander ,cochran 7son of the above7 and ,mr4 ,james ,fleming4 ,the works contain six biscuit and seven glost ovens4 99 99 99 99 99 ,annfield ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,john ,thomson and ,co41 at the ,annfield ,pottery1 ,gallowgate1 formerly manufactured both china and earthenware goods for the home and foreign markets4 ,the works have been closed some time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bridgeton ,pottery4--,the 8,bridgeton ,pottery0 was built in #ahfi by its present owner1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,grosvenor1 who for some years previous to that time had been a partner in the 8,caledonian ,pottery0 at ,glasgow4 ,the goods manufactured are the usual classes of articles in stoneware1 including chemical wares1 bottles for various uses1 spirit jars1 bottles1 c41 and ,rockingham ware tea-pots4 ,in #ahgj ,mr4 ,grosvenor took out a patent for the manufacture of bottles and jars by machinery1 and he has also invented an improved bottle stopper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,barrowfield ,pottery4--,established by their present owner1 ,mr4 ,henry ,kennedy1 in #ahff1 these extensive works produce in large quantities all the usual classes of articles of 8glass-lined stoneware10 including 8glass-lined bottles and jars0 for domestic and other purposes1 both for home and foreign markets4 ,the mark used by ,mr4 ,kennedy is three ,bottles side by side beneath a ribbon bearing the words 8,established #ahff40 ,,coatbridge4 ,glenboig ,star ,works4--,the ,glenboig ,star ,fire ,brick ,works produce bricks1 retorts1 furnace-blocks and similar goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,glenboig ,fire-,clay ,works4--,these works belong to the ,glenboig ,fire-,clay ,company1 and produce sewage and sanitary pipes1 c41 retorts1 fire-bricks1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cardowan and ,heathfield ,works4--,the first of these works1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,john ,young and ,son1 was built in #aheb by ,messrs4 ,john ,hurll and ,john ,young1 previous to that time of the ,garnkirk ,company4 ,the clay is the ,garnkirk seam1 and is of much the same character as the ,stourbridge clay4 ,the ,heathfield ,works were acquired about #ahfj from ,messrs4 ,miller and ,ferguson 7which see71 and were largely extended and altered1 and improved machinery introduced4 ,the clay was won at #cej feet1 passing through a solid bed of freestone of #abj feet1 giving off much water2 the seam itself is known as the ,glenboig seam of clay1 as it was first wrought at the 8,glenboig ,works10 with which ,mr4 ,young was also till quite recently1 a partner4 ,at the 8,cardowan ,works0 the firm manufacture the usual varieties of fire-bricks1 blast-furnace blocks1 gas retorts and fittings1 vases1 garden edgings1 and plain and ornamental chimney shafts4 ,at the 8,heathfield ,works0 they produce fire-bricks1 and vitrified salt-glazed pipes for sewerage and water purposes1 and invert sewer blocks and all the usual salt-glazed articles4 ,in #ahgd ,messrs4 ,hurll and ,young dissolved partnership2 ,mr4 ,young1 along with his sons ,john and ,robert1 being now the sole proprietors4 ,the product of these works when in full work is about #bj1jjj fire-bricks per day and about #a1ejj yards of pipes weekly4 ,,paisley4 ,ferguslie ,fire-,clay ,works4--,these extensive works were established in #ahci1 and are carried on by ,messrs4 ,robert ,brown and ,son4 ,the productions are mainly chimney shafts in great variety and of good design1 sewage pipes and sanitary goods of all kinds1 garden vases and tazz1 flower boxes1 suspenders1 fern and flower stands1 c4 of various designs2 statuary1 both single figures and groups1 architectural enrichments1 pedestals1 brackets1 garden edgings1 fire and other bricks and tiles1 copings1 finials1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shortroods and ,caledonia ,works4--,these are brick and tile works connected with the ,ferguslie ,works of ,messrs4 ,robert ,brown and ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,paisley ,earthenware ,works4--,messrs4 ,robert ,brown and ,co4 established these works in #ahgf1 and at them produce white enamelled earthenware goods of a similar quality to those of ,staffordshire4 ,their principal productions are cabinet stands and lavatories of every requisite shape both for domestic and shop fittings1 plug basins1 pans1 and other sanitary appliances1 baths of every kind 7a speciality being the larger baths1 five feet six inches in length1 a size rarely attempted in earthenware71 washing tubs1 sinks1 c41 plumber's fittings1 washhand-table tops1 with and without toilet ware1 plain and coloured pavement and wall tiles1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crown ,works4--,at the ,crown ,crucible ,works1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,robert ,brown and ,son1 plumbago crucibles and kindred goods are manufactured4 ,the marks are a crown and name1 ,,brown ,,paisley1 and a crucible within an oval border surmounted by a crown4 ,,grangemouth4 ,fire-brick ,works4--,these works1 belonging to the ,grangemouth ,coal ,company1 were established in #ahdb4 ,the clay1 which is of good quality1 is got at a depth of about forty-eight fathoms1 under lease from the ,earl of ,zetland4 ,the productions of the works consist of ornamental vases1 and tazz of various patterns2 statuary1 both single figures and groups2 fountains1 vases and plinths2 flower-stands and pots2 chimney shafts1 some of which are highly decorated in relief2 pedestals1 brackets1 c42 and salt-glazed pipes1 grate backs1 bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,the company received honourable mention for their goods at the ,exhibition of #ahea1 and at the ,hamburg ,exhibition of #ahff had a medal awarded to them for their vases and ornamental figures4 ,,greenock4 ,the ,clyde ,pottery4--,the 8,clyde ,pottery0 works were built and established by ,messrs4 ,james and ,andrew ,muir and others in #ahae1 and it is still the property of the ,muir family1 the present proprietors being the daughters of the late ,andrew ,muir4 ,the business was first carried on by the proprietors under the style of the 8,clyde ,pottery ,company10 with ,mr4 ,james ,stevenson as manager4 ,mr4 ,stevenson was succeeded in the management by ,thomas ,shirley1 to whom the business was transferred1 and who altered the name of the firm to ,thomas ,shirley ,co4 ,in #aheg the ,messrs4 ,shirley were succeeded by the 8,clyde ,pottery ,company 7,limited710 with ,james ,brownlie as manager4 ,this company acquired the ground adjoining the pottery known as the 8,blubber ,yard0 7from the fact that formerly the blubber obtained at the whale-fishing was boiled there71 and this piece of ground gave ample scope for extending the works4 ,the 8,clyde ,pottery ,company 7,limited70 existed for five years1 and was then succeeded by the present firm1 who carry on the business under the old style--the 8,clyde ,pottery ,company0--and who1 in taking over the lease1 also acquired the ground adjoining already referred to1 and have extended the works so as to do double the business of any of their predecessors4 ,the firm consists of three members--,john ,donald1 ,robert ,gibson ,brown1 and ,john ,mc,lauchlan--the two last taking the active management of the concern4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary qualities of cream-coloured1 sponged1 painted1 printed1 pearl-white1 enamelled1 and gilt1 suitable for the home trade1 and various kinds of ware also to suit particular foreign markets4 ,the mark used upon goods is 8,c4 ,p4 ,,co40 7,clyde ,pottery ,company74 ,the markets supplied are the ,home1 ,scotch1 and ,irish2 and considerable business is done abroad with ,calcutta1 ,mauritius1 ,rangoon1 ,java1 ,newfoundland1 and ,canada4 ,,dumbarton4 ,there were pot-works at ,dumbarton in the latter part of last and the beginning of the present century4 ,about #ahjj1 or thereabout1 ,anthony ,amatt1 originally of ,derby1 and afterwards with ,champion1 of ,bristol1 worked at ,dumbarton4 ,he afterwards returned to ,bristol1 and died there in #ahea1 aged ninety-two4 ,,rutherglen4 ,caledonian ,pottery4--,the 8,caledonian ,pottery0 at ,rutherglen1 near ,glasgow1 was established at ,glasgow about #aghj by a joint stock company1 and from the company was acquired1 about #ahbe1 by the grandfather and father of the present head of the firm of ,murray and ,co41 by whom the manufactory is carried on4 ,in #ahgj the works were removed from ,glasgow to ,rutherglen1 about a couple of miles from that city4 ,at first fine porcelain and china were made2 then cream-coloured printed ware1 with ,rockingham and salt-glazed wares4 ,in #ahea the demand sprang up for stoneware ale and other bottles1 and this has become one of the staple trades of ,glasgow and the surrounding district4 ,the goods now produced are the usual classes of 8,bristol0 glazed stoneware1 salt-glazed stoneware1 cane ware1 and ,rockingham and ,egyptian black wares4 ,in these classes of goods all the usual domestic articles are very extensively made1 both for the home and continental markets4 ,the quality produced is much above the average in excellence1 and the goods of this firm are in much repute4 ,a speciality of ,messrs4 ,murray and ,co4 is their patent 8spongy iron filter0 which has been officially recommended by ,royal ,commission and has been awarded a medal4 ,it is one of the most perfect and useful of filters1 and its principle of construction is thoroughly good4 ,the mark used by ,murray and ,co4 is a lion rampant4 ,,portobello1 ,,near ,,edinburgh4 ,midlothian ,potteries4--,the ,midlothian ,stoneware ,potteries at ,portobello and ,musselburgh1 near ,edinburgh1 were established about #aheg by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,gray1 for the manufacture of general stoneware goods1 but they had1 ,i am informed by him1 been in existence as earthenware works for upwards of a century before that time4 ,they are now carried on under the style of 8,w4 ,a4 ,gray ,sons40 ,the goods produced are all kinds of stoneware1 and the more ordinary descriptions of earthenware4 ,in the first are all the usual descriptions of spirit jars and bottles1 spirit barrels1 bowls and pans1 jugs and pitchers1 butter1 beef1 and jam-pots1 bottles1 feet and carriage warmers1 c42 and in earthenware many useful articles4 ,they are principally supplied to the home market4 99 99 99 99 99 ,portobello ,pottery4--,these old-established works at ,portobello1 near ,edinburgh1 were established in #aggj1 and are now carried on by ,messrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,buchan ,co4 ,for a number of years they turned out ordinary white earthenware and ,rockingham ware1 but since #ahdb the manufacture has been entirely confined to stoneware4 ,in this ware bottles of various kinds1 jars1 jugs1 feet and carriage warmers1 spirit bottles1 and all the usual classes of goods1 are extensively manufactured1 principally for the home markets4 ,the mark of the firm is a star4 ,,kirkcaldy4 ,sinclairtown ,pottery4--,messrs4 ,george ,mc,lachlan ,son were manufacturers of ordinary earthenware at this place2 the works are now closed4 ,other manufactories are1 the ,kirkcaldy ,pottery belonging to ,messrs4 ,david ,methven ,son1 and the ,gallatown ,pottery belonging to ,messrs4 ,robert ,heron ,sons4 ,,boness4 ,the ,boness ,pottery1 as it is now called1 dates from #agff4 ,it was originally planned and partly constructed by a ,mr4 ,roebuck1 an enterprising ,englishman1 largely engaged in the coal and iron trade in this district1 who for some time lived in ,kenneil ,house1 belonging to the ,duke of ,hamilton4 ,for some cause ,mr4 ,roebuck left for ,england1 and the pottery came by purchase into the possession of a ,mr4 ,cowen1 and afterwards1 in #agii of ,mr4 ,alexander ,cumming1 who carried it on successfully for a number of years2 then his nephew ,james ,cumming carried on the business1 and although it only consisted of three kilns it became one of the largest potteries in ,scotland1 if not the very largest4 ,earthenware and brown ware were manufactured in all their branches4 ,the firm had another manufactory1 called the 8,south ,pottery10 where brown ware was made for the home markets4 ,in the possession of the present firm is a punch bowl manufactured in these works with the following inscription painted upon it3 8,what art can with the potter's art compare8 ,for of what we are ourselves of such we make our ware40 ,it was made in the time of ,thos4 ,cowen1 and bears the date #agid4 ,they have in their possession also other1 but undated1 specimens of the productions of the early manufactory4 ,at the death of ,james ,cumming the works passed into the hands of his nephew1 ,william ,cumming1 and being sold in #ahcf were bought by ,james ,jamieson1 and carried on for a number of years1 under the firm of ,james ,jamieson ,co41 and afterwards by the son of ,mr4 ,jamieson under the same style2 the proprietors being ,john ,marshall and ,james ,jamieson4 ,after ,mr4 ,jamieson's death that part of the works belonging to him was1 in #ahed1 bought by ,mr4 ,john ,marshall and carried on1 on his own account1 until #ahfg1 when he was joined by ,mr4 ,william ,mc,nay as a partner1 under the style of ,john ,marshall ,co4 ,these works were the first in ,scotland to adopt ,needham's patent for manufacturing clay4 ,the productions are the ordinary useful classes of earthenware goods in dinner1 tea1 toilet1 and other services1 and all the usual domestic articles2 these are produced in white1 sponged1 printed1 painted1 enamelled and gilt styles1 and are supplied both to home and foreign markets4 ,,prestonpans4 ,prestonpans ,pottery4--,there were1 until #ahch1 two old pot-works1 each more than a century old1 in ,prestonpans2 in that year they were both closed4 ,in #ahcf ,messrs4 ,belfield ,co4 established the 8,prestonpans ,pottery10 which they still carry on2 the goods produced being ,rockingham tea-pots1 cane jugs1 c4 ,,alloa4 ,alloa ,pottery4--,these works were established in #agij by ,mr4 ,james ,anderson1 and were afterwards carried on by ,mr4 ,william ,gardner2 in #ahee they passed by purchase into the hands of the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,j4 ,bailey4 ,at first the works1 under ,mr4 ,anderson1 produced common brownware pans and crocks1 and by ,mr4 ,gardner the addition was made of ,rockingham ware tea-pots4 ,by the present firm this branch of manufacture has been considerably improved1 and so greatly extended that at the time ,i write1 ,i am informed1 no less than twenty-six thousand tea-pots can be produced by them per week4 ,majolica and jet ware goods are also largely made and are of good quality1 and a speciality of the firm is its artistic engraving of ferns and other decorations of the finer qualities of tea-pots1 jugs1 c4 ,the productions of the ,alloa ,pottery1 besides a home trade1 are exported in large quantities to ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,canada1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,america1 c41 and medals have been awarded to them at the ,paris and ,philadelphia ,exhibitions4 ,the excellent quality of the ,alloa goods 8arises from the nature of the clay got in the neighbourhood10 and the density of colour and softness to touch of the glaze are highly commendable4 ,,the ,,hebrides4 ,hand-made pottery is still made1 and used1 in all its primitive simplicity4 ,the following letter1 which ,i am permitted to print1 is so full of interesting matter concerning this curious phase of fictile art1 that ,i give it entire4 ,it was addressed by ,w4 ,morrison1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 to my friend1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,goss1 and dated from the ,house of ,commons4 ,it runs as follows3 8,the circumstances under which ,i came upon the hand-made pottery were as follows4 ,in conversation with a ,scotch friend on archological matters1 he happened to mention that hand-made pottery is still used in the ,hebrides4 ,taken in connection with the fact that the inhabitants of some of the islands still1 ,i believe1 live in the same circular dry stone huts1 with their cattle under the same roof1 of which so many traces remain on ,dartmoor1 ,ingleborough in ,yorkshire1 the ,yr ,eifel ,hills in ,carnarvonshire1 and with the curious speculations contained in the introduction to the popular tales of the ,west ,highlands1 by ,mr4 ,campbell1 this fact seemed to be of some archological interest4 ,mr4 ,tyler1 in his #8,early ,history of ,mankind1' gives many instances of the old savage instruments having lasted to our times1 e4g41 the flint knife used to cut cabbages by some old woman in ,orkney1 the bone #8barker' from ,cornwall1 in ,christy and ,blackmore ,museums1 the stone hammer for breaking the shells of whelks in ,brittany1 and so on4 8,my friend gave me an introduction to ,mr4 ,d4 ,munro1 the chamberlain of ,sir ,james ,matherson1 ,bart41 at ,stornoway1 in the ,lewes1 and ,mr4 ,munro promptly sent me a complete tea-service consisting of teapot1 milk-jug1 sugar-basin1 slop-basin1 egg cups 7or probably dram cups71 cups and saucers1 and marmalade pot6 which he had purchased for the magnificent sum of #ajs4 from an old woman at ,stornoway1 who was actually using them in the year of grace #ahfh at her tea table4 ,the pottery is evidently hand-made1 and is of a very rough quality and form1 baked1 but not turned on the wheel4 ,i gave half the set to the ,blackmore ,museum at ,salisbury1 and half to the ,christy ,museum1 at #ajc1 ,victoria ,street 7visible on ,fridays between #aj and #d p4m4 by ticket obtained at the ,british ,museum2 no doubt a letter enclosing stamped envelope would save the trouble of an application to the ,british ,museum74 ,the pottery is in a case in the secretary's room4 ,i am not sure if this room is shown to the public1 but of course it would be shown to any one having an object in view4 8,the remarkable thing is1 that the pottery is distinctly copied1 rudely enough1 from modern pottery4 ,the forms are ordinary ,tottenham ,court ,road forms1 and their continued use in an island with a regular steamboat service from ,glasgow strikes me as very curious4 8,of course the view of the pottery is open to you1 and all the information contained in this letter4 ,i should prefer1 however1 not having my name published1 unless to substantiate any statements ,i have made40 ,manufactories of brown ware1 of delft1 of common earthenware1 and fire-clay goods1 have also existed1 or exist1 in other parts of ,scotland4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,the following list1 now for the first time printed1 will be found to contain all the specifications1 relating in any way to pottery1 enrolled from the year #afbf down to #ahgg4 ,the first portion of the list1 down to #ahfb1 ,i have compiled from the 8,abridgments of the ,specifications10 prepared by ,mr4 ,b4 ,woodcroft2 and for the latter portion ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,william ,spence1 ,as4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 the well-known ,patent agent1 by whom it has been specially prepared for me1 and to whom ,i tender my acknowledgments4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,patents ,,relating ,,to ,,ceramics ,,from #afbf ,,to #ahgg4 ,,date4 ,,to ,,whom ,,granted4 ,,object4 #afbf ,oct4 #bf ,rous and ,cullyn ,stone potts1 juggs1 and bottells4 #afce ,feb4 #ag ,ramsey1 ,arnold1 and ,improvements in fuel for ,ayliffe drying1 c41 of pottery1 tiles1 c4 #afga ,april #bc ,dwight1 ,john ,porcelain or china4 #afgf ,oct4 #bg ,van ,hamme1 ,j4 ,a4 ,tiles1 porcelain and earthenwares4 #afhd ,june #ab ,dwight1 ,john 8,white gorges1 marbled porcelaine vessels1 statues and figures10 c4 #agbb ,june #ac ,holt and ,london ,composition or mixture for making white ware4 ,oct4 #ag ,billin1 ,thomas 8,refined earthenware0 from native materials4 #agbd ,jan4 #bh ,redrich and ,jones ,staining1 clouding1 damasking1 c4 #agbf ,nov4 #e ,benson1 ,thomas ,grinding1 c41 of flint4 #agbi ,may #i ,bell1 ,samuel ,red marble stoneware4 #agcb ,jan4 #ad ,benson1 ,thomas ,grinding1 c41 of flint4 #agcc ,april #bd ,shawe1 ,ralph ,chocolate and white ware4 #agdd ,dec4 #f ,heylyn and ,frye ,china4 #agdi ,nov4 #ag ,frye1 ,thomas #agfb ,jan4 #be ,white1 ,william ,crucibles1 c4 #agfd ,dec4 #e ,williamson and ,spackman ,china4 #agff ,june #aj ,lauraguais1 ,count de #agfh ,march #ag ,cookworthy1 ,william #agfi ,nov4 #af ,wedgwood1 ,josiah ,encaustic painting4 #agge ,sept4 #ae ,cookworthy and ,champion ,china4 #agha ,march #bh ,parker1 ,william ,pedestals1 candlesticks1 busts1 figures1 c4 #aghb ,aug4 #a ,crease1 ,james ,construction of stool-pans4 #aghc ,may #ca ,cartledge1 ,j4 ,glazing4 #aghd ,feb4 #e #aghe ,may #c ,de la ,mayne1 ,thomas ,buttons of burnt earth or porcelain4 #aghf ,aug4 #e ,skidmore1 ,john ,decoration4 #aghi ,dec4 #h ,baynes1 ,john ,improvement in ladles1 c4 #agij ,oct4 #af ,hempel1 ,johanna ,composition for wares4 #agif ,june #bj ,keeling1 ,james ,glazing1 c4 ,july #e ,close and ,keeling ,kilns1 c4 ,oct4 #c ,wedgwood1 ,ralph ,improvements in manufacture4 ,oct4 #c ,composition4 ,oct4 #c ,potters' ovens1 c4 ,oct4 #c ,pepper1 ,john #agii ,feb4 #bh ,hickling1 ,s4 ,s4 ,chemical and other vessels4 #ahjj ,jan4 #i ,turner1 ,w4 and ,j4 ,china and earthenware4 ,jan4 #bj ,sanford1 ,isaac ,bricks1 tiles1 pottery1 c4 #ahjf ,nov4 #f ,vazie1 ,robert ,machinery1 c4 #ahjg ,feb4 #g ,spershott1 ,james ,improvements in body4 #ahji ,july #bf ,murphy1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mosaics1 c4 ,sept4 #bi ,white1 ,john1 jun4 ,artificial stone figures1 c4 #ahaj ,may #bb ,docksey1 ,william ,preparation of glazing materials1 c4 #ahaa ,june #ad ,waters1 ,richard ,improvements in manufacture4 ,aug4 #g ,gilbert1 ,thomas #ahab ,dec4 #af ,hamilton1 ,joseph #ahac ,april #bh ,july #bc ,mason1 ,c4 ,j4 8,improvements in manufacture of ,english porcelain40 ,july #ca ,hamilton1 ,joseph ,new application of earths1 c4 #ahag ,dec4 #e ,busk and ,harvey ,pipes and tubes1 c4 #ahah ,april #af ,clayton1 ,robert ,decoration4 ,nov4 #aj ,poole1 ,moses ,statues1 c4 ,july #bf ,bagshawe1 ,samuel ,vases1 c4 #ahbj ,june #b ,hague1 ,john ,improvements in materials4 #ahbc ,nov4 #bb ,bourne1 ,joseph ,kilns and ovens4 #ahbe ,june #ba ,brookes1 ,philip ,moulds1 c4 ,nov4 #a ,ridgway1 ,j4 and ,w4 ,cock1 tap1 or valve4 #ahbh ,march #ac ,jones1 ,r4 ,g4 ,lithographic decoration of china1 c4 #ahcj ,jan4 #bf ,wright1 ,samuel ,tiles1 c4 #ahca ,may #ah ,cooper1 ,r4 ,b4 ,cock1 tap1 or valve4 ,sept4 #g ,potts1 ,oliver1 and ,potts ,printing on earthenware4 #ahcc ,may #aa ,spinney1 ,thomas ,crucibles1 fire-bricks1 c4 ,dec4 #aa ,wisker1 ,john ,improvements in machinery4 #ahce ,april #ad ,embrey1 ,g4 ,decoration4 ,dec4 #c ,potts1 ,w4 ,w4 ,surface printing on pottery4 #ahcf ,may #ab ,wilson1 ,richard ,improvements in machinery4 #ahcg ,july #aj ,chubb1 ,william ,commode pans1 c4 ,sept4 #ad ,davies and ,wilson ,improvements in machinery4 #ahch ,march #ad ,dale1 ,william ,columns1 bedposts1 c41 of earthenware4 #ahci ,april #bc ,singer and ,pether ,tiles1 c4 ,may #be ,clarke1 ,t4 and ,c4 ,glazing4 ,june #d ,nickels and ,greenwood ,decoration4 ,june #bb ,turner and ,minton ,improved porcelain4 ,june #bf ,duct1 ,p4 ,a4 ,printing on pottery4 ,july #c ,yates1 ,james ,raised ornaments1 c4 ,nov4 #b ,cutten1 ,john ,garden pots4 ,nov4 #ab ,white1 ,james ,improvements in machinery4 ,nov4 #ba ,duct1 ,p4,a4 ,printing on pottery4 ,dec4 #d ,trewhitt1 ,h4 ,improvement in manufacture4 ,dec4 #af ,wood1 ,john ,decoration4 #ahdj ,jan4 #aa ,ridgway1 ,john ,moulds4 ,jan4 #aa ,ridgway and ,wall ,improvements in manufacture4 ,jan4 #aa ,preparing bats4 ,feb4 #b ,kerr1 ,thomas ,improvements in body4 ,june #ag ,prosser1 ,richard ,buttons1 c4 #ahda ,april #bi ,gibbs1 ,joseph ,materials4 ,june #ab ,palmer1 ,edward ,printing on pottery4 ,aug4 #ba ,harvig and ,moreau ,decoration ,nov4 #bj ,venables and ,tunnicliffe ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 #ahdb ,april #cj ,barclay1 ,henry ,decoration ,july #bc ,ayers1 ,c4 ,r4 #ahdb ,nov4 #ae ,brown1 ,robert ,garden pots1 c4 #ahdc ,jan4 #ad ,fontainemoreau1 ,p4 ,a4 ,improvements in body4 ,june #c ,brown1 ,william ,improvements in manufacture4 ,june #ae ,booth1 ,g4 ,r4 ,firing kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,oct4 #e ,boote1 ,richard ,decoration4 ,oct4 #e ,wall1 ,george1 jun4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,oct4 #ah ,graham1 ,james ,dec4 #bh ,thorneycroft1 ,g4 ,b4 #ahdd ,jan4 #bj ,basford1 ,william ,jan4 #bc ,wright1 ,samuel ,nov4 #b ,smith1 ,charles ,enamelling1 c4 ,dec4 #cj ,betts and ,stocker ,bottles1 jars1 c4 #ahde ,may #bb ,hullmandel1 ,c4 ,j4 ,decoration4 ,may #bd ,simpson and ,seddon ,kilns1 flues1 c4 ,nov4 #f ,cooper1 ,r4 ,b4 ,taps1 cocks1 stoppers1 c4 ,nov4 #bj ,skinner and ,whalley ,improvements in manufacture4 ,dec4 #d ,leslie1 ,john ,gas fittings1 c4 ,dec4 #ae ,findler1 ,thomas ,flint grinding1 c4 #ahdf ,feb4 #be ,maddock1 ,john ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,march #be ,smith1 ,charles ,improvements in manufacture4 ,may #bb ,lutwyche1 ,c4 ,f4 ,buttons1 c4 ,may #bh ,stocker1 ,a4 ,s4 ,bottles1 c4 ,july #bc ,fourdrinier1 ,g4 ,h4 ,printing on pottery1 c4 ,july #cj ,mallet and ,dawson ,uses for porcelain1 c4 ,nov4 #ag ,masters1 ,thomas ,dec4 #ad ,ford1 ,charles ,improvements in manufacture4 #ahdg ,july #bi ,newton1 ,a4 ,v4 ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,aug4 #d ,bourne1 ,joseph ,oct4 #ba ,ridgway1 ,john ,boxes1 c4 ,nov4 #bj ,walker1 ,thomas ,decoration4 ,dec4 #ca ,pratt1 ,f4 ,e4 ,improvements in manufacture4 #ahdh ,march #h ,whishaw1 ,f4 ,march #ad ,collins and ,reynolds ,decoration4 ,april #aj ,spencer1 ,thomas ,improvements in manufacture4 #ahdi ,feb4 #h ,tooth1 ,william ,may #c ,buller1 ,t4 ,w4 ,may #bb ,da ,costa1 ,s4 ,i4 ,may #bd ,goodfellow1 ,t4 and ,g4 ,june #g ,masters1 ,thomas ,sept4 #bj ,edwards1 ,d4 ,o4 ,stoves1 kilns1 c4 ,sept4 #bj ,lorkin1 ,josiah ,improvements in machinery1 c4 ,sept4 #bg ,browne and ,veale ,grinding flint1 c4 ,dec4 #ae ,harcourt1 ,robert ,knobs1 handles1 c4 #ahej ,june #d ,d',angely1 ,paul ,improvements in manufacture4 ,oct4 #ag ,baddeley1 ,j4 ,h4 #ahea ,feb4 #b ,fvre1 ,g4 ,d4 ,march #ag ,minton and ,hoffstaedt ,faces for dials1 clocks1 c4 ,april #bf ,nasmyth and ,minton ,tiles1 c4 ,may #aj ,harding1 ,h4 ,gas burners1 c4 ,oct4 #b ,hodge1 ,william ,improvements in manufacture4 ,oct4 #bi ,biddell and ,green ,nov4 #d ,beswick1 ,robert ,dec4 #h ,pidding1 ,william #aheb ,march #bd ,april #ae ,beltzung1 ,f4 ,j4 ,bottles1 jugs1 c4 ,april #bj ,ridgway1 ,john ,decoration4 ,june #ab ,reid and ,brett ,electric telegraph insulators1 c4 ,july #ac ,palm1 ,j4 ,b4 ,tiles1 bricks1 c4 ,oct4 #aa ,moorhouse1 ,h4 ,improvements in machinery4 ,oct4 #ab ,smith1 ,w4 ,h4 ,lava ware4 ,oct4 #ai ,harcourt1 ,j4 and ,w4 ,knobs1 handles1 c4 ,oct4 #ai ,allman1 ,f4 ,h4 ,brush backs1 c4 ,oct4 #bf ,rowley1 ,charles ,nail heads1 c4 ,oct4 #cj ,bale and ,sanders ,improvements in machinery4 ,nov4 #f ,gosnell1 ,j4 ,e4 and ,c4 ,brush backs1 c4 ,nov4 #ag ,way and ,paine ,improvements in manufacture4 ,dec4 #af ,healey1 ,john ,application of porcelain1 c4 ,dec4 #bb ,roberts1 ,john #ahec ,jan4 #a ,brough1 ,joseph ,opaline1 c4 ,jan4 #be ,remonde1 ,a4 ,f4 ,decoration4 ,jan4 #bf ,ador1 ,n4 ,f4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,jan4 #ca ,lightfoot1 ,thomas ,glazes1 c4 ,jan4 #ca ,pinkerton1 ,john ,decoration1 c4 ,feb4 #aj ,breese1 ,c4 ,march #bi ,pym1 ,john ,earthenware sleepers1 c4 ,april #d ,steigewald1 ,f4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,april #f ,johnson1 ,william ,decoration4 ,april #aa ,campbell1 ,william ,m4 ,kilns1 c4 ,april #be ,bernard1 ,j4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,april #bf ,poole1 ,moses ,may #af ,richardson1 ,thomas ,july #ad ,needham and ,kite in machinery1 c4 ,july #ad ,brown1 ,hon4 ,sir ,richard ,coffins1 catacombs1 sarcophagi1 cenotaphs1 c4 ,july #ae ,d',huart1 ,h4 ,j4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,july #be ,ferguson1 ,j4 ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,aug4 #ab ,wareham1 ,h4 ,decoration4 ,aug4 #ag ,grimsley1 ,thomas ,bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,aug4 #ah ,cornelius1 ,william ,decoration4 ,aug4 #ah ,bergevin1 ,a4 ,m4 ,m4 de ,improvements in manufacture4 ,sept4 #ad ,nash1 ,william ,sept4 #af ,thomson and ,lockerbie ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,oct4 #g ,ellis1 ,william ,decoration4 ,oct4 #aa ,campbell1 ,w4 ,m4 ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,oct4 #ac ,nov4 #a ,bale and ,lucas ,decoration4 ,nov4 #d ,pratt1 ,henry ,improvements in manufacture4 ,nov4 #ai ,daniell1 ,henry ,dec4 #bg ,prideaux1 ,t4 ,s4 ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 #ahed ,jan4 #ah ,sharp1 ,edmond ,improvements in machinery4 ,jan4 #ai ,webb1 ,thomas ,kilns1 c4 ,jan4 #ba ,venables1 ,t4 ,b4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,feb4 #ah ,britten1 ,b4 machinery4 ,may #aa ,doulton1 ,henry ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,may #bd ,jennings and ,davenport ,june #ae ,kite1 ,james ,improvements in machinery4 ,june #bb ,blashfield1 ,j4 ,m4 manufacture4 ,july #e ,venables and ,mann ,decoration4 ,july #ae ,brindley1 ,e4 ,h4 ,aug4 #bf ,wall1 ,george ,improvements in manufacture4 ,aug4 #bi ,seithen1 ,john ,sept4 #d ,mayer and ,bush ,grinding flint1 c4 ,oct4 #be ,rickhuss and ,toft ,parian1 porcelain1 c4 #ahee ,jan4 #c ,venables and ,mann ,decoration4 ,jan4 #c ,figures and ,ornaments4 ,jan4 #ac ,hollins1 ,m4 ,d4 ,slip-kilns1 c4 ,jan4 #bg ,mayer and ,bush ,grinding flint1 c4 ,april #c ,evrard1 ,m4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,may #aa ,pascall and ,fry ,garden pots4 ,may #bh ,grafton1 ,henry ,heating1 c4 ,june #ab ,hackney1 ,nathan ,improvements in manufacture4 ,june #bj ,gernon1 ,james ,june #bc ,silbermann1 ,i4 ,j4 ,june #bg ,margueritte1 ,l4 ,j4 ,f4 ,july #b ,tooth1 ,w4 ,h4 ,july #f ,bellay1 ,j4 ,a4 ,july #ac ,cochran1 ,robert ,july #ca ,dalman1 ,g4 ,j4 ,sept4 #d ,gilbee1 ,w4 ,a4 ,oct4 #a ,illingworth1 ,w4 ,printing on pottery4 ,oct4 #d ,sanders1 ,f4 ,g4 and ,t4 ,r41 jun4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,oct4 #bc ,richardson1 ,thomas ,nov4 #bh ,barbier1 ,c4 ,j4 ,b4 ,kilns1 c4 #ahef ,jan4 #g ,jarvis and ,clare ,jan4 #bf ,gardner1 ,e4 ,v4 ,heating1 c4 ,feb4 #ab ,jablonowski1 ,j4 ,f4 ,p4 ,chromo-lithographic decoration4 ,feb4 #bj ,barsham1 ,john ,improvements in manufacture4 ,march #d ,rosenberg1 ,c4 ,t4 ,decoration4 ,march #f ,pochin1 ,h4 ,d4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,march #aj ,hannah1 ,robert ,kilns1 c4 ,march #aj ,chablin and ,hennique ,decoration4 ,march #be ,bromley and ,adams ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,march #be ,illingworth1 ,wm4 ,decoration4 ,march #bf ,tolhausen1 ,a4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,march #ca ,looker1 ,b41 jun4 ,burial indicators4 ,may #i ,lon and ,blamond ,decoration4 ,may #bd ,illingworth1 ,william ,may #ca ,needham and ,kite ,improvements in machinery4 ,june #bg ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,carbonate of barytes1 c4 ,june #bh ,mc,adam1 ,william manufacture4 ,june #bh ,bellford1 ,a4 ,e4 ,l4 ,ovens1 kilns1 c4 ,july #b ,nourisson1 ,alfred ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,july #b ,spittle1 ,w4 ,f4 ,improvements in machinery4 ,july #g ,chenot1 ,a4 ,l4 ,s4 and ,e4 ,c4 ,a4 ,improvements in machinery4 ,july #ab ,petrie1 ,wm4 ,porous goods4 ,july #ba ,leak1 ,elias ,improvements in manufacture4 ,aug4 #d ,gottgetreu1 ,c4 ,g4 ,lithographic printing on pottery4 ,aug4 #h ,davenport1 ,robert ,kilns1 c4 ,aug4 #ac ,lesser1 ,david ,improvements in machinery4 ,aug4 #bh ,gardissal1 ,c4 ,d4 ,fuel4 ,nov4 #c ,tearne and ,richmond ,decoration4 ,nov4 #c ,kirkham1 ,john ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,dec4 #d ,bellford1 ,a4 ,e4 ,l4 ,bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,dec4 #d ,margueritte1 ,l4 ,j4 ,f4 ,retorts1 crucibles1 c4 ,dec4 #cj ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,improvements in manufacture4 #aheg ,jan4 #ba ,neville1 ,samuel machinery4 ,jan4 #ba ,jan4 #bd ,green1 ,daniel ,kilns1 c4 ,feb4 #g ,skertchley1 ,joseph ,saggers1 c4 ,feb4 #bc ,kirkham1 ,john ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,march #ba ,blackburn1 ,b4 ,porcelain1 c41 pans4 ,march #bh ,girard1 ,h4 ,b4 ,telegraph insulators1 c4 ,april #i ,harland1 ,john ,purifying clay4 ,april #be ,tonks and ,breeden ,gas burners1 c4 ,may #f ,bousfield1 ,g4 ,t4 ,improvements in machinery4 ,may #g ,dollans1 ,l4 ,c4 ,decoration4 ,may #aa ,siemens1 ,c4 ,w4 ,heating1 c4 ,june #a ,tingle1 ,george ,improvements in manufacture4 ,june #d ,boote1 ,t4 ,l4 and ,r4 ,mosaic and other pottery4 ,june #f ,dopter1 ,a4 ,j4 ,v4 ,decoration4 ,june #bd ,bourry1 ,e4 ,a4 ,improvements in manufacture4 ,june #be ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,july #a ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,decoration4 ,july #h ,brianchon1 ,j4 ,j4 ,h4 ,july #bc ,bouvert and ,pascal ,improvements in machinery4 ,oct4 #ae ,negretti and ,zambra ,decoration1 lettering1 c4 ,oct4 #bh ,greening1 ,william ,decoration4 ,oct4 #cj ,prideaux1 ,t4 ,s4 ,heating1 c4 ,dec4 #i ,westendarp1 ,c41 jun4 ,artificial ivory4 ,dec4 #bd ,burleigh and ,danchell ,improvements in machinery4 ,dec4 #bi ,mourot1 ,victor ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,dec4 #cj ,harmer1 ,richd4 ,cigarette mouthpieces4 #aheh ,jan4 #bb ,basford1 ,william ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,jan4 #bh ,spence1 ,william ,chimney-pots4 ,feb4 #aa ,looker1 ,b41 jun4 ,telegraph insulators1 c4 ,april #bf ,lee1 ,e4 ,e4 ,buttons1 c4 ,may #ca ,girerd and ,wohlgemuth ,decoration4 ,june #g ,vigers1 ,edward ,bricks and tiles4 ,july #ab ,northen1 ,william ,application of stoneware4 ,july #bj ,doley1 ,bigland1 and ,worrall ,decoration4 ,july #bb ,blake1 ,benjamin ,kilns1 c4 ,sept4 #ah ,luis1 ,joz ,machinery4 ,sept4 #bg ,lander1 ,william ,decoration4 ,oct4 #b ,monier1 ,h4 ,gas-burners1 c4 ,nov4 #f ,cliff1 ,john ,kilns1 c4 #ahei ,jan4 #c ,furnival1 ,derbyshire1 and ,emery ,improvements in manufacture4 ,feb4 #aa ,cogan1 ,robert machinery4 ,feb4 #ad ,parkinson1 ,james ,earthenware coffins4 ,feb4 #ai ,basford1 ,william ,bricks and tiles4 ,feb4 #bc ,russell1 ,samuel ,handles1 c4 ,march #a ,edwards1 ,john ,improvements in manufacture4 ,march #ba ,leoni1 ,s4 ,april #g ,garrett1 ,john ,goblets1 jugs1 c4 ,may #bf ,dorn1 ,charles ,kilns1 ovens1 c4 ,june #bc ,doulton1 ,henry ,earthenware jars and bottles4 ,june #be ,roberts1 ,john ,filters4 ,july #cj ,seithen1 ,a4 ,b4 ,cases1 covers1 c4 ,aug4 #c ,dowling1 ,edward ,rosettes1 c4 ,oct4 #f ,hind and ,lowenthal ,improvements in manufacture4 ,oct4 #ag ,berry1 ,george ,nov4 #b ,hess1 ,r4 ,h4 ,china gas-burners1 c4 ,nov4 #bh ,bower1 ,joseph ,crucibles1 c4 ,dec4 #i ,spiller1 ,joel ,drying1 c4 #ahfj ,jan4 #ag ,brooman1 ,j4 ,a4 ,cements1 c4 ,jan4 #bj ,fert1 ,f4 ,j4 ,j4 de la ,photographic decorations4 ,jan4 #bd ,gatellier1 ,e4 ,l4 ,crucibles1 c4 ,jan4 #cj ,holmes and ,cordon ,improvements in manufacture4 ,feb4 #f ,skertchley1 ,joseph ,feb4 #ah ,bewley1 ,r41 jun4 ,heating4 ,march #a ,blashfield1 ,j4 ,m4 ,kilns1 c4 ,march #g ,chapuis1 ,c4 ,a4 ,decorating1 c4 ,march #bc ,meyer1 ,f4 ,c4 ,copying ornamental figures and forms4 ,april #bg ,northen1 ,william ,kilns1 c4 ,june #e ,jardin and ,girard ,bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,june #bc ,jobson1 ,robert ,moulding4 ,july #ai ,shaw1 ,i4 ,b4 and ,j4 ,e4 ,decoration4 ,aug4 #cj ,lockett and ,goodwin ,kilns1 c4 ,sept4 #ae ,barnwell and ,rollason ,improvements in body4 ,sept4 #bj ,richardson and ,prentice ,sept4 #bj ,morley1 ,j4 ,r4 ,baking dishes4 ,sept4 #be ,geoghegan1 ,robert ,improvements in machinery4 ,sept4 #bf ,boulton1 ,william ,stoves1 c4 ,nov4 #ai ,jowett1 ,h4 ,a4 ,fixing ovens1 c4 ,nov4 #bb ,jobson1 ,robert ,moulding4 ,nov4 #bc ,venables1 ,john ,decorating4 ,nov4 #bf ,mc,kenzie and ,hamilton ,bobbins1 c4 ,dec4 #d ,lepetit1 ,maxime ,improvements in manufacture4 ,dec4 #d ,walter and ,henry ,decoration4 ,dec4 #bg ,parry1 ,william ,chimney-pots1 pedestals1 c4 ,dec4 #bi ,chamberlain1 ,h4 ,improvements in manufacture4 #ahfa ,jan4 #bb ,siemens1 ,c4 ,w4 and ,f4 ,furnaces1 c4 ,jan4 #bh ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,dinner plates4 ,feb4 #bc ,spencer1 ,thomas ,improvements in manufacture4 ,april #a ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,decoration4 ,april #c ,blanchard1 ,m4 ,h4 ,terra-cotta1 stoneware1 c4 ,april #bj ,clark1 ,william ,decoration4 ,may #ae ,doulton1 ,henry ,chemical vessels1 c4 ,may #ah ,poulton1 ,a4 ,c4 ,improvements in body4 ,june #bj ,lesneur1 ,a4 ,n4 ,panels1 c4 ,june #be ,lafon1 ,jules ,chromo-lithographic decoration4 ,july #h ,cobley1 ,thomas ,improvements in manufacture4 ,july #ae ,aug4 #a ,pratt1 ,matthew ,candle moulds4 ,aug4 #c ,lewis1 ,joseph ,printing on pottery4 ,aug4 #ac ,jacob1 ,joseph ,decoration4 ,aug4 #ae ,kain1 ,f4 ,a4 ,artificial stone earthenware4 ,nov4 #ab ,newton1 ,a4 ,v4 ,dinner plates4 ,dec4 #aa ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,decoration4 #ahfb ,jan4 #aa ,wilkinson1 ,william ,ornamentation4 ,jan4 #bg ,robotham and ,hackney ,purifying slip1 glaze1 c4 ,feb4 #ab ,joseph1 ,j4 ,s4 ,improvements in coke ovens1 c4 ,feb4 #ac ,joseph1 ,j4 ,s4 ,improved retort oven4 ,feb4 #ba ,mac,adam and ,chrystal ,earthenware for sheaves1 pulleys1 c4 ,feb4 #bf ,cliff1 ,john ,improvements in glazing stoneware1 c4 ,feb4 #bh ,mackenzie1 ,murray and ,hamilton ,improvements in machinery4 ,march #ai ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,printing and painting upon glass1 c4 ,march #bb ,henry1 ,michael ,kilns1 ovens1 and furnaces4 ,march #bg ,birkbeck1 ,g4 ,h4 ,imitation mosaics4 ,april #bf ,le ,souf1 ,d4 ,c4 ,improvements in nails1 c4 ,may #g ,markland1 ,thomas ,wearing apparel appliances4 ,may #ae ,birkbeck1 ,g4 ,h4 ,apparatus for consuming smoke4 ,june #ag ,clark1 ,william ,buttons4 ,june #ba ,yapp1 ,g4 ,w4 ,chromo-lithographic printing4 ,june #bg ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,june #cj ,murray1 ,w4 ,f4 ,stoneware bottles1 c4 ,aug4 #ah ,cimeg1 ,j4 ,depositing metals on4 ,aug4 #ah ,boetius1 ,h4 ,fireproof materials4 ,sept4 #d ,platt and ,richardson ,burning bricks1 c4 ,sept4 #ai ,maw1 ,g4 ,mosaic inlays4 ,sept4 #bi ,ellis1 ,h4 ,compound silicates4 ,sept4 #cj ,hughes1 ,j4 ,l4 ,ornamental patterns4 ,oct4 #c ,robotham and ,oswald ,purifying glaze1 slip1 c4 ,oct4 #af ,nelson1 ,e4 ,heating apparatus4 ,oct4 #bg ,lindemann1 ,g4 ,bricks1 tiles1 c4 ,nov4 #be ,ranson1 ,g4 ,sifting clay4 ,nov4 #bh ,buller and ,mugford ,spur-supporting rings4 ,dec4 #e ,tildesley and ,sharpe ,knobs and spindles4 ,dec4 #f ,craig1 ,j4 and ,m4 ,manufacturing clay4 #ahfc ,feb4 #g ,miller and ,struthers ,securing bottle stoppers4 ,feb4 #ba ,malpas1 ,c4 ,ovens or kilns4 ,feb4 #bc ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,ornamenting1 c4 ,feb4 #bd ,hawthorn1 ,j4 ,handles for doors1 c4 ,feb4 #bf ,clark1 ,w4 ,buttons4 ,march #bf ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,boiler furnaces4 ,april #g ,macintyre1 ,j4 ,knobs1 c4 ,april #bb ,durand1 ,f4 ,moulding4 ,may #aa ,parkinson1 ,j4 ,monumental tablets4 ,may #ab ,warren1 ,t4 ,furnaces or kilns4 ,june #ae ,forrester1 ,j4 ,bricks1 c4 ,june #bd ,hughes1 ,j4 ,l4 ,ornamenting porcelain4 ,june #cj ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,moulding4 ,july #b ,brooman1 ,r4 ,a4 ,coating slate1 c4 ,july #bg ,ford1 ,f4 and ,l4 ,enamelling1 c4 ,aug4 #ca ,kramer1 ,h4 ,e4 ,ornamenting4 ,oct4 #c ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b4 ,porcelain and glass4 ,oct4 #g ,leak1 ,e4 ,supporting ware in ovens4 ,nov4 #f ,campbell1 ,c4 ,m4 ,drying plates1 c4 ,dec4 #aa ,cliff1 ,j4 ,transmitting power4 #ahfd ,jan4 #aa ,woolf1 ,s4 ,packing4 ,feb4 #a ,prince1 ,a4 ,artificial pavement4 ,feb4 #d ,edwards1 ,j4 ,supporting in ovens4 ,feb4 #ai ,scrivener1 ,r4 ,preparing and drying4 ,march #h ,newton1 ,a4 ,v4 ,preparing clay4 ,april #bc ,worssam1 ,g4 ,j4 ,expressing liquids4 ,may #aa ,gisborne1 ,t4 ,m4 ,kilns4 ,may #ah ,boulenger1 ,h4 ,a4 ,c4 ,moulding4 ,june #bc ,cochran1 ,r4 ,treating clay4 ,june #bd ,chamberlain1 ,craven and ,wedekind ,kilns4 ,aug4 #b ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,glazes4 ,aug4 #i ,clark1 ,w4 ,ornamenting4 ,aug4 #aj ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,gilding4 ,sept4 #bc ,woodbury1 ,w4 ,b4 ,photography4 ,oct4 #ac ,clauss1 ,l4 ,ornamenting4 ,nov4 #aj ,boote1 ,t4 ,l4 and ,r4 ,manufacture of pottery4 ,dec4 #f ,martius1 ,c4 ,a4 ,photography4 ,dec4 #af ,brown1 ,g4 ,cylinders4 ,dec4 #bi ,baugh1 ,b4 ,enamelled wares4 #ahfe ,jan4 #bh ,burg1 ,victor ,filtering apparatus4 ,feb4 #a ,meakin1 ,j4 ,placing in ovens4 ,feb4 #ae ,emery1 ,f4 ,j4 ,ornamenting4 ,march #bb ,wright1 ,j4 ,preparing china clay4 ,april #ba ,scarratt and ,dean ,impressions from grain of wood4 ,april #bb ,grainger and ,girdler ,designs on porcelain1 c4 ,april #bf ,smith1 ,w4 ,h4 ,photographing4 ,april #bg ,grainger and ,girdler ,may #bc ,hett1 ,a4 ,preparing and ornamenting4 ,june #aj ,broomam1 ,r4 ,a4 ,kilns4 ,june #af ,gedge1 ,w4 ,e4 ,manufacture of pottery4 ,aug4 #aa ,armstrong1 ,r4 ,w4 ,moulding4 ,nov4 #i ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,preparing surfaces4 ,nov4 #bd ,turner1 ,g4 ,w4 ,manufacture of pottery4 ,nov4 #bg ,lake1 ,w4 ,r4 ,enamel4 ,dec4 #h ,boulton and ,worthington ,mortars1 bowls1 c4 #ahff ,jan4 #ae ,holdcroft1 ,w4 and ,wood1 ,j4 ,instruments for potters' use4 ,jan4 #ca ,greaves1 ,g4 ,glazed surfaces4 ,feb4 #c ,jobson1 ,r4 ,moulding4 ,feb4 #f ,worthington1 ,j4 ,manufacture of dishes1 c41 c4 ,feb4 #i ,revan and ,fleming ,furnaces and kilns4 ,feb4 #i ,armstrong1 ,r4 ,w4 ,manufacture of earthenware1 c4 ,feb4 #ad ,henry1 ,michael ,photography4 ,feb4 #bb ,leak1 ,e4 ,improvements in tools used by potters4 ,march #ag ,ashton1 ,r4 ,h4 ,ornamentation4 ,may #ab ,price1 ,a4 ,p4 ,combustion of fuel4 ,may #ai ,brown1 ,j4 ,b4 ,mowing machines4 ,june #bf ,cotterill1 ,ch4 ,f4 ,earthenware pipes4 ,july #b ,bonneville1 ,h4 ,a4 ,furnaces and kilns4 ,july #g ,huntsmann1 ,r4 ,burning and drying bricks4 ,aug4 #bi ,davis1 ,j4 ,improved method of treating limestone1 c4 ,sept4 #bj ,walker1 ,a4 ,b4 ,improvements in brewing1 c4 ,nov4 #bg ,atterbury1 ,j4 ,h4 and ,woolf1 ,s4 ,manufacture of earthenware4 #ahfg ,jan4 #i ,doulton1 ,henry ,pottery kilns4 ,feb4 #b ,robinson1 ,j4 ,g4 ,construction and arrangement of kilns and ovens4 ,march #g ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,manufacture of porcelain4 ,march #h ,hawthorn1 ,stephen ,china and earthenware knobs4 ,march #cj ,higginson1 ,g4 ,producing opaline pictures into china1 c4 ,april #a ,brooman1 ,c4 ,e4 ,producing surfaces for printing1 c4 ,april #bc ,leigh1 ,elisha ,bowls1 jugs1 c4 ,april #bf ,abel1 ,c4 ,d4 ,pulverizing substances4 ,may #bj ,tongue1 ,j4 ,g4 ,pottery ovens 7furnaces for74 ,may #bb ,cartland1 ,j41 and ,bold1 ,h4 ,ornamenting bowls4 ,may #bc ,green1 ,t4 ,g4 ,manufacture articles of earthenware4 ,may #cj ,orr1 ,william ,drying potter's clay4 ,june #aj ,orr1 ,william ,potter's clay4 ,july #c ,borlase1 ,thomas ,china clay4 ,july #ac ,fletcher1 ,henry ,for mixing clay4 ,oct4 #bc ,abel1 ,c4 ,d4 ,pulverisation of substances4 ,oct4 #bd ,adcock1 ,henry ,kilns4 ,oct4 #cj ,piercy1 ,f4 ,tinting or colouring4 ,nov4 #b ,hicks1 ,j4 ,j4 ,manufacture of earthenware handles for brushes4 ,nov4 #ac ,bland1 ,p4 ,e4 ,baking potter's ware4 ,nov4 #bc ,boulton1 ,william ,transmission of motive power to potter's wheels1 c4 ,nov4 #bh ,pratt1 ,j4 ,r4 ,earthenware articles4 ,dec4 #e ,leigh1 ,t4 ,j4 ,improvements in furnaces4 ,dec4 #ac ,lintzenich1 ,e4 ,r4 ,substitute for earthenware4 ,dec4 #af ,kerr1 ,william ,h4 ,preparation of material used in manufacture of porcelain and pottery4 #ahfh ,jan4 #ae ,nimms1 ,g4 ,composition furnace linings4 ,jan4 #af ,postill1 ,f4 ,kilns or ovens4 ,jan4 #ah ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,kilns or ovens4 ,jan4 #be ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,kilns for earthenware4 ,jan4 #bg ,hicks1 ,j4 ,j4 ,earthenware handles and backs for mirrors4 ,jan4 #bg ,rendie1 ,w4 ,e4 ,earthenware structures for protecting fruit trees4 ,feb4 #bf ,walker1 ,e4 ,r4 ,transmitting motive power to potter's machinery4 ,march #bf ,cliff1 ,w4 ,d4 ,furnaces or kilns4 ,april #g ,siemens1 ,c4 ,w4 ,furnaces for kilns4 ,may #bg ,vidie1 ,james ,ornamentation of earthenware4 ,june #f ,maw1 ,george ,earthenware plant labels4 ,june #aa ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,cement4 ,june #aa ,thenard1 ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,combustion of fuel in pottery furnaces4 ,june #ab ,fleury1 ,a4 ,l4 ,improvements in treating quartz for porcelain manufacture4 ,june #ag ,clark1 ,a4 ,m4 ,purification of ceramics1 c4 ,june #bg ,hodge1 ,p4 ,r4 ,smelting porcelain1 c4 ,june #cj ,green1 ,thomas ,g4 ,composition to be used in earthenware4 ,july #bj ,newton1 ,a4 ,v4 ,making pottery ware4 ,aug4 #aa ,moore1 ,h41 ,moore1 ,t41 ,moore1 ,g4 ,china tablets4 ,aug4 #ae ,leak1 ,a4 ,j41 ,leak1 ,e4 ,machinery for pottery4 ,aug4 #ae ,scott1 ,h4 ,y4 ,d4 ,pottery kilns4 ,aug4 #ai ,atterbury1 ,j4 ,h4 ,earthenware manufacture4 ,aug4 #bj ,ensell1 ,h4 ,c4 ,earthenware kilns4 ,sept4 #g ,massellon1 ,w4 ,a4 ,kilns4 ,sept4 #cj ,horton1 ,e4 ,earthenware for chandeliers1 c4 ,oct4 #bb ,carr1 ,thomas ,machinery for disintegrating clays1 c4 ,oct4 #bf ,boulton1 ,william ,machinery for irregular shaped articles of pottery4 ,oct4 #ca ,langford1 ,j4 ,knobs and feet of vessels4 ,nov4 #i ,sweatman1 ,j4 ,l4 ,k4 ,kilns4 ,nov4 #aa ,wilson1 ,g41 ,jun41 ,wilson1 ,j41 ,jun4 ,kilns4 ,nov4 #ad ,harrison1 ,william ,ovens and kilns4 ,nov4 #cj ,forbes1 ,j4 ,s4 ,implements in pottery materials4 ,dec4 #e ,holmes1 ,j4 ,kilns4 ,dec4 #ab ,prince1 ,a4 ,cementing materials used in making porcelain4 #ahfi ,jan4 #b ,batchelor1 ,a4 ,kilns4 ,jan4 #f ,robbins1 ,e4 ,pottery or china manufacture4 ,jan4 #g ,fairburn1 ,h4 ,e4 ,machinery for compressing clay1 c4 ,jan4 #bb ,maw1 ,a4 ,moulds for earthenware4 ,feb4 #b ,bird1 ,j4 ,kilns or ovens4 ,feb4 #c ,baker1 ,valentine ,hot liquid vessels4 ,feb4 #ag ,round1 ,e4 ,vessels for cooling or heating liquids4 ,feb4 #bd ,rees1 ,george ,designs upon surface of glazed ware4 ,march #i ,bonneville1 ,henry ,a4 ,new sort of porcelain4 ,april #ad ,brooman1 ,c4 ,e4 ,apparatus for burning liquid hydrocarbon4 ,april #ai ,scott1 ,h4 ,y4 ,d4 ,ovens or kilns4 ,april #bc ,lyttle1 ,w4 ,a4 ,voltaic batteries 7earthenware cells74 ,may #ai ,mc,adam1 ,w4 ,manufacture of pottery4 ,june #c ,morgan1 ,w4 ,chemical porcelain ware4 ,june #ba ,cashin1 ,t4 ,f41 and ,furnaces4 ,green1 ,j4 ,aug4 #b ,hodge1 ,p4 ,r4 ,vitrifying porcelain4 ,aug4 #af ,mitchell1 ,j4 ,kilns4 ,aug4 #af ,pinkus1 ,henry ,porcelain furnaces4 ,aug4 #be ,cederwaller1 ,a4 ,f41 and ,improvements in manufacture ,westerlund1 ,a4,f4 of porcelain furnace1 c4 ,sept4 #aa ,tongue1 ,j4 ,g4 ,pottery kilns4 ,sept4 #ad ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,moulding plastic materials4 ,sept4 #af ,bettison1 ,william ,potter's glaze4 ,sept4 #bh ,scott1 ,h4 ,y4 ,d4 ,pottery kilns4 ,sept4 #bi ,dulake1 ,a4 ,s4 ,improved pot or vessel for butter1 c4 ,oct4 #ad ,lesage1 ,l4 ,a4 ,porcelain or china ware4 ,oct4 #ad ,kleven1 ,william ,transfers for pottery4 ,nov4 #ab ,gorman1 ,william ,pottery furnaces4 ,nov4 #cj ,ensor1 ,edward1 jun4 ,kilns4 ,dec4 #a ,green1 ,t4 ,g4 ,machinery for manufacture of earthenware4 ,dec4 #g ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,crucibles1 retorts1 saggars1 c4 ,dec4 #bi ,newton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,improvements in tilting vessels and stands for same4 #ahgj ,feb4 #aj ,ferguson1 ,f4 ,t4 ,an improved jug or pitcher4 ,march #b ,johnson1 ,j4 ,h4 ,enamels for pottery4 ,march #g ,wood1 ,edward ,potter's glazes4 ,march #ab ,dunnachie1 ,j4 ,stoves4 ,april #d ,baker1 ,worsnop and ,grainge ,kilns4 ,april #bc ,morand1 ,a4 ,kilns4 ,may #e ,brough1 ,william1 sen4 and ,ovens and kilns4 jun4 ,june #bc ,spence1 ,william ,boxes for packing crockery1 c4 ,june #bi ,lee1 ,g4 ,s4 ,metallic jugs 7porcelain lining74 ,july #ae ,gedge1 ,w4 ,e4 ,incorporating metal and cement in construction of vases1 c4 ,july #ae ,maw1 ,a4 ,apparatus for manufacturing tiles1 c4 ,aug4 #cj ,grosvenor1 ,f4 ,improvements in manufacture of certain articles of pottery4 ,oct4 #ae ,murray and ,mac,farlane ,shaping earthenware4 ,oct4 #be ,follows and ,bate ,machine for cutting vegetable substances4 ,nov4 #c ,bewley and ,cotton ,machinery for grinding4 ,dec4 #bd ,holdcroft1 ,william ,utilisation of waste materials used in manufacture of pottery4 #ahga ,jan4 #be ,blackmore1 ,j4 ,earthenware cisterns4 ,march #ae ,hollins1 ,m4 ,d4 ,plates for flat printing1 c4 ,april #e ,newton 7,spenser7 ,pyrometers1 linings1 c4 ,april #h ,von ,levetzow1 ,f4 ,c4 ,a4 ,flower-pots4 ,april #bb ,wrigley1 ,b4 ,kilns1 c4 ,april #bi ,stocker1 ,a4 ,s4 ,bottles and stoppers4 ,may #bg ,bowden and ,shaw ,improvements in machines for planking felt hats1 c4 7earthenware rollers74 ,june #c ,chadwick1 ,e4 ,walls1 floors1 c4 ,july #ab ,moffat and ,henley ,kilns1 c4 ,aug4 #ah ,murray1 ,k4 ,fences1 c4 7earthenware sockets74 ,sept4 #ae ,gillespie1 ,j4 ,preparing and moulding fire-clay4 ,sept4 #af ,chapman1 ,g4 ,t4 ,coating with india-rubber1 c4 ,sept4 #cj ,goreham1 ,w4 ,cement bricks1 tiles1 pottery1 c4 ,oct4 #b ,varley and ,varley ,telegraphs1 c4 ,nov4 #ba ,hughes 7,hoggson7 ,printing on enamelled surfaces4 ,dec4 #f ,johnson 7,muller7 ,kilns or ovens4 #ahgb ,jan4 #bg ,newton 7,morgan7 ,kilns4 ,feb #b ,johnson 7,caldwell7 ,burning hydrocarbons4 ,feb #ag ,hunt 7,thompson7 ,pottery ware4 ,march #ad ,smith 7,martin7 ,gases for heating1 c4 ,march #ah ,jackson1 ,c4 ,sewing machine shuttles4 ,april #h ,hermann and ,laurent ,lamp shades4 ,april #aa ,lttringhaus1 ,g4 ,cutting out metal plates1 c4 ,may #aa ,davey1 ,g4 ,artificial ivory4 ,may #ad ,monckton1 ,e4 ,h4 ,c4 ,furnaces4 ,june #ba ,smith and ,williams ,smelting ores and re-heating metals4 ,june #bb ,wrigley1 ,b4 ,kilns4 ,july #b ,thwaites1 ,fondeville1 and ,bertin ,glaze or coating for stone4 ,aug4 #ad ,lipscombe1 ,f4 ,treating noxious vapours4 ,aug4 #af ,emmens1 ,s4 ,h4 ,producing light and heat4 ,sept4 #i ,lafarque1 ,a4 ,gauges4 ,sept4 #be ,smith1 ,g4 ,enamelling stoneware4 ,sept4 #be ,hughes 7,wilbaux7 ,printing1 impressing1 or enamelling paper1 c4 ,oct4 #af ,tugby1 ,h4 ,kilns for bricks4 ,oct4 #ag ,stocker1 ,a4 ,r4 ,appendages for feeding bottles4 ,oct4 #bc ,goss1 ,w4 ,h4 ,moulding ceramic materials4 ,oct4 #bc ,menet1 ,gally1 ,oswald1 and ,peigner ,imitation ceramic ware4 ,oct4 #cj ,march1 ,t4 ,c4 ,applying glass1 c41 to ornament furniture4 ,oct4 #cj ,perry1 ,g4 ,presses for moulding glass1 c4 ,nov4 #h ,bonneville 7,avril7 ,furnaces4 ,nov4 #aa ,scott1 ,h4 ,y4 ,d4 ,treating sewage4 ,nov4 #bg ,ensor1 ,e4 ,drying bricks1 pottery1 c4 ,dec4 #b ,newton 7,tilghman7 ,cutting1 c41 hard substances4 ,dec4 #c ,bacon1 ,j4 ,brick and other kilns4 ,dec4 #aa ,claus1 ,c4 ,bricks1 blocks1 tiles1 c4 #ahgc ,jan4 #d ,whitburn1 ,t4 ,printing4 ,jan4 #bj ,bacon1 ,j4 ,drying bricks1 pottery1 c4 ,feb4 #d ,derham 7,morand7 ,kilns4 ,feb4 #e ,hunt 7,colfs ,heyne7 ,kilns4 ,feb4 #be ,stocker1 ,a4 ,r4 ,caps and stoppers for bottles4 ,feb4 #bh ,engledue1 ,w4 ,j4 ,drying peat1 china clay1 c4 ,march #a ,smith1 ,g4 ,kilns or ovens4 ,march #f ,philipps1 ,g4 ,drying and roasting grain1 c4 ,march #ab ,wood1 ,g4 ,furnaces4 ,march #ae ,robey1 ,banks1 and ,forester ,kilns4 ,april #d ,bonner1 ,s4 ,kilns4 ,april #i ,ecroyd and ,worss ,furnaces4 ,april #ab ,weigelin1 ,g4 ,drying bricks1 c4 ,april #ag ,nicklin and ,frost ,kilns4 ,april #ah ,hunt 7,mendheim7 ,firing ceramic ware4 ,april #bb ,billups and ,lee ,photographic pictures on porcelain4 ,april #bb ,torr and ,johnstone ,furnaces4 ,april #bc ,haggett4 ,w4 ,treating metals to increase their strength4 ,april #bc ,klh1 ,s4 ,printing in colours on earthenware1 c4 ,april #bf ,minton1 ,t4 ,w4 ,ovens for pottery1 c4 ,april #bi ,barrow and ,barrow ,kilns4 ,may #g ,skelton and ,mobberley ,furnaces4 ,may #i ,cowdery1 ,g4 ,bricks1 kilns1 and buildings4 ,may #aj ,minton ,ovens for pottery4 ,may #ca ,ray 7,heilmann7 ,furnaces4 ,june #f ,bodmer and ,bodmer ,extracting moisture from potters' clay4 ,june #ab ,frret 7,goddard7 ,designs on porcelain4 ,june #af ,robbins1 ,e4 ,cements1 c4 ,june #ai ,harrison1 ,f4 ,cements1 c4 ,oct4 #d ,rice1 ,j4 ,vessels for liquids4 ,nov4 #d ,dean1 ,w4 ,ornamenting or graining wood4 ,nov4 #ab ,hyatt1 ,t4 ,applying asbestos4 ,nov4 #ae ,hornblower1 ,l4 ,fireproof buildings4 ,dec4 #aa ,burroughes1 ,j4 ,s4 ,billiard rests and boards4 ,dec4 #bc ,holland ,fireproof cements and bricks4 #ahgd ,jan4 #ba ,maw1 ,a4 ,constructing moulds or dies4 ,feb4 #e ,hyatt1 ,t4 ,asbestos saggers4 ,feb #g ,rose1 ,l4 ,earthenware bottles4 ,feb4 #ab ,harlow1 ,b4 ,printers' stoves4 ,feb4 #be ,baggeley1 ,h4 ,composition for gas and water pipes4 ,feb4 #bg ,brown1 ,j4 ,ornamenting4 ,march #bg ,jensen 7,erichson and ,kilns4 ,maardt7 ,march #ca ,boulton1 ,w4 ,potters' clay4 ,april #a ,lee1 ,e4 ,ornamental designs4 ,april #b ,cleghorn and ,paterson ,asbestos cloth for enamelling4 ,april #b ,clark1 ,j4 ,k4 ,treating clay slip4 ,may #a ,bull1 ,w4 ,pottery kiln4 ,may #d ,brock1 ,c4 ,ornamenting4 ,may #ah ,clark 7,jackson7 ,suspending crockery in kilns4 ,may #cj ,ivimey 7,long7 ,packing crockery4 ,june #aa ,cliff1 ,w4 ,d4 ,heavy articles in clay4 ,june #bc ,buchan1 ,a4 ,w4 ,shaping clay4 ,july #ae ,holland1 ,w4 ,t4 ,salt-glazing clay goods4 ,july #bj ,alsing 7,edwards7 ,pulverising porcelain waste4 ,july #bb ,perry1 ,a4 ,cockle stove for drying pottery4 ,july #bd ,ivimey 7,long7 ,packing china4 ,july #bg ,lee1 ,e4 ,ornamenting4 ,july #cj ,durand1 ,a4 ,decorating4 ,sept4 #h ,scott1 ,w4 ,s4 ,separating water from slip4 ,sept4 #ae ,morgan ,brown 7,hansen7 ,depositing metals on earthenware4 ,sept4 #ag ,hyatt1 ,t4 ,sheets for holding porcelain4 ,sept4 #ba ,whitehead1 ,j4 ,pipe and sanitary tube making machine4 ,oct4 #g ,murray and ,crighton ,bottles1 c4 ,oct4 #h ,holyoake1 ,w4 ,r4 ,printing1 transferring designs1 c4 ,oct4 #h ,codd1 ,h4 ,serrated liquid bottle4 ,oct4 #bh ,gedge 7,guelton ,co47 ,imitation 8faience parisienne40 ,nov4 #aa ,ramsey1 ,h4 ,w4 ,stoneware pipes4 ,nov4 #ag ,williams1 ,s4 de la ,g4 ,kilns4 ,dec4 #ag ,clark 7,ulmann7 ,imitation china1 c4 #ahge ,feb4 #f ,webster1 ,l4 ,applying earthenware to milling machines4 ,feb4 #bf ,brown1 ,j4 ,ornamenting4 ,march #bc ,malpas1 ,c4 ,kilns4 ,april #g ,holyoake1 ,w4 ,r4 ,printing4 ,april #bd ,bonneville 7,perlau7 ,protecting articles of earthenware4 ,april #bh ,gedge 7,guelton ,co47 ,imitation 8faience parisienne40 ,may #g ,gaskell1 ,j4 ,rotary tool holder4 ,may #h ,d',humy1 ,j4 ,r4 de ,f4 ,combining ceramic ware with glass1 c4 ,may #aj ,napier1 ,j4 ,m4 ,tools for potters' clay4 ,may #aa ,hill1 ,j4 ,separating clay from water4 ,may #aa ,bartlett and ,murray ,designs for pottery4 ,may #bb ,mariotti1 ,l4 ,earthenware covers4 ,may #bg ,holyoake1 ,w4 ,r4 ,ink and transferring designs4 ,june #bb ,brock1 ,c4 ,mural fresco paintings1 decorating1 c4 ,june #bc ,batchelar1 ,a4 ,kilns4 ,july #f ,de la ,perrelle 7,guerin7 ,jars for cooking1 c4 ,sept4 #ba ,monckton1 ,e4 ,h4 ,c4 ,annealing glass as a substitute4 ,sept4 #cj ,murray and ,crighton ,shaping bottles1 c4 ,oct4 #a ,rhodes1 ,j4 ,china-ware suspenders4 ,oct4 #ba ,paget1 ,h4 ,s4 ,machine for china painting4 ,dec4 #b ,boulton1 ,w4 ,grinding materials4 ,dec4 #b ,cliff1 ,w4 ,d4 ,carriages for use in making retorts4 ,dec4 #b ,clamond1 ,c4 ,waterproofing baked clays4 ,dec4 #f ,jackson1 ,hy4 ,drying1 or partially drying1 bottles4 #ahgf ,jan4 #be ,miller1 ,j4 ,designs on pottery4 ,jan4 #be ,green1 ,t4 ,g4 ,machinery for potters' bats4 ,feb4 #g ,tucker and ,hodson ,kilns4 ,feb4 #aa ,humy1 ,p4 ,r4 de ,f4 ,manufacture of earthenware articles4 ,feb4 #bh ,dennison1 ,j4 ,w4 ,earthenware pipes4 ,march #bg ,ford1 ,c4 ,preparing clay4 ,april #bj ,heuer1 ,f4 ,w4 ,printing on ceramic articles4 ,april #bh ,vatcher1 ,h4 ,manufacture of porcelain4 ,may #ca ,wood1 ,j4 ,moulding and shaping4 ,june #c ,taylor1 ,t4 ,driving potters' lathes4 ,july #ag ,brock1 ,c4 ,imitation stones4 ,sept4 #ad ,vernon1 ,j4 ,decanters1 c4 ,oct4 #aj ,siemens and ,hesse ,improvements in pottery and other kilns4 ,oct4 #bf ,binns1 ,r4 ,w4 and ,c4 ,f4 ,heating kilns4 ,oct4 #ca ,faucheux d',humy1 ,p4 ,r4 de ,ornamentation4 ,nov4 #g ,blake and ,tebbs ,manufacture of pots4 ,nov4 #ba ,smith1 ,j4 ,sanitary pottery pipes4 ,nov4 #ba ,wirth1 ,f4 ,drying bricks1 c4 ,dec4 #bj ,michele1 ,v4 ,d4 ,kilns4 #ahgg ,jan4 #aj ,carr1 ,j4 ,bleaching china clays4 ,feb4 #bc ,pratt1 ,f4 ,e4 ,oven for pottery4 ,feb4 #bd ,cameron and ,rockliffe ,flower-pots and saucers4 ,feb4 #bh ,boulton1 ,w4 ,machinery4 ,march #ba ,webb1 ,w4 ,g4 ,ornamenting4 ,march #bf ,batchelor1 ,h4 ,c4 ,coating casks1 protecting metals1 c4 ,march #bh ,leak and ,edwards ,supporting pottery in kilns4 ,march #ca ,campbell ,minton1 ,t4 ,w4 and ,h4 ,surfacing and ornamenting tiles1 c4 ,april #ba ,leak1 ,h4 ,moulds4 ,may #bb ,clark1 ,a4 ,m4 ,ornamenting4 ,may #bc ,cooke1 ,alexander1 and ,improvements in manufacture ,sheridan of china1 c4 ,june #cj ,kerr1 ,w4 ,h4 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#dfd-dff ,belper potteries1 ii4 #abe-abg ,benthall tiles and pottery1 i4 #cjg ,bideford ovens1 i4 #cdf-cdg pottery1 i4 #cdf ,billingsley1 notice and pedigree1 ii4 #aja et seq41 #ddg-dea ,bishop ,auckland pottery1 ii4 #ab ,bit-stoneware1 i4 #aaa ,blackfriars ,road1 i4 #aec ,blackwall potteries1 i4 #afb ,bolingbroke pottery1 i4 #dch ,boness pottery1 ii4 #ebj ,boscobel and the ,royal ,oak1 i4 #bfc ,bourne ,valley pottery1 i4 #dac ,bovey ,tracey pottery1 i4 #cdc-cdf ,bow1 books of1 i4 #bji china works1 i4 #aac1 #aih-bad discoveries at1 i4 #bjc ,brampton potteries1 ii4 #aaf-abb ,branksea pottery1 i4 #dac ,bread1 ,anglo-,saxon1 i4 #gh ,bridgeton pottery1 ii4 #eae ,brislington pottery1 i4 #djf ,bristol china1 i4 #cej-dje delft-ware1 i4 #cej-cef glass1 i4 #djc ,temple ,backs1 i4 #cih salt glaze pottery1 i4 #dje ,st4 ,thomas' and ,temple1 i4 #djb ,broseley ,blue ,dragon1 i4 #bfh clay and pipes1 i4 #dc1 #bfc1 #bij-bii tileries1 i4 #cag ,broughton1 ,spencer1 gibbeted1 i4 #ebd ,brownhills potteries1 ii4 #bhg et seq4 ,broxbourne terra cotta1 i4 #dbg ,building tiles1 i4 #fj ,burial customs1 ,roman1 i4 #fb ,burley ,hill pottery1 i4 #gf ,burslem1 ,pot-works at1 ii4 #bcf-big earthenware gravestones1 ii4 #bch potteries at1 ii4 #bcf-big ,wedgwood ,institute1 i4 #dce ,burton-on-,trent china1 ii4 #aef pottery1 ii4 #aee ,bust of ,l4 ,jewitt1 ii4 #bbg ,s4 ,c4 ,hall1 ii4 #bbg ,butter-pots1 i4 #ie-if ,cadborough pottery1 i4 #def ,cadogan tea-pots1 i4 #bai ,canton1 ,new1 i4 #aii ,caolin1 i4 #cbb et seq4 ,cookworthy's account of1 i4 #cbd ,cardigan potteries1 ii4 #dea ,cardowan potteries1 ii4 #eaf ,castle ,espie pottery1 ii4 #dhf ,castleford pottery1 i4 #dhe ,castor-ware1 i4 #bh-cc1 #di ,caughley china1 c41 i4 #aif1 #bfc-bgc ,place1 i4 #bfi ,cauldon ,place potteries1 ii4 #cah et seq4 ,celtic pottery1 i4 #b-bc ,champion1 life and works1 i4 #cce-ccg1 #cef-cig ,cheam pottery1 i4 #afg ,chelsea1 articles made at1 i4 #ahj-ahi buns1 i4 #afh china works1 i4 #afh-aih2 ii4 #gj et seq4 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,colchester pottery1 i4 #df vase1 i4 #ce1 #cg ,coleorton pottery1 ii4 #aff ,cologne ware1 i4 #ib ,combed ware1 i4 #ih ,cookworthy1 life and works1 i4 #cah-ccg1 #cef ,copeland family1 ii4 #afg et seq4 ,copeland's works1 ii4 #afg-ahd ,cornish clay1 discovery of1 i4 #cbb et seq42 ii4 #ce et seq41 #afh ,cossey terra cotta1 i4 #dee ,costrils1 i4 #hg ,costume pottery1 ii4 #aec ,coventry pottery1 i4 #dbg ,cradle1 i4 #aje ,craft's china1 i4 #bja ,crannog pottery1 ii4 #dga et seq4 ,cremation 7see 8,cinerary ,urns07 ,crews ,hole pottery1 i4 #djg ,crich pottery1 ii4 #acc-ace ,crispe's china1 i4 #aec1 #aeg-afj ,crouch ware1 i4 #ie1 #aja ,cruskin1 i4 #hh ,dale ,abbey tiles1 ii4 #add ,dale ,hall potteries1 ii4 #bfa et seq4 ,davenport's china1 ii4 #bhc-bhh ,denaby pottery1 i4 #ebf ,denby potteries1 ii4 #abf1 #abh-acb ,deptford pottery1 i4 #afe ,derby china 7see 8,bow10 8,chelsea10 8,kentish ,town10 8,vauxhall10 8,worcester10 8,nantgarw10 8,derby10 c471 ii4 #eg-aff ,cock-pit ,hill pottery1 ii4 #ef-fj 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,maw ,co41 i4 #cjg medival1 ii4 #add-aej ,minton ,taylor1 c41 ii4 #bbh et seq4 ,minton's1 ii4 #ahe et seq4 ,poole1 i4 #daa ,stephan's1 i4 #cje ,st4 ,john's1 i4 #beh2 ii4 #add-aej ,webb's1 i4 #beh ,encaustic vases1 ii4 #ceg ,essex pottery1 i4 #ec ,etruria works1 ii4 #cde-che ,euston ,road terra-cotta1 i4 #bai ,ewell pottery1 i4 #aff ,exeter pipes1 ii4 #deg pottery1 i4 #cdc ,fairy pipes1 i4 #bif ,feeding bottles1 i4 #eb1 #ec ,fenton1 potteries at1 ii4 #dji-dbb ,ferrars1 ,earls of ,derby1 i4 #gi1 #hj pitcher1 i4 #gi ,ferrybridge pottery1 i4 #die ,fireplaces1 i4 #cae ,flaxman's works1 ii4 #cfd et seq4 ,florence ,court pottery1 ii4 #dhe ,foley1 potteries at1 ii4 #djh-dbb ,food vessels1 i4 #ah-ba2 ii4 #deh et seq41 #ejj-d ,frankish pottery1 i4 #fh ,fremington potteries1 i4 #cdg-cdh ,fulguri-polygraph1 i4 #dij ,fulham wares1 i4 #ih1 #aad1 #aah-acb ,bailey's works1 i4 #aca ,dwight's recipe books1 i4 #abe ,funeral garlands1 i4 #fb ,garnkirk pottery1 ii4 #ejg ,gartcosh pottery1 ii4 #ejh ,gateshead potteries1 ii4 #f ,geometric tiles 7see 8,encaustic tiles07 ,george ,,iv4 at ,wentworth1 i4 #bai ,gestingthorpe tiles1 i4 #deh ,gibbeted man1 i4 #ebd ,giles1 of ,kentish ,town1 i4 #bad-bah ,gladiatorial combats1 i4 #cg ,glasgow potteries1 ii4 #eje-eaf delft ware1 ii4 #eje ,glenboig works1 ii4 #eaf ,godet1 or ,goddard1 i4 #hi ,goss's china and parian1 ii4 #bbe et seq4 ,grangemouth potteries1 ii4 #eag ,grave mounds1 pottery of the1 i4 #b-ge1 #dei-dgj1 #ejj-ejd ,gravel ,lane potteries1 i4 #afa ,gravestones of earthenware1 ii4 #bch1 #bci ,grenades1 i4 #ajf ,greenock potteries1 ii4 #eah ,greenwich artificial stone1 i4 #afb china1 i4 #afb ,gresley potteries1 ii4 #aei1 #aff ,grotesque knights1 c41 i4 #hd ,hammersmith pottery1 i4 #bbj ,hampshire pottery1 i4 #dd ,hancock1 notice of1 i4 #bcj2 ii4 #ic1 #aji ,hancock's work 7see 8,worcester0 and 8,caughley07 ,hand grenades1 i4 #ajf ,hanley1 potteries at1 ii41 #bih-cdd ,hartshorne potteries1 ii4 #afj-aff ,headington pottery1 i4 #df 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#cbd ,kent potteries1 i4 #bd ,kentish ,town china1 c41 i4 #bad-bah ,giles1 i4 #bad-bah ,kilnhurst pottery1 i4 #ebf ,kilns1 potters1 ,ashdon1 i4 #ec ,burley ,hill1 i4 #gf ,castor1 i4 #bi ,colchester1 i4 #db ,london1 i4 #ci ,new ,forest1 i4 #db ,stamford1 i4 #dca tile1 ii4 #add-aej ,wilderspool1 i4 #db ,winterton1 i4 #ec ,king's ,newton pottery1 i4 #fd-ge2 ii4 #aed1 #aee ,kinson pottery1 i4 #dac ,kirkcaldy potteries1 ii4 #ebj ,knights1 mounted1 i4 #hd ,lake dwellings1 ii4 #dga et seq4 ,lambeth1 ,coades1 i4 #acf pottery1 i4 #ach-aec delft-ware1 i4 #acc et seq4 ,lambeth1 ,griffiths1 i4 #acf ,doe1 i4 #acg ,stiff and ,sons1 i4 #adj ,doultons1 i4 #add ,waters1 i4 #aej ,green ,co41 i4 #aea ,crispe1 i4 #aec ,lamps1 i4 #fb1 #fc ,lancashire pottery1 i4 #ea2 ii4 #ah-ee ,landore pottery1 ii4 #ddd ,lane ,end1 potteries at1 ii4 #dba1 #dbb ,llanelly potteries1 ii4 #ddd1 #dde ,langley ,mills pottery1 ii4 #ace ,larne pottery1 ii4 #dhe ,layerthorpe pottery1 i4 #dfa ,leeds pottery1 i4 #dff-dhe ,leicester terra-cotta1 ii4 #def ,lichfield pipes1 ii4 #dcd ,lincoln pottery1 ii4 #deg ,lincolnshire pottery1 i4 #ec2 ii4 #deg ,little ,chester pottery1 ii4 #aej ,littler's china1 ii4 #bhg1 #dbb ,liverpool china1 ii4 #cd potteries1 ii4 #ah-ej delft-ware1 ii4 #ah-ej ,sadler and ,green's printing1 ii4 #bg crest of1 ii4 #di ,london1 potteries in1 i4 #aai-bbj tile kilns1 ii4 #adh-aej ,longport1 potteries at1 ii4 #bhc-bhh ,longton1 potteries at1 c41 ii4 #chf-dbb ,lowesby pottery1 i4 #dba ,lowestoft china1 i4 #dci-ded pottery1 i4 #dci et seq4 ,madeley china1 i4 #cjc ,market ,bosworth terra-cotta1 i4 #dbc ,marsh ,balden pottery1 i4 #dei ,mask1 i4 #ea1 #eb ,malvern tile kiln1 ii4 #adh ,mammiform bottles1 i4 #hg1 #hh ,mayer museum1 c41 ii4 #ai-ee ,medival pottery1 i4 #hc-ih2 ii4 #dga-dgh1 #ejd-eje ,mexborough pottery1 i4 #eag ,middlesborough potteries1 ii4 #af ,millwall ,works1 i4 #afj ,minton's pottery and china1 ii4 #ahe-bah ,monkwearmouth potteries1 ii4 #aa ,mortaria1 i4 #dg1 #ei ,mortlake pottery1 i4 #afj ,mortlock's delft-ware1 i4 #afj ,mosaic tiles 7see 8,encaustic tiles07 ,mould pottery1 i4 #df ,nantgarw china1 ii4 #ddg-dea ,new ,canton1 i4 #aii ,new ,forest pottery1 i4 #dd ,newbold potteries1 ii4 #abe ,newbottle pottery1 ii4 #ab ,newcastle-on-,tyne potteries1 ii4 #a-h ,newcastle-under-,lyme potteries1 ii4 #dcc et seq4 ,new ,canton 7see 8,bow07 ,new ,hall1 ii4 #cjb et seq4 ,nonsuch pottery1 i4 #aff ,norman pottery1 i4 #gf-hb ,northamptonshire potteries1 i4 #bh ,nottingham bears1 i4 #dbj potters1 i4 #daf1 #dag ware1 i4 #dae-dba ,nuneaton terra cotta1 i4 #dbg ,nuneham ,courtenay pottery1 i4 #dei ,oade1 outrage by1 i4 #afa ,old ,hall1 ii4 #caa et seq4 ,orange jumper1 i4 #eba ,osmotherley pottery1 i4 #dfa ,ouseburn pottery1 ii4 #c ,ovens of earthenware1 i4 #cdf-cdh ,oxfordshire pottery1 i4 #df ,oxford ,street1 ,mortlock's1 i4 #bai1 #bbj ,paisley1 potteries at1 ii4 #eag ,pancheons1 i4 #dd ,patents and ,specifications1-- ,list of1 from #afbf to #ahgg2 ii4 #ebc-ecf ,bell1 i4 #aaj ,benson1 i4 #aji1 #aaj ,billin1 i1 #aji ,champion1 i4 #cfa1 #cge ,cookworthy1 i4 #aae1 #cbi1 #cfa ,count de ,lauraguais1 i4 #aad ,cartledge1 i4 #aae ,crease1 i4 #aae ,de la ,mayne1 i4 #aaf ,dwight1 i4 #ih1 #aad1 #aah1 #aba ,frye1 i4 #aac1 #aih ,heylin1 i4 #aab ,ramsey1 i4 #ia ,redrich and ,jones1 i4 #aji ,rous1 i4 #ij ,shawe1 i4 #aaj ,simpson1 i4 #hi ,van ,hamme1 i4 #ih ,wedgwood1 i4 #aae1 #aaf ,williamson and ,spackman1 i4 #aad ,pedigree of ,billingsley1 ii4 #aja ,pednandrea works1 i4 #cdi ,penates1 i4 #fb ,pennpolygraph1 i4 #dia ,penkhull potteries1 ii4 #ded ,pilgrim's bottles1 i4 #hg ,pinxton china1 ii4 #id-ig1 #acg-add ,pipes1 tobacco1 i4 #bfc1 #bij-bii1 #dei2 ii4 #dcb1 #dcd1 #def1 #deg clay1 i4 #cbf ,planch's china1 ii4 #fd et seq4 ,place's ,ware1 i4 #dfj ,plymouth china1 i4 #cah-cch earthenware1 i4 #cch ,polesworth terra cotta1 i4 #d1 #bc ,pontefract pottery1 i4 #dhi cakes1 i4 #dhi ,poole pottery1 i4 #daa ,porringer1 i4 #hj1 #hi ,port ,dundas pottery1 ii4 #eac-eae ,portland vase1 ii4 #cfe ,portobello pottery1 ii4 #eai ,posset pots1 i4 #ajg1 #dah2 ii4 #aag1 #aah1 #aai ,potovens pottery1 i4 #ebh ,pottery1 ,celtic1 i4 #b-bc2 ii4 #dei et seq4 ,anglo ,saxon1 i1 #fd-ge ,crannog1 ii4 #dga et seq4 ,english1 works1 i4 #hc-ebh2 ii4 #a-deb ,frankish1 i4 #fh ,irish1 i4 #ih2 ii4 #dei-dih ,medival1 i4 #hc-ih ,norman1 i4 #gf-hb ,romano-,british1 i4 #bd-fc ,scottish1 ii4 #dii-ebc ,welsh1 ii4 #dce-deb ,prescot potteries1 ii4 #ed ,prestonpans pottery1 ii4 #eba ,printing 7see 8,transfer07 ,puzzle jugs1 i4 #ajf1 #dhj2 ii4 #aag1 #aah1 #aai ,randall1 notice of1 i4 #cjc ,rawmarsh pottery1 i4 #eai ,reading pottery1 ii4 #dee ,repton tile kilns1 c41 ii4 #add-aej ,robinson ,crusoe1 i4 #acj ,rockingham china1 c41 i4 #die et seq4 ,romano-,british pottery1 i4 #bd-fc ,roman wall1 i4 #eh tiles1 i4 #eh1 #ei1 #fj tile tombs1 i4 #fj-fc lamps1 i4 #fb1 #fc ,rotherham pottery1 i4 #eai ,runcorn potteries1 ii4 #ec ,rutherglen potteries1 ii4 #eai ,rye pottery1 i4 #deg ,salopian pottery1 i4 #db1 #aif1 #bfc-cag ,salt glaze1 discovery of1 i4 #id ,samian wares1 i4 #cc1 #ci1 #df1 #dg1 #ej1 #ea ,scottish pottery and china1 i4 #bad1 #dii ,seacombe pottery1 ii4 #ed ,seaham pottery1 ii4 #ac ,sepulchral urns 7see 8,cinerary07 ,severn ,valley1 potteries of the1 i4 #db1 #bfc-cag accident in1 i4 #bgg ,shelton1 potteries at1 ii4 #bih-cdd ,sheriff-,hutton potteries1 ii4 #f ,shields potteries1 ii4 #g ,shipley potteries1 ii4 #acb ,shotover tobacco pipes1 i4 #dei ,shropshire pottery1 i4 #db1 #bfc-cag ,smethwick tiles1 ii4 #ded ,somersetshire potteries1 i4 #cej-dae ,songs of potters1 i4 #bcj1 #cii1 #djj2 ii4 #i1 #dc ,southwark potteries1 i4 #afa ,southwick potteries1 ii4 #aj ,spode's pottery and china1 ii4 #afg et seq4 ,stratford china1 i4 #bad ,stepney pottery1 i4 #afb ,stepney ,bank pottery1 ii4 #c china1 i4 #afb ,stone pots1 i4 #ij ,st4 ,helen's potteries1 ii4 #ed ,stourbridge potteries1 i4 #bfj-bfb ,stamford terra cotta1 i4 #dca ,stockton potteries1 i4 #ab ,stoke-upon-,trent1 potteries at1 c41 ii4 #afg-bce ,stowmarket 8white bricks10 i4 #ded ,sun-dried urns1 i4 #d ,sussex pigs1 i4 #deh potteries1 i4 #def et seq4 ,sutton pottery1 ii4 #ec ,swinton pottery1 i4 #die et seq4 ,swadlincote potteries1 ii4 #aef-aei ,swansea potteries1 ii4 #dce-dea ,tamworth terra cotta1 i4 #dbd ,tees1 potteries of the1 ii4 #ab-ag ,telegraph1 invention of electric1 i4 #dia ,tesselated pavements 7see 8,encaustic tiles07 ,tetin1 i4 #eb1 #ec ,tickenhall potteries1 ii4 #aea-aec ,tile tombs1 i4 #fa et seq4 ,tiles1 ,encaustic 7see 8,encaustic tiles07 ,roman1 i4 #eh-fc ,tobacco pipes 7see 8,pipe07 ,toby ,fill-pot1 ii4 #aeg ,toft dishes1 c41 i4 #ajb2 ii4 #bci ,tokens1 i4 #cea2 ii4 #ada ,torquay terra cotta1 ii4 #deb-ded ,transfer printing1 i4 #bbi1 #bga2 ii4 #bg ,tumblers1 i4 #fh ,tunstall1 potteries at1 ii4 #dbc-dca ,tygs1 i4 #ajd ,tyne1 potteries of the1 ii4 #a-h ,upchurch ware1 i4 #bd ,vauxhall pottery1 i4 #aeg ,verreville pottery1 ii4 #ejf ,virgula ,divina1 i4 #cba-cbb ,wakefield pottery1 i4 #ebg2 ii4 #dee ,wales1 potteries of1 ii4 #dce-deb ,wall1 ,dr41 notice of1 i4 #bbb ,warmstrey house1 i4 #bbd ,warrington pottery1 i4 #ea2 ii4 #ej-ec ,watcombe terra cotta1 i4 #cch-cdc ,wath-upon-,dearne pottery1 i4 #ebg ,watt1 ,james1 ii4 #eje ,wear1 potteries of the1 ii4 #h-ab ,wedgwood1 ,burslem potteries of1 ii4 #bdd-bea ,etruria works1 c41 ii4 #cde-che family1 ii4 #cde-che ,ralph1 notice of1 i4 #dij ,wedgwood's case of ,staffordshire potteries1 i4 #cga opposition to ,champion1 i4 #cfj et seq4 ,wednesbury pottery1 ii4 #def ,welch potteries1 ii4 #dce-deb ,westbury pottery1 i4 #djg ,weston-super-,mare terra cotta1 i4 #djh ,whittington potteries1 ii4 #abb-abe ,revolution house1 ii4 #abb ,wilderspool pottery1 i4 #ea ,willow pattern1 i4 #bfh ,wilnecote terra cotta1 i4 #dbd ,winchester pipes1 ii4 #def ,wirksworth china1 ii4 #adb-add ,wisbech pottery1 i4 #dch ,witchcraft1 ii4 #deg ,wooden ,box potteries1 ii4 #afj-aff ,woodville potteries1 ii4 #afj-aff ,worcester china1 i4 #bba-bfb ,worcester gloves1 i4 #bba ,worcester1 ,grainger's works1 i4 #bed ,royal porcelain works1 i4 #bba-bed sauce1 i4 #bba ,st4 ,george's works1 i4 #beh ,st4 ,john's encaustic tiles1 i4 #beh tokens1 i4 #bed ,webb's tileries1 i4 #beh ,wrotham pottery1 i4 #ded ,yarmouth pottery1 i4 #dee ,ynismudw pottery1 ii4 #dde-ddg ,york china1 i4 #dfa pottery1 i4 #dd1 #df1 #dfj ,yorkshire potteries1 i4 #dfj-ebh ,youghall pottery1 ii4 #dhe ,,index ,,of ,,names ,,of ,,places4 ,abberley1 i4 #bbd ,aberdeen1 ii4 #ejj ,aintree1 ii4 #bh1 #dd ,aldborough1 i4 #fa1 #fc ,alderholt1 ii4 #ded ,alderwasley1 ii4 #adc ,aldgate1 i4 #acc1 #acd1 #aeg-afj1 #aff ,alfreton1 ii4 #ajd1 #acc ,aller1 i4 #cdh ,allerthorpe1 i4 #ebh ,alloa1 ii4 #eba ,alnwick1 ii4 #ag ,alsager1 ii4 #bdg1 #bhh ,altegarron1 ii4 #dfj1 #dfg1 #dgj ,alton ,towers1 ii4 #aii ,alverthorpe1 i4 #ebh ,amblecote1 i4 #bfj1 #bfa2 ii4 #def ,ancaster1 i4 #ef ,andenwood1 i4 #dd ,annfield1 ii4 #eae ,armitage1 ii4 #dcb1 #dcd ,arpley ,moor1 ii4 #ec ,arthurlie1 ii4 #aee ,arundel1 i4 #eab ,ashbourne1 ii4 #aji ,ashby-de-la-,zouch1 ii4 #afa1 #afc ,ashby ,holes1 ii4 #afj ,ashdon1 i4 #ec ,ashmolean1 i4 #fg1 #hc1 #hd1 #abj ,ashover1 ii4 #aaf ,ashwood1 ii4 #aci ,astbury1 ii4 #cea ,aston1 ii4 #ie ,attercliffe1 i4 #ebd ,aylesford1 ii4 #deg ,baddaley ,edge1 i4 #if-ih ,bagnall1 i4 #id2 ii4 #big ,ballidon ,moor1 i4 #d ,ballon ,hill1 ii4 #dfa1 #dff1 #dgj ,ballybit1 ii4 #dfd ,ballydoolough1 ii4 #dfb1 #dgb-dge ,ballyshannon1 ii4 #dhg ,banchory1 ii4 #eja ,bangor1 ii4 #cig ,barlaston1 i4 #cjc2 ii4 #ceg1 #cgb ,barnstaple1 i4 #cdg ,barrow1 i4 #bff ,barrowfield1 ii4 #eaf ,basford1 i4 #dbj ,bath1 i4 #bcg1 #bie1 #djg2 ii4 #fe1 #fh ,battersea1 i4 #afi1 #baa1 #bcj1 #bcb-bce2 ii4 #bg ,belfast1 ii4 #dfg1 #dgi1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dhg ,belhelvie1 ii4 #ejj1 #eja ,belleek1 ii4 #bbg1 #dhf-dih ,belper1 ii4 #aaa1 #abe-abg1 #abi ,benthall1 i4 #bfd1 #cjg-cag ,berkeley1 i4 #cig ,berwick1 ii4 #eje ,bewdley1 i4 #bfa ,bideford1 i4 #cdf-cdh ,bilbro'1 ii4 #dee ,birchwood1 ii4 #abh ,birmingham1 i4 #bjj1 #dcc2 ii4 #fb1 #ih1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aid1 #ccd ,bishop ,auckland1 ii4 #ab ,bishopthorpe1 i4 #ejg ,blackfriars ,road1 i4 #aec1 #dcb ,blackheath1 i4 #bjb ,blackley1 i4 #aae ,blackwood1 ii4 #cdf ,boconnoc1 i4 #cbb1 #cbc ,bolingbroke1 i4 #dch2 ii4 #dee ,boness1 ii4 #ebj1 #eba ,boroughbridge1 ii4 #adb ,borthwick1 ii4 #ejb ,boscawen-,un1 i4 #ac ,boscobel1 i4 #bfc ,bosporthennis1 i4 #ac ,bosworth1 i4 #dbc1 #dbd ,botham1 i4 #da ,bourne ,valley1 i4 #dac ,bovey-,tracey1 i4 #cdc-cdf ,bow1 i4 #aaa-aac1 #aec1 #afb1 #afi1 #agg1 #aie1 #aih-bad1 #bba1 #bbc1 #cie1 #ddc2 ii4 #fh1 #gj1 #gd1 #eje ,bradwell1 i4 #ii2 ii4 #bhc ,braintree1 i4 #deh ,brampton1 i4 #da1 #ajh1 #dba1 #deh2 ii4 #aae-abe1 #abg1 #ace ,branksea1 i4 #dac ,bransford1 i4 #dij ,breadsall1 ii4 #cfi ,bredenham1 i4 #bbd ,brettell ,lane1 i4 #bfj ,brickhill1 ii4 #dee ,bridgeton1 ii4 #eae ,bridgnorth1 i4 #bfd2 ii4 #aaa ,brigg1 i4 #ec ,brighton1 i4 #aec1 #afc1 #cec ,brislington1 i4 #djc1 #djf ,bristol1 i4 #aaf1 #acj1 #acf-ach1 #adb1 #bji1 #bbf1 #bfa1 #cbg1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cce-cci1 #cdc1 #cej-djg1 #daj1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #ddb1 #ddf2 ii4 #cjb et seq41 #cfd1 #ddh1 #eae1 #eai ,brixton1 i4 #da ,broad ,down1 i4 #i1 #ae1 #ba1 #bb ,broadwas1 i4 #bfe ,brookhill1 ii4 #ada ,broseley1 i4 #beh1 #bfc et seq41 #bij-cag2 ii4 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #ahe1 #bfh ,broughton1 i4 #bfe ,brownhills1 i4 #id2 ii4 #bhg1 #dbb1 #dbi ,broxbourne1 i4 #dbh-dca ,bug ,hole1 i4 #bfj ,bugthorpe1 ii4 #dee ,buildwas1 i4 #bfc ,bundoran1 ii4 #dhg ,burley ,hill1 i4 #gh1 #hj1 #dae ,burslem1 i4 #id1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aec-aee1 #dff1 #dhi1 #dij1 #ebd1 #ebf2 ii4 #cj1 #ca1 #ajf1 #afg1 #bcf-big1 #cjd1 #cde1 #cdf et seq41 #dah1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #dcf ,burton-on-,trent1 ii4 #ih1 #aji1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj1 #afc ,buttercrain1 ii4 #dee ,butterley1 ii4 #abg1 #abh ,butt ,house1 ii4 #aef ,buxton1 ii4 #aci ,byerley ,hall1 ii4 #cfi ,cadborough1 i4 #def1 #deg1 #deh ,caerphilly1 ii4 #aci1 #dea ,cairn ,thierna1 ii4 #dfb1 #dfg ,calais ,wold1 i4 #aa ,calke1 ii4 #aea ,camden1 i4 #cid ,cannock1 ii4 #ff ,cardiff1 ii4 #dea ,cardigan1 ii4 #dea1 #deb ,cardowan1 ii4 #eaf ,carrickfergus1 ii4 #dhc ,castle ,caldwell1 ii4 #dhg ,castlecomer1 ii4 #dfe ,castle ,espie1 ii4 #dhf ,castleford1 i4 #dgf1 #dhe-dhi ,castor1 i4 #bh-cg1 #df1 #di ,caughley1 i4 #aif1 #bbg1 #bch1 #bfb1 #ddf2 ii4 #bg1 #aaj1 #ahe ,cauldon ,place1 ii4 #cah-cbd1 #cda ,charlestown1 ii4 #aij ,chatham1 i4 #c1 #h ,chatsworth1 i4 #eac ,chatterley1 ii4 #cjd ,cheadle1 ii4 #aii ,cheam1 i4 #afg ,chelsea1 i4 #aja1 #aad1 #afb1 #afe1 #afh-aih1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bad1 #bba1 #bbc1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #dib1 #eab2 ii4 #fa1 #fh1 #gj et seq41 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aac1 #cei1 #eje ,chester1 i4 #ic1 #abj1 #bac ,chesterfield1 i4 #ee1 #ei1 #ajh1 #ebj2 ii4 #aae-abe1 #abg1 #afe1 #aia ,chester1 ,little1 i4 #ef ,chestersovers1 i4 #gb ,chesterton1 i4 #bh ,chipping ,norton1 i4 #bic ,chiselhurst1 i4 #afg ,chiswick1 i4 #djh2 ii4 #cfd ,church ,broughton1 ii4 #fh ,church ,gresley1 ii4 #aei1 #afj-aff ,cirencester1 i4 #eg1 #fj ,clattershall1 i4 #bfj ,cliff ,bank1 ii4 #ag1 #bcc1 #bfb ,cliff ,vale1 ii4 #cgd ,coalbrookdale1 i4 #bgd et seq41 #bii-cjb ,coal ,island1 ii4 #dhe ,coalmoor1 i4 #cag ,coalport1 i4 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bfb-bij1 #ddh2 ii4 #ig1 #aja1 #aje1 #aaa1 #ach1 #dch1 #ddg1 #ddi1 #ejf ,coalville1 i4 #dbb1 #dbc ,coatbridge1 ii4 #eaf1 #eag ,cobridge1 ii4 #afg1 #bdg1 #bij-big1 #cjf ,coburnbrook1 i4 #bfa ,cock-pit ,hill1 ii4 #ef et seq41 #aaa ,codnor ,park1 ii4 #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,colchester1 i4 #ce1 #cg1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #ee1 #eg1 #fj1 #fb1 #fc ,coleorton1 ii4 #aff ,coleraine1 ii4 #agb ,collingbourne ,drucis1 i4 #hh ,collingham1 ii4 #dee ,cologne1 i4 #fc1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ih1 #ii1 #abg ,comber1 ii4 #dhf ,conisborough1 i4 #eaj1 #eah ,cossey1 i4 #dee ,coventry1 i4 #dbg ,coxhoe1 ii4 #ag ,cradley1 i4 #bfj ,craigleith1 i4 #afc ,crewshole1 i4 #djf1 #djg ,crick1 ii4 #acc-ace ,criselly1 ii4 #cfi1 #cga ,crockle1 i4 #dd ,cromford1 ii4 #adb et seq4 ,crosby1 ii4 #ai-ba ,cuerdale1 ii4 #dgc ,cumberton1 i4 #bfe ,cupet ,green1 ii4 #abh ,daisy ,bank1 ii4 #dfc et seq4 ,dale ,abbey1 ii4 #add ,dale ,hall1 ii4 #bfa-bgj ,danes ,fort1 ii4 #dfg ,darley ,dale1 i4 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #aci2 ii4 #cfi ,darlington1 ii4 #aia ,dartmoor1 ii4 #ebb ,darwen1 i4 #aj1 #ad ,debdale1 ii4 #acf1 #ach ,delph1 ,the1 i4 #bfj ,denaby1 i4 #ebf1 #ebg ,denby1 ii4 #abe1 #abh-acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #afe ,dennell1 i4 #ab ,denzell1 i4 #bb ,deptford1 i4 #afe2 ii4 #aj1 #aa ,derby1 i4 #fg1 #gh-hj1 #ajh1 #aad1 #aci-ada1 #afa1 #agf-aih1 #bjb-bad1 #bae-bah1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bgc1 #bhc1 #bie1 #cjb1 #cje1 #cij1 #cia1 #cif1 #cig1 #djg1 #daj1 #dda1 #ddb1 #deb1 #eab1 #ebd2 ii4 #ef-aad1 #acf et seq41 #aej1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei1 #agi1 #bbf1 #bdd1 #cca1 #cei1 #cfi1 #dbb1 #dcf1 #ddg1 #ddi1 #die1 #ejf1 #eai ,derbyshire ,pottery1 i4 #fg et seq41 #gh-hj1 #hh1 #ajh ,derventio1 i4 #ef ,devenish1 ii4 #dhg ,dimsdale1 i4 #ii1 #dfj ,ditchling1 ii4 #def ,divis ,mountain1 ii4 #dfg ,don1 i4 #dee1 #dfd1 #dgf1 #dgh1 #ejc1 #eji1 #eai1 #ebj-ebf1 #ebg ,donegal1 ii4 #dhf ,dorking1 i4 #cjc ,dorset1 i4 #ej ,dothill1 i4 #bfe ,dowth1 ii4 #dge ,drakelow1 ii4 #aee1 #afj1 #afc ,dresden1 ii4 #afg1 #cdb ,droitwich1 ii4 #aej1 #ddi ,drumgay1 ii4 #dga ,drumnakilly1 ii4 #dfg1 #dgj ,dublin1 i4 #afe2 ii4 #dgh-dhc1 #dhg1 #dhh ,dudley1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #dbb ,duffield1 i4 #gh-hj1 #dae2 ii4 #aad ,duffryn1 ii4 #ddg ,dulwich1 i4 #dce ,dumbarton1 ii4 #ejf1 #eai ,dunamase1 ii4 #dgj ,dunbar1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejd ,dungannon1 ii4 #dhe ,dunkirk1 i4 #dhf ,dunstable1 i4 #bic ,dunwood1 ii4 #cdf ,durham1 ii4 #a1 #ada ,durobrivian1 i4 #bh-cg1 #dc1 #ea ,east ,langton1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejd ,east ,moor1 ii4 #aag ,easton1 i4 #djg ,easton ,pierse1 i4 #abc ,eastwood1 ii4 #ccd-ccg1 #cda1 #dja1 #djb ,ebbisham1 i4 #ded ,eccles1 i4 #gf ,eckington1 ii4 #abe ,edgbaston1 ii4 #dai ,edinburgh1 i4 #caa2 ii4 #ejb1 #ead1 #eai1 #ebj ,edingley1 ii4 #adj ,edmonton1 i4 #bja ,eglw-y-,sillan1 ii4 #aja1 #dea ,elk ,low1 i4 #ag ,ellenborough1 ii4 #ajf ,eller ,field1 i4 #aja ,ellesmere1 ii4 #ej ,elmley1 i4 #bfe ,ely1 i4 #bb1 #cci ,enniskillen1 ii4 #dga1 #dgb1 #dhg ,epperstone1 i4 #dai ,epsom1 i4 #ic ,epsom ,wells1 i4 #ic ,etruria1 i4 #aae2 ii4 #ad1 #de1 #afg1 #ahg1 #bde1 #bdg1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cdd1 #cde-cij1 #dhi ,etwall1 ii4 #aaa ,euston ,road1 i4 #bai ,ewell1 i4 #aff1 #afg ,exeter1 i4 #cdc1 #cde2 ii4 #deg ,falmouth1 i4 #cbj ,farringdon ,street1 ii4 #aej ,fenagh1 ii4 #dff ,fenton1 ii4 #hg1 #afg1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #cae1 #djg-dbb ,ferguslie1 ii4 #eag ,fermanagh1 ii4 #dge-dih ,ferrybridge1 i4 #dhe1 #dhi-did1 #eag1 #eah ,fimber1 i4 #ad1 #ah1 #ai ,finchley1 i4 #cec ,florence ,court1 ii4 #dhe ,foley1 ,the1 ii4 #dja1 #dba ,ford1 ii4 #aj ,foremark1 ii4 #adc ,fowey1 i4 #ac ,fremington1 i4 #cdg1 #cdh ,frog ,hall1 ii4 #aci ,frome1 i4 #beh ,fulham1 i4 #ic1 #ih1 #ii1 #aad1 #aah-acb1 #afi1 #bba1 #dba ,gallatown1 ii4 #ebj ,garnkirk1 ii4 #ejg et seq41 #eaf ,garrison ,island1 ii4 #dhg ,gartcosh1 ii4 #ejh ,gateshead1 ii4 #a-ag ,germo1 i4 #cbb1 #cbd ,gervans1 i4 #ab ,gestingthorpe1 i4 #deh ,glasgow1 i4 #acg2 ii4 #b1 #agh1 #eje-eaf1 #ebc ,glenboig1 ii4 #eaf ,glen ,dorgal1 i4 #ab ,gloucester1 ii4 #dcf ,godalming1 i4 #cjb ,golden ,hill1 ii4 #dbc-dcb ,gospel ,hillock1 i4 #ae ,gravel ,lane1 i4 #afa ,great ,hucklow1 i4 #aje ,great ,malvern1 ii4 #adh ,greendock1 ii4 #bcb1 #cjc ,greenfield1 ii4 #cbe et seq4 ,green ,lane1 i4 #id ,green ,low1 i4 #ae ,greenock1 i4 #afe2 ii4 #dhe1 #eah ,greenwich1 i4 #aci1 #afb-afe1 #ded ,gresley1 ii4 #aee1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj-aff ,grindlow1 i4 #af ,gunton1 i4 #ddj et seq41 #dec1 #def ,gunville1 ii4 #cgb ,hackney1 i4 #bcg ,hagley1 i4 #bfj ,halifax1 ii4 #dee ,ham1 i4 #aab1 #aih1 #aii ,hampton ,court1 i4 #djh1 #dce ,hanley1 i4 #if1 #cci2 ii4 #ab1 #dj1 #ea1 #ig1 #aji1 #afg1 #ahg1 #bgc1 #bhh1 #bih-cdd1 #dja1 #dab ,harracles1 ii4 #cdf ,harrogate1 i4 #dhe ,hartfield1 ii4 #cgb ,hartington1 ii4 #aci ,hartshorne1 ii4 #afj-aff ,hawcaster-rigg1 i4 #ebh ,hayes1 i4 #bff ,haygreen1 i4 #bfj ,hay ,top1 i4 #ai ,headington1 i4 #df et seq41 #ea1 #eb1 #ei1 #fa1 #dei2 ii4 #deh ,heathfield1 ii4 #ejh1 #eji1 #eaf ,hebrides1 ,the1 ii4 #ebb1 #ebc ,hendra1 ii4 #ahg ,herculaneum1 ii4 #dd-ej ,hereford1 ii4 #deb ,heworth1 ii4 #g ,hitter ,hill1 i4 #ag ,holden ,lane1 i4 #id2 ii4 #big ,holkham1 i4 #deh1 #dei ,hollowaysend1 i4 #bfa ,holly ,bush1 ii4 #agb ,holmes1 i4 #eai1 #ebj ,honiton1 i4 #cdc ,hopton1 ii4 #adc ,horsehay1 i4 #bfc1 #cag ,horsley ,heath1 i4 #ig2 ii4 #def ,horspath1 i4 #abj1 #dei ,hot1 or ,holt1 ,lane1 ii4 #cjb1 #cjc ,hounslow1 i4 #afa1 #aff ,housam1 ii4 #dee ,hucklow1 i4 #aje ,hucknall ,torkard1 i4 #dag ,huddersfield1 i4 #dfa ,hull1 i4 #dfc-dff ,hungary ,hill1 i4 #bfj ,hylton 7see 8,north and ,south ,hylton07 ,ibstock1 i4 #dbb ,i-,columb-,kill1 ii4 #dhc ,ilkeston1 ii4 #ace1 #acf ,indiho1 i4 #cdd1 #cde ,ingleborough1 ii4 #ebb ,ipswich1 i4 #afb1 #ded ,ironbridge1 i4 #bfc ,island ,thorn1 i4 #df ,isleworth1 i4 #afa1 #afb1 #aff ,islington1 i4 #cjb1 #dde2 ii4 #ci1 #db ,jackfield1 i4 #bfc1 #bgd1 #bhb1 #cjd-cag2 ii4 #ig1 #ajh1 #aaj ,jarrow1 ii4 #g ,kempsey1 i4 #bfe ,kensington1 i4 #ejd ,kentish ,town1 i4 #bja1 #bad-bah2 ii4 #fh ,kentmore1 i4 #ead ,kew1 i4 #djh1 #ejd ,keymer1 ii4 #def ,kilmory1 ii4 #aii ,kilnhurst1 i4 #dif1 #ejd1 #ebg ,kimmeridge coal1 i4 #ej ,kingsbridge1 i4 #cah ,king's ,newton1 i4 #fh1 #fi1 #gd2 ii4 #aed1 #aee ,kingsteignton1 i4 #cdc ,kingston1 i4 #fg1 #gd ,kingswinford1 i4 #bfj ,kinson1 i4 #dac1 #dad ,kintore1 ii4 #ejj ,kirkcaldy1 ii4 #ebj ,kirkley1 ii4 #bf ,knockmore1 ii4 #dge ,knottingley1 i4 #dhi-die ,laganville1 ii4 #dhd ,lambeth1 i4 #aja1 #acc-aec1 #afi1 #dbe2 ii4 #ed1 #gd ,landore1 ii4 #ddd ,langham1 i4 #bjb ,langley ,mills1 ii4 #ace ,langthwaite1 i4 #ead ,langton1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejd ,lane ,delph1 ii4 #dab-dbb 7see 8,fenton07 ,lane ,end1 ii4 #aci1 #ahf1 #bcb1 #cjb ,lanlawren1 i4 #ac ,larne1 ii4 #dhe ,launceston ,heath1 i4 #h ,layerthorpe1 i4 #dfc ,leathley1 i4 #dgd1 #dhd1 #dhe ,leckpatrick1 ii4 #dfd ,leeds1 i4 #bic1 #dfj1 #dfg-eab1 #ebj1 #ebb1 #ebc1 #ebg2 ii4 #dg1 #beb ,leicester1 i4 #ch1 #ci1 #eh1 #fj1 #ajf2 ii4 #aei1 #def ,leppington1 ii4 #dee ,lesmardie1 ii4 #ejb1 #ejc ,lewes1 i4 #he1 #hf ,lichfield1 i4 #bif2 ii4 #cfi1 #dcb1 #dcd ,lightmoor1 i4 #cja ,lincoln1 i4 #hg2 ii4 #dee1 #deg ,linton1 ii4 #aee ,lisbellaw1 ii4 #dge ,lisnevah1 ii4 #dfd ,little ,chester1 i4 #ef2 ii4 #ajg1 #aji1 #aac1 #aej ,little ,london1 i4 #ebh ,liverpool1 i4 #gj1 #ajh1 #afe1 #baa1 #bcj1 #ddb1 #dhg2 ii4 #ah-ee1 #hh1 #ahf1 #aii1 #bhd1 #cci1 #cej1 #cee1 #cef1 #dac1 #dde1 #ddf1 #dhj1 #dhc1 #ead ,llandoger1 i4 #cig ,llanelly1 ii4 #dca1 #ddd1 #dde1 #ddf ,lochgilphead1 ii4 #aii ,londinires1 i4 #gc ,london ,potteries1 i4 #aai-bbj2 ii4 #adh-aej ,longport1 ii4 #afg1 #ahg1 #bfh1 #bhb1 #bhc-bhg1 #bie1 #dbg ,longton1 i4 #dfb2 ii4 #eg1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #afg1 #bhg1 #cdj1 #chf-dbb ,looe1 i4 #cca ,lough ,eyes1 ii4 #dgd et seq4 ,lough ,melvin1 ii4 #dhg ,loughrey1 ii4 #dfe ,lowesby1 i4 #dba1 #dbb ,lowestoft1 i4 #dci-ded1 #ejb ,ludlow1 i4 #bfc ,lugwardine1 ii4 #deb ,lye1 i4 #bfj1 #bfa ,lyme ,regis1 i4 #aci ,lynn1 ii4 #aje ,mackrackens1 ii4 #dfd1 #dfe ,madeley1 i4 #bfc1 #bge1 #cjb-cjd2 ii4 #aje ,maer1 ii4 #cbg ,malvern1 i4 #bbd2 ii4 #adh ,manchester1 i4 #dbd2 ii4 #cb ,mansfield1 i4 #ejc2 ii4 #aja1 #ajd1 #aji ,market ,bosworth1 i4 #dbc ,marlborough1 i4 #da ,marsh ,baldon1 i4 #abj1 #dei ,mayer ,museum1 i4 #gj ,mayora1 ii4 #dfe ,medway1 i4 #bd-bh ,melbourne1 ii4 #acf ,melling1 ii4 #bh1 #de ,memsie1 ii4 #ejb ,mere1 i4 #hf ,merton1 i4 #aeg1 #aff ,mexborough1 i4 #dib1 #eaj1 #eag-eai1 #ebj ,middlesborough1 ii4 #af1 #ag ,middleton1 i4 #dfg1 #dga ,mill ,wall1 i4 #afj1 #dcb ,milscar1 ii4 #dee ,milton1 ii4 #big ,mole ,cop1 i4 #if-ih ,monkwearmouth1 ii4 #aa ,montblairy1 ii4 #eja ,montrose1 ii4 #ejb1 #ejc ,morewood ,moor1 ii4 #acd ,morley1 ii4 #dhc ,mortari1 i4 #ef1 #eh ,mortlake1 i4 #afj ,morvah ,hill1 i4 #ad ,monsal ,dale1 i4 #c1 #ae1 #af1 #ai ,much ,wenlock 7see 8,wenlock07 ,mullion1 i4 #ab ,musselburgh1 ii4 #eai ,myton1 i4 #dfc ,nantgarw1 i4 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhh1 #cjc2 ii4 #aja1 #aje1 #ach1 #dcg1 #dch1 #dda1 #ddg-deb ,netham ,dam1 i4 #djf ,netherend1 i4 #bfj ,newark1 i4 #bji1 #bab ,newbold1 ii4 #abe ,newbottle1 ii4 #a1 #ab ,new ,canton 7see 8,bow07 ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 i4 #acg2 ii4 #a-ag ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 i4 #ig1 #bif2 ii4 #ig1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bdg1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #dcb1 #dcc ,new ,forest1 i4 #db-df2 ii4 #ded ,new ,grange1 ii4 #dfc ,new ,hall1 i4 #cha2 ii4 #ig1 #aab1 #bif1 #cjb-caj ,new ,hill1 i4 #ebj1 #ebg1 #ebh ,new ,moor1 ii4 #ab ,newport1 ii4 #cei1 #cfj ,newstead ,abbey1 i4 #eac ,newton ,abbot1 i4 #cdh ,newton1 ,potters1 i4 #df ,new ,troy1 ii4 #aje ,new ,wortley1 i4 #ejc ,nonsuch1 i4 #aff ,nottingham1 i4 #ajh1 #cee1 #dae-dba1 #deh1 #dff1 #die2 ii4 #aji1 #aai1 #dee ,north ,elmham1 i4 #gb ,north ,hylton1 ii4 #a1 #c1 #h et seq4 ,north ,shields1 ii4 #a1 #e1 #g ,north ,shore1 ii4 #ae ,norton1 i4 #bfe2 ii4 #af ,norton-in-the-,moors1 ii4 #aic ,norwich1 i4 #b1 #fg1 #gd1 #ij1 #dda1 #dde1 #dea1 #dee ,nuneaton1 i4 #dbg ,nuneham ,courtenay1 i4 #abj1 #dei ,nuttall1 i4 #dbj ,oldbury1 i4 #bff ,old ,hall1 ii4 #cje1 #caa-cae ,old ,penrith1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejd ,oldswinford1 i4 #bfa1 #bif ,omagh1 ii4 #dfg ,orkneys1 ii4 #ejc1 #ebb ,osmotherley1 i4 #dfc ,ouseburn1 ii4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #e ,oxford1 i4 #df1 #fg1 #gd1 #hc1 #hd1 #abj1 #bbb1 #bfe ,oxford ,street1 i4 #bai ,ozingell1 i4 #gb ,painted ,roman ,pottery1 i4 #ej ,paisley1 ii4 #eag ,panshard1 i4 #dd ,parkfield1 ii4 #cgd ,patrick's ,hill1 ii4 #db ,pedler's ,acre1 i4 #afi1 #agg2 ii4 #gd ,pednandrea1 i4 #cdi ,penicuik1 ii4 #ejd ,penkhull1 ii4 #ahe1 #dbd ,penquite1 i4 #ah ,penrith1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejd ,penryn1 i4 #cbj1 #cba ,pensnett1 ii4 #dbb ,pettigo1 ii4 #dhg ,pickering1 i4 #bc ,pinxton1 ii4 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa1 #acf-adb1 #add1 #ddg ,pitt's ,enclosure1 i4 #df ,place1 i4 #ac1 #dfj-dfb ,plaistow1 ii4 #acd ,plymouth1 i4 #aad1 #aae1 #bbd1 #cah-cch1 #cde1 #ceg et seq41 #cig1 #ddb1 #dgg2 ii4 #ce et seq41 #cjb et seq41 #die ,polesworth1 i4 #dbc ,pontefract1 i4 #dhi-did ,poole1 i4 #abc1 #daa-dac ,port ,dundas1 ii4 #eac ,port ,hill1 ii4 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cjf ,portobello1 ii4 #eai1 #ebj ,pot-house ,hillocks1 ii4 #acd ,pot ,ovens1 i4 #ebh ,potters ,newton1 i4 #df1 #dff ,powick1 i4 #bbb ,prescott1 ii4 #cc1 #ed ,prestonpans1 ii4 #eba ,railshead ,creek1 i4 #afa ,ramsgate1 ii4 #ie ,rathbo1 ii4 #ejb ,rawmarsh1 i4 #eai1 #ebg ,reading1 ii4 #dee ,redcliff ,backs1 i4 #ceb et seq4 ,redruth1 i4 #cbj1 #cdi ,red ,street1 ii4 #cjd ,renishaw1 ii4 #abc ,repton1 ii4 #add-aej ,rhymney1 ii4 #dea ,ridge ,house1 ii4 #cee ,ripley1 ii4 #dee ,ripon1 ii4 #dee ,rockingham1 i4 #bai1 #bbj1 #dde1 #dfj1 #dfb1 #die-ebj2 ii4 #dci ,rode ,heath1 ii4 #bdh1 #bgi ,rolleston1 ii4 #cgb ,rollox1 ii4 #eae ,ronaldshay1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejd ,rosendale1 i4 #acd ,rotherham1 i4 #dfd1 #dig1 #ejb1 #eai-ebg2 ii4 #aad ,rotterdam1 i4 #acd2 ii4 #dee ,roundway ,hill1 i4 #ad ,rowley ,regis1 i4 #ade ,royd's ,hall1 i4 #dfa ,runcorn1 i4 #aea2 ii4 #df1 #dg1 #ec1 #ahg ,rutherglen1 ii4 #eai ,rydall1 ii4 #dac ,rye1 i4 #deg ,st4 ,ann's1 i4 #djf ,st4 ,anthony's1 ii4 #e ,st4 ,columb1 i4 #cbc ,st4 ,germo1 i4 #cbb1 #cbd ,st4 ,helen's1 i4 #ade2 ii4 #ed ,st4 ,mary-,church1 i4 #cch ,st4 ,peter's1 ii4 #e ,st4 ,rollox1 ii4 #eae ,st4 ,stephen's1 i4 #cbc ,salisbury1 i4 #he1 #hf ,salopian1 i4 #db et seq4 ,saltram1 ii4 #aci ,sandringham1 i4 #dce ,sandyford1 ii4 #dbh ,scarborough1 i4 #he1 #hf1 #bfe2 ii4 #aec ,scropton1 ii4 #cef ,sculcoates1 i4 #dfc-dff ,seabridge1 ii4 #cfi1 #cgb ,seacombe1 ii4 #ed ,seaham1 ii4 #ab ,selby1 i4 #dgb1 #dhi ,selzen1 i4 #fc ,severn ,valley1 i4 #dc ,sheal ,loch1 ii4 #ejb1 #ejc ,sheerness1 i4 #bd-bh ,sheffield1 i4 #ejf1 #ebd2 ii4 #aei1 #cei1 #djb1 #dac ,shelton1 i4 #ie1 #aja1 #cjc1 #cee1 #dcc1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #eje2 ii4 #ig1 #aab1 #afg1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bih-cdd1 #dbb ,shipley1 ii4 #abi1 #acb1 #acc ,shirlott1 i4 #bif ,shortroods1 ii4 #eag ,shotover1 i4 #abj1 #dei ,shrewsbury1 i4 #bfc1 #cje2 ii4 #fg1 #ahe1 #cfi1 #cgb ,sibson1 i4 #da ,silverdale1 ii4 #bhb ,sinclairtown1 ii4 #ebj ,skipwith1 ii4 #dee ,sloden1 i4 #dd ,smallwood1 ii4 #cea ,smethwick1 i4 #ade2 ii4 #ded ,sneyd ,green1 ii4 #big ,south ,hylton1 ii4 #a1 #aj ,south ,normanton1 ii4 #aab ,south ,shields1 ii4 #g ,southwark1 i4 #afa1 #bic2 ii4 #fc ,southwark ,bridge ,road1 i4 #dcb ,southwell1 ii4 #adj ,southwick1 ii4 #a1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab ,spondon1 ii4 #aab ,stafford1 i4 #aaa2 ii4 #bda ,stamford1 i4 #afj1 #bfa1 #dbc1 #dca-dch ,stanley1 i4 #id ,stapleton1 i4 #cig ,stepney1 i4 #afb1 #dff2 ii4 #a1 #c1 #d ,stilton1 i4 #eah ,stockton-on-,tees1 i4 #b1 #h2 ii4 #ab-ai ,stoke1 i4 #hd1 #dbg ,stoke-upon-,trent1 i4 #hf1 #cjd2 ii4 #ajh1 #aaj1 #afg-bce1 #bgc1 #bhd1 #bii1 #cjc1 #cae1 #cbg1 #cdi1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cgd1 #dad1 #dbj ,stone1 i4 #h ,stornoway1 ii4 #ebb ,stourbridge1 i4 #abh1 #bfj-bfb2 ii4 #cfh ,stowmarket1 i4 #ded ,stratford1 i4 #bad2 ii4 #eje ,stratford-le-,bow 7see 8,bow07 ,stratford-on-,avon1 ii4 #cje ,studley1 ii4 #dai ,sunderland1 ii4 #a1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac ,suthrick1 ii4 #fc ,sutton1 ii4 #ec ,sutton ,hall1 i4 #aif ,swadlincote1 ii4 #aef-aei ,swansea1 i4 #acg1 #bhb1 #cch1 #ejd1 #eji2 ii4 #aja1 #aje1 #ach1 #dce-dea ,swarkestone1 ii4 #ajf ,swinton1 i4 #bai1 #bbj1 #dde1 #dee1 #dfd1 #dfi1 #dhb1 #dhg1 #die-ebj1 #ebd1 #ebg2 ii4 #dci ,sydnope1 ii4 #cfi ,tadcaster1 i4 #dgj ,taffs ,vale1 ii4 #dea ,tamworth1 i4 #cjc1 #dbd ,teignmouth1 ii4 #eae ,thorns1 ,the1 i4 #bfj ,thorpe-,arch1 i4 #dgj ,tickenhall1 i4 #hh2 ii4 #aea-aec1 #bci ,tinkersclough1 ii4 #cdb ,tipton1 i4 #ig2 ii4 #def ,tiverton1 i4 #djg ,tolthorpe1 ii4 #dee ,tong1 i4 #bfc2 ii4 #aci ,torksey1 ii4 #ajd1 #ach ,torquay1 i4 #cdb1 #cdc2 ii4 #deb-ded ,tottenham ,court ,road1 ii4 #ajh ,tours1 i4 #acj ,tredenny1 i4 #i ,tregonnin1 i4 #cbd ,treloar1 ii4 #ahg ,trentham1 i4 #d1 #ag1 #ai1 #cjc2 ii4 #cfg1 #chh ,tresvenneck1 i4 #d ,trevello1 i4 #ac ,trillick ,barr1 ii4 #dfc ,truro1 i4 #cig ,trusley1 ii4 #acf ,tuack1 ii4 #dii1 #ejj ,tullow1 ii4 #dff ,tunstall1 ii4 #afg1 #bdf1 #bgb1 #bhb1 #bhi1 #cjb1 #cje1 #dbc-dcb ,tunstead1 ii4 #bhc ,turnham ,green1 ii4 #cfd ,tutbury1 i4 #ie ,upchurch1 i4 #bd-bh1 #cj1 #cb1 #ea ,uriconium1 i4 #db1 #dd1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bif ,uttoxeter1 i4 #ie1 #if ,vauxhall1 i4 #aef1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afi1 #bjb1 #bie2 ii4 #fh1 #abi ,vemnoll1 i4 #abc ,verreville1 ii4 #ejf1 #eae ,wadshelf1 ii4 #aah ,wakefield1 i4 #bei1 #ebh2 ii4 #afc1 #dee ,walesby1 i4 #ei1 #fa ,walton1 ii4 #de1 #aba ,wandsworth1 i4 #aeg1 #aff ,wanstead1 ii4 #aci ,warrington1 i4 #db1 #ej-ec1 #bfa2 ii4 #ej-ec ,watcombe1 i4 #cci-cdc ,wath-upon-,dearne1 i4 #ebg1 #ebh ,wednesbury1 i4 #ig2 ii4 #dbb1 #def ,weggewood1 ii4 #cde ,welbeck ,abbey1 ii4 #he ,wenlock1 i4 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bif1 #cjg ,wentworth1 i4 #dih et seq41 #ejg1 #eab1 #eba ,westbury1 i4 #djg ,west ,ham1 i4 #aab1 #aih1 #aii ,west ,kennett1 i4 #i ,westminster1 i4 #ia1 #abj ,weston-super-,mare1 i4 #djh-daa ,wetherby1 i4 #dgj ,wheatbridge1 ii4 #aba ,wheatcroft1 ii4 #acd ,whitcar1 ii4 #dee ,whitehaven1 i4 #daa ,whitmore1 ii4 #aaa1 #cbg ,whittington1 i4 #eai2 ii4 #abb-abe ,whitwick1 i4 #dbb ,wilderspool1 i4 #db1 #ej1 #ec ,willingsworth1 ii4 #dbb ,wilmcote1 i4 #bfj ,wilnecote1 i4 #dbd-dbf ,wimbledon1 i4 #aeg ,winchester1 i4 #bie2 ii4 #bef ,windsor1 i4 #aci1 #bji1 #djh1 #dce2 ii4 #aji ,wingeworth1 ii4 #aci ,winster1 ii4 #fj ,winterton1 i4 #ec ,winwick1 ii4 #ec ,wirksworth1 ii4 #ajd1 #adb-add1 #aei ,wisbech1 i4 #dch ,wittington1 ii4 #deb ,wolstanton1 ii4 #bch1 #bfg1 #cde ,wolverhampton1 i4 #dbf ,wolviston1 ii4 #ag ,wooden ,box1 ii4 #aef1 #afj-aff ,woodville1 ii4 #aef1 #afj-aff ,woolwich1 i4 #abh ,wootton-under-,edge1 i4 #cig ,worcester1 i4 #da1 #aad1 #ace1 #acg1 #afa1 #baa1 #baf1 #bag1 #bai1 #bba-bfb1 #bfd1 #bgj et seq41 #cjg1 #ddb1 #ddf1 #deb1 #dij1 #dib2 ii4 #bg1 #fc1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #ach1 #ada1 #dcf1 #dch1 #dda1 #ddb1 #dhh ,wortley1 i4 #dfj1 #dff1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #ejc ,wrenthorpe1 i4 #ebh ,wrotham1 i4 #ded ,wroxeter 7see 8,uriconium074 ,wykeham ,moor1 i4 #ba ,yarmouth1 i4 #aci1 #dci1 #dda1 #deb1 #dee ,yellow ,jack's ,cairn1 ii4 #dfg ,ynisymudw1 ii4 #ddf1 #ddg ,york1 i4 #dd1 #df1 #fa1 #fc1 #aae1 #dfj-dfb1 #dhi1 #ebb2 ii4 #adb ,youghal1 ii1 #dhe ,youlgreave1 i4 #ajd ,yr ,eifel1 ii4 #ebb ,,index ,,of ,,names ,,of ,,persons4 ,abbey1 ii4 #dd-ej ,abel1 ii4 #ecc ,abington1 ii4 #cjb ,abraham1 i4 #bhf2 ii4 #agh1 #aha ,absolon1 i4 #dee ,ackroyd1 i4 #dfi1 #dgb ,adams1 i4 #id2 ii4 #ahg1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdg1 #bic1 #big1 #caj1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #ccf1 #cch1 #chf1 #chg1 #chh1 #chi1 #cij1 #djg1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #ebh ,adcock1 ii4 #aeh1 #ecc ,adderley1 ii4 #ih1 #aee1 #dje ,addington1 i4 #aia ,addison1 ii4 #c1 #cbi ,ador1 ii4 #ebg ,agnew1 ii4 #dhe ,ailesford1 i4 #baf ,ainsworth1 ii4 #af ,alcock1 i4 #ebf2 ii4 #bcg1 #bfh1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhc1 #bif1 #big ,aldersea1 ii4 #bcb ,aldred1 i4 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddf1 #deb ,alexander1 ii4 #ech ,algar1 i4 #cch ,allcroft1 i4 #beh ,allen1 i4 #cag1 #cch1 #cci1 #ddd1 #dde1 #deb1 #ejb2 ii4 #bcg1 #bdb1 #big1 #cfe1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cha1 #cih ,allerton1 ii4 #cij ,allies1 i4 #djj ,allman1 ii4 #bga1 #ebg ,alsebrook1 i4 #eaj ,alsing1 ii4 #ecf ,alsop1 i4 #bfe1 #cch1 #ced1 #cig1 #djb ,alvery1 ii4 #adj ,amatt1 i4 #cif1 #djg ,amery1 ii4 #daf ,amhurst1 i4 #bbd ,ancaster1 i4 #baf ,anderson1 ii4 #cib1 #eba1 #ebb ,andrew1 ii4 #bbd ,ansell1 i4 #gd1 #ge1 #ahf2 ii4 #afj ,anstice1 i4 #bge1 #bhb ,anton1 ii4 #ba ,arde1 i4 #acd ,argyle1 i4 #baj ,arkwright1 ii4 #fa1 #id1 #adb1 #adc ,armstrong1 ii4 #h1 #dhh1 #dig1 #ecb ,arnold1 i4 #ia1 #ib2 ii4 #ebd ,arnoux1 ii4 #aic1 #aid ,artis1 i4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ce ,arundel1 ii4 #aij ,asbury1 ii4 #cig ,ash1 i4 #daf2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajf1 #adj1 #cda1 #dbj ,ashmore1 ii4 #dhd ,ashton1 ii4 #ecb ,ashwell1 ii4 #dji ,ashwin1 ii4 #cje ,ashworth1 ii4 #caf1 #cag1 #cah1 #ccb ,askew1 i4 #ahf et seq42 ii4 #ic1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #aaa ,asquith1 i4 #dhf ,astbury1 i4 #aja1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aif2 ii4 #agb1 #bcg1 #bih1 #bii1 #cdb1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cig1 #dab1 #dac1 #dae1 #daf1 #dai ,astles1 ii4 #ddb ,aston1 i4 #afg1 #bhf1 #cae ,atkins1 ii4 #ajb ,atkinson1 ii4 #c1 #adb ,atterbury1 ii4 #ecb1 #ecc ,aubrey1 i4 #abc2 ii4 #hd ,austin1 ii4 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #dae1 #daf ,averills1 ii4 #daf ,ayers1 ii4 #ebf ,ayliffe1 i4 #ia1 #ib2 ii4 #ebd ,aynsley1 ii4 #cjg1 #cib ,bacchus1 ii4 #dab1 #dbj ,backer1 i4 #ace ,bacon1 i4 #aci1 #aec2 ii4 #ic1 #acd1 #ace1 #ece ,baddeley1 i4 #acg2 ii4 #bii1 #caj1 #caf1 #cbj1 #ccb1 #dja1 #djb1 #dbb1 #ebg ,baggaley1 ii4 #bcg1 #bec1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #djd1 #ecf ,bagley1 ii4 #daf ,bagnall1 ii4 #aij1 #bcf1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg1 #caa1 #dac1 #dae1 #daf ,bagshawe1 i4 #ajc1 #dfe1 #eac2 ii4 #dca1 #ebe ,bagster1 ii4 #cja1 #cbj ,baguley1 i4 #ejc1 #ejf1 #ejg ,bailey1 i4 #abd1 #abf1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #bac1 #bfj1 #eae ,bainbrigge1 ii4 #abd ,baker1 i4 #afg1 #beh-bfj1 #djh1 #dbj1 #dcc1 #ecd ,bakewell1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #fb1 #cei ,baldwin1 i4 #dee ,bale1 i4 #dab2 ii4 #ebg ,ball1 i4 #daa-dac1 #deb2 ii4 #aj1 #aa1 #ajb1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #cdd ,ballard1 i4 #cjc ,baller1 i4 #chh ,bamford1 ii4 #cca ,bancroft1 ii4 #id1 #ajf1 #aic ,bandinell1 i4 #aic ,banford1 i4 #cig2 ii4 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajf ,bank1 ii4 #big ,banks1 i4 #aci1 #aij1 #ccg2 ii4 #aje1 #aci1 #afj1 #afh1 #bcb1 #cdc1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dch1 #ecf ,barbier1 ii4 #ebh ,barclay1 ii4 #ebf ,barker1 i4 #eac1 #eai1 #ebj1 #ebe1 #ebf2 ii4 #ajf1 #bcg1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhi1 #djj1 #dae1 #daf1 #dai ,barlow1 ii4 #caa1 #chi1 #cij1 #daf ,barnes1 ii4 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cii ,barness1 i4 #cec ,barns1 i4 #daf1 #dag ,barnwell1 ii4 #ecj ,barr1 i4 #bbi1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #cjg2 ii4 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaa1 #dch1 #ddb ,barrett1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,barrow1 ii4 #ecf ,barrs1 i4 #ace ,barry1 i4 #dcg2 ii4 #afa1 #afe ,barsham1 ii4 #ebh ,bartlett1 i4 #dd1 #df1 #gb2 ii4 #ecg ,bartolozzi1 ii4 #id ,barton1 i4 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj et seq42 ii4 #ga1 #gb1 #ajb1 #ajf ,barwick1 i4 #dfi1 #dgb ,basford1 ii4 #bgj1 #ebf1 #ebi ,bass1 ii4 #aef ,batchelor1 ii4 #ecd1 #ecg1 #ech ,bate1 ii4 #ece ,bateman1 i4 #c1 #bc1 #ajb1 #ajf2 ii4 #bda ,bates1 ii4 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bie1 #djf ,bathurst1 i4 #caf ,bathwell1 ii4 #bga ,batkin1 ii4 #djb1 #dba1 #dbb ,baugh1 ii4 #ecb ,baxter1 i4 #baj2 ii4 #dda1 #ddb ,baylis1 i4 #abi ,baynes1 i4 #aaf1 #ace1 #dgc2 ii4 #beb1 #ebe ,beadle1 i4 #ace ,bearcraft1 i4 #ace ,beard1 ii4 #cb1 #dh ,beardmore1 ii4 #bgi1 #cii1 #djd ,beattie1 ii4 #bfe1 #cgh ,beauchamp1 i4 #bbd ,beauclerc1 ii4 #dhf ,beck1 ii4 #cdd ,becket1 i4 #baf ,beckitt1 i4 #bfj ,beddoes1 ii4 #ddb ,bedford1 i4 #ebh ,beech1 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bgb1 #bha1 #cdg1 #djj1 #dbc1 #dbh1 #dbi ,beeley1 ii4 #dch1 #ddg ,beevers1 i4 #eag ,begnon1 i4 #cig ,belfield1 ii4 #aaa1 #eba ,bell1 i4 #aaj1 #bjc1 #dce1 #dfd1 #dff2 ii4 #ce1 #bcg1 #cic1 #daf1 #ejh1 #eab1 #ebd ,bellamy1 i4 #ace2 ii4 #cib ,bellarmine1 i4 #ib ,bellay1 ii4 #ebh ,bellense1 ii4 #aid ,bellford1 ii4 #ebh1 #ebi ,beltzung1 ii4 #ebg ,bemrose1 ii4 #aeb ,benbow1 i4 #bfg ,benn1 i4 #dhd ,bennet1 i4 #acb2 ii4 #bhj1 #bie ,benson1 i4 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj2 ii4 #ebd ,bentinck1 i4 #cdd1 #dbj ,bentley1 i4 #age1 #aig1 #cjg2 ii4 #ca1 #bdd1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cee-che ,berks1 ii4 #aih ,bernard1 ii4 #ebg ,bernardeau1 i4 #baj ,berry1 i4 #cbj2 ii4 #ecj ,berlin1 ii4 #ece ,besche1 ii4 #agh1 #aha ,beswick1 i4 #baj2 ii4 #dbi1 #ebg ,betew1 i4 #ahh1 #bja1 #bjb ,bethell1 ii4 #ad ,betteridge1 ii4 #afb ,bettington1 i4 #cii ,bettison1 ii4 #ecd ,betts1 ii4 #deg1 #ebf ,bevans1 i4 #cai1 #cba-cch2 ii4 #ddd1 #ecb ,bevington1 ii4 #cca1 #cdb1 #dci1 #dda ,bewick1 i4 #eab2 ii4 #f ,bewley1 ii4 #ecj1 #ece ,bibby1 ii4 #bh ,biddell1 ii4 #ebg ,bigland1 ii4 #ebi ,bill1 ii4 #dbc ,biller1 ii4 #ccd ,billin1 i4 #ajg1 #aji2 ii4 #ebd ,billingsley1 i4 #bhc-bij2 ii4 #ic1 #aja1 #ajb-aje1 #aji1 #dch1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dej ,billington1 ii4 #bbd ,billups1 ii4 #bhf1 #ecf ,bingley1 i4 #dif et seq41 #ejj ,binney1 i4 #ebg ,binnie1 ii4 #ejh ,binns1 i4 #aii1 #bjj1 #baa1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdb-bei2 ii4 #ajd1 #acf-adj1 #add1 #bch1 #dda1 #ecg ,birbeck1 i4 #bhf1 #ecf ,birch1 ii4 #caa1 #ccd1 #dca ,bird1 ii4 #g1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bfb1 #ecd ,birkbeck1 ii4 #eca ,birks1 ii4 #cig1 #cii ,bishop1 ii4 #cjb1 #cbh-cca ,blace1 i4 #bff ,blackburn1 ii4 #ebi ,blackhurst1 ii4 #bha1 #djb1 #dcj ,blackmore1 i4 #bbe2 ii4 #ece ,blackner1 i4 #dag ,blackwell1 ii4 #bic ,blake1 i4 #bja1 #bjc2 ii4 #aaf1 #aah1 #ebi1 #ecg ,blakeway1 i4 #bge-bij1 #cje ,blakey1 ii4 #d ,blanchard1 i4 #aci1 #aec-aee2 ii4 #ecj ,bland1 ii4 #ecc ,blashfield1 i4 #aci1 #afj1 #dcb-dch2 ii4 #bjb1 #ebh1 #ecj ,blayney1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe ,blenkinsop1 i4 #dga ,blomeley1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,blood1 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #abe1 #cii ,bloor1 ii4 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ia1 #ajf1 #aad ,blount1 i4 #bbd ,blower1 ii4 #daf ,blowers1 ii4 #dae1 #daf ,blunt1 i4 #if ,bly1 i4 #ddi1 #deb ,boardman1 ii4 #cee ,boarman1 i4 #ahj et seq42 ii4 #ga1 #gb1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajg ,boden1 i4 #bgc2 ii4 #dbc ,bodley1 ii4 #bgh1 #bgi ,bodmer1 ii4 #cfj ,boetius1 ii4 #ecj ,bold1 ii4 #bdj1 #ecc ,bolton1 i4 #baf1 #bci1 #bdj2 ii4 #ej1 #ea1 #bgh ,bone1 i4 #cca1 #cig2 ii4 #cjh ,bonner1 ii4 #ecf ,bonneville1 ii4 #ecb1 #ecd1 #ece1 #ecg ,booker1 ii4 #aii ,boon1 ii4 #dad ,boote1 ii4 #bed1 #bef1 #beg1 #bhb1 #ebf1 #ebi1 #ecb ,booth1 i4 #ahi1 #ebd2 ii4 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bhc1 #bhh1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cbh1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdc1 #cih1 #djb1 #daf1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #ebf ,boreman1 ii4 #ga1 #gb1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajg ,borlase1 i4 #ae2 ii4 #ecc ,borrows1 ii4 #dbc ,borton1 ii4 #ajb ,bosher1 ii4 #ig ,boswell1 ii4 #fb ,botham1 ii4 #daf ,bothwell1 ii4 #dcg ,bott1 i4 #bdc1 #bea ,boulenger1 ii4 #ecb ,boulton1 ii4 #bfj1 #ecj1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ecf1 #ecg1 #ech ,bourne1 ii4 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #aei1 #afc1 #aic1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bei1 #bgb1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #big1 #cda1 #cdg1 #daj1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #ebe1 #ebf ,bourry1 ii4 #ebi ,bousfield1 ii4 #ebi ,bouvert1 ii4 #ebi ,bowcock1 i4 #bji1 #baj1 #bab1 #cac ,bowden1 ii4 #ece ,bowdler1 i4 #bhf ,bowen1 i4 #bfj1 #bec ,bowers1 ii4 #bhh1 #dbi1 #ebi ,bowley1 ii4 #dbc ,bowman1 ii4 #ic1 #ajg ,boyer1 i4 #agi1 #ahj et seq42 ii4 #ga1 #gb1 #gd ,boyle1 ii4 #hg1 #aij1 #bjb1 #bji1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bce1 #cgd1 #djh ,bradbury1 ii4 #ajg ,bradley1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bei1 #big ,bradshawe1 ii4 #djd ,brameld1 i4 #dde1 #dif1 #dig1 #ejj et seq41 #ebg2 ii4 #dja ,bramler1 i4 #dhe ,brammall1 ii4 #dja ,brammer1 ii4 #eab ,brandling1 i4 #dga ,bratt1 ii4 #bhh ,bray1 ii4 #fb ,brayley1 ii4 #abd ,brearey1 i4 #dig ,breeden1 ii4 #ebi ,breeze1 ii4 #bcg1 #dbc1 #ebg ,brentnall1 i4 #eae2 ii4 #ajg ,breton1 i4 #cbj ,brett1 ii4 #ebg ,brewer1 i4 #cjc2 ii4 #ic1 #ajg ,brianchon1 ii4 #ebi ,briand1 i4 #cig ,brice1 i4 #ceg ,briddon1 ii4 #aaf1 #aba1 #abb ,bridgett1 ii4 #djf ,bridgwood1 i4 #dfb1 #cij1 #djd2 ii4 #bdf1 #cih1 #djf1 #dji1 #daa1 #dbj1 #dbg1 #dci1 #ddd ,briggs1 ii4 #aeb ,brillait1 i4 #cij ,brimmer1 i4 #dbj ,brindley1 ii4 #ahg1 #bhc1 #cec1 #ebh ,briscoe1 i4 #dag1 #dah1 #dbj ,britain1 i4 #cfj1 #chf1 #cif ,britten1 ii4 #ebh ,britton1 i4 #dgc1 #dhj2 ii4 #abd ,broad1 ii4 #cdf ,brock1 i4 #cci2 ii4 #ecf1 #ecg ,brocklesby1 ii4 #ajc1 #ajh ,brodbent1 i4 #dbg ,broderick1 i4 #ab ,bromley1 i4 #eai2 ii4 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #bah1 #bba1 #ccf1 #cch1 #ebh ,brood1 ii4 #bgi ,brooks1 ii4 #aei1 #cji1 #dbi1 #ebe ,brooman1 ii4 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ecd ,brough1 ii4 #djb1 #ebg1 #ecd ,brougham1 ii4 #abj ,broughton1 i4 #ebd2 ii4 #ajh1 #bga1 #dbh ,brown1 i4 #bji1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bge1 #big1 #cjg1 #ddj-ddc1 #dea2 ii4 #ajc1 #caa1 #cgd1 #daj1 #eag1 #eah1 #ebf1 #ebg1 #ecb1 #ecf1 #ecg ,brownfield1 ii4 #bij1 #bia1 #bic1 #big ,brownley1 ii4 #eah ,brown-,westhead1 ii4 #cai1 #cbj1 #cba ,brummitt1 ii4 #dbc ,brunt1 ii4 #afb ,brunton1 ii4 #aa ,brutus1 i4 #bbb ,bryan1 i4 #cig ,bryant1 i4 #cch ,buchan1 i4 #fj2 ii4 #cfd1 #cff1 #ebj ,buckingham1 i4 #agd1 #age1 #agh ,buckle1 i4 #ddd ,buckley1 ii4 #bhj1 #cda ,bucknall1 ii4 #bcf1 #bij1 #big ,bull1 ii4 #ecf ,buller1 i4 #baf1 #cde1 #cdf2 ii4 #ebf1 #ecj ,bullock1 i4 #eag2 ii4 #ajh1 #djg ,bullough1 i4 #ejc ,burdett1 ii4 #ej1 #abf1 #adc ,burdon1 ii4 #i ,burgess1 i4 #caj2 ii4 #bge1 #bhb1 #bhc ,burke1 i4 #cha1 #chb1 #chc ,burleigh1 ii4 #ebi ,burn1 ii4 #c1 #bcg ,burnell1 i4 #cch ,burnett1 i4 #bji ,burnsall1 ii4 #gj ,burrough1 ii4 #fe1 #daf1 #ecf ,burslem1 ii4 #cdf ,burton1 i4 #dca2 ii4 #fj1 #abg1 #abh1 #aee1 #agh1 #caa ,bush1 i4 #ahh2 ii4 #ebh ,busk1 ii4 #ebe ,butler1 i4 #ceb1 #die2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaj ,butter1 ii4 #fb ,butts1 ii4 #eh ,byerley1 ii4 #ahg1 #cfi1 #cgb1 #cgc ,byers1 ii4 #a1 #ab ,byford1 i4 #dhf ,cadle1 ii4 #cfj ,cadogan1 i4 #bai1 #dih ,cagin1 i4 #acj1 #aca ,caldwell1 ii4 #aic1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #ece ,calland1 ii4 #ddd ,callender1 i4 #chc ,callowhill1 i4 #bdg ,calvert1 i4 #cec2 ii4 #ace ,cambridge1 i4 #ead ,camelford1 i4 #cbc1 #cce1 #cfj ,cameron1 ii4 #ejg1 #ech ,camm1 ii4 #ded ,campbell1 i4 v2 ii4 #ahf1 #aib-bah1 #bbh-bcb1 #ebb1 #ebg1 #eca1 #ech ,canning1 i4 #dbd ,cannon1 i4 #bae ,capperman1 ii4 #ac ,carey1 i4 #ceg1 #dji1 #daa ,carr1 i4 #aea2 ii4 #aeg1 #ecc1 #ecg ,cartage1 i4 #baf ,carter1 i4 #ace1 #cee et seq42 ii4 #bbd1 #big ,cartland1 ii4 #ecc ,cartledge1 i4 #aae2 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg1 #big1 #cdb1 #ebe ,cartwright1 ii4 #aeh1 #bcf1 #beb1 #cig ,case1 ii4 #di1 #ed ,cash1 ii4 #afb1 #aff ,cashin1 ii4 #ecd ,caskon1 ii4 #aae1 #aaf ,castle1 i4 #cij ,cave1 i4 #bbg2 ii4 #dcf ,cavendish1 i4 #baj ,cecil1 i4 #bie ,cederwaller1 ii4 #ecd ,chablin1 ii4 #ebh ,chadwicke1 ii4 #bhj1 #ece ,chaffers1 i4 #abc1 #abd1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dfc1 #dhc2 ii4 #bb1 #cc-cg1 #db ,challinor1 ii4 #bga1 #bgb1 #dji1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbh ,chamberlain1 i4 #bch-bei1 #bfh2 ii4 #aje1 #bjb1 #ddb1 #ecj1 #ecb ,chambers1 ii4 #ddd ,champion1 i4 #aeh1 #cbc1 #cca1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cef et seq42 ii4 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cfd1 #ddi1 #eai ,chapman1 ii4 #cii1 #ece ,chappell1 i4 #dgc1 #dhe ,chapuis1 ii4 #ecj ,charlton1 ii4 #d1 #e ,chatterley1 ii4 #big ,chawner1 ii4 #fh ,chenot1 ii4 #ebh ,chesterfield1 i4 #aib ,chesworth1 ii4 #cii ,chetham1 ii4 #cib ,chetwand1 ii4 #bif ,chilcott1 i4 #djj ,child1 i4 #baf2 ii4 #dbd ,chilton1 i4 #ace ,chisholm1 ii4 #cgb ,christian1 ii4 #da ,christie1 i4 #ahf2 ii4 #gd1 #ge ,chrystal1 ii4 #ecj ,chubb1 ii4 #ebe ,cimey1 ii4 #eca ,clais1 ii4 #ajh ,clamond1 ii4 #ecg ,clare1 i4 #cfa2 ii4 #bhj1 #ebh ,clarence1 i4 #bea ,clarke1 i4 #ace1 #afg1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #big1 #dbj1 #ebj2 ii4 #fj1 #hg1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #bdf1 #bhi1 #bie1 #cbh1 #dbg1 #dbh1 #ebe1 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ecf1 #ecg1 #ech ,clarkson1 i4 #baf ,claus1 ii4 #ece ,clauss1 ii4 #ecb ,clayton1 i4 #daf1 #dag2 ii4 #ebe ,cleak1 i4 #bfh ,cleavey1 ii4 #ajh ,cleghorn1 ii4 #cce ,clements1 i4 #abi ,clementson1 ii4 #caa1 #ccb ,cleve1 i4 #cjb ,clews1 ii4 #bij ,cliff1 i4 #aea1 #aeb2 ii4 #ec1 #ebi1 #eca1 #ecc1 #ecf1 #ecg ,clifton1 i4 #dfj1 #dhi2 ii4 #cdg ,clive1 i4 #bab1 #ccc2 ii4 #dbd1 #dbi ,clokie1 i4 #dhf1 #dhh ,close1 i4 #aaf2 ii4 #cbh1 #ebe ,clowes1 i4 #dja1 #dff2 ii4 #bcg1 #bhd1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf1 #chi ,coades1 i4 #aah1 #ach-ada1 #aec2 ii4 #ig ,coates1 ii4 #dhd ,cobb1 ii4 #big ,cobden1 i4 #dja2 ii4 #bbc ,cobley1 ii4 #ecj ,cochet1 i4 #gc ,cochran1 ii4 #eje1 #ejf1 #ejg1 #eae1 #ecb ,cockayne1 i4 #ddf ,cockson1 ii4 #bif1 #cjg1 #ejf1 #ejg ,codd1 ii4 #ecg ,coffee1 i4 #aci2 ii4 #ic1 #id1 #ig1 #ih ,cogan1 ii4 #ebi ,colclough1 i4 #daf1 #dag2 ii4 #bci1 #big1 #caa1 #cih1 #dji1 #ddb ,cole1 ii4 #ddb ,coleman1 i4 #baj ,coles1 i4 #ahi2 ii4 #dce1 #dcf ,colfs1 ii4 #ecf ,collier1 ii4 #dee ,collingwood1 ii4 #cib ,collins1 ii4 #bjc1 #ebf ,collinson1 i4 #ead ,colquhoun1 ii4 #ejf ,colville1 ii4 #g ,condliffe1 ii4 #bcg ,conway1 i4 #adj ,conyers1 i4 #ci1 #dj ,cook1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bhf1 #cca1 #ccg1 #dfc2 ii4 #e1 #ccd1 #cfe1 #ech ,cooksey1 i4 #ace ,cookworthy1 i4 #ajg1 #aad1 #cah-cch1 #ced et seq42 ii4 #ce1 #cf1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cjf1 #cfd1 #ebd ,cooper1 i4 #aef1 #aig1 #baf1 #cfa2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aei1 #cei1 #cij1 #cid1 #cig1 #djj1 #dja1 #dje1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ebh ,cope1 ii4 #cij1 #cih1 #djd1 #dae1 #daf ,copeland1 i4 #bhd1 #dib2 ii4 #hh1 #ajf1 #afa1 #afh-ahd1 #bce1 #bcg ,copestake1 ii4 #cih1 #dji ,coppock1 i4 #daf1 #dag ,corbett1 i4 #bfj ,cordon1 i4 #eae2 ii4 #ecj ,cork1 ii4 #bcg1 #bei ,cormie1 ii4 #beh1 #bhc ,corn1 ii4 #bha ,cornelius1 ii4 #ebg ,cornfoot1 ii4 #g ,cory1 ii4 #dda ,cotterell1 ii4 #afj1 #ecb ,cottingham1 ii4 #aii ,cotton1 ii4 #aji1 #ece ,coulter1 i4 #ebg ,courteney1 ii4 #ic ,cowap1 ii4 #ad ,cowdery1 ii4 #ecf ,cowen1 i4 #eae2 ii4 #ebj1 #eba ,cowley1 i4 #afg ,cowling1 i4 #bji ,cox1 i4 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #ahi ,coxon1 ii4 #c1 #big ,craft1 i4 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjh1 #bae ,craig1 ii4 #eca ,crapper1 ii4 #ccd1 #cce ,craven1 i4 #bei1 #cje1 #cjg2 ii4 #ecb ,crease1 i4 #ajg1 #aae2 ii4 #ebe ,cremorne1 i4 #dij ,cresswell1 i4 #bbe1 #ejc2 ii4 #aji ,crewe1 i4 #hh1 #bih2 ii4 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #cga ,crighton1 ii4 #ecg ,cripps1 i4 #cec ,crispe1 i4 #aah1 #aec1 #aeg-afj1 #bbj1 #ddd ,crocker1 i4 #cdf1 #cdg ,croggan1 i4 #aci ,croker1 i4 #bia1 #bic1 #bie ,crompton1 ii4 #eh1 #fb ,crosse1 ii4 #deg ,crowther1 i4 #bjj et seq4 ,cruger1 i4 #cfa ,cullen1 i4 #ci1 #ij1 #ia1 #acc2 ii4 #ebd ,cumberland1 i4 #bed1 #dfb1 #ejd ,cumming1 ii4 #ebj1 #eba ,cuncliffe1 ii4 #cj1 #dc ,cupit1 ii4 #dae1 #daf ,curtis1 i4 #dde ,cutten1 ii4 #ebe ,cuttler1 i4 #ace ,cutts1 ii4 #aci ,cyples1 ii4 #chi1 #cij ,da ,costa1 ii4 #ebf ,dale1 i4 #deh1 #ejd2 ii4 #cif1 #ebe ,dalman1 ii4 #ebh ,dalton1 ii4 #c1 #cje ,dance1 i4 #bbb1 #dag ,d',angely1 ii4 #ebg ,daniel1 i4 #bbb1 #bhg2 ii4 #ahg1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bec1 #bed1 #bei1 #bga1 #bgc1 #big1 #bii1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cji1 #caj1 #cdf1 #cdi1 #ebg ,darbey1 i4 #big ,darwin1 ii4 #cfi1 #cgb ,dauchell1 ii4 #ebi ,daught1 i4 #abd ,d',avenant1 ii4 #afi ,davenport1 i4 #bhd2 ii4 #afb1 #bbd1 #bec1 #bei1 #bhb1 #bhc-bhf1 #bhi1 #cdd1 #ebh1 #ebi ,davies1 ii4 #adj1 #ebe ,davis1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bed1 #bei1 #cec1 #dhj1 #ejh2 ii4 #g1 #ccf1 #dea1 #ecb ,davison1 ii4 #daf ,davy1 ii4 #cgc1 #ece ,daw1 i4 #cig ,dawson1 i4 #dhd1 #dhe2 ii4 #aj1 #ab1 #cii1 #ebf ,deakin1 ii4 #cic ,dean1 ii4 #ecb1 #ecf ,deare1 ii4 #db1 #ic1 #aji ,de ,boeuff1 ii4 #id ,decon1 i4 #big ,decuber1 ii4 #ig ,de la ,beche1 i4 #cji ,de la ,cour1 i4 #bac ,de la ,mayne1 i4 #aaf2 ii4 #dgh-dhb1 #ebe ,de la ,perrelle1 ii4 #ecg ,dennett1 ii4 #aah ,dennison1 ii4 #ecg ,dent1 i4 #bba1 #bbe1 #beh2 ii4 #dja ,derby1 ii4 #ef1 #adb1 #ccg ,derbyshire1 ii4 #dja1 #ebi ,derham1 ii4 #ecf ,desaussure1 i4 #cid ,desbrow1 ii4 #aef ,dethick1 ii4 #dje ,devonshire1 ii4 #hd1 #agh ,dexter1 ii4 #aji ,d',hancarville1 i4 #dce ,d',huart1 ii4 #ebg ,d',humy1 ii4 #ecg ,dibb1 i4 #ebg ,dickens1 ii4 #bbc ,dicker1 i4 #cbj ,dickinson1 i4 #ebj2 ii4 #dj1 #ajb1 #ajc ,dicks1 ii4 #bhb ,diggory1 ii4 #bge1 #bgh ,dillon1 ii4 #big ,dillwyn1 i4 #ejd2 ii4 #ajd1 #aje1 #dcf1 #dcg1 #dch1 #dci1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #ddg ,dimer1 i4 #adj ,dimmock1 ii4 #caj1 #caa1 #ccd ,disraeli1 ii4 #bbc ,divett1 i4 #cdc1 #cdf ,dixon1 ii4 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #aji ,docksey1 ii4 #ebe ,dodd1 ii4 #ajc1 #acd ,dodson1 ii4 #aji ,doe1 i4 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #djj2 ii4 #ajc1 #bii1 #ddb ,doley1 ii4 #ebi ,dolleans1 ii4 #ebi ,don1 i4 #dee ,donald1 ii4 #eah ,doncaster1 ii4 #ahe ,donkin1 ii4 #f ,donovan1 ii4 #dcf1 #dcg1 #dhb ,doody1 ii4 #dcd ,dooley1 ii4 #afc ,dopter1 ii4 #ebi ,dorn1 ii4 #ecj ,doulton1 i4 #add-aej2 ii4 #ed1 #ebh1 #ecj1 #ecb ,dowling1 ii4 #ecj ,downshire1 i4 #bbd ,doxey1 i4 #dag ,dresser1 ii4 #bcb ,drinkwater1 ii4 #cc ,drury1 ii4 #djd ,dry1 i4 #big ,dryden1 ii4 #e ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 i4 #dce ,ducte1 ii4 #ebe1 #ebf ,dudley1 i4 #aib ,dudson1 ii4 #caa1 #ccf ,duesbury1 i4 #agf1 #ahj et seq41 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bcb-bei1 #bff1 #djg1 #dda2 ii4 #eg1 #fa-acb1 #acf1 #acg1 #aef1 #dbb ,dugdale1 ii4 #adb ,duke1 ii4 #bgc1 #bge1 #bgh ,dulake1 ii4 #ecd ,dunderdale1 i4 #dhe et seq4 ,dunnachie1 ii4 #ecd ,dunnil1 i4 #cje1 #cjg ,dunning1 ii4 #dcj ,durand1 ii4 #eca1 #ecf ,durham1 ii4 #agd1 #agi ,dutton1 ii4 #dad1 #daf ,duvivier1 ii4 #ic1 #ig1 #cjh ,dwight1 i4 #gf1 #ih1 #ii1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acb1 #afi1 #cah2 ii4 #abd ,dyas1 i4 #bgb ,eardley1 ii4 #bhh1 #dbi ,earnshaw1 i4 #ebj ,eastlake1 i4 #cca ,eberton1 ii4 #dcj ,eckingham1 i4 #bbd ,ecroyd1 ii4 #ecf ,eden1 i4 #cfa ,edge1 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgi1 #dac1 #daf ,edinburgh1 ii4 #cba ,edkins1 i4 #cea1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cef1 #cgg1 #chc1 #chg1 #chh1 #cij1 #cid1 #cie1 #djc1 #djd ,edwards1 i4 #aig1 #bac2 ii4 #fh1 #hf1 #aji1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj1 #bcg1 #bed1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bhb1 #bii1 #cei1 #cij1 #cig1 #cii1 #daa1 #dab1 #dbj1 #ebf1 #ecj1 #ecb1 #ecf1 #ech ,egan1 i4 #djg2 ii4 #fh ,egerton1 ii4 #cdg ,eginton1 ii4 #adh ,elers1 i4 #gf1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja2 ii4 #bih1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cdb ,eley1 i4 #eae ,elin1 ii4 #aji ,elkin1 ii4 #daa ,elkington1 ii4 #aid1 #cha ,elliot1 ii4 #bfb ,ellis1 i4 #cdd2 ii4 #ea1 #caa1 #ebg1 #eca ,ellnor1 i4 #daf1 #dag ,elsmore1 ii4 #dcj ,elton1 i4 #chh ,embrey1 ii4 #ebe ,emery1 ii4 #bhi1 #bie1 #ebi1 #ecb ,emmens1 ii4 #ece ,engelbrecht1 i4 #bac ,engledene1 ii4 #ecf ,englefield1 i4 #dce ,english1 i4 #dfc ,ensell1 ii4 #ecc ,ensor1 ii4 #afc1 #afd1 #ecd1 #ece ,erichson1 ii4 #ecf ,evans1 i4 #big1 #djc2 ii4 #ace1 #aid1 #cdb1 #dbi1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddb ,evelyn1 i4 #dfa ,everal1 ii4 #dae1 #daf ,evers1 i4 #dfg ,evett1 i4 #bbe1 #bbf ,evrard1 ii4 #ebh ,exeter1 ii4 #adb ,faulkener1 i4 #age ,faussett1 i4 #gb ,fahy1 i4 #bji ,fairburn1 ii4 #ecd ,fairholt1 i4 #bic ,falconer1 ii4 #c ,farley1 i4 #cdc1 #cih ,farnsworth1 ii4 #ajb1 #aji ,faucheux d',humy1 ii4 #ecg ,fazackerley1 ii4 #bc ,fell1 ii4 #b1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #aj ,fennell1 i4 #agc ,fenton1 i4 #dgj2 ii4 #cje1 #caj ,ferguson1 ii4 #ejh1 #eaf1 #eag1 #ecd ,ferneyhough1 ii4 #djg ,ferns1 i4 #dgi ,ferrars1 i4 #gf1 #gi2 ii4 #afj ,ferte1 ii4 #ecj ,ferz1 i4 #ahh ,fvre1 ii4 #ebg ,fifield1 i4 #cig1 #dja ,fillis1 i4 #cch ,findler1 ii4 #ebf ,finney1 ii4 #cih ,fisher1 i4 #bfj ,fishley1 i4 #cdg1 #cdh ,fison1 i4 #ded ,fitzwilliam1 i4 #bai1 #dii1 #eja1 #ejc1 #ejg1 #eab1 #ead1 #eae1 #eaf1 #eba ,flamsteed1 ii4 #abh ,flaxman1 i4 #aci2 ii4 #bfe1 #cfd1 #cfi1 #cgh ,fleming1 i4 #beh2 ii4 #eae1 #ecb ,fletcher1 ii4 #ej1 #bhh1 #daf1 #dbb1 #ecc ,fleury1 ii4 #ecc ,flight1 i4 #baf1 #bag1 #bcf-bei1 #cjg2 ii4 #ajd1 #aje1 #dch1 #ddb ,flower1 i4 #cee1 #cef ,fodhla1 ii4 #dfa ,fogg1 i4 #bji1 #baj2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc ,foley1 ii4 #agi ,follows1 ii4 #ece ,fondeville1 ii4 #ece ,fontainemoreau1 ii4 #ebf ,ford1 i4 #agc1 #eag2 ii4 #bgc1 #bge1 #bhj1 #ccc1 #cda1 #dbh1 #ebf1 #eca1 #ecg ,fordes1 ii4 #ebd ,fordy1 ii4 #g ,fordyce1 ii4 #hd ,forester1 i4 #bfh2 ii4 #bce1 #cif1 #djf1 #eca1 #ecf ,forneday1 ii4 #aae ,foster1 i4 #dhi ,fould1 i4 #bhe ,fourdrinier1 ii4 #ebf ,fournier1 ii4 #fe ,fowke1 i4 #dba1 #dbb ,fowler1 i4 #ace ,fox1 i4 #cbj2 ii1 #daf ,frank1 i4 #ccb1 #ceb et seq4 ,franklin1 i4 #cij ,franks1 i4 #agb1 #agc1 #dfa ,freeman1 ii4 #cig1 #cih1 #dac ,freik1 i4 #bab ,frevet1 ii4 #ecf ,fricker1 i4 #djg ,frost1 ii4 #aji1 #ecf ,fry1 i4 #ccc1 #cec1 #ceg1 #chj1 #chc1 #chf1 #chg1 #chh1 #cid1 #ebh ,frye1 i4 #ajg1 #aab1 #aac1 #afh1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bac2 ii4 #ebd ,fulham1 i4 #ajg ,furly1 i4 #acd ,furnival1 ii4 #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 #caa1 #cbh1 #ebi ,fussel1 i4 #cef ,fynney1 ii4 #cdf ,gadsby1 ii4 #aji ,gagerly1 ii4 #ca ,gallimore1 i4 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg2 ii4 #bbf1 #bbg1 #djd ,galloway1 ii4 #c ,gally1 ii4 #ece ,gamble1 i4 #dea ,gardissal1 ii4 #ebi ,gardner1 ii4 #dad1 #daf1 #dah1 #dai1 #dhh1 #eba1 #ebb1 #ebh ,garland1 i4 #cig ,garner1 ii4 #bii1 #dac1 #dah1 #dai ,garnier1 i4 #aia ,garrett1 ii4 #ecj ,garrick1 i4 #bja2 ii4 #ca1 #afi-ahd ,gaskell1 ii4 #bgh1 #bgi1 #ecg ,gatellier1 ii4 #ec ,gater1 ii4 #big ,gaurion1 i4 #ahf2 ii4 #gb ,geddes1 ii4 #ejf ,gedge1 ii4 #ecb1 #ecd1 #ecg ,geoghegan1 ii4 #dfe1 #ecj ,gerard1 ii4 #djg ,gernon1 ii4 #ebh ,gibbs1 i4 #cjg1 #dbd2 ii4 #bcb1 #ebf ,gibson1 i4 #dhe2 ii4 #agh1 #cci1 #cdj ,gilbee1 ii4 #ebh ,gilbody1 ii4 #bi ,giles1 i4 #bad-bah ,gill1 i4 #dhf2 ii4 #adb1 #adc ,gillard1 ii4 #bef ,gillespie1 ii4 #ejg1 #ece ,gillingwater1 i4 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddc1 #deb ,gillow1 ii4 #deb1 #dec ,ginders1 ii4 #djh ,girard1 ii4 #ebi ,girdler1 ii4 #ecb ,gisborne1 ii4 #ecb ,gladman1 i4 #aei ,gladstone1 ii4 #bbc1 #ccg ,glass1 ii4 #caj1 #caa ,glasson1 ii4 #ddj ,glover1 i4 #cjd1 #daf1 #dag1 #ebh2 ii4 #id1 #bdc1 #djg ,goddard1 i4 #acf2 ii4 #ecf ,godwin1 ii4 #bcg1 #bch1 #bhc1 #bie1 #big1 #djg1 #deb ,goldie1 i4 #cjg1 #caj ,goldney1 i4 #cef1 #dja ,good1 ii4 #gh ,goode1 ii4 #cie ,goodfellow1 ii4 #bga1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbg1 #ebf ,gooding1 i4 #bbj ,goodwin1 ii4 #ed1 #ee1 #abh1 #cif1 #ecj ,gore1 ii4 #dg1 #dgi ,goreham1 ii4 #ece ,gorman1 ii4 #ecd ,gosling1 i4 #bbj2 ii4 #ada ,gosnell1 ii4 #ebg ,goss1 i4 viii2 ii4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #cbf1 #ccd1 #cce1 #cch1 #ebb1 #ece ,gottgetreu1 ii4 #ebi ,gough1 ii4 #aei ,goulding1 i4 #afa1 #afb1 #aff ,gover1 i4 #cge ,grace1 ii4 #ec ,grafton1 ii4 #ebh ,graham1 ii4 #dd-ej1 #ebf ,grainge1 ii4 #ebd ,granger1 i4 #bdj1 #bed-bei1 #bfh2 ii4 #aei1 #ecb ,grant ii4 #aab ,graves1 ii4 #dfj1 #dfe1 #ecb ,gray1 i4 #bfa1 #cjc2 ii4 #d1 #aah1 #cji1 #ebj ,greatbach1 ii4 #ahe1 #cib1 #dac1 #daf1 #dbj ,greaves1 i4 #ebj ,green1 i4 #aea1 #aig1 #baa1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bce1 #dfg et seq41 #dhf1 #dig et seq41 #ebj-ebg2 ii4 #bf et seq41 #ej1 #hh1 #ajb1 #aei1 #bde1 #bgi1 #cej1 #cei1 #cib1 #cic1 #djg1 #djh1 #dji1 #dac1 #dag1 #ebg1 #ebi1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #ecg ,greening1 ii4 #ebi ,greenland1 i4 #bie ,greenwell1 i4 #ba ,greenwood1 i4 #ach1 #aci2 ii4 #dbj1 #ebe ,gregg1 ii4 #dhd ,gregson1 i4 #dfc ,gresley1 ii4 #ih1 #aee1 #afc ,gretton1 i4 #dca ,grey1 ii4 #aah1 #abf1 #ddg ,grice1 ii4 #aeh1 #aei ,griffin1 i4 #bji ,griffiths1 i4 #acf1 #ach1 #add ,grimsley1 ii4 #ebg ,grispie1 ii4 #bfe ,grose1 ii4 #bbd ,grosvenor1 ii4 #eae1 #eaf1 #ecd ,grove1 ii4 #djg ,guelton1 ii4 #ecg ,guerin1 ii4 #ecg ,guest1 i4 #bge-bgg1 #dca2 ii4 #ddd1 #dde1 #ech ,gunton1 i4 #def ,gurnell1 i4 #cbj ,gwyn1 i4 #cij ,gyles1 i4 #bja ,hackney1 ii4 #big1 #ebh ,hackwood1 ii4 #cjg1 #caj1 #caa ,hadfield1 ii4 #aci1 #adj ,hadley1 i4 #bdg ,haggett1 ii4 #ecf ,hague1 ii4 #ebe ,hailstone1 i4 #dgj1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dha ,halde1 i4 #cba ,hall1 i4 viii1 #bfj1 #dfe2 ii4 #aji1 #aaj1 #afb1 #bbg1 #bch1 #bha1 #bhc1 #cjg1 #dbc1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #ddb ,hallam1 i4 #eaj2 ii4 #afe1 #aff1 #cii1 #daf ,hallins1 ii4 #daf ,halse1 ii4 #agd ,hamilton1 i4 #dce2 ii4 #bbd1 #bcc1 #ceg1 #cid1 #cie1 #ddj1 #ebj1 #ebe1 #ecj1 #eca ,hamme1 i4 #ih1 #acc1 #cah ,hammersley1 ii4 #bgb1 #bhh1 #caa1 #chf1 #cig1 #dbi1 #dcj ,hampson1 ii4 #dja ,hampton1 ii4 #ccd ,hancock1 i4 #ace1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcb et seq41 #bgb1 #bgc2 ii4 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #aji1 #aaj1 #ahe1 #aic1 #bbd1 #bgb1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dbi1 #dhh ,hand1 ii4 #aaj ,handley1 i4 #daf1 #dag1 #dbg2 ii4 #bhb1 #caa1 #ccd ,hankey1 i4 #bji ,hanley1 ii4 #dab ,hannah1 ii4 #ebh ,hansen1 ii4 #ecg ,hanson1 i4 #ace1 #dfi1 #dgb1 #ejj ,hanway1 i4 #afb ,harcourt1 ii4 #ebg ,hardenburg1 ii4 #aaj ,hardensydes1 i4 #cfa ,harding1 ii4 #bha1 #bif1 #cjg1 #ebg ,hardinge1 ii4 #aed ,hardy1 i4 #dgb ,harewood1 i4 #ebj ,harford1 i4 #ceg1 #cid ,hargreaves1 i4 #cje1 #cjg ,harland1 ii4 #ebi1 #ecf ,harley1 ii4 #dab ,harmer1 ii4 #ebi ,harper1 i4 #acc1 #acd1 #afj1 #big ,harpur1 ii4 #fj ,harracles1 ii4 #cdf ,harris1 i4 #bah1 #cfa ,harrison1 i4 #bfj1 #bfa1 #dhf2 ii4 #ba1 #aei1 #aff1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bij1 #cdd1 #cdi1 #dab1 #dac1 #dag1 #dbc1 #dcc1 #ecd1 #ecf ,harrop1 ii4 #cdb ,hart1 i4 #big1 #djg ,hartenberg1 ii4 #ic ,hartley1 i4 #dfg et seq41 #dhf et seq41 #ebb ,hartshorne1 i4 #bhf1 #big1 #djg ,harvey1 ii4 #cib ,harvig1 ii4 #ebf ,harwood1 ii4 #h1 #af ,haslem1 ii4 #aaj ,haslewood1 i4 #bfh ,hassall1 ii4 #bah1 #bba1 #big ,hassall1 i4 #cee2 ii4 #djg ,hassalls1 i4 #cee2 ii4 #ahf1 #big ,hastings1 ii4 #afb1 #cfe ,haward1 i4 #ddf ,hawkins1 i4 #bia1 #dbj ,hawksyard1 ii4 #afi ,hawley1 i4 #eai1 #ebg2 ii4 #bcg1 #cib1 #daj ,hawthorne1 ii4 #bgj ,hayden1 i4 #cig ,haynes1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #dce1 #dcf1 #ddc ,hayward1 i4 #cbj ,haywood1 ii4 #ca1 #bhh ,hazley1 i4 #daf ,head1 ii4 #c ,heald1 i4 #eah ,healey1 ii4 #ebg ,heapey1 ii4 #abg ,heath1 i4 #bae1 #bcb-bei2 ii4 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #hi1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bea1 #bha1 #bhc1 #big1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #dab1 #dac1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dcb ,heathcote1 ii4 #aae1 #aaf1 #dje1 #dba ,heilmann1 ii4 #ecf ,hellyer1 i4 #cch ,hempel1 i4 #aaf1 #aih2 ii4 #ebe ,hendley1 ii4 #aab ,heuer1 ii4 #ecg ,henley1 ii4 #ece ,hennique1 ii4 #ebh ,henry1 i4 #bbd1 #bcb1 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecb ,henson1 ii4 #aaj ,herapath1 i4 #dad ,hermann1 ii4 #ece ,heron1 ii4 #ebj ,herschell1 ii4 #cfd1 #cff ,herwain1 ii4 #ddd ,hess1 ii4 #ecj ,hesse1 ii4 #ecg ,hewitt1 ii4 #aai ,heylyn1 i4 #ajg1 #aab1 #afh1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj2 ii4 #ebd ,heyne1 ii4 #ecf ,hickey1 ii4 #aaj ,hickling1 ii4 #ebe ,hickman1 i4 #bfj ,hicks1 ii4 #ahe1 #beh1 #bii1 #caj1 #cae1 #caf1 #cbj1 #cce1 #ecc ,higgins1 i4 #bjc ,higginson1 ii4 #ecc ,hilditch1 ii4 #cif1 #dbj ,hill1 i4 #cif2 ii4 #fb1 #ic1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #bbc1 #bce1 #bge1 #big1 #ecg ,hillsborough1 ii4 #dhd1 #dhe ,hinde1 ii4 #cda1 #ecj ,hingman1 i4 #dhf ,hingston1 i4 #cbj1 #cba ,hipwood1 i4 #dfc ,hirstwood1 i4 #dfa1 #dfb ,hitchen1 ii4 #bdg ,hoare1 i4 #c ,hobson1 i4 #ejg1 #eac1 #ead2 ii4 #bhb ,hodge1 ii4 #ebg1 #ecc1 #ecd ,hodgkinson1 ii4 #cdb ,hodson1 ii4 #cii1 #ecg ,hoffman1 i4 #bei ,hoffstaedt1 ii4 #aid1 #ebg ,hogarth1 i4 #ahh1 #cec ,hoggson1 ii4 #ece ,holdcroft1 ii4 #big1 #djc1 #dbg1 #ecb1 #ece ,holdship1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcj-bei1 #bgb2 ii4 #hi1 #ib ,holland1 ii4 #de1 #aaj1 #adb1 #bcg1 #cib1 #cic1 #dbc1 #ddd1 #dde1 #ddf1 #ddg1 #ecf ,hollins1 i4 #dcc2 ii4 #ahg-bah1 #bbd1 #bbi1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjf1 #caj1 #cea1 #ebh1 #ece ,hollinshed1 ii4 #bga1 #cda1 #dcj ,holmes1 i4 #dff2 ii4 #ajb1 #aaj1 #ecj1 #ecd ,holt1 i4 #ajh1 #acd1 #djg2 ii4 #ebd ,holyoake1 ii4 #ecg ,hone1 i4 #bja ,honeychurch1 i4 #cde ,hood1 ii4 #dcj1 #ddb ,hope1 i4 #ceb1 #djb2 ii4 #eh1 #bdc1 #big ,hopkin1 ii4 #bhc ,hopkins1 i4 #ace1 #cec2 ii4 #bcg ,hopkinson1 i4 #acb2 ii4 #aaa ,hopwood1 ii4 #cif ,hornblower1 ii4 #ecf ,horncastle1 i4 #ejb ,horne1 ii4 #cbe1 #cbf ,horrocks1 ii4 #ig ,horsley1 ii4 #ajb1 #aaj ,horton1 i4 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhb ,hoton1 i4 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhb1 #ecc ,hough1 i4 #daf1 #dag ,houghton1 i4 #abc1 #aef1 #bbj1 #bic1 #ded1 #deh1 #dfa1 #ebh2 ii4 #dee ,howard1 i4 #hc1 #hd1 #bji2 ii4 #aab1 #cfi ,howe1 i4 #dai2 ii4 #hd1 #id ,howson1 ii4 #ccd ,hubbart1 i4 #aeh ,hudden1 ii4 #cii ,hudson1 ii4 #cid1 #cii1 #dja ,hughes1 i4 #aeh1 #agc1 #big2 ii4 #bij1 #big1 #djd1 #ecd1 #ece ,hullmandel1 ii4 #ebf ,hulme1 i4 #ejc2 ii4 #beh1 #bhc1 #cib ,hulse1 ii4 #cie1 #dje ,humble1 i4 #dfg2 ii4 #de ,humy1 ii4 #ecg ,hunt1 i4 #bie2 ii4 #aeh1 #bjb1 #ece1 #ecf ,hunter1 i4 #ahf2 ii4 #gd1 #gh ,huntsmann1 ii4 #ecb ,hurll1 ii4 #eaf1 #eag ,hurt1 ii4 #adc ,hrten1 ii4 #agd1 #aha ,hurter1 ii4 #ie ,hutchings1 i4 #aig1 #dgb2 ii4 #cei ,hutchinson1 i4 #dfg ,hutton1 ii4 #fb1 #fc1 #ff ,huxham1 i4 #cai ,hyatt1 ii4 #ecf1 #ecg ,illingworth1 ii4 #ebh ,ince1 ii4 #adc ,ingham1 i4 #dib ,inglefield1 i4 #agi et seq42 ii4 #ga ,inglett1 i4 #cdd ,isaacs1 ii4 #bha ,ivimey1 ii4 #ecf ,jablonowski1 ii4 #ebh ,jackson1 i4 #afa1 #ebj2 ii4 #f1 #bcg1 #daj1 #daf1 #ece1 #ecf1 #ecg ,jacob1 ii4 #ecj ,jger1 ii4 #abf1 #abi ,james1 i4 #acf1 #big1 #cbg1 #cch1 #cea1 #chi1 #cij1 #cie1 #cig2 ii4 #ej1 #fg1 #dea ,jamieson1 ii4 #eba ,jansen1 i4 #bcb ,jardin1 ii4 #ecj ,jarvis1 i4 #aci1 #ebj1 #ebh ,jasper1 i4 #ij ,jay1 i4 #agg ,jeannest1 ii4 #aid ,jenkinson1 ii4 #cfe1 #cff ,jenks1 ii4 #ga1 #gb ,jennings1 ii4 #ebh ,jenny1 ii4 #ddb ,jensen1 ii4 #ecf ,jerrad1 ii4 #djg ,jersey1 i4 #bag1 #bah ,jervis1 i4 #ccg ,jessop1 ii4 #fh1 #abg ,jewel1 i4 #cbj ,jewitt1 i4 #c1 #bcd1 #dah1 #dij2 ii4 #abb1 #abd1 #cbf ,jinks1 i4 #ahj et seq42 ii4 #ga1 #gb ,jobson1 ii4 #ecj1 #ecb ,john1 i4 #cbj ,johnson1 i4 #acc1 #acd1 #afj1 #age1 #agf1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #cbb1 #dai1 #dbj1 #ddd1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #dfe2 ii4 #ba1 #ci1 #fb1 #aaj1 #abd1 #ahe1 #caj1 #caa1 #cae1 #caf1 #cbj1 #cbh1 #cce1 #cfe1 #cii1 #dja1 #dab1 #dbj1 #def1 #dhe1 #ebg1 #ebh1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #ece ,johnstone1 ii4 #ecf ,joiner1 i4 #dbc ,jones1 i4 #ajg1 #aji1 #bah1 #big1 #cab1 #cdg1 #cig1 #dcc1 #dfe2 ii4 #afj1 #bjb1 #bah1 #bbd1 #bcg1 #bdg1 #bie1 #big1 #caa1 #dja1 #ebd1 #ebe ,jonson1 i4 #ic1 #bie2 ii4 #def ,joseph1 ii4 #eca ,jowett1 ii4 #ecj ,joynson1 ii4 #bde ,jubb1 i4 #dgb ,jug1 i4 #ic ,juleff1 i4 #cdi ,kaskon1 ii4 #aae ,kay1 ii4 #ajb ,kean1 ii4 #he1 #hf1 #ia1 #id ,keat1 i4 #bia ,keeling1 i4 #aaf2 ii4 #bhj1 #bha1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caj1 #caa1 #cbh1 #cch1 #cid1 #dae1 #daf1 #dbb1 #dbg1 #ebe ,keene1 i4 #aci2 ii4 #ajb1 #aaj ,kelsall1 i4 #dib ,kemp1 ii4 #beb ,kendall1 i4 #dcc2 ii4 #f1 #acd ,kendrick1 i4 #ea1 #eb1 #ec2 ii4 #eb1 #ec ,kennedy1 ii4 #beg1 #beh1 #eaf ,kent1 i4 #baf1 #bag1 #bah2 ii4 #aef1 #aij1 #dab1 #daf ,kentish1 i4 #bji ,kerr1 i4 #bdb1 #bea2 ii4 #ebf1 #ecc1 #ech ,key1 i4 #dag2 ii4 #ajc1 #aaj ,keys1 ii4 #ic1 #ajc ,kidd1 i4 #dai1 #dbj ,kidston1 ii4 #ejf ,kinder1 ii4 #aej ,king1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #ad1 #ih1 #ii ,kirkham1 ii4 #bbh1 #bga1 #dcj1 #ebi ,kirkland1 ii4 #aaa ,kishire1 i4 #aeg ,kite1 ii4 #b1 #abi1 #ebh ,kleven1 ii4 #ecd ,kluh1 ii4 #ecf ,knight1 i4 #acc1 #acd1 #aeg1 #aeh-afj2 ii4 #ff1 #cih1 #daa1 #daf ,knowles1 ii4 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #aff ,kramer1 ii4 #eca ,lace1 ii4 #dh ,lafarque1 ii4 #ece ,lafon1 ii4 #ecj ,lake1 i4 #bja2 ii4 #ecb ,lakin1 ii4 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #cbi ,lambert1 ii4 #cie ,lancaster1 ii4 #abd1 #abe1 #adb ,lander1 ii4 #ebi ,lane1 i4 #bia ,langford1 ii4 #ecd ,langton1 ii4 #cgb ,larkin1 ii4 #ebf ,lascelles1 i4 #eba ,lauraguais1 i4 #ajg1 #aad2 ii4 #ebd ,laurence1 ii4 #ii1 #ajb ,laurent1 ii4 #ece ,lavie1 i4 #bbd ,lawrence1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #aaj1 #aaa1 #cei ,lawson1 i4 #ace ,lawton1 i4 #aif2 ii4 #aaa1 #daf ,layard1 ii4 #agh ,lea1 i4 #bba2 ii4 #bgh ,leach1 i4 #ccj ,lead1 ii4 #aaa ,leadbeater1 ii4 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc ,leak1 ii4 #bhb1 #djb1 #ebi1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ech ,lear1 ii4 #ccc1 #cdj ,leason1 ii4 #aih ,leathes1 ii4 #dhc ,lee1 i4 #bed-bfj1 #eai2 ii4 #ebi1 #ecf ,leedham1 ii4 #aei ,leeds1 i4 #baj ,leicester1 i4 #deh ,leigh2 ii4 #bge1 #bhc1 #big1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cde1 #cdg1 #daf1 #ecc ,leinster1 i4 #bag1 #bah ,legg1 i4 #baj1 #big ,leon1 ii4 #ebh ,leoni1 ii4 #ecj ,lepetit1 ii4 #ecj ,lesage1 ii4 #ecd ,leslie1 ii4 #ebf ,lesneur1 ii4 #ecj ,le ,souf1 ii4 #eca ,lesser1 ii4 #ebi ,lessore1 ii4 #cha1 #chb1 #chc1 #chd1 #che ,levetzow1 ii4 #ecf ,lewin1 i4 #abg2 ii4 #g ,lewis1 i4 #cig1 #dcc1 #ddf2 ii4 #ecj ,leyland1 i4 #dbj ,licht1 i4 #bei ,liddle1 ii4 #bfb ,lightfoot1 ii4 #cie1 #ebg ,lilly1 i4 #bdj1 #bdb2 ii4 #bjb ,lincoln1 ii4 #bbd ,lindemann1 ii4 #eca ,lindenschmidt1 i4 #gb ,lintzenich1 ii4 #ecc ,lipscombe1 ii4 #abb1 #ece ,little1 i4 #ceb1 #cec ,littler1 ii4 #bde1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #cje1 #dbb ,littringhaus1 ii4 #ece ,liversedge1 i4 #ejc ,livesley1 ii4 #cbh1 #ccf ,livingstone1 ii4 #agh ,llandig1 i4 #eae ,lloyd1 i4 #cef1 #cig2 ii4 #cij1 #dbi ,locker1 ii4 #hg1 #ic1 #bcg ,lockerbie1 ii4 #ebg ,lockett1 i4 #dag1 #dai2 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bec1 #cid1 #ecj ,lockie1 i4 #aei ,lodge1 ii4 #hi ,lomas1 ii4 #caa ,lombe1 ii4 #fa ,london1 i4 #ajh2 ii4 #ebd ,long1 ii4 #ecf ,longdon1 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaa ,longman1 i4 #ceb1 #cec ,looker1 ii4 #ebh1 #ebi ,lount1 ii4 #aff ,lovatt1 ii4 #bcc1 #bhg ,lovegrove1 ii4 #eh1 #ajb1 #aaa ,lowe1 ii4 #aba1 #abi1 #big1 #cii1 #daf1 #ddb ,lowenthal1 ii4 #ecj ,lowndes1 ii4 #bce1 #dbc ,lowton1 ii4 #id1 #aaa ,lubbock1 i4 #c ,lucas1 i4 #aci1 #dcj2 ii4 #fj1 #aaa1 #ebg ,ludwig1 i4 #aih ,luis1 ii4 #ebi ,lukis1 i4 #hh ,luson1 i4 #dd ,lutwyche1 ii4 #ebf ,lygo1 i4 #adj1 #ahd1 #ahe2 ii4 #gc1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aad ,lyne1 i4 #cig ,lysons1 i4 #afa1 #aif ,lyttle1 ii4 #ecd ,maardt1 ii4 #ecf ,macfarlane1 ii4 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ece ,machin1 ii4 #bcg1 #bch1 #bec1 #bhc1 #ccd ,macintyre1 ii4 #beh1 #eca ,macken1 i4 #djc1 #djf ,mackenzie1 ii4 #ecj1 #eca ,maclachlan1 ii4 #aaa1 #ebj ,macmillan1 ii4 #dii ,macmurdo1 i4 #bjb ,maddison1 i4 #bgg ,maddock1 ii4 #bcg1 #beg1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #big1 #ebf ,madin1 ii4 #aai1 #abd1 #abe ,maiden1 i4 #baf ,maidment1 ii4 #cja ,majoribanks1 i4 #caa2 ii4 #cfe1 #cfg1 #cgg ,makintosh1 i4 #abi2 ii4 #cbi ,malampre1 ii4 #agi ,maling1 ii4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #h ,malkin1 ii4 #afa1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bei1 #bfi1 #cfa1 #daj ,mallit1 ii4 #ebf ,malpass1 i4 #dif2 ii4 #eca1 #ecg ,mammatt1 ii4 #afc ,mann1 ii4 #ebh ,manning1 i4 #dge1 #dhj1 #eji1 #eaa1 #ebd ,mansfield1 i4 #bae2 ii4 #de1 #big ,march1 ii4 #ece ,mare1 ii4 #big1 #caj ,margueritte1 ii4 #ebh1 #ebi ,mariotti1 ii4 #ecg ,markland1 ii4 #eca ,marlborough1 ii4 #bh ,marryatt1 i4 #hg1 #cig1 #ddj1 #ded1 #dee2 ii4 #adj1 #deg1 #deh ,marsh1 i4 #bgc2 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #caa1 #cdg1 #daa1 #dab1 #dac1 #dae1 #daf ,marshall1 i4 #bjb1 #dag1 #dca2 ii4 #ebj ,marten1 i4 #dac ,martin1 i4 #aca1 #acb1 #cbj1 #cec2 ii4 #d1 #cih1 #dac1 #ece ,martins1 ii4 #ecb ,mason1 i4 #aeh1 #dde2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aeh1 #aei1 #bib1 #cae-cah1 #djd1 #dje1 #djg1 #djh1 #dac1 #ebe ,massellon1 ii4 #ecc ,massey1 ii4 #afj1 #ccc1 #cdj ,massey1 ii4 #bcg ,masterman1 i4 #dhf1 #dhh ,masters1 ii4 #ebf ,matherson1 ii4 #ebb ,matthews1 i4 #djj1 #djh-dda1 #ebg2 ii4 #dbj1 #dba ,matthewson1 ii4 #daf ,maw1 i4 #beh1 #bfc1 #cjg-cag2 ii4 #eca1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #ecf ,mawdesley1 ii4 #dbc ,may1 ii4 #caj1 #caa1 #cch ,mayer1 i4 #ddb1 #dha2 ii4 #ba1 #bd et seq41 #ed1 #ef1 #eg1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #cja1 #cjb1 #caj1 #caa1 #cai1 #ccc1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdi1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbh1 #ebh ,mayfield1 i4 #dff ,mc,adam1 ii4 #eae1 #ebh1 #eca1 #ecd ,mc,birney1 ii4 #dhh1 #dig ,mc,clintock1 ii4 #agh ,mc,dowall1 i4 #dhi ,mc,lachlan1 ii4 #aaa1 #ebj ,mc,lauchlan1 ii4 #eah ,mc,nally1 i4 #bab ,mc,nay1 ii4 #eba ,mead1 i4 #bae ,mead1 i4 #cde ,meakin1 ii4 #bie1 #bif1 #big1 #caj1 #cdj1 #cie1 #dcj1 #eca ,mear1 ii4 #dbc ,meavy1 i4 #ace ,mee1 ii4 #daf ,meer1 ii4 #ef1 #eg ,meerman1 ii4 #cfe1 #cff ,meigh1 ii4 #ahe1 #bii1 #caj-cag1 #cbj1 #cce ,meir1 i4 #ajh2 ii4 #bhh1 #big1 #dab1 #dbc1 #dcj ,melbourne1 i4 #bag1 #bah ,meli1 ii4 #bbb ,mellor1 ii4 #aaa1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bei1 #big1 #ccg ,mendheim1 ii4 #ecf ,menet1 ii4 #ece ,meredith1 ii4 #dc ,metcalfe1 ii4 #bc ,meteyard1 i4 #hj ,methven1 ii4 #ebj ,meyer1 ii4 #ecj ,michele1 ii4 #ecg ,middlemore1 ii4 #dai ,middleton1 ii4 #cjd1 #dja ,miers1 ii4 #ef1 #eg1 #dcf ,miles1 i4 #ie2 ii4 #bih1 #dea ,millengen1 i4 #dce ,miller1 ii4 #agd1 #ejh1 #eac1 #eaf1 #eca1 #ecg ,mills1 i4 #dda1 #dde2 ii4 #caa1 #dbb ,milner1 i4 #bfe ,milton1 i4 #dfb1 #eba2 ii4 #ic ,minland1 ii4 #dhf ,minton1 i4 #bbj1 #bgb1 #cjc1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dce2 ii4 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aai1 #aad1 #ahe-bah1 #bbd1 #bbi1 #bcc1 #bce1 #cgh1 #cha1 #chd1 #cif1 #djc1 #ebe1 #ebg1 #ecf1 #ech ,mitchell1 i4 #aaa1 #deg2 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdb1 #chh1 #ecd ,mobberley1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #ecf ,moffat1 ii4 #ece ,monckton1 ii4 #ece1 #ecg ,monier1 ii4 #ebi ,montagu1 i4 #cfa ,montfaucon1 i4 #dce ,monti1 ii4 #agi ,moorhouse1 ii4 #ebg ,moore1 i4 #ddd2 ii4 #a1 #aa1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aae1 #adj1 #bha1 #cah1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cdg1 #cid1 #cie1 #dji1 #dea1 #def1 #ecc ,morand1 ii4 #ecd1 #ecf ,moreau1 ii4 #ebf ,morgan1 i4 #ahh1 #aid1 #baj2 ii4 #ig1 #bga1 #bhj1 #ddf1 #ecd1 #ece1 #ecg ,morledge1 ii4 #ajb1 #aaa ,morley1 i4 #daf1 #dag1 #dde2 ii4 #caf1 #cah1 #dje1 #ecj ,morrell1 ii4 #ajb1 #adj ,morris1 i4 #cjc1 #cjd1 #dcg2 ii4 #c1 #ddb ,morrison1 ii4 #ebb ,morson1 ii4 #d ,mort1 ii4 #dh1 #di1 #ed ,mortlock1 i4 #bai1 #bbj1 #dii1 #ejh1 #eae2 ii4 #che1 #ddh ,moser1 i4 #bia ,moses1 i4 #dce ,mosley1 ii4 #fb1 #bde1 #cgb ,moss1 ii4 #bg ,mottershed1 i4 #deb ,mount ,edgcumbe1 i4 #ccc ,mourot1 ii4 #ebi ,mudge1 i4 #cai1 #cbb2 ii4 #dgc ,mufford1 ii4 #eca ,muir1 ii4 #eah ,muller1 ii4 #ece ,mullins1 ii4 #aaa ,mundy1 ii4 #acb1 #acc ,munro1 ii4 #ebb ,murphy1 ii4 #ebe ,murray1 i4 #dga2 ii4 #eab1 #eai1 #eca1 #ece1 #ecg ,musgrove1 ii4 #ajb1 #aaa ,muss1 i4 #bgc1 #bgg ,myatt1 i4 #cje1 #dba ,nadin1 ii4 #aee1 #afb1 #aff ,napier1 ii4 #ecg ,nash1 i4 #bci2 ii4 #ebg ,nasmyth1 ii4 #aid1 #ebg ,neale1 i4 #dha2 ii4 #cjj1 #cja1 #cdb1 #dab ,needham1 ii4 #b1 #fb1 #abi1 #eba1 #ebg1 #ebh ,negretti1 ii4 #ebi ,nel1 i4 #abg ,nelson1 i4 #aci2 ii4 #eca ,nesbitt1 i4 #baf ,neville1 i4 #ec2 ii4 #ebi ,newbold1 ii4 #dbj1 #dbb ,newcastle1 ii4 #he ,newsmarch1 i4 #fj ,newton1 i4 #ebj2 ii4 #ebf1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #ece ,nicholson1 i4 #dhf1 #dhh ,nickels1 ii4 #ebe ,nicklin1 ii4 #ecf ,nightingale1 i4 #chg1 #chh ,nimms1 ii4 #ecc ,nixon1 ii4 #dje1 #dbc ,nollekins1 i4 #ahh1 #aij1 #bja1 #bjb ,nore1 i4 #bbj ,norman1 i4 #cie1 #dbj1 #ddd1 #ddf1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dee ,north1 i4 #dhd1 #dhe ,northampton1 i4 #d1 #cc1 #bjb ,northcote1 i4 #cai1 #cca ,northen1 i4 #aec2 ii4 #ebi1 #ecj ,northumberland1 ii4 #hd1 #id ,northwood1 ii4 #cfg ,nourisson1 ii4 #ebh ,nugent1 i4 #cec ,nuneham1 i4 #baf ,oade1 i4 #afa ,oakes1 ii4 #aaj1 #bhj ,oates1 ii4 #cei ,okell1 ii4 #db ,okolowicz1 ii4 #ech ,oldfield1 ii4 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba ,oldham1 ii4 #cda ,oliver1 i4 #dj1 #bbd ,omai1 i4 #ccg ,o',neil1 i4 #ahb ,onions1 ii4 #afa1 #bcg ,opie1 i4 #cca ,orchard1 i4 #bag ,orde1 ii4 #aii ,orme1 ii4 #ajb ,orr1 ii4 #ecc ,orton1 ii4 #aed ,osborne1 i4 #ace1 #bji ,osgood1 i4 #abg ,oswald1 ii4 #eca1 #ece ,oulsnam1 ii4 #big ,overley1 i4 #big ,overton1 i4 #big ,owen1 i4 #ach1 #cce1 #cej1 #ced1 #cef1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cgi1 #chc1 #chh1 #cij1 #cid1 #cif1 #cig2 ii4 #dhj ,page1 ii4 #cif ,paget1 i4 #ace2 ii4 #ecg ,pain1 ii4 #bch ,palliser1 i4 #aie2 ii4 #hd1 #ib1 #deg ,palm1 ii4 #ebg ,palmer1 i4 #id2 ii4 #cjj1 #cja1 #cje1 #dab1 #ebf ,palmere1 i4 #bhf ,palmerston1 i4 #baf ,pankhurst1 ii4 #cch1 #cci ,panzetta1 i4 #aci ,pardoe1 ii4 #dda1 #ddh1 #ddi ,pargeter1 ii4 #cfg ,parker1 i4 #bgc1 #ccd2 ii4 #d1 #ad1 #bh1 #aaf1 #bhh1 #cfj1 #ebe ,parkes1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,parkinson1 ii4 #eca ,parr1 i4 #aif ,parrish1 i4 #dda1 #ddi2 ii4 #ajb ,parrot1 i4 #cig2 ii4 #bcg1 #big ,parry1 ii4 #adb1 #ecj ,parsons1 i4 #dgb2 ii4 #g ,partridge1 i4 #big ,pascall1 i4 #afg2 ii4 #ebh1 #ebi ,passerio1 i4 #dce ,patience1 i4 #ceb et seq4 ,patterson1 ii4 #g1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #ecf ,patton1 ii4 #e1 #g ,payler1 i4 #cig ,payne1 i4 #agg1 #ebj2 ii4 #ebg ,peacock1 ii4 #db ,peake1 ii4 #afj1 #bba ,pearce1 ii4 #cgg ,pearson1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #abd1 #abe1 #bie ,peartree1 i4 #ace ,peel1 ii4 #bjb ,pegg1 i4 #cjb2 ii4 #ic1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abb ,peigner1 ii4 #ece ,peirce1 i4 #agg ,pellatt1 ii4 #bic ,pennington1 ii4 #ca1 #ch-db1 #aab ,pepper1 i4 #aag2 ii4 #ebe ,perrelle1 ii4 #ecg ,perrens1 i4 #bfj ,perrin1 i4 #bba ,perry1 ii4 #ece1 #ecf ,pether1 i4 #aef ,petrie1 ii4 #ebi ,phillips1 i4 #ccb1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #djh2 ii4 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #aji1 #aab1 #aad1 #aaf1 #abg1 #bfh1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bih1 #cja1 #caa1 #cbj1 #cgg1 #dbj1 #ecf ,pidding1 ii4 #ebg ,piercey1 ii4 #ecc ,piggot1 i4 #agi et seq42 ii4 #ga ,pilkington1 ii4 #fb1 #aaf1 #abe1 #acc1 #aea ,pindar1 i4 #bgb1 #ccg2 ii4 #bdc1 #beh1 #bei ,pinkerton1 ii4 #dhd1 #ebg ,piranesi1 i4 #dce ,pitman1 ii4 #ddb ,pitt1 i4 #cbb2 ii4 #hd ,place1 i4 #dfj1 #dfa1 #dhi ,planch1 ii4 #eg1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg ,plant1 ii4 #cih1 #djd1 #dba ,platt1 ii4 #big1 #eca ,plot1 i4 #gf1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #bfa1 #deh2 ii4 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #def ,plowes1 i4 #dhe1 #dib ,plowright1 ii4 #ab ,plymouth1 i4 #bbd2 ii4 #hd ,pochin1 ii4 #ebh ,podmore1 ii4 #ce1 #cg1 #bha1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbi ,pointon1 ii4 #bcg1 #bga ,pole1 ii4 #cj1 #dc ,polwhele1 i4 #cbc ,poole1 ii4 #bah1 #bba1 #bdf1 #bea1 #beb1 #big1 #cbi1 #djc1 #dbg1 #ebe1 #ebg ,pope1 i4 #chc2 ii4 #big ,popham1 i4 #dib ,port1 ii4 #da ,porter1 ii4 #ajb1 #aab ,portland1 i4 #baj2 ii4 #cfe1 #cff ,postill1 ii4 #ecc ,potter1 i4 #dea ,potts1 ii4 #ebe ,poulson1 ii4 #ahf1 #ahg1 #caj ,poulton1 ii4 #ecj ,pountney1 i4 #djj1 #dja ,powell1 i4 #djb1 #djc1 #djg2 ii4 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca ,powis1 i4 #bag1 #bah ,pownall1 ii4 #ahf1 #ahg ,pratt1 i4 #dhi2 ii4 #aab1 #cjj1 #djg1 #daj1 #dab1 #ebg1 #ecj1 #ecc1 #ecg ,prentice1 ii4 #ecj ,prestwich1 i4 #bge-bij ,price1 i4 #bia1 #big1 #djb2 ii4 #aej1 #ecb ,prideaux1 i4 #cbg2 ii4 #ebh ,pridham1 i4 #ccb ,prince1 i4 #ejj2 ii4 #aab1 #dbj1 #eca1 #ecd ,pritchard1 i4 #ada1 #bgg ,pritchett1 i4 #bbd ,prockter1 i4 #ahi1 #djg ,procter1 ii4 #bgb1 #cic1 #cie1 #cif1 #djc1 #djg1 #dbc ,proeffel1 i4 #cig ,prosser1 i4 #cab1 #dcc2 ii4 #aii1 #bjb1 #ebh1 #ebi ,protat1 ii4 #aid ,proudman1 ii4 #aff ,pugh1 i4 #bhi1 #bhd2 ii4 #bdc ,pugin1 ii4 #fc1 #aii1 #bjf1 #bcb ,pulham1 i4 #dbg1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #dca ,pulleine1 i4 #dhh ,purden1 i4 #dba ,putley1 i4 #bie ,pye-,smith1 i4 #afe ,pyne1 ii4 #ebg ,quin1 i4 #bia ,quinton1 i4 #ddi2 ii4 #afi ,raby1 i4 #cjc1 #dja2 ii4 #cdb ,radford1 ii4 #cih1 #dbj ,raleigh1 i4 #bia1 #big1 #bih ,ramsey1 i4 #ia1 #ib2 ii4 #ebd1 #ecg ,randall1 i4 #bag1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bgc1 #bhf1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cjd2 ii4 #ddh ,randle-,wilkinson1 ii4 #dcj ,ransome1 i4 #afb-afe1 #ded ,ranson1 ii4 #eca ,ratcliffe1 ii4 #cjg ,rathbone1 ii4 #bg1 #dh1 #big1 #dbc ,rawlins1 i4 #cij1 #dbg ,ray1 ii4 #ecf ,read1 i4 #ace1 #dje2 ii4 #afa1 #bce ,redgrave1 i4 #deb ,redhead1 ii4 #c ,redrich1 i4 #aji2 ii4 #ebd ,reed1 i4 #dib1 #dic1 #eaj1 #eac1 #ead1 #eah2 ii4 #ccb1 #ddb ,reeks1 i4 #acc1 #cji ,rees1 ii4 #ecd ,reeves1 i4 #dag2 ii4 #djh1 #daf ,reid1 ii4 #cg1 #ch1 #ebg ,rmond1 ii4 #ebg ,rendle1 ii4 #ecc ,repton1 ii4 #djj1 #dja ,reynolds1 i4 #ajc1 #acj1 #cca1 #cce1 #cgg1 #dag1 #ded2 ii4 #id1 #bjc1 #bjf1 #dda1 #ebf ,rhodes1 i4 #aig1 #ddb2 ii4 #abd1 #bgb1 #cei1 #ecg ,rice1 ii4 #ecf ,rich1 ii4 #afi1 #bdb ,richard1 ii4 #ddd ,richards1 ii4 #djg1 #djh ,richardson1 i4 #bih2 ii4 #ebg1 #ebh1 #ecj1 #eca ,richmond1 i4 #ebh2 ii4 #adb1 #ebi ,rickaby1 ii4 #aa ,ricketts1 ii4 #ddd ,rickman1 i4 #ddj1 #dda ,rickuss1 ii4 #ccj1 #ebh ,riddal1 i4 #acc ,riddle1 ii4 #cie ,ridgway1 i4 #daa-dac1 #dfc1 #dfd2 ii4 #bii1 #cja1 #caj1 #caa1 #caf1 #cah-cbd1 #ccj1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cci1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ebg ,rigg1 ii4 #db1 #dc ,riggs1 ii4 #dcb1 #dcc ,rigley1 i4 #bab2 ii4 #aja1 #ajb ,rigollet1 i4 #gb ,riley1 ii4 #beh1 #bgc1 #bhj ,ring1 i4 #acg1 #ach1 #ced et seq4 ,rius1 i4 #ij1 #ia ,rivers1 ii4 #caa ,rivett1 ii4 #eh ,robbins1 ii4 #ecd1 #ecf ,roberts1 i4 #agi1 #ahb et seq41 #bfe1 #big1 #cjc1 #dhi2 ii4 #ga1 #gb1 #aab1 #cei1 #ebg1 #ecj ,robertson1 i4 #g1 #id2 ii4 #abb ,robey1 ii4 #ecf ,robi1 ii4 #dci ,robiglio1 ii4 #adc ,robins1 i4 #acc1 #acd1 #aea1 #afj1 #bbj1 #cjb2 ii4 #ajb1 #adj1 #ddh ,robinson1 i4 #cbj2 ii4 #dj1 #ib1 #aab1 #acd1 #aeh1 #aff1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bij1 #cib1 #cii1 #djj1 #dja1 #djc1 #ecb ,robotham1 ii4 #eca ,robson1 ii4 #cfj ,rochette1 i4 #dce ,rockingham1 i4 #bai1 #did1 #dih ,rockley1 ii4 #aab ,rockliffe1 ii4 #ech ,roden1 i4 #big1 #bih ,roebuck1 ii4 #ebj ,rogers1 ii4 #d1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aab1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #dea ,rollason1 ii4 #ecj ,roscoe1 ii4 #di ,rose1 i4 #bfi1 #bgd-bij1 #cje1 #ddh1 #dej1 #deb1 #dfd2 ii4 #aje1 #aab1 #aha1 #dci1 #ddi1 #ecf ,rosenberg1 ii4 #ebh ,ross1 i4 #ahh1 #bcb1 #bce ,rossi1 i4 #aci ,rosson1 ii4 #ce ,roubilliac1 i4 #dce ,round1 ii4 #ecd ,rous1 i4 #ij1 #ia1 #acc2 ii4 #ebd ,rouse1 ii4 #aab ,routledge1 i4 #aci ,rowbottom1 ii4 #acc ,rowland1 ii4 #adj ,rowley1 ii4 #aeh1 #afa1 #bch1 #cih1 #ebg ,ruelle1 i4 #aih ,rufford1 i4 #bfj ,ruhl1 ii4 #afh1 #aih ,rupert1 i4 #dgb ,rushworth1 i4 #aci ,russell1 i4 #aic1 #dhe2 ii4 #abg1 #ecj ,rutland1 i4 #bgc ,ruysbranch1 i4 #ccc ,sacheverell1 ii4 #dhc ,sadler1 i4 #baa1 #bcj2 ii4 #bf et seq41 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #hh1 #bgi1 #cej ,sale1 ii4 #daf ,saliby1 i4 #ace ,salt1 ii4 #cdj ,salway1 i4 #bbd ,sanby1 ii4 #id1 #ajg ,sandby1 i4 #ahg2 ii4 #ej ,sanders1 i4 #baf2 ii4 #daf1 #ebg1 #ebh ,sandford1 ii4 #caa1 #ebe ,sandys1 i4 #bji1 #bbb ,sans1 i4 #gf1 #ajd2 ii4 #bda ,saqui1 i4 #cca1 #ccb1 #cig ,sartine1 ii4 #aab ,saunders1 i4 #cec1 #cig1 #daa-dac ,scarratt1 ii4 #ecb ,schrieber1 i4 #bjj1 #bjf1 #baa1 #cha1 #cij1 #cif ,scots1 i4 #afj ,scott1 ii4 #a1 #aj1 #ab1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #ece ,scrivener1 ii4 #cda1 #chf1 #djg1 #ecb ,seago1 i4 #dde1 #ddf1 #dej ,sealy1 i4 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #aec ,seaton1 i4 #dhi ,seddon1 ii4 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bif1 #ebf ,sedley1 i4 #dbj ,sefton1 i4 #dag2 ii4 #bh ,seithen1 ii4 #ebh1 #ecj ,selby1 i4 #dag1 #dig ,sewell1 ii4 #f ,sha1 i4 #bja ,shackleton1 i4 #dhe ,shakespear1 i4 #ahf ,sharp1 i4 #dhf1 #dif2 ii4 #hg1 #ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #ebh1 #eca ,sharratt1 ii4 #abe ,shaw1 i4 #if1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aif1 #bja1 #bff1 #big2 ii4 #ai et seq41 #cd1 #aje1 #aei1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bgj1 #bhj1 #bif1 #caj1 #cdf1 #cih1 #cii1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbf1 #dcd1 #ebd1 #ece ,sheen1 ii4 #aab ,sheffield1 ii4 #hf ,shelley1 i4 #dib2 ii4 #djg1 #daa ,shepherd1 i4 #ace ,sheppard1 i4 #bah ,sheridan1 i4 #bab1 #baf2 ii4 #cij1 #ech ,sherman1 i4 #ahh ,sherrin1 ii4 #dea ,sherwood1 i4 #cgg ,shillito1 i4 #ejc ,shipley1 ii4 #ajb1 #aaa ,shirley1 ii4 #ajc1 #cig ,shore1 i4 #afa1 #afb1 #aff1 #ebg ,shorter1 ii4 #cif ,shorthose1 ii4 #dca ,shrewsbury1 ii4 #aii ,shrigley1 ii4 #bea1 #beb1 #eah ,shubotham1 ii4 #djd ,shuter1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,siddons1 ii4 #cfe1 #cff ,sidney1 i4 #dic1 #eah ,siemens1 i4 #aea2 ii1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ecc1 #ecg ,silbermann1 ii4 #ebh ,silk1 i4 #bgc ,simcock1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,simes1 ii4 #ajc1 #aab ,simpson1 i4 #gf1 #hi1 #ij1 #afh1 #aif1 #cjd1 #deb1 #eag2 ii4 #ea1 #eb1 #aab1 #abe1 #aic1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #big1 #caa1 #cdb1 #daf1 #dbj1 #ebf ,sims1 i4 #afc-afe1 #ded ,singer1 i4 #aef2 ii4 #ebe ,skardon1 i4 #ccd ,skelson1 ii4 #cih1 #djd ,skelton1 ii4 #ecf ,sketchley1 i4 #cgh2 ii4 #ebi1 #ecj ,skey1 i4 #dbe1 #dbf ,skidmore1 i4 #aaf2 ii4 #ebe ,skinner1 ii4 #b1 #ac1 #ad1 #ebf ,slater1 ii4 #aab1 #chh ,smeaton1 i4 #ccg ,smith1 i4 #bd1 #bh1 #bi1 #ci1 #fb1 #gb1 #hg1 #ace1 #ahh1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bge1 #big1 #chb1 #chc1 #chh1 #chi1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #deb1 #def1 #deg1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #dhh1 #dhi2 ii4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aab1 #aac1 #adb1 #afc1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #big1 #cci1 #djc1 #daa1 #dhc1 #ebf1 #ebg1 #ecb1 #ece1 #ecf1 #ecg ,sneyd1 ii4 #caa ,snowball1 ii4 #aa ,snowdon1 i4 #aha et seq41 #cha2 ii4 #ab1 #gb ,soar1 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aac ,solander1 i4 #ccg ,solon1 ii4 #bjg ,son1 ii4 #ajb ,sonman1 i4 #acd ,soqui1 i4 #cca ,southall1 ii4 #aac ,southorn1 i4 #big-bii ,southwell1 i4 #bji ,sowter1 i4 #eai ,spackman1 i4 #aad2 ii4 #ebd ,sparks1 ii4 #ccb ,speight1 i4 #ejc1 #eae1 #ebd ,spence1 ii4 #ebd1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ecd ,spencer1 ii4 #cc1 #ed1 #he1 #ebf1 #ece ,spengler1 ii4 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if ,spershot1 ii4 #ebe ,spiller1 ii4 #ecj ,spinney1 ii4 #ebe ,spittle1 ii4 #ebh ,spode1 ii4 #aji1 #afg-ahd1 #ahe1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bii1 #cif1 #daj1 #dac1 #dad1 #daf ,spooner1 ii4 #ij1 #ajb1 #aaj ,spremont1 i4 #afh1 #agj1 #agc-aih2 ii4 #gj1 #ajg ,sprott1 ii4 #ejg ,stables1 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aac ,stafford1 i4 #def ,stairs1 i4 #baj ,staley1 ii4 #aeh1 #aei ,stamford1 ii4 #bdd1 #cei ,stamp1 i4 #dfd ,standing1 i4 #dac ,stanesby1 ii4 #aac ,stanhope1 ii4 #eh ,stanley1 i4 #dbg2 ii4 #cie ,stanway1 ii4 #bah1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bdf1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #dbg ,stark1 ii4 #djg ,statham1 ii4 #bi ,st4 ,berry1 i4 #ace ,steel1 ii4 #ic1 #aac1 #aic1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bgj1 #ccc1 #cdi ,steen1 ii4 #daf ,steer1 i4 #cdd2 ii4 #cj1 #gc ,steigewald1 ii4 #ebg ,stenny1 ii4 #dhh ,stenson1 ii4 #ajf ,stephan1 i4 #cje2 ii4 #ic1 #ig ,stephens1 i4 #age1 #agf1 #baf1 #ceh1 #cig2 ii4 #aac1 #big ,stephenson1 i4 #bji1 #baf1 #deb1 #dga2 ii4 #f1 #hg1 #cda1 #dhd ,stevens1 i4 #cec2 ii4 #dcf ,stevenson1 ii4 #ic1 #bcf1 #bij1 #big1 #dca1 #eah ,stewart1 i4 #dfc ,stiff1 i4 #ada-add ,stirrup1 ii4 #cic ,st4 ,john1 i4 #beh1 #cjg ,stocker1 ii4 #ebf1 #ece1 #ecf ,stokes1 ii4 #dgj ,stone1 i4 #afj1 #aac2 ii4 #big ,stove1 i4 #ccj ,stow1 i4 #ij1 #bif ,street1 i4 #caj2 ii4 #eje ,stringer1 ii4 #ahf1 #aih1 #cde ,stringfellow1 ii4 #dgi1 #dhj ,strong1 ii4 #fb ,struthers1 ii4 #eca ,strutt1 ii4 #fa1 #id ,stubbs1 i4 #bae1 #bah2 ii4 #bfa1 #cda1 #cdc1 #djd ,sully1 i4 #dae1 #daf ,sumner1 ii4 #bbd ,sundell1 ii4 #cje ,sussex1 i4 #ejd1 #ead ,sutherland1 i4 #ead2 ii4 #aii1 #cfg1 #chh1 #dje ,sutton1 ii4 #bcg1 #bha1 #cjg1 #daf ,swallow1 i4 #aff ,swan1 ii4 #chh ,sweatman1 ii4 #ecd ,swedenborg1 i4 #ccg ,swift1 ii4 #bea ,swinton1 i4 #dee ,sydney1 i4 #afg ,tabor1 i4 #bag ,talor1 i4 #ajc2 ii4 #bda ,tams1 ii4 #cib1 #cii ,tamworth1 ii4 #afj ,tatham1 i4 #dce ,tatlow1 ii4 #aac ,tayler1 ii4 #ajb ,taylor1 i4 #cee et seq41 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dib1 #dic1 #eag2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aac1 #aeb1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bgc1 #bhj1 #big1 #caj1 #caa1 #cai1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cec1 #cid1 #dja1 #dcf1 #ecg ,tearne1 ii4 #ebi ,tebbs1 ii4 #ecg ,telwright1 ii4 #aej1 #cjf1 #cjg ,tennyson1 ii4 #bbc ,thenard1 ii4 #ecc ,thomas1 i4 #agd1 #age1 #ahj et seq42 ii4 #fe1 #gj1 #deg ,thomason1 ii4 #hg1 #aae ,thompson1 i4 #dhi2 ii4 #a1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #afa1 #ece ,thomson1 ii4 #eae ,thoresby1 i4 #aef1 #dfj1 #dff1 #ebh ,thorley1 ii4 #cdc ,thorn1 i4 #cag ,thorneloe1 i4 #bbd ,thorneycroft1 ii4 #ebf ,thornhill1 i4 #ahh2 ii4 #c ,throsby1 i4 #dah ,thursfield1 i4 #bfh1 #big1 #cjd1 #cje ,thwaites1 ii4 #ece ,tideswell1 ii4 #djd ,tilbury1 i4 #eae ,tildesley1 ii4 #eca ,tilewright1 ii4 #aej ,tilghman1 ii4 #ece ,till1 ii4 #aei1 #bcg1 #bha1 #bhb1 #cig1 #dja1 #daj ,tingle1 ii4 #ebi ,tinsley1 ii4 #bgi ,tissington1 ii4 #adc ,titensor1 ii4 #cjg ,toft1 i4 #gf1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ii4 #ef1 #aeb1 #bci1 #bda1 #caj1 #caa1 #cba1 #cch1 #cha1 #ebh ,tolhausen1 ii4 #ebh ,tomkinson1 ii4 #dbh ,tomkis1 i4 #bii ,tomlinson1 i4 #dhi et seq4 ,tomson1 ii4 #aae ,tongue1 ii4 #ecc1 #ecd ,tonks1 ii4 #ebi ,tooth1 ii4 #ebf1 #ebh ,torr1 ii4 #ecf ,tosh1 i4 #daa ,town1 i4 #cef ,townsend1 ii4 #cih1 #cii ,trewhitt1 ii4 #ebf ,trible1 ii4 #deg ,triquet1 i4 #aih ,trollope1 i4 #hg ,trotter1 i4 #afj ,trundell1 ii4 #aaa ,tucker1 ii4 #ecg ,tuckett1 i4 #cce ,tufnel1 i4 #cdd ,tugby1 ii4 #afb1 #ece ,tundley1 ii4 #bgb ,tunnicliffe1 ii4 #aef1 #ccd1 #dbc1 #ebf ,tunstall1 ii4 #bcf ,turley1 ii4 #bjb ,turner1 i1 #aag1 #bce1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfg-bij1 #dee1 #ejh2 ii4 #dh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #afh1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aid1 #bah1 #bba1 #bda1 #bfe1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cje1 #dah1 #dbh1 #dcg1 #ddh1 #ebe1 #ecb ,twells1 i4 #dag ,twemlow1 ii4 #caa ,twigg1 i4 #ejg1 #ebg ,twisleton1 i4 #baf ,twiss1 i4 #bah ,twyford1 i4 #aja2 ii4 #caj1 #ccd1 #cdb1 #cdc ,tyler1 i4 #bie2 ii4 #cga1 #ebb ,tynes1 i4 #hi1 #ij ,tyrrell1 ii4 #ajf ,tyrwhitt1 i4 #dej ,ulmann1 ii4 #ecg ,underwood1 i4 #bcc2 ii4 #hi ,unwin1 i4 #aig1 #djc ,upton1 i4 #dhe ,vanderkist1 i4 #bji ,van ,hamme1 ii4 #ebd ,varcoe1 ii4 #ahg1 #aij ,varley1 ii4 #acj1 #ece ,vatcher1 ii4 #ecg ,vazie1 ii4 #ebe ,veale1 ii4 #ebf ,venables1 ii4 #bcg1 #bei1 #cdd1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #ecj ,vere1 i4 #bji1 #bag ,vernon1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #cef2 ii4 #bcg1 #bci1 #bgi1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #ecg ,vidal1 ii4 #aac ,vidie1 ii4 #ecc ,vigers1 ii4 #ebi ,vigor1 i4 #cec ,vincent1 i4 #ccg ,voigne1 i4 #cbj ,von ,levetzow1 ii4 #ece ,vowell1 i4 #dje ,voyez1 ii4 #bii1 #cjj ,vulliamy1 i4 #adj2 ii4 #id1 #aab ,wade1 ii4 #big ,wager1 i4 #efc ,waghorn1 i4 #aff1 #afg ,wagstaffe1 i4 #aef1 #afj ,wainwright1 i4 #dfi1 #dgb1 #eai ,waite1 ii4 #acc ,wakefield1 i4 #dbg ,wakeman1 ii4 #dfg1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgc1 #dge ,walcot1 i4 #ccg ,walker1 i4 #aei1 #bfj1 #bgg-bij1 #chg1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ebj2 ii4 #e1 #f1 #ac1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #bbd1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #cid1 #dbc1 #dbi1 #dch1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dhe1 #ebf1 #ecb1 #ecc ,wall1 i4 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bff2 ii4 #cba1 #ebf1 #ebh ,wallace1 ii4 #c ,walley1 ii4 #bie ,wallis1 ii4 #fj1 #fd1 #id ,walpole1 i4 #aga1 #ahh1 #baa1 #dfj1 #dfa ,walsh1 i4 #ddi ,walter1 ii4 #ecj ,walters1 ii4 #cic1 #cie ,walton1 i4 #aeh1 #ccg2 ii4 #bcg1 #dca ,warburton1 i4 #dgc2 ii4 #a1 #f1 #bcf1 #bie1 #bif1 #big1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj ,ward1 i4 #aif1 #big2 ii4 #bce1 #bcg1 #cjf1 #caa1 #daf ,wardle1 i4 #ebf1 #ebg2 ii4 #ajb1 #aaj1 #aac ,wareham1 ii4 #ebg ,warland1 i4 #abh ,warmstrey1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbg ,warne1 i4 #i1 #ei ,warner1 i4 #acd1 #ace1 #afj1 #aih ,warren1 i4 #bag1 #bah2 ii4 #e1 #ca ,wart1 ii4 #bjb ,water1 i4 #aah ,waterhouse1 i4 #cjf ,waters1 i4 #aej2 ii4 #ebe ,wathews1 ii4 #ajb1 #aac ,watkins1 i4 #aga ,watkinson1 i4 #bah ,watson1 ii4 #aac ,watt1 i4 #cff ,watts1 i4 #add2 ii4 #afb1 #aff ,waught1 i4 #dac ,way1 ii4 #ebg ,wear1 ii4 #caf ,weatherby1 i4 #bjj et seq42 ii4 #big ,weaver1 ii4 #aah1 #agg1 #aha ,webb1 i4 #beh1 #cjd1 #cec1 #cig2 ii4 #aij1 #cic1 #ebh1 #ech ,webber1 ii4 #ic1 #aac1 #aad ,webberley1 ii4 #djd ,webster1 i4 #bbh1 #dfc2 ii4 #ic1 #ajb1 #aad1 #abe1 #ddb1 #ddi1 #ecg ,wedekind1 ii4 #ecb ,wedgwood1 i4 #id1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #acg1 #afh1 #age1 #aif1 #aig1 #baa1 #bge-bij1 #cfe et seq41 #ddb1 #dfg1 #dgd1 #dgf1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dha1 #dhg1 #dhi et seq41 #ebc2 ii4 #ad1 #cj et seq41 #ea1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #id1 #ig1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aji1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bbb1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1 #bga1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bhg1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cae1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccc1 #cce1 #cch1 #cde-che1 #chi1 #dja1 #dac1 #dad1 #dag1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #dcf1 #ebd1 #ebe ,weigall1 i4 #dce ,weigelin1 ii4 #ecf ,wellesley1 i4 #aic ,wellington1 ii4 #bbb ,wells1 ii4 #ajb1 #aad ,welsby1 ii4 #ec ,wenden1 i4 #ace ,wesley1 ii4 #bdb1 #dha ,west1 i4 #aci ,westaby1 ii4 #dae1 #daf ,westendarp1 ii4 #ebi ,westerland1 ii4 #ecd ,whalley1 ii4 #ac1 #ad1 #ebf ,wheatstone1 i4 #dia ,wheeldon1 ii4 #aad ,wheeler1 i4 #cjc ,wheldon1 ii4 #acd ,whetstone1 i4 #dbb ,wheway1 i4 #dbg ,whieldon1 ii4 #afg1 #afh1 #ahe1 #bcb1 #bdb1 #cdi1 #dab1 #dac-dbj ,whishaw1 ii4 #ebf ,whitaker1 ii4 #ajb1 #aji1 #aad ,whitburn1 ii4 #ece ,white1 i4 #ajg1 #aad1 #abh1 #abi1 #aec1 #bji2 ii4 #caa1 #ebd1 #ebe ,whitehall1 ii4 #aaj ,whitfield1 i4 #bji1 #baj ,whithead1 ii4 #big1 #caa1 #cab1 #ccd1 #ecg ,whitiall1 ii4 #ajb ,whittington1 ii4 #abb1 #bbd1 #bgb1 #bhj ,wiggleworth1 i4 #dib ,wigtoun1 i4 #bfe ,wilbaux1 ii4 #ece ,wilberforce1 i4 #eba ,wilcock1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,wildblood1 ii4 #ahe ,wilde1 i4 #acc1 #acd1 #afj2 ii4 #dei1 #dfa1 #dfc ,wileman1 ii4 #aei1 #daa ,wilkes1 i4 #bja1 #ddh ,wilkinson1 i4 #ebf1 #ebg2 ii4 #aa1 #adb1 #cca1 #dha ,wilksone1 i4 #big ,williams1 i4 #bji1 #baj1 #cig1 #dbg1 #ddf2 ii4 #bga1 #bhj1 #cdj1 #ddf1 #ece1 #ecg ,williamson1 i4 #aad2 ii4 #cg1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #dba1 #ebd ,willit1 i4 #cec2 ii4 #bhb1 #cdj ,wills1 i4 #bai ,wilm1 ii4 #ii1 #cha ,wilshaw1 ii4 #bch ,wilson1 i4 #aei1 #cbj1 #djd1 #dfg1 #ejf2 ii4 #c1 #g1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #adc1 #aff1 #cja1 #cbj1 #dii1 #ejc1 #ebe1 #eca1 #ecd ,wilton1 i4 #dec ,wiltshaw1 ii4 #bgj ,windsor1 i4 #bbd ,wingfield1 ii4 #aad ,winrow1 ii4 #aad ,winstanley1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #cei ,winter1 i4 #bgf-bij2 ii4 #dbd ,winwood1 i4 #ceg ,wirth1 ii4 #ecg ,wise1 i4 #dd1 #df ,wisker1 i4 #aef1 #afj2 ii4 #ebe ,withers1 i4 #bff2 ii4 #fb1 #ic1 #ajc1 #aad ,withinshaw1 ii4 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bgh ,wohlgemuth1 ii4 #ebi ,wolfe1 ii4 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bce ,wollams1 i4 #ahj-ahd2 ii4 #ga1 #gb ,wolliams1 ii4 #ga ,wood1 i4 #ace1 #agi-bfj1 #dhf2 ii4 #c1 #fb1 #gc1 #aic1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhc1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bij1 #bic1 #bie1 #big1 #cii1 #dad1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #dcj1 #dcc1 #ebf1 #ecb1 #ecd1 #ecf-ech ,woodall1 ii4 #beh ,woodbury1 ii4 #ecb ,woodcroft1 i4 #abd2 ii4 #ebd ,woodhouse1 i4 #dag ,woodington1 i4 #dce ,woods1 ii4 #dc ,woodward1 ii4 #fc1 #aaj1 #aeh1 #dea1 #deb ,wooley1 ii4 #cib ,woolf1 i4 #dib1 #dic1 #eah2 ii4 #ci1 #bbd1 #dab1 #eca1 #ecb ,woorrill1 i4 #ace1 #bed2 ii4 #ebi ,wornell1 ii4 #aef ,worsnop1 ii4 #ecd ,worss1 ii4 #ecf ,worssam1 ii4 #ecb ,worthington1 ii4 #de et seq41 #cdb1 #ecb ,wrede1 i4 #dje ,wrench1 i4 #ace ,wright1 i4 #bd1 #bf1 #dd1 #ga1 #gb1 #cig1 #dcc2 ii4 #id1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #aba1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjc1 #dbc1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ecb ,wrigley1 ii4 #ece ,wyatt1 i4 #bea1 #cji et seq41 #dcc2 ii4 #bjb ,wyer1 i4 #dag ,wyke1 i4 #bfe ,wyndham1 i4 #dfj1 #dfa ,wynn1 i4 #ace1 #djd ,wyon1 ii4 #cgh ,yapp1 ii4 #eca ,yate1 i4 #bge-bij ,yates1 i4 #id2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aad1 #big1 #caj1 #caa1 #ebe ,yelland1 i4 #cbc ,yellowley1 ii4 #d ,yeo1 ii4 #dda ,yeoman1 i4 #dib ,york1 i4 #agb2 ii4 #ci ,young1 i4 #bgd1 #cje2 ii4 #h1 #ad1 #dcg1 #dda1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #eji1 #eaf1 #eag ,zambra1 ii4 #ebi ,zetland1 ii4 #eah ,,the ,,end4 ,,printed ,,by ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london4 ,,new ,,fine ,,art ,,publications ,,for #ahgh4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,turner1 ,r4,a4 ,with a ,biographical ,sketch1 and ,critical and ,descriptive ,notes4 ,by ,,james ,,dafforne4 ,with #cj ,engravings on ,steel after well-known ,pictures by the ,artist4 ,imperial #dto1 elegantly bound1 gilt edges1 price #b #bs4 ,,studies ,,by ,,sir ,,edwin ,,landseer1 ,r4,a4 ,from the ,collection of ,her ,majesty the ,queen1 and other sources4 ,with a ,history of his ,art ,life4 ,by ,w4 ,,cosmo ,,monkhouse4 ,with numerous ,illustrations never before published4 ,imperial #dto1 elegantly bound1 gilt edges1 price #b #bs4 ,a ,,new ,,series ,,of ,,pictures ,,by ,,sir ,,edwin ,,landseer1 ,r4,a4 ,with ,descriptions by ,w4 ,,cosmo ,,monkhouse4 ,containing #ag ,engravings on ,steel1 executed in the finest style by leading ,artists4 ,imperial #dto1 elegantly bound1 gilt edges1 price #bas4 ,,the ,,albert ,,memorial1 ,,hyde ,,park3 ,its ,history and ,description4 ,with numerous ,illustrations engraved on ,steel4 ,by ,,james ,,dafforne4 ,imperial #dto1 elegantly bound1 gilt edges1 price #bes4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,and ,,the ,,seven ,,churches4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,robert ,,vaughan4 ,illustrated with ,engravings on ,steel4 ,imperial #dto1 elegantly bound1 gilt edges1 price #aes4 ,,virtue ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see 8,north ,hylton40 #b ,this may be seen in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 ,london4 #c ,the following were the proportions of the ingredients used by ,pennington3--8,pennington's body1 ,march #ah1 #agfi--;,bone ashes1 #fj lb42 lyme sand1 #dj lb42 flint1 #cet frit4 ,to every #fj of the above #bj lbs4 of clay40 #d 8,christian's china body 7,january1 #agfi74 ,to #ajj parts rock3 flint1 #bd parts2 best flint glass1 #f parts2 small glass1 #f parts2 crown glass1 #f parts4 ,to every #bj lbs4 of the above put #a lb4 of salts4 ,glaze--#d china body 7foreign73 #af flint glass2 #c white lead2 #ab oz4 of pearl ashes40 #e ,many of the early productions of these works have a peculiar green tinge about them4 ,this was the effect of the copper1 which for some time tainted the manufactory4 #f ,for an account of the ,roman pot-works at ,wilderspool1 near this place1 see vol4 i4 p4 #ea4 #g ,this deed will be found printed in extenso on page #fc4 #h ,see the 8,life of ,william ,hutton and the ,history of the ,hutton ,family10 edited by ,llewellynn ,jewitt1 #ahgb1 p4 #ac4 #i ,it may be well to note that my history of the ,derby ,china ,works appeared in ,january1 #ahfb1 and ,mr4 ,chaffers' first edition of his book was published in #ahfc2 my history of these works1 and information which ,i supplied him1 being mainly the foundation of his notice4 #aj ,for all the information connected with this purchase and the removal of the ,chelsea moulds1 c41 to ,derby 7which it would be needless to repeat here7 see my account of the ,chelsea ,china ,works in the first volume of this book4 7,vol4 #a4 p4 #agf1 et seq47 #aa ,this painter is also1 besides being written ,boreman1 sometimes entered as ,bowerman1 and as ,bowman1 and is undoubtedly the same as ,mr4 ,marryat1 in his 8,history of ,porcelain10 erroneously calls ,beaumont4 ,he was afterwards employed at ,derby4 #ab ,mottoes4 #ac ,shipped for ,derby1 and therefore paid for from there4 #ad ,cordwood--charcoal4 #ae ,for other extracts from the ,weekly ,bills1 etc41 see vol4 #a41 pp4 #agi to #ahc4 #af ,the letters and other particulars concerning this demolition and removal will be found in vol4 #a1 pages #ahd-e4 #ag ,in #aghg the weekly wages paid at the works seem to have been about #cd4 ,in #agij there were eleven hands employed in gilding and eight in burnishing1 and more burnishers were required4 #ah ,a notable instance occurs with regard to the design and arrangement and pose of the figure of ,lord ,howe 7modelled by ,coffee71 the curious and interesting letters concerning which ,i possess4 ,another instance was with regard to a bust of ,sir ,richard ,arkwright1 for which1 by 8desire of ,mr4 ,strutt10 ,mr4 ,duesbury had a plaster cast taken from the face of ,sir ,richard1 and had also ,wright's picture lent him by ,mr4 ,strutt4 ,another instance occurred over a service made for the ,duchess of ,northumberland in #agie1 a letter regarding which1 in my own possession1 says that the six comports are put into ,wright's hands4 #ai ,at this time1 among other memoranda1 ,i find he had produced 8#d knife hands10 for which he was paid #c #acs4 #f;d42 and a 8small figure of ,meditation10 for which he had two guineas2 and was paid six guineas for eighteen days' work at ,aston4 #bj ,one of these letters is so amusing that ,i cannot resist printing it4 ,it is as follows3--8,,sir1--,i received your favor of the #bdth ,inst only this day1 in ,answer ,i shall tell you that on the #gth ,inst ,i wrote to ,spengler to know from whether he had settled with you that ,i might know whether ,i was discharged from my bail1 he answered me the #ith that he was working indefatigably to bring under the pretended debt 7as he call'd it7 and that he was allowed out of his weekly wages barely to maintain himself upon this ,i thought he would continue to work 'till at he had compleatly discharged your debt4 ,but how great was my astonishment when last ,saturday sen'night ,i saw him arrive1 in the most pity full condition4 ,i asked him immediately what brought hither1 and whether he had settled with you and cleared me of my responsibility1 ,i recd4 no other answer1 but that nobody would ever ask me any thing and that you owed him money2 without saying any thing more he sat down to dinner with me1 and after dinner he went up into my room to shave himself and dress his hair2 a little while after my servant going up to make my bed found him in it she told him he could not remain in the house1 all the rooms being engaged1 he begged to be left to take a little rest 7being very ill7 and he would rise again4 ,i good naturedly never intended to disturb him1 and thought him really asleep in my room6 'till #aa o'clock when ,i went up to take a few things ,i wanted ,i found he was gone1 and on looking round ,i missed several things which he has made free with to the amt4 of #d #ds4 ,notwithstanding this ,i think he is still in ,london or its vicinity4 and that he will have impudence enough to call on me or to write3 ,however ,i give up every thought of making any good of him4 ,therefore must beg you to dispose to the best advantage of those things he left in yr possession1 and to let me know what further sum is coming to you1 without any more law proceedings4 ,when ,i know your demand ,i shall endeavour to settle it with ,mr4 ,lygo to whom you may give orders for the purpose ,i remain ,sir ,yr most obedt4 ,hble servt ,h4 ,,hurter 8,london #bhth ,novr #agib0 #ba ,see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #aci to #ada4 #bb ,for an account of those works see later on in this volume4 #bc ,the following brief pedigree1 which ,i have drawn up from the parish registers1 and other sources1 gives all needful information regarding his family3-- ,,william ,,billingsley ,,mary of ,derby1 buried at survived her husband4 ,st4 ,alkmund's1 ,derby1 #dth ,march1 #aggj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,willam ,,sarah ,,sarah ,,elias ,,mary ,,mary ,,sarah ,,posthumia ,,billingsley1 ,,rigley1 ,,bil- ,,bil- ,,bil- ,,bil- ,,billings- bap4 at ,st4 married ,,lings- ,,lings- ,,lings- ,,lings- ,,ley1 ,alkmund's1 at ,st4 ,,ley1 ,,ley4 ,,ley1 ,,ley1 8daughter ,derby1 ,alk- bap4 bap4 #d bap4 #a of ,mary #ab ,oct41 #ageh1 mund's1 #ba ,oct41 ,oct41 ,billings- apprenticed ,derby4 ,jan41 #agfc4 #agfd1 ley1 to ,duesbury #dth #agfj1 bur4 widow10 #bf ,sep4 #aggd1 ,nov41 bur41 #bg bap4 china painter1 #aghj4 #bdth ,sep41 #c ,june1 etc4 ,july1 #aggc4 #aggj4 #agfd4 ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,,sarah ,,george ,,james ,,lavinia ,,billingsley1 ,,james ,,billingsley1 ,,walker1 ,,bil- bap4 #a ,nov41 #agie4 ,,billingsley1 bap4 #ad china maker1 ,,lings- 7,in the register this bap4 #c ,nov41 ,sep41 #aghc1 who was ,,ley1 is oddly entered2 #agie4 buried at associated bap4 8,samuel10 being the parish with #aa ,aug41 substituted for ,church of ,billingsley4 #agic1 8,sarah407 died at ,swansea1 bur4 ,nantgarw1 and was ,january #dth1 #ab ,nov41 buried at ,eglwysilan1 #ahag1 aged #agic4 ,sep4 #aj1 #ahag4 ,in the #ca1 as register of that appears by parish she is entered the as 8,levinia1 daughter registers of of ,william and ,sarah that ,church1 ,beeley1 ,nantgarw10 copied for aged #ba years4#be me by ,rev4 ,t4 ,d4 ,thompson4 #bd ,frequently1 but erroneously1 called 8,beaumont10 8,bowerman10 or 8,bowman40 #be ,for this entry ,i have to thank the ,rev4 ,rice ,jones1 ,m4,a41 the ,vicar of ,eglwysilan4 #bf ,the names down to this line are in the second ,william ,duesbury's handwriting1 and have1 been crossed through4 #bg ,the names from here forward seem to have been the originally written ones of #aghg4 #bh ,notice4 #bi 8,mr4 ,billingsley1 at the ,nantgarrow manufactory1 from ,lynn sand1 potash1 and other components1 made a porcelain which1 as an artificial felspar1 has some excellence1 and approaches nearest real felspar2 the expense certainly was great2 and only was his ware defective through his being unacquainted with the principles of combinative potency4 ,this was a notable instance how much the mechanical processes of pottery are in advance of the #8work and labour of love' for public benefit--the science of chemistry in regard to atoms40--,,shaw',s ,chemistry of ,pottery1 #ahcg4 #cj ,it is worthy of note that ,billingsley was a common name about ,broseley and ,madeley2 the entries in the parish registers are very numerous4 #ca ,this agreement ,i have printed entire in my 8,life of ,wedgwood10 p4 #cdg4 #cb ,whittington1 it must be borne in mind1 is a place of considerable historical and antiquarian interest4 ,the family of ,de ,whittington1 to which 8,dick ,whittington0 belonged1 took its rise and its name from this place2 and at the 8,cock and ,pynot0 ale-house here1 the great ,revolution of #afhh was planned2 the 8,revolution ,house0 and the 8plotting-chair0 being matters known to most historical readers4 ,here1 too1 the ,rev4 ,samuel ,pegge1 the great antiquarian writer1 lived2 he being ,rector of ,whittington4 8,pynot10 it may be added1 is the provincial name for the magpie4 #cc ,amongst many other works1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,jewitt was author of 8,the ,history of ,buxton10 8,history of ,lincoln10 8,lincolnshire ,cabinet10 8,hand-book of ,perspective10 8,hand-book of ,geometry10 c41 and he contributed largely to the ,penny ,magazine1 ,brayley's ,graphic and ,historical ,illustrator1 c41 c4 ,he was the intimate friend of ,edward ,wedlake ,brayley1 of ,john ,britton1 of ,ebenezer ,rhodes1 and others4 ,he was born in #aggb and died in #aheb1 on his #hjth birthday4 #cd ,i am informed by ,w4 ,drury ,lowe1 ,esq41 owner of the estates1 that a ,roman coin in his possession was found in an old working of the ironstone pits4 #ce ,the only other examples ,i have met with of porcelain tokens issued by china works are those issued by the ,worcester ,porcelain ,company1 which have been described on page #bed1 vol4 ,i4 #cf ,for a full account of this discovery see the ,reliquary1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #abi to #adj4 #cg ,see page #gd1 vol4 i4 #ch ,other urns from this place are engraved in vol4 i41 ,figs4 #bcc to #bdb4 #ci ,in this partnership ,mr4 ,copeland had no interest in the works1 and ,mr4 ,spode's interest in the ,london house was comparatively small4 #dj ,many of the old ,derby models1 moulds1 etc41 passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,alderman ,copeland1 and have been made available by the firm4 #da ,recently purchased by the present head of the firm1 ,c4 ,minton ,campbell1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 #db ,then the principal inn1 removed thirty years ago to make room for the new market buildings4 #dc ,the price 7#ahgc7 delivered in the ,potteries was #b #ajs4 #dd ,a bust of my dear old friend1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall1 editor of the ,art ,journal1 has1 since this was written1 been prepared for me by ,mr4 ,goss1 from ,gallimore's modelling4 ,it is a splendid work of ,art1 and1 as a likeness1 is perfect4 #de ,for the entire extract1 containing many interesting particulars1 see vol4 i41 p4 #ig4 #df ,a copy of these indentures is printed in my 8,life of ,wedgwood10 pages #ff-g4 ,they are signed by 8,ralph ,wood10 8,aaron ,wood10 and 8,dr4 ,tho4 ,wedgwood10 and witnessed by 8,sara ,xsymbol ,wood1 her mark10 and 8,jos4 ,allen40 #dg ,the managing man at this time was ,t4 ,heath4 #dh ,mr4 ,lakin travelled for orders at this time4 #di ,it is said that a ,john ,shrigley in #agfe built the largest hovel of his day1 and that it fell to pieces soon after the last brick was laid4 #ej ,probably from the manufactory at ,cliff ,bank1 previously worked by ,d4 ,bird4 ,shaw says that those works were had by ,t4 ,mayer in #ahbi1 and continues1 8,we shall just notice here that ,mr4 ,t4 ,mayer has succeeded in a chef d'uvre of the ,art of ,pottery1 by many considered as the best ,specimen of ,solid ,earthenware hitherto produced4 ,it is an ,earthenware ,table1 of truly elegant workmanship1 thirty-two inches diameter1 on an elegant pedestal of proportionate dimensions1 ornamented in a very chaste style1 with subject from ,national ,history40 #ea ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cej4 #eb 8,the ,wedgwoods2 being a ,life of ,josiah ,wedgwood1 with ,notices of his ,works and their ,productions10 c4 ,by ,llewellynn ,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london3 ,virtue ,co41 #ahfe4 #a vol4 #hvo1 illustrated4 #ec ,for memoir of ,bentley and others see my ,life of ,wedgwood4 #ed ,while speaking of the ,portland ,vase ,i desire to take the opportunity of putting on record the fact that in #ahgg ,mr4 ,john ,northwood and ,mr4 ,philip ,pargeter completed a unique and matchless work of art--a literal copy of the ,portland ,vase in its own material1 glass1 and cut by exactly the same process as must have been employed by the artist of the original one thousands of years back4 ,of this marvellous work ,i gave a careful account in the 8,reliquary10 from which ,i make the following extract3--8,the material is1 of course1 glass1 and1 thanks to the skill and perseverance of ,mr4 ,pargeter1 this has been produced of as nearly as possible the same rich full deep tone of blue colour1 closely approaching to black when seen with the light upon it1 but of vast richness in dark blue when the light passes through it4 ,upon this blue body ,mr4 ,pargeter succeeded in laying a layer of fine white soft opal glass1 specially made for the purpose1 to a considerable thickness2 and the welding of these two together was a process of exceeding difficulty4 ,the two kinds of glass1 the one being opaque and the other transparent1 are usually of very different degrees of specific gravity 7the usual opal being of much lighter material than ordinary glass71 but for this special purpose they had to be made of the same degrees of specific gravity and of expansion and contraction4 ,this difficult task was1 through the skill and constant trials of ,mr4 ,pargeter1 brought to a successful result1 and the welding accomplished with the utmost thoroughness and delicacy2 not a flaw1 or air-bubble1 or even partially-united spot being visible in the whole of the work4 ,the body of the vase being entirely coated1 even to half-way up the neck1 with the opal1 it was ready for ,mr4 ,northwood to operate upon1 and he set about his herculean task--one he had desired all his life to accomplish--with that spirit of determination that ensured success4 ,for three years he has unceasingly devoted himself to his task1 never working less than six hours a day1 and oftener more1 at his gem-like material1 and patiently cutting away1 by hand1 and by hand only1 the opal coating1 so as to leave the blue surface clear as a groundwork1 and the figures and other parts of the design in relief4 ,the whole of the grouping1 the figures1 the trees1 and indeed every minute portion of the decoration is delicately carved in the opal1 and entirely carved and cut by hand as in the original4 ,by the entire cutting away of the opal the amethystine glass of the vase itself is cleared and polished1 while by the gradations of thickness in the carving all the most delicate shades of colour1 from the finest white to the sweetest of all half-tones--produced by leaving simply a thin and fairylike film of the coating on the body--in blue1 are produced4 ,the effect1 as may be imagined1 is rich and gorgeous in the extreme2 but its general effect is the least part of its merit2 this lies in the nature of the work itself1 in the extreme delicacy and beauty of manipulation1 and in the almost microscopic nicety of its finish4 ,it is literally cameo engraving in its highest1 most difficult1 and most beautiful phase2 and the vase1 now completed1 is indeed1 in ,art1 a #8gem of the first water1' and one that can never1 in point of execution and in artistic skill1 be surpassed40 ,i may also add1 while speaking of the ,portland ,vase1 that in #ahgg one of the first fifty was brought to the hammer and realised #bgc4 #ee ,veining1 same as in the combed and tortoiseshell wares4 #ef ,tortoiseshell ware4 #eg ,george ,walker and his father-in-law1 ,william ,billingsley1 who had assumed the name of ,beeley or ,bealey4--7,see 8,derby0 and 8,nantgarw407 #eh ,of this clever painter ,mr4 ,binns says3--8,baxter was certainly the most accomplished artist who painted ,worcester porcelain in the first half of the present century1 and his productions are the most covetable works of the time4 ,we have been favoured by his son1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,baxter1 ,f4,g4,s41 with a few notes respecting him4 ,it was ,mr4 ,baxter's early training1 aided by a naturally artistic mind1 which enabled him to take the high position which we have assigned to him4 ,mr4 ,baxter's grandfather had workshops in ,london for painting and gilding china2 they were situated at ,no4 #a1 ,goldsmith ,street1 ,gough ,square1 ,fleet ,street1 a locality connected with ,worcester from an early date4 ,it was usual for ,mr4 ,baxter1 sen41 to obtain white porcelain from ,france1 ,staffordshire1 and elsewhere1 and decorate for the ,london dealers4 ,it appears that ,mr4 ,baxter1 jun41 was patronised by ,lord ,nelson1 and frequently employed by him in making sketches at ,merton2 he also painted a rich dessert service for his lordship4 ,many of the celebrated subjects of the time painted by ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds1 ,west1 and others1 were introduced by him on plaques of porcelain2 some of them are now in his son's possession1 viz41 #8,thetis and ,achilles1' after ,west2 #8,puck1' after ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds2 and #8,boy with ,cabbage ,nets1' after the same artist4 ,mr4 ,baxter was also engaged by a celebrated connoisseur1 in ,london1 to copy some of the more remarkable works in his collection4 ,this gentleman1 in his conversation on ,art matters1 frequently stated that1 in his opinion1 there was no decorative ,art in ,england4 ,after his return from ,paris1 on one occasion1 he showed ,mr4 ,baxter a fine piece of porcelain which he had purchased in that city1 and asked him whether such a work could be produced in ,england4 ,to his great surprise1 ,mr4 ,baxter replied that he had painted that very piece himself1 in ,goldsmith ,street4 ,this little occurrence will give us some idea of the superior character of our artist's work1 and the effect of his teaching is evident in ,messrs4 ,flight ,barr's ornamental productions4 ,mr4 ,baxter established a ,school of ,art during his visit to the city1 from #ahad to #ahaf2 and some of those who afterwards distinguished themselves in connection with the ,arts and ,art-manufactures of the city formed part of his class4 ,amongst these1 we may name ,doe1 ,astles1 ,webster1 ,pitman1 ,lowe1 and ,s4 ,cole4 ,when ,mr4 ,baxter left ,worcester1 in #ahaf1 he went to ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 at ,swansea1 and continued there for three years4 ,amongst the special works painted at that establishment1 may be named the #8,shakespeare ,cup1' now in the possession of his son1 and a dessert service of garden scenery 7a style peculiar to himself71 which1 we believe1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,dillwyn4 ,mr4 ,baxter returned to ,worcester in #ahai1 and joined ,messrs4 ,flight ,barr's establishment again1 but subsequently removed to ,messrs4 ,chamberlain's4 ,the handle of a well-known vase1 formed by horses' heads1 was modelled by ,mr4 ,baxter from the head of a favourite mare of ,messrs4 ,barr4 ,during ,mr4 ,baxter's residence with ,messrs4 ,chamberlain1 we believe his principal works were services2 and the last of which he was engaged was a service of fruit1 of which a specimen is in our cabinet4 ,he died in ,april1 #ahba40 ,the #8,shakespeare ,cup' or goblet1 here alluded to1 was 8turned by ,baxter himself1 the form of the leg having the outline of the dramatist's face in profile2 the cup is adorned1 both on its inner and outer side1 with subjects from the plays40 #ei ,a notice of ,billingsley1 his family1 and the various works he founded1 will be found on pp4 #aja to #aje ante4 #fj ,in reference to these initials1 ,chaffers absurdly says1 8,sometimes the letters ,c4 ,w4 are found stamped under1 which may perhaps mean #8,china ,works4'0 #fa 8,grave ,mounds and their ,contents10 8,half ,hours among some ,english ,antiquities10 c4 #fb 8,so early as ,a4,m4 #ciei1 we learn from the books of ,leinster and of ,lecan1 the body of ,slanoll1 son of ,ollamh ,fodhla1 was buried in the earth40 #fc ,for this and several other of the engravings illustrating this notice of the ancient fictilia of ,ireland1 ,i am indebted to my good friend the ,rev4 ,j4 ,graves1 ,m4,a41 and through him to the council of the 8,royal ,historical and ,archological ,association of ,ireland10 whose truly valuable 8,journal0 they have graced4 #fd ,as ,i have elsewhere explained1 this is an error of ,sir ,william's2 no urns were simply 8sun-baked20 they were1 there can be no doubt1 burned on the funeral pyre1 as already stated4 #fe ,ballydoolough1 the ,place or ,town of the ,dark ,lake4 #ff ,journal of the ,house of ,commons1 ,ireland1 vol4 v41 p4 #age4 #fg 8#crd ,november #agec1 page #aha4 #fh 8#hth ,november1 #agec1 page #ahe1 ,committee of ,supply4 #fi ,journal of the ,house of ,commons1 ,ireland1 vol4 vii41 p4 #dc4 #gj ,art ,journal4 #ga ,to ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co41 the publishers of this truly important and invaluable work--a work which ought to be in every library--,i am indebted for the illustrations1 ,figs4 #gdj to #gei1 which through their courtesy ,i am enabled to here introduce4 ,to them ,i beg to tender my best thanks4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,obvious printers'1 punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently #b4 ,where hyphenation is in doubt1 it has been retained as in the original4 #c4 ,some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original4 #d4 ,where appropriate1 the original spelling has been retained4 #e4 ,superscripts are represented using the caret character1 e4g4 ,dr4 or ,xxx4 #f4 ,italics are shown as xxx4